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 M ;•' I > . I .«, 
 
 < 'I . U.A 
 
/t II E 
 
 MEDICAL PROFHSSION 
 
 [X 
 
 TJPPBR CANADA ' 
 
 1783 1^50. 
 
 AN HISTORICAL NARRATIVE, WITH ORIUIXAI. I )< XL'.M KNTS 
 RELATING TO THK I>KOFESSION, 
 
 > iNci.rDiNi; 
 
 SOM H B R I E F B I OC; R A P M 1 1{ S. 
 
 H\ 
 
 W^M. CANNIKP", iVI.O., M.R.C.S. KNO., 
 
 Ai iniHt oi- " nil; 1'UiNXiri.ii.s dk si kiikhy," •' si.;t rr.KMKN t r)^ 
 
 ri'l'H< CANADA.'" i;i<.. ITO. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 
 WILLIAM B R I G G S . 
 
 1894. 
 
Kiucrfl, .Xd'onlirn; lo lliu Act of tilt I'iirliaiiii'iil (if (';iriiiit;i, in llii' >far dm ■ 
 Ihousaii'l ciiflit hundred and iiiii(,'t\ fmii', In Wir.i.iwi i;iii(iii>, in tin- Oiti'',- of 
 tlio Mini-^iiTof A','n<'nUun', at Otiaua. 
 
The Medical Profession in Upper Canada, 
 
 'Ilii.-i InhiiiK' i/i Dfdiciittul to ilti' JU'sci'iKhni ts oj' 
 I lie I'ionrer .Uet/icfd .Men. 
 
 Mil! 1 ciNVKNIKNI'K UK H KH Kll KNCK, TIMS HdllK fs IPI\I|1K|1 INTO TllliKK l'Al;rS : 
 
 Jflrst part. 
 
 Ill); I'ldSKKK Mki.icai. Mkn. ani> tiik Skvku.m, Stki's ■r.\Ki:N n. Kstvumsii 
 riiK I'miKKssioN ON A \A.t:.\\. Basis. 
 
 ScconD part. 
 
 TlIK I'lio, KKDISdS OK TIIK Un'KK CANADA M i:i)lCA I, H(.ARI) I'KoM ITS Ok.IAM- 
 /.ATION. IN ISU), TO IS.IO; AND ol' TIIK (JoLI.KdlO oK PlIVSICfANS AND 
 SIKOKONS OF IJl'l-KK (UnaDA, I,S;W-4I. wVi'II Hi:II:kkN( 'KS to HlSTORlCAI. 
 MmONTS Siiowim; TIIK (iKoWTII AND I )KV KI.OIVM KNT OK TIIK I'koKKSSIoN . 
 
 XTbivD part. 
 
 B|<m;ka|.i||,'AI, SkkTI'IIKS ok KaKI.V PlIVSICIANS OK TIIK I'KoVINiK. WTTll 
 MANY KkkKKKNCKS TO K.UJI.V KVKNTS IN TIIK HlSTol{V oK I'l'l'KH 
 
 Canada. 
 
I'Ria'ACE. 
 
 Tin; lull,, will"' i.ai-vs contain the ivsiilt of l()iin-,.ui,t,iiin<M| 
 ofKn-t hytlu' writer, t<» collect ami iirrun^v (•Vfcytliiti^' nvaihiMe 
 ivhitini: to tlw early history ol' the Medioil I'rofession ol' the 
 I'roviiKv ,,r ()nt!ii-io. IJooks, (locunientH, newspupers, and 
 lett-rs, ),nl)Iie an. I pi'ivate, have Ix'eii consnlted. and I'aets 
 apjjropriatr to the work ])iit to nse. It may 1"' stated that not 
 a few liistdfical matters )-ecorded would have l»een lost, had not 
 the wr'tcr fathered them np and embodied tliem in this work. 
 It is hclicved thai tins volume supplies a valual)le eontrihution 
 to Canadian history. Althou;,^!! the nundier ol" pa<;vs is uivater 
 than inl.'nd<'d an<l was promis(>d in the ])i-osp( ctus, it has heen 
 found iiii|M.ssilj|c to include all the material eolleeted. 'I'his, 
 howi'Nei'. shall lie preser\'ed for future nse. 
 
 It will l)e seen hy the ol).servant ivader. that the Medical 
 Profession of l'p))er Canada has conti-ihutefl a fair (piota to the 
 distiii;;tiished men who have taken an active part in tlie n'overn- 
 iiiont of the eoiniti-y. and in layino' the foundation of tlie 
 Dominion of Cajiada : that they wei-e men of lii;;h education, 
 and possessed of noble (pialities which fitted them to till vari- 
 ous [)ositions of public ti'ust. 
 
 The wi'iter must acknowledM-c his iiidebttHlness to vi^ry many, 
 not only foi' information, but as well for encoura<;-iu^' words, 
 while hf was dcNotinu' much time and labour to this woi'k. He 
 especially rhatd<s the se\cral hundred subscribers, distiuo-uiHhed 
 re[>reseutativ»'s of \arious classes of society, who so cordially 
 jiiave their names in ailvance. 
 
 To the publisher, tlie writer is under morc^ than ordinary 
 oblie'a,tion for his considerate kii\dness and assistance. 
 
 \v. c. 
 
 Mat), 1S<)4. 
 
CON tp:nts. 
 
 F* ART I . 
 
 CHAITER [. 
 
 I'AUK 
 
 <'<>n(iii(i.st (,f Caiittdii by ileneral Wolfe, 17.')9 -Koyal I'roclamation, ITIKJ- 
 Liiiiits of I'loviiice of (^»uel)ec— Rebellion of IJiitish American Colonies, 
 177(> KcI.ellion Bfcoines a Revolution, 17.S;{— Refugee LoyaliHts in 
 Ciinada First Surveys, 17.SS 84— English Doctors in Canada after the 
 Conc|ueHt Inoculation of Small-pox — ^airgeon Latham— Inoculation 
 Thirty V.iirs Liter at N:'.\gara— Surgeons Kerr and Muirhead— Addi- 
 tional Rtiiiurks -" Tory Doctors During the Rebellion Allowed to 
 Remain "—"The Kxigenciea of the Ladies "—Want of iMcdical Aid in 
 I'ppcr ( anada -\und)cr of Settlers at St. Lawrence, Cataracjui and Ray 
 of \)iiiiite -Settlers Under Militaiy Law— (larrison Surgeons — The " U. 
 K. List ; " What it Signifies -Fathers of Canada— Council Chambers, 
 t^ielic.;, I7S!) The Members— Surgeon Adam Mabane— " U. E. L." 
 Surmoiis -Supplementary List — Advent of Yankee Quacks— Oversight 
 of Settlers by OfHocrs 9 
 
 CHARTER n. 
 
 First Act Relating to Medicine, 1788— Hospital at Kingston, 1790— Imperial 
 Act— Province of Upper Canada — First Governor, Colonel Simcoe — 
 First Parliament-- Duke de Rochefoucault — Disease at Niagara — Mar- 
 riage by Surgeons and Other Ofticers — Act to Regulate the Practice of 
 Medicine, 1795 — Attorney -CeneralJohnW^hite — ^Dr. Macaulay — Robert 
 (iourlay's Statements — Surgeons at Kingston Well Paid — Prejudice 
 Against Doctors — " Magic Charms " it) 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 •Second Governor of Upper Canada, Peter Hunter — Dr. Hunter — ^Second 
 Act Repealing First Act Relating to Practice of Medicine — Revival of 
 Quebec Ordinance — Still Prohibition — State of the Medical Profession 
 — Jeremiah Freedling's Letter — Inoculation — Remarks of "Reckoner' 
 (Rev..Iohn Strachan) — Self-made Physicians — Unable to Read — Cure-all 
 — "A Febrifuger " —Sweating to Death — Qualified Physicians Elbowed 
 Out— Letter of " Candidus " — Account Rendering — "Credulous" — 
 Cures by Charms — " Flegbottomy " — An Account with Deduction " for 
 Killing Your Son " — Thrusting the Created into the Presence of the 
 Creator— Toronto Hospital — "Loyal and Patriotic Society "-—Medals 
 for the Courageou.s— Money Given to the Hospital .... 2'A 
 
 c;hapter IV. 
 
 Medical Legislation, 1815 — Number of Medical Men — Questions to T'own- 
 ships by Robert (iourlay — Answers — Remarks by Gourlay — Hardships 
 of the Doctors — No Money Fees — Free Trade in Medical Practice — 
 Letter of "Veritas" — Sluggishness in Enforcing the Law Against 
 " Despicable Quacks " — Late Act Not Acted Upon — " Quack Spies " — 
 "Brutal and Immoral" — "Emissaries of a Licentious Repuolic" — 
 Notice by Dr. Scott — Will Prosecute Unlicensed Practitioners — Solo- 
 
Vlll COXTENTS. 
 
 I'AIIR 
 
 iiion Albert's Advertisement AVill Cure Fains and " Rhuinatioka "— 
 Verbs and Roots— Act of 1815 Repealed, 1818— Was Iinprai:tioable 
 l-'urther Provision for Licensing — First Ertiuieut Step . . . . tiO 
 
 PART II. 
 
 CHAPTKR V. 
 
 Prompt Organization of Medical Hoard — The Kecords — Forms of C'ertiri- 
 cates— First Session, January, 1819 — The Members- First Candidate 
 — John Gilchrist, the First to Obtain Certificate— The Rejected —April 
 Meeting — Second Successful Candidate, Nathaniel Hell — July Meeting 
 —The Successful and Rejected- — October Meeting— Candidates — FMght 
 Admitted During the Year— Proposal to Build Brick Hospital — The 
 Building — Dr. Scadding's Description — January, 18'20— ^Six Rejected 
 and Recommended to Attend Medical Lectures at New York — April 
 Meeting- One Candidate Passed — July Meeting — Candidates — October 
 Meeting — Candidates — Four Passed During Year — Eight Rejected — 
 Hardships of Candidates— January, 1821— Candidates— " No Medical 
 Character" — April Meeting— Candidate — July Meeting— Other Func- 
 tions of the Board — Circular from the Lieutenant-(iovernor — Exami- 
 nation of Pensioners — Major T. J. Symons — Dr. Macaulay's Last 
 Appearance — Dr. Widmer — Meeting in September — Pensioners — Lieu- 
 tenant Daniel MacDougall — Dr. William Lee, Secretary — Dr. W. W. 
 Baldwin — Pension jrs — October Meeting — Pensioners — January, 1822 — 
 I'ensioners — Candidates — April Meeting— Dr. James Sampson — Pen- 
 sioners—Candidate — July Meeting — Pensioners — October Me* ting- 
 Composition of Medical Board ........ .'<S 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 January, 1823 — Pensioners — Candidates — April Meeting — New Commission 
 — Dr. Robert Charles Home— Pensioners — Candidates — Rejections — 
 July Meeting — Pensioners— Candidates — October Meeting— Candidate 
 — January, 1824 — Candidates — April — Pensioners — July - Candidates 
 
 — October — Pensioners— January, 1825 — No Business — April— Candi- 
 date — July — Candidates — " Surgery Only " — October — Candidates- 
 January, 182(5— Candidates— April — Candidates — July— Pensioners — 
 October— Candidate — Education — Dr. Strachan to Sir Peregrine Mait- 
 land — Medical School in Lower Canada — Dr. Holmes— "A Christian 
 Gentleman" — Mc(iill Medical College— January, 1827— Candidates — 
 Pensioners— Medical Legislation — April — Candidate — July and Octo- 
 ber — Candidates— January, 1828 — Candidates — April and July — Can- 
 didates—October — No Business — January, 1829 — New Commission — 
 Dr. Peter Deihl — Candidates — April — Deaf Candidate— July and Octo- 
 ber — Candidates — January, 1 830 — Candidate — April — Licentiates 
 Gazetted- July and October — Candidates — (xrant of Money to York 
 Hospital — Hospital at Kingston ........ 49 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 January, 1831 — OHicial Letter — Pensioner — Dr. Bell — Apiil, .iuly and 
 October— Candidates — January, 1832 — New Commission— Candidates 
 
 - -April— Pensioner— Candidates — Dr. Widmer Elected President- 
 July — Candidates — Primary Education — Appeal to Parents and the 
 Public — Also Medical Practitioners — Latin Translations — Require- 
 ments of Candidates — York Hospital ....... 5H 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 CffAPTKR VIII. 
 
 PAOF, 
 
 OctolKM-, l.S.3'2— Caiulidati's— [jettcrs— Drs. Muirhead, Telfcr and Porter 
 Appeal to Attorney* ieneral Boulton— The Profession -Want of Re - 
 Hp(Ht:iil)le Attaiiuiu;nts -Amendments to Medical Aet Needed — Attor- 
 ney* ieneial's Reply — Letter to Medical Roard— Reply — Rev. Isaac 
 Kiclier ■ The Profession in Canada— Doctors from the States Physi 
 eians' Itides — Fees - r^arge Income (?)— York Hospital— The Roaril to 
 tlie Public — Mrs. .laineson Dr. Henry— " Trifles from My Portfolio" 
 — L'linical Facilities -ThompsonianK (i.S 
 
 CHART KR I\. 
 
 danuary and .April, 18;^.'i— Candidates— Pensioners— July — (,'andidates - 
 l>r. Isaac Stevenson, Secretary — I )i'. Lee, deceased —August Meeting 
 — Pensioners -October - CaU'liilates — Medicf)-CIiirurgical Society 
 January, .April, and July, IH.'U-Candidatos— Rigid llxannuations — 
 Septeuilx;!- Meeting Pensioners — October —Candidates .lanuary, 
 IS,"),") Candidates — F. St. (ieorge Wilkinson, Secretary .April— Can- 
 didates - Letter from Mayor of Toronto -rul)lic Health July :ind 
 Octol)er -Candidates -Hoard of Health Report — Lett<;r to .Mayor - 
 iiccomrnendations by Hoard — Advanced Views — Medical Reading Room 
 iind Library ............ To 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 January, 1S36 — Candidates — Letter from Lieutenant-Governor- Address 
 
 to ( iovernor — Reply — February — Pensioners — April — Resignation of 
 
 Board — Reconstruction of Boai'l -Question of Legality— A Committee 
 
 .Accommodation for Boarn —July — Candidates — October —Candidates 
 
 Feeling .Against the Ho.ird — Meeting of Profession Called— -The 
 
 Hdspital — Medical Education— Public Meeting — Resolutions Passed 
 
 Prejudice Against the Hospital Treatment—Should be Open to the 
 
 Public — "A Veil of Obscurity" — Information asked for from the 
 
 (iovernoi' — ExamirJng their own Pu])ils-- Privileges of Universities — 
 
 Ivlitorial of the Courier — Criticisms of Recent Appointments — Drs. 
 
 *; Wynne, Egan, Telfer, Latham, and Winder ..... 82 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 January, April, and July, 1837 — Candidates— August Meeting— Proceed- 
 ings of King's College — Committee Appointed — Their Report — Resolu- 
 tions — Demands of Profession Stated — Primary Education— Ranks of 
 the Profession — Resolution sent to (iovernor — Letter by Dr. Widmer 
 —Medical Department of King's College asked for — Vie^ws of previous 
 Governors— Letter from (iovernor's Secretary — October — Resolutions 
 to the (iovernor — Reply — Interview — Committee Appointed . . 89 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 November, 1837 — Correspondence with the Governor's Secretary — ^Ques- 
 tions stated at length by Board —Subjects t ) be studied — Extraordinary 
 Prop'isal — Dissatisfaction by Board — Crying Want of the Province — 
 A Medical F'aculty— Six Professors — Subjects of Lectures — Record of 
 the Board — Appendix — Letter from theGovernor— Offended — Explana- 
 tion by the Board — Grant to Toronto and Kingston Hospitals — Jan- 
 uary, 1838— NoBusiness- April — Candidates — Pensioners- July -^-Can- 
 didates — October — New Commission — Resolutions — Profession Inade- 
 quate—Petitions to House of Assembly— Profession long neglected 
 — Toronto Patriot Editorial— Candidatts—Janvmry, 1839 — Candidates 
 — February— Tariff of Fees — April — Candidates - Functions of Medical 
 Board in Abeyance— College of Physicians and Surgeor.s of Upper 
 CausMla ......... ... 94 
 
CONTENTS. 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 rAOR 
 
 May 13, 1839— First Meeting of Fellows, Colle<;e of Physicians and Surgeons 
 of lJp[)er Canada — .Members Present — Dr. Widmer, President— Dr. 
 King, \'ice-Prosidcnt — Dr. O'Brien, Secretary and Registrar — Dr. 
 Home, 'Treasurer — Thanks to Heni-y Sherwr)od, M.P.P. — (.'oniniittees 
 — By-laws — Resolutions —.School of Medicine- Address to (iovernor — 
 May 21 — Applicants for Mendjership — Dr. Uees — (Joveruor's Reply to 
 Address — Council of King's College— Communication from President 
 — Plan asked for — Reply -.Studying in the .States — Branches of Medical 
 Science Recommendeil — .Salaries — Details . . . . . .113 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 .Tunc S, 1839 — Unprofessional Conduct— Hy-laws Published — First Ex- 
 amination — De La Hooke — Duly Qualiticd —Regulations- Ajjothecaries 
 — .Second Examination — H. H. Wright -Very Satisfactory — July — 
 Licensing .Militia Surgeons hy < Iovernor — Objections — Communications 
 to (iovirnor and to Mayor — Bf)oks Ordered Board of Examiners — 
 Applications — Fees to Secretary — August —Applications — Election of 
 Honourable Fellow? — .*>ir .Jiunes McCregor, Hart. — Inspector-Ccneral 
 of Hospitals — Report from King's College — Solicitor Appointed — 
 Henry Sherwood — Examination — Application — Letter to King's College 
 — Joint Committee asked for— Letter from Dr. Mulock — Submitted to 
 Solicitor 123 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 September 30, 1830— The Solicitor's Reply — The College may Prosecute 
 Unlicensed Practitioners — Applications - - Examinations — October- 
 Applications — Purchase of Medical Works — November — Examinations 
 — New .Members — Collector for the College — William Higgins — Medical 
 Education — Petition.s to the Legislature' — December — Grant to To- 
 ronto Hospital— January, 1840 — Letter from (lOvernor — Reappoint- 
 ment of Oliicers — Comnnttee of Finance — Inspector of Apothecaries — 
 Letter from Sir James MacC^regor — Honourable Fellows- Sir John 
 Webb, K.C. B. , l)irector-(<eneral — Examinations ..... 132 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 February, 1840 — Quarterly Meeting — New Fellows — Applications — Dr. 
 Thomas Rolph, Agent of the College in England — March — Special 
 Meeting — Arrival of Books — April — Com^nissioners of Lunatic Asylum 
 — Opinion of College asked in regard to Sites — Committee Appointed 
 — Report of Committee — May — New Members — Communication to 
 President— Despatch from England — Act of Incorpfiration of College 
 Disallowed — Governor-{ieneral Interviewed — Memorial from the Col- 
 lege — The Library — June — Letter from Governor-General — Lunatic 
 Asylum to be at Kingston — Memorial to have Asylum at Toronto — 
 Study of Mental Diseases for Students . . , . . . .141 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 August, 1840 — Quarterly Meeting — Applications for License — Committee 
 to Consider the Disallowance Question — Delay in Establishing Medical 
 School— Letter from Sir John Webb — Report of Committee on Dis- 
 allowance — Royal College of Surgeons, London — Review of the Ques- 
 tions — Arguments against Disallov/ance — Summary of Colonial Acts — 
 Copy of Report sent to Governor — Fellows wait on His Excellency . 150 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 CHAPTEll XVIII. 
 
 PAOF, 
 
 ^ovuinher, 1840— Quarterly Meeting— Names of Qualified Practitioners 
 l'ul)liahe(i — New Follows — H()noural)le Fellows — Applicants — King- 
 stun Hospital— January, KS41 — Letter ^om Licutenant-( ioveriior — 
 Despatfili from Secretary of State — Members — Royal Collej^e of Sur- 
 geons, London — Right to Practise in all parts of Her Majesty's Pro- 
 vinces—Act of Incoi'poration of C'ollege of J'hysicians and Surgeons of 
 Upper Canada Cannot be Allowed— Officers Re-elected — Examination 
 
 — I^icenses — OtHcial Documents and I'apers of the College to the 
 Medical Board — Library Committee — Library Entrusted to Secretary 
 (1S44)— Delivered to Medico-Chirurgical Society — Conclusion of Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada .... l(i(» 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 •Tuly, 1841 — Upper Canada Medical Board Revived— Commission — The 
 Board— Letter from Dr. O'Brien — Resignation — Ceo. (livens, Secretary 
 
 — Letter to Dr. O'Brien — Delivery of Records — College of Pliysicians 
 an<l Surgeons of Upper Canada— Sul)jects of Examination allotted to 
 Meuilicra — Second Letter from Dr. O'Brien — Board Not Legally Con- 
 stituted— Lieutenant-Covernor ileclares it is — But New Commissions 
 
 are issued — Candidates for Fjicense — October — Dr. Widmer, President. 166 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 .January, I84'2 — Examiners Named — No Candidates — January 15 — Special 
 Meeting — Memf)rial to (irovernor-Ceneril, as Chancellor of King's Col- 
 l(!ge— Medical Students Abroad for Instruction — Royal Endf)Wmont — 
 Faculty of Medicine Urged — Covernor's Reply — .\pril — Candidates — 
 July— Secretary Oivens Resigns — Edwin Henwood Appointed— Can- 
 didate— October — Candidates — Letter from Dr. De La Hooke — .Mor 
 gan J. Hamilton— A Serious Charge — Letter from (Governor's Secretary 
 
 — Letters from University of Edinburgh— Letter from Medical Board 
 
 — Letter from Secretary Harrison— January, April, July and October, 
 1843— Candidates ........... 174 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 First Medical School in Upper Canada — Medical Department, King's Col- 
 lege—Council Meeting, September 25, 1843— Committee for Establish- 
 ing Medical School— October 4— Report Submitted and Adopted- 
 Branches of Study — Hospital Facilities Needed— Requirpmenta frr 
 Final E.xaminatlon- Duration of Sessions— Parlinnent Buildings to be 
 Used— Salaries— November 29 -Warrants (Granting Professorships — 
 The Faculty — Report of Faculty— Inaugural Lectures— Commence- 
 ment, January 1"), 1814— " Subjects "—Place of Lectures— Dissecting 
 Room Built— The (Jost — Letter from Dr. Widmer— Offer of Upper 
 Flat of Hospital— The Conditions Not Acceptable— Two Classes of 
 Students— A Short Session —Medical Appliances— List of Professors 
 in all ttie Departments— First (iraduates in Medicine— Fnsli A cailemici 
 —King's College— Act of Parliament— King's College becomes Uni- 
 versity of Toronto, ]S'iO 183 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 January, April and July, 1844— Candidates— October— Candidates— Gov- 
 ernment asked to give List of Licentiates— Januarv and April, lS4o — 
 Candidates — July — New Commission — Candidates- October- Candi- 
 dates- Clean Sweep—January, 1H46— Candidates— April -Candidates 
 
 — License Illegally Obtained — Letter to Provmcial Secretary -Govern- 
 ment Imposed Upon — Petitions to Legislature— Medica' Bill— July — 
 Candidates — October — Committee on Medical Profession . . . 190 
 
Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTKI? XXIII. 
 
 TAOF, 
 
 January and April, 1847 — Candidates — Correspondence with Medical 
 Board of I^ower Canada — Uniform System of Kxamination — Montreal 
 lioard Ac(|uiesc .f —Montreal ^ Licentiates — .July and October — C'andi- 
 dates — Novepiher l(j — Special Meeting — Letter in (i/olic — Serious 
 Chai-^e Atjaiiist a Menihei- of Hoard — Letter fi'oni Hoard to Kditor — 
 Name of Writei' Demanded -Reply — Letter from Hoard to Dr. Hunter 
 — Reply — Defends Himself and I^eiterate8 Charge — Letter to Provin- 
 (iial Secretary- -Steps to Vindicate Hoard — Referred to Attorney- 
 (iencral ............. IfKi 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 January-, 1S4S ("andidates — April — Candidates Wait on .\ttnrncy-Ccn- 
 cral — liesult—. I lily Secretary Resij^ns Kdward ('larUe. HnuseSur- 
 geou, Appointed -Letter from Attoi'ney-lieneral- Candidates — lanu- 
 ary, April, .July and October, 1849 — (Candidates — Duration of 15oard . '20.*? 
 
 CHAPTKR XXV. 
 
 1S.')0— Establishment of Trinity Medical School — Hishop Strachan in Eng- 
 land -Dr. Melville's Hook —Drs. Hodder and Hovell — " Upper Canada 
 School of Medicine " — Hecomes Medical Faculty of Trinity University 
 Inauguration — Introductory Lecture — Hishop Strachan's Address 
 —Medical Lectures — Church Newspaper — Remarks Rules for Stu 
 dents — Rules for Kxamination for M.H. -F^ees — Degree of M.D. — 
 Officers of the College — Lists of Subjects and Professors — Hencfactors 
 to Trinity College — I^ist of Students — First Course .... "iOfi 
 
 (^APTER XXVL 
 
 Medical Profession in Toronto, ISoO— Officers of Lunatic .Asylum — The 
 Medical Hoard -The Practitioners in Toronto — Ceneral Hospital— F^ye 
 Infirmary General Dispensary — Lying-in Hospital — House of Indus- 
 try — 71st Light Infantry — Medical Faculty, University of Toronto — 
 (lloroner — Patients in <lcneral Hospital — Cooksville — Springfield — 
 Streetsville Township of Whitby — Clarke Gamble's Estimate of 
 Medical Profession and General Hospital — Conclusion of Second Part 213 
 
 PART III. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII, 
 Biographical Sketches, alphabetically arranged 217 
 
% 
 
 THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 
 
 IN 
 
 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 1783-1S50. 
 
 FIRST PART. 
 
 TIIK I'lONKKIl MEDUSA L MKN, AND THE HEVEHAL 8TEP.S TAKEN TO 
 EtSTAHLlrtll THE I'ltOFESSION ON A LEGAL BASl.S. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 PHYSICIANS AMON<; THK U. E. LOVALIS'I'S. 
 
 CANADA had become a British possession by the conquest 
 of General Wolfe in 1759. In 1763, a royal proclamation 
 was issued declaring the limits of the Province to include 
 a portion of territory westward, which now forms part of 
 Ontario. In 1774, the British Parliament passed an Act by 
 which the limits were still further extended, including all of 
 the territory now forming the Province, as well as certain parts 
 now forming part of the (Jnited States. 
 
 In 1776, the thirteen Briti.sh colonies in America raised the 
 standard of revolt, and in 1783, after a bloody struggle, their 
 independence was acknowledged by the British Government. 
 The American rebellion had become a revolution. At the same 
 time a very large number of British- Americans who would not 
 join the rebels had become destitute wanderers and outcasts 
 from their homes, while their property was confiscated. Ten 
 thousand of these found an asylum in Canada. During the war 
 some refugees had escaped to the Niagara frontier, and clustered 
 around Fort Niagara. Likewise a few were refugees at Detroit 
 *-nd at Carlton Island, near Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, 
 ^^t the majority at first entered Lower Canada, and awaited 
 
 / 2 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
10 The Medical Profession in 
 
 the allotment of land in Upper Canada after the survey had 
 been made. Up to this time the territory which now forms 
 the Province of Ontario was a dense wilderness. The survey 
 began in 1783, and the settlement by the Loyalists in the 
 following year. 
 
 The medical men who gave professional attendance to the 
 English-speaking people living in Canada after the conquest, 
 were at first mostly, if not altogether, British surgeons attached 
 to the army or navy. As the number of English in the 
 Province increased, the doctors connected with the service could 
 not give the medical attention required. Some surgeons retired 
 5rom the service and engaged in civil practice ; and a few came 
 from the Old Country to settle as private practitioners. The 
 stamp of Englishmen who thus first practised medicine in 
 Cana'''' was as good as British medical education could at 
 that time produce. That they were not wanting in knowledge, 
 and a desire to introduce the latest discoveries in medicine, iS' 
 sufficiently attested. One instance of this may be given. The 
 Quebec Gazette, Sept., 1768, contains the following reference to- 
 the inoculation of small-pox, which was then receiving in 
 England a good deal of attention : 
 
 " To the Inhabitants of Quebec. 
 
 " Mr. Latham, surgeon to the King's (or Eighth) Regiment of 
 Foot, acquaints the inhabitants of Quebec that before he left 
 England he entered into partnership with Mr. Sutton for 
 inoculation. The great success, and the many thousands Mr. 
 Sutton has inoculated by his invention and new method, 
 induced Mr. Latham to become his partner, in order that he 
 may be of some use to mankind in this part oF the world. Mr. 
 Latham, some days ago, inoculated some soldiers belonging to 
 the regiment to which he has the honour to be surgeon, by 
 which means he has procured sufficient infection for those who 
 chuse to be inoculated. All poor persons, who are not able to 
 pay, and who are desirous of being inoculated, may apply tO' 
 Mr. Latham, who will inoculate, attend, and give them medicine 
 gratis. Mr. Latham practises midwifery. He is to be spoken 
 to at his house, upon the Battery, Upper Town." On the 3rd 
 of November following, Dr. Latham announced "that as there 
 
Upper Canada, 1768-97. 11 
 
 may be some individuals willing to be inoculated and who are 
 cautious concerning the ((uality of infection, that he designs to 
 inoculat • in a few days one of his daughters, a child between 
 two and three years old." 
 
 Strangely enough, nearly thirty years later the following 
 reference to the practice of inoculation appeared in a paper 
 published at Newark, Upper Canada : 
 
 " As the inoculation for the smaU-pox is this day commeticed 
 at Queenston, and the season of the year very favourable, the 
 subscribers propose inoculating immediately in the town of 
 Newark, and throughout the county of Lincoln, on the most 
 reasonable terms. The poor inoculated gratis. 
 
 " Robert Kerr, 
 " James Muirhead, 
 
 " Newark, Jan. 25th, 1797." 
 
 The Journal of Feb. 1st, 1797, editorially says: 
 " We learn from every settlement the determination of a 
 general inoculation for the small-pox. This resolution is highly 
 commended by persons of prudence. This country being young, 
 and growing more exposed to that disorder, a general inocula- 
 tion every one or two years will forever render its prevalence 
 in any way of very little concern, there being then none, or but 
 few, excepting young children, to be aft'ected by it. This season 
 of the year is highly favourable to it ; to defer it until warm 
 weather, or summer, is highly dangerous. The blood is in a 
 state then easily to become putrid, fever may set in with it, and 
 beside these, ... to place it in the most favourable situa- 
 tion, . . must sustain infinite injury. To enact a law 
 to enforce a general inoculation looks arbitrary ; but the writer 
 of this, who can in no wise be interested by himself nor friends, 
 is of opinion that such a law in any country, more particularly 
 in a new one, would operate to the greatest possible benefit of 
 the country, and justifiable on the principles of public and 
 private good. But a so beneficial law he expects never to see 
 so long as there remains a blindness in so many to their own 
 safety and welfare, and a delicacy in our rulers to compel & 
 man to throw oft" old prejudices and to do those things that 
 are taught by the simple and natural laws of self-defence." 
 
12 The Medical Profession in 
 
 While disbanded soldiers formed a portion of the first settlers 
 of Upper Canada, there was a largor portion of non-combatant 
 United Empire Loyalists who entered the wilds of Upper Canada. 
 But among them was found no qualified medical man. Not 
 that there were no physicians among those who adhered to 
 the Crown in the rebellious States. On the contrary, as with 
 the other learned professions, the cream of the medical men in 
 the several revolting colonies remained loyal to the British 
 flag. Sabine, a writer of the United States, in his work on the 
 " Loyalists of the American Revolution," says : 
 
 " The physicians who adhered to the Crown were numerous, 
 and the proportion of Whigs (rebels) in the profession of 
 medicine was less, probably, than in either that of law or the- 
 ology. But unlike persons of the latter callings, most of the 
 physicians remained in the country and quietly pursued their 
 business. There seems to have been an understanding that 
 though pulpits should be closed and litigation be suspended, 
 the sick should not be deprived of their regular and freely 
 chosen medical attendants. I have been surprised to find, 
 from verbal communication and various other sources, that 
 while the ' Tory doctors ' were as zealous and as fearless in the 
 expression of their seiitiments as the ' Tory ministers ' and 
 ' Tory barristers,' their persons and property were generally 
 respected in the towns and villages, where little or no regard 
 was paid to the bodies and estates of gentlemen of the robe and 
 the surplice." This may have been due to " the exigencies of 
 the ladies." 
 
 " A few of the Loyalist physicians were bani-shed ; others, 
 and those chiefly who became surgeons in the army or pro- 
 vincial corps, settled in New Brunswick or Nova Scotia, where 
 they resumed practice." 
 
 From this it may be understood that the advent of the U. E. 
 Loyalist settlers to Upper Canada in 1784, and for many years 
 after, was attended with a want of medical aid. The number 
 of settlers on the Niagara is uncertain; but being in close 
 proximity to the garrison they could more readily obtain the 
 services of the surgeon stationed there. At the eastern part of 
 Upper Canada, we learn from the Haldimand Collection at 
 Ottawa, the exact number of settlers. In a return signed by 
 
Ui'i'ER Canada, 1784-88. 13 
 
 Sir John Johnson, " of men, women and children settled on the 
 new townships, St. Lawrence River and Cataraiiui and Bay of 
 Quinte," it is stated tliere were " 1,')G8 men, 626 women, 1,492 
 childr'm, and 90 servants," the total bein*^ 8,776. 
 
 The first settlements in Upper Canada were made under 
 military order. There was no civil law until 1788, when 
 Western Canada was divided into four districts, namely, 
 Lunenbury, Mecklenburg, Nassau and Hesse, and to each 
 district was appointed a judge, sheriff, and other necessary 
 officers for civil governnient. 
 
 As we have seen, the provision for medical and surgical 
 relief of these exiles was of the most scanty kind. At 
 Kingston, Niagara and Detroit were garrisons with a limited 
 number of soldiers and one or two surgeons. For many 
 years, the pioneers were dependent upon these army surgeons, 
 who were rarely willing to go any distance from the garrison. 
 Some of the settlements were made by disbanded soldiers, and 
 those who settled along the St. Lawrence had as fellow-pioneers 
 a few surgeons who had been attached to their respective corps, 
 and continued to enjoy their medical services. These surgeons 
 were numbered among the U. E. Loyalists, and were on what is 
 called the " U. E. List." As the meaning of this term is not 
 generally understood, the following is inserted : 
 
 At the Council Chamber at Quebec, 
 
 Monday, 9th November, 1789. 
 
 PRESENT : 
 
 His Excellency the Right Honourable Lord Dorchester, 
 The Honourable William Smith, Esquire, Chief Justice, 
 Hugh Finlay, Esquire, George Powell, Esquire, 
 
 Thos. Dunn, Esquire, Henry Caldwell, Esquire, 
 
 Edw'd Harrison, Esquire, William Grant, Esquire, 
 John Collins, Esquire, Fran(;ois Baby, Esquire, 
 
 Adam Mabane, Esquire, Chas. DeLanaudiere, Esquire, 
 J. G, C. Delery, Esquire, Le Cte. Duprd, Esquire. 
 
 " His Lordship intimated to the Council that it remained a 
 question, upon the late regulation for the disposition of the 
 
14 The Medical Profession in 
 
 waste lands of the Crown, whether the Boards constituted for 
 that purpose were authorized to make locations to the sons of 
 Loyalists on their coming to full a.,'e, and that it was his wish 
 to put a marke of honour upon the families who had adhered 
 to the unity of the empire and joined the royal standard in 
 America before the Treaty of Separation in the year 17^-'i 
 
 " The Council concurrin;^' with His Lordship, it is accordingly 
 ordered : 
 
 "That the several Land Boards take course for preserving a 
 registry of the names of all persons falling under the descrip- 
 tion afore-mentioned, to the end that their posterity may be 
 discriminated from future settlers, in the parish registers and 
 rolls of the militia of their respective districts, and other 
 public remembrancers of the Province, as proper objects, by 
 their persevering in the fidelity and conduct so honourable to 
 their ancestors, for distinguished benefits and privileges. 
 
 " And it is also ordered, that the said Land Boards may, in 
 every such case, provide not only for the .sons of those 
 Loyalists, as they arrive to full age, but for their daughters 
 also of that age, or on their marriage, assigning to each a lot of 
 two hundred acres, more or less ; provided, nevertheless, that 
 they respectively comply with the general regulations, and that 
 it shall satisfactorily appear that there has been no default in 
 the due cultivation and improvement of the lands already 
 assigned to the head of the family of which they are members. 
 
 " (Signed), J. Williams, C. C." 
 
 It may be mentioned that Adam Mabane was a surgeon, and 
 had been in charge of the Quebec Garrison Hospital. In the 
 Haldimand Collection is found ample evidence that he occupied 
 a conspicuous place in the government of the country at that 
 period. 
 
 Those whose names are found in the " U. E. List " are pro- 
 perly regarded as the fathers of Upper Canada. Among them the 
 following were evidently medical men ; but as surgeons at that 
 time were rarely designated as doctor, not unlikely there were 
 others who were not recognized as doctors or surgeons : 
 
 Solomon Jones, Eastern District, Surgeon's Mate, Loyal 
 Rangers. 
 
Upper Canada, 1788. 16 
 
 Dr. Sparharn, Eastern District, Hospital Mate reduced, had 
 served in war of 1703. Provision List, l7M(j. 
 
 James Stuart, Eastern District, S. G. Sur;,'eon's Mate, Royal 
 Rangers, New Yortc. Provision List 2nd, 178(3. 
 
 Jame.s Walker, Eastern District, Augusta, Surgeon Je.ssup's 
 S. G. 
 
 Subsefjuently, after Upper Canada had been erected into a 
 province, the Executive Council added from time to time other 
 names to the " U. E. List." Among them were the following 
 medical men : 
 
 Dr. Charles Austin, Surgeon, R. R. N. Y. 
 Patrick Burk, Surgeon's Mate, Butler's Rangers. 
 Dr. Charles Blake, Surgeon, 84th Regiment. 
 David Burns, Surgeon, 71st Regiment. 
 James Connor, Surgeon, Ho.spital Mate. 
 Robert Guthrie, Surgeon, Butler's Rangers. 
 John De Courcy, Hospital Mate, Canada. 
 John Gamble, Hospital Mate, last war. 
 Williams, Surgeon. 
 
 James Muirhead, Surgeon's Mate, 60th Regiment. 
 James Muirhead, Surgeon, 60th Regiment. 
 James McAulay (Macaulay), Surgeon's Mate, Queen's Rangers 
 George Smythe, Surgeon, Loyal Rangers. 
 Thomas Wright, Surgeon, 1st Battalion, 60th Regiment 
 Hospital Mate during the war. 
 
 Among the non-combatant refugees there were few, if any, 
 possessing skill in the practice of medicine, and the further the 
 settlements extended from the garrisons, the greater was the 
 want of a physician. At first anyone offering his services as a 
 <loctor among the English-speaking people of Canada was able 
 to show some evidence of qualification from the parent country. 
 But after a time, in Upper Canada, there came, now and then, 
 persons from the United States professing to possess medical skill 
 They came generally, not for attachment to the British flag, 
 but to turn a penny. Sometimes they had a degree of medical 
 education which had been acquired in the United States 
 medical schools ; sometimes they knew a little about the use of 
 drugs ; but too frequently they only knew how to deceive the 
 
16 The Medical Profession in 
 
 people by arrant quackery. This class of doctors, ljein<,' natives 
 of the United States, inanatred to make themselves ajireeable to 
 the IJ. E. Loyalist settler, who was also generally a native of 
 America. For many years only a few v/ith (jualifications from 
 British college.s settled in Upper Canada, and only in places 
 where there was an aj^gregation of settlers. As villages were 
 formed and grew into towns, the numlier of doubtful prac- 
 titioners increa.sed, and a.s a natural re.sult of this .state of affairs, 
 it became necessary to protect the settlers from impostors. 
 
 As we have .seen, until 17<SS, the Loyalists who had settled 
 in Upper Canada lived under martial law. Engli.sh laws were 
 in force, and executed by the officers of regiments stationed 
 in the new settlements. These officers had a general oversight 
 of the settlers, superintended the granting of lands, and be- 
 stowed such assistance as was practicable, by .supplying them 
 with food and implements for their pioneer life. But in the 
 year mentioned, when Canada was divided into four districts, 
 competent courts of justice were created foi* each district, and 
 a judge, sheriff, and other nece.ssary civil officers appointed. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 FIRS'l' AIJTS RKLATlXd TO I'RACTK.'K OK MKDKJINK. 
 
 THE first step toward regulating the practice of medicine in 
 . Canada after the conquest was taken in 1788. The 
 following is taken from a copy of old statutes in the Toronto 
 Public Library, " A collection of the Acts passed in the 
 parliament of Great Britain and of other public Acts relative 
 to Canada." Printed at Quebec, LSOO (Robert Armour, jun., 
 was the former owner of this volume. It is now owned by the 
 Public Library) : 
 
 " An Act or ordinance to prevent persons practising physic 
 and surgery within the Province of Quebec, or midwifery in 
 the towns of Quebec and Montreal, without license." (It will be 
 remembered that Upper Canada was yet a portion of the 
 Province of Quebec.) 
 
 " Whereas many inconveniences have arisen to His Majesty's 
 
IJpi'Ku Canada, 178S. 17 
 
 sul»ji'Cts in this pmvincc from unskilful poisons pructisin«r 
 physics and suri^ery ; l)o it Htuicted by His Kxceiluncy tlie 
 Governor and the Legislative Council, that after the first day of 
 November next, no person whatsoever shall on any pretence sell, 
 vend, or distribute medicines by retail, or prescribe for sick p.jr- 
 aons for rjain, or practise physic or surj^ery within the Province, 
 or practis(! midwifery in the towns of (Quebec and Montreal, or 
 the suburbs thereof, without license Hrst iiad and obtained from 
 His Excellency the Governor, or the Commander-in-chief of the 
 Province, for the time being, which license shall not be granted 
 but upon certificate of the person applying for th(! same, having 
 been examined and approved by such persons as the Governor 
 or Commandcr-in-chiei', for the time being, may have appointed 
 for the purpose of examining and in((uiring into the knov.dedge 
 of such persons in physic, or skill in surgery, or pharmacy, or 
 midwifery, a copy of which certificate is to be annexed to the 
 license, which is to be enregistei'ed in the office of the Clerk of 
 the Peace of the district where the practitioner resides. 
 
 " And every person acting in any of the profes.sions aforesaid 
 without such license, shall forfeit the sum of twenty pounds for 
 the first offence, fifty pounds for the second, and one hundred 
 pounds and three months' imprisonment for every subsequent ■ 
 offence committed against the true intent and meaning of this 
 ordinance, to be recorded in the Court of Common Pleas of the 
 district where the offence shall have been committed ; a moiety 
 of such forfeitures to be paid to the Receiver-General of the 
 Province, and applied to the use of His Majesty's Government 
 here, to be accounted for by him to His Majesty, his heirs and 
 successors, or to the commissioners of His Majesty's treasury, 
 for the time being, and audited by His Majesty's Auditor- 
 General for the plantations, or his deputy, and the other moiety 
 to be paid to the person or persons who shall sue for the same. 
 
 " Provided always, and it is hereby enacted, that nothing in 
 this ordinance shall extend or be construed to extend to the 
 subjecting such persons as shall have taken a degree in any 
 university, or who have been commissioned or warranted as 
 surgeons in His Majesty's army or navy to any examination 
 previous to obtaining a license ; but to which license, to be- 
 enregistered as above, a copy of the degree or certificate of the 
 
18 The Medical Profession in 
 
 commission or warrant shall be annexed ; and that no physician 
 or surgeon doinf]f duty in the army or navy within the 
 Province be obliged to have a license ; provided also, that 
 nothing in this ordinance shall be construed to prevent retailers 
 or others from selling such drugs for which a royal patent has 
 been obtained. .. Dorchester." 
 
 " Be it therefore Enacted and Ordained by the authority 
 aforesaid, and passed in Council under the Great Seal of the 
 Province, at the Council Chamber in the Castle of St. Louis, in 
 the city of Quebec, in the thirtieth day of April, in the twenty- 
 eighth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the 
 Third, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and 
 Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, and so forth, and in the 
 year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight. 
 
 " April 80, 1788." 
 
 Wishing to record every step or movement to secure medical 
 relief for the pioneer, the following is inserted, as doubtless 
 civilians as well as soldiers had the benefit of hospital treat- 
 ment : 
 
 On Sept. 4, 1790, application was made by Capt. Park Porter 
 for a hospital at Kingston. " He reminds Capt- Le Maitre that 
 during his former command there, he was directed to give up 
 the hospital as a place for Indian presents, which at that time 
 could be very well spared as all the navy and greater part of 
 the garrison were resident at Carlton Island ; but at present 
 the exigency seems to point out the necessity of having that 
 place again as an hospita". I mentioned to Sir John Johnson 
 my intended application and he made answer, he understood 
 he was to give it up when required for the purpose it was 
 originally built." 
 
 In the early part of 1791, in compliance with the request of 
 the U. E. Loyalist settlers, the Imperial Parliament granted a 
 distinct autonomy to Upper Canada with British laws and cus- 
 toms, the Province of Quebec being divided into Upper and 
 Lower Canada. On July 8th, 1792, the first Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor of Upper Canada, Col. John Graves Simcoe, assumed office, 
 and on the 16th of the same month he issued his first procla- 
 
Upper Canada, 1790-95. 19 
 
 mation. The population of Upper Canada at thi.s time was 
 about 20,000. The lirst session of the First Parliament of 
 Upper Canada met in a house on the west bank of tne Niagara 
 Kiver, on the 17th September, the same year. It was three 
 years later before any legislation took place with respect to the 
 Medical Profession. 
 
 The Duke de la Rochefoucault, who was a guest of Governor 
 Simcoe, 1795, at Newark (Niagara), in speaking of his vi.sit and 
 the Indians, says : " Intermittent fevers are very frequent in 
 this village. The Indians frequently take the advice of the 
 physician whom the English Government appoints and pays 
 on their account, but they far more frequently take draughts 
 which they prepare themselves." 
 
 That surgeons of regiments quartered in the Province dis- 
 charged the function of uniting parties in marriage, in the tirst 
 days of Upper Canada, seems clear, from the following extract 
 from an Act passed at the second session of the First Parlia- 
 ment in 1793. The Act declares " that the marriages of all 
 persons, not being under any canonical disqualification to con- 
 tract matrimony, that have been publicly contracted before any 
 magistrate or commanding officer of a post, adjutant or surgeon 
 of a regiment, acting as chaplain, or any other person in any 
 public office or employment, before the passing of this Act, shall 
 be confirmed and considered, to all intents and purposes, as 
 good and valid in law," 
 
 On July 6, 1795, the Parliament met at Navy Hall, Newark, 
 now Niagara-on-the-Lake. The first Act passed at this session 
 was one to regulate the practice of physic and surgery. 
 
 The following is taken from a volume in the library of 
 Osgoode Hall, entitled 
 
 "THE STATUTES OF HIS MAJESTY, PROVINCE OF UPPER CANADA. 
 
 " Chap. I. — An Act to regulate the practice of physic and 
 surgery. 
 
 " Whereas many inconveniences have arisen to His Majesty's 
 subjects in this province from unskilful persona practising 
 physic and surgery therein, 
 
 "Therefore be it enacted by the King's Most Excellent 
 Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative 
 
20 The Medical Profession in 
 
 Council and Assembly of the Province of Upper Canada, con- 
 stituted and assembled by virtue of and under the authority of 
 an Act passed in the Parliament of Great Britain, entitled ' An 
 Act to repeal certain parts of an Act passed in the fourteenth 
 year of His Majesty's reign, entitled "An Act for making more 
 effectual provision for the government of the Province of Quebec 
 in North America, and to make further provision for the govern- 
 ment of the said province, and by the authority of the same." ' 
 
 " That no person who shall or may have come into this Prov- 
 ince since the passing of the above-mentioned Act, and before 
 the passing of this Act, nor any person who shall or may 
 hereafter come into this province, shall be permitted to vend, 
 sell, or distribute medicines by retail, or prescribe for sick 
 persons, or practise physic, surgery or midwifery within the 
 Province, for profit, until such person or persons shall be duly 
 examined and approved of by a board of surgeons, who shall be 
 constituted and appointed fas hereinafter mentioned) with full 
 powers to grant licenses for the practice of physic, surgery and 
 midwifery within the Province, and has received a license 
 under the hands of and seal of the President of the said Board 
 and such members thereof as may be present at his or their 
 examination. 
 
 " II. — And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, 
 That it shall and may be lawful to and for the Governor, Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, or person, etc., etc., by license under his hand 
 and seal, to order and appoint the surgeon of His Majesty's 
 hospital for the time being, together with the surgeons of His 
 Majesty's regiment doing du*y within the Province, and all 
 other .surgeons and practitioners resident within the same, 
 authorized to practise physic and surger)' by some lawfully 
 constituted power or board in His Majesty's dominions, or any 
 two of them (of which the surgeon of His Majesty's hospital 
 shall be one), from time to time, and as often as occasion may 
 require, to hear and examine all persons that may apply for a 
 license to practise physic, surgery and midwifery, or either, 
 within the said province ; who shall, when they have examined 
 and approved of any person so applying as afore.said, grant hisn 
 such license under their hands and seals, for which license he 
 shall pay the sum of two pounds lawful money and no more. 
 
Upper Canada, 1795. 21 
 
 " III. — And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid : 
 That if any person having come into this province since the 
 passing of the said Act in the thirty-first year of His Majesty's 
 reign, and before the passing of tliis Act ; or shall come into it 
 after the passing of the same, and shall vend, sell or distribute 
 medicines by retail, or prescribe for sick persons, or practise 
 physic or surgery as aforesaid, until tsuch person shall have 
 been duly examined and licensed by two or more members of 
 the Board, constituted and appointed as aforesaid ; such persons 
 shall for every offence forfeit and pay the sum of ten pounds, 
 to be recovered in any of His Majesty's courts of this province 
 by action of debt, till, plaint or information, wherein no essoin, 
 privilege, protection, or wager of law shall be allowed, and 
 only one . . . ; and a moiety whereof shall be given to 
 the informer, and th'e other moiety paid into the hands of the 
 Receiver-General of this province, to and for the use of His 
 Majesty, his heirs and successors, and to and for the use of this 
 Province and the support of the civil government thereof, to 
 be accounted for to His Majesty through the commissioners of 
 his treasury, for the time being, in such manner and form as it 
 shall please His Majesty to direct. 
 
 " IV. — Provided always that nothing in this Act shall extend 
 or be construed to extend, to any person who shall have taken 
 a degree in any university in His Majesty's dominions, or to 
 any person who shall have been or may hereafter be commis- 
 sioned or warranted as a surgeon or surgeon's mate in His 
 Majesty's army or navy, or to any person vending, selling or 
 disti'ibuting drugs or. compounded medicines for which a patent 
 hath been obtained, or to any other who shall, or may have 
 settled, and shall or may have practised physic, surgery or mid- 
 wifery within this province before the passing of the said Act, 
 in the thirty-first year of His Majesty's reign as aforesaid ; 
 provided that such person last above-mentioned do not take an 
 apprentice or person under pretence of tuition in any branch 
 of physic or surgery, with an intent that such person shall 
 present himself for examination and approval as aforesaid ; 
 hereby repealing all former Acts or ordinances made for the 
 regulation of the practice of physic or surgery within this 
 province." 
 
22 The Medical Profession in 
 
 It must be admitted that this was a very comprehensive 
 Act ; and it would be interesting to know who the originator 
 and f'ramer was. Not unlikely, however, the author was 
 Attorney-General John White, who came to Canada in 1792 
 to fill that position. The Quebec Ordinance of 1788, no doubt, 
 formed the ground-work of this Act. " The surgeon of Hi.s 
 Majesty's hospital for the time being " has reference most pro- 
 bably to the principal medical officer of the military hospital 
 at Kingston, who was, doubtless. Dr. Jas. Macaulay. Although 
 this Act might seem to be well adapted to the infant province, 
 it was found to be impracticable. There is no record as ta 
 whether an Examining Board was organized under the Act^ 
 but there is reason to believe that one was convened when 
 necessary. There is some light thrown upon the matter bj' 
 Robert Gourlay in his Sketch Book. Referring to the law 
 which required an examination before " certain regular-bred 
 surgeons appointed by the Governor," and to the penalty of 
 £10 for each offence against the law, he says : " Now the fact 
 is that few men who could stand the examination of such as 
 were regular-bred and well educated, and fewer still had re- 
 ceived a degree at a university, would practise. Nobody above 
 the rank of a common cowherd would travel round a circle of 
 forty or fifty miles in the wilderness for the pittance which 
 could be collected long after this law was made ; and save in 
 the larger villages — Kingston, Niagara and York — nothing like 
 a genteel subsistence could be obtained. How absurd, then, to 
 think of preventing the remotely scattered people from choos- 
 ing whom they liked to draw their teeth, bleed, and blister 
 them ; How absurd, how cruel, how me(idling that a poor 
 woman in labour could not have assistance from a handy, saga- 
 cious neighbour, without this neighbour being liable to be in- 
 formed upon and fined ! This absurdity was not sufficiently 
 pt^rceived for ten years, end then the Act was repealed in 
 180G." 
 
 Rochefoucault, in his narrative, 1795, in speaking of King- 
 ston, says : "There are but very few surgeons in this district; 
 they who assume this appellation contrive to get well paid for 
 their trouble." From this it might be inferred that anyone 
 might, whether qualified or not, assume the title ; it might 
 
Upper Canada, 1795. 23 
 
 almost be inferred that all the doctors were such, merely by 
 assumption. 
 
 In Oourlay's translation of Rochefoucault, we find the follow- 
 ing : " 13ut few surgeons reside in the country ; they are not 
 suffered to practise till after having undergone an examination 
 by a physician appointed by Government. This prevention, 
 which may prove very beneficial in future times, is at present 
 of avoid. For, as very few apply for leave to practise, the 
 most ignorant are admitted without difficulty, if they will only 
 present themselves for admission. By one of them I was 
 informed that the inferior classes of the inhabitants dread their 
 advice in intermittent fevers, because they always prescribe 
 bark, and that poor people, instead of following their advice, 
 have recourse to a sort of magic charm, in which universal 
 confidence is placed in this country. If seized with the ague, 
 they go into the forest, search out a branch of an elm or sassa- 
 fras, of the last year's growth, fasten to this branch, without 
 breaking it off" the tree, a thread, which must be quite new, 
 tie as many knots as they think they shall have 'spells' of the 
 fever, and then return home perfectly convinced that they shall 
 not experience more fits than they have bound themselves to 
 sustain by the number of knots they have tied. The first 
 discoverers of this arcanum used to make so few knots that the 
 ague would frequently disappoint their hopes ; but they who 
 at present practise this superstition tie so many that the febrile 
 matter is generally carried ofi' before the number of fits come 
 up to that of the knots," 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 QUESTIONABLE STANDING OF MEDICAL MEN. 
 
 THE second Governor of Upper Canada was Peter Hunter, 
 who came to Canada in 1799. He was a brother of the 
 great Dr. Hunter. He died at Quebec, August 25, 1805, aged 
 59 years. His ashes lie in the English cathedral there. Over 
 them is a marble tablet, erected by his distinguished brother. 
 It was in the year following Governor Hunter's death that tho 
 
24 The Medical Profession in 
 
 second Act relating to medicine was passed, which repealed the 
 former Act, as follows: 
 
 "Whereas the provisions of an Act in thirty-tifth year of His 
 Majesty's reign, etc., etc., are inexpedient in th-j present state of 
 the Province : For remedy whereof, Be it enacted by the King's 
 Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of 
 the Legislative Council and A.ssembly of the Province of Upper 
 Canada, constituted and assembled by virtue of and under the 
 authority of an Act passed in the Parliamont of Great Britain, 
 entitled 'An Act to repeal certain parts of an Act passed in 
 the fourteenth year of His Majesty's reign, entitled ' An Act for 
 making more effectual provisions for the government of the 
 Province of Quebec in North America, and to make further 
 provision for the government of the said province, and by the 
 authority of the same,' that the said Act, entitled 'An Act to 
 regulate the practice of physic and surgery,' be and the same is 
 hereby repealed." 
 
 (The foregoing is taken from a volume in O.sgoode Hall 
 library, in which is the signature of W. VV. Baldwin, himself 
 a doctor, by whom it was presented to the library. " One of 
 the Benchers of this Society, and several times Treasurer 
 thereof." Dated 1S32.) 
 
 As stated, no records have been found of any Medical Board 
 existing prior to the repeal of this Act. But the writer has 
 been informed by an old physician, Dr. Smith, practising in 
 Belleville, that he was examined by a Board in 1805, and pro- 
 cured a license under the Quebec Ordinance. The names of 
 his examiners, he said, were " Drs. James Macaulay, Surgeon- 
 Oeneral Ru.sh (?), and Baldwin." His belief was that the Act of 
 1806 made the practice of medicine free in the Province. That 
 a Medical Board did meet from time to time seems likely. (See 
 Biographical Sketch of Dr. Sumner.) Unskilful persons con- 
 tinued to come into the country and to engage in the practice 
 of medicine in all its branches. But. from an editorial article 
 which appeared in the York Gazette October 8, 1808, it is 
 learned that an effort was made in the House of Parliament 
 to procure legislation to protect the public from incompetent 
 practitioners. The article is as follows, and gives an excellent 
 s^taple of the style of writing in those days : 
 
UppEii Canada, 1805-08. 25 
 
 " It i.s fresh in our recollection, that a Bill to reijulate the 
 admission of individuals as physicians and surgeons in this 
 province, was last winter broutrht into the House of Assembly 
 by a distinguished nieniber of the honourable body. We also 
 remember that the merits of the Bill were suggested, and that 
 they underwent discussion and investigation, and experienced 
 several necessary amendments. We are not insensible to the 
 mover's honourable motives in bringing so laudable a measure 
 forward at this juncture, as the necessity of something to 
 improve the irregular systems on which physic and surgery 
 are now conducted, is fidly obvious. By this sense of the sub- 
 ject the gentleman was impelled to a warm and active support 
 of its spirit and a laudable wish for its speedy promotion. 
 
 "We cannot, however, but regret that it was dropped in the 
 House, whilst the opinions of several gentlemen in the House 
 were so specifically different from any we can entertain. How 
 far we, as« incompetent judges, are warrantt^d in this diff rent 
 view of a common subject, remains not for us to dftermine, 
 but our general impression of its necessary utility is not 
 lessened or defeated. The principal reason, we venture to 
 assign, for its suspension or its failure, rises from the variety of 
 business to which the attention of the members was devoted, 
 or that unweighed as the matter in question nii';rjit be, or not 
 familiarized to superior judgments. The opinion we maititain 
 of such a public want arises from the conviction we feel and 
 the knowledge we possess, that the health, nay, fre([Uently the 
 existence of a fellow-creature, is lost, being too often sacrificed 
 to the pretensions or cannibal ignorance of empiric-, quacks 
 and impostors. It is an incontestible fact that we are all 
 created patients, but few of us are born physicians, and tint 
 education and studious practice, as well as a just judgment of 
 diagnostics and the efficient operative (jualiti' s of prescriptions, 
 form the necessary parts of fortunate and conspicuous practi- 
 tioners. 
 
 "To qualify the ordinary professors of meilicine by the 
 attainment of this necessary and ornamental part of human 
 knowletlge, and to bar the avenues to gross public impositions 
 were the leading principles in this lan<lable Bill ; at It-ast, it 
 thus forcibly impressed us, when we heard it repeatedly read. 
 
26 The Medical Pkofession in 
 
 As medicines fref)uontly posses.s the properties of extendinuj 
 and eurtailin<( the duration of existence, tliey require to be 
 prescribed and administered with much judgment and caution, 
 and not as in many cases by ignorant and unsparing hands. 
 In indulging no unreasonable, no blamable, hope we really 
 wish and anticipate the introduction of this encircling dis- 
 tended measure, and benevolently passed on the very spirit ol" 
 promoting the safety of health and public good." 
 
 It was thought that by the repeal of this Act of Upper 
 Oanada, there existed no restrictions, and that anyone might 
 engage in the practice of medicine, but it was found that such 
 was not the case. Robert Gourlay, writing in 1818, respecting 
 Upper Canada, says : " Many physicians and surgeons have 
 gone into practice without any provincial license, supposing 
 •there was no prohibition and not suspecting that an old ordi- 
 nance of the former Province of Quebec, which was not exe- 
 cuted and had not been published among the laws of this 
 province, was revived by a repeal of the Provincial Act, so as 
 to be in force here." 
 
 The state of the medical profession at this period may be 
 imderstood from newspaper articles which appeared from time 
 to time. On March 3, 1812, a letter appears in the Kingston 
 Gazette, from Jeremiah Freedling, complaining of a doctor who, 
 having no one to practise upon, induced one of his daughters 
 to be inoculated for small-pox, by which the disease devastated 
 the neighbourhood. 
 
 At this period, the Rev., afterwards Bishop, Strachan, contri- 
 buted from time to time articles on various subjects which 
 have been compared to Addison's in the Spectator, under the 
 pseudonyme, Meckoner. Referring to the letter of Mr. Freed- 
 ling, he makes the following remarks : " I participate most 
 sincerely in the distress of Mr. Freedling and his amiable 
 daughter ; the Province is overrun with self-made physicians 
 who have no pretensions to knowledge of any kind, and yet 
 there is no profession that requires more extensive information. 
 
 " They comprehend not the causes or nature of diseases, are 
 totally ignorant of anatomy, chemistry and botany ; many 
 know nothing of classical learning or general science. Where 
 shall you find one among them attending particularly to the 
 
Uppku Canada, 181-2, 27 
 
 age, constitution and circuinstanccs of the patient, and varyinrj 
 his })rescrij)tions accord iiiffly. it is, indeed, preposterous to 
 expect jud<^ment and skill, a nice discrimination of diseases or 
 a proper method of cure from men who have never been re;^'U- 
 larly taui^ht, who cannot pronounce, much less explain, the 
 terms of the art they profess, and who are unable to read the 
 books written upon the subject. The welfare of the people 
 calls aloud for some legislative provision that shall remedy this 
 increasing evil ; any examination, however slight, would terrify 
 nine-tenths of the piesent race. Were it only enacted that no 
 other trial than that of reading two pages of Blackstone's 
 Commentaries or Burns' Justice, without missing lines, spelling 
 long words, or forgetting the stops in the presence of the 
 justices of the Quarter Sessions (after showing their creden- 
 tials that they had serveil a regular apprenticeship). It would 
 be of singular benefit and stop the greater number. Their 
 gross ignorance appears in. the medicines they use, which are 
 much less innocent than Dr. Sangrados' hot water. They 
 cure all diseases with two specifics, opium and mercury. Is a 
 patient in great pain, he must swallow a large pill of opium. 
 Is a practitioner in doubt about his disease, a dose of calomel is 
 the remed}-. I was lately visiting a young woman ill of a fever. 
 The Doctor came in, felt her pulse with much gravity, pro- 
 nounced her near a crisis. ' She must take this dose,' said the 
 gentleman, pouring out as much calomel on a piece of paper as 
 would have killed two ploughmen. ' Pray, what is this ? ' said I. 
 Doctor : ' A fchrifuger! ' 'Is it not calomel ?' ' Yes.' ' You mean 
 to divide this into several doses!'' 'Not at all.' 'But the patient 
 is weak.' ' No matter, I iikes to scour well.' ' Do you not 
 weigh carefully so powerful a medicine before you give it ? ' 
 ' No, sir, I knows exactly.' As the woman was evidently get- 
 ting better, I threw the calomel out of the window after his 
 departure and sent her some bark and wine. On another 
 occasion I found, on going to see a man ill of a bilious com- 
 plaint, that the doctor (not the same practitioner) had left a 
 large dose of calomel, and ordered three large blocks of wood 
 heated in boiling water, one for his feet and one for each of 
 his sides. The poor man was sweating himself to death. I 
 commanded the blocks to be removed, ventilated the room, 
 
28 Thk Medical Profession in 
 
 sprinkled tlie room with vinej^ar, washed his head and hands 
 with it, and he bef]fan to breathe — another hour woidd have 
 killed him, for you could hardly discern life in him when I 
 entt^rc'd. I mixed a little of the calomel with .some toasted rhu- 
 barb to be given him when he got cool, and he recovered. I 
 was called to a young man whose disease, a dysentery, had been 
 much aggravated by the gross ignorance of his physician. 
 This profound doctor had the audacity to say, after my arrival, 
 that the youth was getting better when he was in the very 
 agony of death, and actually expired in a few mitmtes. Many 
 more cases might he stated, but every reader's memory will 
 furnish him with plenty. Let the law check this growing evil 
 and do justice to regular practitioners who have gone through 
 a course of studies in order to (]ualify themselves for this 
 arduous profession. At present they are elbowed out of their 
 practice by men who can neither read nor write so as to be 
 understood." 
 
 That illiterate and incotnpetent persons found their way into 
 Upper Canada during the first fifteen years of this century 
 may be gathered from letters which appeared in the Kingston 
 Gazette. 
 
 In the Gazfitte of June 2nd, 1812,' is a letter from Gananoque, 
 signed " Candidus," giving a copy of an account sent to Mrs. 
 John Gould by a "self-taught physician of this province." 
 
 "The estate of Mrs. John Goidd, Dr. 
 
 " To Dr., For medsin and attendants whene he was chokd 
 with a large peas of Butter no of meat, £3." 
 
 A second letter, signed "Credulus," refers to "certain medical 
 gentlemen who have, out of pure charity, come into this country 
 from the neighbouring States to cure us of all our maladies." 
 They do not use opium, or calomel, but charms. He gives an 
 account of the treatment of a tumour by stroking and using 
 certain words to drive away "the devil's swelling.' 
 
 A third letter is about a shoemaker who went where un- 
 known, to practise, and who being called to see a case of dropsy 
 pronounced it pleuri.sy, and declared that " fleglottomy " was 
 demanded to reduce the bodv to natural size; but on beinj; 
 exposefl took a hasty departure. 
 
 A fourth letter refers to a bill sent in by a doctor, with a 
 
Upper Canada, 1812-15. 29 
 
 deduction of £6, for "kiHinj; vour son." This was liecause 
 the doctor had carried the small-) lox to the .son, who died of it. 
 
 The following is an indication that at Kingston, in 181 '), the 
 more intelligent puhlic saw the nece-s.siiy of protection against 
 incompetent men. Kingston Gdzctte contains the following: 
 
 "To the public. Faci/iH descensus Averni. 
 
 "The Parliament of this province, during the last session, 
 provided, in part, against the imposition oF empirics in medi- 
 cine. This was not more necessary for the safety of the 
 diseased than tiie reputation of the faculty." Then follows an 
 earnest appeal to the public and Purliament against (plucks, 
 their danger, " without one ray of science," who " j)resume to 
 thrust the created into the presence of the Creator." Signed 
 " W." (" Not of the profession," he says.) 
 
 At the capital, York, at this period strenuous and persistent 
 etfbrts were put forth, not only to place and retain the profes- 
 sion in a state consistent with its noble attribute, but to afford 
 proper medical skill and care to all classes in need of hospital 
 relief. This e.'ctract, from a current journal, gives .some inter- 
 esting information in connection with this and other matters: 
 
 "YORK GENERAL HOSPITAL. 
 
 "The Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada was 
 organized at York, 1812. The object was 'to afi'ord relief and 
 aid to disabled militia men and their families, to reward merit, 
 excite emulation, and commemorate glorious exploits by bestow- 
 ing medals and other honourary marks of public approbation 
 and distinction for extraordinary instances of personal courage 
 and fidelity in defence of the Province.' The Society had only 
 been formed a few days before the subscription of York to the 
 fund had amounterl to the respectable sum of eight hundred 
 and seventy-five pounds (three thousand five hundred dollars), 
 to be paid annually during the war with the United States. 
 Medals were also struck in London, by order of the Loyal and 
 Patriotic Society. These medals, however, never reached the 
 intended recipients, from the fact that there were so many can- 
 didates for the covete(i honour that the difficulty of deciding who 
 was to receive them was found to be too great. The medals were 
 finally broken up and the bullion, augumented with what 
 
30 'J'nK Mkdical Phofession in 
 
 leiniiinfHl of the funds of tlio Society, devoteil to heuevolont 
 objects. A conHidfnible donation from the funds was made to 
 the York General Hospital, an institution well de.servin<^ of the 
 favour shown to it, and the foundation of the present Toronto 
 Hospital, which enjoy.: more than a provincial reputation. 
 As a reminder of the time of the war, and the loyalty which 
 inspired the old Canadians of that day, it will not be out of 
 place to {ifive a short description of this medal. It was two 
 and one-half inches in diameter. On the obverse, within a 
 wreath, of laurel, were the words, ' For Merit;' on this side was 
 also the le<,'end, ' Presented by a grateful country.' On the 
 reverse, was the following device : A strait between two lakes ; 
 on the north side, a beaver (emblem of peaceful industry), the 
 ancient cognizance of Canada; in the background, the British 
 lion slumbering; on the south side of the strait, the American 
 eagle poising in the air, as if checked from seizing the beaver 
 by the presence of the lion; legend on this side, 'Upper Canada 
 preserved.' " 
 
 CHAPTEE I\. 
 
 QUALIKIKI) AND UNQUALIKIKD PHYSICIANS. 
 
 AFTER the repeal of the Act, nothing was done in the way 
 of legislation until the year 1815, after the close of the 
 war. The Act then pa.ssed, although somewhat lengthy, pos- 
 sesses sufficient interest, it is thought, to give it here in extenso : 
 
 "An Act to License Practitioners in Physic and Surgery, 
 passed 14th March, 1815. 
 
 " Whereas, many inconveniences have arisen to His Majesty'.^ 
 subjects in this province from unskilful persons practising 
 physic and surgery therein, 
 
 " Therefore, be it enacted by the King's Most Excellent 
 Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative 
 Council and Assembly of the Province of Upper Canada, consti- 
 tuted and assembled by virtue of and under the authority of an 
 Act passed in the Parliament of Great Britain, entitled ' An Act 
 to repeal an Act passed in the fourteenth year of His Majesty's 
 reign, entitled "An Act for making more eff'ectual provision for 
 
 s 
 
Upper Canada, 1816. 81 
 
 t.ho <];overninent of the Province of Quebec, in North America, 
 and to make furtlier provision for the jjovernment of the saitl 
 Province," ' and by the authority of the .sau)e, that no person 
 who shall or may have come into this province since tlie pass- 
 ing of the above-mentioned Act, and before the passinj,' of this 
 Act, nor any person who shall or may liereafter come into this 
 province, shall be permitted to prescribe for sick persons, or 
 practise physic, surj^ery or midwifery within the Province, for 
 profit, until such person or persons shall be duly examined and 
 approved of by a Board of Surgeons, who shall be constituted 
 and appointed (as hereinafter mentioned) with full powers to 
 grnnt licenses for the practice of physic, surgery and mi<lwifery 
 within the Province, and has received a license under the hand 
 anJ seal of the President of the said Board, and countersigned 
 bv the Clerk of the said Board, which clerk the President of 
 said Board shall and may nominate and appoint. 
 
 " 2. And be it further enacted by the author' ty aforesaid, 
 that it shall and may be lawful for the Governor, Lieutenant- 
 Governor, or person administering the government of this 
 province, by license umler his hand and seal to order and 
 appoint the senior military medical officer for the time being, 
 together with the surgeons of His Majesty's regiment, and all 
 staff-surgeons doing duty within the Province, and the surgeons 
 of His Majesty's iiavy and all other surgeons and practitioners 
 resident within the same, authorized to practise physic, surgery 
 and midwifery by some lawfully constituted power or Board 
 in His Majesty's dominion or any two of them, of which the 
 senior medical officer from time to time, and as often as time 
 requires to hear and examine all persons that may apply for a^ 
 license to practise ph3^sic and surgery, or either, within the said 
 province, who shall, when they have examined and approved 
 of any person so applying as aforesai<l, grant him a license 
 under the hand and seal of the President and countia'signed by 
 the Clerk of the Board aforesaid, for which license he shall pay 
 the sum of two pounds lawful money, and no more ; provided 
 always, that nothing in this Act contained shall extend or be 
 construed to extend to prevent any female from practising 
 midwifery in any part of this province, or to require such 
 female to take out such license as aforesaid. 
 
32 The Medical Profession in 
 
 " 3. And be it further enacted by tlie authority aforesaid, 
 that if any person having come into this province since the 
 passing of the said Act of the thirty-first year of His Majesty's 
 reign, anil before the passing of this Act, or shall come into 
 this province after the passing of the same, shall prescribe for 
 sick persons or practise physic, surgery or midwifery as afore- 
 said, until such person shall be duly examined and licensed by 
 two or more members of the Board constituted and appointed 
 as aforesaid, such person shall for every such offence forfeit and 
 pay tlie sum of one hundred pounds, to be recovered in any of 
 His Majesty's courts in this province, by action or debt, plaint 
 or information, wlierein no ensurer privilege, protection or 
 wager of law shall be allowed, and only on imparlance, a moiety 
 whereof shall be given to the informer, and the other moiety 
 paid into the hands of the Receiver-General of this province, 
 to and for the use of His Majesty, his heirs and successors, and 
 to and for the use of this province and the support of the civil 
 government thereof, to be uccounted for to His Majesty through 
 the Lords Commissioners of his treasury for the time beiiii;, in 
 such manner and form as it shall please His Majesty to direct. 
 
 " Provided always, that nothing in this Act shall extend or be 
 construed to extend to any person who shall have taken a 
 degree in any university in His Majesty's dominions, or to any 
 person who shall have been or may hereafter be commissioned 
 or warranted as a surgeon or surgeon's mate in His Majesty's 
 army or navy, or to any other who shall or may have practiced 
 physic, surgerj'- or midwifery within the Province before the 
 passing of the sail Act of the thirty-first year of His Majesty's 
 reign as aforesaid, hereby repealing all former Acts or ordi- 
 nances made for the regulation of the practice of physic or 
 sursiery within this province." 
 
 The number of medical m.m in Upper Canada (ISlo) possess- 
 ing .some qualification, was in the neighbourhood of thirtj'-six 
 or forty l)Ut doubtless there were many others, with little or 
 no (jU'ihfication, who professed to possess medical skill. 
 
 In 1817, Robert Gourlay addressed the resident landowners 
 of the several townships, submitting a number of questions 
 relating to the township to be answe?-ed by them. The fourth 
 question on the list was : " How many medical practitioners in 
 
Upper Canada, 1815-17. 83 
 
 the township ?" Although a large proportion of the townships 
 replied to the other questions, comparatively few answered this 
 one. The following are those from which answers were sup- 
 plied : Sandwich, 2; Maiden, 2; Raleigh, none; Dover, East 
 and West Chatham, Camden, Oxford, Howard and Harwich, 
 on the River Thames (one each), summary, 5 ; Windham, " No 
 medical practitioner in the township, but can generally get 
 one within eight or ten miles"; Norwich, 'One regular-bred 
 practitioner of physic and surgery"; Blenheim, 1 ; Burford and 
 its Gore, 1 ; Woudhouse, 1 ; Yarmouth, 2. 
 
 The townships of the London District, with a population of 
 about 8,'J07, had six medical practitioners. 
 
 District of Gore (population, 8,543), Nelson, 1 ; Wellington 
 Square, part of Nelson, 1 ; Ancaster, 1 ; total, 3. 
 
 Niagara District, with a population of about 12 548, had six 
 medical practitioners. Of these Berlin had 1 ; Stamford, 2 ; 
 Grantham, 2. 
 
 Midland District is stated as having ten practitioners — 
 Thurlow, 2 ; Sophiasburg, 1 ; Hallowell, 2 ; Belleville (?) 3 ; 
 Kingston, 4. (Not unlikely the ten given to the district does 
 not include the town of Kingston.) 
 
 Johnston District — Walford, 1 ; Lansdowne, none. 
 
 Eastern District — Charlotteburgh, 2. 
 
 A table showing township reports of the Newcastle, Mid- 
 land, Johnston, and Eastern districts, gives a total of fifteen 
 practitioners. 
 
 " For the reported population of 26,977 in the Western, 
 London, Gore and Niagara districts," there are given twenty 
 medical practitioners. 
 
 " While I was in Canada," Gourlay writes, " men of educa- 
 tion, talent, and experience, came from home to settle there, 
 but it would not do, and many of them have left the Province. 
 A country surgeon at home has hard work of it. What may 
 he be supposed to have where the population does not amount 
 to .seven bodi".s to the square mile (?) and where fees must be 
 received per the barrel, or the bushel ; perhaps in lumber. For 
 my part, I see no occasion to have any restraining law as to 
 the practice of physic or surgery in any country." He then 
 advocates free trade in medical practice. The state of the 
 
I 34 TuE Medical Piiofession in 
 
 'i 
 
 \ Province with respect to medical matters, and the character of 
 
 those administering to the public in the healing art — at least in 
 Midland District — are well set forth by a writer in the King- 
 ston Gazette, of May 25, 1816, who was evidently well qualified 
 to form and express an opinion on the matter : 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 "Mr. Miles. 
 
 " Sir, — It is a subject of deep regret to many that the execu- 
 tive or magistracy should show such a sluggishness in enforcing 
 j the laws of the Province. It is particularly to be deplored so 
 *, far as those laws relate to persons calling themselves doctors; 
 
 I not only our fortunes, but also our lives are in the hands of 
 
 / those despicable quacks. How does it happen that an Act of 
 
 / the session of 1815 is not acted upon ? Is it because that Act is 
 
 y unwise, or is it because the executive does not think it of 
 
 sufficient importance to put it in opperation ? If the first, why 
 not expunge it from the laws of the Province ? If the latter, 
 what is the use of a house of assembly at all ? 
 
 " Perhaps, Mr. Editor, you and other respectible gentlemen 
 living in town, who have access to, and knowledge to value the 
 merits of those practising medicine, may not feel so much as I 
 do the miserable situation of the country; but. Sir, if the 
 health of the subject is not a matter of sufficient importance to 
 rouse the morbid sensibility of those whose duty it is to 
 administer the laws, I should imagine that in a political point 
 of view it would be a matter of great importance to look after 
 those quack spies who are daily inundating the Province. Those 
 men (most brutal, generally speaking, in their manners, and in 
 their conduct immoral in the highest degree) go from house to 
 house like peddlars, dealing out their poisonous pills and herbs, 
 and holding out to the gaping ignorant the advantages of a 
 republican government. 
 
 " But to give you an instance of the contemptible conduct of 
 one of those animals nearer yourself. During the last session 
 of the peace I had occasion to be in Kingston, and, although I 
 lodged in a private house, I had occasion to call one morning 
 at a tavern. While speaking to the landlady in the bar, in 
 comes a doctor and called for a gill of branily. He drank it, 
 iu the course of which he put a great many questions to her 
 
Upper Canada, 1817. 35 
 
 about the health of her customers, and finally said he would 
 leave some fever powders, as it was likely the country people 
 would be getting drunk (as he termed it) and would require 
 medicine. The lady thanked him, and said if she wanted any 
 medical aid she knew where to send for it. 
 
 " To conclude, Mr. Editor, the consequences of the present 
 system will be, in the first place, to prevent native merit enter- 
 ing into the profession; secondly, those few respectable and 
 regularly educated men whom we have amongst us will either 
 leave the Province or get a miserable subsistance if they remain ; 
 and, lastly, though not the least, the Province will be in some 
 degree revolutionized by those emissaries of a licentiouf? republic. 
 
 " Vekitas. 
 " Adolphustown, May 14, 181G." 
 
 We give another phase of the matter, concerning which the 
 reader will be able to form his own opinion : 
 
 " Notice to all unlicensed Practitioners of Medicine and 
 Quacks in and about Kingston : 
 
 "Doctor Scott will indiscriminately and impartially make 
 known to the Attorney-General's Office, in this province, and 
 pro.secute with the utmost rigour of the law, all and every 
 person whom he may hereafter discern practising any branch 
 of the medical profession under the above denomination. 
 
 " Jas. Scott, M.C.8., etc., etc., etc. 
 "Kingston, July 10th, 1817." 
 
 This card informs us who Doctor Scott was : 
 
 " Mr. Scott, late Surgeon of His Majesty's Ship ' Montreal,' on 
 Lake Ontario, M.R.C.S., Dublin, formerly one of the Attendants 
 at the Dublin Lying-in Hospital," ..." long attention will 
 be paid to patients on the j'3asonable terms." 
 
 Dr. Scott has in the Guzette an article about a child that was 
 brought him, and to which he gave medicine, etc., " when a 
 coil of worms passed. These may be seen at Dr. Scott's office," 
 etc. This same Scott was prosecuting Quacks. 
 
 The following advertisement is copied verbatim from a manu- 
 
/ 
 
 r 
 
 86 The Medical Profession in 
 
 script bill, posted up at a public place. It was probably more 
 taking than Dr. Scott's card : 
 
 " Richmond, Oct. 17th, 1817. 
 
 " Advertisement. — This is to Certify that I, Solomon Albert, 
 
 is Good to cure any sore in word Complaint or any Pains, Rheu- 
 
 maticks Pains, or any Complaint what so ever the Subscriber 
 
 doctors with yerbs o" Roots. Any Person wishing to employ 
 
 him will find him at Lick Bells. 
 
 "Solomon Albert." 
 
 From the foregoing it is quite evident that some action by 
 the Government was necessary to protect the public, and the 
 necessity was dulj' recognized. 
 
 The Act passed in 1815 was repealed in 1818. "The pro- 
 visions . . . have been found to be impracticable," it is stated 
 in the preamble of the new Act. And further provisions for 
 / licensing practitioners in medicine were made. It reads : 
 
 " That it shall and may be lawful for the Governor, Lieutenant- 
 Governor, or person administering the government, to constitute 
 and appoint, under his hand and seal at arms, live or more 
 persons legally authorized to practise physic, surgery or mid- 
 wifery in this province, to be a board, whereof any three to be 
 a quorum, to hear and examine all persons desirous to apply 
 for a license, to practise physic, surgery and midwifery, or 
 either of them, within this province, and being satisfied by such 
 examination that any person is duly qualified to practise 
 physic, surgery and midwifery, or either, to certify the same 
 1 under the hands and seals of two or more of such board, where- 
 
 1 upon the Governor, Lieutc ant-Governor, or person administer- 
 
 ing the government, being satisfied of the loyalty, integrity and 
 good morals of such applicant may, under his hand and seal at 
 arms, grant to him a license to practise physic, surgery and 
 midwifery, or either, conformable to such certificate; provided 
 always, that nothing in this Act shall extend to prevent any 
 female from practi-'ing midwifery in this province, or to require 
 such female to take out a license as aforesaid." 
 
 "And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, — 
 That if any person, not excepted as aforesaid, shall practise 
 physic, surgery, or midwifery within this province, without 
 
Upper Canada, 1817-18. 37 
 
 such license, he shall for every such offence forfeit and pay 
 the sum of one hundred pounds ; to be recovered in any of 
 His Majesty's Courts of Kin<^'s Bench, by action of debt, bdl, 
 plaint or information, one moiety whereof shall be given to 
 the informer, and the other moiety paid into the hands of 
 the Receiver-General of this province, to and for the use of 
 His Majesty, his heirs and successors, and to and for the use 
 of this province and the support of the civil government 
 thereof, to be accounted for to His Majesty through tne Lords, 
 Commoners of His Majesty's treasury, for the time being, in 
 such manner and form as it shall please His Majesty to direct. 
 Provided always, — That nothing in this Act shall extend to 
 any person who has been resident, practising physic, surgery 
 and midwifery before the first of January, one thousand eight 
 hundred and twelve, until twelve months after the constitution 
 of such Board as aforesaid, and notice thereof, and of the time 
 and place of its assembling, be given in Upper Canada Gazette. 
 
 " Sec. V. — And be it further enacted by the authority afore- 
 said, — That the said Board shall be held and kept in the town 
 of York, in the Home District, twice in each and every year — 
 the first Monday in January and the first Monday in July." 
 
 This Act of 1818 was the first eff'ectual step to open a proper 
 portal to the ranks of the medical profession" 
 
 Although the Act specifies that the Board shall meet twice a 
 year, it will be seen that the Board met every three month.s. 
 
38 The Medical Profession in 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 THE PUOCKKDINGS OF TlIK KIU'KR CANADA MHIDK'AL HOARD FROM 
 
 ITS ORtiANIZATION, 1819 TO 1830; AND OF THE COLLEGE OF PIIYKI- 
 
 CIAN.S AND SURGEONS OF UPPER CANADA, 1839-41, WITH 
 
 REFERENCES TO HISTORICAL EVENTS SHOWING 
 
 THE GROWTH AND DEVELOJ'MENT OF 
 
 THE PROFESSION. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 PKOCKKl)I\(iS OK THK .MKDICAL liOAHD. 
 
 NO time was lost in creatinj^ a Medical Board in accordance 
 with the Act. It came into force on November 27, 
 1818, and on January 4, 1819, the Board was convened at 
 York — now Toronto. 
 
 . The records of the Medical Board are contained in two vol- 
 . umes now in the custody of the Registrar of the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, through whose kindness 
 these minute books have been at the writer's service. The 
 contents of the first pages are given in full, subsequently the 
 record is condensed so far as could be done without impairing 
 the account of the proceedings of the Board. On the first page 
 of the first volume are given two forms, no doubt prepared 
 for supplying the successful candidates with the necessary 
 certificate. 
 
 " We certify that , of , in 
 
 the District of , Gentleman, hath appeared before 
 
 the Medical Board, and being examined touching his qualifica- 
 tions to practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, the Board is 
 perfectly satisfied by his Examination, and find him duly and 
 fully qualified to practise in the above branches. 
 
 " Given under our Hands and Seals this day of " 
 
Upper Canada, 1819. 39 
 
 A COPY. 
 
 " At a meeting of the Medical Board, hold this day, Mr. 
 
 , of , in the District of 
 
 appeared, and having been examined touching his qualifications 
 
 to practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, the Board find him 
 
 fully qualified to practise these several branches, and grant him 
 
 this their certificate accordingly. 
 
 " Signed." 
 
 " PROCEEDrNfJS OF THE MEDK'AL BoAHD APPOINTED UNDER 
 THE AUTHORITY OF AN ACT OF THE FaRLIAiMENT OF IJPPER 
 
 Canada, pas.sed in the Fifty-Ninth Year of the Reign 
 OF OUR Sovereign Lord King Geor(je the Third, 
 entitui.ed, 'An Act,' etc., etc., etc. 
 
 "York, 4th January, 1(S19. — The Board met. Present: James 
 Macaulay, Christopher Widmer, William Lyons and Grant 
 Powell, Surgeons. The Board adjourned till 12 o'clock to- 
 morrow. 
 
 "York, ."jth Jdiiuar;/, 1819. — The Board met pursuant to 
 adjournment. Present as above. The Commission was read. 
 
 " Mr. John Gilchrist, of the township of Hamilton, in the 
 <listrict of New Castle, appeared, and being examined and 
 found duly qualified to practise Physic, Midwifery and Surgery, 
 he received a certificate to that effect accordingly. 
 
 " Mr. John S. Thomas, of Markham, in the Home District, 
 likewise appeared, and on examination was found totally un- 
 qualified to practise in either branch. The Board adjourned to 
 the first Monday in April next. 
 
 "York, .5th April, 1819.— The Board met. Present: James 
 Macaulay, Christopher Widmer and Grant Powell, Surgeons. 
 
 "Mr. Nathaniel Bell, of the township of Nelson, district of 
 Gore, appeared, and being examined was found tit to practise 
 Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, and received a certificate to 
 that effect. 
 
 " Mr. Daniel Brenaird appeared, and being examined was 
 found unfit to practise, and was rejected. The Board adjourned 
 to the first Monday in July next. 
 
40 The Mkdical Profession in 
 
 "York, 5th July, 1819. — The Board met. Present: James 
 Macauluy, Cliristopher Wiihuer and William Lyons, Surgeons. 
 
 "Mr. Edward W. Armstiong, of Hallowell, appeared, and 
 beinj; examined was Found Ht to practise Physic, Surgery and 
 Midwifery, and received a ceititicate to that etiect. 
 
 "Mr. Anson Ladd, of Sydney, appeared, and being examined 
 was found unfit to practice, and was rejected. 
 
 " Mr. Pitkin Gross, of Murray, appeared, and being examined 
 was found tit to practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, and 
 received a certificate to that effect. 
 
 " Mr. Horace Yeomans, of Waterloo, Kingston, appeared, and 
 being exiuiined was found unfit to practise, and was rejected. 
 The Hoard adjourned to 12 o'clock to-morrow. 
 
 " YoHK, (5th July, 1819. — The Board met pursuant to adjourn- 
 ment Present, as above. 
 
 " Mr. An-on Heycien, of the Miilland District, appeared, and 
 being examined was found unfit to practise, and was rejecteii. 
 
 " Mr. Aii.salon Gutherie, of Dover, Western District, appeared, 
 and being examined was found unfit to practise, and was 
 rejected. 
 
 " Mr. Augustus Miller, of Gainsborough, Niagara District, 
 appeared, and being examined was found fit to practise Physic, 
 Surgery and Midwifery, and received a certificate to that effect. 
 The Board adjourned to the first Monday in October next. 
 
 "York, 4th October, 1819. — The Board met pursuant to ad- 
 journment. Present : James Macaulay, Chri.^topher Widmer 
 and Grant Powell, Surgeons. The Board adjourned to 12 
 o'clock to-niorrow. 
 
 "York, 5th October, 1819. — Mr. Salmon King, of Oxford, 
 London Di.strict, appeared, and being examined was found unfit 
 for practice, and was rejected. 
 
 " Mr. Charles Dunscombe, of Delaware Town, London Dis- 
 trict, appeared, and being examined was found fit to prnctise 
 Phy.sic, Surgery and Midwifery, and received a certificate to 
 that effect. 
 
 "Mr. H'»rmat?.nus Smith, of Barton, district of Gore, ap[)eared, 
 and lieing duly examined was found fit to practise Physic and 
 
Upper Canada, 1819. 41 
 
 Midwifery only, and received a certificate to that effect. The 
 Board adjourned to Thursday, tlic 7th October. 
 
 "Yo[{K, 7th October, IH^O. — Mr. Anthony Morton, of Prescott, 
 district of Johnstown, appeared, and being examined was 
 found fit to practi.se Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, and re- 
 ceived a certificate to that effect. The Board adjourned to 
 1 o'clock to-morrow. 
 
 "York, 8th October, 1819. — The Board met pursuant to ad- 
 journment. 
 
 " Mr. Charles Martin, of Niagara, appeared, and being ex- 
 amined was found unfit to practise, and was rejected. The 
 Board adjourned to the first Monday in January, 1820." 
 
 This was the work done by the Board during the first year 
 of its existence. Altogether eight jjentlemen were admitted 
 into the ranks of the profession. 
 
 Of these pioneer metnbeis of onr profession in Upper Canada,, 
 all have pas.sed away. Dr. Gilchrist, the first to pass the Board, 
 died only a few j^ears ago. 
 
 That the profession led by the Medical Board was alive to 
 the interest of the puljlic, as well as to their own, is shown by 
 the following announcement: 
 
 "Proposals for building by contract, a Brick Hospital in the 
 Town of York, will be received at the Post OflSce, by William 
 Allan, Esq., where a Plan, Elevation, and particular description 
 of the intended Building, may be seen, and any information 
 respecting it obtained. 
 
 " Proposals to be given in within one month from this date. 
 "York, 24th November, 1819." 
 
 — Upper Canada Gazette, Nov. 2r)th, 1819. 
 
 How soon thereafter the hospital was erected is uncertain ; 
 but reference is made to the hospital in the weekly register 
 for 1822. With regard to this building, Dr. Scadding recoids 
 that "the old hospital was a spacious, unadorned, matter-of- 
 fact, two-story structure, of red brick, one hum 1 red and 
 
 seven feet long, and sixty-six feet wide. It had, by the direc- 
 4 
 
42 The Medical Profession in 
 
 tion of Dr. Grant I'owell, as wo have heard, the peculiarity of 
 standinfj with its sides precisely east and west, north and 
 south. At a subseijucnt period it consctjuently had the appear- 
 ance of having been jerked round bodily, the streets in the 
 neighbourhood not being laid out with the same precise regard 
 to the cardinal points. The building exhibited recessed gal- 
 leries on the north and south sides, and a flattish hipped root'. 
 The interior was convenientl}' designed. 
 
 " When the Houses of Parliament at the east end of the 
 town were destroyed by lire in 1824, the Legislature assembled 
 for several Sessions in the General Hospital." 
 
 Talbot, writing in 1.S24, says: "The York Hospital is the 
 most extensive building in the Province, and its external 
 appearance is very respectable." 
 
 The writer walked the wards of the old hospital in the 
 beginning of the fifties. Its quaint appearance, as described 
 by Dr. Scadding, is readily recalled. 
 
 At the meeting of the Board, January, 1820, Drs. Macaulay, 
 Widmer, Lyons and Powell, being present, Mr. Geo. Baker, of 
 Bath, "received a certificate to pi'actise Physic and Midwifery, 
 and the lesser operations in Surger3^" Six otliers were exam- 
 ined,, but rejected with a recommendation to "further studj' 
 and attendance on a course of lectures at New York," 
 
 By this it may be inferred that the Board considered the 
 medical instructions given at New York were of a satisfactory 
 nature. That the Board was careful in their duties is shown 
 by the limitation in the certificate granted to practise. 
 
 The Board met daily from Monday to Saturdaj-^ inclusive. 
 
 At the meeting in April, 1820, the same members were 
 present. There was only one candidate examined, Mr. R. L. 
 Cockcroft, who received a certificate of qualification to 
 practise. 
 
 It would seem that the rejection of six candidates at the 
 previous meeting had a deterring effect upon aspirants for a 
 place in the profession. 
 
 At the July (1820) meeting, the same members were present. 
 Mr. Hiram Weeks, of Fredericksburg, Midland District, passed 
 his examination, also Mr. Samuel Throckmortin, of Norwich, 
 London Di-strict. One was rejected and "recommended to 
 
Uppeu Canada, 1H1(»-21. 43 
 
 attend to thu sauu' line of study us pointed out on the 4tli of 
 January, 1S20." More candidates wore evidently expected, as 
 the Board adjourned from day to day until Saturday. 
 
 The same membei's were present at the October mectint^. 
 "No candidates for examination appearini,^ the Board ad- 
 journed " on Monday, and on each day for the same reason, 
 until Thursday, wiien one candidate was rejected, but "recom- 
 mended to fuither study." Adjourned until Saturday, but no 
 n)()re candidates appeared. 
 
 Altoofether, during' the second year of the Board's existence, 
 four persons were admitted to practise. Ei^ht were rejected, 
 four for the second time. The Board, no doubt, discharged its 
 duty conscientiously; but it was, we can understand, with 
 some of the rejected candidates, a very serious matter. Travel- 
 ling, at that period, was exceedinj^ly laborious and expensive, 
 and took much time ; and we lind that .some of the applicants 
 came from the borders of Lower Canada and from the extreme 
 west of the Province. 
 
 In January, 1821, the Board, consisting of the .same members, 
 met, and Mr. John Vanderpoel, of Fredericksburg, Midland 
 District, passed his examination. It met tinally on the Satur- 
 day- but " no medical character appearing for examination, the 
 Board adjourned." 
 
 At the April meeting, the Board examined one candidate who 
 failed to pass. 
 
 At a special meeting of the Board in July we find it assum- 
 ing other duties. 
 
 "York, 4th July, 1821.— The Board met. Present: Christo- 
 pher Widmer, William Lyons and Grant Powell, Esq., Sur- 
 geons. The following letter was received from His Excellency 
 the Lieutenant-Governor's Secretary : 
 
 " Government House, 
 
 "2nd July, 1821. 
 
 "Sir,— By command of His Excellency the Lieut.-Governor 
 I have the honour to transmit to you the copy of a Circular 
 Letter addressed by me to certain ofHcers of the Militift draw- 
 ing Pentions on account of wounds, for the information and 
 
44 The Medical Profession in 
 
 guidance of the McHlical Board, which is retiuested to act 
 herein a.s required. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your njost obedient humble servant, 
 "(Signed) GEoiifJE HiM.iEU, 
 "James Macaulay, Enij., " Secretar//. 
 
 "Etc., Etc., Etc." 
 
 " [Circular Copy.] 
 
 "Government House, 
 
 "York, June 5th, 1821. 
 
 " Sir, — I have received the commands of the Lieut.-Governor 
 to inform you that no provision has been made by the Provin- 
 cial Lei^islature for the payment of the Pention granted to 
 you on account of the wound you received during the late War 
 for the current year, but as His Majesty has been pleased to 
 sanction this allowance to you. His Excellency will not hesitate 
 to direct a Warrant to issue for it on the funds of the Crown. 
 
 " Tn order, however, to do this it will be necessary that you 
 should undergo inspection by the Medical Board, which holds 
 its quarterly meeting at York, in the first weeks of January, 
 April, July and October, and present a certificate at this office 
 that the disability on account of which your Pention was 
 granted still continues. This being the rule of His Majesty's 
 Service and having been conformed to in the Provincial Statute 
 lately passed with regard to the Militia Pentions. 
 
 " Without such certificate payment cannot be made. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, etc., 
 
 "(Signed) George Hillier." 
 
 Although the details of the examination of those asking 
 a pension may not be considered as a part of the history of 
 the medical profession, yet they constitute a fragment of the 
 unwritten history of the veterans of 1812, which it is believed 
 will be acceptable to the medical and general public. Con- 
 sequently the account regarding them will be given as found 
 in the record. It will be observed that the Board met between 
 the periods of the regular quarterly meetings to suit the 
 wishes of certain veterans. 
 
Upi'EK Canada, 1821. • 45 
 
 " Major T. (\. Simons liavinir appeared before the Hoartl, and 
 beinijf duly examined, received the following; certificate: 
 
 " We certify that we have personally examined Major T. G, 
 Simons, and are of opinion that no material alteration has 
 taken place in the tlisahility described in tiie proceedinj^'s of 
 the Medical Board held upon his case, July JUst, ISlo. 
 
 "Given under our Hands at York, this 4th day of July, 1(S21. 
 
 " (Signed) Ciiristoi'heu Widmer. 
 WiLLFAM Lyons. 
 Grant Powell. 
 "Entered : W. Lee, Secretary." 
 
 No candidates were examined at this quarterly meeting. 
 
 The name of Mr. Lee appears for the first time as secretary 
 of tiie Board. (See biog. Dr. Wm, Lee.) 
 
 At the meeting of the Board on July 2, 1821, we tind the 
 name of James Macaulay, the senior member of the Board, 
 mentioned for the last time. Christopher Widmer's name 
 stands next, and after this, for many a year, and, invariably 
 present, we find his name appearing as the senior member. 
 
 The next record is as follows : — 
 
 "York, 10th September, 1821. — The Board met in con- 
 sequence of the following communication : 
 
 "Office of Government, 
 
 "York, 8th September, 1821. 
 " Sir, — I am directed in the absence of Mr. Secretary Hillier 
 to signify to you that, under the circumstances stated by you. 
 His Excellency has no objection to such meeting of the Board, 
 providing you can prevail on the Gentlemen composing it to 
 assemble. 
 
 " I am, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 "(Signed) Edwd. McMahon. 
 " To Lieut. Daniel McDougal, 
 
 " Late Incorporated Militia." 
 
 " Present : Christopher Widmer, William Lyons and William 
 W. Baldwin, Esq. Lieut. Daniel McDougal appeared before 
 
46 The Medical Profession in 
 
 the Board, and, being duly examined, received the follovvini4' 
 certificate : 
 
 " We certify that we have personally examined Lieutenant 
 Daniel McDougal, of the Late Incorporated Re<;iment of Militia, 
 and are of opinion that the disability on account of the woumls 
 for which his pension was granted still continues. 
 
 " Given under our Hands at York this 10th day of September, 
 
 1821. 
 
 " (Signed) Christopher Widmer. 
 
 William Lyons. 
 William W. Baldwin. 
 " Entered : Wji. Lee, Secretary." 
 
 It will be noticed that the name of VVm. W. Baldwin, Esr|., 
 appears for the first time as a member of the Board. The 
 members of this meetinjj are desijinated in the minutes as 
 " Esquires," whereas previously they were called " Surgeons." 
 
 " The under-mentioned Pensioners, having appeared and being 
 duly examined as to their labouring under the Disability of 
 wounds, received the following certificate : 
 
 " This is to certify that the Medical Board hath personally 
 examined , late in the . and that from 
 
 being wounded they arc of opinion the said is 
 
 incapable of earning his livelihood by hard labour. 
 
 " By order of the Board, 
 
 " (Signed) Wm. Lee, Secretari/." 
 
 "George Hutchinson, Provincial Marine; Jacob Snider, In- 
 corporated Militia; Andrew Borland, Flank Company; William 
 Laughton, 2nd Essex Begt.; John Ekthron, Incorporated Militia; 
 Richard Hull, Incorporated Militia. The above-mentioned re- 
 ceived a certificate of Disability." 
 
 "York, 4th October, 1S21.— Joseph Shephard, of the 3rd 
 York Militia, received a certificate of Disability. 
 
 "York, 5th October, IH2 1 . — The following Pensioners appeared, 
 and being duly examined, Isaac Ball, Artillery, approved. A 
 person by the name of Lee was rejected. Nath. Bell, 4th 
 
Upper Canada, 1821-22. 47 
 
 Lincoln Regt., rejected; Elijah Mudge, 1st Oxford Regt., 
 approved; John Ryan, Artiller/, approved. 
 
 "York, 6th October, 1821.— Mr. Peter McDougal, late of the 
 Indian Department (a pensioner), appeared, but was rejected." 
 There was no examination of candidates for license to practise 
 at this session. 
 
 "York, 7th January, 1822.— The Board met. Present: 
 Christopher Widmer, Wm. Lyons, Grant Powell. The follow- 
 ing certificate was granted : 
 
 " We certify that having examined Peter Miller, late private 
 
 in the .'ird Regiment of York Militia, we find him incapable of 
 
 earning his living in consequence of disease contracted in 
 
 service in June, 1813. 
 
 "(Signed) C. Widmer. 
 
 William Lyons. 
 Grant Powell. 
 " Entered : A. L. Lee, Secretary." 
 
 " York, 8th January, 1822. — Joseph Boot, Aran Lester and 
 Nathan Coho, of the 4th Lincoln M'.litia ; John Coat, Artillery 
 Provincials, not on the pension list. 
 
 " Lieut. Henry Ruttan, Incorporated Militia ; Lieut. George 
 Ryerson, 1st Norfolk Militia ; Capt. James Gordon, 1st Essex 
 Regt. Militia; Jacob Smith, 'ivd York Militia. The above-named, 
 having presented themselves for examination before the Board, 
 they were rejected, as not labouring under any Disability. 
 Andrew Kenady, 3rd York Militia ; Thomas Major, 3rd York 
 Militia; Charles McKenan, 2nd Glengarry Militia, having pre- 
 sented themselves, received a certificate of Disability, from 
 wounds received in action with the enemy. Ebenezar Every, 
 of 2nd Leeds Militia, having presented himself for examination, 
 received a certificate of Disability, from wounds received in 
 action with the enemy." 
 
 At this meeting Chancy Beedle, of York, and Olivor G. Tiflany, 
 of Gore District, Gentlemen, passed Medical examination. One 
 "was found disqualified and recommended for further study." 
 
 " 1st April, 1822. — Drs. Widmer, Lyons and Powell present. 
 The Commission was read appointing James Sampson, Escj., 
 
48 The Medical Pkofession in 
 
 late Assistant-Surgeon in His Majesty's Service, to be a member 
 of the Medical Board, in the room of James Macaulay, Esq., 
 deceased. 
 
 "Lewis Clement, 2nd Regiment Lincoln Militia, and Daniel 
 Stewart, Lst Regiment Lincoln Militia, having been examined, 
 were rejected and discontinued from the Pension list, as labour- 
 ing under nO Disability from wounds." 
 
 "John Ryan, Artillery . . . appeared. The Board revise 
 their opinion of the 5th October, liS21. Reject him as labour- 
 ing under no disability from wounds, and recommend his being 
 struck off' the Pension list." 
 
 " The Board proceeded to the examination of John Ber- 
 trand, Incorporated Regiment of Militia, and are of opinion 
 that he is incapable of earning his living by hard labour, in 
 consequence of wounds received in action with the enemy." 
 
 The only medical candidate at this session was Alex. Burn- 
 .side, who received his certificate to practise. 
 
 July 1, 1822.— Christopher Widmer, Wm. W. Baldwin, Grant 
 Powell, Es{|uircs, present. (Appeal.) The Board proceeded in 
 the Examination of Far(}uhar McBian, late private in the 1st 
 Glengarry Regiment of Militia, and are of opinion that he is 
 incapable of earning his living by hard labour, in consequence 
 of wounds received in action with the enemy. 
 
 The Board also proceeded in the examination of Samuel 
 Randolph, 2nd Grenville (Appeal); Angus McDougall, Incor- 
 porated Regiment; John Cornell, 1st Lennox Regiment Militia; 
 William T. Stotes, not on the list; John Mitchel, Kent Volun- 
 teers, not a militia man, but teamster, when wounded ; Robert 
 McNaughton. 1st Glengarry, not a militia man, but teamster, 
 when wounded. " The Board reject the above from the Pension 
 list. The Board also examined Zacharias Warner, private in 
 the 2nd York Regiment of Militia, but suspend their opinion 
 until he produces the necessary certificate, as being the person 
 and where wounded. The certificate being produced, the Board 
 are of opinion that he is incapable of hard labour." 
 
 The Board then proceeded in the examination of J. Adamson, 
 of Toronto (township), in the Home District, Gentleman, in the 
 practice of Physic, Surgery and Midwiferj', who was found 
 
Upper Canada, 1822-23. 49 
 
 qualified to practise in the above branches, and received a cer- 
 titicate to that efi'ect. 
 
 October, 1822. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Baldwin and Powell. 
 There was no business at this quarterly meeting. 
 
 The composition of the Medical Board is thus given in 
 Charles Fothergill's almanac for 1822: 
 
 Medical Board, 1822. 
 
 Under 58th and 59th George III. 
 
 Christopher Widmer, Wm. Warren Baldwin, 
 
 William Lyons, Grant Powell, 
 
 Kobert Kerr, James Sampson, Esfjuires. 
 
 Secretary — Wm. Lee, Esquire. 
 
 CHAPTEE YI. 
 
 PENSIOXKRS, CANDIDATES, MEDICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 YORK, January 7, 1823. — Present: Christopher Widmer, 
 William W. Baldwin, and Grant Powell. The Board pro- 
 ceeded in the examination of Anthony Sails, late private in the 
 1st O.xford Militia; Reject him from the Pension list; Stephen 
 Barber, late private in the 2nd Lincoln Militia ; Reject him 
 from the Pension list. John Mitchel, late private in the Kent 
 Volunteers, who was rejected last July for want of a neces.sary 
 certificate to prove him a militia man, and not a teamster, when 
 wounded, was again rejected, the certificate produced having 
 been found insufficient. 
 
 January II, 1823. — Present as before. " John Mitchel, private 
 in the late Kent Volunteers, appeared and having produced the 
 necessaiy certificate as to his being a militia man when wounded, 
 the Board recommended him to be continued on the Pension list, 
 as he labours under the disability of eanui.v'j his livelihood in 
 consequence of wounds." h*^ 
 
 Horace Yeomans and Andrew Austin, both of Midland Dis- 
 trict, received certificates of (lualification to practise. 
 
60 The Medical Profession in 
 
 A2)ril 7, lcS23. — Christopher Widiner, Robert Kerr, Grant 
 Powell, Robert Charles Home, present. A commission was 
 read appointing Robert Charles Home, Esq., Member of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, London, and Assistant-Surgeon of 
 the late Glengarry Light Infantry, as member of the Board. 
 It is then recorded that Captain James Seacord, 1st Regiment 
 Lincoln Militia, and Ensign Kirkpatrick, 2nd Regiment Lincoln 
 Militia, appeared, and being duly examined, received the follow- 
 ing certificate each : 
 
 " This is to certify that Captain James Seacord, 1st Lincoln 
 Regiment of Militia, and Ensign Robert Kirkpatrick, 2nd Lin- 
 coln Regiment of Militia, both presented themselves before the 
 Medical Board, at their sitting in April, 1828, and upon personal 
 examination they are of opinion that the said Captain James 
 Seacord and Ensign Kirkpatrick are incapable of earning their 
 livelihood in consequence of wounds received in action with the 
 enemy. By order of the Board. 
 
 " (Signed) A. L. Lee, Secretary." 
 
 [Doubtless the Seacord here mentioned refers to James 
 Secord, the husband of the historic Laura Secord, who made 
 the famous night journey to warn Lieut. Fitzgibbon.] 
 
 " The Board proceeded in the examination of Captain James 
 Kerby (now Lieut.-Colonel), and upon personal examination 
 Reject him from the Pension list." 
 
 On the same day seven medical candidates were examined ; 
 only one, Freeman Riddle, of Hallo well. Midland District, suc- 
 ceeded. The others were " rejected by the Board as being incom- 
 petent to practise" ; but were " admonished" and " recommended 
 further study." The Board adjourned until Saturday, when 
 Widmer, Baldwin and Powell w^ere present. Probably the 
 other two gentlemen could not remain away so long from their 
 practice. Nothing was done at this meeting. 
 
 Jubj 7, 1823. — Present: Christopher Widmer, Grant Powell 
 and Robert C. Hor^ j, The Board proceeded in the examination 
 of Joseph Long, la^e private Incorporated Regiment of Militia, 
 and Reject him from the Pension list as not labouring under 
 any disability. They also proceeded in the examination of 
 
Uppkh Canada, 1823-24. r,i 
 
 AJaia Stull, \st Lincoln Regiment of Militia. The Boanl 
 recommend the extraction of a musket-hall from the outside <jf 
 his right leg, which they are of opinion wouhl remove the Dis- 
 ability complained of, and Reject him. 
 
 Elam Stimson, of Saint Catharines, Niagara District, received 
 a certificate to practise, the Board being " perfectly satistied." 
 
 Julij 11, 1823. — Present: Robert Kerr, Grant Powell and 
 Robert C. Home. "George Adams, Lieut. 1st Regiment Lincoln 
 Militia, appeared for Examination as a Pensioner, and after due 
 examination the Board are of opinion that he labours under 
 no Disability to earn liis livelihood and Reject him from the 
 Pension list." 
 
 OcfobevQ,lH2']. — Present: Widmer, Powell and Home. One 
 candidate examined, who was found "totally ignorant of Phar- 
 maceutical knowledge and rejected as unciualitied to practise." 
 Met again on Saturday; .same present; nothing done. 
 
 JaniKtri/, 1824. — Present: Widmer, Powell and Home. The 
 first candidate was found "dehcient in Anatomy and Pharma- 
 ceutical Chymistry," and rejected with recommendation to 
 "further study and a course of lectures." 
 
 Samuel Gilchrist and Matthew Gilchrist, of New Castle Dis- 
 trict, were^ examined. "The Board, is perfectly satisfied by 
 their examination and grants each of thetn a certiticate." 
 
 Samu.til Woodruff, of Saint David's District, was not quite so 
 fortunate. He was "found deficient in Anatomy, but grantei I 
 a certificate to practise Physic and Midwifery only." 
 
 At the April meeting, W^idmer, Powell and Home were pres- 
 ent. "John Ryan, late Artillery Service, having appeared, and 
 lieing duly examined, the Board are of the .same opinion as 2n<l 
 April, 1822, that he labours under no disability from wounds to 
 earn his livelihood." 
 
 At the July meeting the same members were present. The 
 Board was "perfectly satisfied by the examination" of Stephen 
 W. Avery and Thomas David Morrison, both of York, and gave 
 each a certificate. One candidate was rejected. 
 
 The Board seems to have adopted the rule of adjourning 
 
52 The Medical Profession in 
 
 until Saturday, to allow candidates time to reach the capital. 
 Travelling then was uncertain. 
 
 Drs. Widtner, Powell and Home were present at the October 
 meeting. There were no medical candidates ; but " Lieut. J. 
 McGregor, late Kent Volunteers, appeared, and being duly 
 examined the Board does not find him so disabled by his 
 wounds as to render him incapable of earning his livelihood." 
 
 The meeting in Januarj^ 1825, was attended by Widmer, 
 Powell and Home. There was no business of any kind. 
 
 The same members at the April meeting examined one can- 
 didate, Jabez Kellogg, of Mid. District, and were "perfectly 
 satisfied." 
 
 In July, the same members examined a candidate "in the 
 practice of surgery only," but " find him unqualified to practise, 
 admonished him, and reconnnended further study and a course 
 of lectures." Frederick L. Converse received a certificate ; 
 another candidate failed. 
 
 The same members met in October. James McAuley, of 
 Cornwall, received a certificate of qualification. The next two 
 candidates were found " deficient in Pharmaceutical Chymistry 
 and classical education." Another candidate, who had been 
 rejected the previous quarter, was found " totally unqualified to 
 practise." The next two candidates were " deficient in Phar- 
 maceutical Chymistr)^ and classical education, and recommended 
 a course of lefctures."* The next was found "totafly unqualified 
 to practise." 
 
 Januav}/, 182G. — Members present: Drs. Widmer, Powell 
 and Home. One candidate was examined and rejected. 
 
 April, 1826. — Present: Widmer, Baldwin and Home. James 
 Hunter and David I. Bowman, of Niagara District, received 
 their certificates to practise. One rejected. 
 
 July 5, 1820. — Present as above. "Reuben Alward, 2n'i 
 Norfolk Militia, having presented himself for examination in 
 consequence of wounds received in action with the enemy, the 
 Board are of opinion that the said lleuben Alward is incap able 
 of earning his livelihood in consequence of said Wound^^ and 
 have granted him a certificate to that erf'ect." j' 
 
Upper Canada, 1824-26. 53 
 
 Oc^o^e?', 1820.— Present: Widmer, Powell and Home. Wni. 
 Bruce, of Cornwall District, was examined and gave " perfect 
 satisfaction." 
 
 In concludinj^ the record of the year 1820, it is to be stated 
 that the matter of education in the Province of Upper Canada 
 was receiving considerable attention, with regard to tiie medical 
 profession. Dr. Strachan, writing to Sir Peregrine Maitland on 
 the subject of education in Upper Canada, March, 1820, says : 
 " In regard to the profession of Medicine, now becoming of great 
 " importance in the Province, it is melancholy to think that 
 " more than three-fourths of the present practitioners have been 
 " educated or attended lectures in the United States ; and it is 
 " to be presumed that many of them are inclined towards that 
 "country. But in this colony there is no provision whatever 
 " for attaining medical knowledge, and those who make choice 
 " of that profession must go to a foreign country to acquire it." 
 
 At this time steps were being taken to build up an efficient 
 medical school in Lower Canada at Montreal. This iin[)ortant 
 action was fraught with interest, not only to the profession of 
 that Province, but of Upper Canada as well. Because the evil 
 and danger of the young men of Upper Canada going to the 
 United States for a medical education, pointed out by Dr. 
 Strachan, would be obviated by the existence of a properly 
 equipped medical school in the Sister Province ; and as a matter 
 of fact in the coiirse of years, meilical students from Upper 
 Canada did go to Montreal instead of to the United States. 
 Not a few of the medical men of Upper Canada received their 
 medical education at McGill College. It is therefore desirable 
 to relate the manner in which that medical school originated. 
 This can best be done by producing a memorial article of the 
 founder, Dr. Holmes : 
 
 "Died, 0th October, 1800, Andrew Fernando Holmes, M.D., 
 LL.D., Professor of Medicine and Anatomy. Born in Cadiz, his 
 parents being prisoners of war captured by a French frigate. 
 Reached Canada in 1801, became a pupil of Dr. Arnoldi, 1811. 
 Completed studies at Edinburgh and Paris. In August, 1819, 
 graduated, having previously, in March, 1818, obtained M.R.C.S. 
 Ed. Returning to Canada in 1819, he entered into partnership 
 with Dr. Arnoldi for a time. 
 
54 The Medical Profession in 
 
 " About the year 182.S or 1824, conscious of the want 
 experienced in this Province (Quebec) by medical .students, of 
 lectures on tlie different branches of medical study, Dr. llohnes, 
 to;;;cther with ]3rs. Robertson, Stephenson and Caldwell, organ- 
 ized themselves into a body, and under the name of the 
 ' Medical Institute of Montreal,' they delivered lectures for 
 the first time in 1824, forminfj the .session of 1824-25 a course 
 of lectures which were recocjnizeil by the University of Edin- 
 burgh afterwards, on the principle of two courses for one of 
 thftt Universit}'. The.se early courses of an Institute which 
 became in 1828 merged into the University of McGill College, 
 and was the means of retaining to the Institution the benevolent 
 bequest of its founder, were delivered as follows : 
 
 " Dr. Holmes on Chemistry and Materia Medica ; Dr. Stephen- 
 .son on Anatom}', Physiology and Surgery; Dr. Robert.son on 
 Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Children ; and Dr. 
 Caldwell on the Principles and Practice of Medicine. The death 
 of Dr. Caldwell in 1882 necessitated a change, and Dr. Robert- 
 son was appointed Profe.s.sor of Medicine, the late Dr. Racey, of 
 i,)uebec, was annexed as Profes.sor of Surgery and Midwifery. 
 In 1885 Drs. Campbell and Hall were associated. In 1844 we 
 find the additional names of Dr.s. Charles Sewell, Bruneau, Hall, 
 Crawford, McCuUough and Fraser. 
 
 " In every .sense of the word Dr. Holmes was a Christian 
 gentleman. High as was the position he attained in his profes- 
 sion, he wa.s not less distinguished as the Christian gentleman, 
 ever actively employed in the service of his Divine Master." 
 
 The following extract from Morgan's " Celebrated Canadians " 
 will be acceptable, we doubt not, to many of the older doctors 
 in Upper Canada, many of wlioui were his pupils : 
 
 "At the reorganization of the Faculty (of McGill College) in 
 1854, Dr. Holmes became and continued to his death Dean of 
 the Faculty, discharging the duties of his office with a zeal, 
 diligence and alacrity beyond praise, also liolding the chair of 
 the Theory and Practice of Medicine. He was, we believe, the 
 olde.st professor in Canada. Dr. Holmes was also the founder, 
 with a few others, of the Natural History Society, and pursued 
 for many years the study of the natural sciences with great 
 zeal and success, winning for himself reputation as a naturalist. 
 
Ui'PER Canada, 1826-2.S. 'y5 
 
 His lierbarium, consisting of a vciy complete collection of the 
 plants of Canada, he presented a few years ago to the museum 
 of tiie University. . . . Dr. Holmes was one of the most 
 talented savanf^t, as well as one of the most estimable gentle- 
 men in this country." 
 
 JaniKiri/. 1S27. — Present at the Board meeting, Drs. Widiner, 
 Powell and Homo. Andrew Van Dyck and Thomas Moore, of 
 the Midland District, received certificates to practise medicine. 
 
 " Pursuant to an order from His Excellency the Lieut.-Gov- 
 ornor, dated '2Gth inst., the Medical Board liaving carefully 
 examined Charles Spinard, late an Interpreter of the Indian 
 Department, find that he is not disabled from earning his 
 livelihood in consc(pience of wounds received during the late 
 War." 
 
 Before the quarterly meeting of the Board in April, further 
 legislation had taken place. 
 
 April, 1827. — Present, the same as at last meetin;^;, James 
 Fairfield, Midland ])istrict, was examined. The Board was "per- 
 fectly satistied by his examination, find him duly qualified." 
 
 July, 1827. — Present: Widmer, Powell and Home. One 
 candidate presented himself for examination. Advi.sed "to 
 pursue further study and a course of lectures." 
 
 October, 1827. — Same members present. Ilobert Ironside 
 presented himself. "The Board is satisfied by his examina- 
 tion" and grant certificate to practise Physic and Surgery. 
 Thomas Fraser MacQueen, of Edward.sburg, also obtained a 
 certificate. 
 
 January, 1828. — Drs. Widmer, Powell and Home present. 
 James McCague, of York ; John E. Tims, of York ; David Dun- 
 combe, of London, and Alexander Wylie, of Matilda, passed 
 their examination satisfactorily. Two candidates were found 
 to be " incompetent to practise." 
 
 A'pril, 1 828. — Present : Widmer, Powell and Home. Francis 
 Ellis, of Niagara ; John Porter Daily, of York, and Thomas 
 Black, of Midland District, passed their examination. Two 
 candidates were found " totally deficient." 
 
5G The Medical Profession in 
 
 Jidy, 1828. — Present: Widinor, Baldwin, Powell and Home. 
 John B. Grouse, of London ; Basil R. Church, of Jolmston 
 J)istrict, and Stephen H. Van Dyck, received certificates for 
 license. One candidate was found " deficient in Chennstry, 
 Anatomy, etc.," another the same, hut " reconnnended further 
 .«tudy and a course of lectures." The next was " totally un- 
 qualified to practise, as he never attended a medical school or 
 had any advantages of accjuiring his profession but from read- 
 inir book.s." 
 
 'n 
 
 Octohcr 28, 1828— Present : Widmer, Powell and Homo. No 
 business. 
 
 January 5, 1829. — Present : Chris. Widmer, Grant Powell 
 and Robert C. Home. A commission was read appointing Peter 
 Deihl, Es(],, member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Lon- 
 don, to be a member of the Medical Board, at York, U.C. 
 
 At this meeting the Board granted certificates to John 
 Thomson, of New Market, and George C. Rankin, of the 
 Rideau Canal. 
 
 « 
 
 April, 1829. — Present: Widmer, Powell, Home and Deihl. 
 John Crumble, of Niagara, passed his examination. With 
 regard to another candidate: "The Board taking his serious 
 Disability into consideration cannot proceed in his examination, 
 he being so deaf as not to comprehend such (juestions as was 
 proposed. The Board was, therefore, unanimously of opinion 
 that they could not in justice to the Public proceed in his 
 examination." 
 
 July, 1829. — Present: Widmer, Powell and Deihl. Peter 
 Schofield, of Johnston Distiict; J. E. Rankin, of Ottawa Dis- 
 trict; Wm. McMahon, of Hallowell ; Marcus Whitnmn, Niagara 
 District, and John Hutchison, of Port Hope, received certifi- 
 cates. One candidate was rejected. 
 
 Oc^o6er, 1829. — Present: W^ id mer, Powell and Deihl. Hamil- 
 ton D. Jessup, of Johnston District, and Josiah C. Goodhue, of 
 York, received certificates. Another candidate was rejecte<l for 
 the second time. He " having no satisfactory proof to offer to 
 
Uppeu Canada, 1828-30. 67 
 
 the Board that ho has engaored further opportunities of qualify- 
 ing himself, they decline to proceed in his examination." 
 
 January, 1830. — Present: Widmer, Powell and Deihl. Wil- 
 liam Beamish, of Cobourg ; Marcus Merrick, of York; William 
 Rees, of York ; John Warner Leonard, of Sidney, Midland Dis- 
 trict, and Benjamin Walton, of Belleville, passed their exanu- 
 nation with '"perfect satisfaction." Two were rejected; of one 
 of them, it is recorded that " the Board was surprised to find 
 that ho had no document to produce o^' his ever acquiring a 
 Medical Education, that he was totally deficient in his answers 
 to such (juestions as was proposed td him, and was, therefore, 
 obliged to reject him as unqualitiei to practise, but recom- 
 mended study at some medical university and a course of 
 lectures to enable him to appear before the Board at some 
 future time." 
 
 April, 1830. — Present: Widmer, Powell and Delhi. Wm. 
 W. Howard, of Johnston District, Jiva Skinner, of the same 
 District, passed. Two candidates were rejected ; one because 
 he was " deficient in Anatomy," and was " recommended to at- 
 tend a course of lectures at souie medical university "; another 
 because he vv^as " totally deficient in Medical Science." 
 
 Although the Medical Board was established in 1819, no 
 official recognition by the Governor is observable in the official 
 Gazette for some years. The following, however, appears in 
 the Upper Canada Gazette : 
 
 " Government House, 
 
 "York, 5th May, 1830. 
 "The undersigned gentlemen having received certificates 
 from the Medical Board of this Province of their qualifications 
 to practise Physic, etc., His Excellency has been pleased to 
 grant a License. 
 
 " Marcus Merrick, of York. 
 
 " Wm. Beamish, junior, of Cobourg." 
 
 These gentlemen had passed the Board at the January meeting. 
 
 July, 1830.— Present: Widmer, Powell and Deihl. Benjamin 
 S. Cory, of Hillier, and Robert Gilmour, of Brock ville, who had 
 5 
 
58 The Medical Pkofession in 
 
 a (li{)lorna from Glasgow, passed. One was rejected, as " totally 
 if:fnorant as a clasHical scholar, as well as being entirely deficient 
 in rimrinacy and Pharnuiceutical Chyinistry, etc., and reject 
 him as unfit to practise; he never attended any Medical School." 
 
 October, 18.S0. — The same members present, Jonathan Foot, 
 of Whitby, pa.ssed a " perfectly satisfactory examination." Three 
 were rejected. One of these had a diploma from the Faculty 
 of Physicians and Surgeons of Gia.'^^gow, but was " quite igno- 
 rant of Chymistry and Pharmacy." The next "had no knowl- 
 edge of the same subject.s." The next, "in consequence of an 
 attack of fever and very delicate health, was recommended to 
 postpone his examination until next session." The next " had 
 no testimonials to produce of his having attended Lectures, and 
 does not remember the names of the lectures or college." He 
 was, therefore, rejected. 
 
 In 1880 an Act was passed " to grant a sum of money to 
 His Majesty, in aid of the York Hospital." The preamble says : 
 " Whereas, the Lieut.-Governor has been pleased to put the 
 building lately occupied by the Provincial Legislature into 
 useful and beneficial operation as a^ public hospital, wherein 
 members of your Majesty's sick, destitute and unfortunate 
 subjects and emigrants have received medical and surgical 
 assistance." The sum granted was £100, and the same amount 
 in 1831. 
 
 A public meeting was held at Kingston, 16th September, 
 1830, to take steps to build a public hospital. 
 
 CHAPTEK VII. 
 
 AN APPEAL TO PARENTS AND THE PUBLIC. 
 
 YORK, January, 1831. — Present: Widmer, Powell, Home 
 and Deihl. No examination. 
 
 "Government House, 14th February, 1831. 
 
 " Sir, — I am directed by the Lieut.-Governor to request that 
 you will assemble the Medical Board at 12 o'clock, 19th Feb- 
 
Upper Canada, 1830-31. 69 
 
 ruary, for tho purpose of examinin<j the wonnds of Mr. Nathaniel 
 Bell, hite a Militia Pensioner of this Province. 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most obedient, hutnblo .servant, 
 
 "(Si^med), Z. MUDOE. 
 " Dr. Lek, Secretary to tho Medical Board." 
 
 For report of the Board, see Biography of Dr. Nathaniel Bell. 
 
 April, IHtU. — Present: Widmer, Powell and Deihl. Donald 
 McGittis, of Williams Town; Elijah E. Duncombe, of Saint 
 Thomas; Elias Banthan Smith, of Burford, London District; 
 Abraham V. V. Pruyn, of Bath ; Ephraim Cook, of Saint 
 Thomas, and Japez P. Powers, of Haldiman<l District, received 
 certificates. Five were rejected. 
 
 July, 18.31. — Present: Widmer, Baldwin and Powell. James 
 Cairns, of York, " produced a diploma from the University of 
 Paris and a License from the Lower Province of Canada," and 
 succeeded in getting his certificate. John Grant, of Williams- 
 burg, who had a diploma from Glasgow, also passed. Likewise 
 David Scardan, of Brockville, and Joseph Lister, of York, who 
 produced a certificate from the Apothecaries' Co., London, and 
 had " most ample testimonials of his Professional Education" 
 Henry Meade, of Prince Edward Co., " passed a good Examina- 
 tion and produced testimonials of having studied one course of 
 Lectures at Fairfield." One candidate was rejected. 
 
 October, 1831.— Present: Widmer, Powell, Deihl and Bald- 
 win. Luther Cross, of York, " produced testimonials of having 
 attended two courses of lectures at Baudoin and Berkshire," 
 also a diploma from Baudoin College ; the Board was perfectly 
 satisfied by his examination. A candidate produced tickets 
 of attendance for "two courses of medical lectures at Dart- 
 mouth, also a diploma from the Medical Society, Jefferson 
 County," but " was found deficient, so much so as not to be com- 
 petent to translate a sentence from the London Pharmacopoeia," 
 and was rejected. The next had tickets of attendance at two 
 courses of Medical Lectures " as well as a diploma from Fairfield," 
 but he was likewise found wanting. Of the next, " the Board 
 
60 The Medical Profession in 
 
 are of opinion that he is totally unfit to practise, he never 
 having attended a Medical School as well as no Document to 
 produce of his Medical knowledge." 
 
 January, 1832. — Present: Widmer, Deihl, John King and 
 Charles Buncombe, when " Commissions from the Lieut.-Gover- 
 nor appointing additional members were read." James Eikin 
 Gilchrist, of New Castle, passed ; and Isaac Stephenson, of York, 
 passed a " perfectly satisfactory examination." Two candidates 
 were found " totally incompetent and rejected." Murray Nesbitt 
 appeared for examination in Midwifery only and received a 
 certificate of qualification. 
 
 April, 1832. — Present: Widmer, Baldwin, Deihl, King and 
 John Rolph. David M. Black, of Gore District, and Hiram 
 Uriah Gilbert, of Long Point, with testimonials from Fairfield 
 College, received their certificates. A candidate appeared " but 
 from his total ignorance of the Latin language, so highly neces- 
 sary in the profession, could not proceed in his examination. 
 The Board admonished him and recommended further study 
 preparatory to his coming before them at any subsequent sit- 
 ting." Another candidate was found " inadequate to answer the 
 questions put to him in his Profession, as also being deficient 
 of the Latin language." Another was rejected who produced 
 a " diploma from the Apothecaries " Hall, but lost all other 
 documents of his acquiring a Medical Education on his passage 
 to America." He was " deficient in classical knowledge and 
 ignorant of Chymistry and Pharmacy." 
 
 " His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor having authorized 
 the examination of Silas V. York, a Discharged Soldier, and to 
 Report thereon for his information, he received the following 
 certificate by Order of the Board : ' This is to certify that 
 Silas V. York, a corporal in the late Incorporated Regiment of 
 Militia of Upper Canada, appeared before the Medical Board at 
 their sitting in April, 1 832, and being duly examined touching 
 the nature and extent of wounds received in action with the 
 enemy, last American War, are of opinion that the above-named 
 Silas V. York, labours under no Incapacity from earning hi.s 
 livelihood.'" 
 
 At the meeting of the Board on April 4, the Board unani- 
 
Upper Canada, 1831-32. 61 
 
 mously elected Christopher Widmer, Esq., President, and Wil- 
 liam Warren Baldwin, Esq., Vice-President, for Life. 
 
 July, 1832. — Present: Christopher Widmer, Esq., President; 
 Wm. W. Baldwin, Esq., Vice-President ; Peter Deihl and John 
 King, Esquires, members. James Cattermole, of York, passed 
 his examination. Three candidates failed to pass at the outset 
 for want of " classical attainments." 
 
 The following appears next in the minutes: 
 
 " Medical Board, 
 
 "York, 6th April, 1832. 
 
 "The Medical Board are deeply impressed with the convic- 
 tion that the success of the medical candidate must especially 
 depend upon the proper direction of his early studies, and the 
 systematic pursuit of the various branches of science belonging 
 to his profession. 
 
 '• Under this conviction, they wish earnestly to impress on 
 the minds of parents and others, how very important it is to 
 the interest of the public, and to the future credit and respec- 
 tability of the practitioner, that all who desire to become 
 candidates for the profession should avail themselves of the 
 increasing advantages afforded by the Province for a liberal 
 education. 
 
 " The public, it is hoped, will fairly appreciate their anxiety 
 to improve the education and qualifications of those v.ho are 
 hereafter to have the care of the health of the community 
 committed into their hand.s, while the student who i.s actuated 
 by honourable and conscientious motives must feel that the 
 due observance of the regulations and advice urged upon him 
 is necessary to enable him to enter upon the duties of his pro- 
 fession with credit to himself and justice to the public. 
 
 "They are inclined to hope that medical practitioners in 
 every part of the Province will be disposed to second their 
 endeavours by encouraging the young men who are placed 
 under their care, or who may apply to them for advice in the 
 study of the languages and of general science, the high char- 
 acter which the profession has acquired in the world, and the 
 arduous duties imposed upon its members, justify the expecta- 
 
62 The Medical Profession in 
 
 tion of the Board and of the public, that the future qualifica- 
 tions of candidates will be commensurate to the means of 
 education within their reach. 
 
 " The Board, therefore, must hereafter require that each 
 candidate at the commencement of his examination shall trans- 
 late into English some portion of a Latin author, that they 
 may be satisfied he has acquired a competent knowledge of a 
 languaije in which the formula of medical authors and extem- 
 poraneous prescriptions of practitioners are written and from 
 which are derived so many terms used in all the sciences with 
 which he must be conversant. 
 
 " That for the attainment of a Science to Practise Medicine, 
 the candidate will be required to understand Anatomy, Physi- 
 ology, the practice of Physic, Chymistry, Materia Medica and 
 Pharmacy, Medical Botany and Medical Jurisprudence. 
 
 " The candidate for Surgery will be required to understand 
 Relative and Surgical Anatomy, Physiology, the principles and 
 practice of Surgery, Materia Medica and Pharmacy, and Medi- 
 cal Jurisprudence. 
 
 " The candidate for Midwifery will be required to understand 
 the Anatomy of the Pelvis, its contents and their appendages, 
 and Physiology, as far as it is connected with the same, a 
 knowledge of the nature and treatment of diseases of })arturient 
 women, and of children, and the necessary acquaintance with 
 Materia Medica and Pharmacy. 
 
 " The York Hospital is now in successful operation, and 
 affords to students daily opportunities of observing diseases and 
 their treatment, and they feel it a duty to point out to students 
 that it is at such institutions they can best acquire, at the bed- 
 side of the patient, under experienced practitioners, the practical 
 information most essentially befitting them to render profes- 
 sional services to their fellow-creatures. 
 
 "(Signed) C. VViDMER, Pvet^'uknt. 
 
 " By order of the Board. '' 
 
 " A. L. Lee, Secretary." 
 
 This was sent out in the form of a circular. 
 
Upper Canada, 1832. 63 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 STATE OF THE MEDICAL ]'R()FI<:SSION. 
 
 YORK, Odoier, 1832.— Present: Widrner, Baldwin, Powell, 
 Delhi, King and Rolph. " John Keo^h, of York, a Licen- 
 tiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, as well as having 
 other vouchers as to his medical education highly creditable," 
 was found " duly and fully qualified." John Anderson,, of York, a 
 Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, " being 
 examined, was admonished by our President, but received his 
 certificate." Robert Stewart, of York, received his certificate. 
 John Stoddart, of Toronto (township), applied for examination 
 in midwifery only, and received a certificate. James Coleman, 
 of Toronto (township), with license from the Apothecaries' Co., 
 succeeded in passing. Three were rejected for want of classical 
 knowledge, and two for being " very deficient in all the branches 
 of the profession." 
 
 " A letter to Doctor Widmer from Doctors Muirhead, Telfer 
 and Porter, of Niagara, with a copy of communication from 
 them to the Attorney-General, and his answer": 
 
 [Copy No. 1.] 
 
 "Niagara, 22nd October, 1832. 
 
 "Sir, — From the intercourse you have doubtless had with 
 members of the Medical Profession in various parts of the 
 Province, you must have been struck with the want of that 
 liberal information and of those respectable attainments that 
 should characterize members of a learned body, and which are 
 absolutely necessary to inspire the people with confidence in 
 the healing art ; and, moreover, the information coming to you 
 as Attorney-General of the Province, and your own observation, 
 must show you that everywhere there are ignorant pretenders 
 to science, who, besides practising Physic in open defiance of 
 the law, bring an obloquy on the profession. 
 
 " Upon first coming to this Province we certainly felt the.se 
 things. Very powerfully the fact was forced upon us that the 
 
64 The Medical Profession in 
 
 profession of Physic here was degraded from the position it 
 should occupy. 
 
 "Physicians of proper attainments were seldom to be met, 
 being thinly scattered about the country surrounded by empirics 
 (licensed or not) who generally succeeded better than the 
 former in obtaining practice, because they would adopt habit 
 and cunning that respectable men could not think of ; that 
 these were, and continue to be facts, we at present barely assert, 
 but if proof be required we are ready to furnish it abundantly. 
 
 " We could not any otherwise account for this state of the 
 profession than by attributing it to a defect in the Laws, and 
 much reflection since has confirmed us in the opinion. 
 
 " We know of no man more alive to the public welfare than 
 yourself, nor of any more capable of furthering it ; we are con- 
 sequently induced to address you in order if possible to engage 
 your services in the attempt, during the ensuing Session of 
 Parliament, to obtain some amendment in the enactments that 
 at present regulate the practice of Physic, Surgery and Mid- 
 wifery in this Province ; and we doubt not that where so much 
 good may be done, you will spare no effort to place the medical 
 profession in this Province on the respectable rank that it 
 should occupy. We would take leave to suggest to you, that 
 if medical men were organized into a society resembling your 
 Law Society, with power to regulate their own affairs, it would 
 be the best arrangement, and particularly as it would still keep 
 the Licentiate of our own art under a jurisdiction that could 
 remove or suspend him from practice, if he should be guilty of 
 acts which he may now commit with impunity, and which are 
 derogatory to the profession ; acts which though they cannot 
 be foreseen by a written law, may be properly appreciated 
 and judged of by a Corporate Body, and this is particularly 
 necessary here, because the greater number of Licentiates are 
 strangers (many of them aliens) who do not bring a character 
 with them to support, and who too frecjuently follow a course 
 of life degrading to any situation. 
 
 " We have now said enough perhaps to attract your attention 
 to the subject of this letter, and if you think it worthy of con- 
 sideration, and are willing to take the matter in hand, we shall 
 be happy, if you wish it, to communicate further with you. 
 
Upper Canada, 1882. 65 
 
 and put you more fully in possession of our opinions, and of 
 what we can adduce to support them. 
 
 " We have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most obedient, humble servants, 
 
 "(Signed) James MvmuE ad, Surgeon. 
 Walteu Telfer, Surgeon. 
 F. W. Porter, M.D. 
 " Henry T. Boulton, 
 
 " Attorney-General, York." 
 
 [Copy No. 2.1 
 
 " York, 28th October, 1832. 
 
 " My Dear Sir, — I received your letter of the 22nd October 
 inst., in vi^hich Drs. Telfer and Porter joined, and fully partici- 
 pate with you in the sentiments expressed, and shall be very 
 happy to aid the medical profession in any way they may point 
 out as likely to be most advantageous to them. 
 
 " Before anything, however, should be brought before the 
 Legislation, I think the opinion of the principal medical men in 
 the different parts of the Province should be taken, and that 
 the application to meet any probable success should be from 
 the general body; a petition should be presented to Parliament 
 setting forth the intended alterations, and it should be signed 
 by as many medical gentlemen as possible. A Bill should like- 
 wise be proposed for carrying those objects into effect. 
 
 " I am, my dear Sir, yours very faithfully, 
 
 "(Signed) H. T. Boulton. 
 " Dr. Muirhead, Niagara." 
 
 " Niagara, 2nd November, 1832. 
 
 " Sir, — We beg leave to transmit to you a copy of a letter 
 addressed by us to the Attorney-General and his answer 
 thereto. You in particular must be acquainted with the state 
 of the profession in this Province, and we think you must with 
 us mainly attribute its degradation to the causes pointed out in 
 our letter to the Attorney-General, who in reply coincides with 
 us, and indicates the course most proper to pursue in order to 
 accomplish the object before us, and if that should meet with 
 
68 The Medical Profession in 
 
 your concurrence, we know that your influence and assistance 
 would be valuable. We would be glad if you would com- 
 municate this matter to the profession in York, and afterwards 
 that a meeting of the medical men in the Province (in order to 
 draft the petition recommended) should be called at York by 
 immediate puWk advertisement, to take place as soon as 
 possible, and perhaps a great many could be collected eight or 
 ten days after the advertisement. 
 
 " You are aware that if the Bill is to be brought into the 
 House this session, this petition must be got with the least 
 possible delay. 
 
 " We have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your obedient and humble servants, 
 
 "(Signed) J. Muirhead, Surgeon. 
 
 Walter Telfer, Surgeon. 
 
 F. W. Porter, M.D. 
 " Dr. Widmer, York." 
 
 " Reply of the Medical Board to Drs. Muirhead, Telfer and 
 Porter's communication to the Attorney-General through Dr. 
 Widmer": 
 
 '* Sir, — I took an early opportunity of submitting the subject 
 of your letter of the 3rd inst. to the Medical Board, and I am 
 requested by them as their President to communicate to you 
 the result of their consideration. 
 
 " It may be equally true of this as of all other countries, that 
 n few exceptionable characters clothed with all the necessary 
 legal qualifications will descend to empiricism, but the Medical 
 Board in the discharge of an important and often anxious duty, 
 have at all times endeavoured to protect the interests of the 
 public amid the just expectations of candidates, as far as was 
 compatible with the peculiar condition of the country and the 
 means of professional education afforded by it. 
 
 " Two points are mentioned in your letter to the Attorney- 
 General : first, that ignorant pretenders to science practise physic 
 in open defiance of the law ; and secondly, that they bring an 
 obloquy upon the profession. As a remedy, you propose a cor- 
 poration. 
 
Upi'EU Canada, 1832. 67 
 
 " Your own statement of the evil discloses a sufficient remedy 
 if such persons practise against the law. The law which is 
 violated affords redress ; it is not defective because it is not 
 enforced in behalf of the community for whose welfare it was 
 enacted ; it is enough that such impostors upon the public are 
 denounced by the law and made obnoxious to its punishment. 
 
 " Other laws, however framed in wisdom or multiplied in num- 
 ber, would prove equally unavailing if unenforced ; it appears, 
 therefore, to the Board, that the existing law provides a suffi- 
 cient remedy for the matter for which you complain — the 
 obloquy which in the second place you allege is brought upon 
 the profession will be effectually prevented by the impartial 
 prosecutions of those who impose upon the public ; the profes- 
 sion could not xU that case desire to stand upon a better founda- 
 tion than its known general character for devotion to science 
 and humanity. 
 
 " A corporation invested with the powers you propose appears 
 to be of doubtful propriety, if not of dangerous tendency. In 
 the first place it cannot be assumed that the due operation of 
 laws which have been provided, not for the protection of those 
 private riglits, the illegal invasion of which often gives rise to 
 a prosecutor, but for the protection of the health of the general 
 community would be more faithfully insured by a corporation 
 than by the executive authority whose peculiar care it is to carry 
 into beneficial operation the laws enacted by the Legislature. 
 
 " If it be true in the second place, that any regular licentiate 
 descend to unworthy professional practices not within the 
 redress of the laws of the land, the evil must be left, as in 
 other countries, to the corrective influence of public opinion. 
 
 " It must be admitted that the public suffer much from the 
 ■want of suitable opportunities of medical education, but it is 
 hoped that the ample endowments long since provided by the 
 British Government for such essential purposes will not allow 
 this want to be much longer a matter of reproach. 
 
 "(Signed) C. Widmek, President. 
 "York, November 10th, 1832. 
 
68 * The Medical Puofession in 
 
 In connection with the precedin;^ correspondence the follow- 
 ing will be appro])riate : 
 
 " {For the Western Mercuri).) 
 
 " QUACKERY. 
 
 "No greater imposition exists in Upper Canada then Quack- 
 ery — its every-day use makes it appear tolerated by the laws 
 of the land ; it is an existinir evil under which this Province 
 has long groaned, but to which public attention should be 
 directed. The regular practitioner meets it in every day's 
 travel, is perplexed with its impudence, and with horror view.s 
 its ravages and its influence. 
 
 "The character of the real Quack is the same in all countries. 
 1'hese persons have generally been so degraded by their vices 
 as to render themselves odious to society, or too ignorant and 
 indolent to gain a living by any honest means. Aware of the 
 credulity of the people upon this subject, they suddenly and 
 without any stud}', pretend to supernatural powers conferred 
 upon them by God himself. They profess to cure diseases 
 which the experience of two thousand j'cars has proved to be 
 irremediable. Their drugs are of the most active kind, it 
 excites horror when we contemplate the freedom of their use. 
 They cure all by (me remedy ! Their course of crime is sup- 
 ported by manj' minor vices, deception, effrontery, and the 
 robbery of their victims, who, fascinated by the relation of 
 pietended cures, often borrow money to buy their remedies 
 and are finally left in extreme want and misery and a prey to 
 confirmed maladies, which by proper means might have been 
 relieved. From the attack of the robber, defence, release or 
 escape is possible : from the Quack who gains the confidence of 
 the people, death is too frequently the consequence. 
 
 " Another sort of practitioners are what may be denominated 
 Licensed Quacks ; the.se are men who have* studied but one 
 part of the profession and have obtained license to practise that 
 part only. These men are generally the most impudent, and 
 set up for the great doctor! They practise all parts of the 
 profession without distinction, and thus the Licensed Quack 
 grows rich by imposition and a knowledge of a small part 
 
Uppeu Canada, 1832. ♦ 69 
 
 of lii^ profession. He will gravely tell you that ' he has his 
 license,' and people not acquainted with the deception will take 
 it for granted he is regularly authorized to practise physic, 
 surgery and midwifery, when he has been licensed to practise 
 one of these branches only. 
 
 "If these things are known and not remedied, we shall, ere 
 long, be overrun by such men. The student may study a 
 favourite branch, and in one or two years may become the 
 (jreat doctor ! whilst the honest man who has devoted all his 
 time and most of his nioney to obtain the necessary infor- 
 mation, is doomed to endless defamation, indigence, and an 
 humble walk in life. Thus impudence and ignorance triumphs 
 over humility and education, whilst vice and roguery tramples 
 under feet virtue and honesty. 
 
 " Will the public any longer allow such gross impositions > 
 Or, will honest men suffer their rights to be thus invaded ? I 
 trust not. Would some gentleman of the law confer a favour 
 by tnaking known to the public by what means and with 
 what ex])ense we can detect the.se impostors and bring them 
 to justice. For one, I am not content to acknowledge a Quack 
 ni}'' superior or contend with him for my bread, but will, if 
 possible, make an example of the nearest when the neces.sary 
 information is obtained to accomplish it. 
 
 "A Physician. 
 "Gore District, -Tist May, 1832." 
 
 The Rev. Isaac Fidler, in his "Observations" on Canadian 
 matters, published in 1832 (he lived at Tliornhill three years), 
 draws a comparison between the medical profession of the 
 United States and Canada. He says : 
 
 " Some medical gentlemen emigrate from the States into 
 Canada; but I believe they are never employed where one 
 from Great Britain or Ireland can be procured. American 
 physicians do not commonly place themselves in any situation 
 in which competition with Europeans is hazarded. If any 
 professional gentleman from the States be found in such neigh- 
 bourhood, he forms an exception from the general rule. There 
 was one such at Thornhill, but his skill was not considered as 
 
70 • The Medical Profession in 
 
 entitling liiin to much patronage. His practice was very limited, 
 and chieHy to the lower orders. 
 
 " A medical man who cannot ride much on horseback ought 
 not to go into that country. So highly are doctors paid in 
 some places densely populated that towns and villages are 
 generally well supplied. Medical men from the States are 
 often found wandering up and down ; and, where European 
 physicians are not found, take possession of the practice. In 
 some remote places a doctor has frecjuently to ride fifteen or 
 twenty miles to many of' his patients. The English medical 
 gentleman near us was often sent for to the above distance. 
 His charge for an ordinary journey was a dollar a mile. He wa.s 
 making a rapid fortune. There are many places upon Yonge 
 Street and in the district around, and, I believe, in every district 
 in the country, which are very populous, and where any respect- 
 able practitioner might settle his family in certain affluence." 
 
 He tells of a physician, who had emigrated to Canada a short 
 time before and had purchased a farm near Niagara Falls. He 
 had been following his profession, however, and told Mr, Fidler 
 he had fallen into a practice which would realize him £1,100 a 
 year (?). "This is almost as large an income as any medical 
 man, except one or two of the most eminent in New York." 
 He did not expect, however, to be paid altogether in money. 
 
 We find that the Y*^^^ .<^'^*^'^»"\1. Hf^;.r,;.*2^•V4 at this time 
 become a^ ;.p;titution of importance and value, as will be seen 
 Ijy the following : 
 
 The Medical Board, at its meeting in April, 1832, in address- 
 ing the public, spoke of the Hospital as follows : 
 
 °The York Hospital is now in successful operation, and 
 affords to .students .laily opportunities of observing di.sea.ses and 
 their treatment, and they feel it a duty to point out to students 
 that it is at such institutions they can best acquire, at the bed- 
 side of the patient, under experienced practitioners, the practical 
 information most especially befitting them to render profes- 
 sional services to their fellow-creatures." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson says at this time of the Hospital : " It is a large 
 brick building, yet too small for the increasing city." 
 
Uri'EU Canada, 1832. • "71 
 
 "York Students' Medical Society. 
 
 " .\t n meotinir of the medical students of this town, held on 
 Saturday, December 7, at the York General Hospital, the 
 following resolution was unanimously adopted : 
 
 "'That the present meeting of medical students do hereby 
 constitute themselves into a permanent society, to be hereafter 
 designated The York Students' Medical Society, whose sole 
 object shall be to imparu reciprocally, for tlie purpose of 
 general improvement, the knowledge of the various branches 
 of the medical science.' 
 
 "The following officers were then appointed: Mr. Park, 
 Mr. Orr, Presidents ; Mr. Steers, Secretary ; Mr. O'Hare, 
 Treasurer ; Mr. Mitchell, Librarian. 
 
 " Any medical gentleman wishing to become a member of the 
 above society, is requested to send his name and place of 
 residence, in writing, to the Secretary, who shall propose him 
 at the next meeting of the Committee, when, if admitted a.^ 
 such, he will be required to pay the sum of four dollars, as an 
 entrance fee, to defray the expenses contingent to the Society, 
 and assist in procuring books for the Society's library, etc.; he 
 will also be presented by the Secretary with a copy of the laws, 
 and informed of all further particulars. 
 
 " D. Steers, Secretary. 
 "York, December 24, 1832." 
 
 The "York Dispensary" was established August 30, 1832, 
 Drs. W. W. Baldwin, Morrison, and Tims were the physicians. 
 It lasted only one year, on account of the want of necessary 
 funds. 
 
 As a matter of history, it may be well to give a brief account 
 of a medical sect which sprang into existence about this time. 
 In 1832 there was published at Hamilton, by Samuel Thomp- 
 son, a book entitled " New Guide to Health ; or, Botanic 
 Family Physician, containing a complete system of practice 
 upon a plan entirely new, with a description of the vege- 
 tables made use of, and directions for preparing and ad- 
 ministering them to cure disease." The quotations given are 
 verbatim et literatim. In the preface, " written by a friend," 
 
72 TuE Medical Profession in 
 
 it is .stated that " Dr. Thompson heji^an his practice, as it were, 
 by acciflont, with no other view than an honest endeavour to 
 be u.set'ul to his fellow-creatures, and had nothing' to <juide him 
 but his own experience. Ho not havintf liad an education has 
 received no advantage from readini;; books, which left his mind 
 unsiiackled by the visionary theories and opinions of others. 
 His wliole .studies have been in the <^reat book of nature, and 
 his conclusions have all been drawn from that unerrinjj; {^uide ; 
 by this he was enabled to form correct opinions of the Htne.ss of 
 thini^s. . . . His apothecary shop was the woods and the fields." 
 
 Dr. Thompson says of Idm.self, that " after thirty years' study 
 and repeated successful trials of the medicinal vet^etables of 
 our country in all the di.seases incident to our climAto, I can, 
 with well-<frounded a.ssurance, recommend my system of practice 
 and medicines to the public, as salutary and efficaciou.s. . . 
 Being born in a new country, at the time almost an howling 
 wilderness, my advantages for education were very small ; but 
 possessing a natural gift for examining the things of Nature, 
 my mind was left entirely free to follow that inclination by 
 inquiring into the meaning of the great variety of objects 
 around me. 
 
 " Possessing a body like other men, I was led to enquire into 
 the nature of the component parts of what man is made. I 
 founti him composed of the four elements — Earth, Water, Air 
 and Fire. The earth and water I found were the solids, the air 
 and the fire the fluids. The first two I found to be the com- 
 ponent parts, the last two kept him in motion. Heat I found 
 was life ; and Cold, death. ... I shall now describe the fuel 
 which continues the fire, or life of man. This is contained in 
 two things — food and medicines, which are in harmony with 
 each other, often grow in the same field to be u.sed by the same 
 people. . , . Our life depends on heat ; food is the fuel that 
 kindles and continues that heat. The digestive power being 
 correct, causes the food to consume ; this continues the warmth 
 of the body by continually supporting the fire. The stomach is 
 the deposit from which the whole body is supported. The heat 
 is maintained in the stomach by consuming the food ; and all 
 the body and limbs receive their proportion of nourishment and 
 heat from that source, as the whole room is warmed by the 
 
Upi'EU Canada, LS32. 73 
 
 tire which is consumed in the Hreplace. The greater the quan- 
 tity of wood consumed in the Hrephice, the greater the heat in 
 the room." After speaiving of the stomach as .sometimes failing 
 to digest, lie declares that " all disease is caused hy clogging the 
 system, and all disease is removed by restoring the digestiNe 
 powers so that food may keep up that heat on which life 
 (.lepends. I have found hy experience that the learned doctors 
 are wrong in considering fever a disease or enemy ; the fever 
 is a friend, and cold the enemy. ... It is true that the 
 study of anatomy or structure of the human body and of the 
 whole animal economy is pleasing and useful, nor is there any 
 objection to this however minute and critical, if it is not to the 
 neglect of first great principles and the weightier matters of 
 knowledge. But it is no more necessary to mankind at large 
 to (jualify them to adnunister relief from pain and sickness, 
 than to a cook in preparing food to .satisfy hunger and nourish- 
 ing the body. There is one general cause of hunger and one 
 general supply of food ; one general cause of disease and one 
 general remedy, , . . No person ever yet died of fever, for 
 as death approaches the patient grows cold, until tleath, the 
 last spark of heat is extinguished." Again, he says: "In all 
 ca.ses called fever, the cause is the same in a greater or less 
 degree, and may be relieved by one general reme<ly. The cold 
 causes canker, and before the canker is seated the strife will 
 take place between cold and heat. . . . The truth is the 
 canker is fixed on the inside, and will ripen and come ofj' in a 
 .short time, if the fever is kept up so as to overpower the cold. 
 This idea is new; never was known till my di.scovery. . 
 The higher the fever runs the sooner the cold will be subdued, 
 and if you contend against the heat, the longer will be the run 
 of the fever, and when killed, death follows." One more state- 
 ment is that " there is a power to produce death, which are of 
 course directly opposed to each other ; and whatever tends to 
 promote life cannot cause death, let its power be ever so great. 
 In this consists all the difi'erence between my .system of practice 
 and that of the learned doctors." 
 
 Dr. Thomp.son was very fond of steaming his patients, the 
 water being heated by putting into it red-hot stones. The 
 medicines employed by him were clas.sed under numbers, there 
 6 
 
74 '1'he Medical Puofkssion in 
 
 beinf? .six in all. Thu.s there were No. 1, No. 2, No. 8, No. 4, 
 No. "), No. G. These, he says, "form my system of practice. 
 'J'ho first three are u.sed to remove disease and the others are 
 restoratives." We cannot make room to give the several con- 
 stituents of these six preparations; hut No. 1 was "to cleanse 
 the stomach " ; No. 2, " to retain the internal vital heat of the 
 system, and cause a free perspiration"; No. 8, "to scour the 
 stomach and bowels, and remove the canker"; No. 4 consisted 
 of "bitters to correct the bile and restore digestion"; No. 5, 
 was " sj- rup for the dysentery, to strengthen the stomach and 
 bowels " ; No. (i, " Rheumatic drops, to remove pain, prevent 
 mortification and promote a natural heat." 
 
 Dr. Thompson's assortment consisted of some thirty vege- 
 table production.s. The following are " directions for preparing 
 and u.sin2: veuetable medicines." 
 
 n 
 
 Stock of Medi('ine.s for a Famii.y. 
 
 1 oz. of the Emetic Herb (Lobelia). 
 
 2 oz. of Cayenne. 
 
 I lb. of Eayberry root ba)'k in powder. 
 
 1 lb. of Poplar bark. 
 
 1 lb. of Ginger. 
 
 1 pt. of the Rheumatic Drops. 
 
 These rlieumatic drops consisted principally of high wines or 
 " fourth proof brandy," gum myrrh and cayenne. He says : 
 " This stock will be sufficient for a family one year, and with 
 such articles as the}' can easily procure themselves when 
 wanted, will enable them to cure any disease, which a family 
 of common size may be afflicted with during that time." 
 
 Thompson was, we believe, a subject of the United States ; 
 but he found in Canada a somewhat fruitful field for the 
 practice of his peculiar views of medical science, and in time, 
 had a considerable number of followers. They were known 
 as " Thompsonians." Not a few young Canadians, disinclined to 
 do manual work, as their fathers had done, cast aside their 
 liome-.spun clothes, donned a broadcloth suit and kid gloves, 
 hung up a shingle and announced themselves to be " Doctors," 
 according to the doctrine by Thompson. Little or no prepara- 
 
Upper Canada, 1832-33. 75 
 
 tion was required for this change of occupation, and money 
 was generally made by the change. For many years the 
 Thonipsonians practised without a license and in defiance of 
 law. lh\t later on tliey assumed the name of " Eclectics," and 
 ccmnnanded sufficient influence to secure from Parliament the 
 right to grant licenses to practise medicine. They ultimately 
 became absorbed in the general profession after the incorpor- 
 ation of tiie Ontario Medical Council. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 rR()<JRKSS IN THK MKDICAL PROFESSION. 
 
 YORK, January, 1833. — Present: Widmer, Deihl and King. 
 Paul Darling, of Newmarket, Licentiate Royal College 
 of Surgeons, Edinburgh, passed. 
 
 April, 1833. — Present: Widmer, ])eihl, King and Rolph. 
 John Flynn, of York, passed, A candidate failed in classical 
 knowledge. 
 
 " The Uoard in pursuance of His Excellency's order, have 
 examined Mr. .Tames Fortier, and find that the wound he 
 received in action with the enemy on the 10th September, 
 1813, does not incapacitate him from earning his livelihood by 
 
 ''*^^'""^- "(Signed) C.WxDUEVi, President:' 
 
 July, 1833. — Present: Widmer, Powell, Deihl, King and 
 Rolph. Robert Aberdeen produced his diploma of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, and various satisfactory docu- 
 ments of his professional education. In granting his certifi- 
 cate he was recommended to improve his professional knowl- 
 edge, by the president. Robert Murphy produced a license 
 from the State Medical Society, of New York, and receH'ed 
 certificate. George Dunham, Brockville, al.so passed. The 
 next candidate was found "very defective, indeed, in his ana- 
 tomical requirements, but give him credit for his chemical 
 knowledge, and recommend him to pursue his studies a few 
 months longer." The following then appears : 
 
76 The Medical Profession in 
 
 " Mr. Stephenson, House Surgeon of the York Hospital, is 
 appointed by the Medical Board, the Secretary of that Body, 
 vice Dr. Lee, deceased. 
 
 " (Signed) C. Widmer, President. 
 
 "Dated from the 1st July, 1838." 
 
 David Cory, Midland District ; " Walter Telfer, of Niagara, 
 member of College of Surgeons, Edinboro','' John Beatty 
 who had attended two courses of lectures and had matricula- 
 tion ticket from University of New York ; John Stratford, of 
 Bathurst, member of College of Surgeons ; Thomas W. Robin- 
 son, of Kingston, a graduate of New York College, and 
 Thomas Duggan, of York, received certificates to practise. 
 
 A candidate " acknowledged himself entirely ignorant of the 
 Latin language," and " the Board declined going on with his 
 examination." Two other candidates were equally deficient in 
 Latin, and two others failed in anatomy. 
 
 August 2, 1833. — By command of His Excellency the Lieut.- 
 Governor, the Board met to examine the wounds of John 
 Rynn, received in the late war. Present: C. Widmer, Presi- 
 dent, John King, M.D., Peter Deihl, and John Rolph, Esqs. 
 The Medical Board assembled this day to examine and report 
 upon the case of John Ryan, late of the Provincial Artillery, 
 Driver, in pursuance of an order from His Excellency the 
 Lieut.-Governor, dated yesterday. 
 
 " The Board reports that the petitioner, John Ryan, was 
 examined before the Medical Board in April, 1822, and in 
 April, 1824, at both of which periods the Board reported that 
 he laboured under no disability from wounds. The Board now 
 confirms the previous reports. 
 
 " (Signed) C. Widmer, President, 
 
 J. Stei'Uknson, Secretary." 
 
 October, 1833. — Present: Widmer, Deihl, King and Rolph. 
 Two candidates failed, one of them, " after a patient and 
 tedious examination (by the President)," although he " had 
 served five years' apprenticeship to the Army Surgeon, at 
 Kingston." No further business at this session. 
 
 Dr. W. Henry, in " Trifles from my Port Folio," speaking of 
 
Upper Canada, 1833-34. 77 
 
 York, where he was stationed in 1833, remarks: "One thing 
 is much needed here, a Chartered Medical Institution, and as 
 there are several able men, and good clinical facilities at the 
 hospital, it is to bo hoped that those parents who wish to train 
 their children in the healin<^ art, may not be much longer 
 obliged to send them to the States for this purpose." He has 
 a foot-note that " Faculties of Physic, Surgery," etc., have been 
 organized by Statute at Toronto lately, 1839. 
 
 The following published notice indicates the healthy spirit 
 of progress prevailing in the profession at this period : 
 
 " At a meeting of the members of the medical profession in 
 York, held on the 18th day of May, 1833, a society was formed 
 under the title of the ' Medico-Chinirgical Society of Upper 
 Canada,' the primary object of which will be the inter- 
 change and advancement of professional knowledge among the 
 members of the profession. All regular licentiates of the 
 Province who transmit their name to Dr. Widmer, who is 
 President;, or Dr. Stephenson, who is Secretary, on or before 
 the first day of October next, for enrolment, will be considered 
 as original members of the institution. The enrolment of any 
 member must be accompanied with his annual subscription 
 (^f £1 y 0." 
 
 Januari/, 1H'S4<. — Present: Widmer, Deihl, King, Duncombe 
 and Rolph. James Miller received certificate to practise. Two 
 were rejected. One of these was " so deficient in his general 
 acquirements in the different branches of the profession, that 
 they were obliged to reject him, with strong admonition to 
 renew his studies and in a few month's he might present him- 
 self with more advantatre." 
 
 "(->'■ 
 
 April, 1834. — Present: Widmer, Deihl, King and Rolph. 
 Adolphus Williams of Gore District, G. H. Park, Charles Rolls, 
 John Harrison Blackwell, and Jonathan Wolverton received 
 certificates to practise. Five candidates were rejected. One 
 "had tickets from Fairfield of two courses of lectures and a 
 doctor's degree in medicine after four years' study, and without 
 any knowledge of the clussicks, presented himself. Being asked 
 the meaning of the term physiology, and also the word 
 pathology, could not define either; he was not examined 
 
78 The Medical Profession in 
 
 further." Another " presented certificate of atteiulinjjf a course 
 of lectures at Dartmouth, in New Hampshire, and of his 
 proficiency in the Latin language. He was, however, found to 
 be quite ignorant of Latin grammar and was therefore advised 
 to pursue his studies." 
 
 July, 1834. — Present: Widmer, Rolph, King and Deihl. 
 " Mr. Francis Cameron, of the city of Toronto" received a certi- 
 ficate, also John Barnhart, of Streetsville ; James W. Powell, of 
 Bathurst District, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin ; VVm. L. 
 Badger, who had " excellent qualifications to practise"; Wm. J. 
 Scott, of Brockville; Patrick McGarry, of Dublin U.C.S.D., 
 likewise passed. 
 
 Seven candidates were rejected. One of them from the 
 University of Leyden, was " exceedingly ignorant of anatomy." 
 Another from Royal College Surgeons, Edinburgh, " could not 
 construe a prescription written by Dr. King and declined to be 
 further examined." The Board " resolved that in every case the 
 examination of a candidate shall be rigidly entered upon and 
 pursued, let his testimonials be of whatever nature they may." 
 
 "Toronto, September 2nd, 1834. — The Medical Board in com- 
 pliance with the order of His Excellency the Lieut.-Governor, 
 dated 28th August, 1834, have carefully examined Mr. James 
 George. They find the marks of a gunshot wound on his loft 
 leg, the ball appears to have passed through the muscles at the 
 upper part of the limb producing such an ettect on the motion 
 of the leg as to render him incapable of earning his livelihoo<l 
 by labour. Signed, S. Widmer, President. Members present : 
 C. Widmer, P Deihl, J. Rolph. 
 
 '• (Signed) Isaac Stephenson, Secretary." 
 
 October, 1834. — Present: Widmei-, Deihl, King and Rolph. 
 F. S. Primrose and Wm. Ferris, members of College of Edin- 
 Imrgh, and Samuel S. Knight, of Kingston, receivo<l certificates. 
 Five were rejected. Two of them had diplomas from the 
 College of Physicians and Stirgeons, Glasgow. One claimed to 
 be a Medical College Surgeon, of Edinburgh, but was " found to 
 be an exceedin<dv itidorant man." 
 
Upper Canada, 1834-35. 7!> 
 
 Augud, 1834. — It was publicly announced that "His Excel- 
 lency, the Governor, has been pleased to appoint a Boai-d of 
 Health for St. Thomas and its vicinity, composed of the follow- 
 inc: frentlemen : John Bostwick, Jas. C. Crysler, Dr. ( '. Dun- 
 combe, Bela Shaw, Dr. McKenzie, li^, Krnuitingcr', Dr. James A. 
 Rolls, l)i-. I). Bowman, J. K. Woodward, James Givin.s, Esci.s." 
 
 Janaarj, 183.5. — -Present: Widmer, Kin^', Rolph and Deihl. 
 The Board .sat only one day. '• Mr. (ierald O'Reilly, M. Coll. 
 Surg., Ireland, Licentiate in Midwifery, Dublin Lying-in Hos- 
 pital, Licentiate of the Apothecaries' C(»np., London; Edward 
 Klinckhardt, from Leipsic and Jena ; John Jarron, of Dunn- 
 ville, late A.ssistant Surgeon Hon. East India Co.; Robert 
 McCash, received certificates." 
 
 The Board appointed Mr. F. St. George Wilkinson, resident 
 apothecary to the hospital, to be their Secretary. 
 
 April, 1835. — Present: Widmer, King, Deihl, Rolph aTid 
 Baldwin. Wm. Craigie, M.C.S. Ed., of Ancaster ; David Gal- 
 braith, M.C.R. Ki]., of Darlington, passed their examination, 
 and Samuel Richardson in sui'gery only. " The Board took into 
 consideration a letter from the mayor of thu city, regarding 
 the public health of the city, and the best means of preserving 
 it from disease." 
 
 Jul;/, 1835. — Present: Widmer, Rolph and King. Walter 
 H. Burritt, of Marlborough ; John Kinlayson, " Doctor in Medi- 
 cine and Surgery," of McGill College, Montreal ; Isaac B. Ayls- 
 worth, of Bath ; Alfied Dewson, jVF.D., of New York ; and 
 Flint L; Keyes, of Grand River, passed. One candidate was 
 rejected, although a member of London College of Medicine, 
 and "a member of the London Vaccine Institr'Ion of the Royal 
 Jennerian Society of London." 
 
 October, 1835. — Present : Widmer, Deihl, King and Rolph. 
 Roderick McDonald, of (,-ornwall, M.D. McGill Colleij^e : Georae 
 South wick, St. Thomas ; Joseph Clark, Toronto ; John K. 
 FairHeld, of Kingston : Wm. Taylor, of Perth ; Wm. Allison, 
 Coll. Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow : all the candidates who 
 appeared received certificates. 
 
 During the summer of LS34, the cholera had for the second 
 
80 The Medical Profession in 
 
 time been epidemic in Toronto and other places in Upper 
 Canada. The following editorial from the Courier and corre- 
 spondence explains that the Medical Board was looked upon by 
 the community as a body fully qualified to guard the welfare 
 of the public in relation to the matter of public health. In 
 April of 183/5, the Courier says : 
 
 " The following is the report of the Board of Health of this 
 city, accompanied by a communication from the Medical Board 
 of Upper Canada, addressed to the President of the Board of 
 Health, pointing out the necessity for the preservation of the 
 health of the city during the approaching season, which, coming 
 from an authority so competent to judge of the matter upon 
 which it treats, is deserving of the most serious consideration of 
 the inhabitants of the city as well as of the corporation : 
 
 "To the Mayor, Aldermen and Cornmonality of the City of 
 Toronto, in Common Council assembled : 
 
 " The Board of Health feel it necessary at this season to 
 communicate to the Worshipful Council the proceeding of the 
 Board on the information obtained by them as to the present 
 state of the health of the cit}'', and the necessary precaution 
 to be observed preparatory to the approaching season when 
 the city will be more liable to suffer from contagious diseases. 
 The Board of Health has great .satisfaction in laying before the 
 Council the accompanying communication from the Medical 
 Board of the Province, who have, with the utmost promptitude, 
 at the request of the Board of Health of this city, given the 
 accompanying document, which, coming from a body po.ssessing 
 the .science and character of the Medical Board, must be looked 
 upon as possessing no little authority. The Boai-d of Health, 
 from the individual observation of its members, since the re- 
 ception of the above-mentioned communication of the Medical 
 Board, are compelled to state for the information of the Coun- 
 cil, that the city is at present in a most deplorable state of 
 filth and uncleanness — so much so that the Board of Health 
 cannot dwell upon the prospect of the ensuing summer with- 
 out the most serious apprehensions for the lives and health of 
 their fellow-citizens. The Board of Health feel that thev 
 
Upper Canada, 1835. 81 
 
 would not perform the duties reposed in them if they did not» 
 in the stron<,'est terms, recommend to the Council the adoption 
 of every mefins within the power of the corpoi-ation which 
 ma}'- have a tendency to cause the proper draining of the city, 
 and the removal of the accumulatinijf filth and nuisances which 
 form so pre;^nant a source of disease, 
 
 "T. B. Sullivan, Mayor. 
 (Dr.) J. I). MoRiiisoN. 
 Geo. Gurnett. 
 Thomas Caufrae. 
 " Toronto, April 7th, 1835." 
 
 " To His Worship the Mayor : 
 
 " Sir,— I have laid before the Medical Board your letter of 
 the 2nd inst., and am requested by them to communicate with 
 you on the subject of it. 
 
 "The state of the health of the city is favourable, the season 
 not havinnj arrived during which any diseases usually prevail 
 to render it otherwise. 
 
 " For the preservation of the health of the city, the Board 
 can only suggest the obvious means of cleanliness by draining, 
 paving and removal of offal from the different dwellings. 
 
 " The population of the city is greatly increased, and is become 
 more dense and compact. Under these circumstances the regu- 
 lations which have formerly proved sufficient to preserve the 
 public health, will now be altogether inadequate ; and unless 
 some efficient precautions are taken, the prevalence of any 
 epidemic must be expected to be marked with particular 
 severity. 
 
 " The Board recommend the construction, as soon as possible, 
 of public sewers, by which all cellars may be drained. Super- 
 ficial gutters, so constructed as readil}' to carry off the water 
 from the surface, may be more immediately within the re- 
 sources of the cit}^ and would be conducive to the health and 
 comfort of the inhabitants. But the Board despair of any 
 means proving effectual till draining shall bo carried to its full 
 extent. For the removal of offal and all accumulations of 
 animal and vegetable matter, which, on exposure to the sun, 
 become fertile sources of disease, the Board recommend the 
 
:82 The Mkdical Piiofession in 
 
 daily employment of scavengor.s. For this purpo.se every 
 family should be obliged to collect the kitchen otial ready for 
 the scavengers every morning. 
 
 ■' Should it be apprehended that cholera will again become 
 epidemic, it will be desirable to have in readiness such accom- 
 modations as will, under satisfactory regulations, enable the 
 sick to be separated from those in health. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, 
 
 " C. WiDMEU, rresldent." 
 
 By the foregoing statements it will be seen that the views of 
 the Medical Board as expressed fifty-eight years ago, are almost 
 what might be expressed by a sanitarian of to-day. And it is 
 also learned that the fathers of the medical profession who 
 constituted the Board were eminently (|ualitied to till the posi- 
 tion of health officer as well as to watch the door of entrance 
 to the profession. 
 
 For Public Health Act and appointment of Board of Health 
 with remarks, see Appenilix. 
 
 The spirit which animated the profession at this time is 
 indicated by this notice : 
 
 " A meeting of the members of the medical profession, resid- 
 ing in this city (Toronto) and vicinity, will be held at the 
 Grand Jury's room, 15th July, ISlM), to consider the expediency 
 of forming a Medical Reading Room and Library, also matters 
 connected with the advancement of Medical Science." 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 DISSATISFAUTIOX WITH THK MKI)IC'AF> JJOAUD. 
 
 TORONTO, Januari/, 18;}G.— Present : Widmer, Rolph and 
 King. Arthur Paterson, formerly Hospital Sergeant 
 in the 72nd Regiment, who had an " Excellent certificate from 
 the Surgeon," and of "Attendance on Lectures in Marischal Coll., 
 Aberdeen, and the Royal Infirmary of that city," passed his 
 examination. Three were rejected : one, a Member of the 
 
Ui'i'Ei! Canada, IKU'k 88 
 
 A{)otliecrtrie.s' Co., and "with ample testimonials from Gminfjer'.s 
 School"; anotlior had a "diploma from Colle<,'e of Physicians 
 and 8ur;i^(.'ons, Glasnow, and an ahnnihmt suppl}' of Tickot.s " ; 
 the other liad certiHcates from Glasgow and Edinburgh. 
 The followini; hotter then appears in the minutes : 
 
 " Government House, 
 
 " .'JOth Jitniiarii, 18:^6. 
 
 "Siu, — I an) directed by the Lieutenant-Goveinur to inform 
 3'ou, tor tlie information of the Members of the lATedical Board, 
 that His E.Kcellency will receive tlioso gentlemen for the pur- 
 pose of presenting an Address on Monday next, 12 o'clock. 
 '■ I have the lionour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 " (Signed) J. Lovei.l. 
 '' To the Secretary of the Medical Board." 
 
 ''February 1st, 1.S86. — The Board met for the purpose of 
 waiting on His E.Kcellency an<l presenting a congratulatory 
 
 Address : 
 
 " May it please Your HxceUency : 
 
 " The Medical Board of Upper ( .'anada congratuhite Your 
 
 Excellency on your safe arrival in this Province, and beg leave 
 
 to commend to Your Excellene3''s f'avourai)le consideration the 
 
 interests of the profession." 
 
 •t 
 " Gentlemen: 
 
 "I thank 3'ou for your obliging congratulations upon my 
 arrival in this Province. 
 
 "I consider tliat your character and the interests of the 
 inliabitants of this Province are so far identical that for the 
 welfare of both I shall always be desirous to atibrd you every 
 proper encouragement." 
 
 The Lieutenant-Governor was Sir F. B. Head. 
 
 "February 1.5th, LS.SG. — The Board met pursuant to an order 
 from His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor to examine and 
 report upon the case of Private David Vnn Volkenliergh, late of 
 the Glengarrv Light [nfantry. Present : 0. Widmei', President 5 
 
84 The Medical Profession in 
 
 Dr. Kin^, John Rolpli. The Board report that lie is incapaljle 
 of eaniinijf his livelihood by labour in conseciuciice of a <i;unshot 
 wound of tlu' ri<;ht foot." 
 
 April 4, 18:j().— The Boanl met. Members present: 0. Wid- 
 mer, Es((., P. Deihl, Es(|., John llolph, Esq., ])r. Latham, Dr. 
 Baldwin, Dr. Ivin<f, Dr. Hm-nb^', T. D. Morrison, Esq., and Dr. 
 Chas. Duncombe. 
 
 " It was moved by Dr. King, and seconded by Dr. Baldvvinf 
 that the President do take the Chair, and that the Board do 
 proceed to business, which was carried." 
 
 Dr. Winder sent a message by the Secretary that he had 
 communicated to His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor his 
 resignation as a member of the Medical Board, and that His 
 Excellency had accepted of the .same. 
 
 "The connnission was then read — as also the letter accom- 
 panying it from Ah". Secretar}' Joseph, addressed to C. Widmer, 
 Es(|., senior member of the Medical Board, which was as 
 follows : 
 
 " ' Sir, — By command of the Lieutenant-Governor I have the 
 honour to transmit to you the accompanying In.strunient recon- 
 structing the Medical Board of this Province, 
 
 " ' And to be, Sir, 
 "'Your most obedient and humble servant, 
 
 " ' (Signed) J. Joseph. 
 " ' To Christopher Widmer, Esip, 
 
 " ' Senior Member of the Medical Board.' 
 
 "It was then proposed by Dr. Duncombe, and seconded by 
 Dr. Deihl, that it be Resolved, That Drs. Baldwin, King and 
 Morrison be a committee to inquire into the '^gality of the 
 terms of the new commission, which purports, in conjunction 
 with Mr. Secretary Joseph's letter, to reconstruct the Medical 
 Board, and subject its members to hold their office during 
 pleasure, which was carried. 
 
 "The President reported to the Board that he had been 
 informed by His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor that the 
 Barrister's room in the public building might be occupied by 
 the Board for holding its sitting. 
 
Uppeu Canada, 1836. 86 
 
 "It was then moved by ])r. llolph, .seconded by Dr. Baldwin, 
 that the Secretary bo directed to put himself in communication 
 with Mr. Secretary Joseph to procure; tiie necessary accommo- 
 dation for the Board in the apartment appointed by His Ex- 
 cel It.'ucy for their sitting, which was carried. 
 
 " It was then moved by Dr. King, and seconded by Dr. 
 Morrison, that it be Resolved, That tlie examination of candi- 
 dates before the Board be conducted as hitherto under the 
 direction of the President, which was cairied." 
 
 April, 1830. — Henry Rolls, of Toronto ; James Edward 
 Burton, of Paris, Canada; Cyrenus Hall, Fort Erie; William 
 Buhner Nicol, of Toronto, with tickets from King's College, 
 received certiticatcs. Two were rejected : one because his 
 answers generally were indifferent, and " in nddwifery pro- 
 foundly ignorant " ; the other was favoured with an examin- 
 ation on two days before being rejected. 
 
 July, 188(3. — Present: Drs. Widmer, Delhi, King, O'Brien, 
 Hornby and Morrison. Chas. McCosker, with a diploma from 
 Glasgow ; Daniel Macintyre, with Glasgow di})loma ; James 
 Meagher, of Kingston, from McGill College, received certificates. 
 Two were rejected ; one of them was " from the United States, 
 educated at the University of Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
 He exhibited a total ii,aiorance of the Latin laniruaire, and 
 seemed to be as uninformed of English Grammar. ' 
 
 October, 1836. — Present: Widmer, King, Rolph, Morri.son, 
 Hornby and Deihl. James Mitchell, " a pupil of Dr. Rolph's," 
 appeared for examination; he bad been one winter at Jefferson 
 College, Phil., and an attentive pupil of Toronto Hospital, and 
 *' underwent a severe examination with credit." and received 
 certificate. Matthew Campbell, Member College of Surgeons, 
 Edinburgh, and had served in East India Company's Service, 
 also passed. Three were rejected. One " knew nothing of 
 anatomy beyond books, never having dissected in his life." 
 
 During the year 1836, no little feeling existed on the part 
 of a portion of the medical profession against the Medical 
 Board and those who had the management of the General 
 Hospital. To what extent this feeling had grounds of justi- 
 
86 The Medical Profession in 
 
 tication is iiiicortain. It cuiinirmtod, however, In the callinrf 
 of Ji puhlic meeting of the profession. Tlie ineetin;,' was called 
 by tills : 
 
 "Notice. — A meeting of the niedical profession of this city 
 (Toronto) will take pi; 2ii at tlu; Court House, 4th .lanuary, 
 liS;j(i, to consider the propriet}' of petitioning die fjieutenant- 
 (iovcrnor upon sulijects connected with the Hospital and the 
 Medical Hoard," which was accordingly held. An account of 
 the proceedings were published b}- the Patriot: 
 
 " Medical Education. — A meeting of the medical prac- 
 titioners of the city of Toronto, pursuant to public a'lvertise- 
 nient, was held at the Court House, on the 14th inst. (January, 
 l<S3G),when the following resolutions wore unanimou ly adopted: 
 
 "I. liesolved, — That it is the opinion of this meeting that no 
 institution has been devised better calculated to lighten the 
 affiictions of the puoror portion of society labouiing under dis- 
 ease, or suffering from accident, than an liospital constituted on 
 wise and libci'al principles and conducted by an adequate num- 
 ber of .skilful pniclitioner.s. 
 
 "II. RdHolvcd, — It being a subject of general notoriety that 
 there exists in the minds of the poorer classes in all coiuitries a 
 prejudice against .such institutions, that it is the opinion of 
 this meeting that this prejudice, partly natural, arises princi- 
 pally from an ill-grounded apprehension that medical men 
 re(|uite them.selves for unpaid services by the extensive field of 
 experimental practice thus opened to them, remote from the 
 observation of the public and of the friends and relations of the 
 patient. 
 
 " Iir. Renolved, — That it is of the utmost importance to remove 
 this prejudice, as far as may be, and that it appears to thi.s^ 
 meeting that nothing is better adapted to this end than the 
 precautions of such institutions at home, viz., appointing par- 
 ticular days in the week for important operations that admit of 
 delay, when medical men and their pupil'^, and all person* 
 interested, are &''■ liberty to attend — publishing periodically full 
 statements of the number of per.sons admitted, their ailments, 
 recovery or death, etc., — and generally by affording to visitor.s 
 
Upper Canada, 1.S30. s7 
 
 such easy access to tlie wards as is consistent witli the comfort 
 ainl uccoinmodatioii of the patients. 
 
 " IV. licmlred, — That it is the opinion of this nieetinrj that 
 ov(!r tlie hospital of this city a veil of ot)scurity impends wliieh 
 it is hij^hly adviuituifeous to have removed. No appointed 
 (hiys invite the attendance of medical men in connection with 
 the institution ; no puolished repoits inform the public of the 
 number of tho-.e who have been restored to their friends, cured 
 of tlieir diseases ov healed of their infirmities; the jiassinj^ l>ier 
 alone aft'ord.s a melancholy proof that the institution still exists 
 in active operation. 
 
 "V. Jicsolred, — That a respectful application be made to the 
 Lieutenp^nt-Governor of this Province, requesting,' information 
 upon the foUowinf^ points: The Original Constitution of the 
 Idospical, the luimber and mode of election of the medical 
 attendants, whether there exists a Board of Control. If so, of 
 wliom composed ; whether a periodical statement of patients 
 admitted, their ailments, treatment, recovery or death, is sul)- 
 nuttcd to the Lieutenant-Governor or any board authorized to 
 receive or demand such statement. 
 
 " VI. Required, — That it is the opinion of this meeting that 
 the Medical Board of this city, consisting as it does, for the 
 most part, of members who, from the remoteness of their ntsi- 
 dences and being devoted to other pursuits, cannot attend to 
 the important duties intrusted to them, 
 
 " Vn. Resolved, — That it is contrary to tlie practice in other 
 countries and manifestly inexpedient, tliat fivo or f./iree medical 
 practitioners holding their inquisition in utter darkness should 
 have from year to year the power of ^pronouncing withoiU 
 ajypeal, on the professional merit of their own pupils, or those 
 of others with whom they may possibly be at variance. 
 
 " VIII. Resolved, — That a respectful petition be presented to 
 the Lieutenant-Governor, praying him to introduce such changes 
 into the constitution of the Medical Board as may seem to His 
 Excellency best calculated to restore to it the confidence of the 
 medical men of this country, and of tho.se who are to submit 
 to their decision, their future prospects in life. 
 
 " IX. Resolved, — That an immediate application be made to 
 
S8 The Medical Profession in 
 
 the Provincial Ii(';L,nHlaturo to extend to tlie Lic(.>ntiate.s of the 
 Colle<ije.s of Surj,'eon.s of Dublin, Eilinl)ur^h and Glasirow, those 
 privileiifes which thoy have already conceded to that of London 
 — making thereby an invidious distinction insulting to those 
 colleges, and to the countries to which they belong. 
 
 " Wm. C. Gwynne, Chairman. 
 Wm. Rees, Secretary." 
 
 Dissatisfaction with the Medical Board and the Executive 
 authority still further manifested itself by the following 
 editorial remarks. How far they were in accordance with facts 
 we are not in a position to judge. Of course, jealousy and 
 intrigue are not confined to any time or place : 
 
 "The Courier, March 5th, 18,S0 : By the last official Gazette 
 we observe that the Medical Board of the Province has been 
 re-organized and enlarged, and now consists of the following 
 gentlemen, viz., Drs. Widnier, Baldwin, Grant, Powell, Home, 
 Sampson, Deihl, King, Rolph, Ridley, Stratford, C. Duncombe, 
 Harnley, Latham, Winder, O'Brien and Morrison ; the first 
 eleven gentlemen being the members of the former Board, and 
 the latter live being new members added thereto by the present 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 " We think that an addition to the number of members 
 residing in the capital is a proper measure, as the duties of the 
 Medical Board had, for some time past, devolved on three or 
 four gentlemen only ; bat His Excellency, we think, has not 
 been very happy in the selection of those additional members." 
 The article goes on to .say that Dr. Gwynne should have been 
 the first in selection. The following tribute is paid to Dr. 
 Gwynne : " It is commonly known in this neighbourhood that 
 Dr. Gwynne's professional attainments, talents, practice and 
 pei'sonal character and weight in society, are equal to those of 
 any of the gentlemen who constitute the Medical Board ; while 
 those qualifications are greatly superior (as admitted even by 
 themselves) to a majority of those who have just been added to 
 the Board." 
 
 " There are other medical gentlemen in town whose claims 
 to the appointment in question are also admitted to be very 
 superior to those of some of the gentlemen who have now 
 
UiM'KK Canada, 1H30-37. S9 
 
 been iuMo«l to the IJoard ; we allude to Dr. Ki,'hii, ])r Telt'er 
 ainl others. Who would think of coini)ariii;^ Dr. Winder or 
 Dr. Latliaiii with Dr. Ciwytuie, or indeed, either of these {gentle- 
 men whom we have named as l)ein<»' left out. The first time 
 the existence of such a person as Dr. Winder was known to 
 ninety-nine-hundredths of the city was the appoaraiice of his 
 name in the last otKcial GftzeUe, whilG the other (gentleman (Dr. 
 Latham) i.s understood to be on the eve of emi<^ratiii^ to Texas, 
 there to take up his resilience, and which i^'ontleman is himself 
 (liiite astonished at his ap[)ointn)ent to the Medical Jioard of 
 Upper Canada, and is ascribed to motivcis which we will not 
 Ju.st now njention. 
 
 " We have alluded to the secret spring's of intrii^ue.s which 
 have evidently been employed to effect the proscription of the 
 lifentlemen in question ; particularly of Dr. Gwynne, towanla 
 whom great professional jealousy and envy are known to have 
 been long entertained by certain medical practitioners — one of 
 whom ha.s very recently been elevated to the Executive Council 
 — and it is to the influence of the secret intrigues in question 
 that the exclusion of Drs. Owynne, Egan, etc., and the appoint- 
 ment of persons of inferior professional (lualifications is now 
 universally ascribed." 
 
 CHAPTEK XI. 
 
 CONCKRNIN(! KINCJ'S COLLKGK. 
 
 TOTIONTO, January, 1837. — Present : Widmer, Deihl, 
 O'Brien, Hornby and Rolph. James Campbell, M.D., 
 of Kingston, from University of Burlington, Vermont, and 
 Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery of Lower Canada, passed. 
 One w^as rejected. 
 
 April, 1837. — Present: Widmer, Rolph, Deihl, King and 
 Hornby. Thomas Chamberlain, of Bath, passed his examina- 
 tion in physic and surgery only. Two were rejected. 
 
 July, 1837. — Present: Widmer, King, Deihl, Rolph and 
 Hornby, John Turquand, of Toronto ; Robert McLean, of 
 
 7 
 
1)0 The Mkdical I'iiokession in 
 
 Kini^ston, received cortiticates. Three rcjcjctcd. Some of thoso 
 rejected had been .students at Fiiirlield (!)()llo(;e. 
 
 Awjant 8, 1837. — The inemhor.s of the Medical lioard met 
 this day to take into consideration the interests of the medical 
 profession involved in the; proceeding,' of the Council of Kind's 
 Colleije, lately made public, re^nirdini^ the university. 
 
 Present: C. VVidmer, President; Dr. Baldwin, Dr. il(;rnby, 
 Dr. Kin<j and Dr. Kolph. " It was moved by Dr. iioli)h ati«i 
 seconded by Dr. Hornby, that a committee consistin;^ of DrH. 
 Kin((, Hornby, Baldwin and O'Brien, be ap])ointed to draw up 
 resolutions regardinj^ the constitution of tiie Council of Kin;,''H 
 Colle<^e, and other matters connected with the interests of the 
 medical profession, and that the Committee be retjuested to 
 report on Thursday next at 12 o'clock." 
 
 Aiufust 10, 1837. — The members present at thi.'i meetinj^ 
 were: C. Widmer, President; Drs. Baldwin, Deihl, Home, 
 King, Hornby, Morrison and Rolph. 
 
 " The Committee appointed to draw up resolutions reportcsd 
 the following : 
 
 " 1st. Resolved, — That, by the Charter of the University of 
 King's College it was intended to provide for ' the Education, 
 and [nstruction of Youth and Students in Arts and Faculties.' 
 Carried. Dr. Deihl di.ssenting because the (Charter provides 
 accordingly. 
 
 " 2nd. Resolved, — That the usefulness of such an institution 
 in an eminent degree consists of preparing those youths who 
 have already received an elementary education for the practical 
 discharge of the duties of the learned professions. Carried. 
 
 " 3rd. Resolved, — That of those professions, the healing art 
 has at all times been justly ranked amonr^the most honourable, 
 the most learned and the most useful. Carried. 
 
 " 4th. Resolved, — That tlie members of the Medical Board 
 have n;:)ticed with surprise and regret that in the composition of 
 the Council of the University of King's College there is not, 
 since the necessary retirement of Messrs. Powell and Widmer, 
 one member of the medical profession to guard and advance its 
 interests, although it is evident that this department will fur- 
 
Ui'PEU Canaiu, 18^7. 91 
 
 iiish a larjfe proportion of the .students at the Univer.sity .should 
 it be provided with teachers of acknowledged talent. Carried. 
 " It was ordered that the Secretary do encUise a copy of the 
 foregoinjj resolutions to Mr. Secretary Joseph, for the informa- 
 tion of His Excellency, as Chancellor of the Univensity of 
 Upper Caiunhi. 
 
 " Medicai. Board, U.C, 
 
 "Toronto, 22nd AiKjast, 1837. 
 
 " Sir, — 1 have the honour to transmit to you, for the informa- 
 tion of His Excellency the Chancellor of the Univer.sity of 
 King'.s College, a resolution passed at a meeting of the uietnberM 
 of the Me<lical Board, on the 10th inst. 
 
 " Resolved, — That the President of the Medical Board be re- 
 (juested to obtain from His Excellency, the Chancellor of the 
 University of King's College, U.C, information respecting the 
 arrangements which have been and are intended to be made for 
 the organization of the Medical Department. 
 
 " In performing the duty assigned to me by the foregoing 
 resolution, I am induced to represent to His Excellency the 
 anxiety M'ith which the members of the medical profession 
 throughout the Province are waiting for the development 
 of an ett'ective plan of medical instruction for the numer- 
 ous class of students within it; and here, long from causes 
 perhaps unavoidable, the first claims of these young men to 
 participate in the benefits of the University, have been dela3'ed. 
 
 "The Medical Board having been in frequent correspondence 
 with His Excellency's predeccs.sor, Sir John Colborne, on the 
 subject of estaljlishing a school of medicine in anticipation of 
 the opening of the Univer.sity, I am enabled to state that Sir 
 John was strongly impressed with the imperious necessity of 
 preventing so many youths of the Province from resorting to a 
 foreign country for the mean.s of instruction, where their early 
 political principles were exposed to an influence not likely to 
 prove advantageous to themselves or their country. 
 
 " Now that the period is at hand when the most important 
 and beneficient results may be derived from the operations of 
 King's College, it becomes the duty of the Medical Board to 
 afford all the aid which their experience may enable them to 
 
02 The Mkoical Puokkhsion in 
 
 fjivo, in f»irtluM'anc(» of the c;<)iii|)l«>ti()n of such a plan of profos- 
 sionnl education as shall ensure to tlio nuMlical students of the 
 I'rovince all the advantai^'es that a University can l)estow ; 
 and that shall bo so attractive to the puhlic generally as to in- 
 vite not only the Canadians as aspirants to professional honour, 
 but the medical students of all the North American provinces 
 and even of neighbourinL? Stati'sof the Union. These results, if 
 an (^nlarn^ed and liberal course of professional instruction be 
 a(h)pted, will no doubt be realized — for it is a fact tluit no 
 utiiversity enjoyin«j^ a desirable celebrity for medical education 
 exists north of Piiiladelphia ; it may therefore be reasonably 
 expected that if the Meilical Faculty of Kinj^'s Collef];e is estab- 
 lished on a footing of respectability, it will be thronged with 
 students. 
 
 " The members of the Medical Board, I am warranted in 
 declaring, are actuated solely in this conmiunication to His 
 Excellency the Chancellor, by a desire to obtain such informa- 
 tion as may enable them to correct, if necessar}-, any erroneous 
 views that nmy be taken by those whose ollicial duty it is Ije- 
 come to nuvke the arrangement for the Medical Department of 
 
 King's College. 
 
 " (Signed) C. WiDMEli, President." 
 
 " Medical Board, 
 
 "August 28th, 1837. 
 " Copy of a letter in reply to the letter of the President 
 of the Medical Board from His Excel ency the Lieutenant- 
 Governor's Civil Secretary, received this day, concerning the 
 arrangements and appointments made and about to be made 
 in the Council of the University of the King's College : 
 
 " Government House, 
 
 "August 2Cyth, 1837. 
 " Sir, — Having laid before His Excellency the Lieutenant- 
 Governor your letter of 22nd inst., I have the honour by His 
 Excellency's command to inform you, that in compliance with 
 the wish expressed by the Resolution passed at a meeting of 
 the members of the Medical Board, His Excellency will always 
 be happy to communicate to the President of the Medical Board, 
 
Uppek Canada, isn7. 9:{ 
 
 iiiiy information which the lioiird may (hfsiro rcspcctinj^ such 
 iina!i<,'ctn('nts ns may liiivo heon made hy the Kinij;'s (■olle^'c! 
 ( 'oiiiicii tor thf ori^'ani/iitioii oF the Mt^dical Department. 
 
 " I have the, honour to hi', etc., 
 
 " (Siijned) .1. JOHKPIC." 
 
 Ovtolwr, IS;i7- — i'resent: Widiner, Kiiii,', Ilolph, Morrison, 
 |)uncoml)e, Deild and Hornh^'. One caiididatu was rejected. 
 Tlie lioard pas.scd tlio foUowin;^: 
 
 " llvHolved, — That the Medical Moard have heen anxiously 
 expectinj^ the information desiri'd hy their resolution of the 10th 
 Au<;iist from His Kxcellency tiie (Chancellor of the University 
 of Kind's (/olle_i,^e, and as the applications from the McMlical 
 Students of the Province to the Mend)ers of the Hoard are 
 fre((uent and ur«^tMit foi' the establishment of a public institu- 
 tion for their instruction in medicine, that the lioard, through 
 their President, do again respectfully renew their application 
 fur such infornuition. 
 
 "(Signed) C. Widmkh, /'/Y'.si(/c»/. 
 
 W. W. Baldwin, M.l). R. V.. Hounk. 
 
 Petkk l)Kinr,. John King, M.O. 
 
 Cmas. Duncomhe. Rout Mohnmy, M.D. 
 
 I). MoumsoN. John Roij'H." 
 
 "The following letter was received this day in reply to the 
 above resolution from Mr. Secretary Joseph, achlre.ssed to the 
 Secretary of the Medical Board, 14th October, IS,S7: 
 
 " UOVKUNMENT IIOUSE, 
 
 ''October 13th, 1.S37. 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of 
 your letter of yesterday's date, transmitting a copy of a Reso- 
 lution passed at a meeting of the Medical Board on the 7th 
 inst, and having laid the same before the Lieutenant-Governor, 
 I am directed l)y His Excellency t'v refer you to the letter 
 which, on the 2()th August, I had the honour by His Excel- 
 lency's commands to address to the President of the Medical 
 Board, expressing His Excellency's readiness at all times to 
 communicate to the President any information which may be 
 
9i TlIK MkDK.'AI, I'ilOFESHlON IN 
 
 iltwired rospoctiniif such arraiifjements hh may havo l)eon ina<h» 
 by tlio Kiiiif'.s ('ollc^t! Council for tlic orj^iiui/atioti of th« 
 Medical J)('paitiuent. 
 
 "His Excellency, however, is not aware that any arrango- 
 n»ents for that object hav(> yet hetsn nuulo. 
 
 " Hi.s JOx(!('lIency further directs nio to state that any infor- 
 mation or nu<if<,'estions which the M(Mlical Board may deem it 
 advisable to lay before him, he will receive with attentive 
 consideration, and will lose no time in communicatinj,' to the 
 Collude C'ouncil. 
 
 " I have the iionour, etc., 
 
 "(Si^med) .1. .JosF.i'H." 
 
 Or/o/>r/' 24. I H.'}?.— Present: C. Widmer, President : Drs Bald- 
 win, Rolph an<l Kifip;, 
 
 Dr. Kin^ stated to the Board that he, in conjtinction with 
 the President, had been sent for by J I is Excellency the (Jhan- 
 cellor, who, in conversation, stated that if a case stronj^ cnou<j;h 
 to convi'ico him of the necessity of establishinfr a course of 
 medical instruction before the jifeneral operations of Kind's 
 College were commenced, W(!re presented to him, His l<]xcellency 
 would feel it to be his duty to take the same into his serious 
 consideration. 
 
 It was then moved by Dr. Rolph, and seconded by the 
 President, that Dr. Baldwin and Dr, Kinj; bo a committee to 
 draw up a representation on the foregoing subject and submit 
 it to the Board on Tuesday next. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 RECOMMKNDATION TO KOKM .MKDIC.XL F.ACULTY. 
 
 TORONTO, November 2, 18.S7.— Present : C. Widmer, Presi- 
 dent; Drs. Baldwin, Deihl, King, Rolph and Hornby. 
 Dr. Baldwin, of the Conunittee, read a report to His Excellency 
 the Chancellor of King's College, for the consideration of the 
 Board. The Ijoard unanimously adopted the report and ordered 
 it to be engrossed and transmitted to His Excellency. 
 
Upi'EU Canada, 1SM7. 95 
 
 " Medical Hoaiu*. 
 
 " Novemhcr Vlth, IH.'{7. 
 
 " SlU, — At a Mpcf'lii! rnot'tiu;^ of tlio rnt'inlxTs of tho Mitlioal 
 Hoard, c«)nvoi\(M| l»y tlm I'rt'sidont on tlir '2\u\ itiHt,, pr(>scMt: 
 Tlio I'rt si(l(M»t, Drs. IJnldwin, Doihl, Kinif, llolpli, lloniliy and 
 Morrison — Dr. Kin^ itit'ornuMl tlu; ujcmiImth prosont ' that His 
 Kxccllcncy the Jiicutcnant-C^ovornor (throiii^di liis socretary) 
 re(iu<'.st<'d tlio att(!ndanc(} of tlio I'n'sidont (Dr. Widnu^r) and 
 hirn.solf at (lovt'inin<!nt Honsir ; that thoy accordin^dy had tho 
 honour of waitinj; Ujion Ifis Kxcolhincy, and dnritiL,' tlioir inter- 
 view His K.\ 00 Money was ph^asiMl to say that " if tho Mcilical 
 iJoard could niak't^ out a case sulliciontly stron<^ to oonvinco him 
 of tho necessity of ostal)lishin<; at (jnco a niodical faculty in 
 King's (.'olioj^e, ho would take the matter into his .soriouH con- 
 sideration." ' 
 
 " I have tho honour, by order of the Hoard, to inclose you, 
 
 for the information of Mis KxcoUoncy the Chanecllor, ' a case ' 
 
 (ropresontin_L,' tho present states of the medi(!al profession in this 
 
 Province with their claims, etc., etc., etc.,) whit^h was unr.ni- 
 
 mously a,<^reed upon in behalf of the Roan! i»y the members 
 
 present. 
 
 " I have the honour to conclude. Sir, 
 
 " VAc, etc., 
 
 "F. WihKiNhON, Secretary. 
 " To John JosEi'ti, Khii, 
 " l*:tc., etc., etc." 
 
 « 
 " Mai/ it please, Vour Excellency. 
 
 " In answer to their communication of the 7th October, the 
 Medical Board have been honoured by a reply throunrh Your 
 Excellency's Secretary, repeatinf^ the assurance of your willinj^- 
 ness to receive their sui^gestions on the subject of a medical 
 faculty to be formed in the now University of King's College. 
 
 " The Board will not doubt this willingne.ss, not only in respect 
 to Your Excellency's assurances, but also because the matter of 
 this correspondence is of deep public interest. Under those 
 circumstances, and as incidental to the duty of a public body 
 invested by the law of the Province, during its infancy (as it 
 
06 'I'lIK MkDICAI, ruOKKMSloN IN 
 
 w«T«>). with tlic ;,'uanliiit\Hlii|) of tln« iii(«<liciil profession iini! 
 pnicticM-, tlir Mt'ilicul |loiii-<| ('«><>! tliciiist'lvcs iiii|ii't'iott.sly calltMl 
 uii to ri'|i(>at to \'oiii- lv\('i'll(!iu;y, luit with some luitpiilii'iitioii, 
 their views on the nuI ject. 
 
 " In the first {)la('e, thd'eforo, preniisin;,', with (hio deftTenco 
 to N'oiir I'iXceHency, that howovor ethiciition ajul prot'c-ssional 
 reputation ini^^ht natnrull}', and witiiout eall for ap()h><{y, inducts 
 the Hoard to hope that, in tlie appitintnientof Moniu of its mum- 
 liers to professorships in the Medical Depaitini'nt of this Uni- 
 versity, to \'onr I'lxcelh'ney as Chariceilor vvonM have hetai 
 conceded tlie opportnnity of ;^ivin;^ some wortliy testimonial of 
 pnhlic ^'ratituth; to those ;fentlemen who not only discharge the 
 (lutioH of the llv)ard, consistiiii,' (»f minnti; sci<'ntific and practical 
 examination of medical candidates, and occn|»yini;' a lari,'e poi-- 
 tion of valnalile time without any atlecpnite rennuier.ition, hut 
 who also most humanely and }j;rMtuitously attended the j;eneral 
 liospital in this city, it may he said from its very foundation to 
 the present moment. Y^et, as no su^'L,'estion of this nature 
 appeared in the previous connnunicutions of the Hoard with 
 Your Excellency, it is witii some de<^'reo (d' sur})rise that they 
 now have occasion to ohserve themselves called upon 'to make 
 out a case sulliciently stronoj to convince Your Excellency of tin? 
 necessity of estahlishinij at once the medical faculty in Kind's 
 Collef^e,' as if private interiist alone dictated their interference. 
 
 "The Roard trusts this could not have been so meant, inas- 
 mucli as no case can he offered to N'our Excellency, hut that of 
 tlie public interests of the community throu<j;hout the J'rovineo 
 without exception of persons, place, condition of life, reli<^ion 
 or politics. The people of the Province, like mankind •gener- 
 ally, are subject to all the variety of disease, accident and their 
 cons(!(|uences; all in tlieir turn receive their share of pain and 
 angui.sh, to aasua<,'e or remove which is the object of the phy- 
 sician's and sur'geon's united science and skill, and thus it is 
 tliat if there be any one object of human knowledj^o of more 
 importance to society than another, it is that of the healin<( 
 art. The Board means not to deny the value of moral and 
 religious instruction, nor to take from general .science its just 
 praise; but being called on 'to make out a case,' the Board 
 are constrained to bi-ing before Your Excellency's consideration 
 
Upi'ku Canada, IH.tT. 07 
 
 the rolntivit position which thi- wants ol" thr pultlii' i^'ivi- to tin* 
 rt'Mpt'ctivn (h'ptirtint'iUs of ctUicution ut th«> prornisiMl univ«'r- 
 sity, thn nicjins of which iifc pn'smt (us it is suid) nvv unofpml 
 to thu coiiiph^tM or^^iiiii/iitioii of thi< whole. 
 
 "The prior cltiini of •< ".olical dt'purtnu'nt rests not merely in 
 the p'nenil interests o. tno coinniiinity, us Itel'ore very l»rie(ly 
 nientior>e<l, hut on iniiny otiici^ eiretiinstarjicM, ot' wliieli the 
 followinj^' shduM t'liirly he wei^'hed well witli it; 
 
 " 1st. Thiib tile nionil (Mlueatioti of yontli, iilways in ii jiu'i^c 
 tlcj^ree hUpplietj hy tjje care wlii(^li parents most jL^enenilly I'ecl 
 and tai<e in the direction ol' tin-ir ehilchi^n's principles and 
 conduct, is t'ln'thcr promoted hy tlie reli;;ious supervision and 
 preaclun^ ol' tho numerous pastors ciiosisn or appointiMJ to the 
 various con;,'rej;ations of (!hristians tlirou^^diout the I'roviu'e, 
 to which may lie ad(h'(l, that the prosperous pro;,'ri!ss of the 
 Hppcr (yanada Colh-ire and (as it leay he hoped) the imj)rovin^ 
 course of the district and common schools, all conspire not 
 only to etdar'^'e the sphere of moral and reli^dous educatioit, 
 hut also hy a v«!ry favourahle foiuulation for litc^'ature, the 
 profession of tho law, too, is lar;,'ely provided for, and thus, 
 while morals, ntli^ion, lit(Tature and law are ^'reatly, if not 
 ade(|Uately provided for, njedical education may l)e sui<l to he 
 totally (lisrej,'arded in this Province; truly some nuMJical f,'en- 
 thiinen (to their honour he it mentioned) do i;iv(! instruction 
 to thoir own pupils, yt-t they ivv.\ and complain of tho defi- 
 ciency of ade(|uate means, means heyond their reach, and 
 which nothinj^r can supply Itut the appropriate institution of a 
 university. 
 
 " 2nd. The rising youtli whose parents are able and desirou.s 
 of devotinfj their sons to this useful and lionourahle profession 
 are ilebarred by the apprehension of sacrilicinj; their time and 
 talents to a pursuit for the honours of which they cannot be 
 fitted witliin tlie Province. Some, therefore, have been sent to 
 (Jreat Britain and Lower Canada, many to Pliiladelpliia, New 
 York, Fairfield, and other Colleges of the neifjhbouring States, 
 there to procure even partially what is denied them here alto- 
 gether; and from these seminaries they often return unquali- 
 fied. How grievous, then, is the injustice to them and their 
 parents in the unavoidable r<>jection to which they are often 
 
98 The Medical Puofersion in 
 
 exposed in their examination.s before the Medical Board — rejec- 
 tions very .seldom induced liy want of talent or assiduity, but 
 by the lamentable want of .soino collofjiato institution suited to 
 the great objects of medical science. Well may these candi- 
 dates say of the Board, ''Tis cruel to reject us for ignorance 
 when you supply us not with the sources of knowledge,' to 
 which the ]>oard can as well^reply, 'The law has imposed 
 upon us (till hotter establishments be formed) the duty of pro- 
 tecting the lives and health of the public from the desolation 
 and plunder of empiricism ' — and this can only be done by 
 rejecting at the Board all the unqualified. Ho sensible of this 
 was Your Excellency's late predecessor, Sir John Colborno, that 
 he frequently called upon the Board to attend him in consul- 
 tations on this subject, and more than once on these occasions 
 assured the Board that he 'saw that a medical school could 
 not V»e delayed without manifest injury to the Province,' and 
 intimated fretjuently his readiness to appoint professors imme- 
 diately, but the confirmation of the charter having been sus- 
 pended for causes not here necessary to be alluded to, he was 
 unable to carry his intentions into effect. 
 
 " f3rd. Witli a view to the private hopes and interests of medi- 
 cal students, it is fair to state that the establishment of a 
 medical faculty in a university in this Province would afford 
 the student of physic the great advantage of allowance of time 
 in foreign universities, not only in England, but in the con- 
 tinent of Europe, where very probably most of those who could 
 afford the expense would wush to resort for one or two years 
 though unwilling to subject their parents to the expense of 
 an entire education abroad. 
 
 " One or two years' study in those universities where numer- 
 ous hospitals attended by the most eminent men of the 
 profession afford a source of instruction unattainable on this 
 side of the Atlantic ; this advantage the student cannot attain 
 by attendance on mere lectures, however able to instruct. 
 
 " The Medical Board cannot think it necessary to spread 
 before Your Excellency any further the circumstances of 
 interest and importance that envelop the consideration of this 
 subject ; and yet after all, notwithstanding the public demand 
 for a medical school in a provincial university ; notwithstanding 
 
UiM'KK Canada, is.ST. 99 
 
 the lively hop(;.s of .students and purents in tli(> piiltlic ivnnounce- 
 inent of Kiiij^'H (Jolle;j[e ('hnrter ; iiotwitlistandiTi"^ the late 
 Lieut.-Governor's conviction of the r.\eco,sHity and his approba- 
 tion of a prompt establishment of an ade(juate medical school ; 
 this Board (forhearin;:; to express the extent of their surprise) 
 fear they discover an intention of ])ostp<)nin^' this necessary 
 <lepartm(;nt of the university to objects of njinor importance, 
 or, if not of minor importance, at least of far less urt^ency as 
 to priority of commencement, and as called upon 'to make out 
 a case' the Board take the liberty for Your Excellency's infor- 
 mation, of advertin<^ to a printed paper which appeared about 
 April last purportinj^ to be a plan or arranfrements of the 
 several departments of science in Kin<;'s Collo<j;e ; shortly, 
 however, after its appearance, it was mentioned with some sort 
 of mysterious reserve amonj^st those who ventured to speak of 
 it, tliat it was to underi];o some new modification ; the Board 
 therefore on the occasion of re([uestin<^ Vour Excellency as 
 Chancellor to inform them of the arrangements, if any had 
 been made, forbore every allusion to that paper ; as obviously 
 just towards the college authorities, to this hour, nevertheless, 
 the Medical Board are uninformed of any determinate plan 
 adopted, or to be adopted by the College Council as regards a 
 medical faculty therein ; and it is therefore still left to the 
 Board to ask Youf P]xcellency as Chancellor if it be possible 
 that nothing is as yet done ? In the meantime, while unin- 
 formed, in order to make out the case required the Board can 
 only revert to the printed paper before mentioned ; by which 
 it would appear to have been proposed that professorships or 
 lectureships should be established in the following branches of 
 science and literature, viz.: 
 
 " 1st. Classical and Modern Literature — two professors. 
 
 " 2nd. Medical Physics — two professors. 
 
 " 3rd. Medical Mental Philosophy — one professor (the 
 President), 
 
 " 4th. Medical Theolog}^ — in abeyance. 
 
 " oth. Medical Jurisprudence — one lecturer (no professor). 
 One Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 " 6th. Medicine — (subservient to other departments as well as 
 medicine) and three lecturers. 
 
100 TiiK Mkdical Profession in 
 
 " 'I'lius tlu^ medical tlcpartiuont, last as l(>ast in the estimation 
 of this extraonlinniy jn'oposal, was to Iteail concentrate<l in ono 
 ciiair to be filled by a Professor ot' Chemistry (sub-tervient to 
 other objects as well as medicine), fuinishcd, as it wore, with 
 out-door servants under the appellation of lecturers. How does 
 it happen that thus in Upper Clanaihi, Mcsdical Science, of such 
 universal interest that every imiividual of the conniiunity must 
 experience its bane or blessinfj accordin<^ to its imrbaiism or its 
 culture, should be so degraded, and the tenderest symjiathies 
 of human nature so outra^'ed ; a Professor of Chenustry 
 forsooth i ! ! with out-door lecturers in medicine, sur^'ery and 
 anatomy ; Your Excellency surely knows that a Professor of 
 Chemistry may be very little versant in the most necessary 
 branches of medicine, — nay, if the professor be a chemist 
 worthy of tiie chair, it is next to impossible tiiat he shouUl 
 bo capable of commencin;^^ medical instruction ; this it may be 
 answered is not intended ; if so, then it nMuains manifest that 
 tlie object of the anani^ement in the ])rinted ))ai)er was to 
 exclude a medical professor from the Colleife Council. (See note 
 in the Appendix.) How then, it may be asked, can it be 
 po.ssible for a Council composed of men alto<jfether ignorant of 
 medicine and its manifold scientific sub-divisions, to make 
 suitable arrani^ements for medical classes, or distribute the 
 courses between the lecturers ; moreover, first attempts will 
 unavoidably be found more or less faulty ; time only can 
 mature a smooth workinj^j of the whole; during such time, 
 who are to direct the out-door servants ? The printed paper in 
 effect, answers : men ignorant of the work :.\ their servants' 
 hands. 
 
 '• What dissatisfaction may be anticipated to arise between 
 masters and servants — the Council and their lecturers ! What 
 disjjust with the pupils ! What despair with parents ! Finally, 
 what degradation will await this highly necessary and honour- 
 able profession by such ill-judged measures ? If there be at 
 present in the Province any gentleman legitimately honoured 
 with the profession and fitted for the task, willing to accept 
 the office of an out-door lecturer, the Board can only regret it 
 for the sake of the profession and the public at large. Very 
 true it is, that most of the large cities having universities have 
 
[JvvKii Canada, 1S37. 101 
 
 also indepoinlciit li-cturiM-s, hi^lily Icarni'd ami hotiouniblo iiit'ii, 
 nriil (Iciivinj' jin lu'iiourahlc ri'Wfird from their useful labours ; 
 Itut these leurned men, however able and vvortliy, cannot confer 
 the honours nor the privilej^'es of a faculty in a university. 
 Finally, the Hoard respectfully bej,' leave to ur<,'e upon Your 
 Excellency's consideration as Cliancellor, the ciyni-; want of 
 the Province^ and the paramount importance of maki'i<j^ the 
 medical faculty a proiiiinent tVature of Kinj^'s College ivt its 
 very commencement. Such (. faculty cannot well l)e imapfined 
 to exist or bo formed with k'ss than six professors. The Board 
 sug<,'est the followinj; : 
 " I. — Anatoniy. 
 
 " II. — Materia Medica and Pharmacy. 
 "III. — Practice of Physic and Medical Pathology. 
 " IV.— Chemistry. 
 " V. — Principles and Practice of Surgery and Surgical 
 Pathology. 
 
 " V^I. — Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children. 
 " These six may be considered the most necessary to be at 
 once establislied ; and it will also be necessary for each of these 
 professors to lecture on one or otlier of the following subjects 
 until the university should afford the expen.se of .separate pro- 
 fe.s.sorships therein, that is to say. Botany, Medical Jurispru- 
 dence, Institutes of Medicine, Natural History, Clinical Medi- 
 cine, Clinical Surgery. 
 
 " Of the professors forming the faculty of medicine in the 
 university, two at least .'>hould belong to the College Council, 
 where their presence and a knowledge of their proper duties 
 will enable the Council safely to devise and arrange all matters 
 connected with the interests of the Medical School. It is very 
 far from the intention of the Medical Board to recommend to 
 Your Excellency's consideration anything unreasonable or im- 
 practicable. If the funds at present at the disposal of the 
 College Council recjuire a narrower sphere in the commencement 
 of the institution, surely the requisite construction should not 
 be such as totally to exclude the profession most required by 
 the comnuinity. With a view to tho narrow finances of the 
 King's College, the Board, respeetfuliy submit to Your Excel- 
 lency that thera can be no reasonable objection raised to the 
 
102 TiiK MEr)i(;AL Puofession in 
 
 hirinj,' of apiirtinents in the city for the delivery of medical 
 lectures. Tliis course is fretjuently taken in tlie uf.iversities of 
 Eur()j)e, as Your J'iXce''ency without doubt well knows, and 
 even in Dublin at this day the university uttbrds acconnnodation 
 only to three of the medical professors, the others lecture in Sir 
 I'atrick Duim's Hospital. 
 
 "liefore closin^jf the case to Your Excellency, the Board have 
 directed an examination of their records to be nuide as to the 
 nmnber (jf medical candidates presenting' themselves for adnds- 
 sions,and the proportion lejected for the causes above i>xplained; 
 and by this it ap|)ears that since the year LS.SO, down to the 
 last term inclusive of both, the number presenting; themselves 
 were one hundred and sixty-four, of whom sixty-four were 
 rejected ; for a detail of which they respectfully refer Your 
 Excellency to the statement in the appendix annexed. Thus 
 Yo ir Excellency will be enabled in some dej^ree to measure the 
 magnitude of the evil inflicted on the students, and the still 
 more painful evil on the community at lar<;e by admission of 
 candidates but partially educated. 
 
 " Trustin*; that they have sufficiently, if nc^t as amply as the 
 subject admits, made out the case required, the Medical Board 
 have the honour to submit this their view of it to Your Excel- 
 lency's consideration ; and the njembers present in behalf of 
 the Board beg leave to subscribe themselves, 
 
 "Your Excellency's Most Obedient Servants, 
 
 "C. WiDMER, Preside It t. 
 
 W. VV. Baldwin, M.I). John Rolph. 
 
 Peter Deihl. Robert Hornby, M.T). 
 
 JoHN Kino, M.I). T. D. Morrison." 
 
 " Appendix. 
 
 " Note 1. — And that the members of the College Council, in- 
 cluding the Chancellor and President, shall be twelve in number, 
 of whom the speakers of the two Houses of the Legislature of 
 the Province, and His Majesty's Attorney and Solicitor -General 
 for the time being shall be four, and the remainder shall consist 
 of the Jive senior professors of Arts and Faculties of said Col- 
 lege, and the Principal of minor or Upper Canada College (see 
 
UiTEU Canada, \hV. \0'.i 
 
 an Act to amend the CyMmrtcu- of tin; Univfrsity of Kiiij^'s Col- 
 loi^e). 
 
 '• Total iiuiiil)or of camlidatos who pr(!sc'iiti'<l tlium.sclve.s vor 
 c;xaiiiiiiation since l.S.'}0 to tlio la.st term incliisivi;, 104; of whom 
 linally passed, 100; rejected, 04. 
 
 " Of the ()4 rejected, 7 wore rejected twice; 1 rejectotl thr«!0 
 times. 
 
 " Of tlie mimher passed at lir.st examination, H'A ; siicond ex- 
 amination, l.'); third examination, 2 ; total, 100. 
 
 " Of the 100 finally passed, ther'? were me iibers of Coli«!<TCh of 
 Sur<i;eonH of Duhlin, Kdinbur<;h, Olasyow u*id forei^qi universi- 
 ties, 04; Canadians, 'Mi ; total, 100. 
 
 "Of the ahove number, 2 passed for midwifery oidy ; 2 for 
 sur<,'ery, and 1 for physics and surgery. 
 
 " Of the lU) Canadians, not one was educiited in the Province 
 without resort to foreign institutions ; of the 64 rejected, 47 
 have not returned for examination, and consequently remain 
 unqualified, l»y reason of the deficient means of instruction in 
 the Province." 
 
 "GOVKRNMENT HoUSE, 
 
 " Novamher 17th, 18.'}7. 
 
 " Sir, — I am commanded by the Lieut.-Governor to inform 
 you that he has read with attention the report dated the 10th 
 inst, which has been addressed to him by the Medical Board, in 
 which it is stated ' that it is with .some degree of surprize that 
 they now have occa.sion to observe themselves called upon " to 
 make out a case sufficiently strong to convince Your Excellency 
 of the necessity of establishing at once the Medical Faculty in 
 King's College " as if private interest alone dictated their 
 interference.' As the assertion by the Medical Board of its 
 having been by the Lieut.-Governor ' called upon to make out 
 a case ' is several times repeated throughout the report, His 
 Excellency feels it necessary to inform the Board that in a 
 conversation which he had the pleasure to hold with Dr. Wid- 
 mer and Dr. King, he a.ssured those gentlemen how completely 
 he concurred with them in the propriety of giving every proper 
 encouragement to medical science in this Province — that he was 
 desirous to do so with as little delay as po.ssible — at the same 
 
104. The Mkdioal Puokkshion in 
 
 time Mis Kxctillciicy observed that it miu'lit l)o (luestioimhlo 
 whether it vvouhl not he for the interest of tlie Mediciil b'aculty 
 that it should dehiy connnencinj^' its operation until tlie other 
 hranches of the University were prepared to support it. 
 
 " His Excellency, however, observed to Dr. Widiner and Dr. 
 Kini^ tiiat he was ([uito disposiMJ to brint^ befoie the (JolleLjo 
 Coinicil any arrangements in favour of their obj -ct which the 
 Medical Doard nii<jht decini it advisable in writin<f to submit to 
 him. And His Excellency added that if tiie Medical Board 
 should succeed in makinj:^ out their case, he could assure them it 
 would be taken into serious consideration. The Jjieut.-Oover- 
 nor has now received tlie report of the Board, coupled, Hi.s 
 Excellency re<^rcts to observe, with animadversions on His Ex- 
 cellency's intentions, which His Excelhaicy <iesiros me to inform 
 you he cannot injustice to himself think of submittinj^ for the 
 consideration of the College C^Iouncil. 
 
 " His Excellency, however, desires me to inform you that, 
 should the scientilic matter of the repoit be divesttid of the un- 
 called-for observations to which I have alluded, His Excellency 
 will be happy to brinij the snf;f|^estions of the Medical Board 
 under the immediate consideration of the College Council. 
 
 " I have the honour to remain. Sir, 
 
 "Etc., etc., etc., 
 
 " (Signed) J. Joseph. 
 " F. Wilkinson, Esq., 
 
 " Secretary, Medical Board." 
 
 At a meeting of the Medical Board held on the 24th day of 
 November, 18:^7 (present: C. Widmer, President; W. W. Bald- 
 win, M.D. ; John King, M.D. ; Peter Deihl, John Rolph), the 
 following resolution was adopted : 
 
 Resolved,— T\\Q,i after His Excellency the Chancellor of 
 King's College had been pleased to intimate to Dr. Widmer 
 • and Dr. King, that if the Medical Board should succeed in 
 making out their case, he could assure them it should be taken 
 into .serious consideration ; the Medical Board proceeded to the 
 execution of that duty by their communication of the 12th 
 November, and should they in doing so have used any expres- 
 
Ui'i'Eu Canada, 18:{7-ns. 105 
 
 wions wliic.h, most coiitniry to their intentions, may ndtnit of u 
 construction tlioy cannot tluMusulvos (liscovt;r, imi)lyin;4 ani- 
 matl versions oi; Mis Kxeullency's intentions, they trust tho 
 piihhc interests wi;. not bo allowed to duller from such inad- 
 vert<nicy. 
 
 Thiw year an Act was passed <^rantin}4 ,C7r)0 in aid of tlio 
 Toronto Hospital. From Kin<:;ston a petition hy the cler<;y 
 was received, and otlier inliahitants, in which it was stated 
 that tile " heddiii'^, furniture, and store l>elon^nn<^ to the lios- 
 pital had been destroyed by lire, and statin;,' the necessity for 
 immediate furnishing anil littin^ up the new liospitai, and 
 praying for a grant of X')()0, wiiich ])etition was granted by 
 Act of ParUament. 
 
 January, IH'AS. — Present: Widuier, King and DeihI. No 
 business, 
 
 April, ISns. — Present: \Vi(hner, Deihl, King and IIornl)y. 
 Harvey Ross passed, " also Wm. Hope, from Kingston, appeared 
 with tickets of atttMulaneo on two courses of lectures nt Fair- 
 lield. He has been a pupil of Dr. Wm, Adaiiison, of Kingston, 
 and Dr. Samson, of the same place, for upwards of four years. 
 He passed a ver}' good examination "; also, George Hurnham, of 
 Port Hope, who had attended two courses at University of New 
 York, " George Gwynne Bird, a practitioner from England 
 of upwards of forty years, without tickets of any kind, gave 
 satisfaction," and received certificate. Two were rejected ; one 
 had two courses, tickets fi'om Fairfield and the Berkshire 
 Medical Institution, Massachusetts. 
 
 "April 11th, l.SJJS. — By command of His Excellency the 
 Lieut.-Governor, ihe uutlermentioned members of the Medical 
 Board of this Province proceeded to the examination of Jolin 
 Ryan, late of the Provincial Artillery Drivers, and make the 
 following report, viz.: 
 
 " That the said John Ryan was examined before the Medical 
 
 Board in April, 1822, in April, 1824, and in August, 1833, and 
 
 reported by the Board not to be disabled. That he has this 
 
 day been carefully examined by them, and they are of opinion 
 
 8 
 
^06 The Medical I'uofeshion in 
 
 tliat ho \h not incapahlo from oarninpf his livelihood by labour 
 in cuns((|uciicu of thu wound in his loot. 
 
 "(Sigm^d) C. WiMMFii. 
 
 John Kin(j, M.I). 
 KonKiiT HoiiNHY. M.D." 
 
 Jnli/, IH'.]H. — Present: Widtnor, Delhi, Hornby and Kinjy. 
 (i(M)rj.,'(! R. (Ira.ssett, of Andierstbur^', " liic.eritiatL' of iiower 
 Province, ample certificates and testimonials of a nijijular 
 course of education," passed. Win. M. Smith, Port llop(!, pupil 
 of ])r. G. M. Uidlcy, of Belleville, and M.I), of New V'ork, also 
 pas.sed. 
 
 October 1, \H',]H. — The followiiifj members of the l^oard mofc 
 this clay, vi/. : C. Widmer, Dr. Delhi, Dr. (Jwynne, Walter 
 Telfer, Esq. 
 
 "A new connni.ssion dated 25th ultimo having been received 
 by Dr. Widuier, and now produced, it is ordered to be read, and 
 the following i.s a copy thereof : 
 
 " lIi'PEK Canada. 
 
 " By His Excellency Sir George Arthur, Knight Commander 
 of tlie Royal Hanoverian Guelph Order, Lieut.-Governor of 
 the Province of Upper Canada, Major-General (commanding 
 Her Maje.sty's Forces, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 " To Christopher Widmer, Member of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons of London, and Staff-Surgeon on half pay of His 
 Majesty's forces ; William Warren Baldwin, Doctor of Medi- 
 cine, of the University of Edinburgh ; Robert C. Home, Mem- 
 ber of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, and late Assist.- 
 Surgeon of the Glengarry Regiment of Fencible Light In- 
 fantry ; James Sampson, late Assist.-Surgeon on half pay 
 of Her Majesty's forces ; Peter Deihl, meinber of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons in London ; John King, Doctor of Medi- 
 cine, of the University of Edinburgh ; George Neville Ridley, 
 Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in London ; Samuel 
 John Stratford, member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 
 London ; Robert Hornby, Doctor of Medicine, of the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh ; Lucius O'Brien, Doctor of Medicine, of the 
 University of Edinburgh, and Member of the Royal College of 
 
lIiM'KH Canada, IHMH. 107 
 
 Surgeons in Fiontloii ; VVilliaiii Dwr'u', A.ssiHt.-InM|)«cfcor of tho 
 Onlniuici' M<'(li(;al J)(![)nrtiii(!iit, on half pay; .loHoph Hamilton, 
 J)()ctor f)f McelicMtuj, of tiio University of Etlinhur^h ; Walter 
 Telfor, Siir^i'oti of the Itoyal ('olle^'o of Surj^'eons of K<lin- 
 bur^'h ; James Hamilton, Doctor of MedifMne, of the I'niviirsity 
 of hMinltury;h ; William C. Oywnno, Bachelor of Medicine, of 
 the University of Dublin, and Rol)ert Dou-^das Hamilton, late 
 Surgeon Royal Navy. 
 
 " Whereas in and by an Act of the I'arliament of this Prov- 
 ince;, j)assed in the lifty-ninth year of the roijifn of His Majiisty 
 Cieor!^n> II I., entitled 'An Act to repeal an Act passed in the 
 tifty-lifth year of His Majesty's naj^jn, entitled "An Act t(» 
 license practitioners in physic and surpjery throuj,'hout this 
 Province, and to make further provision for licensing such 
 practitioners," ' it in amon^ other thinpjs enacte<l tliat it shall 
 and may be lawful for tho Governor, Lieut-Ciovernor, or person 
 administerinj^ the f^overnment for the time bein^, to cotistitute 
 and appoint under his hand and seal five or more persons 
 le<];ally authorized to practise physic, surgery and midwifery 
 in this Province, to be a Board, whereof any tliree to be a 
 quorum, to hear and examine all persons desirous to apply for 
 a license to practise physic, surj^ury and midwifery or any of 
 them within this Province ; and beinfjf satisfied by such exam- 
 ination that any person is duly (jualiHed to practise pliysic, 
 surgery or midwifery, or any of them, to certify, as the case 
 may be, tho same, under the hands and seals of three or more 
 of such Board, in order that the person so applyinff may obtain 
 a license to practise as in the said Act is provided. 
 
 " Now know ye, that being well assured of your integrity 
 and ability, I do hereby, under and by virtue of the above- 
 mentioned Act, nominate, constitute and appoint you, the said 
 Christopher Widmer, William Warren Baldwin, Robert C. 
 Home, James Sampson, Peter Deihl, John King, George Neville 
 Ridley, Samuel John Stratford, Robert Hornby, Lucius O'Brien 
 William Durie, Joseph Hamilton, Walter Telfer, James Hamil- 
 ton, William C. Gwynne, and Robert Douglas Hamilton, to be 
 a Board, whereof any three of you are to form a quorum, to 
 hear and examine all persons desirous to apply for license to 
 practise physic, surgery and midwifery, or any of them, within 
 
108 TiiK Mkdicai, I'hokession in 
 
 ihiN I'rovincd, antl Ixmii^ Matisru'il l)y sucli ixaininiitioii tlitit 
 any perHon is duly i|urilitiu<i to pnictUu pliyNic, Niir^^ory ivixl 
 iiiiilwilVry, or any ol' tlu'in, to certify tin? muiiio uniicr tlu! Immls 
 Httii sriils of imy tliiiH) or mori! of you ; and, inoroovor, to do 
 ull Nucli nets iiiul tilings Its iiy virttio of tho Htiid Act sliall Ito 
 hy you to l)o donw ; to hiivo, to hold atid onjoy tho said ollicn 
 or commission mito you as aforo.snid during,' plcasim* and yo'T 
 rt'sidiMiRt) within this Province, to^^'otlifr with ail and tiVi^ry 
 tiio fi'cs, profits and a<lvanta^fcs tliorounto hcion^^in;,' and apper- 
 taining. 'riu!r(d)y unjoinin<.; you that you do mal<u at tlio 
 HuvtM'ai (hiys and at tho placo in tho said Act proviihtd thoro 
 and then, to do whatsoovor hy this comnussion and thu .said 
 Act .shall ho to ho dono. 
 
 " C»ivon undor my liand and oflicial s^-al at Tororito this 2r)t}i 
 day of Septombor, itiHH, and in tlio second year of I lor 
 
 MajoMty's roi^n. 
 
 "(Signed) (iEo. AiiTliuii, 
 
 " fAc lit. -Governor. 
 
 " Hy command of His Kxcolioncy. 
 
 "(Si.i,'no(l) Jno. Macaulay.' 
 
 "No candidate nppcarin<:f, tho Hoard then adjouriusd until 
 to-morrow at tho u.sual hour." 
 
 October 2. — Present: Dr. Kin<^, Dr. CJwynno, Peter Deihl 
 Esq., C. Widmer, Escj. 
 
 " Dr. King proposed, .seconded by Dr. Deihl, that Dr. 
 Widmer bo re-elected President of tlio Board. It was then 
 resolved nem. con. that he be tho President accnrdinj^ly. 
 
 " Dr. Deihl then proposed, .seconded by Dr. Gwynne, that 
 Mr. Wilkinson be re-elected the Secretary of tho Hoard. 
 C.arried." 
 
 1st. Resolved, — Proposed by Dr. King and seconded by Dr. 
 Hornby : 
 
 " That in the opinion of this Board the law at present in 
 force regulating the practice of the medical profession in this 
 Province, is very inadequate for the purpose for which it was 
 enacted ; particularly for the suppression of empiricism, so 
 
Upper Canada, Ih.'iH. lOU 
 
 biuiofiil to thu liciiiltli iuxi morals of thn (■oiniiuuiity niui 
 tiiitirioiiH to tlu) inodical pioi'r-i.sioii." 
 
 2n(l. licHoiir(i,—Vroi>i)Htii\ hy J)r. King and Hucondud l>y Dr. 
 Doihl: 
 
 "That a |i(>tition l)u prcMuntod to tlu; HoiiouraMc, tltu 
 ComiiiouH Houso of AsHomltly, Netting' forth tlui al)ovo facta 
 and otlior circumHtaticctMnllijcLin^' tlm iiittTiiMts of tlu' profi'.ssion; 
 hiiii>))ly piayiti;^' that lloiioiiralili! ilousc to appohit a coiniiiittoo 
 to tako thosii iiiattcrM into tlicir considttratioti, and report upon 
 thcin, witli a view to thoir roniodyin;,' the dcd'ccts in tlio hiw, and 
 adoptinj,' .such inoasuros as in their wisdom nuiy Moom most 
 Uki'ly to phu:e the profession of moilicine, ho \oi\<^ ne^^Uicted in 
 this IVovinco, on a more honoiiral»hi footinj^ than it has hithctrto 
 stood." 
 
 Urd. lii'solvcd, — Proposed hy J)r. Kin;^ and seconded by J)r. 
 Hornby : 
 
 "That the licentiates in nuMlleiiK! within this Province be 
 allowed to .subscribe such pc^tition as may be adopted by the 
 Board upon those resolutions." 
 
 4th. li<'.M)lveil , — l*roposed by Dr. Kint,' and seconded by Dr. 
 (iwynne : 
 
 "That the l^vnident, Di-. Kiiii; and Dr. Deihl and Dr. 
 Ovvynne, bo a committee to draft a petition founded on the 
 above resolutions, and that said cominitt(!e be recpiesteil to 
 report the same to this Board on the last day of this session. 
 
 The following petition Wtt.s reportetl by the Committee : 
 
 "To the Honourable tlu! Common's ih^u.se of Assembly of 
 Upper Canada in Provincial Parliament assembled. The peti- 
 tion of the members of the Medical Board, and of certain other 
 licen.sed practitioners of medicine, humbly sheweth : 
 
 " That the law now in force in this Province, reiiulatinu the 
 practice of the medical ])rofes.sion, and for the prevention of 
 per.son.s practisinj^ without license, has been found very inade- 
 (juate. That (jf late years the number of persons practisinj^ 
 without license or (|ualiHcation lm.s much increased, cliieHy by 
 the influx of empirics from the neighbouring^ State.s, causing 
 
110 TlIK MKDirAI. TUOKICNMION IN 
 
 {{rciit (laii^or to tint lit'ulth of tlitt coiniiiiiiiity, atxl in soium in* 
 Ntiiticn.s th«i loHH of viilualilt; liviis; l>«!in;{ iiliUn tictriiiicntiil to 
 ilh< pi'iicx luitl trHMi|iiility of tlin country, hikI (lc;;riiiliii;; niu\ 
 huiuiliutin^ tu the iioiioumble and iinvhil profuHMiuii oi luudi* 
 cino. 
 
 " That the profession of iiuMlicint', ranking, as it <Io«*s,aiii()njrst 
 tlui first for soienco ainl litfraturoiii cvi'ry piirtof tli»> world, has 
 been ovurlooiicd and iK'^iiii'ctf'd in this I'rovinctv Tliat the 
 youth int(<nd(>d for tlut profession liavD^^rfut reason to coniphiin 
 of the hunental)l(! lieliciency of tho means of instruction within 
 tlie I'rovince, therehy imposing' upon them at much inconvtn- 
 icnco and expense, thc^ necessity of huviiif^' recourse to i'orei;,'n 
 countricH fo- their education. That l>y the law amendin;; tlm 
 (.'liarter of the ll^iuvc-rsity of Kiiiji;'s l!olie^e, lately passed by 
 your Honoutaljje Uou-ie, the appointment of a Council is pro- 
 vided for without at the same time nud<in<{ it imperativi; that 
 Hucii Council should ho so cotistitutud as that certain mendjers 
 thereof (appointed for that purpose) should \ni capahle of fairly 
 and fully representing,' the intt;rests of ceitain faculties therein, 
 in conse(|U(!nce of such inadvertt^ncy and deticit>ncy in the law. 
 That in the Council of Kin^f's Colle-jfe, asat j)resent constitute*!, 
 wliilst the interests of the other departments in the University 
 are more than elliciently }j;uarded, tho Medical Faculty alono 
 stands unnipresented. We therefore pray your llonourahio 
 House may appoint a cotrnnitteo to inijuire into the present 
 state of tho medical profession, that they may repoi't thereon 
 to your Honourable Mouse, with a view to such alteration.s and 
 auH^ndments heinj,' maile in the existini,' laws as may he most 
 comluijive to the interests of tho medical profession and the 
 public at lari^'e ; and al.so to cause such enactments to be made 
 as in your wisdom may .seem l)est Htt(!d for placinj^ the profes- 
 sion upon a more honourable and favourable footin;j; than it has 
 hitherto stood in this I'rovince. And your potitioneis, ns in 
 duty bound, will ever pray, etc. 
 
 " Medical <»entlemen wishinjif to sifrn tiio above petition will 
 please to call at the office of tho Secretary of the Medical Board, 
 at tho General Hospital, where the petition now lies for sif^na- 
 ture, and these livinpf at a distance may liavo their names 
 attached hy sending authority to the Secretary, or any of the 
 
hvvm (Canada, IN.'tM-.'il). Ill 
 
 «n(<ri)b«rfi of titu MimIIcuI Hounl nvsMin;); at Toronto (If by tottwr 
 
 |)UNt-paifl). 
 
 "(Signod) C WiDMK.K, I'lfHitUnt, 
 
 V\ T. Wilkinson." 
 
 Tho Toronto l^afriol, after j^ivinj? th« rosolutions tuul poti- 
 tion. Huy* «!<litoriiilly ; 
 
 "October I2tli, IH.'ts. (^iiiickH aro an intoloruliU) niiisiuico in 
 any and cvory country, hut cHix^ciiilly in this, wht^ro i'ni|)irici.siii 
 and radiculixin ^o hand in hand. It is a nionsti-ous ^riovanco 
 tliat our (iovt'rnniont shoidd allow the l'rt)viti('(> to swarm, as it 
 doi's, with these pestilent va^al»onds, every one ol' whom is a 
 Yankee loafer, and nmkes Ids occupatior> a cloak fur inculcatinj; 
 Jacohiiucal principli!'*. All know how numerous have hiM-n tht; 
 self-styled 'doctors' implicated in i\u) rehellion, hut perhaps 
 ail may not know that they wcjro almost one and all Yaidvee 
 Quacks. Wo arc truly <,dad to see that the Medical Hoard aro 
 active in s(!ttin^ ahout means to annihilati; thi! dirty hirds, nest 
 and all ; we trust the Legislature will second their »'tlorts." 
 
 At tht^ Octoher session, Francis ('larke Mcwliurn, after an 
 H[)j)rcnticeship with his father of liv(! years, and a full coursi; of 
 lectures at I'hiladelplua, received certilieate. Two wtsro rejected 
 — "one of whom was from the Belfast Institution und the other 
 from the Andersonian University of (}las;;ow." 
 
 Jdiiiutri/, IHM!), — Present: TIh? I'residi'nt, Dis. (iwyiUK^ 
 Kinnf, ilornhy and O'liricjn. William Clai'v, M.il.C'.S.I., received 
 certificate. One rejected. 
 
 Fehruarj/ 11. — At a special meeting' of the Medical Hoard, 
 held this day (present: The I'resident, l)rs. liorrdty, Gvvynne, 
 O'Brien, Kin^ and Baldwin), the suhject of adoptin*^ a tariff 
 of fees beinj^ ofieretl to the consideration of the Board by Dr. 
 Gwynne, after discussion, the foUowinji; was tho taritl' approved 
 of, viz. : 
 
 "Tariff: 
 
 " Medical opinion, 
 
 " Visit within the city in the day, 
 
 " Night visit, 
 
 To be determined. 
 
To be detormincd. 
 
 To be determined. 
 
 112 The Medical Profession in 
 
 " Visit in the country, 5s. per mile from market house, in 
 addition to fee for opinion. 
 
 " Consultation fee, single opinion, 
 
 " Consultation for a continuunce, per visit, 
 
 " Midwifery, attendance in town, 
 
 " Midwifery, attendanc(j in country, 5s. per mile, for nine 
 days in addition. 
 
 " Vaccination, 5s., in addition to regular fee. 
 
 " Introduction of catheter, 2s. (Jd., in addition to regular fee. 
 
 " Venesection, 2s. Gd., in addition to regular fee. 
 
 "Cupping, 5d., in addition to regular fee. 
 
 " Letter o^ advice, 
 
 " Reducing a fracture of the extremities, 
 including fractures of the clavicle, 
 
 " Capital operations, 
 
 " Regular fee for after-attendance, 
 
 " Attendance for one hour and for any pe- 
 riod over that time in ordinary cases, per hour,^ 
 
 " Professional debts are expected to be paid quarterly." 
 
 April, lH3d. — Present: The President, Drs. King, Hornby, 
 Gwynne and O'Bden. John W. Hunter, of Grimsby, passed 
 his examination. Two failed. One stated that "his trunk 
 having been, stolen, his testimonials of education are lost, but 
 that he has been ten years in the study of his profession." He 
 underwent a protracted examination, which was so unsatisfac- 
 tory that the Board could not grant him a certificate. 
 
 The Medical Board of Upper Canada did not meet again until 
 May, 1841. This hiatus was the result of a Provincial Act 
 of Incorporation of the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 of Upper Canada, a body clothed with authority to examine 
 candidates for a provincial license to practise medicine in the 
 Province, and to confer a diploma which entitled the holder to 
 practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery. The Act was passed 
 May 11th, 1839. Its scope and the ambition of its promoters 
 can only be fully estimated by perusing the somewhat lengthy 
 Act of forty-four sections, which is given in the Appendix. The 
 proceedings of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper 
 Canada are recorded in a volume now in the custody of the 
 
Uppeu Canada, IS.'iJ). llli 
 
 Registrar of the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 It forms a connecting link, ami atlbrds an interesting chapter in 
 the history of the medical profession of the Province. 
 
 CPIAPTEK XIII. 
 
 COLLEGE OK THYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OK UPPER CANADA.* 
 
 "T^ORONTO, May 18th, LS89.— At the first meeting of the 
 JL Fellows of the College of Physicians and Sturgeons held 
 this second Monday in May, pursuant to the 7th clause of the 
 Act incorporating the said College, there were present: Dr. 
 Widmer, Dr. Stratford by proxy, Dr. Baldwin, Dr. O'Brien, Mr. 
 Home, Mr. Durie, Mr. Deihl, Mr. Telfcr, Dr. King, Dr. Hamilton, 
 of Flamboro', by proxy, Dr. Ridley by proxy, Drs. Cwynne and 
 Hamilton, of Scarboro', by proxy. Dr. Baldwin was called to 
 the chair. 
 
 Resolved unanimously, — That Dr. Widirier be President for 
 the remainder of the current year ; that Dr. King be Vice- 
 President for the remainder of the current year. 
 
 Dr. Widmer having taken the chair. 
 
 Resolved unanimously, — That the thanks of the meeting b& 
 given to Dr. Baldwin for his conduct in the chair. 
 
 Resolved unanimously, — That Dr. O'Brien be appointed 
 Secretary and Registrar ; that Mr. Home be elected Treasurer. 
 (Dr. Hornby enters.) 
 
 Resolved unanimously, — That the Fellows of the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons avail themselves of the earliest 
 opportunity of tendering to Henry Sherwood, Esq., Q.C., and 
 M.P.P., their unanimous thanks for the presevering efforts he 
 has made in procuring the passage through the Legislature'of 
 the Act of Incorporation, a measure so well calculated to raise 
 the character of the profession and benefit the public at large. 
 
 Resolved unanimously, — That Dr. Baldwin and Dr. Gwynne 
 be a committee to adopt a design for the common seal of the 
 College. 
 
 * In this and the chapters Immediately following are given verbatim ct literatim thfi' 
 Minutes of the meetings of tiie College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada. 
 
114 The Mkdical Profession in 
 
 That the Secietary be authori/cd to proviflc forthwith, such 
 books and stationary as may bo necessary for registering^ the 
 proceedjnj^s of the Colle<^o. 
 
 'J'hat a conuiiittee consisting of the President, Dr. Flornby, 
 the Secretary and Dr. Gvvynno, be appointed to draw up a code 
 of by-hiws for the government of the College, which rules shall 
 be submitted at the earliest convenience of the committee. 
 
 That tlie Secretary be authorized to provide for the use of 
 the Fellows of the College 200 copies of the Act of Incor- 
 poration with marginal notes. 
 
 liesoiveJ, — That whereas one of the prominent reasons for 
 the establishment of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 
 Upper Canada is the promoting the respectability and useful- 
 ness of the profession therein ; and whereas it is evident such 
 object cannot be better forwarded than by affording the youth 
 of the Province adequate moans of instruction in the various 
 branches of the j)rofession, the establishment of a school of 
 medicine within the Province as soon as possible, be considered* 
 a paramount duty of this College. 
 
 Therefore, — That an humble address be presented by this 
 College to His Excellency the Lieut.-Governor, laying before 
 him the degraded state in which the practice of the profession 
 of medicine existed in this Province hitherto, and the various 
 causes producing such a state ; praying His Excellency's favour 
 and protection, and that he will be graciously pleased to assist 
 this College in their endeavours to form, as soon as possible, 
 an efficient school of medicine, the wa» t of which has been so 
 long felt in this Province. 
 
 liesolvedy — That Drs. King, Durie, Telfer, Gwynne and 
 O'Brien be a committee to draft an address founded on the 
 above resolutions, and that the committee be requested to 
 report the same at the next meeting of the College. 
 
 Resolved, — That this meeting do now adjourn until the call 
 of the Committee on By-laws. Adjourned accordingly. 
 
 May 21st, 1839.— Present : Dr. King, Vice-President, Mr. 
 Home, Mr. Telfer, Dr. Hornby, Dr. Gwynne, Dr. O'Brien. The 
 minutes were read. The President entered and took the chair. 
 
Vvvm Canada, 1831). Hi) 
 
 An application was read from John Sliortt, M.l)., and Member 
 of the Royal Collof^o of Surj^eons in London, Assistant-Inspector 
 of Hospitals in Upper ('atiada, to he admitted a member of tho 
 CoUejre, and enclosed the fee of £5. Admitted. 
 
 Rejoiced, — That the Secretary and Treasurer be authorized, 
 until the hy-lavv.i of tho College .shall be in force, to receive 
 such moneys as may be paid into the College by applicants for 
 licenses, memb(!rship or Fellowship. 
 
 Resolved unanimously, — That John Shoitt, M.D., he admitted 
 to Fellowshij) in this Collene, upon his coniplyin<^ with the 
 provisions of the Act incorporatincf the Collej^e. 
 
 The Committee for preparinfjf an addres.s to His Excellency 
 the Lieut.-Governor, reported one accordingly, which being 
 taken into consideration, 
 
 Resolved, — That the following address to His Excellency 
 be adopted : 
 
 "To His Excellency Sir George Arthur, K.C., Lieut.-Gover- 
 nor of the Province of Upper Canada, and Major-General 
 Connnanding Her Majesty's Forces therein. 
 
 " May it please Your Excellency. 
 
 " Wo, the President, Vice-President and Fellows of tho 
 College of Physician.s and Surgeons of Ujiper Canada, take this 
 early opportunity of approaching Your Excellency, to tender 
 our grateful acknowledgments that under Your Excellency's 
 favourable auspices the Act incorporating the College has 
 become the law of the land, a measure we confidently antici- 
 pate will confer incalculable benefits upon the profession of 
 medicine and the public generally in this Province. 
 
 " Being well aware that without Your Excellency's favour 
 and patronage the sphere of our usefulness must necessarily, 
 for the present, be very limited, we, therefore, humbly com- 
 mend to Your Excellency's protection, our infant institution, 
 hoping that you will.be pleased to allow us easy access to Your 
 Excellency at any time that the interests and welfare of our 
 College may require that its affairs .should be brought before 
 your notice. 
 
110 The Mkdical Puofkshion in 
 
 " A?nf)n<,' tbo ninny objects tlic CoUcpfp tnust over have in 
 view, it will bo our first and pammonnt duty to clicrisb and 
 cultivate loyalty aiul devotion to tbe person and Crown of our 
 b(ilovod Monarcb, wbicb wo will always endeavour to render 
 cbaractoristic of our institution. 
 
 " It will be our next duty (and certainly second only in 
 importance to tbat wbich we owe our Gracious Sovereij^n) to 
 promote tbe respectability, learning and usefulness of tbo 
 nuidical profession, and to raise it to tbat difi;niHed position 
 wbicb it bolds in otbcr countiics. 
 
 "Tbe establisbment at once of an efficient scbool of medicine 
 witb an ample library and nniseuui is intended by us, as the 
 first stop towards tbo accomplisbment of tbis desirable object ; 
 tbis will, by afforJinrr witbin tbo Province tbe moans of instruc- 
 tion in medical science, prevent hundreds of our youths 
 resorting to the neighbouring States for their education, fron> 
 whence they too often return witli little addition to their infor- 
 mation, and most commoidy witb principles at variance witb 
 the allegiance duo to their Sovereign. 
 
 "His Excellency Sir John Colborne was so deeply impressed 
 with tbo baneful etfects of an education acciuired in tbo United 
 States upon tbo morals of our youths intended for tbe pro- 
 fession of medicine, tbat he upon many occasions stated tbat he 
 saw that ' a medical school could no longer be delayed without 
 manifest injury to the best interests of tbo Province.' 
 
 " As it is not in our power, without assistance, to carry our 
 intentions into oflect at as early a period as might be desirable, 
 and as we have no representatives in the Council of King's 
 College, who could bring so important a matter before that 
 body, we therefore humbly and most earnestly pray Your 
 Excellency's attention to tbe subject, as Chancellor of tbe 
 University, with tbe view to Your Excellency's recommending 
 the Council to make such arrangements as may be best calcu- 
 lated to second our endeavours in bringing into full operation 
 by the ensuing winter an efficient scbool of medicine. 
 
 "Wishing Your Excellency a continuance of good health and 
 a prosperous administration of the affairs of this Province, wo 
 beg leave, on the part of the College of Pbysicians and 
 
Ul'PEU C'ANADA, Ih.m 117 
 
 Svirgcons of UppiT t^aniula, to .sul),scril)o ouivclvos Your 
 Excelloncy's devoted .serviuits. 
 
 "(>Signed) (\ WlDMKlt, Vrc»u1enL 
 
 JiNc. KiNd.M.l)., yica-PtrtiidGnt, 
 W. W. Baldwin, M.D. 
 RoMKii'i' HouNi':. 
 
 lloMKKT HoUNHY, Ml). 
 
 Lucius O'Hkien, Ml). 
 VVAi/rKU Telkku. 
 
 \VM. ClIAS. (JWYNNE, M.B. 
 
 John Shoktt, M.D." 
 
 Resolved, — That the Secretary bo rcque.sted to transmit a 
 copy of the foregoing address to the Secretary of His Excellency 
 with a request to know at what time it may be convenient to 
 His Excellency to receive the College with .sucli address. 
 
 Application was made by Mr. Henry Sullivan, M.R.C.S.L., 
 Licentiate Accouchor of the Dublin Lying-in Hospital, and 
 Licentiate in Physic, Surgery and Midwifery of the Province 
 of Upper Canada, to become a number. £0 paid into the 
 hands of the Treasurer. Admitted. 
 
 Application from Mr. John Tur({uand, of Woodstock, 
 Licentiate in Physic, Surgery ami Midwifery of the Province 
 of Upper Canada. £5 paid to the Treasurer. Admitted. 
 
 Resolved, — That the Secretary pi'ocure from the Government 
 Office a certified list of all the licensed practitioners up to the 
 close of the late session of the Provincial Parliament. 
 
 Dr. Gwynne reported that the Committee upon By-laws had 
 drawn up a code which they submitted for the consideration of 
 the College. 
 
 Resolved, — That the College do meet to take into consider- 
 ation the above-mentioned report at the house of the President, 
 on the 2;3rd instant, at 6 p.m. 
 
 Resolved, — That the President be empowered to call special 
 meetings of the College to examine into diplomas or other 
 qualifications of individuals applying for license under the 
 12th clause of the Act of Incorporation, at any time, until the 
 by-laws shall come into force. 
 
 The President read a letter from Doctor Rees, offering a box 
 of books for sale to the College. 
 
118 TiiK Mkdk.'ai, I'hofeshion in 
 
 lic.Holvful, -T\int thu Colk'j:;t' (hidinos Dr. Roes' offor, havlnjf, 
 lis yot, no HViiiliihlu funds. Tlio (Jolloj^c juljourned. 
 
 May '2'.i, 1 8.S9. — Present : ('. Widmer, President; Mr. 
 Home, Dr. Kiri<^, Vice-l'residiMits ; Dr. Hornl)y, Mr. Tclfer, Dr. 
 O'lJrien, Dr. (Iwynne. The Secretary reported an uj)plicati()i» 
 from Mr. Henry lloUs, Licentiati^ in Physic, Sur{.;ery nnd Mid- 
 wifery, to become a member of the (Joll(!;4(', and that £5 luicl 
 l)een paid into the hands of thj! Treasurer. Admitted. Also a 
 letter from the Honourable J. ^!ac!iuley, statin;^ that lli^ Excel- 
 lency the Lieut-Governor would be pleased to receive the 
 Colle<;e with their address at 1 1 o'clock a.m., on Friday, 24th 
 inst. (to-morrow). Also a letter from the Honouiabhj .1- 
 Macauley statinj^ that ho had <lirected a certified list of all 
 licensed practitioners to be prepared for the use of the C()llo<j;e. 
 Doctor Shortt was introduced and took his place as a Fellow 
 of the CoUci^e. The report of the Committee on the By-law. s 
 was taken up. 
 
 Resolved, — That the Colleg<! do adjourn till Saturday next, 
 25th in.st., at the house of the Vice-President. Adjourned. 
 
 May 24, 11 a.m. — Present: C. Widmer, Ksq., Prei-ident ; 
 Mr. Home, Dr. Kin<^, Vice-Presidents; Dr. HornV)y, Dr- 
 O'Brien. Mr. Telfer, Dr. Gvvynne, Dr. Shortt The College 
 proceeded to present their address to His Excellency the 
 Lieut-Governor, who was graciously pleased to return the 
 followintj answer : 
 
 o 
 
 " Gentlemei»J, — In thanking you, as I mo.st cordially do, for 
 this address, I take the opportunity of congratulating you 
 upon the formation of your College, under the Act of Incorpo- 
 ration recently pas.sed, which, I am confident, will be found 
 equally as useful in elevating the general cliaraeter of the 
 medical profession, as in conferring upon the people of the 
 Province many important benefits. 
 
 " The care with which you propose to blend the cultivation 
 of a loyal spirit with the extension of a sound .system of 
 medical instruction, commands unqualified commendation ; and 
 I assure you that I shall always find it most gratifying to 
 afford you any reasonable aid within the means of the execu- 
 
Ui'i'Eu (Unada, isno. llf> 
 
 live authority for tho advivncotnent of your institution and tho 
 promotion of its welfare, 
 
 "The Council of Kiiii,''.s Collojjo, in wliicli I discovor that 
 your profession is not at present represented, aro en{:taj^ed in 
 a close incjuiry into tho state of its (mdownient, and tin^y will 
 soon be retpiired to carry into cdect the Act which has lately 
 received the royal assent for the advancement of education in 
 the I'rovincf. 
 
 " I shall reciucst the inunediato attention of the (!!ouncd to 
 the desire which you express for their co-operation with your 
 (y()llej,'e in the speedy estahlishment of an efficient school of 
 medicine, and shall, witli much phiasure, concur in any measure 
 which the Council niay feel safe in reconunendini,' for the 
 attainment of that object without prejudice to other interests. 
 
 "(Si<i;ned) GEoiuiK Ahthuu, L.-G." 
 
 May 2'), 1<S8(). — Present: Doctor Kinjjf, Vice-President; Mr. 
 Home, Dr. O'Brien, Mr. Telfer, Doctor (jvvynne, Dr. Shortt. 
 
 The report of the Committee on the By-laws was taken up. 
 (C. Widmer, Esq., President, enters, takes the chair.) 
 
 JieHolved, — That the College do adjourn to Monday, 27th 
 inst, at G p.m., at Mr. Home's house. Adjourned. 
 
 A/a?/ 27, 1.H3!).— Present: C. Widmer, Esq., President; Mr. 
 Home, Dr. Kin<^, Vice-Presidents; Mr. Telfer, Dr. Shortt. A 
 letter to the President from Mr. J. Wilson, of Perth, enclosing 
 £5, and requesting to be admitted a member of the College. 
 As his name does not appear in the published lists, the Secre- 
 tary is directed to inquire at tho Government Office, or to 
 wait for the certified list, before answering the letter. 
 
 The President made the following communication, viz. : The 
 President of King's College having waited on him this day, 
 stated that His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor having 
 referred the address of the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 of Upper Canada to him, he is desirous that the College should 
 transmit to the Council of King's College, a plan in detail of 
 the objects of the College alluded to in the said address ; and 
 that it be furnished before Saturday next. 
 
 Resolved, — That a committee consisting of the Vice-Presi- 
 
I 
 
 \ 
 
 120 The Mkdicai, PnoKEssioN in 
 
 <lent, Dr. Shortt, and Mr. ToU'cr, draft a |)liiu to bo laid before 
 t the Colli'j^o on W«'(lnc.sday evoninj; next. (Doctors llornby 
 
 and O'Hrieii ontcr.) TIki Knport of the (/Otmiiittfo on Hy-laws 
 
 was taken up. (Dr. (Ivvynno enters.) 
 (, lieHolv('<l,--'^\\\\i C. Widuier, R. C. Home, Ks(|., Drs. Hornby 
 
 / and Shortt Ih! a committee to revise our by-laws, embody 
 
 ' them ami sul)mit them to a met^tin^ of the Colle^^e as soon a^ 
 
 ^ convenient. Adjourned. 
 
 i May 21), l.sno.— Present : C. VVidmor, Esq., President; Mr. 
 
 Home, J)r. Kin^', Vice-Presidents; Dr. O'Brien, Mr. Telfer, and 
 Dr. Shortt. Dr. Kintj presented a report from the committee 
 to whom the conununication from the President of King'.s 
 (Jollejije was referred. Mr. Telfer, therefrom, presented an- 
 other report on the same subject. (Drs. Gwynno and Baldwin 
 enter.) 
 
 The Secretary presented an application from Dr. Geo. Her- 
 rick, M.D., T.C.D., M.Jl.C.S.L.'s, to become a member of the Col- 
 Jefje. Fee .£5, paid. Admitted. (Dr. Hornby enters.) 
 
 An amended report on the conununication froni Kin<;'s Col- 
 lej^o was received, but onlered to be taken into consideration 
 to-morrow. Adjourned. 
 
 May 30, 1839.— Present : C. Widmcr, Esq., President; Drs. 
 Hornby, O'Brien, Gwynne, Shortt. 
 
 The amended report relative to the communication from the 
 President of King's College was taken up. (Mr. Telfer enters.) 
 
 The following report was adopted : 
 
 " Report upon a comvmni cation from the President of King's 
 College, to the President of the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of Upper Canada : 
 
 "The College of Physicians and Surgeons, desiro. • of remov- 
 ing as soon as possible, the great evil of obliging medical 
 students to resort to the neighbouring States for ^heir educa- 
 tion, and desirous to afford them, within this Province, the 
 means of instruction in medical science, respectfully invite the 
 co-operation of the Council of King's College in the accomplish- 
 ment of so desirable an object. 
 
lli'i'Eii Canada, IH'.id. 121 
 
 "It beinj; obvious tlmt tlu' ('olloi^'o of I'hy.sicifin.s and Sur* 
 jroons liavc not at tlifir (lisposal iin'aiiM to (Ut'niy tlio cxpeiiMei 
 of an ctlicirnt sohodl of incilicinc, and it licin;^' cviiU'iit that tlio 
 Conncil of Kin'^'M ( 'ollci^n an; not pu'pafcd to si't on foot uu 
 ustaMishiix'nt cipial to i\u' wislies or wants of the inoilical 
 coiiiinunity, this Colh'jj;!' thciefon^ propose to thn Council tho 
 propritit}' of mcotiiif,^ tlio wants of tho niLMlical youth of the 
 Province, by conjointly cstablishinLf a school of nicijicino. 
 
 "Huch a courso was adoptoil with success, when thi^ School oF 
 I'hysics in Irisland was jx^rfi^ctod conjointly by tho University 
 of Dublin and tlu> Kini,' and (^)u('on's ('o11cl;(! of Physicians in 
 liuland; tht; foinicr providing,' for four l'r(jfi'ssors and oiU) 
 liocturi'r, and the latter, three Professors atid one Iit;cturer, as 
 follows: Hy tho University ot Dublin, — Ri\<,'ius Professor of 
 Physics, Professor of Anatomy and Sur«i;ory, Professor of 
 (Chemistry, Profivssor of Botany; Lecturer on Natural History; 
 By Kinof and (Queen's Collej^e,— Professor of Mattuia Mc<lica, 
 Professor of Ijistitutos of Me<licine, Prof(!ssor of Practice of 
 Medicine, Lecturer on Mi<lwifery. 
 
 " The medical profession of both Institutions form conjointly 
 tho faculty of medicine of the University; and the (,'xainina- 
 tions of all matters connected with tho medical de|)artment, tin 
 well as that of candidates for degrees in medicine, are con- 
 ducted by them. 
 
 "The College of Physicians and Surgeons, aware of the 
 great advantages that would accrue to the public and the medi- 
 cal profession from a similar establishment, respectfully sub- 
 mit the following outline for the formation of a medical school : 
 
 " For the formation of an efficient school of medicine adapted 
 to the necessities of this Province, it is necessary that pro- 
 fessors shall be appointed to teach the following branches of 
 medical science : 1. Anatomy and Surgery. 2. Chemistry 
 and Pharmacy. 3. Materia Medica and Botany. 4. Practice 
 of Physic and Medical Pathology. 5. Surgery and Surgical 
 Pathology. G. Midwifery and diseases of Women and Chil- 
 dren. 7. Medical Jurisprudence. 
 
 "Together with the above it will be necessary that the 
 professors shall lecture upon the following subjects, Clinical 
 Medicine, Clinical Surgery. It is therefore proposed that three 
 9 
 
II 
 II 
 
 122 TiiK Mkdicai, I'hoi'Kssion in 
 
 |)rot'(<s,si)r.s mIiiiII lie iippoititfil liy tht> ('liiitict'lli)r of Iho 
 riiivt'i'sity, and slmll I'lijoy all tin- privilii^oM ol" (ttiicr prol't's- 
 uvrti of Kiiij,''s Cl()llt'^(o; tliiifc thn-c otiior professors be iippoint<'i| 
 by tlio ('olio^o of I'liysieiiiiis aixl Sur^'fons of Uppor C'uiuulii ; 
 that tho Mt»vt*ral profussors shall rocoivt* not U'ss than thn 
 follovvin",' Malaiit'M to 1)0 paid l>y tho IhiiviTsity, (•xclusivt? of all 
 fees accruing from tlu'ir rrspictivo classos : 
 
 " Tho !*n)fesH(>r of Anatomy and I'liysioloj^y X2()() per aniunn 
 "Thooi-y and Tracticeof I'hysic - 200 
 
 " Theory and Practice of Siirj,'ory, etc. 200 " 
 
 "Theory and I'ractiee of Midwifery, dis- 
 
 ease.s of Women and Children - 200 " 
 
 •'Theory and Practice of Ahiteria Medica 
 
 and Pharmacy - ... 200 
 
 " Medical .lurisprudence - - - 200 
 
 "And a Demonstrator of Anatomy, who 
 
 shall he appointed hy tho Colle^^e of 
 
 Phywicians and Surgeons - - 150 " 
 
 " A sum will ho recjuired for the hire of the necessary accom- 
 iiJO(hvtion for lecture rooms, etc., until convenient huildinjjfs i)e 
 erected by tho University. This sum may bo estimated at 
 XI 00 per annuu). 
 
 " It is further necessary to state, that as a library and museum 
 will be absolutely necessary to the succcsssful operations of tho 
 proposed institution, the sum of one thousand pounds be appro- 
 priated by the University to tho College for the purcha.so 
 thereof. 
 
 " The conjoint medical profes.sors of both institutions, with tho 
 President of tho College of Physicians and Surgeons, for the 
 time being, shall bo tho faculty of medicine of tho University. 
 
 " Tho College of Physicians and Surgeons wouKl urge on the 
 College Council that though they have not placed a profe.s.sor 
 of chemistry on the list of medical professors, they consider 
 that it ought to be a University chair immediately established, 
 because the knowledge of chemistry is essential to medical 
 science, because it is one of the studies mo.st essential to the 
 promotion of useful arts as well as to medical science, and 
 
lIiM'i:u Canada. \H'.\\), 118 
 
 hociinMo tlu' Ntn«l«'fjts of (•licnilMtry will |)rol»iil»ly iiicliiilti a vory 
 lur^^! tiiiinlHT iriiji-pi'tulctit of the iiinliriil .stuil*>iit>i." 
 
 l{fsi>lri'il, 'riiiit tlu' Sccrftiiry forwiiril tlic uliovc report 
 (b<Mni^ first signed l)y tho l*ruHiilunt) to tho PruHitloiit of Kind's 
 Council. 
 
 Tho Cominittrc to nivim> tho l)y-liiw.s suhiiiittcd the codo to 
 the mt'ctit)^' which liein;; reiul, 
 
 RrHohrd imaniiiiousiy,— That tln' report btWCeivt'd, and thnt 
 the code now prosented he iidopttMl as thn hy-laws of the 
 Collepje. 
 
 Hi'Holvetl, That tlu^ code of hy-laws lie sij^neil hy the 
 Prt'sident and countersigned hy tho Secretary, on hehalf of tho 
 College, anil that the seal of tho ('olloj^o ho alllxod thereto as 
 soon as it shall ho procured. Adjourfied. 
 
 ('ii.\r'rh:i{ .\rv. 
 
 ('(»M.i;<;i: ok imiysicians and suikikons or uim'KIi caxaija 
 
 (l.oiilimiiil). 
 
 '"pORONTO, Jnnv. «, I M8!». -(Special.) Present: C. Widnjer, 
 X h]s(|., President; Dr. Kin^jf, Vico-Pi-esidont ; Dr. (Ivvynne, 
 J)r. Haldwin, Dr. Shortt, Dr. Ilornhy, ])r. O'lhien, Mr. Tolfer. 
 A letter was road from Mr. Ti; I for to the President, containing.' 
 charges a^'ainst Dr. Ilornhy of an unprofessional character. 
 Dr. Hornby having,' hoard tho letter read, doclinod tho intiirfor- 
 once of tho Collo<fo on tho ground that tho oporatiuu (if tlio by- 
 laws had not coinniencod. Tho (Jolle^jjo concurred in the objcc 
 tion of Dr. Hornby to its intorferonco. Adjtnirnod. 
 
 June 10, 1 H.'Jf).— Present : C. Widnier, Ksq., I'residont ; Dr. 
 Kinjjf, Vice-President; Dr. Gwynne, Dr. O'Brien, Dr. Shortt, Mr. 
 Tolfer, Dr. Hornby. 
 
 Tho by-laws as now revised, were directed to be published in 
 the Upper Canada Uazetle. 
 
 Resolved unanimously, — That Jame.s Wilson, Esq., Surpjeon 
 of Perth, Member of the College, be elected a Follow thereof, 
 on his complying with the provisions of the Act. 
 
I'i4 TlIK MfJUI Al. I'lUH'KHMUJN IN 
 
 Tho Stcrctiiry luitl Dr, ll«<rri('k'M lici'iisf ln't'i)rt' Mh' (Nilloyo 
 ill (<i)MSfi|ii('ti(>i> of Ills imiiiu not iippeariii^ in tliu certitlu«i littt of 
 liuciitiat«>N. A<lj()urn«<(l, 
 
 Jam' ll.lsn!). Present: C. WLlmMr, Ks(|., Pn-sLl.-tit : Dr. 
 ihu). Kiu^, Vict!-l'r«»Hi(|.'nt ; Dr < )'|{iitii, hr. Ilonil)}', Mr. 'Pulfn-. 
 I'r(i('t<(>t|i'i| to (>\iiniitii< •liiiiios ()t'liitiil hi* III lloiikf, ii niriiilM>r nf 
 tln' Itoy/il Colli';;*) ol" Sur;,'t'otH of Luiilon, wlio liciiiLf t'oiuul 
 duly <nuili(hMl to practini' Physic, Sur^'cry uinl Midwit'ory, whh 
 ^ranti'il n licciiHo to pnictiNO accoi-iliii;;ly. 
 
 Jam: II, ISMO.— At Dr. Haldwin's hoiis».. PrcHrnt : (\ Wi<l- 
 nuM", l"!si|., Prt -tidiMit ; Dr. Kini,', N'icc-PrcsidiMit ; Dr. O'Hricn, 
 Dr. n.ildwiii, .Mr. T.'ir.-r, Mr. Hoiti-, Dr, Sliortt, Dr. Ilonil.y. 
 
 A Hct of rt'i^MilutioMs ill ro;^uid to upotlioc/irics mid ilruvj^ists 
 vviis propoHod mid rufcrrud to Dr. Hhortt und the Hucrutiiry to 
 revi.so. 
 
 licHolvfil,— That Dr. Kin;?, Vice-l'iv-sidoiit, I>i' appointed 
 Inspuctor of Apothecaries and N'endors of Dnij^s in tho Pro- 
 vince, and that hi; have tho power to nominat(^ a Deputy to act 
 in each of thu corporate^ towns within the Jurisdiction of tll(^ 
 Collej^e. 
 
 Jane 28, Ih:«).— Presont : 0. Widmor, Ks(|., President; Dr. 
 Kin;,', Vice-President; Mr. Telfor, Dr. (VHriei). Dr. Shortt, Dr. 
 Hornhy. 
 
 Mr. Henry Hover VVri;,dit was called up for i!.\a nination for 
 license, he havinj^ 'loinpiied with the re(|uisite pjeliininaries. 
 Mo pas.sed a very .satisfactory e.xainination in all of his profes- 
 Hion, and a license to practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery 
 was granted accordingly. 
 
 July f), 1830.— Pre.sent: C. Widnier, Ksc]., President; Dr. 
 King, Vice-President; Mr. Home, Dr. O'Brien, J)r. Baldwin, 
 ])r. Shortt. 
 
 Resolved, — That the Secretary do inquire of the Secretary 
 of King's College, whether tho communication from the College 
 of Physician.s and Surgeons of Upper Canada has been taken 
 into consideration by tho College Council, and if any step.s have 
 been taken thereon. 
 
Ui'PiH Canada, iHau. 126 
 
 Rrmih'rtl, -TImt us Mi'vorul iiiNtunccH of tlio nppnintiiu'rit of 
 {M'l'MoiiH not i|italiti(>il Ity law to practise tlx' profi'SHimi ui' iiioJi- 
 <'int', to III' Siirj^Toiis utwl AsMistant-Sur^^'foiiH of Militia, Ims coma 
 to till' UiiowIihI^m; oI' the (lolN'^c of I'liyNii'iaiis aitd Siii_i,'i'on,><, 
 tlu) Sfcn'tary ho tlxTi-foK! rt'i|m'st«'tl to infonii II ih lixccllt'iujy 
 tli<! Lii'Utt'iiHiit-(}ov«'tnoi* tlii'oiij^'Ii his Civil St^crutary, of IIkj 
 fact, that Mirh xteps may lut takun hy IIIn Kxcellcticy km may 
 l)u i)(>C(>Nsary to pruvont thi* contiiiiiaiicu of a practice alikn 
 <loro;,'atory to tlm profoMsioti and itijnriotis to tln< puhlio 
 Horvict'. 
 
 lifHoli'tii, That tlio Si'crftary <lo aildrcss tin* Mayor of thin 
 < 'ity, pointing' out thi> fact of utilicuiisnil p(>rsoiis within its 
 Itouiids, perforin in<^' the practice of the Profession of Medicinu 
 and SurLfery, and rt'(| nesting that proper steps may he taken to 
 suppntsN the Hame. 
 
 lifHulri'd, — That the following hooks he procured hy the 
 earliest opportunity : I'Minhurgh Medical /iiid Surgical Journal, 
 Johnson's Meili('o-(Miirurgical .Journal, DuMin Medical .lotinml, 
 Mritish and Foreign Medic/il Journal, Medico-tyhirurgical Tran- 
 Nactions, Loiulon l'hariiiacopM>ia, last editions. 
 
 lieHolird,— TUtit tlu? two following committees ho appointed 
 to examine candidates for licens(!s; 
 
 No, 1. — The President, ])rs. Baldwin, (iwyinie, Hornhy, and 
 iShortt. 
 
 No. 2. — The Vice-Presi(h>nt, Dr. O'Mrien, Messrs. Home and 
 Telfer and Dr. Durie. 
 
 lit'solroi, — That in case either of said committees shall on 
 examination of a candidate, report him to he deserving of a 
 license, the Secretary shall provide him with such license pro- 
 perly signed and sealed, according to the by-laws on that 
 subject. Adjourned. 
 
 Jid}/ 10, 1830.— Present: C. Widmer, Es(|., Prosidont; Dr. 
 King, Vice-President; Dr. O'Brien, Dr. Baldwin, Mr. Telfer, 
 Dr. Hornby, Dr. Gwynne, Dr. Shortt. 
 
 Mr. William Nicholson Ross having applied for license to 
 practise Surgery and Miilvvif(!ry, his documents wore laid 
 before the College, viz.: A Diploma from the College of Sur- 
 geons of Edinburgh, and a Certificate from Drs. Mcintosh and 
 
126 The Medical Profession in 
 
 Russell, of Edinl)urji[h, of his fitness to practise Midwifery. But 
 not appearinj^ in person, it was 
 
 McHolvcd, — That he do not obtain a license without a per- 
 sonal attendance. (Mr. Telfer withdraws.) 
 
 The Secretary was directed to furnish the Mayor with a list 
 of the licensed practitioners in Toronto. 
 
 Resolved, — That the fees paid for inspection and registration 
 of the documents oi candidates for the license of the College be 
 allowed to the Secretary, ])r. O'Brien, for the present, as a small 
 consideration for his services. 
 
 Mr. Russell's account for Books (viz. : Minute, Register, 
 Letter, and Account Books) presented, and being audited for 
 £') 13 .3 was signed by the President and directed to be 
 paid. Adjourned. 
 
 QuAUTEiiLY Mehtino, Mowluy, Aurjust 5, 1839. — Present: 
 C. Widuier, Esc]., Presiilent ; Dr. King, Vic^-President ; Dr. 
 O'Brien, Dr. Baldwin, Mr. Telfer, R. D. Hamilton, Escj., Dr. 
 Shortt. 
 
 The Committee of Examination, No. 1, reported that Mr. 
 Oeorge Graham Upton, from Brock ville, had presented himself 
 for examination, but from his ignorance in Materia Medica and 
 Pharmacy, they had not proceeded in his examination. The 
 Treasurer's books examined. Balance available £55, and 
 deposit £10. 
 
 Mr. Robert Winchester Clarke, of Whitby, applied for a 
 license. He exhibited a Diploma from the Faculty of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons of Glasgow, to practise Surgery and Phar- 
 macy. The proper affidavit of identity being produced, the 
 Secretary was directed to issue a license on the payment of 
 the fees. 
 
 Resolved, unanimously, — That Sir James McGrigor, Bart., 
 M.D., be elected an Honorary Fellow of this College. 
 
 Resolved, unaniui dsly, — That Joseph Skey, M.D., etc., 
 Inspector-General of Hospitals, be elected an Honorary Fellow 
 of this College. Moved and seconded, — That Geo. Herrick, 
 M.D., etc., a Member of the College, be elected a Fellow thereof. 
 To be balloted for at the Quarterly Meeting in October. (Dr. 
 Hornby enters.) A letter from Alexander Smith, M.D., A-ssist- 
 
Upper Canada, IH'.iO. 127 
 
 ant-Surfjeon of l.st Dragoon Guards, Member Royal Asiatic 
 Society, M.R.C.S. London, and Licentiate R.C.S. Ediidmr<;h, to 
 Dr. Shortt, requestin*^ to be enrolled as a Member of this Col- 
 lofje, WHS read. The fee, .£'), being paid, he was admitted 
 accordingly. A letter from James Wilson, Escj., Perth, dated 
 .Inly '), 18,'}}), was read. A letter from the Hon. Wm. Morris 
 to James VVil.son, Es(j., dated July .S, was also read. The 
 Secretary was directed to write to Mr. Wilson to say that the 
 C'oUege is obliged to follow the obvious meaning and plain con- 
 struction of the Act in rei^ard to the fees as well as in other 
 matters. 
 
 A letter f i-om the Hon. John Macaule}^ " for the Bursar " of 
 King's College, dated July 2.S, 18.'U), stating "that the applica- 
 tion of this College has been referred to a committee to report 
 thereon," was read. 
 
 Resolved, — That the President, Vice-President, and Dr. 
 Hornby be a committee to inspect certain premises proposed 
 as a hall for meeting, and a library. And that thev be author- 
 ized to take the same for one year, if deemed eligible, not 
 e.Kceeding the annual rent of £25, and to procure certain furni- 
 ture for the same. Adjourned. 
 
 Aiujmt (), 1839.— Present: C. Widmer, Es(i., President ; Dr. 
 King, Vice-President; Dr. O'Brien, Robt. D. Hamilton, Esq., 
 Mr. Telfer. 
 
 The Secretary laid before the College a letter from Mr. Boys, 
 the Bursar of King's College, enclosing the following report 
 from a committee of the King's College Council as a reply to 
 the communication made to the King's College Council by this 
 College on the establishment of a joint School of Medicine : 
 
 " The committee appointed to report on the application of 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons for assistance to carry 
 into effect the design of establishing a School of Medicine, 
 have the honour to submit the following recommendation : 
 
 "That the Registrar be instructed to commanicate to the 
 President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, that the 
 Council of King's College, although fully impressed with the 
 importance of the object which the College of Physicians and 
 
12S The Medical Puokession in 
 
 Surgeons propose, yet feel that they would not be justitied in 
 extending ft.s.si.stanee to any other corpoiation until thoy shall 
 iiave first endeavoured to attain tlie olijects for which they 
 have themselves been incorporated, and on which tlu-y are at 
 present engaged in inatuiing plans wliich thej' trust will be the 
 means of ultimately attbrding elhcient instruction in all the 
 branches of an University Education. 
 
 " (Signed) JoiiN McCaitl, Chairman. 
 " King's College Council Office, 
 "July 31st, IH.'U)." 
 
 (Dr. Gwynne and Dr. Hornby enter.) 
 
 Resolved, — That Drs. King and O'Brien, and Ji. B. Hamilton. 
 Esq., be a committee to take into consideration the above 
 "recommendation" and communication from the King's College 
 Council, and to draw up a rejoinder thereto. 
 
 Resolved, — That the medical journal edited by Dr. Dungli- 
 Kon, of Philadelphia, be ordered from the commencement and 
 continued henceforward. Adjourned. 
 
 August 29, 1839.— Present : C. Widmer, Esq., President ; Dr. 
 King, Vice-President ; Dr. Baldwin, Dr. O'Brien, R. B. Hamil- 
 ton, Esq., Mr, Telfer, Dr. Hornby. 
 
 The report of the committee to whom the communication 
 from the King's College Council was referred, was taken up. 
 It was referred back to the committee to be presented again on 
 Saturday next, the 31st. 
 
 Resolved, — That a solicitor be appointed to the College forth- 
 with, and that Henry Sherwood, Esq., Q.C., be the solicitor. 
 
 The Committee of Examination, No. 1, reported that Mr. 
 Wm. Nicholson Rose applied for a license to practise. He 
 ]>roduced a diploma for Surgery and Pharmacy from the 
 Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons in Gla.sgow^. and being 
 examined, was recommended to obtain a license to practise 
 Surgery and Midwifery. License granted accordingly, dated 
 August 14. 
 
 The Committee of Examination, No. 2, reported that Mr. 
 Wm. McPherson had applied for a license to practise. He 
 produced a diploma from the Faculty of Physicians and Sur- 
 
Uppkii Canada, 1839. 129 
 
 geons of (ila.sgow, and, declin'mf.; iin oxaiiiination, was recoiu- 
 iiiotuleil to obtain a license to practise Sur(jei 1/ only. License 
 granted accordingly, dated August 14. 
 
 Tiie Secretary laid before the (!!ollego a letter frou) Mr. 
 Ewing, of Hawke.sbury, applying to be admitted a nuMuber of 
 the College. Refused, not being a licentiate, and to be informed 
 that application for license cannot bt> entertained unless on 
 personal appearance and production of original documents. 
 Adjourned. * 
 
 Saturday, Awjmt 31, 1839.— Present : C. Widmer, Esq., 
 President; Dr. Jkldwin, Dr. O'Brien, Mr. Telfer. There nob 
 being a quorum, adjourned. 
 
 Tuesday, September 3, 1839.— Present : C. Widmer, Esq., 
 President; Dr. King, Vice-President ; Dr. Baldwin, Dr. Home, 
 Dr. O'Brien. 
 
 The Secretary informed the College that he had received a 
 letter from S. B. Harrison, Esq., Secretary to His Excellency 
 the Lieut.-Governor, enclosing a copy of the conmiunication 
 from the Council of King's College, which had been already 
 sent by the Bursar to this College. 
 
 The committee to whom the communication from King's 
 College was referred, report they recommend the following 
 letter 10 be sent by the Secretary to the Council of King's 
 College : 
 
 " Your Committee, after a deep consideration of the subject, 
 feel that they cannot with any propriety recommend any 
 answer that does not enter fairly into the matter in que.stion 
 for the purpose of avoiding all misapprehension : 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your 
 letter of August 3rd, enclosing tl^ report from a committee of 
 the Council of King's College upon a communication from the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, reconnnending the forma- 
 tion of the Faculty of Medicine of the University, and the 
 immediate establishment of a School of Medicine. I am 
 directed by the College to forward to you the following to be 
 laid before the Council of Kind's Colleae : 
 
I, 'JO The Medical Pkokession in 
 
 " Tho ('()ll(\<,'o f)f Physicians and Surgeons rei^n>t much that 
 the Uoiincil oi' Kintj's iJollcj;!! has misunderstood thoni in 
 supposing that they rociuiro assistance from the Kinj^'s (College 
 for their eorj)oration or for carrying any of the exclusive 
 objects of the (/olle^^e into operation. 
 
 " It bein|( more than twelve years since a charter was "granted 
 to the University of Kind's College, an institution so nniniti- 
 cently endowed, the (yolh^s^e of Physicians and Sur<:feons (as 
 the i^uardians of the medical |)rofessi(jn in Upper Canada) con- 
 sidered it their duty to invite the attention of the University 
 of Kiny^'s College to tiie baneful eti'ects of a further delay on 
 their part of the performance of a paramount duty, and to the 
 
 ipeetations of the nu'(lical public that tiuj long promised 
 opportunity of acquiring medical science should be afforded to 
 the youth of the Province by the University. 
 
 "In establishing that faculty and an efficient School of Medi- 
 cine which (if the University go into operation at all) must be 
 the moat prominent department of it, the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons tendered their co-operation and advice, and lest 
 at any future period both parties should form rival establisli- 
 ments which might interfere with the harmony and good feel- 
 ing that ought to subsist between them, the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons proposed that a Sehool of Medicine should 
 be formed con.jointly. 
 
 "The College of Physicians and Surgeons submitted as a pre- 
 cedent, the School of Medicine in Ireland, established conjointly 
 by the Universit}' of ])ul)lin and the King's and Queen's College 
 of Physicians in Ireland, and following that precedent, proposed 
 the following bases for the formation of a joint School of 
 Medicine : 
 
 " That this School shall consist of six Professors, or seven if 
 the Professor of Chemistry'' be included ; 
 
 " That three Professors, besides the Professor of Chemistry, 
 shall be appointed by the University, with rights and privileges 
 the same as the other Professors of the University ; 
 
 "That three Professors shall be appointed by the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons ; 
 
 " That these six Professors (with the Professor of Chemistry 
 if considered advisable), together with the President of the Col- 
 
Upper Canada, Ih:v.). 181 
 
 lojfe of PlivsleiariH and Siirfronns, for the tiirui heinfj, slmll form 
 tlio Kuciilty of M(!(licin(! of tho Univursity, und us such, shall 
 liavo thc! inanaf^eiueiit of all matters boloii;^ntif^ to that dopart- 
 inent, and hold tho DxaminatioiiH of all can(]idate.s for degrees 
 iti tiicdicine. 
 
 " As the Collof^e of Physicians and Surgeons are as yet without 
 funds, it was proposed that the Kin<;'s Collc^'e should pay cer- 
 tain salaries to the several Professors, as also to a Demonstrator 
 of Anatomy, to be appointed by the College of Physicians and 
 Surj^eons. Also, that the sum of one thousand pounds sliould 
 be appropriated by Kin<;'s College, to the founcUition of a library 
 and museum devoted to medical and surgical scienci!, which 
 librai'y and museum shall remain tlie property of King's Col- 
 lege, but bo under the control and superintendence of the 
 faculty of medicine as above proposed to bo constituted, and be 
 available for the use and instruction of the students of the 
 profession. 
 
 "The College of Physicians and Surgeons conceive that the 
 granting assistance to another coi-poration has been the only 
 grounds upon which the University might decline to join the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons in the matter proposed, 
 and that the Council of King's College misunderstood the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons on that ground, and they con- 
 fidently anticipate that the Council of King's College will see 
 the advantages of coalescing with the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, so as to attain their common objects. 
 
 " Should the proposition of the College of Physicians (which 
 they hope will now be better understood) not meet with the 
 approbation of the Council of King's College, they respectfully 
 request that the Council will intimate to them any other plan 
 they may deem advisable, so as to establish a School of Medi- 
 cine in this city without further delay, 
 
 " Bub if no such plan is in contemplation by the Council, in 
 order to obviate further difficulties as far as possible, the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons respectfully invite the Council 
 of King's College to appoint a committee of three of their 
 body to confer with an equal committee of this College, which 
 joint committee might be authorized to propose some plan by 
 
182 Thk Mki)1(;ai, Pkofkshion in 
 
 wliich till) coininon ohjpct of l)()th C()llo<^(srt might l)o spoodily 
 
 «iul Hucces.st'ully uttiiincd. 
 
 " 1 Imvu the liotiour to he, 
 
 " Etc., etc., etc." 
 {To ha Higixed hi/ the Secretary.) 
 
 Resolved, — 'Y\\ixi the report now road he adopted. 
 
 Resolved, — Thnt th(^ President, Vice-l're.sident and R. 0, 
 Home, Eh(j., he a coniiiiitteo to provide proper accomniodation 
 for the nieetini^js of the (Jiillej^jo, which may be Huitahlo for a 
 lil»raryand muHeum. 
 
 Resolved, — Tiiat Mr. MiUock's letter (hited Lloydtown, he laid 
 before Mr. Slierwood.and lii.s opinion requented thereoi', and on 
 the following (jueHtion.s : 
 
 1. Can the College of Physicians and Surgeons legally take 
 upon themselves the prosecution of those who, offending against 
 the law by practising medicine, surgery or midwifery without 
 lawful authority, are subjected by the law to certain fines ? 
 
 2. Can the College of Physicians and Surgeons lawfully 
 appropriate any portion of those fines, or of their other funds 
 to the purpo.ses of such prosecutions ? 
 
 Adjourned. 
 
 . GHAPTEli XV. 
 
 OOLLPXJE OF PHYSICIANS AND SUlKiKONS OK UI'PKH CANADA 
 
 (Continntd). 
 
 ^T^ORONTO. Monday, Septemher 30.— Present : C. Widmer, 
 X Esq., President ; Dr. F^ing, Vice-President ; Dr. Hornby. 
 R. C. Home, Esq., Dr. Baldwin, Dr. O'Brien, Dr. Shortt. The 
 Secretary laid before the College a letter from Henry Sherwood, 
 Esq., Q.C., Solicitor for the College, which was directed to be 
 entered on the minutes as follows: 
 
 " Toronto, Septemher 20th, 1889. 
 
 " Sm, — In answer to your letter of the 11th inst., I beg to 
 state that I cannot discover any ground upon which it can be 
 urged that the College of Physicians and Surgeons cannot 
 legally take upon themselves the prevention of those who. 
 
IJlM'Ell C'ANADA, IH'AU. I'Ml 
 
 ofrcndin^' af^minst tlu) law liy practising pliy.sie, surgery and 
 mitlwifery witliout lawful uuthorit}', arn .suljt'cti.'d liy tlw law 
 to certain linos. Nor can J sco ujjon what principle it can \m 
 conLcncled, that they cannot lawrully appropriate any portion 
 of tho.so fines, us of tlieir other funds, to brinj,' such oficnders 
 to justice. 1 consider the (yoile^o as a body incorporated for 
 tin; purpose of placing tlu! medical profession iii)()n a more 
 respectuhle and ellicient footing. It is the only body which 
 now legally has any control over the members of the profession. 
 From the (College the right to practise the various branches of 
 the profession can now only l)e obtained, and it does appear to 
 ine there would be great reason for complaint against tho 
 Fellows of the C'ollege, not only by its members but by the 
 community generally, if knowingly they suH'ered unautluri/ed 
 persoHH openly to y)ractiso the various branches of the pro- 
 fession, witliout any exertion on their part to stop the evil of 
 barretry. What is termed a common barretor i.s a couunon 
 (piarreler, a common exciter or maititainor of quarrels and 
 suits in courts — a person who invents or dispeiscs false 
 rumours whereby discord arises — but to insist that an incor- 
 porated body established by law to regulate and control one of 
 the learned professions, would be guilty of barretry by appoint- 
 ing a person to prosecute before a proper tribunal persons who 
 are practising contrary to law, who are, in fact, guilty of 
 misdemeanours, would, in my humble judgment, be extending 
 the meaning of the term beyond any reasonable limit. 
 
 "The matter contained in Mr. Mulock's letter is peculiarly 
 for the consideration of the College, and it is for the Fellows to 
 determine what means shall be adopted to prevent the great 
 and increasing evil of which Mr. Mulock complains. 
 " I am, Sir, your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " (Signed) Henuy Shehwood. 
 
 " Lucius O'Brien, Esq., M.D., 
 
 " Secretary, College Physicians and Surgeovs, Toronto." 
 
 Mr. Mulock's letter was again taken up by the College, and 
 the Secretary's answer (see letter book) having been read, no 
 further proceedings were directed to be taken thereon. 
 
1,S4 The Medical Puokkssion in 
 
 The Secrt'tiiry laid Id'foro tliu CdIIc^'c a letter from Josopli 
 Skoy, M.l)., liispector-CJenonil of llo.spitals, dated Montreal, 
 September 2, l.S.i!), acknowled^'in;,' th«* receipt of the communi- 
 cation of hi.s bein^f elected an Honorary Fellow of the C'ollep', 
 and returning' thanks for the same. 
 
 An application for meml)er.ship was made by Alexander 
 Hurn.sitle, Kst|., liicentiatc, Ujiper Canada, and the fee iiavinj; 
 been paid he was admitted accordingly. A sindlar application 
 was made from James Campbell, M.I)., Licentiate, Upj)er 
 Canada, Brockville, and the fee being paid he was admitted 
 accordingly. 
 
 The Committee of Examination, No. 1, reported that Mr. 
 William Adams having exhibited a License in Surgery from 
 the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, and hav- 
 ing undergone an examination in Physic and Midwifery, was 
 recommended to obtain a license; to practise Physic, Surgery 
 and Midwifery. The license was granted accordingly. 
 
 Wednesday, Ocfoher 2, IH3!).— Present : ('. Widmer, Es(i., 
 President; Dr. King, Vice-President; Dr. O'Brien, R. C. Home, 
 Esq., Dr. Hornby, Dr. Sliortt. 
 
 Mr. D. R. Bradley api)eared for examination for a license to 
 practise Physic, Surger}' and Midwifery, and after a patient 
 examination on Pharmacy, Anatom\', Surgery and Practice of 
 Physic, was found so deficient that he was rejected. 
 
 RcHolved unanimously, — Tliat no application for examina- 
 tion for license to practise from D. R. Bi'adley be received in 
 less than twelve months from this date. 
 
 The Secretary presented a diploma as Master in Stirgery, 
 and other documents, from Mr. Archibald Pass, at Barrie, with 
 an application for license. Refused till Mr. Pass appears per- 
 sonally. (The President goes out. Dr. King takes the chair.) 
 
 Resolved, — That Messrs. Black & Armstrong be authorized 
 in the event of a favourable opportunity occurring to purchase 
 the earlier numbers of the Dublin Mediad Journal, and that 
 they forward a catalogue of French medical books. ' 
 
 Resolved, — That the Treasurer be authorized to purchase a 
 Bill of Exchange for £86 13 sterling, to be remitted to Mr. 
 Wenham in payment of Black & Armstrong's (booksellers) 
 
IIiM'KU Canada, 1H3!». . ISft 
 
 account, fliitcil Au;,'U^t 24, IM.'I!), luifl tliiit In- 1)»« iiutliori/iMl to 
 piiy cliiii^^fs Tor tile inliiiil ('Xptiuscs upon the mjiuu!. 
 
 litso/rtil, That the ('ollc^o rt'Coniuirinl Hcndiuj^ I'or tlio fol- 
 lowinj^ works at tliu t'urlio.st opportunity ; Dr. Hri^'lit's Mclical 
 Works, I'liris \.' I''<)ul»lan^'ue'.s Medical .lurisprudi'nco, (Gor- 
 don's Medical I'lvidences, Medical .lurisprudeiico, etc., (iuy's and 
 St. Tlionias' Hospital Keports. Atijourneil. 
 
 QUAIITKUI.V MkKTINO, Norcnihi'V 4, 1H89. — Present : C. Witl- 
 nier, Ks()., I'resident; H. C. Horno, lvs(|.. Dr. Uwynnc, Dr. 
 O'Brien, Dr. Sliortt, Dr. Hornby. 
 
 Tlie Treasurer's accounts were laid before the Colle<j;e, found 
 correct and audited, presenting a balMiice of £40 0, subject 
 to a repayment to Mr. Rolph, of Ancaster, of £5, leaving; a 
 real balance of £.'}') 0. 
 
 The motion made on the /ith day of Auf'ust last, that Dr, 
 Ilerrick be admitted to Fellowship, was taken up, when it was 
 
 .liesi)lvv(l,~'Y\\dii (ieor<,'e Ilerrick, M.D., be admitted to Fel- 
 lowship in this College on his complying; witli the provisions 
 of the Act of Incorporation. 
 
 A letter from Mr. Thbs. H. Mulock, dated October V,\, was 
 read. 
 
 Rt'Kolred, — That the meetinpjs for the examination of can- 
 didates for license shall be held in future on tlio first Thursday 
 of every month, at G p.m. 
 
 The Connnittec of Examination, No. 2, reported that Mr. 
 Wm. Thistle had produceil a diploma from the Faculty of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, and had been examined 
 in Midwifery. They recommended that ho ,be granted a 
 diploma in Surgery only. They report also that Mr. Wm. 
 Henry Dalton had been examined in Physic, Surgery and 
 Midwifery, and having acquitted himself to their satisfaction, 
 they reconnnend that he be granted a license to practise all 
 three branches. 
 
 The two licenses granted accordingly to be dated November 
 1, 1839. 
 
 Moved by Dr. Gwynne, seconded by Dr. Hornby, that 
 whenever an extraordinary meeting be called, the subjects to 
 be discussed be stated. Lost. 
 
IM(i TlIK MkDICAI, Pll()KF.SS|r)N IN 
 
 Movdd Ity Dr. (►I'rion, .scoomU'd l)y Dr. Sliortt, that John 
 'riir(|iiiitiil, ll'-iiry Sullivnn, Alo.x. Smith, M.D., iitid .Ijiiihjh 
 Cainphell, M.I)., hoinL,' Mcniltt'r.s of thti (Jolli'^'c, ho oh.'(;tt'<l to 
 KclloWNhij) therein to ho hullottid for iit tlu! .luiumiy iiiootinjj, 
 which iiKitioii hi'iii;^ put to the votn Wils Ao.s/. 
 
 Si'KciAi, MKKTiNfJ, Xoir)nh('.v2H, lH3f) — Proat'Mt : 0. VVi<lni(!r, 
 Ks(|,, PrfsidiTit ; Dr. Kiti^', Vico-I'rosldent ; Dr. O'liricii, II. (J. 
 Horm', Ks([., mid Dr. Shoilt. 
 
 Thti Sccri'tary hiid Itel'orc tho C'olIt'<'t' u K'ttcr from Mr. .John 
 AHiinhy with his an.swoi" theroto. Nothing ordered until the 
 ducuMUiuts allu<k'il to ho produced. 
 
 RcHoliH'd, — That tho olliccr alhuh-d to in tho nineteenth ehiusc* 
 of the Act of Incorporation .shall he desit^'tuited th(i collector of 
 the C>olle<];e, and that it .shall he hi.s duty to collect evidence and 
 lay information heforo tho proper authorities a<,'ain.Ht all per- 
 son.H practising any hranch of the profession who have not heon 
 lei^'ally licensed. That the said ollictsr shall receive the sum of 
 .C2 10 a.s a renuuieration for his trouble, on all convictions 
 ari.sin^ from his information, and that he shall receive tho sum 
 of one and a half per cent, on all other tine.s collected. 
 
 ReHolved, — That Mr. William lli^gins, Ili^^h Constahle of th(^ 
 Home District, he appointed collector. 
 
 Hesolred, — That a notice ho inserted in the Toronto Patriot, 
 CumiHcrcial Herald, Kinrjston ('/inmide, Hamilton Gazattc, 
 Cohour<.j Star and Niaf^ara Chronicle, newspapers, re(|Uestin^ 
 all ma^^istrates convictinf^ any ottenders against tho Act incor- 
 poratin;.; the Collej^o of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper 
 Canada, to remit the amount of all fines to the collector of the 
 College appointed under tho nineteenth clause of the Act of 
 Incorporation. 
 
 Resolved, — That a committee he appointed to prepare art 
 address to His Excellency the Governor-General, relative to the 
 deficient means of medical education in the Province, and to 
 pray that His E.xcellency may be pleased to a.ssist us in provid- 
 ing a remedy for .so great an evil. 
 
 Resolved, — That a committee be appointed to prepare a peti- 
 tion from the College to each branch of the Legislature, to 
 
Vvvm Canada, IH'M. 137 
 
 ro(]ii<>.st that NtcpM Im> takon to forui at once an oHlciunt tniulical 
 n(;Im)()I in this city. 
 
 Ai).M>i'iiNKi> Mkktino, Df'i'vmher 4, 1830.— Prosnnt : C. Wld- 
 nicr, Ks(|., Prcsiilcrit ; Dr. Kin^', \ icc-|'rt',si(h>nt ; Dr. O'Hrion, 
 Dr. li.ildwiri, W. Ttdt'.-r, Ks.|,. II. C. Ilorm), Ks(|,. Dr. Shortt, Dr. 
 CJwynnci. 
 
 lii'.Hoh'fiil, — Tliat th(^ ( 'oUn^'o havin;,' rcconsidcrtMl tlm pro- 
 priety of adihH'Msin^ tin; (lovurnor-Ch'tirral in complianco with 
 the resolution of hust iiiuetin^, do not now deem it expedient to 
 
 do HO. 
 
 The coimnittt'o a|)pointod to draw up a petition to the diflcr- 
 ent hnmehes of the Legislature presc-nted a draft of one 
 acconlin^dy. After discussion it was 
 
 Jirsoh'cil,- That the foUowiuf,' petition he presented. to each 
 branch of the Ije^dslature : 
 
 " To the Ifonoiirahic the Lejfldatlve AHnmnl)l,i/, Gomvums 
 House of Assembly, in Provivc'ud Pddiatnenl asseinbUd: 
 
 "The Petition of the President aiul Fellows of the (Jolloiro of 
 Physicians and Sur;feons of Hpjier Canada huniltly showeth : 
 
 "That one essential ami prominent point set fortli in a peti- 
 tion presented to your Honourable House during' last Session 
 from the Medical Practitioners of this Province, was tlio 
 deficiency of Medical Education therein. 
 
 " That your Petitioners, since the Incorporation of the CoUej^e, 
 have assiduously applied theniselves to ren)edy this evil, more 
 especially by representation to the Council of Kin<if'8 C/oUege, 
 therein p()intini.( out a code of establishinj^ a Faculty of 
 Medicine in the said CoUejjfo, which your Petitioners have no 
 doul)t, if carried into effect, would have proved successful in its 
 results ; but it is with deep re<^ret they ore compelled to 
 acknowledf:fe that their efforts hitherto have proved wholly 
 unsuccessful, and they have no prospect, for a long period, of 
 any beneficial change by any means within their own power. 
 
 "The fact that hirge sums have been from time to time 
 
 appropriated for the support of general education, induces 
 
 your Petitioners to hope that your Honourable House will devise 
 
 some measures whereby the students of a branch of education of 
 
 10 
 
ins TlIK Mr.DK'Af. PUOKKHHIDN IM 
 
 mich itnportunco nn tliiit of incilicinit miiy Itr ri>ihi(!i>i| Iroiii 
 t!»« Wn^rudin^ lU'crNnity of rt'Hortiii^ to ii forriy^ii country for 
 tliiit ktiowlni^'o wliicit oti^'lit to ))i'ovi«lf<l vvitliin tli«< Province. 
 
 " Vour i'tititiotirrM (earnestly roprcsunt to your Monoiiriil)lo 
 lioUNu, timt ill ('()iis('<|n(>nc() of liuviii;; no n>pri>si>iitiitiv(> in tho 
 CoiiMoil of Kitinr's ('olh«;f«', tliiiy liiivo no nit'iuis of ltrin;,Mii>( 
 fairly Ix'foro that liody tin* just iitnl iir^^cnl cluiiiis of tint MimM- 
 ciil I'rofi'ssion, whil.st other I'ucultii'.s aru amply rupruNuntcil in 
 tliat < 'oiiikmI. 
 
 "Your l'»'tition<'iM tlu'ntforo hnmlily pray that your llonour- 
 nl)l(! Ilouso will tiik«> the prtMiiiHCH into your favoiirahlo (rotisi*lur- 
 ntion and ho alter ami ainfud tin* lato Act, aiiK^ndirit^' the 
 Charter of Kiiij^'s (yollt'u«>, an to provide tiiat certain nieniliers 
 of that ('olle<{e ('onncil hIuiII Ik) appointed to represent tho 
 Medical Kaculty therein, and that your lloMoural)le llouso 
 will atiord sucii other relief in tin; premises as may he deemed 
 advisalile." 
 
 licHolved, — That Henry Sherw(»od, Ks<|., (^.C, ho reiiuested to 
 pr^^sent tlio ahovo petition to tho Commons House of Assem- 
 bly ; and the Hon. William Morris to tho Lei^islative C'ouncil. 
 
 JicHolved, — 'i'hat the Secretary ho diroctiid to write to tho 
 Clerk of tiio I'tiace, H.I)., inf()rmin<r him that a tini! of two 
 pounds had been imposed l»y — Snook, Es(|., and re(|U(!sting 
 liim to direct that this tino may h(; remitted to the Treasurer. 
 
 In IM.Sn an Act was passed, j^'rantin^ £500 for tho uiaintun- 
 anco of tho Toronto (ieneral Hosjjital. 
 
 Annual Mketimj, J<uiii<i.ri/ 6, 1840. — Present: C. Widmor, 
 Es(|., President; Dr. Kinj^, Vice-President; Walter Telfer, Esq., 
 Dr. O'Jirien, II. J). Hamilton, Esij., R. C. Home, E.sq., J)r. Shortt. 
 Wm. Durie, Esq., Dr. Herrick. 
 
 The Secretary laid before the Collej^fo a communication from 
 T. W. C. Murdock, Es(j., Secretary to His Excellency tho 
 Governor-General, acknowled^in<( the receipt of tlie petition of 
 the College to His Excellency, and that it will receive Hia 
 Excellency's consideration. 
 
 liMolved unanimously, — That Christopher Widmer, Esq., be 
 elected President for the ensuing year. 
 
TTiM'Rit Canada, 1840. 189 
 
 liiMohtii iitiiuiiiiioUMly, 'i'liiit .luliM King, M.l)., bt tlttlld 
 Vico-l*r«'Mi<N<nt for tln' t'liiiiiii^ ymir. 
 
 HfMithril uimtiiiiiotisly, Tlmt liiiciuN O'Hriun, M.I)., I>u 
 olui;t«'il Sicri'tiiry ami Ut<^M<ttmr lor tint «>iiMtiinj; y««ur. 
 
 JiiMolrnl imtiiiimously, — Tlmt Kol)t. C. Iloriif, Enij., \te 
 •lacted 'I*n>ii,iur<'r for tl tisiiiii;^' ynir. 
 
 Penoll'rd , Tliilt till' followillj^ Kt'llows Im clt'ctiMl us Ci'tlsorM 
 for tlin (iiistiit);; yi'iir : •loliti Kin^^', M.D., \'iu(!-l'ri',>sii|i>iit ; liiiciiiH 
 O'Hri.n. M.D., Wult.T TtiUVr, Surijuon; W. (\ (Jwyiuu', M.R, 
 Gu()r^(> ilorrick, M.I). 
 
 Ht'Hidved, — That tlu^ ( 'Oiiiiiiitt«Mi of Kirmucd <lo rousist of 
 W. VV. Ikl.lwiii, M.I).. KolH-rt llonil.y, M.I)., lunl (l.-or^'o 
 Horrick, M.I). 
 
 llt'HDlird, — That .lolin Kin^', M.I)., Vico-ProHidcnt, 1)0 
 appoiiitcil Inspector of ApotlifCuricH' Sliop.s, «tc. 
 
 Till! niiint'.s of Apotliecurics and Vi-mlor.s of l)riijj[.s wiio liavo 
 roj^istiirtMJ tlu'ir names, was then read, viz.: C. II. I'cck, IVes- 
 cott; RufuM lloldeii, liellin'iMe; .1. \V. Hri^nt, Toronto; Joseph 
 Hock ott (.^ Co., Toronto ; Richard Tiiton, Toronto ; lieslie Hro.s., 
 Toronto; (Jravely ife Jackson, CJohour;,'. 
 
 The S(cr(!tary hiid before! the Colle^'e a U'tter from Sir JainoH 
 
 McOri^'or, l)irector-(«eneral of the Army Medieal Department, 
 
 dated liontion, Oct. 9, iHUi), acknowUMJ^'inj^ the receipt of the 
 
 Secri!tary's letti^r of Aunjiist », l.S.'{}), and roturninj^ thank.s for 
 
 . thii hij^h honour conferred upon him, etc. 
 
 Ordered, that the Secretary do direct the back nuiid)ers of 
 the "Amiirican Mijdical Library and Int(!llif,'encer " to bo for- 
 warded forthwith in reply to a letter from A. Waldie, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 The freasurer'a books were examined, showing a balance of 
 £14 4 !) due to the College to Dec. JU, 18.'}!), were audited 
 and approved. 
 
 Moved by Wm. Durie, Esc)., seconded by tiie Vice-President, 
 that Sir John Webb, K.C.B., Director-General of the Ord- 
 nance Medical Departnu^nt, be elected an Honorary Fellow of 
 this College, to be taken into consideration at the next reguhxr 
 meeting. (Dr. Hornby enters.) 
 
 The Committee of Examination reported that Mr. John 
 Stewart, of Tecum.seth, had produced a diploma from the 
 
140 The Medical r*ROFEssioN in 
 
 Eflinbur<(li Collefje of Surgeons and been examined in Physio 
 and Midwit'ery, and they recommended a license be granted to 
 him to practise all three branches. License ordered to be dated 
 December 2(5, 1839. 
 
 Moved and seconded, that Dr. Herrick having presented a 
 diploma from Alex. Robinson from the College of Surgeons of 
 Edinburgh, accompanied by an affidavit, that .said Alex. Robin- 
 son is the person therein mentioned. It be 
 
 Renolved, — That the same be deemed satisfactory by the 
 College, and that he receive his license accordingly, which, 
 being put to a vote, was Lost. 
 
 Moved and .seconded, that no application for license be enter- 
 tained unless on the per.sonal appearance of the applicant, and 
 that a " statute " to that effect be adopted ; to be taken into 
 consideration at the next regular meeting. 
 
 Moved and seconded, " That the opinion of the Solicitor of 
 the College be obtained on the construction of the 12th clause 
 of the Act of Incorporation," which, on being put to the vote 
 was Lost. 
 
 Moved and .seconded, that James Campbell, M.D., of the 
 University of Edinburgh, of Brockville, being a member of 
 the College, " be admitted to Fellowship therein ; " to be taken 
 into consideration at the next regular meeting. 
 
 Moved arid seconded, that Mr. Henry Sullivan, Mr. John 
 Turquand and Alexander Smith, M.D., etc., etc., being members 
 of this College, be elected to Fellowship therein ; to be con- 
 sidered at the next regular meeting. 
 
 Resolved, — That a committee be appointed to frame " rules " 
 for the library. Adjourned sine die. 
 
Upper Canada, 1840. 141 
 
 * 
 
 CHAPTER X\I. 
 
 SU(i()KSTIONS TO THK LIKUT. (iOVKKNOH MV 'rilK ('(H.M'KiK. 
 
 TORONTO, Ft'hruary 3, 1840— First Mom lay in Fubruaiy 
 (Quarterly Meeting). — Prescmt : C. Widnu^r, Ksq., Presi- 
 dent ; Doctor Kinjif, Vice-President ; Doctors Hornby, O'Brien, 
 Shortt, Herrick, Gwynne and W. Teller, Ksq. 
 
 The motion, " That Sir John Webb, etc., etc., be elected an 
 Honorary Fellow of thi.s' College," was adopted unanimously. 
 
 Dr. James Campbell, Brockviile, Mr. Henry Sullivan, Mr. 
 John Turquand, Alexander Smith, M.D., were elected to Fel- 
 lowship. 
 
 Resolved, — That the opinion of H. Sherwood, Esq., be taken 
 upon the (juestion — " Whether, under the clause of the Act of 
 Incorporation, it be lawful to enact a Statute or By-law requir- 
 ing the personal appearance of applicants for license before 
 such license shall be granted." 
 
 Resolved, — That the motion, " That no application for license 
 be entertained unless on the personal appearance of the appli- 
 cant," be postponed until the regular meeting in May. 
 
 Moved and seconded, that Henry Boys, M.D., be elected to 
 Fellowship on his complying with the terms of the Act of 
 Incorporation. Ordered to be taken into consideration at the 
 next regular meeting. Adjourned. 
 
 Fehmary 4, 1840. — Present: C. Widmer, Esq., President; 
 Dr. King, Vice-President; Dr. O'Brien, Dr. Baldwin, Dr. 
 Gwynne, Dr. Hornby, Dr. Shortt and Dr. Herrick. 
 
 Mr. R. Coucher presented an application for license ; referred 
 to the censors. (N.B. — Mr. Coucher presented a diploma from 
 the London College of Surgeons only, and was informed that 
 to obtain a license to practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, 
 he must undergo an examination in Physic and Midwifery 
 — on which he withdrew, saying he would not trouble the' 
 College any further.) 
 
 Dr. Hornby presented from the Library Committee a report 
 and code of renfulations. 
 
142 The Medical Puofession in 
 
 Moved nnd seconded, that the examination of candidates for 
 license be open to any person introduced by a l^'ollow, which 
 motion being put to the vote was IjOhI. 
 
 Resolved, — Tliat Tiioinas Ilolph, Esq., of Ancaster, be 
 requested to act as agent of this College while he is in Great 
 Britain, in the transaction of such matters as the College may 
 deem expedient. Adjourned. 
 
 February 5, 1840. — Present: C. Widmer, Esq., President; 
 Dr. O'Brien, and Dr. Herrick. No quorum. Adjourned sine 
 die. 
 
 Special Meeting, March 3, 1840. — Present: C. Widmer, 
 Esq., President ; Dr. Hornby, Dr. O'Brien, Dr. Herrick, Mr. 
 Sullivan, and Mr. Telfer. 
 
 The Secretary reported to the College that the case of books 
 from Black & Armstrong, London, had arrived, and that the 
 contents were much damaged by water ; that Mr. Rowsell had 
 surveyed them and estimated the damage as follows: "15 vol- 
 umes of the bound volumes will require to be taken to pieces 
 and cleaned and entirely new bound at 4s. 3d. per volume. 9 
 volumes cleaned and repaired at Is. lOUl. per volume. 24 
 numbers in paper covers repaired at Gd. each. N.B. — If the 
 loose numbers are half bound calf same as the others, the price 
 per volume will be 3s. 9d." 
 
 Resolved, — That the Secretary be authorized to employ Mr. 
 Rowsell to repair the 15 volumes of bound books at 4s. 3d. per 
 A olume ; the 9 volumes at Is. lOld. per volume, and to procure 
 the loose numbers to be bound at 3s. 9d. per volume. 
 
 Special Meeting, April 18, 1840. — Present: John King, 
 M.D., Vice-President; Dr. Hornby, Dr. O'Brien, Dr. Gwynne, 
 Dr. Herrick, Walter Telfer, Esq., and Henry Sullivan, Es(i[. 
 
 The Secretary laid before the meeting the following letter 
 from the commis.sioners for erecting a lunatic asylum : 
 
 " Toronto, A'pril 16, 1840. 
 
 " Sir, — The commissioners for erecting a lunatic asylum in 
 this Province, have resolved to ask the opinion of the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons regarding the eligibility of a cer- 
 
Ui'PEH Canada, 1840. U8 
 
 tain site nortli of the city, whereon to erect the buildinf^, as to 
 .salul>rity. 
 
 "The coinmissioncrH respectfully re(|ue.st the attor'ion of the 
 Colle^^e to this matter at its earliect convenience, and will point 
 out the spot alluded to whenever the College shall be pleased 
 to give them notice of its intention to view it. 
 
 " We have the honour to be. Sir, 
 
 " Your Obedient Servants, 
 
 " (Signed) C. VVidmeh, ] ^ 
 
 Alexander Wood, } Gommissione^. 
 
 " To Lucius O'Brien, M.D. 
 
 " Si'cretdry, CuUe(je of Physieiana and Sargeuna 
 of Upjter Canada." 
 
 The above letter being taken into consideration, a committee 
 wa.s appointed to enquire into the subject of it. 
 
 Adjourned Special Meeting, April 2.5, 1840. — Present: 
 John King, M.D., Vice-President; Dr. O'Brien, Dr. Herrick, 
 W. Telfer, Esq., and Dr. Shortt. 
 
 The committee to whom the subject of the salubrity of cer- 
 tain .sites for a lunatic asylum was referred, presented their 
 report : 
 
 " The committee to whom was entrusted the investigating 
 the subject of the eligibility of certain sites as to salubrity, etc., 
 upon wliieh to erect a lunatic asylum, respectfully beg leave to 
 report as follows : 
 
 " Your committee have visited the different situations pointed 
 out to them by the Commissioners, Messrs. Wi(Jmer and Wood, 
 viz., three lots north of the city and lying contiguous to each 
 other, the most easterly of which is the property of John Scad- 
 ding, Esq. ; the middle, of James Small, Esq., and that most 
 towards the west, of the Hon. Wm. Allen. 
 
 " The elevation of the land generally, the expanded and 
 varied view of the country and the lake in front ; the distance 
 (about a mile and a half) from the marsh being far beyond the 
 limit within which marsh miasmata are known usually to have 
 
144 The Medical Puofehsion in 
 
 tt noxious inHuence, inclino your coiuinittee to tho opinion that 
 any one of those situations would bo in point of salubrity and 
 scenery, an eli(i;il)le site for tho intended asylum. But your 
 couunitteo at the same time hc^ leave to add that they decided 
 to prefer tho site, the property of James Small, Kh<[., as posses- 
 sing' from its superior elevation, all the above advantai^es in an 
 eminent degree. 
 
 " All of which is most resi)ectfully submitted. 
 
 " (Signed) John King, M.])., Cliairman. 
 Wm. C. Gwynne. 
 Geo. Hkhhick, M.I). 
 
 " College of Physicians and Surgeons, April 2o, 1840." 
 
 Resolveil, — That a copy of the report be transmitted to the 
 said connnissioners. Adjourned. 
 
 QuAUTEHLY MEETING, May 4, 1840. — Present: C. Widmer, 
 Es(}., President; Dr. King, Vice-President; Dr. Baldwin, Dr. 
 O'Brien and Mr. Sullivan. 
 
 ]iesolved,—T\\Q,i the sum of iive pounds deposited by Thos. 
 Ilolph in the hands of the Treasurer, be refunded, he having 
 exhibited no qualification for being elected a member. 
 
 Resolved, — That Mr. Wm. Clarke, of Guelph, having laid 
 before the College a certificate of examination in Physic, Sur- 
 gery and Midwifery before the late Medical Board of this 
 Province, dated January 11, 1889, and praying for the license 
 of the College thereon, the College consider that this testimo- 
 nial is sufficient to justify the College in granting him its 
 license. 
 
 Resolved, — That the license recommended by the College to 
 be granted to Mr. Wm. Clarke, shall issue upon the payment of 
 the further sum of one pound ten shillings, and upon his con- 
 forming with the regulations of the College. 
 
 Resolved, — That the Treasurer do remit the sum of two 
 pounds ton shillings to Adam Waldie, Philadelphia, in payment 
 of subscription for the fourth year of the "American Library 
 and Intelligencer," commencing April 1, 1840. 
 
 The following gentlemen have appeared before the censors 
 for license since February 3 : 
 
Upper Canada. 1H4(). 146 
 
 Fohruary 6. — ArcliihaM Push, M. C Glasguons, Harrie, license 
 for I'hy.sic, Surjjory and MidvviFery. 
 
 March 5. — James McCarthy, Toronto, license for Phy.sic and 
 
 8uri;ery. 
 
 March 24. — William i5ur<;e.s.s, Ijicontiate of the Koyal College 
 of Suri^oons of Krlinburgh, Port Talbot, license for Physic, 
 Sur;;ery and Midwifery. Adjourned. 
 
 Ad.kiitrned Mkktino, Maij o, 1840. — Present: Christopher 
 Widmer, Es(|., President; Dr. Hornby, Dr. Gwynne, Dr. 
 0'P.nen, Dr. Siiortt, Dr. Herrick and Mr. Tcilfer. 
 
 The t"ollowin<ij communication was laid before the College : 
 
 "Sill, — We have the honour to request you to lay the 
 enclosed communication before the Collej^e at its meeting this 
 
 day. 
 
 "(Sij^ned) John King, Vice-President. 
 Lucius O'Buien. 
 " C. Widmer, Esq., 
 
 " President, etc., etc." 
 
 " The undersic^ned consider it their duty to lay before the 
 College of Physicians and Suri:feons the followinsr report of 
 circumstances connected with the disallowance of the Act of 
 Incorporation of the College, and beg leave to observe that 
 the present is the first opportunity which they have had of 
 making the comnwanication. 
 
 " On the Wednesday immediately preceding the departure of 
 the Governor-General from Toronto, we heard that a despatch 
 had been received disallowing the Act of Incorporation of the 
 Collei,'e, and considered that some steps ought to be taken 
 immediately to obviate it if possible. Accordingly, Dr. O'Brien 
 called on the President, but not finding him at home, sent him 
 a message, and was favoured with a call from him next morn- 
 ing (viz.), Thursday, when Dr. O'Brien proposed that we should 
 wait on His Excellency to ascertain the facts and request a 
 postponement of the promulgation of the disallowance. This 
 the President declined. 
 
 " Having consulted with Mr. Sherwood, and conceiving that 
 
146 The Medical Pkokkshion in 
 
 no tiiiu^ WiVH to l)C lost iti u matter of nucIi tnoinent, he, Mr. 
 Sherwood, very readily iij^reed to uccoiiipiuiy uh to FCis 
 Excelli'ticy, and wo three accordin^dy waited on him that 
 afternoon, not as a deputation from the College, but as 
 individuals feelinj^ deeply interested in its welfare. His 
 Kxcellency inform('(| us that such a despatch had heen received, 
 entered courteously and atttititively into the suhjcct, "^'ave us 
 an order to stie the despatch, said he would be <,'lad to see us 
 a^'ain either next day or on Saturday, and receive any ar<^u- 
 ments we nii'dit have to brin<r forward a<iainst the disallow- 
 ance, antl that in the meantinui he would postpone its publica- 
 tion. 
 
 " It bein*:; tiien too late to call at thi; otlice of the Secretary, 
 Mr. Murdock, wo called next day, Friday, accompanied by Dr. 
 Widmer, and read over the despatch. 
 
 "Saturday afternoon, ])r. Widmer, Dr. Kin<^, Dr. O'Brien and 
 Dr. Ciwynne, accompanied by Mr. Sherwood, waited accordinpf 
 to appointment on the Governor-General, with whom Mr. Sher- 
 wood entered very fully into the subject, and the interview 
 resulted in His Excellency expressin<i; himsiilf strongly in our 
 favour, and recpiesting that Mr. Sherwood would embody our 
 arguments in a memorial to him, whicli he would make the 
 foundation of a despatch to the Imperial Government and sup- 
 port by his favourable recommendation. 
 
 " Early on Monday morning His Excellency left Toronto for 
 Montreal. , 
 
 " N.B. — His ICxcellcncy informed * us that the disallowance 
 was to have been publi-shed in the Gazette the following Thurs- 
 day. 
 
 " We cannot in justice close this report without bringing 
 under the notice of the College the very handsome and prompt 
 manner in which Mr. Sherwood afforded us his advice and 
 assistance in this very urgent and critical conjuncture. 
 
 "(Signed) Lucius O'Brien. 
 
 John King, Vice-Freaident." 
 
 Thereon it was 
 
 Resolved, — That the Secretary be requested to write to Mr. 
 Secretary Murdock, requesting that the College may be fur- 
 
Ui'PKii Canada, 1840. 147 
 
 nislicd with a copy of tlio (Icspatcli containing tlio objection to 
 the Hill inoorponitinj^ tli(> (/ollci,'!! of Pliy^iciftns and Surj,'(>()nM. 
 
 Tlu' rc^Milations Tor tiu! library wurc tlion taken into consid- 
 eration, when it was 
 
 Rt'sol red, That until a suitaltle room fortius library can bo 
 ohtained, the hooks of the ('ollej^e now in possession of the 
 Secretary shall he allowed to circulate anionj,' the Fellows of 
 the College under certain restrictions : 
 
 Rksituction No. I. — Kvi'ry Fellow receiving' a hook from 
 the St((vvard of the Hospital shall deposit with hini as a pled<,'o 
 for its safety and return within fourteen days, the sum of " two 
 dollars." No. 2. — Fvery hook shall he returned when dono 
 with, to the Steward, and not transferrt.'d from Fellow to Fellow. 
 
 Henolutal, — That at every (juarterly meetin<( a comnutt«'e of 
 three be apjiointed to exanunci and report upon the state of the 
 books. 
 
 Resolved, — That the President, Vice-President and Dr. 
 Owynne he the Connnittee for the present ([uaiter. 
 
 Rcsolred, — That tlu^ hooks of the College he for the present 
 deposited in the Hospital, and that the key of the ease ho loft 
 in chnr<fe of tlut Steward, who shall jifive the hooks to the 
 Fellows, receive the deposit, and enter the name of the Fellows, 
 between the hours of 12 and 1 o'clock, daily. 
 
 Remlved, — That the Secretary be authorized to procure a 
 case with shelves, lock and key, capable of containing all the 
 books of the College. 
 
 Resolved, — That the Secretary be authorized to procure 
 Stencil Plates with the words " Coll. Phy.s. and Surg. U.C." for 
 the purpose of marking the books and plates. 
 
 Resolved, — That a suitable book be procured for the library 
 in wliich shall be entered the name of the person taking out 
 any book, the title of the book and number of volume, with 
 the dates of issuing and returning it, with any remarks which 
 may be re(juired as to the state it may be in when issued or 
 returned. Adjourned. 
 
 Spkcial Meeting, June 9, 1840. — Present: C. Widmer, Esq., 
 President; Dr. King, Vice-President; R. C. Home, Esq., W. 
 Telfer, Esq., Dr. Herrick. 
 
148 TtiK Medical Puokkssiun in 
 
 A communication from Mr. Hopkirk, Actin^-St'crotury to His 
 Exocljj'ncy tJK* liit'Ut.-iJovornor, to the President, Hiuumncinji; 
 his (Icterminatioii to fix tho .sit(^ of tlut intundcd Lunatic 
 Asylum at Kin^^ston, liavin;; \n'v.u rcail, it was 
 
 livmlwd, — Tiiat a memorial to His Kxcellency tiu» liioutenant- 
 Governor, be forthwith prepared and forwarded witliout dehiy, 
 statiiif,' the injurious efl'ccts of such a mcasun; upon tlio h»*8t 
 ijiterests of the profession, as well as the risin;,' meml»«!rs thereof, 
 an<l praying that His KxcelUdicy will ho pleased to locate the 
 asylum in the immediate lUMjjfhhourhood of this city. And that 
 the President, Vice-President, the Si^cretary and Dr. Herrick ho 
 a committee to draw up the same ujcmurial. Adjourned. 
 
 Ad.iouuned Special NFektinc!, June 10, 1M40. — Present: C. 
 Widnier, Es(|., President; Dr. Kin<^, Vice-President; Dr. Her- 
 rick, Dr. O'Brien, W. Telfer. Ks(|., H. Sidlivan, Es(|. 
 
 The President presented a draft of a memorial to His Excel- 
 lency the Lieutenant-Governor, which being taken into con- 
 sideration, was adopted as follows : 
 
 "To II is Excellenvij Major- General Sir George Arthur, K.C.H., 
 LleiUena^U-Govenior, etc. 
 
 " We, the President, V'ice-Presi(h'nt and Fellows of the Colle<j;e 
 of Physicians and Sur<i;eons of Upper Canada, respectfully beg 
 leave to address Your Excellency on a subject of vital impor- 
 tance to the College and the Profession generally throughout 
 the Province. 
 
 " Having understood that Your Excellency has recently come 
 to the determination that the asylum to be erected in this Prov- 
 ince for the receptacle of in.sane and lunatic persons, in pursu- 
 ance of the provisions of the Statute of the 2nd Victoria, chap, 
 xi., shall be located at Kingston, we would earnestly but 
 most respectfully offer to Your Excellency, many cogent reasons 
 upon which we hope Your Excellency may be rendered to alter 
 your determination thereon. 
 
 "It certainly couhl not have escaped Your Excellency's pene- 
 tration, that such an establish inent as a lunatic asylum should 
 be so situated that it would afford to the friends of the pitiable 
 objects, for whose accommodation, protection and cure it is 
 
IJpi'Kit Canada, IH4(). 141) 
 
 foundi'd, tho a.sNuninccs of tlu'ir rocoivin;^ the most ofVicuiiit and 
 populiir protVvs.sional aid that ooiild hn ohtairu'd in thu Province; 
 and without (hftractiii"^ at all from tho merits of tho rospoctahlo 
 practitioners of our art in Kinj^ston, wo would humhiy suhmit 
 that, as is tho cas»? in otlior countries, tlio doscription of talent 
 most likely to ho hi;^'lily (sstimatiMJ hy the puhlic, is generally 
 to bo found in tho dense and wealthy population of a metro- 
 politan city. In looking forward to the future, the pc^riod wo 
 hope it) not far <listant, when tho beneficial ofierations of tho 
 ample endowment of an University in this city, will bo available 
 for the instruction of mtMlicine. 
 
 "The pressure of an institution for the cure of mental diseases 
 as an adjunct to the pre^sent practical beneHts offered by tho 
 General Hospital, will present to tho student of medicine, 
 advantaj^'os of an importance that he should not, for trifling 
 considerations, be deprived of. The rapid strides with which 
 the .science of mental patholo^ry has of late years advanced, 
 would lead to tho hope that tho opportunities for observation 
 in so larj^e a field as this asylum would present, will not be lost 
 to the medical student of our future University, through an 
 error which, when once consummated, cannot be romedietl. 
 
 " We shall not be doomed visionary when wo declare to Your 
 Excellency that the first fruits of an effective organization of a 
 .school for niodical instruction of which tho projected lunatic 
 asylum should form a part, will afford results of an innnonsely 
 valuable nature, both politically and morally, to the inhabitants 
 of this favoured Province. 
 
 " If we are deprived of the important addition which we pray 
 for, and the asylum is removed without the pale of the Univer- 
 sity, wo consider that it will bo shorn of a most valuable and 
 important feature in its usefulne.s.s. 
 
 " Having pointed out the reasons which more immediately 
 concern us as a professional body, we would suggest to Your 
 Excellency, one of a character which, as citizens, we cannot 
 allow ourselves to pass over unnoticed. The House of A.ssembly 
 in its last session was moved to address His Excellency the 
 Governor-General for reasons then brought forward, praying 
 that His Excellency would cause the asylum to be located in 
 Kingston. 
 
150 TnK Mkdical r'HOIKSSUlN IN 
 
 "This motion Ih'Iii^ iioj^ativml hy a liirj^'t^ miijority of tlio 
 ll()iis(» is u proof that tlm fiu'liiij^s of tlm ri'|)it',st'jjtiitiv)',s of tho 
 |)(>o|)lu woru opposcil to tli(t iiicasiin) now iiImxiI to litt atloptitd 
 liy Your KxcclloMcy, iiM<l cunnot fail to striko us as a proof tliiit 
 it woultl lu) l»it»hly unpopuliir ^ctn'nilly in tlu^ Provinco. 
 
 " In tlu' hopo tluit Your lOxci'llfncy will considrr tlu« impor- 
 tunes of tliu suhjcct Mul)mitt(Ml to Your Kxcollcncy in this 
 adilro.s.s as a Niiflicicnt uxcust) for trcMpiiN.sin^ \ipon Your 
 Excellency H valuuhle time, wi« conclude hy »!urn»'stly rntroat- 
 in^ Your Mxcollcncy to rrconsidor tlu! determination wliicii 
 Your Kxcolleiuiy has arrived at." 
 
 7i^'.«<(>/(V'(/, — That a copy of tho said meniorial he transnutted 
 to His Kxcellency tiio (Jovernor-CJi'Ueral. Adjourntid. 
 
 CFTAPTKli XVII. 
 
 TlIK LKClALirV OK THK (J0LLK(1K l!ALLKI) IN QUKSTION. 
 
 TORONTO, Au!/iifil 'A, 1840 (giuarterly Meetinj,').— iVe.sent : 
 ('. VVitliner, Es(|., President; Dr. Kinjj, Vice-President; 
 W. Telfer, Es^., Dr. O'Hrien, ])r. Shortt, and llcnry Sullivan. 
 
 The Secretary .stated that no answer had been received from 
 Mr. Murdock relative to the application made for coj)y of the 
 despatch containing the disallowance of the Act of Incorpora- 
 tion of the College. 
 
 Tho Secretary lairl before the College, Mr. Secretary Har- 
 rison'.s reply to the addres.s of tho College, relative to tho loca- 
 tion of the lunatic a.sylum. 
 
 " The Cknsous' Report. — Since last quarterly njoeting tho 
 following gentlemen have applied for licen.se : 
 
 " Mr. John Robinson Dickson, from Peterborough, not having 
 certificate of hospital attendance, his examination was not pro- 
 ceeded in. 
 
 " Mr. Wm. Clarke, of Guelph, having the certificate from the 
 late Medical Board, dated January 11, 1839, a license was issued 
 accordingly. 
 
Un-Kit Canada. IM40. ir>l 
 
 " Mr Will. Ht-my CinMy iinxluot'tl a (Hploum from tin* rjontlon 
 Royal ('t)llt'j;<' of Sur^i'oris. Iti coiist'(|iiiiici' of his »«xtrt*ini'ly 
 <l(f»'<'tivt> aiisvvciiiij,' in tin' pnicticc' of Phytic, ii Mcvthi' in Sur- 
 j^oiy ami Miilwifcry was dircctotl to l)e ^jranttMl, which, how- 
 ever, Mr, Ciuhly rt!fus«'<l to rucoive." 
 
 Utsolvcil, — Tliat with refiTonco to thi^ connnnnicution n)a<lo 
 to the CJolli'Ro by J)rH, Kux^f and O'Hricn, ent»'rt'(l on niiniitt'H 
 of May T), a coniinitt<>e ho appointccl to tnko iitto consiih>ration 
 t)t(> tiisaUowaiu*)' of thf Act of Incorporation of the ColU'^c and 
 report thereon to the (loHej^e. 
 
 lieHohrd, — That tlie fore^'oinj? cotnnuttee (h) conMJ.st of the 
 V^icti-rreHJdont, Secretary and Dr. TelftT. 
 
 lii'Hnlvod, — That a committee l)e appointed to prepan* an 
 a(hlress to His Kxcellency tlio (Jovernor-Cleneral, rehitive to 
 the (hdiiy in establishing' a Medical School in Kin^f's ('olle^e; 
 such address to he suhmitted to the Colle;,'e when prejiared. 
 
 UoHolvi'ii, — That the fore<^oinj^ coininittee do consist of Dr. 
 Kinj,', Vice-President, and Dr. Sullivnn. 
 
 'I'he Secretary laid before the Collet^'e a letter from Sir .lohn 
 Webb, Director-Oeneral of tlu; Ordniince Medical P 'partin<^nt, 
 dated VV^jodstock, May 17, 1H40, acknowledj^dnir the receipt of 
 the Secretary's letter enclosin}^ the Resolution idectin^f him an 
 Honorary Fellow of the Collejjje, and roturnin}; thanks for tlio 
 honour done him. Adjourned. 
 
 Special Mektino, Amjuat 24, 1840. — Present: C. Widmer, 
 Esq., President; R. C. Home, Esq., W. Telfer, Esq., Henry Sul- 
 livan, Escj., ])r. O'Brien. 
 
 The committee to whom the subject of the disallowance of 
 the Act of Incorporation of the College wns referred, submitted 
 a report which was adopted as follows : 
 
 " Your Comunttee find that the proposed disallowance of the 
 Act of Incorporation of this College has been founded on tho 
 followinsjf grounds : 
 
 " lat. A petition from the Royal College of Surgeons of 
 London, which recites that part of the 18th of George II., cap, 
 15, which confers on the members of that body the right to 
 practise freely and without restraint the act and science of 
 
Ifl2 Tub Mkdicai. Piiokkhmion in 
 
 Nur^cry tliniii^liout all uiid uvory pAri of llin Mivj«mty'» 
 doiiiiiiionN. 
 
 "2n«l. Thin pi'tition r«'pn»M»«iitM tliut this Act (of Incorpora- 
 tion) conforM on tho Oollo^u poworn ^n>iit<ir tliuii any uvor 
 ^runtnl to liny cxiNtin^ lioily or colio^^u, tlutt Miich powiTs aru 
 not clour luxl dt'lincil, uiul that NiViM'iil cIuusoh <it* i\w Act 
 irifrin;,'!' the rij;lits atul privil«'j,'tvs conftTriMl liy tlui Chiiitor of 
 tlio London (.'olloj^ti of Sur^oons. 
 
 " Hrd. Thn opiiuon of thu Aitornuy and Solicitor-Ot^ncral, 
 vix., that Muvoriil provisionH of th(> Act uncroach on thu privi- 
 lo^DH of tho (lolh'^i) and of Nitveral other bodies in thin country, 
 and havo a ti'tidoncy to ustahiiHli a monopoly which nii;;ht ho 
 found liij^dily inconvi'tdttnt to the inhahitants of that Prov- 
 ince. 
 
 "On these several sections your C.onnnittec! would remark 
 seriati'ni: 
 
 "Section 1. Our Act of Incorporation neknowlod^es in the 
 fullest decree the ri;,dit of the meiid)ers of the Koyal CoUej^o of 
 Surj^eonx of liOtjdon to practise the art and Hcienco of sur;,'ery 
 throuj,diout this Province as part of ll»r Majesty's dominions, 
 as the Act makes it imperative on the C!olle^o to issue its 
 licenst! on tlie production and veriHcation of a diploma from 
 that Colle^'e. 
 
 " liut the College also feels that it is imperative on them not 
 to grant its license to practise other hranehes of the medical 
 profession except on proof of further (|ualitication, especially a.s 
 the examiiuvtions on which the diplomas of the London College 
 of Surgeons arc granted, do not embrace an incpiiry into a 
 knowledge of the practice of medicine or midwifery. And 
 your Committer regret to say that the records of the College 
 and of the Medical Board afford instances of the ignorance of 
 some of the mejnbors of the various colleges of surtrcons in the 
 theory and practice of physic and nndwifery. Your Comndt- 
 tee does not bring this forward as applying to British surgeons 
 generally, but simply to show that however well informed they 
 commonly are, the few exceptions that occur render it impera- 
 tive on the College, to whom this important duty is assigned, 
 to take care that ignorant individuals shall not receive the 
 same license as those who are fully competent. 
 
VVV¥.H C'ANAIJA. Ih4(>. IW 
 
 " Your ('(>iiiii>'tt(>i> nn- pUo prcpiin')! to show tlmt tlif l.ontloii 
 Collt'^c *il' .Siir;;i>t)tH c;att cliiiiii no U'^t\.\ ri^lit to pnictiN«! any 
 Itniiicli i»r tin* prolVssioii Imt tin' art iiii*| Hcit'iieo *>!" •♦ur;;«'ry 
 in any pui't of (ln>at Itrituin or Iiflund. 
 
 " \\y tin* «'lmrt<r of tin- Lotidon ColU'^'i' of IMiy^icianN, no 
 poiNon is (ill()W(!*l to pi'iu;tiM(> physic in liomlon, or within mtvon 
 mill's of it without th(*ir license, iin*l they can tine an*l iiMprison 
 oflcinlcrs. 
 
 " Tlir ( N'lisors Iwivr the p()w«>r to snrvoy, t^ovcin, lunt arrest 
 all physicians aixl othi-rs praclisiii;^' physic within their 
 jurisiliction, and to lino, uiimtci', and iniprison thtin at discretion. 
 
 "Thn Oollc^e of Physicians of Kdinliur;,'h was ' instituti^d to 
 pn^vent al)iises ... of foroi<;n and illiterate qnacks an<i 
 impostors,' otc, and hy its charter no porson is allowed to 
 practise physic, throui^hont theii- Jurisdiction, withojit thoir 
 license, under a penalty. 
 
 " The jiiriMdictior\ of the Apothecaries' ('oinpuii^ in Kn^latid 
 is even 'far more <'xteiisive, emliracinLj Kiij^land and Wales, and 
 the Mit!ml)ers of the Lontlon ('olle^eof Sur^^'eons cannot practise 
 as Apothecaries within this jurisdiction, without heinj^ Hiihjected 
 to lu^avy penalties, unless they have a license from tlie 
 Apothecaries' Company. 
 
 " These instances, which nu^^ht bo extenchid, will show that 
 the nienihors of the Loudon C'oll(!j,'e of Sur^^'eons can claim a 
 rit,dit under colotir of their di[)lomas to pi-actise oidy the art 
 and scietice of siir<;«'ry in any place where thcM't! is any other 
 jurisiliction l»\' law estal)lishe<l. 
 
 " Section 2. The petition hefore alUuh'd to represents that 
 this Act confers on the College powers j,'reater than any ever 
 granted to any existing body or College, that sm;h powers are 
 not clear and defined, and that several clauses of the Act 
 infringe tin; rights and privileges conferred by tho Charter of 
 tli(! Ijondou Colle<re of Sur<'e()ns. 
 
 " 1st. The College being in fact and trutli a College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, has been entrusted by law with the 
 supervision of th(! (|ualiHcations recpiisite to practise either or 
 both of these departments, and in this respect only appears to 
 profess greater privileges than otlier existing bodies, for there 
 are none similarly constituted, as far as your Committee are 
 11 
 
154 Thk Medicai- Piiokrssion in 
 
 aware, lixcept the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of 
 (Jhisgow. 
 
 " 2n(l. The CoUot^'c^ professes in reifanl to i/lie Universities 
 and other British Collejires, this privik^Lfe only of calling on 
 their graduates, nKiUibers and licentiat(vs to produce and verify 
 their several diplomas, ludng coinpelhid on the production and 
 verification of such diplomas to issuer their license accordingly, 
 which license is then an assurance to the public that the 
 individual holds the (jualilication he [jrofesses to have, and 
 simply stands in lieu of the license which, previous to the 
 formation of the College, was issued by the Lieut.-Governor. 
 
 " .'h*d. The otdy other power or privilege possessed by the 
 College is that of ascertaining, 113^ actual viva voce examination, 
 whether any individual not possessing any (|ualitication from a 
 British body legally entitled to grant one, be a fit person to be 
 permitted to practise as a Physician, Surgeon or Accoucher, in 
 the Province of Upper (/anada. 
 
 "This duty or pi-ivilege was exercised formerly by the 
 Medical B.oard, established by law, in this Province, and has 
 been very much limited by the right now extended to all the 
 members, etc., of the British Colleges. 
 
 " Your Committee conceive that this duty or privilege must 
 be exercised by some authorized body, for the mutual advantage 
 and securit}' of the public, and of those individuals whose 
 limited circumstances have not enabled them to avail 
 themselves of the advantages of professional education in 
 Great Britain, and they believe that it could be entrusted to 
 more fittin<r hands than to this College. 
 
 " 4th. Your Committee do not perceive to what particular 
 part of the Act the next objection refers, viz., ' that such 
 powers are not clear and defined.' 
 
 " On the contrary, your Counnittee are of opinion that the 
 powers and duties of the College are stated so clearly and 
 distinctly as to be available for m(jst useful purposes, and to be 
 clear and intelligible to all individuals who will take the 
 trouble of perusing the Act with common attention. 
 
 " 5th. It is stated ' that sev^eral clauses of the Act infringe 
 the rights and privileges conferred by the Charter of the 
 London Colle<je of Surfjeons.' 
 
Upper IJanada, 1840. 156 
 
 "This point will come to bo considered under the next general 
 head, viz. : 
 
 "Sectioji .'{. Th(! opinictn of the Attorney and Solicitor- 
 General, which may l)i; divitled into two ])arts : 
 
 " 1st. That ' several provisions oF the Act encroach on the 
 privilei^es oii* the ('oUege (of Surgeons, of London^ and of 
 several other bodies in this country (England).' 
 
 " Your Committee i-egret that the wording of this opinion 
 from the highest official law-ofHcers in Great Britain, should 
 have been so vague as to make it almost impossible to under- 
 stand and therefore to answer it. 
 
 " Your (Jommitt(H: have already shown that the Members of 
 the London College of Surgeons possess only the legal right to 
 practise the art and science of surgery in those places where 
 there is any local professional jurisdiction, without license or 
 permission of the authority exercising such jurisdiction. They 
 have also shown that this College possesses no right over these 
 individuals, except calling on them to produce and verify their 
 diplomas ; and that obviously for the purpose of guarding 
 against the numerous evils arising from persons pretending 
 to possess professional qualitications, but who, in fact, are 
 totally destitute of all such, either legally or by education. 
 
 " By the 'several other bodies' n)ust be meant the British 
 Universities, and the various other bodies authorized to grant 
 diplomas or licenses in Great Britain. The arguments above 
 adduced in respect to the London College of Surgeons will 
 apply, mutatis 'mutandis, to the British Universities. And 
 reference ti this Act, compared to prior Acts, will show that 
 the only effect of it in regard to the other bodies above alluded 
 to, is to place their diplomas on a footing similar to those of the 
 London College of Surjieons. 
 
 "Your Connnittee is, therefore, totally unable to understand 
 that giving these ' several other bodies' the same rank and 
 footing as the London College, is encroaching on their rights or 
 privileges in any way whatever. 
 
 '' 2nd. That they ' have a tendency to establish a monopoly 
 in Upper Canada, which might be found highly inconvenient to 
 the inhabitants of that Province.' 
 
 " Your Committee can hardly imagine that this idea could 
 
1")G The Medical Piiofehsion in 
 
 have onter(!(l into the mind of any person who hail lookod into 
 the provisions of the Act. 
 
 " If this CoUei^e had a discretionary power of withhoMin}^ 
 or j^rantint; licenses in every case, such a possibility inifj;ht 
 occur. But as it is absolutely imperative that a license shall be 
 granted to any or everyone exhibitin<( a diplomar license, com- 
 missi(jn or warrant, as de.scribed in the Act, and as every 
 licentiate has it in his power to become a member at any time 
 he may choose without the Colle<:fe having the discretionary 
 power to refuse him, it is an ab.solute impossibility that any 
 professional monopoly can arise out of this Act. 
 
 " But if by the word ' monopoly,' allusion is made to the 
 power ji^ranted to the Fellows to auj^ment their number by 
 election from amonf^ their members, it remains to be shown 
 how, by any clause, this can produce the least ' inconvenience 
 to the inhabitants of this Province.' 
 
 " Your Connnittee would ask, suppose that the Fellows be dis- 
 posed to follow the example of the Council of the London 
 Colle<i;e of Surgeons and make the College a close corporation, 
 could that, under the existing Act, confine to their body the 
 exercise of professional talent and information, so as to preju- 
 dice the health or interests of the community at large ^ 
 
 "The warm support which this Act received from the most 
 respectable and influential portion of both branches of the 
 Legislature, shows that they did not apprehend that the com- 
 munity at large could suffer any serious inconvenience under it. 
 
 " Your Committee would now draw the attention of the 
 College to the following summary of the Colonial Acts, by 
 which it will appear that the effect of disallowing this Act 
 would be, not to place the London College of Surgeons on a 
 more favourable footing, but to exclude the Colleges of 
 Surgeons of Dublin and of Kdinburgh, the Faculty of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of Gla.sgow, and the Members of 
 King's and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, and of the 
 College of Physicians of Edinburgh, who may be graduates of 
 British Universities from a privilege equal to them, and to sub- 
 ject their licentiates to examinations from which those holding 
 London diplomas are exempt : 
 
Ui'PEii Canada, 1840. 157 
 
 "SUMMAKY OK COI.ONIAI, /VCTS. 
 
 " In IhlfS, tlie liCf^islature of ITppor Canada pasHed a law hy 
 which all jierson.s wore restrained from pni('ti.sitiL( Physic, 
 Surgery or Midwifery within the i'rovinci! un(hM' certain 
 j)enalties, except persons authorized by any university in His 
 Majesty's dominions, or liy commissions, oi- warrant in Mis 
 Majesty's Naval or Military Services. 
 
 " By this Act, the Members of the London College of Surgeons 
 (among others) were e.xpressly prohibited from practising in 
 this Province (though not by name), unless they submitted to 
 an examination before the Medical Jioartl established by this 
 Act, and obtained a license. 
 
 " In 1.S19, another Act was passed repealing j)art of and 
 amending the Act of the previous year, but it extended no 
 privilege to the Members of the College of Surgeons of London. 
 
 " In 1827, anotlier Act passed on the subject, by which the 
 Members of the London College of Surgeons (as also the 
 London College of Physicians) were first named and classed 
 with the graduates of the universities, and with them per- 
 mitted to receive licenses from the Lieut. -Governor, on pro- 
 ducing and verifying their diplomas on oath and pa3dng (;ertain 
 fees. Thus from 1818 to 1827, a period of nine years, by the 
 laws of Upper Canada, members of the Colleges of Ph3'sicians 
 and of Surgeons of London were debarred from the privilege of 
 practising their respective profe.ssions within this Province 
 without a license, and, in fact, during that time they stood upon 
 the same footing as ordinary applicants for licenses. 
 
 " When a greater privilege was extended to them in lSi.7, by 
 the last named Act, the members of other colleges in Great 
 Britain, such as the CoUefjes of Surrjeons of Dublin and Edin- 
 burgh, and the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 
 expressed great di.ssatisf action that they should not have equal 
 privileges, and from that time till 1838 continual applications 
 were made to the Legislature and elsewhere by the latter class, 
 to have extended to them the same privileges as the Statute 
 of 1827 extended to members of the College of Surgeons of 
 London. 
 
 " The Act incorporating the College of Physiciansand Surgeons 
 
158 Thk Medical Puofkssion in 
 
 of (Tppor Caniidji, whicli passed in \H',VJ, extondod the privilege 
 which the IjoiuIou Colle<je eiijoiiiod, to the McMihers and Licen- 
 tiates of every College and Kaculty of Physicians and Surgeons 
 in tile United Kingdom. 
 
 "This liberal provision was well received, and was one which 
 the ordinary rides of equal justice re(|uired. 
 
 " Until the last-mentioned Act was passed, all licenses were 
 issued by the Lieut-Oovernor, and the fees paid W(;re given as 
 a penjiiisite to his Secretary ; now they are paid to the College 
 for tlie general beiuilit and advantage of tiie profession. 
 
 " A member of the London CoUetre of Surireons has now to 
 satisfy the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper 
 Canada that he is the person named in the diploma produced, 
 instead of the Lieut.-Covornor as formerly — no privilege liere- 
 tofore possessed by him is abridged or interfered with in the 
 least. 
 
 "Your Committee cannot dismiss the subject without indica- 
 ting two points which have presented themselves very forcibly 
 to the minds of all those who have been made aware of the 
 interference of the London College of Surgeons, and of the 
 opinion of the law-officers of the Crown, relative to this Act. 
 
 " 1st. That the College has been led to interfere in con- 
 sequence of misrepresentation from individuals in this Province, 
 who either did not understand the Act, or wilfully misrepre- 
 sented it. 
 
 " 2nd. That the opinion referred to above, as quoted in the 
 despatch, was given in ultra-ignorance of the Colonial Acts on 
 the subject, and without ccnsidering what are the real and un- 
 doubted rights of the London College of Surgeons as dis- 
 tinguished from tho.se it ma}' pretend to, not distinguishing the 
 right to practise with a, certain diploma from the right of the 
 Colonial Legislature to call for the production and verifica- 
 tion of such diploma. And that the meaning and tendency of 
 this Act have been taken from an ex 'parte statement of the 
 London College, instead of the Act itself being duly considered 
 and compared not only with the Charter of the London College 
 but also with prior Acts of this Legislature." 
 
 Resolved, — That a copy of the foregoing report be enclosed 
 
UiM'EH Canada, 1840. 159 
 
 to till) Secn;tary ol" His Excellency the Uuvernor-Cieiiemi for 
 His Excellency's information. 
 
 Ui'solvcd, — That the Secretary do apply n'^nm to the Secre- 
 tary of His Excellency the Clovcirnor-Cieneral, for a copy of the 
 (iespatch containing' the disallowance of the Act of Incorpora- 
 tion, 
 
 The (Jonniiittee appointee! U) prciparc" an address to His Excel- 
 lency the (Jovernor-Cieneral, relative to the delay in estahlishin;^ 
 a Medical School in Kinj^'s College, reported one which was 
 adopted as follows : 
 
 "To His Excellency the lli<;lit Hon. llmrles Poulett 
 Thompson, one of Hei- Majesty's Privy Council, 
 (}()vernor-(j}eneral, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 " Miuj it please Your Excellency. 
 
 " We, Her Majesty's dutiful and legal .subjects, the President, 
 Vice-President and Fellows of the Collejie of Physicians and 
 Sur<;eons of ITpper Canada, most respectfully pray Your Excel- 
 lency's attention to the lenj^th of time which has now elapsed 
 since our late Munificent Sovereign endowed the Il^niversity of 
 King's College in Upper Canada, and to the fact that there is 
 not yet a Medical School in the Province. 
 
 " Ft will, we are convinced, Vje unnecessary to urge on Your 
 Excellency the necessity for such an institution, when Your 
 Excellency is made aware that the medical student of Upper 
 Canada, if he have no opportunities beyond those offered in the 
 Province, must pursue his studies without a library, without a 
 museum, without a botanic garden, without an hospital, without 
 a dissecting-room, in fact without public instruction in any 
 branch of the profession, and it must be remembered that few, 
 indeed, have the means of seeking academical instruction in 
 the Mother Country. 
 
 " We have waited in patient but anxious expectation, that the 
 intentions of our Sovereign and of the Leyislature of the 
 Country, woidd be carried into execution by the Honourable the 
 Council of King's College, but finding that no steps, of which 
 we are aware, have been taken by that body (notwithstanding 
 the full powers with which it has been invested) for the estab- 
 
IGO TiiK Mkdkjal I'uofkhsion in 
 
 lishiiKint of u inodical scliool, wo huml)ly aii<l roHpoctrully pray 
 Vour Kxcrlloiicy's iiitort'oryncu for the promotion of this i^reat 
 object, aii<l that Your I'^xcclUiiicy will he ploased to diroct such 
 imriKMJiatt^ consideration of the claims of the Medical Faculty 
 as will obviate the dilliculties which at ])r('S(!jit stand irt th(> way 
 of professional education within the Pi'ovince, and the eon- 
 seijuent necessity of students setskint^ the attainment essential 
 to the knowledj^e (jf tiie profession by ttttondance on the insti- 
 tutions of a forei<j;n country." 
 
 WiHolved, — That the Ki'llows do asseud)le to wait on His 
 ICxcellency, with tlu^ above address, wdionever the Secretary 
 shall notify His Excellency s assent. 
 
 CHAPTKK XV 111. 
 
 TIIK ACT KSTAIiLISlIlNO COLLKdK OF IMIYSICIANS U. C. 
 
 DISALLOW Kl). 
 
 TORONTO, Noroahcr 2, I.S40 (Quarterly Meeting').— Pres- 
 ent: C. Widmer, Esi]., l*iesident ; Dr. Kin^, V'ice-I*resi- 
 dent ; Dr. Flerrick, Dr. O'iirien, Dr. Gwynne, Dr. Shurtt and 
 Henry Sullivan, Esq. 
 
 liesolved, — That the Secretary do now lay before the College, 
 a list of the persons who have come within his kn()wledi,'e, as 
 being fined for practising without license, and that he be re- 
 (juested to state whether the punishment inflicted has had the 
 effect of putting a stop to the evil. 
 
 Resolved, — That a notice be inserted in the Fafriol new^spaper 
 that an authorized list of the Fellows, Mend^ers and fjicentiates 
 of the College, together with the Registered Apothecaries and 
 Druggists in the Province, shall be published in pamphlet form 
 shortly after the first day of January, 1(S41. 
 
 Moved by Dr. King, seconded by Dr. O'Brien, that William 
 Pulteney Alison, M.D., Profe.«.sor of the Institutes of Medicine 
 in the University of Edinburgh, be elected an Honorary Fellow 
 of this College. To be balloted for at tlie next regular meeting. 
 
 Resolved; — That Henry Boys, M.I)., being a member of this 
 College, be elected to Fellowship therein. 
 
IJl'I'KIl ("an ADA, IM40. 101 
 
 Moved and Hccondnd, that llolxTt Christisoii, M.l)., PioFrMsor 
 in tim IJiiivi'rsity of Mdinltur^li, ln! eh^ctrd an HonDnuy Ktdlow 
 of this C'olk'i^o. To 1)1! balloted for at the next ret,ailai' nicistin;^. 
 The Censors report that sinec; last (piaitcrly meeting" the follovv- 
 ini,' i,'('ntlt!iin'n iiad upplii'd for license : VVilliaiii II. Kvatt 
 (M.l)., of Philadelphia), Toronto, lic(!nse j^ranted ; \l. Ci. Spat'- 
 foril, license nd'used. 
 
 The state of affjiirs at this period, with re<^ard to the (Jienernl 
 Hospital at Kin<^ston. is shown l)y an Act of I'ai'lianient : 
 
 " Kingston (iKNKiiAi, Hosimtal (1840). — An Act to authori/,o 
 the temporary occupation of the ])roposed University at Kinj^- 
 ston of the General llosjjital at Kiiii^ston, uixm certain tei-nis. 
 
 " W/ii'iras, a huildiiiL,' was (greeted at Kiiij^ston liy the volun- 
 tary contributions of certain of the inhabitants, and )»y a ;^rant 
 t'roui the Province, for the purpose of a (ieneral Hospital which, 
 for the want of the necessary endowment, has not been used 
 for the object contemplated, and, in conse(|Uence thereof, the 
 building' is unoccupied and subject to damatfe and decay," 
 
 Annctai, Mkktinc!, ,/a/((t<//'?/ 4, 1.S41.— Present : John Kin«j^, 
 M.l)., Vice-President ; R. C. Home, Es(i., Dr. Shortt.Dr. O'Brien, 
 Dr. Herrick, Dr. (Jwynne, Dr. Hoys. 
 
 The Secretary laid before the College a letter from S. B. 
 Harrison, Es(|., Private Secretary to His Excellency the Lieut.- 
 Governor. 
 
 litmlved, — That the .said letter be entered in the minutes. 
 
 "Government House, 
 
 " Decemher ^^i\\, 1840. 
 
 " SiH, — I have the honour, liy command of the Lieut.-()lover- 
 nor, to accjuaint you, for the information of the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, that a despatch has been received 
 from Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies 
 on the subject of the Provincial Act of 1839 incorporating that 
 body. 
 
 " His Lord.ship states that the Royal Charter of the College 
 of Surgeons in London, confirmed by the Statute 18 Geo. 2nd, 
 C. 1 5, confers on the member.s of that body the right to practise 
 freely and without restraint the art and science of surgery 
 
1(12 The Medical Proffshion in 
 
 thioiij,'li()Ut hII and ovi^ry Htir MiiJosty'M (loininiona, uiiy law ov 
 custom tu tliu contrary iiotwitlistandiii^. 
 
 " ills Iior(l.slii|> furtliir .states that the Coll«'j,'o of Surj^oons 
 repre.s(!Mtu(l to liiin that thu I'roviniMal Act confers on thu 
 (Jovcrnors of tht) ('olle^jo itJ.stituti'd liy it, powers ;,'reater than 
 any ever i,'rante(l to any existing,' Itody or coHej^'e, that such 
 powers arc not ele-ar and detiniul, and that several of the chius(\s 
 of thu Act infrin<,'e the ri^dits and privile;,'os conferred l»y tho 
 Charter of the ljon(h)n (lollej^o of Sur^'eons, and Ity tlui Statute 
 IfS Oeo. 9rd, C I .') ; and that havini,' nderrod this stuttnntmt to 
 Hor Majesty's Attorney and Solicitor-({eneral, they had reported 
 to His liordship that the ohjections of the C'olh'f^e of Surgeons 
 are well founded, and that several of the provisions of the Act 
 encroached on the privilci^es of the C-olle^^e of Sur^'eons and of 
 other hodies in Cireat Hritain, and had a tendency to establish 
 a monopoly, which mi^dit bo found hi^ddy inconvenient to tlio 
 iidial)itants of the I'rovince. 
 
 " IJruler these circumstances, His Lordship .states that it 
 became the inevitable, thou^di very unwelcome, duty of Her 
 Majesty's conlidential advisers to submit to the Queen that the 
 Act ou<,dit not to be allowed; and His Lordshij) encloses an order 
 pa.sseil by }ler Majesty in Council by which it is disallowed 
 accordingly. 
 
 " In communicatinjf this decision, His Excellency has been 
 recjuested by His Lordship to say that he will endeavour to pro- 
 vide by an Act of Parliament, some remedy for the incon- 
 veniences wliich the Act was intended to meet. 
 
 " I have the honour, etc , etc., etc., 
 
 "(Signed) S. B. Hauiuson. 
 "Lucius O'Buikn, Esq., M.l)., 
 " Etc., etc., etc." 
 
 Resolved, — That, considering the present circumstances in 
 winch the College is placed, the present officers be re-elected. 
 
 An application from Mr. Thos. Shirley was read, setting forth 
 that if he be not allowed an exanunation previous to next 
 Thursday, he cannot get a license from this College, and that 
 the Medical Board cannot meet till the tirst Monday in April, 
 
TTpi'KU Canada, 1840 41. 168 
 
 nml Im will tht't«'l»y l)o unaMo to procure a licunse t'<a* th 
 iiiontliN to coiiiu, and tliurolty sutf'rr ^rcMit inconvntiencu. 
 
 Heaol red, 'That tlw Cj-nsors Ix- called to^'t-tlur this evt'iUDUf 
 to proceed to the exiimiiiutioti of Mr. Tlio.s. Shirley. Adjourned. 
 
 AD.iointNEi) Mi:ktin(J, .Itunuivii ,, 1H41. Prenent: K. (J. 
 Horn.', l^:s(|.. Dr. Ilornl.y, Dr. O'Mrien, Walter Telfer. Vm\. 
 II. ('. llorne, IOs(|. was called to the chair. There not beiny u 
 (juoruui, the niuetin;^ was adjourned. 
 
 AD.lOUUNKr) MkKTIN(J, ./w/MU//'// G, I.S41. -Present : C. VVid- 
 mer, Ks(|., President; Dr. King, V^ice- President ; Dr. Shortt, 
 R. C. Ilorno, lils(i., Dr. O'Brien, H.inry Sullivan, E.s(|., and Dr. 
 Boys. 
 
 The Treasurer laid an alistract ol' his accounts lusl'ore tho 
 Collef^e, .showinj^ a balance in favour ot' the Colle<,'e of £20 iti 9 
 in his hatids. 
 
 Tiio Censors reported that the followin<; gentlemen iiad 
 received licenses since the last (|uarterly meeting: Horatio 
 Gates SpaHurd, Physic and Surgery ; Tiiomas Shirley, Physic, 
 Surgery and Midwifery. 
 
 At tho ri!(|uest of the Treasurer, it was 
 
 /(!f'.so//r(/,^That Dr. King, V'ice-i'resident, and Dr. lioys be 
 requested to compare tho entries in the Treasurer's books with 
 the entries in the books of the Bank of Upper Canada, and 
 make an entry accordingly, signed by their names, in tho 
 Trea.>jurer's book.s. 
 
 Remlvc.dy—Tho.i the various papers ami other (jflicial docu- 
 ments belonging to the College be transferred to the Medical 
 Board, to be received into the charge of such oliieer as they 
 ma}' appoint for that pupose. 
 
 Jicsolued, — That the books and furniture of the Library of 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons be transferred to a 
 committee of eight, who are Fellows of the College, in triiat, 
 for such purposes as the Fellows generally may deem most 
 expedient for the benefit of the profession and the continued 
 existence of the library' within this Province ; and that such 
 committee shall have power to till up any vacancies which may 
 occur by death or otherwise; and such committee be composed 
 
104 The Mkuu'al V okknhiun in 
 
 of tho J'i)ll()win^ pcM-sonH : C. Widiiu'r, Kscj., R. C Ifornc, Kh(|., 
 Dr. Kin'4, Dr. OHrirn, Dr. Shortt, Dr. Ilcrriok, llonry Sullivan, 
 KiS(|., and Dr. Moys 
 
 li'sulriil, Tliiit till- surplus t'linils n'niiiinini,' in the liamls 
 (»1 th»! 'rn'H.sur('r Im' Id't in liis Imntis, sulji-ct only to the (ron- 
 trol of tho (7oiinnitt('*' appointe*! by the lu.Ht resolution, for 
 tlio u.si's of tlio liilirary. 
 
 Lr(UiTH O'HiiiHN, 
 Senrtnry, (lollegc of I*/iijHirionn <nnl Sui'fji'onn. 
 
 At a nu!t'tin|( of the (vonunitttM'! appointed to take eliarj^o of 
 tilt! liiltrary aiid other property of the lato ('olle^e of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons of Upper C'anada, held at the Museum of 
 Kin«;'s (!olle<je, a connnunication from tlie Medico-C/hirur<,'ical 
 Socitsty was pn>s«>nted, containin;; a r(,M|uest tliat the ('ommittce 
 would he pleasetl to permit the liilirary to l»e phuMMl for the use 
 of the Society, suhject to such rules and retaliations as the 
 Society may deem proper to direct. 
 
 /{(•sdlrcd, —That a meetinj^ of the Kellow.s of the latc^ (Jol- 
 lejifo of I'hy.sicians and Sur<j;eons be called, to be hold at the 
 Hospital on the l')th day of October, l'S44. 
 
 At a meeting of the Fcillows of the late Collejjfe of Phy.sicians 
 an<l Sur<,'eon.s of Upper (laiuida, held at the Ilo.spital, on the 
 I'jth day of October, I84'4 (Present: (J. Wi<bner, Dr. Herrick, 
 ])r. Telfer. Dr. O'Brien and Dr. Hoys), 
 
 It was moved by Dr. Hoys, and seconded by Dr. Telfer, the 
 M(!dico-C!hirur<j;ical Society havin<^ ap))lied to the Fellow.s of 
 the late College of Phy.sicians and Surgeons for the use of the 
 Medical Hoolc.s in tiieir posse.s.sion, it is resolved by the Fellows 
 now present, that it will be proper to lend the books to that 
 Society as soon as it shall appear that the Society have pro- 
 vided a Ht place for their reception. And that the committee 
 named at the meeting of the Gth of January, 1S41, bo now 
 empowered to carry this resolution into effect. 
 
 "Rooms of tfik Tokonto MEF)ico-CniiiiJUfJicAL SociKry, 
 "North Amkrican Hotel, 
 
 " Toronto, November 9th, 1844. 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to annex an extract from the 
 
(li'i'iCK Canada, IH41-U. 1(16 
 
 iiiiiuitcK of till- iiictttin^' (iF till) Toronto Mt'iIico-t^liii-ui'i^Mciil 
 Hocicty, hi'ld on tlui sixtli iiist., niul to rL'(|ut>Ht tluit you will \m 
 plriiMiul to cotiiiiiiiiii(?iit*' tlin Niiiiif, (it your coiivi'nii'rict', to tlm 
 Tru.sttM'M of tilt' propt'i'ty Ih'Ioiii^mii^^ to tin- Into (/'olltfj^u of 
 riiysiciuiiH uihI Suri^Mioris of Upper ('iiiuula. 
 " 1 Imv*' tilt' honour to la*, Sir, 
 
 " Your very Obedii'iit, llumliU) Si'rvant, 
 
 " (Jko. II. (iltASETT, 
 
 "Secrtlary, T.MM.H. 
 
 "DocrOll WiDMKK, 
 
 "*SV/t/'(»;' Mrnihrr of thr diinmiUvf ii/tpolnted hy 
 'the late (Jullri/i' of P/i>jniciavn and SuiyconH 
 of rpptr Cdviuld." 
 
 "A report of the Coniinitt«e of Maiui^'oincnt wiis prcsunted 
 hy Dr. ()'Hrit'n, rccoiiiuictKliii^ that tJu; Mhrary of the Into 
 Collejre of IMiy.sicians ami Surj^'eouH he entrusted to the Secre- 
 tary, shotild it meet with the approval of the; Trustee.s. The 
 report wa.s adopted hy the nusetin^f. 
 
 " The Secretary havln;^' slirnitied his vvillinf,'no,s.s to receive 
 charge of the Lihrary, atnl having' stated that he had a proper 
 place U)r its reception, it was 
 
 " lieMohrd, — That the Sepretary be empowered to communi- 
 cate to the Library Trustees, the Resolution of the Society 
 relative to placing' the Library under his charge, and re(|uesting 
 this concurrence. 
 
 " A true extract from the minutes. 
 
 " Geo. U. Orasett, 
 
 " Serretarij, T.M.C.S," 
 
 At a meetinjjc of the Trustees (members of tlie hite Colletre 
 of Physicians and Surf:;eons) for the care of the Library of 
 the CoUe^^e (Present: C Widmer, Dr. O'Brien. ])r. Herrick, 
 Dr. Boys), 
 
 A comnmnication from the Secretary of the Medico- 
 Chirurgical Society and a resolution of the said Society were 
 read, whereupon it was 
 
 ResoLred, — That the whole of the books constitutinpr the 
 Library of the said College, toj^ether with the book-case, shall 
 
IM TlllC MkIUCAI. PitOKKSNION IN 
 
 l»»« i(t>livi<ri>i| t(» tlu« (•iiHlody of Dr. (iriiMctt, tlio S«'<'r«>tftry of tlio 
 Hiiiil M«!(lico-('lilnir;,'iciil Society, »i list of tlinn Itriti^r pn'pari'il, 
 iiritl u rt'cnipt ^nvt-ii l»y Dr. (Jrnsftt 
 
 lii'HttI vi'tl , 'I'liiit this Committt't" ri'tuiiis tin* powrr of 
 ri'cliiiiiiiiii; tlif posscHsioti of i\\v saiil liookn and hook-eaNu at 
 any tiiii<> i\w CoiniiiitttMt sliall .si>i< tit. 
 
 'rii(> iintlior fcoLs .satistird tliut in j^iviri;,' tlifso niiruitt's, 
 almost utial(ri<lp'il to tlif pulilic, Ih> will have tlio approval of 
 all lovers of (/aria<liaii history. The rll'ortH of tlicNU 
 comparatively oarly iiuMlical men to rais«> the character of the 
 profession, to estahlish a Canailian Medical Sehooj that the 
 yoiini,; men of the Province should not he ohliired to ^o ahroad 
 for medical instruction, an! worthy of all commendation. Noi' 
 may it he supposed that their work was in vain. The seed 
 sowfi hy th»'m has resulted in a rich crop, reaped hy thi> later 
 j^enerations of our profession in this Province. No one can 
 rt'ad tht> transiictions of the Collei^e of Physicians and SurL,'eon,s 
 of npper Canada, without hein^ imprnsst'd with the tact that 
 tlio (Jovornors had lofty aims and the interest «)f the piofession 
 fully at heart, at the same tim»! lookini,' to th<» welfare of the 
 puhlic ; and it must not ho for;,'otten that their work was 
 performed more than half a century a;,'o. 
 
 I)urint,' the jx-riod of existence oH the Collejjje, correspondence 
 took place with diticront pi^vsons, mostly with applicants for 
 miMiihership. No copy exists of the letters received ; hut many 
 t)f those written hy the Secretary are of interest as containing 
 liistorical referetice. (See Appendix.) 
 
 CHArTEU XIX. 
 
 IMIOCI'IKDIXCS OK IJIM'I<;K (JANADA .MKDKVXL llOAHl). 
 
 THE last meeting of tlu; ColIe<,'(( of Physicians and Surfjjeon.s 
 of Up])(;r Canada took place in January, 1S41. The 
 function of ^rantin^ licenses to practise medicine in the 
 Province was conse(|uently suspended. The Act of Parliament, 
 under which the former Medical Board was organized and 
 
Ih'i'Kii Canada, Ihh. H57 
 
 rtctf'l, wftM now ii;,'nin In fi»ir«. Tlio r»>vlv«'<l Mfdiciil Itoiinl of 
 nplMM' ('iintKlii. Iirlil its tirMt lll^l'tin^^ iluly •'(, Im4I 'I'Iio 
 I'ttllowin;^' is tliu ri'cord of tliu proct'idin^'M t'outi)! in tliu niinutcN 
 from tliiH (Inii) : 
 
 Jahi Ith, IMH. — A coinuiiMsion from His Kxcrllcncy tho 
 (Jovrrnor (ii'nt'ml, <liit»Ml Muy .'{1st last, linvinjr Item ri'Ci'iv«,Ml 
 hy Ml'. \\'iilm«'t, iippointin^' i\\v following i;)-ntli>mct) m<<mlM>rN 
 of a Mctlical hnttnl fur tli«> rxuminiition of ('iitnliilMtcH, in 
 rtCPonliuMM" with tlin statute piisscd in tin* .V.ltli yciir of tin) 
 rei^'ii of His lati' Miijfst}' (ItMirj^n thi' Jlnl, viz,: 
 
 CJIiristopluT \Vi«lmrr, Ks(|., Walter Telfer, Ks<|., William C, 
 Gwynne, M.H., liUcMus O'Hrien, M.I)., llol»«(rt llornlty, M.I). 
 
 Tlie said commission was tlum read a.s fullows : 
 
 "By HIh Kxcelli^ncy the lli^jht Honoiirahle ( 'harles Maron 
 Sydenham, of Sydeidiam, in the ( 'nunty of Kent, and of 
 Toronto in Canada, one of Her .Majesty's .Most liononralde I'livy 
 Council, (iovornor-deneral of Hritish North America, etc., «'t(;. 
 To Christopher Widmer, memher of the lloyal College of 
 Surj^'eons, London; William C!. (Jwynne, l5a(!h(dor of Medicine, 
 of Triiuty Collej,'e, Dnltlin ; llohert Hornhy, Doctor of 
 Medicine, of the IJnivt^rsity of l'idirdiur;,di , Walter Telfer, 
 Licentiate! of the lloyal ( 'olle<^'e of Sin|,'eons, of Kdiid)ur;;h ; atid 
 Lucius O'Hi'ien, Doctor of Medicine, of the I 'niviir.sity of 
 Edinhurj^h. 
 
 " WlioriiK, in and hy an y\ct of the; Parliament of the late 
 Province of npj)((r Canada, passed in the .')!>th year of the 
 rei;^'n of His late Majesty (leor^^'c the .Srd, etititled ' An Act 
 to repeal an Act passed in tiie r)')th y«!ar of His Maj(!sty's 
 reiiin, entitled " An Act to license Practitioners in Physic and 
 Surt^c^ry throuf^hout the Province, and to make further 
 provision for licensinj^' such Practitioners,"' it is, amont^ other 
 thin<?s, enacted that it shall and may he lawful for the 
 Governor, Lieutenant-(jovernor, or person adndnisterin^ the 
 Qoveriniient, for the time heinp;, to constitute and appoint, under 
 his hand and Seal-at-Arms, Hve or more persons leorally 
 authorized to practise Physic, Sur<;ery, or Midwifery in this 
 Province, to be a Board, whereof any three to be a quortim, to 
 
108 TiiK Medicai- Phoi'kssion jn 
 
 hear and cxaniirK! all poi-sons de.sirous to «ipply for a liconso to 
 practise Physic, Suri^cry, and Midwifery, or either of them, 
 within this Province, and heinfj satisfied with such oxandnation 
 that any person is duly (|ualitiud to practise Physic, Sur^'ery, 
 and Midwifery, or either, to certify the same uinler the hands 
 and seals of two or more of such Hoard, in order that the 
 person so a[)plyini,f niay obtain a license. 
 
 " iVr>i*; Inuttr i/c, that heinir well assured of your intej^rity 
 an<l ability, I do iierehy, under and by virtue of the above- 
 meritioned Act, noiidnate, constitute! and appoint you, 
 Christopher VV'idmer, William C. (Jwynne, Robert Hornby, 
 Walter Telfer, and Lucius O'Brien, to be a Pmard, whereof any 
 three of you are to forn. a (|Uorum, to hear and exannne all 
 persons desirous to apply for license to practise Physic, Sur<^ery, 
 and Midwifery, or either of them, within that part of the 
 Province of Canada formerly constituting Upper Canada, and 
 beinjif satisHed by such examination that any per. .on is duly 
 qualified to practise Physic, Surgery, and Midwifery, or eitlier 
 of them, to certify the .same untler the hands and seals of any 
 three or more of you; and moreover, to do all such acts and 
 things by virtue of the said Act shall be by you to be done. To 
 havt!, to hold and enjoy the said office or Commission unto you, 
 the said Christopher Widmer, William C. Gwynne, Robert 
 Hornby, Walter Telfer, and Lucius O'Brien, for and during 
 pleasure and your residence within that part of the Province 
 of Canada, formerly constituting Upper Canada, together with 
 all and every fee.s, profits and advantages thereunto belonging, 
 appertaining, hereby enjoining you that you do at the several 
 days, and at the place in the said Act provided, then and there 
 to do whatsoever by this Connnission and the said Act shall be 
 to be done. 
 
 " Given under my hand and seal at Kingston, this 31st day 
 of May, in the year of Our Lord One Thou.sand Eight Hundred 
 and Forty-One, and of Her Majesty's reign the Fourth, 
 
 " (Signed) Sydenham. 
 
 " By command. 
 
 " (Signed) S. B. Harrison, 
 
 " Secretary of the Province." 
 
IJpFEK Canada, 1841. W) 
 
 A letter from Dr. O'Brien was then read, of which the follow- 
 in{,' is a copy : 
 
 "Toronto, July 5th. 1841. 
 
 " Sir, — I hog to inform you, as senior member of the present 
 list in the Commission of the Meilical Board, for the information 
 of the other members, that in consequence of what I deem 
 to be an error in the position of my name in that list, I have 
 .stated to His Excellency, throuj^h the Secretary for thi.s part of 
 the Province, that I have declined accepting the appointment 
 therein intended to Ije conferred upon me. 
 
 " I further beg leave to state that however willing I am to 
 comnmnicate all information in my power to gentlemen gener- 
 ally, I shall not feel myself justified in giving up any book.s 
 papers, etc., in my charge until a person is duly appointed by a 
 Board consisting of the nuuiber recjuired by law. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most Obedient Servant, 
 
 "(Signed) Lucius O'Brien. 
 " A true copy. 
 
 " G. E. GiviNS, Secretary:' 
 
 Upon which it was 
 
 Resolved, — That the proceedings of this V)ody should not be 
 disturbed by the receipt of the above letter, and that we now 
 proceed to the election of the officers of the Board. It was 
 
 Resolved, — That a copy of Dr. O'Brien's letter be forwarded 
 to Mr. Harrison, Secretary of the Province. 
 
 It was then moved by Dr. Hornby, and seconded by Dr. 
 Gwynne, that Mr. Widmer be appointed President of the Board 
 and that the election be annual. Carried unanimously. 
 
 The Board then proceeded to elect a Secretary, when it was 
 proposed by Dr. Gwynne, and seconded by Dr. Telfer, that Mr. 
 George Givins be appointed the Secretary for the ensuing year. 
 It was then 
 
 Resolved, — That the examination of candidates shall be con- 
 ducted in the presence of the members only of the Board. 
 
 It was then moved by Dr. Gwynne, and seconded by Dr. 
 Hornby, that the members of the Board be appointed, severally, 
 12 
 
170 The Medical Puokession in 
 
 to examino upon a particular subject annually. Carried nemo 
 con. 
 
 It was then ortlerod hy the Hoard tliat the Secretary do 
 write to Dr. O'Hrien, late Secretary of the College of Physicians 
 und Surgeons, for all the records of the late Metlical I^oard of 
 the Province. 
 
 Copy of the letter to Dr. O'Brien : 
 
 "ToiioNTO, July 5th, 1841. 
 
 " Siu, — Havinf^ this day been appointed the Secretary of the 
 Medical Board, I have the honour, in compliance with a resolu- 
 tion of the Board, to recjuest that you will be pleased to deliver 
 into my possession all the records of the late Metiical Board of 
 this Province, in order that the Board may be possessed of the 
 necessary information as to the I'ormer proceedings of that 
 
 body. 
 
 " I am, 
 
 " Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " G. E. GiviNS, Secretary. 
 " Luciu.s O'Bkien, Esy., M.D., 
 
 " Late Secretary of the 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons." 
 
 It was then 
 
 Resolved, — Tha tthe following subjects shall form the par- 
 ticular examination of each raeinber, viz. : 
 
 Pharmaceutic Chemistry and Materia Medica, and also (for 
 the present) the Theory and Practice of Physic — Dr. Hornby. 
 
 Anatomy — Dr. Gwynne. 
 
 Surgery — Dr. Telfer. 
 
 Midwifery — Dr. Widmer. 
 
 The following reply to the letter written by the Secretary of 
 the Board to Dr. O'Brien, in pursuance of the resolution of 
 yesterday, was received this morning: 
 
 "Toronto, Jidy 6th, 1841. 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge your letter of 
 yesterday purporting to be signed as Secretary to the Medical 
 Board. 
 
UiM'Kii Canada, 1841. 171 
 
 " Ah there are now only four inonibers of that Board and tho 
 law requires live, I cannot acknovvledjije any act of theirs pur- 
 porting to be acts of the Board as valid, and therefore cannot 
 return any reply to any coinniunication from you as their 
 Secretary, thouirh, individually, I shall be very happy to inter- 
 change any courtesies l)y letter or otherwise. 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most Obedient Servant, 
 
 " (Signed) Lucius O'Brien. 
 " G. E. GiviNS, Esq." 
 
 " Skcrbtary's Office, 
 
 " Kingston, July 31st, 184-1. 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your 
 letter of the 6th instant, with its enclo.sures reporting the pro- 
 ceedings of the Medical Board, which I have laid before the 
 Governor-General. 
 
 " In reply I am to acquaint you that on a reference to the 
 Attorney-General, it appears that your proceedings have been 
 legal and proper, and that His Excellency has been pleased to 
 approve of them accordingly. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most Obedient Servant, 
 
 "(Signed) James Hopkirk. 
 " C. WiDMER, Esq., 
 " Surgeon." 
 
 " Secretary's Office, 
 
 " Kingston, July 30th, 1841. 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to transmit herewith a new Commis- 
 sion constituting yourself and others a Medical Board to examine 
 all persons desirous of practising physic, surgery, etc., within 
 the late Province of Upper Canada, pursuant to Provincial 
 Act, 59 George 3rd., ch. 13. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most Obedient, Humble Servant, 
 
 " (Signed) James Hopkiri* . 
 "Dr. Widmer, 
 
 " Etc., etc., etc., 
 
 " Toronto." 
 
172 The Mei)k;al Profession in 
 
 " PUOVINCE OF CaNAF>A. 
 
 " By His Excellency the Right Honnurahle t'harles Baron 
 Sydenhain, of Sydenham, in the County of Kent, and 
 Toronto in Canada, one of Her Majesty 'h Most Honour- 
 able Privy ( .'ouncil, Governor-General of British North 
 America, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 " To Christopher VVidmer, Member of the Royal Collej^e of 
 Surpjeons, of London ; William C. Gwynne, Bachelor of Medi- 
 cine of Trinity College, Dublin ; Robert Hornby, Doctor of 
 Medicine of the University of Edinburgh ; Walter Telfer, 
 Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, of Edinburgh ; 
 William Durie, late Assistant-Inspector of Ordnance Hospitals, 
 K.H. ; and Henry Sullivan, Member of the Royal College of Sur- 
 geons, of London. 
 
 " Greeting : — Where(fH, in and by an Act of the Parliament of 
 that part of this Province formerly known as Upper Canada, 
 pas.sed in the fifth-ninth year of the reign of His late Maje.sty 
 King George the Third, entitled ' An Act to repeal an Act pas.sed 
 in the fifty-fifth year of His Majesty '.s reign, entitled " An 
 Act to license Practitioners in Physic and Surgery throughout 
 this Province, and to make further provision for licensing such 
 Practitioners," ' it is, amongst other things, enacted that it shall 
 and may be lawful for the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, or 
 Per.son administering the Government, for the time being, to 
 constitute and appoint under his hand and Seal-at-Arms five or 
 more persons legally authorized to practise Surgery or Mid- 
 wifery in this Province to be a Board, whereof any three to be 
 a quorum, to hear and examine all persons desirous to apply for 
 a license to practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, or either of 
 them, within this Province, and being .satisfied by such examina- 
 tion that any person is duly ({ualified to practi.se Physic, Sur- 
 gery and Midwifery, or either, to certify the same under the 
 hands and seals of two or moi-e of such Board in order that the 
 person so applying may obtain a license. 
 
 " Noiv knuiv ye, that being well a.ssured of your integrity and 
 ability, I do hereby, under and by virtue of the above-mentioned 
 Act, nominate, constitute and appoint you, Christopher Widmer, 
 
Ui'j'KK Canada, 1.S41. 17:i 
 
 William C. Gwyimo, R<)l)ort llornliy, VVultor Telfor, William 
 Durio and Ilmry Sullivan, to \n' a l^)anl, whensof any threo of 
 you are to form a (juorum, to hear and examiru! all i)er.sons 
 desirous to apply for license to practise IMiysi(! Stir^cM-y and 
 Midwifery, oi' eitlusr of them, within that piirt of the Province 
 of (Jaiuuhi, formerly constituting^ Upper ('ana<la, and hiiinjf 
 satisfied by such examination that any person in duly (|ualitied 
 to practise Physic, Sur<;ery and Midwifery, or either, to certify 
 the same under the hands and seals of any two or more of you ; 
 and moreover, to do all such acts and thintjs, as l)y virtue of 
 the said Act, shall be by you to be done. To have, liold and 
 enjoy the said office or Commission unto yoii the said CJhristo- 
 pher Widmer, William Durie and Henry Sullivan, for and dur- 
 ing pleasure, and your residence within that part of the 
 Province formerly constituting Upper Canada, together with 
 all and every the foes, profits, and advantages thereunto belong- 
 ing and appertaining, hereby enjoining you that you do meet 
 at the several days, and at the place in the said Act proviiJed 
 then and there to do whatsoever by tiis Commission and the 
 said Act shall be to be done. 
 
 " Given under my hand and seal at Kingston, this twenty- 
 eighth day of July, in the year of Our Lord One Thousand 
 Eight Hundred and Forty-One, and in the Fifth year of Her 
 
 Majesty's reign. 
 
 "(Signed) Sydenham. 
 
 " By command, 
 
 " (Signed) S, B. Harrison, 
 
 " Secretary." 
 
 July, 1841. — At this .session, James Stewart, of Huntley, 
 Bathurst District ; Edward Dancey, of London District ; Allen N. 
 Wolverton, of Grimsby ; Joseph Orlando Orr, of Toronto ; Robert 
 McCuUough, of Gore District, who had a diploma from Geneva 
 College, N.Y. ; George Givins, of Toronto, and John Reid, R.C.S. 
 Ed., received certificates. 
 
 October, 1841. — Present: C. Widmer, W. C. Gwynne, Walter 
 Telfer, and Henry Sullivan. 
 
 The new commission received during the recess was ordered 
 
174 Tiiio Medical Puofession in 
 
 to bo read by tho Secretary and entered on the niinute.s. It 
 was then 
 
 Resolved, — That Mr. Widtner bo President for tho remainder 
 of the year, anil that Mr. Ooorge Givina be continued as 
 Secretary. 
 
 In pursuance of the following resolution of the late College 
 of Pliysicians and Surgeons, date January 0, 1841, vi/., — That 
 the various papers and otticial documents belonging to the 
 College bo transferred to the Medical Board, to be received into 
 the charge of such olKcers as they may appoint for tho pur- 
 pose — the Board resolved that tho Secretary be empowered to 
 receive and take charge of tho said ollicial documents and give 
 a receipt for the same. The Board then adjourned. 
 
 One candidate was rejected at this (juarterly meeting. 
 
 By an Imperial Act passed July 28, 1840, Upper and Lower 
 Canada were united, forming tho Province of Canada. At the 
 first meeting of the Provincial Parliament, an Act was passed, 
 September 18, 1841, authorizing qualified medical men of either 
 Province to practise throughout the Province. (See Appen- 
 dix.) 
 
 CHAPTEK XX. 
 
 PROCP]EI)INOvS OF U. C. MKDICAL BOARD— (Coni!muerf). 
 
 TORONTO, January 3, 1842.— Present : C. Widmer, Dr. 
 Gwynne, Dr. Hornby, Dr. Telfer, Dr. H. Sullivan. 
 
 They first proceeded to elect officers far the ensuing year, 
 when it was 
 
 Resolved, — That Dr. Widmer, be re-elected President, and 
 Mr. George Givins be re-appointed Secretary. 
 
 It was then agreed that the subjects to be taken by each 
 examiner for the ensuing year be as follows : 
 
 Dr. Gwynne, Anatomy ; Dr. King, Pharmaceutic Chemistry 
 and Materia Medica; Dr. Telfer, Surgery; Dr. Widmer, Theory 
 and Practice of Physic ; Dr. Sullivan, Midwifery. 
 
UiM'Eii Canada, 1«42. 175 
 
 January 8, 1842. — Present: (.'. VVwliuer, President; Dr. 
 Gwyniu*, and Dr. Snlliviui. 
 
 No candidate a|)j)earin<,' for examination during this session, 
 the Hoard terminated its sittin''. 
 
 At a special m(!(!tin<f of the members of tlie Medical Hoanl 
 hold tins day, .lanuary 15 (Present: (!. Widmer, President; 
 Dr. Hornhy, Dr. (Jvvynne, Dr. Telfer, and Dr. Sullivan), it 
 was 
 
 HcHolved, — That th<! followinfj memorial to Mis E.xcellency 
 the Oovernor-deneral as Chancellor of the University of Kinj^f's 
 Colle<(e he adopted, and that it he signed hy the membe'rs ami 
 forwarded to Kingston \,ithout delay: 
 
 " Me.mohial. 
 
 "To His Excellency the Rij^ht Ifonourahle Sir Charles 
 Ha<i;ot, K.C.B., Governor-Ueneral of British North 
 America, and Captain-(ieneral and Governor-in-Chief 
 » in and over the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 
 New Brunswick and the Island of Prince Edward, 
 and Vice-Admiral of the same, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 " The memorial of the meml)ers of the Medical Board in that 
 part of the Province of Canada formerly constituting the Prov- 
 ince of Upper Canada, respectfully sheweth that your memori- 
 alists hail with great satisfaction the arrival in the person of 
 Your Excellency, of a statesman of superior talents and 
 enlarged experience, whose wisdojn will not fail to justly 
 appreciate the ol)ject of your memorialists in addressing Your 
 Excellency at this early period of Your Excellency's adminis- 
 tration. The subject of your memorialists' present addresses 
 had, your memorialists are well aware, excited the attention of 
 Your Excellency's lamented predecessor, and bub for the 
 calamity which caused the death of the late Lord Sydenham, 
 your memorialists have rea.son to believe, would have by this 
 time received JEis Lordship's full consideration. 
 
 " Among the numerous classes of young men whose prelimin- 
 ary education has been completed in that excellent institution, 
 Upper Canada College, many of course are destined for the 
 learned professions. In those of the law and divinity no diffi- 
 
17ti The Medicai, Puoficshion in 
 
 ciilty exisis in followinj^ out tlu! full compli'tioii of tln^ nocos- 
 siiry stinlios at home. Hut in the* proi'cs.sioii of incdiciin' it i.s 
 (liHtTiiut ; till! MtUflciit must resort to ii f'onMj,'!! country to ohtain 
 liiM ol)ji'ct, and unt'ortutuitt'ly tliu ni'i^dil)ourinj; Unitctl States 
 allbnls tlu! only opportunity within his reacli of ucquirinj,' tlio 
 nrcuMNary infonnation with economy. There, it is a(lmitt(>(l, 
 lie may attain all the knowlt'djre that i.s desired, l)ut surely the 
 ntcesHity of resorting' to such a source of instruction is to bo 
 d('precat(!«l, for no other result can he anticipated than the 
 a('t|uirenu'nt of those democratic princij)ies which are so inter- 
 woven witii tlie system there pursued. 
 
 " Your memorialists believe that it is unnecessary to inform 
 V«)ur Excellency that a munificent endownjent for the educa- 
 tion of youth has lonj? ago been made by lloyal Authority in 
 grantint; the C'hart(!r of King's College in Western Caiuida. 
 This endowment having lain dormant for many years, seems 
 now to be almost forgotten. 
 
 " \'our UKMnorialists entertaining the fullest confidence in 
 your sagacity ns a statesman, approach Your Excellency now 
 with the hope that Your Excellency will feel it necessary to 
 take into consideration, at an early period, the useless condition 
 into which this Royal Endowment ha.s fallen, and make an 
 arrangement for the commencciment of a complete system of 
 niedical and surgical instruction, by establisliing a Faculty of 
 Medicine in the University of King's College. 
 
 "Deeply convinced that no greater .source of satisfaction to 
 the population of this part of the countr}' could be eti'ected by 
 any measure of Your Excellency's administration, your memori- 
 alists conclude by expres.sing the hope that Your Excellency 
 will discover no obstacle to the fulfilment of the prayer of thi-s 
 memorial. 
 
 " (Signed) C. Widmer, President. 
 G. E GiviNS, Secretary." 
 
 " Secretary's Office, 
 
 " Kingston, February 11th, 1842. 
 
 "Sir, — I have the honour, by command of the Governor- 
 General, to acknowledge the receipt of the memorial of the 
 
Ui'i'KK Canada, 1H42. 177 
 
 ni(3tnl»orH of tho Moilicul Muanl of tlwit piirt of the I't'oviiico, 
 foniK-rly Hppcr ('iimulii, pruyiii;; for tho nHtiilili.sliiiM'nt of a 
 KiKMilty of MrtliciiK! iti t)H> IJiiivcr.Hity of Kiiij,''.s (•olli'^'c 
 
 " III ri'ply, 1 am to aci|Uiiirit you for tli*' inforniatioii of tlio 
 Mcidical Hoar<l, that tlio subject will recoivn that early and 
 attontivu coiisidi-ration from HIm Kxculltjiicy wiiich itn iiiipor- 
 taiicu murits. 
 
 " I liavo tho honour to he, Sir, 
 
 " Your most Ohedioiit, llumhlc! Servant, 
 
 "Jamks noi'KiiiK. 
 "G. E. diviNH." 
 
 April, IS4-2. — ^Pr(^s(u^t : Widmer, Tolfur, (iwyniu! and 
 Uornhy. Nathaniel K. Mainwarin^, of St. (ioAm^v, Dumfries, a 
 wtuijent of seven years, attcfiided It^ctures at KairHeld and Now 
 York; Henry lii<if<,'s Goodman, of (Jrimslty ; Beaumont Wilson, 
 Bowen Dixie, of Toronto ; John Robinson Dickson, of Niai^ara 
 — passed. One candidate was rejectod. 
 
 Jidi/, 1842. — Present: (1 Widmer, I'n'sichjnt; Dr. Gwynno, 
 Dr. Telfer and Mr. Sullivan. The Secretary, Mr. (Jeorj^o 
 Givins, having this day tendered his resignation of the ofHco of 
 Secretar}', which being accepted, it was proposed by the Presi- 
 dent and seconded by Dr. Gwynne, that Mr. Edwin Henwood, 
 the re.sident apothecary of the hospital, be appointcJ his 
 HUCcesHor, whicli was carried unanimously. 
 
 It was ordered, therefore, that Mr. Henwood do write to tho 
 Secretary of the Province announcing his apj)ointment. 
 
 Horatio Yates, of Kingston (M.D., of Pennsylvania Univer- 
 sity), passed. One rejected. 
 
 October, 1842. — Present : Widmer, Hornby, Gwynne and 
 Telfer. Patrick Trenor, ll.C. Ed., and George Smith, of 
 Flamboro', passed. One was rejected. The following letter 
 was then read, addressed to the President : 
 
 "GoDERiCH, September tiOth, 1842. 
 
 " Sir, — I have pursued the inquiry relative to the provincial 
 license of in the manner you suggested, and I 
 
17N TiiF Medical PiioFKRHroN in 
 
 am now ablo, pcmitivoly, to Htiito ttiut he Iium procuroii it by 
 the* (>xliil)iti()ti of II spurious tliplonia. 
 
 " I luivi" cominuriiciitt'tl with Mr. Hopkirk, who Mays lio 
 pro<lu(!«>(l a diploma t'roin tho (Inivitrsity of l*Miiii)ur^h, (;ouphMl 
 with a strong rrconiiiiotiihition from thr VVanUiii (\)r l)unh>p), 
 thu Shiifitr, aiiil Ma^'istratt's of this i)istrict. 
 
 "I havi' also ri'C«'iv«Ml an answer from tht; (InivtirHity of 
 Kdinhurifh, in wliicli it is distinctly statod that no such p(trsott 
 
 ftM appears on th»Mr records a>4 having ohtaiiuxl 
 
 a diploma from them ; a copy of thcsn lottcrs I will subjoin. 
 
 " As this is such a stu-ious oflenci', and of so j^ruat importance 
 to tho profession ^otu'rally and the connnunity at lar^e, it must 
 not pass over unnotic(Ml, and I now call upon you as tho 
 J'rcNidcnt and those who constitute the Medical Hoard (now 
 you an; in possession of the facts), to take such sti'ps as will 
 brin{,' the nuitter before the proper tribunal. I am actuated by 
 no other motive than that of maintaininfj; the dignity and 
 welfare of tho College of which I have the honour to bo a 
 nuMidier, of protectin;^ my professional brethren ajjjainst a 
 recurrence of a similar fraud, and of putting down these 
 empirics. 
 
 " I iie^ leave to add that I have in my possession, letters 
 from the Collefije of Surgeons in l)ul)lin and London, us also 
 the Apothecaries' Hall, in which they one and all declare that 
 this individual lias never received a dii)loma or license from 
 tliem. I have not p;iven you a copy of these, as I do not 
 consider it necessary ; however, if recjuisite, 1 will forward one 
 to you. F have only now to say that tliese letters are at any 
 time subject to your perusal, and I will <^ive you my personal 
 attendance when re(|uired ; from tho information I have 
 attbrded you will, I am sure, see tho propriety of at once 
 proceeding against — . 
 
 " Waiting your reply, 
 
 " I remain, your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " J. AcLAND De La Hooke. 
 " To C. WiDMEU, Esq." 
 
TTppRu Canada. IM42. I7U 
 
 Copy of Mr. Ilopkirk's Uttor: 
 
 ••Skcuktaiiy's ()i ricK, VVk.ht, 
 
 "KlN«JSTON, S<i>tvmht:v 24, IH42. 
 
 "Siu, — III niply to your h-tttir of thn L'Otli iuMt., I htm to 
 
 inform you that a tliplouia was j,'raiit('<I to , of 
 
 (iocU'ricli, hy authority of I'roviuc'ial Statutu. H Goo. 4, ('h. .'J, 
 ho having forwanliMl to this oHico a tliplouui from the 
 University of Kdinhnr^h, ilatfcl Au^'ust 1st, 1MM'>, and nunlo 
 affiilavit hoforo Mr. AolatKi, the Jud^t; of tho Huron District 
 Court, that ho was tht; person namt'(l thcn-iti. lie also 
 forwarded a ccrtiticato signed hy the \Var(U'n, ShcrilV, and 
 several ma^'istratos, tostifyinj^ very strongly tiuiir opinion in 
 his favour. 
 
 " I httvc the honour to he, Sir, 
 
 " Vour most Obedient, Kumhlc! Servant, 
 
 "Jamkh Hoi'KIKK, 
 
 " AaHiHtant-iiccretary. 
 "J. Acland 1)e La IIooke, 
 
 " iJoderirh." 
 
 Copy of a letter from the University of Kdinhurj^h : 
 
 " Univehhitv ok EDiNiiuuan, Auijmt 0th, 1842. 
 
 " It i.s hereby certified that the records of this University 
 have been inspected, and that it does not appear that any such 
 
 p(jison as ever received the degree of Doctor of 
 
 Medicine at the University of Ediuburgh. 
 
 " R. CnursTisoN, M.D., Dean of Medical Faadly. 
 "David Brown, SuJ)-iU)rarian." 
 
 " Ei)iniu;r(Ui, Au(funt 10th, 1842, 
 " It is hereby certified that, after careful inspection of the 
 register of the Royal College of Physicians at Edinburgh, it 
 does not appear that any diploma or license has been at any 
 time granted to any person of the name of . 
 
 "David Cuaoie, M.D., 
 " Counsellor and Secretary to the H<>y(d College 
 of J^hysicians at Edlnbitrgh." 
 
180 The Medical Phofession in 
 
 "Toronto, October 4th, 1842. 
 
 "Sir, — Your letter to the President, o^ Soptember HOth, has 
 been laid before the Board, and it is a source of much regret 
 that any individual should have adopted the course it would 
 appear has. 
 
 " The Board has not pov ar, ' beinj^ only an examininj^ body,' 
 
 to pursue a prosecution, but under the flaj^rant circumstances 
 
 of the case, feel it incumbent to address the Government on 
 
 the subject. 
 
 " (Signed) E. Henwood, 
 
 " Secretary. 
 " To J. AcLAND De La Hooke, 
 
 " Surgeon, Ooderich." 
 
 " Toronto, October 4th, 1842. 
 
 "Sir, — The circumstance of a fictitious diploma having been 
 presented to the Executive Government on a former occasion, 
 the detection of which produced the sudden disappearance of 
 the delinquent, combined with the fresh instance detailed in the 
 accompanying copies of a correspondence received by the 
 Medical Board at its present session, induces that body to press 
 upon the attention of the Government the nece.ssity of adopting 
 some mode of verifying the character of all diplomas presented 
 by candidates for a license. 
 
 " The Board suggests, as the most effectual means of accom- 
 plishing this object, that it should be incumbent on the applicant 
 for a license to submit his diploma to the inspection of the 
 Board, the members of which are necessarily the best judges of 
 the true character of the signatures and seals usually appended 
 to the various diplomas of the Universities and Chartered 
 Bodies of Britain. 
 
 " If the power of the Government to enforce this reference is 
 not warranted by the wording of the present statute, some 
 further legislation on the subject becomes evidently necessary. 
 
 "In regard to the case, the particulars of which are enclosed, 
 the Board trusts that such action will be taken by the proper 
 
Upper Canada, 1842. 181 
 
 authorities as will ensure the punishment of the perpetrator of 
 so flagitious an act. 
 
 " By command of the Board, 
 
 " I have the lionour to he. Sir, 
 
 " Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " C. WiDMEU, President. 
 " To the Honourable 
 
 " S. B. Harrison, 
 
 " Secretary, etc., etc., etc." 
 
 George Smith, of Flamboro', passed his examination at this 
 session. One was rejected : having presented himself at a late 
 hour of the day, when there was not sufficient time to notify 
 all the members of the Board to attend, it was 
 
 Resolved, — That the Secretary be instructed to notify all 
 applicants for examination that " due notice " must be given by 
 a registration of the applicant's name and the payment ol his 
 fees at least twenty-four hours before the day of examination. 
 
 The session then closed. 
 
 A copy of Mr. Harrison's letter to the President : 
 
 " Secretary's Office, West, 
 
 " Kingston, October 13th, 1842. 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge your letter of the 
 4th inst., enclosing certain correspondence relating to a diploma 
 
 granted to a Mr. , of Goderich, and in reply beg to 
 
 inform you that I have called upon him, by command of the 
 Governor-General, to transmit the original diploma by virtue 
 of which the one for this Province was granted to him. 
 " I have the honour to be. Sir, 
 
 " Your most Obedient, Humble Servant, 
 
 " S. B. Harrison. 
 " Dr. Widmer, 
 
 " Toronto." 
 
 Strangely enough, the next leUer in the minutes is on a some- 
 what analogous matter to the one just referred to, though the 
 two cases have no connection the one with the other. 
 
182 The Medical Profession in 
 
 "Secretary's Office, West, 
 
 " Kingston, October 21st, 1842. 
 
 " Sir, — 1 am commanded by His Excellency the Governor- 
 General to acknowledge your letter of the 17th inst., pointing 
 out the error in licensing Mr. George Smith to practise Physic, 
 etc., instead of Midwifery alone, and I am to inform you, in 
 reply, that the necessary steps have been taken to remedy 
 the mistake, and an official notice furnished for insertion in the 
 Gazette to-morrow. 
 
 " I have the honour, etc., 
 
 " James Hopkirk. 
 " Chris. Widmer, M.D., 
 
 " Etc., etc., etc., Toronto." 
 
 January, 1848. — Present: Drs. Widmer, Hornby, Telfer and 
 Sullivan. Dr. Widmer was re-elected President, and Edwin 
 Henwood, Secretary. William Lockton P)illings, of Hamilton, 
 the only candidate, received certificate. 
 
 April, 1843. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Hornby, Sullivan and 
 Telfer. 
 
 Theophilus Mack, of Amherstburgh (M.D., Geneva College, 
 N.Y.), received certificate. Three were rejected. One of these 
 produced a diploma from the Faculty of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons of Glasgow, together with tickets of attendance at lectures 
 on Greek, Moral Philosophy, Logic, Mathematics, Anatomy, 
 Surgery, Practice of Physic, Midwifery, Chemistry, Materia 
 Medica, at the University of Glasgow, also Hospital Practice at 
 the Infirmar}'. After an examination in Pharmacy and Practice 
 of Physics, he was found so utterly ignorant of even the most 
 ordinary matters that the Board refused him a certificate. 
 
 July, 1843. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Gwynne, Hornby and 
 Telfer. Wm. McCargow, from Glasgow College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons, passed. 
 
 October, 1843. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Gwynne, Telfer and 
 Sullivan. Silas Wright Cooke, of Pari.s, with certificates of 
 three courses of lectures at Fairfield ; Mr. Layton, R.C.S. Ed., 
 

 r ^ 
 
 y. 
 
 z < 
 
 '^ -v. 
 
 7 i-^ 
 
UiM'EU Canada, 1H42-4:J. ISJi 
 
 Jatnos Hunter, jun., and .lohn Kmser, Il.C.P.S. (Jlas., passed. 
 One was rejected. 
 
 Tlie year l84Ji was one of i,'reat importance to the nuvlical 
 profession of this Province. Repeated efforts had been fruit- 
 Uissly made to establish a Medical School^ in Upj)er Canada, 
 Imt now th(i fond hopes and aspirations of tlu^ profession to 
 possess an establishment at home, wht^re young men studyinj^ 
 medicine ini<;ht be fully prepared for practice without havinj; 
 to {^o elsewhen;, were fully realized. An account of this 
 important event will doubtless be acceptaVtle to the reader. 
 
 CHAPTEli XXI. 
 
 liSTABLISHMENT OF TllK FIllST MKDKJAL SCHOOL IN UPPER 
 
 CANAIM. 
 
 The Medical Department, Kino's College. 
 
 THE first record we find relatinj^ to Kinj^'s College is in a 
 new.spaper clipping — name of paper lost: "In 1842, the 
 Parliament Buildings were fitted up for the use of tlie College, 
 at an expense of £4,8;]! 4 2, the larger part of this sun» being 
 expended on the College chapel, an'l in June, 1848, the insti- 
 tution was opened for education, with the following list of 
 officers and professors: President, Bishop Straclian ; Vice-Presi- 
 dent and Prof, of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, Rev. Dr. 
 McCaul ; Theology, Rev. Dr. Beaven ; Chemistry, Prof. Croft ; 
 Mathematics, Prof. Potter ; Materia Medica, Prof. Nicol ; 
 Anatomy and Physiology, Prof. Gwynne ; Obstetrics, Prof. 
 Herrick ; Medicine, Prof. King ; Practical Anatomy, Prof. 
 Sullivan ; Surgery, Prof. Beaumont ; Law, Prof. Blake." 
 
 At a meeting of the Council of King's College, September 
 25, 1843, a " committee for establishing the Medical School " w^as 
 appointed, consisting of the Vice-President, Dr. McCaul ; Profs. 
 Potter, Croft and Gwynne. They " are requested to consult 
 the members of the profession connected with the University, 
 viz.. Dr. King, Mr. Beaumont and Mr. Sullivan." In what 
 
184 Thk Medical I'uokeshion in 
 
 way tluv; were counocttMl with tlic University does not appear. 
 Hnt prohaMy it whs an a;^'reetnent that they .should hticoiiio 
 nicinhcrs of tlu^ Mccljeal l''aculty. Dr. Kiiit,' was apjiointcd a 
 nieiiilHT of tht! (!ouncil, Septoiuber 2.*{, J8t4<, and Dr. Beaumont, 
 September 27, 1«48. 
 
 Oclohcr 4, liS4.'{.— I'rof. (Jwyniit! suhmittcul the report of th(5 
 Coirnnttee of Medical School. The report was received and 
 discussion (K'fin'rcMl until next moetinj^. 
 
 Ocfohcr (>.— I'art of the report achipted. On the 9tii the 
 whole was a(lo|)ted. TJje Medical (Jonnnittee are of the 
 opinion — 
 
 " 1st. That in order to constitute an etlicient School of Medi- 
 cine in the University of King's College, it is neces.sary that 
 provision should be made for ade(]uate instruction in the fol- 
 lowing branches : Medical Science, (<hemistry, Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine, Theory and Practice of Surgery, Materia 
 Medica and Pharmacy, Midwifery and Disea.ses of Women and 
 Children. 
 
 "2nd. Also of opinion tliat it will conduce to the interests 
 of the Medical School, and be more in acconlance with the 
 usa<;es of some British universities if the desijxnation of De- 
 monstrator of Anatomy be altered to that of ' Professor of 
 Practical Anatomy.' 
 
 " .'3rd. Lectures upon the following subjects may be instituted 
 with advantage at some future period : Forensic Medicine and 
 Botany. 
 
 " 4th. In addition to provision for instruction in the above 
 branches of science, a hospital capable of containing not less 
 than eighty beds for medical and surgical cases will be 
 required, and separate accommodation for, at least, six puer- 
 peral patients will also be necessary. 
 
 " ath. The following shall be the medical requirements for a 
 student presenting himself at the final examination for his 
 degree : A certificate that he has attained the age of twenty- 
 one years ; that he has pa.ssed five years in acquairtance of 
 medical knowledge, three of which must have been occupied 
 in attendance on medical le«'itures in schools recognized by the 
 Universitj', and one, at least, in the Medical School of this 
 
Ui'PEK Canada, 1848. lUfi 
 
 Univorsity. That ho Hhiill produco ceitiHcatcs of attc.'ndanco 
 on th(^ following,' lectures and hospital practice: ('liornistry, 
 one cour.so of six months ; Practical (Jheniistry, one course; of 
 six months ; Anatomy and Physiolot^y, two courses of six 
 months; Mediciine, two cours(!s of six months; Sur;^'ery, two 
 courses of six months ; Materia Medica ami Pharmacy, one 
 course of six months; Midwifery and J)iseascs of Wonum and 
 CJnIdren, one course of six months ; that he has attc^nded for, 
 at least, eij^liteen months on the Medical and Sur^^icai practice 
 of an hospital containiii}^' not less than ei^dity heds, twelve 
 months of wliich shall he durin<^ winter scissions, when lectures 
 on CMinical Medicine and Suri^ery will he delivered. 
 
 " N.B. — Two courses of three months each will be considered 
 equivalent to one of six n:onths. 
 
 " (ith. Having examined the scale of fees adopted in other 
 universities, both in Kurope and Anierica, the Committee are 
 inclined to reconunend the following: 
 
 " Chemistry ----- 
 
 " Practical (Jhtunistry . . - 
 
 " Anatomy o.nd Physiology 
 
 " Mcidicine - . - . . 
 
 "Surgery - - - - - 
 
 " Practical Anatomy 
 
 " Materia Medica and Pharmacy 
 
 " Midwifery and Diseases of Women and 
 
 Children 2 10 
 
 Hot^pital Attendance. 
 
 " 18 months 15 
 
 " 12 months 12 10 
 
 " G months 7 10 
 
 " Or a perpetual ticket - - - - 20 00 
 
 (Other clauses 7th and 8th not inserted.) 
 
 " 9th. The medical sessions should commence on the first 
 Monday in November, and terminate on the last Monday in 
 April. 
 
 " 10th. It will be expedient to appropriate one of the wings 
 ]3 
 
 £4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
180 The MKDif'AL Piiokkssion in 
 
 of tlic Piirliiuiiciit Hiiildin^'H to tho MtMlicul Faculty, wliicli will 
 supply sufUcii'iit iiccoimnodation for their purpoaos. 
 
 " I! til. It is oxpttlicnt to cnttM- into arnmj^'ciru'ut to Nccure 
 the ('xchiinj^i! of rccoj^'uition of our ccrtiticdtcs l>y otlicr 
 nnivcrsitic^s, hy the Aiiiiy Mcfliciil Mourd iukI the nwilical 
 institutes inc()rj)()nito<l Ity clmrtor, wliicli uiny \tr sul»iuitt('<l Ity 
 til is University." 
 
 Tluj only aua-nduient to this report was " that it is dcsirahln 
 that the medical session shall cuuiniencu at the same time with 
 the Faculty of Arts." 
 
 J)r. Qwynnc moved a resolution askinjj; " His Kxeellency for 
 tho UNO of the eastern win^ of Parliament Muildin^rs, which it 
 in understood will shortly ho vacatcid hy tho i^aw Society and 
 oHlcers of the courts of law." Carried. 
 
 November 4, iH4.S. — The draft of tho proposed salary 
 attached to each suhject, forminjj^ tho committee of medical 
 study, was submitted with tho names of tho pi'ofessor.s : 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology . - . - .£200 
 
 Theory and Practice of Physic - - - 200 
 
 Theory ajid Practict of Surijery - - - 200 
 Midwifery and Diseases of Women and 
 
 (Children 200 
 
 Materia Mediea and Botany ... 200 
 
 Practical Anatomy ..... 250 
 
 Novemhet' 29, 1843. — Wm. R. Beaumont appointed Professor 
 of Sur^fory. 
 
 Deremher 21, 184il — Warrants of His Excellency tho Chan- 
 cellor, grantini^ professorships in tho University, were produced 
 antl read : Dated December G, 1843, George Herrick, Es(i., 
 M.D., Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children ; Decem- 
 ber 7, Wm. Bulwer Nicol, Es(|., Materia Mediea ; December 8, 
 Henry Sullivan, Esq., Practical Anatomy and Curator of the 
 Anatomical and Pathological Museum. 
 
 "ft" 
 
 December 27, 1843. — Report of IVredical Facultj^ said they 
 had taken into consideration the steps necessary to be taken, in 
 
Ui'i'Kii Canada, IMW.4+. 1 87 
 
 ordo.v to put tliu iiicdicNil (It'|»iirtm(!i»t into sprody iiml (ifricimit 
 opcnition. Tlii-y icicnmim'nd tlmi tho following' luoasuros 
 nhouM liu iidoptcii without (loliiy : 
 
 " 1st. 'I'Imt iiniu;L,'unil Icctun's hIiouM \>e ilclivcriM! l»y caoli of 
 tlu' protrssors ill his own <l(!jnirtiiic'iit, oil tlio Jirst two days of 
 tonn in tli(! public hall. U('j,'ular cotirso of Iccturos conuuencinj^ 
 January ir)th, ISI.4. (It^ is said that Dr. llurricU found it 
 Honiowlmt cMnharrassiii}^' in dclivcirin^' his introductory Iccturo 
 before tlio ladi«,>s.) That iiiiin(Mliat(( arraii<ft'nients .should bo 
 inadc^ with the trustuns of tht^ hospital, whcrt'hy tlu; profc^ssors 
 of the Mi'dical Faculty should have either tln' (exclusive uumIi- 
 cal superintendence thereof, or a certain number of wards 
 reserved for tlunr sole use. 
 
 " Arran<feiiu!nts should he nuide for procuring subject.s for 
 the Use of students (students to pay for these). 
 
 " It was orderi'd that for the present the rooms occupied as 
 the niu.seuni and workshop, shall he the ai)artn»ent wherein the 
 school of medicine sliall hc! conducte(l, and that the business of 
 the .school shall commence there on Monday, elanuary loth, 
 1844, and that a frame buildinp; erected on the north or west 
 side of the western wing will be suUicient for the above 
 purpose.s. 
 
 " The table of lectures, plan of dissecting room and anatomi- 
 cal theatre were submitted. This was to be built forthwith. 
 Tender.s for dissecting room received, and work allotted to 
 McBean <lsi Withrowfor £270, to be built within four weeks." 
 
 January 0, 1<S44. — A letter from Dr. Widmer, CMiairman, 
 Board of Trustees, Toronto Hospital, was read, ottering to 
 surrender the whole of tlie upper flat of the ho.spital to the 
 Medical Faculty of the University, for their exclusive use on 
 the following conditions : 
 
 " l.st. £100 to be paid to the trustees to furnish additional 
 equipments. 
 
 " 2nd. .Ss. per diem be paid monthly for each patient in the 
 medical facultj*. 
 
 " 3rd. A list of medical faculty be furnished to the trustees 
 
Itth Thk Medical I'uokehmion in 
 
 that thny may ho intlivldiially nppfiintiMl by them tf) tho oflTicoH 
 as iiM>ili(>iil attt'tiduiitM of tlio hospital. 
 
 "4th. That thi' mi'riih»>r.s of th(! modical faculty hi- .suhjcct to 
 tht^ rule.s iitid rt'j^ulatiou.s at jtni.snnt in force rii^unlin^ tho 
 j;«!noral t'conoiny of the ho.spital, etc." 
 
 "Tho Council after mudi ih'Hheration on thin matter regret 
 they cannot accede to tlie proposition." 
 
 Januarif 10, 1844. — He^Milations ndatin^ to medical studioH; 
 To he two cla.sses. iHt. ThoHo who are candidates for dej^reoH; 
 2nd. Occasional stiKh'nts. First class to wear academical hahit. 
 
 HcHolvcJ, — That Profs. (Jwynne, lioaumont and Sullivan bo 
 authorized to enter into enj^aj^'ement for procurinjjf subjects ; 
 Bursar to advance re-piisite funds. Dr. I'a;j;et to be written to 
 and authorized to expciud the sum of money remainini.^ in his 
 hamls, as to liim may soeni most advanta<,'eous for tho medical 
 department. 
 
 By this it is inferrtMl that Dr. Paget was engaged in looking 
 after .subj((cts for dissection. 
 
 The Medical Faculty of King's College was composed of 
 W. C. Cwynne, John King, W. K. Beaumont, (<eo. Ilerrick, 
 W. B. Nicol, Henry Sullivan. 
 
 There is no record of the number of students in attendance 
 during this first .session beginning January \n. It was only a 
 fragment of a session and doubtless the attendance was small. 
 It was the session of l(S44-4.5 which marked the beginning of 
 the regular work of a medical school. At the beginning of the 
 lectures, hS4.'}, there were but two matriculated students, J. H. 
 Richard.son and — . Lyon.s. J)r. R. was the only student in our 
 branch, at least. 
 
 As to the e(iuipment of the school, the records of the Council 
 show that there had been purchased medical instruments to 
 the value of £355 10 10, and for the medical .school there had 
 been expended .£114 8 6. 
 
 The following is a list of Professors in all the departments of 
 King's College at that time : 
 
 1843. Rev. John McCaul, LL.D., Classic Literatore, Logic, 
 Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. 
 
Uppku Canada, Ih-H. 1M9 
 
 1H4.*J. Il((v. .lainus Hoav«n, D.I)., Divinity, M<'taj)liysics an<l 
 KthicH. 
 
 1M4.'J. Kiclianl I'ottor, M.A., Matln-iuatics aixl Nnturul Phil- 
 OHOpliy. 
 
 IH+.'i. II, II. (/'roft, ('hoinistry and Kxpt'rimcutal IMiilosophy. 
 
 lS+;{. W. 0. Owyimo, M.'* Anatomy and IMiysioloj^y. 
 
 \HV\. .lolin Kin^', M.D., T..eoiy aii<l Practice of Mmiicitjo. 
 
 IM4.'{. W. n. HIako, H.A., I^aw aji<l .lurispnnlctici!. 
 
 1M4M. W, Beaumont, K.K.C.S. Kn«,'lan.l. PrinciploH an<l Prac- 
 tice' of Sur<,'ery. 
 
 IHM. Uoorj^o Merrick, M.D., (Jltstetrics and Diseases of Woniuu 
 and (/hildreti. 
 
 ]HV.i. W. H. Nicol, Materia Medica, iMiarniacy and Potany. 
 
 1H4:{. H. Sullivan, M.K.C.S. Kn<,'land, Practical Anatomy and 
 (Curator of Patlioloi^dcal Museum. 
 
 i.S4.'). Lucius O'Hricui, M.I)., Medical Jurisprudence 
 
 l(S;}f). Henry l^oy.s, M.D., was appointc^d lleifistrar and Bursar. 
 
 184"). li. O'Brien, receivc^d M.\).{<id eiuulein). 
 
 lH4r). E. M. Ilodder, CM. 
 
 1840. J. U. Richardson, M.B. 
 
 Tho following is taken from F((8ti Academici, from 1827 to 
 1850 : 
 
 " King's College at York (now Toronto) was estaV)lished by 
 His lato Majesty CJecrge IV., by Charter bearing date March 
 ir)th, 1827, with the style and privileges of a University. It 
 was endowed by the same Sovereign with 22'), 9 14 acres of land, 
 by patent bearing date January Hrd, 1828. 
 
 "In the year 1837, the two Hou.ses of tlie Legislature of 
 Upper Canada amended the Charter by a Bill to which the 
 Jjieutenant-Governor gave the royal assent, March 4th of that 
 year. 
 
 " In the year 1842, on April 2;}rd, tlie foundation stone of the 
 building in the University Park was laid by His Excellency the 
 Right Hon. Sir Charles Bagot, G.C.B., M.A., CJhrist Church, 
 Oxford, Governor-General of Britisli North America, etc. 
 
 '• In the year 1843, temporary accommodation having been 
 provided in the Parliament Buildings, the first matriculation of 
 
190 TuE Medical Puofehhion in 
 
 studonts took place ; and the inauj,'ural addresses and lectures 
 were delivered on June -Sth and !)th. 
 
 " In the year IH4(), the two Housos of the Legislature of 
 Canada, by a Bill to which the Deputy-Governor gave the 
 royal assent, May 30th of that year, repealed the Act of 1887, 
 and 'so much of the said Charter so granted by His late 
 Majesty King George IV., as aforesaid, as is contradictory with 
 this Act or any of the provisions thereof, or as makes any pro- 
 vision in any matter provided for by this Act, other than such 
 as is hereby made in such matter.' 
 
 " On October 25th, 1.S49, His Excellency the Right Hon. the 
 Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, K.T., M.A., Merton College, 
 Oxford, Governor-General of British North America, etc., pre- 
 sided as Chancellor at the last commencement of King's College. 
 
 " On January 1st, 1850, the new Act came into operation, and 
 the institution is hereafter to be conducted, according to its 
 provisions, under the designation of ' The University of 
 Toronto.' " 
 
 In the year 1843, an important Act was passed by Parlia- 
 ment " to regulate and facilitate the study of Anatomy." (See 
 Appendix.) 
 
 CHAPTEE XXII. 
 
 FURTHER PROCEEDINGS OF THE AIEDICAL BOxVRD. 
 
 TORONTO, January, 1844. — Returning to the proceeding.^ 
 of the Medical Board, the Board met. Present : Drs. 
 Widmer, Gwynne, Telfer, Sullivan and Hornby. Dr. Widmer 
 was re-elected President, and E. Henwood, Secretary. John 
 Kirk, of Moulton, Niagara District, passed. One was rejected. 
 
 April, 1844. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Gwynne, Hornby, 
 Telfer and Sullivan. Wm Tempest, Toronto, passed. Three 
 were rejected. 
 
 July, 1844. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Telfer, Gwynne, Hornby 
 and Sullivan. Joseph Augustus Vervay, of Araherstburg, and 
 Thomas Moore, of Picton, passed. Two were rejected. 
 
Upper Canada, 1844-45. 191 
 
 (fctoher, 1844.— Present: Drs. Widiiier, Telfer, flornby, 
 G Wynne and Sullivan. Fred. Pugh, of Uuclph, and Thomas 
 Holywell received certiticates. 
 
 The Board having taken into consideration tlio application 
 of J)r. Crew for an opinion on certidn cuarges made by him for 
 attendance and medicines on the Indians of the Credit, resolve 
 that the Statute does not empower the Board to decide on such 
 matters. 
 
 lie.solt'cd, — That the Secretary of the Board be directed to 
 communicate with the Civil Secretary of the Government, with 
 a view to obtaining; a correct list of the licensed medical prac- 
 titioners of this Province up to the present period, in order that 
 the Board may be in a position to give correct information upon 
 this subject to such persons as may reciuire it. 
 
 January, 184'). — Present: Drs. Widmer, Hornby, Telfer, 
 Sullivan and Gvvynne. The President and Secretary were 
 re-elected. Richard Walsh Trunners and Edwin Henwood, 
 " Resident Apothecary at the Toronto Hospital," passed. Two 
 were rejected. 
 
 April, 1845. — Present: Drs. Widmer, Hornby, Telfer and 
 Sullivan. Charles Jones, of Esquesing, educated "at the 
 Borough Hospital, London," and John Moff'att, of Toronto, 
 passed. One was rejected. 
 
 July 7, 1845. — A new Commission was read appointing 
 Christopher Widmer, William C. Gwynne, Robert Hornby, 
 Walter Telfer, William Durie, Henry Sullivan, John King, 
 William Beaumont, George Herrick, William B. Nicol and 
 Joseph Hamilton to be a Board, whereof any three are to be a 
 quorum, to hear and examine all persons desirous to apply for 
 a license to practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery, or either of 
 them, dated seventh day of May, one thousand eight hundred 
 and forty-five. 
 
 The members present under the Commission were as follows : 
 Drs. Hamilton, Telfer, Herrick, Nicol, Sullivan, Beaumont, 
 Gwynne, Widmer, and King. 
 
 Resolved, — That Mr. Widmer be the President for the en- 
 suing year ; also, that Mr. Henwood be continued as Secretary. 
 
192 The Medic.ai- I'iiokehsion in 
 
 The I'ollowini^ resolution, proposed by Dr. Ow3'nne, and 
 seconded by Dr. Beaumont, was lost, vi/. : 
 
 "That not more than five men^bers be permitted to examine 
 any one candidate, and tliat the fees payable by the candidate 
 be divided amongst the examining; members." 
 
 Dr. King proposed the t"ollowin<f resolution, .seconded by 
 Dr. Hamilton, which was carried : " That it be understood that 
 the hour of twelve o'clock noon be the hour of the openint; of 
 the Board on all future occasions." 
 
 G. L. Beard, of Woodstock (M.D„ Pennsylvania), was the 
 only one who passed, out of six candidates. Four were re- 
 jected for if^norance of the classics. One of the rejected wa.s 
 an M.D. of Jefi'erson Medical Collei;e, and one an M.R.C.S. 
 of Edinburirh, 
 
 't-i 
 
 October, l&4r). — Present : Drs. Widmer, Hornby, Hamilton, 
 Herrick, Nicol, Kiniv, and Beaumont. 
 
 The new broom continued to sweep clean, as all the candi- 
 dates, five in number, were rejected. One was an M.D. of the 
 Willout^hby University, in the State of Ohio. 
 
 January, 184G. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Telfer, King, 
 Beaumont, Herrick, Nicol, and Hamilton. 
 
 Moved Vjy Dr. King, and seconded by Dr. Hamilton, that it be 
 
 Resolved, — That inasmuch as Dr. Widmer is .senior in the 
 Commission, and as such, by right. President of this Board, it is 
 not necessary, in the opinion of the Board, that in future any 
 election for President should take place. 
 
 Thomas C. Macklem, of Niagara, from University of Edin- 
 burgh, and McGill College, passed, and one was rejected. 
 
 April, 1846. — Present : Dr. Gwynne, President (acting) 
 Drs. Hornby, Herrick, Beaumont, Hamilton, Nicol and King. 
 
 Reginald Henwood, of Toronto ; Henry Hanson, of London ; 
 Michael George Long, of Aylmer, from Dublin and King's 
 College, Toronto ; and John Gunn, of Whitby, passed. Three 
 candidates were rejected ; one because he was " found quite 
 ignorant of the Latin language." 
 
 The circumstance of Mr. James Atkinson having illegally 
 
Ui'PEii Canada, 1845-40. 193 
 
 obtained a license to practise Pliysic, Sur^'ery ami Midwifery, 
 from the Government, heintr lirou<rht under tlic; notice of the 
 Board by a member of that l)0(ly, the Hoard came to the 
 decision that the followinfj letter upon the subject should be 
 addressed to the Provincial Secretary: 
 
 "TouoNTO, April 7th, 1840. 
 
 " Siu, — I have the honour, by order of the Medical Board of 
 Canada West in quarterly session assembled, respectfully to 
 direct the attention of His Excellency the Administrator of 
 the Government, to the circumstance of a license to practise 
 Physic, Surgery and Midwifery having been granted to a 
 person of the name of James Atkinson, of Kingston, on 
 November the 27th, 1844, upon his presenting a diploma from 
 the Royal College of Medicine, London. 
 
 " As no such body as the Royal College of Medicin<!, TiOndon, 
 is recognized by the Act of the Provincial Legislature, 8th 
 George 4, Ch. 3, or by any Imperial Statute, the Medical 
 Board have directed me respectfully to submit that the 
 Government has been imposed upon, and under the influence of 
 such imposition have, in direct violation of the law, granted a 
 license to the said James Atkinson. 
 
 " The Medical Board are desirous also of stating that they 
 
 think it a duty they owe to the public and to the profession of 
 
 medicine, to make it known to His Excellency that impositions 
 
 have from time to time been practised upon the Government, 
 
 by which ignorant and illiterate persons have been authorized 
 
 to practise, and who, as recognized medical men, are alike 
 
 detrimental to the public safety, and disgraceful to an 
 
 honourable and learned profession. 
 
 " I have the honour, etc., 
 
 " E. Henwood, 
 
 " Secretary. 
 "To The Honourable D. Daly, 
 
 " Provincial Secretary, etc., Montreal." 
 
 The Board adjourned with the understanding that a meeting 
 was to be called by the Secretary for Saturday, the 11th inst. 
 to take into consideration the propriety of addressing the Leg'a- 
 
194 The Medical Tuofeshion in 
 
 laturo in rolation to a Mcihcul Bill which in about beinj^ intro- 
 duced into I'ur'ianiunt. 
 
 The following,' resolution wa.s proposed by Dr. Herrick, and 
 seconded by ])r. Heauinon* viz: 
 
 liesoli'cd, — That the Medieal iioard haviiij.^ hitely heard that 
 certain Petitions have been forvvaided to both IloUMe.s of Lej^is- 
 lature, prayin^f for the enactment of ineaHiireH whicli if carried 
 into ert'ect would materially interfere with the privileges of this 
 Board, and of the medical profession j^enerally in Canada West- 
 Be it resolved, that the Secretary bo directed to frame a 
 Petition addressed to each House of the Legislature praying 
 that a copy of any Bill which may be introduced into either 
 House having such a tendency, may be forwarded to this Board 
 for their opinion thereon prior to any action being taken upon 
 such Bill. 
 
 It was proposed by Dr. Beaumont, and agreed to by the 
 Board, that a copy of the Petition alluded to in the foregoing 
 resolution, should be forwarded by the Secretary to the Honour- 
 able John Hamilton, with a request that he should take charge 
 of it in Legislative Council; and likewise another copy to the 
 Honourable R. Baldwin, that he should take charge of it in the 
 House of Assembly. 
 
 Dr. Nicol and Dr. Gwynne were deputed by the Board to 
 superintend the carrying into effect the object of the meeting. 
 
 Copy of Petition addressed both " To the Honourable tlie 
 Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of the Province of 
 Canada in Parliament assembled " : 
 
 " Petition. — The Petition of the Medical Board of Canada 
 West respectfully sheweth, That the Medical Board having 
 lately heard that Petitions have been forwarded to your 
 Honourable House praying for somf; alterations in the govern- 
 ment of the medical profession within that portion of the 
 Province formerly constituting the Province of L^pper Canada, 
 your Petitioners therefore humbly pray that a copy of any Bill 
 which may be introduced into your Honourable House in any 
 manner affecting the privileges of this Board, or of the Medical 
 Practitioners generally in that portion of the Province formerly 
 
Ui'i'KU Canada, 1.s46. 195 
 
 constituting Up])er Cunada, may be forvvurdod to this IJoanl in 
 order to <,'ive your Petitioners an opportunity of expressing to 
 your Honourable House their opinion upon tlie Provisions and 
 subject matter of such Hill, prior to any action bein;f taken 
 thereon by your Honourable House, and your Petitioners as in 
 duty bound will ever pray. 
 
 " Hy order of the Medical Board, 
 
 " E. Henvvood, Secretary. 
 "Toronto, April 11th, 1840." 
 
 Copy of Itoter accompanyinj,' Petition addressed both to the 
 Honourable John Hamilton and the Honourable R. Baldwin ; 
 
 "Toronto, April 11th, 1840. 
 
 " Sir, — At a meeting of the Medical Board, held at the City 
 of Toronto this 11th day of April, it was resolved that a 
 Petition should be presented to the Honourable the Legislative 
 Council of the Province of Canada in Parliament assembleil ; 
 and it was at the same meeting likewise resolved that such 
 Petition should be forwarded to you with the request that you 
 would be pleased to undertake the charge of presenting the 
 same to the Honourable the Legislative Council of the Province 
 of Canada in Parliament assembled, at an early opportunity. 
 
 " I have therefore the honour in pursuance of the order of the 
 said Board to transmit the enclosed Petition to you, and to 
 request upon behalf of the Board that you will bo pleased to 
 take charge of the .same, and present it to the Honourable 
 the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada in Parlia- 
 ment assembled, at your earliest convenience. 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 "Your most Obedient, Humble Servant, 
 
 " E. Henwood, Sec. of the Med. Bd. 
 " To The Hon. John Hamilton, 
 
 " Legislative Councillor." 
 
 July, 1846. — Present: Hon. Dr. Widmer, Drs. Hamilton, 
 Nicol, Beaumont, Herrick and Hornby. James Nichol, of 
 Perth, R C.S. Ed. ; Gavin Russell, of Carleton ; Joiin Reid, of 
 
100 TiiK Medical PiiorEssioN in 
 
 Toronto; Bonj. Dickey, of liondoii, piissod. Onc! candidate 
 rejected. 
 
 Ocloher, 1840. — ProHent: Drs. Widmer, Hornhy, Flerrick, 
 HiimiltoM, Heaumont. Nicol and Kin^,'. Only one candidate, 
 who was rejected. 
 
 It was proposed by l)x'. Kin^, and seconded hy Dr. Hamilton, 
 that a Goiiiniittee be formed of the members present, w wait 
 on the Hon, Mr. Draper, on the subject of the medical pro- 
 fession. 
 
 CHAPTEli XXIII. 
 
 COMMUNICATIONS WITH THK MKDICAL HOARD OF MONTREAL. 
 
 TORONTO, Jamiary, 1847.— Present : Drs. Widmer, Beau- 
 mont, Nicol, Herrick and Telfer. There were no can- 
 didates. 
 
 April, 1847. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Hornby, Hen ick, Nicol, 
 Hamilton, Beaumont, Gwynne and Telfer. James Salmon, of 
 Simcoe ; " Henry Lord, of Lacolle, near Montreal, who presented 
 a Commission as Assistant-Surgeon in the Provincial Cavalry," 
 and John Harvey, of Kingston, received certificates. Two 
 were rejected. 
 
 The following resolution was proposed by Dr. Gwynne and 
 carried unanimously : 
 
 " Resolved, — That it has hitherto been customary with the 
 Government to furnish this Board from time to time with a 
 copy of the Statutes in order to facilitate their business, and 
 that the Secretary be directed to apply to the proper authority 
 for a co^y of the Revised Statutes of the Province, recently 
 published. 
 
 " llesolved, — That the Chairman be requested to correspond 
 with the Medical Boards of Montreal and Quebec on the subject 
 of the institution of a uniform system of examination for 
 candidates applying for certificates of the said Boards and this 
 Board, and of the mutual exchange of the names of rejected 
 
Upper Canada, 1846-47. 197 
 
 candidates with tho reason of their rejection, and the period 
 durinjij which tliey liave boon recoiiunonded to continue their 
 studies before presenting theniselv(\s for re-exaniination." 
 
 Tho following is a ;opy of a letter addressed to the Presi- 
 dent of the Medical Boards of Montreal and of (Quebec : 
 
 " Toronto, ylp'i^ 2(), 1847. 
 
 " Sill, — The folJBwinj^ is a copy of a resolution passed at this 
 April session of tho Medical Board of Canada West : 
 
 " The course this Board pursues in the examination of can- 
 didates is as follows : 
 
 " 1st. SoiDo ao<|uaintanco with the Latin language is required. 
 With this view, if the candidate cannot construe some para- 
 graphs of Gregory's Conspectus, a portion of the Pharmacopd'ia 
 Londinensis or a Latin written prescription was substituted ; in 
 the event of a total faihire in these, the professional examin- 
 ation is not proceeded in. If the Latin examination is satis- 
 factory then follow : 
 
 " 2nd. Materia Medica and Pharmaceutic Chemistry. 
 
 " 3rd. Anatomy and Physiology. 
 
 " 4th. The Theory and Practice of Medicine. 
 
 " 5th. Practical Surgery. 
 
 " 6th. Midwifery and the Di.seases of Children. 
 
 " We hope for the concurrence of your Board with the spirit 
 of the resolution transmitted : for we cannot but believe that 
 the licensing of a candidate by a certificate from one Provincial 
 Board after his rejection at another exhibits an anomaly pro- 
 ductive of an unfavourable impression as regards the rules that 
 regulate the course of the examining bodies. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " (Signed) C. Widmer. 
 " To the President of the Medical Board 
 
 " of Montreal." 
 
 Copy of a letter received from the Secretary of the Montreal 
 Medical Board : 
 
198 TiiK MEmcAi. Profrshion in 
 
 " MoNTHKAi,, May rjtli, IH+T. 
 
 "Sill,— The President of Mutitreiil Medical lioiird this day 
 laid hot'oro th«i Board your favour of the 2(ith April, to which 
 I huv(! hoen directed to reply. The Hoard entirely ncciuiesce in 
 the spirit of the re.sohition passed by the Toronto Medical 
 lioavd, and have desijud nie to e. tablish the connnunicntion 
 reijuested, and in accordance' therewith I enclose a letter to your 
 Secretary containinjf our proceeding's at tliis ine(!tin<,'. Our 
 examinations are similar, with the excejition of Latin, which 
 C. K. O^'den, Es(|., then Attorney-General, informed us wo were 
 not empowered to enforce an accjuaintance with. 
 
 " The (.^)uel>oc Hoard acting on the advice of Sir James Stuart, 
 tlien a barrister, enforce four years' study, and a preliminary 
 examination in Classics. 
 
 " I am, your Obedient Servant, 
 
 "S. E. Sewkll, M.D.. 
 
 "Secretary, M.M.Ii. 
 " C. WiDMEU, Esq., 
 
 " ChairDuin, Medical Board for Canada West." 
 
 "MoNTUEAL, Maij, 1847. 
 
 " Sill, — At the sprinji; quarterly meeting of the Montreal 
 Medical Board, held at the Court Hcjuse, on the 4th and 5th 
 inst., the following gentlemen were examined and were recom- 
 mended for license to practise Piiysic, Surgery and Midwifery : 
 Messrs. Charles Kefefer, 1. C. Butler, David P. Yeomans, W. C. 
 Allen, John Clarke, J. C. Montgomery, C. H. Latour, A. Fan- 
 ceuf (?) and A. B. Larocque. 
 
 " The followini; <jentlemen were remanded to their studies 
 for six months: Messr.s. Jas. Culver, J. R. Lee, P. P. Piercy, 
 L. E. Bardy, L. Larne, Moise Sabourise and Louis Genaud. 
 " I remain, 
 
 " Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " S. C. Sewell, M.D., 
 
 " Secretary, M.M.B. 
 " To the Secretary of the Medical Board 
 "for Canada West" 
 
UiM'KU Canada, 1h47. 10!) 
 
 Jid}l, 1817. — PiTsciit : Drs. Widmt'i', Iloruhy, Il/uniltoii, 
 ilcnick, Kin;;, Nicol and IJcauniont. 
 
 SmimuoI Sca^^cr of Walsiti^fliam ; AloxaiKlcr McDoii^jall, of 
 Nin;,oua, (Jco. Ih^roi' of (Jiiclpli ; Cliarlcs C'aiiicroii, rccuivud 
 certilicatus. Two wltk rcjoctcd on tlu-ir Latin. 
 
 Offolier, IS^T. — Present: Drs. (Jwynnu, Hornby, Nieol and 
 Hamilton. 
 
 I. Duncoinl), of Richmond Hill; M. Hardy, of Snntlidcld ; 
 Frarici.s Arnjstron;,', of Andicrst I.slaiul, ll.C.S. Dulilin ; .lames 
 A. Wliitinj.;, of Dumfries, and John Hoy Philip, of Waterloo, 
 pas.scd. It was thon 
 
 h'f'Hofrcd, — That thc^ Secretary be instructed to send to the 
 Moiitreal Medical Jioard a list of the names of all candidates 
 who may have presented themselves durini.j the last and 
 piesent session of this Board. 
 
 At a special meetinj; of members of the Medical Pioard, hehl 
 this day (NovemV)er 1(3), a letter published in the Gloht' news- 
 paper of the l.*]th inst., was read, and the following letter 
 written to the editor of tlmt pa})er : 
 
 [No. 1.] 
 
 " Sir, — At a meeting of tlie members of the Medical Board 
 held this day, a letter published in the Ghjbe newspaper of the 
 13th inst., was read. 
 
 " As this letter contains matter of a libellous nature atlocting 
 the character and honour of the Medical Jioard, 1 am directed 
 to call upon you, as the editor of the Glu}>e, to afford me the 
 name of the author of the said letter, to enal)le the Board to 
 take such steps in the matter as it may deem necessary. 
 "I am. Sir, 
 
 " Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " E. Hknwood, 
 
 " Secretary, T.M.B. 
 " J. G. BiiowN, Esq., 
 
 " Editor of the ' Glohe.' " 
 
200 'I'liK Mkdicai, I'hofkhhion in 
 
 [No, 2.) 
 
 "'Ulomk' Okkick, 
 
 "ToKONTo, Non-inUi;,' 17th, 1847. 
 
 "Sill, In H'ply to your h^tttu* without diito rccoivod tins day, 
 I tuivo to itil'ortn you that Dr. K. Iluiitcr, hito of MarUhain, 
 uiul now of Toronto, is thu author uf the cutuinuiiicution in 
 tho Globe rofurrod to. 
 
 " I am. Sir, 
 
 " Your Ohodiont Servant, 
 
 " E. Hknwood, Esq., 
 
 "Sccrdarij, Mcil'iad Buanl." 
 
 " GKO. HllOWN. 
 
 {Per J. G. liuoWN.) 
 
 [No. 3.J 
 
 "Toronto, Noremher 22nd, 1847. 
 
 " Sir, — Enclo.sed is a copy of a letter written to tho editor 
 of the (Jlobe new.spaper and hi.s reply thereto. The Medical 
 Board of Canada We.st in forwarding thoise letters to you, re- 
 quest that the name of the uieinher of the Board whom you 
 state made you tho tli.sf^raceful ofler of obtaininjj; you a license 
 for the sum of ten pounds may be forwarded to tho Board, and 
 that if you nuiy be in possession of any collateral evidence to 
 substantiate your accusation, you will communicate the same 
 for the information of the Board. 
 
 " I am. Sir, 
 
 " Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " E. Kenwood, 
 
 " Secretary, T.M.B. 
 " Br. R. Hunter, 
 
 " Church Street, Toronto" 
 
 November 26, 1847. — The Board met, when the following 
 letter from Dr. Hunter was read : 
 
UiTKii Canada. 1M47. 201 
 
 [No 4] 
 "CiiiJiu'M SiUKKT, ToiioNTo, Nnrembfr 24lli. IM47. 
 
 " SlU, — hi roply to your li'tttT (»t' tin- 22inl iiist., coiivryin^ a 
 r('i|UHMt from th» Mctlinil Hoiml of t/'uim»la Wost, to forward fur 
 thr inforiiiatioii of tiu^ Moard tlu' iiuiiu) of tin; in<>iiil)i>r who 
 oH'tTiid to prociiro rno a lici^isi! for ton pounds, I liavn ordy to 
 Hay that, much as I ih-pntoatn th(( act, I havt? tio duniro to 
 victimize ati individual. I wrote didY'tisively, not vindictively. 
 Indul;{in^ a hope that the hjarned nntrnlter who prov(>d himself 
 HO devoid of honour and ho ujiworthy of pul»lic trust, has ere 
 this repented his ^ross ahiiso of the confi(h'nce reposed in him, 
 and as ^'^'''K ''P '''*^ name can only ho pro(hictivo of private 
 injury and perhaj)s the ruin of an individual without accom- 
 plishinj^ any material result, the vvrit»!r prefers leavin;^ him to 
 the renovatinjj; |)roceHs of time, ho[)infif yet to see him rise from 
 the wreck of moral principle. 
 
 "As to the ^irounds of my letter in the (Uohe of the 1,'Uh 
 in.st, Hij^ned 'A Newly-Licensed Practitioner,' I am prepared to 
 maintain all that is there put forth, thou^^h 1 cannot hut feel 
 that it would ho more creditahle to certairi gtjntlemen to pursue 
 the honest course of their profe.s.sion than to prostitute their 
 very high position and their superior tMlucation hy uniting:; their 
 energies to crush ' A Newly-Licenseil Practitioner.' 
 
 " 1 have the honour to he, Sir, 
 " Etc., etc., «;tc. 
 
 " R. Hi'NTKU, M.D. 
 "E. Hen WOOD, Esq., 
 
 Secretary, T.M.li , etc., etc., etc." 
 
 •< v„ 
 
 [No. ■).] 
 
 Reffolved, — That the President be authorized to forward a 
 copy of the foregoing correspondence, together with the copy of 
 the Globe of Noveml)er 13, to the Secretary of the Province, 
 with the recjue-st of the Board that he will obtain the opinion 
 of the Law-officer of the Crown aa to the .steps to be pursued 
 for obtaining a ju.st vindication of the character and honour of 
 
 this Board, 
 u 
 
202 TiiK Mr.DirAi, PiiorEMsioN i; 
 
 'I'lio following is a copy oF tln' IVic<l<l«»iit'.s I ittisr t<» tlio Pro- 
 vinciiil Si'crutiiry : 
 
 "Touo.NTo, IWnnlh-r Ist, IH47. 
 
 "Sill, — In eoiiipliancd witli a itMuhitioii of tlio Mrtlicul lioanl 
 of Oaiuula Wi'.st, |ias.s(>(l at a iiurutiii;; of tlio Hoard, Ik^M on tlio 
 2(>tli ult , a copy of wliicli, inaikcd ' Nu. '>,' U cnt loscd, I liavt; tho 
 liohniir to forwanl to you tin; rnuvspupir In \vlii(;li tlm articlo 
 complaiiKMl of will Ik- found (.si^^Mifd ' A Nt'wly-Mci'tjsrd I'rac- 
 titiouir'), and to rctiucst timt you will lio plnaNcd to lay thn 
 Hanif, to^'i'tluu" with thu accoiiipanyiti;^ corn'MpondiMicn, Uoforo 
 tho Attoinoy-dt'noral, who will, thn Mi'dical Moanl confidently 
 hopcM, adopt .such ineaHUids (Uthor hy tiling an ex-offwio infor- 
 mation fur liliol at^ainst tho author of this ])n)duction, or hucIi 
 otiur course a.s in tho ojjinion of tlu? Attoruoy-Cjoneral may 
 ItoHt secure tho character of tho Medical Hoard fi'oin tho oM'ects 
 which tile puhlication of so malicious a lihel is calculated to 
 produce on the public udnd. Moreover, tho Medical Hoard 
 trusts that, in tho exorcise of its le;,dtihiato ftmctions for the 
 public service, it nuvy bo considered as justly entitled to all the 
 protection that tho power of the (Government is* capablo of 
 
 attV)rdin^ it. 
 
 " I havt) the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Vour Obedient Servant, 
 
 "C. WiDMKH, M.])., 
 
 ''President, T.M.B. 
 "ToTuE Hon. J). D.\lv, 
 
 "Provincial ticcretary, etc., etc., etc." 
 
 " Seciietaiiy s OFriCE, 
 
 " M<)NTi;lai,, December Uth, 1847. 
 
 " SiK, — 1 have the honour, by command of tho Governor- 
 General, to acknowled<^o the receipt of your letter of the 1st 
 in.st., as President of the Medical Hoard of Canada West, with 
 its enclosures, transmitting, in coiii[)liance vvitJi a 1 Resolution 
 pa.ssed by that Board on the 2(itii ultimo, a copy of the Glohc 
 newspaper of the lIHh ultimo, containinf^ a certain libellous 
 letter (signed 'A Newiy-Licensod Practitioner') affecting the 
 character of the Board, and to inform you that I have, in 
 
Ui'i'EH Canada, 1847-48. 203 
 
 nccf)r(lutifr»' with tlm n>fpii'st rontiiinod In yotir letter, Huhtnlttod 
 iho. Miiiiii' to the lliiMoitnihIt' tli(> Attornny-( !i<tu>ral for (/iiniula 
 Wi'st, with II view to h'M tiikiii;^' stu'h stops in the |trrini.s('^« us to 
 hitii niiiy ii|)|)chi- iiilvisiihh', in tlut (U't>nt of tht^ ciisc hcin^', \n 
 his opinion, of such ii naturo us to cull J >r thu intttitcrencu uf 
 thu Kxttcutivo Oovcrnniciit. 
 
 " 1 Imvo the honour to ho, Sir, 
 
 " Your most Ohciliont Sorviint, 
 
 " K. A, MllllKIHTII, 
 
 " AHHititant-Secretary. 
 "TnK Uits. 0. WroMKit, 
 
 " Preni<l(',nf of tlic Miduud Hoard of 
 
 " Canadii WchI, Toronto. 
 
 " A tru(! copy. 
 
 " K. HknwooI), Secretary." 
 
 OBKVTVM XXIV. 
 
 LIIMMJ.OUS AT'IACKS I'l'ON TIIK MOAIiD. 
 
 r T""^ 
 
 i TORONTO, January. 1 H4H.— Present : Drs. WiiUnor, Telfor, 
 Merrick, JJeauiuont uiid Nicol. 
 
 Doctor (Joilfrey H. Schniutter, of Berlin, who "exhihitcd a 
 (iipionm of J)octor of Medicine and Surgery from Berlin, 
 Prussia," and Joshua Fidlar, of Lindsay, pa.sHed. 
 
 Resolved, — That the Secretary be directed to communicate 
 with the Civil Secretary of the CJovernnient, with a view of 
 obtaining a continuation of the list of Licensed Medical Prac- 
 titioners of this Province, since the last report of July 16, 184i'>, 
 up to the present period. 
 
 April, 1848. — Present : Drs. Widmer, Qwynno, Hornby, 
 Sullivan, Kinpf, Beaumont, Nicol and Herrick. 
 
 Wm. H. Wilson, of Simcoe ; George Holmes, of Perth, R.C.S. 
 Dublin, late Assistant Royal Marine Hospital, Plymouth ; Wm. 
 Scott, of Woodstock ; David Farrer, of London ; John Phelan, of 
 
204 The Medical Puofession in 
 
 Toronto; iind Edward Hipkin.s, of Richmond Hill, passed. 
 Five candidates were rejected. It was 
 
 lienolved, — That Drs. Gwynne and Sullivan be recjuested 
 to wait upon the Attorney-General, to state the corre- 
 apondunce that has already taken place between this Board 
 and the Government on the subject of a libellous attack made 
 on the Board in November last, and that Drs. Gwynne and 
 Sullivan will be pleased to communicate to the Board before 
 this session closes, the result of their interview with the 
 Attorney-General. It was 
 
 Resolved, — That every member ul the Board who shall 
 \)Q present at the time of the votes being taken as to the 
 passing of candidates, shall sign his name to the certiHcate, it 
 being understood that he signs such certificate not individually, 
 but as the act of the majority of the Board alone ; and that 
 the names of the members voting for this resolution shall be 
 entered on the minutes. Yeas: The President, Drs. Gwynne, 
 King, Beaumont, Herrick, and Nicol. Nays: Dr. Hornby. 
 
 The Committee appointed on the 3rd inst. to wait on the 
 Attorney-General reported the following letter as the result of 
 bheir communication : 
 
 " Front Street, April 7, 1848. 
 
 " My Dear Sir, — I have read the papers you left with me 
 from the Medical Board, and must in the first instance 
 ascertain from the late Attorney-General what had been done 
 by him on the reference spoken of in the Assistant-Secretary's 
 letter, and will take the instructions of the Government, if 
 necessary, on the subject. 
 
 " I remain, Yours, etc., 
 
 " Robert Baldwin. 
 " Dr. Sullivan. 
 
 " A true copy. 
 
 " E. Kenwood, Secretary." 
 
 JulyZ, 1848. — Present: Hon. Christopher Widmer, President; 
 Drs. King, Sullivan, Nicol, Hornby, Herrick and Beaumont. 
 The first business was appointing a Secretary. It was 
 Resolved, — That whereas Mr. Hen wood, late Secretary to the 
 
V 
 
 Upper Canada, 1848-49. 20J 
 
 Board, has chan<,'0(l his residence from Toronto, it is expedient 
 that n successor be initnediately appointed. It was 
 
 R<;Molve.d,—T\mt Edward (ihirke. M.ll.C.S. Edinburgh, the 
 House Sur}i;eon to the Toronto General Hospital, be appointed 
 Secretary. 
 
 Mr. Clarke was ordered to procure a new minute-book, and 
 charge the members of the Board with the amount of the cost. 
 
 Dr. Sullivan produced a note from the Attorney-General, to 
 the effect that the report of the late Attorney-General, on the 
 subject of the papers left witli him, had not been found ; but, 
 as it was understood it was not favourable to action being taken 
 in the matter, I write you that the Board might see that the 
 subject has not been forgotten. (Signed) R. Baldwin. 
 
 At this session, Egerton Perry, Cobourg ; Samuel Sedden 
 Woolbank, Toronto; Horace Croft Hastings, Toronto ; Wm. Case 
 Wright, and John Clark Wasbrick received certificates for 
 license. Two were rejected. 
 
 Ocfohcr, 1848. — Present: Widmer, Heirick, Hornby, Nicol, 
 King and Gwynne. 
 
 Wm. Johnson, Sarnia, and John Nation, Toronto, passed their 
 examination. One candidate rejected, 
 
 January, 18 M). — Present: Widmer, Beaumont, Hornby, 
 Nicol and Herrick. 
 
 George Perks, of Newboro', Johnston District, passed, the only 
 candidate at this session. 
 
 April, 1849. — Present : Widmer, King, Gwynne, Sullivan, 
 Nicol, Beaumont, Hornby and Herrick. 
 
 The following passed and received certificates for license to 
 practise: Alex. Harvey, of Poterboro'; W. G. Middleton, of 
 Guelph; W. T. Aikens, Toronto ; U. Ogden, Cooksville; C. S. 
 Askin, of London ; T. McK. Ferguson, of Prescott, Johnston 
 District; R. Mullen, of Beverley, Gore Di-strict; and J. Langstatf, 
 Thornhill. Three were rejected. 
 
 July, 1849. — Present: Widmer, King, Gwynne, Herrick, 
 Hornby, Telfer, Nicol and Beaumont. 
 
 These obtained certificates : A. Jackes, of Toronto ; George C. 
 
206 The Medical Puofeshion in 
 
 Cotter, Toronto ; Wrn. Markland Lyons, N iapjara ; James B'ord 
 Ourlett, Dcmoro.stville. One rejected. 
 
 October, 1849. — PreHcnt: Widmer, Telt'er, Hornby, Kinj,', 
 Herrick, Beaumont and Nicol. 
 
 Out of four candidates, Daniel Wilson, of Norwich, was the 
 only one who passed. 
 
 This ends the minutes of the proceedings of the Medical 
 Board up to the beginning of the year 1850. 
 
 It continued till October 7, 186'), on which day the last 
 meeting took place. 
 
 A Board of Health was first organized in London, June 18, 
 1849, the members of which were: A. Anderson, S. Morrill, L. 
 Lawrason, J. Ashton and S. Eccles. This year Dr. Henry Going 
 had charge of the cholera hospital at London, when a number 
 of immigrants were patients. The Municipal Council at first 
 refused to acknowledge Dr. Going's services, but on being 
 referred to Drs. Phillips and McKenzie, a small remuneration 
 was granted. 
 
 In this historical account of the profession, it was not the 
 intention of the writer to pass beyond the year 1849 ; but as in 
 the following year another Medical School was established, an 
 account of its organization may very properly be given, and 
 which will doubtless be acceptable to the reader, especially the 
 large number who claiip Trinity College as their Alma Mater. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF TRINITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 
 
 ON the 10th April, 1850, the Bishop of Toronto, Dr. Strachan, 
 took his departure from Toronto for Great Britain, with 
 the object of securing a Charter for a Church of England Univer- 
 sity, to take the place of King's College, which had recently been 
 deprived of its Charter and been superseded by the Toronto 
 University, or as Dr. Strachan put it: "The College or Univer- 
 sity of Toronto is founded on the ruins of King's College, whose 
 
Uppek Canada, 1850. 207 
 
 Royal Charter it has repealed, under the pretence of amendinfj 
 it, and whoso endowment of eleven thousand per annum, though 
 secured by a Patent from the Crown, and {guaranteed by the 
 Pledge of three Kings, it has seized and appropriated to itself." 
 
 Dr. Melville, in his work, says: "A Provisional (Council was 
 appointed at a general meeting of the friends and supporters 
 of the undertaking, and active measures were adopted to secure 
 the co-operation of churchmen throughout the Province, by 
 opening subscription lists for the collection of an endowment 
 fund. The meetings of the Council were ' M at stated periods, 
 and the progress of their exertions was duly reported to the 
 Bishop during his stay in England. 
 
 " In the course of the summer of this year, Drs. Hodder and 
 Bovell projected and organized a School of Medicine ; the adver- 
 tisement of the course of instruction to be pursued was adver- 
 tised under the title of the 'Upper" Canada School of Medi- 
 cine.' With these were associated Dr.s. Badgley, Hallowell, 
 Bethune and Melville. On His Lordship's return from his trans- 
 atlantic journey a deputation from this School waited upon 
 him and tendered their services as the Medical Faculty of the 
 projected University, should His Lordship have contemplated 
 extending the range of education to all the liberal arts and 
 sciences ; and viewing the difficulties necessarily attending the 
 early progress of such an undertaking, these services were 
 offered gratuitously until the revenues of the University should be 
 in a condition to warrant the payment of a competent remuner- 
 ation. His Lordship cheerfully and readily accepted this offer, 
 and as the usual period for the commencement of the Winter 
 Course of stud}' had already arrived, he sanctioned the naming 
 of a day on which the several teachers should begin the labours 
 of the first session of the Faculty by delivering the customary 
 Introductory Lectures in public. His Lordship kindly promising 
 that he would open the proceedings in a formal manner. 
 Accordingly, on the 7th of November, as previously announced 
 by advertisement, the Faculty met at the hall of the Mechanics' 
 Institute, the use of which had been very liberally granted for 
 the occasion, and at which the public and friends of the Univer- 
 sity had been invited to attend. A uiost numerous and influ- 
 ential meeting was assembled on the occasion. At eleven o'clock, 
 
208 The Medical Profession in 
 
 a.tii., His Lordship took the chair. The Rev. H. J. Grassott, 
 M.A., said a selection of prayers from tlie Morninfj Service, after 
 which His Lordsiiij) thus a<ldre.sso(l the audience; 
 
 " Ue experienced much gratification on liis return to the 
 Province, when a deputation called upon him to inform him 
 that several gentlemen of the medical profession wished to 
 establish a school of medicine, to be attached to the future 
 church university, the principles of which, wlien in operation, 
 they were disposed to adopt ; the leading principle of that 
 church university being that religion should form the basis of 
 the whole system of education, being by far the most impor- 
 tant part of knowledge that man could attain, and that neither 
 the advantage of individuals nor the prosperity of the State 
 could exist unless guided by religious principles. This being 
 the case, and considering that an efficient school of medicine 
 would be an advantage to the country, he felt it his duty to 
 attend on the present occasion and to make a few observations 
 which, however, must be few, not having had either time or 
 opportunity to make himself acquainted with the details ; but 
 he would observe one circumstance that established a coinci- 
 dence between the gentlemen now coming forward on the 
 present occasion, and the King's College, London. He would 
 now state to the meeting what had happened in respect of the 
 University College of London. There had been previous com- 
 plaints of the want of more moral and religious care of the 
 medical students of that great city, that they were under no 
 sort of discipline, exposed to all sorts of temptations and 
 misery, and in consequence it was not to be wondered at that 
 many went wrong. This was more conspicuous in the Medical 
 School attached to that University, and induced great numbers, 
 as the evil was increasing rapidly, to turn their thoughts to the 
 remedy. With that view, they added to the course of instruc- 
 tion at King's College, a medical department, and the result 
 has been that King's College is now equal, if not superior, to 
 the University College in that branch of instruction, and this 
 has not only produced a statutory change on the students in 
 the School of King's College, but on the Hospital students 
 also." 
 
 At the conclusion of His Lordship's address, Dr. Badgley 
 
Upfeh Canada, 1860. 20& 
 
 commencod hiH lecture on Medical Jurisprudenco, and was 
 followed by ]3r. Hodder, on Ohstetiics ; Dr. Bothune, on Anat- 
 omy; Dr. Hallowell, on Materia M(Klica; Dr. Melville, on Sur- 
 gery, and Dr. Bovell, on Medicine. These lecturer were 
 adapted, as ranch as the respective subjects would permit, to a 
 popular a.s8embla(^e, and wore received with marked atten- 
 tion and interest. At their termination His Lordship a^ain 
 addre.ssed a few remarks to his hearers, and terminated the 
 proceedinjjo oy the benediction. 
 
 • The following remarks of the church newspaper, in report- 
 ing this meeting, afford evidence of the favourable opinion 
 entertained of this proceeding : 
 
 " On Thursday last the Lecturers of the Medical Faculty of 
 the Church University delivered their introductory addresse.s 
 in the Mechanics' Institute. Seldom have we witnessed in 
 Toronto a more intelligent and inlluential assemblage than that 
 which filled the Hall on this deeply interesting occasion. 
 
 " Seldom if ever has our Province witne.ssed a more inter- 
 esting event than that which took place on that occasion. 
 Generations yet unborn will keep that day in remembrance, 
 connected as it is with the first operations of a University 
 founded to counteract the infidel spirit of the age, and to com- 
 bine the blessings of science with the far more specious bless- 
 ing of Christianity. 
 
 " Regarding the ability displayed by the respective lecturers, 
 but one opinion can be entertained. Brief and popular as the 
 addresses necessarily were, they furnished the most solid assur- 
 ance that the teachers of the newly-formed school are fully 
 competent for the efi'ective discharge of the duties which they 
 have undertaken ; and that, under their fostering care, the 
 reputation of the Church University will be materially advanced 
 by its faculty of medicine." 
 
 Thus it is seen that the Medical Faculty commenced opera- 
 tions in the autumn of 1850, before even the first sod was 
 turned for the erection of the university building. 
 
 The lectures were delivered in a building on the west side of 
 Spadina Avenue, just north of Queen Street, while the school 
 continued to exist. 
 
*210 ThK MkDICAL PllOKKSSION !N 
 
 PuoVISroNAI, RlJLKH TO BK OhSKUVKD IIY STUDENTS IN 
 
 Mkdicink. 
 
 iHt. Stink'iit.s in uiodicine may oitlier msido within tlio walKs 
 •or at thoir rospoctivo places of aliotlo in tlu? . *• 
 
 2n(l. All stiulonts who rtsido in C)()lloji[o will ho anuuuihle to 
 the ruh'H and roj^ulations f^ovurnin,!^ studonts of Arts. 
 
 .Srd. Occasional sLndcnts who n\side without the walls will he 
 expected to comply with the sanut rules when within the walls, 
 <»xcept as re{i;ards the attendance at Ohapel in the caso of those 
 wlio are not meiuher.s of the Church )f I'^n^land, 
 
 4tli. All students intending to <,M'aduate must either take a 
 J)egree in Arts or pass the usual examinations appointed for 
 students at the University of Cand)rid<i;e. 
 
 r)th. All the students, whether matriculants or occasional, 
 ■will he reipiired to re<;lster their names with the Dean of the 
 Faculty, at the commencement of each Michaehnas and Easter 
 term, and to ohser\' ^ strictly all other rules or hy-Iaws which 
 may he passed hy the Faculty from time to time for the rerjula- 
 tion of their studies. 
 
 Rules to be OnsEiivKn by Candidates i-ou tuk 
 Dkokee of M.li. 
 
 1st. The ordinary period of medical study will extend over 
 twelve terms, and the students who have kept all their terms, 
 and actjuittcd themselves satisfactorily in their exnrainations, 
 will then he entitled to a certificate from the Colle<;e, or, in the 
 event of the College having the power to grant degrees, to the 
 degree of M.B. or M.D. 
 
 2nd. All candidates for the degree of M.B. must produce 
 evidence of , 
 
 (a) Having attained the age of twenty-two years. 
 
 (6) Having taken a degree in Arts in this or some other 
 recognized College, or having passed the examination styled 
 " The Little Go. Examination " at Cambridge, 
 
 (c) Having attended not le.ss than two courses of lectures 
 during two terms, upon each of the following branches : 
 Anatomy and Physiology, Practical Anatomy, Institutes of 
 Medicine, Practice of Medicine, Principles and Practice of 
 
IJi'PKU Canada, IHoO. . 211 
 
 Surf^cry ; and ono courfo of two t(»nns upon Matcu'ia Mcdica, 
 Clienustry, Midwifery, Mt-dical .luiisprudonco ; and a courso of 
 one* tonn on IVactioal (Jliotnistry and Motany. 
 
 ((/) Thr(!(! consecntivo terin.s at least niii.Ht \n'. in this (Joiloj^o ; 
 and no wrti(ic'at«i of attcMidanci; will lai rcco^iii/iMl frotii any 
 institutioii in which two suhjocts aio fcauj^ht hy tlu! saini! 
 indiviihial, except in tiie ca.s(!.s of (Jlitiical Medicine and Clinical 
 Hnrj^ery, which may he tauj,dit respectively hy the teachers of 
 the Principles and Practice; of M(!(licine and of SurLjtM'y. 
 
 (r.) llavinj,' attended the jtractice of a rec()ij;ni/ed II()sj)ital for 
 oiiifliteen months, and some Ohstetric Institution for six months. 
 
 (/) llavinfif passed examinations in all of the above suhjects. 
 
 (//) Havinji; writtc^n and defended a thesis on sonus medical 
 subject, cliosen by the Dean of tlie Faculty. 
 
 N.H. — Fees for Matriculation, Attendance and l)e<;reo will bo 
 rejijulated by the By-laws of the Faculty. 
 
 TnK Dkhukk ok M.1). 
 
 This do^Teo nuiy be taken at tlu; c^nd of two years after tak- 
 ing:; the M.B. degree, oti similar terms to those in force at the 
 University of Oand)ridge. 
 
 Officeus' of the College. 
 
 Provost, Rev. O(!orge Wliitakor, M.A., Queen's College, 
 Oambridgci ; Professor of Divinity, The Kev. the Provost; Pro- 
 fos.sor of Cla.ssics, Rev. Edward St. dohn Parry, M.A., Baliol 
 (College, Oxford ; Professor of Mathematics, Rev. (Jeorge Clerk 
 Irving, B.A., St, John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 Faculty of Medicine. 
 
 Professors: Obstetrics, E. M. Hodder, Es(]., M.l)., M.R.t!.S. 
 Eng. ; Institutes of Medicine, James Bovell, Esq., M.l)., M.R. 
 C.P. Eng. ; Principles and Practice of Surgery, Henry Melville, 
 Esq., M.D. Edin. ; Anatomy and Physiology, N. Bethune, Esq., 
 M.D., M.R.C.S. Fng. ; Practice of Medicine, F. Badgley, Escj., 
 M.D., M.R.C.S. Edin. ; Materia Medica and Therapeutics, W. 
 Hallowell, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.S. Edin. ; Chemistry (subse- 
 quently), H, Y. Hind. 
 
212 The Medical Fuofkshion in 
 
 Faculty of Law. 
 
 J. H. Ilajjarty, K.s(| , Q C. ; the Hon. ,). H. (^uiiioron, Q.C. ; 
 V. M. Vankou;,'hnet, Rsc)., g.C. 
 
 Ainonjj the benofactorw to the College were the following: 
 
 Dr. Bovoll i-loO 
 
 Ilicluiril C. \hmu\ M. 1) 12 10 
 
 Dr. Boys (i 
 
 Dr. Hodder 50 
 
 VVnj. Winchostcr, M.D 2 10 
 
 John Kinlayson, M.D., Kloru 2 
 
 F. Mack, M.D., St. Catharino.s f) 
 
 A. Carson, M.D., St. Catharine.s S 
 
 Morgan Hamilton, Coderich 10 
 
 George GoUistono, Cohourg, in land . . -\0 
 
 G. S. Lowe, Darlington 25 
 
 Peter Deihl, Kingston, in land 100 
 
 The following is a list of the students attending the ftrsb 
 course of lectures, who had entered to take the degree of 
 M.B. : Everett Hastings Coleman, Arthur Henry Paget, Charles 
 Mills, John George Gray, John Salmon, and Augustus James 
 Thibock. But there were others in attendance who were pre- 
 paring to pass the Medical Board. Of the names of these there 
 is no record ; but one at least was Covernton. 
 
 Other early students of Trinity were : Edwin Goodn)an, 
 Parie Francois Corbes Deslander, Richard Paul Lewis, Lsaac 
 Ryall, David Earl Burdett, R, Leeming Ball, John Thomas 
 Mackenzie. 
 
lU'vr.n Canada. 1850. i\'\ 
 
 CHAPTFJl XX VT. 
 
 KI'ATK OK TIIK MKDiCAL I'liUKK.S.SlUN, 1830. 
 
 T[ll<j condition of tho nuidicul profession of Toronto, ond 
 tlio extent to vvliieh the public were siTved \>y its nien>- 
 bers in IHfiO — the period at which this historical accuinit closes 
 — is well set forth in the sid)joine(l extracts from " llowsell's 
 Toronto and (bounty York Directory" for IHoO-nl : 
 
 Provincial Lunatic Asylum. —President of Hoard of Directors, 
 the Hon. ('. Widnier, M.D. ; John Scott, M.D., Superintendent. 
 
 Medical Board, Canada West. — President, Hon. (/. Widmer, 
 M.D., F.K.C.S. K. Members: Gwynne, Beaumont, K.R.C^S. E., 
 Hornby, Herrick, Telfer, Nicol, Durie, Kinj;;; K. Clarke, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Medical Practitioners residing in Toronto. — Drs. Badj,doy, 
 Beaumont, Bethiine, Hovell, CJamble, Gwynne, Hallowell, Her- 
 rick, Hodder, Holmes, Kin<j^, Macdonald, Morri.son, Mclllmurray, 
 Nicol, O'Brien, Primrose, Rees, Richardson, Robinson, Rolph, 
 Russell, Scott, Stratford, Telfer, Trainer, Widmer, and Work- 
 man. 
 
 Toronto General Hospital. — Amon^ the Trustees, King, Wid- 
 mer, O'Brien. Attendin<; Physicans, Widmer, King, Telfer, 
 O'Brien, Herrick, Beaumont. Resident Surgeon, E. (/larke. 
 During winter sessions, clinical lectures twice a week, by 
 King and Beaumont. 
 
 Toronto School of Medicine. — Opens last Monday in October. 
 Lectures correspond to the reijuirenients of the Medical Faculty 
 of the University of McGill College, this .school having been 
 recognized by that Institution. Lecturers, Drs. Workman, 
 Morrison, LangstafF, Aikens, and Rolph. 
 
 Upper Canada School of Medicine. — Lecturers, Dr.s. Hodder, 
 Norman Bethune, J. Bovell, W. Hallowell, H. Melville; F. 
 Badgley, M.D., Secretary. 
 
 Toronto Eye Infirmary. (South-east corner of Church and 
 
214 Tiin Mki)I(;ai. I'uokkssidv in 
 
 KitiL,' Strct'ts. ) • lloiiiN of iitfcuiliiiu't' : Kroiii 10 to 12 <laily, 
 except .Siin»lii,,v. Sur;,'e()n, Dr. S, .1. Stiatloitl, M.lv.< '.S, h«;h<l()ii. 
 
 Toronto (Mnu»ral Disjx'iisiiry iinil Iiyiiii,'-i»i llospitul. (Oor- 
 ru!r of \'i('turia mnl llirlimoinl Streets.) - K^iililiNJictl 1st June, 
 ISI.H. Kir.Nt estiiltliNliiiient of the kiiul in Toronto. Meilical 
 Ollieers, llixider, ( )'|{rier) iiinl hovell. 
 
 Proviif^iul liyini,'-in llnspitul and Vneeine Institute. (.'10 
 llichiuond Stri!(!t West) Mi'ilieul attendants, llallowell, 
 Mcthune, Prhnroso, Mellliiiurray and llerriclc. Open nt all 
 liouiH. IV'isons vaccinated on Mondays and Kridays, Troin 12 
 to i) ; and vacciiu* .shipped at ii ilistanctt l)y transtnitlinir ij.s. 
 licctures delivered durinj,' winter mc^ntlis on Mondays, Wednes- 
 days and SaturdayM, on Anatomy, l*liysioIoj,'y, utc, Natural and 
 Unnatin-al Labour, and on Diseases of WouK^n and (JhiMron, 
 l)y llerrick, Kin;,', Hetliune, A.li., M.I)., M.ll.C.S. K. Clinical 
 instructions ^rivon daily. 
 
 Maternity Iiyini,'-in Hospital ai\<l (u-ncM-al Dispensary. (Ttj 
 connection with Toronto School of Mt^dicine. IW) Adelaide 
 Street \V(!st.) — Medical Ollicors, Rolph, Morrison, Workman, 
 lUissell and Aiktius. 
 
 House ol" Industry. — -Div lloddcrr gives his medical attendanco 
 free. 
 
 The (^itholic Orphan Asylum. — Daily vi.sitor, Dr. Hayes. 
 
 Reserve Battalion, 71st Light Infantry; stationed at Old and 
 Now Barracks. — UeorLfe Oarr, Surijeon ; IT. A. Jane, Assistant- 
 Suri^con. 
 
 University of Toronto. (P'ormeriy King's (vollefje.) Faculty 
 of Medicine, H. IJ. CJroft, Es(|., Chairman ; (Jwynne, Anatomy 
 and Physic; King, Medicine; Beaumont, Surgery; llerrick, 
 Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children ; Nicol, 
 Materia Medica; O'Brien, ]\Iedical Jurispru<lence ; James Henry 
 Richardson, M.H., M.R.C.S. M, Practical Anatomy. 
 
 Coroner.— Dr. James Adamson, Toronto township. 
 
 Toronto General Hospital occupies, with the ground sur- 
 rounding it, nearly all the block of ground bounded by King, 
 
IJi'i'EU (Janai)A, IHrtO. 2ir> 
 
 Adf'luidf, .Toliii mill I'i'tcr Strrcts. Tlic sitn in roinarkiv')ly 
 .siilulirioiH Hixl very plcusaiit, mul llm Imlls iiml rooms spacioui 
 iitiil iilry. 'I'll" lnts|)itiil it^fir is 107 I'l't't lont,' l»y <>'> t'<'<'t wiilc, 
 aixl two Htoi'it's lii},'li. Thi'ic uro, Ix'sidi-s, two other liuiMitj;(s 
 uttn(',li(!il tliisrcto, t'oi' fuvcr piiticiitH. Tin* numlioror pationts in 
 hospital iniiy l>t' Hai«l to jL^oncmlly avL'ni;;(> 100, etc., «tc. ThJM 
 iiHtitntioii has accjuirtMl a (h's«'rv(!(lly hi;(h reputation, ami is 
 rosortfsd to liy iiivarnls from all parts t)l' (Jaiiada, and, in hoiiio 
 instatuM's, from tho Lowor I'loviticn and tht; Unitcl States. 
 
 (;o()l<svillo.-W. R Crow, Ml), and .11'. 
 
 Spriii;.,'lield — Dr. Heaumont, W.IJ. Dixie. 
 
 Streotsville. -.lohn Murnhart, .Jr., John ('rumbio, SurgoonH 
 
 Town.ship of Whitby.— Dr. W. Allison, Lot 20, Con. 5. 
 
 TnK Medical Phofk.s.siov in Touonto. 
 
 Respoctinj:; tho medical men of Toronto, tho HtatiMJKsnt of 
 Mr. Clarke (iamblo, ho well known and respoctud, will bo found 
 intorcstlriL^. Ilo writes: 
 
 " My opj>ortunities of forminj^a correct opinion of tho modicftl 
 confraternity durin;^ the i>eriod referred to are, in cons(H|iU'nco 
 of my position, v(.'ry ^'ood, nay, excellent; and 1 can bear clear, 
 unequivocal oostinKmy to them as a cla.ss. And 1 assort that 
 nowhere could bo found a better educated, more skilful, kind 
 courteous and attentive set of niedical men than our community 
 ha.s boon blessed with from 1820 to tho present time." 
 
 With re;];ard to the Toronto General Hospital, Mr. Gamble, 
 aays : 
 
 " I have lived and been broufifht uj) in a medical atmosphere,, 
 in addition to which I have been closely, very closely, connected 
 with tho Toronto General Hospital for more than fifty year.s. 
 I was one of tho first trustees appointed in conjunction with 
 the late Percival Ridout and John Ewart, to carry out tho neces- 
 sary reforms in tho mana<i;omont which, up to that time, had 
 boon entirely in the hands of Dr. Widmer, and had run to seed 
 fearfully. I went through tho cholera times and ship fever, 
 and my connection with the institution has not yet coa-sed, as I. 
 am still Legal Adviser to the Charity." 
 
2I« TiiK MrnicAi. Puokkshion in lU'vr.n Canada. 
 
 CONCLUSION OK SKCONl) I'AKT. 
 
 Tri taking' u rcviow of tlu' (growth uiitl tiiwolopiiiciit of tlio 
 intulicAl profoMMtoti (liiriii^ tlio lirNt half of tliu tiinutui^iith 
 cuiitury, it iiiiiMt tm ailinilttMi tliut tho iKlviiiicr iniiil«>, altlioii;;!) 
 nttrntl«>*| with many ami sfrious tlitlicultitH, was struJy, solid 
 ami |)rriiiam>iit. Kfw of tlu' actors on thn stn^'c now ruiiiaiii, 
 l)iit tlu'y liavr li'l't a n-conl ol" iioMc work <lom'. 'I'lu'y planti'd, 
 and Nul)S(>(|U(iit ^cMcratioiis liavu r(>ap(Ml th(> fruit. I'ioiuicrH 
 in tho Held of nu'dioul K'ienco, tlioy pn-partMl tlio ground for 
 thuir siu'Ci'Hsors ; and, it must lu; added, tlu>ir HUCcoNsorH have 
 not lirrn la^^ard in tilling tlui soil wluch tho pioiicorH had 
 pri'pari'd for thuir cultivation. 
 
HutUliAI'MICAl, HKKK'lltH, 217 
 
 THIRD PART. 
 
 HKHiMAIMIK'AI. MKKTCHKM OK KAUI.Y IMIYHICIANM UV TIIK IMtOVINCK. 
 
 WITH MANY IIKKKUKN'J'KM T(» KAKI.Y KVKNT.m |N TIIK 
 
 IIIHTOUY OK I I'I'KIl J'ANADA. 
 
 (^HAI»TKI{ XXV II. 
 
 Dll. .loSKIMI A DAMSON 
 
 Was a iloHccndiirit nf an old Scotch t'uiiiily.and liorii in Dunduc, 
 Scotluntl, I7H(). Was educat<id in Dundee and at St. Andrew's 
 University, Kdinliur^h. Removed to tlie town of lledron, near 
 Hull, Yorksliin*, Mn;jland, in wliieli place he practised medicine 
 in partnership with Dr. .lames ( 'amphell, fathc^r oF Sir Alex- 
 ander ( 'ampliell, a sk((tch of whom is ;^dven on another pn;,'e. 
 Dr. AdamsotJ remained here until IH22, when he came to 
 ('anadawith his wife and two sons, James and William. Ho 
 passed the Upper ( 'anada Medical Hoard, .Inly, the same year, 
 and tiu'ii settled in the Township of Toronto, where lie had 
 purchased four liundriMl acres of land. H(! ejitered upon the 
 practice- of his profession, in whicli he continuc^d up to tlu! time 
 of Ids (U^ath, l<S')2. A brother of Dr. Adam.son had preced(;d him 
 to ('anada, 1.S21, well known in his day us the Flon. I'etei- 
 Adamson, Memlier of tlui Legislative Council of Upper Canada. 
 He had won distinction in the army. He had been Major of 
 the 71st Hi^fhlanders and (Colonel of tije 0th Cavalry, also 
 Brevet-Major-(iieneral in the I'ortu^uesi- Service during; the 
 Peninsular wai'. He was at the ca[)ture of ('iutlad Rodrij^o, 
 thestormiu}^ of Jacaj^'oy, and the battle of Salamanca. Daring 
 the Mackenzie rebellion Ik; was ( !olonel of the 1st Battalion 
 Incorporated Militia, and his brothei-, the; Doctor, was Surt^eon. 
 Dr. A<lamson hail previously been Surgeon to the West York 
 Militia, I.S27. His two .sons, James and William, also .served 
 under their uncle durin|^'the rebellion as captain and lieutenant. 
 Of the children of Dr. Adamson, Alfred and his sLster, Mrs. 
 16 
 
218 The Medical Profession in Uim'ku Canada. 
 
 Skynnor, still (1 89^3) possess the land boui^Iit by their t'atluir. 
 James, now dead, was well known in Toronto as a whartinj^er, 
 and William, still livinfj;, is ec(ualiy well known, havinti; been a 
 member of the City (Council for twenty-two years, and City 
 Weigh-master for the last twenty-four years. 
 
 I)h. Wm. Allison 
 
 A])peared ])efore the Medical Board, Upper Canada, October. 
 18,'}.'). He "exhibited a diploma from the Faculty of Physicians 
 and Suvijeons, Gla.sf^ow, dated March .')th, 1827," and, after 
 examination, received a certiKcate to practise. 
 
 Dr. Allison was long known as a respected practitioner of 
 Bowmanville. In 1874 he was elected a member of the Council 
 of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Ontario, and con- 
 tinuetl a member until 1885. He occupied the Presidential 
 chair in 1880-81. In a letter to the writer, .June, 1889, Dr. 
 Allison modestly writes : 
 
 " There is nothing in my life worth noticing. I only tried to 
 earn a living by my profession in the plainest manner possible. 
 Whether I have succeeded or not, I leave my friends to judge, 
 I have altogether retired from practice and live in ob.scurity ; 
 am eighty-four years of age and in rather intirm health. Thank- 
 ing you for your kindness in taking notice of an old man, I 
 hope you will succeed in your enterprise. It is rather an 
 arduous undertaking; but there is plenty of material in the 
 country to work upon." 
 
 The writer has a pleasant recollection of the genial old 
 gentleman, and of his efficient assistance when performing an 
 operation in his town, now a good many years ago. Dr. Allison 
 died, 1890. 
 
 Dii. J.i '^Es Young Allen 
 
 Was born, April 12, 1814, the eldest of four children of Squire 
 Wm. Young Allen, of Cookstown, Co. Tyrone, Ireland. His 
 mother was the daughter of Dr. James Young, Surgeon, R.N. 
 We have before us in printed form, the document in quaint 
 phraseology, which informs us that " This Indenture witnesseth 
 
BiooiuPHiCAi. Skktches. 219 
 
 that James Allen doth put hirnselt' apprentice to .John Young, 
 Surgeon and zVpothecary, to learn his Art, and with him (after 
 the manner of an apprentice) to dwell and serve from the tirst 
 September, eighteen hundred twenty-nine, until the full end 
 and Term of four Years from thence next followintr to he com- 
 pleto and ended," etc. (For copy of the whole of such docu- 
 ment, see sketch of Dr. O'lleillv.) 
 
 During the winter, l8:U-'}2, Mr. Allen was in Dublin in 
 attendance at " I'ark Street School of Anatomy, Medicine and 
 Surgery," etc. The several certiHcates state that he attended 
 dissections, lectures on anatomy, physiology, surgery, etc., dur- 
 ing the .session which commenced on October JU, I.S:{1, and 
 terminated on April 30, 18.')2. " To these certificates are found 
 the names of J. W. Cusack, Will. Hen. Porter and John Hart. 
 He also attended lectures on Materia Medica and Pharmaceutic 
 Chemistry, by Samuel Stratton, M.D., at his house; "Terms 
 two Guineas." The following season Mr. Allen pa.ssed in Paris, 
 and his certificates .show that he was an " a.ssiduous " student of 
 the Faculte de Medecine de Paris for the session, 1832-33, under 
 the instructions of Andial, Comvielier and other distinguished 
 men. He also attended a course of clinical lectures at the Hotel 
 Dieu. 
 
 Returning to Dublin, he studied at the " Surgical School," 
 Royal College of Surgeons, and clinical lectures at the " City of 
 Dublin Hospital," and " diligently attended the practice " there ; 
 also a course of lectures on diseases of the eye. To the certifi- 
 cates are found the names of A. Jacob, Robert Harrison, James 
 Apjohn, Thos. Beatty, Chas. Benson, H. Mar.sh, A. Colles, J. 
 Wilmot, W, H. Porter, VVm. Hargrave, Robt. William, David 
 Hastings MacAdam, M.D., and Geo. West, — names more or less 
 distinguished and known to the student of medicine. Mr. 
 Allen continued his studies at the University of Glasgow, 1834!- 
 35, and attended lectures by James Wilson and Thomas Thomp- 
 son, M.D., cf the Faculty of Physicians, and he was granted a 
 degree by the Senate, April, 1835. For some time after gradu- 
 ating, Dr. Allen held the position of Assistant-Surgeon in the 
 Dublin Hospital. In July, 1836, he was married to Rebecca, 
 second daughter of Capt. Wm. Cole Hamilton Walsh, of the 
 8th Regiment Foot, King's Regiment, which he accompanied to 
 
220 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 CuniidR, 1808. It limy be mentioned that Capt. Walsh served 
 under Wellinjjton, and was one of his aides-de-camp at Water- 
 loo. Capt. Walsh married, 1813, Elizabeth Bissett, dauj^hter 
 of a wealthy merchant of Halifax, while the regiment was 
 stationed tliere. In this connection we insert the following 
 interesting statement, published 1893 : 
 
 "An Old Hegimeni Coming Back to Canada after an 
 Absence of Seventy Years. 
 
 " The King's Regiment, the 8th Regiment of Foot, is coming 
 back to Canada after an absence of over seventy years. This 
 regiment was formed in 1685, and in 17G8 embarked for 
 Canada. In 1775, the regiment was in Upper Canada, some 
 companies being at Niagara, and others at Detroit. In 1776, 
 part of the regiment was sent to Lower Canada, and in 1785 it 
 returned to England. In 1808, the 1st Battalion landed at 
 Halifax, and in 1810 it was quartered in Quebec. In the 
 autumn of 1812, five companies proceeded to Fort George. Two 
 companies (the Grenadiers) of 175 men halted east of the Don 
 bridge, on the Kingston Road, and then marched up King 
 Street to the Old Fort, and in April of 1818, the 8th and a few 
 militia, and a company of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, 
 bravely fought the engagement that eventually ended in the 
 capture and burning of the city. This regiment had the first 
 Masonic Field Warrant issued by^the Grand Lodge of England, 
 granted in 1755. It was No. 156 for 1770 to 1780, and No. 124 
 in 1780. The Lodge held meetings in Canada and Niagara, but 
 there is no record of the lodge after 1789. Joseph Clement, 
 the ancester of John M. Clement, of Niagara, was made a 
 Mason in this lodge." 
 
 Dr. Allen engaged in practice at Cookstown until 1841, when 
 he came to Canada and conmienced practice at Kingston, having 
 obtained license from the Governor-General, Sir Charles Bagot, 
 Jan. 21, 1842, and continued to practise at Kingston until 1852. 
 He was commissioned Assistant- Surgeon 2nd Batt. Lennox 
 Militia, by Earl of Elgin, July 1st, 1847. Dr. Allen was a per- 
 sonal friend of Sir John Macdonald, and was one of the pro- 
 moters that first brought him out as a candidate for parlia- 
 mentary honours, a circumstance Dr. Allen always spoke of 
 
BiOGUAPHiCAi- Sketches. 221 
 
 with pride. He practised for a time at Deinore.stville, Prince 
 Edward County, and tiien located at Bradford, County of 
 Sinicoe. In April, IHSG, he was made coroner for the county, 
 In November, 1886, he moved to Toronto, where he practiced 
 until the time of his death, .Ian. 'M, 1808, in the seventy-eighth 
 year of his aj^e. Dr. Allen was a Presbyterian, and was a 
 regular attendant of Old St. Andrew's Church, and a personal 
 friend of the pastor, Rev. Mr. Milligan.j. He left a widow, aged 
 seventy-six, and seven children out of fourteen born to them. 
 His son, Henry S., holds an appointment in the Po.st Office 
 Department, Toronto. 
 
 Dii. John AiiDA(iH 
 
 Was born in Waterford, Ireland, 1810. He took his degree of 
 M.D. at Edinburgh University, and his M.R.C.S. in England, 
 1881. Engaged in practice in his native place, and was for 
 eight years physician to the House of Industry and the Insane 
 Asylum. In 1842, he made a visit to Canada, where his cousin, 
 the Rev. S. B. Ardagh (first Rector of Barrie), had come to 
 settle. The following year Dr. Ardagh came out again and 
 settled at Orillia, where he continued to practise till his death ^ 
 August 6, 1872. Dr. Ardagh experienced all the hardships 
 incident to the practice of medicine in the early days of this 
 country. He was no stranger to long, lonely horseback rides 
 through a thinly settled country, with roads at times almost 
 impassable, and in all sorts of weather. He was highly 
 esteemed as a skilful physician, was much beloved, especially 
 by the poor, to whom in their sickness he never failed to pay 
 the utmost attention, giving his professional services gratui- 
 tously, however far he might have to travel and however 
 inclement the weather might be ; insomuch that he was known 
 in the country as the " poor man's doctAr." For some years he 
 was medical attendant to the Indians at Rama ; and when the 
 Lunatic Asylum was established at Orillia, he was appointed 
 Medical Superintendent ; and he conducted the affairs of the 
 institution with great judgment and unremitting attention. 
 He was a member of the Church of England; in politics, a 
 Conservative, and was a Freemason of high standing. 
 
222 The Mkdkjal Puofeshion in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Ardaj^h whh twice married. First in 1837, to Annie, 
 daufrhter of Samuel Boyce, E.st|., of Watert'ord, by whom he 
 had five .son.s and two dauf^hters. He married his second wife, 
 18G7, who was Virginia, (hiuf^hter of W. J. Hardy, Esq., of 
 Norfolk, Virginia, by whom he had one son. 
 
 Dr. Johnson Arthur Ardagh, son of above by his first wife, 
 was born, 1843. He studied medicine at McGill College, Mon- 
 treal, and took his M.D., CM., 18G9. Practi.sed his profession ir. 
 Orillia till his death, May 25, 1887. None of Dr. John 
 Ardagli's sons are now living. His youngest daughter, Maude, 
 has for some years tilled the important position of Superinten- 
 dent of the Hamot Hospital, at Erie, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Du. John Russell Audagh 
 
 Was born in 1808, in the city of Waterford, Ireland. His 
 father was the Rev. Arthur Ardagh, Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Dublin. At an early age he entered Trinity College, where he 
 took his degrees of A.B., and M.D. Afterwards he proceeded to 
 London, at that time quite a journey by stage-coach, where he 
 continued his medical studies, attending the hospitals, and 
 taking his degree of M.R.C.S. Eng. Returning to Ireland, he 
 practised for some time near Dublin, and afterwards in the 
 North. 
 
 In the year 1843, he decided to follow his brother, the Rev. 
 S. B. Ardagh, A.M., who had emigrated to Canada and settled 
 on the shores of Lake Simcoe, as Rector of Barrie and Incum- 
 bent of Shanty Bay. Shortly after Dr. Ardagh's arrival in 
 Canada, he began practising at Holland Landing, then a thriv- 
 ing place, at the head of navigation on Lake Simcoe. He soon 
 establi.shed the reputation of a skilful surgeon, and his practice 
 became extensive, keeping three horses in constant use. He 
 travelled over a large tract of country, at that time sparsely 
 settled, and the roads in many places dangerous, which occa- 
 sioned him frequent accidents, several of which nearly cost him 
 his life. He used to tell many exciting stories of his long jour- 
 neys and narrow escapes. Afterwards he removed to Barrie, 
 where he practi.sed until a few years before his death, in 1868. 
 
1 
 
 
 
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 P 
 
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 1)1!. JOHN i;rssKij, ,\i;i)A(;ii. 
 
HioouAi'incAi, Sketches. 223 
 
 Dr. Anlagli was u man of a very liappy teinperamont. His 
 fjenuinetieHS and hearty manner won liim many life-long friends, 
 and the universal esteem and respect of the community in which 
 he lived. As a practitioner he was very successful, but espe- 
 cially was he regai'ded, and deservedly so, as a very skilful 
 surgeon. He inherited his father's talent for languages, and 
 was looked upon by the college men of his day as a fine classi- 
 cal scholar. In religious matters he took an active part, 
 especially at Holland Landing, where he did much for the 
 (Jhurch, and acted for years as warden. In the year 1846, he 
 married Anne, eldest daughter of Henry Hatton Oowan, Esq., 
 and sister of the Hon. James Robert Gowan, a member of the 
 Senate of Canada, and for many years Judge of the Judicial 
 District of Simcoe — a talented and highly educated woman, of 
 more than ordinary depth of character, a devoted wife and 
 mother. She was a true helpmeet to him in times of difficulty. 
 She survived him twenty years. He had seven children, two 
 only of whom are at present living, Henry Hatton Ardagh, of 
 Toronto, barrister-at-law, and Anna B. Ardagh, unmarried. 
 
 Dr. Edward W. Armstrong 
 
 Pa.s.sed the Upper Canada Medical Board, July 5, 1819. His 
 examiners were Drs. Macaulay, Widmer and Lyons. He was 
 born in Fredricksburg, on the Bay of Quinte, August 29, 1789. 
 His mother was the eldest daughter of the celebrated Major 
 Rogers, whose disbanded battalion settled that township. The 
 doctor was one of Major Rogers' legatees. He had one brother 
 and one sister. The brother, James Rogers Armstrong, was a 
 well-known pioneer merchant of Picton, then of Kingston. He 
 subsequently removed to Toronto. He married a daughter of 
 Dr. Dougal, of Picton. He a.u one time represented Prince 
 Edward County in the Provincial Parliament. One of his 
 daughters became the wife of Dr. Beatty, of Cobourg. Dr. 
 Armstrong's parents died while the children were (juite young. 
 Edward found a home with his uncle, who removed to Little 
 Lake in Hallowell. " Here," says Dr. Armstrong, " was the 
 scene of my earliest recollections." In 1796, the three children 
 were taken to Vermont to be educated, where they continued 
 
22+ TiiK MKDKJAf. Prokrhsion in Uppek Canada. 
 
 until IHOO. Dr. Anii.stronrj ohtninod his iiuMlical education at 
 Durtniouth (JoUoge, N.Y., and came, it i.s related, to llallowell, 
 1817, whuro he continued to practise until 1820 or IM22, when 
 he removed to Kinj^ston and enj^aged in practice. In 18.'{(S lie 
 took up hi.s residence at llochester, N.Y., where; he rc^mained 
 durinj,' life. 
 
 The writer received an interestinjj letter from Dr. Armstroni' 
 in .luly, 18G7, givinu; a ^reat deal of information about early 
 times, especially at Kin<.jston. He wrote of his intimate 
 association with the Hon. Kichard (/artwri/^ht, Col. John 
 Ferguson, Allen McLean, the first Upper Canadian lawyer, 
 nuide so by Act of Parliament ; also the Senior Haj^erman, of 
 Adolphustown, likewise niade a lawyer by the Crown. He also 
 mentioned Barnabus Hid well, Archdeacon Stuart and others of 
 note in that day, with whom ho was intimate. Dr. Armstronj^ 
 presided at a meeting for the suppression of intempei'ance at 
 Kin«,'.ston, February, 18:}0. Ho died at Rochester in 1877, aged 
 eiyhtv-eij'ht. 
 
 Dr. Charles James Stewart Ask ins. 
 
 The minutes of the Upper (Janada Medical Board record that 
 Mr. Askins appeared before that body, April, 1849. He was "a 
 matriculated student of King's College, Toronto," and his exam- 
 ination was " highly satisfactory." ]3r. Holmes, of Chatham, has 
 kindly supplied the following : Dr. C. J. S. Askins, son of Col. 
 Askins, of London, Ont, graduated in Toronto and settled in 
 Chatham about 1846. (He passed the Medical Board of Upper 
 Canada, 1840.) He was a well-educated physician and a very 
 popular citizen. Was a member of the Town Council many 
 years and occupied the Mayor's chair several years. He was 
 Surgeon to the 24th Kent Battalion, and went to the frontier 
 at the time of the Fenian Raid, 1866. When the Medical 
 Council came into existence, he became the first representative 
 from the Western and St. Clair Divisions. He died in 1872. 
 
 Dr. Andrew Austin 
 Was a native of Vermont; born, 178S. He came to Hallowell, 
 now Picton, 1816. He had studied medicine at Middlebury 
 
BiodUAi'uicAi, Sketches. 226 
 
 Collo^o, Voriiiont. tlanuary, IH20, ho uppoarcd lioforo the 
 Upper (yunada Mctlical HoanI, Imt failed to pa.ss, hoini^ " rocoin- 
 iiHMuled Turther study and atttMidaiice on a course of lecturos." 
 II(! accordin<,dy studied at the Univiirsity of New York, and 
 ^rachiated, 1M22. lie was a pupil of the (Miiinent surj^eon and 
 teacher, Dr. Valentine Mott. lie returned to Pieton, 1822, and 
 practised for a .short time before aj^ain applyiiifj; for his license, 
 January, 182.'}, when he was found "(lualitied to practise in all 
 branches " of the jjrofession. J)r. Austin lu^l as a rival, Dr. E. 
 W. Armstrong, who came to the place, it is stated, 1817. They 
 w«!ro opponents, not only as j)ractitioners, hut in politics. Dr. 
 Ajistin, although from the States, was, it is related, "a great 
 Tory," while Dr. Armstrong was "Republican in his tendencies." 
 In the field of practice, it is related that the " contest botweon 
 them was keen, but Austin took the lea<l." 
 
 He was very much respected by all who knew him, and took 
 an active part in matters aflecting the public welfare. It is 
 announced, in the Hallowell Fire Press, of April 12, 1881, that 
 Dr. Austin, Vice-President of the Temperance Society, would 
 deliver a public address on Temperance. He continued to prac- 
 tise until his death, October, 1849, aged 61. 
 
 Dr. Isaac Brock Aylsworth. 
 
 The following facts are taken from an obituary notice which 
 appeared in the Ghrisiian Ouardian : 
 
 " He was born near the village of Bath, in the township of 
 Ernesttown, December 4th, 1812. His pardnts were of United 
 Empire Loyalist families, and possessed in a full measure the 
 characteristic virtues of their class — industry, frugality and 
 steady integrity. He received a liberal education at the Bath 
 Academy, of which Dr. Stouton was Principal, and entered 
 upon the study of medicine in the same place. He completed 
 his studies at New York and took the degree of M.D. Having 
 passed the Upper Canada Medical Board, July, 1835, he com- 
 menced the practice of his profession in the vicinity of his 
 home, achieving, for a young man, more than ordinary success. 
 Removing to Newburgh, he continued to practise his profession 
 
226 TiiK Mkhical Puokkhhion in Vvvkh (Canada 
 
 until 1S4U. He was t\ui leading' man in tli(( community. Pos- 
 iOHMin)^ a lar^i! share of puMIe confidence, popular in tho 
 po,siti(ms he occupied, wealth was fast Mowinjj in upon him, 
 and tho prospect of securing more than a competency wa.i 
 encourajrinfjr, l)ut ho had roachoil a crisiH in his life— a crisis 
 that called for a <locision. There was a pressing;; conviction on 
 his mind that he ou^ht to dovoto himself to tho work of tho 
 (Christian ministry, and he entered tho ranks as a minister of 
 the Methodist ('hurch. In I.H47, he was placed on tho list of 
 Hupernumoraries, and returned to Newhurjjh, resuming tho 
 practice of medicine. In IHrilJ, he re-entered tho pastond work. 
 In 1874, he withdrew from connection with tho ('onforenco, but 
 retained his ordination papers, whicli gave him tlio status of an 
 ordained ndnister. For about eighteen years he resided in 
 Collingwood, rendering etticiont service to the Church aa a local 
 preacher, and sharing largely the confidence of tlio Methodif.t 
 community of the District, and of the Annual (Conference. His 
 death was unexpected and sudden. Me was proceeding with 
 his wife to visit friends in London. At Georgetown he left the 
 car to render assistance to a friend, and while doing so, fell on 
 the platform. Recovering himself, he walked a few steps, then 
 fell the second time, and before his wife could reach him life 
 was extinct. So died Dr. Aylsworth, in tho seventy-sixth year 
 of his age. 
 
 " Dr. Aylsworth was greatly esteemed in the town of Colling- 
 wood. He was regarded by his fellow-townsmen, and that 
 rightly so, as no ordinary man. His sterling (lualities, his 
 unceasing activities and undeniable usefulness greatly endeared 
 him to the community. Although brusque in manner and 
 somewhat uncourtly in address, yet he was to many a guide, 
 counsellor and friend." 
 
 Dr. Geo. Baker, 
 
 Of Bath, before Medical Board, January, 1820, " was found fit 
 to practise Physic and Midwifery and the les.ser operations in 
 Surgery." It is related that he had been a student of Dr. 
 Carlile, and succeeded him in his practice at Bath. Not 
 unlikely, before passing the Board he assisted Dr. Carlile, who 
 
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 Hi:. WILLIAM \v.M!i:i:\ I'-aldwin. 
 
HioriitAi'iiK Ai, Skktoikh. 227 
 
 C()nfln('<l hiinsj'lf mostly to Kinj^Hton. Dr. Ilivkor prolialtly cftino 
 to tlw nliicc tifjir tin* iM'^'itiuiiij; of tlu' (•••ntury. (ioiirlay 
 rccoril.s tliiit lit II iiu't'titi;,' of iT^iili-nt IiimiI-owiuth at A. P. 
 Kow(irir,s liott'l, Kli/iilM'tlit(iwi», hi*. (1«M). hiik(<r whk chosori dork. 
 Ho was tho only practitioimr at Hiith For many ynars. Tlio 
 tloctor is (li'scrilKMl hh of m(><lium Ix'i^lit, a littltt stout, and an a 
 very fascinating person. It will not, tluTrforc, !)»« a matter 
 of Hurprisc that Im had, in tho course of liis life, five wives, all 
 persons of some ilistinetirjii. This notice appeared : " Marri(Ml 
 at Hath, May 10, IH'M), Dr. (Jeo. Baker to Miss Jane Macaulay." 
 It is stateil that all of his wivcfs were huried at I'icton. WaH 
 appointed Surjfeon to the 2nd Addin^ton Ke^dment of Militia, 
 Novemher 24, I.S'2;{, We lind Dr. Haker's rwime in the records 
 of St. John's (!hur(;h, Math, hut the time of his death is not 
 given. 
 
 DU. VVm. WaUHKN liALDWIN 
 
 Was tlio son of Kohert Haldwin, who emijjfrated with his family 
 from a parish lu^ar (Uwk, Ireland, in 17>S!). liesidtis William 
 Warren, tho eldest, there were John Spread and four dau^hter.s. 
 After under^oiiii; many adversities and me(^tinj,' nuvny adven- 
 tures hy sea and lan<l, the faudly linally readied UppiT C^anada, 
 and .settle<l in tlu; Township of ("lark. lierc^ the family 
 remained until l<S!2, when they removed to N'ork, wiiere tho 
 faliier diiid, IH16. The pioneer lifi; of Mr. Ilaldwin and his 
 family was all the more tryinj^ from their hein;; jiersons of 
 education and rcHnemont. Tiie accounts we hav(^ heard of the 
 events in connection with the sevcsral members of the family 
 are full of interest ; hut only a few may he briefly referred to. 
 Dr. Haldwin had three brothers; Jolm Spread, who came to 
 Canada with him, .married the dau;^diter of Major-deneral Shaw, 
 and the widow of Dr. Scott, K.N. His son Ivlward married 
 Mi.s.s Grasett, by whom he had two sons. Dr. K. St. fJoor^'o, and 
 Rev. Henry (irasett. Henry U. was a (^aptain in the Mer- 
 chants' Service, from which ho retired, tlien came to ("anada 
 and settled at F^elleville, where ho died, 1849. The other 
 brother, Augustu.s W. Baldwin, had an eventful life. Born 
 1776, he entered the merchant navy as a boy. Receiving cruel 
 
228 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 treatment, he made his escape from his ship; but while doing 
 80 was .seized by a pre.s.s-f]jang. His name becoirinf^ known to 
 the captain, he obtained a commission. In 1800, he becanie a 
 lieutenant, and took part in many i^lorious combats and victories 
 achieved by the British navy. For <^allant conduct he received 
 a gold medal, 1808; became a commander in 1812, and was 
 made a post-captain in 1817. Havin<:j retired from the service 
 as admiral, he came to Canada in 1820. He took up his abode 
 on the Davenport Koad, north of Toronto, and his place of 
 residence was known as Russell Hill, now the home of Mr. 
 Nordheimer. He took an active part in public affairs as a Con- 
 servative, and became a member of the Executive Council dur- 
 ii\ff the administration of Sir. F. Bond Head. In 182G, he 
 married Miss Auf^usta Melis.sa, dauj^hter of J. M. Jackson, Esq. 
 Three children were born, who died younj;. Admiral Baldwin 
 died, January 5, 1860, aged 90. " In social qualities he excelled, 
 keeping his frank sailor bearing to the last, with a smile and 
 pleasant word for everyone." 
 
 J)r. Wm. Warren Baldwin had been a practising practitioner 
 for a year or two prior to his coming to America. His profes- 
 sional education was probably obtained mostly at Edinburgh ; 
 at least he took the degree of M.D. at the University of Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 From what can be gleaned upon the matter, it seems that Dr. 
 Baldwin spent but little time with his father after settling in 
 the woods ; but naturally much of his time at York, where 
 there was, at least, a small held for the practice of his profes- 
 sion. But the doctor either did not find enough to do, or had 
 resolved to enter upon the study of another profession, that of 
 law. Says Dr. Scadding : " On his arrival at York from the 
 first Canadian home of his father on Baldwin's Creek, Dr. 
 Baldwin's purpose was to turn to account for a time his own 
 educational acquirements by undertaking the office of a teacher 
 of the youth." In the Gazette and Oracle appeared the follow- 
 ing notice, dated December 17, 1802 : 
 
 " Dr. Baldwin, understanding that some of the gentlemen of 
 this Town have expressed some anxiety for the establishment 
 of a Classical School, begs leave to inform them and the public 
 generally that he intends, on Monday, the first of January next, 
 
BioaRAPHK;AL Sketchks. 229 
 
 to open a school in which to instruct twelve boys in writing, 
 reading and classics and arithmetic. The tt-rrns are, for each 
 boy, eight guineas per annum, to be paid quarterly or half- 
 yearly. One guinea entrance, and one cord of wood to be sup- 
 plied by each of the boys on the opening of the school. 
 
 "N. B. — Mr. Baldwin will meet his pupils at Mr. Willcocks* 
 house on Duke Street." 
 
 About this time Dr. Baldwin was married to Margaret 
 Phcebe, second daughter of Wm. Willcocks, a name well known 
 in the early days of York, of which there were three persons. 
 William Willcocks, Dr. Baldwin's father-in-law, had been 
 Mayor of Cork, and was a cousin of the Hon. Peter Ru.ssell, 
 who became President on the retirement of Col. Siuicoe, the 
 first Governor of the Province, in 1797. He was, in 1802, 
 Judge of Home District Court. In 1804, Dr. Baldwin lived at 
 the corner of Front and Frederick Streets. Here was born his 
 son Robert, who became Attorney-General for Upper Canada 
 in 1842, and whose name is inseparably connected with the 
 history of the Province ; who was the father of Responsible 
 Government in Canada, and the active promoter of genuine 
 reform. 
 
 Dr. Baldwin witnessed the exciting scenes in connection with 
 the invasion of York, in 1813, and took some part in the capa- 
 city of Surgeon. The writer had the privilege of knowing the 
 late Mrs. Breckenridge, a sister of Dr. Baldwin's, and mother of 
 the late Mr.s. Edmund Murney, of Belleville, and has heard from 
 her lips a thrilling account of some of the events of the war of 
 1812. Mrs. Murney wrote a very interesting account, which 
 the writer has had the privilege of seeing. 
 
 On the day of invasion, Mrs, Breckenridge's narrative says : 
 " The ladies settled to go out to Baron de Hoen's farm. He 
 was a good friend of the Baldwin family, who.se real name was 
 Von Horn, and he had come out about the same time as Mr. 
 St. George, and had been in the British army. He had, at this 
 time, a farm about four miles up Yonge Street. Miss Russell, 
 sister of President Russell, loaded her phaeton with all 
 sorts of nece.ssaries, so that the whole party had to walk. My 
 poor old grandfather, Mr. Baldwin, the father of Mrs. Brecken- 
 ridge, by long persuasion at length consented to give up fighting 
 
230 The Medical Pkokession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 and accompany the ladies. Aunt Baldwin, the wife of Dr. W. 
 W. Baldwin, and her four sons, Major Fuller, who was an 
 invalid under Dr. Baldwin's care, Miss Russell, Miss Willcocks 
 and the whole cavalcavle sallied forth ; the youngest boy, St. 
 George, a mere baby, my mother, Mrs. Breckenridge, carried on 
 her back nearly the whole way. When they had reached about 
 half way out they heard a most frightful concussion, and all sat 
 down on logs and stumps frightened terribly. They learned 
 afterwards that this terrific sound was occasioned by the blow- 
 ing up of the magazine of York garrison, when five hundred 
 Americans were killed, and at which time my uncle, Dr. Bald- 
 win, was dressing a soldier's wounds. He was conscious of a 
 strrtnsje sensation — it was too great to be called a sound — and he 
 found a shower of stones falling all around him, but he was quito 
 unhurt. The family at length reached Baron de Hoen's log 
 house, consisting of two rooms, one above and one below. After 
 these days, Miss Russell and my mother walked into town just in 
 time to prevent Miss Russell's house from being ransacked by the 
 soldiers. All now returned to tiieir homes and occupations, 
 except Dr. Baldwin, who continued dressing wounds and acting 
 as surgeon until the arrival of Dr. Hackett, the Surgeon of the 
 8th Regiment. Dr. Baldwin said it was most touching to see 
 the joy of the poor wounded fellows when told that their own 
 doctor was coming back to them. My father, Mr. Brecken- 
 ridge, was a student-at-law v/ith Dr: Baldwin, who had been 
 practising law after giving up medicine as a profession, and 
 had been in his office about three months when he went off like 
 all the rest to the battle of York. The Baldwin family all lived 
 with Miss Russell after this, as she did not like being left alone. 
 The Americans made their second attack about a month after 
 the first. General SheafFe had gone off some time before, taking 
 every surgeon with him. On this account Dr. Baldwin was 
 forced, out of humanity, to work at his old profession again, and 
 take care of the wounded." 
 
 As has been stated. Dr. Baldwin did not find a sufficient field 
 in the practice of medicine for his robust energies and mental 
 strength, and consequently entered upon the study of law, in 
 the practice of which he became an ornament to the profession ; 
 indeed, he may be called the father of the profession in Upper 
 
Biographical Sketches. 231 
 
 Canada. He, in time, held di.stinguislied positions in both pro- 
 fessions ; but it was in law that he could best exercise his 
 natural endownients, where he shone, and found prohtable 
 employment. " His career is now a part of Upper Canadian 
 history. It presents a curious instance of that versatility 
 which we have had occasion to notice of the men who have 
 been eminent in this country "—Scadding. 
 
 Besides his private means and professional income. Dr. Bald- 
 win inherited valuable property throujfh the Hon. Peter Russell. 
 In his position as Administrator of the Government, Mr. Russell 
 enjoyed the privilege of signing away grants of land to persons 
 eligible for such favours. Among those who found favour with 
 the Administrator, was one Petar Russell, and plenty of ddfcu- 
 mentary proof is extant that Peter Russell had very valuable 
 lands granted to him by the grace of Peter Russell, Adminis- 
 trator. Dr. Scadding remarks that he was desijinated some- 
 times, " the man who would do good unto himself." On his 
 death "his property passed into the hands of his sister, who 
 bequeathed the whole to Dr. W. W. Baldwin, into whose posses- 
 sion, also, came the valuable plate elaborately embossed with 
 the armorial bearings of the Russells." 
 
 Dr. Baldwin made his home with the Russells, Russell Abbey, 
 after the time of the war, 1813, and remained until he removed 
 to Spadina House. The original word Spadeena is Indian, and 
 means "a rising ground, or little hill." Upon the summit of 
 the hill, on a line with Spadina avenue, Dr. Baldwin built 
 Spadina House, and subsequently laid out the magnificent way 
 extending from Queen Street to the water's edge. 
 
 This avenue is three miles (two and three-fifths) long, and 
 160 feet wide. Were it not for Knox College building, inter- 
 jected upon an oval widening of the avenue, it would be one of 
 the finest avenues in the world. In speaking of this matter, Dr. 
 Scadding remarks that " Dr. Baldwin, a Liberal in his political 
 views, was nevertheless influenced by the feudal feeling, which 
 was a second nature with most persons in the British Islands 
 some years ago. His purpose was to establish a family in 
 Canada whose head was to be maintained in opulence by the 
 proceeds of an entailed estate. There was to be forever a 
 Baldwin of Spadina. It is singular that the first inheritor of 
 
2.S2 'J'he Mkdical Pkofession in Ufpeu Canada. 
 
 the newly-establislicd patrimony .should liavo been the .otates- 
 mun whose lot it was to carry throu<;h the Ejejjji.slatureof Canada 
 the abolition of the ri<fht.s of primogeniture. The .son grasped 
 more readily than the father what the genius of the North 
 American continent will endure and what it will not." 
 
 As has been stated, Dr. Baldwin devoted himself to law 
 rather than njedicine, yet he did not altogether neglect his fir.st 
 love. He naturally took an interest in the formation of the 
 Medical Board in I Mil), and in its proceeding.s. In 1821 he 
 became one of the members, and his name is rarely mi.ssing in 
 the records of the subseiiuent proceedings; and in IH',12 he was 
 elected vice-president. Nor did Dr. Baldwin refuse to respond to 
 call^ for medical relief by the public. Tradition gives a num- 
 ber of instances of his dual professional work. The following is 
 one : " It was no uncommon occurrence in the early days of 
 Toronto, when .surgeons were scarce in the young capital, for 
 Dr. Baldwin to be compelled to leave court in the middle of a 
 trial, and to hurry away to splice a broken arm or bind a frac- 
 tured limb. ^le was once engaged in arguing a case before his 
 father-in-law, when a messenger hurriedly arrived to summon 
 him to attend the advent of a little stranger into the world. 
 The circumstances were explained to the judge, and the further 
 consideration of the argument was adjourned until the doctor's 
 return. After the lapse of an hour, he again presented himself 
 and prepared to resume his interrupted argument. The judge 
 expre.ssed the hope that all had gone well with the patient, 
 whereupon the doctor replied. " Quite well ; I have much 
 pleasure in informing Your Lordship that a man-child has 
 been born into the world during my absence, and that both he 
 and his mother are doing well." 
 
 At the time Dr. Baldwin adopted the profession of law, it 
 was passing through a stage of development. But unlike the 
 profession of medicine, it had a sure fountain-head in officers 
 of the Crown in the Provincial Govei'nment, the Attorney- 
 General and the Solicitor-General. 
 
 The first .session of the second Provincial Parliament met at 
 York, June 1, 1797, and was prorogued on July 13. This was 
 the first time for the Parliament to assemble at the new capital. 
 Among the seventeen Acts passed was one for the better regu- 
 
HidouAi'UK'Ai, Sketciiks. 23.T 
 
 lation of the practice of law. The Act .set forth that " perHons 
 now admitted to practise in the law and practising at the bar 
 of any of Hi.s Majesty's Courts of this Province " could form 
 themselves into a society to be called tlie Law Society of Upper 
 Canada, etc., etc. The Act provided that the six senior 
 members of the present practitioners, includinj^ His Majesty's 
 Attorney-General and Solicitor General, shall be appointed as 
 governor or bencher of said society. This Act also provided 
 that no persons but the practitioners shall be permitted to 
 practi.se at the bar unless such person shall have previously 
 entered the said society as a student of the law, and shall have 
 been standing in the books of the society for and during the 
 space of five years, etc., etc., always excepting members of the 
 bar of England, Scotland and Ireland, or of any other British 
 Provinces in North America. The Act specified that the .said 
 practitioners, or as many as can be called together, whereof 
 the Attorney-General and Solicitor-General shall be two, may 
 assemble at the Town of Newark on the 17th day of July 
 next ensuing, for the purpose of framing and adopting resolu- 
 tion. s. 
 
 The records to be seen in the library at O.sgoode Hall show 
 under date July 17, 1797, that there met in obedience to the 
 direction of the Act, at Wilson's Hotel, Newark, at eleven 
 o'clock, the following gentlemen : John White, Attorney- 
 General ; Christopher Robinson, Isaac Des Gray, Solicitor- 
 General ; Allan McLean, Angus Macdonell, William Dummer 
 Powell, James Clark, Alexander Stewart, NichoTas Hagerman 
 and Bartholomew Crannell Beardsly. It was formally 
 
 Resolved, — That the two Crown Officers be nominated 
 Benchers of the Law Society of Upper Canada, together 
 with the four senior barristers, and that the benchers, accord- 
 ing to .seniority, take upon themselves the treasurership of the 
 said society annually. Beside the gentlemen mentioned above, 
 the following were also enrolled as members of the society at 
 this time : Walter Roe, Timothy Thompson, Jacob Farrand, 
 Samuel Sherwood and John McKay, sixteen in all. Thus was 
 the Law Society of Upper Canada formed, and this was its 
 first meeting. The next meeting took place at York, July, 
 1799, when Wm. Weeks was admitted. In 1801, four more 
 16 
 
234 The Mbdicai, Puofeshion in Ui»i'kk Canada. 
 
 were admitted, of wliich the third on tlu! list was Win. Warren 
 Baldwin, inakinj^ him the twenty-sixth on the roll of tin; liaw 
 Society. 
 
 It will he observed that durinfj] the six years previous, only 
 five names had been entered on the roll, showini; that the 
 provisions of the Act of 1797 were of such a nature as to 
 deter or prevent aspirants to the ranks of the le<;al profession. 
 This led to further legislation. 
 
 On March 5, IHO.S, an Act was passed, the preamble of which 
 says that "ofi'eat inconvenience has arisen, etc., from want dF a 
 sutHcient number of persons duly authorized to practise the 
 profession of law, and unless the number can be speedily 
 increased, justice will in many places be with {rrcat difKculty 
 adnunistered." It was therefore enacted that the Crown might 
 jrrant a license to not more than six persons who, from " their 
 probity, education, and condition in life," might be «leemed " Ht 
 and proper to practise the profession of law." The only recjuire- 
 ment was a certificate from a Ju<li;e of the Kinij's l>ench as to 
 ability and fitness. 
 
 The first to be licen.sed under this Act was Dr. Baldwin. 
 
 It is recorded in the minutes of the Law Society, " that on 
 6th day of April, 1808, Wm. Warren Baldwin, of York, Eng., 
 presented himself before the meeting and, produced an instru- 
 ment or license under the hand and seal of His Excellency the 
 Lieut.-Govemor." This document recited the Act passed the 
 previous month ; an»i stated that a certificate had been obtained 
 from Henry Alcock, Esq., Chief Justice, that the " Court of 
 King's Bench is satisfied of the ability and fitness of the said 
 W. W. Baldwin to be admitted to practise as a barrister and 
 attorney in this Province," and that i^Lieut. -Governor Hunter 
 had granted the necessary license. 
 
 This account of the first days of the legal profession may 
 seem to be a digression, but apart from giving an account of 
 the life of Dr. Baldwin, there is supplied an interesting unpub- 
 lished chapter of the earl}^ days of Upper Canada (1889). 
 
 There is yet to be added that Dr. Baldwin was made a 
 Governor, or Bencher, of the Law Society in 1807. In 1811 
 he was elected the Treasurer, and continued in oflSce during 
 1812, '13 and '14. Again in 1829, and in 1824, '25, '26, '27, '28, 
 
Hi<)ouai'Iiu;al Sketcheh, 2.*}.') 
 
 an«l n\r&\i\ in 1S.'}2. Ah Treasuror of tho Law Society ho had 
 much to do with tho erection of the original Os^oodc; Hall 
 which now forms tlie oust wing. 
 
 Dr. Halilwin from time to time Ullod a variety of public 
 po.sitions of more or le.ss importance. He was elected Memhor 
 of Parliament for the (vDunties of York and Siincoe, and after- 
 wards the County of Norfolk , in 182H. Was Vresident of 
 Mechanics' Institute, IH.MI. He was added to tho list of magis- 
 trates for the Town of York, April 12, 1838. We Hnd him also 
 mentioned as Public Notary; and (Jourlay, in his book, speaks 
 of him as " Master in Cluincery, attending the Legislative 
 Council." 
 
 There is not space to speak of Dr. Baldwin as a politician ; 
 but he was unfortunate enough to incur the disfavour of the 
 Executive. We tind it recorded that official notice was issued 
 removing ])r. Baldwin from office as Judge of the Surrogate 
 Court of the Home District, July 16, 1836, the reason being 
 that as an active member of the Alliance Society, " he placed 
 himself in open hostility to the Government." 
 
 About six months before his death, he was summoned to the 
 Legislative Council of United Canada, his son Robert being 
 Attorney-General. 
 
 Dr. Baldwin died, January 8th, 1844, aged 69, at his residence 
 at the east corner of Front and Bay Streets. This brick 
 building, loijg known as tht3 Baldwin Mansion, h&s recently 
 (1890) been demolished, to make place for a substantial ware- 
 house. 
 
 The following is the estimate placed upon Dr. Baldwin at 
 the time : " Our country has lost a friend ; and the country, it 
 may be said, will follow him as mourners to the grave. By 
 the removal of one so worthy, so disinterested, so excellent, we 
 have sustained a loss, the magnitude of which it is difficult to 
 appreciate, much worse in this community to repair. It is not 
 Toronto only that will feel the privation, or drop the tears of 
 submissive sorrow over his honoured tomb. The sad tidings 
 like an electric shock, the less convulsive in its eflFects because 
 expected, will widely extend an awakened interest over regions 
 sufficiently enlightened to appreciate his worth, and sufficiently 
 grateful to deplore his loss." 
 
S36 The Medk^al Profession in 1 1 iter Canada. 
 
 Dr. HaldwinH widow (lit'<l at the family residence, corner 
 Hay an<l Front Stn^ets, May l.Sth, 18.50, aged 80. 
 
 Dr. Haldwin had five sons, throe of whom died youn^;. His 
 eldest son, Kobert, became famous as the father of Responsible 
 (Jlovernmont in ('anada. Ho was born in 1804, and <iied, 1858. 
 His second son, Augustus William, died in infancy. The third 
 son, Henry, was born in 1807, and died in 1820. The fourth 
 son, William Augustus, was born in 1808, and died June 14th, 
 1883. The fifth son, Quetton St. George, was born in 1810, 
 and died in 1839. 
 
 Dr. Baldwin's eldest son, Robert, had two sons, William Will- 
 cocks and Robert, and two daughters. One daughter remained 
 unmarried ; the other, Augusta Elizabeth, became the wife of 
 the Hon. John Ro.ss, of Belleville. 
 
 Wm. Willcocks, the eldest son, was well known at Osgoode 
 Hall, having charge of the office for distributing law stamps. 
 He was appointed to this office when first established in 1864. 
 He died, November 19, 1893, aged sixty-four. His eldest son, 
 Henry Yarwood, entered the medical profession, having studied 
 in Toronto and graduated in Victoria College. He has been 
 many years in the North-West, practising for a time at Portage 
 la Prairie, and being some time surgeon in the Mounted Police, 
 and for the last three years practising in Winnipeg. The 
 second .son, Robert W., is with his father in the stamp office. 
 Stephen Y. is taking a course of military instruction. A 
 daughter married Clarence T. Whitney, another Hamilton 
 Cassels, and another Dr. Lesslie. 
 
 Robert, the second son of Hon. Robert B., was long known in 
 the religious and philanthropic circles of Toronto, and died 
 there in his fifty-first year, in 1885. He was twice married — 
 first to Mi.ss Jemima MacDou^fall, a Scotch lady, who died in 
 1873. Their son, W. W., bearing the honoured name of his 
 great-grandfather, is also a member of the medical profession, 
 and has practised in Toronto .since 1890. A daughter, Katie, 
 is married to the Rev. J. R. Shields Boyd, son of Judge Boyd, 
 of Toronto. 
 
 In 1877 Robert married for the second time. His wife was 
 Miss Elizabeth Walker, an Irish lady who resided in Dublin. 
 They had four children, three of whom survive. Mrs. Baldwin 
 
BiooiiAiMiK.'AL Skktohes. ' 2H7 
 
 fcakoH a most active part in philanthropic work, both t«Mnpor/il 
 and ruli^iouH. 
 
 Ket'orrini; hack to the othur .survivinir son of Dr. W. W. 
 Fialdwin, that is, Wui. Au^^ustus, who livi!il at Mashcpiotoh (a 
 burnt plain), ho was twice married — Hrst to Isabella Clarke, 
 dau;»hter of James liuchatum, for twenty-five years British 
 consul in New York, Hy this union, which took place in IH'.H, 
 there were seven children, five \mu*r sons — H. St. (leorj^o, 
 James \i., W. Aujjustus, II. Kussell and /Kmilius. Two of 
 these, the second and the third, joined tlie medical profession 
 and now practise in Toronto (IHOU). The two dauirhtens — 
 Pluobe and Isabella — are both dead. Mrs. BaMwiti died in 
 1850, and in 1862 her husband married Mar^'aret, <hiu<:;hter of 
 Captain McLeod, of Drinoch, York County, Ont. Hy this mar- 
 r'w^Q there were nine children — five sons and four daut^diters — 
 seven of whom survive (18133). W. Au^'ustus died in June, 
 188.'i, a^ed seventy-four years. 
 
 Dr. Kdmund St. George, .son of Rev. (Janon Baldwin, and 
 grandson of John Spread Baldwin, is B.M., CM. Univ. Kilin., 
 1874, Lie. R.C.S. Edin., 1877, and practises in Toronto. 
 
 No excuse is necessary for ^^^''^ff ^'^^ large a space to the dis- 
 tinguished subject of this sketch and the family. He was not 
 only the pioneer physician of Toronto, but, as well, a pioneer 
 in legal affairs. Moreover, he occupied a conspicuous place in 
 the early history of the Capital of the Province ; while mem- 
 bers of the family have held and continue to hold prominent 
 positions in the country. 
 
 Dit. E. J. Barker. 
 
 In the Kingston Spectator of December, 1833, this notice 
 appeared : " Prospectus. — Doctor Barker respectfully acquaints 
 his friends and patrons that in January he will publish the 
 first number of a new commercial and political journal (imperial 
 size) to be called the British Whig, and continue to issue the 
 same every Tuesday and Friday by eight o'clock in the morning." 
 The following editorial appeared in the semi-centennial number 
 of the Whig, January, 1884 : " Mr. Barker was born in Islington, 
 
2IW Tmk Mkiucai, Phokehhfon \s Vvvkr Canada. 
 
 London, Knffliind.on Dj^nMnhcr .'UhI, I7!'9. In 1807, tho family 
 Mottlod in North Oarolitm, wIumo \\\h fiiihor, an acconipliHht'd 
 linj»ui.st. died, Tlw' sulijoct of our Mkrtcli ntturnod to Norfolk, 
 Kn^latid, to be oducattul. In 18 1 4, he joimtd relatives in 
 Sniyrnu, in thu cast, and .sulisiMjuontiy was articled to a Hur^(tu>n 
 and apotiu'cary in Malta for Mvu years. In 1810, he l)erain<! 
 doctor's mate on His Majesty's sloop-of-war, ' Itact! Horse.' He 
 afterwards walked the London hospitals, and for tcin years prac- 
 tised in Kiist Sinithlicild, receivin^j the dej^nse of M.I), from tho 
 London (Jolle^o of Medicine. In Decetnber, 18M2, ho landed in 
 Kingston, and enj^ai^ed with Noble Palmer as editor of tho Spec- 
 tator, tillinj^ that post for a year, retirinj^ upon its sale to John 
 Vincent, and establishing a ])aper of his owr). Ho issued it in 
 full sympathy with its titl(\ lirUi.s/i \V/il(f,mu\ tluis it happi^jed 
 that, thou;j;)i a Liberal or<^'an, it becanu; a loyal one during' tho 
 Mackeii/ae reltellion. A breach bein;,' madis in its ultra sup- 
 porters in conse(|uence, it drifted into Conservative ranks, 
 where Dr. Barker enlisted the warm sympathies of Sir .John A. 
 Macdonald, then a young rising politician, and became liis faith- 
 ful follower for forty years. Though never loaded down with 
 this world's goods, and having his full share of trials and diffi- 
 culties, he managed not only to keep his journal aHoat, but also 
 to be enterprising in numy ways, notably in tlu; issue of tho 
 first daily in Upper and Lower (^anada in the publication of 
 liarkara CaiMtiuin Magazine, and in issuing a daily of double- 
 royal size twenty years before any of his rivals attempted it. 
 Though not a prolific writer, as the term goes to-day, or an in- 
 dustriou.^ news-gatherer, it was through the style ot his editorial 
 work, and by the co-operation of the friends made by his social 
 qualities, that the Wlti<j outlived .so many of its contemporaries. 
 No writer upon the Canadian press has had a more character- 
 istic pen ; none have po.sse.s.sed his knack of compressing force 
 and ideas into few sentences, while he always had a (juick, 
 trenchant answer for an opponent, with a ready wit to turn the 
 effective weapon of ridicule into play. But the most robust of 
 natures tires of work at last, and he was gradually relaxing 
 his office cares when the exigencies of politics in Kingston in 
 1871 led to the enlistment of another paper as the preferred 
 Conservative organ, and he gave up the newspaper to accept 
 
Hi<i(iuai'III(;ai. Skictciirn. 280 
 
 the city r('^'i.>4traiHhi{). He was acknuwiodguil ah the NuHtor 
 oi tliu ('iiiuuliitii pn^Ns." 
 
 In uiiotliur coliiiiiii it \h stated that " whdii the Wkitf was 
 Htartvd, 'alVuirN of honour' wuru still in vo^uiv 'rii(> paper 
 expostxl a military ollicu!i' who had itiMult(Ml a host of ladieN at 
 various times in the city, descrihin^f him as ' drumstick-U^^j^'ed, 
 with red raiii's-horn whiskers and j^'oatish eyes.' The oMlcer 
 forthwith called with a friend and two hlud^itons, which he did 
 not (hire to use. lit; retr»!ated and sent a challenge. The 
 editor of the W/il;/ replied that tlw; olHcer's hase conduct placed 
 him outside of tlu^ privih^^es of tht> tield of honour, while hin 
 privilege remained of decliniii}^ to be calle<l out hy every fool 
 who tiioii^dit himself oIK-nded. That settltid the aHiiir of honour. 
 His first year productid two clmlhin^'es and one assault, for 
 wtiich a late politician was cotivicted at the Asaizos. It was u 
 lively year." 
 
 It should he mentioned that Dr. Barker, althoui^h not in 
 re<jfular practice, for a few years j^ave attention to professional 
 work, and was accounted an excellerit physician. During the 
 prevalence of cholera in IH.'H, he rendered important service. 
 
 The eldest dau;,d»ter of Dr. iJurker married, September 4, 1843, 
 R. Ciuilmers, Ks(j , of Quebec. Another dauj^hter married Mr. 
 Pen.se, the .son of whom, Mr. K. J. I'ense, is the present pro- 
 prietor of the lirititih \Vhi(j. Dr. Barker died, 1885. 
 
 The followinj^ newspaper cli{)i)iii<^ nuiy be j^iven ; at one 
 time the inhabitants of the Bay of Quinte heard a ^'ood deal 
 about the sea-serpent, and many believed in its appearance : 
 
 "That Sea-Skui'ENT. — Mr. Julius Baker, of Trenton, was 
 not the discoverer of the great Bay of Quinte ' sea-serpent' So 
 8uys Dr. Barker, of the BrUiNh Whuj, and who would dare dis- 
 pute such authority ? The Wh'uj copies the paragraph headed 
 'Something Like a Snake,' and says: 'Dr. Barker, not Mr, 
 Julius Baker, was the man who discovered the great .sea-serpent 
 of the Bay of C^uinte. Many years ago, full a tjuarter of a cen- 
 tury, the Yankees were busy with the sea-.serpent off Cohas.set, 
 anil it was thought a pity that the Yankees should have a big 
 water-snake and not the Canadians. Hence the discovery of 
 the Bay of Quinte sea-serpent. The story was told so gravely 
 in the lirUiali Whig, that Mr. Francis Hall, of the New York 
 
240 TiiK Mr.iMCAi. PitorKHNioN IN HrrKH ( 'anada, 
 
 (Jotnmft'rial Aiti'i't'tlHci; thou in Kln^Hton, puhlishfil tlio iinoount, 
 with iKlditiiMis and i>in«>riiltiti<)n.s of liis own, which iiccoiint w*<nt 
 tho t'oiitnlH of thi' I'liitt'il Stut«<*i |ir«>s,s. Sonirhoijy wun wickod 
 «>noii|;h to Miiy thtit Mr Ki'iinciM I lull wits sold, and iictMistMl the 
 liritinh Wli'uf of hfin;^ tho hoaxor ; wht'irupon Mr. Krancis Mail 
 was vory an^ry and stoppod tho «>xchan;;i*. That it wan no 
 Hull that thu l)i^ Niiakit was diHCovoriMl Ity Dr. Ilark<'r, is provod 
 hy what Mr. iluliuH Hak«M' had sim'H. ' Mmjua v.nt veriian «7 pre- 
 tutlehit.' " 
 
 Dr. tloiiN Mauniiaiit 
 
 Ih of Ocrnian I'xtruction, and tlir nani(^ waH forniorly .s|>nlt 
 Haridiurdt. Tht' sultJiHit of thin Nkutch was horn, wo holiovo, 
 in th(> (NLstrrn part of Upp(!r (<anad)i. Il(> rttctuviMl Iuh early 
 eilucution at tlu! Royal (Grammar School at York, while it was 
 under the patrona;,'^ of the Kfv. .John, afterwards Mishop, 
 Strachan, and ol»taini'<l a <j;()od t,'round work in cla.ssical, as well 
 as literary edueation. IIi> then hcctunie an article<l student of 
 medicine to Dr. Widnier. In conscicjuenco of there htsinj^ no 
 medical school in IFpper ('anada, ho attendi^d tluf half-yearly 
 sessions of l(>cturos, for three years, at the ('olle^e of IMi^'sicians 
 and Sur<;eot»s of the (^ity of New York, durin«^ which period he 
 was i\\o ])upil of the ci'lehrattul surgeon, i'rof. ValiMitine Mott. 
 In the summer of 1MM2, he returned to York, then known as 
 "muddy littl«! York," in order to render such assistance as he 
 nii;j;ht he ahlo to aflord to Dr. Widmer, as Ids student, during 
 th(5 epidemic of Asiatia ('holera wliich had invaded the town. 
 Notwithstanding the beHt forniH of treatment of that dread 
 8Courf:fe, then known to the profession, and emploj'ed by Dr. 
 Widmer, a larfre number of th(i inhabitants perisluid. Ifaving 
 passed the Upper (/anada Medical Hoard, .July, bSIU, Dr. Ham- 
 hart commenced th(> practice of his profession in the then rising 
 Village of Streetsville, Peel County, where he continued to pur- 
 sue it throughout the surrounding townships until l.S()9, when 
 he removed to the town of Owcin Sound, Grey (vounty. In 
 18.S7, Dr. Barnhart was a Regimental Surgeon of Militia, and 
 was present at the skirmish and rout of the rebels under Mac- 
 kenzie at Gallows Hill (Dec. 7, l.S^JV). and he claims (1894) to be 
 
HKMmAi'iiicAL Skktc'IIkh. , 241 
 
 tin- only survlvlnjif nurpfoon who wuh pros««nt on that ojcoitinpf 
 (x'ciiHioii. Il«^ wiiH, us wnll, in t\\v siicoMtilin;^ yi'ur, iirtin;^ kh 
 Niirj^con on th«> Niuj^uru frontier until the rulii'ls vaciitnl Niivy 
 ImIuikI. After the ( !oinity of I'eel hiul heen Ne{iuriiteil from tho 
 ('onnty of York. Dr. Marnhart was honoiire<l hy hein^ unani- 
 nioiisly chosen hy tlui re]>re.sentativ<>H of the niiinieipality.as tirMt 
 VVarlen of thr now county, In it lu; also held tho otUcvH of 
 Justice of the I'eacii ami Coroner. ''I'he.se several important 
 nml honoiiralile positions, together with the h'\'^\\ estimation in 
 whi(;h he wa.s held hy the ;(etienil comnninity as an al)h) an<l 
 Huccessful pnu'titioner of meilicine, uH'ord adcMpiate n-asons for 
 Nuyin^ that the profession of the I'roviiuui shouhl regard him as 
 entitled to thoir fraternal recoL»nition and respect as one of 
 their numlier who huH upheld and maintained tin; honour and 
 di;,'nity of the profession." The forei^oin;^ has hecn supplied hy 
 on«^ who designated Dr. iiarrdiart as an old and valut>d fri«>nd, 
 and who is in turn an old friend of the doctor's. 
 
 Dr. Martdiart's family consisted of his wife (ni'f. Kohinson) 
 and thret! dau<;hters. The (eldest is tlio wife of .ludije ileynolds, 
 lirocUville. Another married .lames I). (Jroil, merchant, of 
 Montreal, now d(Mid ; and the other daughter married W. K. 
 Hrown, K.s(|., of the; (Janada Life Association Company, son of 
 Adam Hrown, ux-M.I*., and postmaster at liandlton. 
 
 Dr. Jiarnliart, whom the writer saw hut recently, continues 
 in a lar;,'e dej^ree to enjoy vi;i[orous lu^alth of Ixxly ; while his 
 mind is rtMiiarkahly active an<l intellect keen (1894). 
 
 Dr. John Heatty 
 
 Was ho.'n January 19th, 1810, of l*rot(!stant Irish parentage, 
 in the City of New York. Tho family removed to Upper 
 Canada, Fei)ruary, LSI!), and sotthsd at Kiver Credit, on the 
 farm where now stands the Vilhij^jc^ of Moadowvale. It was 
 then covered with woods, and the fandly cleared tho land for 
 cultivation. Tho subject of our sketch returned to New York 
 in the autumn of 182'), entered the Wesleyan Academy, where 
 he remained two years, and then went to the Ohio University, 
 Athens, pursuing his studies there for three year.s. He re- 
 
242 Tfie Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 turned to New York in the autumn of 18,*i0, and entered us 
 medical student the ofKce of A. T. Hunter, M.J). He attended 
 three full courses of lectures in the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, and received the M.l). degree, April, 1833. Return- 
 ing at once to Upper Canada, he, with the view of obtaining 
 the provincial license, entered the office of Dr. Rolph, and 
 passed his examination at the July session that year- -Dr. Wid- 
 mer. President ; Rolph, King and Deihl, principal examiners. 
 
 The same month he settled at Cobourg, and commenced 
 practice. He left Cobourg in the spring of 1835 for Toronto, 
 where he remained until the fall of 1844, and then returned 
 to Cobourg and resumetl practice, which he continued until 
 1868. Since that time he has not practised his profession. 
 
 He held the Chair of Chemistry and Natural Science in 
 Victoria College for about eight years. It was the writer's 
 privilege to be a student at that institution during a portion of 
 that period, where he received his first lessons in those branches 
 of science — lessons never fori^otten. 
 
 Dr. Beatty married, October, 1833, Eleanor, second daughter 
 of J. R. Armstrong, merchant, Toronto, a brother of Dr. Arm- 
 strong. They had ten children, six of whom survive (1889) — 
 one son and five daughters. 
 
 The eldest daughter married John Daintry, of Cheshire, 
 England, who is now living in Cobourg ; second, Geo. K. Shoen- 
 berger, of Cincinnati ; the third, the Hon. Wm. Macdougall, 
 Ottawa ; fourth, C. K. Ryerson, Barrister, Toronto, son of Rev. 
 Dr. Ryerson ; and the fifth. Desire Girouard, Q.C., of Montreal, 
 M.P. for Jacijues Cartier. 
 
 Reference to the Medical Register will show that he is, per- 
 haps, the only one living of the record as early as 1833. 
 
 Dr. Wm. Rawlins Beaumont. 
 
 The greater part of the following obituary notice appeared 
 in the medical journals : 
 
 " William Rawlins Beaumont, M.D., F.R.C.S. Eng., was born 
 in Beaumont Street, Marylebone, London, in 1803; descended 
 from a family established in England in the beginning of the 
 
BioouAPiiicAL Sketches. 24B 
 
 fourteenth century, orif^inally French. Havinfj received a 
 liberal education, he began at an early ago and ' most assidu- 
 ously prosecuted his professional studies at St. Bartholomew's 
 Ho.spitaI for a more than ordinary length of time,' as testified 
 by Abernethy, who.so dressing pupil he was, and wlio.se esteem 
 he had won — as also that of Sir Astley Cooper, Lawrence, Her- 
 bert Mays, iMar.shall Hall, and others of renown in the medical 
 profession. In Paris he studied anatomy during ten months 
 under Amussat, who perceived in him ' an zele et une (iptitude 
 rare.' He al.so studied in Brus.sels. 
 
 " He obtained the license to practise surgery and was 
 admitted a Member of the Royal (lollege of Surgeons, London, 
 in December, liS20; Fellow of the Royal Med. and Chirurg. 
 Society, London, in 1836 ; and was surgeon to the Lslington 
 Dispen.sary for some years prior to 1840. 
 
 " Before leaving England he contemplated entering the Army 
 Medical Service, a ( ■onmiission in which he expected, at the 
 instance of Abernethy, from Sir .Tames McGrigor, Director- 
 General ; but thi.s being long deferred, owing to official regula- 
 tions regarding appointment of army surgeons, it was aban- 
 doned. He came to Canada in IS+l, accompanied by his friend 
 Dr. Spear, and soon after obtained, by the Governor-General's 
 Warrant, the licen.se to practise in Canada. In 1843, he was 
 appointed to the Professorship of Surj^ery in the University of 
 King's College (now the University of Toronto), which he held 
 for ten yeans, until the abolition of the Faculty of Medicine, of 
 which he was then Dean. He was appointed Member of the 
 Upper Canada Medical Board in May, 1845, and became a very 
 regular attendant of its meetings. 
 
 "In 1870-71, he delivered a course of lectures on Ophthalmic 
 Surgery to the students of the Toronto School of Medicine, besides 
 clinical lectures at the Toronto General Hospital. In 1872, he 
 was elected Professor of Surgery in the Medical Faculty of 
 Trinity College, and afterwards Emeritus Professor. 
 
 " He invented and himself made several surgical instruments, 
 some of which are oi" great ingenuity and utility. In 1836, he 
 invented and described, before the Royal Medico-Chirurgical 
 Society, an instrument for passing sutures in deep-seated parts, 
 as in the operation for cleft palate, which was admired by 
 
244 The Meoical Profession in Uppek Canada. 
 
 Brunei, the great engineer, and was reputed by Tienmnn, the 
 surgical instrument umkcr of New York, to have been the 
 ori<Mn of the Singer s(jwing machine. Sir James Paget told 
 the late Dr. Fi'aser, of this city, of the esteem in whicli Dr. 
 Beaumont was held by all old St. Bartliolomew's students ; and 
 that he believed that he was the inventor of the principle of 
 the modern sewing machine. An account of the invention was 
 published in the Mcdiad Gazette for l.S.'iG; the original account 
 may be found in the transactions of the Medico-Chirurgical 
 Society for the same year ; and a description of it may be 
 found in the Lancet, of March 17, 1866. With it a continuous 
 chain of stitches can be sewed — though in the operations for 
 which it was invented but one at a time was required. He also 
 invented instruments for tying Polypi ; a Sliding Iris-forceps, 
 a Speculum, a Probe-pointed Lithotomy Knife ; and others. He 
 was the author of Essays on the treatment of Fractures of the 
 Leg and Forearm by Plaster of Paris, 1831 ; on Polypi, 1838 ; 
 ' Case of Large Cartilaginous Tumour of the Lower Jaw,' 
 1850; and contributed ' Clinical Lectures on Traumatic (carotid 
 Aneurism ' to the Lancet, in 1854 ; ' The Several Forms of 
 Lithotomy,' Ibid. 1857 ; ' A Deeply Penetrating Wound 
 through the Orbit (five and a half inches deep), Recovery,' Ibid. 
 1862 ; papers on 'Exostosis of the Scapula'; 'Aneurism of the 
 Femoral Artery,' etc. He made many donations of valuable 
 preparations, casts and instruments to the Royal College of 
 Surgeons, England, and to other collections. During the Fenian 
 Raid of 1866, he had charge at Port Col borne of the hospital 
 for the wounded. 
 
 " In the winter of 1865, he lost all useful sight of the left eye 
 from acute inflammation, yet was able to perform operations 
 requiring an unerring hand — for instance, that for artificial 
 pupil ; but at length the left eye became completely useless, 
 and the sight of the right afiected, and in 1871 greatly impaired, 
 and by the New Year of 187-3, lost entirely. Since that time 
 he had lived in retirement with his family about him, and 
 passed quietly away on October 12, 1875, aged 72. He was a 
 gentleman of a quiet and retiring disposition, a sound surgeon 
 and instructive lecturer. His memory will be held in venera- 
 tion by the profession and by others who knew him well." 
 
BlOGBAPHIC'AI- yKKTCHES. 245 
 
 Dr. Beaumont was one of the distinguiHhed teachers at 
 Toronto, when the writer was a student and attended his 
 clinical lectures. Several of the first operations he witnessed 
 were performed by Dr. Beaumont at the old hospital, corner of 
 King and John Streets. 
 
 Dr. Chauncey Beadle 
 
 Was born in Connecticut, U.S., June 25, 1791. While young 
 he removed with the family to Otsego County, New York, 
 He received his medical education at Fairfield Medical College, 
 and at the medical school of Dr. Joseph White, of Cherry Val- 
 ley, N.Y., who enjoyed a distinguished reputation as a physi- 
 cian and surgeon, and whose exten.sive practice afforded desir- 
 able facilities to .students in the days when public hospitals 
 were few, although no formal lectures were given. He passed 
 his examination before the Otsego Medical Society, and was 
 licensed to practise within the State of New York, May 20, 
 1816. He practised in Monroe County in that State, until the 
 summer of 1821, when he removed to Canada and passed the 
 Upper Canada Medical Board, and January 9, 1822, received 
 his certificate of license under the seal of the Province and 
 bearing the signaturfe of Sir Peregrine Maitland. He com- 
 menced practice at St. Catharines immediately thereafter, and 
 on the fifteenth of the same month married Orinda Converse, 
 of Randolph, Vermont, by whom he had one son and three 
 daughters. Two of the daughters died in infancy ; the second 
 daughter married^the Rev. Joshua Cooke, .son of Bates Coo!^e, 
 of Lewiston, N.Y., and died at Storm Lake, Iowa, December 17, 
 1882. The son, named after Dr. Delos White, one of the sons 
 of his esteemed medical preceptor, did not adopt the profession 
 of his father and his father's friend, but became widely known 
 as a fruit-grower and horticulturist. This son is now (1893) 
 living in Toronto, the sole survivor of the family. Doctor 
 Beadle died at St. Catharines, March 24, 1863, and his widow, 
 January 19, 1885. 
 
 The Doctor acquired au extensive practice, attending to calls 
 throughout the Niagara District from the Niagara River to 
 
246 The Medk'al Puokession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 Hamilton, which often nocessitated his absenco from homo for 
 a week or more. In those days the roads were hirgely of a 
 very primitive sort, winding in and out among stumps and 
 fallen trees, often through dense woods, where at night the 
 darkness might be felt, ami one must needs trust solely to the 
 sagacity of his liorse to find the track. Such was the incessant 
 labour of a country practitioner at that time that it was often 
 necessary to get someone to drive for him, especially at night, 
 while he lay down on the bottom of the waggon and slept, a 
 task often performed by Dr. Beadle's wife. 
 
 Notwithstanding the exacting cares and duties of his pro- 
 fession, he found time to take an active interest in whatever 
 tended to improve the country and develop its resources. It 
 is clain)ed that he was probably the first to suggest the building 
 of the Welland Canal, and though unable to take any active 
 part in its construction, was ever the staunch friend and sup- 
 porter of Hamilton Merritt in carrying forward that work. He 
 secured the passing of an Act of Parliament to form a company 
 for the purpose of running a line of stages from Queenston to 
 Sandwich. He was also prominently active in establishing the 
 Grantham Academy, now the St. Catharines Collegiate Insti- 
 tute, where a number of the young men of that district laid the 
 foundation of a classical education. Later in life, to save 
 himself from loss, he acquired the nurseries, since known as the 
 St. Catharines Nurseries, and when afterwards compelled by 
 failing health to relinquish his medical practice, he devoted 
 himself to the introduction and dissemination of choice varieties 
 of fruit. 
 
 Dr. Nathaniel Bell 
 
 Was born in New Jersey, U.S., October 26, 1790. Two years 
 later his mother, with the family, came to Canada, as graphi- 
 cally told in the following narrative : " In the month of Sep- 
 tember, 1792, on the banks of the Delaware River, in the State 
 of New Jersey, near where Eastown now is, you might have 
 seen a woman about thirty years of age preparing to leave for 
 
BiodRAPHicAL Sket(;he.s. 24)7 
 
 Canada. She had oifjht children, tho eldest a daufjfhter about 
 eighteen years of arro, and the younj^est also a dau;,ditor aged 
 nine months. She had two or three horses with pack-saddlos 
 and a few articles of clothinj^ for herscslf and fanuly, tojijether 
 with a tent, made by sewinj^ a few sheets together, and some 
 provisions for the journey. The clothin<;, tent, provisions and 
 smallest children were packed on the horses, and in this man- 
 ner they commenced their lonji; and tedious journey throuj^h 
 forests and over mountains, fordinjr rivers — for bridtres were 
 not in existence at that time in the country. There were no 
 public houses or taverns to entertain the weary travellers. 
 Consequently they had to erect their tent or sleep in the open 
 air. For two or three weary weeks they pursued their way, 
 sometimes meeting with Indians and passing their villages ; 
 but those wild savages did not molest or harm the travellers, 
 but were kind and obliging, and would give or sell them corn 
 or venison. In fording a stream an accident occurred ; one of 
 the horses, on putting down his head to drink, pitched one of 
 the children, a little girl of eight years, over his head into the 
 stream. She was nearly drowned, but was finally rescued, her 
 shoulder being dislocated by the fall. At last they arrived at 
 Fort Niagara, which was then occupied by British soldiers, 
 who put them across the Niagara River on the Canadian f>hore, 
 the long-expected land of promise. From Niagara they n.ade 
 their way along the shore of Lake Ontario to the Township of 
 Grimsby, where this woman's husband, her two brothers and 
 sister liad settled a short time before. It was a happy meet- 
 ing. The children were disposed of among their friends until 
 a log house could be erected. It was an easy matter to obtain 
 land in Grimsby in those days. Judge Andrew Petit was a 
 resident of that township and an uncle to the heroine of this 
 sketch. (He was the first magistrate in the place and often 
 performed the marriage ceremony.) Whatever he said or did 
 was sanctioned by the Governor of the Province at that time. 
 This woman and her husband finally settled on the mountain 
 near Grimsby, where the writer (their youngest son) was born. 
 They lived to see all their children married and settled. The 
 husband died in 1820 ; his wife survived him fifteen j'^eara. 
 
248 Thk Mkdical Puofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 She was eighty-two when she died. Shc^ could ,say — " Arise 
 dauj^hter and go to tiiy daughter, for thy (laughter's daughter 
 has a daughter." 
 
 Dr. Bell's general education must have been obtained under 
 considerable ditHculty, as the means of ac(juiring it in Upper 
 Canada at that period were very limited. 
 
 He 8tu<lied medicine at Beamsville with Dr. Suumor, and 
 during the war of LSI 2, with Dr. Kerr, acting as Assistant- 
 Surgeon. It is probable that he commenced practice by him- 
 self when the war closed, 1815. At all events, he was in prac- 
 tice several years before the Upper Canada Medical Board was 
 established. He was the second person to pass the Board, 
 April, 1819. During the war of 1812-14, Dr. Bell had a bu.sy 
 time. Beside acting as Assistant-Surgeon, he seems to have 
 attended to the calls in the country. On one occasion he was 
 taken prisoner by the U. S. .soldiers, and being allowed to walk 
 about, but not on parole, he watched for an opportunity and 
 made for the British lines. The enemy started in pursuit, but 
 finding they could not overtake him, .sent their balls whizzing 
 after him. One struck him in the leg, and he was recaptured 
 and kept in pri.son for a long time. The wound healed but he 
 suffered in afterdife from its effects. He received a pension 
 for a time, and when it was discontinued he made repeated 
 applications for its renewal, which was not granted. The 
 Doctor and his friends thouglit the Government treated him 
 unjustly, but it will be seen by the following certificate of the 
 Medical Board, which body gave him a licen.se to practise, and 
 by which he was examined with regard to the wound, that the 
 Government only acted on the recommendation of the Board. 
 This certificate .said : 
 
 "Febriuiry 19, 1831. 
 
 "Sir, — In reference to your letter of the l-ith inst., desiring 
 me to assemble the Medical Board for the examination of Mr. 
 Nathaniel Bell, a late militia pensioner, I have the honour to 
 acquaint you for the information of His Excellency the Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, that the Board have this day examined Mr. 
 Bell, and have directed me to say that they do not feel them- 
 selves warranted in recommending the restoration of his name 
 
BlOOHAI'MICAI, Skktciiks. 249 
 
 to the pension list on account of any diHability from liin 
 wounclH. 
 
 " 1 hav(^ tho honour to be, 
 
 " Your most Obediont, Muinbh- Servant, 
 
 " Wm. Lek, 
 
 " Secretary to tin Medical Hoard. 
 " Z. MiHKiE, Esq., 
 
 " Secretary to Ills E.rcellency 
 
 " The Lieiiteyiant-dovernor, 
 
 " Etc., etc., etc." 
 
 Dr. Bell's field of practice was very exten.sive. Ho lived at 
 St. Ann's, Halton County, where he also attended to a farm of 
 200 acres. He made his rounds on horse-back, often westward 
 and northward beyond Mie head of the lake whore now is 
 Hamilton, and to the region where (iuelph is now situated. 
 Dr. Bell was very successful in attending to his large and 
 extensive practice. He is described as "a bold, determined and 
 careful operating surgeon." He many times " amputated the 
 thigh, leg and arm, and sometimes at night by candle-light, 
 with labourers and farm-hands only for assistants, and no 
 chloroform. He was a good accoucher." He was appointed 
 Surgeon oi the 2nd Gore Begiment Militia, 1825, and during 
 the Rebellion, I8;i7, he was Surgeon to the Hth Gore. 
 
 Dr. C. W. Flock, who married his step-tlaughter, Miss Melles, 
 de.scribes Dr. Bell as follows : 
 
 " He was six feet high, and of large but not stout build. He 
 had a stern, determined, commanding appearance, and was a 
 fine-looking man in every respect. He was one of the most 
 pleasant, agreeable, generous and jolly men I ever knew. His 
 ' word was his bond.' He hated a lie, but pitied the liar, either 
 by word, look or act. All who knew him placed every reliance 
 and confidence in his statements; his word was 'yea and nay.' 
 He was a member of the Cluirch of England, an earnest (Christian. 
 He was one of the old-.school Tories. The doctor was always 
 proud of being called a U. K Loyali.st. He worked hard for 
 many years, but died lea. ing hardly anything to his family 
 except an honourable name, which will never be forgotten where 
 he lived and practised. He was poor because he would not stoop 
 17 
 
2r)() ThK MKHKAI. PllOKKSHlON IN UlM'KIl OaMAUA. 
 
 low onoufjii to Mccuro inonoy. lit; took his t'tiOM W lio eoiiM ^'ut 
 tht3iii lioiiouruhly, othorwiso ho lost thnii arui that was very 
 fr»'(liu>iitly. Thousands of dollfirs wore lot't uiipuul which 
 should have boon paid, and would have rondorod ^ood sorvico 
 to him (jjuinj^ his litV, and his widow and children when ho 
 was called away I'roin thoni." 
 
 Ho was twice married. J lis lirst wife was a Miss (Mi»ie, or 
 Klein, of Nelson, hy wliom he Iwul live sons and four dau<,diterM, 
 four of whom survive' (l.SDO). TIk; second wife was Mrs. W. H. 
 Nollos, of (Jrimshy, a sister of Jud^o O'lleilly, of Handlton. 
 By her ho had three daughters and two so!is, all now living,' 
 hut one f^irl (l(Sf)()). His last wife is still livinj^ in Hamilton 
 (1890), ei{jhty-two years old, and (|uite active Ijoth pliysically 
 and mentally. 
 
 Ho diod, October 20, IS.')9, a<]ted sixty-nino years. 
 
 Dr. WiLMA.M Bei,i, 
 
 Was horn in Cund)erland, Kn^., J.S06. His father, Ahram Hell, 
 came to Canada, 18.S0, and lived at Quebec until IH.^T, when he 
 settled in Petorborou<rh ( 'ounty. William, the youngest of the 
 family, was a stutlent at Guy's Hospital, and left that institu- 
 tion, IS3(). (Joming to (.anadu, l(S,S7, he practised a short tinio 
 at Trenton, and, 1(S38, settled in Otonabee, where he cultivated 
 his farm as well as practising medicine. In 1840 he commenced 
 the drug business in Peterborough, and carried it on for four- 
 teen years. He then liveil in the Township of Monaghan, 
 eleven years, when he again took up his residence in Peter- 
 borough. Dr. Bell married February 7, 1844, a daughter of 
 Capt. Spilsbury, of the Royal Navy, who took part in the war 
 of 1812 as commander of a gun-l)oat. 
 
 Dr. Norman Bethune 
 
 Was born at Moose Factory, Hudson Bay, 1822. His father, 
 Angus Norman, was born at Carlton Island, 1793. His grand- 
 father, the Rev. John Bethune, of Williamstown, Glengarry, had 
 
HiodUAi'MicAi, Sketchkh. 151 
 
 ivUr MoriM, Anj^ns Norninii, Jolui, who was Dean of tlio (Jutlio- 
 (Iral, Montreal, .lantcs, rosidtsnt of Colxxir;^', ami AK'xainldr Niel, 
 Mishop of Toronto. Aliens Norman, tlm eldost, tli«! fatlior of 
 Dr. HothiniL', was (!(»iin»!C't»Ml with tlio North-VVu.st ami llutlson's 
 Hay Company for Hfty yearn. In IHK), ho canio to Toronto, at 
 whicii tluio his son Norman onterod llppju* Canaila (Jolli'^o, 
 wlujru ho rucoived his <'('n(;ral education, lie lutiian Ins medical 
 Ntudie.s in IHV.i, iind was a .student at Kdinl)ur<,di and London, 
 and ohtained in 1848, the den;re(! of M.ll.C.S. Kn^'. Iii isnO, ho 
 received the tle^'ree of M.I). Uiuv. l"Min., and in 1S(J0 he hccamo 
 K.K.C.S. Kdin. He connuenced practice at Toronto in I.S4!). Ho 
 was ahsent from Toronto nine year.s, durin<^ which time ho 
 practised at Kdinhurj^h. Dr. Bethune was for many years pro- 
 fessor at Trinity Midical (yolle<;e. 
 
 Dr. Bethune married, firstly, a Scotch lady, and secondly, the 
 widow of Dr. Winer, of Hamilton, who was a daughter of Dr. 
 John Kin^, of Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Bethune continued in practice in Toronto until his death, 
 which took place, Octoher I2th, l(S!)2, at the aj^e of .severity. 
 Amonj; the pajiers left hy Dr. Bethune was an account, in tho 
 form of a diary, of a voyajife ho made from England to Hudson 
 Bay, shortly after he had obtained his diploma, in tho summer 
 of 1849. Ho probably went in tho capacity of ship-surt;oon. 
 Several vessels sailed in company for tho cold North. In this 
 journal, too lenji[thy to find a place in those pages, Dr. Bethuno 
 exhibits Hne descriptive ability and no little talent in sketching 
 tho icebergs he .saw in the way, and some ship scenes. The 
 voyage was not without danger and narrow escapes, especially 
 in returning. After a storm the vessel had encountered. Dr. 
 Bethune writes : " The wind began to moderate and the clouds 
 to break, after an agreeable spell upon our backs of four days 
 and four nights. Truly our preservation during this fearful 
 storm among icebergs and upon a lee shore has been providen- 
 tial. It is wonderful how wo escaped collision with the bergs 
 during the four nights, as it was impossible to see the length of 
 the ship from eight in the evening till four-and-a-half in the 
 morning, eight hours and a half, as it were, blindfolded." He 
 gives an amusing pencil sketch of an incident on board, with 
 this account of it: "A rich scene occurred to-day (Oct. 11) at 
 
2ft2 TiiK Mkdicai, Pkokkhsion in riM'KU Canada. 
 
 iliniHT Tlio captain wan liiisily aniitomizinj^ a cliickon, when 
 the .ship ^av«! a heavy lurch to Ici^ward an«l thou another in the 
 oppoHitu ilirectiuti. The pullet shied in the tirst instance into 
 the captain's lap, and then traversinj,' the cahin heneath the 
 table, lodged in turn upon the niantid-top to windward. Tho 
 merrinnint this caused, to th(i la<lios especially, was of an 
 extraordinary character." The time o(;cuj)ied in this voyage 
 from SheerncHS to Mooho Fort was ten weeks and tlv<! days. 
 The return voyage lasted six weeks and five days. 
 
 I)K. C'lllUSTOPHKIl IJkswick 
 
 Was an Kn^lish physician, who came Hrst to IVnnsylvania and 
 afterward to Canada, and settled in Y^ork County, near Now- 
 niark(!t, 1<S()I). Ho was accompanied hy (iahriel liount, father 
 of Sanuiol liount, for some time M.I', for tlu! County of Sitncoe. 
 "For many years Dr. Beswick was the only doctor north of 
 Oak llid<,'es. Dr. Heed, south of the llidges, was his earliest 
 compeer, followed by Dr. Hirny, Dr. Primrose and Dr. Thomp- 
 son, after whom came Dr. Nash and Dr. Haskett." Dr. Beswick 
 enjoyed a high reputation as a physician and surnjeon among 
 the pioneer settlors, and shared with them the privations and 
 hardships of pioneer life. He is descrilted by a local writer as 
 "a pattern of frugtility, economy, industry and sobriety, yet 
 liberal and j^enerous." His general education was ffood. and he 
 took delight in preparing the constitution and by-laws of vari- 
 ous organizations as they were developed in tlie growth of the 
 community. The preparing of annual reports in connection 
 with difi'erent societies was a constant pleasure to him. As he 
 never married, he was able to devote himself to these congenial 
 and useful acts. Although not a bigot, he was a devoted inem- 
 l)er of the (!hurch of England, which manifested itself in a 
 practical manner. The first English church of the place was 
 erected on Dr. Beswick's land, to a great extent through his 
 agency and by his means; and finally the land on which St. 
 Paul's Church stand.s was given to the Church. 
 
 Dr. Scadding, in " Toronto of Old," speaking of this gift, 
 remarks that Dr. Beswick's " large white hou.se on a knoll by 
 
lilUtJUAlMUCAI. Skktciikh. 2A8 
 
 th«* waysidn was always tiotml l»y tim travel lor from York an he 
 turnofl asido from Yotij^o Strnot for NuwmnrUt't." 
 
 Kor rimny y«!ars, up to lii.s tJDath, Dr. Mfswick lived with 
 (idori^'i! Loiint, wluM'o lu' found a liouto and was oariMl for with 
 tendornusH and considerate kindness, lie died, IS.'i7, and it iH 
 rocordud on his tonii)Mtone tliat he had reacluMi the reniarkahle 
 aj](e of lis ytjars. A local lustoriai\ atlirnis this was verilied hy 
 records found auion;i( hi.-t papers after his (hsath. 
 
 Tho above account is mainly lUsrived from the diary of Kli 
 dorhatn, prepared by his son. This chronicler very justly 
 remarks that, in view of the valuable jj^ift Dr. Hisswick made to 
 the('hurch, it would be a littin;^ reco;^'nition of his muniliceiico 
 to placc! in the church a memorial vvimlow, while the town of 
 Newmarket should recoji[nize his liberality in |»rovidin<;a public 
 cemetery, by erecting a suitable metallic railinj; to enclose his 
 gravo and tombstone. 
 
 Dii. Wm. Ldckton Hii.iaNd.s 
 
 Was tho son of a manufacturer of Nottin<;ham, Knj;., wliere he 
 was born in 1805. His father had a brother, a Surgeon in tho 
 Marines at Woolwich for tliirty-six years. Wm. Lockton was 
 apprenticed in 1823 to Mr. Butlin, a Surgeon of Nottingham, 
 with whom he remained Hve years. He then entered at (Juy's 
 and St. Thomas' Hospital, London. In 1827, he passed the 
 Apothecaries' Hall. He would have taken a diploma at the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, London, had it not been for the 
 disparaging writings of the London Lancet at this period 
 relative to the College. Among Dr. Billings' instructors were 
 Bradley and Sir Astley Cooper. He commenced practice at 
 once in his native place, where he continued until 1842, when 
 he emigrated to Upper Canada and settled in Hamilton, having 
 passed the Medical Board in January, 1843. Hamilton has 
 been his home ever since. In later years Dr. Billings has 
 gradually relinquished his practice, but he is an excellent 
 specimen of a green old age (1889), with intellect unimpaired 
 and a vivacious manner ; and there is reason to believe he has 
 many years remaining to enjoy his well-earned repose. He 
 
2A4 Thr Mkimcai. riioKKSNKiN IN CiM'KU Canada 
 
 was lit ()ii(< tinio li inctulMT of i\\r ('ity ( 'oiincil, and for Novtm- 
 t(M>n yciirN ('liuiriiiiin of the Pultlii! School Hoiini. Ho was tlio 
 llrMt Surj,M«on to tlm fornmr (Jn'iit Wostcrii Knilroml. Tlio 
 wi-it<>r ciiIIn to iniii'l his (irst in<'«>titi}^' with l)i. Hilling's at 
 liitl^i'way. Me hatl coino onto take honi«^ the Ixxly of ( 'apt. 
 ilouth, who hud Ikm^i Hhot throii^^di and through thn chtmt, hut 
 (7apt. Kouth sui'vivi'<l, an<l livtm to-ihiy, I HMO, in tho onjoynicnt 
 of fair health. 
 
 Dr. Millinir.s tnarricd in 1M4'2. Of four children, onn reiiuiinH, 
 and in tiow a nuiiithiTof the Local Hoard of llfalth of Hamilton. 
 
 I)H. (JKOIKJK (iWYNNK HlIU> 
 
 Came of a family which had n^sided for many j,'enerations in 
 HerefordNliirc, and wore oriojinally of Norman descent, hearing 
 the luimo of ])e Hird, and collaterally connected with the 
 (Jwynnes, of Cwnhordy, an ancient Welsh family. He was 
 horn in the year I7H0. After receiving the usiuil training' of 
 an Kni^'lish school, he decidc^d upon the stu<ly of medicine, and 
 attended lectiircvs in London. As an evidence of his ahility and 
 attainments, he was appointt.'d House Siirj^eon at St. liartholo- 
 inew's Hospital, under Mr. Wick and the famous and world- 
 renowned J)r. Ahernethy, and waited upon him when he was 
 performinf; soirif of his {^reat operations. Hero ho remained 
 one year. For nuiriy years he practised his profession in Hro- 
 consliiro, hut owinjij to ill-health ho resolved to leave England 
 and try colonial climate. Ho selected Canada for the purpose, 
 and made all arran<];oments to sail, with six of his children — 
 four sons and two dau;j;liters — by a ship leaving Biistol. For- 
 tunately, owing to a delay respecting the luggage, he had to 
 postpone the date of sailing. The ship he had determined to 
 go by sailed and was never again heard of; slie was lost and 
 all on board. His next venture was by the ship " Clio," Cap- 
 tain Dobson. He reached New York .safely. This was in 
 18tS3. After encountering the difficulties of travelling at that 
 time, he arrived at Little York, now Toronto, and notwith- 
 standing the earnest entreaties of the Governor of the Province 
 for him to remain and practise medicine in the town, Ik; took 
 
Bl(MllUI'IIirAI. SKKTriiKM. 2^5 
 
 upn^rnnt of IkikI iicur IN'torlioni' nrxl ir'wil furriiiii^. This ilid 
 not prove II NUCc<>Ns, iKtciuHo, like t(»o maiiy Kn^lish collu^o- 
 eiluciitril iiion, hct'ort- rmd Miiun^ liis tiiii«>, lie (liMCovonui that iriMm 
 liiul to Iti' tVIU'il, (lolds plowi'il niid j^riiin rrajM-d hy tovi^h imisrlo 
 and Ninitw, and not Ity liUtiti, iitid, in \\\h casr, knowlcd^'c of tliu 
 p1iaiiiia(*np(i>ia. 
 
 After II. trial of faniiin'^' for four yi^ars, lie moved into I'eter- 
 Itoro' and opened a dni^' store. In yVpril, \h:\H, he passttd tho 
 Medical Hoard, and is descrihed an "n pracrtitioncM' from Knj;- 
 land, of upwards of forty years, without tickets or testinioniiils 
 of any kind; j^ave satisfiiction." lie reinain<i<l in I'eterhoro' 
 until ISU, and then fixed \ipon Darliti'^'ton, near Mownianvillu, 
 as a residence. In this place he practis(>(l medicine until his 
 death, May 2.'), 1M(!.']; a;4ed ««ij,dity-three years, 
 
 The Kcv. Dr. MiumuiU, who was his |{e(;tor, <,'ives tins tosti- 
 mony to the worth of Dr. Mird : " He was a man of much scien- 
 tific research, and was {generally re^jarded as an authority in 
 Motany and (Icfolo^ry. Complimentary of his knowliMJjire of the 
 lattcir Hultject, lie was, late in life, honoured with a visit from 
 tho Canadian (ieolo^ist, that ilistin;,'ui.shed ofllcial, the late Sir 
 William liO^'im." 
 
 Four sons of Dr. Hird were also physicians. The eldest, 
 hoarin;,' his own name, remaine(l in l<]n<,dand and occupied a 
 luj,'h position in the locality in which he lived. Me was Alder- 
 man and Mayor of Swansea, Dr. ( Miarles Mird, another son, 
 much respect(!<l and loved, ami known as a ji;reat lover of sport, 
 died only afew weeks a<;o at Mowmnnville (ISJK)). A daui;htcr 
 married llichard Morj^an, of Hamilton, and is the only survivor 
 of the orii^dnal family thai came out to (panada. Of those that 
 remained in England, only one survives (18iK)), Dr. Henry 
 Hird, aLjed eit^dity-two years. 
 
 The rfrandson, Win. Morjfiin, of Hamilton, has in his jiosses- 
 sioti a stained j,dass window from one of the old abbeys in 
 Enf,dand, brouf^ht to (Janada by his ^^'rand father. It ia said to 
 Vie a thousand years old. 
 
256 Thk Medical Puokeshion in Upper Canada. 
 
 I)h, John Kaukison Blackwkll 
 
 Was a native of New .Jersey. Ife po.ssessed more than the 
 
 ordinary aiMount c)f ethicution, havin<f tai<en the dej^ifree of 
 
 .M.A. at New Jersey Uollejre, in IS29. He had the M.D. dej^ree 
 
 from t\u) Pennsylvania University, 1<S2!}. He probably came 
 
 into Canada about liS,'{4, as he passed the Upper Canada 
 
 Medical Hoard in April of that year. He practised for a time 
 
 at Stamford, end then at Drummondville. He married the 
 
 daughter of Dr. Laft'erty, "a remarkably handsome person." 
 
 For about forty years he practised at Drummondville, or 
 
 Lundy's Lane. A contempo*'ary says he was " a well-read and 
 
 educated man ; far ahead of numy of his brethren ; a tall, 
 
 unj^ainly man; always rode on horseback, and made the j^reat 
 
 mistake of riding poor and badly kept horses. His way of 
 
 ridinii' was known all over; no one could mistake him on horse- 
 
 back for anyone else, for no living man ever rode as he did ; 
 
 was very arbitrary in his ways, and did not get on smoothly 
 
 with others. The worst that could be said of him was, ' what 
 
 he did not know was not worth knowing (in his opinion).' 
 
 He was good and kind to the poor, always ready with his 
 
 services." He died and was Ijuried in Drummondville, 1867. 
 
 Di{. Denis Roheht Bradley, 
 
 Of Toronto, appeared before the Upper Canada Medical Board, 
 April, 1839. He stated that his trunk ht\,d been stolen which 
 contained his testimonials of education, but that he had been 
 ten years engaged in the study of his profession. He failed to 
 satisfy the Board. 
 
 Dr. Bradley was well known as a chemist and druggist for 
 manj'' years in Toronto ; he at the same time engaged in prac- 
 tice. The following obituary notice taken from The Mirror, 
 shows the high estimation in which Dr. Bradley was held : 
 
 " Death of Dr. Bradley. — It is our painful duty to record 
 the death of the above named, much esteemed gentleman, which 
 took place on January 14th, 1850, in this city, after a lingering 
 illness, brought on by undue exertions and fatigue during the 
 
HiodUAiMiiCAL Sketuhes. 257 
 
 provalence of cholciiii. In tlu; MUimner of 1847, J)r. Bnulloy 
 contnictod typhus fnvor, from professional intercourse with his 
 fellow-countrymen, to whose calls for niedical aid in; ever 
 responded with jiromptitude, and with most self-sacriticing 
 philanthropy. His case was one of the worst which occurred 
 in that mournful year; and althou;L,di he recovered after a very 
 tedious convalescence, he never regained Ids previous bodily 
 viirour. He sutiered from a similar attack, 184(3, and his case 
 was considered hopeless. Few men have passed a more event- 
 ful life than Dr. Bradley; he has seen more of human nature 
 in the short space of existence allotted to him than probably 
 any other person in Canada, tie had many friends ; he was 
 the pour man's friend; he knew no distinction of creed, nation 
 or colour. The lar<;e assemblaffe of hi.s fellow-citizens which 
 followed him to his grave, attested the general respect in which 
 he was held." 
 
 Dii. James Bovell 
 
 Was son of Mr. John Bovell, banker, of Barbadoes, West Indies, 
 antl was born there in June, 1817. He died at Nevis, in the 
 same islands, on January 16, 1880. He studied in London, 
 bxlinburgh and Dublin. 
 
 On taking his degree he returned to Barbadoes and com- 
 menced the practice of his profession. He married Julia 
 Howard, daughter of Mr. Grilfith.s, of Henley, Jiarbadoes, when 
 he was commencing his medical career. They had four daugh- 
 ters — Julia (Mrs. King), Emily (Mrs. Henderson), Alice (Mrs. 
 F. D. Barwick), and Laura (Mrs. Connell). Of these only Mr.s. 
 Barwick survives. 
 
 Dr. Bovell came to Canada about 1848, and settled in Toronto. 
 In 1850, he took part in establishing the Medical Faculty of 
 Trinity College, in which he held the Professorship of the 
 Institutes of Medicine, and was Dean of the Faculty, and after 
 its disruption, joined the Toronto School of Medicine, where he 
 lectured on Physiology and Pathology up to his leaving the 
 country in 1870. In conjunction with others, in 1851, he assisted 
 in founding the Upper Canada Medical Journal, the first issued 
 in the Province. His contributions to medical scientific lioorature 
 
258 The Medical Profession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 were numerous. He was also a valued member of the Cana- 
 dian Institute. Of works of a theolo<;ical and devotional 
 character, he wrote ; " Communion for the Sick," " Constitution 
 and Canons of the Synod of the Dioce.so of Toronto," with 
 explanatory notes and comments (1858), "Preparations for 
 the Holy Communion" (1859), "Outlines of Natural Theology" 
 (1859), " Outlines of the History of the British Church " (1860), 
 " Passing Thoughts on Man's Relation to God, and God's Rela- 
 tion to Man" (J 862). He also wrote a "Plea for Inebriate 
 Asylums" (1862). His high attainments, not only in science 
 but in theology, united with a character of unusual devoutness, 
 induced the Bishop of Antiqua to urge upon him the duty of 
 taking Holy Orders, to which, with many misgivings, he at last 
 consented. In his character of a clergyman, as in that of a 
 physician, he won the same deep love by the constant holiness 
 of his life, and his absolute devotion to his work as long as life 
 and strength were spared to him " — Canada Lancet. 
 
 A writer in a local Church of England magazine, in giving 
 an account of the congregation of St. George's Church, Toronto, 
 during its half century of existence, touchingly refers to the 
 subject of our memoir as "the beloved and saintly James 
 Bovell, M.D., who ended his life as a missionary in the West 
 Indies. Speaking of him, Tennyson's lines may be aptly 
 quoted : 
 
 " ' Sleep sweetly, tender heart, in peace: 
 Sleep, holy spirit, blessed soul, 
 While the stars burn, the moons increase, 
 And the great ages onward roll. 
 
 " ' Sleep till the end, true soul and sweet. 
 Nothing comes to thee new or strange ; 
 Sleep full of rest from head to feet ; 
 Lie still, dry dust, secure of change.' " 
 
 Dr. Bovell's widow, Julia Howprd, died at Trinidad, West 
 Indies, December 17th, 1891, in her eightieth year. 
 
BionuAiMiK'AL Skkjches. 2.')9 
 
 Dr. IIenuy Hoys 
 
 Was born, November 8th, 1775. His father was William Roys, 
 M.l)., the Historian and Antic [uary, of Sandwich. His mother, 
 Jane Fuller, was co-heiress of the estate of Statenborouffh, Kent. 
 Henry lioys took liis dejjree of M.J), at Al)erdeen University, 
 and M.R.C.S. London He entered the army as surj^eon, but 
 was appointed A.ssistant Pfiymaster-Oeneral to the J)uke of 
 Wellin^'ton's force.s, and .served during the Peninsular War, 
 receiviufj the medal and clasps. In 1883, became to Canada 
 and settled in Whitl)y, where he practi.-^ed his profession. He 
 was, also, Collector of Customs and Judp^e of the Court of 
 Request, which was superseded by tlie Division C'ourts. His 
 intention, when he left En<j^land, was to draw land, as the 
 officers of Wellin<:]fton's army had been entitled to do, but 
 between the tinje of sailinj^ and landing in Canada, the law 
 under which be could take the land was annulled ; notwitb- 
 .standing, he was urged by the Governor, an old Peninsular 
 friend, to still accept the allotment. He declined to do so, .say- 
 ing he could not accept what he was not legally entitled to. 
 During the Mackenzie Rebellion, he had medical charge of two 
 companies of the militia, viz., ("apt. Macdonald's and Capt. (Dr.) 
 Lowe's, under Col. Cox. In July, 18.S9, he received the appoint- 
 ment of Bursar of the University of King's College, and about 
 the year 1841 , he removed to Toronto, and ceased to practise his 
 profession. But lie did not lose interest in the profession, as he 
 became a Member, and, subsequently, a Fellow of the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons, Upper Canada, and took an active 
 part in its proceedings, while it continued to exi.st. In 1851, 
 his increasing infirmities obliged him to accept a gratuity and 
 resign his office as Bursar. He and his family then settled 
 with the eldest living son in Barrie. Here he .spent his r...iain- 
 ing days in the gratuitous practice of his profession among the 
 poor, and in the pursuit of his favorite studies in Natural 
 History, to which he bad continued to give attention. The 
 nucleus of the collection of butterflies and insects in the 
 museum of the University was made by him, and presented to 
 the University when he left Toronto. He died, April 23, 1868, 
 in his ninety-third year. A local paper, in recoi'ding the event, 
 
260 Thk Mkdicai, I'hokb.ssion in Upper Canada. 
 
 says : " Althout^h physically foeblo for .some years past, ho 
 enjoyed ^'ood health, aiul retained tlio full possession of his 
 faculties until his death. He was a man jjfreatly respected for 
 his many qualities, and was of a most kindly and jjjentle dis- 
 position. ' Dr. Hoys, previous to his death, was one of the 
 oldest, if not the oldest, livin<; Fellow of the Linnaian Society. 
 
 Dr. Hoys married Maria <la Furifecacao Alves, dauf,'htor of J)on 
 Manual Alves, of Lisbon, l'ortu<;al, by whom he had a family of 
 ten children, of whom three sons and four dau<;hters still survive 
 (18U4). The oldest son, Henry llammael Alves i^03's, was for 
 many years Treasurer of the County of Simcoe, but, owin*^ to 
 sickness in his famil}', had to resign his office and remove to a 
 warmer climate. He is a resident of San Francisco, Cal. The 
 next son, Thomas Tambs, adopted the profession of law, and is 
 settled at Calgary, N.W.T. The youn<];est son, William Fuller 
 Alves, is the Junior Judge of tlie County of Simcoe, and is the 
 author of " lioys on Coroners," so well known among the mem- 
 bers of the medical profession who are coroners. The eldest 
 daughter married Dr. William Hulmer Nicol. The next daughter 
 married the late Arthur Hogg, Esq., of Thornham Cottage, near 
 Cluelph. The two other daughters are unmarried. 
 
 Dr. Boys came of an ancient and di.stinguished Kentish 
 family, and one which has served the State faithfully in the 
 several departments of the Church, the Law, Medicine and the 
 Army and Navy, receiving acknowledgments of their service 
 from time to time b}- grants of knighthood and additions to 
 their armorial bearings, and by important public appointments. 
 It is said there are six Peninsular War medals alone held by 
 the different members of the family. 
 
 It has been stated that Dr. Boys resignetl the office of Bursar 
 on account of increasing infirmities, liut there can be little 
 doubt these infirmities were the result of worry and continued 
 effort to do the work laid upon him by the College Council. 
 The writer has looked over the records of the Institution, and 
 observed the painstaking entries of the proceedings, written 
 with scrupulous distinctness. The present generation have 
 little or no knowledge of the history of King's College, and into 
 what a complicated knot its affairs were involved, which led to 
 the appointment of a Commission to investigate the matter. 
 
BiooiiAi'iiicAi, Skktcmkh. 261 
 
 Dr. Boys did not titid hiH duties a bed of roses. The Com- 
 missioners appointed to inijuire into the attairs of Kinfj's Col- 
 lef^o in 1M4H, made this statement with regard to Dr. Hoya : 
 " From the examination of particular cases, as well as from tlie 
 general inf|uiry in which the (!Ionunissioners have heen enijaged, 
 they have heen stronj^ly impres.sed with the {^reat impolicy, if 
 not absolute injustice, of imposing on the Bursar so heavy a 
 weight of duty as that devolved upon Dr. Boys throughout 
 almost the entire of his tenure of office. The Commissioners 
 have no hesitation in attributing to tliis cause nearly tht; whole 
 of those irregularities of official conduct in the subordinates 
 placed un<ler the Bursar, which appear so strikingly exenipli- 
 Hed in one particular instance. Tlu; amount of work recjuired 
 of Dr. Boys was greater than could be etliciently porfonned by 
 any one public officer. It is altogether impossible for those 
 unacquainted with the general state of the University records 
 and accounts, and the defective .system of book-keeping which 
 obtained in the University office from the commencement, to 
 form any adeiiuate conception of the extent of this gentleman's 
 labours; and it should not be forgotten that, however eminently 
 qualified he might have been as an accountant, it w.as impo.ssible 
 for him to introduce a proper .system of book-keeping into the 
 office in lieu of that which he found established. The very 
 foundation for a set of double-entry books was wanted and 
 could be obtained only l)y a reconstruction of the entire ante- 
 cedent work of the accounts, on the .same plan as that which 
 the Commissioners have been obliged to pursue. Had Dr. Boys 
 been a dishonest officer, he could have .secured a very groat 
 amount of land under the confusion and ob.scurity of the defec- 
 tive sy.stem of accounts, which he found rooted in his office. 
 That he has not only not availed himself of an opportunity so 
 tempting to men of a different character, but, on the contrary, 
 has preserved his important trust uninjured amidst the embar- 
 rassment and difficulties inconceivable, places his moral worth 
 in the highest position. Unaccountable and culpable negligence 
 has pervaded every department of the management ; with the 
 honourable exception of the ca.se of the cash, by the late Bursar, 
 Dr. Boys — an officer to whose industry and honesty in this part 
 of his trust, the University is indebted to an extent which can 
 
262 TiiK Mb:dical I'uofehhion in Tppku (.'anada. 
 
 be appreciated only \y tlioso who liavo thorouj^hly oxplorod 
 tho defcicts of tlio .sy.stoin of accounts aii<l record.s undor which 
 tho j^ctionil business was conducted. ' 
 
 Dr. Wm. IIknuy Huowsk 
 
 Was born at Matilda, Dunihis, Juno i.'), 1.S24. His father, Col. 
 Jacob Browse, was a U. K Loyalist, who settled on tho banks 
 of tho St. Lawrence, at tho ch)se of tho Kobollion, I77<i->S,'}, 
 wlioji Upper Canaihi was a wihUirnoss. Dr. l>rowse was for 
 .some time a student in Arts at Victoria Collejjjo, Cobourj,', and 
 took the decree of B.A. He studied medicine with Dr. llol{)h, 
 and at McGill Collofre, takin<( his degree of M.D., LS47. The 
 same year when tho ship-fevor raged among the emigrants, Dr. 
 Brow.so was appointed by the Government to take charge of 
 the Fever H(}spital at Port Iro(iuois, wiiero there were .some 
 300 patients. 
 
 Tn 184H, he commenced practice at Prescott, where he success- 
 fully laboured in his profession for about thirty years. His 
 practice was not confined to tho Canadian side of the river, as 
 he was often called to visit patients on tho opposite shore. 
 
 Dr. Browse became a prominent member of the profession 
 He was elected a member of the Medical Council of Ontario, in 
 1866, '69, 72. 76, and was President of that body for 1870. 
 Dr. Brov/se was not only active in relation to tho profession, 
 but as well in other departments of life. Ho was Reeve and 
 Mayor of Pre.scott, besides holding many minor positions of 
 trust and honour. He was a member of the Senate of the 
 University of Victoria College. Ho was a keen politician of 
 the Liberal type, and was elected Member of Parliament, 1872- 
 74, and in 1878 he was made a life Senator of the Dominion. 
 As a member of the House of Commons, and as a Senator, Dr. 
 Browse was found actively at work in the interests of the 
 people. Ho had much to do in obtaining an appropriation of 
 $50,000 for the surviving veterans of the war of 1812. The 
 important subject of state medicine engaged tho attention of 
 Dr. Browse, and he secured the appointment of a Parliamentary 
 
hlOOKAI'IIKAI. SKK'K IIKS. 169 
 
 G()tiiiiiitt(U! to coM.sidur tlu) (|iu!sbi()ti of uruutiti^ a Saiiitury 
 Hnrcau for tho Dominion, of which ho was CJhairnian. 
 
 It is roconlod that Dr. Rolph offoriid him u purtntTship in 
 ordor that ho nd^ht assi.st as a Icetnror in the; M(!dical School, 
 and that ho was actually appointo*! to tho (!hair of Sur^'oiy ; 
 but Dr. Browso dociincd. 
 
 Dr. Hrowso romovod to Ottawa, whoro ho diotl. 
 
 Dr. Browse marriod Kranc(!s, tho oldost (hiu<,ditor of AlphouH 
 Jonos, of I'roscott, January 2iS, \H')7, hy whom ho iuvd ono sou 
 and ono dau^ditor. Tho son, \Vm. Henry, is a barrister pructis- 
 injjf in Toronto. 
 
 Dit. CHARf.KS WlFJJAM HUCIIANAN. 
 
 Charles William Buchaiuin, M.D., was born on February 2.'{, 
 1810, in Oma<,di, County Tyrone, Ireland. Ho was tiio son of 
 George Buchanan, tho proprietor ni considerable estate near 
 that town. He was bound as a stuilent to Dr. Maxwell, of 
 Omaj^h, for a period of tivo years, and many of the provisoes in 
 his indenture would surprise and amuse the students of the.se 
 days. After attendinj^ lectures in Dublin for two years, lie pro- 
 ceeded to London, and on July lo, IfS.'U, he passed his examina- 
 tion before the Royal Collej^e of Surnjeons, Enj^land. His .son, 
 Dr. Charles W., of Cookstown, writes : " I have his sur<;ical 
 degree framed, and it is hanging in front of me as I write, and 
 bears, in their own handwriting, the names of his examiners, 
 who were as follows : Robert Keate, President ; John P. Vincent, 
 Geo. 1. Guthrie, Vice-Presidents; Sir Wm. Blizard, Wm. Lynn, 
 Sir Astley Coop»;i-, Sir Anthony Carlisle, Thos. L. Thomas 
 Anthony White, John G. Andrew.s. Many of the.so were 
 reckoned as the most eminent surgeons of that date. This old 
 degree I look up m as quite an interesting relic." 
 
 Dr. Buchanan then went to Glasgow, and after attending 
 lectures there for nine months, in July, 1832, he obtained the 
 degree of M.D. On returning home, he was appointed 
 Assistant-Physician in the Omagh Hospital, and he, with the 
 other medical men associated with him, had a very hard time, 
 as in that year cholera raged with great violence in the Old 
 Country. 
 
204 'I'lIK MkDICAI. riKilESSlON IN UlM'EIl CANADA. 
 
 In IS.'Ui, lin wiiH married to Marf:jan«t riowaii, a HiMtor to 
 Opic It. (Jowan : and tlu« sarno ynai" lii! aii<l his wit'u l«d't for 
 ('ariada. Hpon arriving in this country hi) si'ttied in Hrock- 
 vilii!, when^ Mr. (Jowan was then residing. The year after his 
 arrival the Mackenzie rehellion hrok<M)ut, and ho was appointed 
 Surj^con to tho Leetls County Hattal ion, called " The (.»l|ueen'« 
 lioyal HordererH," of which his brother-in-law, Mr. (Jowan, was 
 Lieutetumt-Colonel. and he wa.s prcsiait with hi.s rej,diuent at 
 the hattle nf the Windmill. After practisin;^; in iJrockvilh^ for 
 hIx years hi; cam*; to Toronto, at which plac(! he arrived, .lidy 
 12, 1H42, and resided in this city contiiniously until his death, 
 Octohor 25, 1870, a period of thirty-four years. Durinj^ all 
 that time he enjoyed a very extensive practice, and was one 
 of the l)(5st known and most highly respected medical men in 
 the city. 
 
 He was for many years a Coroner, and he presided at nearly 
 all the irKjUests htild in th(! city, and so thoroughly was he 
 posted in (fverything relating to in(|uests that coroners from all 
 over the Province were in the habit of writing to him for infor- 
 mation in regard to such cases. 
 
 He was also Surgeon for a number of years to the Toronto 
 Police Force. He was also Physician to the Oddfellows for 
 many year.s. 
 
 Dr. Buchanan was a prominent Orangeman, and he was the 
 first Master of, and for several years continued to fill the same 
 office, in L.O.L. No. nOI. 
 
 He was repeatedly waited on with the recjuest to be a candi- 
 date for the position of Alderman, but he could not spare the 
 time from his professional duties to properly till that office. 
 
 He had a family of five children, two boys and three girls. 
 His two sons followed in their father's footsteps and became 
 medical men. The eldest son, Dr. Charles W. Buchanan, took 
 the degree of M.H. at Toronto University, April, 1805, and is 
 practising at Cookstown, (Jounty of Simcoe, where he has 
 resided for many years. The second son, Dr. Ogle R. Buchanan, 
 graduated at Victoria University, 1867, and practised with his 
 father in Toronto for a number of years, and died there in June, 
 1871. His only surviving daughter is the wife of Mr. William 
 Dineen, of the well-known firm of W. &c D. Dineen, Toronto. 
 
fiioouAi'iiicAi. Skktciikm. I>(t5 
 
 Dr. l^iclmnaii whh, all tlirou|;li liPti, a vrry healthy man, thn 
 (inly aihiiuut from whirh ho sutiiTud hcin^ ouna.sional attacks 
 of rhciiiiiatisiii, l>ut not of a seven' niitiirc, Ihit in the fall of 
 |M7f»,it (Ifvclopt'il a H(!V((ri' inllamiiiatory rhuracter, and he died 
 from tho tdlncts of it on Octoher 2.'» of that year, huin;; thnn 
 ntsarly sixty-sevDn ynrs of ai,'i'. Tho writer lias a very phius- 
 ant recollection of Dr. Muclianan, of his tirin, manly form and 
 di^'nitied xu'niu, and, what is nton; pleasant, ho rumomhers him 
 aH a kind fri)>tid. His widow died at Toronto, .lannary \\), 
 IH02, Hjjji^d c'i<;hty-six. 
 
 Mrs. Buchanan was a dan^hter of .lohn Htinter (lownn, Ks<|., 
 of Monnt Neho, in the < county of Wexford, Indand, a very 
 woultliy and prominent man, and one who took an active jiart, 
 on tho (lovernnuint side, in the j^rciat Irish rehellion of 179H, 
 heinj^ present with ins hattalion of yeomanry at nearly all tho 
 engagements which tot)k place lietween the loyalists and reheis 
 in that part of the country. 
 
 The name of (Jowan is intimately coiniected with the history 
 of Upper ('iinadu. The patriotism manif»vsted hy Mis. Buchan- 
 an's father in Ireland was inherited in its fulness liy the son 
 Ogle II. (lowan. As a public man and memhor of I'arliament, 
 h(! was always conspicuous, diligent and useful. But it wa.s in 
 connection with the Orange Society that ho won Ids gniatest 
 distinction. The following is from Morgan's " Sketches of 
 Celebrated Canadians," published many years ago, and will 
 doulitless be new t(j many of our readers, and interesting as 
 well : " Mr. O. R. Cowan edited a political newspapc^r, iiublished 
 in the City of Dublin, styled the Ainidotc, and was the author 
 of several pamphlets on political subjects. While in that 
 king<lom he was a leading member of the Grand Lodge of the 
 Orange Institution. He emigrated with his family to this 
 country about the year l(S29, and settled at Kscott Park, in the 
 County of L(!eds, for which shire he has stood several severely 
 contested elections ; lie was four times elected to Parliament for 
 that county, and was subsei|uently elected for both the counties 
 of Leeds and Crenville ; he also contested the representation of 
 the City of Toronto and the County of Ontario ; but was 
 defeated in both by slender riiajorities. For nuiny years in 
 succession, he was chosen Wanlen of the United Counties of 
 18 
 
266 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Leeds and Grenville, and he has also been, for many years, an 
 alderman of the City of Toronto. He i.s popularly known a.s 
 ' the father and founder ' of Orani^eisni in America, and for 
 twenty year.s filled the office of Grand Ma.ster of that body. 
 Foreseeing the dawn of the rebellion in 18JJ7, he called a meet- 
 ing at Brockville, at which he made a ver}' remarkable speech 
 to the people, predicting the unfortunate insurrection which 
 soon after followed. At this meeting the germ was laid of the 
 first Volunteer Association formed in the Province ; the enrol- 
 ment was called the Brockville Invincibles. It gave the impetus 
 to those noble defenders of the soil, the Canadian Volunteers. 
 Inmiediately after this movement, he was appointed by His 
 Excellency Sir F. B. Head, Bart., a captain in the 2nd Regiment 
 of the Leeds Militia, then commanded by the Hon. Charles 
 Jones. He was subsequently promoted by His Excellency Lieu- 
 tenant- General Lord Seaton, to a company in the Queen's Own 
 Rifles, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel McMillan, and while 
 serving in that capacity, was present at the capture of ' Hickory 
 Island,' near Kingston, in 1838. While serving in the Queen "s 
 Rifles, he attracted the attention of His Excellency Major- 
 General Sir George Arthur, then commanding the forces in 
 Upper Canada, by whom, in the year 1838, he was appointed to 
 the command of the Ninth Provisional Battalion of embodied 
 militia, as Lieutenant-Colonel. At the engagement fought 
 between the British troops and the American invaders, at the 
 ' Windmill,' near Prescott, in November', 1838, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Gowan commanded the right wing, and was three times 
 wounded : a rifle ball passed through his left leg, he was 
 cut across the inner side of the knee bj' a buck-shot, and 
 received a bayonet stab in the hip. The British loss in this 
 engagement was eight officers and sixty-two rank and file; that 
 of the Americans seventy-two, and 167 prisoners. For his 
 personal conduct upon that day, Lieutenant-Colonel Gowan was 
 publicly thanked in the military 'general orders,' dated the 
 19th of November, and by a ' general order,' dated the 4th of 
 December, 1838, his regiment, the Ninth Provisional Battalion, 
 was allowed, as a mark of special distinction and approbation, 
 to be thereafter distinguished and known as the Queen's Royal 
 Borderers." 
 
BioGUAPHicAL Sketches. 267 
 
 With regard to his parliamentary career, this is the character 
 of Mr. Gowan, as drawn by a pen understood not to be over 
 friendly to that gentleman : 
 
 "This gentleman (Mr. Gowan) has for eight or nine years 
 occupied a prominent position in the politics of the country, not 
 only as the head of iw powerful body, but in consequence of a 
 talent he possesses of enifaging the minds of popular assemblies 
 and leading them with him. As a speaker he is fluent and 
 energetic, very often powerful in his appeals to feeling, and 
 evidently speaks more for the audience than the house ; his 
 sarcasm is bitter, and possessing gieat evenness of temper, you 
 seldom see him ruffled at any remarks which may be made. He 
 is an active, well-tnade man, rather low, with a prepossessing 
 face and easy insinuating manners, very mild in his address, 
 and with talents which, if rightly applied, would soon raise him 
 to an eminent situation." 
 
 It may be well to state that Mr. Gowan did not introduce 
 Orangeism into Canada. This distinction belongs to one Arthur 
 Hopper, who immigrated in 1812, and had established at 
 Montreal the first Orange Lodge soon after his arrival there. 
 He afterwards settled in Huntly, six miles from Ottawa, and 
 had built there an Orange Hall, the first in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Edward Bull, 
 
 Born, December, 1823, in the Township of York, near Toronto, 
 was the son of Bartholomew Bull, Esq., who was a native of 
 County Tipperary, Ireland, and came to York, 1819. He 
 acquired a valuable tract of land near the town, and established 
 his home on the Davenport Road, which is now a beautiful 
 winding street in the outskirts of Toronto. Mr. Bull passed a 
 long and useful life in the community, dwelling in his comfort- 
 able home with his esteemed wife, surrounded by his family of 
 four daughters and five sons. He lived to his eighty-seventh 
 year, and all through his life was highly respected among his 
 wide circle of friends and acquaintances. Of his daughters, 
 Mary died unmarried ; Mrs. Shaw is also deceased ; Mrs. Good, 
 the widow of James Good, at one time well known as the pro- 
 
268 The Medicaf. Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 prietor of a foundry, and at which he constructed the first 
 locomotive to run on the old Northern Railway ; another 
 dauf]fhter is the wife of Dr. Alexander Pattullo, well known as a 
 practitioner at Brampton for many years, and latterly in 
 Toronto. Of his sons, John P. is a Justice of the Peace ; Bar- 
 tholomew, jr., who was also a Justice of the Peace, and for 
 many years Rcve of York Township, now deceased ; Dr. 
 Frank, deceased, and Thomas H., the present Clerk of the 
 Peace for the County of York. As it is not within the scope 
 of this work to give extended family histories apart from the 
 subject of the sketch, it may only be added that all the sons 
 have occupied prominent positions in their respective lines of 
 life, and possessed the public respect. 
 
 The subject of our sketch left home at the age of seventeen 
 to become a student at Victoria College, Cobourg, and continued 
 there for three sessions. In 1842, he entered upon the study of 
 medicine under Dr. John Rolph, and acq aired his professional 
 knowledge mainly from that distinguished teacher of the 
 medical science. In 1846, he passed the Lower Canada Medical 
 Board, and sub.sequenc]y he received the degree of M.D. from 
 Victoria University. 
 
 Dr. Bull began his career as a practitioner at the Village of 
 Lloydtown. Township of King, County of York, 1847, where he 
 continued in active work for eighteen years. He was appointed 
 Coroner for the Counties of York and Simcoe, 1850, and he 
 served two years in the Municipal (Council of King, removed 
 to the Village of Weston, 1865, where he pursued 'his practice 
 for twelve years, and led a very busy life. While there he was 
 appointed President of tlie High School Board of Weston. Dr. 
 Bull took up his residence in Toronto, 1876, not so much to 
 practise medicine as to enjoy a well-earned rest and the 
 advantages which Toronto affords. He with his wife and 
 daughter made a tour of two years' duration, visiting the Pacific 
 Coast States and Canada, and Honolulu. Dr. Bull is well known 
 in the moneyed circles of Toronto. 
 
 He married, 1852, Miss Mary Ida, daughter of Stewart 
 Grafton, of Dundas, a granddaughter of the Rev. John Beatty. 
 They have two children, a son, of the firm of Kerr, Bull and 
 Rowell, barristers, and a daughter who lives at home. It may 
 
Di;. (;i;()I:;;k iui;\ii.\M. 
 
HioGUAPHioAL Sketches. 2G9 
 
 be mentioned that Dr. Bui) has been a keen politician, and hat! 
 he been so disposed, might have had tlie nomination as candi- 
 date for parliamentary honours. 
 
 Dr. Frank Bull was born at the family n^sidence, Spring- 
 mount, July 25, 1831. He received his literary training at 
 Victoria College, Cobourg, and pursued his professional studies 
 in the medical department of that institution in Toronto. Pro- 
 cured his license to practise from the Upper Canatla Medical 
 Board, October, 1854. Attended the University of New York 
 the following winter, and received the degree of M.D., alsc the 
 same degree from Victoria University, 185"). 
 
 Dr. Frank Bull engaged in practice at Brampton for some 
 time and then removed to Toronto, wliero he continued to 
 practise until his illness which resulted in death, January 25, 
 1862. Frank was a dear and intimate friend of the writer. 
 Our friendship began in the halls of " Old Vic," ripened in 
 our close associations as fellow medical students, continued un- 
 abated in mutual correspondence while the writer was absent 
 from the country, and subsecjuently as fellow-practitioners — a 
 friendship which culminateu when the writer was called to 
 minister to him professionally on his dying bed. The writer 
 vividly remembers the bleak January day when all that was 
 mortal of Frank Bull was laid away in the quiet tomb. He 
 remembers the darkened room, the solemn service, the falling 
 tear, the military pageant, for he was an officer of the Queen's 
 Own, the office of pall-bearer, and the last sepulchral rites, 
 earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust. Alas, what is this 
 life, except, as in this case, there is a certain promise of a future 
 brighter existence. 
 
 Dr. Frank Bull stood very high in the estimation of his med- 
 ical confreres, as well as of all who had the good fortune to 
 know him. In his death it was recognized that the profession 
 had suffered a distinct loss, and that bright promises of profes- 
 sional distinction had been d^\stroyed. 
 
 D». George Burnham, 
 
 Born at Cobourg, Ontario, September 4, 1814, was the son 
 of John Burnham, one of the four brothers who emigrated 
 
270 Thk Medical Profession in Uppek Canada. 
 
 from New Hampshire to C^obourf^ towards the close of the last 
 century. Of these tlie Hon. Asa and the Hon. Zaccheus soon 
 became prominent in Canadian public attains. They were all 
 Loyalists of the most ardent type. Two large books on the 
 genealoj^y of the Burnham family furnish a complete and inter- 
 esting account of those members of it, who, between 1635 and 
 and 18;}6, had gone from Herefordshire, the manor at Nor- 
 wich, Norfolk, and other places in England, to the Colonies in 
 America. 
 
 Two of the brothers were members of the Legislative 
 Council of Old Canada and were men of wealth and influence. 
 During the war of 181 2- L5, Hon. Zaccheus Burnham, of whom 
 Mr. Henry Morgan, in his " History of Celebrated Canadians," 
 speaks in high pi-aise, had the command of a fleet of bateaux 
 on Lake Ontario, and was able to do considerable service to his 
 country. In the " Life of Colonel Talbot," he is spoken of in 
 terms of admiration. 
 
 The subject of this sketch at first engaged in the study of 
 law, and had nearly completed the course tor the bar, when he 
 decided to adopt medicine as a profession. He commenced his 
 studies with Dr. McSpadden, of Port Hope ; then vstudied at 
 Toronto, and afterwards in New York, at Bellevue Hospital. 
 
 Having obtained his degree in 1839. he and his brother, a 
 barrister, went into the backwoods, as it was then considered, in 
 the County of Peterborough, to seek their fortunes. Dr. Burn- 
 ham proved to be the man for the times and place, and took an 
 active part in public matters. Dr. Burnham took an especial 
 interest in educational affairs, as Chairman of the Board of 
 School Trustees, for many years — at a time when the head 
 master and chairman were largely responsible for the success 
 of the school. His duties called for the exercise of qualifica- 
 tions of no common kind. To his exertions and ability may be 
 largely attributed the excellent advantages the youth of that 
 county enjoyed. His zeal was manifested by giving public 
 lectures and private discourses on educational matters yet new 
 to the country, and thus educating the public mind. 
 
 Dr. Burnham, in the practice of his profession, was remark- 
 ably successful. His skill, combined with his high character 
 and many amiable qualities, commanded the respect of the 
 
BioaiupHicAL Sketches. 271 
 
 public, and his professional services were much sought after, 
 not only in Peterborough, but in the surrounding districts. This 
 large practice he continued to enjoy until n few years before 
 his death, when failing health compelled him, gradually, to 
 relincjuish his work to bin partner and son-in-law, Dr. Boucher. 
 He was for many years a prominent Mason, and was the first 
 Master of Peterborough Lodge, being a charter member. In 
 politics he was a Baldwin Liberal ; but never a partisan. In 
 an obituary notice in the Peterborough Review, it is stated : 
 " He contented himself with doing his duty as a citizen, where 
 by his great ability he was enabled to do good .service in pro- 
 moting educational and Christian work." At the time of the ship 
 fever epidemic, 1847, Dr. Burnham devoted himself as a volun- 
 teer to the stricken emigrants. He took the fever him.self and 
 nearly .succumbed to it. His charitable acts were not few. 
 
 Dr. Burnham married, January 2.*?, 1847, A.deline Humphress 
 Spalding, youngest, daughter of John Spalding, of Grafton, a 
 IT. E. Loyalist, with a family history* similar to his own. They 
 had born to them eight children, of whom four are now (1893) 
 alive, namely, Herbert, Helen S. (wife of Dr. Boucher, of Peter- 
 borough), Hampden and Georgina. He died, June 14, 1881. 
 
 G. Herbert followed in the footsteps of his father by entering 
 the medical profession. He became an undergraduate in Arts, 
 of Toronto University, and then took a course of study in 
 medicine, and received his degree of M.D., 1875. Proceeding to 
 England he obtained the diploma of M.R.C.S. Eng., 1870, and 
 F.R.C.S. Edin., 1882. He remained in England and on the 
 continent for upwards of seven years in the pursuit of profes- 
 sional knowledge. He then established himself in Toronto, as 
 an oculist and aurist. In that capacity he is now surgeon to 
 the Eye Infirmarj^, the Toronto General Hospital, and lectures 
 in the medical department of Toronto University. 
 
 Hampden Burnham, M.A., author of "Canadians in the Im- 
 perial Service," is a barrister. 
 
 Dr. David Burns. 
 
 The name is found on the U. E. list as Surgeon of the 71st 
 Regiment. He seems to have been a person of excellent educa- 
 
272 Thk Medical Puoi'Kssion in Ui'per ('anada. 
 
 fcion, and was appointt'd (Merk of the Crown in Chancery for 
 tlu' Province of Upper Canada, probably soon after tlie organi- 
 zation of th(5 ( Jovei iinient. He was one of tb(! first settlers of 
 York, and one of the patentees of the Park Lots laid out front- 
 ing on the north side of what was then called Dnndas Street, 
 afterward Lot Street, and now forniin<^ Queen Street. 
 
 The Upper Canada Gazette or American Orach announced 
 hivS death, after a painful illness, on February (J, LSOG. 
 
 That ])r. Burns was held in hi>i;h estiujation is shown by 
 verses written to his meinor}', which appeared in the Gazette 
 and Oracle, February lo, LSOG: 
 
 " Hail, gontlo Shade ! where'er tliy aerial tread 
 To honor'd livin<^, and lamented dead. 
 Mayhap that now, (ionceal'd front mortal view, 
 The Muse's trace tiiou friendly dost pursue ; 
 Or leaving Earth, on wings eelestial mount, 
 To join thy K.saenee to the parent fount. 
 In brighter .skies might shine thy setting sun, 
 But Heaven's high will, and not my will bo done. 
 
 "Say, power of Truth, so great, so uncontin'd, 
 And solve the doubt, which si^ distracts my mind. 
 Why Strength to Weakness is so near allied ; 
 Perhaps 'tis given to humble human I'ride. 
 At times, perchance, frail Nature held the sway, 
 Yet dinun'd not it the intellectual ray : 
 Reason and Truth triumphant held their course. 
 And list'ning hearers felt Conviction's force. 
 No precei)t mangled, text misunderstood, 
 He thought and acted but for public good ; 
 His reasoning pure, his mind all manly light. 
 Made Day of that, which erst appear'd as Night. 
 In him Instruction, aim'd at this great end, 
 Our fates to .soften and our lives amend. 
 Yet he was Man, and man's the Child of Woe, 
 Who seeks Perfection, seeks not here below ; 
 And Him whose fame defies the Cynic's scan. 
 Indeed must be, or more or less than man. 
 
 •' Hail, gentle Shade ! nor from the friendly Muse 
 This weak memorial of his love refuse ; 
 Add this small tribute to the tear he shed. 
 Who lov'd thee living, and laments thee dead." 
 
HiooKAi'HioAi, Skrtohks. 27M 
 
 Dll. Al.KXANDKK HUUNSIDE 
 
 Appeared before tlie Upper (^atnula Metlical Board, .January, 
 IiS2(), for exaiiiination. The Board, consisting of Drs. Macaulay, 
 Widnier, fiyons and Powell, found him "unlit" to practise, but 
 " reconinieniied furth(!r study an<l attendance on a course of 
 lectures." Whether he complied with tliis recommendation or 
 not is uncertain; but at all events, in April, 1S22, he was 
 " found (jualitied to practise," and obtained his license. 
 
 A trustwortliy informant says of him : " An American l)y 
 birth, of no education, and one considered l>y all medical men 
 of standing as a Yankee quack. The country people seemed to 
 thiid< that he had a knowledoe of local fevers, etc., and 
 employed him ; his practice was never large at any time, but 
 he ac(juired considerable property. During the first cholera 
 epidemic he was the standing witness for the defendants upon 
 an indictment for nuisances, always proving to the satisfaction 
 of the jurors that the stench complained of, whether it arose 
 from stables, tanneries, privy vaults, or any other abomination, 
 was conducive to health ; at least, ho found it so in his prac- 
 tice." Another says of him that he had for a time " a large 
 practice up Yonge Street. He was capable of selling water at 
 a penny a })ail. An ignorant man, but a money-maker. Fine- 
 looking, portly, neat, tidy, always wearing a large gold seal." 
 
 This is the estimate put upon him by another writer : " A 
 wealthy, large-hearted. New England physician, whose bene- 
 factions are now doing good to thousands, but whose name will 
 ever be remembered as the promoter and encourager of church 
 music, both vocal and instrumental." 
 
 Dr. Scadding thus describes him in a more attractive form : 
 *' A New England medical man, of tall figure, upright carriage, 
 and bluff, benevolent countenance, an early promoter of the 
 Mechanics' Institute movement, and an encourager of church 
 music, vocal and instrumental. Dying without a family depend- 
 ent upon him, he bequeathed his property partly to charities in 
 the town, and partly to the University of Trinity College, where 
 two scholarships perpetuate his memory. In fact, he donated 
 the greater portion of his property to Trinity College." 
 
 Dr. Burnside was a director and trustee of the British 
 
274 The Medk;al Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Atnerican Kire and Life Assurance Company, as well as Dr. 
 Winder, Dr. King boinfi; tlie medical adviser. 
 
 Notwithstanding all animadversions, this fact remains that 
 Dr. Hiirnside's benevolence and charitable becjuests entitle his 
 memory to the greatest respect. The relief which has been. 
 and will continue to be, afforded at the Burnside lying-in 
 department of the General Hospital, is beyond human e.stima- 
 tion, and can only bo wtiighed by an Almighty hand. He died 
 December 13, 1854, in his Toth year. 
 
 In the long disu.sed graveyard surrounding St. James' Cathe- 
 dral, among the few tombstones placed over the graves, is one 
 containing this in.scription : "To the memory of Harriet 
 Tlirockmorton, wife; of Alexander Burnside, M.D., who on the 
 23rd of December, 1830, died as she had lived, humbly depend- 
 ing on the merits of her Saviour for salvation, aged 50 years." 
 
 Dr. Walter Horatio Burritt. 
 
 The writer has b'^fore him an interesting memoir written by 
 Stephen Burritt, who was postmaster at Burritt's Rapids for 
 fourteen years, giving an account of the Burritt family in 
 America, and of their .settlement in the county north of the 
 River Rideau, first visited by his father, Stephen, in 1793. 
 Only a few facts relating thereto can be given in these pages. 
 The progenitor of the family in America was William Burritt, 
 a Wel.shman, who came out in 1641 and settled at Stratford on 
 the sea coast, in tlie colony of Connecticut. At the breaking 
 out of the rebellion, 1770, one branch of the family took sides 
 with the robels, while another adhered to the British constitu- 
 tion, and fouijht for the Crown. A distinguished descendant of 
 the former \7as Elihu Burritt, " the learned blacksmith." 
 Among the U. E. Loyalists were two brothers, Stephen and 
 Daniel Burritt. Stephen entered the British army at the age 
 of nineteen and .served seven years. He was in many engage- 
 ments, and at the surrender of Burgoyne. At the close of the 
 war, the two brothers came with the disbanded soldiers, who 
 settled along the St. Lawrence. Here they lived until 1793, 
 when Stephen penetrated the forest north of the Rideau and 
 
HioauAPHioAL Skkt(!HEh. 275 
 
 h<%'an a scttloiuoiit. Daniel followed n few yoars later. The 
 now sniiliu'L,' ami prosperous country at and around Hurritt's 
 llapids wjiH the theatre of their vit,'()rous and successful pioneer 
 life. Stephen was Lieutenant-Colonel 2u(] Re;,'inient (Jrenville 
 Miiltia, and was called in consultation hy (ieneral IJrock, and 
 wa.. on duty at Fort \Vellin<^ton durinj^' the war, taking part in 
 all the. engn<.jenients in that rt^gion. Ho was also n\enil)er of 
 Parliament, 1 810-11-12. 
 
 The suhject of our sketch was the son of Daniel Hurritt, 
 whose wife was I'^hicta Landon, also a T7. \<]. lioyulist. In the 
 wai of 1812, he commanded a company of volunteers, which he 
 raised anci did diity at I'rescott, and was at the takin<r of 
 ()fj;densl)urg. He was aftcrwar<ls a colonel of militia. Walter 
 Horatio, horn Septemher \H, 1<S09, was the fourtli of five 
 childr(!n. He received his primary education in Brockville, and 
 .studied medicine with Dr. Basil P. Church, at Merrickville, 
 He attended the Fairtield Medical College, New York Shite. 
 Before the Upper Canada Medical Board, July, 1885, he wa.s 
 found " well qualilled to practise," and received his licence. He 
 commenced practice at Smith's Falls, where he continued for 
 some thirty-Hve year.s. He was, besides an active practitioner, 
 a public man of influence, and was honoured by various public 
 offices, as Village Councillor, School Trustee, being Cliairrnan 
 for sixteen years, and also a Coroner. 
 
 In 1870, he removed to Peterborough. He married, Septem- 
 ber, 1887, Miss Maria, daughter of James Schotield, County 
 Leeds. Dr. Burritt had seven children. Horatio Charles 
 Burritt, the eldest son, was born at Smith's Falls, September 
 2, 1840. Was educated at the Smith's Falls Grammar School, 
 Bi.shop's College, Lennoxvillc, and studied medicine at McGill 
 College, Montreal, receiving the degree of M.D., CM., 18G3. 
 Shortly after he went to Washington and was appointed Act- 
 ing Assistant-Surgeon in the Northern Army, and assigned to 
 Lincoln General Hospital, Washington, where he remained for 
 some time. He married Maria Harriet, fourth daughter of 
 James G. Rogers, E.sq., of Grafton, Ont., and .settled in Morris- 
 burgh, where he remained three years. Was appoin*^ed surgeon 
 to the Prescott Brigade of Garrison Artillery. He removed ta 
 Peterborough, where he did a very extensive practice for four- 
 
276 The Medical Profession in Uppek Canada. 
 
 teen years. He removed to Toronto, 1882. He was member 
 of the Council of the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 Ontario, 1880-85. Dr. Burritt is a well-known leading prac- 
 titioner in Toronto. 
 
 Dn. James Campbell 
 
 Was bora in South Lincolnshire, England, in 1777, and died in 
 Kingston, Canada, January 25th, 1842, aged 65 years. 
 
 Mr. Campbell became in early life a member of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, London, and practised with considerable 
 success in Hedon, Yorkshire, between the years 1800 and 1821, 
 as a surgeon-apothecary. He was of Scotch descent. He married 
 in July, 1811, Lavinia Scatcherd, a daughter of Mr. Thomas 
 Scatcherd, merchant, of Hull, Yorkshire. Her two brothers, 
 John and Thomas Scatcherd, came to Canada in 1821, and 
 settled in Nissouri, in the County of Middlesex, Upper (.'anada. 
 John represented that county for many years in the Cai.adiaD 
 Parliament, an honour afterwards held in succession by tvo o. 
 his son.s. Thomas is still alive (1889), a hale old gentleman. 
 
 In 1822, intending to come out to Canada, but resolving to 
 take a degree of Doctor of Medicine before leaving Britain, Mr. 
 Cauipbell went to Edinburgh to attend the College courses in 
 medicine there, residing in the meantime with his family at 
 Porto Bello, a sea-side village a few miles distant. He became 
 in due course an M.D. of the University of Edinburgh, and in 
 1824, with his wife and children, sailed from Greenock for 
 Quebec, in a brig called The Warner, owned by and consigned 
 to Miller, Parlane &; Co., of Montreal, the founders of the house 
 there now known as H. &; A. Allan, it is believed one of the 
 largest steamship owners in the world. Miller, Parlane & Co. 
 became Miller, Edmonstone & Co., then Edmonstone, Allan & 
 Co., and then H. & A. Allan. 
 
 Dr. Campbell, as he had become, had engaged the cabin 
 accommodation of the brig, and there were no other passengers. 
 They were six weeks on the voyage. After spending a fort- 
 night at Quebec, where he was hospitably received by several 
 of the old residents there to whom he had letters, Dr. Camp- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 277 
 
 bell came up to Montreal in the steamer Siviftsure, owned 
 by the Honourable John Molson, the second steamer on the St. 
 Lawrence. There he remained practising his profession until 
 1832, when he removed to Lachine, where he had purchased a 
 small estate ; the house had then recently been erected by Mr. 
 McDougall, a retired factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 Whilst residing on this property, the first cholera broke out, 
 and Dr. Campbell at once threw himself into the struggle, volun- 
 teered his services at the cholera sheds, accepted no fees, but pro- 
 fessionally and privatelyexerted himself to the utmost to mitigate 
 the evils of the plague. Amongst other good deeds, he brought 
 to his house from the cholera hospital sheds Mrs. Cockburn, 
 formerly of Toronto, now deceased, and her children. Mr. 
 Cockburn, then an emigrant from Berwick-on-Tweed, had been 
 cut off by the cholera at Lachine. She and her children 
 received every kindness from Dr. Campbell. One of her sons, 
 the late James Cockburn, M.P. for East Northumberland, some- 
 time Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, always 
 bore the kindest recollections of these days, and maintained a 
 close friendship to the last with the .sons of Dr. Campbell. 
 
 In 1837, owing to the failure of his eldest son who had gone 
 into business in Hamilton, and for whom Dr. Campbell had 
 become endorser in Montreal, he became compelled to sell his 
 property at Lachine and elsewhere in Lower Canada, and to 
 resume the practice of his profession. After several visits to 
 other places, as Oswego, Ogdensburg and Potsdam, he finally 
 decided to commence practice at Kingston, wfiere he died in 
 1842. He held a deservedly high position in the esteem of his 
 brethren of the profession and amongst the community at large. 
 Dr. Campbell had five sons and two daughters. One of the 
 daughters died young ; the other, Charlotte Anne, married M. W, 
 Strange, M.L.A., Frontenac. The sons were Colin, Donald, 
 Charles James, Alexander and Alfred A. Of those, Donald was 
 Registrar. County Peel; Charles, the only one of the family now 
 living (1893), is Assistant Receiver-General, Toronto; Alfred was 
 Colonel of the loth Battalion, Belleville. It remains to speak 
 of Alexander, whose eminent position as a public man demands 
 more extended notice. In doing so we have availed ourselves 
 of a sketch, being one of a number of " Prominent Canadians," 
 
27« The Medk'al Pkoi-ehsion in Upper C'anada. 
 
 which liave appeared in The Week, written at the time our 
 .subject became Liout.-Uovernor of Ontario, by " Herat." 
 
 " Sir Alex. Campbell was two years old when lie came with his 
 father to Canada, havinjif been born in the village of Hedcn, 
 Yorkshire, England. His parents gave him the best educational 
 advantages the country afforded, first, under the tuition of a 
 Presbyterian clergyman, then at St. Hyacinthe College, and 
 afterward at the Royal Grammar School at Kingston. Natur- 
 ally studious, he acquired at a comparatively early period the 
 essential elements of a liberal education. His knowledge of 
 the French language enabled him in after days to address the 
 Senate in that language. But it was in a knowledge of his 
 own language, and a correct use of words that he was dis- 
 tinguished. His style in speaking and in writing was admir- 
 able. When only seventeen years of age he commenced the 
 study of law. Completing his course of study and having been 
 called to the Bar, he formed a partnership with Mr. (after- 
 wards the Right Hon. Sir) John A. Macdonald. This part- 
 nership continued for many years ; and as the senior partner 
 became engrossed in political matters, the bulk of the work in 
 connection with the firm, which had become very large, fell 
 upon Mr. Campbell. Giving himself up to this work and ever 
 increasing his knowledge by study, the experience he thus 
 acquired amply qualified him for the career oi statesman, which 
 he was destined to follow. He was regarded as one of the 
 soundest lawyers at the Bar of Upper Canada, and had he not 
 changed into politics, there is little doubt he might have occu- 
 pied a distinguished position on the Bench. 
 
 " Mr. Campbell's first appearance in political life was in 1858, 
 when he was elected as member of the Legislative Council of 
 Old Canada, for Cataraqui Division. No new member probably 
 ever had less crudeness or inexperience to rub off, and no one 
 seemed at all surprised when, in three or four years after his 
 first election, the member for Cataraqui Division was placed in 
 the Speaker's Chair. In 1864, he entered the Cabinet as Com- 
 missioner of Crown Lands. From this time forward Mr. Camp- 
 bell was looked upon as one of the strong men of his party, 
 though one whose .strength was shown rather in counsel than in 
 fight. 
 
Biographical Sketch EkS. 279 
 
 " When in 1867 the first Government of the Dominion was 
 constituted, Mr. Campbell waf; made Postmaster-General. This 
 position he held for six years, when the new Department of the 
 Interior being instituted, he became its Minister. Mr. Campl)ell 
 held the portfolio of this department until the fall of Sir John 
 Macdonald's government in 1878. Until 1878, he discharged 
 the duties of leader of the Opposition in the Senate. This he 
 did with fairness and moderation which commanded the respect 
 of the governmental party. On the return to power of the 
 Cons'^rvative party, 1878, Mr. Campbell accepted the position of 
 Receiver-General ; not many months later he returned to his 
 former position of Postmaster-General. In turn, he became 
 Minister of Militia and Defence, in 1880. Returning after 
 nearly a year to the Postmcstership, he subsequently was the 
 Minister of Justice. Mr. Campbell was, May 24, 1879, created 
 a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. 
 George, a fitting recognition of his eminent public services. 
 Sir Alexander remained Ministerof Justice until the latter part 
 of 1885, when he again became Postmaster-General. 
 
 " In the spring of 1887, Sir Alexander Campbell was appointed 
 Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, which was hailed with satis- 
 faction by his political friends and opponents alike. Before 
 assuming the gubernatorial duties. Sir Alexander, at the request 
 of the Government, represented Canada in England at the 
 Colonial Conference. 
 
 " In the sphere in which he has chiefly moved, that of the 
 Senate, his was always the most important and imposing per- 
 sonality, and that not simply by virtue of his office as leader of 
 the Government or else of the Opposition in the Upper Chamber, 
 but in an equal degree at least by force of character and talent. 
 To have represented the Conservative party as long as he did in 
 that Chamber, and to have done so from first to last with distin- 
 guished success, not merely from a political point of view, but 
 from an intellectual and moral point of view as well, constituted 
 a record of which even a man of high ability and considerable 
 ambition might well be proud. Sir Alexander may be said to 
 have approached as near as it hai ever been given to any 
 Canadian statesman to approach the ideal type of a senator — 
 a man grave and strong, moderate, dignified, firm, sagacious, 
 
280 The Medical Puofession in ITppek ('anada. 
 
 candid without indiscretion, politic without craft, loyal to 
 hi.s party, but ever mindful of his personal honour, and ever 
 thoughtful of the public weal." 
 
 When Sir Alexander Campbell was appointed to till the 
 ofKco of Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, he received the last 
 worldly honour he was to obtain. The hand of death closed the 
 door to further marks of distinction in this world. On May 
 24, 1892, while yet the occupant of Government House, and 
 within a few days of the end of his Hve years' term of office, he 
 quietly passed away, aged seventy-one years. To show how 
 acceptably Sir Alexander had discharged the duties of hi.s post. 
 and the regard in which he was hold by the public, of all grades 
 of political opinion, we cull from .several obituary notices pub- 
 li.shed at the time. Says one : " The death of Sir Alexander 
 Campbell takes from (-anada's public life a man of the highest 
 character, wide knowledge and many services. . . . There 
 were none who gave their country the benefit of a clearer judg- 
 ment or a higher purpose to do that which was right." Says 
 another : " tiis whole career was marked by the utmost respect- 
 ability and faithfulness to a high standard of public duty. . . . 
 During his occupancy of the Lieutenant-Governorship of the 
 Province he so long represented, he has discharged his duties 
 with the utmost impartiality and courte.sy, and his a.ssociations 
 with the Government of Ontario have been the most pleasant. 
 He had the esteem of both parties for his public services and per- 
 sonal character." Another says : " Since he became Lieutenant- 
 Governor, the official conduct of Sir Alexander has been faultless. 
 He performed his .social duties with liberality and impartiality, 
 and on no occasion did he ever falter in his fidelity to his advisers, 
 even when they were running amuck of his old political friends." 
 One more, the Empire, .3ays : "The Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Ontario was, indeed, one of the political landmarks of our day 
 a man who was, above all things, an honest politician, without 
 fear and without reproach, one who did his work in life well, 
 and who carries to his grave the esteem and regret of a great 
 number of people who may never have personally seen his tall, 
 stately figure or encountered his pleasant smile and genial 
 word.s." Still another, the Globe, .says : " The office of Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Ontario has become associated with dignity, liberal 
 
BlOGRAPFIICAL SKETCHES. 281 
 
 hospitality, courtesy, and unsworvinf^ impartiality, and it is the 
 •General verdict that this honourable tradition was thoroughly 
 well maintained by Sir Alexander Campbell. . . . To say 
 of a public man that from youth to old ai^e he served his countiy 
 diligently, honestly and honourably, was faithful to his friends 
 and fair to his foes, is high praise, and such a man was the late 
 Lieutenant-Governor of this Province." 
 
 ])r. Duncan (Jampbkll 
 
 Died at Toronto, April .5, 1879. He was ga^setted as a licentiate 
 of Upper Canada, June 4, 1834. The following is taken from 
 an obituary notice which appeared in the Canada Lancet : 
 
 " Dr. Catnpbell was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, in 1811, 
 and was, consequently, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. 
 His early education was obtained in Caen, Fraiice, and after- 
 wards in Edinburgh, graduating in the University of Edin- 
 burgh in lcS3.'). After coming out to Canada, in 1884, he served 
 as surgeon in one of the battalions in 1887, and, at the close 
 of the rebellion, settled in Hamilton, but .sooti after removed to 
 Niagara, where he remained until 18.58, at which time he 
 removed to this city. 
 
 " His medical titles were the following : L.R.C.S. Edin. ; 
 M.D., University of Edinburgh. He was President of the 
 Hoinceopatliic Medical Board of Ontario from 1859 until its 
 demise, in 1869, and a member of the Ontario Medical Council 
 from the latter date up to the time of his death, having occu- 
 pied the position of Vice-President, and, at the time of his 
 death. President of the Council. 
 
 " He was a man of good education, great intellectual power, 
 and his services in the Medical Council in the cause of higher 
 education were exceedingly valuable. He joined heartily in 
 the amalgamation of the diiferent licensing boards into the one 
 sole licensing body in Ontario, the wisdom of which has already 
 borne such good results to the public and the medical profe.ssion 
 in Canada. Although somewhat imperious and arbitrary in 
 his manner at times, he was, nevertheless, po.ssessed of an 
 agreeable and genial nature, and though liable sometimes to 
 19 
 
282 The Medical Puofession in Uiter Canada. 
 
 give offence, he was always ready to forgive and forget. He 
 leaves a widow and eleven children, six daughters, two of 
 whom are unmarried, and live sons, to mourn his loss." 
 
 Lome Colin, son of above, entered the profession and gradu- 
 ated, 1872. He was Medical Officer for the Silver Islet Mining 
 Company for five years. He died at Port Arthur, Januarj' 4, 
 1885, aged thirty-four. 
 
 Dii. G. W. Campbell 
 
 Was born in Roseneatli, Duud^artonshire, Scotland, in the year 
 1810. He entered early upon his medical studies, which he 
 pursued in the Universities of Glasgow and Dublin. After 
 graduating with distinction he came to Canada in May, 1833, 
 and settled in Montreal. His marked ability soon placed him 
 in the front rank amongst his compeers, and gave him a large 
 share of city practice. The success following him naturally 
 led to his being very frequently called in consultation by his 
 confreres ; and for a great many years before his death, very 
 few cases of any importance were treated in the city without 
 the advice of Dr. Campbell having been obtained. His grand 
 knowledge of pathology, naturally clear insight into the vary- 
 ing shades of distinction between clinical conditions apt to 
 resemble each other, made him an expert in diagnosis. Surgery 
 was always his forte, and his great reputation was chiefly made 
 by many successful achievements in operative work. In 1835, 
 Dr. Campbell was appointed to the Chair of Surgery in McGill 
 University, which position he continued to hold with credit to 
 himself and great advantage to the school until 1875 — exactly 
 forty years — when, owing to failing health, he resigned. He 
 was made Dean of the Faculty in 1860, taking then the place 
 of Dr. Holmes. The duties of this office he fulfilled even after 
 his resignation of the Chair of Surgery. ^ 
 
 Not only was Dr. Campbell deservedly looked up to as the 
 leading surgeon of the city, but he was held in the warmest 
 estimation as a citizen. He was for many years Director, and 
 lately Vice-President of the Bank of Montreal, and also Director 
 in the City Gas Company, the Montreal Telegraph Company, 
 and many others. 
 
BioauAPHicAL Sketches. 283 
 
 Dr. Campbell died at Roseneath, Duinbarton.shire, May 80, 
 1882. The obituary notices .show clearly the estimation in 
 which he was held. 
 
 "The profession has lost a member from whom it received an 
 equivalence of honour far greater than it conferred ; the public 
 have lost an able servant, usin<^ that word in its true and most 
 expressive sense ; the society in which he moved will note his 
 absence with extreme pain. There are thou.sands who will 
 deplore his death and cherish recollections of his work and his 
 benevolence." — M. Herald. 
 
 " A large-hearted, broad-minded, good man ; a loyal man, 
 loyal to country, to nationality, to city, to church, to profession, 
 to clan ; a true gentleman, kind and bluff', manly and tender, 
 who that knew him does not feel that he has lost a friend ? 
 He was almost the last of that fine body of physicians who 
 formed the profession in Montreal a generation ago, and whose 
 enterprise and public spirit made Montreal celebrated for the 
 school of medicine which they founded. He was the undisputed 
 head of the profession in Montreal." — M. Witness. 
 
 He will long be remembered amongst his fellow-citizens as a 
 clear-headed and judicious business man, possessing qualities in 
 this respect sufficiently uncommon amongst medical men. 
 
 The example of such a man as Dr. Campbell cannot fail to 
 be productive of great good. An accomplished physician and 
 skilful surgeon, an upright, honourable citizen, a kind and con- 
 siderate friend to the poor, a loved and honoured counsellor of 
 the rich, zealous in business, but scrupulously honourable, a 
 firm protector of the dignity of his profession, and, above all, 
 a thoroughly consistent Christian gentleman. 
 
 This gentleman never lived in Ontario, but he was visited by 
 many from the Province, and who became his patients. And, 
 moreover, like Dr. Holmes, he was a much liked teacher of 
 medicine and surgery to a large number of practitioners of 
 Ontario. He is, therefore, accorded a place in the.se pages. 
 
 Dr. James Cathcart. 
 
 A nephew of Dr. Martin Cathcart, 4th Dragoon Guards, was 
 educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and obtained M.R.C.S. in 
 
284 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 EniL>lni(l. He camo to Canada, 1 81^2, and wa.s ^"vzetted as licen- 
 tiate! of Uppt-T Canada in Juno. Havinj^' decided to practise at 
 York, lu! took lod^jini^'s with Mr. McMurray and l)e<fan practice. 
 Rev. Dr. McMurray writes the "he was most .succcsstul. During 
 the height of the chtdcsra he e.Kcrted hiiiisidf beyond his strength, 
 with ho*h high and low, and was most successful in his prac- 
 tice." Dr. Widnier stated that " had he lived he would have 
 taken a very high stand in his profession." 
 
 Highly educated and most gentlemanly in his bearing, he 
 rendered himself acceptable to all with whom he was brought 
 in C(jntact, whether professional or otherwise. He died sud- 
 denly of inflammation of the bowels about the first of Septem- 
 ber, 1832. 
 
 Dr. James Cattermole 
 
 Was born in SuMblk, England, October 13, 1807 ; was the son 
 of James Cattermole, a landed proprietor whose family pedigree 
 extended back to the time of Queen Elizabeth. At the age of 
 thirteen he was placed in London to receive his education, where 
 he remained until sixteen years of age, when he was appren- 
 ticed to a surgeon according to the customs of the day. He 
 pursued his medical studies at Granger's School and Guy's 
 Hospital, and passed his medical examination at Soc. Apothe- 
 caries, 1830. Two years later he came to Quebec, as sui'geon to 
 an emigrant vessel. He was at York, 1832, when he passed the 
 Medical T3oard in July. Dr. Cattermole practised at Guelph 
 for three years and then returned to England. For fifteen 
 years he was enijaged in a large practice in Surreyside, London. 
 In 1850 he came to the United States and proceeding westward 
 as far as the Mississippi, located himself at Fort Madi.son, Iowa, 
 and continued to practise there for five years ; but ill-health, 
 with the disadvantages of a new country, caused him to again 
 come to Canada. At this time he received the degree of M.D. 
 from the University of St, Louis, Missouri. In 1855, he made 
 his final choice and settled in London, Ont. When the City 
 Hospital, of London, was established, Dr. Cattermole was 
 appointed consulting Surgeon. But he has not accepted any 
 
BioouAi'iiicAL Skktcmks. 28') 
 
 otKce or position outsido of his prorcission, to wliich lie liiw 
 always had a strong attdchnioiit. Uu kept himself abreast of 
 the times in medical science by extensive readiriLf. He {^ave 
 special attention to surgery, especially in connection with allec- 
 tiona incident to the females, in which he was considered an 
 expert. In later years his |)ractice was limited to this special 
 practice, with office work and consultations. His standinjf as a 
 practitioner was high, and his practice very successful. He has 
 been called " the most experienced and skilful physician and 
 surgeon in the ('ounty of Middlesex." He was a memljer of 
 the Church of England, and his standing has been as high mor- 
 ally and religiously as professionally. * 
 
 Dr. Cattermole married in May, I80O, Miss Maria Dal ton, of 
 Dover, England. They had five children, two of whom died 
 young. The one son, James Frederick, entered the medical pro- 
 fession. He studied at the Toronto University, and at Edin- 
 burgh, where he obtained Lie. R. Coll. Phy. Edin., 1H>S1. He 
 also took Lie. Fac. Phys. and Surg., Glasgow, 1881, 
 
 This obituary notice appeared November 18, 1890 ; 
 
 " The death is chronicled of another old and highly esteemed 
 citizen in the person of Dr. Cattermole, after a long and tedious 
 illness, in his 84th year. For the past two years the doctor 
 was a confirmed invalid, whose days were lengthened to an 
 unu.sual span by the devoted ministrations of those about him. 
 Since the establishment of the City Hospital he held the honor- 
 ary post of consulting surgeon of that institution. He refrained 
 from accepting civic offices of any kind, devoting himself en- 
 tirely to his practice, hence his success and high standing. For 
 some years he was a director in the Dominion Savings and 
 Loan Society, and also in the City Gas Company, I'rom both of 
 which he resigned on account of failing eyesight. He was a 
 member of the Church of England, He was a life-member 
 and one of the doctors of St. George's Society. In politics he 
 was a siaunch Con.servative, and to the last remained a strong 
 admirer of Sir John Macdonald. His wife survives him with 
 two daughters — the eldest of whom is the wife of Mr, Isaac 
 Waterman, of this city ; the second, wife of Dr. F. B. Wilkin- 
 son, of Courtright — and one son. Dr. J, F. Cattermole, of West 
 Flamborough. 
 
280 The Medical Puofession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 Dr. Wm. Case. 
 
 Fn four ^generations of this family were members of the 
 medical profeMsion, and all of them had the same christian name. 
 Of the first Dr. Wm. Case we have no knowledge, e.\cept that 
 he lived and practised the profession in the State of New 
 Hampshire, U.S. The second one of the name was born in New 
 Hampshire, and studied his profession in Philadelphia. He 
 practised his profession in his native place until 1810, when he 
 came to Upper Canada and purchased a farm, a little more than 
 a mile east of the present limits of Hamilton in the township of 
 Barton. At thi.s early pejriod in the history of the Province, there 
 was comparatively little practice in this .sparsely settled district. 
 He therefore devoted his time to clearing the farm, and in its 
 cultivation, and as well in attending to the wants of the settlers 
 as a physician. In the war of 1812 he was in sympathy with 
 his adopted country. His house was converted into a military 
 hospital for two years, and he was left in charge when the 
 regimental surgeon was away. There were usually twelve or 
 fifteen patients, and sometimes as many as thirty. His son 
 remembers having seen him take up the radial artery in the 
 arm of Capt. Taylor, who had been wounded at Stony Creek. 
 Capt. Taylor, who had studied law in England, left the service 
 and engaged in the practice of law at Hamilton, and had as a 
 student young Macnab, afterwards Sir Allan. Mr. Taylor 
 became the first judge appointed for the county of Went- 
 worth. 
 
 Dr. Case had six sons and six daughters. He died in 1854. 
 Throughout his life, as a pioneer settler and practitioner, he 
 never took a holiday. "Died at Barton, April 19, 1874, Ruth, 
 relict of Dr. Wm. Case, and mother of Dr. Case, sen., of Hamil- 
 ton, aged 94 years 8 months." 
 
 Dr. Wm. I. A. Case, 
 
 Son of Dr. Wm. Case, the second, was born in Pennsylvania, 
 1805. The family came to Upper Canada in 1810, when the 
 subject of our sketch was but four years old. As he grew up 
 
BiooRAPHicAL Sketches. 2«7 
 
 he took his part of the work on the farm, and at an early a^e 
 aasisteil hi.s father in connection with his practice, an<l ac(|uired 
 by (lef^reos much knowledge of the profession. Opportunity 
 for obtaininjj an education at this time was very limited ; but 
 for a while he hail the advantage of instruction from the Kev. 
 lialph Leennng, Episcopalian clergyman, of Hamilton. In 1829 
 he went to the Medical College at Fairh(dd, and graduated 
 there, and obtained license at Montreal Medical Board, 1843. 
 Dr. Case remembers the events in connection with the war of 
 1812, especially the battle of St(my Creek. Although a boy 
 he helped his father in dressing the wounds of the patients who 
 occupied the beds in the temporary liospital in his father's 
 house. He also remembers well Dr. Widmer, who came there 
 towanl the close of the war as surgeon to a detachment of 
 Wellington's soldiers. He visited the hospital. At an early 
 period in his life he was entrusted by his father to visit and 
 prescribe for patients, and before he attended medical lectures 
 he had done not a little as a practitioner. After leaving Fair- 
 field, the Doctor commenced practice at Hamilton, and in 1834 
 married Margaret, the only daughter of Dr. Hermanns Smith, 
 who died, 1841, aged 22. For upwards of sixty years he con- 
 tinued his work, living in the same house and responding to the 
 calls of the afflicted. The writer enjoyed an hour's intercourse 
 with the genial old man (December, 1889), old in years but 
 young in manner and quick of perception. He had just 
 attended to two patients who had called. The old frame house 
 in which he lives bears more marks of age than the Doctor. It 
 was curious to note the door of his office. Upon its panels are 
 three well-marked spots in an upright line, where, through the 
 long years, the impatient callers have knocked tor adnnssion. 
 The uppermost spot indicates where grown persons have used 
 their knuckles, the next those of medium height, and the lowest 
 the young child. If this door could reveal the sad messages 
 conveyed through this portal to the Doctor by the long roll of 
 visitors, during the more than half century, or portray their 
 agony of speech and countenance, it would give ample verifica- 
 tion of the words, " Man that is born of woman hath but a 
 short time to live, and is full of misery." Dr. I. A. Case is now 
 (1894) eighty-nine years of age. He has two children — a son 
 
2MS 'Vuv. Mkdicai, I'rofk.smion in Uitku Canada. 
 
 uivl II (la ii;,'! iter. His son is Dr. \V. II. Case, who is a i^raduat*' 
 ol' Mf(j!ill ('()llo(^(). II»> was a stmhsnt one year in Titronto. 
 Unfortunately poor health prevents his enj;a<^in},j in active 
 practice. 
 
 1)k. Ahftrhn Auoustus Chamiieulain 
 
 Was horn of Enj^lish ancestry at Peachani, V!'rnu)nt, ITS., 
 February 12, 1810. Ho cauie to Upper Caiuuhi, in 1815, witli 
 his mother and st(jpfather, Timothy Smitli, who pitched th(>ir 
 tent in what was at that time a comparative wilchirnesH, about 
 four miles from Rideau Lake in the township of liasturd, on 
 the bank of a small stream. They built a loj,' shanty, covering 
 the roof with wooden troughs made by scooping out basswood 
 trees, cut of sutKcient length and split in luvlves. After a little 
 time Mr. Smith built a rude grist-mill on this stream atid 
 named the place " Smitli's Mills," which name it continued to 
 b(!ar up to about the year 1S4.S, when it was given the name of 
 " Harlan), " at the .suggestion of i)r. Chamberlain. His step- 
 father died about the year 1880, leaving a large family of Non.s 
 and daughters, all of whom being young, their care and support 
 devolved upon the subject of this sketch. In order to meet the 
 necessities of the family and to pay his board while attending 
 school in the winter, he was obliged to leave home and seek 
 employment during the summer months, leaving the children 
 who were old enough to assist his mother about the place ar.d 
 mill. Hi.s education was procured at Potsdam, N.Y., to which 
 place he would travel each fall on foot to the St. Lawrence at 
 Brockville, and cro.ss the river in a canoe, and then on to Pots- 
 dam. Returning in May, he would look after the family and 
 prepare the means for the next winter's schooling. In this way 
 he obtained sufficient education to enable him to lay the foun- 
 dation for his .subsequent professional studies. During' thie 
 time settlers had gradually found their way into the back 
 townships. The bridle-paths marked by blazed trees gradually 
 became enlarged to public highways. Small clearings dotted 
 the woods at intervals of half a mile or more, and that kind of 
 prosperity which after a time rewards the early settler for his 
 suffering and deprivation, began to be realized by the inhabi- 
 
Hkmjuai'iiicai- Skktc'UKS. 289 
 
 tmits of that s(>cti()M. Soon the necessity for nieflicjil iissistimco 
 liecanie so ;^r<!at, and tlii^ innnher ol' ni(!ili('.;il men so I'ew, yoiin;^ 
 {'lianil)JTlain decided to prepare liinisejf lot- that profession, 
 and hn hent nil his ener^'i»'.s in that direction. Th«i othnr chil- 
 dren had now become sutlieiently lari^e to look after the faiin 
 and iiiill. He arranj^ed matters for their comfort durinj; tho 
 approarhinj,' winter, and left home for Kairtield Medical (lollef^e, 
 N.Y., where! lie attendcid tlu^ l(!ctnres and comjiletefl his medical 
 course. Me commenccid the practice of his professiojj at Smith's 
 Mills, where lie continued up to l.sr).S, when he removed to 
 Farmtu'svillo (now Athens), and contirnied pructisinj; until ho 
 died, iHH'.i, having steadily followed his practice for upwards of 
 fifty years. 
 
 His lif(! was a husy one ; in addition to his professional duties 
 lie was for many years an oflicer in the Hth Battalion of tho 
 Leeds Militia, holdinjj; the rank of Major. In \H:\7, he was 
 ordered to Pre.scott with his battalion, to assist in repellinfj 
 invaders from the United States. At the titne of the Trent 
 tlitliculty between tho United States and Eni^land, he was on 
 the alert. He was for many years Justice of tho Peace. 
 
 He took a lively interest in political matters, bein^ a 
 Reformer of the old school. He took an active part in tho 
 Masonic Order, belonijing to one of the oldest, if not the oldest, 
 lodges in Upper Canada, known as Harmony Lo<lge, Johnstown 
 District. He was postmaster from the first establishment of 
 the office at Smith's Mills and after it was changed to Harlam, 
 up to 1 .sr)8. He received the degree of M.D. of the Philadelphia 
 Medical College. Dr. Chamberlain was a member of the 
 Methodist Church, and an ardent advocate of temperance, for 
 many years being head of the order of the Sons of Temperance 
 and Good Templars. He died at Farmersville, county of 
 Leeds, February 20, 1883. 
 
 Dr. Chamberlain married Eliza Ann, daughter of Hulit Toffey, 
 of Pauling, Quaker Hill, N.Y., 1835. Her mother was Martha 
 Schotleld, .sister of Dr. Peter SchoHeld, of Brockville. She still 
 lives at the old place, being ninety years of age, but enjoying 
 the best of health, anil able to read or write without the u.se of 
 glasses. 
 
 They had two children: Adelaide A., born on Augu.st 2, 1836, 
 
290 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 now the widow of the late J. C. Miller, of the Parry Sound 
 Lumber Co., and member of the Local Legislature for Parry 
 Sound District; and Dr. Theodore F. Chamberlain, late of 
 Morrisburg, county of Dundas, where he practised for twenty- 
 nine years. He is now living in Toronto, and holds the office 
 of Inspector of Asylums and Prisons for the Province of 
 Ontario. 
 
 Dr. T. F. Chamberlain was born, July 6, 1837. He studied 
 medicine at Queen's College, Kingston, and graduated, 1862. 
 Married Annettie Jane, daughter of Arza and Eliza Parish, of 
 Farmersville (now Athens), County of Leeds, July 3, 1862. 
 They have two children — Dr. Watson Parish Chamberlain, who 
 graduated at Queen's College, Kingston, 1888, and is practising 
 medicine at Morrisburg ; and Lyeria, who is living with her 
 parents. 
 
 Dr. Jacob B. Chamberlain 
 
 Was a practitioner in Fredericksburg at an early date, before 
 1792, and there is testimony that he was among the first, if not 
 the first, to practise in the townships around the Bay of Quinte. 
 After the war of 1812, he became a licensed practitioner, as 
 " having practi.sed before and during the war." The following 
 notice appeared : 
 
 "Died. — October 6, 1841. At Fredericksburg, Doctor Jacob 
 B. Chamberlain, aged 78. Dr. C. was one of the oldest U. E. 
 Loyalists in the Midland District, and was one of the oldest 
 Magistrates." 
 
 Dr. Thomas Chamberlain, 
 Of Bath, not unlikely a son of the preceding. Before the 
 Medical Board, April, 1837. Had tickets from Fairfield College 
 for one course, and for attendance at Pennsylvania Hospital. 
 He passed in Physic and Surgery, practised at Napanee for 
 many years, was Surgeon to the 4th Hastings Regimental 
 Militia ; and Coroner. Died, September 14, 1872. 
 
 " Charles Chamberlain, son of Dr. Chamberlain, of Freder- 
 icksburg, died on his way to San Francisco, April 25, 1862, the 
 result of an accident on board ship." 
 
Biographical Sketches. 291 
 
 Dr. Stewart Chisholm, 
 
 Of Charlotteburgh, was gazetted licentiate of Upper Canada, 
 June 20, 1831, under 8th Geo. IV., Chap. 3. He was a M.R.C.S. 
 Eng. The Patriot, April 26, 1831, contains the following : 
 
 " At a meeting of the Medical Practitioners of the Eastern 
 District of Upper Canada held lately at Cornwall, it was unan- 
 imously resolved to form themselves into a society of East. 
 District, to be called the ' Medical Society of East. ])istrict,' and 
 the following gentlemen were chosen President, Vice-President 
 and office-bearers for the year: Dr. Stewart Chisholm, of the 
 Royal Artillery, and Member of the Royal CoUegp of Surgeons, 
 London, President; Dr. A. McNougton, Surgeon, Royal Navy, 
 Vice-President; Dr. Dickenson, of Cornwall, Secretary, and 
 Dr. Wylie, of Matilda, Treasurer. The principal object of the 
 meeting was to take into consideration the present rapid 
 increase of Empiricism in the Province, and to draw up a 
 petition to the Legislature regarding it. The President was 
 requested to communicate with the other Medical Societies of 
 both Provinces on the subject." 
 
 There was, prior to 1840, a Dr. Chisholm, an Army Surgeon, 
 living at Kingston for several years. He was an intimate 
 friend of Bishop MacDonell, the first Roman Catholic Bishop 
 of Upper Canada. Whether this was Dr. Stewart Chisholm is 
 doubtful, yet possible. 
 
 Dr. Wm. C. Chewett. 
 
 The name of Chewett is intimately associated with the history 
 of Upper Canada from the time of Col. Simcoe's advent as 
 Lieutenant-Governor to Canada at the close of 1791 ; and in 
 the records of Toronto the name is found among the original 
 patentees of the town of York, and is conspicuous in the 
 growth and prosperity of Toronto. 
 
 The progenitor of the Chewett family in Canada was William, 
 commonly spoken of as Col. Chewett, who was a native of 
 London, England, born, December 21, 1753. He was educated 
 as an Engineer for the East India Company's Service, and 
 received an appointment to an East India vessel, 1770. Hav- 
 
292 The Medical Profession in Upper C'anada, 
 
 ing been seized with small-pox, he was unable to join the ship ; 
 and on his recovery he decided to come to Canada, and arrived 
 at Quebec, 1771. He at once commenced practice as a Land 
 Surveyor, and, in 1774, became attached to the office of Sur- 
 veyor-General Holland. In 1775 and 76, he served in the 
 Quebec militia. When Quebec was besieged by the American 
 rebels under Gen. Montgomery, Mr. Chewett was engaged in 
 surveying the fortifications, and in determining the distance of 
 each rebel battery as it was erected. Subsequently he was 
 Paymaster of Works at and in the neighbourhood of Lake 
 Champlain. In 1786, he was surveyor in charge of the Lunen- 
 burg District, now the eastern part of Ontario, and continued 
 for several years surveying the land for the disbanded troops 
 and U. E. Loyalists. Here Mr. Chewett met his fate in the 
 daughter of Major Arch. McDonell, a name famous in Scottish 
 and Canadian history. This attachment of Mr. Chewett gave 
 rise to a letter somewhat unique, and so interesting that it is 
 given a place in these pages : 
 
 " CORNV/ALL, 22nd April, 1791. 
 
 "Dear Sir, — Having found out a girl whom I mean to make 
 a partner for life, and without which it is impossible to exist 
 in this settlement ; having no settled place to retire after the 
 fatigues of a survey, or take care of the little property I have 
 (this, I hope, you will not think unreasonable at the time of 
 life I am come to, as it does not proceed from motives of folly, 
 but of a mature and deliberate consideration), I, therefore, 
 must pray you, as my friend, to obtain a license for me and 
 Isabella McDonell (she is of the family of Major Archibald 
 McDonell, of the Long Sault), to be sent by the first oppor- 
 tunity, and by doing so you will oblige an old servant, who is, 
 with the greatest respect, dear sir, 
 
 " Your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 " W. Chewett. 
 " The Honourable John Collins, Esq." 
 
 In the autumn of that year, 1791, Col. Simcoe arrived at 
 Quebec, and Mr. Chewett was recommended to him by Surveyor- 
 General Holland to take charge of the surveys in the newly 
 
Biographical Sketches. 293 
 
 created Province of Upper Canada. Simcoe accepted the 
 recommendation, and Mr. Chewett was instructed to report at 
 Quebec. But he did not then receive the appointment of Sur- 
 veyor-Goaeral. It would seem that Capt. Smith of the 5th 
 Regiment, then stationed at Fort Niagara, had a friend at 
 court. Although Mr. Chewett had, during the summer, dis- 
 charged the duties of Surveyor-General, he was informed, on 
 the 30th of September, by Gov. Simcoe, that Mr. David Smith 
 was appointed to the office. Mr. Chewett was made Deputy 
 Surveyor-Gent cal. 
 
 Interesting journals of Surveyor Chewett's work as surveyor 
 in different parts of the Province, and recording many interest- 
 ing events, are deposited in the Crown Lands Department. 
 One or two may be given : 
 
 " May '31st, 1793. — Both Houses being assembled at one 
 o'clock p.m., and on the appearance of the Governor the garri- 
 son of Niagara fired a royal salute, a compliment to him as the 
 representative of the Crown. The Governor being seated, an 
 order was sent to the Commons for their attendance. The 
 passage to the bar was so crowded they could hardly come up 
 to it, owing to the Sergeant-at-arms being out of the way. 
 Methinks there should be a pole to the bar for the Counnons 
 to enter, in order to be separated from the populace. The 
 Governor was then pleased to make a most noble and gracious 
 speech from the throne, which made the heart of every true 
 Briton jump for joy." 
 
 "June 4th, 1793. — Being the anniversary of His Majesty's 
 birthday, attended the levee, but, being dressed in boots, was. 
 told by the sentries that none but military men were thus 
 admitted. Returned in order to dress myself accordingly, but 
 was too late. In the evening, an elegant ball and supper was 
 given for all His Majesty's loyal subjects, and the ladies made 
 a splendid appearance, though not very numerous. After sup- 
 per a number of loyal toasts went round, suitable to the 
 occasion. The company went to their homes about 2 a.m., in 
 great good humour, and a few of the gentlemen spent the even- 
 ing all night." 
 
 When the Government removed to York, the new capital^ 
 Mr. Chewett became a settler there, and his tirst home was in a 
 
294 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 log house on the north-east corner of York and Wellington 
 Streets. He was appointed Registrar of the Surrogate Court 
 for the Home District, 1800. In 1802 he became Joint Sur- 
 veyor-General with Mr. Ridout. 
 
 In the war of 1812, Mr. Chewett was the Colonel in Com- 
 mand of the 3rd Regiment West York Militia. When the 
 United States forces took possession of York, April 27, 1813, 
 General SheafFe withdrew with the regular force towards 
 Kingston, and entrusted Col. Chewett with Major Allan to treat 
 with the foe. In the explosion of the magazine, when a num- 
 ber of Canadians as well as invaders were killed. Col. Chewett 
 received severe injuries from the falling material. Col. Chewett 
 remained in the militia service until 1832, when he retired on 
 full pay, having served the Government upwards of tifty years. 
 The balance of his days was passed in the quietness of home — 
 a well-earned repose. He died September 24, 1849, near the 
 close of his 96th year. 
 
 James Grant, the eldest son of Col. Chewett, was born at 
 Cornwall, November 9, 1793. He was educated at the famous 
 school founded by Mr., afterward Bishop, Strachan, and followed 
 his father's profession. He was connected with the Sui veyor- 
 General's Department for thirty years, and was Deputy Sur- 
 veyor-General of Upper Canada. He retired on a pension. 
 In the war of 1812 he was in his father's regiment. He married 
 Miss Martha Smith, a daughter of Richard Robison who was in 
 partnership with Mr. Cartwright, of Napanee. 
 
 In 1832, Mr. Chewett erected in York a block of buildings at 
 the corner of King and York Streets, in which was established 
 a commodious hotel, known as the British Coffee House, kept by 
 a Mr. Keating. The present Rossin House occupies the same 
 spot. This valuable piece of land was patented to Isabella, wife 
 of Col. Chewett, and Dr. W. C. Chewett is the present owner. 
 Mr. J. G. Chewett filled the position of Alderman, 1835. He 
 took an active part in the management of the Bank of Upper 
 Canada, and was Vice-President for many years, and afterwards 
 was President of the Bank of Toronto. He died, December 7, 
 1862. Mr James Grant Chewett was much esteemed for his 
 active co-operation in everything which tended to advance the 
 interests of his native land. He had two sons and one daughter. 
 
, I 
 
 Biographical Sketches. * 295 
 
 The eldest son, Win. C, was born in Toronto, August 16, 
 1828, and is a Canadian of Canadians, and one of the oldest 
 Upper Canada College boys now living. He was a medical 
 student at King's College, and when that institution was 
 merged into the University of Toronto, 1850, he continued to 
 attend medical lectures, and was the first to receive a 
 deirree in medicine from the University, 1851. Dr. Chewet*" 
 never entered upon the active practice of his profession, finding 
 more congenial occupation, and he has led and still leads a 
 busy life. 
 
 Dr. Chewett married, 1857, Miss Maria Susan, daughter of 
 Henry Ranney, Esq., an English gentleman. Dr. Chewett has 
 five children, living. 
 
 Basil R. Church, 
 
 Of the District of Johnston. Before the Medical Board, July, 
 1828. "The Board perfectly satisfied by his examination." 
 Was a popular practitioner at Merrickville, with a good prac- 
 tice. Married a lady from the States, who acquired consider- 
 able fame as a Universalist preacher. He was member of 
 Parliament in 1852. His son, C. R. Church, is the well-known 
 practitioner at Ottawa. 
 
 Peter H. Church, 
 
 Of Merrickville, Johnston District. Before the Medical Board, 
 October, 1831. He " produced testimonials of having attended 
 two courses of medical lectures, as also a diploma from Fair- 
 field " Medical College. Failed in Latin. 
 
 A Dr. Church practised on the Bay of Quinte, probably the 
 same. He studied at Fairfield. He was a remarkably strong 
 and muscular man. It is related that when he took laughing 
 gas at the Fairfield College, with others, it was expected he 
 would give an exhibition of his strength, but he surprised them 
 by taking a few steps, then giving a salute and exclaiming, 
 *'God save the King," which was, no doubt, astonishing to the 
 Yankees. 
 
296 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. William Clarke 
 
 Was a native of Maryborough, Queen's Co., Ireland, and became 
 a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, 188G. Com- 
 ing to Canada, he passed the Upper Canada Medical Board, 183!). 
 He also became a member of the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of Upper Canada, 1840 (see corres])ondence in Appen- 
 dix). Dr. Clarke settled at Guelph when it was but a village. 
 During a residence there of many years he was not only first 
 in his profession, but also one of the leading citizens, taking 
 part in annost every public affair of any importance, and filling 
 many public offices. He was a Commissioner of the Court of 
 Requests, was a Justice of the Peace, Reeve of Guelph, and 
 Warden of the County, 1852; elected a member of the Legis- 
 lative Assembly, 1853, and for North Wellington, 1861 ; was 
 Mayor of Guelph, 1864-65, being elected on both occasions by 
 acclamation. He was also a director of the Gait and Guelph 
 Railway, Dr. Clarke took an active and leading part in pro- 
 curing the Act to establish the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons for Ontario, and was elected as a representative to the 
 Council at its organization, 1866. He continued a member for 
 many years, and occupied the President's chair, 1869, 70, '71. 
 '72, '73, and '74. In appreciation of his services, he was pre- 
 sented by his confreres with a silver inkstand. 
 
 Dr. Clarke was twice married, first, to the widow of Captain 
 John Poore, who was a daughter of the famous Laura Secord. 
 She died leaving one daughter. He then married the widow 
 of Judge Powell, by whom he had two sons, of whom only the 
 elder, Lionel H. Clarke, of Toronto, survived him. He had one 
 daughter, Mrs. Power Palmer. Dr. Clarke died at Guelph, 
 October, 7th, 1887, aged seventy-four. 
 
 Dr. Robert Whu;helo Clark 
 
 Was the son of John Cleland Clark, surgeon in His Majesty's 
 Royal Navy, and was born at Leith, Scotland, in 1811. His 
 mother was the daughter of Dr. Whichelo, a native of Germany. 
 Studied in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Passed as Licentiate of 
 
Biographical Sketches. 297 
 
 the College of Physicians and Surfjeons of Glasgow, in 1833, 
 and came to Canada at once (same spring). Settled in the town- 
 ship of Percy, and practised there till the rebellion broke out 
 in 1837. Removed to Whitby, and was appointed Surgeon to 
 Militia (vice Dr. Boys). Practised there until 1858, when he 
 moved to Ottawa, and was one of the surgeons to the Protestant 
 Hospital there for three years. On account of ill-health of his 
 wife he had to leave Ottawa. He returned to Whitby, and took 
 up his old practice again. Business matters connected with the 
 death of his father, called him to England in 18G6, and he went 
 into practice in London for four years. But it was not to his 
 liking, from having acquiied Canadian ways, and he could not 
 conform to the preciseness of medical decorum observed there. 
 He consequently returned to Canada in 1870, and commenced 
 practice in Hastings, where he has continued ever since (1890). 
 He married in 1835, and has had ten children. One of them 
 studied in Toronto for the medical profession two years. He 
 then went to London and finished his studies at St. Thomas' 
 Hospital. He is now practising there with Drs. Sewell & Cosby, 
 13 Fenchurch Street. 
 
 The following interesting reminiscences supplied by ])r. Clark, 
 give a glimpse of the life followed by the doctors in the early 
 days of the Province, which the reader will be glad to .see. Dr. 
 Clark writes: 
 
 " Regarding incidents of my career in those by-gone days, I 
 could cite many, but I fear I might be set down as another 
 ' Munchausen ' by doctors just come into the profession. At the 
 risk of being accused of a little romance, though, I .shall give 
 a few incidents of those early days. One I still vividly 
 remember. I had been all night at a confinement near ' The 
 
 Plains,' , and coming home at daylight through the 
 
 pine woods, I was astonished at hearing strange noises, that at 
 first I took to be the yelling of tipsy men coming from a carousal. 
 I was on horseback, but my horse seemed to be aware of 
 impending danger, for I could scarcely urge her to proceed, but 
 by dint of spur and a stout oak cudgel I had with me, I prevented 
 her from turning tail to the coming foe. As we drew closer to 
 the noises, the mare grew more and more frightened, till at 
 length, on turning a sharp curve of the road, I beheld eight 
 20 
 
\ 
 
 298 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 large wolves drawn up in tile right across the road. My mare 
 was at this sight all but unmanageable, and it was all I could 
 do with spur and club to prevent her turning and running back. 
 Aided by my spurs and club, and yelling with all the power of 
 my lungs, I urged her to within about twenty paces of the 
 brutes, who were snarling and showing their lovely white teeth 
 to perfection. At last, I suppose, my voice, raised to its utmost 
 pressure, prevailed, and one of them who seemed to be the leader 
 of the gang, from his size, looked over his shoulder and trotted 
 off into the forest again. He was followed by the whole pack, 
 and as soon as the coast was clear, I made a bee-line for the 
 nearest settlement as tight as a hard gallop would allow of, the 
 mare seemingly as willing as myself to part with bad company. 
 This was in 1834. That same winter I was called on one night 
 by an Indian, to visit his wigwam, some ten or eleven miles 
 through the bush, and pretty dark it was. After prescribing 
 for my patient (a child), I was expected to remain and admin- 
 ister the doses, and had hard work to make them understand 
 that it was their province to nurse and attend to the directions 
 given. I always found the Indians as honest as in their power 
 lay, venison and such like being good pay from them. I 
 remember once I took about fifty skins of the musk-rat as pay, 
 dressed them myself, and made a nice boa for my wife's adorna- 
 tion and comfort, and I often now think of a mighty comfortable 
 warm cap I made for myself out of the skin of a fox I killed and 
 dressed. I kept myself well supplied in venison and salmon by 
 hunting in my leisure hours, spearing salmon by torchlight in 
 a birch canoe, with another young man. But this sort of life 
 was all very well till novelty wore off, and a family in perspec- 
 tive. I had two children, boys. I began to reflect that it would 
 be better to return to civilized life, so, when the rebellion of 
 1837 broke out, I took a couple of months' hunting, killing 
 twenty-five deer and any number of salmon, and bade adieu to 
 my Robinson Crusoe life, and went to Whitby." 
 
 Dr. James Cobban 
 
 Was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, September 27, 1802, and com- 
 menced his primary as well as his professional studies at an 
 
BioouAPHicAL Sketches. 29P 
 
 early apje. Ho was admitted to the dejjree of Master of Arts at 
 Mareschal University, Aberdeen, April li, 1818, being then only 
 sixteen years of age, and was apprenticed pupil of Alexander 
 Irvine, M.D., from the year 1810 to 1820; and attended lectures 
 in Anatomy and Surgery. He then went to London to com- 
 plete his medical studies, and became an M.ll.CS. [jondou, 
 October o, 1821. He was three years in Greenland ; then went 
 to the West Indies and practised at Jamaica for nine years, and 
 finally settled in Canada, 1832. He was gazetted a licentiate 
 of Upper Canada, October 31, 1832. "Mr. James Cobban, 
 member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, respectfully 
 ac{|uaints the inhabitants of Trafalgar and adjacent townships 
 that he has taken up his residence at Sixteen Mile Creek, with 
 the aim to practise the different branches of his profession. 
 Trafalgar, 26th Nov., 1832." 
 
 On January 9, 1836, Dr. Cobban was married to " Miss 
 Catherine Ann, youngest daughter of the late Capt. Jarmy of 
 the 4th Dragoons of the East Indies." 
 
 He was the third pioneer doctor between the city of Hamil- 
 ton and Toronto, the two others being Dr. Bell, St. Ann, and 
 Dr. Adamson, near Port Credit. Subsequently he removed to 
 his farm near the town of Milton, where he soon stood high in 
 public esteem, and few succeeded better in the laborious duties 
 of the profession to which he belonged. His memory will long 
 be cheri.sl.ed by all who knew him and experienced his kind- 
 ness and generosity. Dr. Cobban was considered one of the 
 most noted and skilful practitioners in county of Halton. He 
 was gazetted Surgeon to 5th Regiment of Militia of Gore, 
 November, 1838. He displayed extraordinary fortitude and 
 resignation during his lengthy and severe illness, " valvular 
 disease of the heart," which terminated in his death on 
 February 21, 1857. His widow survived him only six weeks. 
 His family consisted of two sons and three daughters. One 
 son engaged in the study of medicine, but died while a student. 
 One daughter married Dr. Clarkson Freeman, who was in 
 partnership with him before his death, and succeeded to his 
 extensive and lucrative practice. Another daughter became 
 the wife of his brother. Dr. Wra, Freeman. 
 
300 TiiK Mei)I(;al Puokehhion [n ITppeu Canada. 
 
 Dr. Qeoroe Cor.Ls 
 
 Came to Upper Canada as Surj^eon to a dotacliment of tho 
 Royal Navy in 1816. He was stationod most of the tinae at 
 Kingston, doinj^ duty at the dock-yard until its reduction in 
 18'14. In IHUO he is mentioned as a superniimcrary, with 
 James Taylor, Assistant-Surf^eon, Royal Navy, stationed at 
 Grand River. On June 4, 18.M4, he was {gazetted as having 
 obtained the provincial license to practise in Upper Canachi, 
 and denominated Surgeon on half pay of the Royal Navy. 
 Under date, July 22, 18.S4, the following advertisement appeared 
 in the Kingston and Toronto papers : 
 
 " Kingston, Upi'eu ('an a da, Mkdical Academy. 
 
 " Under the xi uspicvs <ind P<itron(i</<' of the Lieutenant- Oovernor, 
 
 Sir John CoLborne. 
 
 " Mr. Colls, Surgeon, Royal Navy, will open an establishment 
 on August 1. His terms are as follows: With boar<l and lodg- 
 ing, washing, etc., .£100 per year; without board, etc., £50. 
 
 "The gentlemen will Ite taught with great care the duties 
 incutnbent upon them as professors of the general science, in 
 every branch, theoretically and practically. Their morals will 
 be carefully watched, and their religious duties will be impres- 
 sively enforced upon them according to their tenets. They 
 will be taught Anatomy, Surgery, Medicine, Midwifery, etc. 
 Lectures will be given weekly ; clinical lectures will be daily 
 given. 
 
 " Mr. Colls will teach the following languages, with which he 
 is well acquainted : French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and 
 Dutch. These will be gratuitous. £25 will be required in 
 advance as an entrance fee, part of annual payment. July 22, 
 1834." 
 
 There is no record found of the result of this venture by Dr. 
 Colls. The only additional information available relates to his 
 death : 
 
 " Died — At Fort Erie, in the forty-fifth year of his age. Dr. 
 George Colls, Royal Navy. Mr. Colls came to Canada with a 
 detachment of the Royal Navy in the year 1816, and served at 
 
BiooRAPHiPAr Rkktches. hoi 
 
 Kingston (lock-yards aa Sur<,'(;()ii until tlxi reduction of the yurd 
 in 1834, Hinco which he had been rosidinjr in tho country. Ho 
 was a gontU)man of very hijrh attainniunts us a schohir, he al.so 
 ranlvcd hij^li in his proftssion, and from lus social (jualities he 
 will bo lon<^ reniemlxMed and much regretted by his numerous 
 friends."— jT/ic liojial St(mdctrd, Dec. 22, 1830. 
 
 Dk. Fhan(;is Conntn. 
 
 In 1825, the Hon. Peter Robinson, brother of Sir John B. 
 Robinson, under the auspices of the British (Jovornment, 
 brought a number of settlers from Ireland to the wilderness 
 where Peterborough now .stands. There were 415 families, 
 comprising 2,024 persons altogether. In their passage each 
 ship carried a Surgeon of the Royal Navy, who accompanied 
 the emigrants to their destination. Among them were Dr.s. 
 Connin and Reed. 
 
 Dr. Connin seems to have lived a useful life among the 
 settlers, and was a Justice of the Peace for the County of 
 Peterborough. In June, 18IU, he was gazetted Surgeon to the 
 4th Northumberland Infantry. The only other information 
 concerning him is found in a local history by Thomas W. Poole, 
 M.D., page 70: "In March, 1857, died Dr. Connin, a veteran 
 Surgeon of the British Navy (forty years), who had been in 
 many notable engagements, and for the service:? he rendered, 
 received a medal and two clasps. He was acting Surgeon to 
 one of those transport vessels which brought to these shores the 
 immigrants of 1825, under the late Hon. Peter Robinson." 
 
 "Maruied. — June 1, 1842, at St. Catharines, near Peter- 
 borough, Colborne District, Wra. Taylor to Mary Helena, third 
 daughter of F. Connin, Esq., Surgeon, Royal Navy." 
 
 Dr. James Connor. 
 
 The first record found of Dr. Connor is a letter (now in the 
 Archives Department, at Ottawa), dated 1783, from the Adju- 
 tant-General to tlie commandant of tlie garrison, which says that 
 
.S02 The Medfcal I'kokkhsion in Uppek Canada. 
 
 "Dr. (Jonnor may bo roinstiitiMl. " The tollowin^ ^ivcs further 
 ip^'uniiation about biiii : 
 
 " KlNQHTON, Octoher U, 1789. 
 
 " In consequonco of a rtujuiHition I havo had from Mr. Connor, 
 Mato of the General Hospital, attending the sick belonj^inj^ to 
 Marine and Army Departments, I have the honour of senditjg 
 you the enclosed list of inodicinos, and ro(iU()st you will take the 
 trouble of having thorn sent immediately. 
 
 "(Signed) JosEPir Bunhuuy, 
 
 " Capt, fit/i lte<jt., ('onivi I., Kimjdon. 
 
 " To Capt. Le Matre, Quehee." 
 
 The next record is a " Memorial of James Connor, Mate of 
 the General Hospital." Tt states that he has boon " in the ser- 
 vice since tho year 177<), when appointed by Your Lordship at 
 Chambly. Was on tho expedition against Fort Stanwix with 
 Colonel St. Leger, whoso thanks ho received for his activity and 
 attention to numbers of wounded, both .soldiers and savages. 
 The same fall ho was with tho army under Gen. Burgoyne as 
 far as Fort George. Was upon different dangerous and hazard- 
 ous .scouts with Sir John Johnson. That attention to his duty 
 in the General Hospital was his study, and manifest to his 
 superior officers of tho hospital, whoso general approbation was 
 testified by a joint certificate which is enclosed. After the re- 
 duction in 1784, he went to England, where, after sufiering 
 innnite distress for want of friends or interest, he was at last 
 appointed on the peace establishment. That ever since his 
 station never has been changed, but continually kept at the 
 back-posts, by which he lost the benefit that other mates enjoy 
 of agreeable, populous and cheap .station.s. That from the 
 scarcity and dearness of provisions, a long and .severe illness (a 
 certificate of which I beg leave to enclose), and having a family 
 to support, was involved in debt. That execution was ordered 
 against him, signed by Mr. McLean, with whom at that time he 
 was upon the most unre.served intimacy, and whose family 
 negroes he was a slave to for above two yeans. He was taken 
 by the sheriff, and in the angui.sh and distress both of heart and 
 mind and jealousy to Mr. McLean for signing the execution 
 
liUMjuAPHHAL Sketches. 30li 
 
 apfiiinst him without any prnvious notico, that ho ma(h^ the 
 char^jo to Mr. McLuiui now complaintMl of. That novnr Imt'oro 
 this (li.stross \n)\\>\\ him, rticoiviul a.sliillin;^ from mankind, though 
 it ha.s ever boon tlio custom in tiio Goneral Hospital ; fuither, he 
 couKl not thinic him.solf wronjjj in charj^in;; Mr. Mcljoan, as lio 
 had purcluisod metlicines for tlio uso of him and his poopio, and 
 was Huod at Court for part of them, to a creator amount than 
 Mr. McLean paid him, which Mr. McLean is witne.ss to, ho boin^; 
 one of the judf^es. That independent to his trouhlo nnd attend- 
 ance which was incessant, ho did not char<;e him more than 
 tho expenses he had been at for him, which plainly appeared 
 by Dr. Gill's charge for medicines for about .six weeks for thorn 
 the sum of £21, and if he had oven laid out no money for Mr. 
 McLean, could not tliink himself in any error in rocovoring 
 money from him for his attendance, as it ever has been and 
 and is at this moment, tho custom with gentlemen of the General 
 Hospital to recover money for their attendance and from some 
 people from their commissions much more intimately connected 
 with the service than Judge McLean. And from some of their 
 present local stations never being changed, are not only prac- 
 tising in the line of their profession, but some of them .support- 
 ing their families and making fortunes by it, which your 
 memorialist though the oldest mate in the Province, remained 
 ■with his family in the dearest and most unhealthy part of the 
 Province, where there was no money to be had for practice, and 
 barely the necessaries of life at the dearest rate. That he can- 
 not defend himself from the malicious reports of individuals 
 whom lie does not know, and from whose malice few can screen 
 themselves, but will bring vouchers from every and all of the 
 commanding officers of the posts where he was stationed, of 
 having done his duty and never being absent a single hour, and 
 that the operations and cures he has performed will show that 
 he never has neglected his duty nor lost a patient, neither array 
 nor navy, since he has been stationed at the back-posts. That he 
 reported the situation of the place, the disorders prevalent, the 
 remedies they yielded to, and his opinion of the cause to Dr. 
 Nooth, and solicited his further information and advice on the 
 subject, and also solicited from Dr. Nooth his interference for 
 proper accommodations for the sick and wounded which was a 
 
304. The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 ■ 
 
 grievance much to be complained of, by which he humbly hopes 
 Your Lordship will see he ever was attentive to the health of 
 the troops committed to his care. 
 
 " He is now in the most distressing and trying situation ever a 
 man was in, after such a length of service, and the distress and 
 hardships that attended his getting into bread at home, which 
 is now the support for a family and the payment of debts, for 
 which his pay is mortgaged, being referred to the War Office, 
 where he has neither friend nor interest, for a crime which ever 
 was, and is the practice of the General Hospital, not having a 
 guinea to bear his expense, nor to leave his family for their 
 support in his absence, humbly implores Your Lordship's 
 humanity in not ordering him home or separating him from his 
 family, but in Your Lordship's goodness you will be pleased to 
 order him to Oswego, where there is no hospital mate, or to 
 any other post in the Province — he solemnly declares it will be 
 the last cause of complaint he shall ever give while in the ser- 
 vice. 
 " Quebec, August 17th, 1790." 
 
 It would seem that Dr. Connor had proceeded to Quebec to 
 urge his request. 
 
 Reference is made to Dr. Connor in a letter from Sir John 
 Johnson to Gen. Haldimand about an expedition on Lake On- 
 tario and a vessel driven into Niagara by a gale, which speaks 
 of "a quarrel between Capt. Duncan and Dr. Connor, since 
 made up." 
 
 The next record found is this : " David Fleming — Appointed 
 surgeon's mate in Canada, vice Connor, removed to Dominica. 
 War Office, March 3rd, 1794." It is most probable that Dr. 
 Connor, instead of going to this distant station, resigned his 
 position and commenced private practice, being one of the first 
 to do so in New Canada. His field of practice included all the 
 3gion around the Bay of Quinte at that time settled. After 
 living at Kingston for a time, he made his home in Ernesttown. 
 He was well remembered by the past generation of the inhabi- 
 tants of the Bay. A letter, dated Fredericksburg, June 21st, 
 1789, from John Furguson to Wm. Bell, Kingston, was conveyed 
 by Dr. Connor, as is shown by the words on the cover, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 305 
 
 "Hon'd by Doctor Connor," which seems to show, that he 
 engaged in private practice before he left the service. 
 
 He had the reputation of being somewhat unsteady in his 
 habits. His name is associated witli a somewhat thrilling 
 incident in connection with the judicial functions of Judge 
 Cart Wright. In 1788, Upper Canada was divided in four 
 districts, to each of which a Judge was appointed. To the 
 second district, Mecklenburgh, Richard Cartwright was 
 appointed. From a letter in the writer's possession, it is 
 learned that the court was opened in December, 1788. It 
 probably sat at Finkle's Tavern, Ernesttown. Among the 
 cases Judge Cartwright was called upon to deal with, was that 
 of a man charged with stealing a watch. The article was found 
 upon the man, and although he declared he had bought it of a 
 pedlar, yet, as he could not prove such to be the case, the pedlar 
 not being at hand, he was adjudged guilty of the crime, and, 
 according to the code at that time, was sentenced to be hanged. 
 Dr. Connor, who was present at the trial, stood up in court and 
 appealed against the decision of the Judge, but those present 
 hissed him down. The unfortunate man was duly executed, 
 and was the first parson in Upper Canada to be hanged. 
 Subsequently the pedlar returned and corroborated the dying 
 words of the unfortunate man. 
 
 The first surgical operation in the Province of which there is 
 any record was performed by Dr. Connor, who removed a large 
 tumour from the neck of one of the family of Roblins, from 
 the Fourth Town, now Adolphustown. After practising for a 
 number of years along the Bay, Dr. Connor returned to Ireland, 
 his native place. He had married a Miss Howard, of " Isle 
 Tanti," now Amherst Isle. A son in after years filled the post 
 of purser on one of the Bay of Quinte steamboats. 
 
 Dr. Ephraim Cook 
 
 Was born at Hadley, Mass., June 14, 1797, being the son of John 
 Cook, a native of the same place. As a farmer's son he did his 
 share of farm work. His education was acquired at the district 
 school and Hopkins Academy in Hadley. Here he also com- 
 menced the study of medicine, and afterwards attended lectures 
 
806 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 at Boston. He came to St. Thomas, Upper Canada, 1830, and 
 there pursued his medical studies until April, 1831, when he 
 appeared before the Medical Board. His exaiitination was 
 " perfectly satisfactory." He then established himself in prac- 
 tice in Oxford County, near the site of the Villajre of Norwich. 
 At that time there was no sign of a village, and there was no 
 other physician within twenty and thirty miles of his place. 
 Dr. Cook soon had a large practice, which he successfully con- 
 ducted for upwards of forty years, when failing health from 
 excessive labours compelled him to restrict his labours to office 
 work, or at most, to visits in the village. The doctor was 
 rewarded for his hard work by acquiring considerable wealth. 
 
 Dr. Cook's attention to his profession did not prevent him 
 from attending to other matters. He was for a time at an early 
 date, postmaster of Norwich, when there was a weekly mail. It 
 arrived on Saturday and the mail was delivered on Sunday. 
 He occupied many positions of trust and honour in the town- 
 ship and county, and in 1854-58, he represented the South 
 Riding of Oxford in Parliament. He was manager of a local 
 bank, and a director of the Port Dover and Lake Huron Rail- 
 road, the building of which he materially aided. 
 
 Dr. Cook married Phoebe, daughter of John English, from 
 Ireland, January, 1834. She died, July, 1879, aged ninety-six. 
 They had three sons ; the eldest, George A., and the youngest, 
 John H., entered the legal profession. The other, Ephraim C, 
 entered the medical profession. 
 
 Dr. Ephraim Cook died, Dec. 28, 1881. 
 
 Dr. George Cooper, 
 
 Was born at Strathavon, Lanarkshire, Scotland, 1794. He en- 
 tered upon the study of medicine with the view of going to the 
 West Indies. He received his diploma from the University of 
 Glasgow, 1817. He shortly after accepted an appointment at 
 a place called Dollar in Fifeshire. He was principal surgeon to 
 the parish, and was also physician to a large academy at that 
 place. He continued in practice here until 1819, when he was 
 induced by an old friend and school-fellow. Dr. Hugh Caldwell, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 307 
 
 of Quebec, to come to Canada. Having arrived, he proceeded 
 westward until he reached Belleville, where he took up his 
 residence. In 1822, he married, at Montreal, Miss Hannah, 
 daughter of James Clarke, of Scotland. Dr. Cooper did not 
 engage in very active practice. He, however, conducted a very 
 successful business as chemist and druggist, until his death, 
 which took place in 1836, at the comparatively early age of 
 forty-two, afiter being an invalid for nine years. Only one child 
 was born to them in 1823, a daughter who became the wife of 
 Dr. James Lister, of Belleville. 
 
 Dr. Benjamin Sayre Cory 
 
 Was born in Milton, Saratoga County, New York, August 13, 
 1805, and came to Canada when a boy, with his parents, who 
 settled at Pleasant Bay, in the Township of Hillier, Prince 
 Edward County, about the year 1820. He was educaiied at 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons, then located at Fair- 
 field, Herkimer County, New York, where he attended his first 
 course of lectures in 1825-26 ; after which he commenced the 
 practice of his profession at Wellington. Prince Edward County, 
 then a primitive frontier village. Subsequently he attended 
 his second course of lectures, in 1829-30, at the above institution, 
 from which he graduated in the latter year. He returned to 
 Canada, and having passed the Upper Canada Medical Board, 
 July, 1830, he resumed his practice, which he continued uninter- 
 ruptedly during the ensuing twenty-eight years, forming many 
 warm attachments among the people in that section of Prince 
 Edward, by his genial, courteous manners and kindly dis- 
 position, and was highly esteemed, as his large and lucrative 
 practice testified. 
 
 In the summer of 1854, his brother David, who had passed 
 the Upper Canada Medical Board, July, 1833, and located at 
 Waukegan, III., died from cholera, leaving a large practice ; 
 when the subject of our sketch having visited Waukegan to 
 look after his brother's affairs, was induced to remove there with 
 his family, and assume the practice his brother had left, as well 
 as to afford a wider field for his large family of boys. This he 
 
308 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 did in the autumn of that year, fjreatly to the regret of his 
 numerous friends and patrons in Wellinrjton and vicinity. 
 
 He remained in the practice of his profession at Waukepjan, 
 until the winter of 1880, when, at the age of seventy-five 
 years he retirerl, and with his wife, returned to Canada, living 
 with their daughters in Hamilton, until his death in December, 
 1885. 
 
 Dr. Cory was married, January 16, 1828, to Fanny Young, 
 daughter of the Hon. James Young, of the Carrying Place, 
 Prince Edward County, and thirteen children were born to 
 them. Mrs. Cory and eleven of the children are still living 
 (1889). The eldest daughter married, October 1, 1851, George 
 William Baker, of Hamilton, son of Captain George W. Baker, 
 formerly of the Royal Artillery. 
 
 One of the daughters married Thos. C. Mewburn, son of Dr. 
 Mewburn, of the Customs, Hamilton. 
 
 " Died. — At the residence of her daughter, Mrs. J. R. Thom- 
 son, Herkimer Street, Hamilton, on Friday, 17th April, 1891. 
 Fanny, widow of the late Benjamin Sayre Cory, M.D., in the 
 84th year of her age. 
 
 Dr. Charles William Covernton 
 
 Was the second son of James Covernton, of Seven Oaks, Kent, 
 England, and of Antigua, West Indies, by Elizabeth Grace 
 Baisley, of Wormleighton, Warwickshire, England. He was 
 born at Penton Place, Walworth, 1813. His education was 
 received first at the Academy of Mons. Duhamel, Kent Road, 
 and subsequently at the Episcopal College of the Abb^ Haf- 
 frangue, Boulogne-sur-mer, France. At the age of fifteen he was 
 placed as a private pupil with Dr. Dugald McKellar, practising 
 at Battersea, a suburb of London, fellow-townsman and inti- 
 mate friend of John Gait, the novelist, at one time Commis- 
 sioner for the Upper Canada Land Company. After two years 
 of pupilage, he became a student at the Windmill Street School 
 of Medicine, Piccadilly, and attended St. George's Hospital in 
 the immediate neighbourhood. After four years of pupilage 
 and attendance at the above institutions, he proceeded to the 
 
Biographical Sketches. 309 
 
 University of Edinburgh, where for two years he attended the 
 course of lectures there given, as also at the Extra Mural School, 
 at which Doctors Gregory, Macintosh, John Lizars, Alexander 
 Lizars, Liston, Robertson, Kemp, Read and Fletcher formed 
 the teaching staft', and from whom certificates of attendance 
 were obtained. Early in 1835, the University of St. Andrews 
 nominated the above gentlemen their examining body for the 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine of their ancient University. The 
 requirements to be admitted for examination were two years 
 at the London and two at this Extra Mural School of Edin- 
 burgh. The first examination under these new regulations 
 took place early in March, 1835. At this date Dr. Covernton, 
 with many others whose course of study complied with the 
 University requirements, repaired to the old town of St. 
 Andrews, and obtained the M.D. degree. 
 
 After an extended tour through Scotland, Dr. Covernton 
 returned to England, and in August of the same year obtained 
 the diploma of the London College of Surgeons. The examiners, 
 were Sir Astley Cooper, Sir Benjamin Brodie, Guthrie, White, 
 Keats, Vincent, Sir William Blizzard, and Sir Anthony Carlisle, 
 the two last at that time being over eighty years of age. The 
 field for practice at that time in view was in the army, and 
 Consequently the diploma still required for a general prac- 
 titioner in England, namely, that of the Apothecaries' Hall, 
 was not deemed necessary. Subsequently, owing to parental 
 objection to the long banishment in foreign countries that 
 service might involve, the diploma of the Hall was obtained. 
 In consequence of a long and severe illness, a sea voyage w^as 
 deemed requisite ; and being offered by a friend who owned a 
 large East India ship, the Tulloch Castle, chartered for a voyage 
 to Quebec, the position of surgeon, Dr. Covernton accepted, and 
 in the early days of March, 1836, left from Gravesend for the 
 ancient city of Quebec. The voyage of nearly nine weeks was 
 attended with so much discomfort that on landing, June 1, he 
 resolved not to return with the ship, but to remain for some 
 months in Canada and to visit some old West India friends who 
 had for some time been settled in Kingston, as also one of his 
 youthful friends at that time in the Upper Canada Land 
 OflSce, in Toronto, subsequently a prominent barrister, and now 
 
310 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Chief Justice Sir Thomas Gait. A letter of introduction to 
 Mr. tienry Atkinson, at that time the owner of " Spencer 
 Wood," Quebec, was the occasion of a delightful visit at that 
 charming abode, and resulted in his forming very roseate views 
 of Canada, not exactly confirmed by the tedium of travel in 
 those days from Quebec to Toronto. At Kingston, six weeks 
 were pleasurably spent, the population of the Granite City 
 then being about 12,000, the same as that of Toronto, including 
 two regiment'' of the line, a battery of artillery, and a company 
 of engineers. Dr. Covernton arrived in Toronto in July, and 
 through his friend, Mr. T. Gait, had soon a pleasant circle of 
 acquaintances, among them Mr. Hitchings, the nephew of an old 
 acquaintance, the Rev. Mr. Hitchings, of Wargrave, Berkshire ; 
 I. Lee, or Shakespeare Lee, as he was familiarly known; W. M. 
 Street, subsequently manager of a bank in London the less ; 
 Walter Mackenzie, then a law student residing at Osgoode Hall, 
 and the gifted John Kent in the same quarters. The medical 
 men of Toronto, whose acquaintance was made during his six 
 weeks' visit, were Doctors Widmer, King, Hornby, Nicol and 
 Turquand, the two latter admitted to practice shortly after. 
 Stopping at the hotel with Dr. Covernton was a young law 
 student, now Sir Adam Wilson. Finding that in proportion to 
 population, the aspirants for success in the practice of medicine 
 were as numerous if not more so than in the Old Country, he 
 retraced his steps to Kingston with the purpose of returning to 
 England, via New York. Shortly after arriving at Kingston 
 he received a letter from his brother who had with his wife 
 reached Toronto from England, via New York, requesting him 
 to return to Toronto. He consequently abandoned for the 
 time this idea of returning to England. He accompanied his 
 brother and his wife on a visit to Col. Delatre, of Drummond- 
 ville. From thence he went to Hamilton and finally to Simcoe. 
 He visited the Rev. Mr. Evans, Rector of St. John's, Woodhouse, 
 near by, to whom, as well as to many others, Mr. Covernton had 
 letters of introduction. The Doctor's brother purchased land 
 in this neighbourhood and settled upon it, where he continued 
 to live until his death, in 1885. This section was formerly 
 Long Point District, then it was given the name of Talbot Dis- 
 trict, and subsequently the appellation of Norfolk County. At 
 
BiooHAPHicAL Sketches. .*U1 
 
 tho date of 1836 there were only of regular and irregular prac- 
 titioners, Doctors Charles, David, and Elias Dimcoiube, who 
 were brothers, and Dr. Crou.se. The two chief unlicensed prac- 
 titioners were the so-called Doctors Bostock and Nash ; but of 
 herb-doctors and eclectic doctors there were not a few. At this 
 time Dr. John Mackelcan removed from Guelph to Simcoe. Dr. 
 Covernton and he conferred together, and decided that with 
 such a great extent of country professionally served by so few 
 regularly educated practitioners, there was a good opening for 
 both of them. Dr. Covernton selected the neighbourhood of 
 Vittoria, where his brother had purchased a farm, and Dr. 
 Mackelcan, Simcoe. The following year the rebellion broke 
 out. Dr. Covernton had been appointed some time before 
 surgeon to Colonel Rapelje's regiment of militia, but an oppor- 
 tunity was afforded him of joining Colonel Macnab's men of 
 Gore, and with his friend Dr. Hamilton, of Dundas, he went 
 with them through North and South Norwich, then rejoicing 
 in the name given pre.sumably by the Loyalists in consequence 
 of the two townships being the hot-bed of disaffection, " Sodom 
 and Gomorrah," but a few days sufficed for the entire clearance 
 of the malcontents, a large number of whom sacrificed their 
 farms and crossed over to the United States. Thus ended his 
 short and bloodless military career, the position of surgeon 
 to the regiment only involving for some years the attendance 
 at the muster of the regiment on the Queen's Birthday, when 
 it went through the farce of a two hours' drill. The militia 
 regiments some years after were disbanded, and a volunteer 
 force substituted, which has since developed into a well-trained 
 and uniformed force. In 1847, Dr. Mackelcan removed to 
 Hamilton, and Dr. Covernton purchased his property, succeed- 
 ing to his clientele, retaining a good deal of his own in the 
 Township of Woodhouse. 
 
 In 1853, Dr. Covernton, with his wife and the widow of Dr. 
 O'Reilly, as also with a sister-in-law of the latter, the mother of 
 the Rev. H. Waters, at one time one of the assistant clergymen 
 at St. James' Cathedral in Toronto, made a four months' visit 
 to Europe. Among their fellow-passengers on their return was 
 Professor Wilson, of Toronto University, afterwards Sir Daniel, 
 who had been a student in the Art classes in the University of 
 
312 The Medical Profession in Uppeh Canada. 
 
 Edinburgh, whilst Dr. Covernton was attending the Medical. 
 Dr. George Wilson, his brother, subsequently elected first Pro- 
 fessor of Technology in the same university, was at the same 
 time an attendant of the classes in medicine. 
 
 In 1869, Dr. Covernton was elected the territorial represen- 
 tative of the Gore and Thames Division of the Council of Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. He was Vice- 
 President of the same, 1870-71, and President from June, 1871, 
 to December of same year, when he resigned in consequence of 
 having been appointed to a Chair in the Medical Branch of 
 Trinity University, as the by-laws of the Medical Council pro- 
 hibited teachers at medical schools from holding office. In 
 1871, he became Chairman of Board of Examiners, holding 
 that position for two years. He was also an Examiner in 
 Toronto University. Re-appointed for 1884, '85, '86, Examiner 
 in Sanitary Science and Psychology in same university. In 
 1871, he was appointed one of the Professors of the remodelled 
 Medical Branch of Trinity University. In the spring of 1882 
 he was appointed by the Government a member of the Pro- 
 vincial Board of Health. In 1882, he was appointed the dele- 
 gate of the Provincial Board of Health to the Fourth Inter- 
 national Convention of Hygiene, assembled at Geneva, 
 Switzerland, at which were assembled delegates from all parts 
 of Europe, America (North and South). In 1885, as delegate of 
 the same Board, he attended the annual meeting of the British 
 Medical Association that year convened at Brighton, England, 
 On the expiration of the term of office of the first President 
 of the Provincial Board of Health, Dr. Oldright, he was suc- 
 ceeded by Dr. Covernton. In 1890, he was appointed delegate 
 of the Provincial Board of Health to the Ninth International 
 Congress assembled at Berlin; and in 1891, conjointly with 
 Dr. Cassidy, delegate to the Tenth International Congress, 
 assembled in London, England. During the session he was one 
 of the fortj'^-five delegates to the Congress invited to Osborne 
 who were received by the Prince of Wales, and subsequently 
 presented to Her Majesty. Dr. C. W. Covernton married, in 
 1840, Frances Elizabeth, daughter of Hutchins W. Williams, 
 Marian Square, Dublin, a banker. Had nine children, one died 
 an infant. 
 
lilOGUAPUICAL Sketcues. 313 
 
 Wm. Hutchhis Covernton, the eldest, was born, 1841. Edu- 
 cated at Guelph by Arthur Fanner. Student at the Toronto 
 University in Arts. Took the dej,'ree of M.B., in 1801, or '62, 
 shortly after became surj^eon in the American army during the 
 war for two years ; then visited England. Returned as ship- 
 surgeon, when cholera broke out on vessel. His management 
 of the sanitary matters of ship disinfection was so satisfactory 
 that the owners presented him with $\00. Shortly after this 
 he went to South America, and married a native lady of high 
 standing. 
 
 Charles McKenzie Covernton, born in 1850, educated in 
 medicine at McGill and Harvard, passed his final examination 
 at the age of twenty, but could not receive his diploma. 
 Before he attained the age of twenty-one, diad suddenly of 
 hjBmorrhage of the lungs, October 22, 1870. 
 
 Theodore Selby Covernton, the fourth son, born, February 
 21, 1854, matriculated at Toronto University in Arts, 1869, 
 and after passing the first year's examination, commenced the 
 study of medicine ae Clinical-Assistant under Dr. Joseph Work- 
 man at the Asylum for the Insane, Toronto, where he remained 
 till a short time after graduation, when he was appointed 
 Assistant-Superintendent of the Hamilton Asylum. After 
 twelve years' asylum experience. Dr. Covernton went out to 
 China as surgeon of a steamship, and on his return to England 
 held the position of Resident Physician to the Cumberland 
 Infirmary, Carlisle. 
 
 Whilst in London he studied sanitary science under Professors 
 Corfield and Cassal of University College, spending a period of 
 six months in the Hygienic Laboratory of the International 
 Health Exhibition ; then passed the examination for the diploma 
 in Public Health at Cambridge University, November, 1884. 
 Returning to Canada, he was shortly afterwards appointed 
 chief of a staff of medical in.spectors sent by the Ontario Gov- 
 ernment during the epidemic of small-pox at Montreal, to 
 prevent its spread to this Province. Dr. Covernton discharged 
 his duties so satisfactorily that he received a flattering testi- 
 monial, and a purse of $500 from the leading merchants and 
 manufacturers of Montreal. 
 
 In' 1885, he was appointed Lecturer iu Sanitary Science at 
 
 21 
 
314 Tfie Medical Puofkhsion in Uppku (Janada. 
 
 the Woman's Medical College, Toronto, and in the follovv- 
 inp; year Lecturer on the same subject in Trinity Medical 
 CoUej^e. 
 
 Carlton Covernton is a drupfpfist in largo business at Mont- 
 real. Ho married a niece of Sir Georj^e Stephen. 
 
 One daughter is the wife of 1*. H. Drayton, barrister, who 
 was formerly an oflicer in the Kith Regiment, then exchanged 
 to the Canadian lliHes, and afterwards in the 7()th Regiment. 
 He 8oid out to study law, and distinguished liimself by taking 
 the four scholarships of the Law Society. Called to the Bar, 
 188L Is now (1893) Lecturer and Examiner at Osgoode Hall. 
 Has been Alderman of Toronto, anil for three years tilled the 
 office of Chairman of the Local Board of Health. 
 
 Dr. Charles James (/overnton, eldest son of James Covernton, 
 brother of Dr. C. W. Covernton, was born in England, 1832, and 
 came with liis parents to Canada, in June, 183G. Educated first 
 at the Grammar School in Simcoe, County of Norfolk, subse- 
 quently at Upper Canada College, where he took high honours. 
 Commenced the study of medicine with his uncle, Dr. C. W. 
 Covernton, in 1848; in 1850, entered the medical branch of 
 Trinity College, and passed the Medical Board, May, 1853. Re- 
 turning to Simcoe, he took charge of his uncle's practice during 
 his four months' absence in England. He then proceeded to 
 England, where, shortly after, he obtained the Membership of 
 the Royal College of Surgeons, and subsequently became a 
 Licentiate of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh ; was 
 offered an appointment in the navy, but preferred another offer 
 for the West India Mail Service, in which he was enjraffed for 
 several years. At the time of the Crimean War, he became 
 Surgeon on the Peninsular and Oriental Line of steamers. 
 During that time the steamer was chartered by the Government 
 as a troop-ship, and he had extended opportunities of witness- 
 ing the long engagements of our forces in the Crimea ; and he 
 was with the Guards when they entered Sebastopol. Subse- 
 quently he was in India during the Mutiny, and towards the 
 close was the surgeon of the troop-ship that conveyed Lord 
 Elgin to China. 
 
 He married a lady whose acquaintance he made on ship- 
 board returning from India ; and, within a couple of years of 
 
BioGUAi'iiiCAL Skktcues. 315 
 
 his marnacfo, bouiirlifc a practico in Knighton, Radnorshire, 
 where ho continued to reside until his deatli, which occurred in 
 1890. He was unanimously ehictcd a nicinlx!!' of (Jounty Muni- 
 cipal Council, which supisrseded the old Maj^istrates (Jourt of 
 (Quarter Ses!*ion.s. 
 
 Dr. Wm. CuAKiiE, 
 
 Froui Ancaster, appeared heforo the Medical Board, April, 1885. 
 Was a member of the Royal C!!ollejro of Sur^'cons of Edinburgh. 
 He was " found fully <iualified, and received the certificate of 
 the Hoard." The subjoined accoiint of Dr. Crait>ie, with list of 
 his publications, is taken from " Morpjan's Bib. (Janaden." : 
 
 "Craigie, William, M.D. A Canadian medical practitioner. 
 Born in Aberdeenshire, 1700. Died at Hamilton, Upper 
 Canada, IHGIi. Studied for niedical profession at Mare.schal 
 CoUcfje, Aberdeen, and at tlio Universities of Edinburgh and 
 Dublin. Contributed montlily meteorological reports to Spec- 
 tator (Hamilton) for a number of year.s, and also reports on 
 same subject to the Smithsonian. 
 
 " Miscellaneous Collections : 
 
 "I. Mean re.sults for each month for eleven years (183.5 to 
 1845 inclusive), of a Register of the Thermometer and Baro- 
 meter, kept at Ancaster, C. W. — B. A. Journ., I84G. 
 
 " II. List of indigenous plants found in the neighbourhood 
 of Hamilton, with the dates of their being found in flower and 
 examined. — Can. Journ., 1854. 
 
 " III. Mean results of the meteorological observations at 
 Hamilton.— /6i(Z., 1857-8-9-60-Gl." 
 
 Dr. George Gillespie Crawford 
 
 Was born, August 10, 1809, at St. Joseph's Island, Lake Huron. 
 He was the son of Col. Louis Crawford, a U. E. Loyalist from 
 the State of New York, who was in command at the time at 
 St. Joseph's Island, and who had a brother, also a Colonel in 
 the British Army. Dr. Crawford's mother was the do,ughter of 
 
ftlO TiiK Mkdicai, I'hokehhion in (IppKU Canada. 
 
 Dr. Diivid Mitchull, of tho Hth Ro^ninont. Col. L.Crawford 
 was coriiiectetl witli a laud company for a time. Wo learn from 
 Mr. Ocor^ci Mathuwson, who often heard J)r. Crawford relate 
 the early events of his life to his father, that immediately 
 after Napoleon's escape from Elha, ('ol. Crawford's rej^imont 
 (89th?) was ordered to Enj^lund. Oeorjje was then .six or seven 
 years old, and remomhered tho rej^iment stayinj^ at York a day 
 or two, which wa.s impressed upon liis mind hy his personal 
 attempt to capture some apple.s in an orchard at the present 
 corner of Kin^ and Frederick Streets, by creeping under the 
 j^ate, in which raid ho was caujjht and got a gooil .shaking 
 instead of the a])ples. The first brick house built in Toronto, 
 long known as the Canada Conipany lUiilding, wa.s erected 
 there. Col. Crawford took his .son to Glasgow, and .soon after 
 died. Young Crawford found a homo with George Gillespie, 
 after whom he seems to have boon named. Mr. Gillespie had 
 him educated, and he afterward .studied medicine with Dr. 
 Alexander Gillespie, to whom he was apprenticed. He took a 
 medical course at Edinburgh University and graduated a.s 
 F.R.C.S. Edin., with honours, 1828. He received the appoint- 
 ment of Assistant-Surgeon to tho 71st Regiment, and had 
 charge of some companies at Liverpool for a time, when he 
 accompanied tho regiment to Canada, 1829, and wa.s quartered 
 at Penetanguishene, where he assumed the office which his 
 uncle, Dr. Mitchell, had held. The following year he retired 
 from the service, and engaged in business in the firm of New- 
 bigin & Co., in York. In 1832, he was gazetted a licentiate of 
 Upper Canada, being designated as an A.M.,M.D. But Dr. Craw- 
 ford did not engage in practice. He at this time possessed con- 
 siderable wealth. His father had acquired large tracts of land in 
 different parts of the Province, all of which was inherited by the 
 doctor. We learn on good authority that Dr. Crawford at this 
 time was second to none among the first families of York. He 
 lived in hi.s own substantial white brick mansion on one of tho 
 Park lots on Queen Street, about where is now Manning Avenue, 
 and here dispensed lavish hospitality to society people. We are 
 told that " when he gave a dinner party it was generally of the 
 most .select in both viands and guests," while the doctor was the 
 best of table talkers. Of carriage and horses, " his turn-out 
 
BiookAiMiicAL Sketches. :U7 
 
 was the HtimrtoNt in Uio place." Unfortunately Dr. Crawfonl's 
 venture in ImsincHs was followed hy ^nnxi financial loss, und 
 afterwardH, bank failure Hwept away much of his patrimony. 
 Dr.- Crawfonl in his later years lived a retired lifi^ ; hut lu; had 
 a number of chosen friends, and with tlieso he often referred to 
 his early days when at school and olloj^e ii» Kdinburjjjh. 
 
 Dr. Crawford was twice married. A son by his tirst wife 
 went to Australia, where it is .supposed he died ; a dau^ditor also 
 by the Hrst wife, married Mr. Dickson, barrister, of Helleville, 
 now dead, where she still resides. A son by his second wife, 
 lives in Buffalo, and his widow and a daughter live in Toronto. 
 
 He was a charter member of St. Andrew's Lodfje of Free- 
 ma.sons, Toronto. In some way Dr. Crawford was concerned^ 
 by accusation, in the affair in which one Mor<;an published an 
 alleged expos«5 of the secrets of Freemasonry, in 1831, which 
 caused no little excitement at the time. Morgan disappeare*!, 
 and it was charged that the Freemasons were at the bottom of 
 it. Dr. Crawford died at Toronto, 1893, and was accorded a 
 Masonic funeral. 
 
 Du. LuTiiEii Cross 
 
 Is mentioned as one of the early residents of Polham Township, 
 Niagara District. Dr. Luther Cross (probably the same), of 
 York, appeared before the Upper Canada Medical Board, April, 
 1831 ; but in consequence of an attack of fever, his examina- 
 tion was postponed. In October, he appeared again. He pro- 
 duced testimonials of having attended two courses of lectures 
 at Baudain and Berkshire ; also a diploma from Baudain Col- 
 lege. The Board is (was) perfectly satisfied by his examina- 
 tion. He was a native of the United States. 
 
 In 1842, he was practising in Hamilton. Soon after he 
 removed to St. Catharines, and was registered as living there 
 in 1866 and 1887. 
 
 Dr. John Crumbie 
 
 Was born, 1794, and died, 1874. The following sketch of his 
 life appeared shortly after his death : " Another pioneer has 
 passed away. One by one the first settlers of the County of 
 
318 The Medical Profession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 Peel are disappearing from amongst us. In the death of the late 
 Dr. Crumble, the County of Peel has lost a good citizen, and 
 the inhabitants of Streets ville and neighbourhood a true and 
 faithful friend, whose place will be hard to fill. Dr. Crumble 
 was born in Scotland, where he received part of his education 
 and taught for a time in the parish school. In the year 1819, 
 he emigrated to Canada with his father's family. His father 
 settled in Chinguacousy, where he lived for many years and 
 died at the ripe age of eighty-six years, highly respected by all 
 who knew him. Dr. Crumble commenced his life in Canada 
 by teaching school in the Niagara District, having obtained a 
 certificate from the late Bishop Strachan. After teaching a 
 private school for a short time with success, he was engaged by 
 the late Colonel Street to teach his family, in whose employ he 
 remained four and a half years, having, during this time, for 
 his pupils some who afterwards held verj"- prominent places in 
 Canada, among whom we mention the late T. C. Street, Bishop 
 Fuller, Walter Dixon and the late Judge Burns. He then went 
 to study medicine at Fairfield College, New York (there being 
 no medical college in Canada at that time), where he graduated 
 in 1827. He then returned to Canada, obtained his license the 
 same year, and commenced to practise his profession in Streets- 
 ville, where he remained until his death. At the time of his 
 settlement in this place, the surrounding country was almost a 
 wilderness, with few roads, and very many of them only sleigh 
 paths through the bush. At that time the inhabitants were 
 nearly all very poor, and many a time has the familiar form of 
 the ' Old Doctor ' been seen on horse-back, with a basket of pro- 
 visions on his arm and saddle-bags behind him, wending his 
 way through the woods to the relief of some poor family in dis- 
 tress by sickness and poverty, where, instead of claiming a fee, 
 he left them the wherewith, not only to relieve their suftering, 
 but to supply the want of necessaries of life. Being blessed 
 with a sound and vigorous constitution, which he husbanded 
 by a life of constant activity and very temperate habits, he was 
 enabled to endure an amount of hardship which few now-a- 
 days have any idea of, often being called thirty or forty miles 
 away through a comparative wilderness ; when he would be 
 several days away at a time, going from house to house, reliev- 
 
Biographical Sketches. " 319 
 
 ing suffering wherever he found it. Having, by constant and 
 persevering exertion, accumulated a considerable amount of 
 wealth, he was enabled to assist many of his neighbours, and 
 was never known to send the needy away empty. By his 
 frank, noble and generous disposition, he has endeared himself 
 to all who knew him, and by whom he will long be remembered 
 with the kindest feelings of friendship, reverence and esteem. 
 As an example, we may here be allowed to quote the expression 
 of an eminent scholar in his letter of sympathy, which has just 
 been received. He says : ' Though his life is lost, his lifetime 
 has not been lost. A more prolonged career of usefulness, 
 uprightness and honour it would be difficult to find. His walk 
 through life is a noble example to young men. His courageous 
 frankness is as rare as the diamond, and shone from his cheer- 
 ful face with a brilliancy which smote all dissemblers. I never 
 knew so noble a specimen of moral fearlessness as the " Old 
 Doctor." I doubt if from his cradle he ever told a lie.' 
 
 "In addition to his professional duties, being a thorough 
 scholar himself, he always took an active interest in the educa- 
 tional interests of the county. He was for many years one of 
 the county examiners, and used all his influence in supporting 
 the schools of the neighbourhood. He was also one of the 
 oldest magistrates in the county, for which position his sterling 
 honesty well qualified him. 
 
 "In 1831, he married Miss Waite, who was born in Fairfield, 
 N.Y., April 24, 1815, with whom he had become acquainted 
 during his college course. Although they had a number of 
 children, they all died in infancy. Dr. Crumble, having no 
 children of his own, adopted his niece, Mary Crumble, who was 
 married to J. G. Cooper, Esq., formerly of Nelson, in 1870. 
 They now live in the family mansion at Streetsville." 
 
 Dr. W. R. Cubitt, 
 
 Born in the county of Norfolk, England, was educated by a 
 private tutor, and when a young man farmed his own estate, 
 " Erpingham." Subsequently he studied medicine, and took his 
 degree of M.D., at Glasgow, 1823. He commenced practice at 
 
320 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Ashby de la Zouch, in the county of Leicester, a town then 
 known for its chalybeate springs and baths. He published a 
 treatise on the medicinal qualities of these springs, which was 
 well received by the profession. He also wrote a work upon 
 " Angina Pectoris," and kindred complaints, many of which, he 
 contended, arose from or were similated by indigestion. This 
 work received a veiy complimentary notice in the Medico- 
 Chirurgical Review of that date. In 1833, Dr. Cubitt came 
 to Canada and settled in what is now the town of Bowmanville, 
 with his three sons, one of whom, Colonel Cubitt, alone sur- 
 vives, and resides at Bowmanville (1893). Dr. Cubitt was 
 licensed under 8th Geo. IV., Chap. 3. 
 
 In early life, Dr. Cubitt married Mary, eldest daughter of 
 the Rev. Mr. Churchill, rector of Blickling and Espingham. 
 The Cubitts are of an old Norfolk family, many of whose 
 members have attained high military rank. Among them was 
 the late Colonel Cubitt of the Royal Engineers, well known at 
 Kingston, Ont., in years gone by. Lady Emily Cubitt, the wife 
 of the British ambassador at Washington, is of this family. The 
 Churchills are strangely connected, being lineal descendants of 
 Oliver Cromwell and the celebrated Duke of Marlborough. Dr. 
 Cubitt died in his sixty-fifth year, in 1844. 
 
 Dr. William Henry Dalton 
 
 Was the son of Thomas Dalton, who was a well-known 
 person in Upper Canada, being the publisher of the Patriot 
 for a number of years. He was an Englishman from Bir- 
 mingham, who had come to Newfoundland, where he lived 
 during the war of 1812-14, and where William Henry was 
 born. One effect of the war in Newfoundland is remembered. 
 The young son was at that time very delicate, and it was neces- 
 sary to have eggs for his diet, for which nine shillings a dozen 
 was paid. Thomas Dalton came to Upper Canada in 1814, 
 when William Henry was three years old. Kingston was 
 selected as a home. It was there he began the publication of 
 the Patriot, 1828, which was done with considerable ability. 
 Young Dalton entered the oflRce and learned the printing busi- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 321 
 
 ness with his brother, Robert Gladstone, and generally assisted 
 his father. In 1832, the family moved to York and transferred 
 the paper as well. This was a matter of regret to his patrons 
 at Kingston, and seems to have been also a cause of regret to 
 Mr. Dalton. However, as the organ of the Government, it was 
 much to Mr. Dalton's advantage to publish the paper at head- 
 quarters. During the latter part of the time Mr. Dalton con- 
 ducted the Patriot, political feeling ran very high, and he gave 
 and received many a trenchant blow with his opponents. On 
 a tombstone resting upon his grave in the old graveyard of St. 
 James, on the east side of the cathedral, are these words to the 
 memory of Thomas Dalton : " Born in Birmingham, England, 
 April, 1792. Died, October 26, 1840." His widow died, June 
 14, 1859. 
 
 When William Henry was twenty years of age, he forsook 
 printing and began the study of medicine. He became a 
 student of Dr. King's, with whom he remained five years, until 
 he procured his license to practise. He had as fellow-students 
 H. H. Wright and James Mitchell, of London. Dalton had not 
 only the benefit of Dr. King's private practice, but that of the 
 General Hospital, and he seems to have received much of the 
 attention of the hospital physicians, who gave him instruction. 
 It speaks well for the course of instruction he received from 
 Dr. King and others, and the ability and attention of himself, 
 that he was able to pass his examination with no other facilities 
 for learning. His whole medical education was obtained in 
 Toronto, while his general education was principally acquired 
 at the printer's desk. 
 
 The short-lived College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
 Upper Canada had just taken the place of the old Upper 
 Canada Med. Board, as an examining body, and it wa.s from this 
 institution that Mr. Dalton received his diploma and acquired 
 the right to practise medicine. He was the seventh person to 
 become a licentiate of the College, which was on November 1, 
 1839. (See proceedings of the College.) 
 
 Dr. Dalton opened an office in Toronto, and remained there 
 for a year or more. He then removed to Ancaster, taking the 
 place of Dr. Thomas Rolph, who had just left the place. Here 
 he continued for many years. He also practised at Dundas, 
 
322 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Hamilton, and Wellington Square (Burlington), but notwith- 
 standing these removals, retaining much of the same practice. 
 Altogether he remained in this district about twenty years. 
 During this time he was a prominent actor in a highly sensa- 
 tional trial of another medical man, who was tried and convicted 
 for outrage upon one of his patients. It was his evidence which 
 caused the conviction. 
 
 In the winter of 1859-60, Dr. Dal ton took up his abode in 
 Bolton village, where he practised until 187'). During this time 
 he was appointed a coroner, and had a reputation as a medical 
 jurist. Dr. Dalton practised near Toronto, on the Davenport 
 Road, for twelve years, when he came into the city, where he 
 lived until his death, January, 1890. 
 
 He married, 1842, Susan, daughter of James Warbrink, who, 
 before he came to Canada, was an extensive manufacturer at 
 Bradford, England, where he was the first to introduce machinery 
 operated by steam. The issue of this union was ten children, 
 five sons and five daughters. Seven children are still living 
 (1889). One, John J., lives in Toronto, with whom his father 
 lived at the time of his death. Mrs. Dalton died, 1888. 
 
 The Doctor's brother, Robert G. Dalton, was well known as 
 the Master in Chambers at Osgoode Hall for many years. A 
 sister, Emma, married, May 1, 1841, Adam Wilson, barrister, 
 afterwards Sir Adam, who adorned the Bench for many years. 
 Another sister, Mary, married Dr. McMichael, the well-known 
 barrister, of Toronto. Sophia married Wm. Bartlett, for some 
 time connected with the Indian Department. One sister 
 remained unmarried. 
 
 A daughter of Dr. Dalton married Rev. Mr. Parker ; another. 
 Rev. Mr. Mills, both of the Church of England. Another 
 daughter makes her home with her uncle, Robert G. Dalton. 
 
 Respecting Dr. Dalton's father, it is deemed proper, in the 
 interest of Canadian history, to supplement the notice given 
 with the following, taken from Morgan's " Bib. Canaden." : 
 
 " Thomas Dalton, a Canadian journalist, was for many years 
 prior and up to his death, editor and proprietor of the Patriot 
 (Toronto), then the leading Conservative journal inUpper Canada. 
 Of a strong and fervid mind, he displayed indefatigable zeal as 
 a public writer in strengthening the tie between Canada and 
 
Biographical Sketches. 323 
 
 the mother country; his efforts were unflinching to crush every 
 measure calculated to disturb the harmony that should always 
 exist between the parent state and her dependencies. Mr. D. 
 was considered the most vigorous public writer of his day in 
 the Upper Province. He was one of the first to advocate a con- 
 federation of all the British American colonies, and his political 
 foresight has been strikingly evinced in the fulfilment of many of 
 his predictions. We close this brief and imperfect notice of this 
 distinguished writer, with the following tribute to his worth, 
 taken from a Toronto journal : 
 
 " ' In the cause of his country, he was sometimes ardent to a 
 degree which all his friends could not approve. But those 
 who knew him best were the most convinced of the sincerity 
 with which he declared his opinions upon the public questions 
 of the day. He was an Englishman in heart and mind, as well 
 as by birth ; was proud of his Saxon lineage, was proud of 
 British freedom, which he considered the light of the world, 
 and the best adapted to carry forward the human family from 
 improvement to improvement in all time to come. In private 
 life he was friendly, amiable and cheerful.' " 
 
 Dr. John Porter Daly, 
 
 Of York. Before the Medical Board, April, 1828. The Board 
 was " perfectly satisfied with his examination." He was a native 
 of Montreal, and had just come to York, where he engaged 
 in practice. In 1831, he married Eliza Ann, eldest daughter 
 of Samuel Ridout, and about the same time disposed of his 
 practice to Dr. Rees, removing up Yonge Street to where is now 
 Thornhill. Remained there two years, and returned to Yc. k, 
 and resumed practice. In 1835 or '36, he went to Natchez on 
 the Mississippi. Subsequently he removed to Havana ; here 
 he lost his wife by death, 1842. His subsequent life is unknown. 
 He was a clever practitioner, and had a large practice while in 
 York. 
 
324 The Medical Profession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 Dr. James Acland De La Hooke 
 
 Was born at Plymouth, England, November, 1814. His father, 
 James Hooke (properly and anciently De La Hooke), was an 
 attorney, and was married to Augusta Dillon, of Cornwall, 
 England. Some years afterwards he went to Cambridge, and 
 was ordained a minister of the Church of England, and became 
 the Rector of Upper and Lower Gravenhurst, Bedfordshire, It 
 may be mentioned that one of his ancestors, whose name was 
 James De La Hooke, took a fancy to have his name on the dial 
 of his watch ; but the " De La " was omitted, leaving only 
 "James Hooke." For a long time after, the famil)' went by 
 the name of Hooke, until the doctor's father, in 1825, restored 
 the original name, and since then the family has been known 
 both in England and Canada as " De La Hooke." 
 
 In 1830, young De La Hooke became an articled student of 
 William Wooton, M.R.C.S., at Harold, County Bedford, and his 
 indentures were transferred to W. M. Tracey, M.R.C.S,, St. 
 James' Square, London, with whom he remained until the 
 expiration of his indentures. During that time he attended 
 lectures on chemistrj^ at the Royal Institution, delivered by 
 Brande and Faraday ; Anatomj'^ at the Hunterian Theatre, 
 Windmill Street ; Practice of Medicine, Midwifery and Hospital 
 Practice at St. George's Hospital ; Surgery, Forensic Medicine, 
 Materia Medica and Botany at King's College ; and Surgical 
 Practice at Vniyersity Coilege Mospita* under Robert Liston. 
 In 1836 he obtained his license from Apothecaries' Hall. In 
 1837 he was admitted a member of the Royal College of Sur- 
 geons, England. On his arrival in Toronto, 1839, he applied to 
 the Governor for a provincial license, and was told by the 
 Secretary to make application to the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of Upper Canada, and undergo an examination before 
 he could practise, which, with reluctance and a natural feeling 
 of injured pride at such an ordeal, possessing as he did diplomas 
 from England, he submitted to, and was granted a license. It 
 will be seen in the proceedings of the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons of Upper Canada, that Dr. De La Hooke was the 
 first person to receive its Diploma. 
 
 On June 1, 1839, Dr. De La Hooke landed at Toronto, where 
 
BiouRAPHicAL Sketches. 325 
 
 he remained a week, and then located at Weston, Ontario, and 
 commenced practice. The following spring he removed to 
 Goderich and practised for throe years, when he took up his 
 residence on the London Road, near the Bayfield River, a mile 
 from the now village of Clinton, formerly called Reid's Corners, 
 a tavern being, at that time, the only building there. In 1844, 
 he married Miss Sarah England, a native of Canterbury, Eng- 
 land, who had been on a visit to her brother-in-law, James 
 Gordon. Dr. De La Hooke, after marriage, went to Ohio and 
 commenced practice at Cumminsville, on the Miami Canal. 
 Owing to bad health he soon returned to Weston, where his 
 wife died, January, 1845. In 1847, he married Maria Loui.sa 
 Denison, daughter of Captain Thomas John Denison, of Retire- 
 ment Vale. In 1870, he removed to Toronto, where he now 
 (1894) resides. His wife died, July 1, 1887. They lived to- 
 gether forty years, and had six sons and one daughter. Three 
 of the sons are now alive, James Acland, Edwin Dillon Alex- 
 ander, and Thomas Denison Auley. 
 
 Dr. De La Hooke relates .some of his experiences as a practi- 
 tioner which will be read with interest, and which shows the 
 contrast between the present and the past : 
 
 No one who has not had the experience of professional life 
 in Canada fifty years ago, in the early settlement of the west 
 and north-western portion, can have any idea of the fatigue and 
 hardships endured by medical men. In very many instances 
 they received no pay for their onerous services, for in those 
 days the settlers were very poor and were struggling very hard 
 to meet instalments on the land they had settled on. If the 
 Doctor got a bag of oats, a small quantity of flour, a few 
 pounds of bacon, part of a quarter of beef, or even a bunch of 
 shingles, he did not repine. Fees were very low and money 
 very rarely seen. Long rides through the bush, only a road 
 cut through where sawlogs were drawn to the mills, made the 
 Doctor's life one of toil, as well as tedious, arduous and irksome 
 in the extreme. 
 
 Dr. De La Hooke, in a memoir, says : " He was once called to 
 see a little boy who had accidentally swallowed a fish-hook to 
 which a piece of line was attached. He was found in great 
 pain, and the Doctor feared to draw on the string to dislodge 
 
326 The Medical I'kofehsion in Upper Canada. 
 
 tlie hook, lest he should cause injury to the pharynx ; so he 
 took a good-sized bullet, drilled a hole through its centre, and 
 passed the string through it, and pushed the bullet into the 
 pharynx, thereby dislodging the hook from its attachment. 
 On withdrawal, the point of the hook was found imbedded in 
 the bullet so as to be easily extracted. The injury to the soft 
 parts was comparatively trivial, and complete recovery the 
 result." 
 
 During the year 1847, the emigrant fever was raging amongst 
 the newly arrived emigrants in Toronto. The hospital being 
 overcrowded, a number of them were removed to Weston and 
 located in a barn. Dr. De La Hooke was the only medical man 
 in the village, and it fell to his lot to attend them, and en- 
 deavour to keep the disease confined to one place. He supplied 
 them with medicine, wine when required, as well as other 
 necessaries, and paid part of the funeral expenses of the only 
 one who died. The patients and their families were between 
 twenty and thirty in number. By isolation and care the spread 
 of the disease was prevented ; but during his attendance his 
 private patients would not permit him to enter their houses. 
 Dr. De La Hooke records that he neither got credit for wha', he 
 had done, nor even thanks, nor any recognition, pecuniary or 
 otherwise, from the municipality or the inhabitants of Weston. 
 He considered this a public calamity, affecting the health and 
 welfare of every resident in the vicinity, and that his services 
 were worthy of some reward, or at least acknowledgment of 
 diligent and faithful service rendered to the community He 
 had one consolation : he had fearlessly and honestly, as well as 
 conscientiously, done his duty to the sick and to the inhabitants 
 of the village. (If these patients were removed to Weston from 
 an overcrowded hospital in Toronto, the village could hardly^ 
 be expected to pay the expenses.) 
 
 On one occasion during his residence in Weston, he says : " I 
 was called to attend a man named James Smisson, who had 
 both his legs crushed and mangled in a threshing machine, to 
 such an extent as to necessitate immediate amputation. I re- 
 moved both legs below the knees, and was ably assisted by Dr. 
 Reardon, an old naval surgeon, and Dr. Thistle. I operated on 
 the 8th of August, after dark, and on the 8th of the follow- 
 
BiooiiAPHiCAL Sketches. 327 
 
 in<]f month both stumps were healed, and no unpleasant symp- 
 tonis occurred. I may here mention the only li^ht I had were 
 two home-made tallow candles. After his recovery, I made 
 application to the municipality for .some n!nninerati(m, as the 
 patient was very poor ; and one of the councilmen, a man who 
 had plenty of means, told me I .should have made some party 
 responsible for my account before I touched the patient, who, 
 at the time, was .suffering pain and bleeding pr()fusel3\ In 18()6, 
 I was walking up Main Street, Buffalo, and recognised my old 
 patient, who had a fruit stall, or table, on which were a few 
 peaches and other fruit, and in acknowledgment of my services 
 he gave me two peaches. This was all I ever got for what I 
 had done for him. He was poor, but I believe his intention was 
 honest, if he had the means to pay me." 
 
 The Doctor continues : 
 
 " During my residence on the London Road, I was .summoned 
 by the pathmaster to do statute labour, and bring a spade with 
 me, as they intended to take out stumps. I informed him I had 
 a machine for that purpose, and he requested me to bring it 
 with me, for it was just the thing required. I started next 
 morning, taking my tooth instruments with me, stump forceps, 
 etc. The pathmaster was surprised (I had not brought either 
 spade or stumping machine), and still more .so when I produced 
 the tooth instruments. I told him the understanding was to 
 bring my stump machine, as he intended to have stumps taken 
 out. I offered, if any of the men had decayed teeth, to extract 
 them, and that they should do my statute labour, and in that 
 way pay me, which was at once agreed to. I operated on 
 several men, put up my instruments and went home, all parties 
 being satisfied with the exchange of work, and I was perfectly 
 contented that my statute labour was to be done without any 
 outlay of money, which was a very scarce commodity in th.ose 
 days. 
 
 " On one occasion when visiting a patient, I got a couple pairs 
 of live ducks as part payment of my fees. I put them in my 
 buggy, and on ray way home met a gentleman. While we were 
 conversing, the ducks began to quack, and he remarked that 
 this was a novel way of advertising, and he had no doubt it 
 would prove a very successful one. I felt very much chagrined 
 
328 The Medical PttOFEssioN in Uppeu Canada, 
 
 and left him, reflecting that shouM the ducks continue quack- 
 ing, it would not redound to my creilit in the mindn of those I 
 miglit meet. I never put live ducks in my buggy afterwards. 
 
 " A certain doctor always carritul an ivory tube, and attached 
 a bladder to it when ho administered an enema. On one 
 occasion ho had left it at home, and it was toD far to go back 
 for it ; but an old woman who was present went out to the 
 bush and procured a piece of elder, trimmed it up, and attacheil 
 a bladder, which worked very satisfactorily. Shortly after, ho 
 was siujilarly placed — his ivory tube was left at home. He at 
 once remeinbered the old woman's substitute, and got a piece 
 of elder, trimmed it up, antl afiixed a bladder to it and pro- 
 ceeded to use it, but found that he could not empty the bladder. 
 On withdrawing the elder from tl:c rectum, he found he had 
 neglected to take the pith out of the piece of elder. \ 
 
 " During my residence in Goderich, one winter's night I was 
 summoned to go to the Big Sable River to attend Petit Caselet, 
 who had been severely injured, and was in the emplo}' of 
 Brewster & Smart, who owned the mills at that place. I hired 
 a man and double horse-sleigh, and started on my journey at 
 11 p.m., of thirty miles down the London Road. The snow was 
 deep, the track nearly filled up, for it was snowing very fast 
 and drifting, accompanied by a very cold and strong wind. At 
 7 a.m. the following morning, I reached the half way house 
 between Goderich and London, where I got my breakfast, the 
 fare in those days being bacon and eggs ; also fed the horse, and 
 rested for tv/o hours. I had now the worst part of the journey 
 to go, about sixteen miles through the bush, the road only 
 having been blazed ; no beaten track, for the snow had filled it 
 up. Late in the evening I reached my destination, very cold, 
 tired and weary. I at once proceeded to examine the patient, 
 and found he had a compound fracture of the thigh, the 
 bone protruding through the soft parts about three inches. 
 There was also a compound fracture of the tibia and fibula at 
 the upper third of the leg, the bones protruding through the 
 8oft parts, the integument and .subjacent ti.ssues covering the 
 knee-joint being ver}' much contused. These injuries were 
 confined to one extremity. I sawed off the ends of the bonesi 
 and reduced the fractures, carefully avoiding any undue pros- 
 
BioGiiAPiiicAL Sketches. Ji29 
 
 Huro from splints or handufijcs. Tho followinfi; morninf^ I left 
 tho patient, who hud passnl a coiiiparativcily comfortable ni^ht. 
 Two (lays after, I visited the patient a^'ain, and hi.s condition 
 was more Hutisfactory than 1 had anticipated. After this I 
 saw the patient twice a week for nearly three months. At tiio 
 expiration of that time, ho had so far recovered as to leave his 
 bed. About three months afterwards, 1 saw my patient, Petit 
 Caselet, who was movinj^ about on crutches, and tin; only de- 
 formity obj;erved was that ho was unable to brinj; his heel to 
 the {ground by about an inch, evidently due to the injury sus- 
 tained by the soft parts in the vicinity of the knee, and per- 
 manent contraction of the Hexor tendons. The result, however, 
 was so far satisfactory ; he had the use of the limb and the 
 power of locomotion, which was more than ever I expected ho 
 would regain. When I first saw tho patient, the party in 
 charge of the mills recjuested me to give tho man every atten- 
 tion, and ho would pay me. On presenting my account, ho 
 ignored my claim and his responsibility. I sued him, and got 
 judgment, and when the sheriff went to make a seizure, this 
 man told him he had no share or interest in the business but 
 to do his work and get his wages, and that he was employed 
 by the firm who owned the mills and lived in Detroit; and in 
 this way I was defrauded of the amount of my bill, and super- 
 added was an outlay of ten dollars for the hire of the man and 
 sleigh." 
 
 Dr. De La Hooke's connection with the Canadian Militia and 
 Volunteer force was as follows : 
 
 July, 184)2, was gazetted surgeon 1st Battalion Huron Militia; 
 
 June, 1853. transferred to 2nd Battalion York Militia; 
 
 September, 1854, surgeon to York Light Dragoons; 
 
 June, 1856, surgeon to Squadron of York Cavalry; 
 
 1866, surgeon to the Governor-General's Body Guard at Fort 
 Erie during the Fenian Raid ; 
 
 July 11, 1879, promoted to the rank of Surgeon-Major. 
 
 In 1881, he sent in his resignation, after a period of forty-six 
 years in the Militia and Volunteer Foice. During the Fenian 
 Raid, from the inadequate and deficient supply of blankets and 
 other necessaries, as well as from exposure, he, as well as many 
 others, contracted rheumatism, a disease he has more or less 
 22 
 
330 Thk Mkdkjal Pkokession in Ui'I'kk Canada. 
 
 suffered from ever since. After lii.s rijsiprnation in 1888, ho 
 made application to tiio Militia l)((partiiu!ut for a {gratuity or 
 compensation for loiii,' atul faithful Hcrvice, and for disease eon- 
 trnctcd during the performance of duty to Queen and country. 
 His application was ijynored by the Minister of Militia, on tlio 
 grounds that lie had ne<;locted to |)ut in a claim on his return 
 from tiio frontier, and that there was no provision for contin- 
 gencies such as his case. His reason for omitting' to make a 
 claim at that time was that ho only suffered from occasional 
 attacks, and did not desire to he a burden on the Government. 
 
 He was medical othcer of the day to the Ontario Uifle 
 Association, from the time it was inaujj;urated until LSSS, when 
 ho resigned his commission in the Volunteer Force. He was on 
 duty always ono day at the armual rifle matches; on several 
 occasions, two days, and one year, for four days. 
 
 Dr. Do La Hooko, in his memo., says: " In concluding; this 
 record of my professional life durint; a period of fifty years, 
 dating from 18.'}9, when I arrived in Toronto, all tlie incidents 
 I have portrayed are positive and reliable facts, and related 
 without fiction or romantic exaggeration, and I do not take any 
 undue or particular credit to myself for my share in the services 
 it was my lot to perform. As many other professional men in 
 those days have experienced similar trials and hardships, I 
 would hero remark that medical men, with very, very few 
 exceptions, aro at all times ready to render assistance to the sick 
 and needy at all hours and under any circumstance, and that 
 no other class of men perform .so many unrecognized and unre- 
 quited acts of kindne.ss as they do. In the foregoing recital I 
 have been very careful to relate the incidents as accurately as 
 they occurred. I could mention many more, but enough has 
 been told to show the hard.ships and privations others as 
 well as myself endured in the early settlement of the country. 
 When I landed in Toronto I was the possessor of S200, and if 
 I had only been so fortunate as to got only two-thirds of my 
 lawful earnings, I should at this period of my life be compara- 
 tively well ofi", and able to retire from active practice. How- 
 ever, I brought nothing into this world, and ray only ambition 
 through life was to be able to lay by enough to support me in 
 my declining years ; but I cannot take anything out of this 
 
BioGHAi'HirAi, Sketches. 331 
 
 world or leave anything behind hut a reputation, I trust, of 
 having boon an honest and conscientious practitioner." 
 
 l)u. Tetkh Ueiul 
 
 Wns a son of .John Justice Doihl, a native of Germany, who, in 
 his will, Mpeaks of his father's estate in Darmstadt, in Ifesse. 
 He was a merchant at Montreal, and was married to a sister 
 of Dr. Daniel Arnoldi. Dr. Arnoldi was of Ge.-man extraction. 
 The family had passed into Italy, where the original name 
 Arnold WH.s changed to Arnoldi. Dr. Daniel Arnoldi was an 
 eminent physician of Montreal, and his fourth son, P'ranci.s 
 Cornelius, was likewise an eminent physician in Toronto, from 
 IHit'i till 1862, when, on Now Year's day, he died, very much 
 respected, and his death very much regretted. Dr. Deihl was 
 born in Quebec, May 22, 17H7. His father's intention was 
 that he should enter into some business pursuit. He died 
 while his son was yet young. Two of the executors of his 
 will were Charles Blake, surgeon, and Henry Loedel, the latter 
 of whom had been surgeon to the Hessian troops, and who had 
 been employed by the British Government in the American 
 Rebellion of 177G. 
 
 Not utdikely it was by the advice of these two doctors that 
 Peter decided to study medicine, or perhaps the fact of his 
 mother's father being a doctor had its influence. He studied 
 medicine with Dr. Blake, of Montreal, and afterwards went to 
 Edinburgh, 1807, and attended medical lectures at the Univer- 
 sity and Royal Infirmary. Dr. Blake was a particular friend, 
 and seems to have been like a father to him, as the following 
 letter shows. It is given in full as it throws light on the 
 events of that time. It is now in the possession of Mrs. E. H. 
 Van Koughnet, of Toronto, to whom the writer is indebted 
 for valuable information respecting both Dr. Deihl and Dr. 
 Macaulay. The letter is addressed to Mr. Peter Deihl, student at 
 Edinburgh ; dated Montreal, Sept. 7, 1808, and was received 
 Nov. 24, bearing the mai*k, " Port Glasgow, ship letter " : 
 
 " Dear Peter, — I have seen Mr. Labrie who has given me 
 good accounts in regard to the progress you are making in 
 
332 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 your profession, which gives me infinite satisfaction. He says 
 the Students have been at a loss for Subjects ; this is a loss, 
 indeed, for without plenty of Subjects, Anatomy is not to be 
 learnt. It is probable your Lectures might have begun ere this 
 Reaches you ; if so, you must not throw away your Money for 
 nothing; but if your Lectures are not begun, or you think 
 proper, after the first Course is ended, it is my Wish you set off 
 for London, and attend at e/y Dissections at St. Thomas's, or 
 any other place you may think better. Anatomy is the Basis 
 of Surgery, and if you are not Minute in it, you never will get 
 on. Your Midwifery Lectures I suppose you are Competent 
 to, and your Operations in Surgery I hope you have tried ; if 
 not, when you are in London be pai'ticular in it. I desired 
 Mr. Gerrard to send an Order for you to receive £30. I 
 ordered Mr. Gerrard since to give you £50 more. I have estab- 
 lished a Correspondence with Mr. Gerrard here, that you are 
 to be supplied occasionally by their House in London, viz., Mc- 
 Kenzie, Parker & Co. I have that good opinion of your con- 
 duct and situation that you I'm sure will enter into no extrava- 
 gence except such as must support your Education ; this is at 
 present necessary, if lost, it can never be regained ; at the same 
 time if a play or any novelty you would wish to see, don't 
 deny yourself. I am very much Obliged to Mr. McKendley for 
 his attention and kindness to you ; and if you have Received 
 the £50 pay off all your Debts ; and never leave a place behind 
 with one Shili'g Debtor. Let me hear from you immediately 
 upon receipt of this, that I may know how to Direct to j'ou ; 
 and desire some Friend at Edinbourgh to forward Your Letters 
 to London after you leave it. Your Uncle is well and doing 
 well. 
 
 " I am, Dear Peter, 
 
 " Your Sincere Friend, 
 
 " Chas. Blake. 
 
 " P.S. — Mrs. Blake sends her best Wishes, and little Harriet 
 says she sends you a kiss." 
 
 The uncle here referred to was Dr. Daniel Arnoldi. Dr. 
 Blake was a prominent surgeon in the military service during 
 the American Rebellion of 1776-83, His name is found in 
 
Biographical Skktches. 333 
 
 connection with several medical men, sketches of whom are 
 found in these pages. In the Haldimand Collection, in the 
 archives at Ottawa, are numerous official communications from 
 or to him, or in which reference is made to him. 
 
 A communication from Gen. Haldimand to Dr. Blake, Dec. 7, 
 1778, speaks of his resignation of the surgeoncy of the 34th 
 Regiment. 
 
 Dr. Deihl having completed a course of studies there, returned 
 to Canada in the summer of 1809, and entered upon the prac- 
 tice of his profession in the Lower Province. In 1813, he was 
 appointed to the medical staff, and shortly after attached to 
 the Canadian Kegiment, with which he served during the war. 
 In the spring of 1814, being in garrison at Fort Henry, oppo- 
 site Kingston, he accompanied a detachment of his own and 
 of the Nova Scotia Regiment, under Colonel Darling, in 
 twenty-six boats, to convey ammunition and provisions to the 
 army, then in great straits, on the Niagara frontier. The fol- 
 lowing letters show that he was on duty at Fort George in 
 1814 ; consequently, he was an eye-witness of the stirring 
 scenes enacted on the Niagara frontier during the closing 
 period of the war : 
 
 " Kingston, July 14th, 1815. 
 
 " Sir, — I am surprised that the receipt sent from the Com- 
 missariat Department, for the purpose of enabling you to draw 
 your pay from December to April, hadn't been received so late 
 as the 11th inst. They were sent by Mr. Greene to the Commis- 
 sary at Fort George. 
 
 " Your name was down on the pay list at York, from April to 
 June, and I have desired S. S. Thom (surgeon) to inform you 
 and Mr. Athenach how the pay is to be drawn. 
 
 " As the return for the Batt. and Forage is made out at Quebec, 
 I cannot say whether your name was on it or not. 
 
 " If the regiment remains at Fort George, will it be attended 
 with any inconvenience to draw your pay from York ? If it is 
 not, a return shall be made out for that station. 
 
 " Procure a bill on the Commissary-General for the surplusses 
 of the hospital due, and endorse it to me. 
 
 " In the event of medicines or comforts being wanted for the 
 
334 The Medical Profession in Uppek Canada. 
 
 sick in hospital, you will apply for them to Staff-Surgeon 
 Thorn. 
 " I hope you have got the Purveyor's stores sent to York. 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most Obedient, Humble Servant, 
 
 " Jas. Macat lay, 
 "Mr. Deihl. iT.^." 
 
 " Kingston, July 28th, 1815. 
 
 " Dear Sir, — When I last wrote to you I forgot to send the 
 certificate you requested and which is now enclosed ; I can get 
 a copy of it from you at any time when convenient to yourself. 
 
 " I had a letter from Mr. Thorn mentioning that he was to 
 visit the frontier, and if the consumable stores left with you 
 were not sent to York, he will arrange the business with you ; 
 let the utmost care be taken of every article, and the wine kept 
 in a cool place, otherwise it may be damaged. 
 
 " I wrote you respecting the supplies of the hospital, which 
 should be settled without delay. 
 
 "I expect to leave this in a day or two and proceed to the 
 
 Lower Province. Any letters for me you may put under cover 
 
 to Mr. Geddes. 
 
 " I am, yours truly, 
 
 "Jas. Macaulay." 
 
 From a letter addressed to Dr. Deihl, by Dr. Macaulay, it 
 appears that he was attached for a tjme to the staff at York : 
 
 '' [Private.] 
 
 " Kingston, April 16th, 1816. 
 
 " Dear Sir, — You will observe by the General Orders from 
 Quebec that you are to proceed without delay to that place. 
 You must not lose any time unnecessarily as if in time you 
 will go in the same ship with Sir Gordon Drummond ; but 
 before you leave York deliver all the forms of Returns and any 
 official papers which may be necessary for +he guidance of your 
 successor. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 335 
 
 " The bay is full of ice which prevents the vessels from leav- 
 ing this ; but I trust it will not remain much longer. 
 
 " I am, yours truly, 
 
 "Jas. Macaulay. 
 " To Mr. Deihl." 
 
 He was sent to England in a transport with a detachment of 
 artillery, under Sir Gordon Drumraond. When in London he 
 applied to be confirmed in his appointment to the Medical 
 Depai-tment, and having undergone an examination by a Med- 
 ical Board, he was pronounced qualified ; but, after some cor- 
 respondence, was informed that he could not get a commission 
 as reductions were taking place to a large extent. He then 
 continued in London attending the hospitals and lectures, and 
 took his diploma as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons. 
 Before returning to Canada he went on a tour on the continent, 
 spending some time in visiting hospitals and other public insti- 
 tutions, where he might increase his stock of learning ; and 
 (contrasting the slow mode of travelling with the quick move- 
 ments of modern days) he travelled, on one occasion, in a 
 diligence, 400 miles direct to Paris. Having returned to 
 Canada in 1818, he commenced practice with Dr. Arnoldi, of 
 Montreal, where he remained till 1828. 
 
 He was connected with the Montreal General Hospital, as the 
 yearly reports of that institution for 1827 and '28 show, being 
 signed by Peter Deihl and W. Caldwell, M.D., as attending 
 physicians. 
 
 In 1828, Dr. Deihl removed to York. He was gazetted as a 
 Licentiate of the Medical Board, October 14, 1828, and Novem- 
 ber 27 following, he was gazetted as a member of the Medical 
 Board, the commission being dated October 24. At the follow- 
 ing meeting of the Board, in January, 1829, he took his seat. 
 In November, 1828, he formed a partnership with Dr. Widmer, 
 and for a number of years they had almost the whole practice 
 of York and its vicinity. The contrast between these two was 
 very marked. While Dr. Widmer was stern and bluflf with the 
 manner of a martinet, Dr. Deihl had a quiet, pleasant manner 
 and a gentle disposition. The former was heroic in treatment 
 of disease, as well as in manner. Of their skill many instances 
 
336 The Medical Profession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 are remembered. One maj' be mentioned, taken from the 
 Christian Guardian, March 20, 1830 : 
 
 " A person about ten miles from York met with a severe 
 accident, by which the hip was put out of joint. Many unsuc- 
 cessful efforts had beon made to reduce it. After the lapse of 
 some days he was brought in to the York Hospital, where in 
 about an hour Drs. Widmer and Deihl effected a reduction, and 
 restored one who expected to be a cripple for life to his family 
 and occupation." 
 
 The partnership continued until 1835, when, on account of ill- 
 health, Dr. Deihl gave up practice and took an extensive tour in 
 the United States as far as the Rocky Mountains. He then 
 lived for a time at Kingston. His stay there, however, was 
 short. The following card, dated June 27, 1836, appeared in 
 the Patriot, of Toronto : " Dr. Deihl informs his friends and the 
 public that he has returned to the city of Toronto, and intends 
 to practise his profession. Residence, 57 Lot Street." He built 
 for a residence and office on Richmond Street, near the present 
 Canadian Institute, the framed building well known to the 
 older citizens of Toronto, as it was afterward the home of Dr. 
 King, and it remained the residence of his widow up to the 
 time of her death. 
 
 In 1837, when the rebellion took place. Dr. Deihl was 
 appointed surgeon to the 4th Battalion of Militia under 
 Col Hill, and in 1838, Deputy Inspector of Militia Hospitals. 
 He went with the battalion to Kingston, Prescott and Cornwall. 
 On March 19, he advertised his house to let and the sale of his 
 furniture. When the battalion was disbanded, 1843, he again 
 niE.de Kingston his home until 1853, when he, with his 
 wife, went to Europe. He returned to Toronto in 1855. It 
 does not appear that he again engaged in practice, but passed 
 the evening of his life in quietness at his residence on John 
 Street. An obituary notice says that he was, at the time of 
 his death, the oldest man in the city, and that " he was very 
 active, mentally and physically, until a few weeks previous to 
 his death, when he received some internal injury by a fall, 
 which eventually caused his death." This took place, March 5, 
 1868, at nearly the age of 82. 
 
 It was said of him in the notice, that he was " faithful and 
 
Biographical Sketches. 337 
 
 indefatigable in all he undertook, upright, and of the strictest 
 integrity, an humble and sincere Christian ; he passed through 
 life in an unobtrusive way, leaving behind him the stamp of a 
 good and honest man." 
 
 Dr. Deihl married in 1829, Anne, daughter of Dr. Macaulay, 
 who died, October 5, 1877, aged 71. 
 
 A portrait of Dr. Deihl in the possession of Mrs. E. H. Van 
 Koughnet, shows a striking face and good head, with features 
 strongly Teutonic. She also has his picture on ivory taken in 
 the uniform of a militia surgeon, and another taken when he 
 was old. 
 
 Dr. Robert Denmark 
 
 Was born at Titchtield, Hampshire, England, about 1809. His 
 father, Alexander Denmark, was also a physician connected 
 with the fleet at Portsmouth, in the Royal Navy. Dr. Robert 
 Denmark was also a surgeon in the Royal Navy, and on his 
 father's death, about 1839 or '40, resigned his commission, then 
 being on the coast of Africa at Madagascar. He then came to 
 Canada, and .settled in the township of Seymour, county of 
 Northumberland. He married Rosalind, daughter of Captain 
 Rowed, also of the Navy, whose family came to this country 
 in 1835, and also settled in Seymour. Captain Rowed died in 
 France. Dr. Denmark resided in Seymour till his death in 
 1852, his wife having died in 1847. He never actively prac- 
 tised his profession, but as there was only Dr. Ponton in the 
 township at the time, he usually responded to calls whenever 
 wanted. Dr. Denmark's only son, George, is a well-known 
 barrister of Belleville. 
 
 Alfred H. Dewson, 
 
 Son of a British officer, served five years' apprenticeship to 
 the army surgeon at Kingston (Dr. Barclay of the 15th). Was 
 with him during the cholera invasion of 1832. He failed in his 
 application to the Medical Board, October, 1833. Before the 
 Board again, July, 1835. " Possessed a degree of Doctor of Medi- 
 
338 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 cine from the University of New York." Obtained certificate 
 for license. This card appeared in the Correspondent and 
 Advocate : " Dr. Dewson begs leave to inform the inhabitants 
 of Toronto that he has commenced the practice of Physic, etc. 
 62 Yonjje Street, August, 1835." He married a Miss Baby. 
 The Quebec Mercury, July, 1837, says : " It is announced in 
 General Orders that Dr. Dewson, of Toronto (son of Lieut. 
 Dewson of the 15th), has been appointed to assist Dr. Shortt of 
 the 24th, until further instructions." 
 
 Dr. Dewson practised at Windsor for many years. He was 
 surgeon to the 2nd Battalion Incorporated Militia, 1837 (Queen's 
 Light Infantry), 
 
 Dr. Noah Dickenson 
 
 Was one of the band of U. E, Loyalists. He was gazetted 
 surgeon to the 2nd Stormont Regiment of Militia, May 1, 1828. 
 He died at Cornwall, February 28, 1840, " in the 63rd year of 
 his age, after a residence in Cornwall of upwards of forty years, 
 during which he possessed the confidence and esteem of all who 
 knew him." 
 
 Dr. James John Dickenson 
 
 Was born at Cornwall, Upper Canada, 1819. He entered 
 McGill College. 1842, and took the degree of M.D. in 1846. He 
 at once proceeded to the Quarantine Hospital at Grosse Isle as 
 a volunteer to assist in attending to immigrants affected with 
 ship-fever. He commenced practice at Cornwall in 1847, where 
 he continued until 1879. He died. May 10, 1884. He stood 
 high as a practitioner, and was regarded as a leader in the pro- 
 fession. 
 
 Dr. Dickenson had great taste in military matters, and was 
 conspicuous in local regiments. Prior to studying medicine, he 
 was an ensign for seven years, and took part in the atTair at the 
 Windmill, in 1837. After commencing practice, he was for a 
 good many years in command of a troop of yeoman cavalry. 
 
 A Dr. Dickenson was practising in Hamilton in 1842. Came 
 there from London, England. Was known as an intelligent. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 339 
 
 gentlemanly person, and had a large practice. Married, but no 
 children. Died about 184i6. 
 
 Dr. John Robinson Dickson, 
 
 Son of David and Isabella (Robinson) Dickson, was born 
 at Dungannon, County of Tyrone, Ireland, on November 15, 
 1819. He studied medicine with Dr. W, McLean, of Dun- 
 gannon ; was educated at Belfast and Glasgow colleges, and 
 in the latter he obtained a license to practise midwifery. 
 He arrived in Canada with the family, 1838. Was in part- 
 nership with Dr. Hutchison at Peterborough for two years ; 
 then went to New York, where he spent nearly a year 
 to familiarize himself with the treatment of squint, club-foot, 
 and other deformities. He attended medical lectures at the 
 University of New York, receiving in 1842 the degree of M.D., 
 the first granted by that institution ; thus he was senior 
 alumnus. In the same year, returning to Canada by the solici- 
 tation of friends, he passed his examination as Licentiate of the 
 Medical Board of Upper Canada. It seems that he thought 
 of practising in Niagara District, as that is given as his place 
 of residence in the minutes of the Upper Canada Medical 
 Board when he passed. He, however, settled in Kingston, 
 where preseverance, steady habits, and marked ability, especially 
 as a surgeon, brought him rapidly to the fore. From 1846 to 
 1854, he was a visiting physician at the Kingston General 
 Hospital ; from 1854 to 1856, a visiting surgeon ; in 185G was 
 appointed a Clinical Lecturer, which position he resigned in 
 1860, to be reappointed Clinical Lecturer on Surgery in 1861. 
 In 1854, chiefly through his exertions, aided afterward by 
 Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, the Medical Department of the 
 University of Queen's College was founded. The minutes 
 of the first meeting are as follows : " At a meeting, held 
 August, 1854, at the residence of the Hon. Attorney-General 
 Macdonald, Brock Street, Kingston, which meeting had been 
 convened (at the suggestion of Dr. Dickson) by circulars 
 addressed by Mr. Macdonald to every member of the medical 
 profession resident in this city. Dr. Sampson being called to 
 
.•}40 The Medical Fuofession in IJitek Canada. 
 
 till) chair, Dr. Stewart was appointor! secretary to the meetinfy 
 Dii the motion of Ur. Dickson. After discussinjif very fully the 
 expediency of attempting to establish a niedical school in con- 
 nection with Queen's College, it was decided to adjourn the 
 meeting for a fortnight in order to allow time for more mature 
 deliberation. At the adjourned meeting, at which all the 
 members of the profession in the city w.re in attendance. Dr. 
 Sampson in the chair, and Dr. Stewart acting as .secretary, 
 after a very full expression of opinion, it was resolved that it 
 is desirable to make an effort to establish a medical school here, 
 to which resolution the only dissentient voice was that of Dr. 
 Stewart. The chairman then stated that he was too old to 
 write lectures, but would lend every assistance in his power to 
 the school, and proposed that Dr. Dickson .should be appointed 
 Professor of Surgery, which motion being seconded by Dr. 
 Baker, was carried unanimously. Dr. Yates was then proposed 
 as Professor of Medicine, which was also carried unanimously. 
 Dr. John Stewart, on motion of Dr. Dickson, was then named 
 to the chair of Anatomy ; motion carried. Dr. Harvo}' was pro- 
 posed as Demonstrator of Anatomy, but at the request of Dr. 
 Stewart, this motion was withdrawn. The nomination of 
 Dr. Meagher to the chair of Midwifery was then carried. Tt 
 was finally resolved, that Dr. Harvey should be recommended 
 for the chair of Materia Medica. Somewhere about this time, 
 or perhaps previously, Mr. Ireland called on Dr. Stewart and 
 ascertained his views relative to the prospects of establishing a 
 medical school here. Dr. Stewart ridiculed the idea of such an 
 undertaking, and said he would have nothing to do with a 
 scheme of that kind, unless he would be granted a salary of 
 about (£600) six hundred pounds per annum." 
 
 During this and the two succeeding years, Dr. Dickson was a 
 city alderman, and at this time, in connection with the late 
 James Morton, built a branch line of the Grand Trunk Railway 
 from Kingston Junction to the city, which, though only about 
 three miles long, added greatly to the prosperity of the place. 
 He took a great interest in railroad matters. In 1858, under the 
 auspices of Queen's College, he delivered a very able public 
 lecture on " The Evidences of Design from the Structure of the 
 Human Body," and in 18G0, another on " Comparative Physiol- 
 
BiooiiAi'HiCAL Sketoiies. H-H 
 
 Offy." In 18G0, while on a trip for health, he visited the various 
 London (Eni^lanJ) eollei,'e,s, and .succeeded in oblaininjif for 
 Queen's University reco<;nition of lier merlical degrees. During 
 IhOl, he contributed three articles to the ]h'Ui»/i, American 
 Medical Journal, viz., " Reiuovul of the Inferior Maxilla," 
 ''Vaginal Hysterotomy " and " Resection of the Klbow-joint" ; 
 and since then, a number of communications on other subjects, 
 including " Electricity," have appeared in ditlerent journals 
 from hi^ pen. In 18G2, he was appointed Surgeon to the Pro- 
 vincial Penitentiary at Kingston, which position he held for 
 about eight years. His " Prison Reports " were very ably and 
 carefully gotten up. In 18G3, ho obtained the following 
 degrees : M.D., Queen's University, Kingston ; Membership of 
 the Royal College of Physicians, London ; Membership of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, England. From ISGO to '(59, he was 
 a member of the General Council of Medical Education and 
 Registration of Upper Canada, and at its formation in 1866, he 
 was unanimously elected its President for the year. This body 
 is now known as the Council of the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of Ontario, and without its license no one is allowed 
 to practise medicine in the Province. In 1866, the Medical 
 Department of Queen's became the Royal College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons in affiliation with Queen's University, for which 
 he obtained the necessary charter, and of which he was ap- 
 pointed President and Professor of Surgery, positions which he 
 held through his lifetime. The new college at its first convo- 
 cation conferred upon him the degree of Fellow Royal College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons, Kingston. The greater number of 
 his large collection of anatomical casts he presented to the 
 College. In 1867, he obtained the degree of Fellow of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. In 1869, he received 
 the appointment of Medical Superintendent of Rockwood Luna- 
 tic Asylum, Kingston, and devoted himself with great zeal to 
 the study of mental disease, hygiene and ventilation. Elec- 
 tricity was also a favourite study, particularly during the last 
 ten years of his life. He dev^oted a great amount of care to the 
 preparation of his " Asylum Reports." One of his first acts 
 was to introduce the system of purely voluntary labour among 
 the inmates, with most beneficial results to mental and bodil}' 
 
342 The Medical Profession in IFppeu Canada. 
 
 health, and a very marked lowerinj^ of the runninj:f exponsea. 
 No accidents resulted to patients from this chanj^e, the women 
 makinjj articles of dress, knittin<; socks, washinj,', etc., while the 
 men en<4a<]fed in boot-makin<T, tailorin**, carpentering, blacksmith 
 and tinsiiiitli work, baking, cooking and laundry work, quarry- 
 ing, farming, and gardening, the latter three occupations trans- 
 forming the barren " rock. " and scraggy " wood " into beauti- 
 ful lawns, ten'aces, gardens, orchards, etc. One spot was left in 
 its original condition as a sample of former times and appro- 
 priately named " The Wilderness." At li p.m., coffee and bread 
 was served out to all hands at work, and plenty of time given 
 to enjoy it, and a happier and jollier set of mortals could 
 scarcely be found than those who were fortunate enough to be 
 able to work. Another and bolder reform was to abolish the 
 use of alcohol and beer at the Institution, and substitute coffee 
 and other drinks. He was the first in Canada to take this step 
 purely on the grounds of health, and had to appear before the 
 Parliamentary Committee in Toronto as a result. He began 
 his speech of one hour and a half's duration with no one on his 
 side, but when he sat down all had been won over by his clear 
 and masterly argument, and since then more than one asylum 
 has tried succe.ssfully the same principle. He was a member of 
 the Association of Superintendents of Hospitals for the Insane 
 of North America, and at one time Vice-President of the 
 Canada Medical Association. A life of constant toil and un- 
 ceasing study with too few holidays told on his strength, and 
 in 1879, in opposition to the wishes of all friends of the Insti- 
 tution, but for the sake of what health remained, he resigned 
 his position. 
 
 Holding marked temperance views from his youth, he lost no 
 opportunity of impressing them upon his students; his connec- 
 tion with public institutions confirming and strengthening these 
 views, he was ever ready for temperance work. For the last 
 thirty-seven years of his life, he was an elder of the Presby- 
 terian Church of Canada. 
 
 In 1839, he married Anne, only daughter of James Benson, 
 of Kingston, formerly of Fintona, County Tyrone, who sur- 
 vives him. Two of his sons died before him, one at the age 
 of fifteen during his second year of college life, the other being 
 
BlOOKAPMK.'AL SKBrrciiKS. 343 
 
 staff A,ssistant-Surf]feon of Pfor Majesty's Forces, at Allahabad, 
 riulia, at the tiinu of his duath. 
 
 His widow and two daujifhters reside in Kingston — one an 
 M.l). of the Woman's Medical College, Kinj^ston, 1H«G. The 
 youngest daughter is wife of the Kev. George Bruce, of St. 
 .I(jhn, New Brunswick. The eldest son, William King, is an 
 accountant in Toronto ; Edwin Hamilton is an attorney-at-law, 
 etc., at Waco, Texas; the youngest, Charles Rca, an M.I), of 
 Queen's, 1S80, and of the University of New York, 1881, is 
 practising in Toronto, the fortunate inheritor of his father's 
 large and very valuable collection of surgical and electrical 
 instiuments afid books. 
 
 About three miles from Kingston, beautifully situated at the 
 foot of Like Ontaiio and hea<l of River St. Lawrence, lies 
 Wolfe Lsland, one of the largest and best settled of the famed 
 Thousand Isles. Hero, at the residence of his youngest son, who 
 was at that time practising there, the subject of our sketch 
 passed peacefully and happily away on November 23, 1882. 
 Two days later his remains were followed to their last resting 
 place in Cataraqui cemetery (Kingston) by the professors and 
 students of Queen's and the Royal Colleges, and a large 
 circle of relatives and friends. 
 
 Dr. Alfred Digry 
 
 Was a native of County Meath, Ireland, and a member of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland. Soon after obtaining his 
 diploma he came to Canada, and first engaged in practice 
 in Montreal. He then removed to Hamilton, where he pursued 
 his practice with success. Finally he settled at Brantford, 
 about 1835. Dr. Digby was looked upon as a man of 
 great ability, not only as a physician, but as a politician in 
 the various walks of life. Dr. Digby married Miss Catherine 
 Busby, of Montreal, by whom he had four sons and two 
 daughters. He died, 18G6, and his widow, 1878. His son, 
 James W., entered the medical profession. He was born in 
 Brantford, 1842, became a matriculant at Toronto University, 
 studied medicine at McGill College, Montreal, and graduated as 
 
344 The Mkdk^ai, Pkofkhsion in Vvveh Canada. 
 
 M.D., CM., I.SG2. He aftorwrtrd studied in Now York, and 
 ohtaine<l nil appointmont in tlu; (FiiittMl States army, in which 
 he served diirinjj; the war. In l(S()(i, he succeeded to ids father's 
 practice at Hrantfoid, where he has continued to enjoy a hir^e 
 practice ami tlio reputation of hein<i; skilful in his profession. 
 His standing; as a pul)lic man is shown hy tlu? positions of trust 
 and honour bestowed upon him liy his follow-citi/ons, havin<; 
 heen deputy roevo, town councillor, mayor for three years, and 
 also a trustee of the Collef^o Board. 
 
 Much of the ahove information has heen obtained from 
 " Cyclopmditt of Canadian Bio.,'raphy." 
 
 Dr. William Dougall 
 
 Was one of the first pliysicians to practise in Upper Canada. 
 Shortly after the conquest of Canada, having left his liome in 
 Ireland and proceeded to Ennrland, he obtained an appointment 
 as sur<,'eon to a surveying party under Joseph Frederick Dunbar 
 (De Bar) wiio was about to survey the coast around the Bay <jf 
 Fundy. He was thus employed for three years, and then 
 engaged in mercantile business at Halifax. During the rebel- 
 lion of 177G-HJ}, he was privateering, and at the close of the war 
 he proceeded to New Hampshire and practised his profession for 
 ten years. Coming to Upper Canada, he practised at Ernest- 
 town, on the Bay of Quinte, for two years, at Fredericksburg 
 one year, and two years at Adolphustown. Finally, in 1799, he 
 settled at Hallowell, where he practised for six year.s, when he 
 retired. 
 
 Dr. Dougall had an extensive practice, and was long remem- 
 bered for his trim attire in " tights " and his silver buckles. Dur- 
 ing the war of 1812, he was .surgeon to the militia The Doctor 
 had suflere*! some lo.ss during the war of 177G, and he drew con- 
 siderable land, COO acres, in Rawdon, besides 200 acres each in 
 several other place.s. 
 
 His .son William, aged 77 (1864), informed the writer that 
 he, William, was present at the surrender of Detroit to General 
 Brock in 1812, and showed a medal of which he was the re- 
 
Hkkhiai'Iiicai. Sketcheh. 34o 
 
 oipieni. On it is: " Ki)rt Dotroit, Victoria Kc|,nna, ISIS, To tho 
 British Army, 170.3-1 Ml 4." 
 
 His yoim^'ost dauj^hter iimrricMl .ramus Rogers Armstrotig, a 
 brother of Dr. Armstronj^, formerly of I'ictcju. 
 
 Dk. John Dormer, 
 
 Horn iti Irohuid, was gazetted I/ieontiatci of Upper Cana(hi, 
 October 20, 182!). He setthul at l\.in<,'ston, and tlius announced 
 himself to tiio pul)lic: " Snr^'ery and the Practice of Physic. — 
 Dr. Dormer will <^'ive attendance to those who may require 
 him pr()f(\ssionally in front of tins house l)elon<^in,L,' to Mrs. Reid, 
 in Market Street, within on»i door of Mr. .J. W. Armstronj^. Dr. 
 Dormer begs to remark that havin<ij pursued his studies in .some 
 of the principal medical schools of linj^land, and that having 
 had extern practice in that country and in the Colonies (three 
 years of which he has been at the head of an Infirmary), he will 
 bo found, on trial, a safe and efficient practitioner. Advice to 
 the poor gratis. December, 1S2S)." 
 
 His position among his compatriots is indicated by the fact 
 that at a public dinner on St. Patrick's Day, 1830, he occupied 
 the position of vice-president. 
 
 Among the births announced in the paper of 1836, is "the 
 Lady of Dr. Dormer, of a daughter." He was still practising at 
 Kingston in 18.38, but his appearance then did not indicate 
 great prosperity. 
 
 Dr. John Dowding, 
 
 The son of a British officer, was an M.R.C.S. Eng., and was 
 gazetted under 8th Geo. IV., Chap. .3. Practised at Ancaster 
 and Dundas, and subse(|uently at Brantford. The following 
 interesting historical incident, taken from the Dundas Weekly 
 Pout, of March 8, 188G, cannot be overlooked : " About the 20th 
 of last month. Dr. Dowding, one of our medical practitioners, 
 was called to attend a lady of this town in her confinement ; he 
 did .so, and before the matter could be brought to a successful 
 
 i.ssue, thought it advisable to call in Dr. , another gentle- 
 
 23 
 
346 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 man of the same profession, to consult upon the exigency of the 
 case. Some difference of opinion arose, it appeared, as to the 
 treatment of the patient, and from that a demand for satisfac- 
 tion was made on the part of the former to the latter. After 
 some epistolatory correspondence between them, the challenge 
 
 was accepted by Dr. , and the parties accordingly met on 
 
 the morning of 27th ult. After exchanging two shots without 
 effect, the seconds interfered. The affair terminated by a re- 
 traction on the part of both, as will be found on a perusal of 
 the report below. Thus the whole affair ended in smoke ; and 
 we hope the past case will be the last of a similar kind to raise 
 the excitement in our community : 
 
 " Brantford, February 27th, 1836. 
 " Dundas ' WeeJdy Post' 
 
 " A meeting having taken place this morning between Dr. 
 
 Dowding and Dr. , after an exchange of two shots each 
 
 between the parties, the seconds interfered, and although a 
 reconciliation was not effected between them, it was agreed 
 that Dr. Dowding should retract the words, ' liar, scoundrel and 
 
 coward,' applied to Dr. , and that the latter should in 
 
 like manner retract the words, ' liar, villain, scoundrel and fool,' 
 applied to Dr. Dowding, and that all reflections upon the 
 character of either party as a gentleman, now published or in 
 the press, should be considered as retracted. 
 
 " (Signed) Lloyd Richardson, 
 
 (In behalf of Dr. Dowding). 
 E. Saunders, 
 
 (In behalf of Dr. ). 
 
 Dr. Charles Duncombe. 
 
 Among the early physicians of the western part of Upper 
 Canada, Drs. Charles, David and Elijah Duncombe were con- 
 spicuous, the first two of whom became members of parlia- 
 ment. They were natives of the United States, and settled in 
 Burford, a few years after the war of 1812. That they were 
 considered loyal is manifest from the various appointments they 
 
Biographical Sketches. 347 
 
 received, especially Charles, who was tho most clever of the 
 three. 
 
 Dr. Charles was a well-known personatje in his time among 
 Upper Canadians, not so much, perhaps, as a physician, as a 
 politician, member of parliament, and a participator in the 
 rebellion of 1837. The first record we have of him is in the 
 minutes of the proceedings of the Upper Canada Medical Board, 
 which states that " Chas. Duncombe, of Delaware Town, Lon- 
 don District, passed his examination before the Medical Board, 
 October 5, LSIO." That Dr. Duncombe was of more than 
 ordinary standing in his profession is attested by his being 
 appointed by the Lieut.-Governor to be a member of the Upper 
 Canada Medical Board. We find that at the January meeting 
 of the Board, 1832, commissions were read appointing additional 
 members upon the Board, and Dr. C. Duncombe appeared at 
 the meeting as one of them. In 1825, he was made Surgeon 
 to the 2nd Middlesex Militia. 
 
 Dr. Chas. Duncombe lived at the Village of Bishop-gate, on 
 the side town-line between Burford and Brantford townships, 
 in the County of Brant, and his field of practice radiated for 
 many miles in every direction, over five or six counties. He 
 was a man of good information, well read, and is described as 
 a many-sided man. In his profession he was not without con- 
 siderable skill. He did not confine his professional labours to 
 the well-to-do, although he acquired considerable wealth, but 
 would ride mile after mile, through swamp and forest, to visit 
 patients too poor to give a fee. Naturally he acquired personal 
 influence in the community. His manner was attractive, and 
 very soon his popularity caused him to be sought out as a fitting 
 person for parliamentary honours. 
 
 His political career began in 1834, when he was returned as 
 a member for Oxford. On February 8, 1836, the " Speaker re- 
 ported that he had received from the commission appointed by 
 a resolution of the House at the last session for collecting cer- 
 tain information, two letters." One of them reads thus : 
 
 " Toronto, February 24th, 1836. 
 " Sir, — Drs. Duncombe, Morrison and Bruce being by a reso- 
 lution of the Honourable the House of Assembly appointed a 
 
348 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 commission to enquire into the system and manajijement of 
 schools and colleges, in order to report fully upon the systems 
 of education pursued in the United States, one of the commis- 
 sioners. Dr. Chas. Duncoinbe, was requested and authorized to 
 visit that country, acquire a knowledge of the subject, and 
 report thereon. That gentleman has done so to our most 
 entire satisfaction. 
 
 " (Signed) T. D. Morrison, 
 Wm. Bruce. 
 " To The Hon. M. S. Bidwell." 
 
 The same year Dr. Duncombe visited England and presented 
 a petition to the Imperial Parliament, reflecting on Sir Francis 
 Bond Head, and this procedure was not without fruit. The 
 charges were so supported by proof that ultimately the Lieut - 
 Governor was retired of his post, somewhat under a cloud. 
 At this time the political sky in Canada was overcast, which 
 ended in rebellion the following year. In the petition presented 
 were strong protests against the dominant party of the country, 
 and Sir Francis Bond Head was violently assailed. It was 
 alleged that Dr. Duncombe was not authorized by anyone to 
 speak on behalf of Canadians. At that time there was an 
 association in Toronto called the " City of Toronto Political 
 Union Society." On December 14, 1836, probably when the 
 Doctor had returned, a meeting was held at which Dr. W. W. 
 Baldwin, the president, was in the chair. Resolutions were 
 adopted endorsing the action of Dr. Duncombe. The Society 
 also endorsed the proceedings of the " Constitutional Reform 
 Society," which had prevailed upon him to repair to England. 
 One of the resolutions was moved by Dr. Tims, and another by 
 the Rev. Dr. O'Grady. We thus get glimpses of the fact that 
 prominent persons were engaged in the agitation which cul- 
 minated in rebellion, but wisely stopped short before commit- 
 ting acts of a treasonable character. But Dr. Duncombe did 
 not stop short of this. Indeed, he was the leader of the rebels 
 in the western part of the Province. But the small band 
 collected by him soon dispersed, whilst he had to flee the 
 country ; and we read in the Patriot, of December, 1837, a 
 notice offering XoOO for his apprehension as a traitor. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 349 
 
 The following account of his escape, taken from the "History 
 of Brant County," is interesting : " For a month, Duncombe lay 
 concealed at the house of his sister, Mrs. Shennick, a few miles 
 from London. Charles Tilden was, with several of the Hagel 
 family, among the Scotland insurgents. Living near Amherst- 
 burgh, he happened to be specially well acquainted with the 
 entire western frontier, and noticed that, although Sir Francis 
 Head's agents had placed guards all along the line, to prevent 
 the escape of ' rebels,' now that a month had passed from the 
 first excitement, the vigilance was much relaxed. Tilden went 
 to see Duncombe, who, in the depth of winter (January, 1838, 
 was a specially cold season) was kept hid in a hay-loft, and 
 supplied with food by stealth, by those who left the house as if 
 to feed the cattle. Tilden urged him to attempt escape dis- 
 guised as a woman, which Buncombe's smooth, round face 
 rendered possible enough. The attempt was dangerous. A 
 reward had been offered for his head, and all over the country 
 the noble savages of the Grand River Reserve were on the 
 lookout for his scalp and the blood-money it would bring. 
 They left the house next day in an old-fashioned farmer's box- 
 sleigh. Tilden drove ; Mrs. Shennick and Dancorabe sat side 
 by side, the latter disguised as an elderly farmer's wife. Mrs. 
 Shennick's little girl, a child of nine, was taught to address him 
 as 'Auntie.' All day they drove along without molestation. 
 At night they stopped at a country hotel, where, there not being 
 sulficient accomoiodation, Charles Tilden had to sleep with one 
 of the hotel-keeper's boys, while the three ' womankind ' had a 
 room to themselves. Unable to sleep from the excitement of 
 his position. Dr. Duncombe sat up all night. At earl}' dawn 
 they drove away bi-eakfustless, and arrived, after several hours' 
 drive, at the crossing place, which was at a village opposite 
 what is now Marine City, Michigan. They drove into the yard 
 of a tavern where were the soldiers of a party in command of 
 a sergeant, posted there to watch the cr. ssing place, and, if 
 possible, arrest the ' rebel ' chief. Very calmly Tilden watered 
 his horses, and then addressing the sergeant in command as 
 ' Captain,' asked if the ice was safe, and if he would kindly 
 send one of his men to guide them to the right track. The 
 sergeant asked whence he came. Tilden replied, truly enough, 
 
350 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 that he came from London, and was going with his aunt and 
 mother, to visit some friends, whose names he mentioned, on the 
 opposite coast of Michigan. The .sergeant ordered one of his 
 men to accompany them across the ice. When they had got 
 half way across the river, the young soldier said that they could 
 easily find their way for the rest of the track, and was about to 
 leave them. Dr. Duncombe handed Charles Tilden fifty cents 
 for the soldier, and while the latter was thanking them, felt 
 very much inclined to send Dr. Duncombe's compliments to the 
 sergeant who had furnished them with a guide, but refrained, 
 lest he should spoil the chance of some other unfortunate, who 
 might try the same stratagem for evading the blood-hounds of 
 the Family Compact government. In a few minutes he stood 'a 
 free man on a free soil.' They entered a store to buy some 
 food for Mrs. Shennick's little girl, and Duncombe, now careless 
 of preserving his feminine demeanour, soon attracted attention. 
 When it became known that this was the Canadian Republican, 
 Dr. Duncombe, a crowd gathered, and with characteristic 
 American humour, insisted on Dr. Duncombe making a speech 
 in his woman's dress. Thus he escaped capture, which, in those 
 days, would have been certain death. A long and prosperous 
 career in the States lay before him. Charles Tilden's son lives 
 in possession of a farm of two hundred acres, which Dr. Dun 
 combe deeded to him as an acknowledgment ot his father's 
 generous friendship." 
 
 Dr. Duncombe was pardoned in 1843, but he had made 
 arrangements to permanently live in the States ; he, however, 
 made a visit to his friends in Canada. 
 
 The following tribute to Dr. Duncombe, with two others of 
 the profession, is given by Dr. Hodgins in an article on the 
 " Educational System of Ontario " : " The year ] 836 is noted in 
 our educational history for the efforts put forth, under the 
 direction of the Legislature, by a memorable trio of doctors (Dr. 
 Duncombe, Dr. Morrison and Dr. Bruce) to extend and improve 
 our common school system. These commoners brought in an 
 elaborate report and appended to it a voluminous bill, in which 
 it was proposed to grant S60,000 per annum for the support of 
 these schools." 
 
 Du. David Duncombe, from London District, appeared before 
 
Biographical Sketches. 351 
 
 Medical Board, January, 1828, and obtained a certificate for a 
 license. He engaged in practice in County of Norfolk. June, 
 1834, was elected to repre.sent that county in parliament; con- 
 tinued in practice for many years. Req. Waterford, 1887. One 
 of his daughters married Wm. Bowlby, of Waterford. 
 
 Elijah E. Duncombe, from St. Thomas, before Medical 
 Board, April, 1830, and " recommended to attend a course of 
 lectures." April, 1831, obtained certificate from the Board for 
 license. He spent his life in practice at St. Thomas, where he 
 died of old age. 
 
 Chas. S. Duncombe, of St. Thomas, before Medical Board, 
 October, 1849, had diploma from Geneva College. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Duggan 
 
 Was the eldest son of Col. George Duggan, of Toronto, who 
 for many years held the position of coroner, Thomas studied 
 medicine with Drs. Widmer and Deihl, also Dr. King. It does 
 not appear that he studied anywhere else. He passed the 
 Upper Canada Medical Board, July, 1833. This card appeared 
 in the Patriot, York, August G, 1833 : " Dr. Thomas Dug- 
 gan, having obtained the necessary license to practise Physic, 
 Surgery and Midwifery, from His Excellency the Lieut.-Gov- 
 ernor, will in future reside in York, corner King and George 
 Streets. N.B. — Advice to the poor gratis." The York Direc- 
 tory for 1834 gives Dr. Duggan as at corner King and George 
 Streets. He was one of the Managing Committee of the 
 Emigrant Society ol:" Upper Canada, 1835. During the re- 
 bellion, 1837, he was Assistant-Surgeon to the Queen's Light 
 Infantry. 
 
 Dr. Duorgan made this announcement, March, 1839 : " Dr. 
 Thomas Duggan, in consequence of the lamented death of Dr. 
 McCague, and by the desire of every person of Thornhill and 
 its vicinity, has been induced to take up his residence at Mr. 
 Joseph Miller's Inn on Yonge Street, for the purpose of prac- 
 tising his profession in all its branches." 
 
 Some time before 1846, Dr. Duggan removed to Hamilton, 
 where he acquired a good practice, and ended his days. He 
 
352 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 died, March 4, 1874, aged sixty. Ho left several children, 
 one of whom is a lawyer in Buffalo, N.Y. 
 
 Dr. William Dunlop. 
 
 The following is taken from a review in Frasers Magazine, 
 July, 1832, of "Statistical Sketches of Upper Canada, for the 
 use of Emigrants," by a Backwoodsman. " The Canadas as 
 they at present commend themselves to the enterprise of emi- 
 grants, colonists and capitalists." 
 
 The reviewer says : " A pleasanter little book never came 
 out of the press — full of information of all kinds, full of read- 
 ing, full of sagacity, full of humorr. It is a voice speaking 
 to us from the forests of Canada — from the centre of woods 
 that have seen generation after generation of men pass away 
 into the ocean of eternity, as Niagara dashes into the gulf 
 below ; and pleasant does that voice burst upon our ears, even 
 as the voice of a friend whom we thought we had lost for ever. 
 We may say with Solomon, ' As cold waters to a thirsty soul, 
 so is good news from a far country.' 
 
 " In short, our Backwoodsman is he whom men and long-robed 
 women called the 'Tiger' — a title by which he was most beloved. 
 His own name is William Dunlop, or, as he chose to call it, 
 ' Wull.' Of Dunlops the best, extensively rivalling even the 
 cheeses of that honoured appellation, he can trace his family 
 to Ragman's Roll, and his father is the laird of Kippoch, and 
 therefore Kippoch is he called in the western wilds of Scotland. 
 But leaving questions of pedigree to heralds, we find Dunlop 
 a surgeon in the Connaught Rangers in early life, and as he 
 mentions in this little book, actively engaged in the campaigns 
 of 1813, '14 and '15, against the Yankees in what was then 
 generally known by the name of Mr. Madison's war. For- 
 gotten out of America, as the battles of that war are nowa- 
 days, there was some hard partisan fighting, in which the 
 Doctor, laying down the lancet for the bayonet, and infiicting 
 wounds instead of curing them, played no unconspicuous part." 
 
 The following account of Dr. Dunlop during the war is 
 taken from " Twenty-seven Years in Canada West," by Major 
 
BlOORAPFUCAL SKETCHES. 353 
 
 Strickland. He says : " For tlie followinjjf characteristic traits 
 I am indebted to my friend, Colonel Fitzgibbon. Dr. Dunlop, 
 in his youth, was assistant-surgeon in the 89th Regiment on 
 the Niagara frontier during the campaign of 1814. He was 
 at that time a young man who appeared to have outgrown his 
 clothes ; at least, the sleeves of his coat reached but a short 
 way below his elbows, and his trousers did not nearly reach his 
 ankles. He was careless, if not slovenly, in his dress, and he 
 seldom applied a razor to his chin. His proportions were 
 almost Herculean, and his movements and gait were awkward 
 and ungainly. 
 
 " When our army attacked Fort Erie by assatilt, we were 
 beaten back with much .slaughter, great numbers of our men 
 falling killed or wounded under the tire of the enemy. As 
 daylight appeared, Dunlop, whose vocation, be it reuiembered, 
 was that of man-curer, not of man-killer, ran through the 
 firing to witness the scene, when, seeing that .some of the 
 wounded could not get to the rear beyond the range of the 
 enemy's fire, he gallantly caught up a poor fellow and carried 
 him to a place of safety, immediately returning to take up 
 another, and so on until he had thus taken bodily possession 
 of ten or twelve of his patients. 
 
 " One man, wounded in the knee, he heaved upon his back 
 and bore to the rear, but on laying down his burden the Doctor 
 found that the soldier had received in transit a mortal wound 
 in the back, and so intercepted the shot which otherwi-se would 
 have taken effect on Dunlop himself. It should be stated that 
 he brought with him, slung over his shoulders, six of the 
 soldiers' wooden canteens filled with wine intended for the 
 wounded, with which he refreshed them, and attended profes- 
 sionally to thoir hurts under a noble tree out of the reach of 
 the shot he had so bravely encountered for their benefit. 
 
 "Those who enjoyed the friendship of this waini-hearted 
 man had frequent opportunities of knowing his kind and feel- 
 ing disposition, for there never was a finer jewel, though roughly 
 set, than poor Dunlop. His cheerful and undaunted spirit 
 formed him for an efficient leader of British emigration. 
 
 "The 89th was chiefly composed of Irishmen, and among 
 them he learned the management of those refractory subjects 
 
854 The Medical Profession in TTpper Canada. 
 
 better than any one of their own otHcers. His influence over 
 them was very great, and during his long residence in Canada, 
 after he loft the army, he exerted his influence over the Irish 
 emigrants and settlers, to the great benefit of the poor people 
 themselves and to the advantage of the public. In a violent 
 party riot in the city of Toronto, about the year 18J30, he did 
 more than any otlier Justice of the Peace then present in quell- 
 ing the disturbance." 
 
 He was a humorous, witty man, and never regarded time 
 or place when any opportunity occurred for displaying his 
 facetious propensities. Upon one particular occasion I remem- 
 ber, he anmsed the House of Assembly by his comical questions 
 and witty rejoinders. I think it was seven or eight years ago, 
 when Montreal was the seat of Government, that a bill was 
 brought before the House to tax dogs and whiske3^ The 
 Doctor, who spoke on this occasion, asked if any member 
 present could inform him how many quarts of whiskey were 
 usually made from a bushel of wheat, Indian corn or rye ? 
 
 The member for the Second Riding of Northumberland 
 replied : " He believed sixteen quarts." 
 
 "I believe," rejoined the Doctor, "the young gentleman is 
 right, but Heaven defend me from your sixteen-quart whiskey ! 
 I like a stitf horn. I have read of the beast with two horns, 
 and of the beast with ten horns, but 1 am a beast of many 
 horns." 
 
 We now return to the article in Fraser's Murjazine : 
 
 " Peace being proclaimed, and the Treaty of Ghent (which, as 
 he observed, 'came upon them suddenly,' and, we may add, 
 much to their grief) having put an end to American campaign- 
 ing, he went with his regiment to Calcutta, exchanging the 
 blanket coat for the muslin jacket, and using brandy and water 
 to keep out the intense heat of India with as much activity as 
 he had formerly employed it to keep off the intense cold of 
 Canada. Manifold were his occupations in the land of the 
 Moguls. In addition to his medical and military duties — his 
 convivial and charioteering occupations — he edited a newspaper 
 and contracted to clear the island of Saugur, falling with equal 
 fury upon Silk Buckingham and the tigers. After having 
 killed some incredible number of the latter nuisances (whence, 
 
Bioguaimii(;al Skktchkh. 355 
 
 and not from any resemblance of that king of cats, he has the 
 name of 'Tiger'), the jungle fever .suhihicd hinj, and lie was 
 obliged to come home on half pay. He lixed first in Edinburgh, 
 where he gave a course of lectures on Medical Jurisprudence, 
 the mixture in which of fun and learning, of law and science, 
 blended with rough jokes and anecdotes not always of the 
 most prudish nature, will make them live long in the memory 
 of his hearers. He also wrote sketches of Indian life ami other 
 papers for Blackwood, under the signature of CJolin Ball.intyne, 
 R.N., a nom de guerre under which, we believe, he Hgured in 
 India during his controversies with Buckingham, whom he 
 ever and anon delitxhted in calling the ' Cobbler.' Tired of 
 Edinburgh, he came to London, where he lived a most miscel- 
 laneous life, turning his hand to everything. He edited, for a 
 short while, the British Pres.s, a journal now gone to sleep ; but 
 could not like the business of a morning paper, as it interfered 
 too much with other occupations of a more agreeable kiml. 
 
 " He then published an edition of Beck's ' Medical Juris- 
 prudence,' an American work, to which he wrote a preface and 
 appended many curious notes ; and started a Sunday newspaper 
 for the India interests, entitled the Telescope, the history of 
 which would be a comedy of the drollest kind. It did not 
 succeed badly, but at the end of a year he was tired of it ; and 
 having become connected with the joint stocks of those days — 
 our history has now reached the famous year 1825 — he figured 
 in brick, iron, salt and other companies, as secretary or director. 
 He personally superintended the salt works of this last-named 
 company somewhere in Cheshire; but as 'Tiger 'is an honest 
 fellow — a strictly honest fellow, in every sense of the word — it 
 is perfectly unnecessary for us to add that he made nothing of 
 the bubbles, except what salary he ma}^ have received. The 
 future biographer of iJunlop will have to recount that at this 
 time he founded a club of a most peculiar description, which he 
 called by the picturesque title of ' The Pig and Whistle ' ; but 
 the time is not yet ripe for the history of that celebrated asso- 
 ciation. John Gait had, about this time, succeeded in orijaniz- 
 ing the Canada Company, which has since treated him with 
 such signal ingratitude ; and Dunlop accepted office under it in 
 the year 1826, with the sounding title of ' Warden of the Black 
 
356 The Medical Puofeshion in Upper Canada. 
 
 Forest,' and inimediatcly started for Canada, where ho has ever 
 since remained, teuchin<j to hew the htiech the hand that held 
 the ghiivc, and j)erfornnng all the duties of his laborious ofHco 
 with vast benefit to the country and the Company. Ho is, at 
 this present writin<5, one of the most popular men in Upper 
 Canada, and, of course, universally consulted by emif^rants of 
 all classes on their aHTairs. This brinfifs us to the consideration 
 of the little book before us : 
 
 " Some authors," he says, " write for fame, some for money, 
 some to propagate particular doctrines and opinions, some from 
 spite, sonie at the insti<;ation of their friends, and not a few at 
 the instigation of the devil. I have no one of these excuses to 
 plead in apology for intruding myself on the public ; for my 
 motive, which has at least the merit of novelty to recommend 
 it, is sheer laziness. To explain this, it is necessary to state 
 that, for some years past, I have been receiving letters from 
 intending emigrants containing innumerable (jueries respecting 
 Upper Canada ; also from the friends of such children of the 
 forest — in i^osse — who seasoned the unpalatable task of writing 
 on other people's business with the assurance so consolatory to 
 my vanity, that I was, of all men in the Province, the one they 
 considered best qualified to give such information, etc. These 
 letters, always couched in the most polite terms, commencing 
 with the writer's ' sincere sorrow for taking up so much of my 
 valuable time,' and ending with ' the most perfect reliance on 
 my knowledge and candour,' required to be answered; and so 
 long as they came ' like angel visits, few and far between,' it 
 was no great grievance to do so. But, after having written 
 some reams in answer to them, and when every other packet 
 brought one — and no later ago than last week I had two to 
 answer — things began to look serious, and so did I ; for I found 
 that, if they went on at this rate, I ;hould have no ' valuable 
 time ' to devote to my own proper afi'airs. And, therefore, it 
 being now mid-winter, and seeing no prospect of my being able 
 to follow my out-of-door avocations for .some weeks, I set my- 
 self down, in something like a pet, to throw together and put 
 in form the more prominent parts of the information I had been 
 collecting, to the end that I might be enabled in the future to 
 answer my voluminous correspondents after the manner of the 
 
HiofniAi'iiicAi, Skktches. 367 
 
 Into worthy Mr. Aborncthy, by referring them to certain pagen 
 of ' My Rook.' " 
 
 The Doctor in his conchiding paragraph says: " Now, gontlo 
 reader, tlmt you have got tiii.s length, permit uie to complinient 
 you on your patience ; a virtue which I shall no longer call 
 upon you to exercise, than liy recjue.sting you, in the diploinutic 
 phrase, to accept the assurances of my highest consideration 
 until we meet, as I hope we shall do next summer, on the haidcs 
 of Lake Huron." 
 
 The reviewer then adds: " Meet him wherever we may, we 
 shall meet a good fellow, whoso various wanderings over the 
 world have tilled him with shrewd, good sense, and stored him 
 with wealth of tale and anecdote beyond that of any other man 
 now living. It is recorded of him that, on his return from 
 Intlia he entertained the company after dinner every day with 
 stories, and that he never repeated one a second time during the 
 voyage. What an immense and multifarious stock ho must 
 have laid in since ! 
 
 " Farewell, then, dear ' Tiger,' and whether we meet you on the 
 banks of the Huron, over the hind-(juarter of a bear, clad in 
 the skin of the same animal, and talking much in his tone and 
 accent, or on the banks of your native Clyde, predominating 
 over a bowl of that cold punch manufactured by you in a man- 
 ner surpassing that of all other sons of men, or in your favour- 
 ite region of the Strand, chasing away the midnight hours 
 with fluid suitable to the time — wheresoever, wiiensoever, and 
 howsoever the meeting may be — warm shall be the greeting 
 and cordial the welcome, 
 
 " ' And we'll go nae niair a-roving, 
 A-roving in the night ; 
 And we'll go nao nmir a-roving, 
 Let the moon shine ne'er sac bright. ' " 
 
 Dr. Maginn, the editor of Frasers Magazine, who produced 
 a portrait of Dr. Dunlop, taken from Maclise's " Gallery of Illus- 
 trious Characters," described the Doctor as "six feet three 
 inches, ai\d measures two feet eight across the shoulders." 
 
 Dr. Dunlop was born about 1795, Greenock, Scotland, and 
 came, as we have learned, to Canada, in 1826, with Mr. John 
 
358 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Gait, in the service of the Canada Company. John Gait, in 
 writing about him, said that he " held a roving commission in 
 the Company." For a time subsequently, his connection with 
 the Company was discontinued. But in December, 1829, he 
 was restored by the Canada Company to his office of " Warden 
 o^' the Woods and Ranger of the Forests," for which he received 
 £400 per yeax*. Dr. Dunlop was for a long time a contributor 
 to Blackwood's Magazine. Among other things he wrote " The 
 Autobiography of a Rat," contributed to the Canadian Literary 
 Magazine. He founded, in 1836, the City of Toronto Literary 
 Club, before which he lectured on various subjects of interest. 
 He was the first representative for the Huron District in the 
 Provincial Parliament for the County of Huron in 1841, and 
 continued during the first and second Parliament after the 
 union of Upper and Lower Canada, but resigned in 1846. He 
 was, 1841, Chairman of a Select Committee of the Legislative 
 Assembly, to report on the petition of Mr. Robert Gourlay. 
 
 Dr. Dunlop was well acquainted with the conditions of Upper 
 Canada. He says in the preface of his little book : 
 
 " Since the year 1826, my principal employment has been 
 to traverse the country in every direction, and visit nearly 
 every township in it, for the express purpose of obtaining 
 statistical information." He had much to do with the settling 
 of Guelph. It is recorded that he "took part in cutting down 
 the first tree, a large maple, to found the town of Guelph. 
 After the tree fell, the Doctor pulled a flask of whiskey from 
 his bosom, and we drank prosperity to the city of Guelph." 
 
 Dr. Dunlop, among his numerous and varied ventures, was 
 on the lookout for the acquisition of property and other invest- 
 ments. We find in the Upper Canada Gazette, May 24, 1832, a 
 notice of a meeting of stockholders of the Grand River Naviga- 
 tion Company, recently held at Brantford. He was elected one of 
 the directors. In a Cvjunuunication to the Correspondence and 
 Advocate it is chai'ged, "In the Home District a few officers of 
 the Government, with Dr. Dunlop, are officers of a company of 
 speculators." 
 
 The Doctor made his influence felt in the capital of York. 
 " At a meeting of the adherents of the Church of Scotland in 
 the town of York, held on the 3rd March, 1830, John Ewart, 
 
BioaRAPflicAL Sketches. 359 
 
 Esq., in the chair, it was, on motion of Dr. Dunlop, seconded by 
 Mr. H. Carfrae, unanimously resolved to take immediate steps 
 for the erection of a place of worship in connection w^ith the 
 Church of Scotland, and for the calling of a clergyman of that 
 Church to officiate therein as their minister." Among other 
 noticeable projects. Dr. Scadding records that he, with Dr. 
 Rees and Mr. Chas. Fothergill, at one time intended to establish 
 in Toronto a museum of natural and civil history, with a 
 botanical and zoological garden attached. For this purpose a 
 grant of land from the Government was received. 
 
 He was one of the pioneers on Lake Huron, and lived at 
 Goderich for some time, where he was a person of note. In 
 Mackenzie's rebellion, 1837, he was colonel of the Huron 
 Invincibles. 
 
 The will of Dr. Dunlop is of such an extraordinary char- 
 acter that it is given here in its entirety : 
 
 " In the name of God. Amen. I, William Dunlop, of Fair- 
 braid in the Township of Colborne, County and District of 
 Huron, Western Canada, Esquire, being in sound health of 
 body, and my mind just as usual, which my friends who flatter 
 me say is no great shakes at the best of times, do make this 
 my last will and testament as follows — revoking of course all 
 former wills : 
 
 " I leave the property of Fairbraid and all other landed pro- 
 perty I may die possessed of, to my sisters, Ellen Boyle Story, 
 and Elizabeth Boyle Dunlop, the former because she is married 
 to a minister whom (God help him !) she henpecks : the latter 
 because she is married to nobody, nor is she likely to be, for she 
 is an old maid and not market-rife ; and also I leave to them 
 and their heirs my share of the stock and implements on the 
 farm, provided always that the enclosure round my brother's 
 grave be reserved, and if either should die without issue then 
 the (fther to inherit the whole. 
 
 " I leave to my sister-in-law, Louisa Dunlop, all my share of 
 the household furniture and such traps with the exceptions 
 hereinafter mentioned. 
 
 " I leave my silver tankard to the oldest son of old John, as 
 the representative of the family ; I would have left it to old 
 John himself, but he would melt it down to make temperance 
 
360 The Medical Phofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 medals, and that would be a sacrilege — however, I leave my 
 big horn snufF-box to him, he can only make temperance horn- 
 spoons of that. 
 
 " I leave my sister Jenny my Bible, the property formerly of 
 my great-grcat-grand mother, Bethia Hamilton, of Woodhall, and 
 when she knows as much of the spirit of it as she does of the 
 letter, she will be another guise-Christian than she is. 
 
 " I also leave my late brother's watch to my brother Sandy, 
 exhorting him at the same time to give up wigger}'-, radicalism, 
 and all other sins that do most easily beset him. 
 
 " I leave my brother Alan, my big silver snuff-box, as I am 
 informed he is rather a decent Christian, with a swag belly and 
 a jolly face. 
 
 "I leave parson Chevasse (Maggie's husband) the snuff-box I 
 got from the Sarnia Militia, as a small token of my gratitude 
 for the service he has done the family in taking a sister that no 
 man of taste would have taken. 
 
 "I leave John Caddie a silver tea-pot, to the end that he may 
 drink tea therefrom to comfort him under the affliction of a 
 slatternly wife. 
 
 " I leave my books to my brother Andrew, because he has been 
 so long a jungley-wallah, that he may learn to read with them. 
 
 "I give my silver cup with a sovereign in it to my sister, 
 Janet Graham Duniop, because she is an old maid and pious, 
 and therefore will necessarily take to horning, and also my 
 granma's snuff-mull, as it looks decent to see an old woman 
 taking snuff. 
 
 " I do hereby constitute and appoint John Duniop, Esquire, 
 of Fairbraid; Alexander Duniop, Esquire, Advocate, Edinburgh; 
 Alan C. Duniop, Esquire, and William Chalk, of Tuckersmith ; 
 William Stewart and William Gooding, Esquires, Goderich, to 
 be the executors of this my last will and testament. 
 
 "In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand^nd seal 
 the thirty-first day of August, in the year of our Lord one 
 thousand eight hundred and forty-two. 
 
 [L.S.] " (Signed) W. Dunlop." 
 
 " The above instrument, of one sheet, was, at the date thereof, 
 declared to us by the testator, William Duniop, Esquire, to be 
 
Biographical Sketches. 861 
 
 his last will and testament, and he then acknowledged to each 
 of us, that he had subscribed the .ame, anil we at his request 
 signed our names hereunto as attesting witnesses. 
 
 "(Signed) James Clowting. 
 
 Patrick McNaughton. 
 [L.S.] Elizabeth Steward." 
 
 " I, Daniel McDonald, Registrar of the Surrogate Court of the 
 County of Huron, hereby certify that the within is a true and 
 correct copy of the original last will and testament of the said 
 William Dunlop, Esquire, deceased. 
 
 " Given under my hand and seal at Goderich, in the said 
 county, this eighteenth day of April, in the year A.D. 1881. 
 
 [L.S.] " D. McDonald, Registrar." 
 
 " Died, June 29th, 1848, at Cote St. Paul, Dr. Wm. Dunlop, 
 aged 57." 
 
 " Dr. Dunlop had a brother (Capt. Sandy) almost as eccentric 
 as himself, residing with him, and they kept a housekeeper 
 po.ssessed of means, from whom they had been compelled either to 
 borrow money, or, what was much the same thing, to go in 
 arrears in the payment of her wages, in order to tide them over 
 an emergency. It was found, on an examination of the accounts, 
 that they were hopelessly in her debt ; the Doctor, therefore, 
 startled his brother by stating that the only way out of th% 
 difficulty was for o:.e or other of them to marry Betty. This 
 was agreed upon at last, and the Doctor gave his brother a 
 penny with which to toss up for the wife. It is said that the 
 coin had two heads so that there was after all no element of 
 chance in the matter. The coin went up, the Doctor cried 
 ' heads,' and of course head it was. The housekeeper was 
 nothing loth, and the brother was married to her without 
 unnecessary delay." — Rattray. 
 
 "Died, at Fairbrfud, near Goderich, February 28th, 1841, 
 Robert Graham Dunlop, Esquire, M.P.P., Commander, Royal 
 Navy, in his 51st year." 
 24 
 
362 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Darius Dunham 
 
 Came into Upper Canada as a Methodist preacher, in 1792, 
 being one of the first two Methodist ministers sent to Upper 
 Canada by the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United 
 States. Prior to that, he had been a minister for four 
 years in New York State. He had previously studied for 
 the medical profession, but where, or to what extent, is not 
 recorded. In 1800, he ceased to labour as a preacher, and 
 settled down on a farm in the neighbourhood of Napanee, and 
 resumed the practice of medicine. No doubt he had, during 
 his twelve years of itinerancy, found occasion to treat the body 
 as well as attend to the wants of the soul, and subsequently 
 while practising, he continued to exercise the function of 
 preacher on Sundaj's. Many amusing stories are related of 
 him while a preacher ; and he was known as " Scolding 
 Dunham." He was a fine-looking man, and secured as a wife 
 one of the most comely of the daughters of the settlement of 
 Napanee, a Miss Detlor ; and in so doing, broke the heart and 
 upset the mental balance of the first pioneer Methodist 
 minister to Upper Canada. 
 
 His son, E. A. Dunham, born, July, 1814, although unosten- 
 tatious, was highly esteemed in the Methodist Church, being 
 for a long time a class-leader and acceptable local preacher. He 
 published for some years a most valuable work on holiness, 
 " The Christian Casket," at Napanee. He removed to Port 
 'Burwell, 1861, and thence to St. Thomas about 1880, where he 
 died, February 27, 1891. " He was a man of strong conceptions 
 of duty, a devout student of the Word of God, an honest, 
 upright, consistent Christian, whose memory will be cherished 
 most by those who knew him best." 
 
 Dr. William Durie 
 
 Was born in the Metherton of Dunfermline in Fife, Scotland, 
 October 4, 1779. He belonged to a very old Scottish family, 
 of which there is a record from the year 1200. 
 
 This interesting document, which, through the courtesy of 
 Mrs. Durie, we have been permitted to read, commences thus : 
 
BiooiiAPHicAL Sketches. 363 
 
 " History of the present family of Craigluscar ; drawn by 
 Charles Durie, Esquire, the present laird, 1768 (A.C., 1200). 
 This family came first to Britain with William the Conqueror, 
 who settled upon them an English barony, where they lived a 
 considerable time. At length, Joan, .sister to Henry, King of 
 England, being matched with Alexander II., King of Scotland, 
 a gentleman of this ^family came under the Queen's patronage, 
 and procured from her husband, the King, a pretty consider- 
 able estate hard by Leven, to which he gr.ve his own name." 
 
 The record drawn by Charles Durie had been continued, and 
 although intended only for a family hi.story, is not without 
 considerable general interest. The impartial manner in which 
 events are recorded is very praiseworthy. This quotation is 
 not without interest : " One of the line in the sixteenth century, 
 Henry by name, had the gQt)d fortune to marry one Margaret 
 McBeath, a Highland gentleman's daughter. This lady was an 
 excellent botanist, very conversant in medicine, and knew par- 
 ticularly the nature of children's diseases. Her merit shined 
 as much at Court as in her own family. She became a great 
 favourite of James VI.'s queen, who resided in the Abbey of 
 Dunfermline, where she brought forth several children. There 
 were but few complaints amongst the royal offspring in which 
 Margaret McBeath's advice was not taken as the safest and 
 best. Her profound knowledge particularly distinguished itself 
 in the recovery of Charles I., after the best physician in the 
 kingdom had despaired of his life." 
 
 Without attempting to outline the course of events in the 
 successive generations of the family, it may be stated that they 
 acted a conspicuous part in the various pas.'^ing events, some of 
 a most important character. We read that a daughter was 
 married to Sir Robert Bruce, of Clackmannan. Then we read 
 of Robert, " who commanded a company in Flanders, under 
 King William, after serving the three kings immediately pre- 
 ceding, in the rank of Lieutenant ; James, Thomas and Henry, 
 who served as volunteers in the Dutch service, where they died 
 of a flux, after eating too much fruit. One daughter by the 
 name of Janet, who was married in the year 1665, to Alex- 
 ander Campbell, of Persio, in the shire of Perth ; whose estate 
 was ruined supporting the Duke of Argyle, for which he after- 
 
364 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 wards got no thanks." Another has a company in a Regiment 
 of Scots Infantry, then in the French service. Now we read 
 of one who was " a good scholar, very conversant in the Latin 
 and Greek authors." Another " was conversant in the history 
 of all nations, but more particularly those of the sacred writ- 
 ings. No one could pretend to a more distinct conception of the 
 situation and extent of all countries on the globe." Again, one 
 is in the army and passes many years in the East Indies to 
 return with an impaired constitution, and to retire on half pay. 
 A number of others also entered the army ; one is in service in 
 New South Wales, and on returning is wrecked in the South 
 Seas. And now we have come to facts collected by the subject 
 of this sketch, and written by Major Robert Durie. 
 
 He says : " Before I close the ivccoimt of my, and Charles', 
 family, I cannot forego the pleasure I have in handing down to 
 the family tlie following honourable and handsome tribute paid 
 to my Uncle Robert who was retired in the East Indies. My 
 brother of that name was thei*e for twenty-three years, and had 
 many an opportunity of hearing how deservedly beloved he 
 was by all ranks, both European officers and native soldiers. 
 The latter, though against their religion, buried him, and while 
 the army lay at Cuddalore showed every respect to his tomb, 
 by burning a lamp every night upon it. My brother mentions 
 that he only remembers another instance in the funeral of an 
 officer by the men of his battalion, as when an officer dies, or 
 is retired in India, he is carried to his grave by European 
 soldiers." 
 
 The following extract is from a letter of a Capt. Taylor of 
 the Bombay Army, dated Bombay, November 10, 1784 : " I 
 must now lament the fate of poor Durie, a man esteemed by all 
 as a gentleman and an officer. What instance can be given 
 more pleasing than the tribute paid him by the gallant corps 
 which he commanded. He fell amongst numbers at the attack 
 of Cuddalore. He was buried during the action, but the esteem 
 of his people would not permit him to be undistinguished. In 
 the evening of the day he was taken up ; they washed his body, 
 clothed it in fine linen, and conducted him to his grave in 
 the style of the country, while each shed a generous tear for 
 the man they respected, rendered yet more respectable for 
 
Biographical Sketches. 365 
 
 his soldier-like fortune, leading his men to victory and to 
 honour." 
 
 Dr. Durie was educated at Kinross, and began the study of 
 medicine at Edinburgh, Oc^ober, 1793, with Mr. Moncrief. 
 While yet with him in 1797, he was offered a commission in 
 the Royal Artillery, and being released from his engagement 
 with Mr. Moncrief, he accepted the offer. His commission on 
 parchment, now before the writer, is as follows : 
 
 " George R. 
 
 " George the Third by the Grace of God, King of Great 
 Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. To 
 our Trusty and Well-beloved William Durie, Gentleman. 
 Greeting. — We do by these Presents, Constitute and Appoint 
 you to be Assistant-Surgeon to a Corps of Artificers and 
 Drivers to be attached to the Artillery serving in our Kingdom 
 of Ireland, whereof Charles Combers, Esquire, is Captain Com- 
 mandant. 
 
 " You are therefore carefully and diligently to discharge the 
 
 Duty of Assistant-Surgeon by doing and performing all and 
 
 all manner of Things thereunto belonging ; And you are to 
 
 observe and follow such Orders and Directions from Time to 
 
 Time, as you shall receive from the Master General of our 
 
 ordnance in our said Kingdom for the Time being, or any other 
 
 superior Officer, according to the Rules and Discipline of War. 
 
 Given at Our Court at Saint James the Twentieth Da}' of 
 
 November, 1797, in the Thirty-eighth Year of Our Reign. By 
 
 His Majesty's Command. 
 
 " (Signed) Portland." 
 
 It will be seen from the date of the commission that he was 
 only eighteen years of age when he entered the Royal Artillery 
 service. He served in the south of Ireland at Cork and Clon- 
 mell, and at Dublin. While stationed at Clonmell, he married 
 Miss Helena, daughter of Arthur Lee, Esq., of Coppa, and sister 
 of Sir Francis S. S. Lee, A.D.C. to the King. 
 
 A second commission on parchment, before us, says : " To our 
 trusty and well-beloved William Durie, etc., etc. We appoint 
 you to be an Assistant-Surgeon on the Medical Establishment 
 
366 The Medical Profession in TJppeu Canada. 
 
 for the Military Department of the Ordnance, etc., etc. Given 
 at our Court at St. James, the first day of January, 1804." 
 
 A third parchment informs us that on November 18, 1805, he 
 was commissioned to be Surgeon in the Royal Artillery. It is 
 probable that between the two periods last mentioned, he was 
 on duty at Woolwich or Chatham. At all events he was at the 
 former place in 1805. After his appointment as Surgeon, he 
 served in the Mediterranean, and was at Malta and Gibraltar, 
 1808. Here he remained until 1813, or later, and so efficiently 
 discharored hi.s duties that he received the thanks of the Board 
 of Ordnance, and also this letter : 
 
 "Woolwich, June 22nd, 1813. 
 
 " Sill, — I have just read with very great pleasure your inter- 
 esting account of the Case of Aneurism, which, in my opinion, 
 does honour to your skill and perseverance ; that the termina- 
 tion of it has hitherto been successful, must be highly satisfac- 
 tory ; but if even the event had been otherwise, that so much 
 had been done for the preservation of the patient must have 
 been fully appreciated by everyone who could judge of the 
 delicacy and difficulty of the task you had to perform. 
 
 "I have also been favoured with your letter of the 18th 
 ultimo, and the accompanying Returns, which are correct and 
 satisfactory. I wish, however, that the particulars of men who 
 die may be inserted, agreeably to the inclosed Form. 
 
 " Mr. Dymoke has reported that he arrived at Messina on 
 the 31st of March. 
 
 " I have the honour to be. Sir, 
 
 " Your Obedient, Humble Servant, 
 
 " (Signed) John Webb, 
 
 " Insp.-Gen,, Orel. Hosp. 
 "William Durie, Esq., 
 
 " Surgeon, Royal Artillery, Gibraltar." 
 
 A fourth commission appointed him " to be a Resident Sur- 
 geon " in the Ordnance Department, dated September 26, 
 1814. He continued on duty on the staff" at Woolwich and 
 Chatham until some time before 1823. He was then stationed 
 at Island Bridge, near Dublin, until 1826. Returned to Wool- 
 
Biographical Sketches. • 367 
 
 wicb and becaaie "Assistant Inspector- General Ordnance 
 Medical Department." With this rank he retired from the 
 Royal Artillery, 1886, on half pay, when he received the Order 
 of Knifrht of Hanover. 
 
 Dr. Durie arrived in Canada, September, 1836, and resided in 
 Toronto about a year, when he took up his residence on Yonge 
 Street, near Thornhill. After his arrival he was offered a pro- 
 fessorship in the University of King's College, by Bishop 
 Strachan, which he declined. A new commission appointing 
 members of the Medical Board, September 25, 1838, contains the 
 name of Dr. Durie. By virtue of being a member of the Medi- 
 cal Board, he became a Fellow of the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, Upper Canada, 1839, and was present at the first 
 meeting. When the Medical Board was revived, he was again 
 one of its members, July 28, 1841, and in 1845. But Dr. Durie 
 very rarely attended the meetings. He lived in comparative 
 retirement, doing a little practice principally as a consultant. 
 At Craigluscar, about half a mile this side of Thornhill, and 
 named after a family residence in Scotland, he passed the 
 autumn of his life. He had received as half pay a guinea per 
 day and allowance for three servants. He returned to Toronto 
 a few years before his death, where he died, June 14, 1871, 
 aged 92. His body was buried at Thornhill. 
 
 Dr. Durie had ten children, five of whom, we believe, were 
 sons — Arthur Lee. Wm. S., George, John and C. H. Durie. One 
 daughter married Charles Carbruld, Esq., of Orillia; another, 
 Walter McKenzie, Toronto, Clerk of the County Court, recently 
 deceased (1890) ; another married the Rev. S. B. Ardagh, rector 
 of Barrie ; and another, Hon. Justice Gwynne, Supreme Court, 
 Ottawa. Two died unmarried. Arthur Lee, after passing 
 through the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, went to India 
 1820, as lieutenant and adjutant in the 31st Native Bengal 
 Infantry. He died in India, August, 1829. 
 
 The third son, Wm. S. Durie, was born at Gibraltar, and be- 
 came a prominent personage in Canadian military matters. In 
 November, 1828, he entered the Royal Military College at 
 Sandhurst. From the several commissions now before the 
 writer, it is learned that his first was to be Ensign in the 6th, or 
 1st Warwickshire Regiment of Foot, from January 20, 1832, 
 
.1GS TnK Medical Puofkssion in Upper Canada. 
 
 dated May 4, 1832, and signed " Goderich." The second com- 
 mission appoints him to be Lieutenant in the 94th llegimont of 
 Foot, from May 8th, 1835, dated August 27, 1835, signed 
 " Russell." This certiHcate shows the high standing attained by 
 him: 
 
 "Royal Military Colleob. — At a Collegiate Board, held 
 for the Half-yearly Public Examinations, on the 8th and 9th of 
 December, 1834, 
 
 Gentleman Cadet William S. Durie being qualified, accord- 
 ing to the prescribed Rules of the Royal Military College, to 
 hold a Commission in His Majesty's Service, and having 
 accordingly, on passing five Public Examinations, been recom- 
 mended for the same, and having, over and above the required 
 qualifications, made such further progress in his .studies as, by 
 the rules of the Establishment, entitles him to a certificate 
 recording the special approbation of the Commissioners, we, 
 the Commissioners and Members of the Board, are of opinion 
 that Gentleman Cadet William S. Durie is worthy of this honour- 
 able distinction and do grant him our Certificate accordingly. 
 
 " (Signed) Edward Pagot, Gen. 
 
 Monnasel Douglas, Maj.-Gen. 
 J. Gardiner, Maj. 
 G. SiNCH, Adjt" 
 
 The third commission appoints him to be Lieutenant in the 
 83rd Regiment of Foot from August 11, 1837, dated November 
 24, 1838, signed " Russell." The next commis.sion is " To Lieut 
 Wm. S. Durie, late of Her Majesty's 83rd Regiment. To be 
 Adjutant, with the rank of Captain in the Militia (of Canada), 
 from November 28, 1838, signed ' George Arthur ' (Sir George 
 Arthur, Lieut.-Governor Upper Canada, Major Commanding Her 
 Majesty's Forces), dated April 10, 1839." In December, 1855^ 
 he was appointed Captain in the Volunteer Militia Rifle Com- 
 pany, Barrie. April, 1857, he was commissioned to be Lieut- 
 Colonel in the Militia Force of Canada, signed by Edmund 
 Head and de Salleburj^ Col. Adjt.-General, Militia. Another 
 commission, dated October, 1860, appointed him Lieut.-Colonel 
 in the 2Dd Batt. Volunteer Rifles of Canada, from April 27, 1860. 
 
BiOfuiAi'iHCAL Skktches. 309 
 
 Tlie origin of the title of the Queen's Own Regiment is 
 referred to in a coinmnnicution to the authorities, dated ^larch 
 3, 1863. Col. Durie wrote : " I h;ive now the honour to state 
 that I have been requested to convey to His Kxcelleucy the 
 Commander-in-Chief, the warm acknowledgments and .sincere 
 .' 'i^s, I may safely say of every officer, non-commiHsioned 
 otricer and man belonging to the battalion under my command 
 (in which I need scarcely say, I cordially participate), for His 
 Excellency's kindness in .so efFectuilly promoting our wishes in 
 having obtained Her Majesty's gracious permission that the 2nd 
 Battalion of Volunteer .Militia Rilles sliall be designated ' The 
 Queen's Own Riffes of Toronto,' aad I may safely add that it 
 will be the sincere and earnest desire of every officer, non-com- 
 missioned officer and man uelonging to the battalion to render 
 them.selves worthy in every respect of so high and honourable 
 a distinction." 
 
 The production of the following document will be acceptable 
 to many : 
 
 " Brigade Office, Toronto, Canada West, 
 
 " February 2, 1865. 
 
 " Sir, — I am directed by Ivlajor-General Napier, C.B., Com- 
 manding the District, to express to you the great gratification he 
 experienced at his recent inspection of the 2nd Administrative 
 Battalion of Volunteer Militia under your command. 
 
 "The Major-General was pleased with all he saw, but his 
 particular attention was attracted by the following points which 
 show the high .state of efficiency that the battalion has arrived 
 at under such a short period of your command. The physique 
 of the men is excellent. They stand steadily under their arms, 
 and are well set up, particularly considering the short time that 
 they have been at drill. The few movements the Major-General 
 was enabled, owing to the contracted nature of the ground, to 
 witne.ss were steadily performed, and showed attention was 
 paid by all ranlcs. The cleanliness and order of the barrack- 
 rooms would be a credit to any regular regiment. The discip- 
 line of the battalion appears to be of the ffrst order, amongst 
 all ranks. The arms and accoutrements were remarkably 
 clean and in good order. 
 
370 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 " Your having established in such a short time, an officers' 
 mess, a canteen, a library and recreation room, and all these 
 working so well and so ably managed, meets with the Major- 
 General's highest approval. 
 
 " Not a man of the battalion having to make a complaint is 
 always a matter of congratulation to a commanding officer, as 
 there can be no stronger proof to the General Officer inspecting 
 that the interests of all ranks have been carefully looked after. 
 
 " The Major-General was much gratified at the verbal report 
 he received from you of the support you have invariably re- 
 ceived from the officers under your command ; and you will be 
 pleased to convey to these officers the Major-General's apprecia- 
 tion of their zeal and conduct in general, 
 
 " In conclusion I am directed to inform you that the Major- 
 General has had great pleasure in reporting to the Lieut.-Gen- 
 eral Commanding; with a view to his report being forwarded 
 to His Excellency the Governor-General, of the very high state 
 of efficiency that the battalion has arrived at under your com- 
 mand, at the same time drawing attention to his high apprecia- 
 tion of the able manner in which you have exercised command, 
 and your well-directed zeal, which has resulted in such i\ satis- 
 factory manner. 
 
 " I have the honour to be. Sir, 
 
 " Your Obedient Servant, 
 
 " Hall, 
 " Major of Brigade. 
 " To LiEUT.-CoL. DuRiE, etc, etc., 
 
 " Commanding 2nd Administrative Battalion 
 " Volunteer Militia, Niagara, C. W." 
 
 Colonel Durie was retired in 1881. He died at his residence, 
 Spadina Road, Toronto, June 3, 1885. 
 
 " Died at Thornhill, May 29, 1843, John Durie, Esq., eldest 
 surviving son of Dr. Durie." 
 
Biographical Sketches. 371 
 
 Dr. Herbert Melchoir von Eberts 
 
 Was a surgeon in a Hessian regiment with the British army 
 in the rebellion of 1776-83. After the war, he lived in Montreal 
 till 1794, when he was appointed governor of the district 
 around Detroit, comprising the present State of Michigan, 
 which was still in the possession of the British. Two years 
 later when the territory passed to the United States, ?Jr. Eberts 
 settled at Sandwich. He was engaged in storekeeping on the 
 Detroit River until the war of 1812-14, when his place was 
 sacked by the American invaders. He finally settled in the 
 township of Chatham, the place being still known as the 
 Eberts' farm. He recommenced business. His sons William 
 and Walter succeeded him in the trade, and in time the busi- 
 ness was transferred to the town of Chatham. 
 
 Dr. Robert Edmonson 
 
 Was born at Ballymena, Ireland, September 22, 1802. He 
 attended the Universitj'' of Glasgow, and took the degree of 
 CM., 1827. He was in practice in County Down, Ireland, until 
 1829, when he emigrated to Canada, and was gazetted as a 
 practitioner, October, 1829. He settled at Brockville, then but 
 a small village, and for forty years pursued his noble calling, 
 enduring all the hardships incident to the pioneer physicians. 
 He was greatly esteemed by all classes, for he was attentive 
 to the poor as well as the rich. He was very skilful in his 
 profession. 
 
 The writer is informed by one who lived in Brockville in 
 1831, that he was then noted as a surgeon. At that period 
 the line between physician and surgeon was well marked. Dr. 
 Hubbell, who called himself a physician, feigned to look down 
 upon Dr. Edmonson because he was " only a surgeon." Dr. 
 Edmonson was, apart from his medical attainments, a good 
 scholar, and it is recorded that he translated the Old Testament 
 out of the Hebrew text as a pastime, while the rest of the 
 family were asleep. He was actively associated with the incor- 
 porated militia ; was captain during the Mackenzie rebellion, 
 
372 The Medicai, Profession in TJpper Canada. 
 
 and was present at the battle of the Windmill, at Prescott, 1838. 
 He attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. At the time of the 
 Trent affair, he was on the alert, ready to take up arms for his 
 country. Dr. Edmonson identified himself with every rrove- 
 ment for the welfare of the public, and held many offices of 
 trust: he was mayor of Brockville. He was an elder for a 
 long time in the Presbyterian Church ; was for a time President 
 of the Bible Society, and was a sympathizing friend of the 
 young men beginning life. In 1866, Dr. Edmonson received 
 the honorary degree of M.D., from the University of Victoria 
 College, and afterwards was elected President of the Medical 
 Alumni Association of that college. Dr. Edmonson married, 
 1828, Miss Eliza Sarah Cumming, of Antrim, Ireland. He had 
 one son and four daughters. The son died while young. The 
 eldest daughter, Emily, married Charles Turnbull, of Belleville, 
 who died at an eaiiy date. 4nnie married Dr. H. A. Gord(jn, 
 of Leicester, England. Catharine Louisa married Colby W. 
 Foster, of Brockville, who died early, and Helen married H. 
 Diummond, of Winnipeg. Dr. Edmonson died. May 7, 1871. 
 A local paper said, in an obituary notice : " At the time of his 
 death he held a prominent position in many organizations 
 having for their object the progress of the town and the good of 
 the people. He was also a very skilful physician and an 
 accomplished scholar, a man of enlarged and liberal mind, 
 honest intentions and irreproachable personal character. Many 
 of the inhabitants of the town and country around will feel 
 very much the loss of one who was so universally beloved and 
 respected as Dr. Edmonson." 
 
 The writer has a most pleasant recollection of Dr. Edmon- 
 son, who was extremely affable and a noble-looking and behav- 
 ing person. 
 
 Dr. James Fairfield. 
 
 Among the names of the first settlers on the Bay of Quinte, 
 in the township of Ernesttown, is that of Fairfield. On lot 
 37, where is now the village of Bath, Wm. Fairfield pitched 
 his tent while the country was yet an unbroken wilderness. 
 His name is on the U. E. Loyalist list, and he ranked among 
 
Biographical Sketches. 878 
 
 the officers in drawing land. It is recorded that he had twelve 
 children, all of whom lived to marry. Four sons, Benjamin, 
 Jonathan, Stephen and William, are also on the U. E. list, 
 and drew land in Ernesttown. In the early history of this 
 district, the Fairfields hold an important place. We find that 
 the first person to engage in the trading business at Bath was 
 Benj. Fairfield. All of the name seem to have trod in the 
 higher walks of life. Their descendants may be found in many 
 parts of Canada, Several daughters of the ftxmijy married 
 vrell-kn )wn public men, some being physicians. 
 
 Wm. Fairfield the younger had five sons ; one studied law 
 and practised at Kingston ; one was a farmer, and two sons, 
 James and John K., both born at Bath, entered the medical 
 profession. It is not known to what extent they were able to 
 qualify themselves for medical practice. It is most probable they 
 studied with some of the army surgeons stationed at Kingston- 
 John, at least, studied for a time in the States, "went there to 
 finish." Probably Jame3 also completed his studies in the 
 States. 
 
 James, the eldest, passed the Medical Board in April, 1827. 
 The Board " were well satisfied and find him duly qualified." 
 He married an English woman and settled in Prince Edward 
 District, at a place long known as Sodom, now possessing the 
 name of Demorestville. Here he practised until his death, 
 which took place at a comparatively early period. He was 
 surgeon to the 3rd Prince Edward Regiment of Militia. He 
 left, to be cared for by his widow, one son and seven daughters. 
 The son engaged in the legal profession, but died young. Of 
 the daughters, one became the wife of Dr. Pruyn. 
 
 Dr. John K. Fairfield, 
 
 From Kingston, appeared before the Medical Board in October, 
 1835. Had been a pupil of Dr. Baker, and had tickets of two 
 courses of lectures at Fairfield Medical College, and passed 
 a satisfactory examination. He practised north of Belleville. 
 Further information is wanting, excert that he had two sons. 
 Sisters of Drs. James and John K. Fairfield married medical 
 
374 The Medical Phofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 men — Joanna to Dr. Forward ; another to Dr. Taylor, of Phila- 
 delphia. Dr. George Baker married their cou.sin, as also did 
 Dr. Ashton, of Bath. 
 
 Before this work appears, another Dr. Fairfield will be 
 enrolled on the list of practitioners of this Province. Chas. A. 
 D. Fairfield is now (1889) attending his last course of medical 
 lectures at Trinity Medical College, having previously been a 
 student at McGill. 
 
 Dr. Jonathan Foot 
 
 Was the son of Dr. Solomon Foot, of Vermont, and brother of 
 Senator Foot, United States. He was born, October 31, 1804, 
 and graduated at the Vermont Medical College, at Castleton, 
 1829. The following year he proceeded from Rutland, Ver- 
 mont, westward to Buffalo and thence to " Little York." He 
 had letters of introduction to Dr. Burnside and others, who 
 advised him to locate in Whitby township. The first thing 
 was to obtain his license to practise, which he did in October 
 following. But he had previously been at Whitby, having 
 arrived at Oshawa on September 4, 1830. His examiners were 
 Drs. Widmer, Powell and Deihl. His commission is dated 
 November 9, 1830. 
 
 In February, 1835, he was married to Robina, daughter of 
 W. Dow, Glen Dhu, Whitby. In the early years of his prac- 
 tice it extended to Scarboro' on the west, and the township of 
 Hope on the east, and north to the limit of the settlement. 
 This was done on horseback. Fortunately he was a man of 
 iron frame and great endurance, and he spared neither himself 
 nor horse when the welfare of his patients required it. Rich and 
 poor alike were promptly attended to with sympathetic kind- 
 ness. In this path of duty, with "unsullied honour" he trod 
 through his long life, and died, January 2, 1885, in his eighty- 
 first year, leaving an " untarnished reputation." He was a 
 member of the Presbyterian Church, and had " an unfaltering 
 trust in God." The pall-bearers were Judge Burnham, Sheriff 
 Paxton, Elder Smith, Samuel Beall, James Thompson and 
 George McGillivray. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 375 
 
 Two sons and three daughters survived him. We are indebted 
 to his daughter, Mrs. Henry Warren, of Orillia, for obituary 
 notices by local papers. 
 
 Dr. William Ford 
 
 Was born, July 13, 1807, at Broomly, near Montrose, Scotland. 
 When eight years old he was sent to England to a boarding- 
 school. He acquired his profession in London, and became a 
 member of the Royal College of Surgeons, England. He prac- 
 tised in London for two years, when his brother Charles having 
 given him a sugar plantation in the West Indies, he went there 
 to reside, but finding the climate did not agree with him, he 
 came to Canada, and was received as a guest by Col. Delator. 
 He invested his money in the lumbering business in York, 
 Grand River, which failed. He then took up the practice of 
 his profession in York, where he remained a few years. He 
 then, 1848, removed to Sirucoe, Norfolk County, and succeeded 
 Dr. Park in practice there. Here he remained four years, but 
 finding his health failing, he accepted a government situation. 
 This was in 1852, when he was appointed accountant in the 
 Crown Lands Department, Dr. Rolph being the Commissioner 
 and the Government being at Quebec. He continued to hold 
 this position until June 10, 1880, when he was superannuated. 
 He then bought a place at Lambton Mills. Dr. Ford married, 
 shortly after coming to Canada, Mary, daughter of Capt. Park, 
 who took an activ^e part in the war of 1812, and sister of Dr. 
 Park. After taking up his abode at Lambton Mills, his wife 
 died. He then lived with his eldest son William, for a time, 
 and then with his eldest daughter, Mrs. F. A. Howland, until 
 his death, at Toronto, March 23, 1891, being eighty-three years 
 old. Dr. Ford left two sons and three daughters. 
 
 Dr. John Eraser, 
 
 Born, Ayrshire, Scotland, March 14, 1806, the twenty-first and 
 youngest child of William Fraser. He graduated at College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow, 1825, when nineteen years of 
 
376 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 age. Had a large practice in Ayr and Doune, where he continued 
 for twelve years. Came to Canada in 1837, and at first settled 
 on the town-line between Pelham and Thorold, Niagara District. 
 He finally .settled at Fonthill. He passed the Medical Board, 
 October, 1843. Beside his diploma from the Royal College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow, he had numerous tickets of 
 attendance on lectures and hospital practice. In 18.54, he was 
 elected Member of Parliament for Welland County. He refused 
 to be a candidate a second time. " Professionally, Dr. Eraser's 
 services were in request for fifty miles around. In both his 
 profession and politics, he was a close student and observer of 
 every new development, as well as benefiting by the experience 
 of the past, the result being that he attained an enviable pro- 
 fessional prominence. He held many positions of honour and 
 trust." He was district surgeon of the sedentary militia. He 
 was warden of the county in 1856, when the county buildings 
 were erected. He took an active part in securing the location 
 of the county town at Welland, and in the purchase of the 
 marsh lands tract by the county, the wisdom of which has been 
 shown by the subsequent course of events. He was an adher- 
 ent of the Presbyterian Church and a member of the Masonic 
 fraternity. Socially he was a great favourite, being warm- 
 hearted and gifted with a true Scotch love of congenial com- 
 pany ; nor was his the less valued by reason of his well-known 
 eccentricities, one of which was his indisposition even to allude 
 to his own aftairs. Another strange trait of his character was 
 that although reasonably careful in entering all charges for his 
 services, he seemed to have a chronic disregard of having his 
 accounts collected, so that although he left a comfortable pro- 
 perty, it is estimated that he lost five times as much by out- 
 lawed accounts during his nearly sixty years of practice. He 
 was posse.ssed of a strong mind, hard, good sense, and never 
 spared in expressing his opinion, yet his very frankness, ster- 
 ling integrity and absolute dislike of sham in every form, made 
 him respected and liked by even his opponents. 
 
 Dr. Fraser never married. He died at Fonthill, October, 
 1882. 
 
 One of this name is mentioned in connection with the Hos- 
 pital Department at the Garrison Hospital, Oswego, 1783, and 
 
Biographical Sketches. 377 
 
 in October same year, at Garrison Hospital, Carlton Island. 
 Dr. John Eraser, probably the same, was at Niagara as surgeon 
 to the 68th Regiment. He was in civil practice about 1828 or 
 '29. Was a Scotchman, fond of sport and a good shot, and is 
 still remembered by Capt. Geale, of Niagara, as having taught 
 him to shoot pigeons. 
 
 Dr. John Gamble. 
 
 The " Family Record of the Gambles of Toronto," by John 
 William Gamble, published in 1872, for distribution among the 
 family, gives an interesting genealogical account of the family 
 for nearly two hundred years. By the kindness of Clarke 
 Gamble, Q.C., of Toronto, the writer has had the privilege of 
 perusing this volume and extracting much valuable information. 
 
 Dr. John Gamble was the eldest son of William Gamble, of 
 Dunross, near Enniskillen, Ireland, whose wife was Leah Tyrer. 
 He was born, 1755 ; studied his profession at Edinburgh ; 
 and emigrated to America in 1779, landing in New York in 
 September. He at once entered the King's service (the rebellion 
 being then in progress) as Assistant- Surgeon to the General 
 Hospital. Subsequently he was attached to the " Old Queen's 
 Rangers," and for some time did duty as surgeon with this 
 famous regiment. At the peace of 1783 he went to New 
 Brunswick. On May 18, 1784, he married Miss Isabella 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Joseph Clarke, who was a Loyalist 
 refugee from Connecticut, and who had served in the British 
 army at New York. Dr. Gamble practised his profession at 
 St. John, N.B., until 1708, when, having been appointed 
 Assistant-Surgeon to the Queen's Rangers by Lieut.-Governor 
 Simcoe, he joined the regiment at Niagara, leaving his wife 
 and five daughters with Dr. Clarke. The family continued 
 here until 1798. Mrs. Gamble, then, with her five daughters, 
 the eldest but thirteen, accompanied by her father, and a 
 sister, afterwards the wife of Hon. Samuel Smith, set out to 
 join her husband, who was with his regiment at York. The 
 journey must have been a trying and a perilous one. They 
 ascended in a bark canoe the River St. John, portaged to River 
 25 
 
378 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Du Loup, "sheltered only by the heavens and the primeval 
 forest," and so on up the St. Lawrence and across Lake Ontario. 
 In 1802, the Queen's Rangero were disbanded, and Dr. Gamble 
 removed with his family to Kingston, where he commenced the 
 practice of his profession, in which he held the first place. He 
 continued to enjoy a large practice until his death, which took 
 place S.^ptember 1, 1811, at the age of 56. 
 
 Mi.ss Isabella Elizabeth Clarke was in her .seventeenth year 
 when she became the wife of Dr. Gamble, and her long life was 
 devoted to her husband while he lived, and her large family. 
 She remained in Kingston until 1820, when, with the portion 
 of her family then at home, she removed to York, and there 
 continued to reside, surrounded by her offspring until her 
 death, March 9, 1859. Her eldest son, J. W. Gamble, in his 
 " Family Records," says th/it she " trained up her children in 
 the fear of God, and fitted to discharge the duties of their 
 station, who lived a widow nearly half a century, and died in 
 her ninety-.sccond 3'ear, — to the memory of such a mother, 
 truly a mother in Israel, are the following pages afifectionately 
 dedicated." 
 
 Dr. Gamble had thirteen children, four sons and nine daugh- 
 ters. Of these latter, the eldest, Isabella, was married to Dr. 
 Robert Charles Home, Assistant-Surgeon Glengarry Light In- 
 fantry ; Mary Ann, to Col. Sinclair, R.A.; Sarah Hannah Boies, 
 to Dr. James Geddes, Assistant-Surgeon Medical Staff; Leah 
 Tyrer, to Hon. William Allan, father of Hon. G. W, Allan. 
 Catherine died in Kingston about 1816, aged fifteen years. Jane 
 was married to Benjamin Whitney, of Kingston ; Rachel Crook- 
 shank, to Sir James Buchanan Macaulay, C.B., Chief Justice ; 
 she died at Sparkford Hall, Somerset, England, July 17, 1883. 
 Magdeline was married to Thomas William Birchall. Mary 
 Ann died unmarried in 1883. 
 
 Dr. Gamble left three sons. The eldest, John William, who 
 was born at York Garrison, 1798, passed a large portion of his 
 life in the discharge of public duties. He was appointed a 
 Justice of the Peace in the Commission of 1827; Chairman of 
 the Quarter Sessions, in 1836; District Councillor for Etobicoke, 
 in 1842 ; County Councillor, 1850, and served eight years ; 
 elected M.P. for South Riding of York, in the early " forties ;" 
 
BlOGRAPHICAF. SKETCHES. 379 
 
 was a Member of tlie Provincial Legislature many years ; was 
 a Justice of the Peace forty-six years, Warden of the County 
 two yearn, Chairmnn of the Quarter Sessions six years. County 
 Councilbr fourteen years. Besides he held a number of re- 
 sponsible positions. He was also Colonel of the 2nd Battalion 
 Reserve Militia, County of York. His first wife was Mary 
 Macaulay, diiughter of Dr. James Macaulay. 
 
 Dr. Gamble's second son William engaged in mercantile pur- 
 suits, and was one of the first wholesale merchants in York ; 
 his firm was Gamble & Birchall. He subsecjuently established 
 one of the largest tlour mills in the then Province of Upper 
 Canada -the brand, " Milton Mills, Etobicoke," being one of 
 the best and most widely known. He subsequently moved to 
 Toronto, where he died about the j'ear 1882, 
 
 Clarke Gamble, Q.C., the fourth son, so well known in 
 Toronto, entered the Ie<^al profession. He studied under Sir 
 James B. Macaulay and Judge Hagerman, and was called to 
 the bar in 1832, and at once commenced the practice of the law 
 in York, now Toronto ; was appointed a Bencher of the Law 
 Society at Michaelmas Term, 1840. He was made Queen's 
 Council, May 26, 1867, and has followed the practice of the 
 law in Toronto continuously " from his call to the bar until 
 the present time." He is the senior member of the firm of 
 C. & H. D. Gamble & Dunn, and is the oldest practising barris- 
 ter and attorney in the profession in Canada. 
 
 Clarke Gamble's eldest son John Henry was born in Toronto, 
 1844<, and after being educated at Upper Canada College and 
 Cheltenham, England, entered, by examination, the Military 
 Academy at Sandhurst, I860; was gazetted sub-altern in the 
 17th Regiment, 1862, then stationed at Quebec ; was promoted 
 to lieutenant, 1865; became captain, 1877, when hi.s regiment 
 was in India. His battalion was one of the first to cross the 
 Af<rhan frontier when the war broke out there, 1878. In the 
 campaign that followed, the l7th had its full share of danger 
 and hardship, and was specially complimented by the Brigadier- 
 General. On the way back, after the war ended, the 17th 
 suffered greatly by cholera and dysentery, and many died, 
 among whom was Capt. Gamble, who died in the Kyber Pass, 
 July 14, 1879. Capt. Gambles worth is attested in the 
 
880 The Medical Pkofkssion in Uppeh Canada. 
 
 following extract from the Repriinental Orders, by Lieut.-Col. 
 A. B. Utterson : " It is with the deepest sorrow and regret that 
 the commanding officer has to announce . . . the death 
 of Capt. Gamble. He was a most al>le officer, zealous and con- 
 scientious in the performance of his duties, and a good friend 
 to all. ... In the death of Capt. Gamble, the 17th loses an 
 officer whom it will be hard to replace." And the following, 
 the voluntary testimony of Col. (Brigadier-General) Cobbe, 
 under whose command the 17th Regiment was placed for a 
 time, but who was not personally interested in or attached to 
 that regiment: "It is with feelings of the deepest sorrow that 
 Col. (Brigadier-General) Cobbe has heard of the death of Capt. 
 Gamble, at Lundi, Kotal. Although this officer had only served 
 for some few months under Col. Cobbe's immediate command, 
 the period was quite sufficient to enable him to form a most high 
 estimate of his character and capability, and to appreciate his 
 value as a most useful and excellent officer, and for whom he 
 had contracted a very strong personal friendship. Col. Cobbe 
 requests the officer commanding the battalion to allow this 
 memorandum to be published in Regimental Orders as a record 
 of his personal feeling, as well as of his sympathy with the 
 officers and soldiers of the Bittalion of 17th Regiment at the 
 loss sustained by them in the death of Captain Gamble." 
 
 Dr. James Geddes 
 
 Was born at Halifax, N.S., 17<S0, and received his early educa- 
 tion at King's College, Windsor. His medical education was 
 acquired in the University of Aberdeen, and in the hospitals 
 of London and Edinburgh, after the completion of which he 
 received his appointment as Army Hospital Assistant. The 
 dates of his subsequent promotions are not known. He accom- 
 panied the British forces to Holland, under the Duke of York, 
 and here, while encamped on the sands at Walehesen, he con- 
 tracted rheumatism, to which he was a martyr for the rest of 
 his life. In the returns from the War Office, 1803, giving the 
 Hospital Staff to be employed in Canada, as a peace establish- 
 ment, James Geddes' name is giverj as a hospital mate. 
 
Biographical Sketciikh. 381 
 
 On April 17, 1804, he was married to Sarah Hannah Boies 
 Gamble, (iaujjhter of Dr. Gamble of the Queen's Ranfjors. He 
 was stationed at Amherstburgh and afterwards at the Island 
 of St. Joseph, near the Sault Ste. Marie, the remotest military 
 hospital at that time. From 1807 to 1884 he lived at Kingston ; 
 part of the time, at least, he was on duty at the military hospital 
 — his name is found mentioned in that connection in 1810. 
 During the American war of 1812-14, he accompanied a naval 
 expedition to Sackett's Harbour, under Sir James Yeo. In 
 1822, he was on the " Military Staff c2 Upper Canada Medical 
 Department, as Hospital Assistant." But he also engaged in 
 private practice, being contemporary with Dr. Sampson. 
 
 Dr. Geddes had sixteen children, eleven daughters and five 
 sons. Of the former, two died in early age ; the other nine 
 were all married — four to medical men (Drs. Henry, Hallowell, 
 C. S. Sewell and D'Evelyn, of Woodbridge), two to military 
 men (Generals Gold and Munn), one to Judge Armstrong, one 
 to Mr. Leaycroft, a merchant; one to Rev. Wm. Macaulay, 
 Picton ; and one to Rev. John Grier, of Belleville. Of the sons, 
 two followed mercantile pursuits, one was a barrister, one 
 engaged in railroad service, and another, James Gamble 
 Geddes, became a clergyman. He was born at Kingston, and 
 was educated primarily in Kingston High School, after which 
 for six years he studied theology in Chambly College. He 
 took orders in 1834, when twenty-three years of age, and was 
 curate in St. George's Church, Kingston, for three years. After 
 that he was curate in Three Rivers. In March, 1835, over 
 fifty-six years ago, he went to Hamilton and organized the 
 first Episcopal parish there. For forty-five years he was rector 
 of Christ Church cathedral, and during that time held many 
 public offices as well. When the diocese of Niagara was formed 
 he was made dean. In 1879, he retired from the parish of Christ 
 Church cathedral, and went to England as rector of Tatsfield, 
 Surrey. He returned to Hamilton, and after being rector of 
 Chippawa for two years, returned to Hamilton to pass the rest 
 of his days. He died, November 16, 1891. His children are: 
 John Gamble and Geo. W. Allen Geddes, Mrs. C. Brough, Mrs, 
 (Major) Phipp, and Mrs. (Dr.) Walters. The dean was of a 
 remarkably long-lived family. 
 
382 The Medical PhofeSvSIon in Upper Canada. 
 
 In August, 1 «34, Dr. Geddcs died of Asiatic cholera, which 
 lie contracted in the faithful discharge of his duties us Physi- 
 cian to the Gaol. He was a man of gentle and amiable disposi- 
 tion, very sympathizing with the sick and suffering by whom 
 he was greatly beloved, and his early death (at the age of fifty - 
 four) much regretted. 
 
 In the Midlajid District accounts from* 1827 to LS'Jl, among 
 the iteins of expenditure is : " Dr. Geddes, Surgeon attentiing 
 Gaol. £25." 
 
 The widow of Dr. Geddes lived to the age of ninety-two. 
 
 Dr. John Gilchrist, 
 
 Son of Samuel Gilchrist, a farmer and mill-owner living at 
 Bedford, New Hampshire, was born, February 5, 1792. He 
 studied medicine at New Haven, Conn., and obtained his 
 diploma. He practised a short time at GofFstown, and then, 
 1818, came to Canada and took up his residence a short distance 
 from Cobourg. Dr. John Gilchrist was the first candidate to 
 present himself to, and the first to secure a certificate,- for a 
 license to practise in Upper Canada, from the newly organized 
 Medical Board. This is the entry in the minutes : 
 
 " January 5, 1819. — Board met. Present : Drs. Macaulay, 
 Widmer, Lyons and Powell. Dr. John Gilchrist, of the Town- 
 ship of Hamilton, in the District of Newcastle, appeared, and 
 being examined and found duly qualified to practise Ph^^sic, 
 Midwifery and Surgery, he received a certificate to that effect 
 accordingly." 
 
 Dr. Gilchrist was the eldest of four brothers who engaged 
 in the practice of medicine. They all settled in the central 
 part of Upper Canada. A peculiarity is mentioned that each 
 had erected a similar place of residence, in which taste and 
 utility were combined. The pattern of these houses was taken 
 from the dwelling of a favourite teacher at the medical college 
 where they studied. 
 
 In 1822, he was gazetted surgeon to the 1st Northumber- 
 land Regiment of Militia. A few years later Dr. Gilchrist 
 removed to Otonabee and became an enterprising farmer, and 
 
BiodUArHicAL Skktcmks. 383 
 
 in 1825, erected, in the townslup of Otonaboe, a griat-miU and 
 saw-mill. The village was named Kecne, after a place in his 
 native state. In the winter of 1829-30, he opened the first 
 Htore in Iveeiie. About this time a .school-teacher, David 
 Housteon, suffered from a severe illness. Being in a precarious 
 state, Dr. Gilchrist was sent for to visit him, which he did more 
 than once. On his recovery, his gratitude to the Doctor 
 expressed itself in a letter of thanks, in which he lamented 
 that " he had no money, but promised to pay h in as soon as he 
 could." In reply he received the following letter, replete with 
 the spirit of true Christian charit}', which we present to the 
 reader, all the more readily from the fact that we have but few 
 written memorials of the kind physician or the enterprising 
 citizen from whom it emanated : 
 
 " Reply to the Moneyless Patient : 
 
 " Sir, — When you see a fellow-creature in distress, relieve 
 him as far as your abilities will allow ; and in so doing, you will 
 discharge the debt you owe to 
 
 " John Gilchrist, Otonabee." 
 
 Dr. Gilchrist was appointed a justice of the peace for 
 Otonabee. 
 
 In 1831, this card appeared : " Dr. John Gilchrist informs his 
 friends that he has rented his property in^Otonabee, and shall 
 in future give his undivided attention to the medical profession. 
 He presumes that experience of nearly fourteen years in the 
 most successful mode of treatment, etc., etc., will secure him 
 patronage." 
 
 This also appeared : " The undersigned experiencing much 
 inconvenience from the long and, in many instances, endless 
 credit which he has given in his professional business, will in 
 future conduct his accounts in a very different way. To all 
 such as pay him down or within a month after his discontinu- 
 ing to attend them as patients, a deduction of 25 per cent, will 
 be made on his usual charges. And such as allow their 
 accounts to run over a year are informed that not only a 
 doctor's, but a lawyer's, bill will be to be paid. 
 
 "John Gilchrist. 
 
 "Cobourg, January 11, 1831." 
 
384 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislative Assem- 
 bly in 1834, and again in 1836. But the election of 1841 
 resulted in the selection, by a considerable majority, of Dr. Gil- 
 christ as member of parliament for the new Col borne District, 
 which position he continued to fill during the next four years. 
 In 1842 he was elected Treasurer of the District, and continued 
 in office until 1846. Dr. Gilchrist had taken up his abode in 
 Peterboro'. 
 
 In the Mackenzie Rebellion, twelve persons were arrested in 
 the Newcastle District on a charge of sympathizing with the 
 rebels. Of these. Dr. John Gilchrist was one. 
 
 In 1849, he removed to Port Hope, where he continued to 
 practise until near the time of his death, which took place in 
 September, 1859. 
 
 Dr. John Gilchrist married a daughter of Dr. Jonathan Gore, 
 a prominent physician of GofFstown, N.H., by whom he had 
 nine children, some of whom are still living (1890). 
 
 Dr. Samuel Gilchrist 
 
 Studied medicine with his brother John, and attended Dart- 
 mouth College, N.H., from which he obtained a diploma. He 
 was before U. C. Med. Board, April, 1823, but failed to pass. 
 He, however, succeeded in obtaining a certificate to practise, 
 January, 1824, and settled at Port Hope, where he continued to 
 practise until his death, August 20, 1849. Dr. S. Gilchrist was 
 commissioned surgeon to the 1st Durham Regiment of Militia, 
 Nov. 26, 1827. He had the reputation of being an able man 
 and sound practitioner, and was much respected. 
 
 James Eikin Gilchrist, another brother, also studied medi- 
 cine with his brother John, and at Dartmouth College, and 
 received his diploma. Appeared before Med. Board, January, 
 1832. " The Board was perfectly satisfied by his examination." 
 He settled at Cobourg, where he practised until his death, 1871. 
 Dr. "Jam," as he was familiarly called, was very much 
 respected and fully trusted by his patrons, who were very 
 numerous. 
 
 Dr. Hiram Gilchrist, the youngest of the four brothers. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 385 
 
 studied with his brother Samuel, and took his degree of M.D. 
 at Dartmouth. Before Med. Board, April, 1834, but failed in 
 his Latin, He took up his residence at Port Hope, whex'e he 
 practised probably with his brother Samuel. He died, April, 
 1852. Like his brother, he had a high reputation as a 
 practitioner. 
 
 Mathew Gilchrist, from Cramahe, Newcastle District, was 
 probably related to the four brothers. Before Med. Board, 
 April, 1823. Failed to pass. " Admonished and reconnn ended 
 further studj'." But appearing again, January, 1824, " the 
 Board was perfectly satisfied, and granted certificate to that 
 effect." Dr. M. Gilchrist was elected to represent Northum- 
 berland in the Provincial Parliament. Married a daughter 
 of Joseph Keeler, of Colborne. Was a good practitioner and 
 had a good practice. 
 
 Dr. George E. Givins 
 
 Was the son of Colonel James Givins, who was intimately asso- 
 ciated with Governor Simcoe in founding the capital of the 
 Province. We learn from Dr. Scadding's " Toronto of Old," 
 that Colonel James Givins was one of the companions of Gov- 
 ernor Simcoe in the first exploration of Upper Canada. Before 
 obtaining a commission in the army, he had been as a youth 
 employed in the North- West, and had acquired a familiar 
 acquaintance with the Otchibway and Huron dialects. This 
 acquisition rendered his services of especial value to the Gov- 
 ernment in its dealings with the native tribes, among whom also 
 the mettle, and ardour, and energy of his own natural character 
 gave him a powerful influence. At the express desire of Gov- 
 ernor Simcoe he studied and mastered the dialects of the Six 
 Nations, as well as those of the Otchibways and their Missis- 
 saga allies. The writer remembers seeing a considerable body 
 of Indian chiefs kept in order and good humour mainly through 
 the tact exercised by Colonel Givins. This was at a council held 
 in the garden at Government House some forty years since 
 (1837), and presided over by the then Lieut.-Governor, Sir 
 John Colbori-.. Colonel Givins was Superintendent of Indian 
 Affairs down to the year 1842. Dr. Scadding again says, 
 
886 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 speaking of " Goodwin's Creek," the stream which enters the 
 bay by the cut-stone gaol (foot of Berkeley Street, Toronto) : 
 Lieutenant Givins (afterwards Colonel Givins), on the occa- 
 sion of his first visit to Toronto in 1793, forced his way in 
 a canoe with a friend up several of the meanderings of this 
 stream, under the impression that he was exploring the Don. 
 He had heard that a river leading to the North- West entered 
 the Bay of Toronto, somewhere near its head, and he mistook 
 the lesser for the greater stream, thus on a small scale perform- 
 ing the exploit accomplished by several of the explorers of the 
 North American coast, who, under the firm persuasion that a 
 water highway to Japan and China existed somewhere across 
 this continent, lighted upon Baffin's Bay, Davis Strait, the 
 Hudson River, and the St. Lawrence itself, in the course of 
 their investigations. At that time the ground on which Toronto 
 stands was covered by the primeval forest, except around the 
 " old French fort." Doubtless, Colonel Givins came to York to 
 reside at the same time as Governor Simcoe (1794), He was 
 quartered for a time at the Old Fort, where two children were 
 born, Henry Hamilton and a daughter, who married Colonel 
 Hillier, aide-de-camp to Sir P. Maitland, and who is still living in 
 England (1890). 
 
 In the register of St. James' Cathedral, Toronto, is recorded 
 that James Givins, late Chief Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 
 died, March 7, 1846, aged 87. 
 
 The framed house which Lieut. Givins some time after erected 
 north of the asylum grounds, has only recently (1890) disap- 
 peared, the last of his children but one, who lives in England, 
 having passed away from earth (1890). In this house at " Pine 
 Grove," were born to Colonel Givins, James Givins, who 
 became a judge ; Cecil Hamilton Givins, Rev. Canon (Saltern) 
 Givins, Halton Givins, Adolphus Givins, Elizabeth Givins and 
 George E. Givins, the subject of this sketch. George seems to 
 have obtained his general and medical education in Toronto, 
 but he also pursued his studies in England. He was in Toronto 
 in 1841, and at the first meeting of the Medical Board, after 
 the collapse of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Upper 
 Canada, July 5, after the commission had been read, was 
 appointed secretary to that body. Three days later he 
 
Biographical Sketches. 387 
 
 "appeared before the Board for examination, and gave such 
 answers as were satisfactory, therefore received the certificate 
 of the Board." At the October meeting, when a fresh com- 
 mission appointing the Board was received, it was resolved, 
 " That Mr. George Givins be continued as secretary." In the 
 minutes of July 4, 1842, is found this entry : " The secretary. 
 Mr. George E. Givins, having this day tendered his resignation of 
 the office of secretary, which being accented, Edwin Henwood 
 was appointed h\ his place." It is probable that Dr. Givins 
 soon after took eave of his native place to join the British 
 army in the East India Company's sei'vice. Mr. R. C. Givins, 
 son of the Eev. Saltern Givins, now living in Chicago, says : 
 " The Duke of Wellington gave my grandfather, Colonel James 
 Givins, three commissions in the British army ; one was used 
 by Dr. George Givins, and that was how he became a medical 
 oflScer in the British army. The other two commissions were 
 given to his nephews, sons of Judge Givins, of London. I 
 believe Dr. George Givins occupied quit(5 a prominent position 
 on the medical staff of the British army in India, and in his 
 best days was quite a noted physician. He died a widower 
 without children, at the age of 67 — I think, about 1883." Ho 
 became Surgeon-Major, and was on the medical staff in India 
 for twenty years. 
 
 Dr. John De Courcy Gill. 
 
 In 1780, Dr. Gill was stationed at Carlton Island, which had 
 been known as Deer Island prior to its becoming a military 
 post (1778). He was here also in 1784. He retired from the 
 service, as is shown by the following : 
 
 " Memorial to Lord Dorchester, dated at Fredericksburgh, 
 Bay of Quinte, 28th May, 1791. 
 
 "John De Courcy Gill, who has been a Mate in the General 
 Hospital in Canada, and since the Reduction has been in this 
 District following his profession as a medical man, has lost all 
 that he had in the world by fire, his house having caught fire 
 (owing to the bad construction of the chimney) on night of 
 28th April J.ajt, and burnt with such violence that Mrs. Gill 
 miraculously escaped burning in the flames. The loss of the 
 
388 The Medical ProfiSSsion in Upper Canada. 
 
 furniture, etc., we consider (although of considerable value), was 
 trifling when compared to the loss of his medicine, which was 
 really valuable, and must be deemed not only a private but 
 public loss. We, therefore, hope your Lordship would take 
 his case into consideration, etc., and afford him such assistance 
 as may be deemed meet. (Signed), P. Van Alstine, Nicholas 
 Hagerman, John Ferguson, and fifteen others." 
 
 The three persons named, Major Van Alstine, Nicholas 
 Hagerman and John Ferguson, were all prominent men in the 
 Bay of Quinte region. The first was the leader of a band of 
 Loyalists, who settled Adolphustown ; Hagerman was the father 
 of Judge Hagerman, and Ferguson was one of the first settlers 
 of Kingston. 
 
 " Memorial of John De Courcy Gill, Surgeon's Mate to the 
 late General Hospital, and late Acting Surgeon to the Office of 
 Ordnance, in Province of Quebec : 
 
 " Served as Mate in the War Establishment of the General 
 Hospital in this Province, from the year 1776 to its dissolution 
 in 1783, and was continued as Garrison Surgeon to Carlton 
 Island until 1784 ; the year following he was appointed Acting 
 Surgeon to the Office of Ordnance at this place. In that service 
 he continued three years, when he was superseded by the 
 Master-General's appointment of a Surgeon to that Establish- 
 ment. That he is the only Mate of the late General Hospital 
 left unprovided." The petitioner sets forth the manner of his 
 loss by fire, and that he and his wife were left perfectly naked 
 as they burst through the flames from their bed. That they 
 lost everj^thing, and asks for an appointment in the Physical 
 Department or in any other. Dated at Quebec, 15th July, 
 1791. 
 
 The foregoing is all the information available respecting this 
 pioneer doctor. 
 
 Dr. James Glennon. 
 
 The York Gazette of June 20, 1807, has the following 
 editorial notice : 
 
 " Sanctioned by the authority of the respected names of 
 Lewis Farquharson, Esq., of Schenectady, and James McCabe, of 
 
Biographical Sketches. 889 
 
 Albany, the editors feel themselves not only justified but called 
 upon to introduce Doctor Glennon to the inhabitants of this 
 country. Animated with the pleasing hope that his professional 
 abilities and character are such as render anything further 
 unnecessary on their part, they are the public's humble 
 servants." 
 
 The Doctor's card appeared as follows : 
 
 " Dr. Glennon {Late from Europe) 
 
 " Respectfully begs leave to inform the Public and the Inhabi- 
 tants of York in particular, that he has commenced business at 
 the house of Mr. Paul Marian. He flatters himself that the 
 opportunity he has had of acquiring a knowledge of his pro- 
 fession, at one of the first colleges in Europe, will enable him 
 to permit the approbation of those who may be pleased to 
 favour hira with their commands. 
 
 " N.B. — He has on hand an assorted stock of genuine medicines 
 carefully chosen under his immediate inspection. July, 1807." 
 
 In February, 1808, Dr. Glennon advertised for a " young 
 man who will be instructed in Greek and Latin, and the practice 
 of Physic and Surgery." 
 
 Dr. Glennon most probably was the only practitioner in York 
 at that time who gave the whole of his time to practice. Dr. 
 Baldwin was engaged with law, and others were connected with 
 some branch of the public service. 
 
 Dr. Glennon seems to have remained in York until at least 
 1811, as we find in an "accompt" of Rev. Mr. Stuart, who was 
 in control of the church at York, and was also district school 
 teacher from 1807 to 1811, "to Dr. Glennon for tuition of his 
 sons Barney, Harry and Marshall." No further information of 
 Dr. Glennon has been obtained. 
 
 Dr. George Goldstone, 
 
 The son of Dr. George Goldstone, was born at Bath^ England, 
 January 25, 1806. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, and 
 took the degrees M.D., IV R.C.S. Eng., and was Secretary of 
 Apothecaries' Hall. For some years he was surgeon on board 
 
390 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 an East Indian merchantman. He came to Canada about 
 1835, and was licensed under 8th George IV., Chap. 3. He 
 practised in Cobourg and the surrounding country until 1862, 
 when he retired and removed to Quebec. 
 
 " The record of Dr. Goldstone's professional life in Canada," 
 says one well acquainted with him, " was that of a pioneer 
 doctor. He oftentiuies was called at midnight in winter to 
 visit patients many miles away, whose homes lay in the midst 
 of forests far from neighbours or help of any kind, and far even 
 from a beaten road. He frequently rode on horseback sixty 
 miles a day, it being impossible to drive a carriage through the 
 uncultivated country. He was on duty with the militia in the 
 rebellion of 1837 as surgeon to the Northumberland militia. 
 His work during the cholera of 1840 was of a most difficult and 
 painful nature. He was a noted and very successful surgeon." 
 The following extracts from letters of a few yet living who 
 were his contemporaries, afford ample evidence of Dr. Gold- 
 stone's worth : " All classes loved and respected him, the poor 
 remembering him as a kind friend. He was an especially 
 clever surgeon." Dr. Laing, of Dundas, whose parents and 
 whose own family Dr. Goldstone attended for many years, 
 writes : " By his skill, careful attention and sympathy he gained 
 a high place in the esteem of his fellow-citizens, and by his 
 liberal and generous treatment of the poor, as well as by his 
 gentlemanly bearing, irreproachable morals and kindly man- 
 ners in the society with which he mingled, he endeared himself 
 to all. He was a useful member of society and an ornament to 
 his profession." Mr. A. R. Boswell, Barrister, and ex-Mayor of 
 Toronto, informs us that Dr. Goldstone attended his father's 
 family for many years. Mr. Boswell also speaks of the many 
 excellent qualities of head and heart which characterized Dr. 
 Goldstone's life, and of the premature death of Dr. Goldstone's 
 son, a boj-hood and college friend. 
 
 Dr. Goldstone married Sarah Eleanor Racey, elde.st daughter of 
 John Race}', Esq., of Quebec, January 23, 1837. They had eight 
 children, five of whom are still living — two, Mr.s. Susan Hamil- 
 ton and Miss Goldstone, now (1893) residing in Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Goldstone died at Quebec, December 30, 1872. He 
 was buried in the Church of England cemetery in Cobourg. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 891 
 
 Dr. James Graham 
 
 Was born in Wyominfr, in the valley of the Susquehanna, 
 Pennsylvania, U.S., October 29, 1782. His parents, who were 
 Scotch, emigrated to America and located in Wyoming shortly 
 after the war of 17 7G commenced. The terrible massacre of the 
 settlers by the Iroquois Indians, which occurred at that place on 
 July 3, 1778, obliged them to flee, and they escaped on horseback 
 with their son, then four years of age, and came to Canada, and 
 afterwards located on wild land in the County of Oxford, where 
 they had born to them seven sons and two daughters. 
 
 James Graham, the eldest son, the subject of this notice, 
 pursued the study of medicine under Dr. Sumner, then an 
 eminent physician of Grimsby, whose practice extended 
 throughout the whole Niagara District. It was under his 
 tuition that young Graham completed his professional studies, 
 when he was appointed a surgeon on the staff of General Sir 
 Isaac Brock, and served in that capacity during the continuance 
 of the war of 1812, having been present at the battles of 
 Queenston Heights and Lundy's Lane. 
 
 It was during this war that Dr. Graham was united in 
 marriage, August 22, 1813, to Elizabeth Sutherland, daughter 
 of Col. Sutherland of the Glengarry Highlanders, then 
 stationed on active duty in Lower Canada. On the close of the 
 war and the proclamation of peace, he, with his wife, settled on 
 a farm in the Township of Woodhouse, in the County of 
 Norfolk, Upper Canada, where he successfully cultivated the 
 farm and acquired an extensive medical practice. The farm 
 purchased had belonged to Dr. Rolph, father of the Hon. Dr. 
 Rolph, and was near where Joseph Van Norman had, for a 
 great number of years, the first large iron foundry in Ontario. 
 His visiting circuits extended from Walsingham to Waterford. 
 and from Port Dover to Walpole, travelling long distances over 
 bad roads, through woods and sparsely settled districts, some- 
 times on horseback or in a sulky with his well-trained favourite 
 pony. His patients hailed his arrival on his visits, not only as 
 a skilful physician, but as a friend and adviser ever ready to 
 assist and sympathize with them in their struggles, as fellow- 
 settlers in a new country. Fees for his professional services 
 
.392 The Medical Puofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 was a secondary consideration with Dr. Graham, and in those 
 times when money as a circuhiting medium was scarce, paj-- 
 nients were f^enerallj' in kind, and havinp^ a larfje farm himself, 
 he would accept manual labour in time of harvest and seeding, 
 or any article of farm produce they might give as an equivalent 
 offer in payment. 
 
 Dr. Graham continued the practice of his profession in the 
 same county until enfeebled by advancing years and their con- 
 comitant infirmity. He was active as a politician, and ever 
 exerted his influence in the advancement of the best interests 
 of his adopted country. He was also an ardent adherent of 
 the Church of England, and gave liberally of his substance in 
 support of the religious principles he professed. His hospitality 
 was unbounded. The judges on their circuits, and the clergy 
 on the occasion of their annual convocations in Woodhouse, 
 ever found a pleasant, gonial and hearty welcome to his house. 
 Nor was he ever known to neglect cases of poverty, sickness 
 or distress brought under his notice. As an instance : At one 
 time a family of emigrants from Ireland arrived in his 
 neighbourhood. They were without means, and father, mother 
 and children were struck down by typhus, or ship-fever. Dr. 
 Graham was appealed to, and attended them during their sick- 
 ness. There was no hospital to send them to, and he caused an 
 unoccupied log-house on his own farm to be fitted up for their 
 accommodation, had the sick family removed into it, supplied 
 from his own house necessary clothing, fuel and food, visiting 
 them daily, and by careful medical treatment and nursing, 
 subdued the disease and restored the sick ones to health, gave 
 them temporarily work on his own farm, and ultimately 
 secured places in the neighbourhood, where they were able to 
 support themselves in comparative comfort and independence. 
 He was appointed Surgeon to the 1st Norfolk Regiment of 
 Militia, June, 1822. 
 
 Dr. James Graham died at Woodhouse, July 24, 1854, aged 
 72 years. His remains were interred in the family plot in the 
 burial ground attached to the Rectory of Woodhouse, the late 
 Rev. Francis Evans being the incumbent. Being one of the 
 old respected inhabitants and early settlers in the county, the 
 whole population mourned his los.s. 
 
BioQUAi'HicAL Sketches. 393 
 
 Dr. Graham's family consisted of four sons and two daughters. 
 Two of his sons adopted the profession of medicine. The second, 
 Tiiomae Rolph Graham, commenced his studies with his father, 
 and having a natural aptitude for surgery, performed some 
 operations successfully while yet a student. He completed his 
 studies in the United States, practised in Buti'alo, N.Y., Cleve- 
 land, O., and also at Pittsburg, Pa., where he died. 
 
 The fourth son, John Rolph Graham, studied at the Rolph 
 School of Medicine, shortly after its establishment in Toronto. 
 On obtaining his M.l)., he commenced practice in Tilsonburg, 
 Township of Durham, County of Oxford, where he died. 
 
 His second daughter, Sarah Elizabeth, married Mr. Joseph 
 Le.sslie. Two sons of Mr. Lesslie entered the medical profes- 
 sion. Joseph Walter Lesslie, M.D., Toronto University, is a 
 well-known practitioner in Toronto. 
 
 Rolph B. Lesslie, M.A. and M.D., Toronto University, has 
 more than a local reputation. He is one of the number of 
 Canadians who have distinguished themselves in the Old 
 World, as is shown by this abstract from the London Medical 
 Directory, 1890 : 
 
 Rolph Lesslie, M.A., M.D., University of Toronto, Canada, 
 L.R.C.P. England ; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 
 London ; Chevalier of the Order of Leopold ; Chevalier of the 
 Order of the Congo Star instituted for the reward of dis- 
 tinguished service in Africa ; Order of the Medjidie 4th class ; 
 Turco-Servian, Turco-Rassian and Zulu war medals; educated 
 at University of Toronto, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, Vienna 
 and Berlin; served as Surgeon- Major with the Turkish army 
 during the Servian war, and was present at the siege and cap- 
 ture of Alexinatz ; accompanied the victorious army on its 
 march from Alexinatz to the Danube across the Balkan 
 Mountains, and continued his active and adventurous career 
 until the time of his lamented death, which occurred at Do- 
 minica, September 20, 1S93. 
 
 Dr. Henry Grasett, 
 
 Born, September 9, 1774, in County Longford, Ireland ; was the 
 son of Dr. James Grasett, of Dublin and Barbadoes. Educated 
 
 26 
 
394 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 at Mercer's Hospital and Westmoreland Lock Hospital in Dub- 
 lin, where ho attended from 1790 to 1794. He entered the 
 army as hospital mate by commission, dated December 27, 
 1794 ; appointed surgeon 48th Re;:jiment, March, 1797. Winl«t 
 hospital mate, served in Martinique, St, Vincent, and as a 
 prisoner of war at Guadaloupe in charge of the British sick and 
 wounded. Having joined the 48th Regiment in St. Lucie, he 
 was at the capture of Trinidad, January, 1797. The regiment 
 returned to England in 1797; September, 1798, he embarked 
 with the 48th for Gibraltar, and there remained until May, 1800, 
 when the regiinent went to Minorca, and same year to Malta, 
 and was at the capture of that island, whore the regiment was 
 stationed for three years. Returned to England, August, 1803, 
 and remained on home duty until Mai'ch, 1805. Ordered to Gib- 
 raltar, and was at that garrison until May, 1809. From thence 
 the regiment went to Lisbon, and joined the array under com- 
 mand of Sir A.. Wellesley. Was actively employed in the field 
 until 1811, when he was appointed surgeon to the forces (staff- 
 surgeon). In that capacity he served at dift'erent hospital 
 stations in Spain and Portugal, to February, 1813, when, in con- 
 sequence of severe illness, he was, at the recommendation of a 
 medical board, ordered to England. In August, 1813, he em- 
 barked for North America, at which station he was, in 1814, 
 appointed surgeon-in-chief, and so continued until after the 
 General Peace. He was in charge at Montreal until May, 1819. 
 
 "Died, January 19th, 1843, Henry Grasett, Esq., M.D., aged 
 sixty-eight, Deputy Inspector-General Army Hospital, father 
 of the Rev. H. J. Grasett." 
 
 "Married, September, 1843, John H. HagartJ^ Esq., barrister- 
 at-law, to Anne Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late Henry 
 Grasett, Esq., M.D., Deputy Inspector-General of Army 
 Hospital." 
 
 Dr. George Robert Grasett, 
 
 Born, August 3, 1811, at Lisbon, Portugal, his father being with 
 the forces of Sir A. Wellesley. in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 He came with his father. Dr. Henry Grasett, to Quebec, 1813, 
 and was educated there and at Montreal. He studied medicine 
 
JilOGRAFHICAL SKETCHES. 395 
 
 with his father, anJ became a Licentiate of Lower Canada. 
 Passed the Medical Board of Upper Canada, July, 1838. He 
 had ample certificates of a regular course of education. His 
 plnc(! of residence was Andi(n-stbur<i;h, whore he practised until 
 1840. He was appointed assistant-surgeon 2nd Battalion 
 Incorporated Militia, August, 1839. Through Sir George 
 Arthur he applied for a connnission as assistant-surgeon in the 
 Regular Service, and, May 9, 1840, was ordered by the Director- 
 General of the Medical Department of the army to proceed to 
 Chatham (England) Military Hospital to he attached there 
 until eligible for a commission in the service. He went to 
 England, but for some reason refused the appointment and 
 returned to Canada, and practised for some years in Amherst- 
 burgh, County of Essex, ill-health caused him to come to 
 Toronto, and with i-est and the comparative ease of a town 
 practice, he was restored to health. In 1844, he was secretary 
 and librarian of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, Toronto. He 
 had taken the practice of Dr. Rees, who was devoting his time 
 to the matter of a lunatic asylum. He was appointed, June 19, 
 1847, Health Officer and Medical Superintendent of the Emi- 
 grant Hospital, Toronto, at the time the ship-fever was raging. 
 " In this capacity," says Dr. Joseph Workman, " he was more 
 than diligent in taking clinical notes, studying the disease and 
 in endeavouring to arrest the progress of the fearful pest." The 
 result was that he himself contracted the disease and died, 
 July 17, 1847, at the house of his brother, the Rev. Mr. Grasett. 
 He had almost reached the age of thirty-six, and never mar- 
 ried. Dr. Grasett contributed an article " On the Diarrhcea of 
 Infants," also " Ou Poisoning by Opium." Dr. G. R. Grasett 
 was the brother of the Rev. Dean Grasett. 
 
 This tribute to Dr. Grasett appeared in the Patriot, July 20, 
 1847 : 
 
 " It is with the most heartfelt regret that we record the death 
 of one of the most estimable men that has ever adorned our 
 little circle. Doctor George R. Grasett was taken from us on 
 16th inst. by an attack of typhus fever, contracted in the dis- 
 charge of his duties as Medical Superintendent of the Emigrant 
 Hospital. Sought and cherished as he deservedly was by the 
 higher classes of society, he was beloved among the poor. In 
 
896 The Medical Puofession in TTpper Canada. 
 
 him they always found one ready to listen and prompt to 
 assuage their distresses. His medical knowled<^e was always 
 at their command. His quiet, unobtrusive, ger»tlo manner was 
 in striking contrast with the genuine vigour of his mind; his 
 perception was clear, his deductions satisfactory. But his 
 highest praise is that which belongs to the humble followers of 
 Christ. Earnestness and humility marked his Christian char- 
 acter, and we have to wonder how one so few years among us, 
 and over whoso head so few years have passed, should have 
 become so dear to us. Love to God was the key to his whole 
 character, and this, with his other endearin[^ qualities, will 
 cause his memory to be long cherished by all who knew him." 
 Dr. Fred. Le Maitre Grasctt is the son of the much revered 
 Dean Grasctt, brother of Dr. Geo. R. Grasett, and grandson of 
 Dr. Henry Grasett. Ho studied his profession in Toronto, and 
 afterwards at London, Edinburgh and Dublin, staying about 
 seven years in Edinburgh, during which time he was House 
 Physician ami Surgeon to the Edinburgh Infirmary. He won 
 the right to wear these letters: B.M., CM. Univ. Edin., 1873 ; 
 M.R.C.S. Eng., and L.R.C.S. Edin.. 1875 ; F.R.C.S. Edin.. 1877. 
 Dr. Grasett worthily fills the Chair of Surgery at Trinity 
 Medical School, Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Pitkin Gross 
 
 Was born at Burlington, and graduated at Hanover, before 
 coming to Canada. He passed his examination before Drs. 
 Macaulay, Widmer and Lyons. 
 
 Dr. Gross settled in Murray, now Brighton. The country 
 was sparsely settled. He was called upon to perform surgical 
 operations when he had not the necessary instruments. In fact, 
 the only instrument he had was the inevitable lancet. But his 
 skilful ingenuity enabled him to form implements by which to 
 perform amputations with great succes.s. On one occasion a 
 lumberman, at the Carrying Place, met with an accident and 
 gangrene resulted within the abdomen. He made an incision 
 and removed a portion of the omentum, washed out the cavity 
 and the patient got well. Finally, the patient ran away to 
 
BioouAi'nu'AL Sketches. 307 
 
 escape payinpf his bill On another occasion ho had been called 
 some distance to see a patient, and while absent a messenger 
 overtook him to secure his services to see a man still further 
 away, who had met with an accident. Dr. Gross proceeded on 
 his way with as much speed as the path throu^^h the woods 
 and a jaded horse would allow. Having reached the log-house 
 of his patient, he found the nature of the injury to the man was 
 such that, to save his life, amputation of the thigh was immedi- 
 ately necessary. He had positively nothing with him either to 
 amputate, to arrest the hnomorrhage, or unite the flaps. But 
 his skill, courage and ingenuity were equal to the occasion, and 
 the man's life was saved. He obtained a portion of a scythe or 
 sickle, to which, by the aid of a blacksmith, he attached a handle. 
 He then, by means of a thumbscrew — however he got it — 
 manufactured a tourniquet, and made a hook to take up the 
 arteries; finally, with a darning needle and linen thread he 
 prepared to stitch the flaps. Having completed his arrange- 
 ments — which took some twenty-four hours — he, with scarcely 
 any assistance, accomplished the operation. The instruments 
 made to meet a pressing emergency, were afterwards repeatedly 
 employed to perform surgical operations. For many years the 
 doctor's practice extended east, west, and north some forty and 
 fifty miles, and over most of Prince Edward District; and he 
 found it necessarj' to keep six horses to visit all his patients. 
 Probably, indeed there is hardly a doubt. Dr. Gross did more 
 hard work, as a practitioner, than any other per.son in the 
 country, and yet he reached the mature age of eighty-two. 
 
 The writer had the pleasure of being a confrere of Dr. Gross 
 for a few months. He was a genial, kind-hearted man, and 
 showed no little ability. He was evidently a bold surgeon. 
 One case we had in consultation, where a large tumour existed 
 in the abdomen, and which a 2^081 mortemi proved to be cancer- 
 ous disease of the kidney ; yet he had strongly advised to make 
 an incision. 
 
 The Doctor was very popular and had a deservedlj'' high repu- 
 tation as a medical man. He was appointed surgeon to the 
 2nd Regiment Prince Edward Militia, January 18 th, 1822. 
 He died in September, 1873, aged 82. 
 
398 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. James Grant 
 
 Was born in Invernesshire, Scotland, 1801. He acquired the 
 degree of L.R.C.S., Edinburgli. In 1832, he came to Upper 
 Canada and settled at Martintown, Glengarry. Here he soon 
 obtained a large practice which he pursued for twenty-five 
 years, when he removed to Ottawa. He was .surgeon to the 
 Dundas 1st Regiment of Militia, during the rebellion, 1837. Dr. 
 Grant found time to take part in other than professional pur- 
 suits. He was a conspicuous public man, taking an active part 
 in the affairs of the country. He contested on one occasion, 
 Glengarry County, against the Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald. 
 He was a most vigorous and very able speaker. He was much 
 beloved and respected by the people of old Glengarry. Dr. 
 Grant had four sons and nine daughters, most of whom are 
 still living. His eldest son deserves some mention in these 
 pages. 
 
 Dr. James .Alexander Grant, K.C.M.G. — The following 
 sketch is derived from Rose's " Cyclopaedia of Canadian Bio- 
 graphy," and the Ottawa Citizen: 
 
 " He comes of a distinguished and able family. His father 
 was Dr. James Grant, of Edinburgh, and for many years a 
 prominent surgeon in Glengarry, Ont. ; and his paternal grand- 
 father was the learned James Grant, author of ' Essays on the 
 Origin of Society,' and ' Thoughts on the Origin and Descent of 
 the Gael.' A little while after the publication of the latter 
 work, the author was presented with a large silver vase bearing 
 the following inscription : Presented by the Highland Society 
 of Scotland to James Grant, Esq., of Corrimony, advocate, as a 
 testimony of his treatise on ' The Origin and Descent of the 
 Gael,' 1819. This was a prize essay in which many of the most 
 noted scholars in Scotland competed. The vase is in possession 
 of Dr. Grant, in Ottawa. It may be interesting to note, as we 
 pass, that Dr. Grant's correct appellation is Chief Grant, as he 
 is the present chief of the Grants of Corrimony. His mother 
 was Jane, nee Ord, and she brought her son to this country in 
 her arms. Young Grant received his education in Arts at 
 Queen's College, Kingston, and took his medical degree, 1854, 
 at McGill, Montreal. Having obtained his diploma, he settled 
 
Biographical Sketches. 399 
 
 at Ottawa. His great skill and noteworthy success in his pro- 
 fession soon attracted attention, and very speedily began the 
 first of what afterwards became a mngnificent practice. He 
 has been successively physician to the Governors-General of the 
 Dominion from Lord Monck to the present occupant of Rideau 
 Hall. Honours have fallen fast upon Dr. Grant, but well have 
 they been earned. He has been president of the Mechanics' Insti- 
 tute and the St. Andrew's Society of Ottawa ; has been presi- 
 dent of the College of Surgeons of Ontario; was a member of 
 the International Medical Congress held at Philadelphia in 1876, 
 and was created one of its two vice-presidents. He is a Fellow 
 of the Royal College of Physicians and a member of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, London, a member of the Royal College 
 of Surgeons, Edinburgh, and of the Geological Society of Eng- 
 land. Dr. Grant is likewise a member of the Royal Society of 
 Canada, and is ex-president of the Dominion Medical Associa- 
 tion and representative of the University of Ottawa in the 
 Medical Council of Ontario. In the literature of his profession, 
 Dr. Grant is a gentleman of distinguished repute. He has 
 published, in British and Canadian periodicals, a large number 
 of able, lucid and comprehensive essays on medical and scien- 
 tific subjects. In addition to his contributions to his own pro- 
 fessed science, he is a geologist of high standing, and has made 
 most valuable contributions to the literature of that important 
 science. His style is clear, forcible and cultured, and his work 
 has attracted very wide attention. Dr. Grant has likewise taken 
 a share in public life. He sat for eight years in the Dominion 
 Parliament for the County of Russell, and is at present the 
 representative of the Capital in the Dominion House. Dr. 
 Grant introduced the original Pacific Railway Bill. He like- 
 wise advocated the admission of the North-West Territories into 
 the Dominion of Canada at a time when some men regarded 
 the proposal with hostility, and others deemed the territories 
 to be an illimitable and dismal stretch of frosty plain, whereon 
 little grew but lichens. Dr. Grant married, January 22, 1856, 
 Maria, daughter of Edward Malloch, who sat for Carleton in 
 the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada. The fruit of this 
 union was twelve children, four of whom are dead." 
 
 It may be added that Sir James Grant is one of twenty-five 
 
400 The Medical Profession in Uppeb Canada. 
 
 honorary members of the British Medical Association, and is 
 a corresponding member of the Associazione de Benemeriti 
 Italiani, Palermo, Sicily, and was awarded the gold medal of 
 the association for hi^h standing in medical science. 
 
 Dr. Grant was created a Knight Commander of the Most Dis- 
 tinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George, 1887, an Order 
 originally called into existence in the year 1818. He is the 
 only Canadian outside of politics upon whom the honour of a 
 K.C.M.G. has been conferred. His selection for it was a fitting 
 recognition of his eminence in his profession. 
 
 Dr. James A. Grant, son of Sir James, was educated in Arts at 
 University of Queen's College, 1878; M.D., CM., McGill College, 
 1882 ; L.R.C.P. London, 1883, and is now (1894) practising at 
 Ottawa. 
 
 Dr. John Grant. 
 
 Born in Scotland, 1804. After a course of medical studj'^ at 
 Glasgow, he took the degree of M.D., and became a Licentiate 
 of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow, when but 
 twenty years of age. Among the books left by Dr. Grant was 
 a copy of " A Dictionary of Chemistry. By Andrew Ure, M.D., 
 r.R.S. Published, 1824." At the front part of the book is 
 written as follows : " This premium, a mark of pre-eminence in 
 the study of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, was presented to 
 Mr. John Grant by the votes of his fellow-students, and is be- 
 stowed with much satisfaction by Andrew Ure, M.D., F.R.S." 
 
 Dr. Grant came to Canada the same year, 1824, as surgeon to 
 a ship sailing from Glasgow to Quebec. On board the vessel 
 was Peter Shaver, M.P., of Upper Canada, a wealthy lumber 
 merchant, and on his advice Dr. Grant came to the County of 
 Dundas, and commenced the practice of his profession. Among 
 the papers left by Dr. Grant is a document which says : " John 
 Grant, of Matilda, in the Eastern District, surgeon, makes oath 
 and saith, that he is the person named in the annexed diploma. 
 (Signed), John Grant. Sworn before me at Augusta, in the 
 District of Johnston, the 15th day of February, 1828. (Signed), 
 — Walker, J.C.D." This was doubtless the occasion of his 
 obtaining his license to practise. At the time of the rebellion, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 401 
 
 1837, Dr. Grant was commissioned Hurgeon-major to Colonel 
 Chrysler's Battalion from Dundas County, and was at the 
 storming of the Windmill. After the rebellion he practised at 
 Williamsburg, and in 1847, when the emigrant fever prevailed, 
 he was appointed surgeon to a temporary hospital, and received 
 instructions from Government to act as surgeon on the steamer 
 Gihlerslieve, Captain Maxwell, which conveyed the emigrants 
 from Montreal to Kingston. For a number of years Dr. Grant 
 was coroner for the united counties of Stormont, Dundas and 
 Glengarry. 
 
 Dr. Grant removed to Toronto, 1853, and soon formed a 
 friendship with Drs. King, Telfer, Primrose, Bethune, and other 
 leading physicians. He was appointed by Lieutenant-Governor 
 Sir Edmund Head, physician to his household, and to the 
 family of his aide-de-camp, Captain Utalic, and continued to 
 discharge these duties until Sir Edmund was recalled from 
 Canada. Dr. Grant was also surgeon to No. 1 Co. of the Volun- 
 teer Rifle Corps which became the Queen's Own Rifles. For a 
 time he practised at Brampton, and was physician to the gaol 
 there, and coroner for the counties of York and Peel. Return- 
 ing to Toronto, he continued to practise until his death. In 
 1885, Dr. Grant formed a class of ladies for instruction in the 
 management of wounded and sick persons in cases of emer- 
 gency, when his instructions were much appreciated, and he 
 was presented by the ladies with a gold-headed cane. 
 
 Dr. Grant married Miss Shaver, a neice of Peter Shaver, 
 M.P., and by this happy union he had eight children, All of 
 them predeceased him but John, who is engaged in the drug 
 business, Helen, and Marion, who is the wife of Dr. Malcolm 
 Ranney, of Georgetown. Dr. Ranney took his degree of 
 M.D. at the University of Glasgow, 1855, and obtained 
 the license to practise in Upper Canada the same year. Dr. 
 Grant died c^. Toronto. March 3, 1893. 
 
 Dr. Robert J. Gunn, 
 
 Born at Caithness, Scotland, February 14, 1815, was the son of 
 Rev. Alex. Gunn, of the Kirk of Scotland. He was educated 
 at a private school and at the University of Edinburgh. He 
 
402 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 studied his profession also at Edinburgh and became Lie. 
 R.C.S. Edin. He then practised at Thurso for two years, and, 
 in 1842, emigrated to Canada and settled at Whitby, then con- 
 sisting of only a few houses, where he continued to practise, 
 which became very extensive ; and in the first years of his 
 work he encountered much hardship in his rides of thirty or 
 more miles over half-made roads. But he never refused to 
 attend the calls of the sick, rich or poor, whatever might be the 
 state of the weather, by night or day. Dr. Gunn did not 
 appear before the Medical Board until April, 1846, when he 
 obtained his license to practise. 
 
 Dr. Gunn enjoyed the confidence of the public, which he 
 served as school trustee and chairman of the Board for many 
 years, as a justice of the peace, town councillor, and maj^or for 
 two terms. He was appointed sui'geon to the gaol when 
 Ontario became a county, 1853. He was also an elder of the 
 Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Dr. Gunn married, October 24, 1849, Miss Agnes Pringle, of 
 Whitby, a native of Edinburgh. Two daughters grew up, one 
 of whom became the wife of Angus McKay, farmer, of Picker- 
 ing ; the other, the wife of John Ball Dow, barrister, of Whitby. 
 
 Da. Wm. Charles Gwynne. 
 
 His father was Rev. Wm. Gwynne, D.D., of Castle Knock, 
 near Dublin. His mother was the daughter of Rev. N". Nelson, 
 Dunshaughlin, County of Meath, Ireland. Fourteen children 
 were born to them, a number of whom died while young. Six 
 sons grew to manhood, live of whom came to Canada, viz., 
 George, Hugh Nelson, Wra. Charles, John Wellington, and 
 James. John Wellington was the first to come to Canada ; 
 while yet young, Wm. Charles came in 1832, as a ship-surgeon 
 to Quebec. George and Hugh came the following year, and 
 James some years later. George, a clergyman, lived in York 
 for a time, and ofl^iciated at St. James' Church, prior to the 
 time of Rev. Mr. Grasett. The incumbency was oflfered to him, 
 but not satisfied to remain in the country, he returned, after 
 a year, to Ireland. Hugh Nelson, who was, as well as his bro- 
 
\ 
 
 '■^■J^Sm ."*■■' Sir • ^ 
 
 
 M^'^E 
 
 
 
 
 1 T^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I^BKS^^^^^^^^K^Ihiite. 
 
 
 f "^V^^^^^B^HHgSSK 'T-*'^ j'' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ''^!^- 
 
 i)i;. WM. ('HAi;i,i:s cwnxxk. 
 
BioaRAPHicAL Sketches. 403 
 
 ther, a scholar of Trinity College, had been offered a fellowship, 
 but wishing to see Canada, he declined the ofier, and was for a 
 time a master in Upper Canada College. He then removed to 
 the country, where he lived until 1840, when he became Secre- 
 tary-Treasurer of the Law Society. This position he retained 
 until a short time before his death, December, 1872. 
 
 John Wellington, who had been a student of Trinity College, 
 Dublin, for four years, on his arrival in Canada, commenced 
 the study of law in the office of Thomas Kirkpatrick, Kingston, 
 who was an old friend of the family. He was called to the bar 
 in 1837. He married Julia, youngest daughter of Dr. Durie. He 
 was appointed Judge, Common Pleas, 18G8, and in 1879, Judge 
 of the Supreme Court of Canada, a position he yet adorns (1891). 
 
 James became a barrister, and was in practice at Berlin and 
 Gait until his death. 
 
 A sister, Elenor, came to Canada in 1876. She became the 
 wife of Rev. Thos. Green. Mrs. Green, now a widow, is still 
 living in Toronto (1890). 
 
 Wm. Charles was born, April, 1806. He received his general 
 and medical education at Trinity College, being a private pupil 
 of Surgeon Adams, of Stephens' Green. Eight years were 
 devoted to medical study, and he took the degree of M.B. at 
 Trinity College. The following certificates signed by two dis- 
 tinguished surgeons of that day, tell of the high estimation in 
 which he was held : 
 
 " Dublin, July 23rd, 1831. 
 
 "I have been intimately acquainted with Mr. William Charles 
 Gwynne iov several years past and know him to be very highly 
 qualified in all the departments of medical science. He is well 
 calculated in every respect to faithfully discharge the duties of 
 any medical or surgical situation to which he may be appointed, 
 both from his high professional qualifications and his most 
 excellent moral character. 
 
 " Ephraim McDowel, M.D. 
 " One of the Surgeons to the Richmond Hospital." 
 
 "Dublin, July 25th, 1831. 
 
 " I have had the pleasure of knowing Mr. Gwynne during 
 the last four years, and observing the close attention he paid 
 
404 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 to professional pursuits while a pupil of the Richmond Surgical 
 Hospitil. I have, therefore, no hesitation in stating that he is 
 in every respect, particularly well qualified to act as physician 
 and surgeon to any dispensary or hospital, and that he will be 
 found a great acquisition to any institution of the kind. 
 
 "Richard Carmichael. 
 " One of the Senior Surgeons of the Eichmond Hospital." 
 
 He further pursued his studies at Edinburgh for a year, and 
 was a favourite pupil of the famous Lizars. He then engaged 
 as surgeon to a vessel sailing to Quebec, and came on to King- 
 ston. His friend, Mr. Kirkpatrick, introduced him to Dr. Samp- 
 son, who proved a kind friend, and who took an interest in 
 starting him in practice. The cholera was then raging, and Dr. 
 Gwynne found plenty to do. But the disease was more alarm- 
 ing at York, and thither, on the advice of Dr. Sampson, Dr. 
 Gwynne proceeded, and entered with enthusiasm into the work 
 of controlling the dread malady, and his management of cholera 
 cases was attended with remarkable success. He then perma- 
 nently settled in York, and was gazetted a licentiate of Upper 
 Canada, July 9, 1832. 
 
 This marriage notice appeared in the paper. May 4, 1835 : 
 
 " By the Honourable and Venerable Archdeacon of York, 
 Wm. Charles Gwynne, M.B., to Ann Murray Powell, youngest 
 daughter of the late Wm. Dummer Powell, Esq., and grand- 
 daughter of the late Hon. W. D. Powell, formerly Chief Justice 
 of the Province." 
 
 Dr. Gwynne seems to have given his undivided attention to 
 practice, and endeavoured to secure the advancement of the 
 profession and education generally. 
 
 In the rebellion of 1837, Dr. Gwynne was surgeon to the 
 Queen's Rangers. 
 
 Dr. Gwynne seems to have had his opponents in high quar- 
 ters, but his ability and skill was recognized by the public. 
 (See pages 88, 89.) 
 
 Dr. Gwynne took his seat as a member of the Upper Canada 
 Medical Board, October, 1838, and thenceforth took an active 
 part in its proceedings, being very rarely absent. When the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada took the 
 
BlOGHAPHICAL SkKTCHES. 405 
 
 place of the Board, he contributed his part in its management ; 
 and when the Upper Canada Medical Board came again into 
 operation, ho was commissioned, May 31, 1841, one of the 
 members. 
 
 During these years of practice. Dr. Gwynne seems to have in- 
 curred the disfavour of some of his fellow-practitioners. Fresh 
 from his studies, ho had learned that the practice of blood- 
 letting, then greatly in vogue, was often unnecessary and harm- 
 ful, and strongly urged the new doctrine. He held very decided 
 opinions and had unlimited faith in his own judgment and 
 powers of diagnosis particularly. 
 
 One instance of many is remembered even yet, of his correct 
 diagnosis — that of a case where the son of a distinguished 
 citizen, in a wild frolic one night, undertook to climb a lamp- 
 post to extinguish the light. The unfortunate young man fell 
 to the ground and sustained fatal internal injury. In the 
 consultation of medical men who met around the patient. Dr. 
 Gwynne alone concluded that the liver was ruptured and that 
 death would ensue. A post 7)iortem examination verified this 
 opinion, and Dr. Gwynne's friends ever after referred to it as a 
 triumph of expert skill. 
 
 It is not for us to-day to adjudge the matter nor to decide 
 who was the most blameworthy for the frequent misunder- 
 standings which arose between him and his confreres. We are 
 more interested to know that Dr. Gwynne was essentially a 
 reformer, as well in medicine as in politics, in educational mat- 
 ters as in every other relation of life. 
 
 N. F. Davin, in The Irishman in Canada, remarks : " The 
 ideas of Dr. Gwynne with regard to education were advanced, 
 and he petitioned the Legislature with regard to the constitu- 
 tion of the Council (of King's College). This was regarded by 
 Bi.shop Strachan as " a contoomaashus sleight of our authority," 
 and he tried to have Dr. Gwynne and his friends dismissed. But 
 liberal ideas were then coming to the front, and the efforts of Dr. 
 Strachan failed. Dr. Gwynne next devoted himself specially, and 
 not without success, to reforming the financial affairs of King's 
 College. As to the general principles of foundation and man- 
 ageaient, he advocated every reform which was ultimately 
 made. He^denouueed class distinctions such as can hardly be 
 
406 The Medical Puofehsion in Upper Canada. 
 
 conceived at tho present time. His skill in physiology, com- 
 parative anatomy, and cognate subjects, combined with happi- 
 ness of expression, made him a lecturer to whom the student 
 listened with rapt attention." 
 
 In January, 184-2, Sir Charles Bagot became Governor-Gen- 
 eral. He was a t'air-udnded man, and did not commit himself 
 to either of the political parties. Ho took into his confidence 
 the leadini^ men of both parties. On account of illness, ho filled 
 this responsible position less than a year and a half, and in 
 consequence of failing health, he solicited his recall. He resided 
 at Kingston, then the capital, and during his illness his medi- 
 cal attendant was Dr. Gvvynne, whom he had summoned from 
 Toronto. Ho enjoyed the confidence of His Excellency to a 
 large extent, and remained with him during the winter and 
 until his death. May, 1843. It had been hoped that he might 
 be able to proceed to Eut>land, and Dr. Gwynne was to accom- 
 panj^ him. 
 
 As the friend of Baldwin and Hincks, to whom the Governor 
 showed marked attention. Dr. Gwynne, being a clever man, 
 would, with some advantage, have the ear of the Governor; 
 and there is reason to believe he in some measure guided the 
 Governor in matters relating to King's College, which at this 
 time was receiving a good deal of attention from His Excel- 
 lency. The proceedings of the Medical Board show that strenu- 
 ous efforts were being made to have established a medical fac- 
 ulty of the University of King's College, by corresponding with 
 Sir Chnrles Bagot, who was chancellor. It is somewhat remark- 
 able that before Sir George relinquished the reins of power, Dr. 
 Gwynne was appointed by a commission a member of the Coun- 
 cil of King's College. It is more remarkable that in the com- 
 mission he was designated Professor of Anatomy and Physi- 
 ology. This was September, 1843, before the medical faculty 
 was established. At the next meeting of the Council after this, 
 September 25, when Dr. Gwynne first took his seat, the first 
 step was taken to form a medical department. The proceed- 
 ings of the Council given elsewhere show the successive steps 
 taken to accomplish this end, and at ever}'^ move, the guiding 
 hand of Dr. Gwynne may be seen. It was he who drafted the 
 report, in 1843, of the " Medical Committee," which the Council 
 
Biographical Sketches. 407 
 
 adopted. It was he who designed the building for anatomical 
 study in which the lectures were at first delivered. This build- 
 ing is yet to be seen to the west of, and adjacent to, the old 
 Parliiiiuent buildings on B'ront Street (see illustration), the west 
 wing of whicli was occupied by King's College. Here Dr. 
 Gwynne was wont to spend much of his time, even extending 
 into the night, after the medical school was established, giving 
 instructions to his pupils, especially his favourite one, Mr. Small, 
 who for many years practised in Toronto. The merging of 
 King's College into Toronto University, January, 1850, only 
 made Dr. Gwynne the more enthusiastic in his labours. No 
 wonder he was a favourite with his students. But when, in 
 1854, the medical department was swept away by the action of 
 the Legislature, Dr. Gwynne, with some others of the professors, 
 felt that the end had come for all aspirations in the pursuit of 
 medical science. He lost all interest in medicine and even cared 
 not to remain in the country. He consequently arranged to 
 return to the Old Country, and in the summer of 1854, de- 
 parted, with the intention of remaining away if he could find 
 a suitable home, his family having preceded him. He devoted 
 some time to travel — one winter was passed in Paris, and a 
 second, in the north of France. But after being away for two 
 years, Dr. Gwynne was persuaded that only in Canada would he 
 be satisfied to live, and so he returned. Thereafter he devoted 
 his time to farming and the study of insect life, of which he 
 was very fond. He possessed a good deal of landed property, 
 but which was encumbered by mortgage, and which he was 
 unable to discharge in his lifetime, and the property he left has 
 become very valuable by the growth of Toronto. 
 
 He had four children, three of whom were son.s, who died in 
 infancy. His daughter still (1894) lives in Toronto, cherishing 
 the memory of a loving father. 
 
 Dr. Gwynne died, September, 1875, aged 69, on board the 
 steamer Miramicld, while on a trip to the lower provinces, 
 where he had gone to recruit his health, which had been im- 
 paired by worry and disappointment. 
 
 His widow died, May, 1883. 
 
408 The Medicai. Puofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Du. Cyrknus Benjamin Hall 
 
 Resided at Fort Erie. He received his medical education at 
 FaiiHeld Medical College, wiiero he attended two courses of 
 lectures. Ho i>assed the Upper Canada Medical Board, April, 
 l.S3(3, and conuneiiced practice at Foit Erie. vSubsecjuently he 
 practised at St. Thomas, and had a large amount of professional 
 work. He lu'ld the position of Coroner for the Niagara District, 
 and was Assistant-Surgeon to the (Jueen'.s Light Infantry dur- 
 ing the rebellion of IHIiT. Dr. Hall settled in Toronto in the 
 latter part of the sixties. The following (date lost) is taken 
 from the London Free Press : "We notice in the advertise- 
 ments in our columns this morning, the appointment of C. B. 
 Hall, M.D., late of the county of Elgin, as Associate Lecturer in 
 the chair of Surgery in the Medical Department of Victoria 
 College, Toi'onto. Jt will, no doubt, give sincere pleasure to his 
 numerous friends in this section of thp countr}', and his services 
 cannot fail to add to the reputation of the College, after an 
 ample e.sperie ice of nearly twenty years." 
 
 He received the degree of M.D., Geneva University, Switzer- 
 land, 1846. Dr. Hall was a very active member of various 
 medical associations, and a well-known practitioner in Toronto. 
 He died, April 1, 1880. 
 
 Dr. "William Hallowell, 
 
 Was born at Quebec, April U, 181 4<. At the age of seven he 
 was sent to Scotland to be educated. Pursued his medical 
 studies in Edinburgh, France and Germany, and received the 
 degree of L.R.C.S. Edinburgh, 1834, and M.D. from the Univer- 
 sity, Giesen, Germany, 183G. At the age of twenty-four he 
 returned to Canada, and obtained the provincial license of 
 Lower Canada. He then received a commission to the 83rd 
 Regiment of the line, as assistant-surgeon, and was in several 
 engagements during the rebellion in Lower Canada, in 1837. 
 He afterwards retired from the service, and for many years 
 practised his profession successfully in Kingston, Canada. He 
 then removed to Toronto, where he practised till the time of bis 
 death. He was one of the promoters of Trinity Medical School, 
 
BioaiiAPHicAL Sketches. 40'J 
 
 Toronto, in which ho occupied the chair of Materia Medica and 
 Therapeutics. In 1858, he received the degree of M.]). from 
 Toronto University. He was a Master Mu.son of Lodjje Canon- 
 <;ate Kilwinninj,', No. 2, Edinburgh, hi.s certificate of meniber- 
 sliip being dated May 10, 183G. He was also a n)eniber of St. 
 George's Society, and was one of the first who applied for the 
 estubli.shiiient of a branch in Kingston, Canada, to which ho 
 was appointed physician, his certificate of membership being 
 dated April 23, 184G. Ho was at one time surgeon to the Field 
 Battery, Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Hallowell was married at Kingston, July 25, 1839, to 
 Sarah Hannah Boies, daughter of Dr. Geddes, of Kingston, by 
 whom he had eleven children — six daughters and five sons. 
 Chas. Geddes Hallowell, of the (.'anada Company, is the only 
 male representative of the family now (1891) living in Tox'onto. 
 Dr. Hallowell had been in bad health for many years, suffering 
 from asthma and disease of the heart, an attack of the latter 
 causing his death, October 20, 1873, in his sixtieth year. His 
 widow still (1891) resides in Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Robert Douglas Hamilton. 
 
 The following is taken from Morgan's " Bibliotheca 
 Canadensis " : 
 
 " Born at Muirhead, Lanarkshire, Scotland, January 16, 
 1783. Died at Scarborough, near Toronto, April 2, 1857. His 
 father had been a stonemason but gave up that trade and 
 leased a farm, upon which the subject of this notice was born. 
 After receiving his elementary education at the Grammar 
 School of Stonehouse, in his native county, he studied the 
 classics and natural philosophy at the Universities of Glasgow 
 and Edinburgh, at the latter of which he also studied and com- 
 pleted his medical education. From April, 1808, till November, 
 1809, he was Assistant-Surgeon to Her Majesty's hospital ship 
 Tromp. He practised for a short time at Cornwall, England ; 
 and during the Peninsular war, having volunteered his services 
 as a surgeon, served with the British army in Spain and 
 Portugal. In 1827, he emigrated to the United States, and in 
 27 
 
410 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 1830, he removed to York, Upper Canada, and settled at 
 Scarborough, where he continued to reside until his death. 
 Throughout life, he devoted a large portion of his time to 
 literature and literary pursuits. He early cultivated the muses, 
 and was a frequent contributor to the newspaper press in 
 whatever place he resided. He was the author of several 
 works, a list of which we give below. In Canada he contrib- 
 uted several series of letters on literary, political and other 
 subjects to the newspaper and periodical press, under the 
 nom de plume of ' Guy Pollock,' commencing first, we believe, 
 in the Canada Literary Magazine (York), in 1833, and sub- 
 sequently in the Courier of Upper Canada, the Herald, the 
 Palladium and the British Colonist, all, at one time or another, 
 published in Toronto. He left a large number of manuscript 
 writings, written in both Britain and America ; poems, novels, 
 dramas, essays on politics, agriculture, etc. These, we under- 
 stand, are soon to be published, together with a memoir of the 
 author, written by his kinsman. Dr. J. R Dickson (Glasgow). 
 Dr. Hamilton was a man of large mental endowments and great 
 cultivation. In politics, we believe, he was a Tory, or at any 
 rate a Conservative in his leanings, and at one time was a 
 candidate for a seat in the Canadian Parliament." 
 
 Among other works. Dr. Hamilton published the following : 
 "Essays," in 1812; " Craignethan Castle," a poem, in 1817; 
 " The Principles of Medicine on the Plan of the Baconian 
 Philosophy," in 1822 ; " Dr. Shaddon of Goslington," by Mungo 
 Coulter Goggle. 
 
 Dr. Hamilton was commissioned a member of the Upper 
 Canada Medical Board, September, 1838, and was a Fellow of 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada, 1839. 
 
 Dr. James Hamilton. 
 
 The following well-written sketch, which appeared in the 
 Canada Medical and Surgical Journal, embraces almost all 
 that needs to be said in giving the subject a place in this work: 
 
 " We regret to have to record the death, on the first of March, 
 1877, of one of the oldest and one of the beat-known medical 
 
Biographical Sketches. 411 
 
 men in the Dominion, Dr. James Hamilton, of West Flamboro', 
 Ont. He was corn at the village of Douglass, in Lanarkshire, 
 in 1797. Receiving a preliminary education at the parish 
 school, he proceeded to Edinburgh as a medical student, and 
 after four years' study obtained, at the early age of 19, the 
 diploma of the College of Surgeons, the date of which is 1816. 
 Thus qualified, and being anxious to see something of the world, 
 he came to Canada as surgeon on a vessel, and was induced by 
 friends to begin practice in Montreal. After enjoying himself 
 for four months, and doing, as he told the writer, very little 
 practice, he returned to Scotland. In 1818, he again visited 
 Canada with the intention of permanently settling, and after 
 visiting many localities, began practice in Ancaster, a small 
 village about five miles from the head of Lake Ontario, and at 
 that time the chief place of business between York (Toronto) 
 and Niagara. Here, as the only medical iDan at the head of the 
 lake, he quickly obtained an extensive practice, so extensive, 
 indeed, that the greater part of the day was spent in the saddle. 
 His district at that time lay between the Grand River and 
 twenty miles down the lake on either side, an area about sixty 
 miles by twenty. In 1820, he moved across the valley to 
 West Flamboro', about two miles from Ancaster, having 
 purchased one of the most beautiful sites in Western Canada, 
 immediately above the town of Dundas, and overlooking Bur- 
 lington Bay and Lake Ontario. Here he continued to live 
 until the time of his death. Dr. Hamilton possessed qualities 
 of mind and body which fitted him in the highest degree for 
 his profession, while the strict and conscientious attention 
 which he paid to all cases, early secured for him a lucrative 
 practice. In all public matters Dr. Hamilton took a deep 
 interest, but had no great desire for parliamentary honours. 
 He was one of the original promoters of the Great Western 
 Railway, of which he was for many j^ears a director, latterly 
 holding the position of consulting surgeon. At the time of the 
 rebellion he held a commission as colonel of militia, and took 
 an active part in its suppression. By his professional brethren 
 Dr. Hamilton was held in the highest esteem, and most deserv- 
 edly so, for one by one he had welcomed them heartily into his 
 district, holding out to each the hand of good-fellowship. He 
 
412 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 took a deep interest in the Ontario Medical Council, and repre- 
 sented the Burlington and Home District from 1869 to 1872. 
 It is much to be regretted that Dr. Hamilton has left us no 
 record of his medical experiences, which, extending as they did 
 over a period of sixty years, would have formed a most valu- 
 able contribution to Canadian medicine. To the end he main- 
 tained an interest in the progress of the art, and frequently in 
 conversation would refer to the great improvements in medicine 
 and surgery. Possessed of an accurate memory stored with 
 interesting incidents both medical and social, he was a most 
 delightful companion, and will greatly be missed at friendly 
 gatherings in Wentworth. To within a vear ago Dr. Hamilton 
 enjoyed an unusual measure of health ; indeed, in his long 
 career he was only once laid up by illness. For nearly a year 
 before his death symptoms of declining vigour were apparent to 
 his friends, and signs of grave disease of the heart were discov- 
 ered. The death last year of his son. Dr. Andrew Hamilton, 
 of Melbourne, Que., was felt very keenly by him, and he never 
 fully recovered from the fatigue of a hurried railway journey 
 undertaken at the time. To the end, however, he was cheerful 
 and resigned, though loath to depart, and on Christmas day, 
 when the writer of the present sketch saw him for the last 
 time, and on leaving spolce of his long and honourable career, 
 he replied that nothing would please him better than to 
 exchange his rusty old body for a young and active one, and 
 work on for another eighty years." 
 
 It may be added that Dr. Hamilton was appointed Surgeon 
 to the 1st Gore Regiment of Militia, April, 1823, and what 
 was of more importance, he was appointed by the Lieut.-Gover- 
 nora member of the Upper Canada Medical Board, in 1838, 
 
 Dr. Hamilton married Miss Hatt, of Dundas, who was related 
 by marriage to Sir Allan Macnab. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Hamilton, 
 
 Son of Robert Hamilton, who was a pioneer merchant in Upper 
 Canada, even before 1783. He removed from Lower Canada to 
 Deer Island, known afterwards as Carlton Island, a military 
 
BlOORAPHTCAL SKETCHES. 413 
 
 station during the rebellion of the thirteen colonies. He settled 
 at Fort Niagara, and afterw^.rds at Queenston, which village 
 he founded and named Queen's Town about the close of the 
 war, 1783. He was extensively engaged in supplying goods 
 to the western military posts as far as Detroit. His name 
 is intimately associated with the early history of the Upper 
 Districts. When Lord Dorchester, in 1788, divided the ter- 
 ritory now comprising Upper Canada into the four Districts 
 of Lunenburgh, Mecklenburgh, Nassau and Hesse, Robert 
 Hamilton was appointed Judge of Nassau, which extended 
 from the River Trent to Long Point on Lake Erie. When 
 General Siracoe organized the Government of Upper Canada, 
 July, 1792, Robert Hamilton was summoned to become a 
 member of the Legislative Council, a position he continued to 
 fill while he lived. Robert Hamilton acquired great wealth, 
 and it is recorded that he died worth £200,000. He died, 
 March 8, 1811. Upon Queenston Heights is the old Hamilton 
 homestead. Ascending the heights from Queenston and pro- 
 ceeding southward towards the Falls, the traveller passes 
 through the Hamilton estate. On either side of the road for 
 miles are stately maples. These trees, we are informed, were 
 planted by Dr. Joseph Hamilton. 
 
 In the register at St. Mark's Church, Niagara, it is recorded : 
 "July 22, 1792, James, son of the Hon. Robert Hamilton, was 
 baptized at St. Mark's." "December 15, 1796, Catherine, wife 
 of Hon. Robert Hamilton, was buried at St. Mark's." " August 
 9, 1798, Joseph, sou of Hon. Robert Hamilton, was baptized at 
 St. Mark's." " February 29, 1800, Peter Hunter, son of Hon. 
 Robert Hamilton, was baptized." "April 11, 1802, John, son 
 of Hon. R. Hamilton, was baptized." It has been stated that 
 the Hon. Robert Hamilton had seven sons ; of these, John, the 
 youngest, became most distinguished. E'lucated at Edinburgh, 
 trained to business in a wholesale house in Montreal, he settled 
 at Queenston, and entered on the business of boat-building, 
 and became the owner of a large number of the first steam- 
 boats whica plied on Lake Ontario. It is recorded that " nis 
 energy and enterprise was remarkable, and he continued in 
 this business until 1862." In 1831, he was called to the Legis- 
 lative Council of Upper Canada, and for over half a century 
 
414 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 he took part continuously and carefully in the upper branch 
 of each successive Legislature, wearing the title of " Nestor of 
 the Senate." So much it is deemed proper to say about Dr. 
 Joseph Hamilton's brother John in this connection ; but it 
 comes far short of giving a full account of this pioneer steam- 
 boat builder and proprietor and distinguished legislator. The 
 Hon. John Hamilton died, October 10, 1882. 
 
 Of the history of Dr. Joseph Hamilton, but few facts are 
 available. It is most probable that he, like his brother John, 
 received his general education in Edinburgh, and likewise his 
 medical. He took the degree of M.R.C.S. Edinburgh. Dr. F. 
 C. Mewburn says he practised for a time in London, England, 
 and returned to Canada, 1835. He took up his abode at the 
 homestead, Queenston Heights. Here he devoted his time to 
 farming and beautifying his place, and his handiwork may be 
 seen in the solid stone fence and majestic maples along both 
 sides of the road. He did not altogether neglect his profession ; 
 but the most he did in it was in the way of consultation, 
 in whicli his opinion had great weight. While living here, 
 November, 1840, Dr. Hamilton was engaged in "an affair of 
 honour." The principals were Dr. Hamilton, attended by VV. H. 
 Dickson, Esq., and James Boulton, Esq., attended by Lieut. 
 Power, K.D.G. The parties crossed the river, where two shots 
 were exchanged, without damage to either party, and the affair 
 ended. The casus belli is understood to have originated in 
 some matter of business. 
 
 After some years, date uncertain, but probably 1844 or 1845, 
 he removed to Toronto and engaged in active practice. He had 
 been appointed a member of the Upper Canada Medical Board, 
 1838, but his name does not appear in the minutes as present at 
 any of the meetings. In 1845, Dr. Hamilton was again commis- 
 sioned a member of the Board, and thereafter he was almost 
 invariably present at its meetings up to July 6, 1847, when his 
 name appears for the last time. The end of his earthly career 
 had come. It is stated that Dr. Hamilton was in partnership 
 with Dr. Hodder. In 1846, we find him Treasurer of the 
 Medico-Chirurgical Society. 
 
 Dr. F. C. Mewburn says of Dr. Joseph Hamilton : " The 
 Doctor was a man of high attainments, most gentlemanly in 
 
Biographical Sketches. 415 
 
 manner and appearance ; he had practised in London, England, 
 as a physician; but came back to Canada, 1835, and commenced 
 farming at Queenston. His only connection with the profession 
 was in consultation, and his opinion was highly valued. He 
 removed to Toronto ; died in the discharge of his duty there, 
 having contracted typhus at the Emigrant Fever Hospital." 
 Dr. Mewburn then touchingly refers to acts of kindness he had 
 shown to himself by Dr. Hamilton. 
 
 The year 1847 was made terrible in Upper Canada by the 
 scourge of typhus or ship-fever, which was brought in by Irish 
 emigrants. A large number of them had come out and found 
 their way to different parts of the Province, carrying with 
 them the elements of the fatal disease. The writer remembers 
 a family who took up their abode near his father's house, and 
 every one of them was swept away. It was the same all along 
 the way from Quebec upward. A large number came to 
 Toronto. Emigrant sheds were prepared as hospitals, and the 
 Board of Health took active steps to give proper attention to 
 those smitten with the maladj . Physicians were appointed to 
 attend them, but some declined. Among those who accepted 
 the post and incurred the risk, was Dr. Joseph Hamilton, also 
 Dr. Grasett. Both of these died of the fever, and both died as 
 gallant and heroic a death as if on the field of battle. 
 
 . Henry Hanson j, 
 
 Passed the Upper Canada Medical Board, April, 1846. The 
 following obituary notice is taken from the London Free Press, 
 after his death, in 1885 : 
 
 " The Doctor was born in Cheltenham, England, in 1823. 
 His father, who was a captain in the army, died young. In 
 early life the Doctor was apprenticed to a celebrated surgeon. 
 Dr. Fricker, of his native town, for five years. The young 
 man proved to be an apt student, and was now far advanced in 
 the elements of a medical education. In 1844, being then 
 twenty-one years of age, he came to Canada and settled in the 
 London District on a farm near the present village of Hyde 
 Park. For a time he taught school in the township of 
 
416 The Medical Puofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Southwold, after which he attended lectures in the Rolph 
 School, Toronto, at which institution he graduated with honours 
 in 1846. In the meantime, however, he studied with and 
 assisted the late Dr. Salter in the drug store. In the year 1846, 
 he commenced his practice on the farm he had taken up when 
 he first came to London. The country was sparsely settled 
 then, and a country surgeon had necessarily a long distance to 
 go in order to see many patients. Doctors, too, were scarce, 
 and their practice extended over a large area of country. Dr. 
 Hanson's practice for a number of years extended all over the 
 west, there being no regularly qualified physicians nearer than 
 London, Sarnia and Goderich. Along with the distance 
 travelled there were either no roads at all, or such as were part 
 of the year almost impassable. Then the early settlers were 
 comparatively poor and the money scarce, and if a doctor had 
 a large field for his operations, he accumulated wealth very 
 slowh'. His bills were often settled in trade, as the commerce 
 of the country was principally carried on by barter. The 
 hardships of a pioneer physician like Dr. Hanson can hardly bo 
 realized by professional men now, whose practice only extends 
 to the suburbs of the city, or at the most of a radius seven or 
 eight miles in the country. In the old times it was quite com- 
 mon for the subject of this sketch to be called up in the middle 
 of the night, in all kinds of weather, and ride twenty or thirty 
 miles on horseback, on roads and through woods where no 
 vehicle could travel. WhQther sick or poor, the Doctor was 
 always prompt and earnest in his endeavour to alleviate suffer- 
 ing. Bad roads, stormy weather or poverty never prevented 
 him from being at his post. He has befriended many a poor 
 man — never making a charge, but leaving it to their own 
 honour to pay him what they liked when they got in better 
 circumstances. His skill as a surgeon, his urbanity of manner, 
 and his strong social qualities soon gained for him a large 
 practice, extending over the western part of this peninsula, 
 especially in the townships of London, Lobo, East and West 
 Williams and Bosanquet. He was thus widely known all 
 over. Four years ago, after an active practice of thirty-four 
 years in the same place, he sold his farm at Hyde Park and 
 removed to the city, so as to be relieved from the arduous 
 
Biographical Sketches. 417 
 
 duty of so large a country practice He leaves a 
 
 family of ten children, of whom eight were sons, amongst 
 them being Dr. Hanson, of Rat Portage. After an illness of 
 several weeks he died at his residence, Mill Street, aged 61." 
 
 His son, Dr. Hanson, continues (1894) in practice at Rat 
 Portasre. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Harvey 
 
 Was born near the town of Peterborough, 1821. His father, 
 John Harvey, came to Canada, 1817, and was a pioneer settler 
 in the township of Smith. Here he died much respected, 1865. 
 Dr. Harvey, the second son, commenced his medical studies, 
 1846, and pursued them in New York and at King's OoUep)^, 
 Toronto. He passed in a " highly satisfactory " manner f^ie 
 Upper Canada Medical Board, April, 1849. In 1861, he took 
 the degree of M.D. at the New York University. He practised 
 in the county of Peel for five years. In 1855, he took up his 
 residence in Peterborough, was appointed Coroner, 1858, and 
 was commissioned Surgeon to the 5th Batt. of the Peterborough 
 militia. He married (1852) Eliza, daughter of W. McCormick, 
 from Ireland. Registered, Peterborough, 1887. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Hay 
 
 Was the third son of Lt.-Col. James Hay, of Seggieden, Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, and was born, June 4, 1804. The following list 
 of documents, now in possession of his son, T. A. S. Hay, C.E., 
 of Peterborough, gives information as to his course of study 
 and its successful completion: Indenture and certificate of five 
 years' apprenticeship, June 16, 1820, to Maj^ 6, 1826 ; Edin- 
 burgh University tickets for attendance on different subjects, 
 from 1821 to 1825 ; certificates for two years' attendance at 
 Edinburgh Infirmary, 1822-23; five certificates from different 
 professors of Universities, from 1822 to 1829 ; eight certificates 
 of private course of lectures, from 1821 to 1827 ; diploma as 
 Dresser at Edinburgh Infirmary, Noveml)er 4, 1824 ; diploma 
 R.C.S. Edinburgh, March 27, 1825 ; diploma in Midwifery, Uni- 
 
418 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 versity Edinburgh, March 6, 1826 ; degree of M.D., University 
 Edinburgh, 1826 ; certificate from Apothecaries' Company, Lon- 
 don, May 31, 1827 ; diploma R.C.S. England, January 4, 1828 ; 
 certificates of pupilage at Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital, 
 July 10, 1829. It will be seen that Dr. Hay omitted no means 
 of thoroughly qualifying himself for the practice of his 
 profession. 
 
 In 1840, Dr. Hay came to Canada and settled at Peterborough, 
 where he continued to practise during his life. He married 
 (November 20, 1842) Anna M., eldest daughter of Hon. Thomas 
 A. Stewart, Legislative Council, Upper Canada. Mrs. Stewart 
 has left an interesting leaf of Canadian history in her " Experi- 
 ence as a Pioneer," so well related by her daughter, E. S. Dun- 
 l^p, under the title of " Our Forest Home," published for 
 dhtribution among the members of the family. In this record 
 Dr. Hay is incidentally described as a " kind-hearted, amiable, 
 sensible man, highly educated, ... an excellent, clever 
 man, and most kind and attentive." Dr. Hay had charge of 
 Dr. Huchison's practice while that gentleman was visiting 
 Europe ; and the same writer says again, 1844, " the more we 
 know of Dr. Hay the more we see to admire in his character. 
 He is a blessing to us. He is in good practice, but it is a life of 
 hardship and trial — far-off calls and wretched roads, often bad 
 pa3^ Doctors are exposed to dangers both by land and water. 
 One awful night the trees were falling on all sides for ten miles 
 on his road." 
 
 Dr. Hay died, March 9, 1857, and his widow, January 16, 
 1889. One son — an eminent C.E., of Peterboro' — and one 
 daughter survive. 
 
 Dr. Walter Henry 
 
 Was born at Donegal, Ireland, January 1, 1791 ; educated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin ; studied for the medical profession 
 under Sir Everard Home. Dr. Henry says, respecting his 
 pupilage with Sir Everard : " I spent a year in London where 
 I was a pupil of Sir E. H., a great geni of his day, though by 
 no means the best man or the best surgeon in the world. I 
 owe him little, but I owe a cleverer man, at that period young, 
 
BiooRAPHicAL Sketches. 419 
 
 much. Even then, f^recn and inexperienced as I was, I had a 
 presentiment that Sir Benjamin Brodie would attain to the dis- 
 tinguished eminence which he has since reached." During the 
 period of his studies he attended St. George's, Guy's and St. 
 Thomas' Hospitals, and was a member of the Medical Society 
 of Guy's Hospital. After becoming an M.R.C.S. England, ho 
 entered the army as hospital mate, equivalent to assistant- 
 surgeon, and rose through the various grades of the service 
 until he was appointed Staff-Surgeon in 1839, and Deputy 
 Inspector-General of Hospitals in 1845. We learn that he 
 served with the GOth Regiment from May, 1811, to the close of 
 the Peninsular War, at Toulouse ; including the siege of Bada- 
 jos, battle of Vittoria and the action in the Pyrenees ; battles 
 of Nivelle and Nive ; engagements at Garris ; battle of Orthes 
 and the action at Acre. He also served with the same corps in 
 the Nepaulese War in India, in 1816-17, and in the Canadian 
 rebellion, 1837-38. He was with his regiment in St. Helena 
 during the last four years of the life of Napoleon, and at his 
 death, was charged with the duty of preparing the bulletin of 
 the 2^08t mortevi appearance of the body, which was published 
 by the British Government. He was stationed in Canada from 
 1827 to 1841. From Quebec he removed to Halifax, N.S. Dr. 
 Henry was in Toronto in 1834, and seems to have engaged in 
 practice, at least we find that he attended, in hi.s last illness, 
 Chief Justice Sir Wm. Campbell. Dr. Henry writes : " My 
 worthy patient became very weak towards the end of the year, 
 his nights were restless, his appetite began to fail, and he could 
 only relish tid-bits ; medicine was tried fruitlessly. At the 
 point of the sandy peninsula opposite the barracks are a 
 number of little pools and marshes, frequented by these delec- 
 table little birds (snipes), and here I used to cross over in my 
 skiff and pick up the Chief Justice's panacea. On this delicate 
 food the poor old gentleman was supported for a couple of 
 months ; but the frost set in, the snipes flew away, and Sir 
 WilliaTu died." Whilst at Quebec he wrote a considerable por- 
 tion of the work, " Trifles from my Portfolio,"* and had the book 
 
 *" Trifles from my Portfolio; or recollections of scenes and small 
 adventures during twenty-nine years' military service in the Peninsular 
 
420 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 printed there. Of his other writings, only those published in the 
 Albion (N.Y.), from 1H37 to 1845, over the signatures of " Miles," 
 "Piscator," and "Scrutator," have come to the writer's knowledge. 
 The two letters signed " Miles," are succinct and trustworthy 
 contemporary accounts of the rebellion in Canada in 1837-38. 
 "Scrutator's" letters were on the politics of Nova Scotia, and 
 were dated from Halifax in 1843-44. In one of these a para- 
 graph indicates an early intention of the Doctor, subsequently 
 carried out, to settle somewhere under the British flag on this 
 side of the Atlantic. In a few remarks. Dr. Bartlett, the then 
 editor of the Albion, truly characterized them as "tho.se admir- 
 able letters." The letters of " Piscator," two in number, are on 
 " Salmon Fishing in Canada," and evince an intimate and 
 thorough acquaintance with the subject. Dr. Henry was also 
 the author of a paper, " Observations, on the Habits of the Sal- 
 mon Family, in the Trans, of the Lit. and His, Soc. (Quebec)," 
 1837. In 1852, he was appointed Inspector-General of Hospi- 
 tals in Canada, where he remained during the remainder of his 
 life, retiring upon half pay in 1856, and dying at Belleville, 
 June 27, 18G0, where he had carried out his intention of "set- 
 tling under the British flog." 
 
 For some of the foregoing we are indebted to Morgan's " Bib. 
 Canaden.si.s." 
 
 The writer can testify to the absorbing interest which a 
 perusal of Dr. Henry's writings creates. The graphic descrip- 
 tion of the events he witnessed in Wellington's peninsular 
 campaign, and during the two years of his service in India; the 
 story he relates of the last days of Napoleon, his death and the 
 post mortem examination, are all intensely interesting. Also, 
 his description of events in which he took part, or of which he 
 spoke as an onlooker, in England and Ireland, read like a 
 
 War and invasion of France, the East Indies, campaign in Nepaul, St. 
 Helena during the detention and until the death of Napolei>n, and Upper 
 and Lower Canada. " By a Staff-Surgeon. Quebec, 1839, 2 vols. 
 
 Second edition published under the title of " Henry's Military Life." 
 London, 1843 ; 2 vols., pp. 300-384. 
 
 " The style of the work throughout is masculine, correct and classical, 
 and such as to reflect honour on the author as an officer and a scholar." — 
 Montreal Gazette. 
 
BiooRAPHiCAL Sketchks. 421 
 
 romance. His account of the Canadian rebellion in 1837-38, is 
 likewise full of interest to Canadians. It may be mentioned 
 that Dr. Henry is by no means complimentary to certain doc- 
 tors, members of parliament, who were conspicuous at that 
 time. 
 
 Dr. Henry married Leah Allan Geddes, dauj^htcr of Dr. 
 Geddes, and p;randdaughter of Dr. Gamble, of whom .sketches 
 are given elsewhere. Dr. Henry had at least three sons and 
 two daughters, whom the writer had the pleasure of 
 knowing while practising in Belleville, 1804-09. The eldest 
 son, Walter James, was then practising medicine also in Belle- 
 ville, in partnership with Dr. Lister. He was a graduate 
 of McGill College. He removed to Ottawa, where he practised 
 until his death, September 2, 1874, while yet only thirty-seven 
 years of age. The writer found in Dr. Walter James Henry 
 something more than a clever practitioner. He possessed as 
 well all the qualities of a high-bred gentleman, a kind and 
 sympathizing friend, and an unostentatious Christian. 
 
 Dr. Edwin Henwood 
 
 Was the second son of Dr. James Dimble Henwood, of Helston 
 and Penzance, Cornwall, Eng., where he was born, Decem- 
 ber 23, 1819. Three brothers, James Dimble, Edwin and 
 Reginald were all physicians, as well as the father. James D. 
 practised in Penzance for a time, and then in London, England, 
 until his death. Edwin studied medicine for some time with 
 hif} father, but from the glowing description of the future of 
 Upper Canada given him by hi.s father'.s friend, the late Gover- 
 nor, Sir Francis Bond Head, he determined to set sail for 
 Canada, and gave up his medical studies. He, with his younger 
 brother Reginald, came to Canada in the summer of 1842, and 
 after having stayed in Quebec and Montreal for some time, 
 came to Upper Canada, and shortly ^t^fter settled in Toronto. 
 By the advice of Dr. Gwynne, who had known his family in 
 England, Edwin resumed the study of medicine, and whilst 
 doing so filled the position of apothecary to the Toronto Gen- 
 
422 The Medical Puofession in Uppeii Canada. 
 
 eral Hospital, then situated at tlio corner of Kinpf and John 
 Streets. 
 
 It is recorded in the minutes ok' the Upper Canada Medical 
 Board, July 4, 1842, "The Secretary, Mr. Georj^e Givins, 
 haviiiLT tlii.s dav temlered his resiijiiation of the office of Secrc- 
 tary, which being accepted, it was proposed by the President, 
 and seconded by Dr. (Jwynne, that Mr. Edwin Henwood, tho 
 resident Apothecary of the Hospital, be appointed his successor, 
 which was carried unanimously." 
 
 In January, 184o, ])r. E. Henwood passed his examination 
 before tho Medical Board, atid almost immeiliately after was 
 appointed House Surj^eon to tho Hospital, which appointment 
 he held until 1S48, when he resigned to engage in practice 
 at Hamilton. Soon after he was appointed Surgeon to tho 
 Hamilton Hospital, and continued to hold that position till 
 18G8, when he became consulting surgeon, and remained so for 
 a number of years. 
 
 Dr. Henwood held a number of public positions, among 
 which were that of Coroner for the city of Hamilton and that 
 of Gaol Ph3'sician. He continued in active practice till within 
 a year of his death, which took place October 31, 1882, in tho 
 sixty-third year of his ago. Ho was twice married, his first 
 wife being the daughter of Dr. William Case ; the second a 
 daughter of Angus Murray, Esq., of Aberdeen, Scotland. He 
 left six children, four daughters and two sons. One son. Dr. 
 J. M. Henwood, studied medicine at Trinity College, Toronto, 
 and graduated at that university, 1889. After spending some 
 time in the hospitals of Europe, he commenced practice in 
 Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Reginald Henwood 
 
 Was the youngest son of Dr. J. D. Henwood, and was born, 1827, 
 at Helston, Cornwall, Eng., where he received his early educa- 
 tion at the Grammar School under the headmastership of Rev. 
 Derwent Coleridge. He came with his brother Edwin to 
 Canada, 1842. Both became residents in the Toronto General 
 Hospital. Reginald remained here for several years, availing 
 
Bioaiui'iii(;AL Sketches. 423 
 
 himself of tlio clinical advantages offered in the hospital, at the 
 same time attending the medical lectures of Professors King, 
 Owynne, Beaumont, Sullivan, Nicol and others, at King's College. 
 Having passed the Upper Canada Medical I'oard, April, 1846, 
 he was shortly after engaged by the Toronto Beard of Health 
 to take charge of the fever hospital which had been opened for 
 the care of emigrants during the terrible epidemic of typhoid, 
 or emigrant fever, then prevailing. He remained in charge of 
 this in.stitution until its close. He then took up his residence 
 at Brantford, where he has remained in the active practice of 
 his profession, excepting a short time he sojourned in Toronto. 
 At the .solicitation of the civic authorities, he returned to 
 Toronto during a severe epidemic of cholera, and took charge 
 of the cholera hospital which had been established near the 
 River Don, about where the General Hospital now stands. 
 When the di.sease subsided, Dr. Henwood returned to Brantford 
 and resumed his practice, which he still pursues (1894) in 
 conjunction with his son, with his usual activity. Besides 
 attending to his large practice. Dr. Reginald Henwood has 
 found time to respond to the calls of public duty which his 
 fellow-citizens have made upon him from time to time. He 
 has been President of the County of Brant Medical Association 
 on .several occasions. Ho is a member of the medical staff of 
 the John H. Stratford Hospital at Brantford, and is President 
 of its Medical Board. He has also been the representative at 
 the Ontario Medical Council for the Erie Division. He has 
 served several years as an alderman at the Council Board, and 
 was twice elected mayor of the city. In 1852, he married 
 Annie (who still survives), the youngest daughter of the late 
 Dr. Alfred Digby, Brantford, and by her had four sons and a 
 daughter, three of whom are living, his second son, Reginald, 
 having died of typhoid fever, and his daughter Caroline of 
 scarlet fever. In religion. Dr. Henwood is a Churchman ; in 
 politics, always a consistent Conservative. 
 
 His son, Alfred James, entered the profession, and after 
 laying a good foundation in medical study, attended McGill 
 College, and took his M.D., CM. from that university in 1879, 
 also becoming member Coll. Phys. Surg., Quebec. In 1882, he 
 likewise became a member of Coll. Phys. and Surg., Ontario. 
 
424 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. George Samuel Herod 
 
 Was born in Lancashire, England, May 26, 1827. Received his 
 general education in private and boarding schools at Edinburgh, 
 Queen Elizabeth's School, Mansfield, and at Birmingham. He 
 left England, August, 1840, and arrived at Guelph the following 
 November. Studied medicine with Drs. Orton and Clark until 
 November, 184.3, and then attended lectures at the Medical 
 Department, King's College, Toronto. Continued at the Col- 
 lege until 1847, when he passed the Upper Canada Medical 
 Board in July. He took charge of the Emigrant Hospital at 
 Hamilton, with Dr. Dickinson, and was in charge until June, 
 1848. He then commenced practice at Georgetown, Halton 
 County, and remained there until April, 1854, when he removed 
 to Guelph and entered into partnership with Dr. Wm. Clark, 
 M.P. In the early yeui's of Dr. Herod's professional life, he 
 had many hard rides over rough, primitive roads. The country 
 was thinly settled, there were few villages and towns and they 
 wide apart. Physicians and surgeons were scarce, and at one 
 time his circuit extended over a radius of thirty miles. Dr. 
 Herod has always been in active general practice and has had 
 a liberal share, being the leading physician in Guelph for a 
 quarter of a century. He is now the oldest doctor in the 
 county of Wellington. He has been county coroner and gaol 
 surgeon since 1854; was appointed surgeon of the Wellington 
 Battalion on its organization, and held the position until his 
 resignation. He was member of the town council for several 
 years, a member of the school board for some time, and mayor 
 of Guelph for two years. These various appointments are 
 ample evidence of the Doctor's high standing as a phj'sician 
 and as a citizen. 
 
 Dr. Herod married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Sandiland, 
 for many years manager of the Gore Bank, Guelph. He has 
 two children living and has buried two. Still in po.sse3sion of 
 vigorous health, his many friends look forward with the expec- 
 tation of having Dr. Herod a long time to administer to their 
 wants and cheer them by his presence. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 425 
 
 Dr George Herrick 
 
 Was born at Cork, Ireland, 1789. He acquired the standing of 
 B.A. at the University of Dublin. He studied for the medical 
 profession in Edinburgh as well as Dublin, and took the degree 
 of M.D. at Edinburgh. Coming to Toronto, Dr. Herrick issued 
 the following in the public press : 
 
 " Government House, 
 
 " ISeptember 26, 1838. 
 
 " His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor has been pleased 
 to grant a license to practise Physic, Surgery and Midwifery 
 within this Province, to George Herrick, Bachelor of Arts of 
 the University of Dublin, and Doctor of Medicine of the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh. 
 
 " George Herrick, M.D., and Surgeon A.B.T.C.D., and late of 
 the city of Cork, respectfully informs the citizens of Toronto 
 that he has opened an ofRce for the practice of Physic and 
 Surgery at No. 42 Lot Street, adjoining the house lately occu- 
 pied by Dr. Rolph, where he will give his undivided attention 
 to the practice of the profession in its various bi'anches. Dr. 
 H. having brought from England a supply of the most genuine 
 medicines, which will be compounded by an experienced assist- 
 ant, he trusts that the confidence which a generous public may 
 repose in him will not be misplaced. 
 
 " Dr. H. will give gratuitous attendance to the poor afflicted 
 with eye diseases, from 8 to 9 every morning. 
 
 " Toronto, October 3rd. 1838." 
 
 " South Charitable Infirmary. 
 
 " At a meeting of the Trustees of the South Charitable Infirm- 
 ar}^ held on Wednesday, June 6, 1838, Sir James Pitcairn, 
 M.D., in the chair, the resignation of Dr. Herrick having been 
 received, it was unanimously 
 
 " Resolved, — That while we accept the resignation of Dr. 
 Herrick as Senior Physician to the South Infirmary, we cannot 
 help expressing our regret that this Institution should be de- 
 prived of the valuable services of a physician whose energies 
 have been so long devoted to its best interests, and that at 
 28 
 
426 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 a period when his extensive and enlightened experience is cap- 
 able of affording such great advantages to the poor; it was also 
 " Eesolved, — That the above resolution be communicated to 
 Dr. Herrick through the Secretai'}', accompanied by an assur- 
 ance of the high esteem of this Board, and of their warm 
 thanks for his long continued and valuable services to the 
 Infirmary, and that it likewise be published in r 11 the Cork 
 
 newspapers. 
 
 "J. PiTCAIRN, M.D." 
 
 " At a meeting of the Physicians to the Cork Lying-in 
 Hospital, held June 19, 1838, Dr. Herrick's resignation having 
 been received, it was unanimously 
 
 "Resolved, — That we cannot record the retirement of our 
 respected colleague, Dr. Herrick, without sincerely and deeply 
 lamenting the loss which this hospital sustains, in being thus 
 deprived of the benefit of his valuable services — services which 
 have been at all times, for a period of more than twelve years, 
 afforded to the patients with benefit to them and honour to 
 himself. 
 
 " (Signed) John Copinger, M.D., Chairman." 
 
 A new commission was read at the meeting of the Upper 
 Canada Medical Board, July, 1845, and among the new mem- 
 bers was " George Herrick, Doctor of Medicine, Professor of 
 Midwifery, University of King's College." Dr. Herrick was 
 almost always present at the Board meetings. 
 
 Dr. H. was a favourite with those who enjoyed his friendship. 
 His eccentricities did not lessen their esteem. He remained a 
 bachelor, and almost every night he had a half dozen around 
 his hospitable board. They were sure of a pleasant time. He 
 would neither have carpet nor gas in his house. His custom 
 was to give two special dinners each year, one on Christmas 
 day, the other on his father's birthday. His choice of guests 
 was generally among the younger men. The Doctor was 
 always fresh and cheerful at dinner, as he usually took a sleep 
 between four and six. Yet he retired early, generally at nine, 
 and would in his own way tell his guests to move off — iV. F. 
 Davin. 
 
 As Professor of Midwifery and Disoajea of Women and 
 
Biographical Sketches. 427 
 
 Children at King's College, he was liked by the students. His 
 lectures were considered to be concise and thoroughly practical. 
 Among other amusing things he would say in his lectures was, 
 pointing with his thumb over his shoulder, " You must not 
 take the advice of those people over there," meaning the medical 
 •teachers of the United States ; " because if you do you may as 
 well leave the place at once." It is related that on the occasion 
 of delivering his introductory lecture, he had forgotten that the 
 public were invited to attend, and the presence of ladies was 
 a cause of embarrassment. At the hospital he would not say to 
 a patient, " Put out your tongue ;" but would indicate what he 
 wanted by putting out his own. 
 
 Dr. H*. enjoyed deservedly a high reputation in the practice 
 of midwifery. This the writer — who followed him around the 
 wards of the old hospital — well remembers. He was on familiar 
 terms with his confreres, and always called Dr. King " Rex." 
 As Mr. Davin says, he was of the old school of Irish gentlemen. 
 In appearance he was tall and stout. 
 
 Mr. Clarke Gamble says he was " a typical Irishman, clever, 
 well educated in his native country, and London and Edin- 
 burgh. His specialties were Diseases of Women and Children. 
 He had a verj- large practice, and like his fellow-countryman 
 and most intimate friend. Dr. King, was a great favourite with 
 all with whom he came in contact, both young and old. His 
 well-known figure on Church and King Strerts, his left arm 
 behind his back, and the right swinging as he moved at a good 
 pace, will not be readily forgotten." 
 
 Dr. Anson Heyden 
 
 Was a good type of the enterprising adventurers from the 
 States who found their way into Upper Canada in its early 
 days. Possessing many good qualities, he was, while he re- 
 mained in the country, a useful citizen. He .settled in Thurlow, 
 back of Belleville, after staying a while at the front, some time 
 prior to 1817. He had studied medicine in New York, but to 
 what extent is unknown, and held a diploma, but having pre- 
 sented himself before the Medical Board in July, 1819, he failed 
 
428 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada, 
 
 to obtain a license. Nevertheless he had a good practice ; in 
 fact, was the only doctor in Thurlow when Dr. Smith came to 
 Belleville, in 1817. He acquired some land, whether by pur- 
 chase or marriage with Miss Mott, whose father was a pioneer 
 of Thurlow, is unknown. He built a house, large for the 
 period, on the concession corner, and a village sprung up long 
 known as Heyden's Corner. This building was used not only 
 as a dwelling and surgery, but as an inn. The writer well 
 remembers the appearance of the place when attending school 
 in the neighbourhood. Dr. Heyden found time, beside practising 
 and conducting the inn, to look after public affairs. His enter- 
 prise and public spirit was recognized by electing him township 
 clerk in 1837. But alas, his active sympathy with *William 
 Lyon Mackenzie in his rebellion placed him in a compromising 
 position, and on the approach of the red-coats one day, he fled, 
 never to return. 
 
 Dr. Hamnett Hill, 
 
 M.R.C.S. Eng.. and L.S.A., third son of John Wilkes Hill, a 
 medical practitioner in the eastern part of the city of London, 
 Eng., very near to the " Tower " so rich in historic reminis- 
 cences, was born, December 15, 1811. At the early age of 
 eight he was consigned to a boarding school in the village 
 of Ptckham, under the management of — Wanostrockt, LL.D., 
 author of " Wanostrockt's Epitonje of Blackstone." He re- 
 mained at this celebrated academy for about eight years, and 
 when about sixteen, he was placed to study medicine under the 
 care of Mr. Philip Harlock, a surgeon residing in St. Paul's 
 Churchyard, to whom he was regularly articled, as was the 
 custom in those days, the fee paid therefor being £200 sterling. 
 At the end of this engagement (five years), he returned to the 
 paternal mansion, pretty well grounded in Materia Medica, Phar- 
 macy and Practical Chemistry. Shortly after he commenced 
 the orthodox two years' hospital course at the London Hospital, 
 in a neighbourhood now too familiarly known as the immedi- 
 ate vicinity of "Jack the Ripper" outrages. During his surgical 
 course he became the pupil of Sir Wm. Blizard and Mr. Luke 
 
Biographical Sketches. 429 
 
 in the surgical wards, and of Dr. Thos. Davis and Dr. Gordon 
 in the medical wards. 
 
 Having finished the prescribed hospital course of two years, 
 required before presentation for examination at Apothecaries' 
 Hall and the College of Surgery, he successfully passed through 
 each ordeal, and joined his uncle, Mr. Lawrence, Surgeon-Extra- 
 ordinary to His Majesty William IV., and one of the surgeons 
 to the Sussex County Hospital at Brighton, as visiting assistant, 
 where he remained about four years, frequently acting as house 
 surgeon pro tern, at the hospital. 
 
 At the time of the Canadian rebellion, in 1837, troops were 
 sent ont from England to assist in quelling the insurrection. 
 Dr. Hill thinking the War Department might gladlj"- avail 
 themselves of Volunteer Medical Officers to accompany the 
 troops, made application to Lord Hill, the commander of the 
 forces at that time, through the Inspector-General of Hospitals, 
 Sir James McGregor. The latter was all courtesy and kindness, 
 producing a long list whereon were recorded three hundred 
 names, his own nephew standing about one hundred and fifty 
 on the list before him. " If you like," said he, " I will place 
 your name, of course, at the bottom ; but if you will take my 
 friendly advice, I should say, turn your attention to something 
 else, as you will be too old (ovcr twenty-seven) by the time you 
 can possibly arrive near the top of the list." Dr. Hill resolved 
 to take the advice so kindly offered by the courteous old officer 
 and made his bow. However, by this time he had a bad attack 
 of " Canada on the brain," and made up his mind to pay a visit 
 to his maternal uncle, the Hon. Hamnett Pinhey, then residing 
 in the township of March, a military settlement on the Ottawa 
 River, about twenty miles -from By-town, now Ottawa. He was 
 most hospitably received by his relative, with whom he spent a 
 most agreeable year and a half. By this time he had become 
 so enamoured of Canadian life, that he purchased a small farm 
 on the river front, where he intended to out-do the illustrious 
 Roman Consul Cincinnatus in combining medicine with agri- 
 culture, and both with pleasure ; but alas, the unpromising state 
 of the health of the sparsely settled neighbourhood, promised 
 but a precarious subsistence, and but for this he might have 
 remained in that locality. A better prospect seemed to be 
 
430 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 looming; up at this juncture in By-town, from whence he received 
 promises of support from influential residents, to wit, Major 
 Boulton, RE., Capt. Baker, R.A., and other prominent civilians. 
 He consequently removed to that town, where he immediately 
 found his professional abilities duly appreciated. Prior to this 
 he had succumbed to the fickle goddess, in the person of one of 
 the daughters of his former host, to whom he was shortly after 
 married at the Parish Church of St. Mary's, in the township of 
 March, May 18, 1844. The issue of this union was three sons 
 and four daughters, of whom at the present time survive but 
 two daughters and four grandchildren. 
 
 At this period, 1844, the practice of the medical profession 
 was very laborious, the roads were execrable, and locomotion 
 was on horseback, on foot or in canoe. No such thing as a rail- 
 way was ever thought about, and such a thing as a wheeled 
 carriage was not seen for some years after. Of course, in winter 
 with plenty of snow, it was more agreeable. The Doctor can 
 look back to a winter when he travelled three hundred miles in 
 six days with the same horse, whilst in a day of twenty hours, 
 ninety miles was accomplished on two horses, thirty being done 
 before breakfast, and sixty by midnight. " On dismounting, it 
 is almost needless to observe, he slept the sleep of the righteous." 
 Canoeing was a most delightful means of progression if the 
 weather was good and not too early in the spring, and not too 
 late in the fall ; and a journey of one hundred miles or so was 
 thought nothing of. A trip of that kind is recorded, to visit a 
 case of serious protracted disease of the knee-joint, requiring 
 amputation. To have performed the operation and have left the 
 patient out of reach of medical assistance, without after treat- 
 ment, was almost certain death. So, after much persuasion 
 the patient allowed himself to be placed in a large birch bark 
 canoe, on a species of hand-barrow, and thence was lifted out 
 at the head of each rapids, and portaged to the still water again; 
 and in this way was brought down to the city, where his leg 
 was safely removed the next day, and he returned home after 
 about three weeks. 
 
 About the year 1850, an agitation arose to found a Protestant 
 hospital in the city, which was carried out successfully on a 
 small scale. It was named the County of Carleton Protestant 
 
Biographical Sketches. 431 
 
 Hospital. Dr. Hill was appointed surgeon, the duties of which 
 he fulfilled without assistance for a while ; when Dr. Charles 
 Sewell was appointed consulting surgeon. Subsequently Dr. 
 (now Sir James) Grant was appointed on the attending staff. 
 He subsequently became consulting surgeon. Dr. Hill is now 
 also consulting surgeon. 
 
 After the death of Dr. Vancortlandt and of Dr. Sewell, he 
 was appointed consulting surgeon to the Roman Catholic 
 Hospital, which position he occupied for more than twenty 
 years, with Dr. Beaubien as attending surgeon. Of course, the 
 very long connection with these institutions gave him very 
 much experience in operative surgery, so that almost every 
 variety of that branch of the profession came under his 
 immediate notice ; such as the many varieties of dislocations, 
 amputations, ligatures of arteries, trephining, strangulated 
 hernia, lithotomy, trachpeotomy, ovariotomy, CaBsarian section, 
 craniotomy, paracentesis of abdomen and chest, resection of 
 bones, etc., etc., with an infinite variety of minor operations. 
 Many of these cases considered of a more or less interesting 
 nature were recorded in some of the leading medical journals 
 of the day. 
 
 In a communication to the writer (1890), Dr. Hill in his 
 genial manner says: "Domestic affliction and increasing age 
 prompted the propriety of relieving himself from the more 
 arduous duties of professional life ; two or three months for 
 summer recreation and enjoyment for his very small family 
 broke up his professional connections, and gradually his busi- 
 ness became small by degrees, and beautifully less. His lady 
 friends, with ever-longing hopes of maternity, could not await 
 his return from summer jaunts, and .sought fresh fields and 
 pastures new', and although he has never made known his 
 retirement from business, at the age of seventy-nine he now 
 finds that business has given him up ; and now finds quite 
 enough to occupy the balance of his days in attending to his 
 financial affairs, and ministering to a few old friends who 
 desire and deserve his gratuitous attendance." 
 
 It is a great gratification to the writer to be able to count 
 Dr. Hill as a very kind friend, the remembrance of whose 
 hospitality is a green spot on the plains of life lying behind. 
 
432 The Medical Profession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 Dr. Edward Mulberry Hodder. 
 
 Dr. Hotlder was the son of Captain Hodder, R.N., and was 
 born, December 30, 1810, England. He entered the navy in 
 1822 as a midshipman under ins father, but only took one 
 cruise, leaving the service at the expiration of one year, having 
 a strong desire to study medicine, for which profession he had 
 a preference. Educated as a boy, first at Guernsey Grannnar 
 School, afterwards at St. Servans, France, he began his medical 
 studies in London under the late Mr. Amesbury, very celebrated 
 as a surgeon, with whom he spent five years. At the close of 
 his career as a student, he passed the Royal College of Surgeons 
 of England. He afterwards went to Paris, where he spent two 
 years more in the study of his profession, and subsequently 
 visited Edinburgh, and there, too, passed a considerable time in 
 seeing the practice of the then famous teachers of that city. 
 He began practice in London, where he remained but two years, 
 and thinking his prospects would be improved by removal to St. 
 Servans, in France, he settled there for a time. After remain- 
 ing a single year, he visited Canada, 1835, returning to France 
 again in a few months. For the next three years he prac- 
 tised his profession in this French town, when he resolved to 
 make his home in this Province. He settled in the neighbour- 
 hood of Queenston, in the Niagara District, where he remained 
 doing a very extensive practice for five years. In 1843, he 
 removed to Toronto, where he continued to practise up to the 
 time of his death. 
 
 In 1834, he married Frances Tench, daughter of Captain 
 Tench, of the 87th Royal Irish Fusiliers. In 1854, he was 
 elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 
 and in 1805, a Fellow of the Obstetrical Society of London, and 
 was, at the time of his death and for some years past, one of its 
 honorary local secretaries. In 1845, he received the degree of 
 CM. from King's College, Toronto, and M.D. from Trinity Col- 
 lege in 1853. 
 
 In 1850 he established, in concert with Dr. Bovell, the Upper 
 Canada School of Medicine, which that year became the medi- 
 cal department of Trinity College. For several years Dr. 
 Hodder was a member of the Faculty of the Toronto School of 
 
i»i;. i;i)\\ AIM) M. ii(»iii)i;i: 
 
BiooRAPHicAL Sketches. 433 
 
 Medicine, but on the revival of his old school in 1870, he was, 
 by the unanimous wish of his colleajrues, appointed Dean of tho 
 Faculty, which position he held at the time of his death, having 
 been reappointed in 1877, when the Act incorporatint^ the 
 school passed the Provincial Ler;i.slature. From 1<S')2 to 1872, 
 he was one of the leadinji; members of the active staff of 
 the Toronto General Hospital and of the Burnsido Lying-in 
 Hospital, and at Ids decease was senior consulting surooon to 
 both of these institutions, as well as to several others of like 
 character. 
 
 Although devoted to his professional work, Dr. Hodder found 
 time in the way of recreation to gratify his continued love for 
 the water. He was mainly instrumental in forming the Royal 
 Canadian Yacht Club, of which he was CommodorL- for many 
 years and up to the time of his death. A local papei- said of 
 him: "In Dr. Hodder our city lo.ses a man of no ordinary 
 value ; while to thousands over the length and breadth of the 
 Province his death will make a blank ver}' difficult to fill, for 
 medical men of his long experience and great and acknowledged 
 skill are not too numerous in any country, and the death of one 
 such is a truly public loss." 
 
 This is the testimony of Clarke Gamble in writing about 
 the early medical men of Toronto : " Dr. Hodder's name was a 
 household word in Toronto. Skilful, cautious, affable and 
 handsome, he was a universal favourite, particularly with the 
 gentler sex." Dr. Hodder had been President of the Upper 
 Canada Medical Board, also President of the Toronto Medico- 
 Chirurgical Society in 1862, and President of the Canada 
 Medical Association in 1875. He was the representative of 
 Trinity College at the College of Physicians and Surgeons from 
 1872 until his death. 
 • His death took place, February 20, 1878, aged G7. 
 
 In the Practitioner for July, 1873, is an article from the pen 
 of Dr. Hodder, of Toronto, on the transfusion of warm milk into 
 the veins of patients in the later stages of Asiatic cholera. The 
 experiment was tried in the Hospital, Toronto, during the 
 cholera epidemic of 1849. In the first and second cases the 
 patients rallied immediately and ultiniately recovered. In the 
 third the patient, although in artlculo mortis, rallied for a time 
 
484 TriE Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 after the transfusion, but the operation not beiny seasonably 
 repeated, the patient Huccumbed. 
 
 Dr. Rupus Holden, 
 
 The third of six sons of James Holden, of Aufjusta, U.C., was 
 born, January 16, 1809. He received his education at Ogdens- 
 burg, and then entered the store of Billa Flint, Brockville. Ho 
 then removed to Cobourg, where he remained four years. Then, 
 removing to Belleville, he commenced business as a druggist. 
 Soon after, Merrick Sawyer became a partner in the business, 
 and Mr. Holden pursued the study of medicine. He attended 
 the Pennsylvania College at Philadelphia, and received the 
 degree of .M.D., 1842. He then engaged in practice at Belle- 
 ville, but subsequently took a post-graduate course at McGill 
 College, Montreal, and in 1844 received a degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine and Surgery at McGill University. After this he 
 entered on a very large and succe.ssful practice in Belleville, 
 making diseases of women and children a specialty. Here he 
 continued to practise up to the day of his death, March 30, 
 1876. Dr. Holden was a member of the town council of 
 Belleville for five years, and in 1864 was chosen mayor. 
 
 One who knew him well, says: "Dr. Holden was kind even 
 to a fault, sincere, benevolent. Few die more universally 
 respected, even beloved. The street through which the funeral 
 passed was thronged by many of the poor to whom his unosten- 
 tatious charities had been dispensed. On his grave may well 
 be in.scribed, with unvarnished truth, the words of the Patriarch, 
 ' The blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon me, 
 and I caused the widow's heart to sing for joy.' " 
 
 The following notices by the Belleville newspapers .show the 
 high estimation in which the subject of this sketch was held : 
 
 " Another of our oldest and most estimable citizens is gone. 
 Dr. Rufus Holden, for over forty years a resident of Belleville, 
 passed away this morning, but he was attending to his practice 
 as usual yesterday. It appears, however, that he passed an 
 uncomfortable night, although he was able to rise this morning, 
 
BiooRAPHicAL Sketches. 435 
 
 and was in the net of (Ireasin;.^ whon he fell in a swoon. An 
 hour ufterward.s his .spirit had taken its fli«;ht. 
 
 " When the Doctor came to Belleville it was an unpretentioiKs 
 town. About ten years ago, havin^j amassed a comi)etence, he 
 delegated his professional duties to younger men, but his active 
 temperament and robust health demanded employment, and 
 some four years later he found himself as busy as he had been 
 during any part of Ids life, both in town and the adjacent 
 country. He may, therefore, be said to huve literally <lied in 
 active service." 
 
 Another notice says : " The Doctor possessed a most gonial 
 temperament, which, combined with large benevolence and a 
 firmly developed Christian character, made a valuable member 
 of society. Few men enjoyed higher distinction in connection 
 with the Church, and he was also pronunently associated with 
 the temperance organizations of the country. He was mayor 
 of the town for one or two terms, and in 1867 he contested the 
 West Riding of Hastings in the interests of the Reform party, 
 but without success. He was President of the Tract and Bible 
 Societies for several years, and the Evangelical Alliance had no 
 more earnest and interested co-laborer. In the John Street 
 Presbyterian Church, he was a pillar of inestimable importance. 
 The family and extensive connections have the sympathy of 
 the whole community. But their loss is his gain." 
 
 His family consisted of one son and seven daughters. The 
 son, J. C. Holden, is a member of the large manufacturing firm, 
 Ames, Holden & Co., Montreal. One tlauglitor is the wife of 
 Rev. Prof. Gregg, D.D., of Knox College, Toronto; another is 
 married to the Rev. R. V. Burns, D.D., late of Fort Massey 
 Church, Halifax, N.S.,; another to Thomas Ritchie, Esq., dry 
 goods merchant, Belleville ; two unmarried daughters reside in 
 Belleville, and two died in childhood. 
 
 The writer must not omit to give expression to his own 
 feelings of high esteem for the worth of Dr. Holden. Among 
 his earliest recollections is the occasion when he was a patient 
 of Dr. Holden, also of seeing him pass and repass on his way 
 in attending to country patients. While a confrere of Dr. 
 Holden, 1864-69, the writer found him always kind, courteous, 
 and sympathetic. 
 
436 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. William Hope 
 
 Was born on January 15, 1815, near Belfast, in County Antrina, 
 Ireland, and was the son of John Hope, who was married to 
 Ann Forsyth of the same county. In 1822, John Hope came 
 from Ireland to Kingston, Canada, with his family. The fact 
 that the trip from Montreal up the river occupied three weeks, 
 gives one a glimpse of the state of things in this country in 
 those days. Robert Hope, now of Newburgh, the eldest son of 
 the family, went into business as a general merchant in Bath, 
 then a place of some importance. William was clerk for him 
 for some years, but having decided to study medicine, he went 
 to Kingston, and for some time had the advantage of attending 
 a school taught by Mr. Jeffers, fathei' of the Rev. Dr. JefFers, a 
 man whom Dr. Hope recollects as being possessed of much of 
 the intellectual power whiuii has since distingui.shed his gifted 
 son. He completed his general studies at the Kingston Gram- 
 mar School, then taught by a Mr. Baxter, a famous teacher of 
 those days, under whose rod most of the professional men of 
 the tiuie in the Midland District passed in their youth. Young 
 Hope then went into the office of Dr. Adamson and afterwards 
 Dr. Sampson, both of Kingston. Mr. Hope ■ tudied and saw 
 practice with them for upwards of four yea.s, attending two 
 courses of lectures meanwhile at Fairfield, in the State of New 
 York, where he graduated as M.D., in January, 1838. He took 
 out his license under the Medical Board of Upper Canada in 
 the same year. Dr. Hope at once settled in Belleville, where 
 for forty-three years he devoted himself assiduously to the 
 practice of his profe^ision. His extensive and, in the earlier 
 days of bad roads, very laborious practice, did not, however, 
 engross his whole attention : everything that made for the 
 improvement of the community, had not only his sympathy, 
 but his active support. He was for years a member of the old 
 board of police, and when our municipal system came into 
 operation, he was for a long time a member of the town council ; 
 he was mayor in 1860. Dr. Hope was for many years a school 
 trustee, and was largely instrumental in introducing the free 
 school system into Belleville, the first municipality in which it 
 was established in Upper Canada. Dr. Hope was appointed 
 
BlOQRAPHlCAL SKETCHES. 437 
 
 surgeon to the county gaol by the Quarter Sessions when the 
 county was first established; he was also surgeon to the Deaf 
 and Dumb Institute from its beginning ; he held both these 
 appointments until he resigned them on becoming sheriff. He 
 was appointed surgeon in the 2nd Battalion of Hastings 
 Militia, in 1847. He was a member of the Board of Examiners 
 of the Medical Council for the years 1871 and 1872; and his 
 professional brethren elected him for many years President of 
 the Belleville Medical Society, an honour which he resigned 
 into their hands on retiring from active practice. Dr. Hope 
 married in 1843, Augusta, only daughter of the late Sheriff 
 Spencer, of Nortliumberland. Her only brother is George B. 
 Spencer, of Winnipeg, who organized the customs service in 
 Manitoba and the North-West, and remained at its head until 
 his retirement from active service a few months ago. Dr. 
 Hope was a member of the Bible Society from its first organi- 
 zation in Belleville, and has been several times and is now the 
 President of that branch. He was appointed in April, 1881, 
 sheriff of the county in which he had lived so long and so 
 worthily. 
 
 The foregoing is extracted from a biographical notice in the 
 " Encyclopaedia of Canadian Biography." The writer must not 
 omit to give his personal testimony to the worth of Dr. Hope, 
 whether as a practitioner, a Christian worker, a public man in 
 various capacities, the chief magistrate, or as a citizen generallj'-, 
 also as a confrere. Among his earlier recollections is to have 
 seen again and again, at all hours — at early dawn or at night- 
 fall — Dr. Hope passing along the road in his vehicle, going to 
 or returning from the bedside of a patient. Nor does he forget 
 the first visit made by the Doctor to his father's house, where 
 the gravity of the case made it necessary for him to remain 
 over night, to be ready for contingencies. 
 
 Dr. Robert Hornby, 
 
 An Englishman by birth and education, was gazetted Licentiate 
 Upper Canada, Dec. 9, 1833, as an M.D., University of Edin- 
 burgh, and Licentiate Royal College of Surgeons, London, and 
 
438 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Extraordinary Member of the Royal Medical Society of Edin- 
 burgh. Ho went to Cleveland, Ohio, for a time, but returned 
 to Toronto and engaged in practice. A contemporary says : 
 " He was an estimable man and a clever physician ; but on 
 account of deafness, he did not attain to the position nor 
 acquire the amount of practice his abilities and acquirements 
 entitled him to." 
 
 In April, 183G, the Medical Board was re-constructed, and 
 Dr. Hornby was one of the new members. From this time it 
 is seen that Dr. Hornb}^ was a very regular attendant at the 
 meetings of the Board. October, 1838, a new commission was 
 issued, and Dr. Hornby was again one of the members. He 
 continued an active meml)er until the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons of Upper Canada assumed its duties, when he 
 was likewise an active member while it lasted ; and when a 
 new Medical Board was commissioned in 1841, he was a member 
 again, aud his name is recorded as present at the meetings up 
 to April, 1850. 
 
 Dr. Hornb)"- was on duty in 1837 as Assistant-Surgeon to the 
 Royal Foresters. 
 
 He died, we believe, March 4, 1869, aged 56. 
 
 Dr. Robert Charles Horne, 
 
 An Englishman by birth, was a member of the Royal College 
 of Surgeons, England. He was Surgeon to the Glengarry Light 
 Infantry Regiment, which was for a time stationed at Kingston 
 prior to its being disbanded. He married, at Kingston, the 
 eldest daughter of Dr. John Gamble. After his regiment had 
 been disbanded, Dr. Horne removed to York. This was about 
 1815 or 1816. It is uncertain whether Dr. Horne engaged in 
 practice. At all events, in 1817, we find him " Printer to His 
 Most Excellent Majesty," and editor of the Oficial Gazette. 
 The first newspaper published in Upper Canada was the Upper 
 Canada Gazette, or American Oracle, commenced April 18, 
 1793, at Newark, now Niagara-on-the-Lake. When the seat 
 of government was removed to York, the Official Gazette 
 naturally removed also. When Dr. Horne became the publisher, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 439 
 
 the word American was dropped, and the title became the 
 Upper Canada Gazette, or Oracle. It is interesting to notice 
 that at first the term American was used in Canada, and that 
 a monopoly of the word by the United States was not recog- 
 nized. The cause of the change made by Dr. Home may have 
 been to strip the title of everything savouring of Yankeeism, 
 or possibly to make the name of the paper shorter. He con- 
 tinued the publisher until 1821, when he resigned the position. 
 Not long before this he became involved in a difficulty with 
 the Parliament, on account of imperfection in the reports of 
 Parliamentary debates, which he had allowed to appear in the 
 columns of the Gazette. On being summoned to the Bar of the 
 House, Dr. Home stated in explanation that the notes of the 
 debates were not taken by himself. He offered every apology, 
 and submitted himself to the pleasure of the House. 
 
 In 1822, Charles Fothergill succeeded Dr. Home as Printer. 
 Dr. Home became then the chief teller of the Bank of Upper 
 Canada, a position he filled for many years., till his death. 
 
 In February, 1827, Dr. Home issued a prospectus of a new 
 religious and literary publication, to be conducted by the clergy 
 of the Established Church, under the sanction of the Lord 
 Bishop of the Diocese, to be entitled The Christian Sentinel 
 and Anglo-Canadian Churchman s Magazine. 
 
 Although Dr. Home did not engage in practice, he remained 
 identified with the profession. In 1822, he was appointed 
 Surgeon to the North York Regiment of Militia : and a more 
 important position assigned him by the Governor, in 1823, was 
 that of member of the Upper Canada Medical Board. His first 
 attendance as such was at the April meeting. He continued 
 an active member until the beginning of 1831. After that liis 
 name does not appear on the minutes until October, 1837, when 
 it appears in connection with a resolution respecting King's 
 College. He was one of the Fellows of the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, Upper Canada, during its existence, and 
 was elected to fill the office of Treasurer. He was a constant 
 attendant of the meetings of the Fellows up to the last, January', 
 1841, having continued to be the Treasurer. This seems to have 
 been the last of his work in connection with the profession. 
 His name does not appear on the new U. C. Medical Board. 
 
440 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Home filled other public offices, as Secretary to the Agri- 
 cultural Society of York, in 1820; Commissioner for Taking 
 Affidavits, 1823; Commissioner of the Peace, with Drs. Powell, 
 Widiner and Lyons, in 1825. 
 
 "During the rebellion of 1837, Mackenzie, whom the Doctor 
 in a humble way had most vigorously opposed, burned his 
 residence over the head of his wife and children, who fled 
 through the snow to the house of a neighbour on Bloor street. 
 From the effects of this tramp through the snow, quite un- 
 protected from the weather in any way, Mrs. Home never 
 recovered." — G. Gamble. Again it is recorded by a writer 
 (Mulvaney): "That by orders received from Dr. Rolph, the 
 insurrectionary executive fired Dr. Home's house, which had 
 been a rendezvous for loyalist spies." 
 
 Dr. Home married Isabella Leah, of St. John, N.B., daughter 
 of Dr. Gamble, who died, September 29, 1SG3, aged 78, They 
 had two sons; one, John, was living in the neighbourhood of 
 Sandwich ; the other, James Macaulaj^ died December 26, 1857, 
 aged 32. The daughter, unmarried, was recently (1891) living 
 at St. Catharines. Dr. Home died, October 26, 1845. 
 
 Dr. John Howison. 
 
 Little is known of Dr. Howison, except that he sojourned in 
 Canada for a short time, played at the practice of his profe.ssion, 
 and then returned to England, and wrote a book, entitled 
 " Sketches of Upper Canada." His knowledge of the country 
 was acquired principally in the Niagara District. His opinion, 
 as expressed in his sketches, was not flattering to Canadians. 
 He says : " They are still the untutored, incorrigible beings that 
 they were, when the ruffian remnant of a disbanded regiment, 
 or the outlawed refuse of some European nation," and so on. 
 We have evidence that the J)octor was actuated by spite, or 
 wished to suppl}'" a reason why his efforts to practise in Canada 
 Were a failure. Robert Gourlay, who was by no means a lover 
 of the U. E. Loyalists, says, regarding the Doctor's diatribes: 
 " It is not true, it is not fair, it is not discreet. The first 
 settlers of Upper Canada, in my opinion, were wrong-headed 
 
Biographical Sketches. 441 
 
 men as to politics ; but they were far from being bad-hearted 
 men, and anything but the ' ruffian remnant of a disbanded 
 regiment.' They were soldiers who had done their duty ; who 
 had regarded with reverence their oath of allegiance ; who had 
 risked their lives a hundred times over in support of their 
 principles ; who had sacrificed all which the world in general 
 holds dear, to maintain their loyalty and honour. They were 
 anything but the ' outlawed refuse of some European nation.' 
 They adhered to the laws of Britain ; and for the laws of 
 Britain they bled. They did not ' seek refuge in the wilds of 
 Upper Canada, aware they would neither find means of 
 subsistence, nor be countenanced in any civilized country.' 
 It is a libel on the British Government to say they sought 
 refuge, and a libel on common-sense to say that men who 
 resolved to earn their bread by labour, under the worst circum- 
 stances in the world, could not find means of subsistence any- 
 where else. The whole passage is untrue, is shameful, and Dr. 
 Howison should apologize for it in the public prints of this 
 country. The mass of first settlers in Upper Canada were true 
 men, and to this day there is a peculiar caste of goodness in their 
 natures, which distinguishes them from their neighbours in the 
 United States. Dr. Howison wrote only to trifle — very read- 
 able as a romance — the tale of a weak man. . . . They 
 refused Dr. Howison, it would seem, and because he could not 
 appreciate the nobility of nature when crowned by the rough 
 circumstances of pioneer life, he must needs write a libel. No 
 doubt his mind was influenced by Yankee tales of Butler's 
 Rangers, and perhaps his exquisite sensibility was wounded, 
 forsooth, because a Canadian would not touch his hat to him." 
 
 In the absence of any knowledge of Dr. Howison's pro- 
 fessional acquirements, it may be rp-^sonable to suppose that the 
 cause of his leaving the country was his inability to pass the 
 required examination of the new Medical Board. 
 
 "Dr. Howison," says Mr. J. P. Merritt, in his biography of 
 Hon. W. H. Merritt, "spent the winter of 1819-20 at St. 
 Catharines, and had his office at Paul Shipraan's hotel. He 
 appears to have been a man of means, and practivSed b'.;c little 
 at his profession, spending most of his time in visiting around 
 the neighbourhood. ... On returning to England, he pub- 
 20 
 
442 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 lished the result ol' his observations in a good-sized volume, for 
 the information of those intending to emigrate, the substance of 
 which was that the country was unfit for a professional man of 
 good education, who expected to make an income by the 
 practice of his profession." 
 
 One incident connected with the Doctor's sojourn at St. 
 Catharines is recorded by Mr. J. P. Merritt. A party of two 
 ladies and the Doctor set out to attend a theatrical performance 
 at Niagara. " The turn-out was a purely rural one. Dressed 
 in spring attire, with white pants of unexceptional blanclierie, 
 he drove up to the house. The vehicle consisted of a one-horse 
 waggon, imported from the Eastern States, and which had pro- 
 bably done good service for the Fraus and Mynheers in their 
 first emigration from the Mohawk Valley after the Revolution. 
 Having but one seat, a chair had to be put in for the Doctor, 
 whose first essay showed that the safety of the ladies depended 
 more on the gentleness of the horse than the skill of the drivci'. 
 Things went on smoothly until their return, where an extra 
 ' rut ' in the last mile of the swamp caused a separation of the 
 vehicle, leaving the driver and ladies in the road, and consider- 
 ably diminishing the lustre of the Doctor's snowy unmention- 
 ables, and detracting from his skill as a navigator." 
 
 Dr. Elnathan Hubbell 
 
 Was a native of the United States, and coming to Canada about 
 1808, he settled at Brockville. Dr. Hubbell was remarkable 
 for his large size, and a face marked by numerous nodules of 
 the skin. It is stated that his education, both general and 
 medical, was of doubtful extent. But he was evidently a man 
 of considerable ability and possessed of qualities which recom- 
 mended him to the community'. He was fortunate in becoming 
 connected with a well-known family of the place, by marry- 
 ing Lucy, daughter of Ephraim Jones. This union brought 
 him influence and wealth. In time he commanded a lartre 
 practice, principally in the town, especially in midwifery, 
 although there were some who doubted his skill. Ho adopted 
 the sensible plan of attending families by the year. It is 
 
BioaRAPHicAL Sketches. 443 
 
 related that Dr. Hubbell built the first brick house in the place. 
 Durinjy the war of 1812, a raiding party of Yankees carried 
 liim away prisoner, but shortly after released him on parole- 
 In 1819, he was appointed a member of the Land Board for 
 Johnston District, Dr. Solomon Jones being the chairman ; and 
 in 1822, we find him trustee of the public schools, and Commis- 
 sioner of the Peace. The Doctor was one of those whom the 
 people will talk about, and among the sayings of the day which 
 have been handed down, is, that " he was very fond of hot 
 cakes." But a love for hot cakes, although generally regarded 
 as a Yankee characteristic, is very general among the U. E. 
 Loyalists. 
 
 Dr. Hubbell died about 1850. He had a large family, con- 
 cerning which information is not available, except a marriage 
 notice which records that, at Brockville, November 25th, 1841, 
 Thomas Mair, Esq., was married to Amelia, youngest daughter 
 of Dr. Hubbell. 
 
 Dr. James Hunter 
 
 Was born in Yorkshire, England, 1790, and came to Canada in 
 1823, and settled in Niagara District. It is unknown whether 
 he had studied medicine prior to leaving England, but probably 
 not, as it seems he was a student at Fairfield. In April, 1826, 
 he passed the Medical Board, which ' was perfectly satisfied 
 with his examination." He commenced practice at Whitby, 
 where he remained until 1837, when he was implicated in the 
 Mackenzie rebellion. Being arrested, he was released on bail 
 (316,000), and absented himself until the trial, when he 
 returned, and was acquitted on the same day that Lount and 
 Matthews were executed. This was in April, 1838. He was 
 afterwards threatened with re-arrest, but managed to reach the 
 States before he could be detained. He returned to Canada in 
 1841, and resided for some time in Newmarket. He died in 
 Buttalo, in 1850. 
 
 Dr. Hunter was small in stature, but a busy, energetic man. 
 His love of the medical profession was inherited by his 
 descendants who are still known in the medical world. 
 
444 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. James John Hunter, 
 
 A native of Yorkshire, England, was born in 1822, and was the 
 son of Dr. James Hunter, who settled at Niagara, in 1823. He 
 appeared before the Medical Board, October, 1843. He had a 
 diploma from Geneva College, N.Y., and obtained a certificate 
 to practise ; he had attended lectures at the New York Medical 
 University. He commenced the practice of his profession at 
 Newmarket, in which town he remained about twenty years. 
 He was reeve of the council during six years of that period. 
 In the year 1860, he went to New York city, where he practised 
 three years, when he returned to Newmarket and resumed his 
 practice. He was a Justice of the Peace for twenty-five years. 
 He married in 1842, Rachel, daughter of Isaac Lundy. 
 
 Dr. John Wilson Hunter, 
 
 From Grimsby. Before the Medical Board, April, 1839. He 
 had tickets of attendance on three courses of lectures at Fair- 
 field, and a diploma from the same. He obtained a certificate 
 to practise. " Married — At Kingston, October, 1844, John 
 Wilson Hunter, Esq., M.D., of Hamilton, to Olivia, daughter of 
 the late Lieut, and Adjutant John Hinds, 68th Regiment Foot." 
 
 Dr. Robert Hunter, 
 
 From Whitby. Before the Medical Board, April, 1846. Had 
 a diploma from University of New York. Not being able to 
 read a Latin prescription, examination not proceeded with. 
 (For further information, see minutes of U. C. Medical Board, 
 October, 1847.) 
 
 Dr. Robert Hunter was the author of " Hydro-therapeutics, or 
 A Treatise on the Water Cure ; being a digest of the opinions 
 and experience of some of the most distinguished physicians in 
 Europe and America on the curative virtues of water, etc. 
 Toronto. 1848." 
 
BioauAPHicAL Sketches, 445 
 
 Dr. John Hutchison 
 
 Was born at Kircaldy, Scotland, in 1797. He received his 
 early education at the high school of that town, and in the 
 year 1812, commenced his studies for the medical profession 
 with James Corkindale, physician and surgeon, Glasgow, to 
 whom he was indentured as student for three years. During 
 those three years he attended lf;ctures at the University of 
 Glasgow, and in 1815, passed the required examinations and 
 was granted a diploma and license from the Faculty. He then 
 spent two years or more at Edinburgh, attending the lectures 
 of the Medical Faculty of Edinburgh University. 
 
 At that period it was regarded as a formidable undertaking 
 to cross the Atlantic, and young Hutchison availed himself of 
 an opportunity which offered of accompanying an intimate 
 friend and college chum who was about to emigrate to 
 America. Accordingly they sailed in the latter part of the 
 year 1817, arriving at New York early in 1818, His friend, 
 James Grant, decided to try his fortune in Mexico, but the 
 young doctor, preferring to live under the British flag, came to 
 Canada, and, towards the end of 1818, settled at Port Hope. 
 On December 8, 1818, we find he took the oath of allegiance 
 before John Small, J.P., at York, and in accordance with the 
 requirements of the Medical Act, he passed the examination of 
 the Board in July, 1829. For several years from 1818, Dr. 
 Hutchison practised at Port Hope and Cobourg, and in 1822, 
 moved to Cavan and resided for several years near where the 
 town of Millbrook now stands. In 1830, he was induced to 
 remove to Peterboro', at which place he resided until his death. 
 He had a very large practice, extending over all the townships 
 in the counties of Peterboro' and Victoria, and many of those 
 in Northumberland. 
 
 At one time Dr. Taylor was associated in partnership with 
 Dr. Hutchison, so also was Dr. Dickson, afterwards of Kings- 
 ton, and the late Dr. Harvey, of Peterboro', was a student with 
 him in 1846-47. 
 
 In the fall of 1842, Dr. Hutchison visited his native land, 
 taking with him his two oldest sons, and remaining in Scotland 
 until the following spring. On the eve of his departure from 
 
446 The Medioal Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Peterboro', a farewell public dinner was given, at which an 
 address was presented. Whilst in Scotland the Doctor aflbrded 
 much information about Canada to many inquirers, and he was 
 the means of inducing a number of families to make their 
 homes in this country. 
 
 The year 1847 will be remembered as the period of the 
 famine in Ireland, in consequence of which thousands of poor 
 Irish people were brought to Canada. Hundreds of these poor 
 creatures, sick and destitute, were forwarded to Peterboro', and 
 slab shanties were erected for their shelter, outside the village, 
 and a temporary hospital near Little Lake, far enough away for 
 isolation. A Board of Health was organized and Dr. Hutchison 
 was commissioned by the Emigration Department to look after 
 the sick. Unremitting in his attention to the unfortunate suf- 
 ferers, many of whom were prostrated with a nuilignant type 
 of fever (ship-fever or typhus), the Doctor was stricken with 
 the same disease, and after a week's illness, died, August I, 
 1847, in the prime of life. 
 
 The Peterboro' Dispatch contained the following brief obitu- 
 ary notice : 
 
 "Died. — On Sunday, July 1st, 1847, of typhus fever, caught 
 while in attendance at the emigrant sheds, John Hutchison, 
 Esq., M.D., aged fifty years, formerly of Kircaldy, in P^ife, 
 North Britain, and a resident of America since 1818. This 
 melancholy event cast a gloom over the entire community, to 
 whose interests he, both as a friend and a physician, had long 
 been faithfully devoted. The writer trusts that some one of 
 his most intimate associates will pay a just and fitting tribute 
 to the memory and merits of our departed friend, as it would 
 be both unbecoming and ungrateful that talent and worth such 
 as Dr. Hutchison was largely gifted with, should pass from 
 the busy stage of life without something beyond a passing 
 notice." 
 
 Dr. Hutchison married, at Port Hope, in the year 1826, Mar- 
 tha Holland, by whom he had eleven children, six sons and five 
 daughters ; three of the latter died young. His wife and eight 
 children survived him. 
 
 The following appointments were held by Dr. Hutchison : 
 Justice of the Peace, Coroner, Surgeon to the 2nd Regiment of 
 
BiooHAPiiicAL Sketches. 44«7 
 
 Northumlierland Militia (IH22), Surgeon to the 7th Provisional 
 Battalion of Peterboro' (l.S.SS), Member of the Board of Sur- 
 f^eon.s in the Newcastle J)istrict (in conjunction with Drs. Gil- 
 christ and Burnhaui) for exaininin<^ claimants for pensions, and 
 <(rantin<^ certificates to those found to be disabled in conse- 
 quence of wounds or other injuries received while in service 
 in the rebellion, or in the war with the Unit«;d States (1840)^ 
 and Medical Attendant of the Mississaga Indians at Rice Lake 
 (1844). 
 
 Dr. Hutchison was a cousin of Sanford Fleminir, the well- 
 known civil engineer, scientist and educationist. At the time 
 the Doctor visited Scotland, his warm recommendation of 
 Canada as a Held for enterprise and industrious pursuits, induced 
 Mr. Fleming's family to come and settle in the country, and 
 they arrived about the time the Doctor died. 
 
 Dr. Hamilton Dibble Jessup. 
 
 The "U. E. List" 6ontains the names of four Jessups — 
 Edward J., father and son, Henry J. and Joseph J. The fainous 
 corps which distinguished itself during the rebellion of 1776, 
 known as "Jessup's Rangers," was commanded by Major 
 Edward Jessup, a son and a grandson of the same name. The 
 following is taken from the Brockville Recorder, November 
 2Gth, 1892, furnished by E. Jessup, Esq., son of Dr. Jessup : 
 
 " Hamilton Dibble Jessup was born on May 2, 180G, in the 
 township of Augusta, county of Grenville, province of Upper 
 Canada. He was the grandson of Major Edward Jessup, who 
 commanded a colonial corps which was known as the Loyal 
 American Regiment, and who was born in the Parish of Stan- 
 ford, in the county of Fairfield, province of Connecticut, in 
 1735. He was the son of Joseph Jessup, who died in Montreal, 
 in 1779, and grandson of Edward Jessup, and great-grandson 
 of Edward Jessup, who emigrated from England about 1640 
 and settled in the colony of New York. At the breaking out 
 of the revolutionary war. Major Jessup and his family resided 
 at the c'.ty of Albany, New York, where he was extensively 
 engaged in business, and in the possession of a tract of 500,000 
 
448 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 acres of land. A staunch loyalist, Major Jessup sacrificed his 
 fortune by taking up arms for the King. In 1777, he joined 
 the army under Burgoyne, who was then marching against 
 Ticonderoga, and continued in the service until the close of the 
 war, when the Major proceeded to Canada with his corps, which 
 was then known as ' Jessup's Rangers.* They were first 
 stationed at Isle Aux Noix, subsequently at St. Denis, St. 
 Charles, Riviere du Chine, Vercheres and Sorel. When peace 
 was declared in 1783, large tracts of land were granted by the 
 Crown to the officers and men, who, accompanied by their 
 families in the spring of 1784, proceeded up the River St. Law- 
 rence, thus commencing the settlement of Leeds au'l Grenville, 
 Addington and the Bay of Quinte. After locating his men, 
 Major Jessup proceeded to England, where he remained for 
 several years. When he returned, he settled in the township of 
 Augusta, county of Grenville. In 1810, he laid out the town of 
 Prescott, where he died, in FeBi-uary, 1816, at the age of eighty- 
 one years. Lieutenant Edward Jessup, only son of Major 
 Jessup, was born in the city of Albany, province of Hew York. 
 He became a Lieutenant in the Royal Rangers, went to England 
 with his father, and returned with him to Canada. In 1798 he 
 was elected to represent the Eastern Division in the Legislative 
 Assembly of the Province of Upper Canada, and in January, 
 1800, was appointed by Lieutenant-Governor Hunter to the 
 Clerkship of the Peace for the district of Johnston. In 1809, 
 he was appointed by Lieutenant-Governor Gore as Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the 1st Regiment of Leeds Militia. He died at Pres- 
 cott in 1815, leaving a wife and seven children — five sons and 
 two daughters, the late Dr. H. D. Jessup being the last of the 
 seven children. He received his education at the District 
 Grammar School in Augusta. In 1825, he was articled to Wm. 
 Caldwell, M.D., at Montreal, as a student of medicine ; in 
 October, 1829, he received his license to practise medicine in 
 Upper Canada, and in February, 1830, for Lower Canada. He 
 practised his profession for about thirty years at Prescott. 
 During the troubles of 1837-38, he was captain of a company 
 of militia, under Col. Young, and took part in the engagement 
 at Prescott, which occurred in November, 1838, known as the 
 battle of the Windmill. In 1844, he was elected to parliament 
 
Biographical Sketches. 449 
 
 for the county of Grenville. He was for several years mayor 
 of the town of Prescott, and was two or three times made 
 warden of the united counties of Leeds and Grenville. In July^ 
 1856, he was appointed Captain of the 1st Volunteer Rifles, of 
 Prescott, and in November of the same year he was appointed 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of the Militia Force of Canada. In April, 
 1867, he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 56th Battal- 
 ion of Infantry, and in 1873, after twenty-six years of service 
 in the active force of Canada, owinor to his advanced afje, he 
 withdrew from the force. In 1867, Dr. Jessup was appointed 
 to the Collectorship of Customs at Prescott, which office he filled 
 for eighteen years. At his own request he was placed on the 
 retired list in 1885. The deceased gentleman was a life-long 
 Conservative, and an intiviate colleague of the late Right Hon. 
 Sir John A. Macdonald. Dr. Jessup married Sophia Matilda, 
 daughter of Michel Truueau, of Montreal. By this union he 
 has two sons and three daughters living, Edward Jessup, his 
 son, being our present collector." 
 
 Dr. Solomon Jones. 
 
 Among the names found in the " Old U. E. List " is that of 
 Solomon Jones, " E. District Surgeon's Mate, Royal Rangers." 
 The following petition taken from the Department of Archives, 
 Ottawa, gives an account of his connection with the military 
 service : 
 
 " To His Excellency Robert Prescott, Esquire, Captain-General 
 and Commander-in-Chief in and over the Province of 
 Lower Canada, etc.: 
 
 " The Petition of Solomon Jones, Surgeon, Humbly Sheweth : 
 " That your petitioner begs leave to represent to your Excel- 
 lency that he is by birth an American. In 1776, he with other 
 loyalists joined the Royal Standard, and served under His 
 Majesty until the peace of 1783, in the capacity of Surgeon's 
 Mate, since which time he has resided upon the Crown Lands, in 
 the Province of Upper Canada, where, for a considerable time, 
 himself and family suffered many hardships and inconveniences 
 
450 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 such as are attendant upon the settlement of a wild and new 
 country. 
 
 "That your petitioner also begs leave to represent to your 
 Excellency that he has a wife and six children, with an aged 
 mother, to provide for, who have no other means of support, 
 but through your petitioner. 
 
 " That from the character of your petitioner and his well- 
 known attachment to the British Government, he begs leave 
 humbly to solicit your Excellency to appoint him to succeed 
 the late Mr. Latham as hospital mate at Kingston, in the said 
 Province of Upper Canada. 
 
 " May it, therefore, please your Excellency to grant such 
 
 relief in his present situation as to your Excellency s humanity 
 
 and wisdom he may appear to merit, and your petitioner as 
 
 in duty bound shall ever pray. 
 
 "Sol. Jones." 
 
 •' Montreal, March 4th, 1799. 
 
 " I do hereby certify that I am well acquainted with the 
 allegations set forth in the foregoing petition, as also with the 
 petitioner whom I consider as a person qualified and capable of 
 performing the duties of the appointment which he solicits, 
 
 "Charles Blake, 
 " Surgeon, Half -pay Staff." 
 
 Dr. Solomon Jones was a native of Connectir^ut, and studied 
 his profession at Albany. 
 
 He was with Burgoyne when he surrendered, but managed 
 to escape to Canada. He offered his services to the Commander 
 at Three Rivers, and continued as surgeon until the end of the 
 war. He was one of seven brothers, two of whom died fighting 
 for their King ; one found refuge in Nova Scotia ; four brothers, 
 Solomon, Daniel, John and David, settled on the banks of the 
 St. Lawrence, 1784. It was Lieut. David Jones who was to 
 have married the beautiful Miss Jane McCi'ea, of historic fame, 
 who was killed and scalped by Indians as they were conducting 
 her to Fort Edward, where Lieut. Jones was with the British 
 forces. Her " silken tresses were taken to the fort, where they 
 were immediately recognized by Lieut. Jones." Lieut. Jones 
 was never seen to smile afterwards, and died in early life. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 451 
 
 It is recorded that Dr. Solomon Jones " was domiciled about 
 seven miles below Brockville ; was one of the first settlers, first 
 doctors, and first in point of education and respectability." 
 
 A writer in 1846, relating some incidents attending the 
 advent of Simcoe as he passed up the St. Lawrence, speaks of 
 a meeting as follows : 
 
 " The gentry of the surrounding countr}' collected together 
 for the occasion, and looking spruce, though weather-beaten, in 
 their low tasselled boots, their queer old broad-skirted military 
 coats, and looped chapeaux, with faded feathers fluttering in 
 the wind, had retired to the inn, and were toasting in parting 
 goblets the 'good old cause for ever' previously to betaking 
 themselves to their woodland path homeward, or embarking in 
 their canoes to reach their destination by water, above or below. 
 
 " ' Now, I am content — content, I say, and can go home to 
 reflect on this proud day. Our Governor — the man of all 
 others — has come at last — mine eye hath seen it — drink to 
 him, gentlemen — he will do the rest for us,' cried Colonel Tom 
 Fraser, his face flushed and fiery, and his stout frame drawn up 
 to its full height at the head of the table. 
 
 "'We do — we do!' vociferated young Kingsmill, emptying 
 his glass and stamping to express joy. ' Bonhomme' Tom Fraser 
 then got on his legs, and shouted a brawny young soldier's echo 
 to the toast of his relative. 
 
 " The mild placid countenance of Dr. Solomon Jones was 
 lighted up by the occasion, and he arose also and responded to 
 the toast, recounting some of the services performed by the 
 newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor in the iate war." 
 
 Dr. Jones' professional services were in demand from Corn- 
 wall to Kingston. His was among the first appointments as 
 Magistrate in the Province. He was also a member of parlia- 
 ment from 1796 to 1800, and was a trustee of the public 
 school. Finally, was made Judge of the Johnston District. 
 He died in 1822. 
 
 Dunham, a son of Dr. Jones, born, 1793, was Ensign in First 
 Regiment Grenville Militia during the war of 1812 ; Captain 
 of the same during the rebellion of 1837-38, and subsequently 
 a Lieutenant-Colonel. Was Justice of the Peace, 1828, and for 
 a long time Collector at the Port of Maitland. 
 
452 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Augustus Jukes 
 
 Was the 3'ounge,st son of Andrew Jukes, M.D., a superintending 
 surgeon on the Bombay Establishment, holding the appointment, 
 at the period of his untimely death, of political agent at Kishm, 
 in the Persian Gulf, and employed on a special mission to the 
 Court of Persia, He was one of the best Persian and Arabic 
 scholars of his day, having previously served with distinction 
 for many years, as secretary to the embassies of Mr. Manesty, 
 Sir Harford Jones and Sir John Malcolm, at Teheran. 
 
 Dr. Augustus Jukes was born at Bombay, October 30, 1821. 
 In 1822, after the death of his father, he returned with his 
 mother to England, where he continued until his thirteenth 
 year, when he emigrated to Canada with his mother and an 
 old friend and comrade of his father, the late Col. John Johnson, 
 C.B., of the Engineers (father of the late Rev. W. A. Johnson, 
 of Weston, Ont., and grandfather of Dr. Arthur Jukes Johnson, 
 Toronto). On their arrival in Canada, they took up a consider- 
 able tract of land in the unbroken wilderness on the north shore 
 of Lake Erie, hitherto the reserve of the Six Nation Indians, 
 from which they were then in process of removal. Here he 
 continued leading the rough life of a pioneer until November, 
 1837, when he returned to England and remained there at 
 school until April, 1840, when he came back alone to Canada, 
 arriving here after a very severe passage of fifty days. A 
 few days subsequently he received from the late Hon. Francis 
 Warden, a director of the Hon. East India Company, and an 
 old friend of his father, a direct appointment as military 
 cadet to India, which had followed him on the Great Western 
 accompanied by the most urgent solicitations from his mother 
 and other relatives that the appointment should be declined. 
 Had he been still in England, he would probably have over- 
 ruled all objections and accepted the nomination, but under the 
 conditions he felt compelled to decline it, a conclusion he never 
 ceased to regret. 
 
 The first enlargement of the Welland canal being at that 
 time undertaken tis a government work, under the direction of 
 the late Samuel Power as engineer-in-chief (who subsequently 
 won great professional distinction both in England and India), 
 
Biographical Sketches. 453 
 
 Mr. Jukes obtained employment on that work, first as roadman 
 to Mr. Thomas C. Keefer, then as one of the assistant engineers, 
 and during the next four years was employed successively in 
 various positions upon every section of the work, being ulti- 
 mately placed as assistant engineer in special charge of the 
 construction of that section of the work (eight miles) lying 
 between Thorold and Port Robinson ; Mr. Waiter Shanly, then 
 also an assistant engineer, being engaged upon another section 
 of the work at Port Colborne. 
 
 The only public works then in course of construction in 
 Canada were under the control of the Government, of which 
 department, then called the " Board of Works," the late Hon. 
 H. H. Killaby and Mr. Dominick Daly constituted the presi- 
 dent and secretary ; but a change of government taking place 
 about this time, the entire staff of civil engineers on the Well- 
 and canal construction works, with one or two exceptions, from 
 the chief downwards, were summarily dismissed at one month's 
 notice ; new appointments being made by the party which then 
 succeeded to power. Seeing no reasonable prospect, under 
 these circumstances, of obtaining professional occupation in 
 Canada for some years to come, Mr. Jukes changed his profes- 
 sion, and in 184G entered the surgery of the late Dr. T. Mack, 
 of St. Catharines, as a medical student. In 1847, he removed 
 to Toronto, and during the winters of 1847-48 and 1848-49 
 attended medical lectures at the University of King's College, 
 taking, at the annual examinations, five first honours and one 
 second. In July, 1849, he passed his examination for license 
 before the Medical Board. Dr. Widnier, the president, when 
 the examination was completed, publicly complimented Dr. 
 Jukes on his proficiency, and told him if he ever desired to take 
 service under the Government, to apply to him and he would 
 recommend him. Later on in the same year he was appointed 
 by Dr. French, Inspector-General of Hospitals in Canada, on 
 the recommendat'':n of Drs. Widmer and Beaumont, surgeon to 
 three companies of incorporated militia, originally enlisted for 
 three years to maintain order on the Welland canal during the 
 reconstruction work then in progress, the headquarters of 
 which were at Port Robinson. In 1857, these companies being 
 disbanded, Dr. Jukes removed to the town of St. Catharines, 
 
454 The Medical Puofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 where he continued the practice of his profession. In March, 
 1854, he was appointed by General Rowan, surgeon of the 2nd 
 Battalion of Lincoln. 
 
 On March 11, 1870, the 20th Lincoln having been disbanded 
 and merged into the 19th Battalion, Dr. Jukes was gazetted sur- 
 geon of the latter corps, which position he retained until his 
 appointment as Senior Surgeon of the North-West Mounted 
 Police, January 1, 1882. 
 
 In November, 1865, Dr. Jukes graduated as M.B., at Trinity 
 College. Toronto, and in 1870, was elected first president of the 
 Medical Association of St. Catharines and the county of Lincoln, 
 which was then tir.st inaugurated, and delivered before them an 
 inaugural address, which was published by the Association 
 shortly after in the Canada Lancet, in which address he first 
 introduced to the notice of the profession, not only in Canada 
 but of the continent of America, throughout which its adop- 
 tion has since become almost universal — the treatment of post- 
 partum hiemorrhage by the intra-uterine injection of dilute 
 alcohol. 
 
 For some years after. Dr. Jukes received many expressions 
 of thanks from medical men throughout Canada, by whom his 
 suggestions had been adopted, and which have ever since been 
 increasingly taught and received everywhere. 
 
 On January 1, 1882, Dr. Jukes, then in his sixty-first year, 
 was appointed, as already stated, Senior Surgeon of the North- 
 West Mounted Police, and af^er recruiting two hundred and 
 twelve men for that force at the New Fort in Toronto, pro- 
 ceeded early in April of that year in medical charge of the 
 division for the headquarters of the force, then at old Fort 
 Walsh, in the Cypress Hills, North-West Territories. 
 
 During the last half century, Dr. Jukes "has contributed in 
 prose and verse," as stated in the " Bibliotheca Canadensis," "to 
 many newspapers and periodicals " both here and in England, 
 but always under a nom de 'plume. Among others, are the 
 " Selections from the Odes of Hafiz," " The Lyrical Poet of 
 Persia;" rendered into English verse, "Christmas Eve," and other 
 papers referred to in the above work, which appeared in the 
 J iiglo- American Magazine in 1852-53. He has also, in former 
 years, given various popular lectures on literary and scientific 
 
BiodRAPHiCAL Sketches. 455 
 
 subjects, mainly for charitable purposes, several of which were 
 published at the time in the local press. 
 
 Dr. Keating. 
 
 One of this name was practising at York for a year or two, 
 prior to the time of Dr. Widmer, about 1810. It is said that 
 Dr. Widmer succeeded him in his practice. A Dr. Keating, pro- 
 bably the same, was practising at Kingston subsequent to this, 
 and was there in 1818. N. F. Davin speaks of him as an Iri.sh- 
 man at Kingston. A local writer speaks of " Surgeon-General 
 Keating, who died in 1821." Dr. T. W. Keating was practising 
 at Port Sarnia in 1839. It was probably the same person who 
 advertised in the Courier, of Upper Canada, 1835, as foUo'vs: 
 "I^OTICE — A gentleman, lately come to the country, wishes 
 to obtain a situation as assistant or foreman in a respectable 
 medical hoiise. Has served anprenticeship of five years to one 
 of the most eminent surgeons in Dublin. Has certificate from 
 
 Richmond Surgical Hospital ; also school in Dublin ; 
 
 also of four winter courses (six months) on anatomy, demonstra- 
 tions with dissection ; and for same period, lectures on physic, 
 pathology and surgery ; also, from R.C.S.I., lectures on pliysi- 
 ology, materia medica and chemistry. Apply to Mr. Keating, 
 Toronto, December 19th, 1834," 
 
 Dr. Thomas Keegan, 
 
 A native of Ireland, was for a time at Halifax. His advent to 
 Upper Canada was in 1833, when he took up his abode in 
 Brockville, But the Doctor had a disposition to migrate from 
 one place to another. He went from Brockville to Belleville, 
 then to Hamilton, and thence to Brantford, where it is related 
 he died. That he lived for a time in Toronto is shown by the 
 following notices : " Married — At York, by Bishop McDonell, 
 George Sherwood, Esq., to Mi.ss Keegan, daughter of Dr. Kee- 
 gan, all of this town. July, 1833." " Died— At Toronto, 1st 
 February, 1835, Edward Burk Keegan, eldest son of Thomas G. 
 Keegan, Esq., M.D , of Toronto." 
 
456 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Keegan had two sons and two daughters; one of the 
 latter, who died in early womanhood, was to have been the wife 
 of John Crawford, afterwards Lieut.-Governor of Ontario. 
 
 The Doctor was a somewhat remarkable man, inasmuch as he 
 wore his hair long. His face was streaked by large prominent 
 veins, and he gave little attention to his person. 
 
 "Died at Brockville, December 2Gth, 1842, Jessy Albro. 
 second daughter of the late Thomas Keegan, Esq., M.D., formerly 
 of Halifax, N.S., aged 22." 
 
 Dr. Jabez Kellgq 
 
 Was a native of the United States, studied his profession there, 
 and graduated at Dartmouth College. He came into Canada in 
 1822, and finished his education with Dr. Armstrong and Dr. 
 Sampson, of Kingston, with the former of whom he practised 
 for a short time after passing the Medical Board in January, 
 1825. He commenced practice in Belleville in the same year, 
 where he remained until July, 1835, when he removed to 
 Hamilton. He was well liked at Belleville, and enjoyed a high 
 reputation for skill. He was also respected as a benevolent 
 Christian gentleman, and was secretary of the Belleville Sunday 
 School Society, 1830; also, treasurer of the Methodist MLssion- 
 arj'- Society, 1830. 
 
 In Hamilton he soon acquired a large and successful practice, 
 which continued until failing health obliged him to retire. 
 After a residence in that city of about twenty years, he died of 
 pulmonary disease universally regretted. 
 
 Dr. Kellog was twice married ; first, in 1830. It was an- 
 nounced at Belleville on October 1, 1834, that Matilda, wife 
 of Dr. Jaliez Kellog, died in the twenty-eighth year of her age. 
 
 In October, 1835, he married Miss Mary, a sister of the Rev. 
 Dr. Macnab. His only surviving son, Stephen Benson, was 
 educated in Hamilton ; afterwards read for Holy Orders under 
 the Rev. Dr. Macnab, Rector of Darlington ; was ordained in 
 1860 ; and, after a signally useful life, died at St. Thomas, Ont., 
 in 1874, being rector of that parish, and universally beloved 
 wherever known. 
 
BioauAPHicAL Sketches. 457 
 
 "Died at Cobourg, September 26, 1849, Mary, wife of Dr. 
 Jabez Kellog." 
 
 The only daughter of Dr. Kellog is Mrs. Alfred Stow, of 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Kennedy. 
 
 Through the kindness of Dr. G. M. Shaw, the following 
 information respecting Dr. Alexander Kennedy has been 
 obtained : 
 
 Alexander Kennedy, born, September 23, 1802, near Dum- 
 fries, Scotland, took his degree at Edinburgh. Married his 
 cousin, Agnes McDongall, in 1836. Came to Canada in 18-1'5, 
 Was two months in Hamilton ; thence moved to the township 
 of Binbrook. He purchased 200 acres, intending to clear the 
 bu.sh and cultivate the soil, but he was not allowed to farm in 
 peace. So he engaged in practice, and continued until his 
 death in 1867. His services were, highly appreciated by many. 
 He possessed abilities of a high order. 
 
 Dr. Robert Kerr. 
 
 The following testimonials give interesting information of 
 the events at that time, apart from the particulars respecting 
 Dr. Kerr : 
 
 " Montreal, June 3rd, 1787. 
 
 " I do certify that Mr. Kerr, Surgeon to Sir John Johnson's 
 2nd Battalion from the time of its being raised to that of its 
 being disbanded, discharged his duty with the greatest zeal in 
 the line of his profession, and that the Service is much indebted 
 to him, not only for his care and attention to the sick of that 
 regiment, but to those of a variety of other corps, also Loyalists 
 and Indians, at the posts of Carlton Island, Oswego, and 
 Cataraqui, where he served for four years under my command. 
 
 "John Ross, 
 
 " Major SMh Regt." 
 80 
 
458 The Medical Profession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 "Carlton Island, May 10th, 1787. 
 
 " Dear Sir, — Being now on the eve of quitting the charge I 
 had over the Loyalists in this district, I cannot in justice to 
 your merit, before that event takes place, but thank you for 
 your great care and attention to all ranks of those people 
 where j'^our assistance was necessary, and I hope for the good of 
 the settlement that Government will give you every encourage-^ 
 ment necessary to induce you to remain with them, as the 
 knowledge you have of the people and country renders you 
 much fitter for that service than any other person of your pro- 
 fession, even of equal abilities. That prosperity may attend 
 your endeavours and you may live long to watch over the health 
 of your people is the warmest wish of 
 
 " Dear Sir, etc., 
 
 "(Signed) Neil McLean, 
 
 " D. Inspector of Loyalists. 
 " To Mr. Robert Kerr, 
 
 "Surgeon to the Loyalists in the District of Cataraqui." 
 
 [Neil McLean was the father of Archibald McLean, Chief 
 Justice of Upper Canada. He acted a conspicuous part in 
 repelling the invaders on the St. Lawrence in the war of 1812. 
 He was in command of the Stormont Militia at Chrysler's Farm.] 
 
 The exact time at which Dr. Kerr came to Newark to settle 
 is uncertain ; not unlikely he obtained the appointment of 
 Surgeon to the Indian Department soon after he ceased to be 
 acting hospital mate at Cataraqui in 1788. It has been recorded 
 on a previous page that he was at Newark in the beginning of 
 1797, practising inoculation for the small-pox, but a traveller 
 mentions his name as living at Newark in 1792. He did not 
 give all his time to the work of the Department, but engaged 
 in private practice, but likely he, from time to time, visited 
 distant Indian posts. He acquired the reputation of being an 
 " eminent surgeon." 
 
 His connection with the Indian Department continued for 
 many years. Gourlay speaks of him in 1817 as "Surgeon to 
 the Indian Department of Upper Canada at Fort George." In 
 1823, he is mentioned as on the "Military Staff, Indian Depart- 
 
Biographical Sketphes. 469 
 
 ment, Nia<,'ara," and as on the " Militia General Staff." That 
 he took an active part in medical matters during the war of 
 1812 is certain. In the programme of the funeral procession 
 of General Brock, October 16, 1812, he was allotted a con- 
 spicuous place. He became a member of the Medical Board in 
 1823, but his name appears but twice as present. 
 
 Dr. Kerr occupied a good many public position.s. He was 
 appointed a Public School Trustee by the Lieutenant-Governor 
 in 1807, and again in 1822-23. He was Principal of the Surro- 
 gate Court for Niagara. 
 
 In 1806, he was one of five appointed to be magistrates at 
 Niagara. In this judicial capacity Dr. Kerr was well known ; 
 no one found fault with his decisions; but it was thought he 
 was too fond of sport, especially boxing, and he was familiarly 
 called the " boxing magistrate." He was a prominent Mason, 
 and in 182.S, he is mentioned as " Past Deputy Provincial Grand 
 Master of the United Fraternity of Free Masons." He drew a 
 large quantity of land. Dr. Kerr married a sister of Captain 
 Brant. Had children, three or four sons and two daughters, 
 all remarkably handsome. We find the record, October 3, 
 1816, that Robert Gillespie, of Montreal, was married to Anna 
 Agnes Kerr, at St. Mark's. The youngest (Mary Margaret) 
 married the Hon. Thomas Clark. Siracoe Kerr became Chief 
 of the Mohawk nation. Was a lawyer, and practised in 
 Hamilton. 
 
 "Died, March, 1824, Robert Kerr, aged sixty years. Surgeon 
 in the Indian Department." 
 
 Dr. John King 
 
 Was a native of Tuam, county of Gal way, where he was born, 
 1806. He was a student at Trinity College, Dublin, also Licentiate 
 Accoucheur of the Lying-in Hospital, Dublin. Subsequently he 
 became Doctor of Medicine of the University of Edinburgh, and 
 Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons. This was in 1830, 
 when he was about twenty-five years of age, and soon after he set 
 out for Canada, coming to Quebec to his uncle. Dr. Wm. Lyons, 
 Staff-Surgeon, then quartered at Quebec, who was his mother's 
 
4G0 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 brother. Another uncle was John Lyons, for many years 
 Registrar of Niagara. Dr. King did not tarry long at Quebec, 
 but came on to York, and at once commenced the practice of his 
 profession. He was gazetted as a Licentiate of Upper Canada, 
 July 22, LS30. His standing was soon recognized by the 
 Governor, as we find his name mentioned as present as mem- 
 ber of the Medical Board at the January meeting, 1832. We 
 find him a very regular attendant at the Board meetings for 
 many years. His name last appears at the April session, 
 1855, when he was in the chair. Of his success as a prac- 
 titioner, Mr. Clarke Gamble writes : " The more notable prac- 
 titioner after them (Widmer and Deihl) was Dr. King, a true 
 Irishman and the most liberal of men I ever met. He was 
 an exceedingly clever, skilful physician and surgeon, and soon 
 built up a most successful practice. He was a great favourite 
 with everybody with whom he came in contact." In April, 
 1833, Dr. King was added to the list of magistrates of the town 
 of York. The Doctor found time to take part in most public 
 affairs, and was an active worker at the election of the fir.st 
 mayor of Toronto, Wm. Lyon Mackenzie, and at a dinner that 
 year in honour of So. Patrick, a serious misundei3tanding arose 
 between His Worship and Dr. King. Gossiping toiigues told 
 of a challenge to fight a duel, of its acceptance, and of one of 
 the combatants notifying the authorities so that all parties 
 would be arrested and no blood spilt. How much truth there 
 was in all this is now unknown. One thing is certain, the 
 Doctor, with all his kindly nature, was, like an Irishman, hot- 
 teinpered, and history tells us that W. L. Mackenzie was kW that 
 in early days. Dr. King was one of the first aldermen of the 
 newly incorporated city, and was elected for several succeeding 
 years. In 1833, Dr. King was married by the Right Rev. Bishop 
 McDonnell, to Amelia, second daughter of Livius Peters Sher- 
 wood, Speaker of the House of Assembly, afterwards the Hon. 
 Justice Sherwood. During the rebellion of 1837, Dr. King was 
 surgeon to the Queen's Toronto Guard. Dr. King, being always 
 conspicuous in every movement to advance the profession, 
 worked to secure the organization of the Medical Department 
 of King's College, of which he was the Professor of Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine. He was appointed by the Lieut-Governor 
 
BioGPAPHicAL Sketches. 461 
 
 in 1843, and held that position while the College lasted, and 
 then in the Toronto University until the Medical Department 
 was abolished. During the years 1848 and 1849, he received 
 an increase of salary of £55 11 2, an allowance for clinical 
 lectures at the Hospital. Dr. King was long a member of the 
 hospital staff, where his skill as a physician was apparent to 
 all, and some of his old pupils still remember his kindly interest 
 in their welfare and sound instruction. The writer will never 
 forget the time when he followed the Doctor through the 
 wards of the old hospital at the corner of King and John 
 Streets, nor his mingled feelings of alarm and admiration to 
 see the Doctor perform one of the first surgical operations he 
 had ever witnessed. 
 
 The welfare of the city was always a matter of great moment 
 to Dr. King, and in the matter of public health he took a lead- 
 ing part, being Chairman of the Board of Health. 
 
 Dr. King died while comparatively a young man, in 1857. 
 Again a quotation is made from a written statement by Mr. 
 Clarke Gamble respecting him : " He was well educated and 
 passionately fond of his profession. He had a large practice 
 for many years, and although a Roman Catholic, was very 
 popular with the Orange body ; personally I don't think he had 
 an enemy. For many years before he died he was a great 
 sufferer from his liver, which interfered a good deal with his 
 practice, and I think he was eventually carried of!" by an abscess 
 or some complication of disorder in that offending organ. He 
 told me an anecdote of his goini; to New York to consult the 
 then celebrated surgeon. Dr. Mott, who coolly proposed to his 
 brother surgeon to cut off the ends of two ribs to get a look at 
 his liver, and actually brought his instruments, attendants, etc., 
 into poor King's room, and began to open his cases and display his 
 instruments to the sufferer's gaze. Whatever modern surgery 
 may have now achieved, this was too much for Dr. King, who, 
 sitting up in bed (which he had not done for ten daj's), told the 
 New York surgeon that he seemed to forget that his patient 
 was as good a surgeon as himself, and if he did not pack up 
 his traps and leave the room in five minutes (with an oath), 
 suffering as he was he would kick hiuj out. Mott disappeared. 
 
462 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 The excitement did King good — the next day he got up and 
 dressed himself and returned home." 
 
 Dr. King died, January 12, 1857, aged 53. 
 
 His widow, who was quite young when she married, still 
 mourns her husband, and is in the enjoyment of vigorous life 
 (November, 1889). Eleven children were born to them, of 
 which only one is now living, the eldest son, Capt. King, of the 
 British army, who now resides in London, England. One son, 
 John Lyons, entered the medical profession. He was a brilliant 
 student, obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons, 
 England, and commanded until his death a large practice in 
 Toronto. He was for a time one of the staff of the Victoria 
 Medical College. He married a daughter of W. A. Murray, so 
 well known in Toronto. A daughter became the wife of Dr. 
 Winer, who practised at Hamilton and then at Chicago, where 
 he died. The widow was afterwards married to Dr. Norman 
 Bethune. She died a few years ago. 
 
 " On Tuesday, the 12th of April, 1891, at 50 Mutual Street, 
 Toronto, Amelia, widow of the late Dr. King, and daughter of 
 the late Judge Sherwood, in the 76th year of her age." 
 
 Dr. Richard S. Kino 
 
 Was born in Wexford, Ireland, 1817. Became a member of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland. He was for a short time 
 in practice at Manchester, England, and then emigrated to 
 Canada in 1844, and lived for a time with his brother-in-law, 
 Dr. Morris, Fort Erie. He then commenced practice at Stone- 
 bridge. In 1847, he removed to Port Robinson, and took charge 
 of the practice of Dr. Campbell. He was appointed to the 
 medical charge of the troops stationed along the Welland Canal. 
 Took an active part in volunteer movement, originating in the 
 Trent affair, and in 1861, organized the Welland Canal Field 
 Battery, of which he became Captain, and was in command in 
 1866, when the Fenians, under O'Neil, invaded the frontier. 
 Was severely wounded in the engagement by a rifle-ball, and 
 had to have his left leg amputated. His gallantry on that 
 occasion gained him great praise. He was presented with two 
 
Biographical SKETCHEf^ * 463 
 
 swords of honour, beside innumerable complimentary addresses. 
 For the loss of his leg he was granted a pension by the Crown. 
 In 1870, had command of volunteers at Port Robinson, He died, 
 August, 1885. 
 
 A son of Dr. R. S. King entered the profession, and, after 
 practising in Buffalo for a time, settled in St. Catharines, where 
 he is now in practice. 
 
 Dr. John Johnston Lafferty. 
 
 In the old church register of St. Mark's Church, Niagara, is 
 the record that on August 17, 1800, John Johnston Lafferty 
 was married to Mary Johnston. This was a daughter of an 
 Indian of some renown, of Grand River, who had a white 
 woman for his wife, and had received the cognomen of " Cogniac " 
 Johnston. Dr. Lafferty practised his profession, and died at 
 Drummondville ; but the date at which he took up his abode 
 there cannot be learned. It is stated by one authority that he 
 had been a surgeon in the British army. Another says he was 
 a doctor of the old school, with natural abilities, but he had not 
 had many advantages. He had a large and extensive practice, 
 and became popular ; also well known throughout the Province 
 in his capacity as member of the Provincial Legislature, having 
 been elected for the county of Lincoln in 1828. He was con- 
 spicuous for his vigorous action in the discharge of his parlia- 
 mentarj'' duties ; and his large, portly presence, his loud, 
 sonorous voice, and forcible language made him a conspicuous 
 figure in society at the young capital. Dr. Scadding, whose 
 father's house he was in the habit of visiting on Sundays while 
 in York, informs the writer that he had a striking appearance, 
 with a head of bushy, grey hair. In 1834, he was defeated at 
 the polls by David Thorburn, by one vote. Although tlie Doctor 
 was at times given to the use of profane language, yet he would 
 occupy the sacred desk in a school-house near his own residence, 
 when no clergyman was at hand to discharge the duty. He 
 would read the service and a sermon. It is related that on 
 oneoccasion, a hot Sunday, wh3n engaged in this sacred func- 
 tion, he happened to look out of the window, and found that 
 the sheep had escaped into a field, and were committing mis- 
 
464 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 chief. He promptly put his head out of the window, and 
 shouted to his son to " take the d d sheep back again." 
 
 He carried on farming and was a great admirer of good 
 horses, and always had the best. It was said of him that dur- 
 ing the war of 1812, when he was amputating a soldier's leg he 
 suspended the operation to have a look at a fine horse going by. 
 He had a family of four sons and three daughters. Bryan, the 
 eldest, died at Chicago, August, 1836. John became a doctor, 
 and died at Brantford, where he had gone to practise. One 
 daughter married Dr. Blackwell, who succeeded Dr. Lafterty, at 
 Drummondville, after his death. The youngest, Julia, me ried 
 George Miller, of Nelson, June 11, 1834. 
 
 In 1818, Dr. Lafferty, with a Dr. Smith, had an apothecary 
 shop in the village of St. Catharines. The Doctor was consid- 
 ered skilful in his profession. In 1824, he was appointed sur- 
 geon to the 2nd Lincoln Regiment of Militia. The Doctor was 
 not given to new ways, and it is said that after he had seen Dr. 
 Telfer, who had just come to Niagara, using the stethoscope, he 
 told a friend that the sight of the Doctor using a " telescope " 
 was enough for him. He died, October 26, 1842, in his sixty- 
 fifth year. 
 
 His popularity was attested by the presence of an immense 
 concourse of people at his funeral. " There are a few left who 
 will remember the old Doctor and his brown horse, John." One 
 personally acquainted with Dr. Lafferty says : " He was a kind- 
 hearted, hospitable man ; it may be said of him, a tine old 
 gentleman of the old Canadian school." 
 
 The following is from "Sketches of Canada," by W. L. Mac- 
 kenzie, 1833 : " Dr. Lafferty, who is a native of the province 
 (now state) of New Jersey, and the son of a former attorney- 
 general of that colony, served as a surgeon to the forces in the 
 time of the war (1812); had his premises destroyed, and is not 
 yet recompensed ; and had his establishment again burnt, while 
 attending at the Legislature at York. I stopped a day or two 
 with him at Lundy's Lane, before the sad destruction of his 
 house, and copy from my note-book a list of the curiosities : 
 ' Visited this eccentric legislator, and by way of whiling away 
 the time, took a list of all the rare and curious things, animate 
 and inanimate, about his establishment, which is a handsome 
 
Biographical Sketches. 465 
 
 one. And first, I may enumerate himself ; then a part of a mam- 
 moth's tooth, taken out of a lower jaw found on the Missouri 
 by Mr. Stewart. It is very ponderous. A piece of Indian 
 crockery, made of a composition of shell powdered and mixed 
 with clay; it was brought from the Arkansas territory. A wild 
 goose tamed ; this animal was very polite, indeed, and bowed to 
 those who fed it, with dignity. A white owl measures from 
 tip to tip of wing, across the back, five feet four inches. The 
 great pig. The Louisiana State pig. Two thigh-bones ; one of 
 an Indian, very large, and had been in his lifetime fractured 
 and broken, but had o.ssified and got firmly together again. 
 Skulls, jaw-bones, drum-sticks, pistols, the skeleton of an 
 American goldfinch, a noble head of deer's horns, three or four 
 nondescripts in bottles, preserved in whiskey, for their uncom- 
 mon ugliness ; 3,569 doctor's phials, bottles and jars, filled with 
 fliuids, unguents and powders of various kinds, several of the 
 labels on which it would dislocate the strongest pair of jaws 
 that ever lodged in a human head to pronounce. Guns, powder- 
 horns. Journals of Assembly, Pharmacopoeias, Alien Question 
 Resolutions, Colonial Advocate, carefully filed (a remarkable 
 and convincing instance of this gentleman's wisdom and good 
 sense). Observer. (Several numbers of this journal were 
 wrapped round two stuflTed rattlesnakes.) Joe Bofanti on the 
 chimney-piece. Military sashes, daggers, anatomy books, 
 skates (a pair), five cats (two of them jet black), two dogs, 
 mortars and pestles ; specimens of petrifactions of leaves, 
 " Lucan's Pharsalia" (1636), an electrifying machine, Greek 
 books in abundance, and a large hornet's nest in good preserva- 
 tion.' I was told that Derbyshire spar (lime with the fluoric 
 acid) may be found at the whirlpool, but had not time to go to 
 see it. 
 
 The Doctor has a standing song, "Twelve Bottles More," 
 and an everlasting anecdote, the authenticity of which has been 
 disputed. The last time I heard it was in the Assembly's 
 Chamber upon the militia question : " If," said the Doctor, " it 
 should be determined to adopt the American laws here, and to 
 allow the men to elect their oflicers, and then domineer over 
 them — the consequences would be just the same as it had been 
 in General Hull's army, during the invasion of Canada. One 
 
4i66 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 evening the General heard a noise near his tent, and sent out to 
 inquire the cause. The reply was : ' Oh, nothing at all, General, 
 merely a company of Kentuckians who are busy riding their 
 captain on a rail ! ' " 
 
 Dr. James Langstaff, 
 
 Born at Thornhill, Yonge Street, 1825, was the sou of John 
 Langstaff, who came from New Jersey, 1808, coming the whole 
 way, it is told, on horseback. He settled on Yonge Street, 
 and married Lucy, daughter of Abner Miles, of Richmond 
 Hill. He was bookkeeper in the Commissariat Department 
 during the war of 1812-14. He died, 1863, aged 89. James, the 
 subject of this sketch, was the youngest of eight children. He 
 studied medicine with Dr. Rolph, as a house pupil, for two 
 years, and proceeding to England he attended Guy's Hospital 
 for two years. He obtained an honorary certificate for Clinical 
 Reports from Guy's. Returning to Canada, he passed the 
 Upper Canada Medical Board, April, 1849, and at once com- 
 menced practice at Unionville. In the following September he 
 settled at Richmond Hill, where he continued to practise until 
 his death. He was for a short time lecturer at Rolph's School- 
 Was twice married : first to Mary Ann, daughter of Henry 
 Miller, of Thornhill ; secondly, to E. F. Louisa, daughter of J. W. 
 Palmer, of Whitby. Had four children by first wife. 
 
 Dr. William Lee. 
 
 •' Died at York, 1st July, 1833, Dr. William Lee, in the 70th 
 year of his age. Dr. Lee was an old servant of the Govern- 
 ment, having been appointed surgeon's mate to the 49th Regi- 
 ment in the year 1786, and to the 24th Regiment, in 1788. On 
 the removal of the regiment to Canada, he was stationed for 
 some years at Quebec. He was for a considerable time attached 
 to the Indian Department on the Island of St. Joseph, at the 
 port of Michilimackinac, at Amherstburgh, and subsequently at 
 York, where, on the general reduction which was made in 1815, 
 he was placed on a retired allowance. In the following year he 
 
Biographical Sketches. 467 
 
 was appointed Gentleman Usher of the Black Kod to the 
 Honourable the Legislative Council, and after the formation of 
 the Medical Board of the Province, he was appointed Secretary. 
 Dr. Lee was an inhabitant of York from 1807 for a period of 
 twenty-six years, during which time he secured the esteem of 
 numerous friends, and by a cheerful disposition and unassuming 
 demeanour acquired general respect and regard." — The Patriot. 
 
 While stationed at York, Dr. Lee not only dealt out medicine 
 to the Indians visiting that place, but had to make long journeys 
 to distant Indian settlements to prescribe for and administer 
 medicine, even as far as Penetanguishene, which he did on 
 horseback by bridle-paths, carrying the drugs in his saddle-bag. 
 He took part in all the events connected with early York. He 
 was rather short in stature and stout, had a good head, but 
 owing to some infirmity he had a halting gait. He was Coroner 
 for the Home District, and was appointed Surgeon to the 1st 
 West York Regiment Militia in 1822. 
 
 Of his children, Wm. Henry, who married a granddaughter 
 of Dr. Gamble, was connected with the public service for more 
 than half a century. Born at Three Rivers, 1799. Entered the 
 Civil Service in 1821. He was promoted from time to time until 
 1867, when he was made Clerk of the Queen's Privy Council 
 for Canada, the chief executive authority in the Dominion. In 
 1872, he was superannuated, at which time the members of the 
 Privy Council testified to his long and faithful services by pre- 
 senting him with a valuable silver urn. 
 
 He died at Ottawa, September, 1878, leaving a good record in 
 every respect. A daughter of Dr. Lee, Ann Elizabeth Lavinia, 
 married Wm. Stanton, Deputy Assistant Commissary-General. 
 
 Dr. Ebenezer Lee 
 
 Was born, 1727, at Canaan or Farmington, Connecticut, and 
 married, June 20, 1750, Abigail Bull, who was born at Canaan, 
 in 1728. Place of medical study unknown, but believed to be 
 Yale. Came to Canada, 1796 or 1797. Settled at Burford 
 Gore, now known as Oakland, Upper Canada. He died, May 9, 
 1811, and his wife Abigail died, January 11, 1812. 
 
468 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. William Hooker Lee, 
 
 Sixth son of the above, born, February 10, 1761, at Old 
 Canaan, Connecticut, married, 1787, Phoebe Davis, who was 
 born at Reading, Connecticut, January 24, 1771. Place of 
 medical study unknown. He came to Canada with his father, 
 and practised at Chippawa and Niagara District, but ulti- 
 mately removed to Southwold, London District (now county 
 of Elgin), where he died, March 30, 1829. Dr. William 
 Hooker had thirteen children ; two sons followed the medical 
 profession, viz., Hiram Davis (third son) and James Clark 
 (ninth son). 
 
 Dr. Hiram Davis Lee, 
 
 Born at Clarknett, November 20, 1791, was only a few years 
 old when brought to Canada by his father. He was an inti- 
 mate friend of the late Dr. Rolph, under whom he studied 
 medicine at York. He was appointed Government Medical 
 Officer for London, Upper Canada, holding a license signed by 
 Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, 
 dated at York, 14th day of October, 1833, which .states: "He, 
 the said Hiram D. Lee, having exhibited the proof of qualifica- 
 tion and other testimonials as required by law." While a 
 medical student he acted as army surgeon in the Niagara 
 District during the war of 1812-15; afterw-irds he practised 
 medicine some time in Southwold, London District ; afterwards 
 at Chippawa, Niagara District, and latterly in London, Canada 
 West He was Government Medical Officer for London, for 
 which appointment the above-mentioned license was given. 
 Ho died at London, September 28, 1847, during an epidemic of 
 typhus fever, his death being attributed to his indefatigable 
 exertions to attend his patients most carefully. The following 
 was the obituary notice contained in the Church Newspaper, of 
 October, 1847, London, Upper Canada : 
 
 "Death of Dr. Lee. — In a succeeding column our readers 
 will find the distressing obituary of an able and intrepid physi- 
 cian. Dr. Lee, whose self-sacrifice on the altar of duty well 
 deserves to be classed in the rank of martyrdom. The bereave- 
 
Biographical Sketchek. 460 
 
 tnent which society at large suffers from the loss of men like 
 Dr. Lee is one of the most afflictinj; features of the fearful 
 disease which has been brought into the Province by our late 
 unhealthy immigration." 
 
 Dr. Hiram Davis Lee married, 1819, Annie Terry, daughter 
 of Parshall Terry, a U.E. Loyalist of the Erie District. They 
 had twelve children : Elvira, married to James B. Strathy, J.P., 
 now residing at Kingston, Ont.; Simcoe Lee, residing in Phila- 
 delphia; Annie, married to Charles B. Daly, civil engineer, of 
 Kingston, Ont.; Louisa, married to Herbert Austin, of New 
 York ; Edmund Roscoe Lee, living at Detroit (1890). 
 
 Dr. John Rolph Lee, the eldest son, was a student with Dr. 
 John Rolph, and afterwards studied and graduated at McGill 
 College, May, 1843. In the same month he was accidentally 
 drowned in the Grand River, near Brantford, through the 
 capsizing of a boat. 
 
 Dr. Frederic Rolph Lee Strathy is the son of Elvira Lee, 
 eldest child of Dr. Hiram Davis Lee and wife of James Braken- 
 ridge Strathy, formerly of the " Pines," London, Ont., but now 
 residing in Kingston, Ont. He was born, January 25, 1849, 
 educated at Upper Canada College and Hellmuth College, 
 London, Ont. Entered Victoria College as a medical student 
 in 1866, and graduated in 1870 as M.D, In 1870 he proceeded 
 to Edinburgh, and in the following spring obtained the 
 diplomas of the Royal College of Physicians and also of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons. He remained in Edinburgh till 
 1873, holding various hospital appointments. Afterwards he 
 spent some time in London and Paris, returning to Canada in 
 September, 1873. After a few months he became surgeon on 
 the Allan Line of ocean steamers. In October, 1874, he settled 
 in Harborne, a suburb of Birmingham, and has been practising 
 there ever since. 
 
 Dr. Strath}' was the third generation who studied under Dr. 
 Rolph. For many generations the Lees were members of the 
 medical profession. 
 
470 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. James Lister, 
 
 Surfjeon and physician, who practised in Belleville for thirty- 
 seven years, was one of the best educated professional men in 
 this part of the Province. He was a son of Capt. Lister, long 
 a commander of the Coast Guards, at Cowes, in the Isle of 
 Wight, and was born in London, Eng., June 30, 1811. When 
 twelve years old he was placed in a large private school near 
 Cork, where he received an English and classical education. 
 He then went to Dublin, took a thorough course of study in 
 surgery, and received his degree in that branch of the healing 
 art, and thence repaired to London, where he took a hospital 
 course and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, 
 London, 18.34. In 1862, he received the degree of M.D. from 
 McGill College, Montreal. Thoroughly equipped, Dr. Lister 
 entered upon the active and responsible duties of his profession, 
 practising six years near Barnstable, Devonshire. In 1841, he 
 emigrated to Upper Canada and settled at Belleville, where he 
 continued in constant practice until his death, March 23, 1878. 
 He had an extensive general practice, especially in surgery, for 
 which he always had a predilection. His reputation was not 
 limited to one locality, as he was called to distant parts, even 
 to Montreal and New York. 
 
 He was greatly esteemed for his kindness, as well as skill, at 
 the sick-bed, and for his generosity to the unfortunate ; was 
 constant in his attendance upon the poor, for which he received 
 and expected no remuneration. He never thought of asking 
 that class of patients for a penny ; and- if he had one fault it 
 was carelessness in making collections of those abundantly 
 able to compensate him for his services. It is doubtful if he 
 received fifty per cent, of his annual charges, and yet he left 
 his family in comfortable circumstances. He was ever a self- 
 sacrificing man, never refusing to respond to a call while he 
 was in good health whatever might be the state of the weather. 
 The result was, that overwork and exposure partiallj'^ under- 
 mined his constitution, and he was an invalid for some years 
 before he died. 
 
 Dr. Lister grew up in the Church of England, and was a 
 constant attendant on Divine worship all his days, and lived a 
 
Biographical Sketches. 471 
 
 pure, exemplary and noble life. He married, October 4, 1843, 
 Margaret, daughter of Dr. George Cowper, of Belleville. 
 
 Much of the foregoing is taken, at the instance of Mrs. Lister, 
 from the "Canadian Biographical Dictionary" (1880), American 
 Biographical Publishing Co. It was the writer's privilege to 
 have the friendship of Dr. Lister. He has a very pleasant 
 recollection of Dr. Lister as a fellow-practitioner in Belleville. 
 His attitude towards a junior in the profession was very kindly 
 and considerate. 
 
 Dr. David Lithqow 
 
 Was gazetted, March 5, 1834, as licensed to practise. He pub- 
 lished this card: " D. Lithgow, M.D., F.R.S.G. & C, being 
 obliged to remain a short time in Canada, begs leave, respect- 
 fully, to offer his professional assistance to such of the inhabi- 
 tants of the city of Toronto as may require it ; and from his 
 many years' experience and extensive practice he does so with 
 confidence. 
 
 "Dr. Lithgow is a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, 
 has his diploma as a member of the College of Surgeons as 
 an accoucheur, and wa.s lately President of the Royal Physical 
 Society of Edinburgh, etc. The necessary documents to that 
 effect he has laid before His Excellency Sir John Colborne, and 
 they have been honoured with his approval. 
 
 " Dr. Lithgow ha.s lodgings at present at No. 8 Richmond 
 Street, where he can be consulted, or any direction left for him 
 at the Courier office will be immediately attended to, and he 
 will feel pleasure in giving his gratuitous attention to the poor 
 at all times. 
 
 " Toronto, March 4, 1834." 
 
 Dr. Lithgow was not only a man of ability, but of enterprise 
 and ambition, as the following announcement .shows. But his 
 project was altogether premature and came to nothing : 
 
 " School of Anatomy, Surgery and Medicine, Toronto, under 
 the immediate superintendence of D. Lithgow, M.D., Etc., 
 Etc., of the University of Edinburgh. 
 
 " Dr. Lithgow, having taken that large and central brick 
 
472 The MEnicAi, Pkofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 building, No. 17 Newgate Street, will open it as a general 
 School of Medical Science early in the month of November. 
 It 8hall be conducted on a plan preci.sely similar to tho.se insti- 
 tutions in the Old Country, which have acquired such deserved 
 celebrity from the profes.sional gentlemen educated in them. 
 During the season lectures will be delivered upon Anatomy 
 and Surgt-r}', Physiology and Medical Jurisprudence, Materia 
 Modica, Chemistry, Practice of Physic and Midwifery. 
 
 " The Anatomical Demonstrations will be under the direction 
 of a Liccmtiato of the Royal C'oUege of Surgeons, Dublin ; the 
 other courses of lectures by medical practitioners in extensive 
 practice and of acknowledged talent, particulars of which will 
 be made known hereafter. 
 
 " The session will be opened upon Wednesday, 12th of 
 November, by the delivery of the first of a short course of 
 lectures upon ' The Duties and Qualifications of a Medical 
 Practitioner,' by Dr. Lithgow. 
 
 " Further particulars may be known by application to Dr. 
 Lithgow as to terms of* indoor or outdoor pupils, terms of 
 lectures, etc. 
 
 " Toronto, September 24. 1834." 
 
 "Public Dispensary and School of Medicine, 
 No. 17 Newgate Street. 
 
 " Dr. Lithgow will attend every morning, between the hours 
 of 9 and 10 o'clock, at his house, No. 17 Newgate Street, to 
 give advice gratis to such persons as may require his profes- 
 sional services. 
 
 " Poor persons, who bring a certificate from any respectable 
 citizen of their inability to pay, shall receive medicine 
 gratuitously. 
 
 " Toronto. November 24, 1834." 
 
 He seems to have settled afterwards in Hamilton as the 
 following shows : 
 
 " Melancholy Death. — It is with the most poignant feelings 
 we announce the death of David Lithgow, Esq., M.D., at his 
 lodgings in this town, which took place this morning very 
 suddenly. An inquest held by D. C. Beard, Esq., Coroner, has 
 
BioQRAi'HicAL Skktches. 473 
 
 just closed its sitting, and who returned the following verdict: 
 ' That the deceased came to his death from having taken a 
 quantity of laudanuui.or some such other deleterious substance, 
 while labouring under a state of mental derangement and not 
 otherwise.' Dr. Lithgow was highly esteemed in this town 
 and neighbourhood, and his decease is greatly lamented." — 
 Hamilton Gazette, 1836. 
 
 Dr. Georoe Humphrey Low, 
 
 Of Trinity College, Dublin, son of Captain Low, of Ireland, who 
 served under General Wolfe at th^ taking of Quebec, emigrated 
 to Canada in 1838, and settled at Whitby, where he first com- 
 menced practice in Upper Canada. During the rebellion of 
 1837 he was Surgeon to the East York Militia. Subsequently 
 removing to Port Hope, he remained there several years and 
 then settled in Darlington. Being eminent in his profession, 
 especially as a surgeon, he had in Bowmanville and surround- 
 ing country an extensive and lucrative practice. He died in 
 September, 1865, aged 75 years, at his residence, Rathscamoy, 
 Bowmanville. 
 
 Dr. James McCaque, 
 
 Of York, passed Medical Board, January 2, 1828. He seems 
 to have practised at York for a number of years before settling 
 about ten miles up Yonge Street. His practice extended on 
 every hand, a contemporary says perhaps sixty miles, which he 
 attended to on horseback. A fine-looking, portly Irishman, 
 with a frank countenance and genial manners, with a tendency 
 to be "wild," he was a great favourite everywhere. Dr. Scad- 
 ding .says he practised first at Thornhill, and was an impulsive 
 Irishman. 
 
 Dr. McCague addressed a letter to the Patriot, Aug. 26, 1834, 
 urging the efficacy of a remedy he had discovered for cholera in 
 its worst stages. A. C. Robinson, M.R.C.S. Lond., at that time 
 practising in Toronto, testifies as to its value in one case he had 
 seen. The medium was " plumbi supernacit," two grains in an 
 31 
 
474 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 ounce of water. An advertisement appeared, August, 1834, by 
 Dr. James McCague, of the sale of a farm on Yonore Street, ten 
 miles from Toronto. When Colonel Moodie was shot by the 
 rebels at Montgomery's Tavern, 1837, Dr. McCague was called 
 to attend him. He was Surgeon to the 4th North York Militia. 
 This notice appeared, March, 1839 : " Died, at his residence on 
 Yonge Street, Dr. James McCague, native of Monaghan, Ireland, 
 and particularly distinguished during the late outbreak for his 
 unswerving attachment to the Constitution, and for his bravery 
 and exertion on all occasions." He left a large family. 
 
 Dr. William McCargow, 
 
 The youngest child of Adam McCargow, who had retired from 
 business, was born. May, 1819, in the Abbey Parish, Paisley, 
 Scotland. When about fourteen, he commenced his medical 
 studies with James Paton, M.D., with whom he applied himself 
 diligently for three years and a half. In 1836, he commenced 
 his collegiate course at -Glasgow College, attending the lectures 
 of Dr. Jaffery on anatomy and Dr. Thos, Thompson on chem- 
 istry. The well-known Norman McLeod was at this time a 
 student, and he took a great interest in the election of Sir 
 Robert Peel as Lord Proctor. Dr. McCargow was present at a 
 meeting and heard Sir Robert's eloqu^mt speech. His subse- 
 quent studies were carried on with a view of entering the 
 Royal Navy. He therefore attended the best of the lectures at 
 the College and medical schools, and put in the usual attend- 
 ance at the Glasgow Royal Infirmar3^ Having passed the 
 Faculty of Glasgow, and a vacancy having occurred in the 
 Paisley House of Recovery, of house-surgeon, he was appointed 
 to that office in 1841, after a competitive examination. 
 
 In the spring of 1842, he was induced to accept an offer from 
 his brother-in-law, William McPherson, M.D., to join him in 
 practice at York, on the Grand River, then in Niagara District. 
 Accordingly he shipped at Glasgow in May, and arrived at 
 Hatnilton in July. He passed the Upper Canada Medical Board, 
 July, 1843. After three years the partnership with Dr. Mc- 
 Pherson was dissolved. 
 
I)H. \VIM,I.\.M MrCAIICoW" 
 
Biographical Sketches. 475 
 
 April 24, 1846, he married Mary, second daughter of John 
 Jackson, Civil Engineer, of Seneca. Among the first medical 
 societies organized in this part of the Province was one by Dr. 
 McPherson and Dr. McCargow, known as the " County of Haldi- 
 mand Medical Association." He was also for a year or two a 
 member of the first medical society in Hamilton. He was 
 appointed to the position of medical attendant of the Six 
 Nation Indians, 1865. This position he held until failing 
 health compelled him to resign in 1882, when his adopted son, 
 Dr. R. J. McK nnon, received the appointment. He held the 
 position of a magistrate of Haldimand from 1856 until he left 
 the country. In 1858, the office of Assistant-Surgeon of the 3rd 
 Battalion, Haldimand, was given to him. In 1872, he held the 
 position of corresponding member for the Gynaecological Society 
 of Boston. He was an active member of the Canada Medical 
 Association, and was also one of the Medical Council of the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, 1880-85. After 
 an active practice of forty years on the Grand River, failing 
 health compelled him to remove to Hamilton, where for some 
 years he has been on the consulting staff" of the City Hospital. 
 
 Dr. McCargow writes : " Reverting back to my forty years 
 of practice on the Grand River, for the first fifteen or twenty 
 years, but more particularly for the first ten years, remittents 
 prevailed to a large extent from about the middle of July to the 
 middle of December of each year. Then, during the remaining 
 months, in every house there were persons suffering fom inter- 
 mittents. There were occasionally severe epidemics of dysentery, 
 which proved very fatal to the aged and children. When the 
 potato-rot appeared in Canada, I had many cases of scurvy. 
 Children were the greatest sufferers from it. The woodman's 
 axe, the foundrj', threshing machines and the implements of 
 husbandry were fruitful sources of accidents to all parts of the 
 body, particularly to the hands and limbs, so much so that 
 amputations were frequent." 
 
 Dr. McCargow has no children, except by adoption, one of 
 whom, the late Dr. Ranald J. McKinnon, died at Oshweken, 
 Brant County, on March 11, 1887. An adopted daughter is the 
 youngcfct daughter of the late Colonel Wallace, of Norwich. 
 
476 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Roderick McDonald 
 
 Was son of John McDonald, who came from Scotland before 
 the beginning of the present century, and settled in Cornwall, 
 Roderick was born in Glengarry, and educated at the Cornwall 
 Grammar School, and at Montreal. Studied medicine at McGill 
 College, and took his M.D., 1834. He passed the Upper Canada 
 Medical Board, October, 1835. He settled at Cornwall, and 
 engaged in active practice until 1846, when he was elected 
 Treasurer of the United Counties of Dundas and Glengarry. 
 Dr. McDonald was twice elected member of parliament, serving 
 eight years. He held commissions in the militia force, and 
 attained to the rank of Lieut.-Colonel. He was Surgeon to the 
 forces during the Mackenzie rebellion, and at the time of the 
 Trent afiair he was in command of the 1st Battalion of Stor- 
 mont Militia. In 1862, he became Deputy Clerk of the Crown 
 and Pleas. Dr. McDonald died, April 7, 1885. 
 
 Dr. William McGill 
 
 Was born at Glasgow about 1814, being the son of George Mc- 
 Gill. The family emigrated to Canada while William was yet 
 young, and settled on a farm in the township of Whitby. 
 William was educated at the Grammar School at Oshawa. He 
 commenced the study of medicine with Dr. H. Low, 1835. 
 Then attended two courses of lectures at Willoughby Medical 
 College, Ohio, 1837-39. He commenced practice at Oshawa in 
 1841. In 1847, he attended McGill College, where he took the 
 degree of M.D., 1848. By this time Dr. McGill was unusually 
 well equipped to practise his profession ; but he subsequently 
 attended lectures at the New York University. He stood very 
 high as a practitioner, and enjoyed the reputation of being a 
 capital surgeon. Dr. McGill was elected a member of Ontario 
 Medical Council for King's and Queen's Division, 1866. He 
 was also elected a member of the first Legislature of the Pro- 
 vince of Ontario, 1867-71. Dr. McGill was always a student, 
 not only in medicine, but in literature, and of the Bible. As a 
 member of the Disciples' Church, he not only acted as an elder. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 477 
 
 but frequently occupied the pulpit. He died, November 9, 
 1883. 
 
 He married Julia Ann, daughter of James Bates, of Dar- 
 lington. 
 
 Dr. James McIlmurray, 
 
 M.R.C.S. Eng., 1833; Provincial Licentiate, 1834, under 8th 
 George IV., chap. 3, was born in Tj'^rone County, Ireland, 1800, 
 and came to Toronto, 1834. He practised in Toronto until his 
 death, 1880. Dr. McIlmurray never married. He was very 
 popular as a physician, to the duties of which he gave all his time. 
 The Doctor, it is related, had a quantity of gold coins at the time 
 of the Mackenzie rebellion. Fearing the rebels would take and 
 pillage the city, he put the gold in a hiding-place in the stable. 
 His servant-man happened to find it, and, being a faithful ser- 
 vant, he informed the Doctor of the treasure-trove, and said he 
 would share it with the Doctor. The result is not recorded. 
 Although Dr. McIlmurray left no relations in Toronto to mourn 
 his loss, his removal by death was keenly felt by many friends, 
 and those to whom he had been a faithful physician. 
 
 Dr. Daniel Eugene McIntyre, 
 
 Now Sheriff of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and 
 Glengarry (1833), was born in the town of Oban, Argyleshire, 
 Scotland, 1812. He was the only son of James McIntyre, 
 Captain in the Merchant Marine Service, who was drowned at 
 sea while Daniel was yet a child. The mother, Mary Mc- 
 Laughlin McIntyre, died in 1819. Young McIntyre was 
 educated at Oban, the parish school of Appin, and at McFar- 
 lain's Academy, Glasgow, then a noted school. He took a 
 position in a business house, but after a short time relinquished 
 it, having no taste for a business life. In 1829, he entered the 
 Glasgow University as a medical student. His medical course 
 was continued here until 1834, except one year passed at Edin- 
 burgh University, Dr. McIntyre came to Canada in the spring 
 of 1835, and after sojourning a short time at Quebec, came to 
 Upper Canada, and established himself at Williamstown, county 
 
47s The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 of Glengarry. Being a Highlander, he was cordially received by 
 the inhabitants of this Highland settlement, and welcomed with 
 Gaelic words by Gaelic hearts. Dr. Mclntyre not only found 
 here congenial friends, but a few years later, 1837, a Canadian 
 Highland wife, in the person of Ann, daughter of Colonel Alex. 
 Fraser, M.L.A. 
 
 During the Mackenzie rebellion. Dr. Mclntyre was on the 
 staff of the 1st Glengarry Regiment of Militia, as Surgeon. He 
 was on the steamboat Henry Brougham when captured at 
 Beauharnois by the rebels, and was for several weeks a prisoner, 
 confined at the house of the parish priest, where he was rescued 
 by the Glengarry Regiment, which took possession of the town. 
 He continued in the militia service as Staff-Surgeon until 1842. 
 Having a taste for military life, he became (1854) Major of the 
 Stormont Battalion. He subsequently retired with the rank of 
 Lieut.-Colonel. He represented the township of Charlotten- 
 burg, in the old Eastern Districo Council for thirteen years, and 
 was the first warden elected for the three united counties, 1849, 
 and again the following year. 
 
 A staunch supporter of Baldwin and Lafontaine, he was a 
 warm friend of that distinguished patriotic Canadian, the Hon. 
 John Sandfield Macdonald, and took an energetic part in all the 
 political contests in Glengarry at that period. 
 
 In May, 1850, Dr. Mclntyre was made sheriff of the united 
 counties, 'a position he has filled to the great satisfaction of the 
 public. He has had seven children, of whom only two remain 
 alive, a son and a daughter. 
 
 Dr. Andrew McKenzie. 
 
 " The subject of this sketch is a native of Lower Canada, a 
 son of Daniel and Margaret (Gray) McKenzie, and was born at 
 Terrebonne, September 15, 1810. His father was from the 
 Highlands of Scotland, and was engaged for years with the 
 North- West Fur Company. 
 
 "Andrew finished his education at the Grammar School of 
 Perth, county of Lanark. At seventeen, commenced the studj' 
 of medicine with Dr. Robert Gilmour, of Brockville ; attended 
 
Biographical Sketches. 479 
 
 lectures at McGill College, 1829-30, and Glasgow University, 
 1831-32, and took M.D. at Glasgow University ; practised a 
 short time at St. Thomas, Ontario ; served in the rebellion 
 (1837-38) as surgeon to the volunteers, and in 1839 settled in 
 London, which has since been his home. In a few years he 
 built up a good practice. Though nearing his seventieth year, 
 he keeps his office open, and waits upon a few families whose 
 physician, in some cases, he has been for twenty or thirty years. 
 Among the older class of citizens of London, few are more 
 warmly esteemed than Dr. McKenzie. 
 
 "September 5, 1836, Dr. McKenzie married Isabella Maria, 
 daughter of John Shore." — Can. Bio. Diet., 1880. 
 
 We may add that Dr. McKenzie was gaol physician for fif- 
 teen years. Dr. Beemer, of the London Asylum, writes, January 
 8, 1894, respecting Dr. McKenzie, that "though at present over 
 eighty years old, the Doctor is bright and active, and exhibits 
 the same enthusiasm in all things pertaining to the medical 
 science, which has characterized his long and useful professional 
 career." 
 
 Dr. Robert McLean, 
 
 Sixth son of John McLean, was born at Martinique, West 
 Indies, 1811, where his father was then serving in the Royal 
 Artillery. The father served in the British army fourteen 
 years, and retired with the rank of Sergeant- Major of the 
 Artillery. The Doctor's mother was Isabella Graham. Both 
 parents were born in Ireland. Two uncles also served in the 
 army. One, Samuel, retired as Captain, after serving forty 
 years ; and William retired as Major, after serving sixty years. 
 Both of these had risen from the ranks. Another uncle 
 settled in Kingston. The Doctor's father held a commission as 
 Lieutenant during the Canadian rebellion of 1837, and was pres- 
 ent at the attack on the Windmill at Prescott. 
 
 Robert acquired his preliminary education at the Bath 
 Academy, which had a high reputation, under the superintend- 
 ence of the elder Bidwell. The following certificate indicates 
 that he was a pupil of Dr. Sampson ; " Kingston, September 16, 
 1836. I certify that I have known Mr. Robert McLean, 
 
480 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 student in medicine, for the last four years, and that he is a 
 young yentleman of exemplary moral character, of good literary 
 acquirement, and that he has, during my acquaintance with 
 him, ever evinced a laudable desire to acquire professional 
 knowledge. (Signed) James Sampson, Surgeon." 
 
 He also studied at Fairfield, and took a course of lectures at 
 Jeti'erson College, Philadelphia, and graduated there. Return- 
 ing to Canada, he passed the Upper Canada Medical Board, 
 July, 1837, and received his license. 
 
 Dr. McLean practised at Belleville for a long time. He 
 spent several years in Europe perfecting himself in his profes- 
 sion, and then returned to Kingston. His father had "left him 
 well off in worldly goods ; but the Doctor being of a generous 
 nature, the money did not stay with him." The popularity of 
 Dr. McLean is shown in the following extract from a communi- 
 cation from M. Flanagan, Esq., the much-respected City Clerk 
 of Kingston. He says : " At a meeting of the common Council 
 of the town of Kingston, April 7, 1846, Dr. Robert McLean was 
 unanimously elected Mayor of Kingston, for the year ending 
 first Monday in April, 1847 ; but his term of office expired with 
 the old town on the 13th June, 1846, Kingston being then in- 
 corporated as a city. The Doctor, at this time, was one of the 
 most popular men in Kingston, and it was considered at the 
 time, he would, and could, contest this constituency with every 
 prospect of success." It seems, however, that he did not seek 
 parliamentary honours. 
 
 Dr. McLean was commissioned Surgeon of the 2nd Lennox 
 Regiment of Militia, June, 1838. About the year 1850, he 
 retired from practice, and passed his last days with his only 
 surviving brother, Henry, who lived at the homestead, lot 19, 
 concession 6, Ernesttown. 
 
 There is only one descendant of the family now living, Robt. 
 McLean, of Harrowsmith. 
 
 Dr. James Macaulay. 
 
 Dr. Macaulay 's association with Upper Canada began with 
 that of Colonel Simcoe, the first Governor of the Province, in 
 
Biographical Sketches. 481 
 
 1792. As Simcoe was the first Chief Majjistrate of the Province, 
 so Dr. Macaulay held the chief position with respect to medical 
 affairs, first as a member of Governor Simcoe's staff, then as 
 Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals, and finally as the senior 
 member of the Upper Canada Medical Board, orjijanized in 1819, 
 until July, 1821, six months before his death. From the first 
 meeting of the Board until the time mentioned, Dr. Macaulay 
 was always present. 
 
 Dr. Macaulay was not only a prominent person in matters 
 appertaining to medicine, but as one of the worthies who con- 
 tributed to the welfare of early York, and as the founder of a 
 distinguished family in Upj)er Canada, his name is conspicuous 
 in the early history of the country. 
 
 Dr. Macaulay was a native of Scotland, born, 1759. Of his 
 medical edireation and what degrees he possessed, there is no 
 record, but we find in different notices of him both M.D. and 
 M.R.C.S.E., attached to his name. 
 
 On November 20, 1790, he married Elizabeth Tuck Hayter, 
 a connection of Admiral Hayter. About this time the Imperial 
 Act of Parliament creating the Province of Upper Canada was 
 passed, and Col. Simcoe was appointed the first Lieut.-Governor. 
 It appears most probable that Dr. Macaulay was an intimate 
 friend of Col. Simcoe, who induced the Doctor to join him as 
 physician to his staff. There is evidence of this friendship in 
 the fact that Dr. Macaulay named his eldest son, who was 
 born in England, October, 1791, after Col. Simcoe. 
 
 Dr. Macaulay 8 first connection with the military service was 
 as Surgeon to the 33rd Regiment. After his arrival at Fort 
 Niagara, he became Surgeon to the Queen's Rangers, of which 
 Simcoe was colonel. 
 
 When the Rangers were disbanded, it seems that Dr. Macaulay 
 received the appointment of Deputy Inspector-General of Hos- 
 pitals. Dr. Macaulay's family was living at Newark at the 
 close of 1794, as in the register of St. Mark's Church, Niagara, 
 is the record of the baptism of his second son, dated November 
 29, 1794. The third son, George, was born at York, 1796, con- 
 sequently the family moved to York between these two periods. 
 Thus Dr. Macaulay became one of the pioneers in the first 
 settlement of York, and helped to lay the foundation of the 
 
482 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 capital. The records show that he took an active part in pro- 
 moting the interests of the place. The Upper Canada Gazette 
 records that a meeting was held March 9, 1801, at the Govern- 
 ment Buildings, of the subscribers for the opening of Yonge 
 Street. The name of James Macaulay, Esq., M.D., appears first 
 on the list of a Commission appointed to oversee the work. 
 Again, in 1803, the newspapers record that a meeting was held 
 to consider steps to build a church in York, and Dr. Macaulay 
 was one of a " Committee appointed to proceed with the work 
 of building." 
 
 Dr. Macaulay received the patent for a park lot, where now 
 is the heart of the city. It extended from Yonge Street west- 
 ward to University Street, and from Queen Street to College 
 Street. Near the south-east corner of this plot, some years 
 later, a number of small lots were laid out, and upon them 
 buildings were erected. The principal street here received the 
 Doctor's Christian name, and the present James Street marks 
 the spot. This village was separated by woods and fields from 
 the young capital, the western boundary of which reauied no 
 farther westward than the present George Street. This village 
 was known for many years as Macaulay Town. Elizabeth 
 Street was named after Mrs. Macaulay. The Macaulay home- 
 stead was situated where is now Trinity Square, and was known 
 as " Teraulay Cottage." This name was formed from the last 
 syllable of the names, Hay^er and MAcaulay (Teraulay). Terau- 
 lay Street commemorates this historic and romantic name. 
 
 But the requirements of the military service in Canada made 
 it necessary for Dr. Macaulay to leave the capital of Upper 
 Canada for a considerable time. It is learned by a communica- 
 tion from the War Office to Gen. Hunter, dated Jan. 6, 1803, 
 signed by Surgeon-General Keat, which is designated, " Returns 
 of the Hospital Staff proposed to be employed in Upper and 
 Lower Canada, as a peace establishment," that the army 
 surgeons in Canada were duly graded. This document gives 
 James Macaulay as senior hospital officer and Surgeon to the 
 Forces. 
 
 It was necessary that the chief medical officer should reside 
 at Quebec, where were the headquarters of the medical staff in 
 Canada. Mr. Longmore, who had been Apothecary to the 
 
Biographical Sketches. 483 
 
 Forces, and lived at Quebec, it appears from certain letters, 
 expected to be the principal medical officer. The following 
 letter, however, dispelled such hopes and anticipations : 
 
 " Arlington Street, January 5th, 1803. 
 " Sir, — I am to acquaint you that Mr. Macaulay, Surgeon to 
 the Force.s, being senior in the service to yourself, is recom- 
 mended by me to His Royal Highness, the Commander-in-Chief, 
 to remain in full pay in Nova Scotia, as senior hospital officer, 
 and when the arrangement is approved of, you will be informed 
 thereof and placed on half pay. 
 
 " (Signed) T. Keat, 
 
 " Surg. -Gen. to the Army. 
 " Mr. Longmore, 
 
 " Apothecary to the Forces, Quebec." 
 
 But Dr. Longmore was unwilling to submit to this arrange- 
 ment, and sought through the Lieut.-Governor of Upper Canada, 
 Gen. Hunter, who was Commander-in-Chief of the Briti-sh Forces 
 in North America, to effect something different. And we find, 
 in a letter from him to Major Green, Gen. Hunter's military 
 secretary, dated March 22, 1803, certain suggestions made on 
 the matter : " That Mr. Macaulay 's appointment took place 
 during the peace of 1783, and it was thought necessary, on the 
 division of Canada into the Provinces of Upper and Lower 
 Canada, that at the headquarters of each Province there ought 
 to be a Hospital Staff Officer of some standing and responsi- 
 bility in his profession, to give the principal officers and servants 
 of Government a fair chance and every necessary assistance in 
 cases of sickness and accident. From what I have learned in 
 conversation with the Chief Justice, it would be a great loss to 
 Mr. Macaulay, who has a good farm and well stocked with cattle, 
 etc., in the neighbourhood of York, to be removed from that 
 station, for the avenues to practice in Quebec are at present 
 well secured. It would, therefore, be some years before he could 
 expect to derive much advantage from this source. He would, 
 therefore, find it difficult, with an increasing family, to support 
 the great expense of living in this garrison on his pay and allow- 
 ances. If, upon the above principles. Gen. Hunter could be 
 
484 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 induced to think it necessary for the present to continue Mr. 
 Macaulay's residence at York, ho might, for similar reasons, per- 
 haps, be inclined to recommend a continuation of ray services on 
 the staff at Quebec." 
 
 Dr. Longmore's efforts were not without effect, as is seen in a 
 letter from him to Major Green, Gen. Hunter's military secretary, 
 Sept. 13th following, inclosing one from Surgeon Keat, which 
 informs us that he had been reinstated as Apothecary to the 
 Forces. He expresses gratitude to Gen. Hunter, to whoin he 
 gives the credit for it. He was instructed to report to the senior 
 hospital officer (Macaulay). By this we learn that at or about 
 this time Dr. Macaulay had removed from York to Quebec. Here 
 he continued until the declaration of war by the United States 
 against Great Britain, in 1812. During his sojourn at Quebec, 
 he suffered the worst bereavement which can overtake an affec- 
 tionate husband, in the death of a loving wife, March 29, 1809. 
 We find it stated that " she was an accomplished lady, and the 
 loss was felt by all who had enjoyed her society." 
 
 The breaking out of war summoned the Doctor to the dis- 
 charge of important duties in looking after the military hospi- 
 tals, and the brave militiamen whom the fate of war had brought 
 to him for treatment of wounds or diseases. The time at which 
 Dr. Macaulay left Quebec is shown in the following letter, the 
 original of which is now in the possession of Mrs. E. H. Van 
 Koughnet, of Toronto, a granddaughter : 
 
 " Chambly, August 17th, 1812. 
 
 " My dear Friends, — I am now a hundred and eighty miles 
 from Quebec, on duty, and at present uncertain where I may go 
 to. I will not see the commander of the forces till after to- 
 morrow. I left the children well, seven days ago, at Quebec, 
 and James, second son, at Three Rivers, a lieutenant in the 
 Glengarry Regiment. 
 
 " You will have heard that Upper Canada is invaded, and 
 additional regiments are, it is said, on their march to assist 
 General Hill. Whether I may be ordered to that Province to 
 inspect the hospitals there when I have finished in the Lower 
 Province, I am uncertain. I have been travelling for four days 
 in constant rains ; there will be much injury done if it continues 
 
BiooRAPHicAL Sketches. 485 
 
 much longer. You will conclude how very uncomfortable my 
 situation is at present, so many little ones left with servants. 
 I place great dependence on their own prudence, however young. 
 " I am to set off immediately for the next port, to inspect the 
 hospitals of a battalion of embodied militia. The frigate wns 
 to sail on the 20th. I hope this will get to Quebec in time. 
 
 "Jas. Macaulay." 
 
 The reference made to his children, who had been deprived 
 of a mother's care, and that he " placed great dependence on 
 their prudence, however young," is a touch of nature which 
 makes us all kin. This letter was addressed to "Rear Admiral 
 Shivers, Wickham, Hampshire, England," whose wife was a 
 sister of Mrs. Macaulay. It is probable that Dr. Macaulay had 
 removed his family from Quebec to Kingston during the war, 
 where he continued to live until the early part of 1817. The 
 Kingston Gazette, of May, 1817, advertises a house to let as 
 recently occupied by Dr. Macaulay. Having returned to York, 
 where he was to pass the remainder of his life, we find in the 
 Gazette, Nov. 25, 1817, the announcement of his marriage, on the 
 10th of that month, to Rachel Crookshank, who was a sister of 
 the Hon. George Crookshank, an historic name in the annals of 
 Toronto. Wedding presents then made, exist in the family of 
 Mrs. Stephen Heward, who is a niece of the second Mrs. 
 Macaulay. 
 
 It is probable that the Doctor had, on leaving Kingston, ceased 
 to be Deputy Inspector of Hospitals. When the Medical Board 
 of Upper Canada was formed, in 1819, it was to be expected, 
 from the position which Dr. Macaulay had held, that he should 
 be appointed as the senior member, and as such should discharge 
 the duties of President. This position he continued to hold 
 until his death, which took place Jan. 1, 1822, at his homestead, 
 " Teraulay." The esteem in which he was held is shown in the 
 obituary notice found in the Observer, York, Monday, January 
 7, 1822 : 
 
 " It becomes our painful duty to communicate to our readers 
 the decease of Dr. Macaulay, of this town. In the death of this 
 truly valuable member of society, charity has lost its best sup- 
 porter, and the unfortunate emigrants their best friend. He 
 
486 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 was ever ready to wait upon and relieve the forlorn stranger, 
 not only with his medicine, but with his purse ; and it is to be 
 hoped that those gentlemen who are left behind will endeavour 
 to imitate his unbounded liberality. 
 
 " The House of Assembly, and the Honourable Legislative 
 Council adjourned to attend the funeral." 
 
 Dr. Macaulay is described as not having a striking appear- 
 ance. He was of medium height, inclined to stoutness, a good 
 deal stooped ; had a pallid face, fair hair, with spectacles on 
 nose, which for stooping became very prominent. He lived an 
 active life, noted for his amiable disposition, and enjoying the 
 high respect in which he was held. He did not engage much, 
 if any, in private practice, but his connection with the first 
 Medical Board of the Province, as senior member, made him an 
 important personage in the annals of the profession of Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 The widow of Dr. Macaulay passed her peaceful days at 
 " Teraulay " (now Trinity Square), until her death in 1840. 
 
 The children of Dr. Macaulay, by his first wife, were eight in 
 number : 
 
 1. John Siincoe Macaulay, boi-n in England, October 13, 1791 ; 
 died, December 20, 1855 ; married Ann Gee Elmsley, July 2, 
 1825. 
 
 2. James Buchanan Macaulay, born at Newark, December 
 3rd, 1793; died, November 26, 1859; married Rachel Crook- 
 shank Gamble, December 1, 1821. 
 
 3. George Macaulay, born at York, November 11, 1796; died, 
 August 7, 1828; married Jane Hagerman, October 26, 1822. 
 
 4. Elizabeth Macaulay, born at York, February 27, 1799 ; died, 
 July, 1832; married Christopher A. Hagerman, March 28, 1817. 
 
 5. Mary Macaulay, born at York, February 15, 1801 ; died, 
 February, 1833 ; married John W. Gamble, 1822. 
 
 6. Allan Macaulay, born at York, January 4, 1804 ; died un- 
 married, October 5, 1830. 
 
 7. Ann Macaulay, born at Quebec, May 3, 1806 ; died, October 
 5, 1877 ; married Peter Deihl, M.D., October 15, 1829. 
 
 8. Sarah Hayter Macaulay, born at Quebec, March 3, 1809 1 
 died, August 24, 1806 ; :.aarried John S. Cartwright, January 
 11, 1830. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 487 
 
 It will be observed that the names of all who became con- 
 nected with Dr. Macaulay's children are household names in the 
 annals of Upper Canada. 
 
 The eldest, John Simcoe, was educated in England, and 
 entered the Royal Engineers. He rose to the rank of Captain, 
 and was a lecturer in the college at Woolwich. He was 
 the author of a work known as " Macaulay on Field Fortifica- 
 tion," which is still a text-book at Woolwich. A copy of the 
 work before the writer says, on the title page : " Colonel of 
 Upper Canada Militia, late Captain in the Corps of Royal 
 Engineers, and Professor of Fortification in the Royal Military 
 Academy, Woolwich, Mdcccl." In 1835, he came to Canada, 
 and settled in Toronto. He had previously married a daughter 
 of John Elmsley, who became Chief Justice of Upper 
 Canada in 1796, and sister of Captain Elmsley, a name well 
 known in the early days of York. He took part, as an engineer, 
 in the construction of the Welland Canal. In the rebellion of 
 1837, he held the rank of Colonel. In 1843, he returned to 
 England, and purchased a beautiful place in Kent, near Roches- 
 ter, where he lived until his death, 1855. " He was one of the 
 most kind-hearted and genial of men." The second son, who 
 became Sir James Buchanan Macaulay and Chief Justice, is one 
 of the most conspicuous figures in the history of Upper Canada. 
 He was one of the noted band who formed the school of John 
 (afterwards the Rev. Dr., and then Bishop) Strachan, at Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 When the war of 1812 broke out, James B. Macaulay, though 
 then but nineteen years of age, with alacrity entered into the 
 military service of his country. A regiment, the Glengarry 
 Fencibles, having been raised for the special defence of the 
 Province, young Macaulay obtained a lieutenancy in that valiant 
 corps, and was afterwards appointed Adjutant of the regiment. 
 
 He was with the regiment on that cold winter morning in 
 February, 1813, when. Colonel McDonald in command, they 
 made a spirited and dashing attack on Ogdensburg, crossing the 
 ice in deep snow, charging the batteries on the American shore 
 with much heroism, if not complete success. 
 
 It is something to be remembered that in all these engage- 
 ments — Ogdensburg, Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie — Lieutenant 
 
488 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Macaulay, afterv^ards Chief Justice, did his part well, doing 
 his duty as a soldier, as he afterwards did in his professional 
 career as a lawyer and judge, to the Province, 
 
 On the restoration of peace, the Glengarry Fencibles were 
 disbanded, and Lieutenant Macaulay exchanged his sword for 
 " Blackstone." In 1818, he became a student of law, and was 
 called to the Bar in Hilary Term, 1822. He had not long to 
 wait for clients. 
 
 Mr. Macaulay had been but seven years at the Bar when, in 
 1829, he was elevated to the Bench, as one of the Justices of 
 the Court of Kinjj's Bench. He was associate of Chief Justice 
 Robinson in that Court till the constitution of the Court of 
 Common Pleas, in 1849, when he was made Chief Justice of 
 this newly created court, and his appointment was hailed with 
 satisfaction by the whole profession, as well as by the body of 
 the people. 
 
 Mr. Macaulay continued to hold the place of Chief Justice of 
 the Common Plea.s till 1856, when he retired from the Bench. 
 On his retirement, he was elected Treasurer of the Law Society ; 
 and, subsequently, a Commission having been formed for the 
 revision of the long-accumulated Statutes of the Provinces of 
 Upper and Lower Canada, as well as of the Statutes of Canada 
 since the union of 1841, he was appointed Chairman of that 
 Commission. 
 
 A few months after the completion of the revision of the 
 Statutes, he received the honour of Knighthood, and was, July 
 27, 1857, appointed a Judge of the Court of Error and Appeal, 
 a position held by him till a few months before his death. He 
 died at Toronto, November 26, 1859. 
 
 George Macaulay became a barrister, and settled in Bath, 
 near Kingston, on the Bay of Quinte, at one time an important 
 place. Here he remained until his death, August, 1828. 
 
 To his dau^^hter, Mrs. E. H. Van Koughnet, of Toronto, the 
 writer is greatly indebted for information. She has in her pos- 
 session her grandfather's (Dr. Macaulay) family Bible, in two 
 volumes, in which are recorded the names and dates of births, 
 marriages and deaths of the family. 
 
 Allan Macaulay was a clergyman, but died before he had 
 filled a regular incumbency, October 5, 1830. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 489 
 
 There are no descendants of Dr. Macaulay of that name now 
 living ; but by his daughters there are very many who are well 
 known to Upper Canadians, especially in Toronto. Of those 
 who married grandchildren of Dr. Macaulay may be mentioned : 
 The Rev. K. Mitchell, B. Homer Dixon, E. Bennett, Col. Thos. 
 Ross, M. R. Van Koughnet, J. Joseph, Hon. John Beverley 
 Robinson, William Greey, George Boyd, Rev. J. D. Cayley, Col. 
 Van Straubenzie, and Rev. Bedford Jones. 
 
 Dr. Theofhilus Mack 
 
 Was the son of the Rev. Mr. Mack, an Irishman from Trinity 
 College, Dublin, who came to Canada in 1829, expecting to be 
 appointed a master of Upper Canada College, but, being disap- 
 pointed in this, he erio^red the Church. He lived at Wellington 
 Square and Amherstburgh. Theophilus was four years old when 
 his father came to Canada. He was a pupil of Upper Canada 
 College. During the rebellion of 1837, at Amherstburgh, being 
 in his teens, he distinguished himself, with a number of others, 
 equally young. He was subsequently a lieutenant in connec- 
 tion with the local navy, in which service he continued for 
 eighteen months. He then commenced the study of medicine 
 in the office of Dr. George Grasett, and at the military hospital. 
 He received his degrees of medicine at Geneva College, U.S., 
 1843, and soon after his provincial license. In 1844, he com- 
 menced practice at St. Catharines. Not long after, his attention 
 was directed to the medicinal properties of the saline waters of 
 a well which was dug during the war of 1812, to supply salt, 
 as none could be obtained from the States. Dr. Mack ascer- 
 tained that the waters possessed medicinal qualities, and 
 ultimately brought St. Catharines into considerable repute as a 
 healfeS resort. He succeeded in attracting large numbers of 
 invalids to the place, and subsequently built an hotel and sani- 
 tarium. He was for three years Professor of Materia Medica 
 in the University of Buffalo. By his efforts a marine and gen- 
 eral hospital was established at St. Catharines. In 1874, he 
 founded the first training school for nurses in Canada. 
 
 Dr. Mack died at St. Catharines, October 24, 1881, aged sixty- 
 one. 
 
 32 
 
490 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. John Duff MacDonald 
 
 Was born in the parish of Cromartyj Scotland, November 18, 
 1819, beinpf the son of a naval officer. Dr. MacDonald may be 
 numbered among the United Empire Loyalists. His grand- 
 father, with .several brothers, was living in North Carolina, 
 when the rebellion of 1776 commenced. All the brothers, 
 except Dr. MacDonald's grandfather, were the victims of rebel 
 fury, and simultaneously lost their lives. The grandfather, 
 being then but a youth, succeeded in making his escape, aided by 
 sympathetic women. He then entered the army. After the 
 war he received a grant of land, as a United Empire Loyalist, 
 in New Brunswick ; but a ti-ansition from North Carolina to 
 that province, he felt would not conduce to his comfort, so he 
 remained in his regiment. He finally made his home in Scot- 
 land again ; and among his children were many physicians, 
 lawyers and naval officers. The subject of this sketch received 
 his education in Edinburgh, and became Licentiate of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 1839. He came to Canada in 
 the double capacity of naval officer and surgeon ; and in 1848, 
 obtained provincial license of Upper Canada. He at first 
 settled in Lanark, where he had to undergo all the hardships 
 incident to pioneer life ; laborious work, uncertain remunera- 
 tion, with the absence of mostly all the pleasures to which he 
 had been accustomed. So, after a time, he betook himself to 
 Hamilton, where he has continued to practise. Soon after his 
 advent to Hamilton, Asiatic cholera became epidemic, and Dr. 
 MacDonald found plenty to do. When the plague disappeared, 
 his practice did not cease. During that trying time the public 
 had learned his worth and professional skill, and his position, 
 as a physician, was established in Hamilton, and he has con- 
 tinued to enjoy a large practice. In 1867, he received the 
 honorary degree of M.D., from Victoria University. He was a 
 member of the Council of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
 Ontario, 1872-80, and President, 1879-80. He is an ex-Presi- 
 dent of the Canadian Medical Association. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 491 
 
 Dr. John MacKelcan. 
 
 John MacKelcan was born, September 22, 1804, at Fort 
 George, in the Island of Guernsey. He was the eldest son of 
 General MacKelcan, R.E., Commandant of the Fort. He studied 
 at St. Bartholomew's, and became a member of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, England, 1827. He practised in London, 
 England, till 1834, when he came to Canada and obtained the 
 provincial license. Three brothers had preceded him to Canada. 
 He went on a bush farm at Guelph, the village consisting only 
 of a few houses. His farm consisted of one hundred acres, and 
 had five acres partially cleared with a log-house. He therefore 
 took a house in the village and commenced the practice of 
 medicine instead of farming. In his rounds of practice he 
 rode on horseback and travelled through the bush principally 
 by an Indian trail. He remained at Guelph only about two 
 years. He then moved to Simcoe, County of Norfolk. Here he 
 practised for ten years, when he made a final move to 
 Hamilton. During the rebellion of 1887-38, he was appointed 
 surgeon to the 85th Regulars on the death of the surgeon of 
 the regiment. 
 
 In April, 1846, Dr. MacKelcan took up his abode in Hamil- 
 ton, and he soon became known as a skilful practitioner and a 
 worthy citizen. He was not unknown outside of Hamilton. 
 Mr. Clarke Gamble says of him : " I first met him in the Synod 
 of Toronto, as delegate from one of the churches in Hamilton. 
 He appeared to me to be a man of great force of character, and 
 was decidedly opposed to ' The Tracts for the Times,' and a 
 most earnest opponent of the ritualistic practices of some of 
 the clergy of the Church of England. I always heard him 
 .spoken of as an eminent physician." At the time of his death, 
 which took place in his eighty-second year, April 15, 1886, 
 a local paper said : " It is with the deepest regret that the 
 Times is called upon to chronicle the decease of one of our 
 oldest citizens, Dr. John MacKelcan. He was a remarkably 
 well-informed man, and took an intelligent interest in educa- 
 tional and sanitary affairs, upon which subjects he wrote many 
 letters to the press advocating his views. A few years ago the 
 Doctor celebrated his golden wedding, and of late years had 
 
492 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 retired from active pursuits. He leaves a widow, four sons 
 and four daughters. Dr. MacKelcan was a man who was 
 always held in the highest respect and esteem by those who 
 knew hira, both for his ability as a medical practitioner and 
 for his sterling integrity as a man, and now that he has passed 
 away after a long and useful life he will be greatly missed 
 from among us." Dr. MacKelcan was the father of twelve 
 children, seven of whom are now living (1889), three daughters 
 and four sons. 
 
 Dr. David Mackintosh 
 
 Was born at Inverness, Scotland, December 12, 1821. He 
 received his earlier education at the Royal Academy of Inver- 
 ness, where he was awarded the silver medal for proficiency in 
 mathematics in the year 1839, and in the year 1841 he received 
 the gold medal for proficiency in the same subject. From 
 Inverness he went to the Edinburgh University, where he 
 obtained his degree of M.D., also L.R.C.S. Edin., and in 1845 
 carried away with him the gold medal of the University, and 
 the highest testimonials from each and all of the professors 
 connected with the University. 
 
 Dr. J. Y. (afterwards Sir James) Simpson, sa3's : " I had an 
 opportunity of seeing much of Dr. Mackintosh at the time 
 (referring to his connection with the Royal Maternity Hospital 
 where he acted as House Surgeon), and of hearing still more of 
 him, and all went to impress me with the most favourable opinion 
 of his professional knowledge and talent and his great moral 
 worth. I am acquainted with few or no young physicians more 
 deserving of all possible encouragement." Dr. M.'s thesis was 
 deemed so superior and so valuable as to have had one of the 
 four gold medals of the University mentioned for it. Others 
 who gave their testimonials were: James Syme, Professor of 
 Clinical Surgery ; Dr. Thompson, Dr. Martin Barry, Dr. Zeigler 
 and Dr. John Moir, and one and all unite in speaking in the 
 highest terms, not only of his professional ability, but also of 
 his great moral worth, and state that his conduct was uniformly 
 characterized by gentlemanly feeling, kindness to hia patients, 
 and zeal and diligence in the discharge of his duties. 
 
I)K. DAVID MACKINTOSH. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 493 
 
 Sir James Simpson was " Professor at Edinburgh University, 
 Physician Accoucheur to Her Majesty of Scotland, and the dis- 
 coverer of aneesthetical properties of chloroform." 
 
 Dr. Mackintosh was married, May 15, 1848, to Anne, daugh- 
 ter of James Ross, of Portland Place, Inverness. Shortly 
 after, he sailed for Canada, and, having obtained his provincial 
 license in 1855, he settled in Hamilton, where he remained up 
 to the time of his death, March 26, 1876. In the year 1867, he 
 was sent as a representative to the Canadian Medical Associa- 
 tion at Quebec. 
 
 Dr. Mackintosh had a family of four sons and five daughters. 
 He had all but lost some of them from scarlet fever, all being 
 down with the malady at the same time ; and he had to hand 
 over his practice to Dr. MacKelcan. The eldest son was at one 
 time considered beyond recovery. It is worth recording that 
 his recover)'- was attributed to eating firtificial oysters. He had 
 been urgently asking for oysters, while unable to eat anything 
 else ; but the oysters were not in season, and none could be 
 obtained. The eldest daughter, however, was equal to the 
 occasion. > The sick child, ignorant of the state of affairs, had 
 brought to him what seemed to be some fried oysters, of which 
 he partook with great satisfaction. But the dish was made up 
 of pieces of veal, dipped in beaten eggs and powdered crackers 
 and then fried. The subject of this piece of deception, it is 
 related, will not to the present time believe that he did not 
 have genuine fried oysters at that time. 
 
 At a meeting of the Hamilton Medical Association, the physi- 
 cians asked the Doctor for a discourse on his treatment of scarlet 
 fever patients, and particularly that of his son. His address 
 was received with great enthusiasm by the members of the 
 Society, and ordered to be printed in pamphlet form. Dr. 
 Mackintosh was Coroner for the City of Hamilton and County 
 of Wentworth. His death was caused by congestive apoplexy. 
 Nine months after his death, his eldest daughter passed away, 
 and twice since that has the angel of death entered the house- 
 hold ; in 1881, taking the youngest daughter, a beautiful girl 
 of sixteen years, and in 1886 the mother went to join the 
 loved ones who were " waiting and watching." 
 
 The eldest son is accountant in the London Branch of the 
 
494 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Canadian Bank of Commerce ; the second son is a druggist, but 
 it is expected that some day he will take up the profession of 
 his father, after whom he was named. The third son is in 
 Texas, prospering as a merchant, and the youngest is in Cali- 
 fornia. The three surviving daughters are also in California. 
 One is married to James M. Wilson, of Pasadena, one of the 
 proprietors of the " San Pasqual," one of the largest dairies on 
 the coast of Southern California; another is in the same city 
 doing well in her profession as a public reader and teacher of 
 elocution. 
 
 Dr. Mackintosh was a contributor to medical literature. 
 Especially may be noticed an admirable address to the Hamil- 
 ton Medical Society on "Medical Legislation," in February. 1870. 
 Fortunately, it is preserved in the form of a pamphlet. 
 
 The above was written in 1890. We have since learned that 
 the eldest surviving daughter, Bella F. Mackintosh, has com- 
 pleted a two years' course of training at the Children's Hospital, 
 San Francisco, and is already a successful worker in her chosen 
 profession. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Clark Macklem, 
 
 The youngest son of James and Lydia Macklem, was born at 
 Chippawa, on the Niagara River, September 19, 1817, and was 
 godson of the Hon. Thomas Clark, after whom he was named. 
 The grandfather of Dr. Macklem lived in County Tyrone, Ire- 
 land. He was a member of the Church of England, as are all 
 his descendants. His son James, the father of the subject of 
 this sketch, came to America about 1788, and for a time lived 
 in Northumberland County, Penn., being engaged as a school 
 teacher. About 1781, he removed to Canada, and for a short 
 time lived at Ancaster. County Wentworth. He finally settled 
 with his family at Chippawa, County Welland. He engaged 
 extensively in the milling and distillery business, and was the 
 originator of the well-known '• Chippawa Whiskey." Although 
 Mr. Macklem had lived for a time in the States, he remained a 
 British subject (he was a U. E. Loyalist), and in 1794 was com- 
 missioned First Lieutenant (in artillery cavalry) in the militia 
 
Biographical Sketches. 495 
 
 force of County Lincoln. This commission was signed by John 
 Butler — " constituted and appointed (by commission from His 
 Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada) Lieu- 
 tenant of the County of Lincoln." This commission shows that 
 each of the several counties of the province had its lieutenant, 
 as it is in England. In the war of 1812, James Macklem com- 
 manded a company in the 2nd Regiment Lincoln Militia. 
 He had three sons and two daughters, namely : James Oliver 
 Tiffany (named after Dr. Tiffany), Thomas Clark, Nancy and 
 Sophia. The two elder sons, besides the business in which 
 their father engaged, carried on an extensive foundry business, 
 and also established a line of steamboats between Chippawa 
 and Buffalo, and between the latter place and Detroit. The 
 youngest son, some time after his father's death, about 1838, 
 decided to stud)'^ medicine, and accordingly proceeded to Edin- 
 burgh and entered the University. Young Macklem found 
 friends among the university professors, but the climate of 
 Edinburgh did not agree with him and he was obliged to return 
 to Canada. He consequently completed his studies at McGill 
 College, Montreal. He stayed for some time with Professor 
 Sutherland, who was a friend so much appreciated that Dr. 
 Macklem named after him his second .son. The subject he 
 selected for his thesis, at the time of his graduation, was con- 
 sumption. The merits of this essay were such that it was 
 suspected he had been assisted by his friend Dr. Sutherland. 
 But the professor indignantly declared he had never seen it. 
 
 Dr. Macklem established himself in practice in his native 
 place, and his field of labour extended over a large section of 
 the country. He acquired a high reputation for skill in his 
 profession, especially in the diagnosis of cases requiring the use 
 of the stethoscope. Dr. Macklem, by his sympathetic nature, 
 unremitting attention to his patients and kindness, endeared 
 himself to all, and not the least to those who were poor. His 
 professional ability was recognized by the offer of a professor- 
 ship in the medical department of Trinity University, Toronto, 
 which offer was declined in consequence of his mother's declin- 
 ing health. 
 
 Among those on the ill-fated train that was precipitated 
 into the Desjardins Canal, March 12th, 1857, was Dr. Macklem. 
 
496 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 He was recovered from the wreck in an unconscious state, in 
 which condition he remained for many hours. He was unable 
 to leave Hamilton for several weeks, and, although skilfully 
 treated by the Hamilton doctors, he never entirely recovered 
 from the effects of the shock and internal injuries he had 
 received. In the early part of 1859 he contracted a .severe 
 cold, and, in consequence of his weakened constitution, he was 
 unable to overcome the effects, and disease of the lungs was 
 developed. Having hopes of recovery, he, by the advice of 
 medical friends, proceeded to Florida with his family. The 
 salubrious air of the pine groves allayed the difficulty of breath- 
 ing and soothed his cough for a time ; but the relief was very 
 transient, and he died, December 11, 1859. His remains were 
 brought to Canada and buried at Chippawa. 
 
 Dr. Macklem married, 1851, Caroline, third daughter of 
 Samuel Street, Esq., of Niagara Falls, by whom he had two 
 sons and two daughters. The eldest son, James, was drowned 
 in childhood. The other son, Sutherland, after being educated 
 at Trinity College, Toronto, and at the University of Oxford, 
 was ordained priest in the Church of England, 1890. His 
 home is at Clark's Hill, at the Falls, but he is temporarily 
 residing in London, England (1892). The eldest daughter, 
 Caroline, remains unmarried, and resides with her mother. 
 The other daughter, Elizabeth, is the wife of Oliver R. Mack- 
 lem, barrister, Toronto. The widow of Dr. Macklem became 
 the wife of H. C. R. Becher, Q.C., London, Ontario. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Street Macklem, born, 1836, was the son of 
 James and nephew of Dr. T. C. Macklem. He acquired his 
 medical education at McGill College, being a private pupil of 
 Dr. Sutherland, as well as of his uncle. He was engaged in 
 practice for some years, up to 1871, at Oil Springs, County 
 Lambton. He died at Chippawa, January 8, 1872. 
 
 Dr. James Macnab. 
 
 Among the historic names connected with the history of 
 Upper Canada, that of Macnab is equal to any in prominence, 
 and for conspicuous service to the Crown and the Province. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 497 
 
 As will be seen, not only Canada has been served by the 
 Macnabs, but elsewhere the name has a place in the annals of 
 the British realm. It is gratifying to record that one of the 
 name was intimately associated with our Loyalist forefathers. 
 Through the favour of the Rev. Dr. Macnab, the following inter- 
 esting certificate is taken from the original : 
 
 "York, February 23rd, 1818. 
 
 " I do certify that I was acquainted with Doctor James Mac- 
 nab when he acted as assistant-suroeon to the Loyalists during 
 the first war with America ; and that I attended him in his last 
 illness, at Machiche, in Lower Canada, where he died about the 
 beginning of the year 1780. 
 
 "Robert Kerr, 
 
 " Surgeon I. Department." 
 
 Many years after Surgeon James Macnab's death, in con- 
 sideration of his distinguished services in the American revolu- 
 tionary war, as the departmental records attest, his heirs 
 received grants of land from the Crown. This gentleman 
 was the earliest representative on Canadian soil of the ancient 
 Clan Anaba or Macnab. 
 
 A branch of his family were Nova Scotians, who for their 
 high character while serving under the Marquis Cornwallis, 
 obtained the grant of their property, the Macnab Island, in the 
 harbour at Halifax. The last head of this family in Halifax 
 was the Hon. James Macnab, Member of the Legislative Council 
 and Receiver-General of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Another collateral branch was that represented in the person 
 of Allan Macnab, lieutenant in the Queen's Rangers, who 
 accompanied his commander. General John Graves Simcoe, to 
 Upper Canada, in 1792, to assume the office of Lieut.-Governor. 
 During the revolutionary war he received thirteen wounds. 
 He became sergeant-at-arms to the House of Assembly of 
 Upper Canada, and was the father of Colonel Sir Allan Napier 
 Macnab, who was Premier of United Canada, Speaker of the 
 Senate, and A.D.C. to Her Majesty the Queen, " whose history," 
 as Rev. Dr. Scadding, in his " Toronto of Old," has said, " forms 
 part of that of Upper Canada." Sir Allan was born at the 
 historic Navy Hall, Niagara, Feb. 19, 1796, while his father was 
 
498 The Medical Profession in Uppe" Canada. 
 
 acting as A.D.C. to Governor Simcoe, and died at "Dundurn," 
 Hamilton, August 8, 1862, aged 66. His daughters, Mrs. 
 Daley and the Viscountess Bury, survive him, and now reside in 
 England. The only surviving member of this family in Canada 
 is Miss Hannah Maenab, of Hamilton, now far advanced in years. 
 In tiie early days of Upper Canada she was the reigning belle 
 of the capital. From a letter of hers just received, it is learned 
 that her father died on the 6th June, 1830, aged 72 years, her 
 brother, the late David Maenab, having succeeded his father in 
 the position of sergeant-at-arms. 
 
 A distant relative of the subject of this sketch, and, in order 
 of time, third representative of the clan in Canada, was Archi- 
 bald — " The Maenab of Maenab " — himself the noble laird, of 
 magnificent physique, who emigrated to Canada in 1821, whither 
 many of his clan had gone before him. 
 
 After a residence at the Chats, on the Ottawa River, for 
 nearly forty years, he returned to Europe and died at Lannion, 
 Cotes du Nord, France, August 12, 1860, aged 83, being the 
 thirteenth and last of the gallant chiefs of the clan of which 
 mention is first made in the annals during the reign of David I., 
 in the beginning of the twelfth century. It may be regretted 
 that the succession in this chieftainship has not been maintained, 
 although it is now a landless, yet not an honourless, title, and 
 the claii greatly scattered. 
 
 The only surviving daughter of the late chief, '^Mrs. Maenab 
 of Maenab," lives in Florence, Italy, where she is well known 
 in social circles and much esteemed by all classes of people for 
 her benevolence and good works. 
 
 Surgeon James Maenab had four sons, viz., Colin, Alexander, 
 Simon and James, three of whom lived and died in Canada ; the 
 other, a native Canadian, was slain on the field of Waterloo. 
 Colin, whose daughter was the wife of Col. Phillpotts, Royal 
 Engineers, brother to the Lord Bishop of Exeter, and A.D.C. to 
 Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, was 
 connected with the commissariat at Niagara, and subsequently 
 for many years held the collectorship of customs at that port. 
 He died in 1810. 
 
 Simon was the first collector of customs, registrar, and com- 
 missioner of the " Court of Requests " at Belleville. In the 
 
Biographical Sketches. 499 
 
 war of 1812 he did duty at Kingston as Captain in command of 
 a flank company of " Hastings Incorporated Militia," and at the 
 time of his death, in 1821, held the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, 
 and was buried with military hopours. 
 
 James was connected with the Commissariat Department at 
 Belleville during the war of 1812, and for several years repre- 
 sented the County of Hastings in the House of Assembly, at 
 York, where, while on duty, he died in 1820. 
 
 Alexander was sworn in as confidential clerk to the Executive 
 Council of the Province in 1797, and entered upon his duties 
 when Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake) was yet the seat of 
 Government. In 1800, he was gazetted an ensign in the Queen's 
 Rangers; in 1803, he joined the 26th Foot; in 1804', he became 
 lieutenant in the 30th Regiment, and in 1809 was promoted to 
 a captaincy. He served through the Peninsular campaign, was 
 on the staff at the battle of Waterloo as A.D.C. to General Sir 
 Thomas Picton, both he and his chief being killed in action at 
 Waterloo, on the 18th of June, 1815. 
 
 A grandson of Surgeon Macnab was Captain James Macnab, 
 of Belleville, who was accidentally killed while on duty with 
 the volunteers in the rebellion of 1837. A son of Captain 
 Macnab is Alexander Macnab, C.E., London, Eng., who for 
 many years has held responsible positions under several 
 colonial governments. 
 
 The other grandson of Surgeon Macnab was the Rev. Alex- 
 ander Macnab, D.D., Rector of Darlington for nearly forty 
 years. Two of his most important positions in foi'mer years 
 were that of president of the University of Victoria College, 
 and acting chief superintendent of education for Canada West. 
 The writer cannot forego stating that he has a most pleasing 
 recollection of the Doctor's genial kindness to him when he 
 first entered Victoria College as a student in 1848. Dr. 
 Macnab was constituted honorary canon of the diocesan 
 cathedral of St. Alban the Martyr, Toronto. He died, 
 November 15, 1891, in his 80th year. 
 
 His eldest son, Allan Napier, lost his life by accidental drown- 
 ing at Montreal in 1872. Ho was a graduate of Trinity College, 
 Toronto, and curate of Christ's Church Cathedral, Hamilton. 
 The only surviving son of thn Rector of Darlington is Rev. 
 
500 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Alexander Wellesley Macnab, incumbent of St. Barnabas Church, 
 St. Catharines, for fifteen years an able and successful parish 
 priest. 
 
 Dr. Thomas MacQueen 
 
 Was born at Edwardsburg, Ont., January 5, 1805. He was the 
 son of Captain MacQueen, of the Halifax Fencibles, and Grace, 
 daughter of the Hon. Richard Fraser. He was brother to 
 Judge MacQueen, of Woodstock, Ont. He passed the Upper 
 Canada Medical Board, October, 1827. 
 
 He married his cousin Mary, daughter of Lieut.-Col. Fraser, 
 who commanded the Grenville militia at the battle of the Wind- 
 mill. The following is an obituary sketch in one of the local 
 papers at the time of his death : " Dr. MacQueen graduated at 
 Glasgow with high honours and commenced the practice of his 
 profession at Ottawa, then By -town, where he attracted favour- 
 able notice by his first case, which was the performance of a 
 difficult operation of tracheotomy. Called on while absent 
 from his office, he was compelled to resort to the only means at 
 hand, and without surgical instruments, completed the opera- 
 tion successfully. The characteristic boldness of hh operations, 
 united with a firm disposition and extreme kindness of manner, 
 drew around him a numerous circle of friends including many 
 members of his own profession. Dr. MacQueen will long be 
 remembered among all classes and his place will not readily be 
 supplied. His first object was, relief to the sufferer ; his last, 
 remuneration." 
 
 Dr. MacQueen removed to Brockville about 1840, where he 
 enjoyed a very large practice, gained by skilful care in all 
 branches of his profession, and a genial manner. He was Sur- 
 geon to the Grenville militia, and served during the rebellion of 
 1837 with the Brockville Rifles. He died at Brockville, June 6, 
 1859. His widow still (1890) survives him, living at Ottawa. 
 
I)l{. XATHAXIKL K. MAINU AHINC 
 
Biographical Sketches. 601 
 
 Dr. Nathaniel Ezra Mainwarinq. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was of Norman origin, one of his 
 ancestors having served as captain in the fleet which brought 
 William the Conqueror and his army over to England, in 1066. 
 This Captain Mesniewaring, that being the way the name was 
 spelled in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, was rewarded for 
 his share in the Conquest with a large grant of land in the 
 County of Cheshire, where, for over thirty generations, the 
 family have continuously resided. 
 
 In 1189, Sir Randolph Main waring was Chief Justice of 
 Cheshire. In 1647, Sir William Main waring was killed in the 
 streets of Closter while defending the city against the Parlia- 
 mentary forces. In 1615, Sir Henry Mainwaring visited New- 
 foundland in command of five good ships, and returned to 
 England safely, after having gained much information and 
 rendered good service to his king and country. In 1797, Sir 
 Henry Mainwaring, a lineal descendant of the latter, was in 
 possession of the ancestral manor of Over Peover, in Cheshire, 
 England. 
 
 In the parish church of Over Peover may be seen several 
 massive sculptured tombs, upon which lie in ef&gy some giant 
 warrior or sailor of this distinguished family. Amongst the 
 numerous family monuments to be seen there, is an exceedingly 
 beautiful altar or shrine erected to the memory of Sir Randal 
 Mainwaring and his wife, Margery, in the year 1467, by their 
 grateful tenantry. 
 
 The first record of the family in America that can be found 
 bears date 1664, when William Thompson, a missionary to the 
 Indians near New London, Connecticut, sold a section of land 
 to Oliver Mainwaring. A portion of this land still remains in 
 the Mainwaring family, the present (1890) owner being R. A. 
 Mainwaring, Esq., M.D. 
 
 The late Dr. W. E. Mainwaring, of St. George, Ontario, came 
 from this Connecticut stock. He was born in the town of 
 Lynn, Conn., in the year 1813. When seven years old, his 
 father moved to Canada, and bought four hundred acres of land 
 near St. George. What is now one of the most beautiful and 
 fertile sections of Ontario, was then a dreary wilderness, The 
 
502 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 father brought the first sheep and cattle into that section, and 
 he also built the first saw-mill there. Public schools in those 
 days were not known as we have them to-day, and young Main- 
 waring, as was customary then, acquired his knowledge of the 
 three R's at the feet of the itinerant schoolmaster who generally 
 gave his instruction during the long winter evenings. Notwith- 
 standing the great difficulty in gaining book learning in those 
 days, he succeeded in mastering sufficient of the Latin grammar 
 and getting a firm grip of the contents of the English spelling book 
 to qualify him for entrance into the University of New York as 
 a medical student in the year 1836, and so well did he pursue 
 his studies that in 1839 he graduated as an M.D. From New York 
 he went to Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, where he spent 
 a session in post-graduate studies. In April, 1842, he passed 
 the examination. Medical Board, and received his license to 
 practise. He immediately commenced practice in St. George, 
 and in what was then called the Gore District. 
 
 In 1849, Dr. Mainwaring married Rebecca, youngest daughter 
 of Dr. E. Stimson. For nearly forty-four years he enjoyed one 
 of the most extensive country practices in Canada. His heart 
 was wholly given to his profession, and no matter how cold or 
 wet the day, or dark the night, he hastened to attend on rich 
 and poor alike. It has been said, and truthfully, too, that he 
 preferred to give his services to those who were unable to pay 
 him his fee rather than to those who were wealthy. He so 
 seldo^ rendered any accounts f«r his services, that it is liot 
 surprising to find that during the forty-four years of his prac- 
 tice he should have lost S75,000 from non-collection of his 
 accounts. In the fall of 1882, he had a slight apoplectic stroke, 
 but quickly recovered and resumed his work. In November, 
 1883, he was again stricken down, and died on the 18th of the 
 same month, and was laid at rest in the St. George Cemetery. 
 Although the day of his burial was one of the most gloomy 
 and wet, and the roads almost impassable for mud, yet he was 
 followed to the grave by one of the largest concourses of 
 mourning people ever witnessed in that neighbourhood. 
 
 In politics, the Doctor was a staunch Reformer, and always 
 took an active part in elections, but would never allow his 
 name to be put forward as a candidate, fearing it might inter- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 503 
 
 fere with his professional duties. Socially, he was one of the 
 most genial and lovable of men, and his constant urbanity and 
 smiling face never failed to please and benefit those with whom 
 he came in contact. He was a constant student, and kept well 
 to the front in making use of modern ideas and theories ; and, 
 though not a public .speaker, he was a veritable encyclopaedia of 
 medical, historical and biographical lore, with which he could 
 entertain his guests by the hour. 
 
 His widow still survives him, and continues to reside in St- 
 George (1894). His only son, R. A. Mainwaring, resides in 
 Toronto, and is well known as an estate broker. His only 
 daughter married Dr. Baugh, of Hamilton. 
 
 Dr. John Mair, 
 
 A Master of Arts and Doctor of Medicine, a stafF-surgeon (half 
 pay) in the British army. Born at Aberdeen, Scotland, 1798, 
 where he was educated. Studied anatomy in London under 
 Mr. Brookes, and also attended the surgical practice at St. 
 George's Hospital under Mr. (afterwards Sir) B. Brodie. Com- 
 menced medical studies at the University of Edinburgh, and 
 became ordinary and subsequently extraordinary member of 
 Royal Medical Society. In 1821, studied in Paris under 
 Dupuytren and Broupais, and dissected with Lisfranc, Entered 
 the army as hospital assistant in same year, having previously 
 received certificate of qualification from Blizard and Abernethy 
 for surgeoncy of any regiment in the service. Served in nearly 
 all His Majesty's dependencies, attaining the rank of stafi'-sur- 
 geon (1st class), and retired from the army in 1852, settling at 
 Kingston, C.W. Contributed various articles on the temper- 
 ance movement to the Gospel Tribune (Tor.), 1851 ; on com- 
 munion wine question, in letters addressed to the Dean of 
 Carlisle, in the Temperance Spectator (Lon.), 1861 ; on the 
 medical profession in relation to the temperance movement and 
 the sacramental elements, to the Journal of Temperance (Cari.), 
 1864-65 ; in 1849, to Medical Times (London), " Results of my 
 Experience in the Treatment of Asiatic Cholera as it occurred 
 at Kingston, C.W., in 1849. 
 
604 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 I " The Cup of the Lord," not " The Cup of Devils." Re- 
 printed from Oospel Tribune, Toronto, 1855, pp. 21. 
 
 11. " Nephaleia, or Total Abstinence from Intoxicating 
 Liquors in man's normal state of health, the doctrine of the 
 Bible." In a series of letters, with addenda, to Edward C. 
 Delavan, Esq., with coloured plates of the stomach as affected 
 by strong drink. Albany, 1861, pp. 300. 
 
 " The entire question of ' Biblical Temperance ' is discussed 
 in Nephaleia, but particularly what is called the sacramental 
 wine question. Dr. Mair has devoted his leisure hours for 
 many years to a painstaking research and a careful study of 
 most passages of Scripture bearing upon this important sub- 
 ject ; and the result is a clear and settled conviction that total 
 abstinence from intoxicating liquors in man's normal state, is 
 the doctrine of the Bible." — Temperance Spectator (Lon.). " Bib. 
 Canaden.," by Morgan. 
 
 Dr. Anthony Marshall. 
 
 At what date Dr. Marshall came to Kingston and commenced 
 practice, is unknown. The first notice we have concerning him 
 is in this letter, published in a Kingston paper : 
 
 " To the Editor : 
 
 "Sir, — Injustice to the reputation of Mr. Anthony Marshall, 
 member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, who con- 
 templates making his future residence among you, I deem it 
 my duty to give a public testimony of his professional abilities 
 and skill, so fully evinced in the instance when I was the sub- 
 ject who unfortunately required his aid. Early in the month of 
 June last, having fractured my right leg, I applied to Mr. 
 Marshall for relief. After making use of every effort to save 
 my limb, and finding it impossible from the extreme badness 
 of the wound, recourse was unavoidably had to amputation, 
 as the only means of saving my life. The operation was per- 
 formed by him with consummate skill, and much to the satisfac- 
 tion of myself and friends ; and such was his attention during 
 every part of my confinement, that real motives of gratitude 
 
Biographical Sketches. 505 
 
 prompt me to make this public declaration of his merits as a 
 surgeon, and the claim he has to the patronage of the public. 
 
 "James McNoble. 
 " Thurlow, Nov. 24, 1815." 
 
 Dr. Marshall issued his card as follows : 
 
 Kingston Gazette, December 9, 1815 : " Mr. Marshall, Surgeon, 
 takes the liberty of announcing that he has taken Mr. Evart's 
 house, where all calls in his line will be immediately attended 
 to." 
 
 " Kingston., July 10, 1816 : Mr. Marshall, Surgeon, has re- 
 ceived from Montreal a fresh supply of vaccine or cow-pock 
 matter." 
 
 " Lieutenant-Governor's Office, 
 •• York, Dec. 10, 1816. 
 
 " His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor has been pleased to 
 appoint Surgeon Anthony Marshall, of Kingston, to examine 
 and grant certificates of disability, to militiamen disabled from 
 wounds received in service in defence of this Province during 
 the late war. 
 
 " By order of His Excellency, 
 
 *' Edward McMahon, 
 
 " A ssistant Secretary." 
 
 Dr. Marshall, after the death of Dr. Meacham, whom he 
 attended in his last illness, removed to Belleville, being the 
 second doctor to settle in the place. He was greatly respected 
 as a practitioner, and as an indication of his character it may 
 be mentioned that he, with Mr. John Turnbull and Dr. Cooper, 
 organized a Sunday School, and was one of the teachers. Dr. 
 Marshall was a Coroner for the Midland District. This notice 
 appeared in the Kingston Feius, March 20, 1879 : " A Ripe 
 Old Age. — Mrs. Jane Marshall, whose death, at Picton, on the 
 10th instant, at the ripe old age of ninety-two years, was 
 announced in the News of yesterday, was a former resident of 
 this city, and sat under the ministration of the first resident 
 Presbyterian minister, the Rev. Mr. Barclay, whose monument 
 stands in the old Presbyterian burying ground, on Clergy 
 83 
 
506 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Street. Her husband, Dr. Anthony Marshall, was Secretary- 
 Treasurer of the Building Committee for the erection of Saint 
 Andrew's church, in the year 1820. She and the Doctor after- 
 wards removed to Belleville, where, after his death, she taught 
 school for many years, and was also a devoted Sabbath School 
 teacher. She was a woman of superior attainments, and de- 
 servedly respected." 
 
 Dr. Peter Marter 
 
 Was one of the sons of Thomas Peter Marter, London, Eng. At 
 the time of the birth of Dr. Marter, 1810, his father was Deputy 
 Commissary-General of the British army. London was pro- 
 bably his birth-place. In 1815, he was in Brussels with his 
 mother, and often said that he distinctly remembered hearing 
 the firing at the battle of Waterloo. 
 
 In 1818, the family came to Halifax, thence to Annapolis, 
 and afterwards to St. John, N.B. 
 
 Sir Howard Douglas, Governor of New Brunswick, and a 
 friend of the family, became very much interested in the sub- 
 ject of this sketch. He gave him his entire education. He 
 received his medical education at London, Edinburgh and Paris. 
 At nineteen (the youngest graduate up to that date, 1829), he 
 received !iis diploma from the Royal College of Physicians and 
 Surgeoni?, London. He then went to Edinburgh, and thence to 
 Paris. Among his papers are two certificates received in Paris 
 — one dated July 24, 1830, stating that Mr. Peter Marter had 
 attended a course in chirurgical anatomy and operative medi- 
 cine, signed by Mallett, M.D., etc. The other is dated September 
 25, 1830, Hospital for the Poor, and is signed by Lorec. In 
 1831, he returned to New Brunswick, and practised for a time 
 in St. John. 
 
 He married, in 1833, Augusta Hatch, daughter of the Hon. 
 Harris Hatch, of St. Andrew's, and came, with his young bride, 
 to Brantford. He was gazetted licentiate of Upper Canada, 
 November, 1833, under 8th George IV., chap. 3. He remained 
 in Brantford until 1858, when he took the family to Nova 
 Scotia, where they lived but a year or two, Returning to 
 
Biographical Sketches. 607 
 
 Brantford, he died, 1862. Dr. Marter was Surgeon to the 4th 
 Oxford Regiment of Militia, 1837. 
 
 Mrs. Marter survived her husband fifteen years, and d; 3d in 
 Winnipeg, 1877. 
 
 The family consisted of six children, two daughters and four 
 sons. The eldest, Henrietta, married, 1852, Walter B. Rubridge, 
 of Peterboro', Barrister-at-law, now Deputy Clerk of the Crown 
 and Pleas, and Local Registrar of the High Court of Justice for 
 the Countj' of Brant. Jane Augusta married, April, 1855, the 
 Hon. Edmund Burke Wood, late Chief Justice of Manitoba. 
 The eldest son, George Frederick, is M.P.P. for the District of 
 Mu.skoka, fir.st elected, 1886, and re-elected in 1890. He married 
 in 1862, Mary Green. The second son, Harris Hatch, married 
 Mary O'Neil, and is reeve of the town of Gravenhurst. John 
 Wellington married Mary Ann Harris ; and Walter Peter, 
 Minnie Findley, of Simcoe. 
 
 Dr. Seth Meacham 
 
 Was born and educated in New Hampshire, where he tlso 
 acquired his medical knowledge. It is worthy of notice tlat 
 Dr. Meacham was dissatisfied with republican government, and 
 resolved to make his home in Canada, and cast his lot among 
 the U. E. Loyalists, who had been expatriated by the victorious 
 rebels of 1776. In taking this step, he forsook everything in 
 the way of riches and position. He came to Upper Canada, 
 entirely ignorant of the country and a stranger to the people, 
 in 1801, when about thirty years of age. His journey occupied 
 three weeks. Crossing over at Brock ville, he proceeded westward 
 on the lookout for an eligible place at which to settle. On 
 reaching the mouth of Myers' creek (where Belleville now 
 stands), he found a few scattered houses and a limited popula- 
 tion ; but among them were a few who, like himself, had 
 recently left the United States, preferring to live under the 
 British flag. After examining the surrounding country, he re- 
 solved to make the place his home. He had not come without 
 means, and he purchased a lot of one hundred acres in the east- 
 ern part of the township of Sidney, which is now in the western 
 
608 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 part of the city. Here, on the farm, he continued to live until 
 his death. At this time there wa.s no other doctor west of 
 Kingston, as far up as Cobourjj. Consequently the field of 
 practice over which Dr. Meacham had to travel on horseback 
 by a bridle path extended over Prince Edward District eastward 
 to Napanee, westward to Col borne, and northward to Rawdon. 
 It was a common thing to be absent several days, and some- 
 times more than a week. 
 
 At the time of the war of 1812, he was Surgeon to the Hast- 
 ings Battalion of Militia, and was stationed at Kingston. At 
 the close of the war, Dr. Meacham received very flattering 
 testimonials from the military authorities at Kingston. 
 
 Dr. Meacham passed a brief, but very useful life. Not only 
 was ho well up in his profession, but he continued a student, 
 and he had brought in with him a good supply of medical 
 books and surgical instruments. 
 
 Dr. Meacham married Elizabeth Simons, daughter of Com- 
 missioner Simons, whose brother distinguished himself at 
 Lundy's Lane. He was brother-in-law to Simon McNab, and 
 the liev. Dr. McNab, now Rector of Bowmanville, was his 
 nephew. 
 
 His death took place in October, 1815, from the effects of a 
 cold caused by exposure while visiting a patient in Rawdon. 
 The following account of his death and funeral is taken from 
 the Kingston Gazette : " Died — Universally regretted, on the 
 morning of the ''?2nd inst., at his farm, in Sidney, near the River 
 Moira, after a short and severe illness, Dr. Seth Meacham, aged 
 . forty-seven. He resided in Sidney and Thurlow for upwards 
 of fourteen years past, during which time he exercised his pro- 
 fession as a physician with great success and general satisfac- 
 tion to the public. He was much esteemed by all who knew 
 him, for the strict practice of those moral and social duties which 
 inspire respect and give true dignity to the man. His death, 
 by the inhabitants of the adjacent townships also, will be most 
 severely felt, having been at all times ready and willing when 
 called upon to give medical aid to the poor, as well as to the 
 rich. He has left a widow and four small children to mourn 
 the loss of an affectionate husband and a most tender and 
 benevolent parent. The remains were interred in the burying 
 
BiooRAPiiicAL Sketches. 509 
 
 ground at Thurlow, on the afternoon of the 23rd inst., with 
 Masonic honours, attended by a numerous train of friends and 
 connections." It is interesting to notice by an account now 
 before us, to William Bell, of Thurlow, that for " inoculation of 
 six" persons, by Dr. Meacham, there was a charge of £1 10. 
 
 Dr. Meacham had two sons. The eldest, James Hubbard 
 Meucham, now eighty-four years old, is one of the oldest in- 
 habitants of Belleville, who has been postmaster of that city for 
 upwards of forty years, and is known as one of the salt of the 
 earth. Personal regard for a dear friend does not prejudice the 
 writer in saying that a nobler, more upright man does not exist. 
 
 The second son was named Simon, who now lives at Odessa, 
 with his son, Dr. Walter Meacham, member of the Provincial 
 Legislature for Lennox and Addington. A daughter of Simon 
 married a son of the Rev. Dr. Stinson. 
 
 J. H. Meacham has two sons living. The eldest, Rev. Dr. 
 Meacham, is well known as a Methodist missionary to Japan, 
 where he is now labouring, and whose labours have been 
 attended with manifest success. A second son is James Bogart 
 Meacham, druggist, of Toronto. 
 
 One of Dr. Seth Meacham's daughters remained unmarried ; 
 the other became the wife of Gilbert Bogart, of Belleville, whose 
 daughter is the wife of Judge Dean, of Lindsay. 
 
 Dr. James Meaqher 
 
 Was born at Kingston, Upper Canada, 1814. His father was 
 in the 9th Regiment, which came to Kingston, August, 1814, 
 after taking part in the Peninsular war. His mother was 
 a Portuguese. He had three brothers — Jeremiah, John and 
 Thomas. Jeremiah was a well-known personage in Kingston, 
 and in his later years held a place in the Inspector'.^ Depart- 
 ment of the Post Office, Kingston. John became a druggist at 
 Kingston. Thomas entered the legal profession, as student-at- 
 law, in the office of Sir John Macdonald, but took an appoint- 
 ment as Custom House officer. A son of Jeremiah became a 
 doctor and was attached to a company of surgeons in the 
 North- West. He died from the effects of a fall ; he had three 
 
610 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 ribs broken, but in this state and with a frozen foot he walked 
 four hundred miles through slush and snow. 
 
 James, the subject of this sketch, was a pupil at Upper 
 Canada College, and finished his general education there in 
 1832. At one of the yearly examinations he obtained the 
 highest position, carrying away the three leading prizes of 
 Greek, Latin and French. He then went to Montreal to study 
 medicine in McGill College, which he did under Dr. Caldwell, 
 the then leading medical man in that city. Dr. Caldwell 
 died before his studies were finished, and he then studied with 
 Dr. Racey, or "Tracey." Both of them were Professors of 
 McGill. He remained a student at McGill until 1836, and in 
 July of that year appeared before the Upper Canada Medical 
 Board. The minutes of the Board say : " He had been educated 
 in Montreal and attended the lectures at McGill College and 
 the Montreal Hospital for two years. He passed a very credit- 
 able examination." He commenced the practice of medicine 
 in Kingston, his native town, in 1836, " and was, as was well 
 known to those living in his time, of high repute in his pro- 
 fession." He and his father were elected members of the Town 
 Council at the same time, 1846. 
 
 At the time of the emigrant or typhus fever, 1847, in King- 
 ston, he was one of the physicians who attended the General 
 Hospital when that disease was so prevalent that the hospital 
 was full of typhus patients, on account of the vessels coming 
 with emigrants having to perform quarantine here. The disease 
 spread to an alarming extent, filling the General Hospital to its 
 full capacity. 
 
 When the Medical Department of Queen's College, Kingston, 
 was created, 1854, Dr. Meagher was selected for the Chair of 
 Midwifery. 
 
 Dr. Meagher died, December 18, 1875, aged sixty-one. The 
 Canada Medical Record of that time, says : " He was a man of 
 high attainments and of a genial disposition." 
 
 We are indebted for most of the information regarding Dr. 
 Meagher to his brother, John Meagher, of Montreal, the head 
 of the firm of Meagher Brothers. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 511 
 
 Dr. Henry Melville 
 
 Came from the West Indies to Niagara in the latter part cff the 
 "forties," It is said that he was the son of a British officer. He 
 practised at Niagara for several years ; came to Toronto, 1849 
 or 1850, and was one of the originators of the Upper Canada 
 School of Medicine, which became the Medical Faculty of 
 Trinity College, Toronto. He was a graduate of the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh and was appointed Professor of Surgery in 
 Trinity College at the time of its organization. Dr. Melville 
 prepared for publication, in 1852, a very interesting account of 
 " The Rise and Progress of Trinity College, Toronto, with a 
 Sketch of the Life of the Lord Bishop of Toronto, as connected 
 with Church Education in Canada." This interesting volume 
 of 258 pages contains valuable and most authentic historical 
 information. It was published in Toronto, by Henry Rowsell, 
 in 1852. Among the benefactors of Trinity College was Dr. 
 Melville, who gave £20. 
 
 Dr. Melville's stay in Toronto was of short duration. He 
 identified himself with Dr. R. Hunter, who at that time prac- 
 tised as a specialist, and was not regarded by the profession as 
 a regular practitioner. He shortly after returned to England 
 and engaged in practice. His death took place a few y^ars 
 later. 
 
 Dr. Francis Mewburn. 
 
 The Mewburns have been in the medical profession for at 
 least four generations. The family is entitled to a prominent 
 place in these pages as distinguished members of the medical 
 profession ; some of its members have been equally distin- 
 guished in other professions and callings in life. The first of 
 the name which comes under our notice is Francis Mewburn, 
 who was born in Durham, England, 1748. He commenced the 
 study of medicine, 1765. The indentures of apprenticeship, 
 together with the various testimonials of attendance at lectures 
 by some of the great men of the day, and his notes on the 
 lectures beautifully written out, are in possession of his great- 
 grandson, F. H. Mewburn, at Lethbridge, North-West Terri- 
 
512 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 tories. After obtaining his diploma at R.C.S. London, he 
 practised in Whitby for many years ; also held a commission 
 as captain in the volunteers when Napoleon threatened to 
 invade England. He practised his profession till far advanced 
 in years, living latterly at Danly, in the dales of Yorkshire. 
 
 He had three sons — Francis Mewburn, of Darlington (the 
 first railway solicitor in England, of the Arm of Stevenson, 
 Pease & Mewburn, the three pioneers of the railway), John 
 Mewburn and Boyer Mewburn, a solicitor of London. 
 
 Dr. John Mewburn, 
 
 Second son of Dr. Francis Mewburn. As a student of medicine 
 he possessed great advantages, and profited by them. He was 
 honourably noticed by Sir Astley Cooper when he obtained his 
 diploma as M.R.C.S. He was one of those who volunteered as 
 assistant-surgeon to attend the sick and wounded at Haslor 
 Hospital, after the battle of Corunna, and his account of the 
 way they were treated was horrible. What would be said now 
 of amputation at the shoulder-joint for wound of the circum- 
 flex artery ? Yet such was done there. He was also one of 
 those who witnessed that celebrated case of a man wounded 
 at Corunna, who died two weeks afterwards of dysentery, and 
 a ball was found in the heart. 
 
 Dr. John Mewburn emigrated to Upper Canada in 1832, and 
 was gazetted as a licentiate July of that year. He resided in 
 York for a short time, and had a very advantageous proposal to 
 remain there, which he refused, and having purchased a farm at 
 Stamford, settled there, where he remained all his life — a life 
 spent in active practice — a life of usefulness, and crowned 
 with success. " A warm-hearted, impulsive man, he had many 
 friends, and he was always ready to assist anyone whose 
 cause he believed to be just. From doing his duty fearlessly 
 and honourably as a magistrate and coroner, he made many a 
 bitter enemy." He was "a man much given to hospitality, 
 especially to the clergy ; from the Bishop to the youngest 
 curate, from the Roman Catholic pr' "■^t to the Baptist minister, 
 all were sure of a welcome. In church matters he was 
 
Biographical Sketches. 513 
 
 always ready to give his time, and not backward in giving 
 money likewise. Well as he treated the clergy, it must be 
 said if he fed them well, he ruled them with not a gentle 
 hand. ... He was a sound churchman, and anyone staying 
 at his house had to go to church. In all he did he aimed at 
 being consistent." His son, in his racy way, relates this : " In 
 explaining to his son why he had knocked a man down, for 
 which he had to pay costs and a guinea, he said, ' Frank, you 
 see the man called me a liar. Had he been a gentleman, I 
 should have called him out ; as he was not, I knocked him 
 down.' " It will be seen that the Doctor had a temper. At 
 "another time, some officers of a regiment stationed at 
 Niagara insulted him in some way. He mounted his horse 
 and started (using some strong language), declaring he would 
 call out every man of them if they did not apologize. He 
 rode fourteen miles to Niagara, and it is stated got the apology 
 he demanded," 
 
 Dr. Mewburn was skilful in his profession, and had a high 
 reputation. He was well known for his skill in obstetrical 
 operations. He was the first one in Upper Canada to per- 
 form the operation whereby the offspring of a deformed woman 
 was born alive after she had lost several children. His son, 
 Dr. Frank C, writes : "Arriving in Canada, 1832, just as the 
 stethoscope was introduced, there was a fortune in it. But 
 as there was a good deal of rubbish connected with it, he 
 threw it to one side. Some months ago a beautiful arterial 
 preparation, arm and leg, was sent up to the American 
 Museum. After cleaning •'; up, it is safe to say a finer one 
 was never done. This was bis work eighty years ago." 
 
 In the Mackenzie rebellion he volunteered for the defence 
 of Toronto, and embarked at Niagara for Toronto. 
 
 His duties as a magistrate and coroner occupied in later 
 years much of his time, and interfered with his practice. 
 Moreover, his strict impartiality in dealing with evil-doers, 
 alienated not a few. 
 
 Dr. John Mewburn was twice married. First, to a Miss 
 Moore, afterwards to " Miss Henrietta Chilton, whose family 
 were the real true old Tory." Mrs. Mewburn survived the 
 Doctor many years, and died at the advanced age of ninety, 
 
614 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 well known for her kind and lovable disposition. She " read 
 her Bible, Prayer-Book, novels and newspapers to the last." 
 They had eleven children ; of them, three sons are still 
 living: Harrison Chilton, living on the old homestead at 
 Stamford ; Dr. Francis Clarke, living and practising in Toronto 
 (1893); John, residing in Liverpool, England, Assistant-Manager 
 Union Bank, Liverpool, who, in his young days, was one of 
 the gallant fellows who sent the piratical steamer Caroline 
 over Niagara Falls. Served afterwards as ensign in the Old 
 Queen's Own under Col. Kingsmill. He joined the Volunteer 
 Movement in England at its commencement, and is now 
 Colonel of the finest volunteer artillery brigade in England. 
 Thomas Chilton, the youngest son, was Inspector of Customs 
 at Hamilton. Here it may be stated that Harrison Chilton 
 Mewburn and Thos. Chilton Mewburn were in the cavalry troop 
 that hunted down the American sympathizer and rebels who 
 had successfully attacked Col. Magrath's lancers at Font Hill, 
 and that the wounded were brought down and placed in the 
 Queen's Own Hospital, and visited by Francis C. Mewburn 
 under Dr. Winder, the Surgeon of the Queen's Own. Francis 
 C. Mewburn, some years after, purchased the house. 
 
 Dr. Francis Clarke Mewburn, son of Dr. John Mewburn, 
 was born at Whitby, Yorkshire, England, 1817. Upon his 
 arrival with the family at York, 1832, he entered the old York 
 Hospital. He there saw the first cholera cases that appeared 
 in York ; studied afterwards with his father, and went to 
 Philadelphia in 1837. He passed the Medical Board in 1838, 
 and was appointed to the Coloured Corps, with which he served 
 two years. He practised at Weston till 1845, when he went 
 to Niagara Falls, in which locality he resided for thirty-five 
 years. Then he proceeded to Montreal, and afterwards to 
 Toronto, where he has practised since. While at the Falls, the 
 University of Buffalo conferred on him the honorary degree 
 of M.D. 
 
 Dr. Mewburn married Henrietta Shotter, of Kent, England. 
 He has seven children. The youngest one carried the standard 
 in the North-West. The Doctor, unfortunately, has been 
 somewhat deaf from his fifteenth year ; but even with this 
 great drawback, he has managed well to hold his own in the 
 
Biographical Sketches. 515 
 
 profession, and perhaps made as few mistakes as others, as he 
 was compelled to take more time and more trouble over his 
 cases. While at Niagara Falls, the Doctor had the pleasure of 
 driving round the distinguished Dr. Marshall Hall. We are 
 indebted to Dr. F. C. Mewburn for the following spirited 
 account of his recollections and experience, which gives bright 
 glimpses of events connected with the profession in the early 
 days of York : 
 
 " The description of the early days of the profession in Upper 
 Canada is taken solely from my own observation and experi- 
 ence ; and it must be borne in mind that it is from a student's 
 and young country doctor's standpoint. I have selected the 
 time between 1832 and 1845, as after that the modern history 
 may be said to commence. 
 
 " In the summer of 1832, I was attending the York Hospital 
 in John Street. Dr. Cattermole, of London, and myself are, 
 I believe, the only survivors (1888) who were there at that time. 
 The staff — Drs. Widmer, Deihl, King and Rolph — have long 
 since gone over to the great majority. One House Surgeon, 
 Dr. Stevenson, died of cholera. Dr. Sullivan, a pupil of Dr. 
 King's, and Dr. Woolverton, a pupil of Dr. Rolph's, are all gone. 
 And here let me say, what a capital place this old ho.spital was 
 for any young fellow wlio really wished to learn ; many a good 
 bedside lecture was given there. The principal figure was old 
 Widmer — (who ever forgot him ?) ; he was notorious for two 
 things, his awful swearing and his good surgery. His theo- 
 logical views at that age were looked upon with horror. But he 
 was an amazing favourite with the ladies, and also, I believe, 
 with old Dr. Strachan. That only proves that both ladies and 
 parsons rather prefer their doctor to have a certain quantity of 
 the devil in him ; and old Widmer had it fully developed. How- 
 ever, he was kind and attentive to the sick poor, never neglect- 
 ing them ; and no doubt this covered a multitude of sins. I 
 saw him amputate a thigh for gunshot wound of the knee. 
 There was secondary haemorrhage and the man died. The 
 cholera broke out after I had been there a short time. The 
 first cases were treated with calomel and opium ; they died. 
 Then the injection of a saline solution into the veins was used 
 on the Hospital Steward. Great things were hoped from this : 
 
516 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 but alas, he died. After this, the General Hospital was moved 
 into one of the new Parliament Buildings. 
 
 " Perhaps nothing can better show the difference between 1832 
 and 1887 than this occurrence : Dr. King and the House Surgeon 
 went into a ward where there was only one patient, and I went 
 with them. The two doctors looked carefully at the man, and 
 I looked and saw that he was well spotted. Rather proud of 
 my skill in diagnosis, I asked Dr. Cattermole if that was 
 erysipelas. ' No,' he said, ' that is small-pox.' Both the doctors 
 went their way, and young Mewburn went home ant' ate his 
 dinner as usual, and I never heard there were any more cases. 
 I heard Dr. King say, ' Cattermole, get some vaccine and vacci- 
 nate these children, as there is a case of small-pox in the house.' 
 Can anyone imagine this in the Toronto General Hospital ! 
 These were the bleeding days ; blood flowed like water. As I 
 had learned to bleed in England, I was always ready. One day 
 a r^.an came in to be bled ; he just wanted bleeding. He took 
 off his coat, rolled up his shirt sleeve. Then Cattermole, point- 
 ing to me, said, ' He will bleed you.' The man took a good look 
 at me, unrolled his sleeve, put on his coat and walked out. I 
 was very indignant, and thought he was a fool. I tl)ink now 
 he was a wise man. Another time I was called in to bleed a 
 woman in York Street. Dr. Rolph had refused to do so (no 
 doubt for good reasons). I operated at once, but to my annoy- 
 ance I received no fee. Another good bleeding case I had in 
 the country. It was a case of erysipelas of the leg. The man 
 had been bled once, and I saw him the next day. The old man 
 saw my perplexity, and so he helped me out : ' Do you think I 
 ought to be bled again ? ' ' Yes,' I said. ' Then stick in your 
 lance,' and I stuck it in, and he got well. From these cases it 
 will be seen what recklessness there was at that time about 
 bleeding ; indeed, I was not fifteen when I first let blood (as 
 the saying then was). May I hope that more than half a 
 century has condoned my sins ? In 1832, I remember also a 
 most excellent address to a coroner's jury from Dr. King on 
 peritonitis, so plain and so good that I never forgot it, and it 
 has lasted me ever since. The man had been killed by a stab 
 in the belly from a fish-spear. I had the Coloured Corps, two 
 military posts, one hundred and sixty officers and men, and any 
 
Biographical Sketches. 517 
 
 number of women and children ; I cannot recollect any deaths 
 while I had charge, which ought to be to my credit ; and to 
 show the scale of pay allowed in those days to the civil medical 
 attendants of corps, I had $500 a year and had to find medicine 
 and my own horse. The Imperial authorities would never pay 
 a cent for women and children. 
 
 "What a change since 1832, or since I commenced practice in 
 1838. In surgery, no chloroform ; and no words can express 
 the unspeakable horror of some of our cases ; no pulley and 
 weights for broken thighs ; no regular wound drainage ; no 
 opening into joints ; no hot water to stumps ; but there was 
 good surgery even then. I think these dreadful things were 
 enough to make angels weep. In medicine, the furious bleed- 
 ings are gone, and well would it have been had we retained 
 the lancet, using it moderately instead of doing as we did about 
 1845, by taking up stimulants, and, like the bleeding, carrying 
 it to excess. The cry was, * Keep him up,' and very often he 
 went up. I have lived through the era of profuse bleeding and 
 starving, and I have also lived through the stimulants and 
 feeding plan, and I think the last is the worst. Can we not 
 take the good out of both ? I hope so. 
 
 " Our surgical stand-bys were ' Cooper's Surgical Diction- 
 ary,* ' Astley Cooper's Lectures,' ' Charles Bell's Surgery,' and 
 'John Bell on Wounds.' I doubt if a better book was ever 
 written than the last. Another was ' Lawrence on Hernia.' Not 
 for some time did that work ' Druitt's Vade Mecum ' come forth, 
 and it was a God-send to the country doctor. In medicine we 
 had old ' Gregory,' then the ' Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine/ 
 and not till 1846, I think, did that priceless work of Watson's 
 arri V 3. 
 
 " The stethoscope was about the year 1832 just coming into 
 use, and those who availed themselves of its assistance had 
 great advantage over many of the elderly men who never 
 would learn its use. I am afraid many cases of pneumonia 
 were not recognized till too late." 
 
618 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Frank Hamilton Mewburn, 
 
 The youngest son of Dr. F. C. Mewburn, grandson of Dr. 
 John Mewburn, and great-grandson of Dr. Francis Mewburn, 
 obtained his degree, M.D., CM., at McGill College, 1880. He 
 was first House Surgeon in Montreal General Hospital, after- 
 wards House Surgeon in Winnipeg City Hospital for four years. 
 The way he performed his dr'ieswas evidenced in the fact 
 that the city physicians presented hirn with a handsome gold 
 watch and chain. On leaving the hospital he obtained the 
 position of Medical Officer to the Gait Coal Company, at Leth- 
 bridge, N.W.T. He is also acting assistant-surgeon to North- 
 West Mounted Police, at that post (1888). 
 
 Dr. Robert Miller 
 
 Was gazetted to practise surgery in Upper Canada, 1832, under 
 8th Geo. IV., chap. 3. Dr. Robert Miller, doubtless the same, is 
 mentioned by the Hon. James Young in his account of the 
 settlement of Dumfries. He says : " Dr. Miller was born in the 
 parish of Stewarton, in Ayrshire, Scotland. He was educated 
 at Andrew's College and the University of Glasgow, where he 
 took the degree of Master in Surgery in 1832. He arrived in 
 Quebec on the 10th of June of the same year and came west- 
 ward, looking for a suitable place to commence practice, and 
 hearing that a physician was needed in Dumfries, he determined 
 to have a look at the place. A letter received from the Doctor, 
 says : 
 
 " ' Between the prairie and Gait, I think there were only two 
 houses in sight of the road. I arrived at Gait about the 18th 
 of August, 1832. The appearance of the village was very 
 discouraging. So far as I remember, there were only about 
 twenty-six buildings in all, including the flour-mill, saw-mill, 
 distillery, two stores, hotel, school-house and two blacksmith 
 shops.' " 
 
 The Doctor came, saw, and remained. In settling in Gait, he 
 found he had a wide field all to himself. Except Dr. Catter- 
 mole, who settled in Guelph about the same time that Dr. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 519 
 
 Miller came to Gait, there was no medical man nearer than 
 Dundas, Brantford, or Woodstock. 
 
 Through his skill and success, Dr. Miller became widely 
 known as a physician, and for many years his two shaggy 
 French ponies, one white and the other black, were among the 
 most noted " institutions " of the village. The white one, which 
 was universally known as Sawbones, had an unusually rough 
 and shaggy coat, but had the merit of being able to " rack " 
 with astonishing speed. 
 
 In 1850, Dr. Miller took the degree of M.D., at New York, 
 and in 1860 became a Member of the Royal College of Physi- 
 cians, London, England. After making a competency, he retired 
 and took up his residence in London, England. 
 
 In 1834, Asiatic cholera was brought to Gait by a menagerie. 
 One of the showmen was seized with the disease, and Dr. 
 Miller, who had seen many cases at Montreal, in 1832, at once 
 recognized the disease. He was soon overdone with work, and, 
 at his solicitation, one Dr. McQuarrie came to Gait and rendered 
 good service. 
 
 Dr. James Mitchell, 
 
 The son of Judge Mitchell, of London, Upper Canada, studied 
 medicine with Dr. King and Dr. Rolph, and was a fellow-pupil 
 of Dr. H. H. Wright. The record of the Upper Canada Medical 
 Board, of October, 1836, says : " Mr. James Mitchell, a pupil of 
 Dr. Rolph, appeared. He had been one winter at Jefferson 
 College, Philadelphia, and an attentive pupil of the Toronto 
 Hospital. He underwent a severe examination with credit, and 
 received the Certificate of the Board." Why his examination 
 should be severe is not stated. In 1840 he was gazetted Sur- 
 geon to the 7th Regiment, Gore District. 
 
 " Married, July 16th, 1838, Dr. James Mitchell, of Dundas, to 
 Martha, daughter of Burge McCay, of Nelson." 
 
 He died in his 68th year, at his residence, North Cayuga, 
 1861. 
 
620 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. John W, Montgomery 
 
 Was born at Newtonbrook, Upper Canada, 1827. His father, 
 John Montfjomery, was the proprietor of the tavern, " Sickle 
 and Sheaf," on Yonjje Street, where the first shot was fired in 
 the Mackenzie rebellion. He (then ten years of age), with a 
 cousin, were alone in the building, when a canon-ball came 
 crashing through and knocking down the three chimneys. 
 After a second ball entered the building, the children were 
 taken away by friends. His father ma<le his escape to Roches- 
 ter, N.Y., and was followed by the family. Dr. Montgomery 
 was educated here at the Collegiate Institute. In 1843, the 
 family returned to Canada, and young Montgomery became a 
 pupil at Dr. Rolph's school. As a senior student he acted as 
 demonstrator of anatomy, at the invitation of the class. He 
 qualified to practise in 1847, settled at Sutton Village, where 
 he practised for twenty-five years. In 1872, he removed to 
 Belle Ewart, where he practised uAtil 1877, when he was 
 appointed Assistant-Superintendent to the Insane Asylum at 
 Kingston. After five years he was transferred to the Insane 
 Asylum at Hamilton. 
 
 Dr. Montgomery was married, first, to Josephine Gorham, of 
 New York ; secondly, to Elizabeth Anderson Hawick, of Scot- 
 land ; thirdly, to Charlotte, daughter of William Jones, of 
 Kingston, Ont. He had four sons and three daughters. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Moore, 
 
 Of the Midland District, " before Medical Board, January, 1827, 
 was found qualified to practise." He had previously (1821) 
 obtained Licentiate Medical Board, Lower Canada. A Dr. 
 Moore was practising at Brockville about this time, probably 
 the same. Appointed Surgeon to Ist Addington Regiment 
 Militia, June 18, 1822, which indicates that he was practising 
 some years prior to going before the Upper Canada Board. He 
 settled at Picton, and was appointed Surgeon to 1st Prince 
 Edward Regiment, August 11, 1828. Dr. Moore was during 
 his lifetime highly respected as a physician and citizen. After 
 
Biographical Sketches. 521 
 
 his death (1869, aged 72), the Grand Jury at Picton, under 
 date December 15, 18G9, in a presentment, expressed " their 
 heartfelt sympathy for the bereaved friends of the late Dr. 
 Thomas Moore, physician to the gaol, whose loss will be greatly 
 felt by many in this county who have availed themselves of 
 his valuable services during the past forty-five years of his 
 professional career among us." An obituary notice said he was 
 "a prominent and much respected citizen of Picton." Had 
 "practised forty-five years with much ability and success. He 
 died, mourned by the sorrowings of hundreds who had known 
 him and loved him for his very many commendable traits of 
 character." Dr. Moore had two sons and several daughters. 
 
 Thomas Moore, son of above, also became a physician. He 
 was before the Medical Board, July, 1844. "He presented a 
 diploma from the Geneva College, State of New York." Re- 
 ceived certificate of qualification. He practised in Demorest- 
 ville until his death. 
 
 Dr. William Morris 
 
 Was born. County Limerick, Ireland, July 1, 1821. Educated 
 at Ennis College; studied with Surgeon-General Sir Philip 
 Crompton ; entered Trinity College and Royal College of 
 Surgeons, Ireland, November, 1839 ; continued at lectures up 
 to 1843 ; attended the Dublin Lying-in Hospital ; received the 
 degree of M.D. and L.R.C.S.I., June, 1843 ; was Resident- 
 Surgeon City of Dublin Hospital, 1843-44. He came to 
 Canada, 1845 ; practised at Bolton's Village, Fort Erie and 
 Bufialo. He returned to Canada at the time of the cholera 
 and practised at Port Robinson, Delaware, five years, also 
 at Florence. He passed the Upper Canada Medical Board 
 1865. Returned to the United States, and was appointed 
 Secretary of the Board United States Examining Surgeons. 
 
 Dr. Morris was married,, in Dublin, to Henrietta King, niece 
 of A. Montgomery, Lord Mayor of Dublin, 1842. He had 
 seven children ; two are members of the profession. The 
 Doctor writes that he had hard work when first in Canada, 
 riding through woods sometimes fifty miles, and had to per- 
 34 
 
522 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 form some of the most difficult operations, often without assist- 
 ance, such as amputation of hip, resection of elbow, operation 
 for strangulated hernia, Cnisarian section, etc. 
 
 Dr. Morris is now (1880) living in retirement at Cairo, Michi- 
 gan, with his wife and daughter. 
 
 Dr. Thomas David Morrison 
 
 Was a conspicuous figure in Upper Canada, especially during 
 the rel)ellion of 1836-87. He was a prominent individual of 
 York when it was incorporated as the city of Toronto. For 
 many years he was a leading practitioner of the Capital and 
 the surrounding country, standing ne.xt to Drs. Widmer and 
 Doihl. Dr. Morrison was a native of Quebec city and came to 
 York probably about 1816. The Christian Guardian, of 
 February 2, 18.30, contains a letter, signed " George Ryerson," 
 which says : " Dr. Morrison was a clerk in the Surveyor-Gen- 
 eral's office, and a nominal churchman ; but from conscientious 
 motives he joined the Methodists; for this, without a single 
 cause of complaint alleged against him, he was dismissed from 
 his situation and cast destitute upon the world." We give this 
 extract to show something about his early life. The removal from 
 the Surveyor-General's office must Have been prior to his enter- 
 ing upon the study of medicine, and if he was left destitute, 
 he must have been a person of industry, energy and ability to 
 acquire a knowledge of the science of medicine to enable him 
 to pass the Upper Canada Medical Board, which he did July 
 5th, 1824, and, as a result of his examination, it is recorded 
 " the Board is perfectly satisfied by his examination." It seems 
 that he at once commenced the practice of his profession at 
 York, and soon found a fair patronage, especially in the country 
 up Yonge Street. On the occasion of the arrival of Sir John 
 Colborne at York, 1825, an address was presented to him by 
 the citizens, and we find as the first two sign/itures the names 
 of W. W. Baldwin and T. D. Morrison. 
 
 In 1831, Dr. Morrison was Vice-President of the Bible Society. 
 At the election for the Provincial Parliament, in the Third 
 Riding of York, 1834, he was sufficiently popular to be returned 
 
BiooRAPiiicAL Sketches. 623 
 
 as member. He was also elected Alderman for St. Andrew's 
 Ward, in Toronto, which had just been incorporated as a city 
 (18,34). In April, 18.S6, the Medical Board was reconstructed, 
 and among the new members was Dr. Morrison, who was pres- 
 ent at the first meetinijf; but his connection with the Board 
 ceased the followinfj year. In the same year he was elected 
 Alderman for St. Andrew's Ward, and was chosen by the Alder- 
 men for Mayor. Durinrj the year 1835 he had l)een an active 
 member of the Toronto Board of Health, and while Mayor he 
 was the President. 
 
 Dr. Morrison not only gave attention to the practice of medi- 
 cine and civic matters, but was also an ardent politician, being 
 in harmony with the party then designated Radicals, and was 
 intimately associated with Wm. Lyon Mackenzie. But when 
 that impetuous and reckless individual first submitted in secret 
 conclave his scheme to seize Sir Francis Bond Head, take 
 possession of Toronto and establish a new government. Dr. 
 Morrison could restrain himself no longer, but burst forth with 
 an impetuosity and indignation which had but seldom been 
 observed in him. He asked if it was possible that Mackenzie 
 could be serious in unfolding so foolhardy a design. "This," 
 said he, " is treason ; and if you think to entrap me in any such 
 mad scheme, you will find I am not your man!" He declared 
 that if another word were said on the subject he would forth- 
 with leave the room. — Dent. 
 
 After all, however. Dr. Morrison, through the influence of 
 Dr. Rolph, became a participant in the preliminary actions of 
 the rebel conspirators. Although he took no active part in the 
 rebel demonstration, he, after its collapse, was the first to be 
 arrested. The Government believeil they had sufficient evi- 
 dence to secure his conviction of high treason. A committee 
 was appointed by the Government to inquire into matters 
 relating to the rebellion, and Dr. Morrison voluntarily appeared 
 before it. He denied all knowledge of, or participation in, the 
 revolt — a denial for which, under the circumstances, he ought 
 not to be held to a severe account, as he well knew that his life 
 hung trembling in the balance, and he could not, in strictness, 
 be said to have had any participation in the revolt as finally 
 consummated by Mackenzie. 
 
524 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 The writer has read with curiosity and interest the published 
 account of the "Trial of Thomas David Morrison, for High 
 Treason," April 24th, 1838. It was expected that he would be 
 convicted, and his life was trembling in the balance ; however, 
 the jury, after long deliberation, brought in a verdict of " not 
 guilty." But, as we have seen, he had, through the influence 
 of Dr. Rolph, really acquiesced in the armed rebellion. An 
 interesting account of the trial may be found in Dent's " Story 
 of the Upper Canada Rebellion." 
 
 Dr. Morrison having reason to fear a second indictment on a 
 fresh charge, repaired to Rochester, where he remained until 
 1843, when he returned to Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Morrison died, March 19, 1856, aged sixty. 
 
 Dr. Alfred Morson, 
 
 Born at Rochester, England, April, 1810, commenced the study 
 of medicine at Aberdeen, and remained there two years ; then 
 studied at Edinburgh for a year; was a student at Paris for 
 three years, and was under Dupuytren, Velpeau and Ricord. 
 He also attended the Clinique of Baron Larrey, Surgeon of the 
 great Napoleon. He then became a s' ident at Guy's and St. 
 Thomas' while they were one hospital, and took the degree 
 M.R.C.S. Eng., 1834. In 1835, he held the position of dresser 
 for the distinguished surgeon, Travers, or, as he was familiarly 
 called, "old Ben." The writer has before him certificates to Dr. 
 Morson from a number of famous physicians and .surgeons of 
 the day. B. Travers "certifies that Mr. Alfred Morson has been 
 engaged as my dresser for eight months, at St. Thomas' Hospi- 
 tal, and that he is well qualified to perform the practical duties 
 of his profession with ability and humanity," etc. Henry 
 Burton, M.D., says : " I have much pleasure in offering my 
 testimony of the diligence and assiduity displayed by Mr. A. 
 Morson during the period of his studies at St. Thomas' Hospital, 
 and I feel confident his ability will eventually secure him pro- 
 fessional success." H. S. Roots, M.D., certifies the same. Robt. 
 Williams, M.D., certifies likewise, and adds that " he leaves us 
 with an excellent character for ability and industry." John F. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 525 
 
 South, Assistant-Surgeon to St. Thomas' Hospital, closes a 
 laudatory certificate, by saying : " I feel confident that in any 
 future professional engagement into which he may enter, he 
 will acquit himself as much to the satisfaction of those with 
 whom he is connected as to his honour and credit." The writer 
 cannot allow this opportunity to pass without expressing his 
 own obligation to Mr. South for kind and etiective services 
 received from him when a student at St. Thomas' Hospital in 
 1855. 
 
 Dr. Morson had intended to practise his profession in Eng- 
 land, and was preparing for an examination at the Apotliecaries' 
 Hall. But his father having removed to Canada some time 
 previously, he was induced to follow him to By-Town (now 
 Ottawa), where the father was living ; so, towards the close of 
 1836, he came out in company with Dr. Durie and his family, 
 with whom Dr. Morson was intimate. 
 
 Soon after his arrival in Canada, Dr. Morson visited Toronto, 
 carrying the following letter from "The Macnab" to " the other 
 Macnab." It may be here stated that " The Macnab " was the 
 chief of the clan of that ilk. He was a man of perfect physical 
 development, of six feet three inches. He was a polished 
 courtier, having been at most of the courts of Europe. He came 
 to Canada with the view of settling, and acquired a township 
 of land in the western part of the Province, afterwards known 
 as Macnab township. After a few years " The Macnab " re- 
 turned to his native land. Allan, afterwards Sir Allan Macnab, 
 was of the same clan. It is related that on one occasion The 
 Macnab called on his relative Allan, and not finding him at 
 home, left a card inscribed " The Macnab." But Allan, not to 
 be placed in a lower position in the clan, in returning the call, 
 gave his card with the cognomen, " The other Macnab." The 
 letter given to Dr. Morson reads : 
 
 "By-town, December 26, 1836. 
 
 " Dear Kin and Clans.man, — Allow me to introduce to vour 
 particular acquaintance. Dr. Morson, who i& going up to visit 
 the Capital. I need only say he is very nearly connected with 
 some of the clan — being uncle to a fine young family of Macnabs, 
 his sister being married to my excellent clansman, son of the 
 
526 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 • 
 
 late Colonel Macnab, of the 9lst Highlanders — to insure him of 
 every attention from you. Of himself, I need say nothing, for 
 I assure you to know him is to respect. Although this is a 
 letter of introduction, I am going to complete it with my best 
 wishes to your good Lady and all your family, and accept my 
 every sentiment of esteem and regard, while ever consider me, 
 
 " Thy Leal Clansman, 
 
 " Yours most affectionately, 
 
 " Macnab." 
 
 Soon after this, Dr. Morson received a commission from Sir 
 John Col borne to take medical charge of the Garrison at By- 
 town, a position he held for fifteen years. July 14, 1847, he 
 was appointed Surgeon to the 4th Battalion of Carleton Militia. 
 He made application for license to practise, while Sir Francis 
 Bond Head was Governor of Upper Canada ; but there was 
 some delay in the issuing of it. Meanwhile Dr. Morson came 
 to Toronto with the intention of engaging in practice. After 
 the advent of Sir George Arthur as Governor, application was 
 made to him for license, which was issued, bearing date October 
 1, 1838. Subsequently, the license from Sir Francis Bond Head 
 was received, dated March 7, 1838. 
 
 Dr. Morson practised at Montreal for two years, to which 
 place his father had removed. From Montreal he removed to 
 Hamilton, 1855, where he remained until 1887, and then too^' 
 up his residence in Toronto, where he still lives (1893), in the 
 enjoyment of his wonted energy and strength of mind and body. 
 He retains in manner and conversation the suivater in modo, 
 acquired by a residence at the French capital, and extensive 
 intercourse with the educated classes. 
 
 Dr. Morson married, 1852, Mary, sister of Alexander Urquhart, 
 a well-known citizen of Montreal, by whom he has a large 
 family. Four sons — Alfred E., real estate agent, Toronto ; 
 William, Manager Bank of Commerce, Cayuga ; George, living 
 in Costa Rica, Central America; Walter B., in Toronto. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 527 
 
 Dr. Frederick Morson. 
 
 Frederick and Alfred Morson were the sons of Thomas 
 Morson, a lawyer of Rochester, County of Kent, England, at 
 which place Frederick was born, 1808. He studied medicine 
 with his brother Alfred, at Aberdeen, and at London, and 
 obtained M.R.C.S. Encr. About 1833, through Sir Georjre DaU 
 biac, of the Dutch army service, he was commissioned Staff- 
 Surgeon in that service, and served during the trouble between 
 Holland and Belgium. Came to Canada about 1839, and com- 
 menced practice at By- town (now Ottawa), where he continued 
 four or five years. He then practised in Montreal several years, 
 and at Chambly. Finally, he settled at Niagara, where he still 
 lives (1893). 
 
 Dr. F. Morson married a daughter of Assistant Commissary- 
 General Kupar. His only son is Judge of the County Court at 
 Toronto. His eldest daughter is the wife of Mr. J. L. Scarth, 
 a well-known citizen of Toronto. 
 
 Dr. James Mutrhead 
 
 Was a native of Scotland, and came to Fort Niagara with the 
 16th Rifles, in (or about) 1790. A traveller in Upper Canada 
 speaks of him, 1792 : " He was a stout, fine-looking person, with 
 a ruddy complexion." On May 19, 1795, he married Deborah, 
 the only daughter of Colonel Butler, a lady of refinement and 
 pietj-, who had been educated in England. It was probably 
 about this time that he retired from his regiment. From this 
 time, Dr. Muirhead was identified with the welfare of Newark 
 (now Niagara-on-the-Lake), even before there was a village, 
 while it was known as Niagara West, until his death. There- 
 fore he was the pioneer doctor of the place. In every account 
 met with of public meetings and proceedings, and by travellers, 
 concerning the place, the name of Dr. Muirhead appears. He 
 evidently led a busy life. Beside his practice, which was large, 
 he attended to the duties of public offices. In 1807, he was 
 appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor to be Public School 
 Trustee. He was Coroner for the Niagara District, Commis- 
 sioner of the Peace, and Chairman of thei Quarter Sessions. 
 
628 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 In 1812, he was engaged, probably on the staff, and was 
 taken a prisoner of war, and retained for some time. In 1822, 
 we find him on the militia staff as Surgeon-General. Dr. Muir- 
 head was a Freemason, and for a time the Masonic lodge was at 
 his house. It is not recorded that Dr. Muirhead practised to 
 any extent throuojh the settlements ; it is most likely that he 
 found enough to do at, and in, the neighbourhood of the town. 
 Still, he doubtless did some riding, as the following advertise- 
 ment, which appeared in The Canadian Constellation, in 
 December, 1799, indicates: "A horseman's saddle, but little 
 worn and soiled, was taken out of Dr. Muirhead's house some 
 weeks since, by whom unknown ; it has a high back and silver- 
 plated buttons, A.H.B. in a cypher; whomsoever will return, 
 or give information of it to the Doctor, will receive his thanks 
 and a generous reward." 
 
 With regard to Dr. Muirhead's skill as a surgeon, there is a 
 letter signed " Justus " in the Upper CoAiada Gazette or Ameri- 
 can Oracle, of December 11, 1802, which strongly eulogizes him 
 in connection with a case of some injury to a man. He says: 
 " When we consider the nature of the wounds, one of which 
 was five inches deep under the arm, and the other quite through 
 to the lungs, we must own the value and merit of the surgeon 
 whose skilful applications and care contributed so much to this 
 cure, much the greatest that has been effected since the Prov- 
 ince was established." 
 
 That Dr. Muirhead took an interest in the advancement of 
 his profession, is shown by the communication from him and 
 Dr. Telfer in 1832 to the Attorney -General (see Proceedings of 
 Upper Canada Medical Board), in which they speak of the 
 prevalence of " Empirics, licensed or not," and ask for legisla • 
 tion. 
 
 Socially the Doctor was a favourite, and the youngsters found 
 in him a great friend, and often a playmate. Especially he 
 w juld lead them in pigeon-shooting, and there was usually a 
 good supply for the sportsman. 
 
 Dr. Muirhead died, March 24, 1834, in the sixty-ninth year 
 of his age, and his widow, June 29, 1844. 
 
 Dr. Muirhead had one son, John Butler, who became a lawyer, 
 having studied with S. P. Jarvis, He married Miss Dockstater, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 529 
 
 but died before his only child, a daughter, was born. Her 
 name was Deborah Catherine, and she became the wife of 
 William Buell Richards, of Brockville, a barrister, who was 
 afterwards known as Sir W. B. Richards, Chief Justice of 
 Ontario, and then of the Supreme Court of Canada. The family 
 of children consisted of William Muirhead, now of the Quebec 
 Bank, Toronto; John Butler, living at Plattsburg, Pa.; Stephen 
 0., of Vancouver, B.C. ; Annie C, married to James Moore, Esq., 
 Hartford. Conn. ; and Mary L., of Vancouver, B.C. 
 
 Dr. Thomas H. Mulock, 
 
 Son of Wm. Mulock, one of twelve children, eleven being sons, 
 was born, 1811, at Banagher, Ireland. Three brothers and the 
 sister are yet living (1891) ; the Rev. Canon Mulock, Montreal ; 
 the wife of A. G. Robinson, C.E., of Orillia, and two others 
 living in the United States. 
 
 Canon Mulock came to Canada, 1834, and was with his father 
 at Orillia at the time of the Mackenzie Rebellion, 1837. He 
 joined the Royal Foresters as Lieutenant, under the command 
 of Col. Carthew, and remained until they were disbanded, 
 1845. He subsequently took holy orders, and continued in 
 the work for forty years. He now (1891) lives with his son in 
 Montreal. 
 
 The Doctor was educated at the " Royal School of Banagher," 
 and at the age of sixteen was bound to his uncle, Robert 
 Mulock, apothecary and accoucheur, Dublin. With him he 
 remained for upwards of two years, and was then indentured 
 to a surgeon. He attended at Trinity College, Dublin, also 
 "The Lying-in Hospital " for two terms, being a paid member 
 thereof during the second larm. He also took the degree of 
 M.D. at Trinity College. 
 
 For a short time the Doctor practised in the town of 
 Banagher, then on some trouble breaking out with Spain, he 
 obtained a surgeoncy in the army. At the close of the war, 
 which was of short duration, he returned to Banagher, where 
 he again practi.sed, and married Miss Smith, who died without 
 issue. At her decease he came to Canada, 1835 or '36, and 
 
530 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 after a short sojourn in Orillia with his father, went to New- 
 market, where, according to a published card, he was in 1838. 
 He finally settled at Bond Head, where he continued to live 
 until his death, about 1847. 
 
 In 1838, Dr. Mulock married Mary, dauj^hter of John 
 Cawthra, of Newmarket, who represented Simcoe County in 
 Parliament, 1829. Mrs. Mulock survived her husband for many 
 years, having died at Los Angeles, Cal., December 29, 1882, 
 Mrs. Mulock founded a scholarship in connection with Toronto 
 University. 
 
 They had five children: John, who died, aged 12; Marian, 
 who married Wm. Boultbee, C.E., of Toronto ; William, who is 
 well known as a barrister, as the Vice-Chancellor of Toronto 
 University, and as Member of Parliament for North York, who 
 married Miss Sarah Crowther, of Toronto ; Sarah, who married 
 George Lount, barrister, of Barrie ; and Rosamond, who married 
 George W. Monk, the well-known and popular member of the 
 Ontario Legislature, for many years, of Carleton County. 
 
 Dr. James Muttlebury. 
 
 An interesting document before the writer contains the 
 returns of the professional education and services of James 
 Muttlebury, M.D., Inspector of Hospitals, from September 18, 
 1795, to June 25, 1818. By this document we learn that he 
 saw service in many parts of the world, and was rapidly 
 promoted, until he became Inspector of Hospitals, 1816. 
 
 Dr. Muttlebury left England for Canada in the early part of 
 1832, accompanied by his eldest son and a younger one. A 
 letter written by him to his wife informs us that he reached 
 York, May 7th, making the journey from Portsmouth to York 
 in 67 days. He writes to his wife : " On the 8th I delivered 
 my credentials to the Lieut.-Governor, by whom I was favour- 
 ably received. Sir John introduced me to the various public 
 officers, and when I dined with him yesterday he named me 
 pointedly to all his guests. To-morrow we dine with Mayor 
 Winnetts, to con over the best place for a location. On 
 Saturday we shall take a family dinner with the Archdeacon, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 531 
 
 who has permitted me to make use of his pew on Sunday, as 
 the military one is generally overcrowded. There appears on 
 the part of Sir John every disposition to favour me, but I 
 can perceive an evident wish to detain me in this place, where 
 he says there is a good field for practice. I met the chief 
 medical men at his table, but I do not mean to be diverted 
 from the main object I have." This main object is revealed 
 in a subsequent letter dated July 11, 1832. He says, it may 
 be with a presage of his fate : " We are not without our 
 troubles and our fears on this side the water, for the cholera 
 has made its appearance, and has committed appalling devas- 
 tation in the Lower Province, 149 deaths having taken place in 
 one day in Montreal. It has gradually advanced with the 
 tide of emigration to the Upper Province ; Cornwall, Prescott, 
 Kingston, Cobourg and York have severally been visited with 
 it. We took every precaution, having previously appointed a 
 Board of Health, and used every precaution made. We have 
 had, on the whole, between fifty and sixty cases, of whom the 
 major part, I believe (for I do not know), have died. It has 
 been, and continues to be, confined to the lower orders. I have 
 been so often absent on occasional journeys to look out for a 
 spot on which to seat myself, that I have not seen much of 
 the disease, but within the last three days I have made 
 frequent visits to the Cholera Hospital, and shall continue to 
 do so in order to study the complaint. 
 
 " 20th. We are likely to be in a certain degree settled, for I 
 have effected the purchase of an improved farm of 200 acres, 
 fifty of which are under cultivation, at about fifteen miles from 
 York. I pay £640 for it and half the crop — wheat, hay, corn 
 and potatoes. . . . We took out a waggon-load of things on 
 Wednesday, another to-day, and to-morrow we are in hopes to 
 be able to quit York altogether for our new residence. . . . The 
 Commissioner of the Crown Lands has given orders for a 
 reserve in the township of Blandford to be surveyed, and has 
 promised to give me my allotment there ; it will be 650 
 acres." 
 
 This we glean from the worn and torn letters. It is doubtful 
 that he again penned a line to his absent wife, as a month later 
 he was laid in his grave, being the victim of cholera, which 
 
632 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 complaint he had been studying. He died in his house, where 
 he had hoped to pass many a day with his family. 
 
 The circumstances of the family at this eventful period was 
 extremely sorrowful. Dr. Muttlebury had left England with 
 his two sons, leaving his wife and nine children behind. Two 
 sons were immediately following. Later, his wife with one 
 daughter also embarked, notwithstanding she had heard of the 
 death of her husband. The following year the rest of the 
 family also emigrated, in charge of a nurse. The family con- 
 sisted of eight sons and three daughters. Although the head 
 of the family was wanting to be a guide, the young children 
 found a path of some distinction. Six of the sons became 
 pupils at Upper Canada College. The eldest, Rutherford, 
 became a barrister. He died at Toronto, 1849. His daughter 
 became the wife of Chas. McMichael, brother of Dr. McMichael, 
 Toronto. The second son, George, became an oflScer of the 
 British army ; was wounded in action in Spain, and finally 
 died in Africa of fever. The third, Frederick Clayton, studied 
 law, practised as a barrister at Kingston, where he died, 1856. 
 The fourth, Augustus, studied medicine for a time with Dr. 
 G Wynne. He went to the West Indies, where he died, 1836. 
 The fifth, James William, also became a barrister. In 1851, he 
 went to Australia. Here he stayed seven years, and having 
 acquired a fortune, he repaired to London, England, where he 
 continued until his death, 1887. His son is at present (1889) 
 President of the Cambridge Rowing Club, and the stroke oar 
 of the Cambridge Rowing Crew. The sixth son, John, went to 
 New Zealand, and was a volunteer in the war with the natives. 
 Returning to Toronto he died, 1873. The seventh son is 
 Francis Walter, now living in Toronto. He was in California 
 in 1850, and remained thirteen months, when he proceeded to 
 Australia, where he remained three years, and then returned to 
 Toronto. The eighth son, Henry, was a student-at-law for a 
 time, but accompanied his brother to California. He is at 
 present in Dakota (1889). One daughter died in her teens. 
 One became the wife of Judge McQueen, of Woodstock. Their 
 daughter is the wife of Dr. R. A. Pyne. Another daughter, 
 living in Toronto, is well known for her philanthropic work. 
 
 It is safe to say that in the premature death of Dr. Muttle- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 633 
 
 bury, not only his family suffered an irreparable loss, but as 
 well the young Province in which he had settled. Although 
 he had made his home in a rural place, he would doubtless have 
 acted a conspicuous part in the medical profession. He had 
 been ga::etted as a licentiate, June 21 ; and on July 23, three 
 weeks before his death, it was announced that " The Lieutenant- 
 Governor has been pleased to appoint James Muttlebury, Esq., 
 M.D., and Inspector-General of Hospitals, on half pay, to be a 
 member of the Medical Board of this Province." 
 
 The Rev. Isaac Fidler, in his " Observations" on Canadian 
 matters, published in 1832 (he lived at Thornhill three years), 
 draws a comparison between the medical profession of the 
 United States and Canada, in connection with the cholera 
 epidemic. Speaking of New York, he says it was " every man 
 for himself. Many of the medical profession imitated the 
 flight of their splendid neighbours, and abandoned the less 
 fortunate of their fellow- citizens in the hour of danger. In 
 Canadian towns, no such absence of sympathy was betrayed. 
 In York and other places of Canada, every available assistance, 
 pecuniary as well as medical, was rendered to the distressed ; 
 and the patients received attendance and consolation to the 
 very last." 
 
 Reference is made to a Dr. M. (Muttlebury), who, having retired 
 from the army, had purchased three hundred acres near Yonge 
 Street, and had come to live there with his two eldest sons. 
 Mr. Fidler says : " He intended to go to York, on particular 
 days, to practise in the capacity of a consulting physician. 
 This Dr. M. was seized with the cholera, but did not seek 
 medical aid until he was beyond hope. A doctor was 
 ultimately called from York." The following statement can 
 hardly be credited. He says the doctor called from York, and 
 thus announced to the sons the inevitable death of their father: 
 " Your father is a dying man ; there is no hope ; and now 
 where am I to obtain my fee ? I must be paid immediately." 
 The body was buried in the military burying ground at York. 
 It was near midnight when the body reached the place of 
 burial, and it was buried with military honours. The Arch- 
 deacon of York subsequently told Mr. Fidler that this was the 
 only case of death among medical men by cholera. 
 
634 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 The military burying ground, in which Dr. Muttlebury was 
 buried, was situated at the western extremity of the broad and 
 beautiful Wellington Place. It is now converted into a sightly 
 public square, having been set apart for that purpose by the 
 Dominion Government and transferred to the city of Toronto. 
 While it was yet a burying ground, but not used as such, the 
 writer repeatedly visited the place, looked at the graves of 
 those taking their last rest, who were buried there in the 
 early part of the century, and examined the head-boards, some 
 of which had fallen from decay, and also noted the inscriptions, 
 more or less faded, some obliterated by time. Among those 
 yet standing was one erected to the memory of a son of Sir 
 John Colborne, who died while Sir John was Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor of the Province. The grave was within an enclosure, and 
 beside it another grave. The plot was marked by the only 
 tree standing in the grounds. This " other grave " was that of 
 Dr. Muttlebury, but the head-board had crumbled away. 
 When Sir John Colborne's child died, he decided that its body 
 should be laid beside that of his old friend, the Doctor, for whom 
 he had had great regard. And on this spot the remains of 
 these two still lie. The uneven ground has been made level, 
 all the graves have been obliterated. The remaining tablets 
 have been placed in the western part of the square. Green 
 grass and trim walks are daily trod by the unheeding public 
 who come and go, while the dead sleep on beneath the sward 
 of Victoria Square. 
 
 Dr. William Bulmer Nicol, 
 
 A descendant of a Scottish family of Norman extraction, was 
 born at Stockwell, Middlesex, England, Nov. 11, 1812, being 
 the .second son of William Nicol, Esq., one of the deputy pay- 
 masters, St. James' Palace, by Harriet, daughter of Edward 
 Chesshyre, Esq., a landed proprietor in Cheshire. He received 
 his education at Rev, Dr. Burney's (afterwards Archdeacon 
 Burney) and Christ's College, Cambridge. He became a very 
 thorough classical scholar. He arrived in Canada in 1836, and, 
 April 7, passed the Upper Canada Medical Board. He had 
 
Biographical Sketches. 535 
 
 "tickets from the University of Kinjr's College." He at once 
 commenced practice at Bowmanville. He wa.s Surgeon of tlie 
 Northumberland Battalion of militia during the rebellion of 
 1837-38, and was also Staff Surgeon to Col. Cox, commandant 
 of that district. In 1842, he removed to Toronto, and entered 
 upon the practice of his profession. He received commission 
 from Sir Charles Medcalfe, Lieut.-Governor, dated December 7, 
 1843, as Professor of Materia Medica in the University of 
 Kinji's Colleffe, on the recommendation of the Home Govern- 
 ment, which position he continued to hold when King's College 
 was merged into the University of Toronto, and until the 
 Medical Department was abolished. Dr. Nicol was M.D. of the 
 University, and for many years he was Dean of the Medical 
 Faculty and a member of the Senate. In May, 1845, he was 
 commissioned a member of the Upper Canada Medical Board, 
 being designated Doctor of Medicine. Dr. Nicol, it is seen by 
 the minutes, was a very regular attendant at the Board meet- 
 ings, and the writer has a very clear recollection of his kindly 
 face on the occasion of his examination, January, 1854. He 
 was secretary of the Chirurgical Society, composed of men 
 much his seniors in years. During the cholera of 1849, Dr. 
 Nicol was one of the most active in attending on the immi- 
 grants afflicted with the scourge, visiting the sheds daily. For 
 this attention and care he received the thanks of the Govern- 
 ment. Dr. Nicol enjoj'ed a very extensive practice among 
 the oldest and best families of Toronto. He was, during their 
 sojourn in Toronto, physician to the Governor-General and 
 Countess of Dufferin. His death took place, December 24, 
 1886, having shortly before completed his seventy-fourth year. 
 
 Dr. Nicol married Maria Alves, eldest daughter of Dr. Boys, 
 a sketch of whom is elsewhere given. His widow died, March, 
 1892. They had born to them three sons : William, a member 
 of the legal profession ; George, also a member of the legal 
 profession and clerk of Assize High Court of Justice ; and 
 Henry, a graduate in medicine of Toronto University, now 
 practising in Cookstown, South Simcoe. 
 
 It is a great satisfaction to the writer to bear testimony to 
 the high ability of Dr. Nicol. In the diagnosis and prognosis 
 of disease he was almost unequalled, certainly not excelled. In 
 
636 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 his bearinrj towards his confreres he was a model ; as a profes- 
 sional friend he was the soul of honour. 
 
 Dr. Lucius James O'Brien 
 
 Was born, 1796, at Woolwich, Enjifland, where his father was 
 then stationed. He was the eldest son of Captain Lucius O'Brien, 
 of the Royal Artillery, and Mary Callander, daughter of Sir 
 Frederic Callandar-Campbell, of Craigforth, head of the well- 
 known Scotch family of that name, whose other daughters 
 were Lady Grahame, of Netherby, and the beautiful Mrs. 
 Richard Brindsley Sheridan. On his father's side he was a 
 direct descendant of Brien of the tributes, first King of all 
 Ireland, the present head of which house is Baron Inchiquin, 
 one of the Irish representative peers in the House of Lords. 
 Whilst Dr. O'Brien was a child, his father was appointed to 
 an important position connected with the fortifications then 
 being constructed at Spike Island and Cork Harbour, and at a 
 private school in that vicinity young O'Brien received his early 
 education. Although most of his male relatives, on both sides, 
 were army or navy men, young Lucius had a strong predi- 
 lection for the medical profession, and entered on his studies 
 for the same at Edinburgh University in 1812, and obtained 
 his M.D. and M.R.C.S., London, in due course. Professor Sir 
 Robert Christison, the celebrated toxilogist, was one of his 
 most intimate friends and classmates. His residence in Europe, 
 after he took his degree, was not of long duration, as he 
 accepted a very advantageous offer to go to the Island of 
 Jamaica, where he settled at the city of Kingston as one of the 
 firm of Spaulding, Ferguson & O'Brien. He soon had a large 
 and lucrative practice at Kingston, Port Royal and the sur- 
 rounding districts. While there the slave insurrection, which 
 preceded the rebellion, broke out; and during the troubles 
 which ensued he was on constant militarv service with Colonel 
 Madden's Battalion of Volunteers. His practice had made him 
 widely personally known among the plantation negroes, and 
 the sympathetic gentleness of his manner among patients had 
 made. him many friends among these people, so that in spite of 
 
Biographical Sketches. 537 
 
 the revoltinn; scenes daily enacted amonj; the insurgents, he 
 could go alone and unar^ned into portions of the island where 
 scarcely any other white man dare venture, and could leave 
 his young wife and infant child with no other protection than 
 that of his black servants. The Baptist missionaries among 
 the blacks were particularly obnoxious to the slave-holders, 
 being blamed for inciting the insurrection through their 
 preaching. Three of these gentlemen who fell into the hands 
 of a Kingston mob only escaped what is now called lynching, 
 through the personal exertions of Dr. O'Brien and his brother- 
 in-law, John Roby, Comptroller of Customs of the Port. They 
 could not obtain the liberation of the preachers, which would 
 have been of precarious tenure, but they managed to secure 
 their custody in law-abiding hands until matters quieted 
 down. 
 
 A younger brother of the Doctor, the late Col. E. G. O'Brien, 
 who had previously settled in Canada, had frequently asked 
 him to join him, and a growing dislike to earthquakes and 
 hurricanes, of which he had had several unpleasant experi- 
 ences, made him decide to leave Jamaica. He thtrefore sold 
 out his interest in his medical partnership and made arrange- 
 ment for the freedom of his slaves. He came to Canada in 
 1832, landing at Quebec when the cholera was at its worst. 
 He proceeded to Toronto, then York, and after a short stay 
 with his brother at Shanty Bay, near Barrie, he established 
 himself at Thornhill, on Yonge Street. Here he began the 
 combined life of country practitioner and farmer. He soon 
 had a large, if not very remunerative practice. Here he early 
 became impressed with the crime and misery which strong 
 drink and gambling were causing, as those were days of cheap 
 rum and paucity of rational amusement. In conjunction with 
 Rev. Mr. Mortimer, the Anglican clergyman of the place, he 
 organized a total abstinence society, which existed for several 
 years and did a great deal of good. During this period he, for 
 example's sake, banished all alcohol, as a beverage, from his 
 own house — a stand which then required more moral courage 
 than now, as, then, not to ask a visitor to partake of something 
 of that nature was looked on as a want of hospitality and 
 churlish. The custom prevailed among all classes alike. He 
 86 
 
o38 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 was during this period an active Justice of the Peace, and 
 noted in that capacity for his endeavours to heal old sores 
 among neighbours, and reclaim hard cases by kindly reason 
 rather than by severe penalties. He was at Thornhill when the 
 rebellion of 1837 broke out, and at once volunteered on the 
 Loyalist side. He was appointed surgeon to the York Volun- 
 teers, and moved with his family into Toronto. He remained 
 on duty all through the rebellion, and was personally acquainted 
 with most of the leaders. Strange to say, he and Wm. Lyon 
 Mackenzie never met to speak afterward but once, in 18G0, in 
 the house of the latter, long after all political feeling had 
 passed away. In his study, that evening, Mackenzie showed 
 him a framed copy of the proclamation of £1,000 for his capture, 
 dead or alive, saying, " There was a time you wouldn't have 
 minded earning that. Doctor." To which the Doctor, after 
 looking at it, said : " Yes, there was a time, but that has 
 passed." 
 
 When the Medical Faculty of King's College was established, 
 he was offered the Professorship of Medical Jurisprudence, 
 which he accepted, and held the chair until the abolition of the 
 Faculty with that of Divinity. In Toronto, he was for years 
 one of the Physicians and Vice-Presidents of the St. Patrick's 
 Society, when that oi'ganization was national and non-sectarian. 
 He was one of the first visiting physicians of the Toronto 
 Hospital, and always took an active interest in its welfare. 
 His correspondence with friends in Ireland early roused him to 
 the impending danger of typhus fever being imported from 
 thence, and he was about the first to arouse his medical con- 
 freres and the authorities to what was likely to come. During 
 the epidemic of the fever in '47, '48, and when the cholera 
 came, he worked day and night among the stricken ones, and 
 in more than one case he had to put the dead bodies in the 
 shells, when the undertakers would not touch them. Durincr 
 the latter period of these epidemics, his wife was in an almost 
 dying condition from nervous prostration ; but, notwithstand- 
 ing, he never relaxed his labours in the hospital, the fever sheds, 
 and in the worst parts of the city. He was a member of the 
 University Senate, and was strongly against the surrender of 
 the royal charter for a provincial one. He was a steady 
 
Biographical Sketches. 539 
 
 adherent of the Church of England, and in several journals 
 opposed the secularization of the Clergy Reserves. In politics 
 he was a Conservative, and, notwithstanding the many other 
 matters weighing upon him, he edited the Toronto Patriot 
 in. 1848-50. Much as he differed from the Radical party of 
 the day, he bitterly condemned the violence of speech which 
 led to the Montreal riots, and was among the most active in 
 promoting the courteous reception of Lord Elgin in Toronto. 
 He was for a considerable time editor of the Churchman, pub- 
 lished in Toronto, and also of the Colonist, the Conservative 
 organ, when under the proprietorship of Samuel Thompson. 
 His services to that party were recognized by the late Hon. 
 William Cayley, then Inspector- General, who in 1885 offered 
 him the post of his private secretary. This he accepted and 
 retained for a brief period, when Mr. Cayley, previous to 
 retiring from the Government, tranferred the Doctor to the 
 permanent staff of the Department. He remained afterward 
 with the Civil Service, going with it in 1859 to Quebec, and 
 thence to Ottawa, where he died, in 1871, aged 75. 
 
 Dr. O'Brien married twice : first, in Ireland, his cousin. Miss 
 Devere-Hunt, by whom he had one son, Lucius, who died in 
 Oregon, U.S., 1858 ; secondly, in Jamaica, Eliza Da Lindo, 
 second daughter of Abraham Rothschild Da Lindo, one of the 
 wealthiest planters of the Island. She survived him for some 
 year-s. His children by his second wife were : Edward Roby, 
 who died in Toronto, 1889 ; Richard, resident in New York 
 State ; Donough, who died unmarried, in Ottawa, 1869 ; George 
 Callander ; Morrough and Alfred, who both died in infancy ; 
 Godfrey Samuel, P.L.S., died in Ottawa, 1891 ; and Lucia, mar- 
 ried to Thos. J. Watters, Assistant Commissioner of Customs, 
 son of the late Hon. Judge Watters, of St. John, N.B. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing interesting sketch furnished to 
 the writer, the following pertinent facts are given: Dr. O'Brien 
 was gazetted as practitioner of Upper Canada, September 8, 
 1832, and this card appeared : 
 
 " The suhscriber, in compliance with the recommendation of 
 his friends, and the usage of the country, begs leave to intimate 
 to the inhabitants of York and its vicinity, that he has taken 
 
540 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 up his residence at No. 239 King Street, with the intention of 
 practising his profession. 
 
 "Lucius O'Brien, 
 " M.R.G.S., London, and Member of the Royal 
 Medical Society of Edinburgh. 
 " York, 1832." 
 
 In April, 1836, the Medical Board was reconstructed, and in 
 July folio winii; his name appears among those present at the 
 meeting of the Board. He was present again, January, 1837, 
 and not again till January, 1839. From this time he attended 
 regularly, until the Board was temporarily superseded by the 
 College of Physician.s and Surgeons of Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. O'Brien was the most prominent member of the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada. He was present 
 at its organization, and was unanimously elected Secretary and 
 Registrar. He was one of the committee appointed " to draw 
 up a code of by-laws for the government of the College." In 
 fact, he was on all the more important committees of the Col- 
 lege, and was the chief officer in the organization and working 
 of the College. He also prepared all official communications to 
 the Lieut-Governor, and conducted an extensive correspond- 
 ence. Dr. O'Brien was a member of the Upper Canada Medical 
 Board when it was revived, July, 1841, but, as will be seen in 
 the proceedings of the Board, some difficulty aro.se with regard 
 to the position allotted him in the Commission. He did not 
 attend the meeting, and when a new commission was issued by 
 the Lieut.-Governor in October following. Dr. O'Brien's name 
 did not appear. His connection with the Board had finally 
 ceased. 
 
 Dr. O'Brien was for many years President of the Bible 
 Society. He was a sincere Christian, an " estimable man and 
 clever physician." — 0. Gamble. 
 
 Col. O'Brien, M.P., and Henry O'Brien, barrister, are nephews 
 of Dr. Lucius O'Brien, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 541 
 
 Dr. Gerald O'Reilly. 
 
 This sketch of Dr. O'Reilly is so full of interest that no 
 excuse is necessary for giving it in full. 
 
 Gerald O'Reilly. M.D., L.R.C.S.I., was born at Ballinlough, 
 County Meath, Ireland, August 11, 1806, and died at Hamilton, 
 February 26, 1861, in his 55th year. He was the seventh son 
 of Gerald O'Reilly, of Ballinlough, whose ancestry is traceable 
 to the old Irish princes of East Brefney, of the ancient family 
 of Brefney O'Reilly, A.D. 611. The old homestead near 
 Crossakiel, County Meath, where this branc i of the O'Reilly 
 family have lived for generations, has recently been rebuilt, 
 and is now in the possession of, and occupied by, Lawrence 
 O'Reilly, only surviving son of the late Peter O'Reilly, and 
 nephew of Dr. Gerald O'Reilly. 
 
 Gerald O'Reilly passed his early years at Ballinlough, and 
 was educated by a private tutor, the Rev. Mr. Halpin, rector 
 of Oldcastle, County Meath. At the age of seventeen he was 
 sent to Dublin to enter the medical profession, his father having 
 previously died, and was apprenticed to Dr. James Cusack, of 
 Stevens Hospital, May 14, 1823, and remained with him for 
 five years and six months. Dr. Cusack was ivt the time the 
 resident surgeon at Stevens Hospital, and subsequently became 
 surgeon to the Queen. Dr. Charles Keane, Sir Charles Lover 
 and Dr. Digby, of Brantford, were articled students of Dr. 
 Cusack at this time, as also the venerable Dr. Ridgeway 
 (F.R.C.S.L), at present alive, and practising at Oldcastle, County 
 Meath (1888). Dr. Ridgeway relates in " Fitzpatrick's Life of 
 Charles Lever" an amusing incident, when Charles Lever suc- 
 ceeded in personating Dr. Cusack to the class. Dr. O'Reilly 
 formed one of the principal actors on this occasion. It is given 
 as related : " The late eminent Mr. Cusack, afterwards surgeon 
 to the Queen, was the resident surgeon at Stevens Hospital. 
 On this personage many a characteristic trick was pla\'etl by 
 Lever. Like als co-novelist, Dickens, he was full of dramatic 
 talent, and one morning absolutely succeeded in personating 
 Cusack to the class. This freak will be found recorded with 
 due dramatic effect in " O'Mallev " ; but the scene is laid at 
 Trinity College, instead of the hospital, while in lieu of Lever, 
 
542 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Frank Webber plays the prank, and Dr. Mooney takes the place 
 of Surgeon Cusack. 
 
 Two of the students present on this occasion, and who have 
 since attained high rank in the profession, have committed to 
 writing their recollections of the incident. We allude to Mr. 
 Cullihan, F.R.C.S.I., J.P., Ennis, and Mr. Ridgeway, F.R.C.S.I., 
 Oldcastle. 
 
 " The circumstances attending Lever's personation of Mr. 
 Cusack were as follows," writes Dr. Cullihan : " Mr. Cusack 
 used to sleep at the hospital when there were important cases 
 under treatment, and particularly after the performance of 
 capital operations. When he entered the hospital at night, the 
 porter would ring a bell to announce his arrival, and the resi- 
 dent pupils used <-o muster to see such cases as Dr. Cusack 
 thought it necessary to visit. After making the usual round, 
 Mr. Cusack directed the pupils to attend in his bedroom in 
 the morning, to be examined on a subject which he had 
 specified. On the morning referred to, I was going round the 
 hospital at an early hour, and learned that Cusack had unex- 
 pectedly left during the night and had not returned. I met 
 Lever on his way to Cusack's rooms, and told him he was not 
 there, that he had left during the night; and we conspired 
 together to have ' a lark.' Mr. Cusack's bedroom had a double 
 door; the inner (a baize door) was acted on by a ' dumb porter,' 
 which creaked when the door was opened or closed. Lever 
 went into Cusack's bed, wrapped himself up in the blankets, 
 and put on the red silk nightcap of his chief. I remained in 
 the room. ' The bell boomed,' to quote Lever's words ; the 
 sound of feet was heard on the stairs, the door creaked, and 
 gradually the room was filled with shivering students, some 
 half asleep, and trying to rouse themselves into some approach 
 of attention." 
 
 Dr. Cullihan continues : 
 
 " K., one of the apprentices, came in. Lever, in an admirably 
 disguised voice, asked, ' Who is that ? ' ' K., sir,' was the 
 answer. The vext to arrive was O'R. (who was always called 
 by his Christian name, Gerald), and the usual (Question was 
 asked, ' Who is that ? ' The answer was, " Gerald, sir.' 
 
 Others came in succession, and Lever, selecting the subjects 
 
Biographical Sketches. 543 
 
 for his mock examination, be<:jan. After a few queries, he 
 asked, 
 
 " ' What is the next subject, Gerald ? ' 
 
 " O'R.— ' Cancer, sir.' 
 
 " Here a normal snore resounded from the bed. 
 
 " Lever — ' Cancer, O'R. ? ' (interrogatively). 
 
 " O'R.—' What about it, sir ? ' 
 
 " Lever — ' What about it yourself ? ' (Giving a yawn as though 
 he would dislocate his jaw.) 
 
 " O'R. — ' Cancer, sir, is a malignant disease.' 
 
 " Lever (after a few snores) — ' Well ? ' 
 
 « O'R.—' Well, sir ? ' 
 
 " Lever — ' You are a stupid ass, O'R. What do you know 
 about it, K. ? ' (K. was not very brilliant, and spoke with a 
 lisp.) 
 
 " K. — ' Cancer, sir, affects the lower lip of males.' 
 
 " Lever — ' What more ? What colour is it ? ' 
 
 " K.— ' Wed, sir.' 
 
 " Lever (doubtingly)— ' Red ? ' 
 
 " K. (prompted by me) — ' It is yellow, sir,' 
 
 " Lever (still more doubtingly) — ' Yellow ?' 
 
 " K. (after another prompt) — ' Bloo, sir.' 
 
 " K. would probably have been led through all the colours of 
 the spectrum before satisfying his preceptor as to the colour 
 of cancer, but Lever could preserve his gravity no longer, and 
 starting up, to the amazement of Gerald and K., and the glee 
 of the others, flung his nightcap into K.'s face, and jumped out 
 of the bed." 
 
 It is said that among the questions the sham Cusack asked 
 was, " Where's Lever ? " and the party answered, " Absent, sir." 
 " Sorry for it. Lever is a man of first-rate capacity, and were 
 he only to apply himself, I am not certain to what eminence 
 his abilities might raise him." 
 
 The late Sir W. Wilde told us that he had often heard Lever 
 describe this laughable adventure in presence of the great 
 surgeon whom he had ventured to personate. Sundry small 
 details, not given in the book, were added, such as Lever 
 placing on the bed, ere the class arrived, Cusack's boot-jack 
 and slippers, wherewith he wreaked summary chastisement 
 
544 The Medical Pkofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 on the heads of those who had failed to answer to his satis- 
 faction. 
 
 The articles of apprenticeship in those days were certainly 
 very unique and to the point, "nd will give .some idea of how 
 medical students at the commencement of their career were 
 supposed to act towards their masters. The indenture was not 
 a mere formality, as a fee of £170 12s. 6d. had to be paid for 
 the privilege. 
 
 " This Indenture witnesseth that Gerald O'Reilly, of Little 
 Ballinlough, in the County of Meath, of his own free will and 
 accord, and with the consent of his mother, doth put himself 
 apprentice to James \Vm. Cusack, of Doctor Stevens Hospital, 
 in the City of Dublin, Surgeon, to learn his profession, and 
 with him, after the manner of an apprentice, to serve from the 
 fourteenth day of May, 1823, until the full end and term of 
 five years from thence next following, to be fully complete and 
 ended. During which term the said apprentice his said master 
 shall serve, his secrets keep, his lawful commands ever gladly 
 perform. He shall do no damage to his said master, nor see it 
 done of others, but that he, to his power, shall let or forthwith 
 give warning to his said master of the same. He shall not 
 commit fornication or contract matrimony within the said 
 term. Hurt to his master he shall not do, or cause or procure 
 to be done by others. He shall not play at cards, dice, tables 
 or any other unlawful games whereby hi.s said master shall 
 sustain loss, with his own or others' goods during said term 
 without license of his said master, J. W. Cusack ; he shall not 
 absent himself from his business, haunt or use taverns, ale- 
 houses or play-houses, nor shall he be absent da}' or night 
 unlawfully, but in all things, as an honest and faithful appren- 
 tice, he shall behave himself before his said master and all his, 
 during the said term. And the said master, the said appren- 
 tice, in the same art which he useth, by the best way and 
 means that he can, shall teach and instruct, or cause to be 
 taught and instructed, the said apprentice during the said term 
 (in consideration of the sum of one hundred and seventy 
 pounds, twelve shillings and six pence, sterling, apprentice 
 fees) according to the custom of the Royal College of Surgeons 
 in Ireland ; and at the end of said period the said master, J. W. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 545 
 
 Cusack, shall and will exert himself to have the said appren- 
 tice admitted a licentiate of said College of Surgeons, and for 
 the due performance of all and every the said covenants and 
 agreements either of the said parties bindeth himself to the 
 other by these presents. 
 
 " In witness whereof the parties above named to these inden- 
 tures have interchangeably put their hands and seals the 14th 
 day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and twenty-three. 
 
 " Signed, sealed and delivered 
 
 in the presence of " (S'd) J. W. Cusack, [L.S.] 
 
 " David Kenny. Ger'd O'Reilly, [L.S.]" 
 
 During his medical course of studies, Dr. O'Reilly resided 
 four years and six months as interne pupil at Stevens 
 Hospital, and had certificates from Dr. Cusack to that effect. 
 
 Also he had certificates on leaving Stevens Hospital, Decem- 
 ber, 1829, signed by Drs. Crafton, Colles, Wilmot and Cusack, 
 of attendance for five years and six months. 
 
 He attended lectures on midwifery and diseases of women at 
 the Rotunda Lying-in Hospital under Dr. Robert Collins, the 
 master of the hospital. He had certificates signed by Richard 
 Grattan, M.D. (King's professor of the practice of medicine) at 
 Sir Patrick Dunn's Hospital, Dublin, in theory and practice of 
 medicine, in 1828-29. He had lectures in chemistry delivered 
 at the laboratory in Trinity College, Dublin, by Dr. F. Barker, 
 professor of chemistry, in 1827 ; also certificate of having 
 attended lectures at Stevens Hospital and practice of medicine 
 as physician's pupil, signed by John Crafton and Sir Henry 
 Marsh, A.B., M.D. 
 
 He also attended the lectures in the Park Street, Dublin, 
 Medical School for 1824 ; the tickets are signed by Drs. Cusack, 
 Porter, John Hart, Jacob Wilmot and James Applejohn. 
 
 He had a very fiattering certificate signed by Dr. J. Wilmot, 
 professor of theory and practice of surgery to the Royal Col- 
 lege of Surgeons in Ireland, dated Stevens Green, January 23, 
 1830, and also from Robert Smith, surgeon, dated September 19, 
 1832, whose assistant he was for two years. 
 
 He had certificates of having attended lectures on anatomy. 
 
546 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 physiology and surgery, in the University of Dublin, under Dr. 
 James McCartney. He finally obtained the diploma of R.C.S., 
 Ireland, and the diploma in midwifery, November 2, 1829, 
 
 After completing his studies in Dublin, Dr. O'Reilly was 
 taken to England by his uncle, Dr. John O'Reilly, who then 
 resided at Windsor, and was Surgeon in Ordinary to George I V. 
 He continued his studies in London and became a licentiato of 
 the Society of Apothecaries, London, July 4, 1833. Shortly 
 after this, he made up his mind to emigrate, and in the year 
 1833 he said good-bye to his mother-land and sailed for 
 Canada with his old friend, the late Alexander Milne, barrister, 
 of Ancaster. He then remained only a short time in Canada, 
 as on the death of his uncle. Dr. O'Reilly, surgeon to the royal 
 family and household at Windsor Castle, he returned to 
 Windsor for the purpose of bringing out the books, instruments 
 and other effects left him by will, amongst which was a valu- 
 able gold watch (a present from George IV.), made in Paris, 
 marking the seconds, hours, days of week and days of month. 
 This old relic was left by special mention in Dr. Gerald 
 O'Reilly's will, to his .second son and namesake, Gerald, and is 
 in his possession now. 
 
 On his return to Canada, Dr. O'Reilly commenced practice in 
 Hamilton. In a few years he was able to build the old home- 
 stead, corner of King and Mary Streets, where he resided and 
 practised, where his children were all born, and where he died. 
 Until a few years ago, this house was continually occupied as 
 a medical residence. It was one of the first brick houses in 
 Hamilton, and among the first private houses where gas was 
 used for illuminating purposes, and was in its day considered a 
 very fine residence. 
 
 In 1835, Dr. O'Reilly obtained the Provincial license to prac- 
 tise physic, surgery and midwifery in Canada, under certificate 
 of Drs. Christopher Widmer, Peter Deihl, John King and John 
 RolpVi, signed by Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant-Governor of 
 the Province of Upper Canada, dated at Toronto, January 6, 
 1835. 
 
 Almost on his arrival in Hamilton, Dr. O'Reilly's success was 
 assured. He was popular from the first, and counted amongst 
 his early friends and patients Sir Allan Macnab. John O'Hatt, 
 
BiooRAPHiCAL Sketches. 547 
 
 Hon, Peter Hamilton, Hon. S. Mills, Dean Geddes, Judge 
 O'Reilly, Thomas Stock, /Eneas Kennedy, the Secords, Ryck- 
 mans, Beasleys, Winers, Wilson and Edward Browne, the Car- 
 penders. Captain Stewart, Colonel Ainsley, the Rosseaux, W. F. 
 Murray-Davidson, the Collector of Customs, the Ritchie family, 
 the Spohns, and many others. He was now known as the 
 " young Irish surgeon," and commanded a large and lucrative 
 practice, extendiny over a large radius, reaching from St Cath- 
 arines to Brantford and from the Grand River to Oakville. 
 For many years before his death, having cut oft' his country 
 practice, he occupied a leading position as a consultant. 
 
 During his life in Hamilton, Dr. O'Reilly filled many offices 
 of trust and position. He held a commission as surgeon to the 
 3rd Gore Militia, or " Men of Gore." 
 
 Some of his old monthly sick returns to Government (say 
 per July 1 to 31, 1838), read as follows : 
 
 Strength of militia on duty — 
 
 Four companies, total strength 200 men 
 
 Four additional companies, from July 2 to 6, strength 200 " 
 One troop of cavalry for same period 60 " 
 
 Some very interesting and carefully prepared returns, giving 
 the names of the men and the diseases for which they were 
 invalided at the time, from 1838 to 1842, are still in good 
 preservation. 
 
 Dr. O'Reilly held the position of surgeon to the united 
 counties of Wentworth and Halton, and was surgeon to the 
 county and Hamilton gaol at the time of his death, having 
 occupied the office for nearly twenty years. 
 
 He was one of the first who administered chloroform in 
 Canada for surgical operation, and he administered it to one of 
 his own children for the purpose of extractini^ a broken needle 
 imbedded deeply in the foot. The infant was only a few days 
 old, and was reported at that time as the youngest aspirant for 
 '• anaesthetic fame." 
 
 During the cholera epidemic in 1854, Dr. O'Reilly showed 
 zeal and physical endurance, and how much work one man can 
 do day and night. He visited from house to house, never 
 thinking of going to bed. At last, when overcome by fatigue. 
 
548 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 he was persuaded to take a short rest on the sofa ; but as soon 
 as sleep overtook him, his wife determined that he should not 
 be disturbed by either patients or messengers during that night 
 at least, so she placed servants at the front and surgery doors 
 of the house, had the bells and knockers muffled, and so care- 
 fully did she carry out his idea of keeping a house quiet, that 
 he obtained nearly twelve hours continuous sleep, and woke up 
 refreshed and rested, saying, " The cholera must be abated 
 very much, as I have not been disturbed during the whole 
 night." By this successful ruse perhaps his life was saved, and 
 he was enabled to continue his arduous work among the cholera 
 patients until the fearful scourge had passed over. Dr. O'Reilly 
 was amongst the first surgeons present at the frightful railroad 
 accident on the G.W.R., at the Desjardins canal bridge, where 
 so many passengers were killed and injured in 1857. 
 
 Dr. O'Reilly was evidently educated at a period when both 
 social and professional insults were generally and equally dealt 
 with by those interested, without the slow expensive, and often 
 unsatisfactory results of a trial by jury. The following clip- 
 ping from the Hamilton Argus will convi.ice anyone that Dr. 
 O'Reilly had an idea of what an apology should be, and 
 when convinced of insult, lost no time in demanding every 
 satisfaction. 
 
 " Advertisement. 
 
 " I, Richard Howell, having, on the 21st of January last, pub- 
 lished a statement in the Hamilton Arrjits, reflecting on the 
 professional character of Dr. Gerald O'Reilly, of Hamilton, 
 inasmuch as in that statement I accused him of extortion in 
 charging me with the sum of £1 Is. 6d. for one visit, and also in 
 stating that I did not receive any medicine from him. Now, I 
 hereby declare that the whole of that statement made by me 
 was totall}^ without foundation, as after circumstances convinced 
 me, for Dr. O'Reilly did visit my house on two occasions, for pro- 
 fessional purposes, and also administered medicine, and further, 
 that these visits were consultation visits with Dr. McCarthy, 
 and I have since ascertained that, according to the medical 
 tariff of this town, ten shillings is the regular charge for a 
 consultation visit. I have now to express my deep regret in 
 
Biographical Sketches. 549 
 
 having been the cause in any way of injuring Dr. O'Reilly, either 
 in his personal feelings or professional reputation. 
 
 " (Signed) Richard Howell. 
 " Hamilton, 2nd February, 1843." 
 
 Dr. O'Reilly was one of the founders and original share- 
 holders of the Canada Life Assurance Company, and his signa- 
 ture will be found on the Trust Deed.s, or Deed of Settlement, 
 under which the business of the Company was begun, and 
 before the charter was granted, in April, 1849, by the Parlia- 
 ment of Canada. He was also the first and principal medical 
 oflScer and adviser of the Company in 1847. Dr. W. G. Dick- 
 inson was afterwards associated with him as medical adviser 
 of the Company. Dr. O'Reilly continued to hold the position 
 until a few years before his .leath. He was also one of the 
 first assured in the Company, his first policy being No. 47, 
 taken out in the first year of the Company's history, December, 
 1847. His old and intimate friend. Dr. Craigie, gave the 
 certificate of Dr. O'Reilly's death, and became his successor in 
 office. 
 
 Dr. O'Reilly was examiner in Principles and Practice of 
 Medicine in the University of Toronto, 1856. 
 
 He was a member of the Loyal Hamilton Lodge Independent 
 Order of Oddfellows, having joined the order in July 30, 1844, 
 and was elected Surgeon to the Lodge, August, 1845, holding 
 the position continuously until the time of his death. 
 
 As a practitioner. Dr. O'Reilly was most conscientious and 
 painstaking, attending both the rich and poor alike, and yet 
 he always found time to keep up in his professional reading. 
 He not only took all the leading periodicals of the day, but 
 rapidly acquired a very extensive library of all recent publica- 
 tions of professional and other works, and, being fond of 
 surgery, accumulated a most extensive as.sortment of surgical 
 appliances and instru nents. He had a good idea of mechanics, 
 and usually made his own splints and other appliances, to suit 
 the individual cases. He was a very quick and expert operator, 
 a good surgeon for those days of suffering, when every minute 
 had to be considered, before the days of chloroform. He was 
 a genial and liberal man, fond of society, and enjoyed hunting 
 
550 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 and shooting. He was a good musician, and thoroughly under- 
 stood the violin and flute, and entered into everything he 
 undertook with great enthusiasm, but he remained, as he had 
 begun, a devoted student of his profession to the last. 
 
 He died suddenly, at the age of 55, the result of pyaemia, 
 following the removal of a small osseous tumour of the leg, which 
 caused great pain at times. He was confined to bed for one 
 week only after the operation, this being the first and only 
 time during his professional career in Hamilton that he was 
 prevented from attending to his daily work by illness. 
 
 He left a name, reputation and influence which even now, in 
 and about Hamilton, are well remembered, and the name of Dr. 
 Gerald O'Reilly will not easily be forgotten by many of his old 
 friends and patients, who knew him so well and who have 
 survived him. 
 
 His funeral will long be remembered in Hamilton, showing 
 by the crowds of mourners the high esteem in which he was held 
 by both rich and poor. A massive, but plain, granite monu- 
 ment marks his grave at the family plot in Burlington cemetery, 
 and a memorial tablet, erected in memory of Gerald O'Reilly 
 and his wife, occupies a space on the south wall of Christ 
 Church Cathedral, Hamilton. 
 
 Dr. O'Reilly was married to Henrietta, youngest daughter of 
 Henry Harcourt Waters, of Hailsham, Sussex, England, and 
 sister of Mr. Thomas Waters, an old resident of Port Dover, 
 now residing at Windsor, Ont. The widow resided in Hamilton, 
 attending to the education of her children, until the time of 
 her death, December 19, 1884. Dr. Gerald 0'Reill> left six 
 children, who are all living in Canada (1894) — four sons and 
 two daughters. 
 
 The eldest son, Charles O'Reilly, M.D., CM., McGill College, 
 of Toronto, has devoted his professional life to hospital work, 
 having held the position of Medical Superintendent of the 
 Hamilton City Hospital and Toronto General Hospital for over 
 twenty-six j^ears. He married Sophia, youngest daughter of 
 George Rolph, barrister, of Dundas, and niece of the Hon. Dr. 
 John Rolph and grand-daughter of Dr. Thomas Rolph. Their 
 only son, now thirteen years old, Brefney Rolph O'Reilly, is 
 
Biographical Sketches. Sol 
 
 the youngest member of the Canadian branch of the O'Reilly 
 family (1894). 
 
 The second son, Gerald O'Reilly, M.D., CM., Trinity Collef^e, 
 Toronto, is practising his profession at Fergus, Ont. (1894). He 
 is unmarried. 
 
 H. O'Reilly, third son, entered the Bank of Hamilton, at 
 head office, when the bank was first established. 
 
 The youngest son, Edward B. O'Reilly, M.D., CM., Trinity 
 College, having spent several years as surgeon on the Allan S.S. 
 line, has settled in Hamilton. He was Medical Superintendent 
 of the Winnipeg General Hospital in 18SS. 
 
 The eldest daughter, Elizabeth, unmarried, resides in Hamil- 
 ton, Ont. 
 
 The youngest daughter, Alice, married Dr. Graves Kiltson, 
 of Hamilton, son of the late Collector of Customs and nephew 
 of the late Commodore Kiltson, of St. Paul, Minn., U.S. 
 
 John O'Reilly, M.D., F.R.C.S.I., of Washington Square, New 
 York, was a younger brother of Dr. Gerald O'Reilly. He went 
 to New York in 1849 and died in 1868. 
 
 Miss Alicia T. O'Reilly, now residing at Rathmines, near 
 Dublin, Ireland, is the only and youngest sister of the late Dr. 
 G. O'Reilly. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Orlando Orr 
 
 Was the son of Andrew Orr, of Millbank,his mother being Mary 
 Ann, daughter of Capt. John Forster, County Tyrone, Ireland. 
 He was born at Omagh, County Tyrone, T809. Having 
 received his primary education in his native town, he com- 
 menced the study of medicine under Dr. Osborne, of Newton 
 Stewart, and then attended medical lectures in London, Eng- 
 land. Coming to Canada, 1831, he completed his medical 
 studies under Drs. Widmer and Deihl, and then remained with 
 them as an assistant for some years. In 1840, he opened a 
 drug business on Yonge Street. He passed the Medical Board, 
 July, 1841, and was in practice on Yonge Street until 1848, 
 when he removed to Boid Head. Here he commanded a large 
 practice until his death 1869. Dr. Orr married, 1837, Maria 
 Elizabeth Carter, of Bond Head, by whom he had seven chil- 
 
562 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 dren, of whom only a son and a daughter survive him. The 
 son lives in Toronto, the daughter married Richard Slee, and 
 resides in Brooklyn, N. Y.; her son. Dr. Richard Slee, is a 
 medical practitioner of the same place. 
 
 There are now (1894) five nephews of Dr. J. 0. Orr practising 
 medicine in Toronto. Dr. Rowland B. Orr is registered as M, 3., 
 Toronto University, and Member College Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, Ontario, 1877. He was a representative to the Medical 
 Council, Ontario, 1885, 1890, 1895. In addition to practice, he 
 is Manager and Editor of the Ontario Medical Journal. Dr. 
 Joseph Orlando Orr is registered M.D., CM., University Victoria 
 College, and Member College Physicians and Surgeons, Ontario, 
 1884. He has filled the post of Alderman, but is at present 
 sojourning in England engaged in special studies. Charle.s 
 J. Caldwell Oliver Hastings is registered M.D., CM., Victoria 
 College, 1885, Licentiate King's and Queen's College Physicians, 
 Ireland, and Certificate British Registration, 1886. Dr. Andrew 
 Orr Hastings has M.D., CM., Victoria College, 1886 ; Licentiate 
 Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin, and Certificate British Registration, 
 1877. Dr. John Alfred Burgess, the fifth nephew, practising in 
 Toronto, is M.D., CM., University Victoria College, and Mem- 
 ber College Physicians and Surgeons, Ontario, 1885. 
 
 Dr. Henry Orton, 
 
 Of Leicestershire, England, came to Canada, 1835, and settled 
 at Guelph. He married Mary Jerram, who died in England, 
 1858. Dr. Orton was the Coroner for the county for many 
 years ; he died at Fergu.s, 1869. 
 
 Dr. Henry Orton had four sons who entered the medical pro- 
 fession. In fact, the Ortons are a race of doctors ; for several 
 generations all the male members of the family have been 
 medical men. 
 
 Dr. Henry Orton, Jr., studied medicine at Trinity College, 
 Toronto, and Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and took the 
 degree of M.D., 1857. He practised for a time at Hespeler, and 
 then settled at Ancaster. He died from the effiects of an injury 
 caused by his horse taking fright, running away, and dashing 
 
BlOGRArHlCAL SKETCHES. 553 
 
 him against a tree. A local paper .said of him that he wa.s 
 "foremost in every public charity and philanthropic enterpri.se. 
 The widow, the orphan, and all needy in any way, will miss a 
 helper ever ready to R«sir.t and advise." 
 
 Dr. T. J. Orton, having acquired his profe.ssion in Canada, 
 proceeded to England at the time of the Crimean War, and 
 entered the army, of which he became a Surgeon- Major. He 
 was connected with the the Royal Artillery, was in the trenches 
 before Sebastopol in i<S5'), and at the assault of the Redan. He 
 received a medal and clasp, also a Turkish medal. He was in 
 India under Sir Hugh Ro.se in ISoS, and was in many engage- 
 ments, fo.: which services he again received a medal and clasp. 
 Returning to Canada, he practised for a time at Ancaster, in 
 partnership with his brother, in 1861. 
 
 The following sketch is taken from the Empire, of January 
 4, 1892 : 
 
 " Dr. Orton, of Guelph, is dead. About a week ago he was 
 suddenly seized with a serious and painful illness. His son, 
 who is also a physician in practice at Winnipeg, was telegraphed 
 for. Drs. Howell, Keating and McKinnon were unremitting in 
 their attention, but the disease was beyond the reach of human 
 skill to conquer. Yesterday afternoon death came to the relief 
 of the sufferer. The deceased gentleman was widely and 
 favourably known, and enjoyed a large practice. His father, 
 who was one of the tirst medical practitioners in Guelph, was 
 for many years a partner of the late Dr. Clarke. He was twice 
 married, his first wife being a sister of Dr. Howell, of Guelph. 
 His second wife, who survives him, is a daughter of the late 
 Capt. Leslie, of Puslinch. He "leaves four children by his first 
 wife, and one by his second, to mourn his comparatively early 
 demi.se, he being only about fifty years of age. Widespread 
 sympathy is evinced for his sorrow -stricken widow and children." 
 
 Dr. George Turner Orton studied at the College of Sur- 
 geons, Dublin, and University of St. Andrew's, Scotland, from 
 which he took the degree of M.D. in 1860, and the M.R.C.S.E. 
 subsequently. He practised with his brother at Ancaster for 
 a time ; settled at Fergus, and soon had a large and lucrative 
 practice. He entered Parliament in 1882 as representative of 
 Centre Wellington : removed to Winnipeg in 1883; was a Sur- 
 36 
 
554 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 geon to the famous 90th with Gen. Middleton ; made Surgeon- 
 Mnjor, and was at Fish Creek and Batoche ; was Chief Medical 
 Officer to the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1884-85. Going to 
 British Columbia, he was made Coroner. 
 
 " The career of Dr. Orton has been an active and an extremely 
 useful one."-—Canadian Biography. 
 
 Dr. Richard Orton took his M.B. at Toronto University, 
 1863, and practised at Guelph. He died, January, 1891. 
 
 Robert John Paget 
 
 Was born at Exeter, England, 1799. He was a member of the 
 same family as the Marquis Anglesey. Educated at Edinburgh 
 University, where he took F.R.C.S. Ed., and practised for a 
 time at Exeter. In 1838 he came to Canada for the benefit of 
 his health and practised for a while in Toronto, then at York 
 Mills, and finally at Thornhill for twelve years very success- 
 fully. Dr. Scadding says, " He was an element of happy influ- 
 ence in the little world of this region ; a man of high culture, 
 formerly a medical practitioner of great repute in Torquay. 
 (See proceedings of Medical Department, King's College.) 
 
 Dr. Paget had ten children, five being boys. Two of these 
 entered the medical profession. Arthur H. graduated at Vic- 
 toria College, 1858, and has since practised at Elora. 
 
 Dr. George Hamilton Park 
 
 Appeared before Upper Canada Medical Board, April, 1834. 
 " The Board is (was) perfectly satisfied by his examination and 
 grant him a certificate to that effect." Dr. Park was a native 
 Canadian, the son of Captain Park, who was a veteran of 1812. 
 Like most natives of that period, and even of subsequent times, 
 he did not enjoy the opportunities of acquiring a good primary 
 education. But in the study of medicine he was fortunate in 
 having the instruction and guidance of that prince of Canadian 
 medical teachers, Dr. John Rolph. After obtaining his license 
 he practised at Simcoe for seven or eight years. He also prac- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 555 
 
 tised at Ancast^r. He married a sister of Dr. Rolph, and 
 through the Doctor's influence was, in 184S, appointed super- 
 intendent of the Toronto Lunatic Asylum. 
 
 Dr. Park received a complimentarj' address on leaving Sim- 
 coe, signed by upwards of two hundred. It is dated August 
 28, 1848. The address sa3''s, referring to his appointment: "It 
 is the respect and affection which your urbanity of manners, 
 your liberality in the promotion of public improvements, your 
 generosity and bounty to the poor, your honourable principles 
 as a man, and your acknowledged skill as a physician, which 
 have so universally gained for you this regard of the com- 
 munity." 
 
 But Dr. Park, before many months, found that his position 
 was a bed of thorns. 
 
 Had Dr. Park had a fair chance, it is believed that he would 
 have well .succeeded in discharging the duties of the office. 
 While there he was liked by the inmates, which is no mean 
 criterion. Dr. Park, for a time, was lecturer on anatomy at 
 Rolph's School. He finally settled at Ancaster, where he died. 
 
 Dr. Cornelius James f*HiLBKicK 
 
 Was born in Colchester, England, May 30, 1816, being the son 
 of a surgeon. He pursued his medical studies in London, 
 Dublin and Edinburgh. The writer has before him numerous 
 certificates to Dr. Philbrick from surgeons and physicians who 
 were noted in their day, and whose names are interwoven in 
 British History of medicine and surgery. He was a student at 
 the Royal College of Surgeons, in Dublin, during the session of 
 1836-37. Besides the usual certificates from the several pro- 
 fessors, he carried away with him particularly flattering testi- 
 monials from his teachers. The following is a fair sample 
 of all : 
 
 "Dublin. April 30, 1837. 
 " Mr. Philbrick has been engaged in professional study 
 during last session in the College of Surgeons, in this city, as 
 will appear by the several certificates he has received from that 
 
556 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 institution. In addition to these, however, I have no hesita- 
 tion in stepping out of the usual course and bearing my sincere 
 testimony to the great diligence and peculiar assiduity which 
 this gentleman evinced through the entire course. His general 
 conduct, too, has been most exemplary, and I can truly aihnu 
 that few students have ever left such favourable impressions 
 on the minds of his several teachers as ho has done. 
 
 "Robert Harrison, M.])., 
 
 " Professor of Anatomy." 
 
 Mr. Philbrick attended lectures in Edinburgh on midwifery 
 an(i diseases of women and children from May 9 to July 3 1 , 
 1837. He remained a student there during the session 1837-8S, 
 and testimonials again are found of his zeal and industry. In 
 August, 1838, he became a member of the R.C.S. Eng. 
 
 A certificate from Th^s. P. Dennett, of Harrington, Sussex, 
 dated August 23, 1839, informs us that Dr. Philbrick had been 
 his assistant for six months, during which time he had " the 
 medical and -^urgical care of eleven parishes, and that the 
 zealous and efficient manner in which he executed his duties 
 always gave great satisfaction." In October, 1841, Prof. Kemp 
 writes : " As I understand that you have the intention of 
 settling in practice at Kidderminster, I most gladly avail 
 myself of the opportunity of testifying in the strongest 
 manner possible to your general and professional character. 
 
 " I know that you have studied the medical profession with 
 the greatest assiduity and success, and that you have a thor- 
 ough knowledge of it, as well in its general principles as in 
 its practical details. Whilst you attended my course of prac- 
 tical chemistry and pharmacy I had every reason to be 
 perfectly satisfied with your progress, and I had then also 
 ample means of judging of your other attainments, of which 
 I deem very highly. 
 
 " To your gentlemanlike conduct, to your kind, obliging and 
 humane disposition, I also bear my willing testimony. With 
 my most sincere wishes for your success." 
 
 The following is from the renowned Prof. Ferguson : " 2nd 
 March, 1842. I have been acquainted with Mr. C. J. Philbrick 
 for many years, and have had frequent opportunities of 
 
Biographical Sketches. 557 
 
 observing his great j)rofessional icnowledge and zeal. In my 
 opinion he is highly qualified as a medical practitioner, and 
 in every way likely to give satisfaction to those by whom 
 his services are reijuired." In 1849-50, Dr. Philbrick was again 
 a student at Edinburgh, where he attended lectures on natural 
 history as v/ell as those on institutes of medicine. He received 
 this certificate : " I have great pleasure in stating that Mr. 
 Cornelius Philbrick was well known to me during the winter 
 of 1849-50, when he resided in Edinburgh, and that I formed 
 a high opinion of his intelligence, capacity and accomplish- 
 ments as a surgeon from the conversations I had with him 
 on medical topics. 1 saw Mr. Philbrick daily for six months, 
 and had, in addition, many interviews with him in reference 
 to scientific or professional topics. I can accordingly recom- 
 mend this gentleman, as known to me and many others, to be 
 unusually well grounded in his profession, and to have had 
 much experience, for his years, as a medical practitioner, and 
 especially as a surgeon. His accurate knowledge of anatomy 
 and acquaintance with operations, peculiarly qualify him for 
 success in the practice of surgery, and his courteous, kindly 
 manners and moral character largely add to his claims as a 
 medical man. I would add that, in addition to his qualifica- 
 tions as a private practitioner, Mr. Philbrick is a tried and 
 approved teacher of anatomy, including operative surgeiy. 
 George Wilson, M.D., F.R.S.E." He also obtained, by exam- 
 ination (an honour of which Dr. Philbrick was always proud), 
 this diploma : " Know all men by these presents. That Mr. 
 Cornelius James Philbrick, of Kidderminster, is hereby admitted 
 a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. ])ated 
 this eighth day of August, in the year of our Lord, one thou- 
 sand eight hundred and fifty. No. 1. James Moncrieff 
 Arnott, President ; John F. South and C/ESAr W. Hawkins, 
 Vice-Presidents!' 
 
 It seems that Dr. Philbrick was desirous of a situation as 
 hospital surgeon, and received a letter respecting it from John 
 Simon, a name associated with surgical and pathological science^ 
 and conspicuous as the name of the father of State Medicine 
 and Public Health in Great Britain, and the adviser to the 
 Privy Council for many years on sanitary matters. Dr. Simon 
 
558 The Medical Profession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 says : " I have much pleasure in stating, from personal knowl- 
 edfje, that I believe him to be very highly qualified for such 
 an appointment, and likely, by his personal character as well 
 as by his professional attainments, to reflect credit on whatever 
 institution may obtain his services." 
 
 Shortly after this, Dr. Philbrick came to Toronto. About 
 1852 he was Professor of Surgery, Trinity College. 
 
 Dr. Philbi'ick took up his abode in Yorkville, now a part of 
 Toronto, and devoted himself to general practice, although, 
 having no degree in pure medicine, he called himself on his 
 door-plate, " Mr. Philbrick, Surgeon." He was, perhaps, a little 
 eccentric, but he enjoyed the greatest respect of his fellow -prac- 
 titioners, and his large practice was evidence of his standing in 
 the eyes of the public. He was commissioned Surgeon to the 
 Militia Troop of York County, 1857, and for many years held 
 the office of Coroner for the counties of York and Peel. Dr. 
 Philbrick married some time before leaving England, and had 
 one child, a daughter, who died there. His wife died in 
 England about 1863. 
 
 In January 1, 1876, Dr. Philbrick took into partnership 
 Arthur Jukes Johnson, M.B., M.R.C.S., Eng.; F.R.M.S., F.O.S., 
 London, who afterwards succeeded to his practice. 
 
 Dr. Philbrick, for some time before his death, suffered from 
 an internal ailment, and on the morning of Dec. 2, 1885, he was 
 found dead in bed. His death was attributed to rupture of the 
 intestines from cancerous disease. In a quiet corner, und^r 
 shading trees in St. James' cemetery, Dr. Philbrick sleeps his 
 last sleep. A marble slab covers his grave, on which are 
 inscribed the date of his death, and these words : " Having 
 practised his profession in this city with credit and distinction 
 34 years," and near the foot, set in the marble, is the door-plate, 
 with the words, " Mr. Philbrick, Surgeon." 
 
 Dr. Francis W. Porter, 
 
 Was thus gazetted, October 24, 1828: "Francis Wm. Porter, 
 M.D., University Edinburgh, and Licentiate of KC.S., Edin- 
 burgh, he having complied with the terms contained in the 
 
Biographical Sketches. 559 
 
 Hecond and third sections of VIII. George." He came from 
 Montreal and settled at Niagara. It is stated that he had been 
 an army surgeon. He acquired an extensive practice, and was 
 a prominent tigure in the place. The charming- appearance of 
 his daughter is still remembered. The .standing of Dr. Porter 
 in his profession may be learned from the correspondence from 
 him, Muirhuad & Telfer, to the Medical Board. (See Minutes, 
 October, 1832.) 
 
 Dr. Poi'ter died at Niagara, March, 1840. The Niagara 
 Chronicle, April 1, says: " Endeared to both rich and poor by 
 his kindness of heart and professional skill, a loss more gener- 
 ally felt could scarcely have been sustained by this community. 
 His remains were attended to the grave by an immense 
 concourse of sorrowing relatives and friends." 
 
 " Married, October 24, 1850, George Maxwell, Esq., Collector 
 of Customs, Grimsby, to Maria Ann, only daughter of the late 
 Dr. Porter, of Niagara." 
 
 Dr. Grant Powell 
 
 Was born in Norwich, England, 1779, his father being William 
 Dummer Powell, barrister- at-law, who afterwards became Chief 
 Justice of Upper Canada, and his mother Anne Murray. He 
 studied medicine at Guy's Hospital, with his uncle. Dr. Archi- 
 bald Murray, and took his degree at Apothecaries' Hall. The 
 same Dr. Archibald Murray took part in prison reform with 
 the well-known philanthropist, Dr. Howard. In the early part 
 of this century, between 1800 and 1804, Dr. Powell was sur- 
 geon of an East India merchantman which sailed from Salem 
 for the Spice Islands. A practice prevailed in those days by 
 which all officers on such vessels were allowed poundage on 
 the home voyage. This consisted in bringing out such articles 
 as each one might select, in certain quantities, for his own 
 benefit. In the present case, the subject of this sketch chose 
 tobacco. Some of the crew having run short of this luxury, 
 owing to the prolonged voyage, got ill from using other mate- 
 rials to satisfy their cravings for the weed. For some time the 
 cause of their illness, which was a serious matter, jeopardizing 
 
560 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 the safety of the ship, was a mystery. On Dr. Powell discover- 
 ing the secret, he threw open his stores, and, as he of^^^^en said, 
 with an almost miraculous result, the crew rapidly regaining 
 their health an<l wonted vigour. 
 
 J)r. Powell came to America in 1(S04 and settled at Ballston 
 Springs, N.Y., remaining there till 1807, when he went to 
 Montreal and there practised until the autumn of 1812. lie 
 was familiarly known there as "the little doctor with the gold 
 spectacles, or oftener, in French, as " le petit docteur avec les 
 lunettes d'or." He came to York during the war of 1812-13, 
 and was engaged as surgeon in the Incorporated Militia at 
 Chippawa, and for his services he derived a pension of £200 
 per annum till his death. He never was enamoured of the 
 practice of medicine, though always taking a keen interest in 
 professional matters and medical politics. To use his own 
 expression, "The theory was beautiful, but the practice was 
 damnable." He gladly availed himself of the advent of Dr. 
 Widmer to Toronto, to whom he virtually handed over what 
 practice he had, though he still continued to advise old friends 
 till his death. 
 
 Dr. Powell was one of the first members of the Upper Canada 
 Medical Board, in the formation of which he had a good deal to 
 do, and always took a lively interest in its proceedings. He 
 virtually retired from practice about 1817, and on the death of 
 the Clerk of the House of Assembly he received that appoint- 
 ment, and also that of official Principal of the Court of Probate. 
 About 1820 he was also appointed Judge of the Home District 
 Court and subsequently became Clerk of the Legislative Coun- 
 cil. He died in office, June 12th, 1838, in his sixtieth year. 
 
 Dr. Powell married, 1805, at Ballston Springs, N.Y., Eliza 
 Bleecker, and had eleven children, as follows : Anne Jane, John, 
 Charlotte, William Dummer, Charlotte Bleecker, Elizabeth Van 
 Rensselaer, William Dummer, Grant, Margaret Bleecker, Mary 
 Boyles, Mary Catharine. Of the seven who survived him were 
 five daughters and two sons. Of these, Margaret died in 1840 ; 
 Elizabeth died of plague, in Mauritius, in 1867; William Dum- 
 mer became Judge of the united counties of Wellington, Water- 
 loo and Grey. He died at Guelph, 1854. Those still living 
 (1889) are, Anne Jane, widow of the late C. Seymour, of H.M. 
 
BiooRAPiiicAi, Sketches. 561 
 
 Commissariat. She now lives in Ottawa and is afjed <S2 years. 
 Charlotte Blt't'cki^r, wife of John Uitiout, Esij., Registrar of the 
 County of York, and now living' in Toronto, a^ed 75 years- 
 Grant, Tunv livinf; in Ottawa and holdinj^ tiic position of Under- 
 Secretary of State for Canada, aj^ed G!) years. .Mary Catharine 
 became the wife of the late Hon. A. McKellar, Slieriffof Went- 
 worth. 
 
 The only descendant of Dr. Powell who followed in his pro- 
 fessional footsteps is his ^'randson, Dr. Robert Ifenry Wynyard 
 Powell, who <]jraduated at McGill University, lh7(>, takinjf the 
 Holmes Gold Medal, and who has since practised in Ottawa. 
 He is the author of the valuable book, " The Doctor in Canada " 
 (1890). 
 
 Dr. Scaddinfif, speaking of the subject of this sketch, says : 
 
 " Dr. Grant Powell was a handsome reproduction, on a larger 
 scale, of his father, the chief. It is found recorded that Dr. 
 Powell was Surgeon to the General Staff of Militia of Upper 
 Canada in 1822. He had most to do with the erection of the 
 old hospital, and it was by his direction that the building was 
 built with its sides due north and south, and east and west. 
 We leai'n from a letter written by Sir Isaac Brock to Sir George 
 Prevost that during the war Dr. Grant Powell had the confi- 
 dence of the civil and military commanders. In a letter 
 addressed to Col. Baynes from York, July 23, 1812, General 
 Sir Isaac Brock writes : ' I wish very much something might be 
 done for Mr. Grant Powell. He was regularly brought up in 
 England as a surgeon. I intended to have propo.sed to Sir 
 George to appoint him permanent surgeon to the marine 
 department, but I now seriously tliink the situation would not 
 answer. His abilities, I should think, might be more fully 
 employed, now that so many troops have been called out.' As 
 a result of that, he was appointed Surgeon, and had the over- 
 sight of the hospital on the Niagara frontier." 
 
 During the war. Dr. Grant Powell bore an important relation 
 to the Governor-General, and perhaps the condition of affairs 
 in York after the second attack of the Americans in July, 1813, 
 cannot be better described than by quoting the communication 
 made by Dr. Grant Powell and Dr. Strachun to the Governor- 
 General on August 2, 1813, as follows : 
 
562 The Medical Profession in TJpper Canada. 
 
 " We beg leave to state, for the information of His Excellency 
 the Governor-General, that about eleven o'clock on Saturday 
 morning the enemy's fleet of twelve sail were seen standing for 
 the harbour. Almost all the gentlemen of the town having 
 retired, we proceeded to the garrison about two o'clock, and 
 watched until three o'clock, when the Pyter, the Madison and 
 Oneida came to anchor in the offing, and the schooners continued 
 to pass up the harbour with their sweeps, the wind having 
 become light, then coming to abreast of the town, the remainder 
 near the garrison. About four o'clock several boats full of 
 troops landed at the garrison, and we, bearing a white flag, 
 desired the first officer we met to conduct us to Commodore 
 Chauncey. We mentioned to the Commodore that the inhabi- 
 tants of York, consisting chiefly of women and children, were 
 alarmed at the approach of the fleet, and that we had come to 
 know his intentions respecting the town ; that if it were to be 
 pillaged or destroyed we might take such measures as were still 
 in our power for their removal and protection. We added that 
 the town was totally defenceless, the militia being still on parole, 
 and that the gentlemen had left it, having heard that the prin- 
 cipal inhabitants of Niagara had been carried away captive, a 
 severity unusual in war." 
 
 Dr. Jabez Proctor Powers, 
 
 Of English descent, was born, February 17, 1803, in Vermont. 
 Removed, in 1808, to the then wilds of New York State, St. 
 Lawrence county, where he spent his boyhood. In early man- 
 hood he returned to Vermont, the residence of his mother's 
 family, the Proctors, of some local note in Proctorsville. The 
 Governor of the State was his cousin. He graduated in Arts 
 at Hanover University in 1826, and in 1828 took his degree in 
 the Medical College of Fairfield, one of the best medical schools 
 in the United States. 
 
 His " thesis " was pronounced the best that had been given, 
 up to that time, in the college. Very retiring in disposition, 
 and most diffident in general society, the incidents of his life 
 are necessarily taken from the voluminous correspondence he 
 has left behind. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 563 
 
 His father belonged to the Society of Friends, and the Doctor 
 used sometimes to tell of his pitched battles with his school- 
 mates when they called his father "a Quaker," and him "a 
 little Quaker." Though his father died when he was young, 
 his Quaker parentage was shown in his avoidance of all public 
 notice or public offices of any kind, or membership in any secret 
 society, as well as in his simplicity of manner. 
 
 Dr. Powers came to Canada about 1832. The political fer- 
 ment in Upper and Lower Canada, which finally culminated in 
 the rebellion of 1837, was already beginning to operate, and his 
 sympathies were soon enlisted with those hostile to the family 
 compact. He contributed political articles which were pub- 
 lished in the newspapers and periodicals of that period. 
 
 He first settled in Demorestville, Prince Edward county, as a 
 medical practitioner. Dr. Power's views were more in accord 
 with the scientific views and practice of the present time than 
 with those of his own age, especially as to the extensive use of 
 intoxicating liquors and alcohol in diseases. He married (1837) 
 Louisa Ford, eldest daughter of Gilbert Ford, and sister of C. 
 R. Ford, of Col borne. He moved to Col borne, 1846, in which 
 village he spent the rest of his days. Dr. Powers sometimes 
 spoke of his life as a failure because he had not accomplished 
 all he had hoped to do in early years, but in his self-deprt 
 ciation he remembered not that for more than half a century, 
 while in the practice of his profession, he had never refused to 
 go to sick people because they were poor, ill-conditioned or 
 degraded ; and, though expecting no recompense, he had always 
 given them not only professional advice but such care and 
 medicine as he thought would alleviate their sufferings or heal 
 their diseases. Throughout his long, laborious life, reaching 
 considerably beyond fourscore years, whether riding or driving, 
 by day or by night. Dr. Powers never lost his pleasant smile, 
 his genial, simple, modest manner nor his kindly welcome of 
 all friends to his home and hearty hospitality. 
 
 Dr. Powers died. May 1, 1886, aged eighty-four. He left a 
 widow and two daughters. The eldest daughter married Geo. 
 Young, M.A., editor of the Trenton Courier. The youngest 
 daughter, now a widow, married Robert Deans, druggist, of 
 Colborne. 
 
564 The Medical Profession in TTpper Canada. 
 
 • Dr. Jedediah Prendergast 
 
 Was probably the first practitioner of medicine in the Niagara 
 District apart from those connected with the military service. 
 
 The Prendergasts, of Duchess county, N.Y., at the time of the 
 rebellion of 1776, were natives of Ireland. Several brothers 
 were active U. E. Loyalists. One, William, the father of Dr. 
 Prendergast, did not commit himself to either side. His son, 
 Jedediah, the subject of this sketch, was born May 13th, 1766. 
 His medical education was obtained at Albany. In 1804, he 
 was one of a party who left Mayville, now Chautauqua, N.Y., 
 bound for Brockville, by way of the head of Lake Ontario ; 
 but the journey was cut short. As the party was passing along 
 the mountain road between Lundy's Lane and Hamilton, in 
 the vicinity of De Cews, the horses took fright and ran away. 
 The travelling equipments were so badly damaged that they 
 could not immediately proceed. It resulted in the Doctor's 
 settling near the present site of Thorold, where he practised 
 his profession until about six months before the commencement 
 of the war of 1812, when he removed again to Mayville, His 
 practice took him sometimes a long distance away, even to 
 Long Point, where he performed operations ; he made his jour- 
 neys on horseback. At that time there were no other doctors 
 in the district except the army surgeons, and it is said they 
 were unwilling to go far away from their stations. Dr. Pren- 
 dergast was a large-sized man and a skilful physician, and very 
 methodical in his habits. He died at Mayville, N. Y. State, in 
 1848, aged eighty-two. He had one child, a daughter, who 
 became the wife of the Hon. W. H. Merritt, who had become 
 acquainted with her while the family were living near St. 
 Catharines. 
 
 Dr. Abraham Van Vleck Pruyn, 
 
 Of Bath, appeared before the Medical Board, April, 1831. The 
 Board was " perfectly satisfied with his examination." 
 
 Dr. Pruyn was a native of Kinderhook, N.Y. Born 1808, he 
 received his education at the academy in that town, and also 
 studied medicine there with an English physician. Dr. Barthrop. 
 
DR. .JKDKDIAH rUKXDHKciAST 
 
DM. THOMAS PVNE 
 
BlOGRAPHK AL SKETCHES. 665 
 
 He received his medical diploma and license to practise surgery, 
 physic, etc., from the Medical Society of Columbia County, 
 N.Y., September 16, 1820. This only gave him authority for 
 that State. He practised a few months at Oswego, N.Y., and 
 then came to Canada and passed the Board a few weeks after 
 his arrival. He soon after settled at Hallowell, now Picton, as 
 this card indicates : 
 
 " Dr. Pruyn has opened an office in the dwelling-house of 
 D. B. Stevenson, in the village of Hallowell, where he will 
 attend to all calls in his profession. 
 
 "Hallowell, January 6, 1831." 
 
 He soon had a large practice, and continued to enjoy the confi- 
 dence of his patients until his death. 
 
 In June, 1845, he married Clara Louisa M. Fairfield, ycjiwigest 
 daughter of Benjamin Fairfield, of Bath. They had issue one 
 son and two daughters: David John, born April, 1840 ; Emily 
 Jane, born September, 1849 ; Annie Mary Louisa, August, 1853. 
 Dr. Pruyn's children are now all dead but the son, who married 
 the daughter of Rev. John Pape, Church of England minister. 
 He lives at Napanee. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Pyne 
 
 Was born in the city of Waterford, Ireland, 1812, of English 
 descent. He was one of a large family, and was left fatherless 
 early in life. His father sailed for New Brunswick, and the 
 ship and all were lost. He was educated at Graham's School, 
 a noted institution at Waterford, and studied medicine in 
 Dublin and London with a brother. Dr. George Pyne, who 
 practised in London for years, and was at one time Professor 
 of Anatomy in one of the London hospitals. 
 
 Dr. Pyne practised in the city of Waterford, Ireland, for a 
 number of years, where he married the daughter of John 
 Roberts, barrister. It may be mentioned that this family of 
 Roberts are rather celebrated for their military and naval 
 proclivities. Members of this family have risen to eminence in 
 both branches of the service, viz.: Sir Samuel Roberts, at one 
 
566 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 time Commander of the flotilla on our Canadian lakes, and who 
 commenced life as a cabin-boy in the merchant service ; Sir 
 Abraham Roberts, the oldest general on the British army list 
 when ho died, in 1874, and who was kninfhted for service in 
 India ; Sir Frederick Roberts, son of the former, the hero 
 of the Afffhan war — also knighted for service in India — the 
 present Commander-in-Chief of the Indian army, and one of 
 the most popular generals with the British nation at ti e present 
 day. He is now (1894) Lord Roberts. 
 
 Dr. Pyne emigrated to the United States and settled in 
 Princeton, Illinois, near Chicago, where he practised for a few 
 years successfully, but his longing for British institutions and 
 customs brought him to Upper Canada in 1849, and he settled 
 in Newmarket, where he practised for sixteen years. He then 
 removed to Hagersville, in the County of Haldimand, where he 
 remained until 1871. Dr. Pyne represented the Erie and 
 Niagara Division in the Medical Council of Ontario. He 
 remained the representative of this division until his appoint- 
 ment as Registrar of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 
 1872, when he removed to Toronto. This position he held 
 until 1880, when he resigned. 
 
 He leaves two sons, Albert Roberts Pyne and Robert Allan 
 Pyne, both physicians in Toronto. The latter succeeded his 
 father as Registrar of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
 and still holds this position (1894). 
 
 Dr. Thomas Pyne died at Belgrave, in the County of Huron, 
 January 2, 1883. 
 
 Dr. John Edward Rankin, 
 
 Of Ottawa, Licentiate of Lower Canada, 1828, before Upper 
 Canada Medical Board, July, 1829. Examination "perfectly 
 satisfactory." In 1845, received M.R.C.S. Edinburgh, also M.D., 
 St. Andrew's University. He was in the British army .service 
 during the Crimean War. About 1854, he took up his resi- 
 dence at Picton, where he enjoyed a respectable practice until 
 his death, August 5, 1878, at the age of eighty-one. He had 
 two sons and one daughter. One son, Henry, became a captain 
 in the British army. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 567 
 
 There was a Dr. Rankin, possibly the same, in Toronto, 1847. 
 The Patriot, July 20, 1847, says : " Emigrant Hospital. — We 
 understand that Dr. Hamilton has been appointed one of the 
 physicians to the emi<:i;rant hospital, in place of Dr. Rankin, 
 who demanded of the Medical Board that he should be placed 
 at the head of the hospital, or at least be considered as senior 
 physician, notwithstandinfj that Dr. Primrose and Mr, Hen- 
 wood, sen., had been previously doing heavy duty there. The 
 Board of Health most properly declined acceding to this re- 
 quest, on which Dr. Rankin threw up his appointment, leaving 
 his patients at the hospital (about one hundred in number) 
 unprovided for. Fortunately, the Board were able to have 
 recourse to another gentleman, who did the duties until Dr. 
 Hamilton was appointed." 
 
 Dr. Charles Rattray 
 
 Was born at Dunkeld, Perthshire, Scotland, 1808. He studied 
 medicine in Gla.sgow and in Edinburgh, and was admitted a 
 member of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 1829. 
 Immediately thereafter, he raigrated to British Guiana, in 
 South America, where he resided five years. In 1884, he came 
 to Canada and took up his residence in Cornwall, where he 
 continued until his death. He married a daughter of Peter 
 Chesley, who, with four sons and three daughters, survived 
 him. 
 
 The following tribute to the memory of Dr. Rattray appeared 
 in the Cornwall Gazette, October 23, 1872 : " When it became 
 known this morning that Dr. Charles Rattray was no more, 
 sorrow filled many a heart. A wise and a good man — one 
 whose history was identified with that of the town, and whose 
 place would not be filled in this generation — had been taken 
 from amongst us. The trusted friend, the wise counsellor, the 
 loved physician of many a household in this town and 
 neighbourhood, had left us forever. 
 
 " Few of the old residents of this town have exercised so 
 wide an influence as Dr. Rattray. Of decided individuality 
 and force of character, from the day he first set foot in Corn- 
 wall until the hour of his death, he made himself felt socially, 
 
568 The Medical Puofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 professionally and politically. A man of larj^c brain, his mind 
 well stored with {i^enernl and professional learning, he attracted 
 attention always. A great student, with keen powers of obser- 
 vation and a prodigious memory, he attained in the practice of 
 his profession of medicine and surgery very great success — a 
 success which earned for him the envy of some of his less gifted 
 brethren, but the confidence of a large portion of the com- 
 munity. For many years ho divided the honours and the emol- 
 uments of his profession here with our worthy townsman, Dr. 
 Roderick Macdonald, and since that gentleman's retirement 
 from active pi'actice, lie has stood at its head, and a couple of 
 years ago was elected by his confreres to be President of the 
 Counties' Medical Association. 
 
 " As a magistrate ho was fearless, independent and just. 
 During the many years ho occupied the mayor's chair — he was 
 the first elected by the people — he performed the duties im- 
 partially and well, and none but professional fault-finders ever 
 cavilled at his acts. In private life, his many social qualities 
 gained for him troops of friends, who for many a day to come 
 will tell of his good sayings and of his good deeds. With his 
 large and liberal views and a strong disposition to polemics, he 
 was of necessity a strong politician, and lost no opportunity of 
 urging the claims of the Reform party, with which he allied 
 himself. 
 
 " It has been our good fortune to make the acquaintance of 
 many men in our day, in the various walks of life, but among 
 them all, a friend truer, firmer or more steadfast than Charles 
 Rattray, there was not one. May he rest in peace ! " 
 
 A son of Dr. Rattray, John, entered the medical profession, 
 and having graduated at McGill College, went travelling 
 abroad. Another son is a well-known electrician, living in 
 New York. A daughter, Elizabeth, married James Bethune, 
 LL.D., a well-known and popular lawyer in Toronto. He was 
 made Queen's Counsel and had attained the highest standing in 
 his profession, and would doubtless soon have adorned the 
 Bench, had he not contracted typhoid fever, which resulted in 
 his death, 1884. Another daughter married Wm. Drummond 
 Hogg, Q.C., of Ottawa ; and another, Helen, married John 
 Prury, Esq., Toronto. 
 
BiOQRAPHifJAL Sketches. .')69 
 
 Dr. REAf)E, 
 
 Of the Royal Navy, with Dr. Connin, accompanied the immi- 
 j^rants who setted in Peterborough, 1825, under the guidance 
 of the Hon. Peter Robinson. The Hon. Thomas A. Stewart, 
 Member of the Legishitivo (Jouncil of Upper Canada, wrote: 
 " Mr. Robinson has been particularly fortunate in his choice 
 in the Medical Department, as the care, humanity and great 
 attention shown by Dr. Reade could not be exceeded." In the 
 winter of 1826, the Lieut.-Governor, Sir Peregrine Maitland, 
 visited this section, and the new settlers, in an address to 
 His Excellency, made use of these words in one paragraph : 
 " Please Your Excellency, we are totally at a loss for words 
 adequate to express the thanks and gratitude we owe Dr. Reade 
 for his active, skilful and unremitting care, etc., for us." 
 
 A local writer says : " Dr. Reade, having fulfilled his engage- 
 ment in reference to the immigrants, w^ithdrew after their 
 location on their lands," and returned to England. 
 
 Dr. John Reed 
 
 Was before Medical Board, July, 1841 ; had diploma R.C.S. Ed.; 
 received certificate for license. Dr. Reed, probably the same, 
 issued the following notice : 
 
 " Medical Profession. — Understanding that Dr.Reid, of Moy, 
 is about to remove from this country to British America, we avail 
 ourselves of the occasion to express the very high degree of re- 
 spect and esteem in which we hold him, not merely as a gentle- 
 man of excellent and unsullied character, but as a safe and 
 judicious medical practitioner, so far as we have had an oppor- 
 tunity of witnessing his practice ; and we respectfully recom- 
 mend him to the favourable reception of our medical brethren 
 in whatever district he may eventually take up his residence. 
 
 " W. L. KiDD, M.D., etc., etc., ) 
 A. Robinson, A.M., M.D., > Armagh. 
 
 Thos. Cuming, M.D., etc., etc., j 
 RoBT. O. Bolton, M.D., etc., ) rw 
 Wm. Nevile. M.D., 1 Dungannon. 
 
 " Armagh, May 3rd, 184L" 
 37 
 
570 The Medical Profession in TTpper Canada. 
 
 " Doctor Reid.from Moy (Ireland), where he practised for thf> 
 last twelve years, begs leave to announce to the inhabitants uf 
 the City of Toronto and the surroundinfj country, that, havinrr 
 obtained His Excellency the Governor-General's license, bearinf:^ 
 date the 14th of July last, authorizing him to practise Physic, 
 Surgery and Midwifery in this Province, he has opened an office 
 in Richmond Street, a few doors east of Church Street, where 
 he may be consulted daily. 
 
 "Richmond Street, August 18th, 1841." 
 
 Dr. John Reed, we presume the same, was a well-known 
 practitioner at Thornhill for many years. He married Miss 
 Mulholland. "Was a good man, professionally, religiously and 
 in all the relations of life, and very highly esteemed." His son, 
 John N., a fellow-student of the writer, both at Toronto and New 
 York, passed Medical Board, October, 1853, and took M.D., New 
 York, 1854. He succeeded to his father's practice at Thornhill. 
 The writer was further associated with him as a co-lecturer in 
 the Victoria Medical College. Dr. Reed held the professorship 
 in Physiology for a good many years. He came to an untimely 
 death from malignant disease of the tongue. 
 
 Dr. William Rees 
 
 Came from England in 1819, and commenced the practice of 
 his profession in Quebec. Toward the close of 1829 he came to 
 York, and having passed the Medical Board, January, 1830, 
 purchased the practice of Dr. Daly. This card appeared in the 
 Upper Canada Gazette : " Dr. Rees has taken rooms, corner of 
 Market Square, King Street. He will vaccinate and give 
 advice gratis to the poor, Monday, Wednesday and Saturday." 
 Subsequently he disposed of his practice to Dr. Grasett. 
 
 This card appeared in the Cobourg Star : " Dr. Rees, profes- 
 sionally educated in England ; pupil of Sir Astley Cooper, and 
 ten years a practitioner in the Canadas, respectfully tenders 
 his services to the inhabitants of Cobourg and vicinity. October 
 21, 1832." But his stay at Cobourg was a short one. 
 
 Dr. Rees, it may be said, was a many-sided man. He con- 
 ceived various projects of a scientific and benevolent character. 
 
RiooRAPHicAr, Sketches. 571 
 
 Dr. Scaflrling informs tho writer that he was of a speculative 
 disposition, and a man of imusual intelligence. Wo find in the 
 public press, that on tho 20Lh May, 1888, Dr. Roes received the 
 thanks of tho Home District Fair for seeds from the coa.st of 
 Africa. He was a candidate for Parlianiont, First Riding of 
 York, 1834. In the same year he established a Medical Dis- 
 pensary, 74 King and New Streets, but he shortly after 
 advertised it as for sale. 
 
 Mrs. Jameson, in her entertaining narrative of her sojourn in 
 Canada, tells something interesting about Dr. Roes. It seems 
 he entertained the idea of founding a house of reception for 
 destitute female immigrants — a house where, without depending 
 on charity, they might be boarded and lodged at the smallest 
 possible cost, and be respectably protected until employment 
 was obtained. 
 
 He presented a petition to Parliament in 1836, praying the 
 grant of a sum of money for the erection of a provincial 
 museum. He was acting in conjunction with Dr. Dunlop and 
 Mr. Fothergill. It was intended to establish in connection with 
 the museum, a botanical and zoological garden on a grant of 
 land on the Government Reserve in the western part of the 
 city. It, however, all fell through. Charles Fothergill was a 
 well-known writer and publisher, and an influential person in 
 Toronto. He was a nephew of the celebrated Dr. Fothergill, 
 and died in May, 1840. 
 
 Dr. Rees was Surgeon to the 1st West York Battalion, 1837. 
 Another enterprise is indicated in the following : 
 " To Medical Students. — In pursuance of a plan for estab- 
 lishing a School of Medicine in this city. Dr. Rees proposes to 
 deliver a course of lectures on Obstetrics and the Diseases of 
 Women and Children, on the first Monday in November next. 
 Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Materia Medica, the principles 
 and practice of Physic, Chemistry and Medical Botany are the 
 subjects which will be comprehended the ensuing season. 
 
 " Arrangements necessary with the other medical gentlemen 
 will be determinetl by the 1st of October, when a prospectus 
 and further particulars may be had on application as above 
 (postpaid). 
 
 "Toronto, August 4th, 1834." 
 
572 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 It is stated that Dr. Rees was also the originator of the 
 present prosperous Toronto Club. 
 
 Up to 1841 no insane asylum existed in Upper Canada. In 
 January of this year, the Provincial Asylum was first opened 
 in Toronto, by virtue of an Act passed in 1839, and it was 
 through the activity of Dr. Rees that this was accomplished. 
 The provincial authorities had acquired the old gaol at the east 
 side of Toronto Street, north of King Street, after the new gaol 
 in the east end had been completed. Dr. Rees was the first 
 Superintendent of the Asylum, and at first had seventeen 
 patients. This building was soon densely filled, and it became 
 necessary to procure further accommodation for the numerous 
 applications for admission. The eastern wing of the Parliament 
 buildings was appropriated to this purpose, and, subsequently. 
 a still further addition was made, by the occupation of a vacant 
 house near the old garrison. The three buildings were used 
 until the present asylum was ready for occupation. Dr. Rees 
 held the position until 1844, when he was succeeded by Dr. 
 Telfer. The same year, the old gaol, with the two annexes, 
 having become quite inadequate to afford accommodation for 
 the increasing number of lunatics, commissioners were appointed 
 to secure a proper site for a new asylum, and to superintend its 
 erection. Fifty acres of land were acquired on what was then 
 a part of the garrison commons, the site of the present asylum. 
 The building was commenced in June, 1845. (For a further 
 account of the asylum, see biography of Dr. Workman.) 
 
 Dr. Rees, unfortunately, notwithstanding the evident ability 
 and enterprise he possessed, seems to have been wanting in a 
 proper mental balance. A memorandum from Mr. C. Gamble 
 to the writer, gives a brief succinct account of Dr. Rees and his 
 connection with the Provincial Lunatic Asylum. 
 
 He says : " Dr. Rees was an Englishman by birth and educa- 
 tion. I believe he was a learned man on some things, but an 
 eccentric and most sanguine man — was always considered 
 flighty, and never had much practice. Through his energy the 
 first lunatic asylum was established in Toronto, and he was 
 appointed to the superintendence and management thereof 
 upon the principle, I suppose, of setting a madman to watch a 
 madman). He was seriously injured by a blow on the head 
 
Biographical Sketches. 573 
 
 from one of the patients, the effects of which he felt to his 
 dying day. Very properly after this he was removed from his 
 position, and the asylum placed in other and, undoubtedly, 
 more able hands, and it has continued to improve until there are 
 none superior to it on the continent. But poor Rees never 
 recovered from the effects of the step which, no doubt, the 
 Government felt constrained to take. He brooded on the injus- 
 tice that he thought had been done him, and never ceased to 
 mourn over the neglect that the country had shown him. In 
 all his madness he made several good speculations in land, but 
 the benefit of these was reaped by others." 
 
 Dr. Rees repeatedly applied for some compensation for the 
 time he had given in organizing the asylum and in the sacrifices 
 he had made in connection therewith. As late as 1869, Dr. 
 Rees memorialized the Government, but without success. That 
 his application was considered a just one by some is shown by 
 the following comments in the Dominion Medical Journal : 
 
 " We call the attention of the profession to the memorial of 
 Dr. Rees, one of the oldest and most respected practitioners in 
 this Province. His case is well known to a large number of 
 medical men, who have at various times endeavoured to obtain 
 justice for him from the Government. All he asks is a proper 
 recognition of his services, and of the injuries which he received 
 while discharging his duties as Medical Superintendent of the 
 Asylum. He is now nearly blind from the formation of cata- 
 ract, which is the consequence of injuries received by him while 
 attending a lunatic in the Asylum. We hope that medical men 
 will interest themselves in his case, and interest the represent- 
 atives from their several constituencies to obtain justice for an 
 old public servant, who well deserves a pension for his untiring 
 efforts in behalf of a class of the community the most unfor- 
 tunate and, until his efforts in their behalf, the most neglected 
 in the country." 
 
 Opposite the old Parliament buildings, on what was called 
 the " Broken Front," Dr. Rees constructed a wharf, which was 
 long known as " Rees' Wharf." Near it, under the hill, he built 
 a small but comfortable house, in which he passed his bachelor 
 life, always ready to welcome any visitor and interest him with 
 anecdote, of which he had a large fund. 
 
574 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Reynolds, 
 
 Born in Brockville, County of Leeds, October 17, 1820. His 
 parents came from the north of Ireland in the previous year. 
 He was educated at the Di.strict Grammar School in his native 
 town, and at the age of sixteen went to study medicine with 
 Dr. Stephenson, of Montreal. It seems that he desired to con- 
 tinue his studies at McGill, but the rebellion interfered with 
 the college lectures. In 1839 he went to Scotland, and entered 
 the University of Edinburgh as a medical student, where, 
 passing his examination with credit, he received the degree of 
 M.B. He then returned to Canada and entered McGill College, 
 Montreal, where he received the degree of M.D. 
 
 He commenced practice at Williamsburg, now Morri.sburg, or 
 Matilda, now Iroquois, and subsequently removed to Brockville 
 about 1846. 
 
 Dr. Reynolds took a great interest in all scientific and educa- 
 tional matters, and, in addition to contributing to the medical 
 journals, contributed to the Canadian Institute and the Smith- 
 sonian Institute. In the British American Medical Journal 
 for 1848-49, there are two of his contributions. He was an 
 examiner in medicine for the University of Toronto. During 
 the rebellion of 1837-38 he served as a volunteer, first in 
 Montreal, and afterwards at the battle of the Windmill, near 
 Prescott, November, 1838, having been instrumental in raising 
 a company at Brockville of the Queen's Royal Borderers. At 
 this time he was oflfered a commission in Her Majesty's regular 
 army, and again when at college in Edinburgh. He was well 
 known in Canada West from his connection with Oddfellowship, 
 being the first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Canada 
 West. In 1889 the Oddfellows in Brockville furnished a pri- 
 vate ward in the Brockville General Hospital in his memory. 
 
 Dr. Reynolds married Eleanor Sarah Senkler, daughter of 
 Rev. Edmund John Senkler, M.A., of Brockville, formerly of 
 Dorking, England, and sister of Dr. A. E. Senkler, of St. Paul, 
 Minnesota, who practised at one time in Toronto. His daughter, 
 Frances Mary, became the wife of Dr. A. E. Malloch, of Hamil- 
 ton. She died in 1890. One son, Edmund John Reynolds, of 
 Brockville, now practising by himself, was a member of the law 
 
DR. JAMKS H. RK'HARD.SON. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 575 
 
 firm of Fraser & Reynolds, of which the senior member was 
 Hon. C. F. Fraser, Q.C., Commissioner of Public Works for 
 Ontario ; another,. Thomas William Reynolds, M.D., CM., McGill 
 University, 1881, M.C.P.S. Ont., 1881, is Assistant Superinten- 
 dent, Asylum for Insane, Hamilton. 
 
 Dr. Reynolds died in Brockville, September 14, 1859. His 
 widow died in 1886. 
 
 Dr. James Henry Richardson 
 
 Was born at Presqu' Isle, October 16, 1823. His grandfather 
 had served in the British navy and came to Canada, 1785, 
 when he received an appointment in the marine service. Dr. 
 Richardson's father, James Richardson, for a long time bishop 
 of the Episcopal Methodist Church, was born at Kingston. He 
 married the second daughter of John Dennis, a well-known 
 U. E. Loyalist, who came to Little York about the beginning 
 of the century. His residence was on the north-east corner 
 of King and Yonge Streets. He left large and valuable 
 property in land, which is now in the heart of the city. James 
 Richardson, afterwards bishop, served during the war of 1812 
 under Sir James Yeo, and in May, 1814, lost an arm at the 
 shoulder, at the capture of Oswego by the British. He died at 
 the advanced age of eighty-four, at Toronto, full of honours, and 
 much beloved by all who had the privilege of knowing him. 
 
 James H. Richardson began his medical studies in 1841, with 
 Dr. Rolph, then living in Rochester, N.Y., and remained with 
 him two years. He then attended as a matriculated student 
 the first course of lectures delivered by the medical faculty of 
 King's College. In 1844, he proceeded to England and studied 
 at Guy's Hospital for three years, spending the summer of 
 1846 at the hospitals and in attendance on lectures in Paris. 
 He obtained his diploma at the Royal College of Surgeons, 
 England, 1847, being the first Canadian, we believe, to receive 
 that honour. He then returned to Toronto and commenced 
 practice. In 1848, he took the degree of M.B. at King's College. 
 In 1850, he was appointed to succeed Dr. Sullivan as Professor 
 of Anatomy, in the newly constituted Medical Department of 
 Toronto University, having discharged the duties during the 
 
576 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 previous year, in consequence of the illness of Prof, Sullivan. 
 The same year he received the degree of M.B, He held the 
 Chair of Anatomy in the University until the Medical Depart- 
 ment was abolished, 1853. Some years later he accepted the 
 Chair of Anatomy in the Toronto School of Medicine, and at 
 the organization of the medical faculty of Toronto University, 
 he was again appointed Professor of Anatomy, which position 
 he still holds (1893). 
 
 Dr. Richardson has taken great interest in the volunteer 
 force, and was successively surgeon of the Field Artillery, the 
 Merchants' Company and in the 10th Royal Regiment. After 
 twenty years of continuous service, he some years ago retired, 
 retaining the rank of Surgeon-Major. During the time of his 
 service, he was an enthusiastic and successful rifle shot, receiv- 
 ing, in 1861, t^e first prize ever competed for in Toronto at 
 long range. The prize was presented to him by Gen. Williams, 
 afterwards the hero of Kars. He has all his life been a lover 
 of out-door recreation and amusement, as yachting, curling, 
 bowling and fishing, and to this he attributes the good health 
 which he continues to enjoy. In the last named sport he has 
 passed his summer vacations from place to place at almost 
 every noted fishing camp in the Dominion, from Cape Breton 
 to the rivers and shores of Lake Superior. 
 
 Dr. Richardson, as an operator, has had usually well-appointed 
 surgical appliances in his practice ; but that he would have 
 achieved success under less favourable circumstances is attested 
 by an incident which occurred in 1859, when he was on one of 
 his fishing expeditions up the Ottawa. On such occasions he 
 never carried any surgical appliances, and it happened that a 
 French -Canadian, whom he came across, was in the most urgent 
 need of relief by the use of a catheter. While the doctor was 
 troubled and anxious to give relief, his eye rested upon a 
 goose's wing, used for dusting, and a happy thought came to 
 him, upon which he promptly acted. He took the quills of the 
 wing, cut them in convenient sections, and uniting them 
 together, end to end, fixed the joints with shoemaker's wax. 
 In this way he fashioned a catheter, and by it the suffering of 
 the now fortunate Frenchman was removed, whose life was 
 thereby doubtless saved and whose gratitude was unbounded. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 577 
 
 The writer has lately seen this novel instrument, which is pre- 
 served by the Doctor as a memento, and which looks as if it 
 might do similar service again. 
 
 Dr. Richardson stands in the foremost rank in his profession^ 
 especially as a sound surgeon and brilliant operator. He has 
 for many years been on the staff of the Toronto General 
 Hospital, also surgeon to the Toronto Gaol. He is an ex-Presi- 
 dent of the Ontario Medical Association, and has filled other 
 important positions. He is one whom his medical confreres 
 delight to honour, and one in whom a large circle implicitly 
 trust as a physician. 
 
 Dr. Richardson married a Scotch lady, Miss Mary Skirving, 
 who is now known as an active philanthropist. They have 
 four sons and three daughters living (1893). One son, W. A. 
 Richardson, entered the medical profession, and at the present 
 time has charge of the Royal Jubilee Hospital at Victoria, B.C. 
 The youngest son, G. H. Richardson, is a civil engineer. The 
 other two are in business in Winnipeg. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Richardson, 
 
 Son of Euchmetty Richardson, of the County of Longford, Ire- 
 land, was born, February 31, 1809. He received his general 
 education at Trinity College* Dublin, where he also studied 
 medicine, and became M.R.C.S., Dublin, 1834. In the same 
 year he emigrated to Upper Canada. He was before the Medi- 
 cal Board, April, 1835, and obtained a certificate to practise 
 surgery. He settled at Guelph, where he practised for five 
 years. He removed to Gait in 1839, at that time a mere hamlet, 
 where he continued to practise. His field of labour was exten- 
 sive and arduous ; but he found time to act on the Town Council 
 for seventeen years, and he has also filled the offices of Reeve 
 and Deputy Reeve, as well as Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Dr. Richardson was twice married ; in 1834, to Miss Mary 
 Ann Brereton, of Dublin, Ireland, and in 1850, to Miss Annie 
 Orr, of Gait. He had four children, two by each wife. 
 
678 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. George Neville Ridley 
 
 Was born, February 22, 1794, at Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire, 
 England. His father was a physician ; and in fact, for genera- 
 tions the men of the family have been either doctors or clergy- 
 men. He studied at St. Thomas' and Guy's, and was a pupil of 
 Sir Astley Cooper. He was always fond of surgery, although 
 possessed in a remarkable degree of the faculty of diagnosing 
 disease, and his opinion was seldom at fault. About the year 
 1818, while yet a student, he visited Canada. Arriving at 
 Quebec, he proceeded to ^lontreal, and from Montreal he walked 
 to Kingston, Cobourg, York, and visited Niagara Falls. He 
 was much pleased at that time with the Niagara District and 
 the vicinity of Grimsby. During this visit he became acquainted 
 with many of the old families in the country, such as the Les- 
 mesuriers, of Quebec ; Moffatts, of Montreal ; Dr. Sampson, of 
 Kingston ; the Boultons, of Cobourg, and Robinsons, of Toronto 
 and Newmarket. One of his greatest friends was Mr. Peter 
 Robinson, of Newmarket, whom he often used to mention when 
 speaking of his early visit to Canada. Returning to England, 
 he completed his studies, and received the degree of M.R.C.S. 
 London. He soon after married and settL>d at St. Alban's, 
 where he entered into partnership with his brother-in-law, Dr. 
 Webster. This partnership was not a happy one. Dr. Webster 
 became jealous of the success soon acquired by Dr. Ridley in his 
 practice, and made it so unpleasant for him that he determined, 
 rather than oppose his brother-in-law, to leave England and 
 settle in Canada. In 1824, he returned to Canada with the 
 intention of farming on an extensive scale, and purchased land 
 near Belleville. He was, however forced to practise his profes- 
 sion, as he could not refuse to visit those requiring medical aid. 
 His practice extended eastward to Kingston and westward to 
 Cobourg, and few serious cases happened in the neighbourhood 
 of Belleville without his advice being sought, and he gave it 
 ungrudgingly to the lowest and poorest as well as those better 
 off. Often, in his earlier work, he placed his saddle under the 
 seat of his waggon, or, as he called it, his grasshopper. He 
 would go as far as he could in his waggon, then would leave it 
 beside the clearing and mount his horse and go on horseback 
 
Biographical Sketches. 579 
 
 until he was stopped by the forest. He would there dismount 
 and walk perhaps two or more miles through a blazed forest to 
 get to the shanty and his patient. His remuneration would 
 possibly be paid to him some years after in the sha])e of a load 
 of potatoes or a few bushels of oats. 
 
 He never lost his anatomical knowledge. On one occasion, 
 being asked by a brother practitioner to perform herniotomy, the 
 medical gentleman sat down in the doctor's study to work up 
 his surjical anatomy. Dr. Ridley quietly took his lunch, accom- 
 panied his friend and operated successfully. 
 
 His son, Dr. Henry Ridley, of Hamilton, says of his father : 
 " When a student, I frequently accompanied him in his 
 visits to his country patients, and he often on the journey put 
 me through an anatomical grind, and I was too often aground 
 before the journey was over. Dr. Ridley was appointed Sur- 
 geon to the 1st Hastings Regiment of Militia, July, 1826. In 
 1838, he was commissioned a member of the Upper Canada 
 Medical Board. He was appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor, 
 April, 1840, one of four to form a Board of Education for the 
 District of Victoria. 
 
 " In politics he was a good old-fashioned Church and State 
 Tory, and the most liberal-minded man to those who differed 
 from him. I have heard him trying to persuade a Radical of 
 those days to vote his way. He never lost his temper in argu- 
 ment, and if he could not convince an opponent he would scorn 
 to try to compel him to vote his way, even if he had any power 
 to do so. Honour with him was a part of his life. Hard, pro- 
 fessional, never-ceasing work undermined a splendid physique 
 and fine constitution, and before he reached his forty-eighth 
 year he had a severe attack of diabetes, which, within three 
 months, brought him down from a man of 225 pounds to a mere 
 shadow of his former self. From this attack he never recovered, 
 for, although he lived to the age of sixty-three, his life was one 
 of suffering. During his long illness he was never heard to 
 utter a word of complaint. Whatever suffering it pleased God 
 to visit him with was borne with patient and Christian forti- 
 tude. At his death-bed, when all around him were filled with 
 grief and sorrow, he spoke to them with such unbounded faith 
 
580 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 in his Saviour that left all fully impressed with the comforting 
 belief that for him to die was gain." 
 
 The writer may be pardoned for indulj^injif in some personal 
 reminiscences. Dr. Ridley was for many years his father's 
 family physician, and the writer knows not how much he 
 owes the Doctor for introducing him into this world. But 
 with the recollections of Dr. Ridley are associated an occasion 
 of sadness, tears, a silent room, the looking-glass draped in 
 white, the arrival of a coffin, the gathering neighbours, the 
 minister's subdued voice, the way to the burying ground, the 
 deep grave and the proclamation, " I am the Resurrection and 
 the Life." There is another, a more pleasant remembrance — 
 a pleasant sunny afternoon. In a one-horse carriage drive two 
 gentlemen ; p«s remembered, very much alike in appearance. 
 Both past middle life, but possessing the looks of vigour, with 
 something of a grand air about them. These two noble-looking 
 men were Judge Hagerman and Dr. Ridley. They stop at the 
 gate of the writer's parents, and enter the house. There were 
 several such visits in the course of years — only one is remem- 
 bered. Judge Hagerman, when at Belleville on his circuit, 
 would have the Doctor drive him out to have a chat with his 
 old Adolphustown schoolmates. 
 
 Two sons of Dr. Ridley became members of the medical pro- 
 fession — Charles Neville and Henry Thomas. Both had the 
 advantage of the excellent medical training of their father. 
 Charles became L.C.P.S., Canada, 1850, and practised his pro- 
 fession in Belleville, where he died, 1893. Henry graduated at 
 McGill College, Montreal, obtained degree of M.D., CM., and 
 L.C.P.S., Canada, 1852. He chose Hamilton as his field of pro- 
 fessional work, and soon acquired a first-class practice, which 
 he still pursues with unabated vigour. He married the eldest 
 daughter of the Hon. Edmund Murney, of Belleville. 
 
 Louisa Mary, daughter of Dr. Ridley, became the wife of 
 Col. de Rottenburg, who has recently died (1894). The follow- 
 ing notice appeared : 
 
 "The English papers announced the death during last 
 month of a famous Canadian, Colonel Baron de Rottenburg. 
 The deceased officer was a son of Major-General de Rottenburg, 
 who was President of the Council of Upper Canada from June 
 
BiooRAPHicAi, Sketches. 681 
 
 19th, 1813, until December 13th, in the same year. He was 
 born near Kingston in 1807, and entered the army in 1825. 
 His first commission was in the 81st Refriment, from which he 
 was transferred to the 60th Rifles, and later to the 49th 
 Rejjiment. 
 
 " He served in Canada on the staff all throucfh the rebellion 
 of 1837-38, having then the rank of captain, but owing to his 
 success ' on a particular service ' during that period, he received 
 the brevet rank of major in recognition of what he had done. 
 In the first Carlist war in Spain, he, being then on ths 
 unattached list, joined the statt' of General Sir de Lacy Evans, 
 and did good service in the field. Later, having in the mean- 
 time become Lieutenant-Colonel, he again returned to Canada 
 as Adjutant-General of the militia. While so employed, the 
 100th Prince of Wales Royal Canadian Regiment was raised 
 here in 1858, and Colonel de Rottenburg was ottered the com- 
 mand, which he accepted. He went with the 100th to England, 
 and was quartered first at Shornclitfe, afterwards at Aldershot, 
 and in May, 1859, again embarked on foreign service, going 
 with the regiment to Gibraltar. He finally retired from the 
 array by the sale of his commission in 1861, being succeeded 
 by Major A. R. Dunn, V.C. Some few years later he became 
 a Military Knight of Windsor, and in the quarters of that 
 body, in the shadow of Windsor Castle, passed the remainder 
 of his long and eventful life. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Chorley Robinson, 
 
 " Member of the Royal College of Surgeons and Licentiate of 
 the Apothecaries' Hall, having received His Excellency's 
 license to practise physic, surgery and midwifery in this Prov- 
 ince, proposes to exercise his profession in this capital. Dr. 
 R.'s residence is in Dr. Deihl's new house in York Street, near 
 Osgoode Hall, where he will be ready to attend to all professional 
 calls, and to visit patients either in town or the country'. York, 
 6th January, 1835." The York directory for 1834 gives : *' Dr. 
 Robinson, Yonge St. Road ; " " Steam Saw-mill, Kingston Road, 
 near Windmill, on the Don." 
 
582 The Medical Phofersion in Upper Canada. 
 
 The only furtlior information at hand of Dr. Robinson is 
 the followinj]f : The Royal Standard newspaper, Toronto, Dec., 
 1836, records: " j:)ied.— Sarah, wife of A. C. Robinson, M.D., 
 from fever." In 1887 tlie paper announced : "Married. — Alex. 
 Robinson, M.D., to Mi.ss E. M. Hains, both of Yonjre St." It 
 appears that ho did not continue long to practise in Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Roiunson 
 
 Was a sojourner in Canada, 1832-38. He was one of a party 
 who together chartered a vessel, the Ann, to cross the 
 Atlantic. Among the company, beside Dr. Robinson, was 
 William Hume Blake, well known in Upper Canadian history, 
 as a man of legal eminence, a statesman, and more particularly 
 as the first Chancellor of the Court of Chancery of Upper 
 Canada. Chancellor Blake's wife was a stepdaughter of Dr. 
 Robinson. Another of the party was Skiffington Connor, long 
 known as Dr. Connor, also a well-known lawyer, statesman and 
 judge, and likewise married to a step-daughter of Dr. Robinson. 
 Others of the company were the late Archdeacon Arthur Palmer, 
 of Guelph, and Bi.shop Cronyn, of the diocese of Huron. 
 
 The vessel sailed, July 11, 1832. The voyage was marked by 
 adverse winds and the appearance of cholera on board, from 
 which one of the passengers died. After ,six weeks on the 
 Atlantic, they liad to endure a long quarantine at Gro.sse Island. 
 It may be supposed that the presence of Dr. Robinson on board 
 was salutary in allaying the force of the disease, in preventing 
 its spread, and in saving life. Dr. Robinson, with the Blakes, 
 reached York in September. Dr. Robinson, we believe, spent 
 some time in the iieighbourhood of Lake Simcoe, where, 
 although he did not desire to establish himself in practice, he 
 found a good deal to do in alleviating intermittent fever, then 
 very prevalent among the settlers. Dr. Robinson did not re- 
 main in Canada, but, after visiting relations in Maryland, 
 returned to Dublin. 
 
 However, two of his sons became well-known citizens of the 
 Province — Judge Robinson, of Sarnia, and Arthur G. Robinson, 
 

 
 ,„^'^^W■l»^^._ 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 'fJr mMkf:'''" 
 
 
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 * 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^^H^nKi 
 
 
 HL 
 
 \ 
 
 V^^Hj 
 
 
 
 i)i:. T. <L.\i»K i;iiiu.\><)X. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 583 
 
 C.E., residing in Orillia. Tho lattor's son, Saniuol SkifRngton 
 Robinson, is a woll-known lawyer of that place. 
 
 Major William Robinson, of tho British army, was a brother 
 of Dr. Robinson. He was in Canada during tlic war of 1812, 
 and was wounded at the battle of Lundy's Lane. He was 
 voted a " Sword of Honour," bv the Canadian Parliament for 
 services rendered in disciplining the Canadian militia. 
 
 " The incorporated militia, now called by some the King's 
 (Canadian Legion, was taught the rudiments of war by the 
 gallant Colonel Robinson, their late Commander. They have 
 done ample justice to his instruction, and by their bravery, 
 good conduct, and strict discipline, have eciuallcd the best 
 veteran battalions." — CameronH Almanac. 
 
 Dr. T. Slade Robinson 
 
 Was born at Stone, StafTordshire, England, April, 1801 ; was 
 educated in Wales, London and Dublin, and commenced the 
 study of medicine, 1820, at Denby, Wales. He served an 
 apprenticeship of five years, for which he paid £95. He was 
 afterwards the pupil of the celebrated Abernethy and Sir Astley 
 Cooper. He became a member of the Society of Apothecaries, 
 London, 1825. In the years of 1824-25, he attended lectures 
 at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin; M.R.dS. Eng., 1827. 
 In 1828, he attended two courses of lectures given by 
 Francis H. Ramadge, M.D., F.L.S., at the Central Infirmary 
 and Dispensary, London. After receiving his degrees, he 
 became the private physician of Lord St. Vincent's family, 
 in England. He was afterwards physician to his Lordship's 
 estates in the West Indies. Having suffered three attacks of 
 fever in the last place, he decided, as soon as he had strength, 
 to leave; and consequently, in 1881, came to New Orleans, and 
 ascending the Mississippi, found his way to Montreal. Staying 
 there a short time, lie proceeded to Upper Canada, and spent a 
 winter in Hamilton. He formed the acquaintance of Mr. (after- 
 ward Sir Allan) Macnab, and would have settled there had not 
 a disastrous fire nearly destroyed the place, and as well had not 
 inducement presented itself to go to Niagara Falls, where had 
 
584 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 been laid out a plot for a city, which was named the " City of 
 the Falls." It was anticipated that the place would become a 
 great manufacturing centre. He was led to invest largely in 
 real estate there, and built himself a residence. He commanded 
 a good practice while there, and among his patients was the son 
 of Joseph Brant, in his last illness. The site of this " City of 
 the Falls " is on the elevated ground on the old portage road, 
 south-east of Drummondville, overlooking the Horseshoe Fall. 
 It is now a common, and the ownership of the lots uncertain. 
 A solitary tree on the highest point, where the cold north wind 
 strikes the traveller with great violence, is known as the "North 
 Pole." Friends of Dr. Robinson, in Quebec, persuaded him to go 
 there. The expectations regarding the " City of the Falls " not 
 havinjj been realized, no doubt contributed to cause him to take 
 this step. His professional life in Quebec was not quite agree- 
 able. Several things combined to prevent his permanent settle- 
 ment there, as the limited number of English-speaking people, 
 the severe climate, and petty professional jealousy. Dr. Robin- 
 son had his friends, and his skill was appreciated. The most 
 prominent druggist of the place declared that Dr. Robinson was 
 the only medical man in Quebec who could write a prescription 
 correctly. After a stay of five years, he decided, in 1842, to 
 commence practice in Montreal. Here he remained also five 
 years, enjoy'. ig a good practice nnd the warm friendship of 
 many of the citizens. Some of these, however, removed to 
 Toronto, and urged him to come also, which he began to pre- 
 pare to do. But his friends in Montreal were equally assiduous 
 in persuading him to stay. So he remained there altogether 
 five years. In 1847, being still in the prime of life, and with 
 a growing family, he thought he would join the throng who 
 were then leaving the east for the great west, where many 
 openings would present themselves for the family. He conse- 
 quently sold out, and embarked, his place of destination being 
 Milwaukee. His intention was to combine farming with prac- 
 tice. But one year's experience with the motley population, 
 and the deadly malaria, which took off one of his children, was 
 enough, and he resolved to seek a resting place again in Upper 
 Canada, which he had long regretted leaving. Toronto was his 
 choice, and here he found warm friends, who remained such for 
 
Biographical Sketches. 585 
 
 life. His remark to his son was : " I believe I have found a 
 place that I feel satisfied to live and die in." And here he did 
 spend the remaining *'.iirty-seven years of his life ; and here he 
 died, rich in the love of his many friends, rich in his faith and 
 trust in the God he had so faithfully served, and sure of the 
 promise made to those who trust in their Saviour. 
 
 Dr. Robinson was a remarkable man. As a physician he 
 possessed skill ; in his practice he was judicious and successful. 
 The last time cholera visited Toronto, he was particularly suc- 
 cessful. But he will be remembered, by tho.se who had the 
 fortune to know him, as the Christian gentleman, the most 
 devoted loyal follower of Him whom he served. The writer 
 cannot forego the satisfaction of paying this tribute to one 
 whom he found a kind friend, who gave professional care to 
 the writer's family when he was absent from home. 
 
 This interesting testimony is given by Dr. F. C Mewburn, 
 He says: "Dr. Slade Robinson was at Niagara Falls in 1834, a 
 very gentlemanly man (too much so for his benefit), well up in 
 all the branches, neat in his appearance and perfect in manner. 
 Many will remember the handsome turn-out of greys, driven 
 tandem, and well driven, too. The Doctor was a good, con- 
 sistent Christian in every sense of the word." 
 
 Dr. Robinson was married, November 7, 1883, to Mary 
 Gillespie, a Scotch lady, by the Venerable Bishop Strachan. 
 Eight children were born to them ; six survived him. He died, 
 November 6, 1885, at Toronto, aged eitjhty-four. His widow 
 survived him six years, having died, November IG, 1891, in her 
 eighty-first year. The writer, who has a keen recollection of 
 the kind, gentle lady, the faithful friend, will not forego the 
 satisfaction of making an extract from a communication to the 
 Rev. Dr. Potts from the venerable and eloquent Rev. Dr. Douglas 
 (lately deceased), on the occasion of Mrs. Robinson's death : 
 
 " Her personal self-sacrifice for the good of others was 
 unsparing and tireless during her long life. No midnight 
 darkness nor noonday sun ever hehi her back from the abodes 
 of sorrow and despair. I have known her to tread wean' miles 
 amid winter storms to pour the wealth of her sympathy and 
 the affluence of her prayers at the feet of outcast degradation, 
 and countless are the fainting hearts that she has cheered as 
 38 
 
586 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 they advanced into the eternal. Her character was marked by 
 great strength and vigour. With the advance of years she 
 softened into a serene beauty, which surrounded her latter 
 days with an indescribable charm. Ever green shall be her 
 memory in the hearts of those who knew her. While tlic 
 generation lives, the names of Dr. and Mrs. Robinson will 
 abide as among the choicest examples of sustained and exalted 
 devotion to God. Evermore shall the recollection of Mrs. Mary 
 Robinson be enshrined in my heart, amid emotions soft and 
 tender, until the twilight and evening star of earthly scenes 
 have been exchanged for the eternal morn of heaven." 
 
 Dr. Thomas Weeks Robison 
 
 Was the son of Richard and Mary Robison, who lived the first 
 ytars of their married life at Kingston, and then returned to 
 that place after a residence of some years at Napanee, where 
 Tliomas Weeks was born, November 10, 1810. A sister of 
 Richard Robison was married to George O'Kill Stuart, after- 
 ward the Venerable Archdeacon of Kingston. Young Robison 
 was educated at Kingston, then studied medicine in Dr. Samp- 
 son's office, and attended a course at New York Medical College, 
 whore he graduated. His last year of study was spent in 
 London, England. He passed the Upper Canada Medical Board^ 
 July, 1833. Dr. Robison commenced practice in Kingston and * 
 there passed his life. He married his cousin, Elenora Cum- 
 mings Robison, of Portland, Maine. They had no children. 
 
 Dr. Robison 's life was an active one. He was surgeon to the 
 3rd Frontenac Battalion, organized at the time of the Mackenzie 
 rebellion. He was at one time medical officer to the Peniten- 
 tiary. He had charge of the fever hospital and sheds during 
 1847, when the "emigrant" fever raged. The following, taken 
 from the Kingston News, relating to his death, which took 
 place. May 6, 1860, pretty fully records the events of his life : 
 " Dr. Robison, one of the most prominent citizens of Kingston, 
 died in the fifty-sixth year of his age. He was elected Mayor, 
 in August, 1844, and served the remainder of the year, which 
 
i)i;, THOMAS iMn.i n. 
 
Biographical Sketchks. 587 
 
 ended in April, 1845, and was re-elected His appointment 
 as Police Magistrate was dated 1847, which office he filled for 
 nearly nineteen years. Ho was always considered a just and 
 faithful public servant. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Rolph, 
 
 The father of the Hon. John Rolph, was the son of George 
 Rolph, of Thornbury, Gloucestershire, En'^dand, Esquire, Attor- 
 ney and Solicitor, and was born in Thornbury, April 29, 1768, 
 where he received his early education. He afterwards removed 
 to the Parish of St. Olaves, Southwark, Surrey. He married, 
 when about twenty years of age, Frances Petty, only daughter 
 of Ann Petty, of St. Mary's, Rotherhithe, Surrey, on the 25th 
 February, 1788, at St. Margaret Pattens, Fenchurch Street, 
 London, by whom he had seventeen children. 
 
 He became a member, April 21, 1790, of the " Corporation of 
 Surgeons," London, England, now the " Royal College of 
 Surgeons," and his name appears on the books of the college 
 up to the year 1807. He practised his profession at Thorn- 
 bury, Gloucestershire, until October, 1797, when he was 
 .succeeded by Mr. Edward Salmon, a ccjusin of the late Colonel 
 Salmon, father of Judge Salmon, of Simcoe, County Norfolk, 
 Canada, who had previously been articled, or apprenticed, as it 
 was termed in those daj's, to him. Dr. Rolph was a personal 
 friend of Dr. Edward Jenner, the discoverer of vaccination, 
 whose residence was only nine miles from his place, and doubt- 
 less they were often in professional consultation. Dr. Rolph 
 then practised at Camberwell and Peckham, Surrey, finally 
 returning to his native place, where he had purchased the 
 Grovesend Estate, about a mile from Thornbury, and in view 
 of the beautiful river Severn, from Henry Stephen, Es(j. 
 (lately called Henry Willis), of Chavenage House, an old 
 historical place in the Parish of Horseley, Gloucestershire, in 
 1803. After residing there some years, he came to Canada. 
 The exact date is not known, but it was some time after 1807 
 and before 1810, and settled in the County of Norfolk, in the 
 Long Point District. There is a deed registered in the Simcoe 
 
588 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Registry Office, conveying property in Charlotteville from David 
 Seeord to Thomas Rolph, dated September 27, 1810. 
 
 He acquired a considerable quantity of land, and we learn 
 by a deed executed January 14, 1813, that he conveyed 1,218 
 acres of land in the Township of Malahide, County Middlesex, 
 to his son John, in consideration of £800 currency. Dr. Rolph 's 
 property was situated between Normandale and Vittoria, 
 County Norfolk. We have no record as to what extent he 
 engaged in the practice of his profession in Canada, but the 
 sparse population at that time necessarily limited the field of 
 practice. He died at Charlotteville, March 24, 1814, leaving 
 four sons and several daughters. Frances (Petty), the widow, 
 died at the residence of her son George, lat Dundas, on August 
 27, 1829, aged 57. 
 
 The sons of Dr. Thomas Rolph require some notice in these 
 pages. The eldest, Dr. John Rolph, receives due notice in a 
 separate sketch. (See page 590.) 
 
 George Rolph, born in Thornbury, April 7, 1794, came with 
 his father to Canada. He had, before leaving England, acquiretl 
 a liberal education, and was qualified to become, as he did, a 
 member of the Canadian Bar. But before this, Mr. Rolph took 
 an active part in the war of 1812. Before the writer is the 
 Commission received by him from General Brock, dated York, 
 February 14, 1812, in the fifty-second year of George III.'s 
 long reign, appointing him Lieutenant in the 1st Regiment 
 of Norfolk Militia. Lieutenant Rolph accompanied General 
 Brock's expedition to the West, which resulted in the surrender 
 of Fort Detroit, August 16, 1812, by General Hull, by which 
 the State of Michigan was ceded to the British. The writer 
 has also before him the silver medal and crimson ribbon with 
 blue edge, presented to Lieutenant Rolph. The medal bears 
 these words : " 1848— To the British Army, 1795-1814," while 
 on the clasp above is engraved : " Fort Detroit." On the rim is 
 also engraved : " G. Rolph, Lieutenant, Canadian Militia." 
 
 At a gathering of the veterans of 1812, at Hamilton, 1860, 
 to meet the Prince of Wales, Lieutenant Rolph had the honour 
 of wearing the medal (for the last time) when presented to the 
 Prince. 
 
 A correspondent says that Lieutenant Rolph was present at 
 
Biographical Sketches. oSO 
 
 the battle of Queenston Heights, and took part in the engage- 
 ment at Stony Creek, as well as other engagements with the 
 enemy. Mr. George Rolph settled at Dundas, Gore District, 
 in 1816. 
 
 He commenced the study of law at York, to qualify himself 
 for the office of Clerk of the "eace, there heing at that time 
 no one learned in the law in the Gore District, and became tl e 
 first Clerk of the Peace in the Gore District. Subsequently he 
 was in partnership with his brother, Dr. Rolph. The firm liad 
 an office in Vittoria, at that time the district town of London 
 District, and one at Ancaster. They had for some years the 
 largest practice west of York. 
 
 He sat as member for the Gore District in the " last parlia- 
 ment of the King." It may be mentioned that Mr. George 
 Rolph had no little public zeal and enterprise. Among other 
 acts, he had constructed, at his own expense, a then very impor- 
 tant public work, the Sydenham road, leading up the mountain 
 from Dundas to Flamboro' Township. Mr. Rolph was Clerk of 
 the Surrogate Court for about fifty-four years. 
 
 He died, at Dundas, July 25, 1875, aged eighty-one, leaving 
 two sons and three daughters. 
 
 The eldest, the late Thomas Lawford, was educated in Canada, 
 at Cheltenham College, Eng., and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 
 where he gained a scholarship and obtained his B.A. degree. 
 He was some time private tutor to the Marquis of Huntley, 
 Aberdeenshire, and subsequently a partner in the law firm of 
 Dawes, Son & Rolph, Throgmorton Street, London, Eng. 
 
 William M., the second son, is Lieut.-Colonel of the 1st 
 Leicestershire, formerly the old 17th, Regiment of Foot, which 
 was stationed in Toronto in 1866. On entering the army, 
 he was commissioned in the 17th Regiment, which was then 
 stationed at Quebec, in 1862, and he has remained with 
 that regiment up to the present time (1894) ; passing through 
 the various ranks to the command of the regiment, which he 
 reached, February, 1890. 
 
 Of the three daughters, one is the wife of Dr. Allen Holford 
 Walker, of Rotherham House (his private hospital); and 
 another the wife of Dr. Charles O'Reilly, Superintendent of 
 the Toronto General Hospital. 
 
690 The Medical Profession in TTpper Canada. 
 
 RoMAiNE RoLPii, the third .son of J)r. Thonia.s Rolph, was horn 
 May 7th, 17i)5, in Thornhiiry. Me came with tlie family to 
 Canada, and was a student of divinity under Dr. Strachan, at 
 York. On Octoher 10th, ISID, he was onhiinod Deacon by the 
 Bishop of Quebec. He was the first mi.ssionary to Sandwich, 
 E.ssex County, and became curate at Atnherstburfrh, for we find 
 the first entry in the burial register there is signed, R. Rolph, 
 with date 1820. He was ordained priest in the cathedral, 
 Quebec, October 21, 1821 ; subse(|uently holding a parish at 
 Innsbruck, then at March, near Ottawa, and finallj'^ at Queens- 
 ton, where he died at the age of seventy-three. In St. Mark's 
 church, Niagara-on-the-Lake, is a tablet to his memory, and the 
 register states that " Romaine Rolph was interred, January 
 22nd, 18G8." He left several children. 
 
 Thomas Rolph, the tenth son, born, September 16th, 1803, 
 and baptized at St. Giles, Camberwell, Surrey, October 13, 
 1803, vi-sited Canada several times. He received his early 
 education at Peckhara, Surrey, and took the degree of A.B., at 
 St. John's College, Cambridge. He studied for holy orders, and 
 was ordained Deacon, December 12, 1829, by the Bishop of 
 Gloucester, and Priest, June o, 1831. For many years he 
 was a popular curate of Cirence.ster, Gloucestershire, and was 
 appointed domestic chaplain to the Earl Bathurst, September 
 21, 1838; at the same time he was curate of North Cerney and 
 perpetual curate of Baunton, Gloucestershire, November 8, 
 1841, being nominated to the same by the patroness, Jane 
 Master, of the Abbey, Cirencester. Finally he became Vicar 
 of Chi,:eldon, in Wiltshire, being appointed by the Bishop of 
 Salisbury, April 26, 1866, where he died on March 14, 1887. 
 
 Dr. John Rolph. 
 
 A full history of this mo.st eminent member of the medical 
 profession of Upper Canada remains to be written. The 
 sketch for which room can be made in this volume must 
 neces.sarily be comparatively brief, and consequently imperfect. 
 We have endeavoured to gather up the facts relating to that 
 portion of his life not generally known. Matters relating to 
 
.)R. .lOHX ROLI'H. 
 
Biographical Sketchks. oQl 
 
 his middle life and advanced years are more familiar to the 
 public, as they form an important chapter in the history of 
 Upper Canada. Dr. Rolph was distinf^ui.shed as a politician 
 and as a successful [)ractitioner of medicine, while ho stood hi^h 
 as a member of the Bai'. But his crowning ??'o^y was achieved 
 in the lecture room of the Medical Colleij[e. As a teacher of 
 the Science of Medicine, it is doubtful if he had his e(jual. 
 
 Dr. John llolph was born at Thornbury, Gloucestershire, 
 March 4, 1798. Whether he accompanied his father to Caniida 
 is uncertain. Dent, who had access to many of Dr. Rolph's 
 papers, .says he did. But the writer has received information 
 fro!n Dr. H. H. Wright, who was for a long time closely 
 associated with Dr. Rolph and living with him, also from Dr. 
 J. H, Richardson, as well as from other sources, which strongly 
 supports the belief that he remained in England to prosecute 
 his studies, and did not cross the Atlantic until 1812. In the 
 summer of that year he .sailed from England to join the family 
 in Canada, by way of New York. Before he reached New 
 York, war had been declare*] bv the United States against 
 Great Britain, and it seems that the ve.s.sel in which he sailed 
 became a prize. Dr. Rolph obtained a passport from President 
 Madison to proceed to Canada. Reaching Buffalo, he was 
 detained for a time, and while waiting, passed the time in solv- 
 ing a problem in Euclid. Being observed making unusual 
 characters on a paper, ho was suspected of being a spy and of 
 making a sketch of the position of the United States forces, 
 and was taken back by the authorities to Greenbush, and it 
 was some time before negotiations could make it plain that he 
 was not a spy. Shortly after the battle of Queenston, he was 
 allowed to cross over into Canada. An informant says, " Up 
 to his last years ho would refer to the kindly way in which he 
 was treated by the Auierican surgeon and other officers, while 
 he was detained a prisoner." He was at this time about nine- 
 teen years of age. Dr. Rolph served during the war as pay- 
 master of His Majesty's militia forces in the London District. 
 After the war he returned to England and engaged in the 
 study of both law and medicine, probably concurrently. He 
 was a student at Cambridge, where " he was recognized as a 
 young man of very remarkable ana precocious intellectual 
 
592 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 powers. He absorbed knowledge with marvellous facility, and 
 never forgot anything he had learned." — Dent. He was a 
 student-at-law in London, and in due time was called to the 
 Bar of the Inner Temple. In medicine, he was a pupil of Sir 
 Astley Cooper. Tickets of attendance at Sir Astley's lectures, 
 dated 1818, are now in the possession of his son, Thomas 
 Rolph, barrister, of Toronto. He was a student of Guy's and 
 St. Thomas' Hospital, before they were separated into two insti- 
 tutions. He became a member of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons, England. Dr. Rolph remained in England until 
 1821, as is shown by an entry in a Bible, now in possession 
 of George Salmon, of Thornbury : " To Philemon Salmon, the 
 gift of his Godfather and friend. (Signed) John Rolph, May 
 24, 1821." Returning to Canada, he made his residence in the 
 township of Charlotteville, County Norfolk, at that time part 
 of the Talbot District. He was called to the Bar of Upper 
 Canada, 1821. He was the fourth Bencher in the Province. 
 Dr. Rolph engaged in the practice of both law and medicine, 
 and soon became a great favourite among all classes. He 
 was the legal adviser and familiar friend of Col. Talbot, and 
 one of the originators of the Talbot anniversary, kept up for 
 more than twenty years in honour of the day of the Colonel's 
 arrival. May 21, 1808. Subsequently their divergent political 
 views caused an estrangement between them. It is related 
 that Dr. Rolph at one time, being dissatisfied with law and 
 medicine, turned his attention to divinity and applied for orders ; 
 but finding that he would be required to undergo some proba- 
 tion for this, abandoned the idea." — Gamble. In some remin- 
 iscences of medical men kindly furnished to the writer by Mr. 
 Clarke Gamble, Q.C., he says : " My first introduction to Dr. 
 Rolph was at the assizes in London, ai^out the year 1827 
 or 1828, when he came into Court carrying a pair of saddlebags 
 in his arms, one side being filled with surgical instruments, 
 vials and package of medicine, etc., and the other with briefs 
 and legal documents and books. He would attend to a case in 
 Court, and, when through, would catch up his saddlebags, ascend 
 the Court House steps, mount his horse tethered near by and 
 ride off" to visit a patient. He was not much of a lawyer, 
 though an eloquent counsel." He became a prominent person 
 
BioGRAPHifjAL Sketches. 593 
 
 Id the London District. In 1823, he was a public school 
 trustee and a member of the Board of Education ; also a com- 
 missioner for taking affidavits. 
 
 The vast amount of energy which Dr. Rolph possessed was 
 not exhausted in the two professions which he simultaneously 
 followed, and he gave his attention to politics ; and at the 
 general elections of 1824, he was elected by the Reformers as 
 member for Middlesex. About this time he I'emoved to 
 Dundas. Although he had practised medicine, he did not pro- 
 cure his license to practise in Upper Canada until 1829, as this 
 announcement shows : " John Rolph, of the village of Dundas 
 in Gore District, having complied with the provision of the 
 statutes, was gazetted as a licentiate, July 10, 1829." In 1831, 
 Dr. Rolph was a member of the Board of Education, also 
 trustee for London District. 
 
 But Dr. Rolph's career, as a member of the Bar, was drawing 
 to a close. In 1828, dissatisfied with a legal decision of Justice 
 Sherwood, he, with Dr. Baldwin and his son Robert, threw oif 
 his gown and left the court. Soon after, believing, it is said, 
 that he would never have justice, he resolved " to abandon the 
 practice of law and to resume that of medicine," which latter, 
 indeed, he had never wholly abandoned. This resolution was 
 not fully carried oat until more than two years after it had 
 been formed, though he meanwhile accepted no new suits, and 
 steadily prepared himself for the impending change. The 
 decisive step does not appear to have been taken until 1832, 
 when he transferred his legal practice to his brother George. 
 Thenceforward John Rolph never again appeared in a Court of 
 Justice in the capacity of an advocate. It was a momentous 
 decision, for he had a fine legal practice and enjoyed the reputa- 
 tion of being the most eloquent man at the Upper Canada Bar. 
 He had outlived the exuberance of youth, and was, at this time, 
 nearly forty years old — an age at which few men would have 
 had the courage to abandon a pursuit which had been followed 
 with signal success for many years. He resumed the practice 
 of medicine and surgery, and was thenceforward known as 
 " Doctor Rolph." " He soon won a distinguished place in the 
 ranks of his new calling, and reached a preeminence therein as 
 great as he had ever attained at the Bar. There was no regu- 
 
594 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 larly organized medical college in Upper Canada, and the facili- 
 ties for acquiring a competent medical training were few. In 
 response to urgent requests from a number of influential per- 
 sons in Toronto, he established a private medical class and gave 
 instruction to a limited number of students. His teaching was 
 .eminently successful, and he made himself greatly beloved by 
 his students. He seemed to have the v/hole round of medical 
 literature at his fingers' ends, and his niu-rvellous knowledge and 
 graphic power of expression kindled in the breasts of the young 
 men a love of knowledge for its own sake." " By no one were 
 his attainments held in higher respect than by the Lieutenant- 
 Governor. Sir John urged him to found a permanent medical 
 college, and promised that Government aid for such an enter- 
 prise should not be wanting. But Dr. Rolph had other views." 
 — Dent. 
 
 Dr. Rolph came to York, 1831.. from Dundas. In the same 
 year he was Vice-President of the Mechanics' Institute and one 
 of the lecturers. He was commissioned a member of the Medi- 
 cal Board in 1832, and was present at the April meeting. In 
 1834 his name is given in York Directory as living in Macaulay 
 Town, now near the site of the new Court House and City 
 Hall. After the incorporation of Toronto as a city, Dr. Rolph 
 was elected one of the first Aldermen. At that time the Alder- 
 men elec*^^ed one of their number to fill the Mayor's chair. Dr. 
 Rolph aspired to the position and had expected that he would be 
 elected, but Wm. Lyon Mackenzie was the choice. Mr. Macken- 
 zie had recently received hard treatment from the Legislature, 
 and his political friends in the City (Jouncil, who were in a 
 majority, wished to show their sympathy in a marked manner, 
 and resolved, at a caucus, to make him the first Mayor of 
 Toronto. Dr. Rolph, although surprised and chagrined, acqui- 
 esced. He resigned before the election, thus paving the way 
 for Mackenzie's election. Dr. Tims was elected to fill Dr. 
 Rolph 's place as Alderman. 
 
 October 30, 1834, this marriage notice appeared: "At Kings- 
 ton, on Thursday, the 30th of October, by the Rev. Mr. Cart- 
 wright, Dr. John Rolph, M.A., of the city of Toronto, Member 
 of the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, London, bar- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 595 
 
 rister-at-law, to Grace, daufrhter of George Henry Haines, Esq., 
 late of Leicester, England. 
 
 Dr. Rolph had been twice elected for Middlesex and once for 
 Norfolk, and in 1835 he was appointed a member of the Execu- 
 tive Council of the Province with Drs. Baldwin, Dunn and 
 Bidwell.but, in consequence of some act of the Lieut.-Governor, 
 they all resigned. In 183G Dr. Rolph was again elected for 
 Norfolk. In the same year we find him delivering the closing 
 lecture of the Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 In March, 1834, an address was publicly presented to Dr. 
 Rolph, asking for the privilege of having his portrait painted. 
 From this, and the various positions he occupied from time to 
 time, it was evident that he was a very popular person. 
 
 During the period Dr. Rolph lived in Toronto he had received 
 a number of pupils. He had already exhibited those qualities 
 which subsequently made him famous, of imparting medical 
 knowledge to students. The list of young men studying with 
 him included Geo. H. Parks, James Mitchell, James Beatty, 
 Barnhart, Frank Cameron, IDavid Lee, J. W. Corson, J. W. 
 Hunter, H. H. Wright and J. H. Richardson. 
 
 The year 1837 was one fraught with grave events. The 
 Mackenzie rebellion had culminated in overt action on the part 
 of the insurgents, and Dr. Rolph became involved in the out- 
 break. It is not our intention to enter into a discussion of the 
 matter, but will give a statement from Dent. He says that at 
 a conference at Dr. Rolph's house, J)r. Morrison, ^lackenzie and 
 one Lloyd, from Lower Canada, " a plan was discussed for seiz- 
 ing the arms in the City Hall, for taking into custody the chief 
 officials, and for estab'shing a Provisional Government, with 
 Dr. Rolph at its head " — the day fixed being December 7. 
 
 An account of his escape, after the collapse of Mackenzie's 
 attempt to take Toronto, is of sufficient interest to merit a place 
 in these pages. Dr. Morrison had been arrested on suspicion, 
 and his arrest had been witnessed by H. H. Wright, then a 
 house pupil with Dr. Rolph. " He lost no time in acquainting 
 Dr. Rolph with what he had seen, and in advising him to seek 
 safety in fiiglt. Dr. Rolph speedily made up his mind. There 
 was no longer any hope of success for the rebels. His own 
 connection with the movement could not fail to become known, 
 
596 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 and he might count upon being prosecuted with the utmost 
 rigour of the law. Dr. Morrison's arrest seemed to indicate 
 that the Government had already become possessed of crimina- 
 tory evidence — evidence which was quite as likely to compromise 
 himself (Dr. Rolph) as the gentleman who had actually been 
 deprived of his liberty. If so, no time was to be lost. In a 
 very few moments one of his horses, a gray three-year-old colt, 
 was saddled, and his young friend had mounted it and ridden 
 westward along Lot Street. He himself followed leisurely 
 on foot. A short distance up the street he encountered Chief 
 Justice Robinson and two of his sons, who were probably on 
 their way to the Lieutenant-Governor's headquarters in the 
 Parliament Buildings. A grave salute was exchanged between 
 them, after which each proceeded on his way. The Doctor 
 continued his walk until he reached the spot' where Dundas 
 Street branches off northward from Queen Street, where he 
 found his young friend awaiting him with the horse, from which 
 he had dismounted. They exchanged quiet and undemonstra- 
 tive farewells, after which Dr. Rolph mounted the horse and 
 proceeded along Dundas Street, while the young medical student 
 returned to the city. 
 
 " The Doctor made the best of his way to the United States. 
 His journey was not unattended with peril, for any Tory whom 
 he met on the way might possibly resolve to arrest him, and his 
 complicity in the rebellion was susceptible of proof. He, 
 however, rode westward about twelve miles without any mis- 
 adventure, and was approaching the River Credit, when he 
 encountered a company of loyalist volunteers en route for the 
 capital. The gentleman in command was well acquainted with 
 Dr. Rolph's political proclivities, but would probably not have 
 suspected him of having any connection with the rebellion had 
 he not thus met him far from home, and evidently prepared for 
 a long journey. In reply to a demand as to his destination, the 
 Doctor produced a letter which he had received on the previous 
 day from his brother-in-law, Mr. Salmon, of Norfolk, acquaint- 
 ing him with the serious illness of his (Dr. Rolph's) sister, Mrs. 
 Salmon, and requesting his presence at her bedside. This was 
 deemed satisfactory, and the Doctor was allowed to proceed ; 
 but not long afterwards the officer, for some reason, became 
 
Biographical Sketches. 597 
 
 suspicious, and sent two volunteers in pursuit of the fugitive, 
 who was soon overtaken, and brought back to Port (Jredit. He 
 was greatly agitated, and a gentleman who was present at the 
 time informs me that he trembled visibly. While he was still 
 in detention, Dr. James Mitchell, of Dundas, a former student 
 of Dr. Rolph's, arrived, and, doubtless with perfect sincerity, 
 represented the absurdity of supposing that Dr. Rolph would 
 really ally himself with such a one as Mackenzie for any 
 purpose. The argument prevailed, and the Doctor was again 
 permitted to resume his journey. Dr. Mitchell exchanged 
 horses with him, remarking : ' Your beast does not seem equal 
 to so long a journey — ypu had better take mine,' or words to 
 that effect. Rolph directed his steps to the house of Mr. Asa 
 Davis, on the outskirts of the village of Wellington Square, in 
 the township of Nelson. Mr. Davis was an advanced Radical, 
 and an old friend and client of Dr. Rolph, who, it will be re- 
 membered, had formerly practised the legal profession at 
 Dundas, which is only a few miles distant from Wellington 
 Square. He was cordially received, and invited to pass the 
 night there, but he deemed it wisest to push on without delay. 
 He, however, obtained an hour's rest and a fresh horse. He 
 pursued his journey throughout the night, and early on the 
 following morning reached the Niagara River, near Queenston. 
 He soon placed the river between himself and danger. More 
 than live years elapsed before his foot again trod Canadian soil." 
 — Dent. 
 
 We are informed by Dr. C. W. Covernton that he was the 
 physician attending Mrs. Salmon, and that it was he who wrote 
 the letter to Dr. Rolph. That Dr. Rolph had good reason to 
 make his escape soon is evident from the notice which appeared 
 in the press, as follows : 
 
 "£500 REWARD. 
 
 " PROCLAMATION. 
 
 " By His Excellency Sir Francis Bond Head, Baronet, Lieut.- 
 Governor of Upper Canada, etc., etc. 
 
 " Whereas, it appears that Doctor John Rolph, of Toronto, 
 absconded hastily from his residence, on the breaking out of the 
 insurrection. 
 
598 The Medical Prokession in Upper Canada. 
 
 " And whereas, from facts which have come to the knowledge 
 of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, it appears that ho 
 has been concerned in the traitorous attempt, which has happily 
 been defeated, to subvert the Government of his Province, the 
 above reward of Five Hundred Pounds is hereby offered to any 
 one who will apprehend the said John Rolph, and deliver him 
 up to justice, in the city of Toronto. 
 
 "December 11. 1837." 
 
 While in exile, Dr. Rolph engaged in practice at Rochester, 
 where he remained until 1 843, when the ban was removed by 
 Act of Parliament, and those implicated in the rebellion were 
 allowed to return. 
 
 It was subsequent to his return to Toronto that Dr. Rolph 
 became so popular as a teacher of the Science of Medicine. We 
 have .seen that prior to 1837, he acquired a reputation in this 
 respect, and had a number of students. While he was at 
 Rochester he had Canadian students with him — H. H. Wright 
 was one, and J. H. Richardson another. From 1843, it may be 
 said, the formation of " Rolph's School " began. It rapidly 
 grew in the number of students, and in popularity. So efficient 
 was the instruction of Dr. Rolph that McGill College accepted 
 the time passed with him as equivalent to attending lectures at 
 a medical college. But many of the students went before the 
 Upper Canada Medical Board. 
 
 The following notices appeared : 
 
 " Medical students, who do not intend to enter the university, 
 will be, as heretofore, received by the subscriber, conducted 
 through the usual course of medical studies, with such additional 
 assistance as may be mo.st desirable, and prepared for their 
 diploma from the Medical Board. 
 
 "John Rolph. 
 
 " Lot Street, January 1, 1844." 
 
 "Toronto School of Medicine. 
 
 "The session will commence on the last Monday in October, 
 and end on the last Saturday in May, under Dr. Workman, Dr. 
 Park and the subscriber. 
 
 "John Rolph. 
 
 " Toronto, September 25th, 1848," 
 
Biographical Skktches. 699 
 
 As the number of students increased, Dr. Rolph obtained the 
 assistance of other medical men to deliver lectures. Of these, 
 Dr. Joseph Workman was by far the greatest acquisition. 
 Rolph's School became a rival to the Medical Department of 
 King's College ; but as the staff of the latter controlled the 
 Medical Board, Dr. Rolph's students were placed at a disadvan- 
 tage — at least it was believed or feared that the ordeal before 
 the Board would be to them more trying — nay, more, it was 
 alleged that justice was denied to Rolph's students. In 1853 
 Rolph's School was incorporated under the title of the "Toronto 
 School of Medicine." 
 
 It does not come within the scope of this work to enter fully 
 into the history of the subsequent events in connection with 
 this school. Having been an eye-witness of some of the events 
 connected therewith, and, at a later date, to a certain extent a 
 participant, the writer is in a position to furnish many particu- 
 lars, and at a future time these may be given. 
 
 Dr. Rolph was too ardent a politician to remain out of 
 Parliament, and his ability was recognized by the Hon. Francis 
 Hincks, Premier of Canada. In 18;) 1 he became a member of 
 his administration and continued until 1854. Here may be 
 given the estimate placed by John Charles Dent in the " Story 
 of the Upper Canadian Rebellion : " " He possessed talents 
 which, under favouring circumstances, would have made him a 
 marked man in either professional or public life in any country. 
 Chief among his qualifications may be mentioned a comprehen- 
 sive, subtle intellect, high scholastic and professional attain- 
 ments, a style of eloquence which was at once ornate and 
 loincal, a noble and handsome countenance, a voice of silvery 
 sweetness and great power of modulation, and an address at 
 once impressive, dignified and ingratiating. His keenness of 
 perception and his faculty for detecting the weak point in an 
 argument were almost abnormal, while his power of eloquent 
 and subtle exposition had no rival among the Canadian public 
 men of the times. . . . He was of full habit of body, even 
 in comparative youtli, and though he was rather under than 
 above the middle height, there was dignity and even majesty 
 in his presence that gave the world assurance of a strong man, 
 while at the same time it effectually repelled unseemly familiar- 
 
600 The Mkdical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 ity. A pair of deep, clear blue eyes, surmounted by rather heavy 
 eyebrows, glanced out from beneath his smooth and expansive 
 forehead. He had light brown hair, a well-moulded chin, a 
 firmly set nose, and a somewhat large and flexible mouth, 
 capable of imparting to the countenance great variety of 
 expression." 
 
 Dr. Rolph's School, as the Medical Department of Victoria 
 University, enjoyed many years of prosperity. It was not 
 until the latter part of the sixties that the Doctor exhibited 
 any decay of his splendid qualities as a lecturer, and then it 
 was more a loss of the clear, resonant tones of his voice than of 
 mental grasp. He finally resigned his office of Dean in the 
 early part of 1870. 
 
 The following account of the opening of the Medical Depart- 
 ment of Victoria University (1870) is taken from the Medical 
 Journal : 
 
 " The proceedings attending the opening of this institution 
 during the past week have been of unusual interest. The 
 Alumni residing in Toronto availed themselves of the occasion 
 to entertain their brethren from the country, with several other 
 gentlemen. The supper was given at the Queen's, on Tuesday 
 evening, the 4th inst. In compliance with the particular 
 request of the Committee of Arrangements, the Dean of the 
 Faculty, Dr. Canniff, occupied the chair, and Dr. Agnew the 
 vice-chair. Among the guests were the professors of the 
 Medical Faculty; Dr. Hodgins, of the Education Department; 
 W. W. Dean, barrister, Belleville ; Drs. McGuire and Tuck, of 
 Guelph ; Corbett, of Perrytown, and others. Among the toasts 
 of the evening was one of the late venerable Dean, the Hon. 
 Dr. Rolph, to which Dr. CannitF was requested to respond. In 
 doing so he expressed his .sense of the honour conferred upon 
 him by the committee in allowing him to respond. He referred 
 to the many excellencies of the veteran teacher of medicine, 
 whose ability to teach he had never seen equalled in the new 
 or old world. He concluded by expressing not alone his per- 
 sonal regret, but that of his colleagues, that the hope always 
 entertained by them that Dr. Rolph should continue to hold, as 
 long as he lived, his position of Dean, had been unfortunately 
 destroyed." 
 
HlOGIRAPHICAL SkKTOFIES 001 
 
 The death of Dr. Rolph took place at Mitchell, October 10, 
 1870, at the age of eighty-three. This sketch will be concluded 
 by quoting from an obituary notice which appeared in a medi- 
 cal journal. After relating some of the events of his life, the 
 medical journal concludes : " Two years ago, although he had 
 undertaken to deliver his usual course upon the ' Practice of 
 Medicine,' he was compelled from failing strength to cease his 
 lectures. Indeed, during the previous year his feeble tones 
 could not reach beyond the first seats of the class-room ; yet 
 the students were ever .silent to try to catch the words of the 
 ' old man eloquent.' Notwithstanding the waning physical 
 strength of the old veteran, he retained much of his mental 
 power, and continued to occupy the oiRce of Dean until a few 
 months before his death. When the fact of his death became 
 known in Toronto, every respect was shown for his memory by 
 the College over which he had so recently presided. The 
 lectures were .suspended for the week, and the students, after 
 passing resolutions of condolence with the bereaved widow, 
 resolved to wear mourning on the arm for a period of thirty 
 days. Had the remains been interred in the city, the Faculty 
 and .students intended in a body to follow them to the grave." 
 
 The following address was presented by the students of 
 Victoria College : 
 
 " To Mrs. J. Rolph : 
 
 " Dear Madam, — It is with profound feelings of sorrow that 
 we, the undergraduates of Victoria College, learn of the death 
 of our late and honoured Dean, Hon. Dr. Rolph. 
 
 " As it has pleased Almighty (Jrod, in His divine providence, 
 to remove him from the cares and anxieties of this life, we feel 
 it to be our duty to share, as far as possible, your great afflic- 
 tion and sad bereavement. 
 
 " By his removal you have lost a kind and devoted husband, 
 we have been deprived of a great and faithful friend, and the 
 profession to which we are aspiring of one of its ablest and 
 most successful members. 
 
 "The kindness of his heart, the purity of his conduct, the 
 urbanity of his manners, and the wisdom of his counsels, bound 
 us to him by the strongest cords of affection. 
 39 
 
602 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 " We have reason to be grateful that he has been spared so 
 long to adorn the social and scientific walks of life, and to win 
 for himself so many proud distinctions in science, arts and 
 literature. 
 
 "The prosperity of Victoria College in the past, as well as its 
 present proud and exalted position among similar institutions, 
 is due, in a great degree, to the indefatigable energy, groat 
 ability, and untiring zeal of our late lamented Dean, whose 
 name was almost synonymous with medical education. 
 
 "Although we will have him no longer in our midst, to 
 cheer and assist us on, yet ho has left a name and an influence 
 that will encourage and inspire us in the acquisition of our 
 profession. 
 
 " When we feel so keenly the loss of our esteemed friend and 
 instructor, how much more keenly will you feel the loss of him 
 who is torn from your bosom to be laid in the cold and silent 
 tomb, whom you were wont to call by the tender and expres- 
 sive name of husband. 
 
 " But God who called him from you, laden with the rich 
 honours of a well-spent life, will be a husband to the widow 
 and a father to the fatherless. 
 
 " We hope you may be strengthened and sustained in tiie 
 midst of your sorrow and affliction by Him who can turn 
 sorrow into joy, and grief into happiness. 
 
 " Dear Madam, accept our deepest sympathy and heartfelt 
 condolence on your present sad bereavement ; and we hope 
 that when the cares of this life are over j'ou may meet your 
 dear husband in that brighter land that knows no parting. 
 
 " Signed on behalf of the students of Victoria College, 
 
 " R. McDonald, 
 D. S. McCoLL, 
 
 F. D. ASTLEY, 
 
 L. C. Campbell, 
 
 " Committee. 
 '• Yorkville, 22nd October, 1870." 
 
 Dr. Rolph had three sons and a daughter : George Widmer, 
 died at Rochester, 1840, aged eleven months. John Widmer 
 entered the medical profession ; received M.D. Victoria Univer- 
 
BiOGRAPHicAi, Sketches. 603 
 
 sity, 1866, and L.R.C.P. London, 1867. He was for some 
 time surgeon to the Mounted Police, N.W.T. He is at the 
 present time practising at Kuanton, Pelang, in the Indian 
 Ocean, and was for some time, by Government appointment, 
 physician to the natives in the Straits Settlement. Thomas 
 Taylor, the third son, educated at Toronto University, is a 
 barrister, practising in Toronto. The daughter, S. Frances, 
 became the wife of Lyster, eldest son of Alfred Hayward, oi' 
 Port Hope, formerly of Buckingham, Bucks, Eng. 
 
 J)r. Thomas Rolph, 
 
 Who first came to Canada, June, 1833, was not related to the 
 family already spoken of. His home was in Ancastcr, thim an 
 important village. He issued a card, which stated that he was 
 " M.R.C.S.Eng. and Hon. Mem. of the Med. Society of London, 
 and had conunenced practising the three branches of the profes- 
 sion at Ancaster, August 13, 1 835." He devoted much of his time 
 in visiting the different parts of the Province, and in co'lecting 
 facts relating to the condition and prosperity of the people, the 
 character of the land, and what inducements existed for 
 einigrants from the Old Country to make their home in the 
 Province. As a result, he had published at Ancaster, 1836, a 
 work giving a "Statistical Account of lipper Canada." He 
 was in practice until the latter part of the thirties at Ancaster, 
 and was succeeded by Dr. Dalton. He was gazetted Surgeon 
 to 1st Gore Regiment of Militia, and was member of Board of 
 Education, Dist. of Gore, July, 1838. His name is mentioned 
 in the Act of Incorporation of the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of Upper Canada in 1839. Dr. Thomas Rolph, unlike 
 his namesake, was a strong Conservative, and intensely British 
 at this time, when the Canadian rebellion had just been sup- 
 pressed. In December, 1838, he addressed an open letter to 
 Martin Van Buren, President of the United States, in which he 
 dealt some hard blows to the United States Government for its 
 conduct anent the Canadian rebellion. He became well-known 
 in connection with a scheme to promote emigration from 
 England to Upper Canada at that period. The following is 
 
604 The Medical riioFEssioN in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 taken from Charles Fothergill's almanac for 1839. Speaking 
 of the neces.sity of sonio one visiting the Old Country to induce 
 emigration, the writer recommended Dr. Thomas Holph, of 
 Ancaster. He says : " If an extensive knowledge of his subject, 
 to which he has assiduously devoted his attention for several 
 years ; if vast collection of facts and references in regard to 
 the present state and future prospects of this country, if talents 
 of a very superior order, sound British principles, unwearied 
 assiduity and a most surprising activity and readiness in any 
 ho undertakes, an able pen, and, above all, for our present cause 
 purpose, a flow of eloquence that is always attractive and com- 
 manding, and sometimes inimitable and overwlielming ; if 
 these are requisites in a candidate for such a mission, we hesitate 
 not to add that Dr. Thomas Rolph possesses them in an eminent 
 degree." 
 
 Dr. Thomas Holph was appointed Emigration Agent for the 
 Government of Canada; was engaged in the work during 
 1839, '40, '41 and '42. He published the results of this mission 
 in 1844, a volume of 376 pages, dedicated to Lord Stanley, 
 Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies. The services of 
 Dr. Rolph were evidently much appreciated. He says : " Imme- 
 diatel}^ on my arrival at Toronto, I received a requisition 
 signed by 171 persons, including all the judges, executive coun- 
 cillors, the Mayor (Dr. King), High Sherifl", and, indeed, by the 
 chief respectable and moral and political strength of the city, 
 without the slightest reference to party, to partake of a 
 sumptuous banquet in the City Hall." The Patriot speaks of 
 his " uni'emitting exertions through the Tlnited Kingdom, to 
 bring before the British public the resources and capabilities 
 of this Province." During the dinner, the Lieut.-Governor 
 transmitted to him a highl}' flattering letter, recognizing Dr. 
 Rolph's "zealous and able services" and "strenuous exertions." 
 A few weeks later he was banqueted at Hamilton ; then at 
 Woodstock and Brantford and some other places. Having 
 received an official appointment from Lord Sydenham, the 
 Governor-General, he proceeded to Lower Canada. On arriving 
 at Montreal, a large and influential meeting took place, thank- 
 ing him for what he had already done. He was assisted by a 
 powerful emigration association ir^ Great Britain, and a Can- 
 
Biographical Sketches. G05 
 
 adian Iiumit^ration Association was founded in (Canada, with 
 branch(>s in most of the principal places. He sailed again the 
 1st January, IS41. On his return to Canada, a public inisetinj,' 
 at Toronto eomuii^nded his " eminent services," and hoped they 
 would be continued by the Government. His services were 
 recognized by Parliament. Dr. Dunlop, who declared to the 
 Hou.se that J)r. Rolph knew more more about emigration than 
 ' all of them put together, said that he had " rendered incalculable 
 service to Canada." 
 
 Dr. Thomas Holph seems to have been endowed with a large 
 and educated brain, but he was of small stature. His wife, im 
 tlio contrary, was of large size, but strikingly handsome. They 
 had no children. He did not continue long at Ancaster after 
 his emigration work ha<l ceased, but returned to England and 
 settled at Portsmouth. 
 
 The last chapter of Dr. Thomas Rolph's life is inexpressibly 
 sad. The story of his death in England could hardly be 
 credited did it not come from the most reliable source, and one 
 could hardly believe that such a thing could occur in England. 
 The facts have been given to the writer by Dr, C. W. Covernton. 
 He relates that he was visiting at Portsn)outh an old fellow- 
 student, Dr. Wm. Engledon, the chief phy.sician at the port. 
 During his stay, when driving along a country road with his 
 friend, and pa.ssing a churchyard, Dr. Engledon stopped, and 
 directed Dr. Covernton's attention to a tombstone, the writing 
 upon which could be read from the road. He then narrated 
 that on a certain day, Dr. Rolph, as he was passing, caught 
 sight of his name, and stopped to see what it meant. Perhaps 
 only a medical man, especially a conscientious man, can 
 conceive the terrible shock which would be experienced when 
 he read the following awful indictment : " Sacred to the 
 
 memory of the beloved wife of , who was killed by 
 
 Dr. Thomas Rolph." This stone, with the execrable inscription, 
 had been placed there for several months. The effect upon Dr. 
 Rolph was that he went home prostrated, and within a short 
 time died, the victim of malice. Dr. Engledon assured Dr. 
 Covernton that Dr. Rolph was in no way to blame for the 
 death of the woman. It was one of those unfortunate instances 
 of unexpected haemorrhage after childbirth. 
 
606 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. John Partington Russell, 
 
 The second son of Capt. R. H. Russell, of the Scots Fusiliers 
 Guards, was born in Dublin, 1821, and came to Quebec with 
 his father when quite young. He commenced and pursued his 
 medical studies under Dr. James Douglas, of Quebec, a well- 
 known and highly skilful phj-sician of his day. Mr. Russell 
 proceeded to Scotland and took a medical course at Edinburcfh 
 University, from which institution he graduated, 1840. He 
 also became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, Eng- 
 land. Returning to Quebec, he engaged in practice with his 
 elder brother, where he continued until 1860, M'hen, on the 
 death of his younger brother, practising in Toronto, he took up 
 his abode there 
 
 Dr. J. P. Ru.ss'^ll continued in active practice in Toronto up 
 to the time of his death, which occurred suddenly, May 14. 
 1890. During all these thirty years. Dr. Russell held a high 
 position in the ranks of the medical profession, and justly 
 enjoyed a reputation for possessing great skill and successful 
 treatment of disease, which evidenced the thorough training he 
 had received and the close application in pursuit of medical 
 knowledge during his years of pup' iige. Dr. Russell was greatly 
 esteemed by his medical confreres, who frequently availed 
 themselves of his services as a consultant. In that capacity he 
 was often in demand throughout the Province. 
 
 Dr. Russell loved his profession, and took great pride in 
 faithfully observing all the laws, written and unwritten, which 
 govern the profession. He had a geneious heart for those 
 suffering from disease, and in alleviating that suffering he was 
 not actuated by mercenary motives. Many a one in the poorer 
 ranks of life had reason to regret his loss to the community. 
 
 Dr. Russell had one son and two daughters. The son. Dr. J. 
 P. Russell, is a medical graduate of the University of Trinity 
 Colleg(\. Toronto, and also of Victoria University, and occupies 
 the place where his father practised. 
 
 Dr. Robert Henry Russell, the elder brother of the above, 
 was also born in Dublin, 1819. Coming to Canada with the 
 family, he also studied medicine with Dr. Douglas, of Quebec, 
 then at the University of Edinburgh, and took the degree of M.D., 
 
BiooRAPHirAL Sketches. 607 
 
 1842, and as well M.R.C.S. Eng. He returned to Quebec, and 
 commenced the practice of his profession, which he pursued 
 there until his death, 1882. He held the position of President 
 of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Lower Canada, 
 and was a Governor of that body for upwards of thirty years. 
 He was also President of the Quebec Medical Society. Tiie 
 writer has a pleasant recollection of Dr. R. H. Russell as a 
 brother charter member of the Canada Medical Association ; 
 his geniality, energy and zeal at the organization of that Asso- 
 ciation at Quebec, 18G7, also his kindly hospitality and atten- 
 tion to the delegates from different parts of the Doiriinion. 
 His services and worth were recognized by electing him the 
 first Treasurer of the Association. 
 
 He left one son, now Dr. Henry Russell, practising in Quebec. 
 
 Dr. Francis M. Russell, the youngest son of Capt. Russell, 
 was likewise born in Dublin, 1825; studied medicine in Quebec 
 with his brother, and likewise attended Edinburgh University, 
 and graduated in 1855 ; also obtained M.R.C.S. Eng. On his 
 return to Canada, he settled in Toronto, and soon acquired a 
 large practice. He was appointed Professor of Surgery in 
 the medical department of Trinity College, and occupied the 
 chair until the department was discontinued. He died 18G0. 
 
 Dr. George Ryall, 
 
 Was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, August 9, 1797. His 
 father was a man of unobtrusive habits, living quietly on his 
 property. His mother was a lineal descendant of John 
 Cumberland Hazlitt, who was a border knight. 
 
 In 1810, George entered Kilkenny College under the Rev. 
 Andrew O'Callaghan, D.D., Principal of the College, and in 1811 
 matriculated in Trinity College, Dublin, getting first place out of 
 one hundred matriculants. He was then under fifteen years 
 of age. During his college course he Wds under the tuition of 
 the Rev. Samuel Kyle, D.D., who was afterwards appointed 
 Bishop of Cork. He also passed the best examination fur 
 scholarship, but the statutes of the College debarred him frona 
 getting one. He, however, was awarded an exhibition of £50 
 
608 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 per annum for five years, while his name was entered on the 
 books of the college. 
 
 As he was originally intended for the ministry, he took up 
 the full Divinity course, and was ready for ordination when he 
 received his degree of B.A. in 1818, but, according to the rules 
 then existing, he could not be ordained until he was twenty- 
 five years of age. 
 
 Shortly afterwards he was offered a high position in some 
 Canadian College (probably in Montreal), by the then Bishop 
 of London, Eng. He would have accepted it, but his parents 
 were averse to his leaving them for so distant a country as 
 Canada then appeared to be. There were no steamships in 
 those days, and travel by sail was not so speedy as it has been 
 in recent times. 
 
 He then commenced the study of medicine, three years of 
 which were spent at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. Dr. 
 Herrick was also at that time a student there, being somewhat 
 his senior. The remainder of his study was completed in Dub- 
 lin, where he was Clinical Clerk to Dr. Barker, in Sir Patrick 
 Dunn's hospital. 
 
 He received his degree of M.B. in Trinity College in 1825, 
 and shortly afterwards settled in his native town, and received 
 extensive patronage from the surrounding country. He was 
 family physician to all the principal gentry of the neighbour- 
 hood, including Lord Gough and all his family connections ; 
 he also had medical charge of all detachments of military in 
 barracks, when unaccompanied by a regimental surgeon. 
 
 Dr. Ryall was an excellent classical scholar. When at school, 
 for some trivial offence, his teacher gave him fifty lines of Virgil 
 to recite from memory. He did so, and then asked his teacher 
 if he would like to hear him recite it backwards. 
 
 In his younger days he was very active, and could jump 
 twenty-one feet on the level ground. He was also an excellent 
 horseman, and very fond of horses. Often in practice, he 
 would cross the country on horseback, saving several miles of 
 road travel. When a student, he and another, out of a whole 
 field of horsemen, cleared the lough of the bay near Dublin, 
 which, at its narrowest point, was twenty-one feet wide, many 
 of the others who attempted it getting pretty well soaked. 
 
Biographical Sketches, 609 
 
 He was a man truly charitable, giving without ostentation, 
 and never saw any deserving person in want when he could 
 relieve them. He was a strict Low Church Episcopalian, and 
 in politics was always Conservative. 
 
 Dr. Ryall was married twice, his first wife being Ellen, 
 eldest daughter of James Brett, of Clebemon Hall, County 
 Wexford, and granddaughter of Annesley De Renzie (now 
 spelled Derinzy), of Whitehall House, Baltinglass, County 
 Wicklow, and sister of the late Colonel the Honourable De 
 Renzie James Brett, of the Upper House, Christ Church, New 
 Zealand, who formerly served in the 31st Native Infantry, 
 Madras Army, and was Brigadier- General in the Crimean 
 War. Her father commanded the Wexford Yeomanry in the 
 rebellion of '98, and was taken prisoner with a Mr. Pounden; 
 sentenced to be shot on the bridge of Wexford, but whose lives 
 were saved through means of a friendly priest, who delayed the 
 sentence from time to time, until the British army came in 
 sight, when the rebels decamped, without effecting their object. 
 She was then a baby in arms, and her mother had to fly with 
 her, concealed in a coal barge plying between Wexford and 
 Enniscorthy. By her he had five sons and two daughters, 
 most of them dying in infancy. Two are now living, Dr. Isaac 
 Ryall and his sister, both residents of Hamilton (1894). Their 
 mother died in 1839 of typhus fever, caught while visiting the 
 sick poor. 
 
 On August 5, 184G, Dr. Ryall married Anna Maria, eldest 
 daughter of the late Thomas Lindsay, of Lindville, County 
 Tipperary, Ireland, by whom he had three sons. One died in 
 infancy ; another died in Hamilton, 1889 ; the youngest went 
 to the North- West Territory. 
 
 Dr. Ryall and family left Liverpool for Quebec on the 8th of 
 August, 1850, and arrived at the latter place on September 12. 
 Settled in Hamilton on November 1, 1850. He died August 
 9, 1876, being the seventy-ninth anniversary of his birthday. 
 
 Dr. Isaac Ryall, Medical Health Officer, Hamilton, Ont., 
 was the fourth son and sixth child of George Ryall, M.D., by 
 his first wife. He was born in Fethard, County Tipperary, 
 Ireland. Received his education principally from private tutors, 
 but was also at Kilkenny College. Passed the matriculation 
 
610 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 examination of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1847. He was 
 always intended for the army, but came to Canada with his 
 father in 1850. Not knowing what else to turn to in Canada, 
 he commenced the study of medicine at Toronto Fniversity, 
 and passed the matriculation examination there. Attended the 
 school until it broke up, then went to Trinity College School 
 of Medicine, and received the degree of M.B. in 1855. He then 
 went to London, Eng., and spent six months in St. Thomas' 
 Ho.spital, visiting the chief London hospitals, and seeing the 
 most celebrated surgeons operate. It was the good fortune of 
 the writer to be a companion of Dr. Ryall at this time. Dr. 
 Ryall returned to Canada and commenced practice in Hamilton, 
 1856. 
 
 Dr. Ryall was appointed Medical Health Officer of Hamilton 
 in 1876. 
 
 Dr. James Moon Salmon, 
 
 Born, February 14, 1824, was the son of the Rev. Geo. Salmon, 
 and the grandson of Col. Salmon, who was an intimate friend of 
 Dr. Thomas Rolph and accompanied the family to Canada, both 
 coming from Gloucestershire, England. James began the study 
 of medicine with Dr. C. W. Covernton in 1842, or a little later. 
 He subsequently studied in Toronto .vith Dr. King. Passed 
 the Medical Board, April, 1847. Had numerous tickets of 
 attendance upon lectures in the University of King's College, 
 Toronto. He at once settled in Simcoe, where he has continued 
 to live (1894). He was considered an able man, and soon 
 acquired a good practice. His reputation as a surgeon was 
 good. Of late, Dr. Salmon's practice has been limited to con- 
 .sultations with other physicians. He has not confined his 
 attention to the practice of his profession, but by buying and 
 selling land has required considerable wealth. 
 
 Dr. James Sami'son 
 
 Was born 1790, at Magherally, County Armagh, Ireland ; was 
 the son of William Sampson, rector of that place. His mother 
 was Alicia, daughter of Rev. James Brush, rector of Garnaghy, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 611 
 
 County Down. The Sampson family were descended from a 
 long line of soldiers and ecclesiastics. An editorial notice, 
 clipped from a paper without name or date, but doubtless a 
 Kingston paper, says : 
 
 " This deceased gentleman requires at our hands a more than 
 passing notice. After receiving a good education, he served his 
 time with an eminent surgeon in Dublin. He matriculated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin. He spent a year at Middlesex Hos- 
 pital, in London, and during a part of that time he had the 
 advantage of being House Surgeon. In 1811, after passing a 
 most flattering examination, he entered the army as Assistant 
 Surgeon to the 88th Connaught Rangers. The year 1812 found 
 him in Canada, in the 104th Regiment. He was at the attack 
 upon Sackett's Harbour. Owing to his skill in surgery, and to 
 the distaste for operations of his two senior medical officers, 
 he performed all the operations required upon the wounded 
 who were sent to Kingston. 
 
 " Later in the American war he proceeded, with a detachment, 
 to Penetanguishene. During their journey, an accident hap- 
 pening to the officer in command, he planned and executed a 
 night attack upon two armed American vessels then lying on 
 Lake Huron. Both were captured without the loss of a man. 
 This exploit undoubtedly had much effect in saving Upper 
 Canada to the British rule. 
 
 " In 1817, being on half pay, he settled in Kingston. Shortly 
 after, he was again called into active service, but, owing to the 
 urgent entreaties of his friends, he threw up his commission. 
 For nearly half a century that he has resided in King.ston he 
 has ever been one of the most useful, influential and prominent 
 citizens. Ever liberal, hospitable and benevolent, he was the 
 true friend of all closes. He took a lead in every useful 
 enterprise. In his personal exertions,, with those of the late 
 Hon. John Macaulay, the erection of our fine hospital is due. 
 
 " During the rebellion, when Kingston, without a soldier, was 
 in imminent danger of attack from a large body of American 
 sympathizers, his energy, zeal and ability organized the citizens 
 for defence with such efficiency that the attempt upon the town 
 was never made. 
 
 " Dr. Sampson attained the highest civic honours that King- 
 
612 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 ston could bestow — beinjy Mayor in 1839, '40, '44. His portrait, 
 as Mayor of the city, graces the City Hall. He also attained 
 distinction on the Bench, and was, for a time. Chairman of the 
 Court of Quarter Sessions. 
 
 " His eminence as a practitioner of medicine and as an oper- 
 ator was of Provincial, or rather American, fame. His 
 integrity and honour were never impeached. While the mem- 
 bers of the medical profession in other towns were too often at 
 loggerheads, and forgetting in their quarrels the character of 
 gentlemen, he, as the acknowledged head of his profession here, 
 contributed to maintain that harmony and courtesy which 
 should exist among gentlemen. 
 
 " For two or three years past his health has gradually de- 
 clined, which induced him to surrender the greater part of his 
 practice. He still continued to perform his duties as Surgeon of 
 the Penitentiary, which office he held from the first establish- 
 ment of the prison, twenty-six years ago." 
 
 The quotation above required some modification. Through 
 the favour of Mr. Jas. Bain, Librarian of the Toronto Public 
 Library, the writer has had the perusal ot' a number of letters 
 written by Dr. Sampson to Samuel P. Jarvis, Niagara, the first 
 of which is dated at Queenston, February 24, 1820, the last 
 at Kingston, November 23, 1823. By these letters it is learned 
 that Dr. Sampson was engaged in practice on the Niagara 
 frontier between 1817 and 1820, and probably from 1815, at 
 the close of the war. 
 
 Dr. Sampson writes at Queenston, 1820 : " I have discovered 
 two persons who are practising the noble science which I 
 profess, without license, and in this neighbourhood, and I can 
 obtain sufficient proof to convict them of the offiince. What I 
 want is information how to proceed against them ; and should 
 you think that application ought to be made to the Attorney- 
 General, may I beg you will ask him to favour me with tlie 
 necessary instructions. One of the offenders is an apothecary 
 living in Niagara, who does not confine himself to his lawful 
 trade ; the other is a fellow who ofi'ered $600 a year to Dr. 
 Muirhead, to be allowed to practise as his apprentice : they 
 are both equal to the fine." The next letter, dated Kingston, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 613 
 
 September 10, 1820, informs us that he and family had 
 arrived there, and were settled in their own house. 
 
 The intimate friendship subsisting between Dr. Sampson and 
 S. P. Jarvis is manifested by a letter of September 30, 1820. 
 In it Dr. Samp.son says : " I consider your silence on the sub- 
 ject of your wife and child, that they are quite well ; as to the 
 latter, I feel proud that his good mother should consider me 
 worthy of the charge .she thinks of assigning me. Tell her I 
 shall be most happy to act as sponsor for the young gentleman. 
 . . . I am in as good practice as I could well expect for the 
 time. . . Why do you tantalize me with reports of the 
 
 rich modicnl harvest now reaping in your country ? I am told 
 Messrs. Widmer and Pilkington have their hands full at York. 
 We have no less than ten medical practitioners here, of all 
 descriptions ; therefore you may suppose we are not held 
 otherwise than cheap." 
 
 September 23, 1820, Dr. Sampson writes, ^<peaking of social 
 matters : " T never did, nor do I think it likely I ever .shall be 
 an admirer of them (Kingston society) ; they are a cold and 
 formal set of people. I shall endeavour to be on good terms 
 with them all, and if they condescend to employ me when they 
 are, or imagine themselves, sick,'! shall be their humble .servant 
 at command." He .says : " All hou.se supplies are so very dear 
 here that I wish to get some things from Niagara," and goes 
 on to speak of butter, cheese, stock hams and apples. " You 
 say I mu.st come down a ' peg lower ' ; if you saw the affability 
 which I put on to all the riff-raff here, you would accuse me of 
 familiarity with my inferiors. As for the ' first society ' (who 
 are not those by whom I mo.st thrive), I cannot aspire to their 
 patronage till I own a wharf or have ten shares in the Bank of 
 Upper Canada. I was asked, however, to dine with the Lieut.- 
 Governor some days ago, and I went, it being a male feast." 
 He goes on to reflect somewhat seriously on " the newly created 
 aristocrats," and for them expresses hearty contempt, calls them 
 " egregious brutes," who " do not know what is due to the laws 
 of common good breeding." Tn a letter, June 20, 1821, he .says: 
 " My receipts here, by the way, are very steady, and indeed I 
 think have been more .so than my Niagara practice produced." 
 Then he writes : " I ani told Mr. Pilkington is doing wonders 
 
614 The Medkjal Profession in Upi'Eu Canada. 
 
 at York ; what a blockhead I was not to take your advice 
 about going there near two years ago. Fitzgerald will not yet 
 allow that I did wrong. He says Mr. P. makes his money by 
 selling perfumery, etc." 
 
 In the minutes of the Upper Canada Medical Board, April 1, 
 1822, it is recorded that " the commission was read appointing 
 James Sampson, Esq., late Assistant-Surgeon in His Majesty's 
 Service, on half pay, to be a member of the Medical Board, in 
 room of James Macauley, deceased." 
 
 The dissatisfaction of Dr. Sampson with Kingston as a 
 home, shown in his letters, was, it would appear, about to be 
 removed. The writer has heard from several excellent sources 
 that Dr. Sampson was induced to retire from the service and 
 settle in Kingston, by the pledge of twelve of the principal 
 families there to pay him £25 each a year for his life, thus 
 securing him an annuity of £300. But from the letters quoted 
 from, this is evidently a mistake, so far as leaving the service 
 to engage in private practice. But it may have been that he 
 contemplated removing to York, and it was to prevent this 
 and keep him in Kingston that the twelve families entered 
 into a contract as mentioned. From this time, Dr. Sampson 
 had no cause to complain o& want of patronage among the 
 " aristocrats." It was not long before he had everything in 
 practice his own way among all classes. Around the Bay of 
 Quinte his name was a household word. Dr. Sampson was 
 physically, as well as mentally, a large and strong man, which 
 enabled him to respond to the numerous calls, far and near, 
 made upon him. 
 
 The Kingston Herald, June 12, 1885, says: "The Kingston 
 General Hospital, which has been in course of erection for 
 almost two years, is now nearly completed. It presents a fine 
 appearance. Eighty-nine feet, four inches in length ; fifty-three 
 feet, four inches wide ; four stories high ; rooms lofty and 
 well ventilated ; can accommodate about 120 patients. It has 
 two fronts, and is approached by a handsome flight of stone 
 steps. Dr. Sampson is appointed physician to the hospital." 
 
 Dr. Sampson took a great interest in the Provincial Peniten- 
 tiary at Kingston, and the unfortunate inmates. A saying of 
 one of the convicts at the time of his death is still remembered, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 616 
 
 regarding the deceased. " Leaning on his staff, his head of 
 snow and heart of fire." 
 
 Dr. Sampson was twice married ; first, to Miss Cuyler, who 
 was a niece or daughter of General Cuyler ; secondly, to Eliza 
 Chipman, daughter of Judge Edward Winslow, of Frederickton, 
 New Brunswick. He had four daughters, one of whom is Mrs. 
 Fenwick, of Montreal. 
 
 Dr. James Schofield. 
 
 Born in Connecticut, U. S. ; came to Canada, 179"), accom- 
 panied by his son Ira, and settled in the County of Leeds. 
 They built an iron forge and manufactured the first iron 
 made in Upper Canada. In 1812, Dr. Schofield was Surgeon 
 to the Forces. Ira commanded a company of militia at Ganan- . 
 oque and Prescott. Another .son, James, was in the Commissary 
 Department at Cornwall. 
 
 Dr. Peter Schofield, son of the above, came to Leeds, 1800 ; 
 after a few years went to New York and obtained his degree 
 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York ; 
 was Surgeon in the United States army, 1812. After the war 
 he settled in County Leeds ; became a Justice of the Peace and 
 a member of the Commissioners' Court. In June, 1828, Dr. 
 Peter Schofield delivered a teiaperance address, the first, it is 
 stated, given in Upper Canada, and which led to the organiza- 
 tion of the first temperance society. The address was published, 
 and gave an account of a case of spontaneous combustion which 
 the Doctor had seen. The Doctor passed the Upper Canada 
 Medical Board, July, 1829. The " Board was perfectly satisfied." 
 He died. May, 1860. 
 
 Dr. John Scott 
 
 Was born 1816, at Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland. In 1831 
 he was apprenticed to learn the business of an apothecary. He 
 was a student at University of Edinburgh, and therefrom 
 received certificate November 28, 1835 ; he became M.R.C.S., 
 London, May 24, 1841. Coming to Toronto, he married, Feb. 
 
616 The Mkdkal Profession in Uim'Eh Canada. 
 
 14, 1844, Mary Anne, only daughter of Rev. John Roaf, a well- 
 known and esteemed clergyman of the Congregational Church 
 in Toronto, father of James R. Roaf and Wm. Roaf, ex-Alder- 
 man, both barristers, of Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Scott engaged in practice at Toronto until 1849, when ho 
 was commissioned Superintendent of the Toronto Lunatic Asy- 
 lum. This position he held until 18.')3, when, according to the 
 statement of a trustworthy witness, he found the position made 
 so intolerable to him by the twelve magnates who were man- 
 agers that he resigned, feeling that he did not receive fair play. 
 Dr. Scott resumed practice, and was made Coronor of Toronto. 
 He died. May, 18G4. 
 
 Dr. John Scott. — Mr. Young, in his "History of Gait," 
 speaking of the Asiatic cholera, 1834, says : " Most valuable 
 assistance was given by Dr. John Scott, then a young man of 
 about twenty -one years of age, who, with his father and other 
 members of his family, liad fortunately arrived from Roxbor- 
 oughshire, Scotland, about ten days previously. He was a 
 brother of Mr. Andrew Scott, of Gait, and afterwards became 
 widely known in Berlin as a skilful practitioner and a public- 
 spirited citizen." 
 
 Dr. Scott was one of the most fearless of the little band who 
 fought the cholera inch by inch, with their lives in their hands, 
 until it finally disappeared. 
 
 Dr. William James Scott. 
 
 A newspaper obituary notice says : 
 
 " The Late Dr. Scott, of Prescott. — Died in Prescott, on 
 Thursday, October the 14th, in his eighty-third year, William 
 James Scott, M.D., Registrar of the County of Grenville, and 
 father of the Hon. R. W. Scott, Senator, and Secretary 
 of State for Canada, descended from an influential family 
 in the County of Clare. He received his education under 
 the care of his grandfather, Dr. McLachlin, of Dublin. He 
 served on the medical staff in the Peninsular War, being 
 attached to Lord Hill's division of the army, and was present 
 at Salamanca. Vittoria, Badajos, and other great battles of the 
 
Biographical Skek hes. 6i7 
 
 campaign. In the year 1814, he came to Canada, and was 
 stationed at Quebec, Kingston, and Fort Wellington, Prescott. 
 In the year 1817 he retired from the army, and soon after mar- 
 ried Sarah Macdonell, daughter of the late Capt. Allan Macdonoll, 
 of the King's Royal Yorkers, then living at Matilda. For fifty- 
 seven years they have lived together in all the enjoyment of 
 domestic bliss, and to-day the discon.solate widow and her family 
 have the earnest and heartfelt sympathy of all, far and near. In 
 May, 1818, Dr. Scott entered the employment of the North-West 
 Company, and remained for four years in the ' great lone land,' 
 spending a winter at Cumberland House. His memory of the 
 interesting events of his early life remained fresh to the end. 
 Having taken up his permanent residence in Prescott in the year 
 1824, he devoted himself with all the energy of his seif-denying 
 heart to the practice of his profession. The heart-rending scenes 
 of 1832 and 1847, when thousands of poor Irish immigrants lay 
 dying, were well calculated to try men's souls. The .sterling 
 Christian charity of Dr. Scott shone forth then. He laid aside 
 all self, and devoted all his time to caring for the afflicted exiles 
 day and night; and often, with no one to lend a helping hand, 
 he nursed and cared for the strangers. Quietly and unosten- 
 tatiously he pas.sed through life, beloved by all. Without pain, 
 and as if gently touched by the hand of a spirit saying, ' Come 
 up higher,' surrounded by his loving wife and children, he 
 gently yielded up his spirit into the hands of his Creator." 
 
 One who knew Dr. Scott, about 1834, says he was the best 
 known doctor in that part of the country. His practice extended 
 over a large district, usually from Matilda to Brockville, and 
 northward to the limit of settlement. In appearance he bore a 
 strong resemblance to the pictures representing Sir Walter 
 Scott, although claiming no relationship. He was a genial, not 
 to say jovial person, of medium size, and moderately stout." 
 
 Dr. Wm. J. Scott passed Upper Canada Medical Board, July, 
 1831. He had one son and two daughters at least. His son is 
 R. W. Scott, Senator. Dr. Scott died, October 14, 1875. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Scott. — The following is taken from the King- 
 ston Gazette, May 19, 1817 : " Mr. Joseph Scott, M.R.C.S., Dublin, 
 late of His Majesty's Ship Montreal, on Lake Ontario, formerly 
 Medical Attendant, Lying-in Ho.spital, Dublin, acquaints the 
 40 
 
618 TiiK Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 inhabitants of Kingston and its vicinity that he resides near 
 the South Gate, in part of the house occupied by Mr. Richard- 
 son, and intends practising the several branches of his profession 
 in future. Every attention will be paid to patients on the most 
 reasonable terms." A short time later he announces that he 
 " has taken in partnership H. McGee, Member of the Dublin and 
 Edinburgh Colleges." In February, 1818, Drs. Scott & McGee 
 advertise that one of them will visit Ernesttown every Friday. 
 
 Dr, Edward Quincy Sewell 
 
 Was born at Montreal, April o, 1810 ; was the eldest son of 
 Stephen Sewell, K.C., for some time Solicitor-General for the 
 Lower Provinces (who died of cholera, 1831), and nephew of 
 Chief Justice-Sewell, of Quebec. About 1830 Mr. E. Q. Sewell, 
 accompanied by his brother Charles Stephen, proceeded to 
 Edinburgh and entered the University as a medica! student. 
 In due time he received the degree of M.D., and became a 
 M.RC.S. at a later date. His father's sudden death hurried 
 his return to Canada. In 1835 he received license to practise 
 in Lower Canada. The following year he took a degree from 
 the Albany Institute, and qualified to practise in New York 
 State. In 1841, he took out licer.se to practise in Upper 
 Canada. He was in practice in Montreal, 1846, and at Sorel 
 from 1848 to 1853. He then removed to Perth, Upper Canada, 
 where he practised until 1867, when failing health compelled 
 him to retire. He removed to Toronto, where he died, November, 
 1873. 
 
 Dr. E. Q. Sewell married Susan, only daughter of Edward L. 
 Hayden, Esq., of Sorel, by whom he had two children, a son 
 and daughter, who, with their mother, reside in Toronto (1894). 
 
 Dr. Charles Stephen Sewell 
 
 Was the second 8on of the Solicitor-General for Lower Canada, 
 and brother of Edward Quincy. He studied his profession 
 with his brother in Edinburgh from 1830 with considerable 
 
Biographical Sketches. 619 
 
 distinction, being elected, during his pupilage, President of the 
 Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. After obtaining M.D., 
 University of Edinburgh, and M.R.C.S., Edinburgh, he studied 
 at Paris. Returning to Canada, he coinmenced practice at 
 Montreal, 1836 or 1837. In 1842, he was elected Lecturer on 
 M'lteria Medica, McGill University, and Attending Physician 
 to the Montreal General Hospital, which posts he held until 
 1848, when he resigned and left Montreal, probably on account 
 of severe family affliction, which impaired his health. After- 
 two years of absence, mostly in the South, Dr. Sewell returned 
 to Montreal, and again became a member of the faculiy of 
 McGill College, and of the hospital staff, where he lectured on 
 Clinical Medicine. In 1852, he removed to Ottawa. Dr. 
 Sewell contributed .several papers of value to medical period- 
 icals, the result of his observations. As a lecturer, he was clear 
 and painstaking ; though, perhaps, not brilliant as a teacher, he 
 possessed that gentlemanly deportment which endeared him to 
 his pupils. 
 
 Dr. Chas. S. Sewell married Isabel, daughter of Dr. Geddes, 
 at Kingston, and had issue nine or ten children, yet he died 
 childless, all of them but one having died of scarlet fever. 
 
 Dr. Griffin Smith, 
 
 Of Barton (April 20, 1331), "announces that he has employed 
 Mr. Robert Mutten, of Hamilton, as an assistant, and who was 
 a student of two years' standing, lately returned from Montreal 
 from two courses of lectures." This marriage notice appeared : 
 " Married, in Hamilton, November 26, 1835, Dr. Griffin Smith 
 to second daughter of Dr. Charles Duncombe, M.P.P., of Oxford." 
 In 1836, Dr. G. Smith, in a letter to the Correspondent and 
 Advocate, defended his father-in-law against newspaper assaults, 
 who had visited England, and presented a petition to the Im- 
 perial Parliament, on Upper Canadian matters. It was a 
 political squabble, and Dr. Smith said he did not agree with his 
 father-in-law's political views. 
 
620 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. Hermanus Smith, 
 
 The son of a United Empire Loyalist settler, was born in the 
 township of Barton, near by where St. Catharines now stands. 
 He was not physically strong as a boy, and early showed a 
 studious disposition. In the time of the war of 1812 he was 
 not considered sufficiently strong to take a place in the ranks of 
 the militia. Fortunately for the delicate and studious young 
 man, there was a very competent and educated physician, Dr. 
 Allen, living near his father's, with whom he became a student, 
 and from whom he acquired his knowledge of the profession, 
 and doubtless at the same time a gfood deal of general know- 
 ledge. Like a few others who have been no mean medical 
 practitioners in Upper Canada, he never attended a course of 
 medical lectures, nor walked the wards of a hospital. Probably 
 he received some information from Dr. Lafferty, if the supposi- 
 tion be correct that he was the Dr. Smith who, in partnership 
 with Lafferty, had an apothecary shop in the village of St. 
 Catharines in 1818. Dr. Smith appeared before the Medical 
 Board in October, 1819, and obtained his licence to practise. 
 Hamilton and the surrounding country was the field of Dr. 
 Smith's practice during his life. He married Miss Philmon, of 
 Ancaster. His practice was extensive, and he acquired consider- 
 able property. The valuable property on the mountain, owned 
 by the Hon. Mr. Buchanan, was bought from Dr. Smith, who 
 then purchased land in Ancaster, where he made his homestead 
 and where he died. Dr. Smith was not only a successful doctor, 
 but was honoured by being elected to represent in the Provin- 
 cial Parliament the County of Wentworth, in 1834. 
 
 He had three sons, who are still living in Ancaster (1889). 
 His only daughter married Dr. William J. H. A. Case. 
 
 Dr. George Southwick. 
 
 Was born at Twelve Mile Creek, where now stands St. Cathar- 
 ines, 1808. The family settled on a farm in Yarmouth, 1818. 
 He was a student first with Dr. Josiah Goodhue, of St. Thomas, 
 lirother of Hon. G. H. Goodhue, of London, and then with Dr, 
 
Biographical Sketches. 621 
 
 Duncoiiibe. He then attended one course of lectures at " th(^ 
 Western Collej^e of Physicians and Surgeons, at Fairfield, 
 Herkimer County, New York, one of the most noted medical 
 schools of that day on the Continent." It was established in 
 1812 and dissolved in l(S40. Dr. Southwick passed the Upper 
 Canada Medical Board, October, 1885, and "his examination 
 was very creditable and satisfactory." 
 
 Dr. Southwick practised for some years in the States, first at 
 Buffalo, and then at Paducah, Ky. He returned to St. Thomas, 
 1839, and there continued to practice until his powers failed. 
 In addition to his practice, he had at one time a drug store in 
 St. Thomas. 
 
 " In 18.54, he was nominated by the Reform party for the old 
 Parliament of Canada, for East Elgin, and was elected as the 
 first member for the riding, the county having sent only one 
 member previously. His course in Parliament was marked by 
 an independence of spirit peculiar to the man, and which prob- 
 ably alienated the sympathies of the extreme party men. During 
 the latter years of his life he was a supporter of the Liberal- 
 Conservative party on general questions. The Doctor occupied 
 the Mayor's chair for several terms in the early history of the 
 town. He was an effective speaker in his day, though, perhaps, 
 he could not be termed eloquent." 
 
 He was thrice married. Hu children are, one son in the 
 North-West, and four daughters. One daughter married E. 
 Jones Parke, Q.C., Police Magistrate, London, son of Thomas 
 Parke, who represented the County of Middlesex in last two 
 Parliaments of the Province of Upper Canada, and in the first 
 Parliament of Canada after the Union. The three other daugh- 
 ters, Misses Alice, Florence and Inez Southwick are at home. 
 
 He was an invalid for many years, and finally passed away, 
 May 6, 1891, in his 84th year. The announcement of his death, 
 says : 
 
 " Dr. George Southwick, a notable figure in the public life of 
 this district in other days, and one who did much to assist in 
 the development of the country, passed peacefully away last 
 night after a life full of years and honours. He had resided in 
 Elgin for nearly seventy-five years, and in St. Thomas for over 
 fifty years." 
 
G22 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 The Doctor was a most aljle practitioner, and in the public 
 affairs of the country always took an active interest. 
 
 Dr. Southwick was a quiet, reticent man, but a close student. 
 Physically, he was one of the finest forms to be seen. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Spareham. 
 
 In the old " U.E. List " is found the name of Dr. " Sparani," 
 whose residence was at Augusta, Eastern District. A "hospi- 
 tal mate reduced. Had been in the war of 1763," on the 
 " Provision List, 1786." The name of his son Thomas also 
 appeared in the List, residing in Kingston. The name is un- 
 doubtedly misspelt. It should have been Spareham. It will 
 be seen by looking over the U. E. List that very many names 
 are differently spelt from what they are now by their descend- 
 ants. 
 
 There is every reason to believe that both father and son 
 were surgeons. 
 
 In 1808, Dr. Spareham was practising in the .settlement at 
 the mouth of Myer's Creek, now Belleville. His stay here was 
 short, as in 1809 he removed to Waterloo, near Kingston, where 
 his relatives lived, and where he passed the remainder of his 
 days. Dr. Spareham was a patentee of one of the lots in 
 Kingston. The writer has been told that Dr. Spareham, with 
 John TurnbuU, organized the first Sunday School at Myer's 
 Creek. The only further information obtained regarding Dr 
 Spareham is taken from the Kingston Gazette: "Died, Friday, 
 20th, 1818, Dr. Thomas Spareham, at Kingston, aged eighty- 
 eight. He was one of the first settlers in the country." 
 
 Dr. F. B. Spilsbury 
 
 Was born in London, England, in 1756, and was the eldest son 
 of Dr. Francis Spilsbury, who was a prominent physician, resid- 
 ing and practising at Soho Square, in the West End of London. 
 He pursued his medical studies at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 
 obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons, and 
 
DR. V. B. SI'll.SliLPvV, K.N. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 023 
 
 entere'i the Royal Navy as Assistant Surgeon, in 1778. From 
 1785 to 1807, he served in the Mediterranean Sea, where ho was 
 successively S'lrgeon to H. M. Sloop liulldoff ; to the hospital 
 at Beyrout. for the reception of the wounded during the siege of 
 Acre; to the flotilla of French gun-boats, captured by H. M.S. 
 Le T'Kjve ; to the brigade of seamen serving on shore in Egypt ; 
 and Surgeon to the fleet under the command of Admiral Sir 
 Sidney Smith. He served on English stations from 1807 until 
 the spring of 1813, when he was sent to Canada as Surgeon to 
 the fleet stationed at Kingston, on Lake Ontario, under the 
 command of Admiral Sir James Yeo, J^uring the war with the 
 United States, and he was present at all the principal engage- 
 ments between the fleets of Sir James Yeo and Commodore 
 Chauncey, among which were that of Forty Mile Greek, June 8, 
 1813; ott' Niagara, August 8; off Genesee River, September 
 11 ; ott" Burlington Heights, September 28; at the sacking of 
 Oswego, May 5, 1814 ; and at the blockade of Sackett's Har- 
 bour, in May, June and July, 1814. In 181'), after the close of 
 the war, he retired from the navy on half-pay, and entered into 
 private practice in Kingston, where he remained until his death 
 in 1823. He wrote a number of small works on medical sub- 
 jects, among them being, " Diseases of the Teeth and Gums," 
 " The Treatment of Children during Dentition," both publi.shed 
 in 1790 ; and, " Observations on the Origin and Cure of 
 Ophthalmia of Egypt," publi.shed in 1802. He was an amateur 
 artist of considerable merit, and wrote a book on " The Art of 
 Etching and Aqua-Tinting," published in 1794. He was 
 married in London, Eng., in 1783, to Maria Taylor, eldest 
 daughter of Major Taylor, R.E., and had issue one son. Captain 
 F. B. Spilsbury, R.N. ; and two daughters, the eldest, Maria, 
 married Lieut. Reed, R.N., and the youngest, Tryphina, died in 
 early life. 
 
 Captain F. B. Spilsbury, R.N., only son of the above, was 
 born at Plymouth, England, in 1784, and at a very early age 
 entered the Royal Navy as midshipman, serving chiefly in the 
 fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, in the 
 Mediterranean Sea, during the wars with the French, from 
 1798 to 1812. He was at the siege of Acre; and as a mid- 
 shipman of H.M.S. Le Tigre, took part in the capture of a 
 
♦!24 Thk MEPirAi, Puokessiox is TTpper Canada. 
 
 flotilla of Krench i,'un-l)oatH taken by that ship, I)eiiiif pro- 
 moted to the rank of Lieutenant for conspicuous bravery in 
 this action. He also took part in Sir Sidney Sinitli's expedi- 
 tion to Eifypt, as well as the various enpfaj^ements of the British 
 fleet in the Mediterranean, under that distinguished Adiniral, 
 At Malajra, on the .south coast of Spain, when First Lieutenant 
 of H.M.S. Ajax, Captain Usher, he was ordered to cut out and 
 capture from under the batteries on shore, a French privateer, 
 and for his bravery and success on this occasion he was pro- 
 moted to the rank of Commander. At the close of this action 
 he was wounded in thfi head by a spent musket-ball, which 
 necessitated the removal of a portion of the skull, and the 
 insertion of a .silver plate. As a testimonial from the "Patri- 
 otic Fund " he was presented with a massive piece of silver plate, 
 upon which was inscribed : " F. B. Spilsbury, Malaga, 29th of 
 April, LSI 2. Patriotic Fund." During service in the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea he rose very rapidly, having obtained the rank of 
 Commander when only in his twenty-eighth year. In the 
 spring of 1813, during the war with the United States, he was 
 sent out with Admiral Sir James Yeo, and stationed at King- 
 ston, Upper Canada. Tn this war he took part in all the 
 engagements on Lake Ontario, between the fleets of Sir James 
 Yeo and Commodore Chauncey, the chief of which are men- 
 tioned in the above sketch of his father's life. In Sir James 
 Yeo's Lake Ontario fleet, Captain Spilsbury was first appointed 
 to the command of the Beresford, twelve guns, and at Forty 
 Mile Creek, June 8, 1813, was in command of the detachment 
 of the fleet which captured the American batteries, camp equip- 
 age, stores, etc., at that point. The following is Sir James Yeo's 
 oflBcial despatch to Mr. Croker, as given in "James' Naval 
 Occurrences between Great Britain and America " : 
 
 " H. M. S. Wolfe, 
 " Kingston, Upper Canada, June 29, 1813. 
 
 " Sir, — I have the honour to inform you, for the information 
 of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that on the 3rd 
 instant I sailed with His Majesty's squadron under my com- 
 mand from this port, to co-operate with our army at the head 
 of the lake, and annoy the enemy by intercepting all supplies 
 
BiocRAPHicAi, Sketches. (525 
 
 ^ofng to the onemy, and therohy ohlifre his s(jua(h(m to come 
 out for its prott'ction. At (hiylij^ht on the Hth, the enemy's 
 camp was discovered close to ns at Forty Mile Creek. It l)eing 
 calm, the larfjer vessels could not get in, l)ut the fierexford, 
 Captain Spilshury, the Sir Sidne;/ Shuf/i, Lieutenant Maji^ri- 
 banks, and the gun-boats, under the orders of Lieutenant 
 Anthony (First of this .ship), succeeded in getting close under 
 the enemy's batteries, and, by a sharp and well-directed fire, 
 soon obliged him to make a precipitate retreat, leaving all his 
 camp equipage, provisions, stores, etc., behind, which fell into our 
 hand.s. The Beresford also captured all his bateaux, laden 
 with .stores, etc. Oui troops immediately occupied the post. 
 I then proceeded along to the westward of the enemy's camp, 
 leaving our army in front. 
 
 " I have the honour to be, etc., 
 
 "J. L. Yeo, 
 
 " Commander." 
 
 In the engagement of!" Genesee River, September 11, 1813, 
 Captain Spilsbury was in command of the Melville, a frigate of 
 twenty -one guns. In Commodore Chauncey's official account 
 of this action to the American Secretary of the Navy, he says : 
 " I got several broadsides from this ship (the General Pike) 
 upon the enemy, which must have done him considerable 
 injury, as many of the shot were seen to strike him, and people 
 were observed over the sides, plugging shot-hole.s." 
 
 In answer to this, upon the authority of Admiral Yeo, James 
 states in his " Naval Occurrences," " that the only .shot received 
 by the British fleet that wanted a plug, struck the Melville, 
 and that so far under water, that Captain Spilsbury had to 
 run his guns in on one side and out on the other, to 
 enable him to stop it, after which he immediately came into 
 action again." Upon the declaration of peace in 1815, Captain 
 Spilsbury was promoted to the rank of Post-captain, and 
 retired from the navy on half pay, having obtained this rank 
 at the early age of thirty-one, and after twenty years active 
 service. 
 
 Upon his return to England in 1815, immediately after the 
 close of the war, he was presented at Court, and on the 20th of 
 
626 The Medical Profession in Uppeu Canada. 
 
 Deceml)er, in the same year, he was inaiiied at Deptt'ord, 
 County of Kent, to Fanny Bayly, (hiu^'hter of Thomas Bayly, 
 Esq., anil hatl issue six .sons and three dauj^hters. Ho resided 
 in Enj,dand, at Newark, in Nottinghamshire, until the spring 
 of 1819, when he returned to Canada, taking up his residence 
 tir.st at Kingston, for a .short time, then at Cobourg, and Hnu ^ 
 purchasing a property near Colborne, District of Newcastle, 
 Upper Canatia, where he subsequently resided. In the autumn 
 of 1819, he visited the township of Otonabee, Peterborougli 
 County, in company with the first actual settler, a Mr. George 
 Kent, and purchased a block of 1,200 acres near Peterborough ; 
 at the same time he took up a Government grant of 800 acres, 
 in the township of Monaghan, about three miles from Peter- 
 borough, which was given to him for his services during the 
 war with the United States. In 1821 he took up his residence 
 at his new place, Osmondthorpe Hall, near Colborne, where he 
 remained until his death. He was the Tory candidate, in 1830, 
 to represent the Di.strict of Newcastle, comprising the counties 
 of Northumberland, Durham, Peterborough and Victoria, in the 
 Legislative As.sembly of Upper Canada, but was defeated, owing 
 to his being too ardent a supporter of the Family Ccjmpact. He 
 died at his residence, Osmondthorpe Hall, on the 6th of October, 
 1830, in his forty -sixth year. 
 
 Of his surviving sons, the eldest, F. B. Spilsbury, was born 
 in 1818, at Osmondthorpe Hou.se, Newark, Nottinghamshire, 
 England. In the spring of 1829, he entered the Royal Navy, 
 at King.ston Naval Station, as midshipman, on H.M.S. Cock- 
 hum, under the command of Captain Barrie — Lieut. Hoi brook 
 being First Lieutenant. This was the only war-vessel in service 
 on Lake Ontario at that time. In December, 1831, he .sailed 
 from Quebec, for Jamaica, to join H.M.S. Racehorse, as mid- 
 shipman, under Captain F. V. Cotton. On the 5th of Novem- 
 ber, 1833, he .sailed from Bermuda to England, in the same 
 ship, to be paid off. In March, 1834, he retired from the navy 
 and returned home to Canada to live with his mother, at 
 Osmondthorpe Hall, near Colborne, that property, together 
 with several hundred acres of land, having been left to him by 
 will at his mother's death. He still resides at the family 
 homestead, and during his active life has been largely identified 
 
BiooRAPHKAf, Sketches. ()27 
 
 with millinj; timl aj^rieiiltural intorests. He 1ms been a Justice 
 of the Peace for many years, ami hold.s a Captain's commission 
 in the Reserve Militia. He was married, in l.S')2, to Selina 
 Marks, niece and adopted daughter of Paymaster John Marks, 
 R.N., and had issue three daughters, two of whom are still 
 living. 
 
 Charles T. Spilsbury, the fourth son, was Ijorn at Osmond- 
 thorpe Hall, near Colborne, Upper Canada, in 1824. At an 
 early age he settled in Peterborough, and commenced to 
 improve the land his father received by Government grant. 
 During his active life he was engaged in lumbering and agri- 
 cultural pursuits. He retired several years ago, and is now 
 residing in Peterborough, Ont. He still owns a portion (jf the 
 original grant and purchase obtained by Ids father in the 
 County of Peterborough in 1819. He was married, in 1854, to 
 Caroline Attrill, eldest daughter of Thoma.s P. Attrill, Esq., 
 Paymaster in the Royal Navy, and has issue two sons and one 
 daughter, 
 
 Ur. Edward A. Spilsbury, eldest son of Charles T. Spils- 
 bury, was V)orn in Peterborough, in 185.'). He received his 
 education at the Peterborough Collegiate Institute ; the Penn- 
 S3'lvani{i Military Academy, Chester, Pa., U.S.; the Rensselaer 
 Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., and commenced the study of 
 medicine at Trinity Medical College in 1878, and graduated 
 with honours at the Univerwity of Trinity College, Toronto, in 
 1881, entering immediately into the practice of his profession, 
 at Haliburton, Peterborough County, where he remained a 
 little over live years. In the spring of 1887 he went to Europe 
 and spent about a year anfl a half attending the practice of 
 special hospitals, and on his way back to Canada remained 
 for a short time in New York, observing the practice of leading 
 men in that great medical centre. He commenced practice in 
 Toronto, in September, 1888, and is now Lecturer on Laryn- ^ 
 gology and Rhinology in Trinity Medical College, Surgeon to 
 the Throat Department, Toronto General Hospital and Member 
 of the Corporation of Trinity University. 
 
 Dr. Frederick C. Spilsbury, second son of Charles T. Spils- 
 bury, was born in Peterborough, in 1863. He received his educa- 
 tion at the Peterborough Collegiate Institute, and commenced 
 
628 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 the study of Pharmacy, in 18S3, and graduated at the Ontario 
 College of Pharmacy in 1886. He then entered upon the study 
 of n)edicine at Trinity Medical College, in October, 1887, and 
 graduated at the University of Trinity College, in April, 1891 
 — als ) in the same month taking the Fellowship Degree of 
 Trinity Medical College. He is now (1894) practising in 
 Buffalo, N.Y. 
 
 Dr. Robert St. Patrick Stevenson 
 
 Was born at Oakwood Farm, near Niagara-on-the-Lake, 1817. 
 His father, John Andrew Stevenson, was an officer in the 100th 
 Foot, stationed at Niagara, and his mother the daughter of the 
 Rev. Robert Addison, the first clergyman to officiate in this part 
 of Upper Canada, and the first incumbent of St. Mark's Parish, 
 His records in the old St. Mark's register, now in the possession 
 of the Venerable Archdeacon, Dr. McMurray, for many years the 
 rector, contain a mine of local historical lore. The subject of this 
 sketch was educated at Upper Canada College, being among the 
 first pupils shortly after its opening. He then resided in the Old 
 Country for several years, and on his return to Canada began 
 the study of medicine under the instr'uction of Dr. Rolph. Sub- 
 sequently, he took a course at Philadelphia and graduated. He 
 settled at Lake Lodge, Niagara Township, on the farm purchased 
 by his grandfather, Mr. Addison, 1792. Here, in semi-retire- 
 ment, he passed his life. He did not engage in active practice, 
 but kept himself in touch with the advancement of medical 
 science. His time was mainly devoted to agricultural pursuits. 
 He possessed good abilities and considerable' literary acquire- 
 ments. 
 
 Dr. Stevenson continued to reside at Lake Lodge until his 
 death, January, 1893, aged 75. He was the last surviving 
 grandson of Rev. Mr. Addison, the first rector of the ancient 
 St. Mark's Church, at Niagara, and also a grandson, on the 
 paternal side, of Sir John Stevenson, the famous composer of 
 the music of many of Moore's melodies. The deceased's brother. 
 Judge Stevenson, of Haldimand, died about four years ago. 
 
 Dr. Robert Addison Stevenson, of Toronto, is a nephew of 
 the above, and son of the late Judge Stevenson, of Haldiraand. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 629 
 
 He is a lin'^al descendant, on his mother's side, of Col. John 
 Butler, of Butler s Rangers. He is M.D., CM., of McGill Uni- 
 versity, Member Royal College Surgeons, Eng., and Member 
 College Physicians and Surgeons, Ont. 
 
 Dr. Isaac Stephenson, 
 
 Of York, before Medical Board, January, 1832. "The Board 
 perfectly satisfied by his examination." This minute appears 
 July, 1833 : " Mr. Isaac Stephenson, House Surgeon of the York 
 Hospital, is appointed by the Board the Secretary of that body, 
 vice Dr. Lee, deceased. Signed, G. Widmer, Pre.sident." The 
 following year, 1834, being still House Surgeon, he published a 
 pamphlet on Cholera, which that year prevailed in Toronto. 
 The Patriot of August 2 says : " We have been assured it has 
 already saved three lives." But it seems that it could not, or 
 did not, save himself, as he became one of the victims. Dr. C. 
 F. Mewburn says, " he died of cholera — the death of honour." 
 
 Dr. John Stewart 
 
 Became a licentiate of R.C.S., Edinburgh, 1833. In 1839 was 
 licensed to practise in Upper Canada by the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, Upper Canada. He settled in Kingston 
 soon after, where he became a prominent figure. The following 
 appeared in the daily press, 1891 : 
 
 " Kingston has lost another noted citizen in the death of Dr. 
 John Stewart, which occurred yesterday, after a few hours of 
 unconsciousne.ss, terminating a long season of weakness and 
 suffering, which has for two or three years laid him aside from 
 active duty. An enthusiastic Scotchman, Dr. Stewart was a 
 native of Perthshire, and was educated in Edinburgh, to which 
 his heart always affectionately clung. He settled in Kingston 
 about half a century ago. He was public-spirited, and took an 
 active part in founding the General Hospital and Royal (College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons, being for many years Dean of the 
 Faculty. He was a man of great kindness of heart under a 
 
630 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 somewhat brusque manner, and won the grateful affection of 
 many patients. During the fatal visitation of typhus fever, in 
 1847, he attended a great number of sick and dying immigrants, 
 himself performing the last offices ^or the dead in the absence 
 of the usual assistance, and having them interred in the hospital 
 grounds under a mound still visible. For some years he con- 
 ducted the Argils for the exposure of what he deemed abuses. 
 In politics he took a keen interest, and even ran as a member 
 for the city. The discipline of weakness and .suffering had, 
 however, latterly much tempered the keenness of his somewhat 
 fiery spirit, and his gentleness and patience under the trying 
 experience of confinement and inaction were very marked and 
 impressive. He pas.sed away in perfect peace. The Doctor's 
 many legal battles are recalled. As his own counsel he amused 
 judge and members of the bar, but sometimes his actions and 
 words were very exasperating. He was a " thorn in the fle.sh " 
 to various citizens, who had to pay, and some dearly, to coun- 
 teract the legal complications the doctor would press upon 
 them. He was quite vain, and the publication of his move- 
 ments and words were prized." 
 
 Dr. Elam Stimson. 
 
 For the following sketch we are indebted to James Stimson, 
 M.D., of Watsonville, California : 
 
 The history of this early practitioner of Upper Canada well 
 exemplifies the native pluck, eiiergy, and determination to 
 succeeil, which characterized not a few of those who laid the 
 foundation of the present prosperity, both of Canada and the 
 United States. 
 
 The more remote ancestry of the subject of this sketch were 
 English, and can be traced back several centuries. Many 
 families of the name, sprung from a common stock, are to be 
 found in England. His immediate ancestry were all natives 
 of New England. To study and practise medicine seems to 
 have been a family trait, so many Stimsons in tolerably regu- 
 lar succession in their families having been doctors. James 
 Stimson, M.D., an eminent practitioner of Hartford, Connecti- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 631 
 
 cut, was great-grandfather to this Elam Stimson. The one of 
 whom we write, the youngest of a family of twelve children, 
 was born at Tolland, Connecticut, October 4, 1792. When 
 he was about ten years of age, his parents (jufFered severe 
 reverses of fortune ; and until they died, thirteen years after, 
 his strong filial affection was shown by untiring and successful 
 effort (seconding that of his next older brother, Joel) to pro- 
 vide for their maintenance. 
 
 Dr. Elam Stimson served in the United States army during 
 the war of 1812, first, as .substitute for a drafted man, for the 
 term of three months, at New London, Connecticut ; then as 
 ealisted for one year, the greater portion of which time was 
 passed on Staten Island, NY. He was third .sergeant of his 
 company. He thus wrote, concerning his army life : 
 
 " In everything but the time of enlistment we were regular 
 soldiers, subject to the same rules and regulations. It was a 
 year all but lo.st to me as regards usefulness (to any but the 
 country) or preparation for it. Still, something was learned, 
 i.e., what to shun. The army is said to be a good school, but 
 I believe few^ fathers who have been to that school would 
 choose it for a son." 
 
 For his services in thit war he received from the United 
 States Government, aboiit thirty years later, a bounty of one 
 hundred and sixty acret, of land, which he located in the 
 prairie country of Northern Indiana, near Crown Point. His 
 widow still .surviving (February, 1894), receives a pension 
 from the United States Government, by virtue of her husband's 
 services as a United States soldier. 
 
 At the expiration of his term of enlistment he returned to 
 his home and commenced the study of medicine. To obtain 
 necessary means, he laboured on a farm or taught school. 
 
 A friend who owned a cranberry marsh gave him permission 
 to make what he could from one year's crop. He hired help 
 to pick the berries, marketed them in Hartford, and netted one 
 hundred dollars by the operation. That hundred dollars, he 
 remarked late in his life, seemed to him the greatest financial 
 lift he ever had. 
 
 By dint of persevering effort, he gradually accumulated 
 enough money to meet the expense of a coiirse of lectures. 
 
632 The Medical Profession in Upper (Canada. 
 
 Meantime, while labouring or teaching, he had been reading 
 medicine under the direction of Dr. Thompson, of Toland. 
 
 His first course of lectures was at Yale College, New Haven, 
 Connecticut. The tickets read curiously, as compared with 
 those of to-day, and give one a good idea of the comparatively 
 narrow scope of medical teaching in the early part of our 
 century, even at one of the then best seats ol learning in 
 America. There were but four lecturers — a "corporal's guard " 
 as compared with the "full staff'" of lecturers and teacher at- 
 tached to each of the principal medical schools of to-day. Hero 
 is his matriculation ticket : 
 
 " Medical Institution of Yale College. 
 
 " Mr. Elam Stimson is matricuiated into the Medical Institu- 
 tion of Yale College for the ensuing season. 
 
 " By order of the Faculty, 
 
 " J. Knight. 
 " November 1st, 1817." 
 
 The lecturers were : On Chemistry and Pharmacy, B. Silli- 
 man ; Anatomy and Physiolog)'^, J. Knight ; Theory and Prac- 
 tice of Medicine, Surgery and Widwifery, Nathaniel Smith ; 
 Materia Medica and Diseases of Children, Eli Ives. 
 
 The summer following this course of lectures was spent in 
 the office of an eminent medical man of Hartford, Connecticut, 
 Mason F. Cogswell, M.D. 
 
 His ne.Kt course of lectures was at Dartmouth, Hanover, 
 New Hampshire. "Chymical" lectures were by J. T. Dana, and 
 lectures on " Practice of Physick " and on " Obstetricks,' by 
 R. D. Mussey, M.D. At Dartmouth he graduated, Valedictorian 
 of his class, August 18, 1819. The diploma is all irritten on 
 heavy paper, but as to typography, bears a close resemblance 
 to the diplomas now granted. The " Great Seal " attached to 
 it is a fine elaborate specimen of the engraver's art. 
 
 While yet an undergraduate, he married, January 10, 1819, 
 the eldest daughter of the Rev. Augustus Bolles, a man 
 prominent in the Baptist Church — of superior ability as a 
 preacher and editor. 
 
 He returned from Dartmouth to his native place and engaged 
 
Biographical Sketchks. 633 
 
 in the practice of his profession. An influential man in that 
 community afterwards said to him : " You have served me 
 faithfully and well in three different capacities, as a farm 
 servant, as a teacher, and as my family physician." 
 
 Prospects of financial success not being brilliant in the East, 
 with the pioneering enterprise characteristic of his ancestry he 
 removed, with his family, to the then " far West," and settled 
 in St. Catharines, Upper Canada, in the spring of 1823. St. 
 Catharines was then but a hamlet, on the " Twelve Mile Creek." 
 
 Tjearning it was necessary he should be examined by a 
 Government Board of Examiners and receive a license from 
 the Governor before he could legally practise in Canada, he 
 crossed, in a schooner, from the mouth of the Niagara River 
 to York (now Toronto), and presented himself for examination 
 before " C. Widmer, Grant Powell and R. C. Home, Esquires," 
 who expressed themselves as particularly well pleased with his 
 proficiency, especially in anatomy — that of the brain. July 7, 
 1823, he was licensed to practise by Lieut.-Governor Sir 
 Peregrine Maitland, of the Province of Upper Canada. On his 
 license is this endorsement : 
 
 " Exhibited in the Gore District Court in the cause of Elam 
 Stiinson against James Dixon, the 12th day of April, 1827. 
 
 " John Law, 
 " Clerk of Gore District Court." 
 
 It seems that even so long ago as 1827, there was a man 
 who " kicked against payin\/ his doctor bill." But little less 
 than forty years after, this other endorsement was made, also 
 necessary in order to collect his bills : " Registered, June 9th, 
 1866. H. Strange, M.D., Registrar:' 
 
 During his stay in St. Cal^arine'^ the Hon. Hamilton 
 Merritt, then and afterwards prominent as the chief promoter 
 of the construction of the Welland Canal, was his firm friend, 
 and found in the doctor a hearty sympathizer and co-worker in 
 furthering that great public enterprise. 
 
 Some time in 1824 he removed to Gait. His practice there 
 
 was very extensive. Paris, Princeton, Drumbo, Ayr, Hamburg, 
 
 Waterloo, Berlin, Guelph, Preston, East and West Flamborough, 
 
 St. George, all are within the then sparsely settled country 
 
 41 
 
634 The Medical Profession ix Upper Canada. 
 
 over which he travelled on horseback with capacious saddle- 
 bags, green-baize leggings and heavy dark " surtout," minister- 
 ing to the needs of the sick, poor or rich, oftener very poor 
 than eren moderately well-to-do, for those were pioneer days. 
 Sometimes he was away from home for days together, sending 
 word home where those needing him could find him. There 
 was no bridge then, over the Grand River, between Gait and 
 Brantford. Once, to see a very sick patient not more than two 
 miles away from him, he had either to make a detour of many 
 miles, to cross on a bridge, or ford the river on horseback. It 
 was in the time of melting snows and spring rain.s. The river 
 was unusually wide and deep, the waters cold and swift, but he 
 was a good swimmer and his horse was powerful and sagacious. 
 So, after arranging his saddle-bags and .some of his cl(jthing 
 firmly on the pommel of the saddle, he plunged into the 
 eddying flood, and after an exhausting struggle, clambered up 
 the steep east bank of the river, grateful for deliverance out of 
 danger. He remarked to the writer, as they were once passing 
 the scene of this incident, that he " took too great a risk, and 
 coald never be induced to attempt .so dangerous a feat again." 
 Young practitioners of the present day can scarcely appreciate 
 the easy conditions under which they acquire and practise their 
 profession. Let them ponder upon the lives and revere the 
 memories of those stalwart, brave veterans, who not only 
 battled with disease, but also had to encounter and endure the 
 trying disabilities of the " wilderness " state of the country. 
 In the latter part of 1828 he removed still further west, to 
 London, and continued the practice of his profession. Here 
 his ride was as extensive and his labours as arduous as in Gait. 
 Among his documents is the following on heavy, gilt-edged 
 
 foolscap : 
 
 "Government House, May 30th, 1831. 
 
 " Sir, — 1 am directed by the Governor to acquaint you, that 
 a commission has been prepared appointing you a Coroner for 
 the London District, and is now ready for delivering to any 
 agent whom you may authorize to receive it. 
 " I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 " Your most obedient, humble servant, 
 
 " Z. MUDGE, Secretary. 
 " Dr. Elam Stimson," 
 
Biographical Sketches. 635 
 
 During the prevalence of an epidemic of Asiatic cholera, his 
 wife fell a victim to that " Scourge of Nations," July 30, 
 1832, having been but twelve hours sick. Five days after, 
 their youngest child, of two years, died of the same disease, 
 and a daughter also was so low with it that she was robed in 
 her grave-clothes ready to be coffined. But she regained con- 
 sciousness and was restored to health. At his wife's death he 
 had five children, the eldest of whom was aged but little more 
 than thirteen years. In the fall of the same year. Dr. Stimson 
 visited Hartford, Conn., and married Susan Bolles, his deceased 
 wife's sister. Returned to Canada, he concluded to depart 
 from the scene of so great affliction, so he wound up his affairs 
 in London and settled late in August, 1833, at St. Ceorge, a 
 pretty village — the centre of one of the most beautiful and 
 fertile portions of Canada. Here, with the exception of a time 
 spent in practice in St. Catharines, to afford better educational 
 facilities for his children, he continued to reside and practise 
 until his death, January 1, 1869. 
 
 Of his nine children, five grew to manhood and three to 
 womanhood. Of his five sons he educated three as physicians — 
 Edwin, James and William. His second son, Elam, became an 
 Episcopalian clergyman. His fourth son, Augustus, received a 
 thorough education by way of preparation for commercial life, 
 but having a strong taste for agricultural pursuits, he came 
 into possession of his father's homestead. Of his three daugh- 
 ters, the eldest, Susan, married Samuel T. Stanton, for many 
 years a merchant and postmaster at St. George. The second 
 daughter, Mary A., married Robert Christie, M.D., of Paris, Ont. 
 The third daughter, Rebecca, married Nathaniel E. Mainwaring, 
 M.D., of St. George, Ont. 
 
 There were in the family at one time six doctors — father, 
 three sons and two son-in-laws ; of all these, but one, the writer, 
 survives. Edwin Bolles Stimson, graduate of the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of New York City, was resident 
 physician of the New York Lying-in Asylum, and brought 
 chloroform into prominence in connection with parturition at 
 that institution. He died of consumption, and he and his wife 
 sleep side by side in the cemetery at Colchester, Connecticut. 
 
 William Stimson was a graduate of the Buffalo Medical 
 
 o 
 
636 The Medical Puofession in Upper Canada. 
 
 College. A letter dated October 31, 1889, says of him : " Dr. 
 William Stimson was connected with the New York Eye and 
 Ear Infirmary as house surgeon, and performed his duties 
 faitiifully and well ; he was also one of the first members of 
 the New York Ophthalmological Society. (Signed) I). B. St. 
 John, Roosa." 
 
 He died of typhoid fever, contracted during too faithful 
 attendance on a patient, and sleeps in the Evergreen cemetery 
 at Lexington, Nebraska. Elam Rush Stimson, the clergyman, 
 died at Hamilton, Ont., August, 5, 1888. He sleeps at his 
 father's feet in the old cemetery at St. George. 
 
 James Stimson (the writer of this sketch) is a medical grad- 
 uate of the University of the City of New York (18.54), and of 
 the University of Victoria College (185.')). He is also a Mem- 
 ber of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Ont.; Memlier 
 of the American Medical Association ; Member of the California 
 State Medical Society; Member of the American Microscopical 
 Society ; Member of the American Association of Economic 
 Entomologists. For several years he was President of the 
 Board of United States Examining Surgeons at Lexington, 
 Nebraska. For the last three years he has resided and prac- 
 tised in Watsonville, the business centre of one of the very 
 richest valleys in California. 
 
 To have seen Dr. Elam Stimson, was to remember him. He 
 was a tall, large man, of fine physical proportions and com- 
 manding presence — a splendid .specimen of vigorous, self-reliant 
 manhood. His features were large and rugged, and the 
 expression of his countenance, when in repose, was somewhat 
 severe. His modest, honest, gentle, sympathetic nature fitted 
 him well for his duties. He was a clear thinker, decided in his 
 views, accurate in observation, careful and correct in his 
 diagnosis, po.sse3sed of sound judgment, fertile in resources, a 
 good operator, an ardent lover of his profession, and an able, 
 skilful medical man. He was an investigator, a student, 
 especially in his chosen work. Had his lot been cast in one of 
 the medical centres, his abilities would have commanded 
 superior eminence in medical ranks. But the anxiety incident 
 to frontier life, the care and education of a large family and 
 comparatively lin^ited means, exposure, long rides and conse- 
 
FiioottAi'HicAL Sketches. 037 
 
 quent great fatigue, were insuperable barriers to that close, 
 continuous mental etlbrt necessary to bring him into great 
 professional prominence. He wrote a monograph on cholera, 
 and contributions to the Bujfido Medical Journal. The 
 burden of years and of cares prevented him completing a 
 partly written brochui'e on " Longevity." 
 
 In his .social relations, he was loved most by those most 
 intimate with him ; only in the presence of such was he tlivested 
 of a certain reserve of manner, beneath which was a hearty 
 generosity, an affectionate disposition and a most tender heart. 
 He was very fond of and much beloved by children. He was 
 a faithful friend and a cordial hater ; he had most hearty scorn 
 for whatever was not honest and true. He possesseil a large 
 fund of humour and anecdote, and was a good story-teller, his 
 anecdote having always the merit of being apropos to the 
 occasion. He loved a joke and had many a hearty laugh over 
 a hit at himself. His home was always open for the entertain- 
 ment of ministers of all denominations ; they and the interests 
 they represented were all, when occasion required, the recipients 
 of substantial tokens of his appreciation. Stumbled, in his 
 youth, by the inconsistencies of some professors of religion, he 
 neither united with any denomination nor made any profession 
 of faith. His earlier and later years, however, were times of 
 deep thought and much exercise of soul over Revelation and 
 eternal interests. He was seventy-six years old on the 4th of 
 October, 1868. One of the later days of the following 
 December, he fell and injured his nose ; the weather was 
 extremely cold, and erysipelas attacked the wounded part. 
 Wife, children, and grandchildren forsook the Christmas 
 dinner table for his bedside. The di.sease rapidly spread, in- 
 volving in turn the face, head and throat. Soon after the bells 
 rang the old year out and the new year in, he rested from his 
 labours. His works follow him. His was a most useful and 
 exemplary life — a life of love and labour, labour for love's sake. 
 His recoi'd is one which, all in all, none need regret and all may 
 emulate. More than a quarter of a century has passed away 
 since that cheerless winter day when all of him that was mortal 
 was laid in the grave. That lapse of time has but taught 
 
638 The Medical Profession in Uppek Canada. 
 
 clearer, more love-inspiring appreciation of his greut worth, 
 and brought keener sorrow for our loss. 
 
 A mas.sive nionuinent, of .simple lines, marks his last restins; 
 place, in the old cemetery at St. George. On the east face of 
 the pedestal of the monument may be read : 
 
 " Gitd takes our loved ones, yet we lose not wholly 
 What He has given. 
 They live un earth, in thoughts and ileuds, as truly 
 As in His Heaven." 
 
 Dr. Thomas Stoyell 
 
 Had acquired a degree in medicine in the United States, and 
 .settled at York near the close of the last century. It does not 
 appear that he engaged in the practice of his profession. His 
 name appears as holding a minor (uunicipal appointment in 1799. 
 Dr. Stoyell is remembered as the owner of a tavern of some 
 note at the time. About the time of the war of 1812 he grad- 
 uated from a tavern-keeper to the position of a brewer. He 
 was a person of some note. Dr. Scadding speaks of him as a 
 " non-practising medical man with Republican proclivities." 
 His name is found among the .stockholders of the Dcsjardins 
 Canal, in 1830. He died February 27, 1832, aged seventy-one, 
 being one of the oldest inhabitants of York. 
 
 Dr. Stoyell at his death bequeathed his estate to the Methodist 
 Conference. A Bill was before the Provincial Parliament to 
 enable the executors to carry the will into effect. There was 
 some opposition to this Bill ; and the Christian Guardian, in 
 reference thereto, says : 
 
 " Apprehending that some erroneous impressions may be 
 made in regard to the late Dr. Stoy ell's Estate Bill, from 
 the proceedings of the Assembly published in last week's 
 Guardian, and as it is a matter in which the Methodist Church 
 is directly concerned, we think it necessary to oflFer a few obser- 
 vations on the subject. 
 
 " As to the circumstances which gave rise to the Bill, it may 
 be remarked that the late Dr. Stoyell, long a valuable member 
 
HiooRAPHK'Ai, Sketches. 6:i{) 
 
 of the Methodist Churcli, and a hij^hly respectable inhabitant of 
 this town, having no heirs, betjueathed Ins property (in the 
 liands of executors) to tiie Metliodist (Conference; one part to 
 be applied to missionary purposes and the other part to the 
 relief of worn-out and distressed preachers. His will, we 
 understand, was made some time previous to his decease, and 
 contained what Dr. 8. had expressed his intention to do some 
 years before that period. This Bill was to enable the executors 
 (Mr. W. P. Patrick and Mr. Easton) to carry Dr. Stoyell's will 
 into effect. Notice of it has V)een advertised in the Upper 
 (kinada Gazette a year and a half, and no heir or claimant has 
 appeared. The only alternative is, that if the will of the testa- 
 tor be not executed, the property must go to the Crown ; and 
 upon this principle, it appears, Col. Burwell and Mr. George 
 Boulton opposed the Bill, because the Crown ought to have 
 the property. 
 
 " Dr. Stoyell had largely contributed to the ministry, missions 
 and institutions of the Methodist Church during many years of 
 his useful life ; and when removed from his stewardship he left 
 behind him an additicmal testimony that he .still remembered 
 the perishing heathen and the privations and infirmities of 
 tho.se who had worn themselves out in labouring in word and 
 doctrine; and sorry .shall we l>e, if, through bigotry, intolerance, 
 prejudice or party spirit, his pious and benevolent intentions 
 are defeated." 
 
 Dr. John Stratford, 
 
 Born at Penn Bucks, Eng., was an M.R.C.S. London. He 
 was surgeon in Lord Grantley's regiment. Home Guards, and 
 was connected with the army medical .staff, with which he 
 .served during the Peninsular War. He came to Canada, 1833, 
 and issued at Brockvllle, January 4, 1883, the following card : 
 " Dr. Stratford, Surgeon, Accoucheur and Oculist ; thirty years 
 a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London ; twenty 
 years in His Majesty's military service in that capacity, and 
 many years in extensive private practice. Dr. Stratford has 
 extended his practice to the diseases of females and children 
 with more than ordinary success in their treatment." 
 
640 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 John Stratford, of Bathurst, passed Medical Board, April, 
 1833. 
 
 He obtained a large practice, and also acted as Military 
 Hospital Steward. Visiting England, he was called to give 
 evidence in favour of Lord Durham's report on Canada. 
 Returning to Canada, he proceeded to Woodstock, where his 
 son had commenced practice. Another son, William H., a 
 druggist, was settled at Brantford, and Dr. John Stratford 
 passed the remainder of his days between the two places. He 
 died at Brantford, March, 1845, in his seventy-second year. 
 
 Dr. Samuel John Stratford, eldest son of the above, 
 received his medical education at St. George's and Westminster 
 Hospitals, London, being a pupil of Wm. Charles Bell. He was 
 likewise a pupil of the famous Dr. Guthrie, at his eye infirmary. 
 Having become M.R.C.S. London, he was commissioned Assist- 
 ant-Surgeon in the 72nd Regiment Scotch Highlanders. After 
 a time he disposed of his commission, and came to Canada, and 
 for a time practised at By-town. He was gazetted Licentiate 
 of Upper Canada, November, 1831. He removed to Wood- 
 stock, where he remained about twenty years, enjoying an 
 extensive practice and the respect of the community. He was 
 Surgeon to the 3rd Oxford Regiment Militia, 1837. He then 
 took up his residence in Toronto, where he practised eight or 
 ten years. He became a member of the Upper Canada Medi- 
 cal Board, Sept., 1838. Was editor of the Upper Canada Jour- 
 nal of Medical, Surgical a.nd Physical Science, Toronto. He 
 lectured on Anatomy at Rolph's for a while, and was also for a 
 short time Professor at Trinity Medical College. He returned 
 to Woodstock, where he practised until about 1868, when he 
 went to New Zealand. On his arrival there, he met a British 
 regiment starting for England without a surgeon, and he was 
 engaged to accompany it home. They came by way of America. 
 Dr. Stratford returned to New Zealand, where he died, leaving 
 a large practice to his son-in-law, Dr. Wright, late of Toronto. 
 Another daughter became the wife of Dr. Emery, at one time 
 practising in Toronto. 
 
 Wm. A. Stratford, brother of Samuel John, accompanied 
 him to America, 1831, and lived in New York and Oswego 
 until 1844, when he settled in Brantford. He had studied 
 
Biographical Sketches. 6*1 
 
 medicine in Dublin, but it does not appear that he took a degree. 
 He engaged in the drug business until 1875. He is the 
 founder of the General Hospital at Brantford. 
 
 Dr. Cyrus Sumner. 
 
 " An eminent physician, whose practice extended throughout 
 the whole Niagara District." — Dr. G. F. Mewburn. 
 
 Dr. Sumner was a native of the United States, and belonged 
 to the family of that name so well known in the annals of that 
 country. In a " Genealogy of the Sumner Family," compiled by 
 William Sumner Appleton, of Boston, from 1601 to 1880, it is 
 recorded that Cyrus Sumner was born at Hebron, 1776, and 
 that he studied his profession under Dr. Lyon, of Albany, N.Y., 
 and that he came tc Canada about 1800. He made his home 
 at, or near, Newark, now Niagara, and was fortunate in win- 
 ning the regard and friendship of Dr. Robert Kerr, a sketch of 
 whom is given in this work. The following extract from a 
 letter written by Dr. Sumner to his brother living at Saratoga, 
 affords information respecting; the first years of his life in 
 Canada. The letter is dated " Clinton, Niagara District, Octo- 
 ber 10, 1804," and says : " I have not been idle since I came to 
 this country, and have taken every advantage to gain informa- 
 tion respecting my profession, and on Friday last, at York, I 
 passed an examination before the Surgeon-General of York, Dr. 
 Baldwin, Clerk of the Crown, and the Staff-Surgeon of Niagara, 
 after which I received a very handsome letter from the Board, 
 wishing me a great deal of prosperity and happiness, together 
 with a license, on fine parchment, to practise physic, surgery 
 and midwifery, in which several branches I have been closely 
 employed ever since I came to this country. When I first came 
 into this Province I put myself under the Staff-Surgeon at 
 Niagara, Dr. Robert Kerr (my patron), who had shown me 
 every mark of friendship that we can expect of our fellow- 
 mortals, and has assisted me with books, medicine and instru- 
 ments and his warm friendship, for which I feel myself ex- 
 tremely obliged." A letter from Dr. Kerr to A. MacDonell, 
 Esq., casts additional light on the subject. It says : " Dear 
 
642 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 Sir, — The bearer, Mr. Cyrus Sumner, I beg leave to introduce 
 to you ; he ha.s been three years in this country, part of the 
 time in my shop and the other part settled near the Forty Mile 
 Creek, where he has been very successful in practice, especially 
 fevers. He has passed the Medical Board at York. He is 
 remarkable for .sobriety, and very attentive and diligent to the 
 studies of his profession. He had studied about four years in 
 the United States before he came into this Province. Havinsf 
 heard a medical person was wanted on my Lord Selkirk's lands, 
 he requested a letter of introduction to you. (Signed) Robert 
 Kerr." 
 
 From this time, Dr. Sumner was actively engaged in practice. 
 His home was at Clinton, or Twenty Mile Creek. When the 
 war of 1812 broke out, he had fully established hiin.self as a 
 leading physician of the old Niagara District, and was held in 
 high esteem by all classes of the people. He still enjoyed the 
 friendship of Dr. Kerr, and stood well in the sight of the public 
 authorities. Although a native of the States, his loyalty to 
 his adopted country was unquestioned ; and from the first to 
 the last of the struggle he was engaged in responsible service 
 to the Crown, and intrusted with various important conmiissions 
 in connection with the army medical service. This extract 
 from a letter, May 9, 1816, to his brother will be read with 
 interest : " A word of the war. At the commencement, General 
 Brock requested me to go to Detroit with him, which I did, and 
 was the only staff-surgeon on the expedition, and from that 
 time until the end of the war was on the most active service 
 and at almost every battle that was fought, but never wounded 
 — though narrow escapes. The experience had was very great. 
 We were run very hard at times, but finally acquitted with 
 some degree of honour." This modest claim by Dr. Sumner to 
 his brother, it is presumed, was not gainsaid. His brother, 
 living at Saratoga, was in a position to know that the honours 
 of the war were very largely on the side of Canada. The 
 repeated attempts to conquer Canada by the United States 
 forces during the war, had ended in their inglorious retreat. 
 At the timo Dr. Sumner wrote this letter, not a foot of Can- 
 adian territory was in their possession, except where they occu- 
 pied " hospitable groves." 
 
Biographical Sketches. 64J? 
 
 The writer has before him a nurrber of interesting and 
 valuable documents and letters, addressed to Dr. Sumner, which 
 have been kindly furnished by his son, W. R. Sumner, Esq., of 
 fngersoll. From these, much is learned of the nature of the 
 duties discharged by Dr. Sumner, besides not a few interesting 
 historical matters, which we regret nmy not here be inserted. 
 
 The following is dated at Perth, Upper Canada, February 6, 
 1825 : 
 
 " I certify that Cyrus Sumner was appointed temporary Hos- 
 pital Assistant to the Army on the Niagara Frontier in the year 
 1812, and continued in the service till 1815, during which period 
 he was diligent and ?;ealous, and his conduct as a medical officer 
 
 met my general approbation. 
 
 " Alex. Thom, 
 
 " Staff-Surgeon, N.P., then P.M. OMcer of the Rigid Division." 
 
 Dr. Sumner was commissioned Surgeon to the 4th Lincoln 
 Regiment Militia, January, 1822. 
 
 Dr. Sumner married, 1803, Mary, daughter of Benjamin Bell, 
 of Grimsby, and a sister of Dr. Nathaniel Bell, of whom a 
 sketch is elsewhere given. Dr. Sumner had ten children. Two 
 sisters married nephews of the Hon. William McMaster ; two 
 others married sons of Col. William Nelles, of Grimsby. The 
 youngest two were twins, a son and daughter — William Kerr, 
 who was named after William J. Kerr, Chief of the Six Nations, 
 and the daughter named after the Chief's wife, Elizabeth Brant. 
 She became the wife of Dr. James Graham. (See sketch.) Of 
 the ten children only two are now living (1893), Mrs. Captain 
 McMaster and W. K. Sumner, of IngersoU, who is an ardent, 
 loyal Canadian, with a fine taste for historical lore. The writer 
 is indebted to him for the foregoing interesting historical facts. 
 
 Dr. Henry Sullivan. 
 
 Concerning the family of which Dr. Sullivan was a member, 
 while one became distinguished as a barrister and judge, Henry 
 likewise became distinguished as a physician and professor in 
 
644 Tke Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 medicine, altliough an untimely death prevented the full 
 development of his powers. 
 
 It may be stated that Dr. Sullivan's brother was the second 
 mayor of Toronto, being elected in 1835. Henry began the 
 study of medicine with Dr. King, of Toronto, and was a fellow- 
 student with C. F. Mewburn. He then proceeded to the Old 
 Country, and was a student at Dublin, where he became a licen- 
 tiate accoucheur of the Dublin Lying-in Hospital, and at London, 
 where he obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons. 
 Returning to Canada, he obtained the license to practise in 
 Upper Canada. He was appointed Surgeon to the Royal For- 
 esters during the rebellion of 1837. In May, 1839, he became 
 a member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper 
 Canada, being No. 2 on the roll ; and subsequently, February, 
 1840, was elected a Fellow, and the minutes of the College 
 show that he thereafter took an active part in all of its pro- 
 ceedings while the College existed. In July, 1841, Dr. Sullivan 
 was appointed a member of Upper Canada Medical Board. A 
 new commission was issued in July, 1845, in which appears Dr. 
 Sullivan's name as " Professor of Practical Anatomy," Univer- 
 sity of King's College, Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Sullivan died of consumption, February 6, 1850, at the 
 early age of forty-tive. 
 
 The Report of the Commissioners of Enquiry into the affairs 
 of King's College says : " The salary of the late Professor Sulli- 
 van was increased by a subsidiary grant of £50 a year, for extra 
 services, in 1847-48. This gentleman appears to have, for several 
 years, pressed in vain for a regular increase of salary. In 1843 
 his case was recommended to the consideration of the Council by 
 His Excellency the Chancellor." The Council, December, 1845, 
 " could not accede to any augmentation of salary." 
 
 The extra services for which Professor Sullivan asked com- 
 pensation were rendered in the dissecting room and in the 
 Anatomical Museum, and his entire time was devoted to profes- 
 sorial labours. The Commissioners find " that Professor Sullivan's 
 claims were not favourably entertained by the Council until 
 1847, when a gratuity of £50 was voted to him for his extra 
 services in the current medical session ; a second and last grant 
 was made in 1848 of a like amount." 
 
BioouAi'HicAL Sketches. 645 
 
 Dr. Henry Taylor, 
 
 One hundred years old, January 1, 1890. {See Frontispuce.) 
 We are indebted to Dr. F. L. Howland, of Huntsville, Ont, 
 who visited hira January 10, 1890, for the following interesting 
 sketch of a very remarkable man, who, of all spoken of in these 
 pages, was alone a centenarian. His history supplies in many 
 ways a most valuable lesson : 
 
 " Dr. Taylor is, we believe, the oldest medical practitioner 
 in Canada, if not on this continent. He is still hale and 
 hearty, and lives at Burk's Falls, Ont. The personal history 
 of a doctor who has practised medicine for three-quarters 
 of a century, must prove highly interesting. The subject 
 of this sketch was born at Birmingham, Eng., January 1, 
 1790. His father, Samuel Taylor, M.D., had for many years a 
 lucrative practice at Aylesham, Eng., and numbered among his 
 patients Lords Suffield, Stratton, Kensington and the Earl of 
 Oxford. The nineteenth century was ushered in with great 
 rejoicings in England, and Henry Taylor, ten years of age, 
 distinctly remembers dancing on the green with many other 
 juveniles, to the tune of martial music. He was the youngest 
 of a family of three brothers and three sisters. Two of his 
 nephews are in the practice of medicine in England, one at 
 Ayle.shani, the other at Coltishall. Henry mixed medicine in 
 his father's surgery, when his height had to be extended by his 
 standing on a stool. For seven years he was apprenticed as a 
 medical student. Then for three years he attended Guy's and 
 St. Thomas' Hospitals, taking his degree of M.D. when twentj'- 
 eight years of age. Dr. Taylor's countenance kindles with intel- 
 lectual energy, as he proudly, yet reverently, speaks of his surgi- 
 cal tutor, Sir Astley Cooper. Blondil was the leading professor 
 of midwifery. He knew Abernethy well. In manner Aber- 
 nethy was the antipodes of Sir Astley. The latter was refined 
 in manner, and gentlemanly to a degree. On lecturing, during 
 the course, on a certain luxation of the hip-joint, over which 
 he and Abernethy differed, he always drank an extra amount of 
 wine, and rubbing his hands, 'piled' into Abernethy. Dr. Taylor 
 had heard Abernethy use the most vulgar language, and a very 
 nasty and unutterable expression was a favourite expletive. 
 ' He was the most impudent m«|.n J §yer saw,' said Dr. Tayloy, 
 
646 The Medical PiioFEssroN in Upper Canada. 
 
 " On graduation, Dr. Taylor went into partnership with his 
 father at Aylesham, where he remained until June, 1839, when 
 he emigrated to Canada, and practised for a year in Montreal. 
 During the summer season he had a paying practice waiting on 
 English emigrants, but in winter he had little to do, and spent 
 his summer earning.s. He therefore determined to leave, and 
 came to Ernesttown. Here, and in the adjacent villages of 
 Camden, Wilton and Portland, lie practised for twenty-six years, 
 sixteen of which were spent in the latter place. He endured 
 all the hardships incident to the practice of medicine in a 
 Canadian pioneer settlement, and never refused to attend a 
 poor patient. He was held in high esteem, socially and profes- 
 sionally. The poverty of his patrons bore hardly on him at 
 times, and more than once his chattels were sold for debts 
 contracted for medical supplies. He did not take out a Cana- 
 dian diploma, and he was once hauled up for practising without 
 a license, but the validity of his English diploma was main- 
 tained, and he was acquitted. For a time he kept three horses 
 hard at work in making his professional calls. In earlier years 
 he frequently travelled on foot, by the aid of a compass, 
 between points where there was not even a foot-path. On one 
 occasion, while waiting on a woman in confinement in a lonely 
 house, a large pack of wolves crossed the door-yard in full cry. 
 
 " Dr. Taylor never took an active interest either in municipal 
 or provincial politics. For three years, however, he was Master 
 of the Orange Lodge in Portland, while for twelve years he was 
 a member of the Sons of Temperance in Wilton. Rum and 
 whiskey were the common beverage of the people, the former 
 selling at 3s 6d per gallon, and the latter for 6d per gallon, in 
 Kingston. In 1867 or '68, he removed to the township of 
 Brook, Lanark County, where he remained a few years, but 
 did not practise much. September 25, 1875, he settled in Ryer- 
 son Township, Parry Sound District, near to where a son was 
 living. It is astonishing the amount of professional work, 
 travelling for the most part on foot, he has done in Ryerson 
 and vicinity. To-day, March, 1890, his memory is good, walks 
 without a cane, and shaves himself. About seven years ago 
 the writer met Dr. Taylor in consultation, he having walked 
 that day fourteen miles to meet him. At that time, he fre- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 647 
 
 quenfcly walked, in one day, from Ryerson to Rosseau, a distance 
 of twenty-seven miles, and quite recently, he walked from 
 Ryerson to Burk's Falls and thought nothing of it. He stands 
 5 feet llf inches in height, and is nearly up to his average 
 weight of 150 lbs. Until a year ago he could read ordinary 
 print without spectacles, and his hearing is yet very fair. Dr. 
 Taylor has always eaten in moderation of mixed plain food 
 from the animal and vegetable kingdom, but avoided pastries, 
 confectionery and such like. He has ever looked on the bright 
 side of life ; never desponded, and has decidedly kept, as he 
 says, a ' stiff upper lip.' He drank moderately oF wine and 
 pure liquors in his earlier years, but latterly, for many years, 
 has drank no alcoholic beverage. His wife died twelve years 
 ago, at 58 years of age, and was thirty years his junior." 
 
 The following is taken from the Huntsville paper, April 18, 
 1890: 
 
 " It has fallen to the lot of very few journalists in Canada to 
 record the death of a citizen as old as the late Dr. Henry Taylor, 
 who passed peacefully away to his long home on Thursday, the 
 3rd inst., at the ripe age of 100 years, .*i months and 3 days. 
 The last days of his life were spent in Burk's Falls with his 
 daughter, Mrs. Snyder. He retained a wonderful degree of 
 physical and mental vigour until the end. He was a member 
 of the Methodist Church for over forty years, and was highly 
 respected, both in his profession and private life, by all who 
 knew him. He leaves to mourn his loss, four sons and one 
 daughter, viz.: Mrs. Snyder and Walford Taylor, of Burk's 
 Falls ; Wm. Taylor, of Ryerson ; Samuel Taylor, in western 
 Ontario, and James Edward Taylor, in Michigan, U.S.A." 
 
 Dr. Walter Telfeh, 
 
 A Scotchman by birth and education, from Niagara, appeared 
 before the Upper Canada Medical Board, July, 1833. He had 
 a diploma of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and obtained 
 his certificate. But a correspondence found in the minutes of 
 the Medical Board between Drs. Telfer, Muirhead and Porter, 
 and the Medical Board, in October, 1832, shows that Dr. Telfer 
 
648 The Medical Profession in Uppeh Canada. 
 
 was then in practice at Niagara. That he was there in 1828 
 is learned from the presentation of an address on October 16, of 
 that year, to Sir Pere<^rine Maitland, the Lieutenant-Governor, 
 on his departure. The first two names to this address were 
 J. Muirhead, Chairman, and Walter Telfer. It seems that ho 
 settled here about 1826. On March 23, 1827, a meeting of the 
 Presbyterians was held at Niagara, at which John Tannahill 
 and Dr. Telfer were appointed a committee to collect funds 
 for building a church. In September, 1828, Dr. Telfer was 
 " at his home every morning from 8 to 10, to vaccinate the poor 
 gratis." He continued in practice here until his removal to 
 Toronto. This card appeared in the paper : " Mr. Walter 
 Telfer, Surgeon, has removed from Niagara to No. 44 Newgate 
 Street, Toronto. July 8, 1835." 
 
 Dr. Telfer at once took a prominent place in the profession at 
 the capital. Among his countrymen he was a great favourite 
 and soon commanded a large practice. He was considered 
 skilful and attentive to his work ; was highly re.spected by his 
 confreres, and had the confidence of his patients. He loved his 
 profession, not as a means of acquiring wealth, but for the aid 
 and comfort he was able to give the afflicted. 
 
 Dr. Telfer succeeded Dr. Rees, as Superintendent of the 
 Lunatic Asylum, in 1844, and held the office for three years. 
 His removal from this office caused a good deal of newspaper 
 controversy. It was alleged that the Government found an 
 excuse for this action at the demand of Dr. Rolph, while, on the 
 other hand, the organ of the Government declared that there 
 was good cause for his removal. Dr. Telfer was one of the 
 worthies the writer had the opportunity of following around 
 the wards of the old Toronto Hospital, to which Dr. Telfer was 
 an attending physician. In a new commission appointing 
 members of the Medical Board, dated September 25, 1838, Dr. 
 Telfer's name appears, and he continued an active member until 
 his death in 1857. His widow returned to Scotland, where she 
 died, October 9, 1880. 
 
Biographical Sketches. 649 
 
 Dr. William Tempest. 
 
 The following obituary notice appeared in the Canada Lancet, 
 September, 1871: "We regret to announce the death of Dr. 
 William Tempest, of this city, on the 8th ult. He was born in 
 Halifax, England, and settled in Toronto, in 1842. In 1844, he 
 received his license from the Medical Board, and practised for 
 some time in Trafalgar, and sub.sequently in Oshawa. In 1801, 
 he obtained the degree of M.B., University of Toronto, and soon 
 after commenced practice in this city, where he has remained 
 since that time, and where he built up a comfortable practice, 
 made many friends, and endeared himself to all who knew him 
 by his kindness of manner and warmness of heart. 
 
 " In June, 1866, during the Fenian invasion, his son, a member 
 of the volunteer corps, who was in his twenty-tirst year, fell at 
 Ridgeway in defence of his country. This was a severe blow 
 to the Doctor and the family, and an affliction that was not 
 soon forgotten. Subsequently the Doctor held the position of 
 Medical Health Officer for the city, for the period of two or 
 three years ; an office which he held with credit to himself and 
 satisfaction to all concerned. He leaves a wife and five of a 
 family (three daughters and two sons) to mourn his loss." 
 
 He died, August 8, 1871, aged 52. 
 
 Dr. Alexander Thom. 
 
 In an account of the funeral of William Weeks, barrister, 
 who was killed in a duel, October 10, 1806, and whose body 
 was buried at Niagara, it is stated that the funeral was 
 attended by Dr. Thomas, of the 41st Regiment, and Dr. Muir- 
 head. The name, it is believed, is a misprint of "Thomas" for 
 "Thom." The next information at hand is contained in a 
 marriage notice dated December 5, 1811, as follows: "Alex. 
 Thom, Surgeon 41st Regiment, was married to Hannah Smith." 
 
 The official programme of the funeral procession of General 
 
 Brock, dated October 16, 1812, has the name of Staff-Surgeon 
 
 Thom, with Dr. Kerr and Surgeon Moore as " servants of the 
 
 General." 
 4-2 
 
650 The Medical riioFEShioN in Uim-er CJanaim. 
 
 Dr. Thorn settled at Perth, prior to 1822, as wo find from the 
 " Civil List of Upper Canada," for that year, that he was Com- 
 missionerof the Peace for Johnston and Bathurst Districts, and 
 for takinjy affidavits. 
 
 In 1826, an advertisement of the United Empire Life Asso- 
 ciation gives as its " physician and referee," at Perth, Dr. Thorn, 
 surgeon to the forces. In 1830, this notice appeared: "At 
 Perth, 16th February, James Boulton, Esq., barrister-at-law, 
 .'•on of Judge Boulton, of Upper Canada, to Harriett, eKlost 
 daughter of Alexander Thorn, Esq., Staff-Surgeon." Chief 
 Justice Spragge married a daughter of Dr. Alex. Thoni, Statt- 
 Surgeon and Medical Superintendent of the military settle- 
 ments on the Rideau." 
 
 "Died. — At Perth, September 26, 1845, at an advanced ago, 
 Alexander Thorn. Came to Canada, as Assistant-Surgeon of 
 41st Regiment, forty years ago. During the last war he was 
 employed on Niagara frontier and Toronto, on the staff of 
 Medical Department." 
 
 The " Code of Honour," so called, prevailed in the earlier 
 years of the century in the higher class of society. Only two 
 or three of the medical profession distinguished themselves on 
 that field, of whom Dr. Thom was one. 
 
 "Duel. — On Friday, the 11th inst., Alexander McMillan, 
 Esq., and Alexander Thom, Esq., met in a field, on the Brockville 
 Road, to decide an affair of honour — the former attended by 
 Mr. Radenhurst and the latter by Mr. Cumming. After 
 exchanging shots the seconds interfered, and, on mutual 
 explanations being made, the matter terminated amicably. 
 Dr. Thom received a contusion on the leg." 
 
 Dr. Oliver Tiffany 
 
 Came from Schoharie, N.Y., to Canada, in the first decade of 
 the present century. He was a student at Philadelphia Medical 
 College, and when returning to his home, Schoharie, he tarried 
 at Albany, where he met with a misfortune among the Dutch. 
 Whatever it was, the course of his life was in consequence 
 turned to Canada, and, sometime prior to 1812, he settled in 
 
HiooRAPHicAi, Sketches. 651 
 
 Ancaster, whore lie enijaged in practice, and where he lived 
 until his death. He was appointed Surgeon to Srd Gore Regi- 
 ment Militia, 1825. He never married. His death took place 
 at his residence, near Ancaster, May 7, 1835. 
 
 Dr. Oliver (J. Tiffany 
 
 Was horn at Schoharie, N.Y. He was the nephew of Dr. 
 Oliver Tiffany, whom his father joined at Ancaster, after the 
 war of 1812. When his father settled here, Oliver G. was but 
 a boy. He probably studied medicine with his uncle. Ho 
 attended at Fairfield Medical CoUejje at the .same time as did 
 Dr. W. J. A. Case. In 1822, he passed the Medical Hoard. 
 He engaf^ed in practice with his uncle for a time, and then 
 went to Chicago and was appointed surgeon to the hospital 
 there. He never married, and died at a comparatively early 
 age. 
 
 Dr. Frederick W. Tiffany, probably a relative of the above, 
 and a brother of George S. Tiffany, of Hamilton, died, February 
 3, 1842, aged 31. 
 
 Dr. John E. Tims, 
 
 A native of Ireland, passed the Medical Board, January, 1828. 
 He practised in York and became well known as a politician. 
 Was Vice-President of the " Toronto Political Union Society," 
 and was to some extent involved in the Mackenzie rebellion of 
 1837. He represented St. Patrick's ward as alderman in the 
 first year of the incorporation of the city, 1834, being elected in 
 place of Dr. John Kolph, who had declined to act after his elec- 
 tion. He died, October 4, 1839, in the prime of his life. 
 
 Dr. Tolmen. 
 
 The following is taken from the York Gazette : " Dr. Tolmen 
 presents his respects to the inhabitants of Yonge Street, and 
 informs them that he has taken a room in the house of Elisha 
 Dexter, in the Township of Vaughan, where he will attend to 
 
652 The Medical Profehsion in Upper Canada. 
 
 the commandH of all those who may re(iuire assistance in the 
 line of his profession as far as his health and abilities will admit 
 of. He will likewise attend to the vaccine innoculation when 
 required thereto by those who reside near him. Yonpe Street, 
 8rd May, 1807." 
 
 In January, 1808, Dr. Tolmen appointed John Cameron to be 
 his attorney to collect debts, and he fj[ave notice that thore 
 must be immediate payment. He adds, " Grain of good (juulity 
 will be taken in payment." 
 
 John Tur(^uand 
 
 Was for many years a well-known practitioner of Woodstock, 
 and enjoyed a high I'eputation throughout the country. He 
 was the son of a British officer. He commenced the study of 
 medicine in Toronto, and in 1834 was a pupil of Dr. King. In 
 July, 1837, "John Turquand, of the city of Toronto," appeared 
 before the Medical Board. He "acquitted hinjself to the full 
 satisfaction of the Board." Dr. Turquand was appointed Sur- 
 geon to the 2nd Oxford Regiment Militia, 1837. He became 
 a Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Upper 
 Canada. 1840. He commenced practice at Woodstock, where 
 he continued until his death, May 18, 1880, at the age of sixty- 
 iive; was Surgeon to the Great Western Railway for many 
 years ; was representative to the Ontario Medical Council for a 
 number of years, of which he was an active and respected 
 member. 
 
 Dr. E. Van Cortlandt. 
 
 " This gentleman is well known in scientific and other circles 
 as a mineralogist, geologist, botanist and physician of consider- 
 able repute in the Province, and as one who has done much to 
 advance the interests of the Ottawa country, in the capital of 
 which he has resided for many years. 
 
 " Dr. Van Cortlandt was born in Newfoundland, in the year 
 1805 ; he was the son of a retired military officer and a devoted 
 Loyalist, who was connected with some noble English families. 
 
l^tO(JRAt'HICAT, RKETcHER. 65J? 
 
 His sister married Sir E. Buller, ami lier f,'rands()n is the 
 present Lord Klphinstoue. Dr. Van Cortlandt received his 
 education at the celebrated school of the late Rev. D. Wilkie 
 LL.D., Quebec, and at the early age of fourteen left to study 
 medicine under Dr. Hacket, with whom he remained until he 
 proceeded to England in IH2'). In 1827, he passed his examin- 
 ation at the Koyal College of Surgeons in London, having 
 received on the occasion some very Mattering encomiums from 
 the celebrated Abernethy and Sir A. Carlisle, for the creditable 
 manner in which he passed through the vigorous ordeal. In 
 liS29, Dr. Van Cortlandt was chosen Librarian to the Royal 
 Medical and Chirurgic Society of London, having ten or twelve 
 English competitors; in preference to all of whom he was 
 chosen, probably, in a great measure on account of the remark- 
 ably flattering notice of his examination at the Apothecaries' 
 Hail. Here he had been asked to retire, after being examined 
 only thirteen minutes, with these emphatic words : ' You may 
 go, sir, for if you continue any longer here you will puzzle us.' 
 Three years afterwards he came to Canada, and settleil at 
 Ottawa city (then By-town), according to the advice of Dr. 
 Skey, a community in which he still lives, and which greatly 
 benefits by his presence. He has been appointed Physician, 
 and afterwards Consulting Phj'sician to the Ottawa (Jreneral 
 Hospital, and Consulting Physician to the Protestant Hospital, 
 Coroner to the (Mty, Physician to the Gaol, and President of 
 the Horticultural Society and Mechanics' Institute. 
 
 " Everyone must admit that he has been one of the most active 
 and ardent proujoters of the prosperity of Ottawa, and that 
 district is not a little indebted to him for the numerous meas- 
 ures which he has originated an»l carried out in the furtherance 
 of its interests. He is the chief promoter of exhibitions of 
 Ottawa productions. He was the first to point out the locality 
 of the stone with which the parliamentary buildings are being 
 erected. To this he drew the attention of the Earl of Elgin, a 
 circumstance which tended, perhaps more than anything else, 
 to give to Ottawa favourable publicity. He has, at great 
 expense, had constructed the best private archaeological and 
 geological museum in Canada, an object of great attraction to 
 all who visit Ottawa ; and he even, we believe, intends to 
 
654 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 reconstruct the edifice on a still grander scale. Dr. Van Cort- 
 landt is the author of a pamphlet on Ottawa production, which 
 has received great attention and been very favourably noticed; 
 and also of another pamphlet, publi.shed by order of the City 
 Council of Ottawa, on the building stones of the Ottawa, a 
 publication which has done much towards drawing public 
 attention towards the resources of that rich and beautiful 
 country." — Bioifraphy Celebrated Canadians. 
 
 An early contemporary of Dr. Van Cortlandt describes him 
 as rather eccentric, but during the " thirties," doing a large and 
 lucrative practice at Ottawa. He imitated the manner of the 
 great Abernethy, " but as always happens, a second edition is 
 always a failure." He was a bold surgeon and a good operator. 
 He was Surgeon to the Ottawa Field Battery, and was buried 
 with military honours. His death took place at about seventy- 
 six years of age. 
 
 Dr. James Wallen. 
 
 We are indebted to Dr. T. K. Holmes, of Chatham, for the 
 following account : 
 
 " Dr. James Wallen was born on the Island of Jamaica, 
 August, 1809. He was educated at the University of Aber- 
 deen, Scotland, and afterwards went to Paris University, where 
 he graduated. Having resolved to devote himself to the medi- 
 cal profession, he took the diploma of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons, England. After practising for some time in England, 
 he came to Canada, 1834, and during the rebellion of 1837, he 
 acted as surgeon to the volunteers on the Niagara frontier. 
 The next summer he went to his native island, Jamaica, but 
 returned in 1839 to Canada, where he thereafter continued to 
 reside until his death, 1863. 
 
 He tirst settled in the county of Wentworth, but removed to 
 Morpeth, in the county of Kent, 1844. At this village, and 
 afterwards at Ridgetown, Wardsville, and finally at Chatham, 
 he continued the practice of his profession with general satis- 
 faction to the public and with credit to himself. At all the 
 places mentioned he made many friends. His kind and sympa- 
 thizing manner made him a favourite with his patients, while 
 
Biographical Sketches. 65;' 
 
 his intimate knowledge of his profession, together with his 
 candid way of expressing his opinion on any subject, gained 
 him the general contidence of all who knew him. Aside from 
 his professional skill, his general manner and his scholarly 
 attainments made him a model citizen, and his influence for 
 good will never be lost. 
 
 Dr. Hiram Weeks, 
 
 Of Fredericksburg, Midland District, appeared before Tipper 
 Canada Medical Board, July, 1820, and, being duly examined, 
 was found fit to practise. But Dr. Weeks had been practising 
 before the Board was established. He was born near Brock- 
 ville, and studied medicine in New York. He had come to the 
 Bay of Quinte about 1818. His field of practice extended 
 along the bay on either side for many mnes. Being a large, 
 vigorous man, he was quite able to attend to his large prac- 
 tice on horseback. Dr. H. H. Wright remembers having seen 
 him when young, about 1827, crossing the ferry from Adolphus- 
 town to Prince Edward County, equipped with his saddle-bags, 
 containing drugs and instruments. He was the first doctor to 
 use in this section the new medicine, quinine. Dr. Weeks was 
 elected vice-president of a temperance society organized in 
 Adolphustown, April 16, 1830. He died at his residence, 
 Adolphustown, March 8, 1835. 
 
 Dr. Henry W higher, 
 
 A member of R.C.S. Eng., and Licentiate of the Apothecaries' 
 Hall, was born at Petersfield, Hampshire, England. October 6, 
 1795, and was educated at the schools of his native town and 
 in the Isle of Wight. He studied his profession in London, and 
 was a pupil of Sir Astley Cooper, from whom he received 
 many kindnesses in after-life. He practised in England about 
 thirteen years, in London and at Hastings, near his native place, 
 where he was very successful, and had among his patients some 
 of the best families. In 1832, he emigrated to Fredericton, 
 N.B., but not liking the country, came to Upper Canada, 
 
656 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 September, 1834. After staying a few weeks in Toronto, and 
 visiting different parts of the country, he settled twelve miles 
 south of Hamilton, near what is now the village of Caledonia, 
 where he continued to reside and practise till he died, 1865. 
 
 Soon after he had settled there, Sir John Colborne visited the 
 Six Nations on the Grand River, and requested Dr. Whicher to 
 take medical charge of the Indians at that place, which he 
 consented to do ; and was soon after regularly appointed their 
 medical attendant, which appointment he held till his death, 
 thirty years afterward.s. 
 
 When the rebellion broke out, 1837, he was one of the first 
 in that part of the country to volunteer his services. Was 
 stationed at Drummondville and Chippawa, during the occupa- 
 tion of Navy Island by Mackenzie, and afterwards appointed 
 Surgeon of the Battalion of Militia commanded by Colonel 
 Martin, afterwards Cherifi' of Haldimand. 
 
 During the two cholera visitations, and an outbreak of small- 
 pox among the Indians, which was very fatal, he was constantly 
 among them. It was difficult to persuade them to be vaccinated, 
 which he took care to do, however. His professional talents 
 were well known and recognized, and his kindly disposition and 
 genuine honesty and integrity of character won the respect and 
 confidence of all who knew him. He was married in 1818 to 
 Matilda Enticknap, of the County of Sussex, England, and 
 had five children, of whom four are still (1890) living : Henry 
 Whicher, of Wiarton ; John W., of Seneca, Haldimand ; George 
 W. and Mrs. Charles Hull, now of Woodstock, Ont. 
 
 Dr. Christopher Widmer 
 
 Was unquestionably the Father of Surgery in Upper Canada. 
 No more skilful surgeon than he has ever had a place in 
 the ranks of the Canadian profession. His skill was equal 
 in making a diagnosis, in deciding when operative procedure 
 was necessary, and in handling the surgeon's knife or other 
 instrument. These high qualities were manifested not only in 
 private practice, but in the wards of the hospital. These 
 qualities made him not merely a blessing to patients whom he 
 
DR. fllKlSTOl'HKK WIDMKK. 
 
Biographical Sket(!hes. 667 
 
 treated himself, but to thousands treated by those whom he 
 had educated by precept and example. 
 
 Dr. Widmer occupied a most prominent place in the history 
 of the profession, equally as a practitioner, a member of the 
 Upper Canada Medical Board from its first meeting in 1819 
 until his death, and chairman from 1823 ; and as the life 
 and soul of the General Hospital from its beginning. 
 
 In the early days of York, the inhabitants were mainly 
 dependent upon the military surgeons attached to the regi- 
 ments stationed from time to time at the barracks. But after 
 Dr. Widmer's advent as a private practitioner, outside skill was 
 not required, although the army surgeons always enjoyed a 
 certain amount of private practice, principally, however, as 
 consultants. As a retired army surgeon, in the prime of life. 
 Dr. Widmer at once commanded the confidence of the inhab- 
 itants of York. 
 
 Dr. Widmer was a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 
 and formerly Statf- Surgeon, attached to the 14th Light Dra- 
 goons. He served through nearly the whole of the Peninsular 
 campaign, and held the medal with five clasps, viz., for Vittoria, 
 Salamanca, Fuentes d'Onoro, Busaco, and Talavera. He came 
 to Canada towards the close of the war of 1812-15. 
 
 He probably commenced practice in York in 1815 or 1816. 
 From that period until he retired from active work, every day 
 of his life was given to the active duties of his profession, and 
 during the first ten of these years he was the only qualified 
 medical man in settled practice in York. Mr. Clarke Gamble 
 says: "When I came to York, August, 1820, the only regular 
 physician in practice was Dr. Widmer, a very skilful man and 
 a practitioner of great experience." 
 
 That Dr. Widmer did not work for money merely, is evi- 
 denced by this notice in the U. E. Loyalist of May 5, 1827 : 
 " We are requested to state that the children of the poor will 
 be vaccinated gratis, on their parents calling with them at 
 Dr. Widmer's." 
 
 Mr. Gamble continues : " Several years after. Dr. Deihl com- 
 menced practice, and Dr. Widmer took him into partnership, 
 and they had the whole practice of York and its neighbourhood 
 for many years." 
 
658 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 The Loyalist, of York, Nov. 15th, 1828, contains this an- 
 nouncement : " Dr. Wiilmer, findincy his professional engage- 
 nionts much extended of late, and occasionally too arduous for 
 one person, has been induced to enter into partnership with 
 Doctor Deihl, a respectable practitioner, late of Montreal. It 
 is expected that their united exertions will prevent in future 
 any disappointment to Dr. Widmer's friends, both in town and 
 country." 
 
 The partnership continued for nearly six years and a half, 
 as the following notice shows, taken from the Correspondent 
 and Advocate, and dated April 10, 1835 : " The partnership 
 between Messrs. Widmer and Deihl will terminate, by consent, 
 on the 1st of May. Those persons who have long neglected 
 to settle their accounts are requested to do so without delay. 
 Dr. Widmer's office, after the 1st of May, will be in the house 
 opposite the gate of his residence." 
 
 Dr. Widmer's residence was between King and Front Streets, 
 the latter long known as Palace Street, near the lower end 
 of Ontario Street. While the Doctor lived, this was a delightful 
 location overlooking the bay, with the wooded peninsula in the 
 distance, before the land, where is now the eastern gap, was 
 washed away, thereby converting the western portion of the 
 peninsula into an island. No factories or other industrial 
 establishments then existed in the neighbourhood to mar the 
 beauty or disturb the quiet home. Here Dr. Widmer passed 
 his last days, and here he died. 
 
 The writer remembers with what profound respect he re- 
 garded Dr. Widmer, when he began the study of medicine. 
 Dr. Widmer was as regular in his attendance at the hospital as 
 had ever been his wont, and the students all venerated him, 
 while they laughed at his brusque ways and too frequent ex- 
 pletives. The really destitute patients would receive the kindest 
 attention ; • but if he thought anyone was seeking gratuitous 
 relief who was able to pay for it, his words to him were such 
 as only an old campaigner could utter. It was always a treat 
 to follow him around the wards, for whatever he said or did 
 relating to a patient was worth hearing and seeing. In the 
 operating room he was the most brilliant. More than once 
 the writer has seen him complete an operation with tact and 
 
Biographical Sketches. 669 
 
 precision over which another, although skilful, had become 
 embarrassed. 
 
 As an examiner at the Medical Board, Dr. Widiiier displayed 
 his uuiny-sided qualities, as an educated medical man, to 
 advantage, although not always to the immediate advantage of 
 the candidate. But if he ever erred in passing judgment, it 
 was on the side of mercy to the trembling student. 
 
 The writer was examined by Dr. Widmer on midwifery, 
 when before the Board on New Year's day, 1854, and the 
 Doctor's kindness to him on that occasion has been a lasting 
 remembrance, and made the preparation of this sketch a labour 
 of love. 
 
 Dr. Widmer's public and private worth was recognized in 
 many ways, by electing him to various offices of trust and 
 responsibility. In 1826 he was appointed Medical Referee to 
 the United Empire Life Association at York. In 1831, he 
 was gazetted as a Director of the Bank of Upper Canada by 
 the Lieutenant-Governor. In 1832, he was gazetted a Trustee 
 of the General Hospital of Upper Canada. In 1834, he was 
 one of the Committee of Management of the United Ser- 
 vice Club for Upper Canada at York, with Dr. Grant Powell. 
 He was one of the principal founders of the St. Andrew's 
 Masonic Lodge, in Toronto. He was commissioned a member 
 of the University of King's College, May 18, 1842, and was 
 appointed a member of the Legi.slative Council of Upper Canada, 
 1849. These are only a few of the offices he was called upon to 
 fill. In everything relating to matters affecting the well-being 
 of the medical profession, Dr. Widmer was ever foremost. The 
 high reputation Dr. Widmer possessed is evidenced by the fact 
 that when Lord Sydenham, the Lieutenant-Governor residing at 
 Kingston, unfortunately broke his leg, by the horse he was 
 riding falling upon him. Dr. Widmer was sent for. This was 
 before the days of the telegraph, and a messenger was sent pos(;- 
 haste to Toronto. Dr. Widmer set out forthwith, and by relays 
 of horses, previously ordered to be in readiness, he was, without 
 stopping, speedily conveyed to Kingston. The Governor's 
 appreciation of his services on that occasion was manifested by 
 presenting Dr. Widmer with a gold watch. 
 
 The following, taken from "Toronto of Old," by Dr. Scadding, 
 
660 The Medical Profession in CJfppER Canada. 
 
 who knew Dr. Widmer well, affords an excellent glimpse of the 
 Doctor, aa seen by the early inhabitants of York : " It is to be 
 regretted that Dr. Widmer left behind him no written memorials 
 of his long Ptnd varied experience. A personal narrative of his 
 public life would have been full of interest. But hia ambition 
 was content with the homage of his contemporaries, rich and 
 poor, rendered with sincerity to his pre-eminent abilities and 
 inextinguishable zeal as a surgeon and physician. Long after 
 his retirement from general practice, he was every day to be 
 seen passing to and from the old hospital, on King Street, con- 
 veyed in his well-known cabriolet, and guiding with his own 
 hand the reins conducted in through the front window of the 
 vehicle. He had now attained a great age, but his slender form 
 continued erect ; the hat was worn jauntily, aa in other days, 
 and the dress was ever .scrupulously exact; the expression 
 of the face in repose was somewhat abstracted and sad, but 
 a quick smile appeared at the recognition of friends. The 
 ordinary engravings of Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation 
 of the blood, recall, in some degree, the countenance of Dr. 
 Widmer. Within the General Hospital a portrait of him is 
 appropriately preserved. One of the earliest, and, at the same 
 time, one of the most graceful lady equestrians ever seen in 
 York was this gentleman's accomplished wife. " 
 
 A tablet upon her grave, in the old St. James' graveyard, east 
 of the Cathedral, tells us that she was the " third daughter of 
 Richard Bignell, Esq., Banbury, Oxfordshire, Great Britain," 
 and " Died, 31st August, 1833, aged fifty-three years." 
 
 Dr. Widmer was twice married. By his second wife he had 
 a son and two daughters ; the son, Christopher Rolph W,, for 
 whom his father had extraordinary love, died at the early age 
 of twenty-three, April 19, 1857. The elder daughter, Annie, 
 married Captain Clarke, of the 100th Regiment, and has been 
 dead several years, leaving one son and three daughters, who 
 live in Toronto. The second daughter, Charlotte, married Geo. 
 M. Hawke, and is still living (1893). She has also one son and 
 three daughters. The son, Widmer Hawke, is well known as an 
 energetic partner in the firm of O'Keefe & Co., of Toronto. 
 
 An insight of Dr. Widmer's private character is obtained by 
 an abstract from a letter written by him from Quebec to his 
 
Biographical Sketches. 661 
 
 daughter, Charlotte, now Mrs. Hawke, dated May 16, 1853. He 
 writes : 
 
 " My Dear Charlotte, — I have sealed this letter, and on 
 ray way to the post office, I bethought me that my dear 
 little girl might feel a little jealous that I had written so 
 long a letter to Chris., and not a word for you. I therefore 
 opened it, and I desire you will believe that you are as much in 
 my thoughts, and have as great a share of my atFectionate love 
 as your brother. I know you will continue to deserve this, 
 by your conduct to Mamma, and by cultivating your taste by 
 the acquisition of knowledge of all sorts, that will invigorate 
 your intellectual faculties and enable you to pass through life 
 with credit to yourself and satisfaction to all your friends. 
 Light reading and trivial amusements ought not to constitute 
 the sole object of a young woman's existence. She should strive 
 to render herself conspicuous for enlarged and comprehensive 
 views of matters connected with the sciences and mental opera- 
 tions. Not that I expect a woman to become a literary critic, 
 or to profess high philosophical acquirements. She should, 
 however, lose no opportunity by reading and study to make it 
 appear that she is well acquainted with the topics of conversa- 
 tion, when she comes into the .society of very clever people." 
 
 He concludes : " With many kisses to yourself, dearest 
 Charlotte, and kindest love to dear Mamma, I remain your 
 affectionate father, "C. W." 
 
 Dr. Widmer died on May 2, 1^58, aged seventy-eight, and 
 this sketch cannot be better completed than by quoting from 
 the Journal of the Legislative Assembly of May 6, also an 
 editorial note from the Leader : 
 
 " Prayers having been read, the Hon. Mr. Ross rose and spoke 
 as follows : On entering this house a resolution was placed in 
 my hands to which I will ask your unanimous concurrence. 
 Most honourable gentlemen have no doubt heard of the 
 sudden death of one of our brother members. Dr. Widmer. 
 About twelve months ago his only son died. On Sunday Dr. 
 Widmer walked from his house to the cemetery to visit his 
 son's grave. The state of his feelings and the fatigue caused 
 by the walk had no doubt produced its eflfect and caused him 
 to faint at the grave of his son. He was removed to his resi- 
 
«i«)2 Thk Medical Puofk.ssion in I'i'per ('anada. 
 
 dence and died about six o'clock this morning, without having 
 rallied perceptibly, except to answer an occasional question. 
 The circumstances, therefore, attending his death, are of a par- 
 ticularly aflfecting character. Dr. Widmer was one of the 
 oldest inhabitants of Toronto. He had served with great 
 ability during the Peninsular War as surgeon to the 14th Light 
 Dragoons, and came to this country with his regiment during 
 the war of 1812. At the declaration of peace he determined to 
 remain in this country and practise his profession, and accord- 
 ingly he settled in Toronto. This city was then a mere hamlet, 
 containing but a few people, and with it Dr. Widmer had 
 grown till it was a large and populous citj^ From his remark- 
 able skill as a surgeon and a physician, he acquired large 
 wealth, and enjoyed a most extensive practice in his profession. 
 He was universally respected, and his death will cause regret 
 throughout the entire city. Owing to the constant practice of 
 the duties of his profession. Dr. Widmer did not take any 
 prominent part in public affairs, as a member of either branch 
 of the Legislature, until late in life. At the time of his death 
 he was about eighty j^ears of age. In 1843, during the admin- 
 istration of Messrs. La Fontaine and Baldwin, he was sum- 
 moned by the Queen, together with his friend, the late Dr. 
 Baldwin, to the Legislative Council, but owing to his infirmity 
 and advanced age he had not been able to attend constantly in 
 his place in the House, except during the period in which the 
 seat of Government had been in Toronto, and upon some 
 important public occasions, when he had invariably, notwith- 
 standing his infirm health and great age, attended in his place 
 at Montreal and Quebec, when the occasion required. Most 
 members who were in the Legislative Couucil at the time 
 would recollect one important occasion, in 1849, when he had 
 but just recovered from a severe attack of illness, and had at 
 the risk of his life attended the House, manfully taking part 
 in the exciting legislation of that period — a period in which his 
 presence was urgently demanded. He never shrank from duty, 
 but performed it independently and honestly on all occasions. 
 He was a devoted and sincere friend, and as such was univer- 
 sally respected. In his profession he was looked upon as one 
 of the best, if not the very best, surgeons on the continent ; and 
 
Hrooiui'HicAL Sketches. 663 
 
 it was only to-day that, in conversation with a distinguished 
 member of his profession, the gentleman with whom I was 
 conversing remarked that, as an operating surgeon, ho was a 
 Sir Astley Cooper. He always made up his mind before oper- 
 ating, as to what was the best course to be pursued ; and, hav- 
 ing once settled on the course to be adopted, he performed his 
 operation more quickly and skilfully than any other surgeon 
 that gentleman had seen operate in the schools of Euiope or 
 America. I am sure that the House, as a mark of respect to 
 the memory of their departed brother and colleague in the 
 Council — Dr. Widmer — will unanimously join in the resolution 
 of adjournment." 
 
 The Leader, of May 11, says: 'The funeral of this lamented 
 gentleman took place on Thursday, May 7. The corpse was 
 followed to the grave by a very large number of the former 
 friends of the deceased, all anxious to pay their last tribute of 
 respect to his memory. After the return of the mournful 
 cavalcade from the cemetery, a meeting comprising the most 
 distinguished members of the medical fraternity of the city 
 was held, and after discussion it was determined that a full- 
 length portrait of the deceased should be painted, and placed 
 temporarily in the Board room of the General Hospital, until 
 such time as the contemplated medical college should be 
 erected. A collection to defray the necessary expense was at 
 once set afoot, and responded to with a liberality which showed 
 the appreciation in which the deceased was held by the mem- 
 bers of that profession of which the object of their tribute was 
 in lifetime himself the brightest ornament." 
 
 Dr. Robert Wilson 
 
 Was born at Niagara, and studied medicine with Drs. Melville 
 and Grasett ; attended lectures at McGill College, and took the 
 degree of M.D. He was for a time in partnership with Dr. 
 C. W. Covernton. He also practised at Cayuga and at Niagara 
 for a time. He then went to the West Indies on account of ill- 
 health, where he had a large practice and obtained improved 
 health. He returned to Niagara, but some time later went to 
 
664 The Mkdiual Propkssion in Uppkk (Janada. 
 
 Cobourg, where he carried on the drug business. He finally 
 returned to Niagara, where he died. 
 
 Dr. William Winder 
 
 Was licensed under 8 George IV. chap. 3. He was practising in 
 Toronto at the beginning of 1836. It is related that he was a 
 Lieutenant in the 49th Regiment in 1812, and was with the 
 heroic B'itzGibbon in the Niagara Peninsula, where he distin- 
 guished himself. He was gazetted a member of the Upper 
 Canada Medical Board, but his name does not appear in the 
 minutes of the Board. Dr. Winder was appointed to the posi- 
 tion of Librarian to the House of Assembly when that body was 
 at Quebec. 
 
 Dr. Orlando Salathiel Winstanley 
 
 Was born, December 5, 1823, at Wigginton, Oxfordshire, Eng- 
 land. He was the sun of the Rev. Charles Winstanley, M.A., of 
 St. Edmund's Hall, 0.\ford, of the (Jhurch of England, then 
 curate of pari.sh at Wigginton ; was educated at different schools 
 conducted by clergymen of the Church of England. He com- 
 menced the study of medicine at Devonport about 1840; attended 
 the London Hospital Medical School, as well as the London Hos- 
 pital, from 1841 to 1844 ; passed examination of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, England, 1844; also the examination of 
 the Apothecaries' Company, which was then necessary for those 
 contemplating general practice in England, and which was the 
 best general medical examination in England. 
 
 Dr. Winstanley came to Canada in the spring of 1845 to join 
 his father's family, which had settled in Toronto, 1843. Before 
 leaving England he had married Miss Andrews, daughter of 
 Captain Andrews, R.N., of Cornwall, England. Dr. Winstanley 
 did not then enter into practice, but remained in attendance 
 on his father, who was in feeble health, till his death, which 
 occurred at his hou.se in the Scarborough Heights, called " Fall- 
 ing Brook," in 1847, whither he had removed. During the 
 Doctor's residence at the corner of King and Peter Streets, his 
 
BiooRArHicAr, Sketchrs. 6rt5 
 
 eldest son, Charles, was born. In 1848, he returned to Toronto, 
 after visiting the United States, and commenced practice in 
 Toronto, but ho remained here only one year, preferring to live 
 in the country. He moved out to a tract of fifty acres of hvnd 
 fronting on the Kingston Road and extending to Lake Ontario, 
 which he had bought from his brother, Kdward Winstanley, for 
 the sum of $960, showing the relative value of such land at that 
 time. This he afterwards sold to Peter Paterson, Esq., who 
 built a handsome mansion and laid out the grounds which he 
 called " Biantyre Park." The lake frontage he afterwards leased 
 to the Victoria Park Company for park purposes, and it is now 
 known as Victoria Park. Biantyre Park has recently been ac- 
 quired as a site for an Industrial School for Roman Catholic boys. 
 Dr. Winstanley practi-sed here for two years, and then moved to 
 Thornhill, 1850, to take care of the practice of Dr. Robert Paget, 
 whilst he visited friends in England. In the spring of 1851, he 
 removed to Bond Head, Simcoe County ; thence, in 1852, to Wil- 
 lowdale, and continued in practice at various points on Yonge 
 Street, from Thornhill to Eglington, until 1864 or I860, when he 
 again settled in Toronto, where he continued in active practice 
 till 1883. From overwork and various ailments, Dr. Winstanley 
 found it necessary to give up work. After living one winter 
 in California, he found the equable climate suital>le for his 
 health. Consequently, early the following winter he removed 
 to that country, where he continued to reside up to the time of 
 his death. Whilst residing at Willowdale, Dr. Winstanley was 
 requested to take a position as lecturer in Kolph's School of 
 Medicine, several of the professors of that faculty having dis- 
 agreed with Dr. Rolph and resigned. He came in from the 
 country and delivered two lectures, but finding it impossible to 
 devote the necessary time to that work, owing to a largely 
 increasing practice, he was obliged to resign the position. 
 
 Dr. Winstanley had ten children — four sons and six daugh- 
 ters. Of these, one son and one daughter (an infant) are dead. 
 The writer was fortunate to enjoy the friendship of Dr. Win- 
 stanley, whose unvarying kindness to him is a bright and 
 pleasing remembrance. Dr. Winstanley died in May, 1893, in 
 his seventieth year. 
 
 " At a meeting of medical men in St. George's Hall, May 1?3, 
 
 43 
 
666 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 1893, called to consider the proposal to build a new city hospital, 
 the following resolution, prepared by Dr. CannifF, and moved 
 by Dr. Barrick, seconded by Dr. Palmer, was unanimously car- 
 ried: 'Resolved, that the medical practitioners of Toronto here 
 assembled have heard of the death of Dr. Winstanley, late of 
 Toronto, with profound regret and sadness, and desire to express 
 their high opinion of his professional worth, as manifested in 
 his daily course of practice, by his uniform urbanity to all, com- 
 bined with his skilful treatment of disease, by his honourable 
 devotion to his profession and his courteous treatment of his 
 confreres.' " 
 
 Dr. Jonathan Woolverton 
 
 Was born in Grimsby, Ont., February 22, 1811. His ancestors, 
 of English origin, came to America during religious persecutions 
 under James II,, and settled in New Jersey. His grandfather, 
 Jonathan Woolverton, came to Canada, 1798, and settled where 
 now is Grimsby. With him was his son Dennis, then a lad of 
 eight years, who was widely known in the Niagara District and 
 was universally respected for his integrity and honourable 
 dealings, and at one time represented his county in the Legis- 
 lature. Of his six children (three sons and three daughters), 
 Mrs. Hough, of Lockport, N.Y., and Charles Woolverton, of 
 Grimsby, survive. 
 
 Jonathan, the eldest son, the subject of this sketch, was born 
 in the old homestead. In his early life there were but few 
 settlements, and the roads connecting them were of the most 
 primitive character. The inconveniences of to-day would have 
 been deemed luxuries in those primitive times, and educational 
 facilities were not easily obtained. He was fortunate, however, 
 in having an Irish school- master who was exceptionally well 
 educated, and taught him classics and enabled him to secure an 
 education far above the average. He added year by year to 
 his store of knowledge and became the possessor ot" a liberal 
 education, which, from his natural modesty of character, was 
 not obtruded on the world, but of which his friends secured 
 the benefit, and learned to love him as he went in and out 
 among them in his social and professional life during the tifty 
 
Biographical Sketches. 667 
 
 years he lived as a physician in their midst. Modesty and 
 gentleness were the chief characteristics of his nature. 
 
 He studied medicine at Montreal, where he went in the 
 autumn of 1832, and during the following summer he continued 
 his studies under Dr. Rolph. In 1833, he entered the University 
 of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, from which he received his 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine. Within less than three years 
 from commencing the study of his profession, he obtained his 
 degree of M.D. and license to practise in Upper Canada. He 
 left Toronto fully intending to return to establish himself in 
 his profes-sion, but while visiting his home he writes : 
 
 " I got into practice and found it difficult to leave. I have 
 had diseases of various kinds to treat, as well as many cases of 
 a very serious nature. I have had the good fortune to see the 
 most of them reinstated in health ; there are, however, a few 
 exceptions. 
 
 " On the loth January, my father came to attend the session 
 of Parliament. My time was principally occupied either by the 
 sick, the dying or the dead, chiefly the latter ; and when I look 
 back upon the scenes which were transacted in the cholera hos- 
 pital during the winter, iny mind almost recoils upon itself. I 
 believe there were something like a dozen bodies mangled and 
 dissected by James Mitchell and myself." 
 
 In the autumn of the same year (1835), he returned to Phila- 
 delphia for the purpose of visiting the one whom he expected 
 to make his wife, and there he remained during the winter, 
 " attending the lectures of both schools as much as time would 
 permit, also the alms-house and hospital, and I think deriving 
 much useful instruction, but not forgetting the main object of 
 my visit." On the 22nd of February, 1836, he was married 
 to Emmeline Bergmann. After a hymenial excursion, Dr. 
 Woolverton, with his wife, returned to his native place to begin 
 his labours. At the time of the Mackenzie rebellion he was out 
 three weeks at the notorious siege of Navy Island, acting as 
 Assistant-Surgeon. In 1855, he vi.sited England, Ireland and 
 France. His notes of his journeyings form interesting reading. 
 
 Educational intere.sts were greatly aided by his support. For 
 many years he was Superintendent of Public Schools in the 
 County of Lincoln, and fi;om time to time gave lectures before 
 
668 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada, 
 
 the School Boards, and was one of the foremost promoters in 
 estaVjlishing the Grammar Schools in his county. A few years 
 previous to his decease, April 12, 1883, Dr. Woolverton ceased 
 from active practice. He and his wife (who died in 1872) lie 
 side by side in the beautiful old English churchyard in Grimsby. 
 A monument erected by his sons testifies that beneath it lie one of 
 the noblest of fathers and best of mothers. But if you wish to 
 find a greater monument, go ask the people among whom he 
 dwelt for seventy-two years. You will find a memory of love 
 and a remembrance of kindly deeds enshrined in the hearts of 
 his people that speak louder than monumental structures, how- 
 over grand. " Si rnonumentutn requiris circuonspice " was 
 said of the great architect embalmed in St Paul's, London. So, 
 in that beautiful old village of Grimsby he was the architect of 
 a life whose fragrance dwells in the memories of its people. 
 
 He had six sons ; one died in infancy, the rest are still living 
 (1889). Theoron, a graduate in medicine, of Harvard Univer- 
 sity, has been for twenty-five years a surgeon in the United 
 States Navy, and is now Medical Inspector, stationed at the 
 United States Navy Yard at Washington, D.C. Edgar J. is a 
 well-known fruit-grower; he lives upon the old place at Grimsby, 
 being the fourth generation in direct descent to have possession. 
 Algernon, a graduate in Arts of University College, Toronto, 
 and in medicine of McGill College, Montreal, is a well-known 
 phy^ician in Hamilton. Solon practises his profe.ssion, D.C.L., 
 in London. Delos, engaged in the banking business, resides in 
 New York city. For the above information we are indebted 
 to Dr. Algernon Woolverton, of Hamilton. 
 
 Dr. Joseph Workman. 
 
 Of all the names contained in this volume, and of all those 
 whose life the writer is privileged to sketch, no one stands 
 higher, and few, if any, so high, in the list of worthies who 
 have adorned the medical profession of Upper Canada. He 
 stands equally high as a physician, as a teacher, as a writer to 
 the medical and secular press, as a critic, as a linguist, and 
 especially high in that branph of medical scieqce to which he 
 
Biographical Sketches. 669 
 
 gave the riper years of his active, practical life. The writer 
 knows that Dr. Workman would prefer that only a hrief notice 
 of himself should find a place in these pages ; but notwith- 
 standing a desire to respect his wishes, a sense of justice impels 
 the writer to give expression to what he believes would be the 
 voice of all who have been privileged to know Dr. Joseph 
 Workman personally, or by his writings. The extent to which 
 he is known, and the estimate of his worth, is indicated by one 
 long intimate with him. Dr. C. W. Covernton, who in a note 
 to the writer, remarks : " Needless to allude to the distinguished 
 rank he has ever occupied, and still occupies in his green old 
 age, for it is not confined to Canada or the United States, 
 but has extended to Europe, particularly with the advanced 
 psychologists of Italy." 
 
 More might be said of Dr. Workman in a general way as a 
 man of the people at large ; but suffice it to say, that in all the 
 relations of life he has held the greatest respect, and in his 
 conduct, public and private, he has ever worn the white Hower 
 of a blameless life. 
 
 A sketch of Dr. Workman's family has recently appeared in 
 the Alienist and Neurologist," published in St. Louis, and we 
 are permitted to give the following extract taken from the 
 proof : " Dr. Workman comes of a worthy and illustrious 
 lineage. The Work mans of Ireland are descendants of an 
 English ancestor, the Rev. William W^orkman, of St. Stephen's 
 Church, Gloucester, England. He was deposed and excommuni- 
 cated, by Archbishop Laud, for having preached against the 
 setting up of images and pictures in churches. He had a num- 
 erous family. One of his sons, named William, joined the army 
 of Cromwell, and came over to Ireland with that king-killer. 
 As Cromv/ell was very liberal in rewarding his followers with 
 the goods of other people, William received in compensation for 
 his military services several tracts of land in the county of 
 Derry, not far from Coleraine. All the Workmans of Ireland, 
 Scotland, America and India are descended from this Puritan 
 soldier. They all have been of a migratory tendency. The 
 father of the late Dr. Wm. Workman, of Worcester, Mass., came 
 to New England, before the conquest of Canada by the British, 
 and fought at the siege of Ticonderoga. Joseph Workman, the 
 
670 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 father of the subject of our present memoir, was a native of 
 Moneymore, in the county of Derry. He, in company with an 
 elder brother named Benjamin, emigrated to the then new 
 United States soon after the close of the War of Independence 
 He resided for three years in Philadelphia, and then returned 
 to Ireland, where he married Catherine Gowdey, a girl of 
 Scotch descent. By her he had nine children, eight sons and 
 one daughter. Dr. Joseph Workman was the fourth of these 
 sons. He was born near the town of Lisburn, in the county of 
 Antrim, on the 26th of May, 1805. The eldest son, Benjamin, 
 came to Canada in 1819 ; the second son, Alexander, followed 
 in 1820 ; the three youngest, Samuel, Thomas and Matthew, 
 came in 1827, and the rest of the family, with father and 
 mother, in 1829. Only two of the sons now survive — Alex- 
 ander, aged 91, and Joseph, aged 84. The father died past 88, 
 and the mother past 102." 
 
 Dr. Workman was a student of medicine at Montreal during 
 the epidemic of cholera in both 1832 and 1834, and when he 
 completed his course at McGill College, in May, 1835, Asiatic 
 cholera was the subject of his thesis. Five days later, May 30, 
 he was married to Elizabeth Wasinge, daughter of an English 
 manufacture!- of cutlery, who had with his family come to 
 Canada in 1829. Mr. Wasinge had established his eldest son in 
 the hardware business, in Toronto, some time previous to 1835. 
 In March Mr. Wasinge died, and it became necessary for the 
 family to remove to Toronto to join the son. Dr. Workman 
 was unwilling to have his betrothed go away, and hence a 
 speedy marriage after he had obtained his degree of M.D. 
 
 Dr. Workman engaged in practice in Montreal, and continued 
 for about a year. During this year his brother-in-law in 
 Toronto met with an accident which resulted fatally. His 
 mother, Mrs. Wasinge, continued the business ; but, after a little, 
 from adverse circumstances, it became evident that assistance 
 was necessary to successfully carry it on. Dr. Workman hav- 
 ing learned the state of affairs, came to Toronto with the view 
 of putting matters right. But after a stay of five weeks, he 
 decided to forsake for a time his professional work, and engage 
 in business. He consequently removed his wife and infant 
 child to Toronto, and became a partner in the hardware busi- 
 
Biographical Sketches. 671 
 
 ness. Although not bred for a business life, his ability to adapt 
 himself to this calling, and achieve success, was soon apparent, 
 and for four years the business continued to grow under his 
 guiding mind. He then withdrew from the firm, and shortly 
 after entered into the same business in Toronto, with his brother 
 Samuel, who removed from Montreal. Six more years of his 
 life were thus passed, when in 1846, he relinquished business, 
 and returned to his first love. But Dr. Workman had never 
 intended to devote his whole life to business. The year after 
 his removal to Toronto (1887), he had procured his license to 
 practise in Upper Canada ; and all the time he had maintained 
 a pseudo connection with the profession by his writings, cor- 
 respondence and reading of medical literature. Meanwhile he 
 felt himself to be out of his natural element. He now resumed 
 his place in the profe><sion he loved, and in which, had he con- 
 tinued to follow it, in Montreal, he would already douV)tless 
 have secured a high position. While he was still in business, 
 that astute observer, Dr. Rolph, had discerned the buried talent, 
 and endeavoured to secure the services of Dr. Workman as a 
 lecturer in his rising school of medicine. But Dr. Workman 
 deemed it to be incongruous to deal in hardware and teach 
 medical .science at the same time, and therefore declined Dr. 
 Rolph 's invitation. When, however, he gave up business in 
 1846, he accepted the situation, and in the session of 1846-47, 
 he delivered his first course on Midwifery and Diseases of 
 Women and Children. He also began practice, and soon had a 
 fair amount of patronage. He not only attended to his practice 
 ' and delivered lectures (to prejiare which he often remained up 
 until two in the morning), but he was incessantly engaged in 
 writing for the secular press. He was, indeed, a regular con- 
 tributor to two papers. Needless to say, he wielded a keen 
 weapon against those to whom he was opposed publicly, and 
 was a tower of strength to the Reform party, of which he was 
 an ardent member. During the second or third year of his 
 connection with the Rolph School, he lectured, in addition to 
 Midwifery, on Materia Medica. The strength and aid afforded 
 by Dr. Workman had very much to do in making the Rolph 
 School so generally popular. 
 
 Dr. Workman continued in practice until 1854, also to lecture. 
 The writer attended the last two courses of his lectures. 
 
672 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 The establishment of the Toronto Lunatic Asylum has been 
 referred to in connection with Dr. Rees, and the circum. stances 
 attending his removal, as Superintendent. His successor was 
 Dr. Telfer, who, although not regularly commissioned, held the 
 position as temporary incumbent for three years, 1844 to 1847. 
 He wp'i followed by Dr. Parkes, who was Superintendent only 
 six or seven months, in 1848. Following him was the tempor- 
 ary appointment of Dr. Primrose, who held it for eleven months 
 (1848-49). Then Dr. Scott received the appointment, as regular 
 Superintendent, who continued in office until 1853. (See sketch 
 of Dr. John Scott.) To fill the position thus made vacant by 
 Dr. Scott's resignation, there was no little manoeuvring and 
 intrigue. Dr. Workman was meanwhile in temporary charge. 
 Candidates were called for by advertisement, both in Canada 
 and elsewhere, and there were many applicants. Dr. Rolph, 
 then an influential member of the Government, desired the 
 appointment of Dr. Workman. Lord Elgin, then Governor- 
 General, had a friend among the candidates, from his native 
 town, Dr. John Hunter Robinson, and sought his appointment. 
 But Dr. Workman was the choice by a large majority ; and in 
 July, 1854, he received his commission, and took up his residence 
 at the asylum. It is not our purpose to follow the subject of 
 this sketch during the years of his incumbency. The brilliant 
 record of his work in that connection is well known ; and some 
 future pen will doubtless give to the world a proper account of 
 his work. He retired from the position, July, 1875, to enjoy, 
 in comparative retirement, the close of a distinguished career. 
 
 The writer cannot close this sketch of an esteemed friend 
 without a personal reference. To him Dr. Workman has ever 
 been a kind friend, from the period he became a student at 
 Rolph's school to the present time. The lessons he learned 
 from Dr. Workman's lectures were of incalculable value during 
 the whole of his life as a practitioner. He does not forget the 
 kind words of Dr. Workman on the day he passed the Medical 
 Board. He is conscious of repeated kind acts of regard for 
 forty years. 
 
 Since the foregoing was written, the death of Dr. Workman 
 occurred died at his residence, 113 Mutual Street, Toronto, on 
 Sunday, April 15, 1894, in his eighty-ninth year. 
 
DR. HENRY H()\'KR VVRJOHT. 
 
BlOORAPHICAl, SKEtCHES. G73 
 
 Dr. Henry Hovkr Wright 
 
 A native Canadian, was l)()rn in Prince Edward ('ounty, 1816. 
 His father, David Wrigiit, also l)orn in Canada, was a pioneer 
 Methodist minister, being called to the work about 1820. He 
 was much beloved by his people wherever he went as an itiner- 
 ant minister of the Gospel. He had been a school teacher, and, 
 considering the meagre advantages at that time, had a fair edu- 
 cation. Henry Hover, as he grew up, had the benefit of his 
 father's knowledge, and this, with such schools as existed where 
 his father was stationed from year to year, formed the source 
 of his general education. 
 
 In 1832, he came to York to commence the study of medi- 
 cine with Dr. Rolph, and continued with him until Dr. Rolplv 
 went into exile in 1S87. Young Wright was no unimportant 
 actor on the occasion of Mackenzie's intended invasion of 
 Toronto. The sympathizers of Mackenzie in Toronto were 
 expecting the in.surgent forces to enter the place to take posses- 
 sion, and, when they failed to appear, Wright, who had just 
 arrived from Niagara, consented to go out on Yonge Street to 
 learn the cause of delay and carry a message to Mackenzie that 
 he was anxiously expected ; but he had no conception it all 
 meant rebellion. The task was duly accomplished, notwith- 
 standing some difficulties and danger. The particulars of this 
 excursion may be found in Dent's account of the " Upper 
 Canadian Rebellion," Vol. I., pages 76-78. As may be seen 
 elsewhere (page o95), Wright undoubtedly was the means of 
 preventing the arrest of Dr. Rolph by giving him timely warn- 
 ing of Dr. Morrison's arrest and in aiding him to leave Toronto. 
 Dent, in a foot-note respecting the messenger sent out by Dr. 
 Rolph, says : " The messenger was a young man named Henry 
 Hover Wright, who was then a medical student in the office 
 of Dr. Rolph, but who is now (1885), and for many years past 
 has been, one of the most eminent members of the medical pro- 
 fession in this country. Six months after Dr. Rolph 's departure 
 from Canada, young Wright followed him to Rochester, where 
 he was for some time an inmate of his house, and where he 
 pursued his studies under the Doctor's direction." 
 
 Dr. Wright obtained his license to practise through the Col- 
 
674 The Medical Profession in Upper Canada. 
 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Upper Canada, January 28, 
 1839. The record says he " passed a very satisfactory examina- 
 tion in all of his profession." 
 
 Dr. Wright practised first in Dundas and then in Markham 
 until about 1858, when he accepted a chair in Dr. Rolph's school. 
 The writer was present, as a student, at the first of his lectures. 
 Dr. Wright continued to be a lecturer from that time onward, 
 and finally filled acceptably the Chair of Medicine in the Medi- 
 cal Department of Toronto University up to a recent date. He 
 is not only known as a successful lecturer, but as a sound and 
 scientific practitioner. He has enjoyed a large share of patron- 
 age, and pursues his daily work with unabated vigour. 
 
 Dr. Wright was a member of the Council of the College of 
 •Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario for many years, and Presi- 
 dent of the College, 1886 and 1887. He was Chairman of the 
 Building Comi^ittee under whose directions the present local 
 habitation of the College was erected ; and the Registrar has 
 often been heard to remark that " if the building had been his 
 own private concern, Dr. Wright could not have manifested 
 greater care or expended more time in the supervision of the 
 work." He was also a member of the Public School Board for 
 many years, and Chairman of the Board. 
 
 Dr. Wright was married in 1848 to Maria Phoebe Zwick, 
 who died in November, 1893. 
 
 Dr. Wright's son, Frederick, entered the profession and 
 graduated at the University of Toronto, 1872. He afterwards 
 pursued his studies in Europe for two years. On returning, he 
 commenced practice in Toronto, and was appointed Lecturer in 
 Histology in the Toronto School of Medicine — a position he 
 held until his death, 1882. A daughter of Dr. Wright is the 
 wife of I. H. Cameron, Professor of Clinical Surgery in the 
 University of Toronto, .son of the late Sir Matthew Crooks 
 Cameron, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 Dr. Horatio Yates. 
 The following is taken from the Queen's College Journal : 
 " Dr. Horatio Yates, son of Dr. William Yates, of Sapperton, 
 Derbyshire, England, was born in 1821, in Otsego County, N.Y., 
 
BioGKAPHicAi, Sketches. 675 
 
 and came to an uncle in Kingston at twelve years of age. Five 
 years later he was articled to the late Dr. Simpson as a medical 
 student, attended the courses at the University in Philadelphia, 
 and took his degrees there in medicine in 1842. Thence he 
 went to London and spent a year at St. George's Hospital. 
 Since then he has been employed here in an active and success- 
 ful practice of his profe.ssion to the present time. He was much 
 devoted not only to .science, but to works of charity, and the 
 poor always received medical services and medicine at his hands 
 without stint. In 1854, he undertook a reform of the Kingston 
 Hospital, which had become completely demoralized. He found, 
 on his return to Kingston after a long absence from sickne-ss, 
 the building in a state of complete dilapidation, the fences gone 
 and the little remaining furniture utterly worthless. The 
 wards contained less than a dozen patients, and the inedical 
 services performed by an inexperienced young man at a petty 
 salary. The hospital was being managed by a committee of 
 the City Council, good men in their way, but who knew nothing 
 and cared less for hospital work. In order to achieve his pur- 
 pose, he became a city alderman, was placed on the Hospital 
 Committee, and soon .assumed full charge, medical and tinancial, 
 assisted by Drs. Dickson and Strange, who cordially co-operated 
 in the work. His first act was to advance from his own pocket 
 many hundred dollars to pay off executions against the hospital 
 and to purchase necessary supplies ; next he sought and obtained 
 a new charter, which he himself had drawn up, placing the char- 
 ter in the hands of life governors and a few ex-officio governors. 
 The new board relieved him of personal supervision, and has to 
 this day managed the hospital with great success. He was for 
 years chairman of the board. In the establishment of the 
 Medical Faculty of Queen's University, in 1844, he took an 
 active part, and chose for himself the chair of Science and Prac- 
 tice of Medicine. Until the change to the Royal College he had 
 for some time been Dean of the Faculty. In the fall of 1873, 
 he was appointed Surgeon in " A" Battery." 
 
 Dr. Yates married Jane, third daughter of the Rev. Joseph 
 Bower, of Cheshire, England, September 8, 1846. His final 
 illness was very short, as he lived only a few days after having 
 been taken ill with pneumonia. His genial social qualities, 
 
670 Thk Medical t^RoKtcssloN in (Jpper CxNAhA. 
 
 combined with iiiucli ability, had made him very popular, ami 
 he will long bo inisMed in his chosen city. 
 
 Dr. Octaviuh Yates, brother of the above, was M.l). Univer- 
 sity Queen's Collenfe, Kingston, 1856. He practised in King- 
 ston also. Was Surgeon to the Kingston Hospital. He died, 
 November, 1876. 
 
 Dr. Horace Yeomans, 
 
 Born ut Colchester, Conn., U.S., September 27, 1789, came to 
 Canada in 1805. Taught school for three years, and studied 
 medicine at the .same time ; but during the period he attended 
 a course of lectures at a college in New York State. After 
 his marriage, in 1808, to Laura Fitch, of Edmonston, N.Y., he 
 came to Waterloo, now Cataraqui, and commenced practice. 
 Here he continued until his death, in September, 1854, at the 
 age of 66, That he was well up in his profession, and remained 
 so, is manifest from the fact that in 1823 he pas.sed his exam- 
 ination before the Medical Board. 
 
 Like all the doctors at that period, he travelled the country 
 on horseback. His field of practice was extensive — from Nap- 
 anee on the west, and from Bath north to Sydenham. His 
 practice was large and, in the end, remunerative, as he acquired 
 considerable property. 
 
 Dr. Horace Yeomans had no children, but adopted his nephew, 
 David P. Yeomans, and had him educated for the medical pro- 
 fession. In like manner the uncle provided for the son of 
 David P., the present well-known Dr H. P. Yeomans, of Mount 
 Forest, who has done such excellent work in connection with 
 education and public health. He has now his uncle's copy of 
 Cullen's " Practice of Medicine," which was his text-book. 
 
 Dr. Horace Yeomans was an intimate friend of Dr. Sampson, 
 of Kingston, who " seemed to have a warm heart towards him." 
 
 Dr. David P. Yeomans, 
 
 Nephew of Dr. Horace Yeomans, and father of Dr. Yeomans, of 
 Mount Forest, by whom he was adopted and educated, gradu- 
 ated in Arts at Williams' College, Mass., U.S., in 1837. Some 
 
Biographical Sketcheh. 677 
 
 time after, he succeeded the subsequently famous surgeon, 
 Samuel D. Gross, of Philadelphia, as Professor of Chemistry at 
 Lafayette College, Pennsylvania. In 1847, having resigned 
 this position, he came to Canada at the request of his uncle, 
 who desired that he should succeed him in his practice. Before 
 settling down to practice, \>c. I). P. Yeomans attended a course 
 of lectures at McGill College, and procured his license to prac- 
 tise in Upper Canada. 
 
 Dr. D. P. Yeomans wa.s married in I81i9, and had three sons 
 and three daughters. The eldest son was Dr. H. P. Yeomans, 
 the next, John, is a druggist, and the third, George A., is a 
 Presbyterian clergyman. 
 
 It is with deep regret the following obituary notice is atlded, 
 taken from the Canadian Practitioner, January, 1890: 
 
 " It was a great shock to the many friends of Dr. H. P. Yeo- 
 mans to hear of his death at his home in Mount Forest, Decem- 
 ber 22nd, at the age of 49. He was a graduate in Arts and 
 Medicine of the University of Queen's College, taking the degree 
 of M.D. in 1863. He was a man of more than ordinary ability, 
 education and culture, and was highly respected by the profes- 
 sion generally, and greatly beloved by those who knew him 
 intimately. He was a member of the Provincial Board of 
 Health since its formation, seven years ago." 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Albert, Sol., 36. 
 
 Armour, Robert, 16. 
 
 Austin, Charles, 15. 
 
 Baby, Francois, 13. 
 
 Baldwin, VV. VV., 24. 
 
 Blake, Charles, 15. 
 
 British American Refugees, 9. 
 
 Burk, Pat., 15. 
 
 Burns, David, 15. 
 
 Caldwell, Henry, 13. 
 
 Canadian Practitioners (1815), 25. 
 
 Charms, Magic, 23. 
 
 Collins, John, 13. 
 
 Connor, James, 15. 
 
 DeCourcy, John, 15. 
 
 De Lanaudiere, Charles, 13. 
 
 Delery, J. G. C, 13. 
 
 Dorchester, Lord, 13, 18. 
 
 Dunn, Thos., 13. 
 
 Dupre, L. C, 13. 
 
 Finlay, Hugh. 13. 
 
 Fort Frontenait. !(. 
 
 Freedling, J., 26. 
 
 (lamble, John, 15. 
 
 Gould, Mrs. John. 28. 
 
 (Jourlay, Robert, 26. 
 
 Grant, VVm., 13. 
 
 Guthrie, Robert, 15. 
 
 Harrison, Kdward, 13. 
 
 Hesse Settlement, 1 3. 
 
 Hunter, Peter, 23. 
 
 Johnson, John, Sir, 13, 18. 
 
 Jones, Solomon, 14. 
 
 Kerr, Robert, 1 1. 
 
 Kingston Ho.spital, !8. 
 
 Latham, Mr., 10. 
 
 LeMaitre, Captain, IS. 
 
 Loyalists, Settlements of, 10. 
 
 Lunenburg Settlement, 13. 
 
 .\Iabane, .Adam, 13. 
 
 Macaulay, James, 15, 22, 24. 
 
 Magic Charms, 23. 
 
 McAulay, James, 15. 
 
 Mecklenburg Settlement, 13. 
 
 Medical Act (1815), 36. 
 
 Medical Men in U. C. (1816), 32. 
 
 Miles, Mr., 34. 
 
 Muirhead, James, 11, 15. 
 
 Nassau Settlement, 13. 
 
 Navy Hall, Newark, 19. 
 
 Practice of Medicine, First Acts, 16, 
 
 19. 
 Porter, Park, Captain, 18. 
 Powell, George, 13. 
 Reckoner's Remarks, 26. 
 Refugees, British American, 9. 
 Repea". Medical Act (1815), 36. 
 Rochefoucault, Duke, 19, 22, 23. 
 Rush, Surgeon-General, 24. 
 Sabine (Historian), 12. 
 Scott, James, 35, 36. 
 Settlements, Loyalists', 10. 
 Settlements, Upper Canada, 13. 
 Simcoe, John<i., 18, 19. 
 Smith, Dr., 24. 
 Smith, William How, 13. 
 Smythe, George, 15. 
 Sparham, Dr., 15. 
 Strachan, Bishop, 26. 
 Stuart, James, 15. 
 Sumner, Dr., 24. 
 Tory Barristers, 12. 
 Tory Doctors, 12. 
 Tory Ministers, 12. 
 U. E. Loyalists, 12, 13. 
 Upper Canada District, Autonomy of, 
 
 18. 
 Upper Canada, First Parliament of , 18. 
 Upper Canada, Loyal and Patriotic 
 
 Society of, 29. 
 Upper Canada, Medical Men in (1815), 
 
 32. 
 Upper Canada, Population of, 18. 
 Uppir Canada Settlements, 13. 
 Walker, James, 15. 
 White, John, 22. 
 Williams, J., 14, 15. 
 Wolfe, General, 9. 
 Wright, Thomas, 15. 
 York General Hospital, 29, 30. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 679 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Aberdeen, Robert. 75. 
 Adams, George, 51. 
 Adams, William, 134. 
 Adamson, -J., 48. 
 Adamaon, -James, 214. 
 Adamson, William, 105. 
 Aikens, W. T., 205. 
 Allison, William, 79, 21.->. 
 Alison, William P., 162. 
 AUanby, John, 1.%. 
 Allan, William, 41. 
 Allen, W. C, 198. 
 Alward, Reuben, 52. 
 Anderson, John, 63. 
 Armstrong, E. W., 40. 
 Armstrong, Francis, 195). 
 Arthur, George, Sir, 106. 
 Atkinson, James, 192. 
 Askin, C. S., 205. 
 Austin, Andrew, 49. 
 Avery, Steve W., 51. 
 Aylsworth, I. B., 79. 
 Badger, Will L., 78. 
 
 Badgley, Dr., 2(»7. 
 
 Bagot, Charles, Sir, Memorial from 
 Medical Board, 175. 
 
 Baker, (George, 42. 
 
 Baldwin, R., 194, 195, 216. 
 
 Baldwin, W. W., Dr., 4.5, 216. 
 
 Ball, Isaac, 46. 
 
 Barber, Stephen, 49. 
 
 Barnhart, John, 78, 215. 
 
 Bathron, John, 46. 
 
 Beamish, William, 57. 
 
 Beard, G. L., 192. 
 
 Beatty, John, 76. 
 
 Beaumont, W. B., 183, 216. 
 
 Beaven, J., Rev., 183. 
 
 Beckett & Vo., Joseph, 139. 
 
 Beedle, Chancy, 47. 
 
 Bell, Nathaniel, 39. 
 
 Benefactors to Trinity College, 212. 
 
 Bertrand, John, 48. 
 
 Bethune, Norman, 207, 209. 
 
 Bewneau, Dr., 54. 
 
 Billings, Wm. Lockton, 182. 
 
 Bird, (i. G., 105. 
 
 Black, David M.. 60. 
 
 Black, Thomas, .w. 
 
 Black & Armstrong, 134. 
 
 Black well, John H., 77. 
 
 Bradley, 1). R., 134. 
 
 Blake, Dr., Prof., 183. 
 
 Board of Health, London, 76. 
 
 Board of Health, St. Thomas, 79. 
 
 Boot, Joseph, 47. 
 
 Borland, Andrew, 46. 
 
 Boulton, Henry T., 65. 
 
 BoveH, James, 209. 
 
 Bowman, D., oJ: 
 
 Boys, Henry, 141, 160, 216. 
 Brenaird, D., 39. 
 Brent, J. W., 139. 
 Brown, George, 200. 
 Brown, J. G. , 199. 
 Bruce, William, 52. 
 Bui'gess, William, 145. 
 Burnham, George, 105. 
 Burnside, Alexander, 48, 134. 
 Burritt, Walter H. , 79. 
 Burton, J. K. . 85. 
 Butler, J. C, 199. 
 Cairns, James, 59. 
 Caldwell, Dr., 54. 
 Cameron, Charles, 199. 
 Cameron, Francis, 78. 
 Cameron, J. H., 212. 
 Campbell, Dr., 54. 
 Campbell, James, 89, 134, 1.%. 
 Campbell, Matthew, 85. 
 Carfrae, Thomas, 81. 
 
 Garr, (ieorge, 214. 
 
 Catholic Orphan Asylum, 214. 
 
 Cattermole, James, 61. 
 
 Chamberlain, Thos., 89. 
 
 Cholera (1834), 79. 
 
 Christison, Robert, 161. 
 
 Church, Basil R., 56. 
 
 Clark, Edw. , 205. 
 
 Clark, .loseph, 79. 
 
 Clark, William, 111. 
 
 Clarke, John, 198. 
 
 Clarke, R. Whichelo. 
 
 Clarke, William, 144, ITiO. 
 
 Clement, Lewis, 18. 
 
 CoH-t, John, 4". 
 
 Cockcroft, R. L., 4-J. 
 
 Coho, N., 47. 
 
 Colborne, John, Sir, 91, 98, 116. 
 
 (/olenian, James, 53. 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
 Upper Canada, 112, 113. 
 
 College of Pliysicimis and Surgeons 
 Disallowance .Act of Incorpora- 
 tion, 14,5. 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
 Upper Canada, Last Meeting of, 
 I 166. 
 
 I College of Physicians, Registrar of, 38. 
 I College of Surgeons, Registrar of, 3S. 
 j C^ommission Appointing New Medical 
 1 Board (1841), 167. 
 
 (jonnnission. New, to .Medical Board. 
 106, KIS. 
 
 Commission to Lunatic Asylum, 142. 
 
 Converse, K. L. , .V2. 
 
 Cook, Kph., 59. 
 
 Cooke, Silas W.. 182. 
 Cornell, .lohn, -18. 
 Cory, Beujamin S., 57. 
 
680 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cory, David, 76. 
 
 Cotter, G. C. , 206. 
 
 Coucher, K., 141. 
 
 Craigie, David, 178. 
 
 Craigie, Wm., 79. 
 
 Crawford, Dr., .)4. 
 
 Crew, Dr., 191, 215. 
 
 Croft, Prof., 183. 
 
 Croinbie, J., 21.5. 
 
 Oouse, J, B., 56. 
 
 Cruiiibie, John, 56. 
 
 Cuddy, William Henry, 151. 
 
 Curlet, J. F., 206. 
 
 Daily, John P., 55. 
 
 Dalton, William Henry, 1.35. 
 
 Daly, D., 193, 202. 
 
 Dancey, Edward, 173. 
 
 Darling, Paul, 75. 
 
 Delhi, Peter, 56 216. 
 
 De La Hooke, J. A , 124, 178. 
 
 Dewson, Alfred, 79. 
 
 Dickey, Ben., 196, 215. 
 
 Dickson, John R , 150, 177. 
 
 Disallowance of .Act of Incorporation 
 of College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, 145. 
 
 Dixie, Bowen, 177. 
 
 Draper, William H., 196. 
 
 Duggan, Thomas, 76. 
 
 Duncombe, Charles, 60, 216. 
 
 Duncombe, D., 55. 
 
 Duncombe, Klijah E., 59. 
 
 Duncomb, I., 199. 
 
 Dunscombe, Charles, 40. 
 
 Dunham, (leorge, 75. 
 
 Durie, 113, 216. 
 
 Egan, Dr., 89. 
 
 Elgin, Lord, 190. 
 
 Ellis, Francis, 55. 
 
 Establishment of First Medical Board 
 in Upper Canada, 183. 
 
 Evatt, William H., 161. 
 
 Every, Eben., 47. 
 
 Ewart, John, 215. 
 
 Ewing, 129. 
 
 Examination for Pensions, 44. 
 
 Fairfield, James. 55. 
 
 Fairfield, J. K., 79. 
 
 Fanceuf, A., 198. 
 
 Farrer, David, 203. 
 
 Ferguson, T. N., 205. 
 
 Ferris, William, 78. 
 
 Fiddler, Isaac, 69. 
 
 Fidlar, Joseph, 203. 
 
 Finlayson, John, 79. 
 
 FitzGibbon, Lieutenant, 50. 
 
 Flynn, John, 75. 
 
 Foot, Jonathan, 58. 
 
 Fortier, James, 75. 
 
 Eraser, Dr., 182. 
 
 Fraser, John, 182. 
 
 Galbraith, David, 79. 
 
 j Gamble, Clarke, 215. 
 j George, James, 78. 
 I Gilbert, Hiram U. , 60. 
 I Gilchrist, James E., 60. 
 i Gilchrist, John, 39. 
 j Gilchrist, Matthew, 51. 
 I Gilchrist, Sam., .51. 
 I Gilmour, Robert, 57. 
 I (Jivins, G. E., 169, 173. 
 
 Glasguens, M. C, 145. 
 
 < Jodfrey, Dr. , 203. 
 
 Going, Henry G., 206 
 
 lioodhue, Josiah C, .16. 
 
 Goodman, Henry Riggs, 177. 
 
 Gordon, James, Captain, 47. 
 
 Grant, John, 59. 
 
 Grasett, George R., 106, 216. 
 
 Grasett, H. J., Rev., '208. 
 
 Gravely & Jackson, 139. 
 
 Gross, Pitkin, 40. 
 
 Gunn, John, 192. 
 
 Gurnett, (jeorge, 81. 
 ! Gutherie, Ansalon, 40. 
 I G Wynne, W. C, 88,216. 
 
 Hagarty, J. H., 212. 
 , Hall, Cyrenus, 85. 
 I Hall, Dr., 54. 
 i Hallowell, Dr., 207. 
 I Hamilton, John, 194. 
 
 Hamilton, Joseph, 191, 216. 
 i Hamilton, R. D., 113, 126, 216. 
 
 Hanson, Henry, 192. 
 
 Hardy, M., 199 
 < Harnley, 88. 
 I Harrison, S. B.. 129, 216. 
 
 Haivey, Alexander, 205. 
 
 Harvey, John, 196. 
 I Hastings, H. C. 205. 
 
 Head, F. B., Sir. 83, 
 i Henry, W. , 67. 
 
 Henwood, Edwin, 177, 216. 
 I Henwood, Reginald, 192. 
 
 Herod, George, 199. 
 
 Herrick, George, 120, 124, 216. 
 
 Heydon, Anson, 40. 
 : Higgins, William, I3ti. 
 
 Hillier, George, 44. 
 
 Hipkins, Edward, 204. 
 
 Hodder, E. M., Dr., 209. 
 
 Holden, Rufus, 1.39. 
 
 Holmes, Andrew F., 53. 
 
 Holmes, George, 203. 
 
 Holywell, Thomas, 191. 
 
 Hope, William, 105. 
 
 Hopkirk, Secretary, 148, 171, 177,216. 
 
 Hornby, Dr., 84, 174, 216. 
 
 Home, Robert C., 50, 88. 
 
 House of Industry, Toronto, 214. 
 
 Howard, W. W., 57. 
 
 Hull, Richard, 46. 
 
 Hunter, James, 52, 183. 
 
 dunter, John W., 112. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 {)H\ 
 
 Hunter, R., 200, 201. 
 
 Hutchinson, George, 46. 
 
 Hutchison, -Tohn, 56. 
 
 Jackes, A., 20."). 
 
 Jane, U. A., 214. 
 
 Jarron, John, 79. 
 
 Jessup, H. 1)., n(i. 
 
 Johnson, William, 205. 
 
 Jones, Charles, 191. 
 
 Joseph, J., 84. 
 
 Keefer, Charles, 198. 
 
 Kellogg, Jabez, 52. 
 
 Kenady, Andrew, 47. 
 
 Keogh, John, 63. 
 
 Kerr, Robert, 19. 
 
 Keyes, Flint L., 79. 
 
 King, John, 60, 216. 
 
 King, Salmon, 40. 
 
 King's Collej;e, 89, 189. 
 
 King's College, Professors of (1843), 
 
 188. 
 Kirby, James, 50. 
 Kirby, John, 190. 
 Kirk Patrick, Ensign, 50. 
 Klinckhardt, Edward, 79. 
 Knight, Samuel S., 78. 
 Latld, Anson, 40. 
 Langstaif, J. , 205. 
 Larocque, A. B. , 198. 
 Last Meeting of College of Physicians 
 
 and Surgeons, Upper Canada, 166. 
 Latham, Dr., 84, 216. 
 Latour, P. H., 198. 
 Laughton, William, 46. 
 Lay ton. Dr., 182. 
 Lee, A. L., 62. 
 Lee, W., 45. 
 Legislative AsBembly, Petition to 
 
 (1840), 137. 
 Leonard, John W., 57. 
 r^ieslie Brothers, 139. 
 Lester, A., 47. 
 Lester, Joseph, 59. 
 Libela on Medical Board, 203. 
 London Board of Health, 76. 
 Long, Joseph, 50. 
 Long, M. G., 19'- 
 Lord, Henry, 196. 
 Lovell, J., 83. 
 
 Lunatic Asylum, Site for, 143. 
 /Lyons, William, 39, 
 Lyons, W. M., 206. 
 Macaulay, James, 39. 
 Macaulay, James, 52, 118. 
 Maclntyre, Daniel, 85. 
 Mack, Theo., 182. 
 Macklem, Thomas C, 192. 
 MacQueen, T. F., 55. 
 Mainwaring, Xat. E., 182. 
 Maitland, Peregrine, Sir, 53. 
 Major, Thomas, 47. 
 Martin, Charles, 41. 
 44 
 
 Maternity Lying-in Hospital, 214. 
 
 Meade, Henry, 51). 
 
 Meagher, James, 85. 
 
 Medical Board (1822), 49. 
 
 Mid ical Board (1850), 21.'<. 
 
 Medical Board Address to Sir (Jeorge 
 
 Arthur, 115, 148. 
 Medical Board Created, 38. 
 Medical Board, Dissatisfaction with, 
 
 82. 
 Medical Board, First Meeting, 38. 
 Medical Board, Libels on, 203. 
 Medical Board, Memorial to Sir Chiis. 
 
 Bagot, 175. 
 Medical Board Subjects of Examina- 
 tion, 170. 
 Medico-Chirurgical Society of Uppt-r 
 
 Canada, 77, 164. 
 Medical Committee's Report on Disal 
 
 lowance of Act of Incorporation, 
 
 151, 160, 167. 
 Medical Education, 86. 
 Medical Faculty, Recommendation to 
 
 form, 94, 104. 
 Medical Practitioners in Toronto (1850), 
 
 213. 
 Medical Profession, State of, 213. 
 Medical School, Fir&t Establishment 
 
 of, in Upper Canada, 183. 
 Medical School of Lower Canada, 53. 
 Medical School of Trinity College, 206. 
 Medical Students' Act, Trinity Colleg*-, 
 
 212. 
 Medical Tariff (1839), 111. 
 Melville, Dr., 207, 209. 
 Mtredith, E. A., 2(i.3. 
 Merrick. Marcus, 57. 
 Mewburn, F. C, 111. 
 Middleton, W. (i., 205. 
 Millar, Angus, 40. 
 Millar, James, 77. 
 Mitchell, James, 85. 
 Mitchell, .John, 48. 
 MofiFatt, John, 199. 
 Montgomery, J. C, 198. 
 Moore, Thomas, 55, 190. 
 Morris, William, Hon., 127. 
 Morrison, J. 1),, 51, 81, SS. 
 Morton, Anthony, 41. 
 Mudge, Elijah, 47. 
 Mudge, Zachaviah, 59. 
 Mullen, R., 205. 
 Mulock. T. H., 135. 
 Murdock, T. W. C, 138, 146. 
 Murphy, Robert, 75. 
 McBian, F., 48. 
 McCague, .lames, 55. 
 McCargow, William, 182. 
 McGarry, Patrick, 78. 
 McCarth* , James, 145. 
 McCash, Robert, 79. 
 McCaiil, John, 128, 216. 
 
G82 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mc(Josker, Charles, 85. 
 
 McCuUough, Dr., 54. 
 
 McCuUouch, Robert, 173. 
 
 McDougaf, Alexander, 199. 
 
 McDougal, Angus, 48. 
 
 McDougal, Daniel, 45. 
 
 McDougal, Peter, 47. 
 
 McDonald, Roderick, 79. 
 
 McGittis, Donald, 59. 
 
 McGregor, James, Sir, 126, 139. 
 
 McGregor, Lieutenant, 52. 
 
 McKenan, Charles, 47. 
 
 McKenzie, Dr., 206. 
 
 McLean, Robert, 89. 
 
 McMahoD, Edw.,45. 
 
 McMahon, William, 56. 
 
 McNaughton, Robert, 48. 
 
 McVherson, William, 128. 
 
 Nation, John, 205. 
 
 Nesbitt, Murray, 60. 
 
 New Commission appointing Medical 
 Board (1841), 172. 
 
 Nichol, James, 195. 
 
 Nicol, W. B., 85, 216. 
 
 Officers of Trinity College, 211. 
 
 Ogden, C. R., 198. 
 
 Ogden, U., 205. 
 
 Orr, Joseph O., 173. 
 
 O'Brien, Lucius J., 85, 216. 
 
 O'Reilly, Gerald, 79. 
 
 Paget, Edward, 188. 
 
 Park, G. H., 77. 
 
 Pass, Archibald, 134, 145. 
 
 I'atterson, Arthur, 82. 
 
 Peck, C. H., 139. 
 
 Pensions, Examinations, 44. 
 
 Peiks, George, 205. 
 
 Perry, Egerton, 205. 
 
 Petition to Legislative Assembly ( 1 840), 
 137. 
 
 Phelan, John, 203. 
 
 Philip, John Roy, 199. 
 
 Philips, Dr., 206. 
 
 Porter, F. W., 63, 215. 
 
 Potter, Professor, 183, 216. 
 
 Powell, Grant, 39, 216. 
 
 Powers, Jabez P., 59. 
 
 Powell, James W., 78. 
 
 President King's College to President 
 College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons of Upper Canada, Report, 
 120, 129. 
 
 Primrose, F. S., 78. 
 
 Proceedings of Medical Board, 38. 
 
 Professors of King's College (1843), 
 188. 
 
 Provincial Lunatic Asylum, 142, 213. 
 
 Provincial Lying-in Hospital, 214. 
 
 Pruyn, Abraham V. V., 59. 
 
 Pugh, Fred., 191. 
 
 Quackery and Radicalism, 111. 
 
 Quackery in Upper Canada, 68, 111. 
 
 Racey, Dr., 54. 
 
 Randolph, Samuel, 48, 
 
 Rankin, George C, 56. 
 
 Rankin, J. E., 56. 
 
 Rees, \VilIiam, 57, 88. 
 
 Reid, John, 163, 195. 
 
 Report from President King's College 
 to President of College of^ Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons of Upper Can- 
 ada, 120, 129. 
 
 Richardson, J. H., 188. 
 
 Richardson, Samudt, 79. 
 
 Riddle, F., 50 
 
 Ridley, (i. N., 88, 106. 
 
 Ridout, Percival, 215. 
 
 Robertson, Dr., .')4. 
 
 Robinson, Alexander, 140. 
 
 Robinson, Thomas W., 76. 
 
 Rolls, Charles, 77. 
 
 Rolls, Henry, 84, 118. 
 
 Rolph, John, 60, 216. 
 
 Rolph, Thos, 142. 
 
 Rose, William N., 128. 
 
 Ross, Harvey, 105. 
 
 Ross, William Nicholson, 125. 
 
 Ryan, John, 47, 76, 10.'). 
 
 Ryerson, George, Lieutenant, 47. 
 
 Ruttan, Henry, 47. 
 
 Sails, Anthony, 49. 
 
 Salmon, James, 196. 
 
 Sampson, Dr., 105. 
 
 Samson, James, 47. 
 
 Scadding, H., Rev., 41. 
 
 Scanlan, David, 59. 
 
 Schofield, Peter, 56. 
 
 Schumiter, H. 203. 
 
 Scott, William, 203. 
 
 Scott, William J., 78. 
 
 Seacord, James, Captain, 49. 
 
 Sea cord, Laura, 50, 
 
 Seager, Samuel, 199. 
 
 Sewell, Dr., 54. 
 
 Sewell, S. E., 198. 
 
 Shephard, Joseph, 16. 
 
 Sherley, Thomas, 162, 16.S. 
 
 Sherwood, Henry, 113, 128, 216. 
 
 Shortt, John, 115, 216. 
 
 Simons, P. G., Major, 45. 
 
 Skey, Joseph, 126, 216. 
 
 Skinner, Jiva, 57. 
 
 Smith, Alexander, 126, 136, 216. 
 
 Smith, Elias B., :>9. 
 
 Smith, George, 177. 
 
 Smith, Hermanns, 40. 
 
 Smith, Jacob, 47. 
 
 Smith, W. M., 106. 
 
 Snider, Jacob, 46. 
 
 Southwick, George, 79. 
 
 SpaflFord, K. G., 161, 163. 
 
 Spinard, Charles, 55. 
 
 State of Medical Profession (1850), 
 213. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 683 
 
 Stevenson, Dr., 'A. i 
 
 Stewart, Daniel, 48. j 
 
 Stewart, James, 173. | 
 
 Stewart, John, 139. 
 
 Stewart, Robert, 63. 
 
 Stimson, Elam, 51, 
 
 Stoddart, John, 63. 
 
 Stotes, W. T., 48. 
 
 Strachan, Bishop, 53, 183. 
 
 Stratford, John, 76,216. 
 
 Stuart, James, Sir, 198. 
 
 Stull, Adam, H], 
 
 Subjects of Examination by Medical 
 
 Board, 170. 
 Sullivan Henry, 117, 136, 140, 216. 
 Sullivan, T. B., 81. 
 Sydenham, Lord, 167, 168. 
 Tariff, Medical (1839^ 111. 
 Taylor, William, 79. 
 Telfer, Walter, 63, 216. 
 Tempest, William, 190. 
 Thistle, William, 135, 
 Thomas, J. S., 39. 
 
 Thompson, John, 56. j 
 
 Thompson, Samuel, 71, 75. 
 Throckmorton, S., 42. 
 Tiffany, Oliver G. , 47. 
 Tims, John E., 55. 
 Toronto Board of Health, 80. 
 Toronto Eye Infirmary, 213. 
 Toronto General Dispensary, 214. 
 Toronto General Hospital, 138, 213. 
 Toronto School of Medicine, 213. 
 Trenor, Patrick, 177. 
 Trinity College Benefactors, 212. 
 Trinity College First Medical Act, 212. 
 Trinity College Medical School, 206. 
 Trinity College, Officers of, 211. 
 Trunners, Richard W., 191. 
 Turquand, John, 89, 117, 136, 140, 
 
 216. 
 Tuton, Richard, 139. 
 University of Toronto, 214. 
 University Fees, Scale of, 185. 
 
 Upper Canada College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons, 112, 113. 
 
 Upper Canada Oazette, 123. 
 
 Upper Canada MedicoChirurgical So- 
 ciety, 77, 164. 
 
 Upper Canada School of Medicine, 
 213. 
 
 Upton, George Graham, 126. 
 
 Vanderpoel, John, 43. 
 
 Vandyck, Andrew, 55. 
 
 Vandyck, Steve H. , 56. 
 
 Van Koughnet, P. M., 212. 
 
 Van Volkenbergh, David, 83. 
 
 Vervay, Joseph A., 190. 
 
 Walton, Benjamin, 57. 
 
 Warmer, Z., 48. 
 
 Wasbrick, J. C, 205. 
 
 Webb, John, Sir. 139, 151. 
 
 Weeks, Hiram, 42. 
 
 IVfHtern Mercury, 68. 
 
 Whiting, James A., 199. 
 
 Whitman, Marcus, .")G. 
 
 Widmer, Christopher, .39, 216. 
 
 Wilkinson, F. S., 79-9."). 
 
 WMUiams, Adolph., 77. 
 
 Wilson, Beaumont, 177. 
 
 Wilson, Daniel, 206. 
 
 Wilson, J., 119, 123, 216. 
 
 Wilson, W. H., 203. 
 
 Winder, 84. 
 
 Wolverton, Allan J^., 173. 
 
 Wolverton, Jonathan, 77. 
 
 Woodrufl", Samuel, 51. 
 
 Woolbank, S. S., 205. 
 
 Wright, Henry Hover, 114. 
 
 Wright, William Case, 205. 
 
 Wylie, Alexander, 55. 
 
 Yates, Horatio, 177. 
 
 Yeomans, D. P., 198. 
 
 Yeomans, Horace, 40. 
 
 York Dispensary Established, 71. 
 
 York Hospital, 41, 70. 
 
 York, Silas v., 60. 
 
 York Students' Medical Society, 71. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Adamson, Alfred, 217. 
 Adamson, James, 217. 
 Adamson, Joseph, 217. 
 Adamson, Peter, 317. 
 Adamson, William, 217. 
 Allen, Henry S., 221. 
 Allen, James Young, 218, 
 Allison, William, 218. 
 Ardagh, Henry Hatton, 223. 
 Ardagh, John, 221. 
 Ardagh, John Russell, 222. 
 Ardagh, Johnson Arthur, 222. 
 Ardagh, S. B., 221. 
 Armstrong, Edward W^., 223. 
 
 Armstrong, James Rogers, 223. 
 Arnoldi, Daniel, .331. 
 Askins, Chas. James Stewart, 224. 
 Austin, Andrew, 224. 
 Aylsworth, Isaac Brock, 225. 
 Bagot, Charles, Sir, 406. 
 Baker, George, 226 
 Baker, George William, .308. 
 Baldwin, /Emilius, 237. 
 Baldwin, Augustus W., 227. 
 Baldwin, Edward, 227. 
 Baldwin, E. St. George, 227, 237. 
 Baldwin, H. G., 227. 
 Baldwin, H. St. (George, 237. 
 
684 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Baldwin, HeDiy Yarwood, 2.')ti. 
 
 Baldwin, Jatnea B., 237- 
 
 Baldwin, John Spread, 237. 
 
 Baldwin, Rev. Canon, 237- 
 
 Baldwin, Robert, 235. 
 
 Baldwin, R. Russell, 237. 
 
 Baldwin, Robert \V., 236. 
 
 Baldwin, VV. Augustus (2nd), '237. 
 
 Baldwin, William W., 227, 237. 
 
 Barker, E. J., 237. 
 
 Barker's Cnnailian Maijozhie, 238. 
 
 Barnhart, John, 240. 
 
 Bartlett William, 322. 
 
 Beadle, Chauncey, 245. 
 
 Beatty, John, 241. 
 
 Beatty, Rev. John, 268. 
 
 Beaumont, William Rawlins, 242. 
 
 Bell, Abraham, 250. 
 
 Bell, Nathaniel, 246. 
 
 Bell, William, 250. 
 Benson, James, 342. 
 
 Berny, Dr., 252. 
 
 Beswick, Christopher, 252. 
 
 Beswick, Dr., 251. 
 
 Bethune, Alexander NicI, 251. 
 
 Bethune, Angus Norman, 2.50. 
 
 Bethune, John, 250, 251. 
 
 Bethune, Norman, 250. 
 
 Biblical Temperance, 504. 
 
 Billings, William Lookton, 253. 
 
 Bird, Charles, 255. 
 
 Bird, George Gwynne, 254. 
 
 Blackwell, John Harrison, 256. 
 
 Boswell, R., 390. 
 
 Boucher, Dr., 271. 
 
 Boulton, Major R. K., 430. 
 
 Bovell, James, 257. 
 
 Bovell, John, 257. 
 
 Boyd, J. R. Shields, 236. 
 
 Boys, Henry, 259. 
 
 Boys, Henry R. A. , 260. 
 
 Boys, Mrs., 260. 
 
 Boys, Thomas Tambs, 260. 
 
 Boys, William, 259. 
 
 Boys, William Fuller Alvos, 260. 
 
 Bradley, Dennis Robert, 256. 
 
 Breckenridge, Mrs., 229. 
 
 Brough, Mrs. €., 381. 
 
 Brown, W. R, 241. 
 
 Browse, Jacob, 262. 
 
 Browse, William Henry, 262. 
 
 Buchanan, Charles William, 263. 
 
 Buchanan, Ogle R., 264. 
 
 Bull, Bart, 268. 
 
 Bull, Edward, 267. 
 
 Bull, Frank, 26S. 
 
 Bull, John P., 268. 
 
 Bull, Thomas H., 268. 
 
 Burnham, Asa, 270. 
 
 Burnham, George, 269. 
 
 Burnham, G. Herbert, 271. 
 
 Burnham, Hampden, 271. 
 
 Burnham, Zaccheus, 270. 
 
 Burns, David, 271. 
 
 Burns, K. F., 435. 
 
 Burnside, Alexander, 273. 
 
 Burritt, Horatio, 274. 
 
 Burritt, Horatio Charles, 275. 
 
 Burritt, Stephen, 274. 
 
 Burritt, William. 
 
 Caldwell, W., Dr., 335. 
 
 Cameron, I. H , 674. 
 
 Campbell, Alexander, 277. 
 
 Campbell. Alexander, Life of, 278. 
 
 Campbell, Duncan, 281. 
 
 Campbell, G. W., 282. 
 
 Campbell, James, 276. 
 
 Campbell, Lome Colin, 282. 
 
 Campbell, William, Sir, 419. 
 
 Carleton County Protestant Hospital, 
 
 430. 
 Carlilo, Dr., 226. 
 Cartwright, Judge, 30,''>. 
 Case, W. H., 288. 
 Case, William, 286. 
 Case, William I. A., 286, 
 Cassels, Hamilton, 236. 
 Cathcart, James, 283. 
 Cattermole, James, 284. 
 Cattermole, J. F., 285. 
 Chamberlain, Ashera Angus, 288. 
 Chamberlain, Charles, 290. 
 Chamberlain, Jacob B , 290. 
 Chamberlain, Theo. F., 290. 
 Chamberlain, Thomas, 290. 
 Chamberlain, Watson Parish, 290. 
 Chewett, James Grant, 294. 
 Chewett, Colonel William, 291. 
 Chewett, William C, 291. 
 Chisholm, Stewart, 291. 
 Church, Basil K., 295. 
 Church, Peter H., 295. 
 Clarke, Joseph, 377. 
 Clarke, Robert Whichelo, 296. 
 Clarke, William, 296. 
 Clement, Joseph, 220. 
 Cobban, James, 298. 
 Cockburn, James, M.P. P., 277. 
 Colls, George, 300. 
 Cook, Kphraim, 305. 
 Cook, Ephraim C, .306. 
 Cook, George A., 306. 
 Cook, John H., 306. 
 Cooper, George, 306. 
 Conmee, Francis, 301. 
 Connor, tiames, .301. 
 Cory, Benjamin Sayre, 307. 
 Govern ton, C. J., 314. 
 Covernton, Carlton, 314. 
 Govern ton, Charles McKenzie, 313. 
 Covei-nton, Charles William, 308. 
 Covernton, Theodore Selby, 313. 
 Covernton, William Hutchins, 313. 
 Craigie, William, 315. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 CxS/ 
 
 Crawford, C^eorgc (Hllespie, .'M">. 
 Crawford, L., Colonel, :^I(i, 
 Croil, James D., 241. 
 Crookshank Family. 48.'). 
 Cross, Luther, 317. 
 Crumble, Joha, 317. 
 Cubitt, Colonel, .320. 
 Cubitt, W. R., 3 in. 
 Ddintry, John, 242. 
 Dalton, Robert 0., 322. 
 Dalton, Thomas, 320. 
 Dalton, William Henry, 320. 
 Daly, John Porter, 323. 
 Davin, Nicholas K., 40"). 
 Deihl, Peter, 331. 
 Delatre, Colonel, 310. 
 De La Hooke, James Acland, 324. 
 Denison, Thomas John, 325. 
 Denmark, George, ;H37. 
 Denmark, Robert, Dr., 337. 
 Dewson, AH., 337. 
 Dickson, Charles Rea, 343. 
 Dickson, Edwin Hamilton, 343. 
 Dickson, J. Robinson, 339. 
 Dickson, W. King, 34:}. 
 Dickenson, James John, 338. 
 Dickenson, Noah, 338. 
 Digby, Alfred, 343. 
 Digby, James W., 343, 
 Dineen, William, 264. 
 DDrmer, John, 34"). 
 Dougall, William, 344. 
 Dow, John Ball, 402. 
 Dowding, John, 345. 
 Drayton, P. H.,314. 
 Duggan, Thomas, 351. 
 Duncan, Charles, 346. 
 Duncombe, Charles S., 351. 
 Duncombe, David, 350. 
 Duncombe, Elija K., 351. 
 Dunham, Darius, 364. 
 Dunlop, Dr., Will of, 35H. 
 Dunlop, Robert Cirahame, 361. 
 Dunlop, Sandy, (^aptain, 361. 
 Dunlop, William, 3.52. 
 Durie, William, Dr. , 362. 
 Durie, William S., 367. 
 Kberts, Von, H. M., 371. 
 Edmonson, Robert, .371. 
 Eighth Reqiment (King's), 220. 
 Emigrant Fever of 1847, 415. 
 English, John, 306. 
 Evans, Rev. -, 310. 
 Fairfield, James, 372. 
 Fairfield, John K., 37.3. 
 Fairfield, William, 372. 
 Fenian Raid, 244. 
 Fiddler, Isaac, Rev., 533. 
 Fleming, Sanford, 447. 
 Flock, C. W., 249. 
 Foot, Jonathan, 374. 
 Ford, William, 375. 
 
 Fothergill, Charles, 3.")9. 
 
 Fraser, John, 375. 
 
 Freeman, Clarkson, 299. 
 
 Freeman, William, 299. 
 
 Gait, Thomas, Sir, 310. 
 
 Gamble, Clarke, 379. 
 
 (xamble, John, .377. 
 
 Gamble, John Henry, Captain, 370. 
 
 Gamble, John William, 378. 
 
 (iamble, William, ,379. 
 
 Geddos, G. W. A., .381. 
 
 Geddes, .James, 380. 
 
 Geddes, James Gamble, 381. 
 
 (ieddes, John Gamble, .381. 
 
 Ciilchrist, Hiram, 384. 
 
 Gilchrist, James Eikin, .384. 
 
 (iilchrist, John, 382. 
 
 (jilchrist, Matthew. 385. 
 
 (iilchrist, Samuel, 384. 
 
 Gill, J. DeC, .387. 
 
 (iiillespie, Alexander, 316. 
 
 Givins, (Jeorge E., 385. 
 
 Givins, Saltern. Rev., 3S7. 
 
 Gleenor, James, 387. 
 
 Goldstone, George, 389. 
 
 Good, James, 267. 
 
 (iowan, James Robert, 223. 
 
 Gowan, John Hunter, 265. 
 
 (Jowan, Ogle R., 264, 265. 
 
 Grafton, Stewart, 268. 
 
 Graham, James, 391. 
 
 Graham, John Rolph, 393. 
 
 Graham, Thomas Rolph, 393. 
 
 Grant, James, 398. 
 
 Grant, .Tames A., 398. 
 
 Grant, John, 4O0. 
 
 Grasett, Fred. LeM.,396. 
 
 Grasett, George R. , 394. 
 
 Grasett, Heiirv, 393. 
 
 (irasett, H. J.', Ilev. Dean. 396. 
 
 Gregg, Professor, Res'., 435. 
 
 Grier, Rev., 381. 
 
 Grosd, Pitkin, 396. 
 
 (iunn, Robert J., 401. 
 
 G Wynne, .James, 403. 
 
 (iwynne, John Wellington, 403. 
 
 Gwynne, William Charles, 402. 
 
 Hackett, Dr.,230. 
 
 Haldimand Medical Association, 475. 
 
 Hall, Cyrenus Benjamin, 408. 
 
 Hallowell, William, 408. 
 
 Hamilton, James, 410. 
 
 Hamilton, Joseph, 412. 
 
 Hamilton Medical Association, 493. 
 
 Hamilton, R. D. , 409. 
 
 Hanson, Henry, 415. 
 
 Harvey, Alexander, 417. 
 
 Haakett, Dr., 252. 
 
 Hayter Family, 481. 
 
 Hay, Thomas, 417. 
 
 Head, Francis Bond, Sir, 597. 
 
 Henry, Walter, 418. 
 
()H0 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Henry, Walter Jatne8, 4'Jl. 
 
 Kenwood, AlfredJameM, 42^. 
 
 Kenwootl, Kdwin, 421. 
 
 Hen wood, J. M., 422. 
 
 lienwood, Reginald, 422. 
 
 Herod, (if«)rge SAinuel, 424. 
 
 Herrick, (ieorge, 42">. 
 
 Heydou, Anson, 427. 
 
 Hill, Colonel, 'XHi. 
 
 Hill, Hannett, 428. 
 
 Hodder, Kdward M., 4.S2. 
 
 llodgins. Dr., lilO. 
 
 Hoen de Baron, 22J». 
 
 Hogg, Arthur, 260. 
 
 Holden, J. C.,434. 
 
 Holden, Rufus. 4tU. 
 
 Holmes, Dr., 224. 
 
 Hope, William, 4'Mi. 
 
 Hopper, Arthtir, 2(i7. 
 
 Hornby, Robert, 437. 
 
 Morne, Robert Charles, 4.S8. 
 
 Howison, John, 440. 
 
 Hubbell, K. Nathan., 442. 
 
 Hunter, James, 44.'}. 
 
 Hunter, James John, 443. 
 
 Hunter, John Wilson, 444. 
 
 Hunter, Robert, 444. 
 
 Hutchison, John, 44"). 
 
 Jackson, J. M., 228. 
 
 Jarmy, Captain, 209. 
 
 Jessnp, Hamilton Dibble, 447. 
 
 Jessup's Rangers, 448. 
 
 Johnson, Arthur Jukes, 4.o2. 
 
 Johnson, John, Colonel, 452. 
 
 Johnson, W. A., Rev., 4r)2. 
 
 Jones, Alpheus, 263. 
 
 Jones, Dunham, 4.')l. 
 
 Jones, Solomon, 447. 
 
 Jones, The Brothers, 4.")0. 
 
 Jukes, Augustus, 4'>2. 
 
 Jukes, Augustus, Wiitinga of, 4r)4. 
 
 Keating, T. W., -i'l'i. 
 
 Keegan, Thos., 455. 
 
 Kellog, Jabez, 456. 
 
 Kellog, Stephen Benson, 45(5. 
 
 Kennedy, Alexander, 457. 
 
 Kent, George, 620. 
 
 Kerr, Robert, 457. 
 
 King, John, 459. 
 
 King, Richard S„ 462. 
 
 King's Regiment (8th Foot), 220. 
 
 Kingston, Karly Diys in, 224. 
 
 Kingston General Hospital, (514. 
 
 Laflferty, John J. , 462. 
 
 Laing, Dr., 390. 
 
 Langstatf, James, 466. 
 
 Low, George Humphrey, 473. 
 
 Law Society of Upper Canada Formed, 
 
 233. 
 Lee, Eben., 467. 
 Lee, Hiram Davis, 468. 
 Lee, John Rolph, 469. 
 
 Lee, William, 466. 
 
 Lee, William Hooker, 468. 
 
 I^jeeming, R., Rev., 287. 
 
 Lesslie, Joseph, 393. 
 
 Lesslie, Joseph Walter, 393. 
 
 Lesslie, liolphB., 393. 
 
 Letter, Terse and to the Point, 383. 
 
 Lister, James, 470. 
 
 Lithgow, David, 471. 
 
 Lount, Gabriel, 2.'>2. 
 
 Lount, Samuel, 2.'j2. 
 
 Lyons, William, 459. 
 
 Macaulay Family, History of, 487, 
 
 488. 
 Maoaulay, James, 480. 
 Macaulay, James, (!^hildren of, 486. 
 Macaulay, Jane, Miss, 227- 
 Macaulay, John Simcoe, 487. 
 Macaulay Town, 482. 
 Macaulay, WUlliam, Rev., 381. 
 Macdonald, John A., Sir, 339. 
 Macdonald, John Duff, 490. 
 Macdougal, William, 242. 
 Mack, Theo.,489. 
 MacKelcan, John, 491. 
 Mackintosh, David, 492. 
 Macklem, Oliver R., 496. 
 Macklem, Samuel Street, 496. 
 Macklem, Thomas Clark, 494. 
 Macnab, Allan, 497. 
 Macnab, Allan Napi< r, 497. 
 Macnab, A. W., .lOO. 
 Macnab of Macnab, 498. 
 Macnab, James, 496. 
 MacQueen, Thomas, 500. 
 Mainwaring, Nathaniel Kzra, 501. 
 Mair, John, 503. 
 Marshall, Anthony, 504. 
 Marter Family, .''»()7. 
 Marter, Peter, .506. 
 Masonic Field Warrant of 1755, 220. 
 Mathewson, George, 316. 
 Meacham, Seth, 507. 
 Meagher, James, 509. 
 Medical JaioTHnl, Upper Canada, 257. 
 Medical Society, Eastern District 
 
 Office-bearers, 291. 
 Melville, Henry, 511. 
 Mewburn, Francis, 51 1 . 
 Mewburn, Francis Clarke, 514, 5 1 a, 
 
 517. 
 Mewburn, F. H., 518. 
 Mewburn, John, 512. 
 Michell, Jame.s, 518. 
 Millar, J. C, 290. 
 Millar, Robert, 518. 
 Montgomery, John W. , 520. 
 Moore, Thomas, .520. 
 Morgan, Richard, 255. 
 Morgan, William, 2.55. 
 Morris, William, 521. 
 Morrison, Thomas David, 522. 
 
INDKX. 
 
 (>,S7 
 
 Moraon, Alfred, ')24. 
 Morson, Frederick, .V27. 
 Morton, Jamea, 34U. 
 Mott, Valentine, 2'2ii. 
 Mudue, Zachariah, 2-10. 
 Muirnead, James, .V27. 
 Mulock Family, .">.m 
 Mulouk, Thomas H., .VJ'.t. 
 Murney, Kdniund, Mrw., '2'20. 
 Muttlebury, James, oAO. 
 McCague, James, H'A. 
 McCargow, William, 474. 
 McDonald, Roderick, 476. 
 McDonell. Archibalil, '2<.>2. 
 McGill, William, 476. 
 Mcllmurray, JamcH, 477. 
 Mclntyre, Daniel Kugene, 477. 
 McKenzie, Andrew, 478. 
 McLean, Archibald, 4r)S. 
 McLean, Neil, 458. 
 McLean, Robert, 479. 
 McMichael, Dr., .322. 
 McNoughton, A., 2!tl. 
 McSpadden, Dr., 270. 
 Nash, Dr., 2r)2. 
 Nicol, W. B.,r)34. 
 O'Brien, Colonel, 537. 
 O'Brien, Lucius Jinn«s, .ISe. 
 0'(irady, Dr., Rev. 348. 
 O'Reilly Family, ."mO, ."».i1. 
 O'Reilly, Gerald, 541. 
 Orangeism in Canada, 267. 
 Orr, Joseph Orlando, 551. 
 Orton, G. T. , 553. 
 Orton, Henry, 552. 
 Orton, Henry, jun., .V)2. 
 Orton, Richard, .")54. 
 Orton, T. J., 553. 
 
 Paget, Robert John, 554. 
 
 Palmer, Power, Mrs., 296. 
 
 Park, Captain, 375. 
 
 Park, Georgfi Hamilton, 55 1. 
 
 Patullo, Alexander, 268. 
 
 Reuse, E. J., 239. 
 
 Petit, Andrew, 247. 
 
 Philbrick, Cornelius James, 555. 
 
 Phipp, Mrs., 3SL 
 
 Poole, Thomas \V., 301. 
 
 Poore, John, 296. 
 
 Porter, Francis W., 558. 
 
 Powell Family, 560. 
 
 Powell, Grant, 5,59. 
 
 Powers, Jabez Proctor, 562. 
 
 Prendergast, Jedediah, 564. 
 
 Primrose, Dr., 2;'>2. 
 
 Provincial Parliament of 1797, 2:J2. 
 
 Pruyn, Abram V. V., 564. 
 
 Pyne, A. R., ,566. 
 
 Pyne, R, A., 566. 
 
 Pyne, Thomas, 565. 
 
 Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, 369. 
 
 Racey, John, 390. 
 
 I Rankin, Joiin Kdw., ,'>6((. 
 Ranney, Henry, 295, 401. 
 ; Rattray, (Jharles, 567. 
 j Reade, Dr., ,569. 
 I Reardon, Dr.. .326. 
 
 I Reed, John, 569. • 
 
 1 Reed, John N., .570. 
 Rees' Wharf, 573. 
 Rees, William, 570. 
 Reynolds, Judge, 241. 
 Reynolds, Thos., 574. 
 Richardson, James Henry, ,'i75. 
 Richardson, Samuel, 577. 
 Richardson, W. A., .")77. 
 Ridley, Charles Neville, 5fi0. 
 Ridley, (icorge Neville, ."8. 
 Ridley, Henry Thomas, 5.N0. 
 Ridout, Thomas, 294. 
 Robinson, Alexander ('., 581. 
 1 Robinson, Colonel, 582. 
 1 Robinson, John B., Sir, 301. 
 i Robinson, Samuel, 5S2. 
 Robinson, T. Slade, ,583. 
 Robison, Thomas Weeks, 5S5. 
 I Rolph Family, 602. 
 I Rolph, (Jeorge R., 588. 
 I Rolph, John, .590. 
 
 Rolph, .Tohn, and Victoria University, 
 I 600. 
 
 Rolph, R. R., .589. 
 i Rolph, Thomas, 587. 
 ' Rolph, Thomas (Second), .590, 603. 
 t Rolph, Thomas, Dr. (a sad incideiit), 
 j 605. 
 
 ' Rolph, Thomas L., 589. 
 i Rolph, Williiini M., ."iS9. 
 , Ross, John, 236. 
 
 R )ttenburg. Baron dc, .'iSO, 
 ' Routh, Captain, -',54. 
 : Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, 
 ! 219. 
 
 ; Royal C'l'llege of Surgeons, Kngland, 
 
 263. 
 1 Russell Abbey, 231. 
 I Russell, Francis M., (MKi. 
 I Russell, .lohn P., 60(5. 
 I Russell, Peter, 2'29. 
 Russell, Robert Henry, 606. 
 Ryall, (ieorge, 607. 
 ! Rvall, Isaac, 609. 
 
 Ryerson, C. E., 242. 
 ! Ryerson, Dr., 24.'. 
 I Salmon, James .Mooro, 610. 
 I Salter, Dr. 416. 
 I Samson, James, 610. 
 Sandiland, Thomas, 424. 
 Scadding, Henry, Rev. , 228, 273. 
 Schofield, .Tames, 275. 
 Schofield, James, 615. 
 Schofield, Peter, 615. 
 Scott, .John, 615. 
 Scott, Joseph, (517. 
 
688 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Muott, William. I., BIU. 
 
 Sea Serpent, 2'A9. 
 
 Seoord, Lauru, '29U. 
 
 vSewell, CliArlen Stuplien, tilS. 
 
 Sewell, K. V,., 618. 
 
 Shaver, Fotei, 401. 
 
 Shaw, /KiieaH, Major! Jeneral, '2'M. 
 
 Shoenherger, GeorKe K., 242. 
 
 Sketches of (Juiiuua ^('lumdiaii Life), 
 
 464. 
 Sky liner, Mrs., '2 IS. 
 Small, John, .1.1'., 44.V 
 Smith, Uavid, 'J».S. 
 Smith, lirilKu, 615). 
 Smith, HernianuH, G2U. 
 Smith Milla, Origin of Name-, 'JSS. 
 Southwick, Oeorge, (i'iO. 
 Spadina House, '.^81. 
 Spalding, John, 274. 
 Spareham, Thomaa, 622. 
 SpiUbury, C. T., 627. 
 Spilsbury, K. A., 627. 
 Spilsbury, V. H., 622. 
 Spilsbury, F. H., jun., (i2,"J. 
 SpiUbury, F. B. iThiid), 626. 
 Spilsbury, F. C, 627. 
 Stanton, William, 467. 
 St. Catharines Nurseries, 246. 
 Stephenson, Isaau, 620. 
 Stevenson, R. A., 628. 
 Stevenson, Robert St. Patrick, 628. 
 Stewart, John, (529. 
 Stimson, Elam, 6:{0. 
 Stimson, K. B., 63.'). 
 Stimson, E. R.,636. 
 Stimson, James, 63(i. 
 Stimson, William, ().').'>. 
 .Stouton, Dr., 22ri. 
 Stoyell, Thomas, 6:18. 
 Stratford, John, 631). 
 Stratford, S. J., 640. 
 Stratford, W. A., 640. 
 Strathy, F. R. Lee, 469. 
 Street, Samuel, 496. 
 Sullivan, Henry, 643. 
 Sumner, Cyrus, 641. 
 Sumner Family, 643. 
 Surgery Extraordiuary, 461. 
 Taylor, Henry, 640. 
 Taylor, Judge, 286. 
 Taylor, William, 301. 
 
 Telfer, Walter, 647. 
 
 Tempest, William. 649, 
 
 Terry, I^arshali, 469. 
 
 Thistle, Dr., .'{26. 
 
 Thom, Alexaniler, 6-19. 
 
 Tliompson, Dr., 2r)2. 
 
 Thompson, Samuel, 539. 
 
 Tillany, Oliver, 650. 
 
 Tillany, Oliver <i., 651. 
 
 TiniH, John E„ ()51. 
 
 Tottey, Hulit, 2S9. 
 
 Tolmen, Dr., 651. 
 
 Trmleau, Michel, 449. 
 
 Turquand, John, 652. 
 
 Van Cortlandt, E., 652. 
 
 \'an Koughnet, E. H., Mrs., ;}37, 484. 
 
 Volunteer Association, First, 266. 
 
 Wallen, James, 6.')4. 
 
 Walters, Mrs., .381. 
 
 Walsh, William Colt, Hamilton, 219. 
 
 Waterman, Isaac, 285. 
 
 Waters, H., Rev,, 310. 
 
 Watters, Thomas J. , 539. 
 
 Weeks, Hiram, 65.5. 
 
 Whicher, Henry, 656. 
 
 Whitney, Clarence T., 236. 
 
 Widmer, Chris., 656. 
 
 Widmer Family, 660. 
 
 Widmer, Mrs., 660. 
 
 Wilkinson, F. B., 285. 
 
 Willcocks, William, 229. 
 
 Williams, Hutchins W., 312. 
 
 Wilson, Adam, Sir, 322. 
 
 Wilson, Daniel, Sir, 311. 
 
 Wilson, Robert, 663. 
 
 Winder, William, 664. 
 
 VViner, Dr., 251. 
 
 Winstanley, Orlando S., 664. 
 
 Winstanley Family, 665. 
 
 Wolverton, Jonathan, 666. 
 
 Workman Family, 669. 
 
 Workman, .loseph, 668. 
 
 Wright, H. H., 591, 595, (i7X 
 
 Yates, Octavius, 676. 
 
 Yates, Horatio, 674. 
 
 Yeomans, David P., 676. 
 
 Yeomans, G. A., 677. 
 
 Yeomans, Horace, 676. 
 
 Yeomans, H. P., 677. 
 
 Yeomans, John, 677. 
 
 Young, James, 218. 
 
 P