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 $ 
 
 TRAVELS 
 
 THROUGH THE 
 
 MIDDLE SETTLEMENTS 
 
 IN 
 
 NOR r^ A M E R I C Ay 
 
 IN THB YEARS I759 AND I760; 
 
 i 
 
 WITH 
 
 OBSERVATIONS UPON THE STATE OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 Bv THE Rev. ANDREW BURNABY, d. D. 
 
 ARCHDEACON OF LEICESTER ASD yiCM^OF CREESV/ICH. 
 
 k 
 
 EDITION THE THIRD; 
 
 REVISED, CORRECTED, AND GREATLY ENLARGED, BY THE AUTHOR, 
 
 ^ LONDON 
 PRINTED FOR T. PAYNE, AT THE MEWS-GATE. 
 
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 TO 
 
 SIR JOHN DICK, Bart. 
 
 &ct &c. &c, . 
 
 / 
 
 -» '' > > •. 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 ^ X 
 
 THIS THIRD EDITION OP ' 
 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH THfi MIDDLE SETTLEMENTS 
 IN NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 IS, 
 
 IN TESTIMONY OF THE SINCBREST AFFECTION ANB GRATITUDE, 
 
 '' ' . ' 'ft 
 
 MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 
 
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 BY HIS EVER FAITHFUL 
 
 AND OBLIGED HUMBLE SERVANT, 
 
 ANDREW BURNABYr 
 
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 /. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 
 'yPREFACE lb the Thirds Edition 
 
 iNTRODj^fjjg'IQN _ - _ - - ,,-^- - - 
 
 Travels' __-------_> 
 
 Appendixes; viz. " 
 
 N° 1. Catalogue of Trees, Plants, Birds, Fjflies, Ani- 
 mals, &c. mentioned in the Courfeof this Worl?; with 
 . their commoh^ Names> and the Names given them by 
 Catefhy and Linn^us - N^ _ _ ,.i .., . 1 « 
 
 N° 2. Tables and* Statenjents^rclatlng to the commercial 
 .SItuati6nof the United States, both beforehand fince 
 the American War ---,-__-. _^ 
 
 N" 3. Anecdotes-of the Indians - - - _ _ _ . 
 
 ^^ 4* of feveral ft-anches of the Fairfax 
 
 Family, now domiciliated in Virginia- - - - - - 
 
 N°5. Diary of the Weather - - ^ - - - - . 
 
 ' * V ■ ' ' 
 
 P«ge 
 vii 
 
 Xlll 
 
 I 
 
 I2< 
 
 / 
 
 130 
 
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 ■^ 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 153. line 2. f^r page 41 line 24, read^2.gz 24 line 12. ■' 
 
 164. laft line of the firft column of the Note,> High read flight, 
 
 165. lineg./erfavouable rrff</ fevourable. 
 
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 '.'Mi' ,• 
 
 ■«;ia4[ 
 
 bi^j^^'j^i^i hi 
 
Vli 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO TH B 
 
 THIRD EDITION. 
 
 '^rtE two fftier Editions of thcfe Travels were 
 publiflied, one immediately after the other, at a 
 moment, when events of the greateft magnitude, and 
 importance to this country, were depending ; and when 
 the minds of men Were extremely agitated and alarmed 
 for the fate of the Britifh Empire. A rupture I^ween 
 Great Britain and her American Colonic was ferioufly 
 apprehended : and as men forefaw, or at lead fancied 
 they forefaw, very calamitous confequcnces arifing from 
 fo difaftrous an event, it was generally wifhed that the 
 evil might, if poffible, be prevented ; and a reconcilia- 
 tion happily effeacd, before matters were carried to 
 extremity. The Author, flattered by his friends, and ^ 
 perhaps a little alfo by vanity, prefumed to hop^, that 
 the publication of his tour through the Middle Settle- 
 ments in North America might, in fome degree, conduce 
 to this defirable end : and as the meafures to be adopted 
 by ipovernment were at that time under the delibciatiog 
 
 4£<<lA^i)»if 
 
 it^>^'r'a/%5ji.-iii.fi i-i it*-ii;>. a^ ■ 
 
 »*i 
 

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 tAiJ 
 
 Ml 
 
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 (/y 
 
 Viii 
 
 P R^ E F A C E. 
 
 of Parliament, it was thought expedient to fubmit it to 
 the Public, before any refolutions were formed that might 
 eventually be decifive of the fate of the Britifh Empire. 
 There was not time, therefore, to publifh the Work in 
 fo full and correfl a manner, as the materials in the 
 Author's pofTeflion would otherwife have enabled him 
 to do. He confined himfelf to general, and what he 
 judged leading, circumftances ; and poftponed the infer- 
 tion of others to more favourable and tranquil times? 
 The two former Editions, howevei-^ bping now intirely 
 out of print/ he deems it expedient to publifli a third 
 Edition, revifcd, correded, and greatly enlarged by the 
 infertion of new matter 5 patticularly by feverai ftatiftical 
 tables referring to the Commerce of Aftierica ; and fome 
 authentic Memoirs of Thomas late Lord Fairfax, and 
 of the fcveral branches of that noble houfe now doini* 
 ciliated in Virginia ; both of which Jhave been derived 
 
 from the beft and mod unqueftionable authority. The 
 
 Work for thefe reafons, and from its being almoft the 
 only account of the Middle Settlements, during the pe- 
 riod of their happieft and m»ft flourifhing ftate, ma)r 
 poffibly, notwithftanding the fepar^tion that has fmcc 
 taken |»lace, be ftill interefting ; at leaft to individuals t 
 and the Author offers the prefent Edition to the Public^ 
 with the fame affurancfe as he did the former ones 5 viz. 
 that he believes the contents to be ftriaiy and literally true. 
 If, however, feme/ flight errors |)ay accidentally and 
 S - ^ade* — 
 
 ,j''. 
 
 
*" if - «* 
 
 *'iri^'?%^^^' *" 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 tindefignedly have been committed, and any one will 
 have the goodncfs to point them out, the Author will 
 think himfelf highly obliged by the information, and 
 will avail himfllf of the firft opportunity to acknow- 
 ledge and correa them."' 
 
 The aftonifliing events that have taken place fmce 
 the publication of the two former Editions, wiUprobabjy 
 expofe the Author's opinion concerning the termination 
 and final iffue of the American conteft to animadv^rfion- 
 but in vindication of himfelf, he muft be permitted to 
 obferve,— 
 
 That it was not within the fphere of calculation to 
 luppofe, , ^ 
 
 ift. That the Britifli miniftry would perfift in re. 
 quiring unconditional fubmiffion from the colonies till 
 It was ^oo late to recede j and the opportunity was bft, 
 and tor ever gone by : . 
 
 2dly. That when coercive meafures had been refolvcd 
 upon, they would have been inforccd in fo ruinous and 
 
 fo ineffeaual a manner : 
 
 ^ ■ ■■' 
 
 3d\y. That, during the war, any member in oppofi- 
 tion would have declared publiely, that he correfponded 
 
 ^ with»- 
 
 M 
 
 
I 
 
 i ! 
 
 ■ 1 ♦ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i: 
 
 -J 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 m 
 
 with, and wiflied fuccefs to, the Americans, then in arm* 
 againft the king: 
 
 Still lefs was it within th^ fphere of calculation to 
 fuppole, 
 
 That France, though it might be expeded that fhe 
 would fo far interfere in the contefl as to endeavour to 
 diftrefs and embarrafs this country, would fend troops to 
 America, to the irreparable ruin of her own finances, in 
 order to make the Americans free and independent 
 ftates : 
 
 Lead of all was it within the fphere of calculation to 
 fuppofe. 
 
 That Spain ^ould join in a plan inevitably leading, 
 though by flow and imperceptible fteps, to the final lofs 
 of all her rich pofleflions in South America. 
 
 There were indeed enlightened minds. both in Frai^e 
 and in Spain, who forefaw what has fince happened, and 
 who deprecated any interference in the difpute, and re- 
 commended the obfervancc of a ftridl neutrality : And 
 the unfortunate Lewis the fixteenth himfelf is faid to 
 have (hewn the greateft repugnance to the treaty with 
 the Americans ; and to have declared in the bitternefs of 
 forrow, when he figned it, that he had figned the war- 
 rant for his own ruin and deftrudion. ' 
 
 SWi>. 
 
P R E F A C 
 
 E. 
 
 XI 
 
 In Auguft 1792, the Author was at Cologne; and 
 there accidentally failing in with the Duke of BouAon 
 and feveral French noblemen of his fuite, the converfa- 
 tion naturally turned upon the fituation and affairs of 
 ■:^France ; and the author expreffing his furprife at the 
 impolicy of the French miflift,y in engaging fo deeply 
 in the American war, and deducing from thence the 
 prefent miferies of France, one of the courtiers with 
 great emotion exclaimed,-" Ah monfieur, c'eft bien 
 vrai; nous avons mal calcuW f—But the die is caft 
 and It IS too late to moralize. 
 
 The reader will doubtlefs be furprifed, when the Au- 
 thor declares, that he has not altered his fentiments fince 
 the year 177J, i„ regard to the American war and its 
 confequences He ftill thinks, that the feparation might, 
 m thefirftmftance, have been prevented : that coercive 
 meafures, when refolved upon,., might have 'been in- 
 forced, comparatively fpeakiug, without bloodflied; and 
 with great probability of fuccefs : that the prefent union 
 of the American ftates *ill not be permanent or laft for 
 any confidemble length of time: that that extenfive 
 country rriuft neceflarily be divided into feparate ftates 
 and kingdom^: and that America will never, at leaft for 
 many ages .become formidable to Europe; or acquire, 
 what has been fo frequently predidted. univerfal empire. 
 
 V. 
 
 f^UHOfi^i. K« ■i.Wli'feA as- 
 
f I 
 
 ' > ■' r 
 
 : 
 
 .■ .( 
 
 ' 
 
 xu 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The Author thinks he could aiTign plaufible reafons at 
 leafl: for thefc various opinions ; but it is better that they 
 fhould be configncd to oblivion. The wife Difpofer of 
 events has decreed, that America fhall be independent of 
 Great Britain: that flie is fo, may ultimately perhaps be 
 advantageous to both countries ; at leaft it will be owing 
 to excefs of folly if it be highly difadvantageous to either. 
 Let us fupplicate Heaven to unite them in permanent 
 friendfliip and affecaion; and to preferve inviolate that 
 alliance, that harmony and connexion, whicji religion, 
 moral habits, language, intereft, origin, and innumerable 
 other confiderations, can never ceafe to point out and 
 recommend to them. 
 
Xlll 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 -^m 
 
 JK Few days before I embarked for America, being in 
 a coffee-houfe with fome friends, and difcourfing of 
 things relative to that country^n elderly gentleman ad- 
 vancing towards the box whefewl* were fitting, addrefled 
 himfelf to me in the following manner : " Sir," faid he, 
 " you are young, and juft entering into the world ; I 
 " am old, and upon the point of leaving it : allow me 
 " therefore to give you one piece of advice, which is the 
 •^•refult of experience ; and which may poffibly, fbme 
 " time or other, be of ufe to you. You are going to a 
 " country where every thing will appear new and won- 
 " derful to you ; but it will appear fo only for a while ; 
 *| for the novelty of it will daily wear off; and in time 
 " it will grow quite familiar to you. Let me, there- 
 " fore, recommend to you to note in your \pocket-book 
 " every circumftance that may make an impVcfllon upon 
 " you ;• for be affured, fir, though it may afterward ap- 
 " pear familiar and uninterefting to yourfelf, it will not 
 ** appear fo to your friends, who have never vifited that 
 
 " country, for they will be entertained^ by it." / 
 
 __________ ^ __ . ____ 
 
 /■tl 
 
 1 ^ '<tA* J»^ { - *! + ^ 
 
 -4. J^d^ J ^--^C 
 
 ift -"-i*- iSt^i.^ 
 
: 4 
 
 XIV 
 
 I xV T R O D U C T I O N. 
 
 1 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 The following. obfervations wer.e the refult of this 
 advice: they were written upon " the feveral fpots to 
 which they refer; and were intended for no other pur- 
 pofe, than that of ferving as memorandums. They ap- 
 peared, by the time I returned to Europe, according 
 to the gentleman's predidion, fo very familiar to me, that 
 I fcarcely thought them deferving' of the perufal of my 
 friends. Some of thefe, however, were fo obliging as to 
 beftow upon them that trouble ; and it is by their ad- 
 vice, and the confideration of the prefent critical fitua- 
 tion of affair*,, that I now fubmit them to the judgment 
 of the public—Whatever may be their merit, which I 
 fear is but fmall, I can affure the reader of one thing, 
 I believe they are generally true. They, are the fruit of 
 the moft impartial inquiries, and beft intelligence, that I 
 was able to procure in the different colonies which I 
 vifited. If I^ave been led into any error, or have mif- 
 reprefented any thing, it has been undefignedly : a fpirit 
 of party is univerfally prevalent in America, and it is not 
 always an eafy matter to arrive at the knowledge of 
 truth : but I believe, in general, I have been pretty fuc- 
 cefsful. I converfed indifcriminately with perfons of all 
 parties ; and endeavoured, by allowing for prejudices 
 and coUating their different accounts,, to get at the true 
 one. If I have any doubt *«jy{blf about any particular 
 part of the following obfervations fknd it is otie in which 
 I wifli I may be found to have been mifinformed), it is^ 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV 
 
 that which relate, to the chamfter of the Jlhode-Mand- 
 ers. I was exceedingly ill at that place, and had not the 
 fame opportunity of procuring information as elfewhere. 
 I convetfcd with but few gentlemen, and they were prin^ 
 cpally of one party ; but they were gentlemen of fuch 
 umverfol good charaaer, that I could not but rely in fo^e 
 meafoe on the accounts with which they favoured me. 
 
 Sc^calowance Wever. , did make for prejudice; and 
 I am defirous that the reader Ihould make a ftiU Lreer 
 one; indeed. I fliould be happy to ftand correfl d^L 
 
 I have ftudioufly avoided all technical or fcientific 
 
 terms ; uch to the informed reader are unneceflary to 
 
 he uninformed one they are unintelligible and per/lx! 
 
 >ng: m relations of this kind, they have aWayf an ao 
 
 pearance of affe&tion and pedantry. ^ ^' 
 
 I' lithe"" D- "' W r "' ""^ '■°"<"^-g -"^«-n. 
 debted to my efteemed friend. Francis Fauquier, efo fo„ 
 of the late worthy lieutenant-governor of Virgin a -^ho 
 veO' obligingly tranfmitted it'to me from mZ^ 
 
 • See Appendix, N* 5. 
 
 „ .^ „_^ ^ . white 
 
 
 --i*-( .^^. 
 
 '.tT" 
 
"^^'V 
 
 XVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 while I refided, as chaplain to the Britifh faiElory, at 
 Leghorn; and has allowed m» to make the ufe of it 
 which I have here done. " ■ 
 
 The prefcnt pnhappy differences fubfifting amongft 
 us, with regard to America, will, I am fenfible, expofe 
 the publication of this accoimt to much cenfure and cri- 
 ticifni ; but I can truly aver, that I have been l^d to 
 it by no party motive whatfoever. • My iirft attachment, 
 as it is natural, is to my native country ; my next is to 
 America ; and fuch is my affcdlion for both, that I liope 
 nothing will ever happen to diffolve that union, which 
 is neceffary to their common happioefs. Let every 
 Englifhman and American, but for a moment or two, 
 fubftitute themfelves in each other's place, and, I think, 
 a mode of reconciliation , wili foon take effedt. — Every 
 American will then perceive the reafonablenefs, of ac- 
 knowledgi*ng the fuptemacy of the Britifh legiflature ; 
 and ^very EilgliOiman, perhaps, -the hardfhip of being, 
 taxed where there is no reprefent'ation, or affent* 
 
 There is fcarcely aoy fuch thing, I believe, as a per- 
 fed government ; and folecifms are to be-found in all. 
 The prefent difputes are feemingly the refultvof one. — - ^ 
 Nothing can be more undeniable than the fupremacy of 
 parliament over the nioft diftant branches of the Britifh 
 empire: for although the king being efteemed, ui the 
 
 * eye 
 
,r< 
 
 INTRO-DUCTION. 
 
 ' xvu .« 
 
 eye of the law/the original proprietor of all the laijcU 
 inVthe Rt^om ; all lands, upon defeft of heirs to fuc- 
 cce^ to an inheritance, efq^t to th^king ; and all new 
 difqovered lands veft in him t yet in neither cafe can |ic 
 exempt them from tHe jurifdiaion of the legiflat^re of 
 the kingdom. 
 
 * He may grant them^ under leafes or charters, "to irja. 
 
 divi(Jual8 or companies; #;^ith iU)erty .of making rules 
 
 and-regulatipns for the internal governmeht and improve- 
 rs^ ment of tKem 5 but fuch regulations muft ever be con- 
 
 fiftcnt with the lawi of the kingdom, and fubjed to their 
 
 controul. 
 
 ^ On the other hand, I am extremely dubious, whether 
 ^it be confident with tll| general principles of liberty 
 -(with thofe of the Britifh conftitution I think it is not) 
 tb tax where there is ni? reprefentation : the arguments 
 ; hithcrtd addi?bcd from Manchefter and Birmingham, and; 
 
 other great towns, not having reprefentatives, are foreign 
 to th^ fubjea • at Jcaft they are by no means equal to 
 it;~-for every inhabitant, poffeffed of fortjh^, {hillings 
 freehold, has a vote in the eledi^n of members for the 
 county: but it is not the perfons,^ but the property of 
 men that is taxed, and [here is not a foot of property im 
 this kingdom, that is ndtreprefented* 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 
 -l^^ 
 
 
~,^^'-K.'r'-''-r' 
 
 I ' 
 
 t 
 
 JCVi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ^ ^t appears then, that certain principles .cxift k tke 
 Brmflx'conftitution, which militate with each^e?; the 
 rcafdn of their doing h is evident ; it was never fuppofed 
 that they would extend beyond the limits of Great Bri- 
 tain or affcA fo diftant a counf^ as America. It is 
 inuch to be willied, therefore, that fome expedient could 
 be thought of to reconcile them. .. '. 
 
 \Thc condua of the feveral adminiftrations, rilabha^ 
 , had the djreaion of the affairs of this kingdom, has been 
 recprocally anraigned ; but, I tWnk, without reafon ; for. 
 aU things confidered, an impartial md difpaffionate mind 
 w,ll find many excufes to alledge in juftification of each, 
 -The feweft, I am afraid, are to be pleaded in ftvour 
 of the Americans ; for^.^j, fer,led i„ America under 
 charters, wh.ch e;<pre®^ rcfer«(d to the Britift Parlia- 
 ment the authority, whether confident or not confiftent. 
 now afferted. Although, therc/bre. th«y had a right to 
 make humble reprefentations to his majefty i„ parlia- 
 ^ ment, and to ihew the impropriety and incon,.«,ience of 
 ^f inforcmg fuch principles, yet they had certainly no right 
 to oppofe them. 
 
 Expedients may ftiU be found, it is tofHIp^how^ 
 ever, to conciliate tlfc prefent unhappy differences, and 
 "^^,™""°ny again between Great Britain and her co- 
 '5****'^^ meafures may be adopted by parlia- 
 
 ,^' 
 
:% 
 
 XIX 
 
 \ tjf T RO.D U C T I O t/ 
 
 mcnt, it h ti^ ^ntyyond intercft of America to fubmit.— • 
 But it is impWtiiient to enter any farther into the difcuf- 
 fion of a fuhiea, which is at this time under the de- 
 liberation of the fupreme council of the nation. ^ will, 
 therefore, coiiclude with a fincere prayer, that whatever 
 meafurcs may be adopted, they may be differenrih their 
 iffue, from what the fears of men generally lead them to 
 preconceive ; and^that, if t^ey be coercive ones, they may 
 be inforcfed, which, I am perfuaded, is prai^cable, with- 
 out the effiifioh of blood : if lenient ones,^ which afe pre- 
 ferable, and which I think equally pradidable, conceded 
 without any lofs or diminution of the dignity or intefeft 
 of this kingdom. 
 
 • 
 
 Greenwich, 
 Jan. ?3d, I775. 
 
 "^, 
 
 ^i-a 
 
 t 
 
 TW 
 
 i 
 
 
 •■'tjf 
 
 -rft-. «> 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 ■7^ 
 
 
;!ii!^ ■ 
 
 ■(^. « 
 
 # 
 
 f ■ 
 
 4,. 
 
 i 
 
 Eti)'Si^^iA£tf .Ju4»L'>i, jt*,;. „a'* 
 
.„ --,-, -^i,^ . ~ ,-f 
 
 r 
 
 i;-a 
 
 f^ 
 
 TRAVELS 
 
 THROUGH THE ' 
 
 MIDDLE SETTLEMENTS 
 
 IN 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 
 ON Friday the 27th of April 1759, I embarked, in 
 company with feveral North American gentlemen, 
 on board the Difpatch, captain Necks, for Virginia ; and 
 the next day we fet fail from Spithead, under convoy of 
 his majcfty's {hip the Lynn, captain Sterling, commander, 
 with thirty-three fail of trading veflels. We came to 
 an anchor in the evening in Yarmouth Road, and the 
 next day failed with a frefh eafterly wind through the 
 Needles. 
 
 April 30. We paffed by the Lizard, and in the evening 
 difcovered a fail, which proved to be an Englifh floop 
 laden with corn, ^e had been taken by a French pri- 
 vateer, and was fteering for France : there were three 
 Frenchmen and one Englifhman on board. The com- 
 modore fent fome hands to her, with orders to carry her 
 to Penzance. 
 
 _—- :B_ ^_LMayL 
 
 '4. 
 
 ■)♦' 
 
i '!' 
 
 m- 
 
 « TRAVELS THROUGH 
 
 May I. Thick, hazy weather with a fair wind A 
 Wge <h,p paffed through the fleet about four "ctk t 
 the afternoon : and in the evening another veffel bo " 
 
 fouJh ^'"^' P'-^'i"' wiather. The next day we 
 found by our reckoning that we had made a hundrld 
 leagues from the Land's End. nundred 
 
 May +. Strong, violent gales at north-and-by-weft 
 top mar"'"'. '^ '^°^'' "P'^"'" '"'''''■ "^^^ hcr'nl^: 
 
 lYiay 5. From this time to the i4.th n^^i • ^ 
 
 -Hcabie happened = the wind was fe d m ^'Z ^' 
 
 weather being mode.te. we made frequen tvikts W 
 
 paffed our time very agreeably. ' ^ 
 
 . May 14. Captain Necks fell ill of a fever and cS„ 
 
 « mdifpofed fev^ days : he h^an .IZ{^ 
 
 May .9. ,„ »he afternoon, a fudden and violent 
 Jquall from the north-weft obliged us to Ive tn ^ 
 our reeled main-fail = it continufd to in: ea^" dTw 
 a «onn for about thirty-fix hours, when it began t mo! 
 
 May .,. We made fail in the afternoon, with four 
 fliips in company ; and the next dav in fh» 
 i^cd by eighteen more. Proltti^ 17^^ 
 nothing, remarkable happened • we ho A ,, ' 
 
 and 
 
ind. A 
 clock in 
 rd bore 
 them. 
 day we 
 lundred 
 
 7-weft. 
 
 main- 
 
 trefs. * 
 
 ng re- 
 
 5) aad 
 
 Icbn- 
 about 
 
 iolent 
 under 
 blew 
 > mo^ 
 
 Tour 
 were 
 8th, 
 )lea- 
 ted; 
 and 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 3 
 
 and were much entertained with feeing grampufes, tur- 
 tles, bonetas, porpoifes, flying and Other fifli, common 
 in the Atlantic *. 
 
 May 28. We difcovered a large fail; flie direded her 
 courfe towards the eaft. We fuppofed her to be an 
 Englifli man of war goin^ exprefs. She carried three 
 top-gallant fails. 
 
 May 31. We fpoke with a floop bound from Antigua 
 to London. She acquainted the commodore with the 
 agreeable news of his majefty's forces at Guadaloupe 
 having reduced that whole ifland under fubjedion to 
 the Britifli government. The wind ftill continued un* 
 favourable. 
 
 June 5. We fpoke with a fnow from Carolina, which 
 informed the commodore, that a French frigate was 
 cruifing off the capes of Virginia. From that time tm 
 the nth, we had nothing remarkable. The wind was 
 generally from wefl to north-weft, and there were fre- 
 quent fqualls with lightning. We faw feveral bonetas, 
 grampufes, albicores, and fifli of different kinds. 
 
 June II. The water appeared difcoloured; and wc 
 concluded that we were upon the- Banks of Newfound- 
 land : we caft the lead, but found no ground. The wea- 
 ther was thick and hazy. Nothing remarkable happened 
 from this time to the 3d of July : we had pleafant wea- 
 
 A 
 
 See Appendix, N* i. 
 — _^^2 
 
 =^ICT5 
 
■'in' 
 
 I i ■ ,. 1 
 
 I i 
 
 .4 TRAVELS THROlirCH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ther, thougl\ now and then fqualls with lightning. We 
 fell in with feveral currents and had variable winds. 
 
 July 3. We had fine wgathcr, with a gentle breeze at 
 N. V;, We were now, according to the commodore's 
 reckoning (which we a&rward found to be true) about 
 fixty leagues from land. The air was richly fcented with 
 the fragrance of the pine-trees. 
 
 July 4. V/e faw a great many floops, from whence 
 we imagined that we were near the coaft. The wind 
 was at eaft-by-north. 
 
 ' J"^y 5- About fix in the morning we caught fomc 
 green fifli : upon this we founded, and found eighteen 
 fathom water. At ten we difcoveredland, which proved 
 to be Cape Charles ; and about three hours afterward 
 failed through the capes into Chefapeak Bay. The com- 
 modore took his leave to go upon a cruife; and at eight 
 m the evening we came to an anchor in York river, after 
 a tedious and difagreeable voyage of almoft ten weeks. " 
 
 The next morning, having hired a chaife at York, a 
 fmall inconfiderablc town, I went to Williamfburg 
 about twelve miles diftant. The road is exceedingly 
 pleafant, through fome of the fineft tobacco plantations' 
 
 *. The tobacco growing upon York 
 river, is efteemed fuperbr to any other 
 in North Amertca ; particularly that 
 which is raifcd upon the plantations be- 
 longing to colonel Edwar^ D'ggs, which 
 i« (aid to have a flavour excelling all others. 
 
 ( in 
 
 Of the growth of one plantation, ' diftin. 
 guifted from the reft, the tobacco is in fuch 
 high eUimation, that colonel Diggs puts 
 upon every hogfliead in which it is packed^ 
 the initials of his name ; and it is fron^ 
 tlience called the E. D. tobacco, and fell* 
 — ,-_■ . . § ff 
 
 7'j 
 
 •A 
 
a> 
 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 
 WILLIAMSBURG. VIRGINIA. 5 
 
 in North- America, with a beautiful view of the river 
 and woods of great extent. 
 
 Williamfturg is the capital of Virginia : it is fituated 
 between two creeks ; one falling into James, the other 
 into York river ; and is built nearly due €aft and weft. 
 The diftance of eagh landing-place is fomething more 
 than a mile from the town ; which, with the difadvan- 
 tage of not being able to bring up large veffels, is the 
 reafon of its not having increafed fo faft as might have 
 been expefted. It confifts of about two hundred houfes, 
 does not contain more than one thoufand fouls, whites 
 and negroes ; afid is far from being a place of any con- 
 fequence. It is regularly laid out in parallel ftreets, in- 
 terfeded by others at right angles ; has a handfome 
 fqpare in the centqf , through which runs the principal 
 
 for a proportionably higher price. SOme . 
 time ago, colonel Diggs having a tra£l of 
 land, feetniagly of the (ame qualityj and 
 under the (ame expofure and afpedt as the 
 plantation producing the E. D. tobacco, 
 from which it was feparated only by a 
 fnull rill of water, he directed it to be 
 planted; and as the produce was appa- 
 rently fimilar in quality, colour, flavour, 
 and every other particular, he thought 
 himfelf warranted to delineate E. D. upon 
 the hogflieadt in which it was packed. 
 Accordingly, it was fent to market with 
 this recommendatory mark or token. But 
 fome time after, he received a letter from 
 his fadtor or merchant in London, inform- 
 
 ing him that his infpefbor or agent, had 
 been guilty of fome great overfight or 
 error, as the tobacco contained in certain 
 caflcs, which he fpeciiied, though marked 
 with E. D. was of a different and very in- 
 ferior quality to thaf commodity ; and that 
 if the fame &ult Ihould be again committed, 
 it would ruin the reputation and fale of the 
 E. D. tobacco. It is to be obferved, that 
 the foil or mould had been carefully anai- 
 lifed and examined previous to its being 
 planted ; and that not the fmalleft difference 
 could be perceived between that of the old 
 and new plantation. The experiment, it 
 will eafily be believed, w^s not repeated. 
 
 Jlreetj^ 
 
■ I 
 
 . i" '. 
 
 f(|4jl 
 
 •6 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 flreet, one of the moft fpacious in North America, three 
 quarters of a mile in length, and above a hundred feet 
 tv ide. At the oppofite ends of this ftreet are two public 
 buildmgs, the college and the capitol : and although the 
 Iioufes are of wood, covered with fliingles •, and but in- 
 differently built, the whole makes a handfome appear- 
 ance. Theft: are kw public edifices that deferve to be 
 taken notice of; thofe, which I have mentioned, are the 
 principal ; and they are far from being magnificent. 
 The governor's 4,alace is tolerably good, one of the beft 
 uppn the continent; but the church, the prifoni and 
 the other buildings, are all of them extremely indiiftrent. 
 rhe llreets are not paved, and are confequently very 
 dufty, the foil hereabout confifting chiefly of fand , how- ' 
 ever, the fituation of Williamfturg has one advantage 
 which few or no places in thefe lower parts have^ that 
 of bemg free from mofquitoes. Upon the whole, it is 
 an agreeable rcfidence; there are ten or twelv? gentle- 
 men s, families conftantly refiding in it, befides mer- 
 chants and tradefmen : and at the times of the aflim- 
 bhes, and general courts, it is crowded with the gentry 
 of the country : on thofe occafions the,^ a.* balls and' 
 other amufements; but as foon as the bufinefs is fini/hed 
 they return to their plantations; and the town is in a 
 manner defertedf. 
 
 t aincc the fevoluUon, the feat of go. / ^ 
 
 -•m 
 
 ■■■¥' 
 
 
 m 
 
 The 
 
■1 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 ■ m 
 
 m 
 
 VIRGINIA. 7 
 
 The fituation of Virginia (according to Evans's map) is 
 between the 36th and 40th degree of north lat. and about 
 76 degrees weft long, from London*. It is bounded on 
 the north by the river Potowmac, on the eaft by the At- 
 lantic Ocean, by Carolina on the fouth, and, to include 
 only what is inhabited, by the great AJleghenny on the 
 weft. 
 
 The climate is extremely fine, though fubjea to vio- 
 lent heats in the fummer: Farenheit's thermometer being 
 generally for three months from 8 5. to 95 degrees high. 
 The other feafons, however, make ample amends for thia 
 inconvenience : for the autumn* and fprings are delight- 
 ful; and the winters are fo mild and ferene (though there 
 are now and then exceflively cold days) as fcarcely to 
 require a fire. The only complaint that a perfon can^ 
 rcafonably make, is, of the very fudden changes to which 
 the weather is liable ; for this being intirely regulated by 
 the winds, is exceedingly variable. Southerly winds are 
 produ<aive of heat, northerly of cold, and eafterly of 
 ram ; whence it is no uncommon thing for the thermo- 
 meter to fall many degrees in a very few hours; and, 
 after a warm day, to have fuch fevere cold, as to freeze 
 
 • Mr. Ebeling, of Hamburgh, in a notfe 
 to the German tranflation of this work, 
 %s, " Virginia is fuuated between 37 and 
 " 40 degrees of north latitude, and ex- 
 «* tends from 77 to 81 degrees weft longi- 
 •» tuJe from London i" but I believe he 
 
 is miftalcen, for the lateft and beft maps 
 generally agree with Mr. Evans in regard 
 to the fituation he has given to this coun- 
 try i at leaft, they approximate nearer to 
 the account here given than to that of 
 Mr. Ebeling. 
 
 — — over 
 
 ft. 
 
(■■■f 
 
 
 ■Irri'i 
 
 « . TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 over a river a mile broad in one night's time ♦. In fum- 
 ^ mer there are freduent and violent gufts, with thunder 
 and lightning ; but as the country is \txy thinly inha- 
 bited, and moft of the gentry have electrical rods to their 
 houfes, they are not attended with many fatal accidents. 
 Now and then, indeed, fomfe of the negroes lofe their 
 lives ; and it is not uncommon in the woods, to fee trees 
 torn and riven to pieces by the^ fury and violence. A 
 remarkable circumftance happened fome years ago at 
 York, which is well attefted • a perfon ftanding at his 
 door during a thunder guft, was unfortunately killed ; 
 there was an intermediate tree at fome diftance, which 
 was ftruck at the fame time ; and when they came to 
 examine the body, they found the tree delineated upon 
 it in miniature. Part of the body was livid, but that 
 which w^s covered by the tree was of its natural co- 
 lour f . 
 
 I believe no country has more certainly proved the 
 efficacy of eledrical rods, than this : before the difcovery 
 of them, thefe gufts were frequently produdive of melan- 
 choly confequences ; but now it is rare to hear of fuch 
 
 * Cn the 19th of December, 1759, 
 being upon a vifit to colonel Wafhin^ton, 
 at Mount- Vernon, upon the river Potow- 
 mac, where the river is two miles broad, 
 I was greatly furprifed to find it intirely 
 frozen over in the fpace of one night, when 
 the preceding day had been mild and tempe- 
 rate. 
 
 t I have related this circumftance upon 
 the authority of the honourable John Blair, 
 Prefident of the Council of Virginia, 
 who mentioned it as a well-known hSt : 
 but it appears fo improbable and unphilo> 
 fophical, that I do not pledge myfelf for 
 the truth of it. 
 
 inftances. 
 
 1 
 
 • J 
 
'-'* 'pftW-. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 9 
 
 inftances. It is obfervable that no houfe was ever ftruck, 
 where they were fixed ; and although it has frequently 
 happened that the rods themfelves have been melted, or 
 broken to pieces, and the houfes fcorched or difcoloured 
 along the fides of them, which manifefted that they had 
 received the ftroke,. but that the quantity of lightning 
 was too great to be carried off by the condudlor, yet 
 never has any misfortune happened; fuch a diredion 
 having been given to the lightning, as to prevent any 
 danger or ill confequence. Thefe circumftances, 'one 
 would imagine, fhould induce every perfon to get over 
 thofe prejudices which many have entertained ; and to 
 confider the neglc(ft, rather than the ufe, of them as cri- 
 minal, fince they feem to be means put into our hands 
 by Providence, for our fafety and protedion. 
 
 The foil of Virginia is in general good. There are 
 barrens where the lands produce nothing but pine-trees ; 
 but taking the whole trad together, it is certainly fertile. 
 The low grounds upon the rivers and creeks are exceed- 
 ingly rich, being loam intermingled with fand : and the 
 higher you go up into the country, towards the moun- 
 tains, the value of the land increafes ; for it grows more 
 ftrong, and confifts of a deeper clay. 
 
 Virginia, in its natural ftate, produces great quantities 
 of fruits and medicinal plants, with trees and flowers of 
 infinitely various kinds. 1 bbacco and Indianxorn are 
 the original produce of the country; likewife thepigeon- 
 
 1 : C ^ — „.4j^yfy^^ 
 
 ^0^iiiX^r:S,Sf^itji9i£^ > " 
 
 "^Jt-* 
 
 • i 
 

 lO 
 
 ^ 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 >rry, and ra^tle-fnake-root fo eftecmed in all ulcerous 
 and pleuriticat complaints : grapes, ftrawberrics, hiccory 
 nuts, mulberries, chefnu^ and feveral other fruits, grow 
 wild and fpontaneoufly. \ ^ 
 
 : Befides trees and fldwer^^ ^an ordinary nature, the 
 woods product myrtles, cedars, cy>reffes^ fugar-treesi firs 
 of different forts, and no lefs than feven or eight kinds 
 of oak ; they are likewife adorned and beautified with 
 red-flowering maples, faffafras- trees, dog-wob^ acacias, 
 red-buds, fbarlet^flowering chefiiuts, fringe-tF^ flower- 
 ing poplars, umbrellas, magnolias, yellow jafamWs, cha- 
 mcEdaphnes, pacoons, atamufco-lilies, May-apples, and 
 innumerable other forts ; fo that one may reafonably af- 
 fert that no country ever apjpearbd with greater elegance 
 or beauty *. • "m . s 
 
 Not to notice too the almoft nimiberlefs creeks and 
 rivulets which every where abound, it is watered by four 
 large rivers of fuch fafe navigation, and fuch noble and 
 majeftic appearance, as cannot be exceeded, perhaps, in 
 the whole known world. 
 
 James river, which was formerly called Powhatan, 
 from Its having been the feat of that emperor, is feven 
 miles broad at the mouth, navigable to the falls (above 
 150 miles) for veffels of large burden, and thence to the 
 mountains for f.nall craft and canoes. 
 
 • See Appendix, N" i. 
 
 The 
 
 
 ,«v'^'-'C 
 
1 
 
 VI R G JL N I A. 
 
 II 
 
 The falls arc in length about >fix o;' feven-iniles ; th|y 
 confift of innumerable breaks o£ water, owing to the ob- 
 Aru£tion of the current by an infinite number of rocks, 
 which arc fcattercd over the bed of the river ; and form 
 a moft pidurcfque and beautiful cafcade. 
 
 The honourable colonel Byrd has a fmall place calfed 
 Belvedere, upon a hill at the lower end of thefe falls, as 
 romantic and elegant as any thing I have ever feen. - It 
 is fituated very high, and commands a fine profpedt of 
 the river, which is half a mile broad, forming catara^s in 
 the manner above defcribed ; there are feveral little 
 iflands fcattercd carelefsly about, very rocky, and covered 
 with trees ; and two or tluree villages * in view at a fmall 
 q diftancc. Qver all thefe you difcover a prodigious extent 
 of wilderncfs, and the rij^er winding majeftically along 
 tHrough the midft of it. . v* \ 
 
 'York river, for about forty miles, to a place called 
 Weft Point, is confined in one channel about two^niles 
 broad : it flows in a very diredt courfe, making but one 
 angle, and that an inconfiderable one, during the whole 
 way. At Weft Point it forks, and divides itfelf into two 
 branches; the fouthward called Pamunky ; the north- 
 ward Mattapony : each of thefe branches, including the 
 windings and meanders of the river, is navigable feventy 
 •or eighty miles, and a confiderable way of this fpace for 
 large fhips. 
 
 • Amongft the left, Richmond, the prefent feat of government. '■"'' 
 
 . , _ — _^ • uc_2 — — Thc-- 
 
 ^ 
 
 '■I 
 
 y 
 
. .1 
 
 
 12 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The.Rappahannoc is navigable to the falls, which are 
 a mile above Fredcric/burg, and about no from the 
 bay. -vVeflcls of large burden may come up to thia 
 place ^ and fmall craft and canoes may be. carried up 
 much- higher. : % . ^ . . ^ 
 
 The Potowmac is one of the ^neft rivers in North 
 America.: it is* ten miles broad at the mouth, navigable 
 above 200 qiiies, to Alexandria, for men of war; and, al- 
 lovvirigfor a kw carrying places, for canoes above 200 
 farther, to the very branches of the Ohio. Colonel Bouquet, 
 a Swifs gentleman in the Royal Americans, came downthis' 
 autumn from Fort Cumberland f to Shenando with very 
 Ijetle difficulty ;■ whence to the great falls, I have been 
 told, a navigation might eafily be effeaed : fo that this 
 river feems to promife to be of as great confcquence as any 
 in North America. « 
 
 In all thc^e rivers the tide flows as /ar as the falls, arid 
 at Alexandria it rifes between two and three feet. They 
 difcharge themfelves into Chefapeak Bay, one pf the fineft 
 in the world, which runs a great way up the country into 
 Maryland j is from ten to twenty miles broad; navigable 
 
 * The Potowmac, according to Mr. Jef- 
 ft-rfon, is only 7 f miles broad at its^nouth, 
 and perhaps his account may be founded 
 upon better authority than my own. I 
 had iro opportunity of afcertaining the 
 fed, and the ftatetncfrt which I have made 
 refts intirely upon the credibility of thofe 
 Virginiaji gentlemen, who favoured me 
 
 "With the information, and who, I am per- 
 ( fuaded, did not intei»tionally miflead me ; 
 though it is poflible they might be miflaken. 
 t The diftance from Fort Cumberland 
 to Shenando is above 100 miles; from 
 Sheliahdo to the great falls about 60 ; arid 
 from the great falls to Alexandria about 17 
 or 18. 
 
 
 -^1, 
 
 near 
 
'W 
 
 'A. 
 
 V I R. G I N I A. 
 
 »3 
 
 hich are 
 
 
 om the 
 
 
 to this 
 
 
 ried up 
 
 
 North 
 
 
 ivigable 
 md, al- 
 
 ' 
 
 )ve 200 
 
 
 Ququet, 
 wn'this* 
 
 .. • 
 
 th very 
 /e been 
 
 - 
 
 lat this 
 
 
 : as any 
 
 
 Is, aM - 
 
 
 Thgy 
 s fined 
 
 
 ry into 
 /igable 
 
 
 '. am per- 
 lead me; 
 miliaken. 
 mberland 
 es; from 
 60; airid 
 about 17 
 
 i': 
 
 near 
 
 
 near a hundred. leagues for veflcis of almoft any burden ; 
 and receives into its bofom at lead twenty great rivers. 
 
 Thcfe waters are doped with incredible quantities of 
 $di, fuch as diecps-heads, rock-fidi, drums, white pearch, 
 hei'rings, dyders, crabs, and feveral otiicr forts. Sturgeon 
 and ftiad are in fuch prodigious numbers, that one day, 
 within the fpace of two miles only, fome gentlemen in 
 canoes, caught above 600 of the former with hooks, 
 which they let^down to the bottom, and drew up at a 
 venture when they perceived them to rub againd a fidi ; 
 and of the latter above 5,000 haye been caught;, at one 
 fingle haul of the feine. 
 
 In the mountains thpre ar6 very rich' veins of ore ; fome 
 mines having been already opened which turn to great 
 accour^; particularly Spotfwood's iron mines upon the 
 Rappahannoc, out of which they fmelt annually above 
 fix hundred ton : and one of comper upon the Roanoke, 
 belonging to colonel Chifwell. Tbisi^lad mentioned -gen- 
 tleman is alfo going .to try for lead upon fome hunting 
 grounds belonging to the Indians, towards New Rivfer, 
 and the Green Briar ; where, it is faid, there is fine 
 ore, and in great plenty, lying above ground. Some coal 
 mines have alfo been opened upori James river near the 
 falls, which are likely to anfwer very well. , c 
 
 The foreds abound with plenty of game of various 
 kinds; hares, turkies, pheafants^ woodcocks, and par- 
 tridges, are in the greated abundance. In the madlies. 
 
 yK, 
 
 _are_ 
 
 ■ V 
 
 
H 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 are found for«f«, a particular fpecies of bird, more ex- 
 qu.fitely delicious than the ortolan; fnipes al^a'^ 
 ducks of various kinds. The American Aell-drake and 
 blue-wng exceed all of the duck kind whatfoever; and 
 thefe are ,n prod,g,ous numbers. In the woods the e arc 
 variety of brds remarkable both for fining and for 
 beauty ; of which are the mocking-bird, the rL-b" rd t 
 -ghtmgale the blue-bird, the yellow-bird, the hum 
 
 tTr le H ; *!.''^'r°« '■"'' 'he fummer-duck, tl 
 turtle, and fevend other fo^ts. j J 
 
 Infefls and reptiles are alinoftlnumeraWe. The val 
 nety of butterflies is „ot greater than is tL of the r ch 
 and nv.d colours wi*h which each particllar fpecies is 
 <).ft.ngu,lhed and beautified; and fuch is th^ number nd 
 appearance of the fire-flies, that on a fummer's evening 
 the whole a.r feems to glow and to be enlightened by 
 
 be"V f T'/"^'^' "' *'^ ^""""^ - '•'^'^'^ aSd 
 
 beautiful : furh nc tU^ kl„„T- /--.I , " "" 
 
 wampum-fnake, 
 but 
 
 beautiful ; fuch as the black fnake th 
 
 ^1,^ U J r 1 , "WKC, tn^ wampum- 
 
 the bcad-fnafce, the garter-fnake, and fome others 
 
 • The humming-bird is the fmallcft 
 and moft beautiful of all the feathered race : 
 its colours are green, crimfon, and gold; 
 it Jives chiefly by fudion upon the fweets' 
 and ciTences of flowers; and nothing can 
 be more curious than to obferve numbers 
 of them in gardens, where there are honey- 
 fuckles or trumpet- flowers, flying from 
 flower to flower, putting their flender bills 
 <«to evciy one,- and fucking out the fwwteft 
 
 jmces. The motion of their wings is incre- 
 d'bly fwift, apd produces a humming noife. 
 not unlike that of . Ja^^e humble bee. 
 They are frequently kept ih cages, but fel- 
 dom live longer than two months. The 
 food which is given them, is either honey 
 or fUfear, mixed with water. Repeated at- 
 tempts have been made to fend them alive to 
 England, but always without fucceft. 
 
 ".1 
 
 -•r- 
 
 .^ie^ 
 
V I R G I N I A. 
 
 -4 
 
 the rattle-fnakc and vipers are exceedingly vdnomous and 
 deadly. There are two curious fpecies of frogs here : 
 one is called the buU-frog, v^ich is prodigioufly large, 
 and makes fo loud a noife, that it may be heard at a great 
 diftance; the other is a fmall green frog, which fits upon 
 the boughs of trees, and is found in almoft every garden. 
 
 Of quadrupeds there are various kinds; fquirrels 
 of four or live different fpecies *, opoffums, racoons, 
 foxes, beavers, and deer : and in the deferts and unin*^ 
 habited parts, wolves, bears, panthers, elks or rtioofc 
 deer, buffaloes, mountain-cats, and various otlier forts. 
 Such are in general the natural produdions of this coun- 
 try f. 
 
 Viewed and confidered as a fettlemerit, Virginia is far 
 from being arrived at that perfedion of which it is capa- 
 ble. Not a tenth of the land is yet cultivated : and that 
 which is cultivated, is far from being fo in the moll ad- 
 vantageous manner. It produces, however, confiderablc 
 quantities of grain and cattle, and fruit of many kinds. 
 
 • Of the Teveral fpecies of fquirrels, 
 the ground and flying-fquirrels arc much 
 the fmallefland moft beautiful. The former 
 are of a duflcy orange hue, ftreaked with 
 black i the latter grey or afh-coloured, and 
 elegantly formed. Thefe have a fprcading^ 
 or &n-tail, and two membi:ane8 adhering 
 to their fides; which, when they fpring 
 or leap from a tree, they expand, and are 
 thereby enabled to fly through a confider- 
 
 able fpace. The former are of a very wild 
 nature ; but thefc may be cafily, and are fre- 
 quently tamed.— There is a fpecies of pole- 
 cat in this part of America, which is com- 
 monly called itkunk. This animal, when 
 purfued, or afliuled by its enemy, ejeas its 
 urine ; which emits fuch a fetid and infup- 
 portable ftench, as almoft to ftifle and fuf- 
 focate whatever it within the reach of it. 
 t See Appendix, N* i. 
 
 The 
 
 •» 
 
 « 
 
>•./ 
 
 ^v 
 
 ■ ; M\ 
 
 ' . ii 
 
 I 
 
 x-" 
 
 1 6 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The Virginiap pork v faid to be fuperior in flavour to 
 any in the world ; but the flieep and horned cattle be- 
 ing fmdl and lean, . the meat of them is inferior to that 
 of Great Britain, or indeed, of moft parts of Europe. 
 The horfes are fleet and beautiful ; and the gentlemen 
 of Virginia, who are exceedingly fond of horfe-racing,^ 
 have fpared no ex pence or trouble to improve^^e breed 
 of them by importing great numbers^ifirom England. 
 
 The fruits introduced here^from Europe fucceed ex- 
 tremely well ; particidarly peaches, which have a very 
 fine flavour^^and grow in fuch plenty as to ferve to feed 
 the hogs in the autumn of the year. Their bloflbms in 
 the fpring make a beautiful appeaif-ance throughout the 
 country. 
 
 Virginia is divided into fifty-two counties, and feventy- 
 feven pariflies, and by^dt of aflembly there ought to ^ 
 forty-four towns * ; but one half of thefe have not more 
 than five houfes ; and the other4ialf are little better than 
 inconfiderable villages. This is owing to the cheapnefs 
 of land, and the commodioufnefs of navigation : for every 
 perfon may with eafe procure a fmall plantation, can fliip 
 his tobacco at his own door, and live independent. 
 When the colony fliall come to be more thickly feated, 
 and land grow dear, people will be obliged to follow 
 trades agd manufatSures, which will neceflarily make 
 
 • Thefc numbers have been fincc jrcatly incrcjifed. 
 
 •I 
 
 I 
 
 •!?' 
 5 
 
 ,1 
 
 t owns- 
 
m 
 
 n 
 
 
 ,i 
 
 VIRGIN I A. 
 
 .1/ 
 
 towns and large cities,^-but this feems remote, and not 
 likely to happeir'for fome centuries. 
 ^ Xliclnhabitants are fuppofed to be in number between 
 two and three hundred thoufand. Therp are a hundred 
 and five thoufand tythcables, under which denomination 
 are included all white males from fixteen to fixty; and 
 all negroes whatfoever within the fame age. The former 
 are obliged to krve in the militia, and amount to forty 
 thoufand. 
 
 The trade of this colony is large and extenfive. To- 
 bacco is the principal article of it. Of this they export 
 annually between fifty and fixty thoufand hogflieads, each 
 hoglhead weighing eight hundred or a thoufand weight : 
 fome years they export much more •. They fhip alfo for 
 the Madeiras, the Streights, and the Weft-Indies, feveral 
 articles, fuch as grain, pork, (lumber, -and cyder: to Great 
 Britain, bar-iron, indigo, andafmall quantity of ginfeng, 
 though of an inferior quality ; and they clear out one 
 year with another about f ton of fiiipping. 
 
 Their manufadures are very inconfiderable. They make 
 a kind of cotton-cloth, with which they clothe themfelves 
 in common, and call after the name of their country ; 
 and fome inconfiderable quantities of linen, hofe, and 
 other trifling articles : but nothing to deferve attention. 
 The government is a royal one: the legiflaturc confift'- 
 
 • In the year 1736, it is faid that fcvcnty thoufand hogdcads were exported. 
 f See Ai>|)eudix, N' 2. 
 
 Tng" 
 
 v-i 
 
: 
 
 m 
 
 t% TRAVELS THROUGH N6RTH AMERICA. C 
 
 ing of a governor appointei by the king ; a council of 
 twelve perfons, under thefame nomination ; and a houfe 
 of burgeffes, or reprefentatives, of a hundred and eight 
 or ten members, eleded by the people ; two for each 
 county, and one for each of the following places, viz! the 
 College of William and Mary, James-town, Norfolk- 
 borough, and Williamfturg. Each branch has a negative. 
 All laws^ in order to be permanent, muft have the king's 
 approbation ; nor may any be-euaded, which are repug- 
 nant to the laws of Great Britain. 
 
 The courts of judicature are either county, or general 
 courts. The county courts are held ^onthly in each 
 county, at a place affigned for that purpofe, by the juf- 
 tices thereof; four of them making a quorum. They arfe 
 appointed by the governor, and take cognizance of all 
 caufes, at common law, or in chancery, within their re- 
 fpediv'e counties, except criminal ones, punifhable with 
 lofs of life, or member. This power they are not per- 
 mitted to exercife except over negroes and flaves, and 
 then not without a fpecial commiffion from the governor 
 for each particular purpofe *. The general court is held 
 
 twice 
 
 • How nece/Tarjr it may be that they 
 flioiild have fuch a powrer, even in this cafe, 
 I will not pretend to fay j but the law which 
 transfers it to them fcems fo inconliftent 
 with the natural rights of mankind, that 1 
 cannot but in pity to humanity regte it. 
 
 •' Every flave Committing any ofFcncci 
 
 «« by law puni/hable by death, or lofc of 
 " member, fluli be canimitted to the 
 «« county gaol, and thefliriffofthe county 
 « (hall forthwith certify ^cb cpmmitment, 
 " with.the caufc thereof, to the governor^ 
 " or commander in chief, who may irfue a 
 " coaimiflion of oyer and termmer to fuch 
 
 / 
 
 perlba* 
 
,' ^ ' 
 
 ouncil of 
 1 a houfe 
 md eight 
 for each 
 , viz. the 
 >Jorfolk- 
 [legativc. 
 ie king's 
 e repug- 
 
 ' general 
 
 in each 
 
 the juf- 
 
 rhey aHe 
 
 e of all 
 
 their re- 
 
 ble with 
 
 lot per- 
 
 ''es, and 
 
 governor 
 
 t is held 
 
 twice 
 
 , or Io& of 
 ted to the 
 f the county 
 ?mmitment, 
 e governor, 
 may i^ue a 
 iner to fucb 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 »9 
 
 twic^ a year at Wiljiamfburg. It confifts of the governor 
 9n<d council, any five of which make a court. They hear 
 ^n(J determine all caufes whatfoever, ecclefiaftical or 
 ^ivil, aj/d fit Jbur and twenty days : the firft five of thefe 
 i»re^r hearing and determining fuits in chancery appeals 
 from the decjees^ the county or inferior courts ip chan- 
 cery ; and writ$ of fuperfedeas to fuch decrees. The 
 other days gje for trying fujts or profecutions in behalf 
 of the king ; and all other matters depending m the faid 
 court; appeals are ajlowed to the king in council/ in 
 cafes of 500 1. flerling value. The governor has a power 
 of pardoning criminals in all cafes, except of treafon or 
 murder : ^d then he ca^ only reprieve till he knows the 
 king's pjeafure. , 
 
 , The eftablifbed religion is that of the church of Eng- 
 land J and there are very few Diflenters of any denomi- 
 nation in this province. There areatprefent between fixty 
 *id feventy clergymen; men in general of fober and ex- 
 emplary live?. They have each a glebe of two or three 
 acres of land, a houfetvanH a ^alnrv eftablifhed 
 
 falary 
 
 " perfons as he fliall think fit, which per- 
 •• fons, forthwith after the receipt of fuch 
 * commiflion, fliall caufe the offender to 
 ** be publicly arraigned and tried' at the 
 *• court-houfe of the faid county, and fake 
 *« for evidence the confcffion of the of- 
 •• fender, the oath of one or more credible 
 •* witnefles, or fuch teflimnny of negroest 
 ^ muUttoes, or Indians, bond or free, with 
 
 ** pregnant circumftances as to them fliall 
 " feem convincing, without the folemnlty of 
 « a jurj^ and the offender being found 
 " guilty, fliall pafs fuch judgrftent upon him 
 " or her as the law dire<as for the like 
 ** crimes, and fan fuch judgment award 
 *' execution.'' 
 
 Mercer's Abridgment of the Virginian 
 Laws, p. 34a. 
 
 D a 
 
 br 
 
 "*'i 
 t 
 

 >«o 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 * by law of i 6,000 weight of tobacco, with an allowance 
 of r,7ob ^ore for ihrinkage. This is delivered to them 
 m hogfh^ads ready packed for exportation, at the moft 
 conv^eni^nt warehoufe. The preWtatipny livings is in 
 thehai/ds of the veftryj which-Js a ftanding body of 
 twclvy members, invefted with the fole power of raifmg 
 levies^ fettling the repairs of the church, and regulating 
 other parochial bufmefs. They were originally eleaed 
 by yhe people of the feveral parifhes ; but now fill up va- 
 ca^ies themfelves. If the veftry c^oes not prefcnt to a 
 hv^ng ni lefs than twelve months, it lapfes to the go^ 
 v^rnor. The diocefan is the bifliop of London ; who 
 has a power of appointing a commiffary to prefide over 
 and convene the clergy 6n particular occafions ; and to 
 cenfure, or even fufpend them, in cafes of negle<a orim- 
 mbrality. His fahry is 100 1/ fterling per* annum ; and 
 he IS generally of the council, which is of equal emolu- 
 ment to him*. • . ' 
 
 An unhappy difagreement has-lately arifen between the 
 clergy and the laity, which, it is to be feared, may be of 
 feVioiis confcqucnce. The caufe of it was this. To 
 bacco being extremely fcarce from a general failure ol 
 the crop, the affembly paffed an acft to oblige the clergt 
 and all public officers to receive their ftipends in monej 
 
 • The comnil/Iary is commonly prcfi- 
 dent of the college, and has the parifli oF 
 VNillidiiifijurg, or fome other lucrative 
 
 parifli, wliich render him about 350 1, a 
 year : fo that his annual income is between 
 5 and 600 1. 
 
 ___ . — inilea ^ 
 
 9 
 
 .•~t 
 
 r 
 
 ^. I A.^ 
 
•»re 
 
 •ix ' 
 
 [CA, 
 
 llowanoe 
 
 to them 
 he raoft 
 ngs is in 
 
 body of 
 r raifing 
 gulating . 
 r eleAcd 
 1 up va- 
 cnt to a 
 
 the goj- 
 1 ; who 
 Je over, 
 
 and to 
 t or im- 
 n; and 
 emolu- 
 
 een the 
 iy be of 
 
 To 
 
 ihire o 
 
 clerg 
 
 mone 
 
 : 350 1. a 
 s between 
 
 iftflead 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 21 
 
 inftead of tobacco. This the clergy remonftrated againft, 
 alledging the hardfliip of being obliged to take a fmall 
 price for their tobacco, when it bore an extravagant onef^ 
 feeing they never had any kind of compe^fation allowed, 
 when it was fo plentiful as to be almoft a drug. They 
 fent over an ageni to England, and the law was re- 
 pealed. This greatly exafperated the people ; and fuch 
 is their mutual animofity at this time, that, I fear, it will 
 not eafily fubfide, or be forgotten. 
 
 With regard to the law in queftion, it was certainly a 
 very hard one ; and I doubt whether, upon principles of 
 free government, it can be juftified ; or whether the af- 
 fembly can legally interpofe any farther, than, in cafes of* 
 neceffity, to oblige the clergy to receive their falaries in 
 money inftead of tobacco, at the current price of to- 
 bacco. They may, I am perfuaded, in cafes of exigency, 
 always make, and might then have made, fuch a law, 
 without any confiderable detriment to the colony : for, fup- 
 pofing tRe price of tobacco to be, what it was at that time, 
 about fifty fhillings currency per hundred, what would 
 the whole fum be, were the clergy to be paid ad valorem ? 
 ^ Not 20yOcol. fterling. There are in Virginia, as I ob- 
 ferved before, a>out fixty-five clergymen : each of thefe 
 is allowed 16(000 weight of tobacco-, which, at the 
 rate of fifty fiiillings currency pier hundred, amounts to 
 400 1. ; 4G0I. multiplied ^y 65, is equal to 26,000; 
 which, allowing 40 per cent. dUcount, the . difference of 
 
 ■ > 
 
 \ 
 
 ^■L. « ^iJ*.' Xl 
 
 
V" 
 
 22 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 :l 
 
 exchange, is about 18,571 1. ft^rling. Now what is this 
 fum to fuch a colony as Virginia ? But to this it will be 
 faid, perhaps, why fhould the clergy be gainers in a time 
 of public diftrefs, when every one clfe is a fufferer ? The 
 clergy will doubtlefs reply, and vyhy Oiould the clergy 
 be the only fufferers in plentiful feafons, when all but 
 themfelVes are gainers ? However, as on the one hand I 
 difapprove of the proceedings of the affemWy in this af- 
 fair; fo, on the other, I caiinot approve of the ftep« 
 which were taken by the clergy : that violence of tem- 
 per; that difrefpedful behaviour towards the governor; * 
 that unworthy treatment of their commiffary ; and, to 
 mention nothing eKe, that confufion of proceeding in the 
 invention, of which feme, though not the majority, as 
 has been invidioufly reprefented, wer^^guUty ; thefe 
 things were furely unbecoming the facredSS^acr they 
 are inverted with ; and the moderation of thofe perfons, , 
 who ought in all things to imitate the condud of their 
 divine Mafter. If, inftead of flying out in invedives 
 agamft the legiflature ; of accufmg the governor of hav- ' 
 ing given up the caufe of religion by paffiǤ the bill ; 
 when, in fad, had he rejeded it, he wbuJd never have 
 been able to have got any fupplies during the course of 
 the war, though ever fo much wanted ; if, inftead of 
 charging the commiflkry with want of zeal for having 
 exhorted them to moderate mcafures, they had followed 
 the prudent councils of that excellent man, and had 
 
 aded — - 
 
ICA. 
 
 lat is this 
 it will be 
 
 in ^ time 
 rer ? The 
 ^e clergy 
 n all but 
 te hand I 
 I this af- 
 the flepft 
 
 of tem- 
 overnor ; ' 
 
 and, to 
 ag in the 
 iority, as 
 '; thefe 
 icr they 
 perfona, j 
 of their 
 ive<ftives 
 of hav- 
 le bill; 
 ^er have 
 ourle of 
 lead of 
 
 having 
 Dllowed 
 nd had 
 
 „ a ( S ted 
 
 «t» 
 
 \ 
 
 :^0 
 
 R G I N I A. 
 
 ^Jlj^ I IN. Vjr 1 i\ J A. 2 J 
 
 afted with more temper and moderation, they might, I 
 am perfuaded, in a very fliort time, have obtained any 
 redrefs they could reafonably have defired. The people 
 in general were extremely well affcaed' towards the, 
 clergy, and had expreffed their regard for them in feveral 
 inflances; they were fenfible, moreover,' that their fala- 
 ries were too fcanty to fupport them with dignity, and 
 there had been fome talk about railing them : had the 
 clergy therefore, before they ap^^lied to ^gland, only 
 offered a memorial to the affembly, fctting forth that 
 they thought' the ad extremely hard upon them, as 
 their falaries were fmall ; and that they hoped the affem- 
 bly would take their cafe into confideration, ahd enable 
 them to live with that decency which became their cha- 
 rafter; I am perfuaded, from the knowledge which I have 
 of the people in general, and from repeated converfations 
 with feveral members of the affembly, that they might 
 have obtainedl almoft any thisg they could have wiflied ; 
 if not, they uhdoubtedly would hate had reafon to ap- 
 peal. But, in^ead of this, without applying to the af- 
 fembly foi* relief, after the aft was paffed, (for before, in- 
 deed, fome of them did apply to the fpeaker in private) 
 they flew out into the moft violent invedives, imme- 
 diately fent over an agent to England, and appealed to 
 his majefty in council. The rcfult has been already re- 
 lated. 
 
 The progrefs of arts and* fciences in this colony has 
 
 \ 
 
 < 
 
 
? i 
 
 It 
 
 I i 
 
 / 
 
 24 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 been very inconfukrable : the college of William and 
 Mary is the only public place of education, and this has 
 by no means anfwered the defign of its inftitution. It 
 has a foundation for^a p^efident and fix profeffors. The 
 bufinefs of the prefident is to fuperintend the whole, and 
 to read four theological ledtures annually. He hks a 
 handfome houfe to live in, and 200I. fterling per an- 
 mim. 7 he profefTor of the Indian fchool has 60 1, fter- 
 ling, and a houfe alfo; his bufmefs is to inftrud the In- 
 dians in reading, writing, and the principles of the 
 Chriftian religion : this pious inftitutiori was fet on foot 
 and promoted by the excellent Mr. Boyle *. The pro- 
 fefTor of humanity has the c^re of inftruding the ftudehts 
 in claffical learning : he has an uOier or afliftant under 
 him. The four other profeffors teach moral philofophy, 
 metaphyfics, mathematics, and divinity. Hach of the 
 profeffors has apartments in the college, and a falary of 
 about Sol. per annum. t The prefent chancellor of the 
 college is the biftiop of London. 
 
 From what has been faid of this colony, it will not be 
 difficult to form an idea of the charader J of its inhabi- 
 
 . taints. 
 
 • • See Appendix, N» 3. compliftments, to whom the fonowing 
 
 ^ t , Tney have l.ace been raifed, I believe, defcription is by no means applicable. 
 
 *" '°° ' ' Amongft others, I cannot refift the in- 
 
 t General charaflers are always liable clination of mentioning George Wyth 
 
 to many exceptions. In Virginia, I have Efquire, who, to a perfeft knowledge of the 
 
 had tac ple.iure to know fever-1 genUe- Greek language, which was taught him by 
 
 wen 4dori^ed with many virtues and ac his mother m the back wouds. ami of the 
 
 ' ' r~~ " ancren^'" 
 
 > 
 
 M 
 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
"^-'k 
 
 "> 
 
 ICA. 
 
 Iliam and 
 d this has 
 ition. It 
 brs. The 
 hole, and 
 ^e has a 
 ; per an- 
 >o I. fter- 
 t the In- 
 
 of the 
 t on foot 
 rhe pro- 
 ftudehts 
 nt under 
 lofophy, 
 
 of the 
 falary of 
 • of the 
 
 I not be 
 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 ,1' 
 
 • .'«S 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 «5 
 
 tants. The climate and external appearance of the 
 country confpire to make them indolent, eafy, and good- 
 natured ; extremely fond of fociety, and muclvgiircn^ 
 convivial pleafures. Iri confequence of this, they feldom 
 fhow any fpirit of enterprize, or expofe themfelves wil- 
 lingly to fatigue. Their authority over their flaves ren- 
 ders them vain and imperious, and intirc ftrangers to 
 that elegance of fcntiment, which is fo peculiarly cha- 
 raderiftic of refined and polifhed natioift. Their igno- 
 rance of mankind and of learning, expofes them to many 
 errors and prejudices, efpecially in regard to Indians and 
 Negroes, whom ;lhey fcarcely confider as of the human 
 ■^ fpecics J fo that it is almoft impoffible, in cafes of vio- 
 lence, or even murder, committed upon thofe unhappy 
 people by any of the planters/ to have the delinquents 
 brought to juftice : for either the grand jury refufe to 
 find the bill, or the petit jury bring in their verdift, not 
 guilty *. \ 
 
 ^ ^ The 
 
 anciMt, partlcuUrly the PlatSc philofo- which make it almoft impoffible 10 convidl 
 
 phy, had joined fuch a profound reverence a planter, or white man, of the death of a 
 
 for the Supreme Being, fuch rcfp«a for Negroe or Indian. By the firft it is enadl- 
 
 Ae dime lawi, fuch philanthropy for man- ed, that «« if any flave (hall die by reafon 
 
 kmd, fuch nmplicity of manneri, uid fuch «« of any ftroke or blow, given in correc 
 
 .nflmble reftitude and integrity of prin- « dpn by hi, or her owner, or by reafon 
 
 ciple, w would have dignified a Roman « of any accidental blow whatfoever, given 
 
 fcnator, even in the moft vlrtuoui times of u by fuch owner; no perfon concern^ in 
 
 the rtpub hc-TbU gentleman is. I be- « fuch corredion. or accidental homicide, 
 
 heve. ftm hving. « fl.^ „„j,,g„ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ I 
 
 There arc two lawi In thi, colony, «« ment for the fame } unlcfe, upon exami- 
 
 " ' ■■'■ ^...-■'■' ■ «' liidon""' 
 
 1.-. 
 
\ ml 
 
 { . il Ij 
 
 26 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The difplay of a charaifter thus conftituted, will na- 
 turally be in ads of extravagance, oftentation, and a dif- 
 regard of ceconomy ; it is not extraordinary, therefore, 
 that the Virginians out-run their incomes ; and that hav- 
 ing involved themfelves in difficulties, they are frequently 
 tempted to raife money by bills of exchange, which they 
 know will be returned protefted, with 10 per cent, in- 
 tereft*. '^^ 
 
 The|ublie or political charafter of the Virgmians, 
 
 ' " nation before the county court, it fliall 
 " be proved by the oath of one lawful and 
 " credible witnefs, at leaft, that fuch llave 
 " was killed wtlfally, malidoufly, and 
 " defignedly; nor fliall any perfon in- 
 " dided for the murder of a flave,and upon 
 " trial found guilty only of manflaughter, 
 " incur any forfeiture or punifliment for 
 " fuch offence or misfortune." See Mer- 
 cer's Abridgment, p. 345. By the fecond, 
 " No Ncgroe, Mulatto, or Indian, can be 
 ** admitted into any court, or before any 
 *' magiftrate, to be fworn as a witnefs, or 
 " give evidence in any caufe whatfoevcr, 
 ^-^ivQj^epf upon the trial of a flavc for a ca- 
 " pital oiFence." ,Mercer*s Abridgment, 
 p. 419. 
 
 • By an a£l of aflembly, if any bill of 
 exchange is drawn for the payment of any 
 fum of money, and fuch bill is protefted 
 for non-acceptance or non-payment, it 
 carries intereft from the date thereof, after 
 the rate of 10 per cent, per annum, until 
 the money be fully fatisBed and paid. 
 A very curious anecdote relative to this 
 
 law was mentioned tome at Williamfturg, 
 of which I amf perfuaded the reader will ex- 
 cufe the relation.— An ufurer, not fatisfied 
 with 5 1. per cent, legal intereft, refufed to 
 advance i fum of money to a gentleman, 
 unlefs, by way of fecurity, he would give 
 him a bill of exchange that fliould be re- 
 turned protefted, by which he would be 
 intitled to 10 per cent. The gentleman, 
 who had immediate occafion for the money, 
 drew a bill upon a capital merchant in 
 London, with whom he had never had any 
 tranfadion, or carried on the leaft corre- 
 fpondence. The merchant, on the receipt 
 of the bill, obferving the name of the 
 drawer, very readily honoured it, knowing 
 the gentleman to be a perfon of great pro- 
 perty, and concluding that he meant to 
 enter into conlefpondence with him. The 
 ufurer upon this became intitled to only 
 5I. per cent. He was exceedingly en- 
 raged, therefore, at being, as he fuppofe<^ 
 thus tricked r^artd complained- very heaviijr 
 to the gentlei^an of his having given him 
 a good bill inftead of a bad one. 
 
 correfponds 
 
 
 IP 
 
 
 m 
 
 ~^ 
 
 ■m 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 •> y 
 
 ' ^ki^a^uji 4r- 
 
 kdik 
 
ICA. 
 
 will na- 
 ind a dif- 
 therefore, 
 that hav- 
 requently 
 lich they 
 cent, in- 
 
 irginians, 
 
 S^illiamfburg, 
 cader will ex- 
 , not fatisfied 
 ;ft, refufed to 
 I gentletnan, 
 ; would give 
 bould be re- 
 le would be 
 ; gentleman} 
 r the money, 
 merchant in 
 :ver had any 
 leaft corre- 
 r> the receipt 
 lame of the 
 it, knowing 
 if great pro- 
 e meant to 
 him. The 
 led to only 
 edingly en- 
 lie fuppofed^ 
 irery heavily 
 I given hitai 
 
 • 
 
 cfponds 
 
 G I N I A. 
 
 27 
 
 coi^efponds with their private one : they are haug^hty and 
 jealous of their liberties, impatient of reftraint, and can 
 fcarcely bear the thought of beiHg-^^Dntrouled by any 
 fuperior power. Many of them conilder the .colonics as 
 Independent ftates, i)pt connected with Great Britain, 
 erwife than by havihg the fame common king, and 
 beiW bound to her by natural affedion. There are but 
 few of them that have a turn for bufinefs, and even thofe 
 are by no i^eans expert at it. I have known them, upon 
 a very urgent occafion, vote the relief of a garrifon, with- 
 out once <^onfidering whether the thing was pradicabley- 
 when it was moft evidently and demonftrably otherwife *. 
 In matters of commerce they are ignorant of the necef- 
 fary principles that muft prevail between a colony and 
 the mother country; they think it a hardfhip not to have 
 an unlimited trade to every part of the world. I'hey 
 
 * Tiw garrifon here alluded to, was that 
 of Fort Loudoun, in the Cherokee coun- 
 Crjs confifting of a lieutenant, and about 
 fifty men. This unfortunate party being^ 
 befieged by the Cherokee Indians, and re- 
 duced to the laft extremity, fent off* runners 
 Itf the governors of Virginia and Carolina, 
 iinploring immediate fuccour i adding, that 
 it was impoffible for them to hold out above 
 twenty days longer. The aflembly of 
 Virginia, commlferating their uidiappy 
 fituadon, very readily voted a confiderable 
 fum for their relief. With this, troops 
 were to be levied) were to rendezvous 
 upon the ftonder§> 200 miles diftant from 
 
 Wi|liam(burg ; were afterward to proceed 
 to the fort 200 miles farther through a wil- 
 demefs, where there was no road, no ma- 
 gazines, no pofts, either to (belter the fick, 
 or cover a retreat in cafe of any difafter ; fo 
 that the unfortunate garrifon might as ef- 
 kUtually have been fuccoured from the 
 moon. The author taking notice of thefe 
 difficulties to one of the members, he 
 frankly replied, ** Faith, it 1s t|:ue: but 
 ** we have had an : opportunity at leaft of 
 «» ihowing our loyalty." In a few days 
 .after arrived the melancholy news, that this 
 unfortunate party was intirelycut off. 
 
 % , 
 
 ^E~T 
 
 cdfiiider 
 
 / 
 
 /\« 
 
vy 
 
 >v. 
 
 ::^ 
 
'i0Mi 
 
 
 28 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 confider the duties oipon their ftaple a, injurious only to 
 themfelves ; and it is utterly impoffible to perfuade them 
 that they affeA the confumer alfo. However, to do them 
 juftice, the fame fpirit of generofity prevails here which 
 does in their private charader ; they never refufe any ne- 
 ceffary fupplies for the fupport of government when called 
 upon, and are a generous and loyal people. 
 
 The women are, generaUy fpeaking, handfome, tlwjuglji 
 not^to be compared with our fair countiy-women in 
 England. They have but kw advantages, and confer 
 quentlyare feldom accompliihed ; this makes them re. 
 ^rved, and unequal to any interefting or refined cbavcr. 
 lation. They are immoderately fond of dancing and 
 indeed it is almoft the only ^ufemcnit they partake 
 of: but even in this they, difcoVer want of tafte and 
 elegance, and feldom appe4 with that: gracefukefs and 
 eafe^ which thefe movejnents are calculated to difplav 
 Towards the clofe o^^vening, when the company arc 
 prettywell tired w^ country dances, it i. ufual todance 
 Jiggs ; a pradic^^originally borrowed, f am informed 
 from the • Negiies. Thefe dances are without method 
 or regularity. : a gentleman and lady ftand up, and dance 
 about the ropm, one of them retiring, the other purfuing, 
 then perhaps meeting, in an irregular fentaftical manner. 
 After fome time, another lady gets up, and then the firft 
 
 •uiuty of obfcmng fomcthing funUar in like the jigg, oftbe VirgismT^ ^' 
 
 — lady — 
 
 w 
 
■!^- »:^,# 
 
 „^^. 
 
 rcA. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 IS only to 
 
 ' 'fl 
 
 adc them 
 
 m 
 
 do tbcin 
 
 Wm 
 
 re which 
 
 -^ 
 
 '.any ne- 
 
 fl 
 
 en called 
 
 1 
 
 ,tkoug]ii 
 
 1 
 
 amen ia 
 
 ■ i 
 
 1 coQie>» 
 
 '« 
 
 hem re* 
 
 9 
 
 coBvcr* 
 
 i *^'1! 
 
 °g» and 
 
 
 partake 
 
 1 
 
 ia;eaQd 
 
 1 
 
 lefs and 
 
 -i 
 
 difplay. 
 
 - 1 
 
 •any arc 
 
 f 
 
 ^ dance 
 
 ,,1 
 
 Formed; 
 
 1 
 
 method 
 
 m 
 
 t dance 
 
 M 
 
 itCu'mg, 
 
 m 
 
 lanner. 
 
 m 
 
 iicfirft 
 
 M 
 
 iniiu 
 
 v«ry. 
 
 29 
 
 lady muft fit down, flic bemg, as they term it, cut out : 
 the fecond lady afts the fame part which the firft did, 
 till fomebody cuts her out. The gentlemen perform in 
 the fone mancfer. The Vii^nian ladies, excepting thefe 
 amufemef»t», and now and then going upon a party of, 
 pleafufe into the woods to partake of a barbacue *, chiefly 
 fpend their time in fewing and taking care of their fami- 
 lies: they feldom read, or endeavour to improve their 
 minds; however, they arc in general good houfewives ; 
 and thongh they hare not, I think, quite fo much ten- 
 demefs and fenfibility as the Englifh ladies, yet they malte 
 as good wives, and as good mothers, as any in the #orld. 
 It i» hard to determine, whether this colony c^ be 
 called flourifliing, or not : bccaufe though it produces 
 gi'eat q-oantitics of tobacco and grain,, yet there feem to 
 Be very few improvements carrying on in it. Great part 
 of Virginia k a wiJdemefe, and as many of the gentlemen 
 are mpoffeffion of immenfe tra<as of landy it is likely to 
 continue fo'. A fpirit of cnterprize is by no means the 
 torn of the colony, and therefore few attempts have been 
 
 Wy^ 
 
 • Monf. de Wjlld, in his French tranf- 
 lation of thefe travels, maices tile foHowing 
 obfervation upon the wordj Barbacue. 
 
 ** Cet amufement barbare confifle a 
 *< ibuetter les pores jufqu' a la moir, pour 
 ** en rendre la chair plus delicate. Je ne 
 ** Ache pa» que let cannibales meme le 
 ♦' pntiquent." 
 
 In'jttftice: t» the inhabituitt- of Virj^nia, 
 
 I muft bfeg leave to obrervc, that fuch a 
 cruel and inhuman aft was never, to rtiy 
 knowledge at lealt, praftifed in that country. 
 A barbacue is nothing more than a porliet, 
 killed in the ufual way, fluffed' with fpices 
 and other rich ingredients^ and-bafted with 
 Madeira wine. It is efteemed a very great 
 delicacy i and is, 1 believej acoftly difli. 
 
 m 
 
 » 
 
 made 
 
 L::^l-ri»Jiltt^~t! 
 
 
30 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 made to foree a trade ; which I think might eafily be 
 done, both to the Weft Indies and the Ohio. They have 
 every thing neceflary for fuch an undertaking ; viz. lum- 
 ber, provifions, grain, and every other commodity, which 
 the other colonies, that fubifift and grow rich by thefe 
 means, make ufe of for exports ; but, inftead of this, they 
 have only a trifling communication with the Weft In- 
 dies ; and as to the Ohio, they have fufFered themfelves, 
 nptwithftanding the fuperior advantages they might enjoy 
 from having a water carriage almoft to the Yoghiogheny, 
 to neglea this valuable branch of commerce ; while thp 
 induflrious Penfylvanians feize every opportunity, and 
 ftruggle with innumerable difficulties, to fecure it t 
 themfelves. The Virginians are content if thcyjcsaiiut 
 live from day to day ; they confine themickr^s^almoft in- 
 tirely to the cultivation of tobaccoi^nd if they have but 
 enough of this to pay theij^^nerchants in London, and to 
 provide for their pl^fures, they are fatisfied, and defirc 
 nothing more. Some few, indeed, have been rather more 
 ent^rpriling, and "have endeavoured to improve their 
 eftates by raifing indigo, and other fchemes : but whe- 
 ther it has been owing to the climate, to their inexpe- 
 rience in thefe matters, or their want of perfeverance, I 
 am unable to determine, but their fuccefs has not an- 
 fwered their expedations. 
 
 The taxes of this colony are conliderable, and the 
 public debt amounts to at leaft 400,000!. currency; 
 ■ ,-_^ ._ 1 _„ t hi s-. 
 
 k 
 
 fl 
 
eaiUy be 
 hey have 
 iz. lum- 
 yr, which 
 by thefe 
 his, they 
 Veft In- 
 :mielves, 
 ;ht enjoy 
 iogheny, 
 hile thp 
 ty, and 
 re it tg^ 
 caii mit 
 noft in- 
 ave but 
 and to 
 1 defirc 
 er more 
 E their 
 t whe- 
 nexpe- 
 ince, I 
 lot an- 
 
 > 
 
 id the 
 rency ; 
 4bi^^^ 
 
 VI KG IN I A. 
 
 31 
 
 Wi 
 
 this they have been driven into by the war, having fel- 
 dom had lefs than a thoufand or fifteen hundred pro- 
 vincial troops in pay, exclufive of the expences of fome 
 forts. The ways and means employed for raifinj the 
 money have been generally the fame triiey have firft 
 made an emifHon of fb much paper ^rrency as the ex- 
 igehcy required, and then- Md a tax for finking it. 
 This tax has beei),-c6mmonly upon lands and negroes, 
 two fliillings-fbfevery titheable ; and a fliilling or eigh- 
 te^i-p^e upon every hundred acres of land. This 
 9ode of taxation has occafioned fome divifions in the 
 oufe ; for the owners of large trails being unable, per- 
 laps, to cultivate a tenth part of their poffeiTions, and 
 every man*s real income arifing from the number of his 
 Negroes, have thought it very hard to pay a tax for what 
 th^y pretend is of no value to them : but much better 
 arguments may undoubtedly be urged in fupport of the 
 tax than againfi: it. ,-^^ 
 
 The taxes for the prefent debt are laid till the year 
 fixty-nine, when the whole, if they add nothing more to 
 it, will be difcharged. The ufe of paper currency in 
 this colony has intirely ba-niftied from it gold and filver. 
 Indeed the introdu^ion of it was certain in time to pro- 
 duce this efFea ; but left it fhould not, the Virginians 
 fell into a meafure, which completed it at once : for by 
 an aft of affcmbly they fixed the exchange between cur- 
 rency and fterling debts at five and twenty per cent, not 
 
 ^ 
 
 con- 
 
 SJlH^ i^j|£ ^M^ ^ , ,^ 
 
^^ TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 confidcring that the real value of their currency/ could 
 ' only^be regulated by itfelf. The epnfequence w^, that 
 wlfh fix>in frequent emiflions; the difference of ex-. 
 change between bills upon merchantj in London aod 
 currency, was 40 per cent! the difference between cur- 
 rency and fpecie* was only five and twenty. So'that 
 the monied mien colledted all the fpecie they could, feot 
 it to Philadelphia, where it paffed for its real value, pur- 
 chafed bills of exchange with it there, and fold them 
 again in Virginia with fifteen percent, profit: and this 
 they continued to do till there was not a piftple or a dol^ 
 lar remaining. 
 
 During my ftay in Virginia, I made feveral excuifions 
 into different parts of the country : one in particular to 
 the great /alls of Potowmac ; of which, as I expeded to 
 be highly entertained, I kept a journal. 
 
 I departed from Williamfburg, Oa. i. 1759, in com- 
 pany with another gentleman f; and we travelled that 
 day about forty miles, to a plantation t in King William 
 county ; beautifully fituated upon a high hill, on the 
 north fide of kmunky river. A little below this place 
 ftands the Pamunky Indian town ; where at prefent are 
 
 • Fixing the difference between cur- 
 rency and fterling debts, was, in reality, 
 fixing it between currency and fpecie. 
 
 t Col. Bernard Moore< 
 
 t Belonging to Col. Symes. This gen- 
 tleman's lady, a very beautiful woman, was 
 &id to have juft attained her aift ye4r. 
 
 She was at that time the mother of feven 
 children, alHiving. The women in gcr 
 neral, in this country, arrive at maturity 
 very early. Some arc marriageable at 
 eleven, many at thirteen^ and the gene- 
 rality at fourteen or iift«an years of age. 
 
 
 h 
 
■.j^-'?*>KS^P^?* 
 
 
 
 PAMlljNXY I:NDIANS. 
 
 II 
 
 the few remainslofj that large tribe; the reft having 
 dwindled away thtoMgl^ intemperance and difeafe. They 
 live in little wigwamfi or cabins upbn the river ; and have ' 
 a very fine traft of lajid of about 2000 adtes, which they ' 
 are reftrained from alienating by ad of affembly. Their 
 employment is chiefly hunting or fifhing, for the neigK-. 
 ibouring gentry. They commonly drefs -like the Vir- 
 ginians, and I have fometimes miftaken them for the 
 lijwer fort of that people* The night I fpent here, 
 they went out into an adjoining marfh to catch forufes ; ^ 
 and one of them, as 1 was informed in the morntrtg,' 
 caught near a hundred dozen. The manner of taking 
 thefe birds is remarkable. The foriis is not known to be 
 m Virginia, except for about fix weeks from' the latter 
 end of September : at that time they are found in the 
 marfhes m prodigious pumbers, feeding upoif the wild 
 oats. At firft they'are exceedingly lefen, <tut in a fhort 
 time grow fo fat, as to. be finable to fly: in this ftate 
 they he upon the r^ds, and the Indians go out in canoes 
 and knock them on the head with their jpaddles. They 
 are rather bigger than a lark, and ire delicious eating. . 
 Durmg the time of ^ their coiitinuing in feafon, you meet 
 with them at the tables of moft of the planters, brcftk- 
 lait, dinner, and fupperf. 
 
 • See Appendix, N». 3. '* Ml cc 
 
 t In feveral parts of Vii^nia the an- where 
 
 ciem cuft oro of eatin g me a t a t b re akfaft^- 4i^;on(fa 
 
 inucs. At the top of the tehle, 
 lady of the houfe prefidps, there 
 if tea and coS^; but tte ieTFdT 
 
 \ the 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 J' 
 
.-/ 
 
 34 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 •- Oa. 2. We went to anoHtr plantatio Aout twehti- 
 four miles diftant, belong4ng to a private gentlemant. 
 upon Mattapony river. „ We ftaid there all that and trie 
 next day on account of rain. ; ^ 
 
 Oa. 4. We travelled twenty-five miles to anothel ' 
 gei^tkmart'sfhoufe; and from thence, the day follow I 
 mg, about tweijty-five miles farther, to a town called 
 Fredericfburg. t 
 
 ^ Tredericfburg is fituated abcii^ a mile below the Falls 
 >f Rappahannoc ; .it is regularly laid out. as moft of the 
 towns in Virginia are, ' in paj^ld ftreets. Part of it is 
 built upon an eminence, arid cc^mmands a delightful 
 profpecft; the reft upon the edg^ of the water for the 
 convenience of warehoufes. The*((own was begun about 
 thirty- two years ago, fc^r the fake bf carrying on a trade 
 with the back-fettlers j and is at ^refent by far the moft 
 flourifhing one in thefe parts. / 
 
 We left Frederic(burg th? 6th/ inftant, and went to fee 
 the Falls. At this place is a fmall mercantile town called 
 Falmouth ; whqfe inhabitants arc endeavouring to rival 
 the Fredericfburghers in their trade. It is built upon the 
 north fide of the river, and confifts of eighteen or twenty 
 houfes. ^ 
 
 ; The Falls of Rappahannoc are fimUar to thofe of 
 
 die table is garniflied with roafted fowls, 
 ham, venifon, game, and other dainties. 
 Even at Williamfturg, it is. the cuftom to 
 have _a plate of cold ham upon the tabJej 
 
 and there is fcarcely a Virginian lady wha 
 breakfafts without it» 
 
 • Major Henry Gaines. 
 
 t CoL Bailors. 
 
 James 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^Md^if^^Ssi^. -Lx ^.i^-: ' 
 
!^ 
 
 FALLS OF RAPPAHANNOC. 
 
 35 
 
 ,^ames river, except that they are not upon Co large a 
 / fc^Ie. The whole range fcarcely exceeds half a mile, 
 / and the breadth not a hundred yards. At the time of 
 our going to fee them, there was a frefli in the river, 
 which added very much to their beauty. The center of 
 view was an ifland of about an hundred acres covered 
 with trees; this divided the river into two branches, in 
 each of which, at regular diftances of fifteen or twenty 
 yards, was a chain of fix or feven falls, one above anoth^, 
 the leaft of them a foot perpendicular. The margin was 
 beautifully variegated with rocks and trees, and the 
 whole formed a pleafmg romantic fcene. 
 
 At this place we met with a perfon who informed us 
 of his having been, a few days before, a fpedator of that 
 extraordinary phenomenon in nature, the fafcinating 
 power of the rattie-fnakc. He bbferved one lying coiled 
 near a tree, looking direAly at a bird which had fettled 
 there. The bird was under great agitation, uttered the 
 mod doleful cries, hopped From fpray to fpray, and at 
 length flew diredtly down to the fnake, which opened its 
 mouth ahd fwallowed it. 
 
 From hence we afcended u^ the river, about fifteen 
 miles, to Spotfwood's iron-mines ; and in our way had a 
 fine view of the Apalachian mountains, or Blue Ridge, 
 at the diftance of feventy miles. At this place I was 
 much affe<Sted.l?y the following incident. A gentleman 
 in ou^onipany^ Which was now increafed, had a fmall 
 
 F2 
 
 \ Negroe 
 
 ^Ml^tlji^^t fW ' 2 -i^ X c I 
 
 k^4^ !ist,'--M»j- sitklll,l,>li:mu^^^ • 
 
 _^.J^\.., 
 
 
 .«i,',i.-i-/tS 
 
36 TRAVELS Through north America. 
 
 Negfoe boy with him, about fourteen years of age, that 
 had lived with him in a remote part of the country fome 
 time as a fervant ; an old woman who was working in 
 the mines, and who proved to be tRe boy*s grandmother, 
 accidentally caft her eyes on him; fhe viewed him with 
 great attention for fome time ; then fcreamed out, faying 
 that it was her child, and flung herfelf down upon the 
 • ground. She lay there *foAe feconds ; rofe up, looked 
 on him again in an extafy of joy, and fell upon his neck 
 and kiffed him. After this, flie retired a few paces, ex- 
 aniiined him afrefl^ with fixed attention, and immediately 
 f|^ed to lofe herfelf in thoughtful and pofound melaii- 
 cWy. The boy aU this while flood filent and motion- 
 lefe ; reclining his head on one fide, pale and affe^ed 
 beyond defcription : It would not ha^re been in the 
 jpower of painting to exhibit a finer pidure of diftrcfi. , 
 - S We returned from this place the next day to Fredericf- 
 burg ; ^d ferrying over the Rappahannoc into the 
 Northed Neck, travelled about fcventcen miles to a 
 gentleman's houfe in Stafford county : in the morning 
 we proceeded through Dumfries, and over Occoquan 
 river to Colchefter, about twenty-one miles, 
 
 Thefe are two fmall towns lately built for the fs^of 
 the back trade; the former* on the Quantico^ the other 
 
 • In the preceding editions of this book, probably arofe from the author's havimr 
 Dumfries i, me«tio,,ed a, fituated upon poffed the Acquia. the Quantico, -nd the 
 /icq.,a Creek: but this is certainly erro- Occoquan, rivers in the lame dayi^d hi,- 
 
 ^ , l^^ ""-'" '^ / "^ ^'"' "^ P^'^^* ""«' '^""^ rccolleaion, 
 
 l^ipeitthe-Quanticis^lH^fWf-^cnTic wrote his journal^n the evening. ^ 
 
 M upon 
 
 
^■. 
 
 COLCHESTER. 
 
 3/ 
 
 upon Occoquan river, both of which fall into the Potow- 
 mac. About two miles above Colchefter there is an, iron 
 furnace, a forge, two faw- mills, and a bolting-mill :, at 
 our return we had an opportunity of vifiting them : they 
 have every convenience of wood and water, that can be 
 wiftied for. The ore wrought here is brotight from 
 Maryland ; not that there is any doubt of there being 
 plenty enough in the adjacent hills; but the inhabitants 
 are difcouraged from trying for it by the proprietor's (viz. 
 lord Fairfax) having referved to himfelf a third of all ore 
 that may be difcovered in the Northern Neck *. 
 
 • An occurrence happened to me in the 
 courfe of this day's travelling, which, 
 though it ma^e a confiderable impreffion 
 upon me at the time, I (hould not have 
 thought of fufficient moment to be record- 
 ed, had not the intelleSual powers of the 
 African4>Iegroe8 been frequently, of late, 
 made the fubjed of converlation, both by 
 the friends and the oppofers of the emanci> 
 pation of that unhappy race. In paffing 
 either Acquia, Quantico, or Occoquan 
 rivers, I do not recollea which, I was 
 roKi^by an old grey-headed Negroej 
 who Kemed quite exhaufted and worn 
 down by ^e and*infirmity. I inquired 
 into his fituation, and received for anfwer, 
 dj^t he had been a Have from bis youth> 
 ajpd had continued to work for his mafter 
 till age had rendered him unfit for fervicej 
 fliat his mafter had then kindly given him 
 afmall piece of ground, and the profits of 
 the ferry, which were indeed very iricon. 
 
 iiderable,' for his maintenance: and that 
 with thefe means of fubfiftence he awaited 
 the hottr when it might pleafe God to call 
 him to another life. I obferved, that he 
 muft naturally wifli for that hour, as it 
 would releafe him froAi his prefent fuffer- 
 ings. His anfwer was, no; for he was 
 afraid to die. On my queftioning him, 
 why he was afi-aid to die: whether he had 
 any thing upon his confcience that gave him 
 uneafinefs; or whether he had not been 
 honeft and fiithful to his mafter? He an- 
 fwered, yes i I have always done my duty 
 to the beft of my power: but yet I am 
 afraid to die: and was i^ot our Saviour 
 himfelf afraid to die? The anfwer wras fo 
 unexpected, and fo far beyond what I fup- 
 pofed to be the intelle£lual capacity of the 
 poor Negroe,,that it funk deep into my 
 mind, s^d I was loft for a moment in 
 filence. 
 
 From 
 
' '*;^^^rj^;^,-f 
 
 38 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 From Colchefter we went about twelve miles farther 
 to Mount Vernon. This place is the property of colonel 
 Wa(hmgton, and truly deferving of its owner*. The 
 hoyfe IS mod beautifully fituated upon a high hill on the 
 banks of the Potowmac; and commands a noble profpefl 
 of water, of cliiFs, of woods, and plintations. The river 
 IS nearly two miles broad, though twohundred from the 
 taouth ; and divides the dominions of Virginia from Mary- 
 land +. We refted here one day, and proceeded up the. 
 
 • I cannot omit this opportunity of 
 bearing teftimony to the gallant and 
 public fpirit of this gentleman. Nov. i, 
 1753, Lieut. Gov. Dinwiddie having in, 
 formed the alTembly of Virginia, that the 
 French had crefted a fort upon the Ohio, 
 it was refolved to fend fomebody to M. 
 St. Pierre, the commander, to daim xhat 
 country as belonging to his Britannic 
 Majefty, and to order him to withdraw, 
 Mr. Wafliin^ton, a young gentleman of 
 fortune juft arrived at age, offered his 
 fervice on this important occafion. The 
 diftance was more than 400 miles ; 200 
 of which lay through a tracklefs defert, 
 inhabited by cruel and m^ciJefs favagesj 
 and the feafon was uncommonly fevere. 
 Notwithftanding thefe difcouraging cir- 
 cumftances, Mr. Wafliington, attended 
 bv one companion only, fet out upon 
 this dangerous enterprize : travelled from 
 Wincherter on foot, carrying his provi- 
 fions on his back, executed his ^mii^ 
 fionj and after incredible hardlhips^and 
 many providential efcapes, returned iafe 
 to Williamfburg, and gave an account 
 
 of his negociation to the a/Tembly, the 
 14th day of February following. 
 
 t A very curious fight is frequently 
 exhibited upon this and the odier great 
 rivers in Virginia, which for its novelty 
 IS exceedingly diverting to (Irangers. 
 Dunng the fpring and fummer months 
 the fifhing-hawk is often feen hovering 
 over the rivers, or refting on the wing 
 without the leaft vif.ble change of place 
 for fome minutes, then fuddenly darting 
 down and plunging into the water, from 
 whence it feldom rifes again without a 
 rock fift, or fome other confiderable 
 fiflj in its talons. It immediately fluket 
 off the water like amift, and makes the 
 beft of its way towards the woods. The 
 bald-eagle, which is generally upon the 
 watch, inftantly purfues, and if it can 
 overtake, endeavours to foar above it. 
 The hawk growing folicitous for iu 
 own fifety drops the filh, and the bald- 
 e»gle immediately ftoops, and feldom 
 fiils to catch it in its pounced before it ' 
 reaches the water. 
 
 ■ . n 
 
 nver - 
 
 #} 
 
FALLS OF POTOWMAC. 
 
 39 
 
 
 river about twenty-fix miles, to take a view of the Great 
 .Falls, Thcfc are formed in fome refpedl like thofe of 
 the Rappahannoc; but are infinitely more noble. Th^ 
 channel of t(jc river is contra<aed by hills; and is as nar- 
 row, I was told, as at Fort Cumberland, which is an hun- 
 dred and fifty miles higher up. It is clogged moreover 
 with innumerable rocks; fo that the wgter for a mile or 
 two flows with accelerated velocity. At length coming 
 to a ledge, of rocks, which runs diametrically crofs the 
 river, it divides into two fpout«',^ach about eight yards 
 wide, and rufhes down a precipice with incredible rapi- 
 dity. The fpout on the Virginian fide makes three falls, 
 one above ahothcr; the firft about ten feet, the next fif- 
 teen, and the laft twenty-four or twenty-five feet perpen- 
 dicular : the water is of a vaft bulk, and almoft intire. 
 The fpout on the Maryland fide is nearly equal in height 
 and quantity, but a great deal more broken. Thefe two 
 fpouts,„ after running in feparate channels for 4 (hort 
 fpace, at length unite in one about thirty yards wide; and §, 
 
 as we judged from the fmoothnefs of the furface and our 
 unfucccfsfiil endeavours to fathom it, of prodigious )depth. 
 The rocks on each fide are at leaft ninety or a hundred 
 feet high j and yet, in great freflies, the water overflows 
 the tops o/ them, as appeared by feveral large and intire 
 trees, which had lodged there. ° 
 
 In the evening we mumed down the river about fix- 
 teen miles to Alexandria, or Bel-li^ven, a fmall trading 
 — ^ — ■ — — __ ■■ ^„„ -^^ . _ pl acc'""" 
 
 ^ 
 
■■-.t.- 
 
 ^ 
 
 40 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH JmERICA. 
 
 place in one of the fineft fituations imaginable. The 
 Potowmac above and below the town, is not more than 
 a mile broad, but it here opens into a large circular bay, 
 of at leaft twice that diameter. ; 
 
 The town is built upon an arc of thifbay ; at one ex- 
 tremity of which is a wharf; at th/ other a dock for 
 building fhips; with water fufficiently deep to launch a 
 veffel of any rate pr magnitude. 
 
 The next day we returned to colonel Wafliihgton's, 
 and in a few days afterward to Williamfburg. ' • 
 
 The time of my refidence in ^his colony was ten 
 months, and I received fo many inftances ^f friend- 
 ihip and good-nature, that not to acknowledge them 
 would be an aA of ingratitude. It would not be cafy 
 to mention particular inftaaces, without being guilty of 
 injuftice by omitting others: but, in general, I can 
 truly affirm, that I^opk leave of this hofpitablc people 
 with regret, and Aall ev«r remembe|^||ith gratitude 
 andaffbaion. ' -^'iM^ 
 
 May 26, 1760. -JIaving procuredP^thtlte^rfes, for 
 myklf, fervant, and kggage, I departed fi^o^TiUiLmf:. 
 
 burg, and travelled that night to Eltham * ; twenty-five 
 miles. * , ,, 
 
 May 27. I ferried over Pamunkyriv^ at Danfies, and 
 went to Todd's ordinary upon M^ttopony, or theVorth. 
 ern branch of York river ; ' thirtyikwo miles. 
 
 • The plantation of Col. Baflett 
 
 y 
 
 ■^ 
 
 -May, 
 

 %•• 
 
 rv* • '■^ 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 41 
 
 was ten 
 
 V'l 
 
 if friend- 
 
 1 
 
 dge them 
 
 - J"' 
 
 >t be cafy 
 
 
 guilty of 
 
 ■ ., ''jtl 
 
 ili I can 
 
 ■*i 
 
 ie people 
 
 • ,:Ss 
 
 gratitude 
 
 
 rfes, for 
 
 i^l 
 
 l^illiamf- 
 
 '':^l 
 
 enty-five 
 
 
 Ges, and 
 
 
 e^orth- 
 
 -4^^H 
 
 times befor 
 fwiftnefs i 
 where it h 
 about two' 
 
 ^ May 28. I went to a plantation in Caroline county * ; 
 
 twenty-feven miles. • 
 
 May 29^ To Fredericfburg ; twenty-five milesT^ 
 
 As I was travelling thisMay, I obfcrved a large black- 
 
 fnake, about fix feet long, lying cifofs the (lump of a tree 
 
 by the road fide. I touched it with my fwitch fcveral 
 
 fred ; at laft it darted with incredible 
 i^pods. On looking into the hole, 
 head, I obferved a fmall bedid-fnake 
 _ "ig; beautifully variegatedl^ith red, 
 black, and orange colour, which thc: black-fnake was 
 watching to prey upon. I took ahd laid it, half ilupi- 
 fied, in the fun to revive. After I had proceeded. about" 
 a quarter of a mile, it occurred to n\e that it would be a 
 gfjat curiofity if I could carry it to England ^ there- 
 l^jyc^t ^y ibrvant back^ with orde^to fbtch it : but, 
 >t his return, he acquainted me thaTit was not to be 
 found, and that the black-fnake was in the fame-pofttion 
 wherein I had firft difcovered^ I me^^ii this as an 
 inftance of the intrepid natuiiiFthe Bk^k-fnake, which, 
 though not venomous, will attack and devour the rattle- 
 fnake ; and, in forae cafes, it is afTerted, even dare to • 
 affault a man. ; V 
 
 May 30. I left Fredericfburg, and having ferried over 
 the Rappahannoc at the falls, travelled that night to Ne- 
 ville's ordinary, about thirt;y-four miles. 
 
 =*.=Bdeagi»g^to C< / 1, Bailor^ tocntion ea^ aSovcf 
 
 ••it> 
 
 May 
 
 / / 
 
 N 
 
 
 
-^ 
 
 I . 
 
 42 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 May 31. I paffed over the Pignut and Blue Ridges ' 
 and, croffing the Shenando, arrived, after a long day'l 
 journey of above fifty miles, at Winchefter*. 
 
 The Pignut ridge is a continuation of the fouth-weft 
 mountains. It is no where very high ; and at the gap 
 where I paffed, the afcent is fo extremely eafy, owing to 
 the winding of the road between the mountains, that I 
 was fcarcely fenfible of it. 
 
 The trad of country lying between this ridge and the 
 coaft, ,s fuppofed, and with fome appearance of proba- 
 bility, to have been gained from the ocean. The fitua- 
 tion is extremely low, and the ground every where 
 broken into fmall hills, nearly of the fame elevation, 
 with deep intermediate gullies, as if it were the effcd of 
 fome fudden retiring of the waters. The foil is princi- 
 pally of fand; and there are few, if any petbles, within 
 a hundred miles of the fhore ; for which reafon the Vir- 
 ginians in thefe parts never fhoe their horfes. Incredible 
 quantities of what are called fcallop-fhells, are found alfo 
 near the furface of the ground ; and many of the hills arc 
 mtirely formed of them. Thefe phenomena, with others 
 lefs obvious to cdTnmon obferyation, feem to indicate, 
 that the Atlantic, either gradually, or bj fome fudden 
 
 * GreeMray Court, the feat of the ve- 
 nerable Lord Fairfax, is fituatcd a few 
 miles on ||^ left of the road, about half 
 way between the Apalachian mountains 
 
 S iL 
 
 and Winchefter. His Lordftip being ab. 
 fent, I was prevented from paying my re- 
 fpefts to him.-Sce Appendix, N« 4. 
 
 9 
 
 -v 
 
 OTI 
 
 ^evoiutioir 
 
 ■i 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
; jfSi ■ 
 
 « 
 
 ICA. 
 
 BLUE-RIDGE. NORTH-RIDGE. 
 
 43 
 
 : Ridges ; 
 g day's 
 
 Dn 
 
 )uth-weft 
 
 the gap 
 
 owing to 
 
 IS, that I 
 
 2 and the 
 )f proba- 
 he iitua- 
 y where 
 levation, 
 effe<a of 
 s princi- 
 i, within 
 the Vir- 
 icredible 
 und alfo 
 hills arc 
 h others 
 ndicate, 
 '■ fudden 
 
 p being ab> 
 ifing my re- 
 N«4. 
 
 I 
 
 revolution in nature, has retired, and loft a confiderable 
 part of that dominion which formerly belonged to it. 
 
 The Blue-ridge is much higher than the 'Irignut : 
 though even thefe mountains are not to be compared 
 with the Alleghenny. To th^fouthward, I was told, 
 they are more lofty ; and but little, if at all, inferior to 
 them. The pafs, at Aftiby's Gap, from the foot of the 
 mountain on the eaftern fide to the Shenando, which 
 runs at the foot on the weftern, is about four miles. The 
 afcent is no where Very fteep ; though the mountains are, ' 
 upon the whole, I think, higher than any I have ever 
 feen in England. When I got to the top, I was inex- 
 preffibjy delighted with the fcene which opened before 
 me. Immediately under the mountain, which was co- 
 vered with chamoedaphnes in full bloom, was a mpft 
 beautiful river : beyond this an extenfive plain, diverfi- 
 fled with every pleafing objedl that nature can exhibit ; 
 and, at the diftance of fifty miles, another ridge of ftill . 
 more lofty mountains, called the Great, or North-ridge *, 
 which inclofed and terminated the whole. 
 
 The river Shenando rifes a great way to the fouthward 
 from under this Great North-ridge. It runs through 
 Augufta county, and falls into the Potowmac fomewhere 
 in Frederic. At^the place where I ferried over, it is only 
 about a hundred yards wide ; and indeed it is no where, 
 
 • All thefe ridges coufift of fingle mountiiiiis joined together, and run parallel to 
 each other. 
 
 ^-2~ 1 /Relieve, 
 
7 
 
 i*''^.'^. 
 
 44 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I believe, very broad. It is exceedingly romantic and 
 beautiful, forming great variety of falls, and is fo tranf- 
 parent, that you may fee the fmallcft pebble at the depth 
 of eight or ten feet. There is plenty of trout and other 
 fifh in it ; but it is not navigable, except for, rafts. In 
 fuddert frefhesit rifes above forty or fifty feet. • The low 
 grounds upon the banks of this river are very rich and 
 fertile ; they are chiefly fettled by Germans, who gain a 
 comfortable livelihood by raifing ftock for the troops, and 
 fending butter down into the Jower parts of the country. 
 I could not but refled with pleafure on the fituation of. 
 thefe people.; and think if there is fuch, a thing as hap- 
 pinefs in this life, that they enjoy it. Far from the buftiS 
 of the world, they live in the moft delightful climate, 
 and richeft foil imaginable ; they are every where fur- 
 rounded with beautiful profpeds and fylvan fcenes • 
 lofty mountains, tranfparent ftreams, falls of water, rich 
 vallics, and majeftic woods ; the whole interfperfed with 
 an infinite variety of flowering fhrubs, conftitute the 
 landfcape furrounding them: they are fubjed to few 
 difeafes ; are genenilly robuft ; and live in perfed li- 
 berty : they are ignorant of want, and acquainted ^ith 
 but few vices. Their inexperience of the elegancv/s of 
 life, precludes any renrret that they pofl*efs not the means 
 , of enjoying them: but they poflfefs what many princes 
 .^ would give half their dominions for, health, content, 
 
 ^ and tranquillity of mind.*. 
 
 . "Winchefter — 
 
 J 
 
 %\, 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 »'■ 
 
 
 If .... 
 
ICA. 
 
 mtic and 
 (o tranf- 
 the depth 
 md other 
 afts. In 
 The low- 
 rich and 
 lo gain a 
 3ops, and 
 country, 
 jation of. 
 5 as hap- 
 le buMe 
 cHmate, 
 lere fur- 
 fcenes ; 
 ter, rich 
 fed with 
 :ute the 
 to few 
 rfed li- 
 ed ^ith 
 ncyts of 
 E means 
 princes 
 :ontent, 
 
 WINCHESTER. 
 
 45 
 
 Winchefter,, is a fmall town of about two hundred 
 4, houfes. It is the place of general rendezvous of the 
 
 Virginian troops, which is the reafon of its late rapid 
 increafe, ^nd prefent flourifliing cSlidition. The country 
 about it, iebefore the redudion of Fort du Quelhe, was 
 greatly exp(^fed to the ravages of the Indians, who daily 
 committed moft hocfid cruelties : even the town would 
 have been in danger, h^ not colonel Wafliington, in 
 * order to cover and protedt it, erefted a fort upon an emi- 
 i nence at^qpe end of it, which proved of the utmoft uti- 
 ^'' lity ; for although the Indians were frequently in 
 fight of the* town, they never dared to approach within 
 reach of the fclft. It is a regular fquare fortification, 
 with four baftions, mounting twenty-four cannon ; the 
 length of each durtain, if I am not miftaken, is about 
 eighty yards. Within, there are barracks for 450 men. 
 |f The materials of which it is conftrudled, are logs filled 
 
 up with earth : the foldiers attempted to furround ic*M 
 with a dry ditch ; but tjie rock was fo extremely haroi"^^ 
 and impenetrable, that they wefe obliged to defift. It 
 is ftill unfinifiied"; and, I fear, going to ruin ; for the 
 affembly, who feldom look a great way before them, 
 after having fpent about Qopol. currency upon it, can- 
 not be prevailed upon to give another thoU/and towards 
 finifliing it, becaufc we are in poffeffion of Pitfburg ; 
 and, as they fuppofe, quite fecure on this" account ; yet 
 it is certain, that, in cafe of another Indian war on this 
 
 \ 
 
 rid( 
 
 t ^ '*- 
 
 
^^^, T-™^^-"' 
 
 ^ 
 
 V ' 
 
 ^ 46 . TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 * fide, which is by no means improbable, confideri„» 
 ^.eraI.eaeme«ofthaepeopfe,iewo:idT T^^ 
 ^ .rtoft advantage and fecurity. - ■« or tne «(. 
 
 There is - a • peculiarity in the water at Winchefter 
 
 Dunng my ftay at this place, I was almoft indu^^d'to 
 ™ake a tour for a fortnight to the fouthward. in aT. j! 
 
 S' tt offiS'^ ? 't« ---^ -ural'dS 
 
 worttwf;i;f^;: f:,f^r'ri r^^'^ -• 
 
 Jhe curiofuies they mentioned to me. were chiefly 
 
 ■ 1. About forty miles weftward of Aua„a, 
 houfe, a beautiful cafcade, burfting out J XfideT 
 rock; and, after -ning fome diLce 1^ ^^ 
 dow, ruflnng down a precipice ,50 feet perpendicur" ■ 
 ■ - To the fouthward of this about twent/mik; to 
 
 xunoiis^ 
 
 
 » 
 
 V 
 
ICA. 
 
 ering our 
 f the i^t- 
 
 nchefter, 
 quality, 
 5s, cfpe- 
 [» on the 
 ^afes*. * 
 iuced to 
 Augufta 
 iofities ; 
 I7 well 
 fcalping 
 ared, at 
 »g, and 
 dged it 
 
 chiefly 
 
 tV I N C HE ST E R. 
 
 47 
 
 curious hot fpringi|^one tafting like alum, the other like 
 the wafhings of a gun. . . > ^ 
 
 3. A moft extraordinary cave. ' 
 
 4. A medicinal fpring, fpecific in venereal cafes. A 
 foldier in the Virginian regiment; whofe cafe was^thoUgl^ 
 
 ■ defperate, by drinking and bathing in thefe waters, was, 
 after a few days, intirely cured. Thh fad was afferted 
 very ftrongl)j|by fome officers, vi^ho had been ported 
 there: but colonel Wafhington, of whom I inquired 
 more particularly concerning it, informed me that he. 
 had never heard of it ; that he was not injjeed at the 
 place where it is faid to have happened, but that having 
 had the command of the regiment at that time, he fliould 
 probably have been informed of it. What credit there- 
 fore is to be given to it, the reader muft judge for 
 himielf^ • . . , 
 
 j;. Sixty miles fouthward of Augufta court-houfe, a 
 natural arch, or bridge, joining two high mountains, 
 with a confiderable river running uil||rneath. 
 
 6. ^ r^ called Loft river, fromTts finking under a 
 mountain, and i]pver appearing again. 
 
 J. A fpring of|g^lphtweous nature, ah infalMble cure 
 forj particular cutaneous diforde|j|^ .^^ 
 
 B\ Sixteen miles nortJi-eaft ^ Winchefter, ^Etural 
 cale or well, into which, at times, a perfon qjay 
 down to the depth of 100 or 150 yards; and at oth 
 liS^s^the water r i fes jjp to the top, aad= Qverflow s^pka^ 
 
 tifully. 
 
 A 
 
 Ki.- 
 
 (1. • 
 
Scf^S 
 
 ft 
 
 % 
 
 ?v 
 
 »v 
 
 I' 
 
 traWls ti^rough north 
 
 tifully. Thi&/is ^lled the ebbing and 
 is fituated i^ pld^^, flat coui|try,||ot c 
 
 rh 
 
 mountainWrunniiff wate^ 'J^ . _ 
 
 %. A ftfw miles f^ he^^^x oFlafericuHous-caves - 
 
 |^|| communicating with^&hotiia; ,,/ " ^,* «.*^ #*^"^ 
 ■■^ ^^>^W,^ befoife;^^ left: tSiMfe§j.,^I^ ^SvA* 
 ^e^robbeci,f)3r my fbrva|t ipil (^Mrti|| 
 
 1^ ^tlfe'in juftifix:a4Diidf4iffifblf; that* 
 ' jj^ (I^Kiifs him. This diftreflld me very, 
 »tP?l53^|f i^^Pofliliie to hire'ifeyant in thefe- 
 ^'■^.^^ , . Hfeii aiSf^^^ne to go over the m^ntains with me 
 j^^e %wer fettlements. However, % the politeneft ^ 
 i^|th^ comnlander of the place, the honourable colonel 
 "%%and of another gentleman* of my acquaintance, I 
 ;gbt a^er thefe difficulties; for the former, ^while I con- 
 ^ 'Uinued at Winchefler, accommodated me with his own 
 )^ apartments ia the fort, ordering 'his ferVants to attend and 
 i.> wait upon me: and the latter fent a negroe boy with me 
 as far as colonel Wafliington's, eighty miles diftant from 
 ; thi§ place. On the 4th of June, therefore,- I was en- 
 ^-^V^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ Winchefter, and I travelled that night 
 : ''' about eighteen miles, to Sni,ker's f ferry upon the She- 
 nando. . » 
 
 The next morning I repaffed 
 V/illiam's Gap, and proceeded pn my jourj 
 
 
 tC4 
 
 • Colonel Churchill. 
 Fry and Jcfferfon's map, Wil 
 
 |u^-ridge at 
 pout forty 
 
 V 
 
 p- 
 
 miles. 
 
"VIRGINIA. 4^ 
 
 miles. I this day fell into conVerfation with a planter,, 
 who overtook, me on the road, fconcel-ning the rattle- 
 fnake, of which there are ini^ni'te numbers iii thefe. 
 parts ; and he told me, that one day going to a mill at 
 fome diftance, he provoked one to fuch a degree, as td' 
 make it ftrike a fmall vine which gi'ew clofe by, and that 
 the vine prefently drooped and died *. 
 
 My accommodations this evening were extremely bad ; 
 I had been' wet to the fkin in the afternqon ; and at the 
 miferable plantation in which I hatf taken flielter, I 
 could get no fire; nothing to eat or drink but pure 
 water; and not even a blai^et to cover me. I threw 
 myfelf down upon my mattrafs/ but fufFered Co much 
 from c6ld, and w^fo infefted with infeds and vermin, 
 that I could ^ not clofe my eyes. I rofe early in the 
 ndorning, therefore, and proceeded upon my journey, be- 
 ing diftant from colonel Wafliington's not more than 
 thirty miles. It was late, however, before I arrived 
 there, for it rained extremely hard, and a man who un- 
 dertook to fhew ine the neareft way, led me among pre- 
 cipices and rocks, and we were loft for above two hours. 
 It was not indeed, without fome compenfation ; for he 
 
 f, , ,;v^'"H „ : ' ' - 
 
 ♦ SeveKl i,erfons t<|whom I have men- fociety; and, more particularly, how he 
 
 tioned 4u faa, havfe feemed to doubt of ftould happen to fix uf«n that tree ; which, 
 
 theprobabdityofit. But were it not true, fuppof.ng the thipg poffible, is the moft 
 
 a queft.on w.ll naturally arife, how an idea likely to have been affeaed in the manner 
 
 of that lutore Osatld occur to an ignoranf defcribcd. 
 planter, nVing remote from -all cuttivatqi '^'^ - 
 
 * brought 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 \ •■ 
 
 V *-, 
 
 

 50 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 brought me through as h^utiful and pidurefque a fcene, 
 as eye ^er beheld. ^ It was a dehghtful valley, about two 
 miles in length, and a quarter of one in breadth, between 
 high and craggy mountains, covered with chamccdaph- 
 nes * or wild ivy, in full flower. Through the middle 
 of the valley glided a rivulet about eight yards wide, ex- 
 tremely lucid, and breaking into innumerable cafcades; 
 and in difl^erent parts of.it flood fmall clumps of ever- 
 greens ; fuch as myrtles, cedars, pines, and various other 
 forts. Upon the whole, not Tempe itfelf could have dif- 
 played greater beauty or a more delightful fceiie. 
 
 At colonel Wafliin^ton's I difpSfedspf my horfes, and, 
 having borrowed his curricle and (ervant, I took leave of 
 'Mount Vernon the nth of June. 
 
 I crofTed over the Potowmac into Maryland af Clif-^ 
 ton's ferry, wher^ thel-iver is fomething^more than a mile 
 broad; and proceeded on my journey 156 Marlborough, 
 Eighteen miles. I here met with a (IroUing como^ny of 
 
 . * The chamoedaphne i$ the moft beau- 
 tiful of all flowering flirubs: Catefby in 
 his Natural Hiftory of Carolina fpeaks of 
 it in the following manner : « The flowers 
 " grow in bunches on. the tops of the 
 ' " branches, to footftalks of three inches 
 " long,; they are white, ftained with pur- 
 " plifb red ; confifting of one leaf in form 
 " of a cup, divided sit the verge into fivt^ 
 " feiaions. In the middle is a ftflus, and 
 " ten ftamina, which, when the flower firft 
 « opens, appear lying clofe to the fides of 
 
 " the cup, at equal diftaiices} their apices 
 
 " beisijr lodged in ten little hollow cells, 
 
 " wbiS being prominent on the outfidcj 
 
 " appear as fo many little tubercles.— As 
 
 " all plants have t|)eir peculiar beauties, it 
 
 '? is difficult to affign to any one an cle- 
 
 " gance excelling all others; ^et confider- 
 
 •* ing the curious ftrudhire of.thV flower, 
 
 " and beautiful appearance of this whole 
 
 " plant, I know of no Arub that has a 
 
 « better claim to it." Catefljy, Vol. 11. 
 
 p. 98. See Appendix,. N» 1. . 
 
 - >, f 
 
 player9|— 
 
X 
 
 - JJ,-' 
 
 A N /N A P O L I S. 
 
 5» 
 
 players, under the di^efticin of one Douglas. I vverjt to 
 fee their theatre, which vvl^s a neat, convenient tobacco- 
 houfe, well fitted lip for ihe purpofe. From hence in 
 the afternoon I pi/oceeded \to Queen Ann, nine miles ; 
 and in the eveni^ nine mil^s farther, over the Patuxen 
 to Londoh-town^fejry ; I ftkid here all night, and early 
 m the morning ferrying over South river, three quarters 
 of a rtile in breadth, I arrived at Annapolis, four miles 
 diflant, about nine in the morning. 
 
 napolis is thp capital of Maryland ; it is a fmall neat 
 town, confiding hf about a h^indred dnd fifty houfes, 
 fitaated on a peninfula upon Severn river. The penin- 
 " ila is formed by the river, arl^ two fmall creeks ; and 
 Ithough the river is not abo je a mile brc% ; yet as it 
 falls into Chefapeak bay a littldfbelow, there is ^|ft this 
 town the fineft water-profpedl ^aghiable. TW^y is 
 twelve miles over, and beyonk it you may difcern the 
 eaftern fhore ; fo that the fcenjb is diverfified with fields, 
 woods, and water. The tidd rifes here about two feet, 
 and the water is fait, though :he diftance of the Capes is 
 more than 200 miles. The town is not laid out regu- 
 larly, but is tolerably well built, and ^^f^j^l good 
 brick houfes. None of the ftreets are pived, and the 
 few public buildings here aie not worth mentioning. 
 The church is a very poor om:;, the ftadt-houfe but in- 
 herent, and the governor's pdacc is not finiflied. This 
 menti^ed building was bigun a few ye^s ago ; it is 
 
 w fiTuate<r 
 
 "W^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■I 
 
 .%*, 
 
.c 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 
 52 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 fituated very ^"^^l^^lllpminence,. and commands a 
 beautiful view|j|^^rand environs. It has four 
 large rooms ^M^ befides a magnificent 
 
 faloon, a ftair^cafe, and a veftibule. . On each fide ofthc 
 entrance arc four windows, ^^djin^rton the firft ftory ; 
 the offices are under groundi#^^^o ha^e Had a fine 
 portico the whole range of the building ; but unluckily 
 *^^ S^rnor and aflcmbly difagreeing about ways and 
 "^ea^s^he execution of the defign was fufpended ; and 
 onl|,^^he fhell of the houfe has been finiflied, which 
 is n^ going to ryin. The houfe which the prefent 
 gqvernor inhabits, is hired by the province at 8o i. cur- 
 rency per an^um. ^ ^ ' 
 
 There is very little trade carried on from this ^^, 
 ^^h^ qhief^f the inhabitants are ftorekeepers or public 
 offiphs. They :^uild two or three fhi^s annually, but 
 feldom more. There jare no fortifications, except a nur 
 fetable battery oif fifteen |iK%)unders. .^, ; 
 
 Maryland is ^^M^d^weai .the 38|h and 40th de- 
 gree of north la^^^nd the 75 th and 8 oth"^ of weft 
 longitude ' from l^ondon. It is bounded on' the eaft by 
 the Jlltlantic ocea^i^d the.tl#e Iow# couHties ^ 
 Delaware; on the fouth and we£te%ginia f*lqd4y 
 %i{ylvania on the north. J^e^lje, foil, anTna- 
 tu# ppduaions of it are ne VtJg fame as tb(^e of Vir^ 
 ^ni^lJ^is watered by m^C^frivers, and almoft in- 
 ckable creeks ; but it is far from being well culti- 
 
 vated. 
 
 % 
 
 '» 
 
 ■%> ^ 
 
 1 x';^ 
 

 I 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 53 
 
 vated, and is capable of much improvement. It is di- 
 vided into fourteen counties, and between forty and fifty 
 pariflics ; and there arc feveral little towns in it which 
 are neatly built.— The inhabitants, exclufive of (laves, 
 are fuppofed to be about ninety thoufand : of which the 
 militia, including all white males between fixteen and 
 fixty, amounts to eighteen. The flaves are about 
 thirty-t|wo thoufand.— The ftaple of the country is to- 
 bacco ;| and, cimmunibus annis, they export near 30,000 
 hogflicids : laft year their exports amounted to 50,000. 
 — Thdr manufaaures are very trifling, —The govern- 
 ment iji a proprietary one ; and confifts of the proprietor 
 
 {viz. 
 
 pofed 
 
 houfe 
 
 
 fsm^^- 
 
 ird Baltimore); his governor; the council, com- 
 of twelve pcrfons. nominated by himfelf; and a 
 of rcprefentatives, eleded by the people,; four for 
 each dounty, and two for Annapolis. The power of the 
 proprietor is next to regal ; of the other parts of the le- 
 giilatdrc, much the fame as in Virginia. The lower 
 houfe has been at variance fome years with the council 
 and dovernor, concerning ways and means ; chiefly in 
 regard to taxing the merchants bookli^s : which has 
 been the reafon of their having done^|Aig for the de- 
 fence of the colonics during the ^^^The houfb has 
 confta^tly voted troops, but as conftantly kid the fame 
 tax for the maintenance of them : the council therefore 
 has aijvays rejedcd the bill ; alledging the inconvenience 
 of fuel a tax, as it would neccffarily be a reftraint upon 
 
 ^M.-' 
 W''* 
 
\ 
 
 •^ 
 
 ihi 
 
 L- * 
 
 
 54 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMEllICA. 
 
 trade ; and ruin many of the merchants credit. — The 
 proprietor has a negative* upon every bill, exclufive of 
 his governor. 
 
 There are feveral courts of judicature in this province; 
 but the principal are either thofe which are held quar- 
 terly in each count^jr by the jufticcs thereof, like thofe in 
 Virginia ; or the provincial ones, which are held twice 
 aonually at Annapolis by judges appointed for that pur- 
 pofe f . The court of chancery confifts of ih^ governor 
 and council : and the dernier refort is to his majeijy in 
 council at home. • """--- 
 
 The eftablifhed religion is that of the church of Eng- 
 land : but there are as many Roman Catholics as Pro- 
 teftants. ,The clergy are liberally provijd^d for; they 
 have not, as in Virginia, a fixed quantity of tobacco; 
 but fo much per head, viz. 30 lb. weight for every tythe- 
 able in their refpedive parifhes : and fome of them make 
 more than 300 1. fterling per annum. They are pre- 
 fented to their livings by the governor ; and are under 
 the jurifdi<SI:ion of the bifhop of London ;-but being at 
 a great diftancc from England, and having no commiflary 
 to fuperintend their affairs, they lie lander many difad- 
 vantages. Afleffments are made, I was told, by the 
 county-courts ; the veftry, which confifts of twelve 
 
 • This power is doubted, though it has merly a general court of affize held throuwh- 
 never yet been contefted. out the province, either once or twice a 
 
 f Befides tbefe courts, there was for- year, but this has been laid afide. 
 
 members 
 
 \ 
 
 w 
 
 , ■ ' ■ V ... 
 
 
 
 
 ir-t 
 
 • 
 
 :• 
 
 - 
 
 
 ii^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 - .' ^v »i.n.^ 
 

 CHES APEAK-B AV. ^^ 
 
 members diftin<9: from the chi&rch-wardens, have littfe 
 or no authority *. 
 
 In each county throughout this province, there is a 
 public free-fchool, for reading, writing, and accounts ; 
 but no college or academy ; and the education of youth 
 is but little attended to. 
 
 The charader of the inhabitants is much the fame as 
 that of the Virginians ; and the ftall of the two colonies j 
 nearly alike. Tobacco, to fpeak in general, is the chief 
 thing attended to in both. There have been fome at- 
 tempts to make wine ; and it is certain, that the coun- 
 try is eapable of producing almoft any fort of grapes. 
 Col. Tafco, a gentleman f£,4iftinaion in thefe parts, 
 attempted to make Burghndy, and fucceeded tolerably 
 well for the firft trial. I drank fome of the wine at the 
 table of Mr. Hamilton, the governor of Pennfylvania, 
 and thought it not bad. But whether, as this gentleman 
 is now deceafed, any other perfon will have fpirit to 
 profecute his plan, I much doubt. The currency here 
 is paper-money, and the difference of exchange about 
 fifty per cent. The duty upon Negroes, is only forty 
 fhillings currency per head at their importation ; whereas 
 in Virginia it is ten pounds. 
 
 June 13. X^ired a fchooner of about ten ton, and 
 
 • '^^^ vi^oiJ^ttt^s in Virginia, is annually a freOx eleaion. They have 
 confifts of twelve membew j but they go the power of appointing infpeaors, &c. 
 off by rotation two every year j and there • , 
 
 bar k e d - 
 
 jem 
 
 -f 
 
 ':0^: 
 
s 
 
 4 
 
 r ' 
 
 ■ W 
 
 •V- 
 
 ^ 
 
 S6 TRAVEfeS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. ' 
 
 embarked for the head oif the "bay, diftant twenty-three 
 leagues ; we made fail with a frefli breeze, and after a 
 pleafant paffage^jif fixteen hours, in on^ of the moft de- 
 lightful i^ay« imaginable, arrived at f^rederick-town upon-; 
 SafTafras river, about twelve in the evening. I never in 
 my life fpent a day more agreeably, or with higher' en^ ^ 
 tertainment. the fhores on each fide of the bay, and 
 the many little iflands interfperfed in it, afford very beau- 
 tiful profpeas ; we were, entertained at the ffime time 
 by innumerable porpbifes playing about the bow of the 
 fliifH and naturally fell into a train of the moft pleafing 
 reflexions, on obferving the mouths of- the njany noble 
 rivers as we paffed along. On the weftern fhore, befidei 
 thofe great rivers of Virginia, which I have already *dc- \ 
 fcribed, there are ten or eleven others, large and capa- 
 cious, fome of them navigable a confiderable way up into' 
 the country *. " The Patuxen, which we have left^behind > 
 us, faid the mafter of theTchoon^i;,^gs We were failing 
 over this beautiful bay, is navigable ne^ fifty miles for * 
 vefTels pf ;Kree hundred ton burthen. Ijfcler, he added, 
 are South, 6e\^ern, and Magotty Hvers^avigable about 
 ten miWs. }a little farther is ihe Patapfico, a large and. 
 noble river ; whete I have gone up fifteen miles." Back,"^^ 
 Middle, Gunpowder, ^nd Biifli rivers admit onlyiloops 
 
 .'■ ' ■"<' 
 
 • By fome. error or overfight the names 
 of fevcral rivers hfre m^ntionedj though 
 particularly fpeclfied in the original manor 
 
 ^fcript, were otnitted'in ^e firft and'fecond 
 .«diti0ns of t^i? work. They are now in- . 
 fcrted, and th« account is-corrcft. 
 
 •'*• '- . and 
 
 f 
 
 T-TTTi- 
 
 ' * ■ 
 
 m\ 
 
 $i< 
 
 t 
 
 
 /> 
 
 
 .< 
 
 -;.^^ 
 
u 
 
 y 
 
 l^:-^'/*. 
 
 NEWCASTLE. 
 
 57 
 
 ..» 
 
 ' ■) 
 
 and fcho(Miers, and thefe only for fix or feven miles. 
 The Sufquehannah, though fo majeftic, and fuperior in 
 appearance, has only a fliort, and that a bad navigation; 
 but it rifes an immenfe way off in unlinown and inhofpi^ 
 table rcgiops, is exceedingly large and beautiful, and af^ * 
 . fords gre^t variety of fifh. The next, or North river, 
 is' navigable about ten miles. On the eaftern fhore,, 
 he concluded, ak Elk, Bahama, SafTafras, Chcftcr, Wye, 
 Miles, Great C||optank, Little Choptank, Nanticote, 
 
 Manokin, and Pocomoke rivers, all of them navigable 
 • more or lefs, for feverai miles*." — Such was our conver-" 
 
 . fation and entertainment during this delightful voyage. 
 
 ; Frederic-toW4i is a fmall village on the weftern fide of 
 Saflafras river, built for the accommodation of ftrangers 
 and travellers ; on the eaftern fide, exadly bppofite to it, 
 i^another fmall village "(George-town), eredled for the 
 fame purpofg,— Having Kired an Italian chaife, wit^i a 
 fervant and.horfe to attend me as far as Philadelphia, *t * 
 left Frederic-town .the ne.xt da^, and- went to Newcaftle, 
 thirty-two miles. ' * ^ i ^ 
 
 Newcaftle is fituated \0di\ Delaware river, about forty 
 miles ajjove the Bay, and a hundred from the Capes. It 
 .is^^Re capital of the three imvcr counties, but^^Iaceof, 
 
 ' very little confitderation:^ there are fcarcely nJw than a'^ 
 
 Vjiundred houfes m it, and no public buiJdin^ tffiltdefcrye "i 
 td be taken notice of, "jhe church, prefbyterian and 
 
 • He faiJ frtfiht eighteen to ii/ty mUcs. 
 
 7'-4 
 
 ».r 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 'it 
 
 If ^ 
 
 
 TTT 
 
 r- 
 
 ;^ 
 
 , quakere" 
 
 M. 
 
 * '1 
 
 vH'; 
 
 !►•» 
 
 
 
 •'• . 
 
 % 
 
 
 'fe« 
 
 1 1 
 
 •*■ 
 
 V*-,, 
 
 
 JL-. 
 
 k.. -J. • ' » 
 
i 
 
 
 f 4 
 
 
 58 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 quakers-mecting-houfcs, court-houlb, and market-houre, 
 are almoft equally>ad, Jnd undeferving of attention. 
 . J.^^ P'""!'"'^"' °f »•>'='> 'his h the capital, and which 
 IS diftmguuned by the name of the Three Lower Coun- 
 ties of Nevvcaftle, Suffex, and Kent, belonged formerly 
 to the Dutch ; but was ratified to the crown of England 
 by the. treaty of Breda ; it was afterwards fold by the 
 Duke of York to the proprietor of Penfylvania, and has 
 continued a feparate government, though nearly under 
 the fame regulations with that province, ever fince. The 
 fame governor prefides over both ; but the affembly, 
 and courts of judicature are diiTerent : different as to 
 their conftituent members, for in form they are nearly 
 alike. The affembly confifts of eighteen perfons, eleaed 
 annually by the people.Vfix for each county: this, with 
 the governor, forms the legi/lature of the province. There 
 IS a militia, in which all perfons, from eighteen to fifty, 
 are oEtiged to be inrolled ; and the county of Newcaftle 
 "'o^furniflies more than feven hundred. ' 
 
 TKe next day I fet out f* Philadelphia, diftant about 
 thirty-fix miles, and arrived there in the evening. The 
 country all the way bore a different afpe4 from any 
 thing I had hitherto feen in America. Jt was much 
 better cultivated, and beautifully laid out into fields of 
 clover, grain, W flax. I paffed by a very pretty village 
 called Wilmington ; ,and rode through two others viz 
 Chefter and Derby. The Delaware river is m^ght 
 
 * Vojeat . 
 
 ^ 
 
>? 
 
 
 ' 4 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 great part of the way, and is three niiles broad. Upoa 
 the whole nothing could be more pleafmg than the ride 
 which I had this day. I ferried over the Schiiilkill, 
 about three miles below Philadelphia ; from whence to 
 the city the whole country is covered with villas, gardens, 
 and luxuriant orchards. ' * 
 
 Philadelphia, if we copfider that not eighty years ago 
 the place where it now ftand.s was a wild and unculti-s 
 vated defert, inhabited by nothing but ravenous beafts, 
 and a favage people, muft certainly be the objedt of every 
 one's wonder and admiration. It is fituated upon a ' 
 tongue of land, a few miles above the confluence of the 
 Delaware and Schuilkill ; and contains about 3000 
 houfes, and 18 or 20,000 inhabitants. It is built north 
 and fouth upon the banks oC the Delaware; and is nearly 
 two miles in length, and three quarters of one in breadth. 
 The ftreets are laid out with, great regularity in parallel 
 lines, interfered by qthers at^fight angles, and are hand- 
 fomely built : on ea^ fide tljere is d pavement of broad 
 ftones for foot palTengers ; aSd in moft of them a caufe^ 
 way m the middle for carriages. Upon dark nights it 
 IS well lighted, and watched by a patrole : there arc 
 many fair houfes, and public edifices in it. The ftadt- 
 houfe is a large, handfome, though heavy building; in 
 this are held the councils, the diTemblies, andfupreme 
 courts ; there are apartments in it alfo for tlie accom- 
 modation of Indian chiefs or fachems ; likewtTe two li* 
 
 'brapes; ^ 
 
 /. 
 
 ■■^-t' 
 
 
 -f-r 
 
 ,•;. t 
 
 . f.Ml'^^l J 
 
\ 
 
 11' m 
 
 #t 
 
 f 
 
 60 TRAVELS THROUgTi NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 braries j ohe belonging to the province, the other to a 
 fociety, which was incorporated about ten years ago, and 
 -^confifts of fixty members. Each member upon admif-r. 
 fion, fubfcribcd forty fbillings ; andftafterward annually 
 ten. They can alienate their fhares, by wiU or deed, to 
 any perfon approved by the fociety. They have a fmall 
 eolleaion of medals and medallions, and a fevv other 
 cQriofities, fuch as the fkin of a rattle-fnake killed at 
 Surinam twelve feet long; and feveral Korthern Indian 
 habits made of furs and fkins. At a fmall dfftance from 
 the ftadt-houfe, there is ant)ther fine library, confifting 
 of a very valuable and chofen colledion of books, left by 
 a Mr. Logan"; they are chiefly in the learned languages. 
 Near this there. is alfo a noble hofpital for lunatics, and 
 other fiejc perfons. Befides thefe buildings, there are 
 fpacious barracks for 17 or 1800 men ; a good af- 
 fembly-room belonging to the^^bciety of free-mafons j 
 and eight or teh places of religious worfhip ; viz. twa 
 churches, three quakers meeting^houfes, two prefby- 
 terian ditto, one Lutheran church, one Dutch Calvinift 
 ^itto, one Swedifli ditto, me Romiili chapel, one ana- 
 baptift meetiog-hpufe, one Moravian ditto : there is alfo 
 an academy or college, originally built for a tabernacle 
 for Mr. Whitefield. At tl^e fouthend of the town, upon 
 the river, there is a battery mounting thirty guns, but 
 it is in a ftate of decay. It was defigned to be a check 
 upon privateers. Thefe, with a few alti^-houfe, and a 
 
 n^" flfv" fchool- 
 
 c\ 
 
 • ^^ 
 
 - it-. . 
 
 *' 
 
 
^; 
 
 « 
 
 '■■■,'■■' ^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 "r * 
 
 
 i 
 
 ) 
 
 ? 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 choo] 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 6i 
 
 oufe belonging to the quakcrs, are the ^hicf 
 aiblic buildings in Philadelphia, the city is in a very 
 ourifhing flare, and inhabited by merchants, artifls', 
 tMefmeh, and perfons of all occupations. There is I 
 j^ublic market held twice a week, upon Wednefday and 
 Saturday, almol^qual to that of Leddehhall, and a tole- 
 rable one every day bcfides. The ftreets are crowded with 
 people, and the river with veflels. Houfes are fo dear, 
 tl^at they will let for loo 1. currency per annum ; and 
 lots, not above thirty feet iogjreadth, and a hundred 
 in length, in advantageous fituations, will fell for loool. 
 .erlirig. There are feveral docks upon the river, and 
 about twenty-five veffels are built there annually. I 
 coAnted upon the flocks at f>ne tiijie no lefs than fcvenJ^ 
 teenl, many of them three-mafted veflels *. 
 
 an the mind have a greater pleafure than in contem- 
 plating the fife and progtefs of cities 'and kingdoms? 
 TMn in perceiving a rich and Opulent ftate arifing out of 
 a/fmall fettlement or colony? This pleafure every ;onc 
 muft feel who confiders Penfylvania.— This wonderful 
 province is fituated between the 4-oth and 43d degree of 
 north latitude, and about iya degrees weft longitude 
 from London, in a healthy 4nd delightful climate, amidft . 
 all the advaintages that n?lture can beftow. The foil is, . 
 extremely*ftrong and fer^k, and producer fpontaneo'ufly 
 an infinitfe variety JJ ti^es, flowers, fruits, and plants, of " 
 
 • ' /* Sec Appendix, N» 2, ■_ 
 
 ___ __ _ / ■ " , :, '' different 
 
 \ 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 
 % 
 
 .*■ .' : 
 
 
 
ifl 
 
 
 '^i > 
 
 62 TRAVFLS THROUGH, NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 diitcjicnt torts. The mountains are" enriched with ore, 
 and th'j rivers with fiOi : Tome of thefe are fo ftately as 
 not to be beheld T;vnthout admiration: the Delaware is ''^' 
 ftavigabk for large veffels as-far as the falls, 180 miles 
 dliiaht from the fea, a^id 120 from the bay. At the 
 iiUpkith it is more than three mil,es broad, and above one 
 F Philadelphia. The navigation is o])ftrii(a^d in the * 
 tcr, for about fix weeks, by the feverity of the froft ; 
 
 t, at other times, it is bold and open*. The Schuifejll, 
 though not navigable for any gfeat fpace, is ^Exceedingly 
 Tomanlic, and affords the moft delightful recrements. 
 
 Cultivation (comparatively fpeaking) is carried to a 
 high degree of perfection ; and Penfylvania produces not 
 only great plenty, but alfo great variety of grain; it 
 yields likewife flax-feed, hemp, cattle of different kinds, 
 and various other articles*. 
 
 It is divided into eight counties, and contains many 1 
 large and populous towns: Carlifle, Lancafter, and Ger- 
 man-town, confift each of near five hundred houfes; 
 there are feveral others which have from one to two 
 hundred. 
 
 • In the fou^ern colonies cultivation is 
 in a very low ftatc. The common pro- 
 cefs o( it is, firft to cut off the trees two 
 or three fe^t above ground, in order to ^et 
 in the fun and air, leaving the ftumps b 
 decay and rot, which they do in a few\ 
 years. After this they dig and plant, and 
 continue to work the fame field, year after 
 year, 'without ever manuring it, till it is 
 
 piece of ground, allowing this a refpite of 
 about twenty years to recover itfelf 5 during 
 which time it becomes beautifully covered 
 with Virginian pines; the feeds of that 
 tree, which are exceedingly fmall, and, 
 wheo the cones opeiv w wafted through 
 tbf air in gret^ abundance, fowing theih- 
 felves in every vacant fpot of negleded 
 ground. 
 
 tpdtcfpent^ They then enter upon a freih 
 
 V ^^CB 
 
 The 
 
 ^^jJP* ■ 
 
 *^\ 
 
 , , !' ... < 
 
 ^tl . 
 
P E N.S Y L V A N I A. 
 
 63 
 
 
 The number of inhabitants is fuppofed to be between 
 four and five hundred thpufand*, a fifth of which arc 
 quakers; there are very few Negroes or {laves, 
 
 * The trade of Penfylvania is furprifingly extenfive, car- 
 ried, on to Great Britain, the Weft Indies, every part of 
 North-America, the Madeiras, Liibon, Cadiz, Holland,^ 
 Africa, the Spanifli main, .and feveral other places ; ex^ 
 clufive of what is illicitly carried on to Cape Fran9ois, 
 and Monte-Chrifto. Their exports are provifions of all 
 kinds, lubber, hemp, flax, flax-feed, iron, furs, and 
 deer-fkins. Their imports, Englifli manufadures, with^ 
 the fuprfuities and luxuries of life. By their flag-of- 
 trtice trade, they alfo get fugar, which they refine and ^ 
 fend to Europe. 
 
 Their manufaaures are very confidera)2»fe. The Ger- 
 man-town thread-ftockings are in high eftimation ; and 
 the year before laft, I have been credibly informed, th^re 
 were manufadured in that town alone, above 6o,0(So ; 
 dozen pair. Their common retail price is a dollar per 
 pair. 
 
 The Irifli fettlers make very good linens : fome wool- . 
 lens have alfo been fabricated, but not, 1-^bHkfwe,^ to any 
 amount. There are feveral other manufaaureT^viz. of 
 beaver, hats, which are fuperior in goodnefs to an/ in Eu- 
 rope, of cordage, linfeed-oil, ftarch, myrtle-4ax and 
 
 • Doubfe have flAcearifen, whether the amounted to^more than 350,000 -See 
 number, at the time here mentioned, Morfcs American geography. 
 
 } fper- 
 
 l^:fil-,t'.'i'L.i -.,.vttM?r>. 
 
 ^ 
 
1*1 
 
 I-.'' 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 ,.| 
 
 « 
 
 64 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ly one; 
 
 fpcrmaceti candies, foap, earthery wa're, and other com- 
 modities. 
 
 The government of this prodfnce is a proprietor 
 The Icgiilature is lodged ii\th)e hands of a governor, ap- 
 pointed (vvitli the king's appi;obation) by the projirictor; 
 and a houfe of repr^^fentatives, eleded by the people,^ 
 conlifting of thirty-ftven rnembers. Thefe are of various 
 religions perfualions ; for /by the charter o£ privileges, 
 which Mr. Pcnn granteci/ to the fettlers in Pc^niylvania, 
 no pcrfon who believed in God could be molefted in his 
 calling or profeilion ; ahd any one who believed in Jefus 
 Chrift mighl enjoy the firft poft under the government. 
 The crown has refervid to itfelf a power of repealing any 
 
 ,<^J[aw, which may. int|6rfere with the , prerogative, op be 
 ■pjM\tYaTy to the laws /of Great Britain. 
 
 The judicature c^niifts of different courts'^ [The 'mC~ 
 tices of the peace, iWho, together with the other judges, 
 are of the governorJs appointment, hold quarterly feflions 
 
 ' conformable to the laws of England ; and^ wjien thefe 
 arc flnifhed, continue to fit in quality of judges of: com- 
 mon pleas, by a fptcial commiffion. The fupreme tourt 
 confifts of a chief juftice, and two afliftant judges ; they • 
 have the united aijthority of the King's Bench, Common 
 Pleas, and Court of Exchequer. They not only receive' 
 appeals, but all caufes once commenced in the inferior 
 courts, afte^ the firft writ, may be movbd thither by ^ 
 habeas corpus, certiorari, writ of error, &c. I^e judges 
 
 of 
 
 \ 
 
 X' 
 
 t 
 
 '.. < 
 
P15;n S Y L V AN I A. 
 
 6s 
 
 li •»' 
 
 of the Al|^e court have alfo a ftanding and diftindt 
 commiffion, to hold, as fliall feem needful, courts of oyer 
 and terminer, and general gaol-deliveries throughout the 
 province ; but this power they feldom, I believe, exer- 
 cife. The fupreme courts are held twice a year at Phi- 
 ladelphia. Thei;e is no Court of Chancery ; but the 
 want of it is fupplied, in fome meafure, by the other 
 courts. There is a particular officer called the regifter- 
 general, appointed by the governor, whofc authority ex- 
 tends over the whole province, where he has feveral de- 
 puties. He grants letters of adminiftration, and probates 
 of wills. In cafes of difpute, or caveat entered, he may 
 call in, as affiftants, two juftices of the peace. The go- 
 vernor can pardon in all cafes, except of treafon pr mur- 
 der, and then can reprieve till he knows the king's 
 pleafure. ^ 
 
 There is here, as in^fl of the other colonies, a 
 Court of Vice-Admiralty^ld by dommiffion from the 
 Admiralty in England, for the trial of captures, and of 
 piracies, and other mifdemeanors committed upon the 
 high feas; but there lies an appeal from it, I believe, to 
 the Court of Delegates in England. 
 
 Ail to religion^ there is none properly eftablifhed ; but 
 
 ^roteftants of %ll denominations, Papifts, Jews,, and all 
 
 other fcas whatfocver, are ^livelfaliy tolerated. Jiiefe 
 
 >^re twelve clergymen of tha church of England, who are 
 
 fent by the Society for the^ Prop^ation of the Gofpel, 
 
 aiid" 
 
 :J^: 
 
 ■n 
 
:f;,i ; 
 
 |: 
 
 ^■ 
 
 6^ 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 TRAVEL? •giP't^lI ^ORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and are allowed annually 50 1. each^ befides wM^nhey 
 get from fubfcriptions and Turplice fees. Some few of thefe 
 are itinerant miflionaries, and. hfve no fixed refidenc«, 
 but travel from place to place, asoccafion requires, 
 upon the frontiers. They are under the jurifdidion of 
 the biihop of London. 
 
 Art^ and fciences are yet in their infancy. There are 
 
 fome few perfons who have difcovered a tafte for mufic 
 
 and pajinting*; and philofophy feems not only to have 
 
 made li confiderable progrefs already, but to be daily 
 
 gaining ground. The library fociety is an excellent in- 
 
 ftitution for propagating a tafte for literature; and the 
 
 college well calculated to form and cultivate it. This 
 
 ' laft innitution J^^died upon an admirable plan, and is 
 
 by far ihe bej^^B^l for learning throughout America. 
 
 It has been d^^^raifed by contributions; and its pre- 
 
 fent fuijid is aboiit 1 0,000 1. Penfylvanian money. An 
 
 account! of it may be feen in Dr. Smith's (the prefident's) 
 
 Difcourfes. The quakers alfo have an academy for in- 
 
 ftruding their youth in claflical learning, and pradical 
 
 • mathematics : there are three teachers, and about feventy 
 
 ' boys in it. Belides thefe, theK^e are feveral fchooli in the 
 
 province for the Dutch and other foreign children; and a 
 
 confiderable one is^oing to be eredted at German-town. 
 
 The PenfylvanianS, as to charader, , are a frugal and 
 
 • Mr. Benjamin Weft, prefident of the Royal Academy, was, I believe, a native of 
 Pcnfylvania, if not of Philadelphia. • ~ 
 
 ' induf-* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ..^ 
 
.-.rqjp.^- >. , 
 
 '*P!V 
 
 • V'/ 
 
 PENSYLVANIA. 
 
 67 
 
 /iV 
 
 induftrious people : not remarkably courteous and liof- 
 pitable to ftrangcrs, unlefs. particularly recommended to 
 them ; but rather, like the denizens of moft commercial 
 cities, the revcrfe. They are great republicans, and have 
 fallen into the fame errors in their ideas of independency 
 as moft of the other colon^gave. They are by far the 
 moft enterprifing people iPi the continent. As they 
 confift of feveral nations, and talk feveral languages, they 
 are aliens in fome refped to Great Britain : nor can it be 
 expeacd that they fliould have the fairfe filial attachment 
 to her which her own immediate offspring have. How- 
 ever, they arc quiet, and concern themfelves but little, 
 except about getting money. The women are exceed- 
 ingly handfome and polite ; they are naturally fprightly 
 and fond of pleafure; and, upon the whole, are much 
 more agreeable and accompliflied than the nlen. Since 
 their intercourfc with the Englifh officers, they are 
 greatly improved j and, without flattery, many of them 
 would not make bad figures even in the firft afl'eniblies - 
 in Europe. Their amufements are chiefly, dancing in 
 the winter ; and, in the fummer, forming parties of plea- 
 fure upon the Schuilkill, and In the country. There is ' 
 a feciety of fixteen ladies, and as many gentlemen, called 
 the fifliing company, who meet once a fortnight upon 
 the Schuilkill. They have a very pleafant room ereded 
 in a romantic fituation upon the bank^ of that river, 
 where they generally dine and drink t^. ^Tjierc ^e 
 
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 68 
 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 feyeral pretty walks about it, and fome wild and rugged 
 rocks, which, together with the water and fine groves 
 that adorn the banks, form a moft beautiful and pidu- 
 refque fcene. There are boats and fifliing tackle of all 
 forjs, and the company divert themfelv^s with walking, 
 fifhing, going up the water, dancing, fjnging, converfing, 
 or juft as they pleafe. The ladies wear an uniform, and 
 appear with great eafe and advantage from the neatnefs 
 and fimplicity of it. The firft and moft diftinguifhed 
 people of the colony are of this fociety ; and it is very 
 advantageous to a ftrangcr to be introduced to it, as he 
 hereby gets acquainted with the be^ and moftTefpeaa- 
 hie company in Philadelphia. In tl^e winter, when jherc 
 Is fnow upon the ground, it is ufual to make what they 
 call Weighing parties, or to go upon it in (ledges ; but as 
 this is a pradice well known in Europe, it is needlefs to 
 •defer i be it. 
 
 The prefent ftate of Penfylvania is undoubtedly very 
 flouriijiing. The country is well cultivated, and there 
 are not lefs than 9000 waggons employed in it, ii^, dif- 
 ferent fervices. Till this war they were^^xempt /rora 
 taxes ; and it was not without difficulty that the quakers 
 were prevailed upon to grant any fupplies for the defence 
 of the frontiers, though expofed to the moft horrid cru- 
 el ti^te : it was not from principle, fay their enemies, that 
 they refufcd it, but from intereft ; for as they were the 
 firft fettlers, they chiefly occupy the interior and lower 
 
 partr 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^t 
 
 < . i^Lii:* -,^'„ . '_uc . ...--. Ib.'J^ 
 
P E N S Y L V A N I A. 
 
 69 
 
 
 parts of the province, and are not expofed to incurfions. 
 At length, however, compelled by clamour and public 
 - difcontent, they were obliged to pafs a fupply bill for 
 100,000 1. to raife five and twenty hundred men; and 
 thefe they have kept up ever fmce ; they afterward paffcd 
 a mjlitia bill, but it was fuch an one as anfwered no 
 good purpofe. The quakers have much the greateft in- 
 fluence in the aflembly, and are fupported there by the 
 Dutch and Germans, who are as adverfe to taxes as 
 themfelves. Their power, however, at prefent feems ra- 
 ther on the decline ; which is the reafon, as the oppofite 
 party pretend, that they ftir up on all occafions as much 
 confufion as pofTible, from that trite maxim in politics, 
 divide et impera. They have quarrelled with the pro- 
 prietors upon feveral occafions, whether altogether juftly 
 or not, I will not pretend to fay ; it is certain, however, 
 that the determinations at home have been fometimes in 
 their favour, the late fubjedls of their difputes have 
 been chiefly thefe : v|* 
 
 Firft, Whether the proprietary lands aught to be taxed? 
 This has been determined at home in the aflirmative. 
 
 Secondly, Whether the proprietor ougiit to have any 
 choice or approbation of the afleflTors ? 
 
 Thirdly, Whether he ought to give his governor in- 
 ftrudKons ? And, 
 
 Laftly,, Whether the judges of his appointment ought 
 
 to 
 
 
f5 . r 
 
 0. f 
 
 70 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERIC^. 
 
 to be during pleafure, or quamdiu fe bene gefferint ? 
 Thefe three laft are ftill undecided. 
 
 Upon the whole, " though this province is exceedingly 
 flouriftiing, yet there are certainly great abufes in it-; 
 and Tuch as, if not fpeedily redified, will be produdive 
 of bad confequences. 
 
 The difference of exchange between bills and the cur- 
 rency of Penfylvania, is about 75 per cent. /' * 
 
 An occurrence happened to me at Philadelphia, which, 
 though in itfelf of a trifling nature, I cannot but take 
 notice of, ^s a fingular inftance of the flrong pofTeffioii 
 which an idea will fometimes take of the mind ; fo as 
 totally to derange it. A lady from Rhode-Ifland, who 
 lodged in the fame houfe with myfelfj had an unfortu- 
 nate brother in the infirmary, a lunatic.: He was fup- 
 pofed to be nearly well j and was permitted occalionally 
 to fee company. A fev^days before I was to kayJ^p- 
 ladelphia, this lady invited me to accompany hej liTSne 
 of her vifitsto him ;. adding, that on her inadvertently 
 mentioning to him fome circumftances relating to me, 
 he had exprefTed a moft earneft defire to fee me. I 
 ftrongly objeded to the propofal, urging the impropriety 
 of introducing a ftranger, or, indeed, company of any 
 fort, to a perfon in that im^ppy fituation ; as it might 
 poflibly agitate his mind, and retard his recovery. I 
 advifed her therefore not to take any furthd^ notice of 
 
 hoping he might forget, or not mention it any more. 
 -^--^ — — The- . 
 
 It 
 

 P E N S Y L V A N I A. 
 
 71 
 
 The next day flie renewed lier application, adding, that 
 her brother was exceedingly difappointed ; and iutreated 
 me to attend her, in fo prefling a manner, that I could 
 not with civility refufe it. On entering the cell, a beam 
 of fatisfadion feemed to dart from his eye, not- eafy to 
 be exprefled or conceived. I took him by the hand ; 
 a^d, feating myfelf oppofite the bed to which he was 
 chi^ined, immediately took the lead in converfation, talk- , 
 ing\ of indifferent matters, fuch as I thought could hot 
 poffibly tend to intSreft or difturb his mind. I had not 
 ^ proceeded far when he fuddenly interrupted me; and- 
 \propoIcd a queftion, which at once convinced me that 
 he was in a very unfit ftate to fee company^ I imme- 
 diately therefore rofe up; and making an fx'cufe that niy 
 engagements ^at day would not admit of my entering 
 into fo curious a fubjed:, defired him to referve it for- 
 fome future ^onverfation. He feemed greatly difcon- 
 certed ; but ^eing near the door, which ftood open, I 
 took my leave and retired. The next. morning I left 
 Philadelphia ; nor did I think any more of this occur- 
 rence till I arrived at Rhode-IHand ; where I was in- 
 formed, that the chief, if not folp, inftances of iqfanity 
 (hewn by this unhappy young man, were fome attempts 
 which he had made to kill a clergyman of the church 
 of England. That he had been educated to be a teacher 
 amongft the congregationalifts, but had taken it into his 
 head, that he could never gain heaven, or be happy", but 
 
 by 
 
 ) 
 
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 t» 
 
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 "i: 
 
 r 11 
 
 72 TRAVEL3 THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 by committing fo heroic slM meritorious an aftion. The 
 very evening of his confinement he was prevented from 
 fulfilling his purpofe, in the inftant when he was raifing 
 up his hand to plunge a knife into the hack of a clergy- 
 inan, who was reading the funeral fervice, in the prefence 
 of a large congregation. What his intentions were in 
 regard to myfelf, I cannot pretend to fay ; - he offered me 
 no violence : but thofe at Rhode-Ifland of his acquaint- 
 ance, to whom I related this tr^nfadtion, were fully per- 
 fuaded that he was far from being cured of his dif- 
 temper*. 
 
 ♦ Since my return to Europe, I have 
 been informed of an inftance fimitbr to 
 this, which happened at Florence. A 
 gentleman had taken it into his head that 
 a very large diamond lay buried under a 
 mountain which flood upon his cftate, and 
 was near ruining himfelf and his family by 
 <J'gg'ng for it. His friends, by fome con- 
 trivance or other, got him away to Flo- 
 rence, and placed him under the care of 
 the late celebrated Dr. Cocchi. He theje 
 appeared perfectly compofed, talked very 
 rationally, and, having been well ^ucated, 
 afforded great entertainment to the dodlor 
 and his friends, who converfed with him. 
 One day as they were fitting together, he 
 mentioned to the doftor, that it was very 
 hard he fhould be deprived of his liberty, 
 when he was pcrfeflly well ; and that it 
 was only a fcheme of his relations to kfeep 
 bim in confinement, in order that they 
 might enjoy his eftate. The do£tor, who 
 had perceived no marks of infanity, began 
 
 to be flaggered ; and promifed, in cafe he 
 fliould fee no reafon to alter his fentiments, 
 to fign a certificate of his being well on 
 fuch a day, in order to its being fent to 
 England, that he might have his releafe, 
 The day arrived, and the doiSlor was pre- 
 paring to perform his promife } but, whe- 
 ther by defign on perceiving fomcthing 
 particular in the looks of his patient, or by 
 accident, I could not learn, he faid to the 
 gentleman ; «• Now, Sir, 1 beg from this 
 " time that you will think no more of tfajs 
 *< foolifh afFair of the libountain and dia- 
 " mond." " Not think of the diamond," 
 laid the madman ; « it is for this reafon 
 *' that I want my liberty} I know exadlly 
 ** the fpot where it lies ; and I will have it 
 »« in qjiy pofleffion, before I am a year 
 «« older." 
 
 This ftory was related to me in Tuf- 
 cany, and I bad no reafon to queftion th« 
 truth of it. 
 
 Heft 
 
 M.- ...<:' 
 
■Vf, 
 
 ' ■ \o. 
 
 r\ 
 
 - 4* PH 1 N C E - T O W N. ^, 
 
 t left Philadelphia the 6th of July, and travelled in 
 the ftage as far a« Sheminey-ferry, about feventeen f^iles ; 
 ivhcrc I was overtaken by a gentleman and fome ladiel 
 of my acquaintance, who were going a few miles farther 
 upon a party of pleafure. They were fo obliging as to 
 make room for me in dnib of their chaifes, and we pro- 
 ceeded and dined together ^t Briftol, a fmall town upon 
 the Delaware, oppofij^ Burlington : in the afternoon we 
 went ten miles higher % the river, and ferried over to 
 Trenton, fituated in the Jerfeys. This is built on the 
 eaft fide of the Delaware, and contains about a hundred 
 houfes. It has nothing remarkable; there is a church, 
 a quakers and prefbyterian meeting-houfe, and barracks 
 for three hundred meny^From hence we went to Sir 
 John Sinclair's, at the tails of Delaware, about a mile 
 above Trenton, a pleafant rural retirement; where we 
 fpent a moft ag£eeable evening. In the morning, the 
 company returned to Philadelphia ; and, having hired a 
 chaife, I proceeded to Prince-town, twelve miles diftant. 
 
 At this place, there is a handfome fchool and college 
 for the cd|jtation of diffenters ; ereded upon the plan of 
 thofe in Gotland. There are about twenty boys in the 
 grammar-fchool, and fixty in the college : at prefent 
 there are only two profefTors, befides the pfovoft ; but 
 they intend, as their fund increafes, which is yet very 
 fmall, and does not exceed 2000 1. currency, to add to 
 this number. The building is extremely convenient. 
 
 airy, 
 
 » J,ll.^JiJ:l«it*'■ i't.^1 Uj^l^U -. ^ >■ t*t 
 
 .-*t" 
 
«^\ 
 
 !? 
 
 
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 1' 
 
 I 
 
 7^ 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 airy, and fpacious ; and has a chapel and t)ther proper 
 offices. Two ftudents are in each fet of apartments, 
 which confifts of a large bed-room with a fire-place, and 
 two ftudies. There is a fmall colledion of books, a few 
 inftruments, and fome natural curiofities. The expence 
 to a ftudent for room-rent, commons, and tutorage, 
 amounts to 25 1. currency per year. The provoft has a 
 Talary of 200 1. currency, and the profeflbrs 50 1. each. 
 The name of the college is Naffau-Hall. — From hence, 
 in the afternoon, I proceeded to Brunfwick, eighteen 
 miles farther, a fmall town of about a hundred houfes,. 
 fituated upon Raritan river ; where there are alfo very 
 neat barracks for 300 men, a church, and a preflby- 
 terian meeting-houfe. It is celebrated for the number 
 of its beauties ; and, indeed, at this place and Philadel- 
 phia, were the hand fomeft women that I faw in America, 
 At a fmall diftance from the town is a copper-mine be- 
 longing to a Mr. French, (I was told) a pretty good one. 
 The next day I rode up the river, about nine miles to 
 the Raritan hills, to fee a fmall cafcade, which falls about 
 fifteen or twenty feet, very Fomanticly, from between 
 two rocks. The country I paffed through is exceedingly 
 rich and beautiful ; and the banks of the river are co- 
 vered with gentlemen's houfes. At one of thefe I had 
 an opportunity of feeing fome good portraits of Vandyke, 
 and feveral other fmall Dutch paintings. 
 
 On Monday the 7th, I proceeded to Perth-Amboy, 
 
$ 
 
 PASAIC-FALLS. 
 
 75 
 
 twelve miles, the capital of the Eaft-Jerfeys, which is 
 pleafantly fituated upon a neck of land, included be- 
 tween the Raritan and Amboy rivers and a large open 
 bay. This is generally the place of the governor's refi- 
 dence; and alternately, here and at Burlington, the capital 
 of the Weft-Jerfeys, are held the alTemblies, and' other 
 public meetings; it con|ains about a hundred houfes, 
 and has very fine barracks for 300 men. In the after- 
 noon I travelled fixteen miles farther to Elizabeth-town, 
 leaving Woodbridge, a fmall village where there is a print- 
 ing-office, a little on my right hand. :^lizabeth-town, 
 is built upon a fmall creek or river that falls into Newark- 
 bay, and contains between two and three hundred houfes. 
 It has a colirt-houfe, a church, and a meeting-houfe ; and 
 barracks alfo like thofe abovementioned. 
 
 The next morning I rode out, in order to vifit Pafaic 
 Falls, diftant about twenty-three miles, and had a very 
 agreeable tour. After riding fix mite I came to 
 a town called Newark, built in an irre^ar fcattered 
 manner, aft^r the fafliion of fome of our villages in Eng- 
 land, near two miles in length. It has a church erefted 
 in the Gothic tafte with a fpire, the firft I had feen in 
 America ; and fome other inconfiderable public build- 
 ings. Immediately on my leaving this place, I came 
 upon the banks of Second, or Pafaic river, along which 
 I travelled feventeen or eighteen miles to the Falls, 
 through a rich country, interfperfec| with fine fields and 
 gentlemen's feats > — ^^ 
 
 t 
 
 L 2 
 
 The 
 
/ 
 
 ' 
 
 ?*<»= 
 
 76 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The Falls are very extraqrdinary, difFerent from* any 
 I had hitherto, met with in America. The river is 
 about forty yards broad, and funs with a very fwift 
 current, till coming to a deep chafm or cleft which 
 croffes the channel, it falls above feventy feet perpendi- 
 cular in one intirc (Met. One end of the cleft is clofed 
 up, and the water ruihes out at the other with incredibfe 
 rapidity, in an acute angle to its former diredion ; and 
 is received into a large bafon. Hence it takes a winding 
 courfe through the rocks, and fpreads again into a very 
 confiderable channel. The cleft is from four to twelve 
 feet broad. The fpray formed two beautiful (viz. the 
 primary and fecondary) rainbows, and helped to make a$ 
 fine a fcene as imagination could conceive. This extta- 
 ordinary phenomenon is fuppofed to have been produced 
 by an earthquake. The fate of two Indians is delivered 
 down by tradition, who, ^rentiiring too near the Falls in 
 a canoe, were carried down the precipice, and dafhed to 
 pieces. Thirty or forty yards above the great Fall_, i$ 
 another, a moft beautiful one, gliding over fome ledges 
 • of rocks each two or three feet perpendicular, which 
 heightens the fcene very much. 
 
 From hence I returned, and in my way croffed over 
 the river to colonel John Schuyler's copper-mines, where 
 there is a very rich vein of ore, and a fire-engine ereded 
 upon common principles. 
 
 After this I went down two miles farther to the park 
 and^arde ns of_tMs gentkia an 's bro ther y colonel^ P et er 
 
 Schuyl 
 
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N E W J E R S E Y. 77 
 
 Schuyler, th the gardens is a very large colledion of 
 citrons, oranges, limes, lemons, balfams of Peru, aloes, 
 pomegranates, and other tropical plants ; and in the park. 
 I few feveral American and Engliih deer, and thr,ee or 
 four elks or moofe-deier. I arrived at Elizabeth-town 
 in^'the evening, not a little entertained with my expedi- 
 tion, but exceedingly fatigued with the violent heat of 
 the weather, and the many mofquitoes that had infefted 
 me. 
 
 Before I take leav^f the Jerfeys, it is neceflary I 
 ihould give fdme account of this province. New Jerfey 
 19 iituated between the 39th and 4.26. degree of north 
 latitude, and about feventy-five degrees weft longitude ; 
 it is bounded on the eaft by the Atlantic, on the weft 
 by Penfylvania, or to fpeak more properly the Delaware: 6 
 on the fouth by Delaware-bay; and' on the, north 1^ 
 Hudfon's river and the province of New York. The 
 climate is nearly the lame as that of Penfylvania : and , 
 the foil, which is a kind of red flatc, is fo exceedingly 
 rich, that in a fhort time after it has been turned up and 
 expofed to the air and moifture, it is converted into a 
 Ipecies of marie *. 
 
 • Since my return from America, I 
 have met with a gentleman (Edward 
 Wortley Mont»gu, efq.) who had vifited 
 the Holy Land. He defcribed the foil of 
 that country to be fimilar in almoft every 
 circitmftmice to this of the Jerfeys. He 
 
 faid, it appeared to be of a red flaty fub- 
 flance, fterile, and incapable of producing 
 any thing worth the cultivation; but that 
 being broken up and expofed to the air, it 
 became exceedingly mellow, and was fertile 
 in the higheft degree. V.i 
 
 Nevv 
 
 tij;.aA^Ai-^-J}.^: ■^. ^ 
 
 
h ■.. 
 
 78 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 New Jerfey has very great natural advantages of hills, 
 valleys, rivers, and large ba^s. The Delaware is on one 
 fide, and Hudfon's river on the other ; befides which it 
 has the Raritan, Pafaic, and Amboy rivers ; and Newark 
 and New York bays. It produces vaft quantities of 
 grain, befides hemp, flax, hay, Indian corn, and other 
 articles. It is divided into eleven counties, and has 
 feveral fmall towns, though not one of confideration. 
 The number of its inhabitants is fuppofed to be 70,000 ; 
 of which, all males between fixteen and fixty, Negroes 
 excepted, are obliged io ferve in the militia. There is 
 no foreign trade carried on from this province ; for the 
 inhabitants fell their produce to the merchants of Phila- 
 delphia and New York, and take in return European 
 goods and other neceflaries of life. They have fome 
 trifling manufadures of their own, but nothing that 
 deferves mentioning. 
 
 The government confifts of a governor, twelve coun- 
 fellors, and a houfe of reprefentatives of about twenty-fix 
 members, the two former nominated by the king, the 
 latter elefted by the people- Each branch has a nega- 
 tive ; they meet at Amboy and at Burlington alternately. 
 The governor's Wary, with perquifites, is about 800, or 
 1000 1. ilerling a year ; he is not allowed a houfe to re- 
 fide in, but is obliged to hire dne at his own expence. 
 There are feveral courts of judicature here, much like 
 thofe of the other provinces. The juftices hold quarterly 
 — -,.... — fcffions-^= 
 
NEW JERSEY. 
 
 79 
 
 fe/Hons for petty larcenies, and trifling caufes : and the 
 iiipreme judge, with two afUftant juftices, holds, once a 
 year, a general aflize, throughout the province, of oyer 
 and terminer, and common pleas'. He holds alfo an- 
 nually four fupreme courts, alternately at Amboy and 
 Burlington, of king's-bench, common-pleas, and exche- 
 quer. The offices of chancellor and vice-admiral, are 
 executed by the governor ; and the dernier refort is to hi&-- 
 majefty in council. 
 
 There is properly no eflablifhed religion in this pro- 
 vince, and the inhabitants are of various perfuafions : the 
 fociety fends fix miflionaries, who are generally well re- 
 ceived; and the church gains ground daily. Their, 
 falaries are about the fame ^s in Penfylvania. 
 
 Arts and fciences are here, as in the other parts of 
 America, juft dawning. The college will in time, with- 
 out doubt, be of confiderable advantage, but being yet in 
 its infancy, it has not had an opportunity of operatingj^ 
 or eiFeding any vifible improvement. 
 
 The New Jerfey men, as to charafter, are like mod 
 country gentlemen,; good-natured, hofpitable, and of a 
 more liberal turn than their neighbours the. Penfylvanians, 
 They live altogether upon their eftates, and are literally 
 gentlemen farmers. The country in its preTent ftate can 
 fcarcely be called flourifiiing; for although it is ex- 
 tremely well cultivated, thickly feated, and the garden 
 
 of North America, yet, having no foreign trade, it is de-r 
 
 , - ;jprive(j"^' 
 
 .^' 
 
 ^ i 
 
 ..J. 
 
 
..^ 
 
 80 TRAVEL^ TimotJ<Srt N6Rtrf- AMERICA. 
 
 prived of thofe riches and advdfttdgcij • t(rHkh it WdUld 
 btherwife foon acquire. Thett hive been fbme attemptti 
 to remedy this defeft ; but Whetlier From the diffictllty of 
 diverting a thing out of a channel in which it has long 
 flowed ; or from want of propriety or perfevcrancie, itt 
 the meafures, I am unable to fay ; but the truth is, they 
 have not fucceeded. Upon the v»rhole, hoyveyer, this 
 province may be called a rich one : during the prefeftt 
 war it has raifed confiderable fupplies, havirlg feldom hftd 
 lefs than 1000 men in pay, with a leader (ccJonel 
 Schuyler) at their head, who has done honour to his 
 country by his patriotic and public fpirit. The pap6i* 
 currency of this colony is at about 70 per cent, difcount, 
 but in very good repute ; and preferred by the Penfyl- 
 vanians and New-Yorkers, to that of their own pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 On Wednefday the 9th of July, I crofled over to Sta- 
 ten Ifland, in the province of New York ; and travelled 
 upon it about nine miles to the point which is oppofite 
 New York city. ■ ,, 
 
 In my way I had an opportunity of feeing the me- 
 thod of making wampum. This, the reader probably 
 knows is the current money amongft the Indians. It is 
 made of the clam-fheil ; a {hell, confifting within of two 
 colours, purple and white; and in form not unlike a 
 thick oyfter-fhell. The proccfs of manufadluring it is 
 very fimple. It is firft clipped to a proper fize, which 
 
 IS 
 
- N E W Y OR K. 
 
 6 
 
 &i 
 
 is that of a fmall oblong parallelopiped, then drilled, and 
 afterward ground tp a round fmooth furface, and po- 
 lifhed. The purple wampum is much more valuable 
 than the white ; a very fmall part of the fhell being of 
 that colour. 
 
 At the point I embarked for New York ; and, after a 
 pleafant paflage over the bay, which is three leagues 
 wide ; and various delightful profpedls of rivers, iflands, 
 fields, hills, woods, the Narrows, New York city, veflels 
 failing to and fro, and innumerable porpoifes playing 
 upon the furface of the water, in an evening fo ferene 
 that the hemifphere was not ruffled by a idngle cloud, 
 arrived there about the fetting of the fun. 
 
 This city is fituated upon the point of a fmall ifland, 
 lying open to the bay on one fide, and o^ the others in- 
 cluded between the North and Eaft rivers ; and com^s 
 mands a fine profped of water, the Jerfeys, Long Ifland, 
 Staten Ifland, and feveral others, which lie fcattered in 
 the bay. It contains between two and three thoufand 
 houfes, and i6 or 17,000 inhabitants, is tolerably well 
 built, and has feveral good houfes. The flreets are 
 paved, and very clean, but in general narrow ; there are 
 two or three, indeed, which are fpatious and airy, par- 
 ticularly the Broad- Way. The houfes in this flreet have 
 mofl of them a row of trees before them ; which form an 
 agreeable fhade, and produce a pretty effed. The whole 
 length of the town is fomething more than a mile 5 the 
 — . — M..- -, — brea dth^ 
 
 -<■« 
 
 ^ ." 
 
,<* r" 
 
 ■ i 
 
 Kll 
 
 \ - 
 
 62 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 breadth of it about half an one. The fituation is, I be- 
 lieve, efteemed healthy ; but it is fubjed to one great in- 
 convenience, which is the want of frefh water ; fo that 
 the inhabitants are obliged to have it; brought from 
 fprings at fome diftance out of town. There are feveral 
 public buildings, though hut few that deferve attention. 
 The college, when finifhed, will be exceedingly hand- 
 fome: it is to be built on three fides of a quadrangle, 
 fronting Hudfon's or North river, and will be the moft 
 beautifully fituated of any college, I believe, in the 
 world. At prefent only one wing is finiflied, whigh'is 
 of ftone, and confifts of twenty-four fets of apartmenti^ 
 each having a large fitting-room, with a ftudy, and bed- 
 chamber. They are obliged to make ufe of fome of 
 thefe apartments for a mafler's lodge, library, chape), 
 hall, &c. but as foon as the whole fhall be completed, 
 there will be proper apartments for each of thefe offices. 
 The name of it is King's College. 
 
 There are two churches in New York, the old or 
 Trinity Church, and the new one, or St. George's Cha- 
 pel ; both of them large buildings, the former in the 
 Gothic tafte, with a fpire, the other upon the model of 
 fome of the new churches in London. Befides thefe, 
 there are feveral other places of religious worlhip ; 
 namely, two Low Dutch Calvinift churches, one High 
 Dutch ditto, one French ditto, one German Lutheran 
 chyrch, one prefbyterian meeting-houfe, one quakers 
 ' dittos 
 
 ^K^liKlHiul-.j.ii i;«.iif 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 83 
 
 ditto, one anabaptifts ditto, one Moravian ditto, and a 
 Jews fynagogue. There is alfo a very handfome charity- 
 fchool for fixty poor boys and girls, a good work-houfe^ 
 barracks for a regiment of foldiers, and one of the fineft 
 prifons I have ever feen. The court or ftadt-houfe 
 makes no great figure, but it is to be repaired and beau- 
 tified. 1 here is a quadrangular fort, capable of mount- 
 ing fixty cannon, though at preftnt there are, I believe, 
 only thirty-two. Within this is the governor's palace, 
 and underneath it a battery capable oi mounting ninety- 
 four guns, and barracks for a com^ny or two of fol- 
 dicrs. . Upon one of the iflands in the bay is an hofpital 
 for fick and wounded feamen; and, upon another, a 
 pcft-houfc. Thefe are the moft noted public buildings 
 in and about the city. -m 
 
 The province of New York is fituated between the 
 40th and 45th degree of north latitude, and about 75 
 degrees weft longitude. It lies in a |ine climate, and en- 
 joys a very wholefome air. The foil of moft parts of it 
 is extremely good, particularly of Long Ifland : and it 
 has the advantages of a fine harbour, and fine rivers. 
 The bay has a communication with Newark -bay, the 
 Sound, Amboy river, and feveral others : it receives alfo *• 
 Hudfon's or North river, one of the largeft in North- 
 America, it being navigable for (loops as far as Albany, 
 above 1 50 miles : whence, by tljie Mohock, and other 
 rivers, running through the country of the Six Nations, 
 
 t her e i a a^ communication, (excepting :a h\^ fliort^€arr y«> 
 
 M 2 ing 
 
 i*^. 
 
i 
 
 84 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ing places,) with lake Ontario ; and anothec with the 
 river St. Laurence, through the lakes George, Champlain, 
 and liie river Sorel ; fo that this river feems to merit the 
 greatcft attention. Thefe waters afford various kinds of 
 filh, black-fifli, fea-bafs, fheeps-heads, rock-fiifh, lobfters, 
 and feveral others, all excellent in their kind. The pro- 
 vince in its cultivated ftate affords grain of alf forts, cat- 
 tle, hogs, and great variety of Englifli fruits, particularly 
 the New-town pippin. It is divided into ten counties, 
 and has fome few towns, but none of any fize, except 
 Albany and Scheneftady, the former of which is a very 
 confiderable place. The number of inhabitants amounts , 
 to nearly 100,000 ; 15 or 20,000 of which are fuppofed 
 to be capable of bearing arms, and of ferving in the 
 militia ; but I believe this number is exaggerated, as a 
 confiderable part of the 1 00,000 are Negroes, which are 
 imported more frequently into this province than into 
 Pen^lvania. The people carry on an extenfive trade, 
 and there are faid to be cleared out annually from New 
 York, * tons of fliipping. They export chiefly^ 
 grain, flour, pork, fkins, furs, pig-irpn, lumber, and 
 ftaves. Their manufadlures, indeed, are not extenfive, 
 nor by any means to be compared with thofe of Penfyl- 
 vania ; they make a fmall quantity of cloth, fome linen, 
 hats, (hoes, and other articles for wearing apparel. They 
 make glafs alfo, and wampum ; refine fugars, which they 
 
 * See Appendix> N" 2. 
 
 import 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 85 
 
 import from the Weft Indies ; and diftil confiderable 
 quantities of rum. 1 hey alfo, as well as the Penfyl- 
 vanians, till both were reftrained by ad of parliament, 
 had ereded fgveral flitting mills, to make nails, &c. But 
 this is now prohibited, and they are exceedingly diffatis- 
 fied at it. They have feveral other branches of manu^ 
 fadures, but, in general, fo inconflderable, that I fhall 
 not take notice of them : one thing it may be neceflary 
 to mention, I mean the article of fliip-building ; about 
 which, in different parts of the province, they employ 
 many hands*. 
 
 The government of this colony is lodged in the hands 
 of a governor appointed by the crown ; a council con- 
 fifting of twelve members, named by the fame autho^ 
 rity ; and a houfe of twenty-feven reprefentatives, elefted 
 by the people: four for the city and county of New 
 York ; two for the city and county of Albany ; two for 
 each of the other eight counties ; one for the borough of 
 Weft-Chefter ; one for the townfhip of ^henedady ; and 
 one for each of the three manors of Renflacrwyck, 
 Livingfton, and Courtland. Th6 Icgiflative power is in- 
 tircly lodged in their hands, each branch having a nega> 
 tivc ; except that, as in the other colonies, all laws muft 
 have the king's approbation, and not interfere with, or 
 be repugnant to, the laws of Great Britain. 
 
 The courts of judicature are fimilar, I believe, in 
 every refpedl, to thofe in thc^ Jerfeys, 
 
 ) . 
 
 ♦ Sec Appendix, "N" 2. • 
 
 The 
 
 iil!j-i-v.S^,,. 
 
'^I#" 
 
 
 86 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The cftablidied religion is that of the church of Eng- 
 land, there being fix churches in this province with fti- 
 pends (to the value of about 50 1. currency) annexed to 
 each by law. The clergy are twelve in number, who, 
 exclufive of what t;hey acquire by the eftabli/hment 
 above-mentioned, or by contributions, receive, as mif- 
 fionaries from the Society for the Propagation of the 
 Cofpel, 50 1. fterling each. Befides the religion of the 
 church of England, there is a variety of others: diffenters 
 of all denominations, particularly prefbyterians, abound 
 in great numbers, and thert are fome few Roman Ca- 
 tholics. 
 
 Arts and fciences have made no greater progrefs. here 
 than in the other colonies ; but as a fubfcription libi^ry 
 has been lately opened, and every one feems zealous to 
 promote learning, it may be hoped they will hereafter 
 advance fafter than they have done hitherto. The col- 
 lege is eftabliOied upon the fame plan as that in the Jer- 
 feys, except that this at New York profeffes the prin- 
 ciples of the church of England. At prefent the ftate 
 of it is far from being flourifliing, or fo good as might 
 be wifhed. Its fund does not exc^d 10,000 1. cur- 
 rency, and there is a great fcarcity ^f profeffors. A com- 
 mencement was held, neverthelefs, this fummer, and' 
 feven gentlemen took degrees. There are in it at this 
 time about twenty-five ftudents. . The prefident, Dr. 
 Johnfon, is a very worthy and learned man, but rather 
 
'W^ 
 
 N E Dvr Y O R Kr 
 
 r^ 
 
 87 
 
 v^ 
 
 too far advanced in life to have the difeaion of fo new 
 an inftitutioi^ The late Dr. Briftow left to this college 
 a fine libraryrt^hich they are in daily expeaation. 
 
 The inhabitants of New Yorlyn their cl^rader, very 
 much refemble the Penfylvani^s : more than half of 
 them are Dutch, and almoft all traders : they are, therte-. 
 fore, habitually frugal, induftrious, and p^rimonious. 
 Being, however, of different nations, different lang^ges, 
 tind different religipns, it is almoft impoflible to give 
 them any precife or detcrminatescharadler. The women 
 are handfomc^nd agreeable ; though rather mort^rcferved 
 ijhan the Philadejphian ladies. Their amufements are 
 much the fame as in Penfylvania; viz. balls, andfleigh^ 
 ing expeditions in the winter; and, in the fummer, 
 going in parties upon the water, and fifliing ; or making 
 exee^fions into the country. There are feveral houfes 
 pleafaiitly fituated upon Eaft river, near New York, where 
 it is cemmon to have turtle-feafts^ thefe happen once or 
 twice in a week. Thirty or forty^-gentlemen and ladies 
 ;meet and dini tog^fer, drink tea in the afternoon, fifh 
 ^nd amufe themfelves till evening, anid then return home 
 in Italian qhaifes, (tie fafliionable carriage in this an4 
 moft parts of Americi, Virginia excepted, where tl^cy 
 chiefly make ufe of coaches, and thefe commonly drawn 
 by fix horfes), a gentleman and lady in each chaife. In 
 the way there is a bridge, about three miles diftant from 
 New York, which you always, pafs over as you return, 
 --— : — !->■ ^- -^-. ^ called 
 
 ■w'^ 
 
1 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 sS 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 called the Kiffing-bridgc j where it is a part of the ct^^ 
 <|Wtc to falute the lady who has put herfelf under your 
 pr<?t«^ion. 
 
 The prefent ftate of this province is flourifliing : it has 
 dn extenfive trade to man^ parts of the world, ^rtict- 
 larly to the Weft Indies ; and has acquired great riches 
 by the commerce which it has carried on, under flags of 
 truce, to Cape Francois, and Monte-Chrifto. The troops,, 
 by having made it the place of their general rendezvous, ^ 
 have alfo enriched it very much. However, it is bur-^ 
 thened with taxes, and the prefent public debt amounts 
 to more than 300,000!. currency. The taxes are laid 
 upon eftates real and perfonal ; and' there are duties 
 upon Negroes, apd other importations. The provincial 
 troops are about 2,600 men. Tjpiiifference of exchange 
 between currency and bills, is from 70 to 80 per cent. 
 
 Before I left New York, I tpok a ride upon Long- 
 Ifland, the richeft fpot, in the opinion of the New 
 Yorkers, of all America; and where they generally have, 
 their villas, or country houfes. It is undeniably bea^i- 
 tiful,Kii|(id fomc parts of it are remarkably fertile, but nit 
 equal, \ think, to the Jerfeys. The length of it 
 thing more than 100 miles, andil^e breadth 25 
 ^.or 16 mileis from the weft end of it, there opeflS-^RWgr* 
 plain between 20 and 30 miles long, and 4'6r 5 broad. 
 There iis^ a tree growing upon it, ^nd it is affertcd 
 
 ^^ ^^'^fe^^lr^^X* Strangers are always carried 
 8 '^^WfcL-..^^. jQ 
 
 X-'tA 
 
 ^ 
 
 <i!S^^.T:-~^ 
 
% 
 
 N 1^ 
 
 P O R T. 
 
 / 
 
 89 
 
 
 ,to fee this place, as a gr^t curiofity, and the only one 
 of the kind in North America. 
 
 Tucfday the 5th # Auguft, being jndifpofed, and 
 >^nable to ti*avel any farther by land, I embarked ^h 
 " oafd a brigantine for Rhode Ifland. We made fail up 
 he Souhd with a fair wind, and after two hours, 
 paffed through. Hell-gate. It is impoflible to go through 
 this place without recalling to mipd the defcription of 
 Scylla and Charybdis. The breadth of the SouniTis here 
 half a mile, but the channel is very na;row, not 
 exceeding ^ghty yards : the water runs with great rapi- 
 dity, and in different currents, only one of- .which will 
 carry a veff^l through with fafety^ for, on one fide, there 
 is a fhoal of rocks juft peeping above \hc water ; and, 
 on the other," a dreadful vortex produced by a rock lyirtg 
 about nine feet under the furface : if therefore you get 
 into any but the right current, you are either daflied 
 upon the fhoal, or elfe fucked into the eddy, whirled 
 round with incredible tapidity, and at length fwallowed 
 up in the vortex. There are exceeding good pilots 
 to navigate veffels through this 'place, notwithft^ding 
 which, they are frequently loft. The proper time of „ 
 pafling it ^s^^igh water. We had pleafarit weather 
 during the paffage, which is about feventy leagues, with 
 beautiful views of I^ong Ifland and Connedicut ; and 
 arrived in the harbour at Newport the 7th of AugufL 
 This town is fituated upon a fraall ifland, about 
 ____ _ __ ^ '"^^'\ ' »'^" twelves ^ 
 
 % 
 
 V 
 
 I- 
 
 % 
 
 <i 
 
 l^ ' 
 
I 
 
 NgfeJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
A > 
 * 
 
 
 ■:T 
 
 y^ 
 
 
 |iH| 
 
 m W 
 
 Uh 
 
 « ^ -■ m' 
 
 t -''Iwr' 
 
 Inl 
 
 ■<> • 
 
 90 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 twelve miles in length, and five or fix in breadth, called 
 Rhode Iflaftd, whence the province takes its name. It 
 is the capital city, and contains 800, or icod houfes, 
 chiefly built of wood ; and 6 or 7000 inhabitants. 
 There are few buildiijgs in it worth notice. The court- 
 hoiife is indeed har^||||me,._^ of brick ; and there is a 
 public library, buift in |heprm of a Grecian temple, 
 by no means inelegant. Jt is of the Doric order, and 
 has a portico in front with four pillars, fupportmg a 
 pediment ; but the whole is fpoilt by two fmall wingv 
 which are annexed to it. The foundation of a very 
 pretty building is laid for the ufe of the free-mafons, to 
 ferve alfo occafionally for an aflembly-room ; and there 
 is going to be eredled a market-houfe^ upon a very 
 elegant defign. The places of public wor/hip, except 
 the Jews fynagogue, are all of wood ; and not one 
 of them is l^orth looking at. They confift chiefly of a 
 church, two prefhyterian meeting-houfes, one qtiakers 
 ditto, three anabaptifts ditto, one Moravian ditto, and 
 the fynagogue abovementioned. This building was de- 
 figned, as indeed were feveral of the others, by a Mr. 
 Harrifon, an ingenious Englifli gentleman who lives here. 
 it will be extremely elegant within when completed : 
 but the outfide is totally fpoilt by a fchool, which the 
 Jews would .have annexed to it for the education of their 
 children. — Upon a fmall ifland, before the town, is part 
 of a fine fortification, defigned to confift of a pentagon 
 
 
RHODE I S'L A N D. 
 
 91 
 
 fiart, jind an upper and lower battery. Only two of the 
 curtains, and a ravelin, are yet finiflied ; and it is doubted 
 whether the ivhole will ever be corhpleted. There are 
 now mounted upon it 26 cannon; but the works, when 
 complete, will require above 150. — At the entrance of 
 the harbour there is likewife an exceeding good light- 
 houfe. — Thefe are the chief public buildings. 
 
 Three miles from the town is an indifferent wooden 
 houfe, built by dean Berkley, when he was in thefc 
 parts : the fituation is low, but commands a fine view 
 of the ocean, and ; of fome .wild rugged rocks that are 
 on the left hand of it. They relate here feveral fto- 
 ries of the dean's wild and chimerical notions ; which, 
 as they are charaderiftic of that extraordinary man, de- 
 feifve to be taken notice of: one in particular I muft 
 beg the reader's indulgence to allow me to repeat to 
 him. The dean had formed the plan of building a town 
 upon the rocks which I have juft now taken notice of, 
 and of cutting a road through a fandy beach which lies 
 a little below it, in order that (hips might come up and 
 be (heltered in bad weather. He was fo' full of this pro- 
 je<5V, as one day to fay to one Smibert, a defigner, whom 
 he had brought over with-him from Europe, on the lat- 
 ter's aflcing fome ludicrous queftion concerning the fu- 
 ture importance of the place ; " Truly, you have very 
 " little forefight, for in fifty years time every foot of 
 
 land in this place will be as valuable as the land ii^ 
 
 «T-c}iea^dc7^ 
 
 *i 
 
 N 2 
 
 
 
92 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 " Cheapfide.'* The dean's houfe, notwithftanding his 
 predidion, is at prefent nothing better than a farm- 
 houfe, and his library is converted into the dairy : when 
 he left America, he gave it to the college at Newhaven 
 ^Conneaicut, who have Itt it to a farmer on a long 
 ^Hk : his books he divided between this college and 
 ^^ in MafTachufets. The dean is faid to have written 
 lis place The Minute f hilofopher. 
 "le province of Rhode Ifland is fituated between the 
 md 42d degree of north latitude ; and about 72 or 
 y-ees weft longitude; in the moft healthy climate 
 i^h America. The winters are fevere, though not 
 equally ib with thofe of the other provinces ; but the 
 fummeri are delightful, efpecially in the ifland ; .the 
 violent ^d exceffive heats, to which America is in ge- 
 neral fubWa, being allayed by the cool and temperate 
 breezes that come from the fea. The foil is tole- 
 rably gool^, though rather too ftony ; its natural 
 produce i^ maize or Indian corn, with a variety of 
 fhrubs and trees. It produces in particular the button- 
 tree * ; thi fprucc-pine, of the young twigs of which is 
 made excdlent beer; and the pfeudo-acacia, or locuft- 
 tree ; but hone of thofe fine flowering trees, which are 
 fuch an otnament to the woods in Carolina and Vir- 
 ginia. It ^njoys many advantages, has feveral large rivers, 
 and one ^f the fineft harbours in the world. Fifli are in 
 
 • Sec Appetdix, N» i. 
 
 Ihe" 
 
 ^t* 
 
\'':v 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 93 
 
 the greateft plenty and perfedion, particularly the tataao- 
 or black-fifti, lobfters, and fea bafs. In its cultivated 
 ftate, it produces very little, except (beep and horned 
 cattle ; the whole province being laid out into pafture 
 or grazing ground. The horfes are bony and ftrong, 
 and the oxen much the' largeft in America ; feveral of 
 them weighing from 16 to 1800 weight. The butter 
 and cheefe are excellent. 
 
 The province of Rhode Iflaiid is divided into counties 
 and townfhips ; of the former there are four or five, but 
 they are exceedingly fmall ; of the latter between twenty 
 and thirty ; the towns themfelves are inconfiderable vil- 
 lages : however, they fend members to the aflembly, in 
 the whole about feventy. The number of inhabitants, 
 with Negroes, and Indians, of which in this province 
 there are feveral hundreds, amounts to 35,000. As 
 the province affords but few commodities for exporta- 
 tion ; horfes, provifions, and an inconfiderable quantity 
 of grain, with fpermaceti candles, being the chief arti- 
 cles ; they are obliged to Conhedicut, and the neigh- 
 bouring colonies, for moft of their traffic ; and by their 
 means they carry on an extenfive trade. Their mode of 
 commerce is this ; they trade to Great Britain, Holland, 
 Africa, the Weft Indies, and the neighbouring colonies; 
 from each of which places they import the following 
 articles ; ffom Great Britain, dry goods; from Holland j 
 money ; from Africa, flavcs ; from the Weft Indies, 
 
 : *!b' 
 
 lu 
 
 gars, 
 
 W^:. 
 
m 
 
 9+ TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 fugars, coffee, and molaffcs ; and from the neighbouring' 
 colonies, lumber and prpvifions : and with what they 
 purchafe in one place they make theii* returns in another. 
 Thus with the money they get in Holland, they pay 
 their merchants in London ; the fugars they procure in 
 the Weft Indies, they carry to Holland ; the flaves they 
 fetch from Africa they fend to the Weft Indies, together 
 with lumber and provifions, which they get from the 
 neighbouring colonies: the rum that they diftil they ex- 
 port to Africa ; and with the dry goods, which they pur- 
 chafe in London, they traffick in the neighbouring colo- 
 nies. By this kind of circular commerce they fubfift and 
 grow rich. They have befides thefe fome other incon- 
 fiderable branches of trade, but nothing worth mention- 
 ing. They have very few manufadures ; they diftil rum 
 and make fpermaceti candles ; but in the article of dry 
 ^oods, they are far behind the people of New York and 
 Penfy Urania. 
 
 The government of this province is intirely demo- 
 cratical ; every officer, except the colledor of the cuf- 
 toms, being appointed, I believe, either immediately by 
 the people, or by the general affembly. The people 
 chufe annually a governor, lieutenant-governor, and ten 
 affiftants, which conftitute an upper-houfe. The repre- 
 fentatives, or lower-houfe, are ele6ted every half year. 
 Thefe jointly have the appointment of all other public 
 officers, (except the recorder, treafurer, and attorney-ge- 
 
 *,^' 
 
k^'^^ 
 
 ■.•'^vji-'VS^y^i-'--. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 95 
 
 neral, which are appointed likewife annually by the peo- 
 ple) both military and civil ; are inverted with the pow- 
 ers of legiflation, of regulating the militia, and of per- 
 forming all other ads of government. The governor has 
 no negative, but votes with the afli flan ts, and iii cafe of 
 an equality has a carting voice. The aflTembly, or two 
 houfes united, are obliged to fit immediately after each 
 eledlion j at Newport in the fummer, and in the winter 
 alternately at Providence and South Kingrton in Narra- 
 ganfet : they adjourn themfelves, but may be called to- 
 gether, notwithftanding fuch adjournment, upon any ur- 
 gent ocoafion by the governor. No afTiftant, or repre- 
 Tentative, is allowed any falary or pay for his attendance 
 or fervice. 
 
 Therfe are feveral courts of judicature. The afTembly 
 • nominates annually fo many juftices for each townfhip, 
 as are deemed necefTary.- Thefe have power to join peo- 
 ple in matrimony, and to exercife other ads of authority 
 ufually granted to this order of magirtrates. Any two 
 of them may hear caufes concerning fmall debts and tref- 
 pafTes ; and three may try criminals for thefts, not 
 exceeding ten pounds currency. Appeals in civil caufes 
 are allowed fo the inferior courts of common-pleas ;. in 
 criminal ones to the fefHons of the peace ; and in thefe 
 the determinations are final. — The fefTions are held in 
 each county twice every year by five or more juftices ; 
 they adjudge all matters relating to the prcfervatiou of 
 
 I 
 
 the 
 

 ■ ■' 1?!^'^.?^^ 'Xi:^rT .•_■ 
 
 ■ 'J A 
 
 '<^» 
 
 96 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 the peace, and the punifliment of criminals, except in 
 cafes of death. Appeals are allowed from this court, iii' 
 all caufcs that have originated in it, to the fuperior one. 
 — The inferior courts of commorf-pleas fit twice every 
 year in each county, and are held by three or more juf- 
 tices. They take cognizance of all civil caufes'whatfo- 
 ever, triable at common law ; and if any one thinks him- 
 
 ' felf aggrieved here, he may appeal to the fuperior one ; 
 which is held alfo annually twice in each county, by three 
 judges, and which p xercifes all the authority of a court of 
 king's-bench, common-pleas, and exchequer. The der- 
 
 . nier refort is to the king in council, but this only.in cafes 
 of 300 I. value, new tenor. The people have the power 
 of pardoning criminals, except in cafes of piracy, mur- 
 der, or high treafon ; and then it is doubted whether 
 they can even reprieve. 
 
 There is no ellabliflied form of religion here; but 
 church of England men, independents, quakers, anabap- 
 tifts, Moravians, Jews, and all other feds whatfoever, 
 have liberty to exercife their feveral profeffions. The 
 Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel fends only four 
 miflionaries. 
 
 Arts and fciences are almoft unknown, except to fome 
 
 few individuals ; and therp are no public feminaries of 
 
 learning ; nor do the Rhode Iflanders in general feem to 
 
 regret the want of them. The inftitutioifof a library 
 
 9 fociety, 
 
 J' 
 
/ •rt'-i i 
 
 -i^: 
 
 RiH O l!) E ISLAND. 97 
 
 focicty, which has lately taken place, may pofTibly in 
 time produce a change in thefe matters. 
 
 The charader of the Rhode-Iflanders is by no means 
 engaging, or amiible : a circumftancc principally owing 
 to their form of gpvernment. Their men in power, from 
 the highcft to the loweft, are dependent upon the peo- 
 ple, and frequently adl without that ftrid regard to pro- 
 bity and honour, which ought invariably to influence 
 and dircd mankind. The private people are cunning, 
 deceitful, and fclfith : they liw almoft intirely by unfair 
 and illicit trading. Their magiftrates are partial and 
 corrupt : and it is folly to exped juftice in their courts 
 of judicature ; for he, who has the greateft influence, is 
 generally found tojhave the faircft caufe*. Were the 
 governor to intcrpofe his authority, were he to refufe to 
 grant flags of tructi f, or not to wink at abufes ; he 
 
 1 would 
 
 The form of their judical oath, or 
 •ffimtiulon (fayi Douglas, in his Sum- 
 m«ry),\doei not invoke the jud^ents of 
 the omiWcient God, who fees In fecret, 
 but only Wn peril of the penaltj^ of per- 
 jury.— This does not feein (adds ithe fame 
 author in i»\note) to be a facred <V folemn 
 oath, and may be illuftrated by thelftory of 
 two profligat^ thlevei 1 one of thLm had 
 ffolen romethliig, and told his friend of it : 
 well, Ikyi hli ftjend, but did any biDdy fee 
 youf No; then, fays his friend, it iit yours 
 as much aa If you had bought it wim your 
 money. Vol. 11. p.\9S> \ 
 
 t It wa^ ufual during the late war for 
 feveral gotfemors in North America, on 
 receiving a pecuniary confideration, to 
 grant to the merchants flags of truce ; by 
 which they were Ilcenfed to go to the 
 French Weft Indian iflands, in order to 
 exchange prifoners. The real fcope and 
 defign of the voyage was, to carry on a 
 prohibited trade with the French, and to 
 fupply them with ftores and provifions. 
 Two or three prifoners were fufficient to 
 cover the defign; and in order to have a 
 ftore in readinefs, d>cy feldom carrwd more. 
 
 By this abufc both governors and mer- 
 
 _ — 1>— — — 
 
 cEang 
 
 " -'*-«! 
 
 
"^"T"-- 
 
 >■ 
 
 .^ 
 
 98 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 would at the expiration of the year be excluded from his 
 office, the only thing perha/s which he has to fubfift 
 upon. Were the judges to adt with impartiality, and to 
 decide a caufe to the prejudice or difadvantage of any 
 great or popular leader, they would probably never be 
 re-eleded ; indeed, they are incapable iti general of de- 
 termining the merits of a fuit, for they are exceedingly 
 illiterate, and, where they^h^^othing to, make them 
 partial^^re mana|ed almoft intirely by the lawyers. In 
 p^io give an idea of the wretched ftate of this co- 
 lony, it has happened more than once, that a'perfoa has 
 had fufficient influence to procure a frelh eniiffion of pa- 
 per-money, folely to defraud his creditors : for having 
 perhaps borrowed a confiderable fum of money, when 
 the difference of exchange has been 1 200 per cent, he 
 has afterward, undtr^fandion of the law, repaid only the 
 fame nominal fum in new currency, when the difference 
 has amounted perhaps to 2500 per cent.— Such alas I is 
 the fituation and character of this colony. It is needlefs, 
 after this, to obferve that it is in a very declining ftate ; 
 for it is impoffible that it fhould profper under fuch 
 
 fumed to connive at and encourage it— 
 The honourable Francis Fauquier, lieute- 
 nant-governor of Virginia, who, amongft 
 fome few others, never could be prevailed 
 upon to countenance it, refufed at one time 
 an offer of near 200 1. for the grant of a 
 permit to make a finglc voyage. 
 
 chants acquired great riches. Very plau- 
 fible arguments indeed might be adduced 
 againft prohibiting, or even reftraining a 
 commerce of that nature : but as the wif- 
 dom of government did think fit, and pro- 
 bably with better reafon, to forbid it; no- 
 thing could excufe the corrupt and mer- 
 cenary fpirlt of thofc governors, who pre- 
 
 abufes. 
 
RHODE ISLAND, 
 
 99 
 
 abufes. Its Weft Indian trade has diminiihed ; owing 
 indeed, in forae meafure, to the other colonies having 
 entered more largely into this lucrative branch of com- 
 merce : it has loft during the war, by the enemy, above 
 150 veflels : its own privateers, and it has generally had 
 a great many, have had very ill fuccefs : having kept up 
 a regiment of provincial troops, it has alfo been loaded 
 with taxes, and many of the people have been oppreffed 
 by the mode of colleding them : for, the affembly having 
 determined the quota of each townftiip, the inhabitants 
 have been afleffed by the town-council *, confifting of 
 the aiTiftants refiding there, the juftices of the town, and 
 a few freeholders eleded annually by the freemen ; and 
 thefe have been generally partial in their afleffments, as 
 muft neceflarily happen under a combination of fuch cir- 
 cumftances. — After having faid fo much to the difad- 
 vantage of this colony, I fliould be guilty of injuftice and 
 ingratitude, were I not to declare that there are many 
 worthy gentlemen in it, who fee the misfortunes of their 
 country, and lament them j who are fenftble that they 
 arife from the wretched nature of the government, and 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 III 
 
 • Each townfliip is managed by a town- 
 council, confiding of the afliftants who re- 
 flde in the town, the juflices of the town, 
 and fix freeholders chofen annually by the 
 freemen of the town; the major part of 
 them is a quorum, with full power to ma- 
 nage the affairs and intereft of the town to 
 
 \vhich the/'refpeitively belong, to grant 
 licences to public houfes; and are a pro- 
 bate office for proving wills, and granting 
 admiiiiftration, with appeal to governor 
 and council, as fupreme ordinary. Doug- 
 las's Summary, vol. ii. p. 85'. 
 
 =flbA= 
 
 Wl 
 
 (h 
 
 ^O.irfl •?«>-.*« 
 
?f 
 
 "'■''■TTi"-^"^"''^''^'*''"*^""^ }'■".?'■'"'■ ' '^^"f~KT*'^^^'^'t^'^yv*^'f"Wft^*)t 
 
 '\ 
 
 loo -TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. - 
 
 wifli to have il altered ; who afc courteous and polite ; 
 kind and hofpitable to ftrangcrs ; and- capable of great 
 , ads of gencrofity and goodneik, as I myfelf experienced 
 during a very fevere fit of ficknefs which I lay under at 
 this place.— The paper-money here is ar bad as itJs pof- 
 fible to be ; the difecnce of exchange being at' Jeaft. 
 2500 per cent. " ' , 
 
 The 4th of September I took leave of Newport, and . 
 having croffed over th^ river at Briftol-ferry, where it is V 
 about a mile broad, and two bther inconfiderable ferries,^ '^^ 
 I arrived in the evening at Providence. This is the chifef -\ 
 town of what was formerly called Providence Plantation 
 in Narraganfet, and is at prefent the fecond confiderable 
 town m the province of Ehode Ifland. It is fituated 
 upon a pretty large river, and- is diftant from^cwport 
 about thirty miles. In the morning I fet out for Bbilon 
 and arrived there about fun-fet, after a journey of 
 five and forty mUes. The country, which I travelled 
 over, IS chiefly grazing ground, laid out into neat inclo- ^ 
 fures, furrounded with ftone walls, and rows of pfeudo 
 acacia or locuft- trees, which are faid with their leaves to 
 manure and fertilize the land. I paflbd over a^beautiful 
 fall of water in Pantucket river, upon a bridge, which is 
 built diredly over it. The fall is about twenty feet high, 
 through feveral chafms ia a rock, which runs diametri- 
 cally crofs It, and ferves as a dam to hold up the water 
 There are two or three mills, which have been creded 
 ^ , : , Jl1_„_-^_._„ .. ___J 5a;..=..^ 
 
 \ 
 
 t , 
 
^ 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 BOS TO N^ 
 
 101 
 
 for the advantage of having the different fpouts or^lreams 
 of water conducted to their rpfpedtiye wheels. Xhcfc. 
 have taken very much (rom the Wfcauty of the fccne ; 
 which would , otherwife be tranfcendently elegant ; for 
 the fall, though not large or upon a great fcale, is by far 
 the moft romantic and pidurefque of any that I met with 
 in my tour. r 
 
 During the courfe of my ride from Newport, I ob- 
 ferved prodigious flights of wild pigeons * : they direded 
 their courfe to the fouthward, and the hemifphere was 
 licver intirely free from them. They are birds of pailage, 
 of beautiful plumage, and are excellent eatings ^ The 
 accounts given of their numbers, are almofl: incredible*; 
 yet they are fo well attefted, and the opportunities of 
 proving the truth of them are fo frequent, as not to admit' 
 of their being called in queftion. Towards evening they 
 generally, (ettle upon trees, and fit one upon another in 
 fuch crowds, as fometimes to break down the larg<?{l 
 branches. The inhabitants, at fuch times, go out with 
 long poles, and knock numbers of them on the head 
 vpon the rooft ; for they are either fo fatigued by their 
 flight, or terrified by the obfcurity of the night, that they 
 
 without fon;ie great and 
 
 wiu not move 
 uncommon 
 
 wmg. 
 
 noife to alarm them. I met with fcarcely 
 aay other food at the ordinaries where I put up : and 
 
 • See Appendix, N» ju 
 
 during 
 
 1|* 1 
 
 '%. 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 ■i-> ' ti 
 
 y 
 
 U^iSi^^-a 
 
 . . J" i 6. ^ ., 
 
A 
 
 
 > 
 
 102 
 
 - • Wg : ■ - 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 during their flight, the common people fubfift almoft 
 wholly upon them. 
 
 - Bofton, the metropolis of MafTachufetS-Bay, in New 
 England, is one of the largeft and moft flourifliing towns 
 in North America. It is ittuated uRon a peninfula, or " 
 rather an ifland joined to the continent by an iiihmus or ' 
 narrow neck of landjialf a mile in length, at the bottom 
 of a fpacious and noble, harbour, defeiid^d from the fea 
 by a number of finall iflands. The length^of it is nearly 
 two mifes, and the breadth of it half a one ; and it is 
 jfuppofed to contain 3000 houses, and 18 or 20,000 in- 
 Jliabitants. At.the entrance of the harbour ftands a very 
 good light-hpufe ; and upon an ifland, about a league 
 from the town, a confiderable caftle, mounting near 150 
 cannon : there are feveral good batteries about it, and 
 one in particular very ftrong, built by Mr. Shirley 
 There are alfo two batteries in the town, for 16 or 20 
 guns eacK; but they are not, I believe, of any £010^^ 
 IThe buildings in Bofton are in general good; the ftieet&r 
 fare open ahd fpacious, and well paved ; and the whole 
 has much the air of fome # our, beft county towns "* 
 m England.— The country round about it is exceed 
 iligly delightful ; and from a hiH, which ftands clofe 
 to the town, vvhere there is a beacon to alarm the 
 nfrighbowhood in cafe of any furprize, is one of the 
 fineft profpeas; the moft beautifully variegated, M 
 \. » richfy i 
 
 lf)S.':^£.>' 
 
 «* » 
 
■ \ 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 103 
 
 richly grouped, of : any without exception that I have 
 ever feen. 
 
 The chief public buildings are, three churches; thir- 
 teen or fourteen meeting- houfes ; the governor's palace ; 
 the court-houfe,, or exchange; Faneuils-hall ; a linen- 
 manufadluring-houfe ; a work-houfe ; a bridewell ; 'a 
 public granary ;. and a very fine wharf, at leaft half a 
 mile long, undertaken at the expence of a number of 
 •private gentlemen, for the advantage of unloading and 
 [loading veffels. Moft of thefe buildings are handfome : 
 the church, called King's Chapel, is exceedingly elegant ; 
 and fitted up in the Corinthian tafte. There is alfo an 
 elegant private concert- room, highly finifh^ in the Ionic 
 ; manner. — I had reafon to think the fituation of Bofton 
 unhealthy, ^t leaft in this feafon of the year ; as there 
 ', were frequent funerals every night during my ftay there. 
 The fituation of the province o£ Maflachufets-Bay, 
 including the diftrift of Plymouth *, lUS^tween the ^ift 
 and 43d degree of north latitude, and about 72 degrees 
 weft longitude. The climate, foil, natural produce, and 
 ■' improved ftate of it, are much the fame as of Rhode 
 Ifland. It is divided into counties, and^tpwnfliips f ; 
 
 and 
 
 • Sagadahoc and the Main, very large 
 territories, lying north of New Hampfljire, 
 belong alfo to the province of Maflkchuo 
 fets-Bayi they were annexed to it by the 
 new dwrtcr of 1691. Jhe Main forms 
 
 one county called the county of York, and 
 fends three members to the council j Sa- 
 gadahoc, which is annexed to it, fends 
 one. 
 
 t Toyvnlbips arc generally fut miles 
 
 V,,, .!?*'3*5, 
 
 
 m 
 
 ,/. ^ 
 
 /s *^JA"^ i.V- j^^ 
 
■■ ■■ K 
 
 \ 
 
 ' *' V 
 
 
 '•'L'k 
 
 
 
 -..1 -f^-" ■ r ., - -■ >;^^ 
 
 ,f\ 
 
 ^!.'S' 
 
 ■,,<*>' 
 
 ¥■ ^ I 
 
-is, 
 
 x'?'* 
 
 
 ' 
 
 104 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 _^and each townfliip, if it contains forty freeholders ♦, has 
 a right to fend a member to the aflembly f ; the prefent 
 number of reprefentatives amounts to between 130 and 
 140 ; of which Bofton fends four. 
 
 The number of fouls in this province is fuppofed to 
 amount to 200,000 ; and 4,0,000 of them to be capable 
 of bearing arms. They carry on a confiderable traffick, 
 chiefly in the manner of thie Rhode-Iflari^ers ; but have 
 fome material articles for exportation, which the Ripde- 
 Iflanders have not, accept in a very, trifling deg?ee : 
 thefe are fait fifh, and ^^efl-els. Of the latter they build 
 annually a great, number, and fend them,' laden with 
 cargoes of the former, ko Great Bifitain, where they fell 
 them. They clear ou : from Bp^on, Salem, Marble- 
 head, and the diffcreng ports,, in this province, yearly, 
 about t tonoffliippin^ Exclufive of thefe arti- 
 ckl^ their manufadures are not large ; thofe of fpirits, 
 fifh-oil, and iron, are, I believe, the moft confiderable. 
 They fabricate beaver-hats, ^i^ich they fell for a moidore 
 a-piece ; and fome yeats ago they eie^ed a manufadory, 
 
 fquare, and divided ^nto fixty-three .equal 
 lots, vii. one iot for the firft fctded mi- 
 niftcr as inheritance, one lot for the mi- 
 niftry as glebe-lands, one lot for the be- 
 nefit of a fchool i the other fixty lots to 
 fixty perfons or fiunilies, who, within five 
 years firon the grant, are to ercd a dwd- 
 ing-houfe, and dear feven acres of land, fit 
 for mowing or ploughing, &c. 
 • By thediwter, every freeholder fljould 
 
 poflcfi 40 s. freehold, or 50 1. perfimal 
 eftatej but I believe this article has not 
 been Uri&ly adhered to. 
 
 t Every town, containing forty free- 
 holders, has a «« right" to fend a member 
 to the aflembly, but is not abfidutely 
 «* obliged" to do fo, unleis it contains 
 eighty fireeholden. 
 
 % See Appendix, N* a. jk 
 
 with 
 
 r» 
 
 .,.»Mik<s 
 
 
^ 
 
 MASSACHUSETS BAY. 
 
 105 
 
 with a defign to encourage the Irifh fettlers to make li- 
 nens ; but at the breaking out oJ^ the war the price ot' 
 labour was inhanced fo much, that it was impoffible to 
 carry it on. Like the reft of the colonies they alfo en- 
 deavour to make woollens ; but they have not yet been 
 able to bring them to any degree of perfection * indeed 
 it is an article in which I think they will not eafily fu^- 
 ceed ; for the American wool is not only coarfe, but in 
 comparifon of the Englifh, exceedingly fhort. Upon the 
 beft inquiry I could make, I was not able to difcover 
 that any one hf^ ever feen a ftaple of American wool 
 longer than feven inches ; whereas in the counties of Lin- 
 coln and Leicefter, they are frequently twenty-two* inches 
 long. In the fouthern colonies, at leaft in thofe parts 
 where I travelled, there is fcarcely any herbage f ; and 
 whether it is owing to this, or to the exceflive heats, I 
 am ignorant, the wool is fhort and hairy. The northern 
 colonies have indeed greater plenty of herbage, but are 
 for fome months covered with fnow; and without a de- 
 gree of attention and care in houfing the flieep, and 
 guarding them againft accidents, and wild beafts, which 
 would not eafily be compenfated, it would be very diffi- 
 cult to increafe their numbers to any great amount. The 
 Americans feems confcious of this fadl, and, notwith- 
 
 * The common avenge length, I am in particular fpots, as at Greenway Court, 
 told, is about fixteen inches. the herbage is very fine and luxuriant. 
 
 i 1 Ipeak of the country iq general} 
 
 ftanding 
 
 -4 
 
I 
 
 106 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ftarlding a very feyere proliibition, contrive to procure from 
 England, every year a confiderable number of rams, in order 
 to improve and multiply the breed. What the lands be- 
 yon4 the Alleghenny and upon the banks of the Ohio may 
 be, ^ do not know; they are faid to be v^ry>ich : but the 
 cUmate I believe is not lefs fevere ; and I think, upon col- 
 latmg different accounts, that the feverity of heat and cold 
 IS not much abated by cultivation. The air becomes dryer 
 and more wholefbme, in proportion as the woods are cut 
 down, and the ground is cleared and cultivated ; but the 
 cold IS not lefs piercing, nor the fnow lefs frequent. I 
 thmk therefore upon the whole, that America, though 
 It may with particular care and attention, produce fmall 
 quantities of tolerably good wool, will yet never be able 
 to produce it in fuch. plenty and of fuch a quality as to 
 ferve for the neceffary confumption of its inhabitants. 
 
 The government of this province is lodged in the 
 hands of a governor or lieutenant-governor, appointed 
 by the kmg ; a council of twenty-eight perfons, chofen 
 annually with the governor's approbation, by the general 
 
 Tr^\'rt ' ^°"^' ^^ reprefentatives t annually 
 eleaed by the freeholders. The governor commiffion. 
 
 • They are chofen by the new repre- 
 fentatives, and the laft year's counfeUors ; 
 fo that each counfeUor has a j^ote in his 
 own re-elcdlion. The governor has a 
 negative to every counfellor's eleaion, 
 without being obhged to aflign a reafon. 
 
 t Each reprefcntative muft be refidcnt 
 
 8 
 
 in the townfliip for which he is eleaedj 
 he muft alfo have a plurality of votes re- 
 fpcdbng the number of voters, and not in 
 comparifon only of the other candidates* 
 he is paid for his attendance and ferviccs,, 
 and fubjoa to a fine if he ncgleSs them."' 
 
 aU 
 
 
i 
 
 MASSACHUSETS BAY. 
 
 107 
 
 ( 
 
 all the imilitia, and other military officers ; and, with 
 confent of the council, alfo nominates and appoints all 
 civil officers, except thofe that are concerned in the re- 
 venue. He calls and adjourns the affembly, and has in 
 every refpedt a very extenfive authority. His falary, 
 with perquifites, amounts to about 1,300!. fterling per 
 year. The governor and council together have the pro- 
 bate of willsy and the power of granting adminiftrations 
 and divorces. 
 
 There are feveral courts of judicature. All anions 
 under twenty (hillings fterling are cognizable by a juftice 
 of peace, from whofe determination there lies an appeal 
 to the inferior county-court of common -pleas ; and from 
 hence to the fuperior provincial court in its circuits, 
 which is alfo a court of oyer and terminer in criminal 
 affairs, and is held by a chief juftice and fome affiftant 
 judges. In this court, if the determination is not fatif- 
 fadory, a rehearing of the caufe may be bad with a dif- 
 ferent jury * ; and even, by petition to the general af- 
 fembly, a fecond rehearing : the dernier refort is to his 
 majefty in council, but this only in cafes of 300 1. fter- 
 ling value : and the appeal muft be made within fourteen 
 days after judgment. '^ > 
 
 The eftabliftied religion here, as in all the other pro- 
 vinces of New England, is that of the congregationalifts ; 
 
 * Juries are, I believe, appointed partly by lot, and partly by rotation. 
 
 -'^ a ^^r c ligi o n p 
 
^ 
 
 ♦ 
 
 io8 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 a religion, difFerent in fonre trifling articles, though none 
 very material, from the prefbyterian. There are, befides 
 thefe however, great numbers of people of difFerent per- 
 fuafions, particularly of the religion of ^he church of Eng- 
 land ; which feems to gain ground, and to become more 
 fafliionable every, day. A church has been lately ereded at 
 Cambridge, within fight of the college ; which has greatly 
 |larmed the congregationalifts, who confider it as the 
 moft fatal ftroke, that could poflibly have been levelled 
 at their religion. The building is elegant, and the mi- 
 nifter of it (the reverend Mr. Aptho^pe,) is a young man 
 of fhining parts, great learning, and pure and engaging' 
 manners *. 
 
 Arts and Sciences feem to have made a greater pro- 
 grefs here, than in any other part of America. Harvard 
 college has been founded above a hundred years ; and 
 although it is not upon a perfedt plan, yet it has' pro- 
 duced a very good effed. The arts are undeniably. for- 
 warder in Maffachufets Bay, than either in Penfylvania 
 or New York. The public buildings are more elegant ; 
 and there is a more general turn for mufic, painting, and 
 the belles lettres. , ^ 
 
 The c^arader of the inhabitants of this province is 
 much improved, in comparifon of what it was : but pu- 
 
 • This gentWman, I have heard, after- quit the colony, and has fince liverf in 
 
 ward met w.th fo much oppofition ar.d England upon a living, (I believe in Surry) 
 
 pcrfccufcn from the congregationalifts, which was given him by the late archbiftop 
 
 lh»t he wus obliged to rcfign his cure, to Seeker. 
 
 ntanifm 
 
 '# 
 
 * 
 
 u4.i^-ii!t4l^^ ^ls:->'^:. 
 
ASSACHUSETS BAY. 
 
 109 
 
 ritanifm and a/fpirit of perfecution is not yet totally ex- 
 tinguifhed. The geptry of both fexes are hofpitable, 
 and good-natured ; there is an air of civility in their be- 
 haviour, but/ it is conftrained by formality and precife- 
 
 - nefs. Even the women, though eafinefs of carriage is 
 peculiarly charaderiftic of their nature, appear here with 
 more ftiffnefs and referve than in the other colonies. 
 They are formed with fymmetry, are handfome, and have 
 fair and delicate complexions ; but are faid univerfally, 
 and even proverbially, to have very indifferent teeth. 
 The lower clafs of the people are more in the extreme 
 
 ' of this"chara<9:er ; and, which is conftantly mentioned as 
 fingularly peculiar to them, are impertinently curious 
 and inqiiifitive. I was told of a gentlem^ of Philadel- 
 phia, who, in travelling through the provinces of New 
 England, having met with many impertirtencies, from 
 this extraordinary turn of character, at lengtli fell upon 
 an expedient almoft as extraordinary, to get rid of tliem. 
 He had obferved^ when he went into an ordinary*, that 
 every individual of the family had a queftion or two to 
 propofe to hini, relative to his hiftory ; and that, till 
 each was fatisfied, and they had conferred and compared 
 together their information, there was no poflibility of 
 procuring any refrcilament. He, therefore, the moment 
 he went into any of thefe places, inquired for the mafter, 
 the miftrefs, the fons, the daughters, the men-fcrvants 
 
 * Ikiis are fo called in America. 
 
 ~andr 
 
 :L 
 
 
 ■■m^-- 
 
no 
 
 (( 
 
 (< 
 
 (( 
 
 C( 
 
 it 
 
 <C 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH 'NORTH AMERICA. ^ 
 .and tl,c maid-fervants; and having aflimblcd them all 
 ogcthcr he began .in .this manner: " Worthy people 
 an. B. F *. of Philadelphia^ by tnide a -1 '2l 
 bachelor, I have.fome relations at Bofton, to whom I 
 an, gomg to make a vifit : my ftay will be fhort, and 
 I Ihall then return and follow ray bufinefi, as a pru- 
 dent man ought to'do. This is all I know of myfelf, 
 and all I can poffibly inform y^u of ; I beg therefore 
 that you will have pity upon me and my horfe, and 
 give us both fome refrefliment." 
 Singular fituations and manners will be produdive of 
 Cngular euftoms ; but frequently fuch as upon (light ex- 
 ammatton may appear to be the eiTeds of mere ^offnefs 
 of charaaer, will, upon deeper rtf^arch, be found to 
 proceed from.fimplicity and inpocence. 'A very extra^ 
 ordmary method of courtlhip,, which is fometimes prac- 
 tifed amongl^ the lower people of this province, and is 
 called Tarrying, has given occifion to this refkflion. 
 When a ma^ is enamoured of a young woman, and 
 wilhes to marry her, he propofes the affair to her parents, 
 (without whofe confent no marriage in this colony can 
 take place) ; if they have no objeftion, they allow him to 
 tarry with her one night, in order to make his court to 
 her. At their ufual time the old couple retire to bed, 
 ieavmg the young ones to fettle masters as they can • 
 who, after having fite up as long as they think proper, 
 
 • Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 ^ g e t 
 
 ^ 
 
\ 
 
 MASSACI^USETS BAY. n, 
 
 get into bed together alfoj but without pulling off their 
 under .garments, in order tjo prevent fcandal. If the par- 
 tics agree, it is all very vi^ejll ; the banns are publiflied, 
 and they are married withciut delay. If not, they part, 
 and pbHibly never fee each other again ; unlefs, which is 
 an accident that feldom ^happens, the forfaken fair-one 
 prove pregnant, and then the man is obliged to marry 
 her, under pain of excommunication *. 
 
 (The province of Maflach^fets Bay has been for fome 
 years part, I believe, rather j on the decline. Its inhabi- 
 tants have loft feveral branches of trade, which they are 
 not likely to recover again.! They formerly fupplied, 
 not only Connedicut, but other parts of the continent, 
 with dry goods, and received! specie in return : but fmce 
 the introdudtion of paper cjirrency they have been de- 
 prived of great part of this commerce. Their (hip trade 
 is confiderably decreafed, owipg to their not having been* 
 
 * A gentleman fomc time ago travel- 
 ling upon the froiiti^ of Virginia, where 
 there are few fcttlcments, was obliged to 
 take up his quartcn one evening at a 
 tniferttblo plantation i where, exclufive of 
 a Negroc or two, the fiimily confifted of a 
 man ^id hli wife, ahd one daughter about 
 fixtecn yean of age. Being fatigued, he 
 prcfently defired them to ftiew him where 
 be wai to fleep^ accordingly they pointed 
 to • bed in a corner of thd^^ room where 
 they were fitting. 1'he gentleman was a 
 little embarraflcd, byt being exceffively 
 weary, hi retired, half undrcffed himfcl^ 
 
 ^nd got into bed. After fome time the old 
 gentlewoman came to bed to him, after her 
 tjhe old gentleman, and laft of all the young 
 Ipdy- This, in a country excluded from 
 a(ll civilized fociety, could only proceed 
 i\om fimplicity and innocence : and indeed 
 i< «» a general and true obfervation, that 
 forms and obfervances. become neceffary, 
 and are attended to, in proportion as man- 
 iT:rs become corrupt, and it is found expe- 
 dijent to guard againft vice, and that defign 
 and duplicity of chara£ter, which, from 
 the nliture of things, will ever prevail in 
 la rgc an d cultivated focieties. 
 
 locieti 
 
 fo 
 
 \ '£■ 
 
 . \ 
 
 ■ t? 
 
112 
 
 r. 
 
 TRAVELS TPIROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 focareful in the conftrudion of veflels as formerly : their 
 h/henes too have not been equally fuccefsful : .they have 
 had alfo a confiderable number of provincial troops* in 
 .pay durmg the courfe of the prefent war, and have been 
 burthened with heavy tq^es. Thefe have been laid upon 
 dtatcs, real and perfonal, Some merchants in Bofton, l' 
 have been credibly informed, have paid near 400 1. fter- 
 ling annually.-Affeffments are made by particular of- 
 ficers who, with the feled men, conftables, overfeers, 
 and feveral others, are eleded annually by th. freemen, 
 for the diredion and management of each particular 
 townfhip. 
 
 . There is lefs paper money in this colony, than in any 
 other of A%ica : the current coin is chiefk gold and 
 filver: and Bofton /is the only place, 1 believe, wh^re^ 
 there ever was a mint to coin money. ^-s^ 
 
 I was told of a, very impolitic law in force in this 
 province, which forbids any mafter, or cbmmander of x 
 veffel, to bring ftrangers into the colony, without giving 
 fecufity that they fhall not become chargeable to it. 
 
 However, notwithftanding what has been faid, Maffa^ 
 chufets Bay is a rich, populous, and well-cultivated pro- 
 vince. 
 
 I cannot take leave of it without relating a very ex- 
 traordinary ftory, communicated to me by p^rfons of un- 
 
 -J 
 
 Between fix and fcven thoufand, I believe. 
 
 ^ubted= 
 
ir 
 
 e ,., 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 V 
 
 MA 
 
 1^ 
 
 CHUSETS BAr. 
 
 Uo 
 
 "3 
 
 |doubted credit, as it further tends to illuflratc the cha- 
 ' ra(£ter and manners of its inhabitants. 
 ^ Some years ago, a commander of one of his majefty's 
 fhips of war being ftationed at this place, had .orders to 
 •iruife from time to time,, in order to proted our trade, 
 ^ and diftrefs the enemy. It happened unluckily that he 
 returned from one of his cruifes on a Sunday ; and as he 
 had left his lady at Bofton, the moment (he heard of the 
 (hip's arrival, fhe hafted down to the- waters fide, in or- 
 der to receive him. The captain, on landing, embraced 
 her with tendernefs and affedion': this, as there were 
 feveral fpedators by, gave great offence, and was con- 
 fidered as an ad of indecency^ and a flagrant profanation 
 of the Sabbath. The next day, therefore, he was fum- 
 moned before the magiftrates ; who with many fevere 
 rebukes and pious exhortations, ordered him to be pub- 
 lickly whipped. The ca^tein ftifled his indignation and 
 refentment as muth as poflible; and as the punifliment, 
 from the frequenmr of it, was not attended with any 
 great degree of igniminy or difgrace, he mixed with the 
 beft company^ was well received by them, and they were 
 apparently good friends. — At length the time of the fta- 
 tion expired, and he was recalled : he went, therefore, 
 with feeming concern, to take leave of his worthy 
 friends ; and that they might fpend one more happy day 
 together before their final feparation, he invited the prin- 
 cipal magiftrates and feled men to dine with him on 
 _ — .^^__^ — , — board^ 
 
 \ 
 
 k^ 4^4^^ ^ 
 
 1 
 
114 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH ^AMERICA. 
 
 board Ills {liip, upon the day of his departure. They 
 accepted the invitation, and nothing could be more joy- 
 ous and convivial than the entertainment which he gave 
 them. At length the fatal moment Arrived that was to 
 feparatG them: the anchor was apeak, the fdls were un- 
 furled, and nothing was wanting but the fignal to get 
 under way *. ^ The captain, after taking an affeftionate 
 leave of his worthy friends, accompanied them upon 
 deck, where the boatfwain and crew were in readinefs to 
 receive them. He there thanked them afreili for tfic' 
 civilities they had fliown him, of which, he faid, he 
 fhould retain an eternal remembrance; and to which he 
 wifhed it had been in his power to have made a more 
 adequate return. One point of civility only remained to 
 be adjufted between them, which, as it was in his power, 
 fo he meant moft fully to rccompenfe to them. He then 
 reminded them of what had pafred,'and ordering the 
 crew to pinion them, had them brought one by one to 
 the gang-way; where the boatfwain ftripped off their 
 iliirts, and with a cat of nine tails laid on the back of 
 '^ch forty ftripes fave one. They were then, amidft the 
 fliouts and acclamations of the crew, fhoved into their 
 boats: and the captain immediately getting under way, 
 /ailed for England f. 
 
 The 
 
 • This is ufually written, « under of the Englifh News Papers,- told with 
 wei^h:" but I am extremely doubtful of much' humour, and with feme difference 
 the propncty of the phrafc. , ^ refpeding the occaf.on and mode of the 
 
 ^-Ij*^ ^"^y ^ ^ "^'y ^PP^,^*' "Lgy '^■?Et.'"y's f uni{h.r.r„f. ThP atithor caimot 
 
 take 
 
 > 
 
NEW II A MPS HIRE. 
 
 "S 
 
 The 1 2th of Odobcr I embarked on board his majef- 
 ty's fhip the Winchefter, of fifty guns, captain Hale com- 
 mander, for the river Pifcataqua, in New HampfllireV 
 and we came to an anchor there the next day, after a 
 ple^fant paflage. ' '"'- • 
 
 The capital of this province is Po'rtfmouth, which is 
 fituated upon the river : it is an inconfiderable place, 
 and chiefly built of wood. Very little can be faid of the 
 province of New Hampftiire, materially different from 
 what has been faid of Maflachufets Bay. — The climate 
 produce, trade, government, religion, and manners of it 
 are much the fame. — TMre are fuppofed to be about 
 40,000 inhabitants, 8,000 militia, and 6 or 700 provin- 
 cial troops. — T^ere are only two miflionaries of the 
 church of England, and one of thefe has lately applied 
 to be removed to Rhode Ifland. — The chief articles for 
 exportation are fifhj, cattle, fliips, of which they annually 
 build near 20o*i^d mafts for the royal navy. Thefe 
 are made of the white pine, and are, I believe, the fineft 
 in the world, many of them being fortyj^ards long, and 
 as many inches in diameter. They never cut them down 
 but in times of deep fnow, as it would be impoffible in 
 any other feafon to get them down to the river. When 
 the trees are fallen, ^they yoke feventy or eighty pair bf 
 
 take upon himfelf to fay which account the people, and to anfwer the au>hor's pur. 
 
 H 
 
 
 abide by that which he heard at Bofton. 
 They either of them ferve to chara<aerize 
 
 t>v>ib 111 11 
 
 ♦ Sec 
 
 ^Idling l[. 
 
 Appendix, 
 
 N' 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 0,2 
 
 
 
 
 oxen, 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 f \. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 b.-. 
 
 
 . w. % . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 ,. ..^'-./^M,;-. . '"\, 
 
 - ■* ^ ii^-"i'Tm^M 
 
'.'^ r'-Sffi •-''"'"'^''''■*^''1^-''W-Jr 
 
 I 
 
 ii6 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORtH AMERICA. 
 
 oxeo, and drag them along the fnow. It is exceedingly 
 difficult to put them firft intp motion, which they call 
 raifmg them ; and when they have once effedted this, they 
 never flop upon any account whatfoever till they arrive at 
 the waters fide. Frequently fome of the oxen are taken 
 ill; upon which they immediately cut them out of the 
 gears; and are fometim^ft^bliged, I was told, to deftroy 
 five or fix pair of them.— The forefts, whepe thefe maft,; 
 grow, are referved to the crown, which appoints a furL ^ 
 vcyor of them ; who is commonly the governor of this 
 provmce. This is not the only expedient employed by 
 government for the prefervatioi^ of fuch trees as may be 
 of ufe for the royal navy ; for there is an ad of parlia- 
 ment, I belfcve, which prohibits, under pain of certain 
 fines and penalties, the cutting down, or deftroyine of 
 any white pine-tree, of fpecified dimenfions, not growing 
 withm the boundaries of any townfliip, without his ma- 
 jef^jr's licence, in any of the provinces of New England 
 ' New York, or New Jerfey: a reftridion abfolutely ne* 
 ceffary, whetEei^onfidered as fecuring a provifion for the 
 navy, or as a check upon that very deftrudive pradice 
 talten from the Indians, of fire-hunting, h ufed to>be 
 the cuftom for large companies to go into the woods il 
 the wmter, and to fet fire to the brufh and underwood ' 
 m a circle of feveral miles. This circle gradually con- 
 ttading itfelf, the deer, and other wild animals, inclbfed 
 iiaturally retired from the flames, till at length they got 
 ■ */ herded 
 
 -■w 
 
 isi^wAslA^ 
 
.-jfc:-- 
 
 ~v 
 
 iV 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. ,,7 
 
 herded together in a very fmall compafs. Then, blinded 
 and fufFocated by the fmoke, and {qQrched by the fire, 
 which every moment came nearer to them, they forced 
 their way, under the greateft trepidation and difmay, 
 throWh the flames ; and were no fooncr got into the 
 open d^v-light again, than they were fhot by the hunters, 
 who ftoV without, and were in readinefs to fire upon - 
 them.- — The trees included within the circle, although 
 not abfolutely burnt down, were fo dried and ihjured, 
 that they never ^vegetated any more : and as the fire did 
 not only contrad: itfelf inwardly, but dilated alfo out- 
 wardly, and fometimes continued burning for feveral 
 weeks, till rain, or fomc accidental circumftance put it 
 out ; it is incredible what injury and devaftation it occa- 
 ' fioned in the woods.— I was once a fpedator of a fimilar 
 $re in Virginia, which had happened through accident. 
 Nothing could be more awful and tremendous than the 
 fight. It was of great extent, and burned feveral weeks 
 before the inhabitants could fubdue it. They effeded it 
 at laft by cutting away the underWood, in wide and long 
 avenues, to leeward of the fire, by which it was deprived 
 of the means of communicating or fpreading any farther. 
 —In Virginia (and, I believe, the other colonies), there 
 IS an exprefs ad of alTembly, paffed in the 12th year of 
 his late majefty, to forbid this pradicc* 
 i The province of New Hampfliire, I was informed at 
 Portfmouth, has grown rich during the war, by the lofs 
 
 V 
 
 'i .. 
 
 f 
 
 • *.«i.^ V i^ 
 
 
 1 '-Mi 
 
 i.it 
 
-^ 
 
 ■Ityf 
 
 <tx»J 
 
 ■m 
 
. ««# 
 
; ( 
 
 Z'" 
 
 1 18 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 of its own veffels ; they having been commonly infured 
 above value. 
 
 -The currency here is extremely bad, not better tl 
 that in Rhode Ifland. 
 
 't 
 
 •v.. 
 
 Having travelled over fo. large a tra£l of this vaft con- 
 tinent, before I bid a final farewell to it, I muft beg the 
 reader's indulgence, while I flop for a moment, and as it 
 were from the top of a high eminence, take one general 
 retrofpedive look at the whole.— An idea, ftrange as it 
 is vifionary, has entered into the minds of the generality 
 of mankind, that empire is travelling weftward ; and 
 every ont is looking forward with eager and impatient 
 expedation to that deftined moment, when America is to 
 give law to the reft of the world. :|ut if ever an idaa 
 Was illufory and fallacious, I am fully perfuadcd, that 
 this will be fo. ^^. 
 
 America is formed for hapfei^el, but not for empire : 
 in a courfc of 1,200 miles Y did not fee a fmgle object 
 that folicited charity ; but^^ faw infuperable caufes of. 
 weaknefs, which will neceflarily prevent its beina a 
 potent ftate. ;' .. 
 
 '>'^^)S* colonies maylje diftinguiOied into the fouthern 
 and northern; feparated from each other by the Sufque- 
 hannah and that imaginary line w|iich divides Maryland 
 from Penfylvania. 
 
 The fouthern colonies have fo many ihherent caufes of 
 
 weakn e ? fs, 
 
 I ,•• 
 
 
GENERAL REFLECTIONS. 119 
 
 weaknefs, that they never can poffds any real ftrength. — 
 The climate operates very 'powerfully upon them, and 
 renders them indolent, inadive, and uncnterprizing ; 
 this is vifible in every line of their charaftcr. I myfelf 
 have been a fpedator, and it is not an uncommon fight, 
 of a man in the vigour of life, lying upon a couch, and 
 a female (1 we (landing over him, wafting off the flies, 
 and fanning him, while he took his repofe. 
 
 1 he fouthern colonies (Maryland, which is the fmallcft 
 and moft inconfiderable, alone excepted) will never be 
 thickly feated : for as they are not confined within de- 
 terminate limitsj but extend to the weftward indefi^ 
 nitely ; men, fooner than apply to laborious occupation4 
 occupations militating with their difpofitions, and gene- 
 rally confidcred too as the inheritance and badge of 
 flavery, will gradually retire weftward, and fettle upon 
 frefli lands, which are faid alfo to be more fertile ; where, ' 
 by the^ervitude of a Negroe or two, they may enjoy all 
 the f^tisfadion of an eafy and indolent independency : 
 hence the lands upon thte coaft will of courfe remain thin 
 of inhabitants. 
 
 T he mode of cultivation by flavery, is another infur- 
 mountable caufe of weaknefs. The number of Negroes 
 in the fouthern colonies is upon the whole nearly equal, 
 if not fuperior, to that of the white men ; and they pro- 
 pagate and increafe even fafter.— Their condition is truly 
 pitiable; their labour excefllvely hard, their diet poor 
 
 r 
 
 \ 
 
 and 
 
 -t 
 
 M 
 
( V,. 
 
 . 1- 
 
 i y 
 
 i2o TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and fcanty, their treatment cruel and opprefllve : they 
 cannot therefore but be a fubjedt of terror to thofe who 
 fo inhumanly tyrannize over them, 
 
 The Indians near the frontiers are a ftill farther for- 
 midable caufe of fpbjcAion. The fouthern Indians are 
 numerous, and are governed by a founder policy than 
 : formerly ; experience has taught them wifdom. They 
 never make war with the colonifts without carrying ter- 
 ror and devaftatibn along with them. /They fometimes 
 break up intire counties together.— Such is the ftate of 
 the fouthern colonies. 
 
 The northern colonies are of ftronger ftamina, but 
 they have other difficulties and difadvantages to ftruggle 
 withi not Icfs arduous, or more eafy to be furmounted, 
 than what have been already mentioned. Their limits 
 being defined, they will undoubtedly become exceedingly 
 populous : for though men \yill readily retire back to- 
 wards the frontiers of their own colony, yet they will not 
 fo eafily be induced to fettle beyond them, where dif- 
 ferent laws and polities prevail; and where, in fliort, they 
 are a different people : but in proportion to want of ter- 
 ritory, if we confider the propofition in a. general and 
 abftraa light, will be want of power. — But the northern 
 colonies have ftill more pofitive and real difadvantages to 
 contend with. They are compofed of people of different 
 nations, different manners, different religions, and dif- 
 ferent languages. They have a mutual jealoufy of each ^ 
 
 / 
 
GENERAL REFLECTIONS. 
 
 121 
 
 / 
 
 Other, fomented by confiderations of intereft, power, and 
 afcendency. Religious zeal too, like a fmothered fire, 
 IS fccr^tly burning in the hearts of the different fedaries 
 that inhabit them, and were it not reftrained by laws and 
 fuperior authority, would foon burft out into a. flame of 
 uuiverfal perfccution. Ev'en the peaceable quakers ftrug- 
 gle hard for pre-eminence, and. evince in a very ftrikincr 
 manner, that the pafTions of mankijid are much ftronger 
 than any principles of religion. " - 
 
 The colonies, therefore, feparately confidered, are in- 
 ternary weak ; but it may be fuppofed, that, by ai* 
 J|||^ or coalition, they would become ftrong and for- 
 j^fcle : but an union feems almoft impoffible ; one 
 founded in dominion or power is morally fo : for, were 
 not England to interfere, the colonies themfelves fo well 
 underftand the policy of preferving a balance, that, I 
 think, they would not be idle fpedators, were any one of 
 them to endeavour, to fubjugate its next neighbour. In- 
 deed, it appears to me a. very doubtful point, even fup- 
 pofmg all the colonies of America to be linited under 
 one head, whether it would be poffible to keep in due 
 order and government fo wide and extended an empire ; 
 the difficulties of communication, of intercourfe, of cor- 
 refpondence, and all other circumllances confidered. 
 
 A voluntary affociation or coalition, at leaft a pcrma- " 
 nent one, is almoft as difficult to be fuppofed : for fire 
 and water are not more hc;terogeneous than the different 
 * ^ colonies 
 
 _y 
 
 
122 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AlVISRICA. 
 
 colonics in^North America. Nothing can exceed the 
 jealoufy and emulation, which they poffefs in regard to 
 each other. T|fe inhabitants of Penfylvania and New 
 York have an inexhaiiftible fource of animofity, in their 
 jealoufy for the trade of the Jerfeys. Maffachufets Bay 
 and Rhode Ifland, are not lefs interefted in that of Con- 
 nedicut. The Weft Indies are a common fubjed of 
 emulation to them all. Even the limits and boundaries 
 of each colony, are a conftant fource of litigation. In 
 fliorj^ fuch is the difference of charader, of manners, of 
 religion, of intereft, of tlie different colonies, that I think, 
 if I a?n no^ wholly ignorant of the human mind, were 
 they left to themfelves, there would foon be a civil war, 
 from one end of the continent to the other; while the 
 Indians and Negroes would, with better reafon, im- 
 patiently watch the o|i|)ortunity of exterminating them 
 all together. / 
 
 After all, howevei;, fuppofing what I firmly believe 
 will never take place, a permanent union or alliance of 
 all the colonies, yet it could not be effedlual, or produc- 
 tive of the event fuppofed; for fuch is the extent of 
 coaft fettled by tke American colonies, that it can never 
 be defended but by a maritime power ; America muft 
 firft be miftrefs of the fea, before flie can be independent, 
 or miftrefs of herfelf. Suppofe the colonies ever fo po- 
 pulous; fuppofe them capable of maintdning 100,000 
 men conftantly in arms, (a fuppofition in the higheft de- 
 
 -^ grce 
 
 .> 
 
 
 ^i.. 
 
 - i 
 
^m I 
 
 GENERAL REFLECTIONS. ,23 
 
 gree extravagant), yet half a d^zen frigates would, with 
 eafe, ravage and lay wafte the whole country from end to 
 end, without a poffibility of their being able to prevent 
 It-; the country is fo interfered by rivers, rivers of fuch 
 magnitude as to render it impofllble to build bridges 
 over them, that all communication is in a manner cut 
 
 - oiF.^ An army under fuch circumftances could never ad 
 to any purpofe or effed; its operations would be totally 
 
 (rrultrated. "^ 
 
 Further, a great part of the opulence and power of 
 America depends upon her fifheries, and her commerce^ 
 with ihe Weft Indies; fhe cannot fubfift without them • 
 but thefe would be intirely at the mercy of that power, 
 which might have the fovereigntjr of the feas. I con- 
 clude therefore, that England, fo long as fhe maintains' 
 her fuperiority in that refped, will alfo poffefs a fupcrio- 
 ntyin America; but the moment flic lofes, /the empil-e of 
 th^ one, flae will be deprived of the fovereignty of the 
 other: for were that empire to be held by France, Hol- 
 land, or any other power, America, will, in al] probability 
 be annexed to it.-New eftablifliments forniedTin the inte- 
 rior parts of America, ^«ill not come under this predica- 
 ment ; I fhould therefore think it the beft policy to en 
 J^ge the prefent colonies, but not to eftablifli' frefli ones- 
 for to fuppofe interipr colonies to be of ufe to the mother 
 country, by being a check upon thofe ^rea'dy fettled, is 
 
 ' { ■. ■ 'to 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
• I 
 
 ii4 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 to fuppofc what is contrary -to experience, and the nati^ 
 of things, viz;, that men removed beyond the reach bf 
 povver will be fubordinate to it. . ' . 
 
 Oaobcr 20, I embarked again on board the Win- 
 chcftef, for EnglaiKi; and arrived in Plymouth Sound 
 the 2fft of November, after a rough and tempeftuous 
 voyage. i ' 
 
 A 
 
 ' 1 
 
 f 
 
 V- 
 
 ¥,. 
 
V 
 
 125 
 
 APPENJDIX, N* I. 
 
 CATALOGUE of fcvcral TkEES, PLANTS, BIRDS, FISHES, 
 ANIMALS. &c. mentioned in the courfe of this Work, with 
 their Common Names, and the Names given them by CATESBY 
 ud LINNiCUS. 
 
 COMMON NA^ES. <?ATESBBAN. LINNJJAW. 
 
 Tobacco, --------.1.... . --. 
 
 .. [ ---,.. Nicotiana. 
 
 Maize or Indian 7 t^ , ,. 
 
 . Corn. J - - Frum^ntum Indicum, - - . - , Zea Mays. 
 
 R(J,"t!"!''! - I - - AriftolUia Piftolochia, - . Polygak Senega. . 
 
 Hiccory. . . -J Nuxjuglais_alba_)^^inienfis. j^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 Pignut. - - - - Nux juglans Carolinenfis, &c. 
 
 Cyprefi-Tree, - - . Cupi/'effus Americana, - - -Cupreffusdifticha. 
 
 Sugar Maple. - . . . ^ Acer Saccharinum. 
 
 Red Flowering ) - I „. . . 
 
 Maple, - - J - - A«^ Virgimanum, &c. - - - Acer Rubrum. 
 
 Candle-Berry J Myrtus^ Biabantica fimilis Ca- J 
 
 Myrtle, - - J rolinenfis. &c. -. . \ Myrica Cerifera. 
 
 / ■■■"'. . ■ 
 
 Virginian Cedir, ---J ----,._.. .jjuniperus Vir- 
 
 2 giniana, 
 
 Saflafrai Tree. - - - - Cjornus Mas Odorata, Lauras Saflafras. :^ 
 
 Dogwood, Corpus Mas Virginiana, &c. - Cornua Florida. *' 
 
 c ^ieudo- 
 
-' f. 7^'^;:'J(7'l('l'>^ ^ 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 1 26 TRAVELS THROUGH .NORTH -^AMERICA. 
 
 CATESBEAN, 
 
 LINNiBAN. 
 
 PfeUi^o-acaci 
 
 orLocuft-treC; 
 Honey Locuft, 
 
 Red-B 
 das 
 
 • - - Acacia, - Robinia Pfeudo-acacia, 
 - . Acacia, - - - - . Glcditfia. 
 
 COMMON NAMES. * i 
 
 J-; 
 
 Tree, - \ Siliquaftrum, -- - - - Cercis Canadenfis. 
 
 Fringe-Tree, -- - Amelanchior Virginiana, &c. -j Chionanthus 
 > ' C Virginica. 
 
 TuliptTree, - - - - Arbor Tulipifera, &c. - -5 ^'li°^5".^''0" 
 
 I Tulipifera. 
 
 Umbrella';^rec, - Magnolia ampliffimoflorealbo,&c.j ° ^ "^" 
 
 Sweet Flower- "l , 
 
 ing Bay, or I - - Magnolia lauri folio, &c. - Magnolia Glauca. 
 Swamp Laurel J 
 
 Trumpet Flower - - Bignonia fraxini foliis, &c. - JLoniccra fcmpcr 
 
 , , t virens. 
 
 Y 11 Tf ' ^ Gelfominum five jafminumluteum,5 Bignonia fem- 
 owja ine^ ^^^ ^ _______ — _2 per virens. 
 
 Catalpa, - - - - Bignonia Urucu foliis, &c. - - Bignonia Catalpa. 
 ^rD waff Laurel I " Chfi^daphne foliis tini, &c. - Kalmia latifolia. 
 
 Chamaedaphne - - Semper virens anguftis foliis, r J ™** "^l/". 
 N. B. Thefe arc by the Virginians commonly called Ivy. 
 
 May Apple, - - Anapodophyllon Canadenfe, &c. 
 
 Chinkapin, - - - Caflanea pumila Virginiana, &c. - Fagus pmnila. 
 
 ' Ei^rlimon ... . 5 Di°%ros Virgi- 
 
 it^"- i « niana. 
 
 - J- - - - --^ Pfvia. _ 
 
 / ^ Virginia 
 
 liFlowcr- 
 ^hefnut. 
 

 APPEND I X, N' I. • 127 
 
 COMMON NAMES. . CATESBEAN. LINN^AN. 
 
 Virginia Maple, - - - Platanus Occidcntalis, - -5 P^atanus Occi- 
 
 (^ dcntalis. 
 
 Button Wood, -----i _5CephalantusOc- 
 
 I cidentalis. 
 
 Wild Oat, ZizahiaAquatica. 
 
 Ginfeng, - - Aureliana Canadenfis, 5 Panax qiunque- 
 
 i folium. 
 
 .Tuckahoe Root, ------ jLycoperdonTu- 
 
 t ber. 
 
 Pacoon Flower. , 
 
 Atamufco Lilly, - - Lillio Narciflus Virginiehfis. - 
 
 Pine Trees : 
 
 White Pine, ----* pi„us Strobus. 
 
 Spruce Piiic, ' J Pinus foliis fin- 
 
 t gulanbus. 
 
 ••« 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 Bald Eagle, - - - - _ Aquila capite albo. 
 Fifhing H^k, - - - Accipiter Pifcatorius. 
 WUd Turkey, - - - - Gallo Pavo Sylveftris. 
 
 Sorus, Gallinula Americana. 
 
 Partridg«^ - - - - Perdrix Sylveftris Virginiana. 
 Blue-Wing, - - -. Querquidula Americana fufca. 
 ShcU-Drakc. 
 
 ' * •; Summer-, 
 
 shfiiue^i ''^^t i*hiL 
 
f 
 
 128 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH America. 
 
 COMMON NAMES. .' CATESBEAN. UNN41AK. 
 
 Summer-Duck, - Anas Amcricamis criilatus clcgans. "''""' 
 
 Pigeon of Paff^, . . Palumbus migratorius, - .JColumbamigra, 
 
 Moclung-Hir4 -J Turdus minor, cinerco albus non J Turdus Poly- 
 I maculatus, - . - . . ... J ^^^^ 
 
 Red-Bird, or ] • 
 
 NiJhSigl i " ' ^°^'=°*'^"^« "*^'' - - - LoxiaCrdinalis. 
 
 Blue-Bird. Rubicula Americana carulw. - Motacilla Siilis. 
 
 Yellow-Bird, Parus lutcus &c. Quf 
 
 Baltimore-Bird, - I<aenM«|caureooigr«que variu?. 
 
 Humming-Bird, - Mellivora Avis CaroUnenfis, .jTtochilw Colu- 
 rp , I bris. 
 
 Turtle, - - - - - - Turtur Carolinenfis. 
 
 FISH. 
 
 Grampus. , 
 
 Porpefs, iDelphinusPho- 
 
 ^ csna. 
 
 Albccor, •-.•-«.. ^ _|Scombcr Thyn- 
 
 t nu«. 
 
 Boncta, ---._. „ . „,. 
 
 ."■•--- ocomber Pelamys. 
 
 Flying-Fifh, ^ ^ „ , Hirundo, ---.-{ E^ocatus voli- 
 
 Shcepfhead. '^ tans. 
 
 Rock-Fiih. ' V 
 
 Drum*, .... .... .Coracinpaffinis. 
 
 ^ / Shad, 
 
'iw^'^ 
 
 A F P E N D I X. N- I. ,4 
 
 COMMON NAMES. CATESBEAN. LINN^EAN. 
 
 Shad,^- - - - - . Turdus cincreus peltatus; Qu? 
 
 Black-Fifh. 
 
 Sesj-Bafs. v, 
 
 ^'"^S^"' --..-. AcipenfcrSturio. 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 Buflalo, - - - r -. - - Bifon Americanus. 
 
 Moofc or Elk, - Alec maxima Americana ni^. 
 
 Grey Fojr, - - - , Vulpis cincreus Americanus. 
 
 Flying Sqirrel. - - - - Sciurus volans. 
 
 Ground Squirrel* i - -Sciurus ftriatus. . 
 
 Skunk Of Polecat, - Putorius Americanus ftriatus, - - - . Putorius. 
 
 SNAKES; REPTILES, INSECTS, &c. 
 
 Rattle-Snake. - - Vipcra caudUbna Americana, Crotalus. 
 
 Black-Snake, . . Anguis niger. j 
 
 Wampum- Snake, - Anguis e cserulco et albd varius. ' "^ 
 
 Bead-Snake, - I Anguis niger, maculis rubris et 7 
 / luteis eleganter varius. j 
 
 Bull-Frog, R^<^maxima Americana aquatica, Ocellata. 
 
 Green-Tree Frog./ - Rana viridis arborea, - - - - . . ArUrea 
 
 Fire-Fly, 1 . 
 
 ^ ^ — Lampyris. 
 
 Mofquito, ^, 
 
 -----«,, tukx pipxens. 
 
 • 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,„«^; 
 
 ^f ( 
 
i|o TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ■>' 
 
 , APPENDIX, N" 2. 
 
 THAVE not been able to procure any fatisfaftory account tff" the 
 tonnage cleared out of the different ports of North AmeHca, in 
 the years 1759 and 1760; owing to the incorrcdl mannep^ taking 
 the tonnage at that time, and the irregularity with which the ac- 
 counts were generally tranfmitted to England : but hjiving been fa- 
 voured by G. Chalmers, Efq. firft Clerk to the Committee of Coun- 
 cil for the confidcration of all matters relating to trade and foreign 
 plantations, with an ej^dl ftatement of the number of veflels and 
 their tonnage, which entered inwards and cleared outwards, in Mafla- 
 chufets, Penfylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina, in the year 1770 ; 
 at which time jhe colonies were in their moft flourifhing condition: 
 —a probable conjedure may be formed^from it of the Hate of their 
 commerce ten years before, by allowing for its increafe during that 
 period' of peace. and profperity. The number of veflels and their 
 tonnage cleared out from New York is not fpecified in the ftaternent; 
 but by collating other accounts I have endeavoured to afcc^rtain iti^ 
 nearly as poflible. Mr. Chalmers, with the greateft J[ib«^jSi'4|r| 
 politenefs, favoured me at the fame ti|»e with feveral t^^Wwid 
 ftatements relating to the coriimercialNfituation of the UniteiFs 
 both before and fince the American waX; which, as they are full oi 
 information, and cannot fail of being hi^ly intereilin^ to the reader, 
 I have here annexed : apd I am happy to havei thi$ opportunity of 
 publicly exprefling my gratitude and obligation to that gentleman, 
 for his indulgence in permitting me to avail myfelf of fuch valuable 
 information. 
 
 ■ NV' 
 
 ..\ 
 
 V 
 
 A Stats- 
 
'SP^' 
 
 
 ■9 
 
 f" •, 
 
 
 ^z 
 
 A P P E N D I X, N* «. 
 
 I3t 
 
 1.— A Statement of the Number of Vessels, with .their 
 
 ^ToNNAOE, which entered Inwards and cleared Outwards, in the 
 
 following Countries, during the Year 1770. ~,^ 
 
 MafTachufets > 
 Penfylvania - - 
 
 Virginia 
 
 South Carolina ^ 
 
 Shipi entered Inwards. 
 
 Ships cleared Otitwards. 
 
 In t|ie fame year, ac 
 cording to the beft in- 
 forpiation which I 
 have been able to pro- 
 cure, there cleared out 
 from New- York - - 
 
 
 2.-#^Vfe jf I tts employed between tJREATBRiis^iN and the 
 Countries belonging to the United States. 
 
 Number and tonnage of the vetTels clearing outwards, and employed 
 yearly in the trade between Great Brg^|^and the countries now 
 belonging to the United States of Amenca, ^ 
 on an average of the years. 1770, 1 771, and 
 1772, before the war ^ - - ; - 
 
 Number of di{to lb employed, entering inwards, 
 on a like average _ - - 
 
 Mjedium of the average-number and" tonnagd 
 of the veflels entering inwards, and clearing , 
 outwards - . . .«"... 
 
 m 
 
 .riij^ 
 
 «» 
 
 
 '# 
 
 Number 
 
 A^ 
 
 
 U—-^ 
 
 ""N,;^' 
 
 
132 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Number and tonnage of Britifh veflels, and of veflels belonging to 
 the United States, clearing outwards, fo employed, on an avc. 
 rage of the years 
 1787, 1788, and 
 1789, fince the 
 war - - - _ 
 
 Number and ton- 
 , nage of ditto, en- 
 tering inwards, on 
 a like average - 
 
 Medium of the ave^ 
 rage- number and 
 tonnage of Bri- 
 tifli and American 
 veflels fo employ- 
 ed, entering in- 
 wards and clear- 
 ing outwards - r 
 
 Bkitish. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 272 
 
 251 
 
 Tons. 
 
 American. 
 
 55*7^5 
 
 49,405 
 
 Ships. 
 
 M7 
 
 Tons. 
 
 169 
 
 261 
 
 
 52.595 
 
 25725 
 
 27,403 
 
 Total. 
 
 Ships. Tons. 
 
 429 
 
 81,510 
 
 420 
 
 163 
 
 26,564 
 
 76,808 
 
 425 79.159 
 
 It appears from the foregoing averages, that the number of veffels 
 employed in the diredl commercial intercourfe between Great Britain 
 and the countries now belonging to the United States of America 
 has decreafed fince the war 238 , and that the quantity of tonBage 
 has dccreafcd fince the war 7.586 tons.* The decreafc oFthe toftnage 
 appears to be much lefs than the doreafe of the number of the fbips 
 ^ a^d the decreafe of the tonnage inwards is much greater than that of 
 t^f tonnage outwards. The reafon that the quantity of the tonnage 
 in general appears to h^lefs dccreafed than the number of Ihips. is. 
 
 First— That larger fliips arc now employed in this as well as in 
 every other branch of|^mmerce, than formerly. 
 
 gl Secondly f 
 
 ■:t 
 
 ^^- 
 
 =*-= 
 
 W 
 
 Ji«, .■^'_^.'.,Srii..v 
 
n 
 
 APPENDIX, N* 2. 
 
 '33 
 
 lo 
 
 >8 
 
 Secon^dly— -The imperfed manner of taking the tonnage before 
 the war, which, in order that the mafter might be charged a lefs iM> 
 for pilotage and lighthoufe duties, was generally eftimated at alfuf 
 one- third lefs than it really was. 
 
 The greater decreafe of the tonnage inwads, compared with that 
 of the tonnage outwards, is to be imputed #the diminifhed impor- 
 tation of the bulky articles of rice and tobacco. 
 
 It appears by the foregoing account of the vefTels employed in this 
 trade fince the war, that the number of Brititli vefTels fo em'ployed, 
 exceeds the number of American veffels fo employed, 98 fliips ; and 
 the quantity of British tonnage" fo employed, exceeds the quantity of 
 Ainerican tonnage fo employed, 26,031 tons. 
 
 As there was no diftinftion before the war. between fliips belong- 
 ing to the inhabitants %f the countries now under the dominion of 
 the United States and the other parts of the Britifh dominions, it is 
 impofTible to ftate with certainty, what was the proportion of each de- 
 fcription of fliips then employed in this branch of commerce. 
 The vefTels fo employed, were then of three forts : 
 
 First— -VefTels belonging to merchants refident in the Britifli 
 European dominions. 
 
 Secondly— VefTels belonging to Britifh merc;hants, occafionally 
 refident in thofe colonies that now form the|United States. 
 
 Thirdly— VefTels belonging to merchants, who were natives and 
 permanent inhabitants of thofe colonies that now form the United 
 States. 
 
 T 
 4 
 
 3--Tj|^ 
 
 ■ ,-..».;^.J,l!^U. ^^.itJV,, 
 
 ■iis^iii 
 
•'^ 
 
 9- 
 
 134 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH. AMERICA. 
 
 3— The following Table will fliew the Proportion of each 
 Defcription of Veffels. chfTcd in the Manifer before mentioned 
 , then employed in this Branch of Commerce, according to the 
 - beft, Information that can be obtained : 
 
 k 
 
 Proportion of vef- 
 '.Is beloiiKina: to 
 merchants, refident 
 in theBritifli Euro- 
 pean dominions. 
 
 New England, - - 
 New York, - - - 
 Pcnfylvania, - — - 
 Maryland and Virginia, 
 North Carolina, - - - 
 S.Carolina and Georgi.i, 
 
 1 - 8th. 
 3 - 8ths. 
 
 2 - 8ths. 
 6 - 8ths. 
 5 - 8ths. 
 5 - 8ths^ 
 
 Proportion of vef- 
 fels belonging to 
 Britifli merchants, 
 occ:\rionalIy r^fidcnt 
 in thofe Colonics 
 t'lat now form thcl 
 United States. 
 
 1 - 8th. 
 
 3 -,8ths. 
 
 3 - 8ths. 
 
 1 - 8th. 
 
 2 - 8ths. 
 2 - 8ths. 
 
 Proportion of vcf- 
 Icls belonging to 
 merchants, who were 
 natives and perma- 
 nent inhabitants of 
 thofe Colonies that 
 now form the Unit- 
 ed States. 
 
 6 - 8ths. 
 
 2 - 8ths. 
 
 3 - 8ths. 
 I - 8th. 
 1 - 8th. 
 
 1 - 8th. 
 
 From the foregoing table it is evident, that the proportion of 
 vcfTcls. claffcd under the before-mentioned defcriptions, varied ac- 
 cording to the diderent colonies, now forming the United States, 
 with which the Commerce of Great Britain was then carried on ; 
 the quantity of fliipping fo employed, wiiich belonged cither to the 
 inhabitants of Great Britain, or to'firitilh merchants occalionally 
 refident in the faid colonies, being much greater in -the commercial 
 intercourfe tl,i»n carried on with the fouthem colonies, than with 
 the yiorthren colonies, particularly thofe of New England. But 
 upon the whole, there is reafon to believe, from calculations founued 
 on tijc foregoing tabic, as well as from other information, that the 
 4)roportion of tonnage, employed befcre the war in this branch of 
 -c^ommerce. , which belonged to the inhabitafrts of Great Britain, was 
 — abttut == 
 
 >, 
 
n.i 
 
 APPENDIX, N' 
 
 2. 
 
 'i^ 
 
 about four-eightlis aad an half; and the proportioh, which belonged 
 to BritiOi merchants, occafionally refident in the colonics now form- 
 ing the United States, was about one-eighth and an half, making to- 
 -gether nearly fix-eighths of the whole j andfthat the proportion of 
 tonnage fo employed, which belong«|d to merchants, who were then 
 natives and perrifknent inhabitants of the colonies now forming the 
 United States, was^rather more than two-eighths of the whole. At 
 prefent the proportion of ton u^ge, employed in this branch ofcom^ 
 merce, belonging to the merchants ^of Great Britain, is nearly fix- 
 eighths of the whole ; and the proportion of tonnage, belonging to 
 ^ the merchants of the United States, is rather more than two- 
 eighths of thoHvholci fo that in this view of the fubjea", though 
 the quantity of fhipping, employed between Great Britain, and the 
 countries now un«4ef the dominion of the United States, has fincc 
 the war decreafcd on^the whole ; yet, allowing for this decreafe, 
 the fliare of the (hipping which belohgs to the merchants of Great 
 Britain, has increafed in the proportion of one-eighth and an halfj 
 (the fliare of the fliipping, which before the war belonged to 
 Britifli merchants, occafionally refident in the colonies now form- 
 ing the United States, beirig transferred to merchants refident m 
 Great Britain); and the fliare^ of the fliippingfo employed, which now 
 belongs to merchants, fubjefts of the United States, and permanent 
 inhabitants thereof, iyncarly the GtAie as it was before the war. 
 
 i.47.SB3ftr 
 
 \ 
 
 T Z 
 
 4. — Vessels 
 
 \* 
 
 ^ " <•»- 
 
Xi 
 
 t 
 
 136 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ^ 4.-*V^S8kLs employed between Great Britain and the 
 remaining British Colonies in North America. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 250 
 
 273 
 
 261 
 
 Number and tonnage of Britifh vefTels clearing outwards, and em- 
 ployed yearly in the trade between Great Britain and the remaining 
 Britifh colonies in North America, on an ' 
 average of the years 1770, i77i, and 1772, 
 before the war - _ _ _ 
 
 Number and tonnage of ditto fo employed, en- 
 tering inwards, on a like average - , . 
 
 Medium of the average-number' and tonnage 
 of Britifh vefrels»*irtering inwards, and clear- 
 ing outwards _ . _ . , _ 
 
 Number and tonnage of BritiHi vefTels clearing 
 outwards, employed in this trade, on an 
 average of the yqdrs 1787, 1788, and 1789, 
 fince the war - - ' _ 
 
 Number and tonnage of difto fo employed, 
 
 entering inwards, 011 a like average 
 Medium of the average-number and tonnage of 
 
 Bi;^'(l^ velfels entering inwards, and clearing 
 
 outwards 
 
 Tons. 
 9,582 
 
 12,857 
 
 ^11,219 
 
 486 
 
 249 
 
 61,858 
 
 ^°'3SS 
 
 367 [ 46 .106 
 
 By the foregoing averages it appears, that the number of veffels 
 employed between Great Britain and the remaining colonies in North 
 America, being all BritiHi fliips, has increafed fince the war in the 
 proportion of about one-half, being 106 velTels more than it was be- 
 fore the w|r; and the quantity of tonnage has increafed 34,887 tons, 
 being in the proportion of about four times more than it was before 
 the war. 
 
 
 fP 
 ^^' 
 
\ > 
 
 t « 
 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 A P l> E N D I X. N« 2. 
 
 137 
 
 5^-^Vessels employed be^en the remaining British Colonies 
 in North America, and the Countries belonging to the 
 United States. , . . ^^ ' S^ 
 
 Number and tonnage of Britifh veffels clearing outwards, and em- 
 ^ployed yearly in the trade between the remaining Britifli colpnies " 
 in North America, and the countries which were then Britifh co- 
 lonies, but now form the United States of 
 America, on an average of the years 1770, 
 1771, and 1772, H|fore the war - * - - - - 
 
 Number and tonnage of ditto fo employed, 
 
 entering inwards, on a like average - - - - _ 
 
 ^ Medium of the average -number and tonnage of 
 
 , Britifli veffels entering inwariis, and clearing 
 
 outwards -:-------'-_ 
 
 Number and tonnage of Britifli veffels clearing 
 
 outvi^ards, and employed yearly ;n the trade 
 
 between the remaining Britift^ colonies in 
 
 North America, and the countries belonjjins 
 
 tp the United States, on an average of the 
 
 years 1787, 1788, and 1789, fmce the war - 
 Number and tonnage of ditto fo employed, 
 
 entering inwafd^-on a like average - - - - 
 Medium of the average- number and tonnage Of 
 
 Britifli veffels enteringli^rds, aad clearing 
 
 outwards - ^ - ' - 
 
 |hips. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 250 
 
 ^,582 
 
 276 
 
 12,857 
 
 
 *« 
 
 263 
 
 11,219 
 
 208 
 
 '«W9'' 
 
 269 
 
 '5'i3S 
 
 238 
 
 The number of the veffels, fo ftated, includes their repe^d 
 voyages, and it appears that the number has decrcafed, fince the war, 
 25 veffels, or about one-tenth: but the quantity of the tonna'-e has 
 
 f 
 
 incrcalcfd" 
 
 ^ 
 
'^ » 
 
 
 I;- ' 
 
 t 
 
 :-ff~-~ 
 
 S THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 increaftd 4,iiotoqs,1,r about ^-.hird. The vefiels, e 
 before the war ip this brari.h of tr|fi. might llvfuV.y bclon. 
 inhabitants of the countrie|iiow u^r th^domiftion ithc ■ 
 States; it is certain ^l«y tjfeen ownedlnuch th#Vr^eft Ere of tifefb 
 vcrn^ but ve/fels Co emp%ed can i^elon^o8|to tl3.^nK 
 ot tile ' remaiilin!y ml^nJ^c «.. «f r^La _.i./^'a'JCfi - ;, 
 
 <^f tlte^remaining colonies, or of j 
 domi ^ 
 
 W 
 
 othel*-fe of the 
 
 fed .%i 
 
 ■♦ 
 
 
 ien '-^th-e Br'itish IslaSij^^ 'Vw 
 intries ^b#>ilging 'to 'thl fijMTS^ 
 
 W''x"_ ' ■ ' '' ,s\ ^,; ■ 'V-j 
 
 i4 Jreflels clearingputwards, %d em- 
 
 Tn^et ^<rj^3g^^P,.|,^j^ clearing, outwards, %d em- 
 
 f ^ y^^%Miyfft^e;hHt^ the Briti(h iilands in tM A^eft 
 
 nd,^^nd^„«^ies belonging to the, "ships. C 
 
 United'State^han an a^ragcof the years 1770, 
 
 «J7 1 > and 1^2, before the. war - .'_ . 
 
 niber 'and toni%e of ditto fo employed, enter- 
 
 ^|fi^\yariis, on a like average - - _ - 
 
 MedEj^flhe average nunjber and tonnage of 
 Bi^fifff^^'cfrels entering inwards, and clearin- 
 
 oiuwards - -_.- ^_ _V'- _■'' 
 
 ^^iber aijd tonnage of Briti-fli ve/Tels clearing 
 outw'flfds, and coioldyed yearly in the tr.de 
 between the Biitiih iQands in the Weft InditG, 
 an(^ ' tf^^countrles belonging to the United 
 States,' on an average of the years 1787, 1788, 
 aS)|^»789, fi nee the war .--___. 
 
 NmMr and tonnage of ditto fo employed, 
 enterin- inward?, on a like average - "- 
 
 2,172 
 
 2,297 
 
 •2,234 
 
 111,^39. 
 
 io7'739 
 
 Medium of the avvra ^c-nun 
 BntifJi vcfTcl;^, entering in 
 
 outwards 
 
 y- 
 
 and tonnage of 
 ^nd clearing 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■VV'I 
 
n 
 
 ■> 
 
 > .' 
 
 '4 
 
 Iv 
 
 " (A P P E N D I X, N-2. ,39 
 
 The account of the number of vefTels from whence thefc averages 
 «rc taken, includes tlieir repeated voyaoes. Ifhas decreafed fince tKc 
 wnr 1,690 fhips, oris three-fgurths leis than 1t*-was before the .war 
 The quantity of tonnage^has decreafed 45.00 1 tons, or rather lefs than 
 h.tU what itwas bcfor^ the war : but fiv^eighthsof thef. vefllls, before 
 the war, belonged to merchants, permanent inhabitants of the coun- 
 tries now under the dominion of the United Statbs ; and three-ci-^hths 
 to Bnu(h merchants, .^fiding occalionally in the faid countries." At 
 
 ^tbtt.tne very few vcilt-ls belongirg to liritiH,. merchants, rciidcnt in 
 the lir.t.n, European dpn^inions, or in t!ic Buuih ilLnJs m the VV.ft 
 
 ^ {ndm, had a dure in th^s tr,.de. The vcfTJs en.plo)^a i„ this trade 
 can no-v onl>. belong to El, i-i.h iLbj.ds r (icing in the preftnt Brmfh 
 dom,n..,ns. Many vc(Ie|s nosv go fVon. the ports of Great-Brttain, 
 cany.ng B,-ai,h n.a:v.ra<u,-es to the llniud States, then load with 
 l»M,bc. and provii:o:K, 1.;^ ti)c Brrtiil, .Oands in the Weft Indies, and 
 n-turn, with.th : pr.J ,cd of theie' .flands, to Great-Britain. The 
 vend. 10 e,.ploy.d arc.nu^rgcr than thoA. in which this trade was 
 tommly , uri.d o: , a«d f^ this reafon the tonnage employed in it ha. 
 UtcrcUwd tmica id, than ik number of the veiTcls. 
 
 ^-V^-8fiELS Employed between the remaining British Colo 
 
 NUcs in North AMERICA, and the British Islands in 
 Wi^sr Indies. ' \ 
 
 Number and tonnage of BrUh veffels clearing outwards, and em- 
 
 rV rillW^ the t,ad^ between the remaining BritiHi colonies 
 ' i» North mhierlca,^ and ^he Britifh idands in 
 
 the Weftlndies, on an Jiverage of the years 
 
 » 77'^> ^71 U and 1 772. bfcfore the war , - 
 Number anJ tonnage of kto tV employed. 
 
 and 
 entering ifwards, on a liRcj avera-^e 
 
 % .: , 
 
 am 
 
 m 
 
 Med 
 
 ium 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■? 
 
 ...1. ,"» 
 
mr^' 
 
 h 
 
 mi 
 
 Ships. 
 
 '9 
 
 140 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Medium of the average-number and^nnage of 
 Britifli vefTels, entering inwards, and clearing 
 '^'^ outwards ,. - _ _ _ ,^ 
 
 Number and tonnage of Britifh veffels, clearing 
 outwards, and employed yearly in the trad^be- 
 tween the remaining Britini colonies in North 
 America, and the Britifh iflands in the JVeft 
 Indies, on an average of the years 1787, 1788, 
 ^ and 1789, fince the waV^' 
 
 Number and tonnage of ditto .fo employed 
 entering inwards, on a like average 
 
 Medium of \he average-number ^nd tonnage of 
 Bnnfl, vtffds entering inwards*, and clearing 
 outwards _ _ 
 
 Tons. 
 
 996 
 
 142 
 
 171 
 
 I. 
 
 56 
 
 ■2/9S 
 16,331 
 
 a.e .ak.n .ncludcs ,he,r repea,cd voyages. The number of veffds fo 
 employed h.s increafed fince .he war ,37 ftfps, bein. ft(.e„ times 
 mere than u was before the war : and .he quan-ify pf ^oU^c hasTn. 
 crea.ed ,3.5,7 ,ons, being thirteen times more than it was before thii 
 
 of .!« eou„,r,es wh,ch were then Britifl, colonies, but are now under 
 the dom,„.o„ of the United States: they c.n JSw only Belong to 
 
 As the refu't of the foregoing deduftion the following table his 
 been prepared , in which allowance is made for .he repeated voya«s 
 w^kA the ve&;,, employed in the.e diftrcn. branches of trade arZ- 5 
 
 .v.ilO.,s reduced ,n due proportion. This table will ftew„at one 
 is orlr ; r "?""" ' ^"^ ■'"" *■" *= ■'^'^■'« <"■ ">» whole ' 
 
 y. 
 
 I 
 
 
p p 
 
 fi4i 
 
 -8.. 
 
 ift.~Ve/rels and their tonnage, employed between Great Britain and 
 V the United Stites - _ - _ 
 
 2d -Veffels. and, their tonnage, employed between Great Britain and" 
 the remammg British Colonies in North America 
 
 ^^7rwl ^,'^'^'' ^"/ ^'"''•^°""^g^' -"^ployed between the remaining' 
 Britifh colonies and the United States - - - _ 
 
 4th^^^; VefTels, and their tonnage, employed between the Briti/h 
 iflands m the Weft Indies ^nd the United States - . 
 
 ^'^7(^ ^f '^•'' '""^ '''"'' '°""'^'' '"^^^""y'^ ^^^^^^^" ^he remainxit 
 Bntifh colonies and the Britifh iflands in the Weft Indies - T 
 
 If 
 
 the fu bjefli 
 d Slates. 
 
 - Tons. 
 26,564 
 
 
 r«J Themimbcrofveirels, and their tonnage, employed in thisbranch oF freight, was 
 d.v.ded by . I, as K .s eft.ma.ed that th^fc ve/Tels make one voyage and a half in a year" 
 
 W The number of vefTels in this branch of freight was divided by 3, as it is cftimated 
 that thefe veffels make three voyages in a year. . . citimatcd 
 
 W The number of veflels, and their tonnage, employed in this branch of freight, J 
 Vided by 3, as u „ cftimated that thefe veflbls alfo make three voyages in a yeaf. 
 
 26,564 
 
 nches 
 
 l;N., 
 
 Tons. 
 
 I- 
 
 %^ 
 
 J 
 
 1,402 
 5,609 
 
 ^'423 
 249 
 
 '\1 
 
 'l?,683 
 4,877 
 
 3.806 
 
 
 . (.. 
 
 m- 
 
 ^i 
 
 ^'t 
 
 %*, 
 
A P P E N D rX N-X— r««^ 
 
 "-jT 
 
 .8.. 
 
 Before tr 
 
 ,ft.-.Ve/rcIs, and their ^tonnage, employed between Great Britain and ' — 
 the United States -. - - - ^. . % 
 
 2d.-.Veffels. and their tonnage, employed between Great Britain and 
 the remaming Britifh Colonies in North America - . . . 
 
 ^^T-^^/ "^f^^"' """^ '^^''' '°""^^^' ^"^P^^y^^ between th«^emaininff 
 iJritilh colonies and the United States - _ . . /^i . 
 
 4th^^^; Veffels, and their tonnage, employed between the Britifh 
 
 iflandsm the ^eftlndies^dth'd United States '- . 
 Sth.-VV Vefl^ls, and their tonnage, en^ed between SLmaLinff 
 iiritifli colonies and the Bfiti/h illands in the Weft IndiF" 
 
 Vcfleli, and their tonnage, belonging to 
 merchants refident in the prefent Briiilh 
 dominions ; or to Britilh merchaats oc- 
 cafionally refident in the coontries which 
 were then Briti(h colonies, but now form 
 the United States. 
 
 Veffels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 .\ 
 
 497 
 228 
 
 43 
 93 
 
 ^Tr„ 
 
 r-^memtmberofvcffels, ai,l their tonnage, employed in this branch of freight, was 
 adteJ by fc^, as ,r is eftimated thai theft veffels maice one vopge and a half in a year. 
 
 . u J*"^ "7^" °^ "'^^^'^ i" '^' ^'^"^X °f freight was divided by 3, as it is eftimated 
 e» ^ ™ *"^ voyages iijAO'car. 
 
 862 
 
 65,058 
 
 * 9»8i6 
 1,869 
 
 4,489 
 83 
 
 81,315 
 
 ' r^FThe number pf vijffels, a^^heir tonnagj^plo^d in tfiis bn^ch of freight, was di- 
 Wed by 3, as it is efti,|||^^thefe VeOcls alfo ^ three vo^es in a year. 
 
 »'' t 
 
 Recapitulation: Containir 
 
 of freig 
 
 «»& 
 
 . 
 
 Increafe on the 2d branch of freigh 
 r Ditto on the -jd ditto - 
 Ditto on the 4th ditto - - 
 Ditto on the 5th ditto 
 
 Total increafe - _ . 
 
 ecrcale on tHe iTt Branch o 
 Balance of increaie 
 
 sW^ 
 
 ^f -I Mi^ *■ ,5lSg&,i 
 
V:'-- , -BW' 
 
 ■/a^- 
 
 .■'Hipi^K-'i 
 
 '»'-• i^.tf • 
 
 ^ D I X N* 2. — continued. 
 
 [141 
 
 Before the War. 
 
 li, and their tonnage, belonging to 
 int* refideot in the prerent BritiOi 
 ions ; or to Britilh merchaati oc- 
 illjr refident in the coantriet which 
 hen Britilh colonies, but now form 
 lited States. 
 
 ''efl'cls. 
 
 128 
 
 43 
 93 
 
 Tons. 
 
 65,058 
 • 9,816 
 
 1,869 
 4. 
 
 Veflelt belonging ta Berclranti, who 
 were native* and ptrmaent inhabitants 
 of the countries which were then Britifli 
 colonies, but now form the United Stat*s. 
 
 VefTels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 165 
 
 32 
 
 13^ 
 
 651 
 
 52 
 
 83 
 
 81,315 
 
 983 
 
 21,686 
 1,402 
 
 5«^o9 
 3i»423 
 
 24? 
 
 60,369 
 
 SINCE THE War. 
 
 VeOels 
 
 belonging to the TubjeAs 
 
 of the prefcnt 
 
 Britifli dominions. 
 
 Veffels. 
 
 261 
 
 * 
 
 158 
 
 181 
 
 52 
 
 1,019 
 
 Tons. 
 
 S2»59S 
 46,106 
 
 10,219 
 
 20,912 
 
 4.837 
 
 1 34,669 
 
 Veflel. 
 
 belonging to the fubjeflt 
 
 of the United States. 
 
 Veffcls. 
 
 163 
 
 163 
 
 Tons. 
 
 26,564 
 
 26,564 
 
 apitulation: Containing the increafe and decreafe under the forementioncd different branches 
 ot treight, and the increafe and decreafe on the whole. 
 
 : on the 2d branch of freight - 
 on the 3d ditto - - . 
 on the 4th ditto - _ _ 
 on the 5th ditto - - - 
 
 rotal increafe - - . 
 
 Decreafe on the 1 ft - - 
 Ditto on the 2d - - 
 Ditto on the 3d — 
 Ditto on the 4th - ,- 
 Ditto on the 5 th - - 
 
 — -Total-x i e c reaf c — ^ — 
 
 American. 
 
 VefTels. 
 
 2 
 32 
 
 131 
 651 
 
 4 
 
 Tons. 
 
 -8«^ 
 
 1,402 
 5,609 
 
 3i'423 
 249 
 
 I8^f 
 4.877 
 
 ^ 
 
 rbn the liFBranch of Freight - 
 Balance of increaie - - - 
 
 Increafe on the 1 ft _ 
 Balance of decreafe - 
 
 820 
 
 33,806 
 
 ' v.i'.'j-aite.^ 
 

 '\ : 
 
 »I 
 
 
 
 W" 
 
 .-.y :-^y^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 4* 
 
 % 
 
 / / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i \ 
 
 
 
 
 "■ ' \ 
 
 * 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 / 
 
 j 
 '/ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 .•» 
 
 -' 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 < 
 
 • 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 /• 
 
 / 
 
 , 
 
 ■' 
 
 
 /^ ' 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 ( 
 
 / w 
 
 / * 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 • . / 
 
 
 CI 
 
 - 
 
 « 
 
 k 
 
 t 
 E 
 
 IS 
 
 t 
 
 ■■;■ • . 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 '.--**■ 
 
 i ' 
 
 -.J '■•■■ 
 
 
 f- ' ' 
 
 t 
 t 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^" 
 
 -" 
 
 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 ' 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 t; ... 
 
 1 
 
 
 r- -- -. .. ; ■ ' ■ 
 
 
 
 •- 
 
 
 ' . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 .,^;^_^: 
 
 
 
 
 
\ 
 
 f 
 
 9- An ,c 30U1 of September 1790, diftingqilhing each 
 tign Veflels. , „ " 
 
 otal 
 
 linage 
 the 
 
 •36? 
 .919 
 •,894 
 
 •,114 
 
 '^55 
 
 Mairachufcts 
 
 Pennfylvania 
 
 -Virginia 
 
 New Yprk 
 
 Maryland - 
 
 . ♦ South Caq6Ii;36o 
 
 t North Carolii27 
 
 Connedlicut jjyj 
 
 Gj:oTgh - ^245 
 
 New Hamp(hi\oii 
 
 $ Rhode iaand,84i 
 
 Delaware - .,924 
 
 New Jerfey ^86o 
 
 RECAPITULATION., 
 
 TotalTonnage of each Country. 
 
 V iz. m ' 
 
 United States - 
 Great Britain - 
 Ireland ' - - 
 
 222,347 
 
 - - 8,815^ 
 
 - - 8,55U 
 
 - - 2,924 
 Denmark - - _ . 1,6 19{ 
 Germany - - . _ j^^g 
 Pruflla - _ _ - -L 294 
 Sweden - _ _ > \_ '\\\k 
 
 Tons. 
 
 ^25'494l 
 
 37*4191- 
 766,091 
 
 • 
 
 ff' 
 
 -/■„■!' 
 
 ^' >■ 
 
 ■ r 
 
 * # 
 
 ■/ 
 
 »• ' 
 
 .. 
 
 ^ , 
 
 ^1^, 
 
 1=^ 
 
 • ■ 
 
 ^•i 
 
 i 
 
 ^^<*^4^a period fubfequent to any of 
 g to the fabjeas of the United States 
 their ports during that period; but 
 other hand, the account given abpve 
 
 ^affr ia^ie-various branches -of com-~ 
 
 3g to the faid States. 
 
 ■ ti 
 
 \i 
 
r 
 
 sy 
 
 #> 
 
 
 -^^^, 
 
 #' 
 
 w 
 
 #. 
 
 '^' 
 
 A P F E 
 
 ; Jf.~ A i^' Account of the Tunnnge di VefTlIs entered into the United States 
 
 _ State according to the Magnitude of its ' 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Mallachufets 
 . reaiifylvania-; - 
 Vrrginia -, - ' 
 New York 
 M^iryland - 
 w ^ * South Caqolina 
 •f* North Carolina 
 Connedlicut 
 Georgia 
 
 New Himpfhire 
 ■ :|: Rhode Illand 
 » Delaware, - - 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 • In iW Returns froi 
 
 ./ t The, Returns from 
 
 ' *> »» t I lie Returns from 
 
 ■""^ 
 
 -tJr- 
 
 NoT.E. — This Table cor^tain's an account of the tpnnagfi of vj 
 thofe, years oh which the average's ftated above were f#mcd. \\ 
 df America; cpiploycd in evejy part pf their' foreigrft^de, their 
 does not diftinguifh what part of it was erriJ)loyed in their ITor 
 in- the jjfrRdjng' t a hlesj^ioalyof jbi mu c fi_o£.lJia-iQiini^&c£l4J 
 
 mfrce, with fuch part# of jhc Britilh dominigns with whitJ 
 
 t 
 
 ' ; 
 
 7- 
 
 ' .r* .'.'■ 
 
 
 ■•■; *> 
 
APPENDIX, N' 2.^onuntied. . 
 
 ntcred into the United Stttes of America, from the lA «f na , « .t 
 
 g .0 .h.Mag„i,„de„f i,.To„„age, .., JZJ^ll^ '^ ' '^ "" ^°"> "^ -^^P'™^" >790. diftingu.Ulng «ch 
 
 2 _^ f ^ ""tinguiaiing the American from Foreign VeiFcIs. 
 
 [14a 
 
 AMEIUCAN. 
 
 % 
 
 Veflels in 
 
 the Overfea 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 X 77,023: 
 
 57.649 
 
 '43'529 
 48,275 
 
 euroi'ean. 
 
 Veflbls 
 
 belonging to 
 Great Uritaiil, 
 
 includin;: 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 » 9.49 3 
 
 42>6o5 
 
 ' 56.273 
 
 ,$6*9 '& 
 
 23»339 
 18,725 
 
 4.941 
 2,556 
 
 15.041 
 3.458 
 
 1,783 
 267 
 
 Ve/Tels 
 
 belonging to 
 
 other 
 
 Nations. 
 
 i^,. 
 
 \ 
 
 9-665 
 4.092 
 6,921 
 
 9.485 
 4,256 
 
 244" 
 1.570 
 
 34 
 
 221 
 
 79 
 
 Total 
 
 To.lll4-rc 
 
 of liie 
 Wlitl,. 
 
 *25;494' 37^20 
 
 197.3''^) 
 
 1 09)9 1 9 
 
 103.S94 
 92.11^ 
 88,255 
 
 40,360 
 
 35''27 
 33''72 
 
 27,*C45 
 
 , 9'^'4i 
 
 5'9H 
 5,''6o 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Total Tonnage of each Country. 
 United States ■---._ 
 
 / ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Great Britain - 
 Ireland - - 
 
 France - ■>» - 
 Iloll.md - 
 Spain - - 
 
 766,091 
 
 V 
 
 222,347 
 - 3.147^ 
 
 • \3'435i 
 
 - - 8^815! 
 
 i " ' 
 
 Portugal - ^r. ^?r;^|,924 
 Denmark - - - - 1,6^91 
 
 Germany , - - w ^_ i^^gg 
 Pruflia - - -" ' -■ . 294 
 Sweden^ - - - - .' iiir 
 
 Tons. 
 ^03,177 
 
 225»494^ 
 
 i 
 
 37.4 »9 1 
 
 Total - - - "^66^^ 
 
 -*- 
 
 rC; 
 
 -^-^ 
 
 •Inilf6 Returns from Charles Town, one Quarter is wan<||. and not .nduded 
 ■'■ i 1 Ik; Returns from this ^tatc di4not commence till nth o# March 1790. " 
 * . : The Returns from this atlttc did not commence till aift of j»m 1790, ■• 
 
 J» :— * rf 
 
 -i. 
 
 ■m 
 
 * 
 
 ,>• 
 
 r m 
 
 '.<. 
 
 
 accoui 
 luted abo 
 
 
 «»i" — t ( m m 
 
 lit of the^onnagfi of v^fl^ls entering th«Veveral ports of the Ufi.ted Stat... n>t neriod ftlhr^,.n^ ^^ 
 bove. were f<»med. Ft contains an account of allthe tor.mgc bclongin ^ to h^ LieAs of tlW^^ °^ 
 
 en' forei?if^Ht»- their rnartin™ tr.j» „„j .u-:_ £/!--:• ^^ ,.^ . fa">. . "^ iLibjedtsof the Uni^19tates 
 
 ,j jjj^j pcribdij .Jjut 
 
 ,^" # 
 
 r 1 -.^ --- ->^...v^. .. vw.i..niu> dii utcounior au toe ton lagc belone n ' to tlr fnhif Ac r.V 
 •tpf .he^fo,e,g<sadc-, .hekcoafting trad., a„d .heir «*crl«, wh'^1. c«ef=/, i p .".s't jf^ 
 
 *■*■ 
 
 . .„ ."*■..- o- - -" ^''^^ ^rintcr^s wa* eiupKyed -dnring tnoie ye.:rsln tlie various Fira 
 
 ruifh dominions v»ith whith they arc alWcd now to trade; in'Oflpi Ijclorifeiisto the fakl §tetcs '| 
 
 ocypunt g i ven above 
 
 ^iryears^TtHe various braochfti of com- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^-.► 
 
 **,' 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 «> 
 
 '^ 
 
 '^\^ 
 
 t 
 
 '^ 
 
' 4 
 
 . f 
 
 APPENDIX, N- 2. 
 
 H3 
 
 10.— Value of Exports from the United States to different 
 Parts of the World, from the Commencement of the Cuftom 
 Houfes in Auguft 1789, to 30th September 1790, vi?. 
 
 Provifions 
 Grain 
 Fi/h 
 
 Lumber , 
 Live ftock 
 
 Other articles 
 
 Dollars. Cents ♦. 
 5757.482 
 2,519,232 
 
 941,696 
 ^'263,534 
 
 486,105 , 
 
 10,968,044 
 
 9»447'9T7 '- 84 
 
 Total 
 
 Of thefe the Exports 
 
 To the Dominions of France - - 
 
 D°. Great Britain - - . 
 D°, Spain - 1 
 
 D°. Portugal S § _ . 
 D*. Unitfed Netherlands 
 D°. Denmark - ''^ - ". .. 
 D'. Sweden - -, - 
 D'. Flanders - v <*_ '- . 
 D*. Germany - * _ 
 D*. Mcditenranean - - 
 
 D°. African Coaft and^Ida^ids 
 D°. Eaft Indies - . 
 
 D\ North Weft Coaft of America 
 
 Dollars. Cents. 
 20,415,966 : 84 
 
 4.^98,735 : 48 
 9.363,416 : 47 
 2,005,907 : 16 
 1,283,462 
 1,963,880 : 9 
 224,415 : 50 
 47,240 
 14,298 
 487,787 
 4'. 298 
 
 139,984 
 i35.'8i 
 
 10,362 
 
 -»4 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' • ; 20,^1 S,<^66 : 84 
 
 Exclufivc of many packages omitted in the returns flrjn the cuftom- 
 houfes, whieh werej;xported from tke United States'*^ 
 
 ■-H-^ 
 
 
 !? -.r^ 
 
 • A cent is one hundredtlvpart of a dollar, or about a halfpenny. 
 
 ;. "^ II.— Li-ST 
 
 ••.... :f 
 
\. V 
 
 f'p^. 
 
 «% 
 
 f 
 
 M4- 
 
 TRAVELS THROUcft NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ii.-LisT of fuch Vessels (and the refpeaive Tonnage of each 
 Denomination) as entered the Port of PaiLADELPHiA. frpm the 
 ii\ my of September 1772, to the ift Day of September 1775, 
 •lirti.Mguiriung-cach Year; and alfo diftinguiHiing thofe which were' 
 owiKcl in Great Britain, Ireland, .and fuch Parts of the 
 British Dominions as are not now comprehcndbd within the 
 United States (N" i); thofe which were owned in the Port 
 of Philadelphia alone (N'' 2) ; and thofe which were owned" in 
 
 .the Thirteen Colonies which now compofe theUNiTED States 
 of Ami-rica- {N" 3,) 
 
 N° I. British. 
 
 1772 to 1773. 
 
 '^'' I Tons. 
 
 23 Ships - - ,- j,5o8 
 30 Brigantines 2,925 
 4 Snows - ~ ^ 270 
 22 Sloqps :- - 1,043 
 18 Schooners ^ 822 
 
 97 
 
 8,668 
 
 1773 ^ ^774- 
 
 N° Tons. 
 
 28 Ships - - 4,304 
 
 33Brigantines 2,853 
 
 12 Snows - 1,246 
 
 24. Sloops ■- 1,142 
 
 22 Schooners 962 
 
 "9. 
 
 ""ro,507 
 
 1774101775. 
 
 ^° . Tons. 
 
 35 Ships'- - 5,590 
 
 33 Brigantines 3,170 
 
 7 Snows - 730 
 
 22 Sloops - 1,006 
 
 17 Schooners 842 
 
 114 
 
 II 
 
 '338 
 
 1772 to 1773 
 
 ■*^ 1 ons. 
 
 109 Ships - -.16,385 
 
 1 40 Brigantines 1 2, 1 48 
 
 25 Snows - - 2,902 
 
 39 Sloops -- 1,806 
 
 63 Schooners 3,226 
 
 N° 2. Philadelphia, 
 ^^77350^774- 
 
 N •> ' Tons. 
 
 116 Ships .«■ - 17,569 
 
 176 Brigantines 15,749 
 
 18 Snows - - 2,092 
 
 42 Stoops - - 1,844 
 
 54 Schooners 2,959 
 
 376 
 
 36,467 
 
 406 
 
 40,213 
 
 1774 to 1775. 
 N° Tons; 
 
 146 Ships' - - 23,406 
 205 Brigantines 17,802 
 17 Snows - - 1,972 
 36 Sloops - - 1,844 
 2S Schooners 1,834 
 
 439 
 
 46,658 
 
 1772 
 
 
 . *' 
 « ^ ^ 
 
 -t 
 
 • .".,J?«;-J«ii-'-.-.,'. ;>.:,ii-.i»t,.1.4--.. ^'.-,.4 ,; «,"/ 
 
 
 ir) 
 
 
 ,...&. ...A 
 
"■« 
 
 \ 
 
 A P P E N D I X. N- 2. 
 
 N" 3. America. .' . 
 
 271 
 
 15,118 
 
 HS 
 
 1772 to 1773. 
 
 N« Ions. 
 
 5 Ships - — 700 
 
 46 Brigantines 3,856 
 
 I Snow - '- 160 
 
 139 Sloops - - "6,5^3 
 
 80 Schooners 3,899\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1773 to 1774. „ I 177410 1775 
 
 N' Tons. I N- Tons 
 
 6 Ships - - 860 
 
 28 Brigantines 2,224 
 
 [35 Sloops - - 5,876 
 81 Schooners - 3,962 
 
 250 
 
 12,922 
 
 902 
 
 7 Ships - 
 
 30 Brigantines 2,576 
 
 I Snow - - 80 
 
 130 Sloops - - 5,843 
 
 78 Schooners 4,025 
 
 246 
 
 13,426 
 
 ■^ 
 
 12. — A Table, Hiewing what Proportl||fi the Tonnage of Great- 
 Britain employed out of the Port of Philadelphia bore 
 to the Tonnage employe^ out of that Port, and owned 
 therein, upon an Avei-age of three Years antecedent to the War, *■ 
 and what Proportion the Tonnage of Great- Britain fo employed^ 
 ., then bore to the Tonnage Sf Philadelphia, united with the 
 Tonnage of thfc other twelve American Colonies fo erriployed. — 
 Shewing alfo, vyhat Proportion the Britiflr Tonnage now 
 employed-in the' Trade of Philadelphia hears tq the Tonnage 
 of all the United States empl<lyed out of that Port, upon an 
 ^vera'le of the laft two V^r's. ■ 
 
 Britifli - - 
 Philadelphia - 
 American - - - 
 Philadelphia and Ame 
 rica combined 
 
 * - . 
 
 773- 
 
 1 Ons. 
 
 8,668 
 
 36,467 
 i5.«i8 
 
 5''S85 
 
 f774- 
 
 Tons. , 
 10,507 
 
 40,213 
 
 12,922 
 
 53»i35 
 
 ^775' 
 
 oT ons. 
 
 i«'333 
 46,858 
 
 1 3»42,6 
 60,284 
 
 Total 
 Toivs. 
 
 3°'5o8 
 
 »23v538 
 41,466 
 
 165,004 
 
 By the foregoing tahk it appears, that the tonnage of Great Britain 
 employed out of the mff of Philadelphia in the above years wa^fiot 
 equal to i-4th partofthe tonnage ftnployed out of and owned in the 
 - pqrtlJr rniladeipliia ;^ai>d that the tonnageTof GreaFBritaiiTtheir 
 
 ■•■'" ;r2 . ••- fo 
 
 m: 
 
 I' 
 '4". 
 
 IL 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 -' K 
 
 ' i ■ ^ 
 
 
■W' 
 
 h6 travels through north AMERICA. 
 
 fo ernployed, bore only a proportion as ^ does to , , to the tonnage of PhiFadelphia 
 and the other twelve colonies combined, fo employed. ^'ladelph.a,. 
 
 Britilh . 
 ""American 
 
 1788. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 23,004 
 
 ■28,028 
 
 1789. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 ,29,372 
 
 37'728 
 
 ToTAt. ,, 
 
 ' Tons. 'jM 
 
 52,376 -^ 
 
 of flLL^ PK , 1' / •''^""' ^'^ ^^" ^'^"".^^^ °^ ^^^^^ S^^^- -'"Ployed out 
 fifth^ir^r ^^ ^""'"-'"^^^fiSa^ amounted to wifhin one* 
 
 l^S '°""^' °^ '^^ '''" '^'''''" ^'"^•^'^ ^^^^" ^°"^^i"e4 fo employed. 
 
 i 
 
 
 13.--A:|:is r of British Vessels which entered the Port oflhiladelphia'the 
 fcllpwing Years, viz. from 5th September 1787, to 5th September 1788. 
 
 From Great Britain 
 
 VefTpIs. Tons. 
 
 16 Ships - - 3,748 
 
 id Brigantines 2,907 
 
 3 Snows - - 456 
 
 3 Sloops - - 198 
 
 •i Schooner - 85 
 
 42 Sail. 7.394 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Tons. 
 
 British West Indies. 
 Veffds. Tons. 
 
 VeffelSi 
 
 4 Ships - - 
 
 1,021 
 
 I Ship 174 
 
 t Brig - - 
 
 '35 
 
 52 Bri^s - - 6,229 
 
 I Snow - - 
 
 90 
 
 64 Sloops - - 5,597 
 
 6 Sail. 
 1 
 
 1,246 
 
 24 Schooners 1,695 
 
 141 Sail. 13,695 
 
 British American 
 Colonies. 
 
 Veffels. Tons. 
 
 I Ship. - - 160 
 6 Brigantines 462 
 I Schooner - , 47 
 
 8 Sail. 
 
 669 
 
 Total. 
 22 Ships 
 78 Brigantines - 
 4 Snows - - 
 67 Sloops - - 
 26 Schooners - - 
 
 197 Sail Veffels — 23,004 Tons. 
 
 A List 
 
 •':V^.,>J, :.-••. 4 ,':!^\i..t 
 
APPENDIX, N* 2. 
 
 147 
 
 'jm 
 
 m 
 
 A List 'Of British Vessels whi^h entered the Port of Philadelphia the 
 following Years, viz. from 5th September /788, to 5ih September 1789. 
 
 1^ 
 
 From Great Bhitain, 
 
 Vertelf, 'Tons. 
 
 23 Shipi - - -5,967 
 19 Brigantiiics 2,936 
 I Snow - - 104 
 4^Sloopg - - 223 
 I SchooiKr- 42 
 
 48 Sail. 
 
 9,272 
 
 Ireiand. 
 
 VefTeJs. * Tons. 
 
 15 Shig? - -"2,961 
 
 5 E^igantines 631 
 •'I Snow - - 108 
 
 21 Sail. 
 
 3,700 
 
 British West Indies. 
 
 VelTels. ' Tons.' 
 
 3 Ships - - 600 
 
 48 Brigantines 6,010 
 
 69 Sloops — 5.586 
 
 29 Schooners 2,332 
 
 149 Sail. 14,528 
 
 British American 
 Colonies. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Veffels. 
 
 1 Ship - - 162 
 10 Brigantines 1,060 
 
 2 Sloops - 106 
 7 Schooners 544 
 
 20 Sail. 
 
 Tot 
 
 AL. 
 
 / 
 
 42 Ships 
 82 Brigantines 
 2 Snows - 
 75 Sloops - 
 yj Schooners 
 
 '*!,- 
 
 238 Sail Veflels 29,372 Tons. 
 
 N 
 
 1^2 
 
 tt 
 
 *iiijii'u.»»jjii. ». 
 

 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 "* 
 
 I4--ACC0UNT of Vessels belonging to other Eukopeam Nations, which en- 
 tered the principal Ports of the United States in the following Years ; viz. 
 
 1787. 
 
 » 
 
 Charles Town. 
 
 
 f 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Brigantincs. 
 
 Schooners. 
 
 Sloops. 
 
 American 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 
 Spain - - - - _ _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 - ' ■ " - 
 
 France - - - _ _ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 \3 
 
 1,073 
 
 United Netherlands - - 
 
 
 I 
 
 .4 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 715 
 
 Altona ---.__■ 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 799 
 
 Bremen - - - _ _ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 280 
 
 Denmark - - _ _ . 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 193 
 
 Hambur<rh - - _ _ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 Auftria 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 127 
 
 i/— ■ 
 
 14 
 
 41 
 
 \ 5 
 
 3,481 
 
 
 
 \ ' . 
 
 " \ 
 
 1788. ' 
 
 
 
 '' . ^ 
 
 • 
 
 
 Philadelphia. ' 
 
 "-'--« 
 
 T- 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 France - - > _ , 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 692 
 
 Spain ----__ 
 Portugal - - . _ _ 
 Sweden --->__ 
 Denmark - _ _ _ _ 
 Pruffia , 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 4, 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 . 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1.022 
 
 321 . 
 
 430 
 157 
 
 ' 388- 
 
 8 
 
 — -••- - 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 5'345 
 
 ^' 
 
 \ 
 
 New 
 
'"%, 
 
 1789. 
 
 A P P E N D I X. N* 2. 
 
 New York. 
 
 149 
 
 France 
 
 Holland 
 
 Spain 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Sweden 
 
 ^ E 
 
 1789. 
 
 To Virginia - « _ 
 
 Maryland - - ' _ 
 
 North Carolina - 
 
 Georgia - - _ 
 
 Maflachufets - - 
 
 Add to the above amourit^-fourth for the reft of the 
 
 United States - - "S \. 
 
 Total amount 
 
 Which is little more than one-fourth 6f the tonn.ge of the vefTel. Jbelon. 
 Br.t.fh merchants in all the different branches of this commerce, not al- 
 lovyjng, in either cafe, for repeated voyages. 
 
 ing 
 
 \ 
 
 41 
 
 ^W 
 
 \ -■ ■ • 
 
 « 
 
 '1 
 
 
 II 
 
 m 
 
 JC .^ .^ .^a^ij.* --'U I ti^ 
 
I , 
 
 / * ^' ^^^^ ^° t!}<^ iP^eHig^nt reac^r to draw his own conclufidfcom 
 the above table^;^elnd ftatements ; and, in addition to what iRcn 
 faid, I fliall only further obfcrve, that the total annual decreafc ia 
 value, fince th^ war, ©f Britifli manufadlures and other articles.. ex- 
 ported from Great Britain to the countries belonging to the United 
 States, has amounted to - - _ _ ' r o 
 
 - - - X- 398.393. 
 
 . The total annial incrcafe in value? fince the war, 
 of the like articles, exported from Great Britain, 
 to the remaining Britifh cplonies in North Ame- 
 rica, has been -•'---_.... 449,677' 
 To the- Britifli Weft Indian iflands - - - - - ,1,4,801 
 
 Total - - - - 564.478 
 
 , So that upon the whole the annual increafe in valu^; fince the war, 
 of Britifli manufadlures and other articles exported from Great Britain 
 fo North America ^ jp|| Weft- Indies, has amounted to £. 166,085 
 
 '^^^ ^°^^^1||^^Pcreafe in value, fmcc the war, of imports 
 into" Greaf^Piin from the United States, has amounted 
 
 """""""""--- >C- 843,506 
 
 The total annual increafe in value, fince the war, of imports 
 into Great Britain from the remaining Britidi colonies/in 
 North Ariierica, has been - - - _ _ _ ^^ 9^;o86 
 
 From the Britifh Weft Indian illMs - - '- 67^,066 
 
 . Total - - _ - jr.j6S,osz 
 
 So. that upon the balance total, the decreafe has been - 75,454 
 
 This decreafe has been chiefly owing to the decreafed impomtion 
 
 V ■ '^of 
 
 •, 
 
 jL 
 
 4) 
 

 r 
 
 APPENDIX, N-2. ; ,^, 
 
 of tobacco a.ul rice (the Americans not being any longer obliged to" 
 fl^ip the. produce for Britifl, ports only) amounting in value ' 
 
 ^ Upon 44.774.458 lbs. of the former, f . . -^.583,987 
 
 tTpon 259,035 cwt. df the latter, to - ^ , 
 
 . " - - 190,526 
 
 In the whole to - - F~ZZ 
 
 ' u - - . X,. 779,5, 3 
 
 i The value of exports to the coun|fcow belonging to the Un.r.H 
 S^s, has exceeded the value of i^s from thLHtlou „ - 
 
 f e 7 th : ; " ^ T^' ^''''' ^^°^°^^^°" ^-" ^^^ -- than - 
 B^all: '^^"" °' -^cJe, therefore, is more in f^our of Great 
 
 count;';'; '"r^^^^°t °';789._exceeded thofe of .784, to dl 
 
 j ' " " " ~ - >C'4'40o>6o9 
 
 accuracy. „<,« of ,he™, l,„wc«r (if *« „, ^ c,^^ J^^' 
 th« EdKor h« not though, i, „<xefla,j, ,„ „otl« "°"» ' »""^h 
 
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 tf ■■-... 
 
 to • 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 m 
 
 
 i/.. 
 
 & 
 
 fA 
 
 
 *- V 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 2.5. 
 2.2 
 
 
 140 
 
 IS- 
 
 ' 
 
 |l.25 ||.4 1 1.6 
 
 "-^ 
 
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 _ : 4" . — 
 
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 7 
 
 >^ 
 
 HiotogFaphic 
 Sciences 
 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STRlET 
 
 WEBSTfR,N.Y. 145M . 
 
 (71«)«72-4S03 
 
 
-"^ 
 
 v^ 
 
 152 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 J 5* — An Account of the Number of 
 Ports of the United States, in 
 
 with the like VcflWs building in th<; faid States in 1789*. 
 
 States. 
 
 Ships and Brigs built in the 
 the Year 1772, compared: 
 
 New Hampshire 
 Maflachufets 
 Rhode laand - 
 Connecticut 
 
 Veflels.. Tons, 
 
 6 — 
 
 Total of the New England Proviiices 
 New York' - - _ _ _ 
 Newjcrfey - - - _ _ 
 Penfylvania - - _ - . 
 Mainland - - - . . 
 Virginia ---___ 
 North Carolina - _ - . 
 South Carolina - _ _ _ 
 Georgia - - . _ ... 
 
 Total 
 
 
 ■"% 
 
 *;l' 
 
 Sat4!g^j^t¥¥^''?¥iil 
 
*~i^ 
 
 
 APPENDIX, N'3. 
 
 ^ Page 42, Line 24. 
 
 -p HE faccefs of this inftitution has in no degree correfponded to 
 the excellence of the defign. The aboriginal Indians are from 
 their infancy accuftomed to an idle and roving life; they are chiefly 
 employed in hunting, fowling, or fi/hing, or. as foon as they are able 
 to carry arms or a tomahawk, to war; andit is almoft impoffible to 
 reclaim them from this favage and diffipated mode of life Not 
 many years ago. a remarkable inftance happened at WiUiamftur. 
 
 h H iT^' Tk ^ " '""^ ^"''"^ "''^^^^'^°" '- The Cherokef; 
 had with difficulty been prevaUed upon to fufFer one of thei; childreT 
 
 a youth of nine or ten years of age. to be conduced to Williamfbur; 
 in order that he might be educated in Mr. Boyle's fchool T^' 
 young Indian foon fliewed himfelf impatient of reftnint and confine 
 . ment, he grew fallen, would learn nothing, and although even, means 
 weretr,ed to pleafe him (for it was the wifh and fntereft oTac 
 colony that he (hould be pleafed) appeared always diflatisfied and 
 unhappy. One morning he was miffed, and although evenr pofliblc 
 inquiry was made, no tidings could be heard, nor the leaft informa- 
 tion received concerning him: he had not been feen by any one. 
 either planter or negro; and as the diftance of the Cherokee -countir 
 was four or five hundred mUes. feparated by large rive^ alK,undin^ 
 ^ith (harks, orimmenfe forefte full of venomous feq^^nts or wild 
 beafts. It ^juftly apprehended that he muft inevitably perifh ; and 
 as It would be mipoffible to convince the Indians of the real truth of 
 the cafe, ,t might unhappUy occafion a war with the Cherokee nation 
 a circumftance of the moft calamitous importance. U fortunately' 
 >ppened. however, that the young Indian got Me home, he headed 
 or fwam over the great rivers that obftruacd his way ; concealed him- 
 
 '^ frff 
 
 4H 
 
 ^—i^rl 
 
 r^4 
 
^' 
 
 154 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 felf in the woods during the day, travelled in the night, fupoorted 
 himfelf with the tuckahoe and other roots and berries, and by that 
 natural fagacity which is charadleriftic of the Indians * explored his 
 way through an immenfe extent of tracklefs woods and forefts to his 
 native cabin. At prefent the only Indian children in Mr. Boyle's 
 fchool are five or fix of the Pamunky tribe, who, being furrounded by 
 and hvingm the midft of our fettlements, are more accuflomed to the 
 manners and habits of the Engliih colonics. 
 
 A circumftance fimilar to the above I find mentioned by Mr. 
 Catefby in his Natural Hiftory df Carolina ; and it ptpbably refers 
 to the lame event. The ftory. as I have related it, was communicated 
 to me by the Hon. and Rev. Mr. CommifTary Dawfon, Prefident of 
 the College. ' ^ 
 
 Page 33, Line 9. ' 
 
 The charafter of the North American Indians is not to be 
 coUeacd from obfervations upon the Pamunky, or any other In- 
 dian tribe living within the boundaries of the Bcitiih fettle- 
 ments. Thcfe arc in many refpefts changed, perhaps not for the 
 better, from their original cuftoml and moral habits. In general^ 
 the North American Indians refem% each other in the great oii|W 
 lines and features of charader, but intercourfe with the Europeari^^ 
 cxceflive ufe of brandy and other fpirits, and, which is al^iibft 
 irrefiftible, the depravity and immoral example of our Indian 
 traders and back-fcttJers, all thefe have concurred in a atoR unfortu- 
 nate degree to corrupt and contaminate their minds. It is! not my in- 
 tention 
 •A melancholy proof of the inftriority ftofli his companions, could not find his 
 
 of Europeans to Indians in this refped hap- 
 pened, in the year 1757, when Cok Spotf- 
 lYood, who was out with a party of rangen 
 formed of Virginia gentlemen, for the pro- 
 te<aion of the frontiers, unfortunately ftrayed 
 
 way back either to them, or to any of our 
 fettlements, though conftantly ufed to be out 
 upon hunting-parlies, and miferably pe^ 
 riflied in the woods.. 
 
, ,. .X 
 
 te„Uo„,oen,erta,„adifcuffi„„of ,h,, fubjeft, bu. the' following 
 anecdoto. for , he .ruth of which lean anfwer. may poffibly 2 
 feme I.gh. upon , and «,ay occafionally be of ufc I'any LTre 
 lufto™,, whoftall undertake toconfider and Tea. of i,„,or/larX 
 Prevous .0 my arrival in Virginia, a war had been upon ,b= !Z 
 of breakmg ou. between Ae No..oway and a tribe of .he TuZo"a 
 Indians on account of a murder .hat had been committed „p„„The 
 
 .nce v-..h the Enghft,, and as ,he war raged a. that time with incre- 
 d.bie fury upon the frontiers, it was of g„«, momen. .0 preven. run 
 
 Fo?th ' 'f r?"- 'o --* *e diff-erences beC:: heT 
 For th,s purpcTc frequent conferences had been held hv Z r 
 .ena„, Govern,, of Virginia with .he chiefs oTLTo^J^^^Z' 
 andfeveral tal^s and negocia.ions had paffed be.ween thcl Th: 
 bufinefs was n« intirely concluded when I arrived at^rmfl. 
 »d vety foon ifter a parry of Indians arri^Jfrom Aeto.^'''' 
 coun.ry, which borders upon Norrh Carolin, T , i*?""""')' 
 
 Wth^ewhocom^f^dthetrlrj^rXt^Ca 
 Charles, and as he „a*s .he principal perfonage emrXd by h^ 
 
 :.':;:; a'nd'.rT''-"- '-f-^"^'"^'™ -i^'-- 
 
 ».ew I invued hm, .0 my apartonqnt, and by (howing him fome little 
 aT:n'tt H fucceeded^ that he expreffed himfdffenfiro "' 
 hlf T'f . ''"■""''' "''™''' "™ ^""^ » Williamfburg, whirh 
 ttl C ::r W°"«'°^hi, miAion, he ftouldV V rJ 
 ftorUy. he would bring me fome prefen. as a token of his ^knlw 
 ledgmen. and remembrance. Accordinriv fome time »f J 1, - 
 
 in .he ftreets of WiUiamiburg. r acciden^lVr. ir . aid aS ::' 
 eoftmg and faluting him i„ the ufual mTnner Zl T 
 
 wucrc IS tne prcfcnt you promifed mr ?" w- • j- , , 
 
 ^^ ^ head, and 4 ".. , ^^^^ i^qt^L^- , 
 
 — — — ^^^^^^- — ■ — : — — v-T — ■ — ^ Tsp ^d ^^ — - 
 
 ) 
 
 -■0 
 
 •*?' 
 h 
 
 t* 
 
c. 
 
 / 
 
 156 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA.- 
 
 replied, " It does not much fignify; but I thought an Indian never 
 " forgot his promife." After this m* fcparated, and I thought no 
 more of the tran&dtion ; but in the afternoon information was brought 
 to the Lieutenant Governor, that the Indians had fuddenly difappcared. 
 without having received thcrprcfents intended for them by govern- 
 ment; and that it was feared they had gone away in difguft, 
 and that the negociation would have an unfortunate iffuc. 
 Two or three days paffcd under thefe alarming circumftances. At 
 length, however, they returned, increafed in number, and generally 
 laden with prefents, ot- curiofities intended for fale. It then appeared 
 that Captain Charles, flung with my reproach, had gone back to the 
 Nottoway country j or, which is more hkely, as he was abfent only 
 two or three days, into the fwamps or woods, to fetch the articles 
 which he had promifed me. 
 
 The other anecdote is of a much more interefting and more 
 flriking nature. About the year 1756, Col. Peter Randolph, Col. 
 Byrd, Mr. Campbell, and other perfons, were fent upon an embafly 
 by the Governor of Virginia to the Cherokee tountry, in order, if 
 poffible, to cement more flrongly the friendfhip and alliance which 
 fubfifle^ at that time between our colonies and thofe favages, and to 
 engage them more heartily in our caufe. The bufmefs was in train, 
 and likely to fuccced, Vvhen unfortuhately the following mofl flagrant 
 and atrocious adt of treachery, immediately put an end to the nego- 
 ciation, and eventually involved us in 'u new and bloody war with 
 the very nation, whofe friendfhip and aid it was thcobjeaof the 
 miffion to cement and make more firm and lafling. The reader 
 fhould be informed, that the cruel depredations andravages commit- 
 ted by tlic Indians after General Braddock's defeat, had induced go- 
 vernment to offer a confiderablc premium for every fcalp of a hoflile 
 Indian, that fhould be brought in by any of our rangers : this unfor- 
 tunately opened a door, and gave occafion to many ads of cnonnity , 
 forfome of the back-fettlers, men of bad lives and worfe principles, 
 tempted by the reward^infidioufly maf&crcd feveral of our friendly 
 
 » Indian s, 
 
t- 
 
 ■■ir 
 
 Oc 
 
 t-v 
 
 APPENDIX. J^^. \ ,^7 
 
 rndians, and afterwards endeavoured to defraud government of the 
 reward, by pretending that they were the fcalps of hoftile tribes. 
 Amongft others, a back-fettler in Augufta- county, a captain of mi- 
 litia, whofe name oughtto be delivered down to pofterity with in-, 
 famy, treachcroufly murdered fome Cherokee Indians, who had 
 been out upon a nulitary expedition in our behalf againft the French, 
 under a pretence that tliey had pilfered fome of his poultry. He 
 had received and entertained them as friends; and when they toojc 
 leave of him to return to their own country, he placed a party in 
 ambufli, murdered fcveral of the poor lanfufpeding Cherokecs, and 
 then endeavoured to defraud government, by claiming the premium 
 affigned for the fcalps of hoftile Indians. A few of thofe who 
 efcaped the maflacrc arrived at the Cherokee town with the news of 
 this horrid tranfadlion, juft at the moment wHch the embafly was 
 upon the point of concluding a very advantageous treaty: a violent 
 ferment immediately took place, and the Chcrokees, in the utmoft 
 rage, affembled from every quarter, to take inftant revenge by putting 
 all the embafladors to death. /^ 
 
 AttakuHa Kulla, or the Little CaVpenter, a fteady .friend of the 
 Englifh, haftened to the embafladors, apprized them of their danger, 
 and recommended to them to conceal or barricade themfelves as well 
 , as they couJd, and not to appear abroad on any account. He then 
 aflembled his nation, over whom' he poflefled great influence, in the 
 eouncil-room j inveighed bitterly againft the treachery of the Englifli j 
 advifed an immediate war to revenge the injury;; and never to lay 
 down the hatchet;^tai they had obtained full compenfation and , 
 **^°'^f^"* ^°5 thc»W<jp oil^their countrymen. " Let us not, how- 
 ■ S|*f»" faid'ke, «* vlblate our feith, or the laws of hofpitality, by 
 « imbruing our hands in the blood of thofe who are now in oiir 
 *• power J they came to us in the confidence of friendOiip, with belts 
 •* of wampum to cement a perpetual alliance w^th us. Let us carry 
 
 
 / 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 "them 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 i^ , 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 / ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ■V 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 / -J 
 
 fciii 
 
 
 
 . i.,.,, .. 
 
 
 fc...!.,- 
 
 
 V 
 
 ■ 1 
 . . -■■ ■• ' 1 . ■ -. 
 
 ' -vl 
 
 / M 
 
 m 
 

 ^l^ 
 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGk NORTPI AMERICA. 
 
 " them back to their own fettlements; condu<fl them hh\y within 
 "their confines; and then take up the halchet, and endeavour to 
 " exterminate the whole race of them." They accordingly adopted 
 thiscounfcl; they conduced the embaffadors fafe to the confines • ' 
 and as they could not obtain falisfaftion . for the murder, by having 
 the offender delivered, up to them, which they demanded, and which 
 ought to have been done, a dreadful war enfucd, in which the 
 different tribes of the Cherokee nation became gradually involved- 
 and which did not ceafe, or relax from-its horrors. tUl terminated by 
 Col. Grant m the year ,76,, with ftiU more horrid circumftances. 
 than any that had been exercifed during the carrying of it on. 
 
 Tiiis account was communicated to me by one of the gentlemen 
 engaged in the embaffy. 
 
 Mr. Jefferfon, in his Hi ftory of Virginia, page 99. has related the 
 following circumftance. that occurred during this awful and interefting 
 tranfadion. Speaking of the Arid obfcrvancc and fidelity of Indians 
 in regard to their promifes and attachments, he faysj in a note 
 " a remarkable inftance of this, appeared in the cafe of the late Col* 
 - Byrd, who w^s fcnt to the Cherokee nation to tranfadl fome bufi- 
 " ncfs with them. It happened that fome of our diforderly people 
 " had killed one or two of that nation, it was therefore propofed in ^ 
 « council that Col. Byrd ihould be put to death, in revenge for the 
 '' lois of their countrymen. Among them was a chief called 
 Silouee, who on fome former occafion had contraftedan acquaint- 
 " ance and friendfhip with Col. Byrd ; he came to him every nightin 
 "his tent, and told him i.ot|to be afraid, they fliould not 'kill him 
 "After many days deliberation, however,, the determination was* 
 " contrary to Silou^e's expedition, that Byrd {hould be put to death' 
 "and W warriors were ^patched as executioners., Silou^ atl 
 ^ tended them, and when th^y entered the tent, he threw himfelf 
 
 between themand Byrd.. ,(iiaid to the wrriors. ^bismanu^ 
 friend, before you get at b^ you muji kill /...—on which they 
 
 returned, and the council rifpefted the principle fo much as to 
 
 recede frcm their determination." 
 
 <« 
 
 M 
 
 <« 
 
 r 
 
f 
 
 »59 
 
 APPENDIX, N*4. 
 
 ^^HOM AS Lord Fairfax, dcfcended from a very ancient family 
 
 m York/hire, was born towards the latter end of the laft cen 
 tuiy ; I beheve about the year ,691. He was the cldcd fan of 
 Thongs fifth Lord Fairfax, of Cameron, in the kingdom of Scot- ' 
 hnd. by Catherine oply daughter and heirefs of Thomas Lord ' 
 Culpepper; m whofe right he afterwards poffefled Leeds Caftle 
 
 Ifle of Wight; and that immenfe trad of country, comprifed with- 
 in the boun^ries of the rivers Potowmac and Rappahannoc in Vir. 
 guna. caned the Northern Neck, containing by eftimation five 
 millions fcven hundred thoufand acres. 
 
 Lord Fairfbc had the misfortune to lofe his father while youn^ • 
 and at his deceafe he and his two brothers. Henry and Robert, and 
 four fifters. one of whom, named Frances, was afterwards married ' 
 to Denny Martin. Efq, of Loofe. in Kent, came under the guardi- 
 anship of ^heir mother and grandmother, the dowager Ladies-Fair- 
 fax and Culpepper; the latter of whom was a princefs of the 
 houfe of Heffe Caflel. ^ ""* 
 
 Lord Fairfax, at the ufual age, was fent to the univerfity of 
 Oxford to complete his education; and was highly efleelll icre 
 for h^ learning and accompliflunents. His judgment up^terary 
 fubjeas was then, and at other times, frequently appealed to; and 
 he was one of the writers of that incomparable work, the Spedtator 
 After feme years re fidence in the univerfity. he took a commffion 
 m the regiment of horfe. called the Blues, and remained in it. I 
 beheve. till the death of the furvivorof the two ladies above men- 
 tioned; who had ufually refided at Leeds Caftle. Some time be- 
 fore their deceafe. a circumftance happened, that eventually oc 
 cafioned him much ferious chagrin and uneafinefs. He had been 
 pcrfuaded, upon his brother Henry's arriving at the age of twenty- 
 
 
 . nikr 
 
 tlh ■ 
 
 ' ! 
 
r^^- 
 
 160 TRAVELS THROUGH NQRTH AMERICA. 
 
 one years, or rather compelled by the ladies clepper and Fairfax.* 
 undera,nenace,i. cafe of refund, of never Jeruing the Northern 
 
 Yorkn- 7 °^,t^^^^''' -'^ ^o f^" ^ton, Hall, and the 
 Yorkfl.re eftatcs. bc>ng.ng to this trranch of the Fairfax family 
 which had been in their pofTefllon for fiv/or fix centuries, in order 
 to redeem thofe ^f the late L^rd. Cul/epper. that had defcended 
 to h.s heirefs, exceedingly encumbered/, and deeply mortgaged. This 
 circumftance happened while^.ord ^irfax was at Oxford, ' and is 
 ia.d to have, occafiqnedvhim the/greater vexation, as it appeared 
 afterwards, that the dlates hid /been difpofed of, through th- 
 treachery of a fteward, for confiierably lefs than their vdue- lefs 
 even than what the timber th^t was cut down to difcharge the 
 purch^fe money, before thfe rtipuhted day of payment came, was 
 fold/for He couceived a violent difguft againA tl.e ladies, who. 
 as j/e ufed to fay. Lad tre<^ted him with fuch unparalleled cruelty • 
 ar^ ever afterwards expTefTed the keeneft fenfe of the injury that 
 l^ad been done, as he thought, to the Fairfax family. After 
 entenng into poMon. he began to inquire into the value and 
 / fauationof hxs eftates, and he foon difcovered that the proprietary ' 
 lands in Vugiftia, had been extremely mifmanaged and under-let 
 An agent, who at the fan,^ time was a tenant, had been employed 
 by the dowager Lady Fairfax, to fuperintend her concerns in that • 
 quarter of the world ; and he is faid to have abufed her confidence 
 and to have enriched himfelf and family, as is too frequently the' ' 
 cdfe, at the expence of his employer. Lord Fairfax therefore 
 / wrote to William Fairfax. Efq; his father's brother's fecond fon. who 
 held, at that time, a place of confiderable trufl and emolument under 
 government in New England, requcfting him to remove to Vir- 
 ginia, and to take upon himfelf the agency of the Northern Neck. 
 With this requeft Mr. Fairfax readUy complied; and. as foon as 
 he conveniently could, he removed with his femily to Virginia 
 ^nd fettled in Weftmoreland county. He there opened an agency" 
 office forihe granting of the proprietary lands; and as the quit- 
 -. _ ' „ _ -J SD t 
 
 4 
 
 ■3W« 
 
 
►A 
 
 .APPENDIX. N*4. ; ,61 
 
 rent demanded, was only after the rate of two /hillings for every 
 hundred acres, the vacant lands were rapidly let, and a confiderablc 
 and permanent income ^sfoon derived from them." l.ord Fairfax, 
 informed of thefc circumftances, determined to go himfelf to Virginia,' 
 to vifit his eftates, and the friend and relation to^wJiom he was fo 
 greatly obliged. Accordingly, about the year I739, ft embarked 
 for that continejk; and on his arrival in Virginia, he went and 
 fpent tw|lve months with his friend Mr. Fairfax, at his houfe in 
 Weftmoreland county, duringwhich time he became fo captiykted 
 with the climate, the beauties and produce^ of the countiy, that he' 
 formed a refolution of returning to England, in order to profecute 
 a fuit, which he had with the Crown, on account of a cbnfiderable 
 traft'of land claimed in behalf of the latter by Governor Goo<h; 
 (which fuit -Wa» afterwards determined in his fevour;) and, after 
 making fome neceffary arrangements, and fettling his femily affairs, 
 to return to Virginia, and fpend the remainder of "hi* Jife upon hi J 
 vaft and noble domain there. I am not certain in what year this 
 happened, or hc^w long Lord Fairfax reiiiained in England. He was 
 prefent at his brother Robert's firft ma««gc, which, according to • 
 Mr. Hafted. [fee Hift. of Kent. vol. II. page 478.] to^k place in the 
 year 1741 , for he frequently merikioned^ the fatigue he Underwent ' 
 in fitting up for a month together, fulldreffed and in form to 
 receive vifits upoh that occafion : nor did be. go back to Virginia ^ 
 before the year i74'5 j bccau^hen he arrived there, Mr. Willian^ 
 Fairfax had removed ^t j^cftmotfeknd into Fairfax county, 
 to a beautiful houfe which he had \M. upon the banks of the 
 Potoivmac, a little below Mount Vernon, called Belvoir; which he 
 -did not do previous to that time. In all probabUity Acrefore, 
 Lord Fairfax firft went to America about the year 1739. returned 
 to England the year Mowing, and finally fetUed in the Northern 
 Neck in 1746, or 1747. On his return he went to Belvoir, the 
 f^at of h,s friend and relation Mr., William Fairfax, and reipaincd 
 
 > ^^g fc geral 
 
 ««^' 
 
 ,.\ 
 
 

 i6a TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 fevcral years in his family undertaking and direaing the ajangge- 
 ment of his farms and plantations, and amufing himfelf v/ith hunt- 
 ing, and the plcafurcs of the field. At length', the lands aboi« 
 Belvoir not anfyycring hjs expeftation, and the foxes bcdoming 
 Icfs humferous, he detcimined to remove to a fine trad of land on' 
 the weftern fide of the Blue Ridge, or Apalachian mountains, in 
 Frederic county, about eighty miles from Belvoir, where he built a 
 •fmallneat houfc, which he called GreenWay Court; and laid- out 
 one of the moft beautiful farms, confifting of a^We and ^razin^g 
 
 ' jande,^ and of meadows two or three miles in length, that had ever 
 been fecn in that quarter of the world. He there lived the re- 
 mainder of hi« life, in the ftileof a gentleman 6rmer ; or, I Oiould 
 rather have faid,^ of an Englifli country gentaenwn. He kept many 
 fervants, white and black ; feverai liontcrs t a plentiful but plain 
 table, intirely iri the E«gliih fafliion; and his manfion was^the 
 manfion of hofpitality. His drcfs correfponded with his mode of 
 life, and, notwithftanding he had every year new fuits of clothes, 
 of the moft Miionable and expenfive kind, icrtt out to him from 
 Engfland, which he never put on, was plain in the extreme. His 
 manners were humble, modeft, and unaifefted j not. tinfturcd in 
 the fmaHeft degree with arroganAs^ pride, or fcif-conceit. He was 
 free from the felfiih paflions, ami liberal almoft to «xcefs. The 
 produce of his farms, after the deduduMi dt what was neceflary for 
 the confumption of his own family, waa diflributed and given away 
 
 . to the poor planters and fettlers in his neighbourhood. To thefe he 
 frequently advanced money, to onat^e them 4o go on with their 
 improvements! to c\e»t away the woods, and cultivate the ground; 
 and where the lands proved ilhfavourabte; and not Ukely to anfwer 
 the labour and expe^tion of the planter or hufbandman, he. ufually 
 ilnlemiiiified him for the expence he hadbeen at in the attempt; 
 and grataitoufly granted him frefh lands of a more favourable and 
 promifing nature. If e was a friend and a father' to all who held and 
 
 lived under him; and as the great obj^ of his ambition was the 
 
 -,:, — __jri , — . — >_-j ji — -_ _ — .. ::-- peopling 
 
 ^ 
 
 J 
 
 v^ 
 
 T 
 
A P P E N D I X. N«4. 
 
 163 
 
 t- 
 
 in 
 A 
 
 tit 
 
 er 
 
 14 
 
 r 
 
 y 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 e 
 
 j 
 
 r 
 
 peopling and cultivating of that fine and beautiful country, of which 
 he was the proprietor, (he f^crrficed every other purfuit, and made 
 («very other- confidera(ion fubordinate. to this great point. 
 
 ^ord Fairfax had been brought up in re^o^ution principles, and 
 -hatfc^ly imbibed hrigh notions' of liberty, an^ ^f the "excellence 
 t of the Britifh conftitution". He devoted a confiderablc part of his 
 time to the public fervice. He was Lord Lieutenant and CuTlos 
 , Rotulorumof the county* of Frederic, prt^fided at the bounty couHs 
 bdd.a^W^J^6hcfter, where during the feffion* he always kept open 
 table, and aded as furvdfor anc( overfcer of the highways and public 
 roads. His^chief if notfole amufement was hunting^jind in purfuit 
 of this cxercifc he frecjUSuly carried his hounds to.<iiftant parts of the 
 country, and entertained every gentleman of good.charader and de- 
 cent appearance, who^ttended him in the field, at the inn or ordinary, 
 where he took up bis refidence for die hunting feafon. So unexccp-* 
 tionablc and difinterefted was^his behaviour, both public and pri^c, 
 andfogenendly washepjelovedar^ refpefted, that during the late 
 conteft between Great Britain and Afnerica. he never met with the 
 l«|ft infult or moleftation from cither party, but \^ fufferedtogoon 
 in his improvement and cultivatickiof^thfe Northe/n Neck; a purfuit 
 equally calculated for the comfort imd happinefs of individuals, and 
 for the genera] jgbod of mankind. ^ 
 
 In the year 1751. Thomas Martin, E^j fecond fon of>'8 fifter 
 Fiances, carpe over to Virginia to live with his lordftip, Zid a cir- 
 <umftance happened, a few years after his arrival, tpo charadleriftic 
 of Lord Fairfax not to be recorded. After dinend Braddock's 
 defeat in the year 1755. the Indians in the iDtereft of tl^? French, 
 committed the mofl dreadful mafTacres upon all our back fettlements. 
 Their iricurfions were cvety wheh; Aaincd with blood , and flaughter 
 And devaftation marked the inroads of thefe cruel and mcrcUefs fa- 
 ^ages. Every planter of m^c or reputation be^anjcan ohje<a of their 
 infidious dcfignsj and as liord Fairfiuc had^e^ ^tnt<^d out to them 
 M a captain grxhief of gieat renown, the poiTe ffion of his fcaJpJv^m^ 
 
 v^ 
 
 v^„ 
 
 •/^ 
 
 an 
 
 tj 
 
 

 *^. 
 
 164 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMICA. 
 
 .n objea of their fanguinary ambition, and what ,hey would hav. 
 Kgarded as a trophy of ineftimabic valw With i t 
 
 ^adedaiiyi„oad. into the Vicinage of G..nJf;"cot .rat^^ 
 fi.d. tha, no. lef. than 3,000 lives fell facrifices ,0 their Tucl bll 
 between the Apalachian and Alleghenny moun.': " t^S 
 fenous apprehen^ons were entertained for the fifety of Lord fI- 
 fa. and the fan,„y a, Greenway Court. In this c,iL of danger^ 
 lo d<h,p, ,n,portuned by his friends and the principal gentry of the 
 CO ony ,o.ret,re ,0 the inner fet.lements for fecurity, is fa Jtrs 
 addreffed his nephew, who now bore ^k. .on.r.iZj"tZ^Z 
 mthtta, nearly in the following mann'er:-.. Colonel Martin the 
 ^nger we are expofed to. which is undoubtedly great. ,„ay poffibly 
 excte m your m,nd apprehenfion and anxiety. If fo I am readv 
 
 "fZ rn,";";-"^"" r '"''- "'^"" ^o:-j;z^i 
 
 latety. I myfdf am an old man, and it is of MttU • 
 ;;-.h„,fa,.by.he.o.ahaw.o;ar.Indl:r^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 _ age. but you are young, and, it is to be hoped, may have 
 
 many yea. before you. I will therefore fubmi it o 1 
 
 dectfion. whether we ftall remain where we are. talcing eve^ p". 
 
 caufon .0 fecure ourfelves againft the outrages of the enemy for 
 
 "abandon 
 
 <( 
 
 « 
 
 • . It was at. this crifis that the gentlemen 
 of Virginia-aflbciated themfclv,cs under the 
 command of Peyton Randolph ; Efq. after- 
 wards Prefident «f the firftCongrefe, for 
 the proteaion of the frontiers. 'Thedjf- 
 may occafioned by the ravages of the Indians 
 was indefcribJble. Upon one day in par- 
 ticular an univcrfal panic ran like wild- 
 Hre through every part of Virginia; rumour 
 reporting, that the Indians had paffed the 
 iBounuiiis,^ were entering Williamlburg, 
 and indeed eVcry other town at the fame 
 moment, had fcalpi^ ail who came in their 
 way, and th»t nothing but immediate.fligh 
 
 could fave the wretched inhabiunts from 
 dcftruclion. All was huiry and confufion. 
 every one endeavouring to efcape death, by 
 flying from his own to fome other town or 
 plantation, where the alarm and confterna- 
 tion were equally great. At length certain 
 information was brought, that the Indians 
 wereftill beyond the mouiitiins at leaft 150 
 miles ofF: and then, every one began to 
 wonder, as they did in London after the 
 panic during the rebellion of 1745, how it 
 was poffiblp that fuch an alarm could have 
 arifen j or whence jt coulJ have originated. 
 
 't:* 
 
APPENDIX, N» 
 
 165 
 
 « Abandon our habitation and retire within the mountaiAs, that we 
 « maybe fheltered from the danger, to which we are of prefent ex- 
 " pofed. If we determine to remain, it is pofTible. no'^vithftandina 
 ' our utmoft care and vigilance, that we may both fall ^idims • if wc 
 - retire, the whole diftrid: will immediately break U'f f and 'all the'" 
 « trouble^and folicitude which I have undergone to fettle this fine 
 
 'iTaf^^'f ^" ^'"^''''^^ '"'^ the occafion perhaps irrecoverably 
 loft. Colonel Martin, after a fl,ort deliberation, determined to 
 remam, and as our affairs in that quarter foon took a more favouable 
 turn, and meafures were adopted by government for fecuring our 
 fettlementsaga.nft the carnage arg^predation of the Indians, the 
 danger gradually d.rninifl.d, anM length intirely difappcared. 
 
 to Z h I rr ^'f'' '"'^ '' "° "^°'^^^^-" ^^« ^-n given 
 to the back fettlements of the Northern Neck, extendine fron! the 
 Apalachiaq to the AUeghenny mountains. 
 
 Lord Fairfax though po/TelTed of innumerable good qualities 
 had fome few Angularities in his charader. thai occ!fion2 " 
 
 the folar fpots wh.ch can fcarcely be faid to dimini/h the fpren- 
 dor of that bright luminary upon whofe difk they appear. ' 
 Ear^ . hfe he had formed an attachment to a young Udy o 
 quahty, and matters had p„,ceeded fo far, as to induce him ' 
 to prov.de carriages, clothes, fervants, and other neceffary appendages 
 for fuch an occafion. Unfortunately, or rather let me fay foriunately, 
 before the contradt was fealed, a more advantageous or dazzling offe; 
 was made to the lady, who thought l^erfelf at liberty to accept if 
 and ^e preferred the higher Wour of being a duchefs to the infeJ 
 nor toon of a baroncfs. This difapp ointment is thought to have 
 made a deep impreflion upon Lord Fai^fkx's mind^ and to have had 
 no inconfiderable fhare in determining ^im to retire from the world 
 
 of North America. It ,s thought alfo to have excited in him a 
 
 general diflikc of the fev. jn whofr xuMnmnu ....i,r u 
 „ »yA j lu wnoic company, unlefs lie was par- ~ 
 
 ticularly 
 
 IHp-- 
 
 :j- 
 
\ 
 
 '\ 
 
 i66 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ticularly acquainted with the parties, it is faid he was referved and 
 under evident conftraint and embarraffinent. But I was prefent 
 when, upon a vifit of ceremony to Lieutenant Governor Fauquier* 
 who had lately arrived from England, he was introduced to his lady' 
 and nothing of the kind appeared to juftify the obfervaiion. He re- 
 mamed at the palace three or four days ; and during that time his 
 
 behaviour was courteous, polite, and becoming a man of fashion. He 
 poffibly might not entertain a very favourable opinion of the fex- 
 owing partly to the above mentioned circumftance. and partly to the' 
 treatment he had experienced from the ladies of Leeds Caftle- but 
 this does not feem to have influenced his general behaviour in regard 
 to them. He had lived many years retired from the world, in a 
 
 ^ remote wilderncfs, fcquefter^ from all poUfhed fociety , and per- 
 haps might not feel himfelf perfcdtly at eafe, when he came into 
 Wrge parties of ladies, where ceremony and form were to be ob- 
 feWed ; but he had not forgot thofe accompliOied manners which 
 he had acquired in his early youth; at Leeds Caftlc, at the uni- 
 verfity. and in the army. His motive for fettling in America was 
 of the moft noble and heroic kind. It was, as he always himfelf 
 declared, to fettle and cultivate that beautiful and immenfe tradl 
 of country, of which he was the proprietor; and in this he fuc- 
 ccedcd beyond his moft fanguine cxpeftations. for the Northern 
 Neck was better peopled, better cultivated, and more improved 
 than any other part of the dominion of Virginia. Lord Fairfax 
 hved to extreme old age at Greenway Court, univerfally beloved 
 and died as univerfally lamented, in January or Feburary ,782' 
 m the 92d year of his age. He was buried I believe at Win- 
 chefter. where he h«l fo often, and fo honourably prefided as 
 
 judge of the court. He bequeathed Greenway Court to his nephew 
 Colonel MartiV-who has fmce conftantly rcfidcd there , and his 
 barony defcended to his only furviving brother Robert Fairfax, to 
 whom he had before configned Leeds Caftle. and his other Englifh 
 cftatcs. * 
 
 ^ b e rt, — 
 
'*' P P E N D I X, N* 4. ,ej 
 
 , Tlobere, fc™,* Lord Fairiix, dirt « I,.«l, Ciiftle !« ,,„, 
 and bequeathed that noble man Son. and te appendage,, to L. 
 nephew *e reverend Denny Martin, who ha. Qnct taken the 
 oame of Fairfix, and it ftiU living. 
 
 ■n.e barony or title by regular defcent is vefted in Brian Fairiir 
 third fon of WUIiam Fairfi, above mention^, who Uves in Vir-' 
 gmia, and of whom more will be faid in the fequel. 
 
 Having fo frequently mentioned WiUiam Fairfti, Efquire who 
 «me fn,m N.w.E„gla„d, to take upon himftlf the agency rf the 
 Northern Neck, it may not be unaccepuble to the teader, ,0 learn 
 ibmeAmgof the hiftory of that worthy and refpeflable gentleman - 
 
 andofthefeveralb^nchetoftheFairfixfamilyirfcendedfrorhto' 
 wh.a,e„«,fe^«,i„Vi,gi„i, WiUiam Fairiax, wa. the fecond I' 
 of the honourable Henry Fair&c of Towlfton Hall, in Yorkfliire 
 Th.. gendeman-. fither Th«na.. fourth Lord Fair&t, left, befid« 
 other children, two font. viz. 11,oma,, who fucceeded him in the 
 
 "d Henry Ikther of William, of ^hoakXam now fpeaking - 
 Wdlum, h., fither dying whBe he wa. young, wi. edocatrf and^ 
 the aufpjces of his uncle and god&ther, the good Lord Lonfdale. 
 at Lowther fchool, in Weftmoreland, whe« he acquired a" com- 
 petent knowledge, not only of the clalScs. but of the modem 
 UngiMge. At the age of twenty-one he entered into the army, 
 
 colonel Manm Bladen, to whom he was alfo fecretaty. At the 
 conclufion of that war, he wa. p,ev«led upon to .«„m,^y captain 
 Fa,r&trf the navy, who wa. dfo hU elation, and ^he'r ^Lr 
 to the Eaft I„d«, , but the fca not agreeing with him. fe at hi, 
 return todt a fecond commiffion in the army, and wen -l" the 
 «p.d.t,oo agajnft the lOand of Prwidence, at that time in poffeffion 
 of p-nus. After th. reduiUon of d« ifland, he wa. appoint 
 m ,."■ ""■* "" *«"»"iM, March the a7th, ^^ 
 ■^gL^'-gh ffl^fjg^of T h o rn,. Walker, who. -wMr hi. faL^- 
 
 » » had 
 
 *t*^/ >-' 
 
 I '. 
 
 (\l 
 
 jl^si;-! 
 
■J 
 
 i68 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 had accompanied the expeakibn, ind was afttJmards appointed- 
 chief juft.ce of the Bahama lOands. By this lady He had d fon, 
 born the 2d of January following^ whom he named George William* 
 H.s health fuffering extremely afthife place, from the intenfe heat 
 (^ the chmate, he applied to government for an appointinehl in 
 New England, and he had removed to that country, and was thfefc 
 refident, when folicUed by Lord Fairfax, to take upon himfclf the 
 agency of the Northern Neck. During his abode in New England, 
 he^had the misfortune to lofe his lady, by whom he had two fons' 
 and two daughters: George William,, mentioned abbve. who was- 
 born m the Iflandof Providence; and Thomas, Anrie, and Sarah, 
 born 111 New England. 
 
 Mrs. Fairfax upon her death-bed, rcquefted her huibandy after 
 her deceafe, to marry a Mife Deborah Clarke, of Silcra. a lady of 
 uncommon underftanding, and her moft intimate friend j from a 
 conviaion, which appeared to be well founded, that fhe would 
 prove a kind . ftep-mother, and faithful guardian to her orphan 
 children. Accordingly Mr. Fairfax, in compliance with this re- 
 queft,.fome little time before he removed to Virginia, cfpoufed this 
 lady, and by her had three other children, viz. two Tons and a daughter, 
 named Brian, William, and Hannah; fo that he had in the whole 
 feven children, four fons and three daughters, moft of whom fur- 
 vived him. He departed this life at Belvoir, the 3d day of Sep- 
 tember 1757, ^«d fixty-fix years. Mr, William Fairfax was a 
 gentleman of very fine accompliflimcnts, and general good character. 
 He was a kind hufbdnd. an indulgent parent, a faithful friend, a 
 finccre Chriftian; and was eminently diftinguiOied for his private 
 and public virtues. Through the intereft of two of his relations, 
 Brian aiid'Ferdinando Fairfax, who lived in London, and of whom 
 the former was a commifiioner o£the excife, he had been appointed 
 Lord Lieutenantand Cuftos Rotulorum of the county of Fairfax, col- 
 ledor of the culfoms-of South Potowmac, and one of his majefty's 
 council ; of which, in procefs of time, he became prefidcnt. and 
 
 ' co ntin ued 
 
 V 
 
v.f 
 
 A P P E N D I X, N* 4. 
 
 169 
 
 contmucd in that honourable ilatlon many years. He was fucccedcd 
 in his eftate and employments by his eldeft fon George William 
 Fairfax. — ^George William, at an early age, had been fcnt to Eng- 
 land for education, and had been brought up in the fame principles 
 which had been profefled by Lord Fairfax, and the reft of the fa- 
 mily. At his return to Virginia, he married Sarah, daughter of 
 Colonel Gary, of Hampton upon James river, of the family of 
 Hunfdon j and ufually refiided at his beautiful place at Belvoir, ex- 
 cept during the feflion^ of the afTcmbly and of the general courts, 
 when his .duty, as one of his majefty's council; obliged him to be at 
 Williamfburg. 
 
 In the year I773» fomc eftates in Yorkfhire having devolved to 
 him by the death of Henry, his father's elder brother, he found it 
 neccfTary to go to England to take pofTeffion of them. So critical 
 was his arrival, that he pafled in the river Thames the ill-omened 
 tea, which cventua.lly occafioned the feparation of the American 
 colonies from the mother- country. During the' ten years conteft 
 the confequenccs of which Mr. Fairfax early forefaw and lamented, 
 his eftates in Virginia were fequeftered, and he received no re- 
 mittances from his extenfive property in that quarter of the world. 
 This induced him to remove out of Yorkfhire, from a houfe which 
 he had recently furnifhed, to lay down his carriage*, and to retire 
 to Bath, where he lived in a private but genteel manner ; and con- 
 fined his expences fo much within the income of his Englifh eftates, 
 that he was able occafionally to fend lai^e fums to the government 
 agent, for the ufc and benefit of the American prifoners. He died 
 at Bath, generally lamented on account of his many virtues and 
 accomplifhments, on the 3d of April 1787, in the fixty-third year 
 of his age j and was buried in Writhlington church, in the county 
 of Somerfet, a few miles diftant fromi that city. He left a widow, a 
 very amiable lady, of diftinguifhed merit, in great affluence j who has 
 «vcr fmce refidcd in Bath. Having no ifTuc, he bequeathed his Vir- 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 S B 2 
 
 
 PtniQ 
 
 • 
 
 
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'7» TRAVELS THROUGH NOETH. AMERICA-. 
 
 one of A. hamiroo,eft n>e„ of h« a„ tII f n ' -T '""""=* 
 his memory, „a» „ri«,„ k u ?', ^^^°"'>«">S ^•'Cc^ipthn to. 
 
 " T„ .t «>« melancholy accomitof h« death • 
 
 " FaWa^ Eftr"' t^''*"^' Eairfi., fecond fon of Willian,. 
 
 " Bourdenave cZ!, I I"' '" '" '"«^S™"' with Monfieu. 
 
 ••■ flcilled in",!,. I /r^ Perfonagej of nndonbted bravery • 
 
 IWled in the theo;y of the profcffion • excellM h. f . 
 
 « draughtfman, andgave earl, „Z^ IT" ^^ ^'^ " " ""»' 
 
 " O'^nXappUcarionfofa co^^Zat^fficerZr'r^'" ^i"" 
 " country. B... 4e wifdom of iTvea if ^ '^ *« f"v.ce, or hi, 
 " is ever in .1., Ii4„j. r • , ""■ " 'WnUaWe :, human life 
 •• eZysrL?t IT*;' ="."■'•"''''' *» good and b«v. 
 
 «< of a ♦-^j . . ^* y** *uMucd by the fentunents 
 
 ;: f^^^y' »"'f » air thy f<J„, Ufce him behave ; - 
 « Th « ^/^'•^"O"'. and like him be brave : 
 Thy ficfceft foes, undaunted he withftood, 
 Ahd periA-d fighting for his country's- good.'" 
 
 Anne, eldeft-daughter.o/Waiwm Fairfax bv Sa«K w ,1. 
 
 »«.ic<l.o Wn„. eU.,broU.er<.Corn;^„ottI::U^a^^ 
 
 ington. 
 
 ,^' 
 
 c< 
 
y5?»' 
 
 A P P E N D I X, N-4. lyi 
 
 ington. Lawrence, who had been educated in England, was a cap- 
 tain in the army, and pofTefled a very confidetable landed propej;ty 
 in Virginia. An infant daughter was the only fruit of this marriage, 
 who died under feven years of age. At her dcfeafe, her father being 
 alfodead. General Wafliington fucceeded to Mount Vernon, and 
 feveral fine Virginian eftates, the property of this branch of the 
 Washington family. Anne, after the death of Lawrence Washing- 
 ton her hufband, married George Lee, Efquire, the head of that nu- 
 merous family in Virginia; and left behind her three fons, who are 
 now living, viz. George Fairfax Lee, Launcclot Lee, and William 
 Lee. ( 
 
 Sarah, /bcond daughter of William Fairfkxl.by Sarah Walker 
 was married to Mr. Carlyle, a merchant of AU^nitia, in Fairfax 
 county, and left two daughters ; the eldfeft rAarried to Mr. Herbert 
 a merchant of the fame place; the younger to J^. Whiteing a 
 private gentleman of good fortune. Mrs. WJiltelng died in child- 
 bed of her firft child, a fon, who is now livingi 
 ^ Brian, eldeft fon of the fecond marriage of kiHiam Fairfax with 
 Deborah Clarke, the prefent and eighth baroA, married Elizabeth 
 youngeft daughter of Wilfon Gary, Efquire, jof the family above 
 mentioned, and lives upon his eftate at a plai galled Towlfton in 
 Fairfax county. He has, by this marriage, tL fons, viz. Thomas 
 and Ferdinando, and one daughter, named l^lizabeth, married to 
 Mr. Griffith, the fon of an American bi/hop. He has ulfo a d;;u^h- 
 ter by a fecond marriage.-Thomas has been twice married, but 
 has had the misfortune to lofe both his wives, precifely at the fame 
 penod of time. viz. the end ttf three months, by ficknefs and other 
 mdifpofit.on, attendant upon pregnancy.-Fcrdinando, heir, as was 
 above mentioned, to George William Fairfax, married a daa.hter 
 of Wilfon Miles Gary, Efquire, brother to the widow of the faid 
 George William, which marriage made the fifth cc^ne^cion between 
 the families of Fairfax and Gary, either in England or Virginia 
 _WilliamFakfk.^urt|i^^^ 
 
 by 
 
 u, 1^1. ? ^ \J^, ouv 5-j ~ 
 
172 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 by his fccond marriage, was educatedat Wakefield fchool,lip York- 
 ^ire, fervcd in the army, and was kUled at the fiege of Quebec 
 He was ^ yoyng man of very promjng abilities, and much efteemed 
 by General Wolfe. When the general landed, he faw young Fair- 
 fex fitting upon the bank of the river; and immediately running up 
 to him, he clapped him on the fhoulder, and faid, " Young man 
 " when we come to aftion, remember your name." Alas! they 
 unfortunately both f^l in the fpace of a few hours. 
 
 Hannah, youngeft child of William Fair^ by his fecond mar- 
 nage^ IS married to Warner Wa(hington, eldeft fon of General 
 WaArngton's father's eldeft brdtHfer, and the head of that now iU 
 luftnous family. She has two fons ^nd four daughters ; all, except 
 the youngeft daughter, married to perfons of conditiQn and diilinc- 
 tion m Virgtnia. i. 
 
 Thefe anecdotes of die feveral branches of the Fairfax family 
 now domiciliated in Virginia, may, periiaps, not be unacceptable 
 ^ the reader, and efpecially to the friends of that noble family. 
 They are, I believe, correft, and may be relied upon. I received 
 them from unqudftionable authority, from a perfon intimately 
 connefted with the family, who. from repeated cooverfations with 
 Thomas^ hte Lord Fairfax-, Mr. William Fairfax, his fon George 
 William, Mrs. Mary Sherrard, firft coufin to Thomas Lord Fair- 
 fax, and aunt to the prefent Earl of Harborough , Lady Lucy 
 Sherrard; and many noble relatives of the femily rcljding in the 
 north of England , was well qualified to give the infonnatioa. 
 
Appendix, N* 5. 
 
 ■■- TT^^fjpT"'" 
 
 ^73 
 
 DIARY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 ir E A r H E K. 
 
 it- 
 
 ^ 
 
 i^otr.;"i- ■<• V '^■i- 
 
•.'!ft'^ 
 
 174 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 Farenheit's 
 Thermometer. 
 
 JJNUARr, 1760. 
 
 20 
 
 Ffoft. 
 
 froft. 
 
 ,, Froft,74o. 
 
 Froft 1709. 
 
 '9 
 2* 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 ^4 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 3* 
 
 10 
 10 
 20 
 26 
 
 34 
 36 
 49 
 36 
 23 
 19 
 25 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 34 
 34 
 24 
 
 N.W. 
 N.AV. 
 N.W. 
 N.W. 
 
 s. w. 
 s. w. 
 
 S. E. 
 N. E. 
 N.W. 
 N. E. 
 S. W. 
 S. W. 
 S. E. 
 
 s. w. 
 s. w. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 s. w. 
 
 N.VV. 
 
 1 
 
 Quite clear. 
 
 Clouded. 
 
 5now. 
 
 Rain and freezing hard 
 
 A thaw. 
 
 A thaw. ^ 
 
 Rain. 
 
 Rain. 
 
 Quite clear. 
 
 Quite clear. 
 
 Quite clear. > •. 
 
 Quite clear. 
 
 Quite tlcar. 
 
 Rain. 
 
 Quite clear. 
 Little cloudy. 
 Cloudy. > 
 
 Quite clear. 
 
'''~>, 
 
 appendix; n* 
 
 f 
 
 RUARr, 1760. 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 ^3 
 '4 
 
 »5 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 ^22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 2S 
 26 
 
 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 
 30 
 26 
 
 21 
 3t 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 IZ. 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 28 
 
 52 
 56 
 
 38 
 35 
 34 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 36 
 
 40* 
 
 45 
 
 5i 
 
 59 
 
 49 
 
 42 
 
 S.W. 
 S. E. 
 
 N.m 
 
 S. E. 
 
 S. ' 
 
 E. 
 S.W. 
 N. E. 
 
 E. 
 N. E. 
 
 N. • 
 S.W. 
 S.W. 
 S.W. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 N.W. 
 N.W. 
 S.W. 
 
 WiATHER. 
 
 r S. Er\ ^Hazy 
 
 S. 
 
 w. 
 
 N.W. 
 S.W. 
 S. E. 
 
 S. 
 N. E. 
 N: E. 
 N. E. 
 
 Slcef and rain. 
 Quite dear. 
 Quite clear. 
 Quite clear. 
 Clouded. 
 Little clouded 
 Quite clear - 
 Quite clear - 
 Quite clear. 
 Clouded - . 
 Quite clear. 
 Quite clear. 
 Little clouded 
 Hazy - _ ^ 
 Miflint rain. 
 Little cloudy. 
 Clouded, little fnow. 
 Quite clear - _ 
 Quite clear -_^>^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 Hazy - - _ 
 Quite clear - 
 ■Quite clear. 
 
 Little^cloudv. 
 Qyite clear * - 
 Hazy - *. 
 Clouded - _ 
 Clouded - - 
 Rain ~ - .> 
 
 V- 
 
 »75 
 
 5J 
 
 X 
 
 6 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 s 
 
 52 
 
 66 
 70 
 
 30 
 43 
 48 
 64 
 56 
 
 .6 1 
 
 72 
 76 
 
 54 
 "37 
 
 y 
 
 cc 
 
 »A>i,icjiSoi ^^^ 
 
7^ IRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 MAR C H, 1760W 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Clouded. 
 Little cloudy. 
 Clouded - -. -, - 
 Showery and windy - 
 Little cloudy and windy 
 Quite clear - _ - 
 Hazy - - - _ 
 Rain - - - - - 
 Mifling rain - - - 
 Clouded - -i _ - 
 Little cloudy - ' - ' 
 Clouded - - - - 
 Raia - - - - ^ 
 Mifling rain ,^. 
 Clouded -.').* 
 Thick fnow - - _ 
 Snow - _ _ _ 
 Quite clear - - - 
 Clouded - - _ - 
 Cloudy - ^ - -' 
 Snow _ _ - - 
 Rain - - - - - 
 Little clondy - - 
 Little cloudy 
 Little cloudy 
 Quite clear 
 Quite clear - - - 
 Quite clear - - - 
 Hazy - _ 4. _ 
 Rain - - _ _ _ 
 Showery - _ - _ 
 
 *»<•■ 
 
 
 54 
 
 59 
 
 45 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 38 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 43 
 
 39 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 52 
 
 38 
 
 34. 
 
 39 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 79 
 
 74 
 
 67 
 64 
 
 A^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 -3- 
 
 < 
 
 -Hv^ 
 
 ,^*' 
 
 i£=fcA^ - 
 
 
% 
 
 / 
 
 " '"Xr- ,%.,,'^ 
 
 AP P E^N D IX, N* 5. 
 
 y 
 
 
 APRIL, 1760. 
 
 WtATHIR. 
 
 Quite clear - _ _ _ 
 Quite clear - - _ _ 
 €4oudcd -'- - - _ 
 Quite clear - - - _ 
 Quite clear, thunder - - 
 Clouded - - - _ _ 
 Thunder, clouded - - 
 Thunder, clouded - - 
 Clouded - - . _ . 
 Little cloudy, thunder - 
 Small rajn ^ - •- - 
 Little cloudy - - jh _ 
 Clouded _ _ - -. _ 
 Little cloudy _ _ _ - 
 Cloudy, thunder - - _ 
 Little cloudy - - _ ._ 
 Clouded - - . - _ 
 Clouded - *- _ _ _ 
 Quite clear' - - - • _ 
 Quite clear, thunder -' - 
 Quite clear - _ _ _ 
 Clouded - ^ - _ _ 
 Cloudy and fliowers - - 
 Quite clear - - _ _ 
 Qyite clear - - - ^ 
 Quite clear , _ _ _ 
 ^ite clear, thunder — 
 Quite dear - . . j> 
 Quite clear - - - _ 
 Quite clear - - . _ _ 
 
 177 
 
 C C 2- 
 
 5 < 
 
 ss 
 
 67 
 
 76 
 II 
 
 5°: 
 
 ,<o 
 
 05 
 
 52 
 56- 
 
 69 
 
 73 
 80 
 
 58 1 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 80 3 
 69 
 60 t 
 
 ^P^ 
 
 % 
 
 m 
 
 Ms! 
 
 ill 
 
 
 1.1 '.«Si'J.ja T 
 
 
'^f^t-L 
 
 •w^ 
 
 
 i* « 
 
 
 *78 , TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 lo 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 »3 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 »7 
 18 
 
 19 
 20. 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 
 .1- 
 
 <M jf r, 1760. 
 
 h 
 
 50 
 56 
 
 52 
 64 
 
 65 
 58 
 60 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 71 
 65 
 58 
 60 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 f4« 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 64 
 
 .58 
 
 73 
 7* 
 76 
 61 
 64 
 64 
 69 
 
 7« 
 
 N.W, 
 
 N. E. 
 
 W. 
 
 s. w. 
 s. w. 
 
 N. E. 
 N. E. 
 S. E. 
 S. W. 
 
 a. w. 
 
 N.E. 
 N. E. 
 S. W. 
 N.W. 
 W. 
 
 s. w. 
 
 s. w. 
 
 w. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 N.E. 
 N.E. 
 N. E. 
 
 W. 
 N.W 
 
 Weather, 
 
 Qijite clear - - _ 
 Little cloudy 
 Quite clear - - _ 
 Quite clear - - - 
 Foggy, little rain - . 
 Clouded - - _ _ 
 Quite clear - _ ^ 
 Quite clear - -. _ 
 Quite clear - - _ 
 Quite clear, thunder - 
 Little cloudy 
 Rain, thunder - 
 Cloudy, thunder - - 
 Cloudy - - _ _ 
 Little cloudy _ 
 Clouded, little rain - 
 Little cloudy 
 Cloudy, thunder - - 
 Cloudy - _ _ _ 
 Little cloudy - _ _ 
 Quite clear - _ _ 
 Rain, thunder - 1 
 Clouded - _ _ ' _ 
 Rain, thunder - - 
 Quite clear - - _ 
 Thunder - _ _ _ 
 
 3 s 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 64 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 63 
 
 69 
 
 73 
 .81 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 57 
 70 
 70 i 
 
 72] 
 77 
 83 
 ,78 
 75 
 .75 
 
 75 
 .61 
 
 69 
 
 63 
 7.B 
 
 82 
 
 68 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 75 
 
 75 . 
 
/ 
 
 "-w- 
 
 APPENDIX, N° 5. 
 
 179 
 
 r 
 
 w» 
 
 y,vN-Ey 1760. 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Thunder 
 Rain - 
 Thunder 
 
 Rain 
 
 Thunder - - - 
 Thunder - - - 
 High wind - - 
 
 Rain, thunder 
 
 Thunder - 
 
 3^ 
 
 80 
 
 83 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 70 
 
 63 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 81 
 
 89 
 
 87 
 
 89 
 
 91 
 90 
 
 87 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 89 
 
 75 
 8p 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 83 
 83 
 
 
1^0 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ■*. •. 
 
 ,■«:•■ 
 
 b-;&ir~ ..^^ Out 
 
 , *i ^ -jy.* 
 
 ri^U±A."i. 
 
A P P E N D I X, N-5. 
 
 i8i 
 
 ^■■ 
 
 tt* 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 '3 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 ^7 
 18 
 
 »9 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 3' 
 
 => s 
 
 
 77 
 77 
 75 
 73 
 74 
 
 85 
 
 ^5 
 87 
 
 87 
 
 89 
 
 89 
 90 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 79 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 83 
 78 
 72 
 
 78 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 83 
 76 
 
 84 
 
 .72 
 
 3' 
 
 -AUGUST, X760. 
 
 .5 
 
 Wbathbr. 
 
 Rain 
 
 Rain - - _ 
 
 Thunder 
 
 Thunder - - _ _ 
 
 Thunder - - _ _ 
 
 Rain - - - _ _ 
 
 Thunder - - - _ 
 
 Rain 
 
 Thunder - 
 
 84 
 81 
 
 78 
 78 
 84 
 
 89 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 91 
 93 
 94 
 
 94 
 86 
 
 88 
 
 87 
 86 
 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 83 
 79 
 83 
 84 
 84 
 
 86 
 
 83 
 89 
 78 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 k- 
 
 
 .V 
 
 '.j- 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 "'. ■ ',■ ^i.Wi^. i - 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
i^- TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 SEPTEMBER, 1760. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 I2' 
 
 H 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 '7 
 18 
 
 »9 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 3 <} 
 
 ►2 ° 
 
 J3 
 
 85 
 
 78 
 
 83 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 73 
 
 80 
 80 
 80 
 . 8b 
 
 76 
 69 
 
 82 
 
 71 
 67 
 
 55 
 64 
 
 52 
 49 
 63 
 
 71 
 62 
 
 52 
 52 
 58 
 64 
 
 59 
 58 
 
 -a 
 
 Weathpr. 
 
 Thunder 
 
 Thunder 
 
 A fho^Sver 
 
 A fhower — - - _ 
 Rain ---_._ 
 
 Rain 
 
 
 88 
 8b 
 88 
 82 
 76 
 78 
 78 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 86 
 
 8^ 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 9i 
 
 72 
 
 •72 
 
 6z 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 64 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 70- 
 64 
 69 
 
 7i 
 
 77 
 
 67 
 67 
 
 o 
 
 - T 
 
 \ 
 
■ SS* ^ '^"^ \ '«J;)^«p&ljg^^J'* '"e-'v >^^ 
 
 . APPENDIX, N- 5. 
 
 iS 
 
 OCTOBER, 1760 
 
 ^ 
 
 >;««> » 
 
 .■,.A- . 
 
184 ' TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 <?;* 
 
 NOVEMBER, 1760. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 H 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 3 E 
 
 o S 
 
 43 
 
 47 
 50 
 50 
 54 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 43 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 42 
 
 33 
 25 
 27 
 35 
 36 
 28 
 38 
 48 
 48 
 
 49 
 5» 
 41 
 36 
 
 T3 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Little fnovv 
 
 Little rain 
 Rain - - 
 Rain - - 
 
 a: 1 
 
 61 
 
 67 
 
 70 
 
 55 
 48 
 
 43, 
 
 52 
 
 47 
 46 
 
 60 
 
 37: 
 
 36 
 
 ■38 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 58 
 64 
 
 54 
 60 
 
 55 
 52 
 
 45 
 46 
 
 V 
 
 , *■ . 'ijfc^ih. 
 

 APPENDIX, N" 5. 
 
 ,85 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 3 c 
 O S 
 
 S S 
 
 10 
 
 i_ 
 
 II 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 a>^^ 
 
 ^9 
 20 
 
 , , ^ 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 __ 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 3» 
 
 ~ 
 
 u 
 
 JS 
 
 h 
 
 30 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 S« 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 3« 
 
 35 
 
 44 
 
 55 
 40 
 
 44 
 29 
 
 32 
 48 
 
 63 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 21 
 
 24 
 44 
 32 
 
 25 
 23 
 32 
 42 
 42 
 
 44 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 DECEMBER, i7 6o.\ 
 
 
 Weather.\ 
 
 
 Rain - - 
 
 Rain - - 
 Rain - - 
 
 Rain - - 
 
 Snow 
 
 Rain - - 
 Mifling rain 
 
 Rain - - 
 
 OD2 . 
 
 0:5 
 
 X 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 47 
 56 
 
 47 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 S7 
 
 5S 
 
 51 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 65 
 69 
 
 35 
 32 
 34 
 38 
 
 44 
 
 37 
 38 
 53 
 54 
 
 44 
 35 
 
 ,jp" 
 
 « •/ . 
 
 « • 
 
■^"V'K 
 
 1 86 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 JANVARY, ,76,. 
 
 ■^■ 
 
 Wbather. 
 
 Clear - - _ 
 Snow - _ « 
 Flyiqg clouds 
 Clear - - . 
 Snow - - - 
 
 Snow 
 Clouded 
 
 Clouded 
 Clouded 
 Clouded 
 
 Rain 
 
 Flying clouds 
 Cloudy - . 
 
 Cloudy 
 Clouded - 
 Cloudy 
 Cloudy 
 Clouded - 
 
 Clouded - - 
 Clouded - 
 Flying clouds 
 
 ^1 
 .0 ^ 
 
 32 
 
 19 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 %l 
 4' 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 25 
 21 
 
 33 
 44 
 41 
 29 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 54, 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 58 
 64 
 
 49 
 48 
 
 62 
 
 48 
 
 
p 
 
 S^J 
 
 APPENDIX, N* 5. 
 
 187 
 
 Q 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 12 
 
 ^3 
 
 14 
 
 ^5 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 3 a 
 
 FE BRUARr, 1761. 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 ,30 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 57 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 
 Z7 
 
 — 
 
 35 
 
 — 
 
 35 
 
 — 
 
 36 
 
 — 
 
 5' 
 
 — 
 
 '49 
 
 
 36 
 
 — 
 
 29 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 3^ 
 
 — 
 
 49 
 
 — ■ 
 
 38 
 
 
 35 
 
 N.W. 
 
 s. w. 
 
 N. E. 
 N.W. 
 N.W. 
 
 N. E. 
 S. 
 
 s. w. 
 
 N. E. 
 N. E. 
 N.E. 
 
 N. E. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 S. E. 
 
 S. W. 
 
 S. W. 
 W.^ 
 N.W. 
 
 N. 
 N.W. 
 S. W, 
 S. W. 
 
 S. E. 
 N.W 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Cloudy 
 Little fnow 
 Flying clouds 
 
 Cloudy 
 Clouded - 
 
 Cloudy - . 
 Flying clouds 
 
 Rain - - . 
 
 Clouded - . 
 Rain - - 
 
 Clouded - - 
 
 Milling rain - 
 
 Rain - - - 
 
 Rain - - - 
 
 Flying clouds 
 Clouded - . 
 Flying clouds 
 Flying clouds 
 
 Hazy - _ . 
 Rain - _ . 
 
 Slest - - - 
 
 E 
 
 32 
 64 
 
 30 
 26 
 
 24 
 36 
 60 
 64 
 
 37 
 
 47 
 40 
 
 54 
 
 42 
 40 
 
 35 
 
 45 
 60 
 
 59 
 67 
 
 57 
 
 45 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 52 
 
 67 
 40 
 
 40, 
 
 b-,^i> 
 
 ^k ^v 
 
 tlili*y&,tu A^A 
 
 ' ~ !>'i--'ifef*( H* 
 
 i<*:-«. 
 
, siiiiailM^Mfmf^u^^ 
 
 .88 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 At ^ R C//, ,76,. 
 
 ■| : , r 
 
 ~^^ 
 
 w 
 
 
 ■u 
 
 
 
 >-* 
 
 Q 
 
 — r 
 
 - 
 
 h 
 
 B 
 
 Weather. *' 
 
 SI 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 N.W. 
 
 Flying clouds - _ - 
 
 o'v 
 
 
 2 
 
 -^ 
 
 28 
 
 I^. E. 
 
 Clouded - - - - _ 
 
 Z7 
 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 32 
 
 V. 
 
 Snow - - - _ 
 
 43, 
 
 «. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 " 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 s. w. 
 
 Clouded s. _ - 
 
 42 
 48 
 
 56 
 38 
 
 . -"Jt- 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 33 
 
 N.W. 
 
 Clouded - - _ - _ 
 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 31 
 
 N. E. 
 
 Snow - _ _ 
 
 ./ 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 33 
 
 N.W. 
 
 Clouded - - _ _ 
 
 32 
 
 * 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 33 
 
 N.W. 
 
 « 
 
 47 
 
 
 lO 
 
 — 
 
 36 
 
 s. w. 
 
 - - .» _ 
 
 43 
 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 w. 
 
 Clouded - - - . . 
 
 55 
 60 
 60 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 43 
 
 s. w. 
 
 Clouded - - _ _ 
 
 " 
 
 J3 
 
 — 
 
 43 
 
 N. E. 
 
 Clouded -.-.-. 
 
 42 
 
 ^^. 
 
 H 
 
 
 35 
 
 N. 
 
 Clouded - _ . _ 
 
 ■• » " 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 z 
 
 29 
 35 
 
 N.W. 
 S. W. 
 
 Clouded - - - _ I 
 
 5° 
 38 
 
 58 
 48 
 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 _— 
 
 43 
 4? 
 
 N. E. 
 S. E. 
 
 Clouded - - -. _ 
 
 
 19 
 
 — 
 
 6r 
 
 N. E. 
 
 Clouded - - _ . 
 
 70 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 47 
 
 N. E. 
 
 Clouded - ,- _ - 
 
 7* 
 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 46 
 
 S. W. 
 
 Clouded - - _ - _ 
 
 65 
 78 
 S7 
 
 
 22 
 
 — - 
 
 60 
 
 s. 
 
 Clouded - - - _ 
 
 
 23 . 
 
 —— 
 
 53 
 
 N. 
 
 
 »^ 
 
 24 
 
 
 45 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 26 
 27 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 47 
 54 
 63 
 
 N. E. 
 
 S. 
 
 s. w. 
 
 Hazy - _ _ ^ _ 
 Hazy - _ _ _ 
 
 52 
 56 
 74 
 
 82 
 
 
 28 
 
 ■"^ 
 
 62 
 
 s. w. 
 
 Hazy . - . _ 
 
 
 '^9 
 
 30 
 31 
 
 — 
 
 6« 
 61 
 
 48 
 
 s. 
 s. w. 
 
 E. 
 
 Hazy _____ 
 
 Clouded - _ _ r I 
 
 i — «... . 
 
 86 
 78 
 65 
 
 
 ^| 
 
APPENDIX, N* 5. 
 
 189 
 
 ~^ 
 
 \l 
 
 
 APRIL, 1761. 
 
 Weather. 
 
 Hazy - - . 
 
 Cloudy - > . 
 Cloudy, thunder 
 Rain - - _ 
 
 Cloudy - _ . 
 Clouded -- - 
 Rain - - 
 Rain - - _ 
 Rain - - 
 Clouded - - 
 Clouded ^ _ - 
 Cloudy , - - _ 
 Flying clouds - 
 High wind - - 
 
 Flying clouds - 
 Flying clouds 
 Milling rain, thunder 
 Flying clouds 
 Clouded - - - _ 
 Flying clouds 
 
 Rain - - 
 Little rain 
 
 Little rain 
 
 5S 
 
 70 
 69 
 
 .IS 
 
 '73 
 
 57 
 46 
 
 ■66 
 
 69 
 
 S7 
 50 
 52 
 
 5» 
 66 
 
 77 
 
 83 
 86 
 
 .65 
 60 
 
 75 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 61 
 
 7« 
 ,74 
 84 
 
 74 
 86 
 
 50 
 
 f 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 ' <-i 
 
 
 - V 
 
 
 ". 
 
 •I 
 
 ■: 
 
 y 
 
 *.l 
 
^,J,t 
 
 
 }% . 
 
 190 TRAVELS TimoDCH NORTH AMERJCA. 
 
 Jifyfr, 1761, 
 
 WlAfrtER. ^ 
 
 jFlying clouds 
 
 3 \h 
 
 Rain - 
 
 Clouded, thunder 
 
 Flying cloucjs - 
 Clouded - _ _ 
 R.^in - - _ _ 
 High wind, rain 
 Ram -• _ _ 
 Rain - - - , _ 
 CJouded - - '. 
 Showery 
 Showery 
 
 Clouded - _ _ 
 Flying clouds - 
 Flying clpuds - 
 Cloudy, thunder - 
 Flying clouds - 
 
 Little rain 
 Clouded - - ' _ 
 
 Flying clouds - 
 
 69 
 64 
 
 80 
 69 
 
 63 
 
 54 
 
 S3 
 
 57 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 80 
 
 7S 
 63 
 
 80 
 
 89 
 
 87 
 76 
 
 67 
 
 89 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 83 
 
 h 
 
 ■%lmkt 
 
%■ 
 
 APPENDIX; N« 5. 
 
 JUNE, 17^,. 
 
 Q 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3" 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 »3 
 
 54 
 
 »5 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
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 APPENDIX, N- 5. 
 
 '93 
 
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 •^ 
 
 NOrEMBERy 1761. * 
 
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 H y) r, ,,62. 
 
 Weather 
 
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APPENDIX, N* 5. 
 
 203 
 
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 28 
 
 29 
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 JUNE, 1762. 
 
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 74 
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 404 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 
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 TRAVELS^ THRQUGH NORTH AMERICA/. 
 
 SEPTEMBER, ,762. 
 
 
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 7 
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 9 
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 Small i^in _ - - 
 
 Clludy -III 
 eioady -■ - - _ 
 Cloudy .... 
 Rain - - s - 
 Flying clouds - - 
 
 
 3 " 
 
 78 
 
 75 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 81 
 68 
 68 
 72 
 
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 h 
 
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 57 
 59 
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 72 
 
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 70 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
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 Q 
 
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 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
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 12 
 13 
 
 H 
 
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 16 
 
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 18 
 
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 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 3* 
 
 APPENDIX. N' 5. 
 
 OCTOBERy 1762. 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 56 
 
 65 
 60 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 63 
 
 59 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 51 
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 52 
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 45 
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 43 
 40 
 
 39 
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 33 
 32 
 
 44 
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 ■a 
 
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 N. 
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 S. W. 
 
 s. w. 
 w. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 S.E. 
 S. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 S. W. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 S. W. 
 • N. 
 -N.E. 
 
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 N.W. 
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 s. w. 
 
 N.E. 
 
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 Flying clouds - - - 
 Flying clouds 1. - _ 
 Clouded - - - - - 
 
 Rain ---.-_ 
 Clouded - - - - . 
 
 Cloudy ---.-_ 
 
 Flying clouds - - _ 
 Rain -----. 
 Rain ---.-_ 
 Clouded - - - _ _ 
 Cloudy, thunder and hail 
 Cloudy - - - _ _ 
 Clouded - - - - - 
 Raio, thunder . . - 
 Cloudy - - - . . 
 
 - - thunder - - 
 Rain ---_-_ 
 Flying clouds - -. - 
 Little rain - - - _ 
 Clouded ----- 
 Little fhow - - . - 
 
 Cloudy . . - _ 
 
 G G 
 
 = 1 
 
 65 
 59 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 65 
 61 
 
 63 
 
 75 
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 56 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
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 207 1 
 
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 is I 
 
 L». ^&i ^ 9 
 
208 
 
 TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 V. 
 
 '\' 
 
 J 
 
 X 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 lo 
 
 li 
 
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 20 
 21 
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 23 
 
 «— 
 
 24 
 
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 26 
 
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 27 
 
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 28 
 
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 29 
 
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 30 
 
 
 NOVEMBERS 1762. 
 
 Weatpbr. 
 
 Cloudy - _ 
 Flying tlouds 
 
 Flying clouds 
 Rain - - . 
 Rain - - - 
 Clouded -, - 
 Cloudy - - 
 Cloudy . . 
 Clouded - - 
 Cloudy > - 
 Clouded - - 
 Cloudy - - 
 
 Flying clouds 
 
 Foggy 
 
 Foggy - . 
 
 Foggy - . 
 
 Foggy - . 
 
 Foggy - . 
 
 Clouded - - 
 
 Rain - - - 
 
 Mifling rain - 
 Flying clouds 
 
 a: . 
 
 58 
 66 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 43 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 47 
 48 
 ^S 
 42 
 48 
 48 
 
 42 
 44 
 
 47 
 45 
 58 
 60 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 49 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 48 
 
APPENDIX, N' 5. 
 
 209 
 
 / 
 
 DECEMBER, 1762. 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
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 pp 
 
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 19 
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 22 
 
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 25 
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 31 
 
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 28 
 
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 Weather, 
 
 A 
 
 Clouded - 
 Hazy 
 Hazy 
 Clouded - 
 Small rain 
 Clouded - 
 
 Cloudy 
 
 Clouded - ■ 
 Flying clouds 
 Clouded - • 
 Clouded - - 
 
 Cloudy - 
 
 Clouded - 
 
 Rain - - 
 Milling rain 
 
 Clouded - 
 Cloudy 
 
 Rain - - 
 
 Rain - - 
 
 Rain - - 
 
 Foggy - - - 
 Milling rain - - 
 Foggy - - - 
 
 X' 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 46 
 
 56 
 45 
 44 
 42 
 42 
 
 47 
 52 
 56 
 62 
 
 55 
 41 
 36 
 41 
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 43 
 42 
 
 47 
 59 
 41 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 46 
 
 50 
 48 
 
 JJKIS. 
 
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