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Un dos symboles suhrents apparattra sur la dernlAre imege do cheque microfiche, sslon le cas: le symbole -^ signifie "A 8UIVRE", le symbole y signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, stc, may be filmed et different reduction ratios. Those too ierge to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as msny frames es rsquirad. Ths following diegrsms illustrate the method: Les cartes, plenches. tableeux. etc.. pouvent Atre filmAe A dee teux do rAduction dlffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grend pour Atre roproduit en un soul cllchA. 11 est filmA A partir da I'angie supArieur gauche, do geuche A droite. et do heut en bos. en prenant la nombre d'imeges nAcesscirs. Lee diagremmee suivsnts illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 'i ■« ■* \: TRK HISTORY ( or TBI STATE OF MAIl^E; FROM ITS FIRST DISCOVERY, A. D. 160«, TO THE SEPARATION, A. D. ISao, INCLUSIVE By WILLIAM D. WILLIAMSON. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. GLAZIER, MASTERS * CO. 1888. pin 163019 )^ULfAM SO/^ ^ ^'O^ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by William D. Williamson, in tlie Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine. PREFACE. An authentic History of this State has been long and much de- fiired. Maine is a corner-pillar in the American Republic. Its ter- ritory equals one half of New- England, — its natural resources are great and various — its climate is good — its population now consider- ably exceeds 400,000, — and only two individual States have a greater extent of seaboard or more shipping. Several settlements have existed within its limits, more than two centuries ; through which period, as plantations have spread and multiplied, it has been the destiny of successive generations to struggle with wars and difficulties reiterated and uncommon, and to wade through suffer- ings deep and indescribable. The last age, however, particularly since the American Revolution, has been a period of remarkable prosperity, apparent in the improvements, wealth and numbers of the people. To present, in a general historic view of such a State, the cir- cumstantial details of facts and events, so as to meet with universal acceptance, cannot be anticipated. Approbation, or censure, often springs from the motive of perusal ; nay, what aifords entertainment to one, may be more than toil to another. All are never equally pleased with the same repast, for men as often differ in taste and opinion, as in feature and character. — As to parts and arrangement, it is presumed the Introductory Sections need no apology for their length, as they give a history of nature, little less entertaining than that of culture and society. Should any one raise objections to the long Narratives of Indian Wars interspersed, it is believed, he must, on reflection and review, be fully convinced, that any considerable abridgement of them would occasion an unsatisfying void ; — so much have the fortune and fate of the country, depended upon the amity or hostilities of the natives. Nor by any means could the early history of this State possess the attribute of perspicuity, with- out frequent allusions to the annals of Nova Scotia ; as the po- litical affairs and current events in that Province, and in the east- ern parts of Sagadahock, were for a century, blended too entirely and perpetually, to be kept separate and distinct. The topographi- cal notes upon Towns contain facts which could not with propriety be incorporated with the text, and yet were thought too valuable to PREFACE. • i 5 r be loat ; for descriptions of these municipalities are not only in* Ceresting to their respective inhabitants, — they are collectively the local chronicles of the State itself. This production, though it has co&t the Compiler many years' unremitting labor, is presented to an enlightened community, with great diffidence : For he is sufficiently aware, that the arrangement, the style and the correctness, arc to pass in review before many in- vidious bystanders, disposed to censure rather than to commend ; while the more alloyed parts are to be severely tested in the crucible of the critic. Nor perhaps ought any one in the present age to ex- pect a better destiny, who relates facts for the public eye, — designed for the perusal of all classes, under the responsibility of his name. The Historian, in short, is the devoted recorder of truth ; authentic annals are his stories ; and facts monumental as marble are the only materials allowed in his employment. It is a departure from duty and an imposition upon his readers, to give reins to his imagina- tion and freedom to his pen — permitting them to play with figures, flowers and phantoms in the fields of fancy. The Compiler's research for materials has been thorough, in the Libraries of the Capitol at Wasliington, the Boston Athcnaium, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Massachusetts' Historical Society. He has also made extracts from more than twenty volumes of the Massachusetts' Public R-ecords, and from let- ters of 15U correspondents, residing in different parts of the State, The works of the oldest and best Authors have been carefully con- sulted ; — a list of whose names will be submitted. — Availing himself of all these and some other sources of information, he has written, with great care and assiduity, a General History of the State ; and the Public will deterniine, whether any expression appears, inconsis- tent with what is chaste and correct in religion, sentiment or fact, — or whether such an amount and variety of matter, distributed through a period of 200 years, could have been judiciously com- pressed within a narrower compass. The plan chosen may not have been the best ; for like surveyors and settlers in all new Countries, he has bjen obliged to traverse an unexplored region, where the footsteps of no predecessor to any considerable extent could be traced. Should the work possess the humble merit of being a useful compilation, he will not have labored in vain ; for man subserves the purposes of his moral cxistenre, when he does what is a real benefit to his Country. Bangor, if arch 1S33, A A only in- vely the ly years' ity, with igcment, many in« )mmend ; ; crucible ge to ex- -designed lis name, authentic e the only Tom duty imagina- \\ figures, gh, in the txum, the sachusetts' more than d from let- the State, fully con- ng himself |s written, ate : and , inconsis* or fact, — istributed sly com- not have iountries, here the could be g a useful [subserves is a real LI§T OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS HISTORY. Allen ;\Villiam) Dingrapliical and Historical Dictionary, od. 1809. American and British Cliroiiicle of War and I'olitici, from A. D. 1773 to 17*3. Annual Register from A. 1>. 177t> to 1782. B. Barton (Bcnj. S.) New Views, &.C. of the Tribes in Amrrica. Belknap (Jeremy) History of New-Hampshire, 3 vols. American Biography, 2 vols. ed. 1694-S. Bigclow (Jacob) American Medical Botany, 3 vols. ed. 1817. Bouchctte (Joseph) Topographical Description, d:c. of Canada, ed. 1815. Bradford (Alden) History of Massacliusetts, 2 vols, ed 1822. British Dominions in North America, from A. D. 14!)7 to 1763, ed. 1773. British Empire in .\mcrica, 3 vols. [J. Oldmixon.] C. Chalmers (George) Political Annals of the United Colonies to A. D. 1686, ed. 1780, 4to. Charlevoix fPere de) Hiftorio et Disc. Gen. :clesiastical History of Maine, ed. 1921. Gorges (Ferdinando) Description of New-England, ed. 1059. 11. Halliburton's History of Nova Scotia, 2 vols. Haiard (Ebenezer) Historical Collections, 2 vols. 4to. ed. 1792-4. Heckewelder(John) Writings as to the Indians, &,c. A. Phil. Soc. Philadei. ed. U\9. Holmes (Abiel) American Annals, 2 vols. VI LIST f)F AUTHORS. ill H llulibflrd (William) Gtiieral History of New-F:iiglan(l, ed. 18I.S. Narrative of the Indian Wars, 4c. A. I). 1G07— 77, Worce*. ed. 1801 . HutchinKii. (Thomaii) History of Maisacliusettb, 2 vols. ed. 1795. Collection of State Papers, ed. 1769. J. Jeffreya (Thomas) History of tlie French Doniininns iii .N. if S. Amer. ed. 17(50, folio. JoKelyn (John) Account of livo VoyagCb to New-England, ed. 167-1. L. Laei (John de) Novui Orbis, sen Des. in. Occ. f>d. 1G33. La Hontan (Baron) New Voyages to America, id cd. 1705, 3d ed. 1735. Letters, from 160J to 169C, 2 vols. Laws of Massachusetts, Colonial, I'rovincial, — State, General and Special, and Char- ters, 10 vols. L'Escarboi (Mark) History, 8vo. A. D. 1609. M. Mather (Cotton) Magnalia, or History of New-England, 2 vols. Hartford ed. 1820. Memoirs of the War, Ac. from A. D. 1744 to 1748, Treaty of Aix laChapelle, cd. 1758. Minot (George R) Continuation of the History of Massachusetts, 3 vols. Moll (Herman) Geography, 3d. ed. 1709. Morse (Jedidiah) American Universal (Jcography. Morton (Nathaniel) New-England Memorial, cd. 1772. N. Neal (Daniel) History of New-England, ed. 1742. O. Ogilby (John) America ; or Description of the New World, London ed. 1671, folio. P. Palairet (John) Description of thcEnglisli and French Possessions in N. A. ed. 1755. Fenhallow (Samuel) History of the Indian Wars, A. D. 1703 to 1713. Prince (Thomas) Chronological History of New-Fhigland, ed. 1736. Purchas (Samue!) Pilgrimage. R. Records, Resolves, and Journals vtf Massachusetts Government, 30 voli. Remembrancer, from 1775 to 1784. Reynal (Abbe) Historic Phil, el I'ol. ^c. 5 and 6 Tome, ed. Hague, 1774. Translated cd. 1732. Rouchefoucault Liancourt (Duke de la) in United States and Canada, 1795-7. Rogers (Robert) concise account of .North America, 1 vol. S. Sketches of New Brunswick. [Cliubb and Sears] ed. 1825. Smith (John) History of North and South Virginia. (Thomas) Journal of Falmouth, ^-c. A. D. 1720 to 1787, ed. 1821. Sullivan (James) History of the District of Maine, ed. 1795. T. Trumbull (Benjamin) IFistory of Connecticut, 2 vols. ed. 18in. (Henry) History of the Indian Wars, ed. 1819. U. Universal history,— vols. 39, 40, 41, cd. 17fi3"4. W. Willis (William) History of Portland. Williams (Samuci) History of Vermont, 2 vols. ed. 1809. Winliirop (John) Journal from 1G30 to 1(545, cd. 1790. Wynne's History of the British Empire in America to 1763, 2 vols. Y, Young (W. A.) History of North and South America, 2 vols. 12mo. Iff Hi' CONTENTS OP VOL. I. . Tranilated A. D. 1602-3. 1603-4. 1605. 1606. 1607-8. INTRODUCTION. Page 10 to 182. Sec. 1. The limits of the Htatc ; 2d, its Qeot^raphy ; Sd, its Climate ; 4lh, its Vegetable ProdtictioDS ; 5tb, iu Native Animals; and 6th, its Min- •rals. CHAPTER I. p. 183—203. Goanold's and Print's voyages to this country. De Monts' Patent of Acadia, and hisi visits to St. Croix. Weymouth^ Chalons' and Hanham's voyages to our coasts. North and South Virginia Patent granted. Sagadahock Colony commenced and terminated. CHAPTER II. p. 204—219. 1609-lC. French settlements at Port lloyal, Quebec and Mount Desert.— South Virginia aud Newfoundland plantations. K. Vines' visits to Saco river. 1611-12. Voyages of Argal, Bomers and llarlotv noticed. 1613. Eastern French subdued by Argal. 1614. Smith's and Ilunt'ti visits at Sagadahock. Smith's Map aud His- tory of New-England. 1615. Attempts to effect settlements in Maine. 1015-18. Wars, famine and plague among the Indians of New-England. 1617-19. The designs of Vines, Smith, Rocroft and Dermer, to effect plantations, unsuccessful. New-Plymouth Colony planted. CHAPTER III. p. 220—244. The Council of Plymouth, in England, established, and the Orand Patent granted. Mariana, Nova Scotia, Laconia— Patents granted. Monhegan peopled. Saco, ?ta -Hampshire, Sagadahock, and Pemaquid settled. Rob- ert Gorges, Governor of New-England, arrives. Sir Ferdi- nando defends the Grand Patent. Settlement of Agamenticus and patents there. King Charles* marriage with a French Princess, — the occasion of subsequent evils to this country. Monhegan purchased by Elbridgc and Aldsworth. Trading bonse at Penobscot erected. Kenncbeck and Massachusetts' Patents granted ; the Kirks take Canada. 1629-30. New-Hampshire— Cammock's — Kenncbeck — Saco — Lygonia and Muscongus Patents obtained from the Plymouth Council. 1631. Pemaquid Patent granted— settlements on the Eastern coasts. 1620. 1620. 1621-2. 1623. 1624. I62S. 1626. 1627-8. ■M I . ( 1 nil CONTENTS. A. D. CHAPTER IV. Page 245—260. 1631-2. La Tour'i claim. Treaty of 8t. Germaini. '< Acadia" rciifn«d to France. Razilia take* postewion. Plunder of Penobscot trading-house. 16SS. French grants to Rarilla and la Tour. Machias trading-bouse plundered. 1684. Difficulties with the Indians and with Dixj Bull and other pirates. 1639. The Grand Patent divided into 12 Provinces, and the Charter resigned. Lords Commissioners of Plantations appointed — Sir Ferdinando Gorges nominated Governor of iNcw-Eogland. CHAPTER V. p. 261—271. 1685. Extent and right of the French claim to Penobscot examined. 1686. New Somersetshire established. — William Gorges, its Governor, arrives, forms an administration, and holds Courts. Nine set- tlements between Piacataqua and Penobscot. 1687-8. Governor Gorges returns home. Pequods subdued. Sir Ferdi- nando appointed Governor General of Ncw-England. G. Bur- dct. An earthquake. CHAPTER VI. p. 272— a06. 1689-40. Gorges obtains a Charter of the Province of Maine. He in- stitutes a government there. The administration and ofEcers, under Thomas Gorges, Governor. Origin of York and Somer- set counties or divisions. 1641-2. Agamenlicus made a Borough — raised to a City. New-Hamp- shire and Pejcpscot unite with Massachusetts. The Isles of Shoals revolt. The British Commons favor New-England. 1643. Confederacy of 4 Colonics. Wells settled. Alexander Rigbj purchases Lygonia, and appoints G. Cleaves his Deputy-Presi- dent. I644-.5. Cleaves calls a Court, and contends for jurisdiction with the Gov- ernment under Gorges — now administered by R. Vines and a Council. 1648. Decision in favor of Rigby's claim. Cleaves opens a Court at Saco. The administration under Gorges' Charter revised ; and Edward Godfrey elected Governor. 1647. Kittery made a town. Death and character of Sir F. Gorges. CHAPTER VII. p. 307—324. 1635-40. Death of Razilia. La Tour settled at St. John's, and d'AuIney at 'Biguyduce. Their contentions. 1641-3. La Tour applies for help to Massachusetts. The rivals among the eastern settlers. D'Aulney affronted with the English. 1644-6. He negotiates with Massachusetts. His attack on la Tour's fort repulsed by his wife. His treaty with Massachusetts. 1647. He captures la Tour's fort at St. John's. Death of la Tour's wife. 1648-9. His villainy and absence. A political view of the natives. 1650-2. D'Aulney dies; — and la Tour returns and marries his widow. The English missionaries and French settlements. CXWTCNTS. IX A. D. CHAPTER VIII. page 325—333. 1647-8. The 4 civil division! eastward, — viz. Maine— Lvponia.—Saga- dahock,— Penobscot,— and their respective c^ovcrnmcnts. I6S0-I. Rijby's death. The Drowne, Brown and Tappan Rights. Ser- cral f&lands purchased at Sagadahock. — The Cowicgan Claim. CHAPTER IX. p. 334—357. 1631-2. Massachusetts extends Lcr claim eastward. She is opposed bj Gov. Godfrey and his adherents in Maine. Edward Kigby't mandatory letter to tho people of Lygonia. 1652. (,'ommissioners appointed by Massachusetts to bring the people of Mai>tk under her jurisdiction. Kittcry and Agamcnticns sub* mit. The latter made a town by the name of York. York* shire established and Courts of justice instituted. 1653. Kittery and York first represented in the General Court at Boston. Wells, iiaco and Cape Porpoise submit. Their civil affairs. Mass. is opposed by Cleaves and others in Lygonia. CHAPTER X. p. 358—364. 1632-3. The Dutch War. View of the Natives and the eastern French. 1G94-5. Reduction of Nova Scotia to the English government, by the oflS- ccrs of Lord Cromwell ; — and Temple appointed Governor. 1656-7. A Charter of Nova Scotia, granted by the Protector, to la Tour, Temple and Crown jointly. Mistakes in the Charter coi. \iered. CHAPTER XI. p. 365—370. 1650-3. Affairs at Kennebeck regulated by New-Plymouth. 1654-5. A government instituted there, by her Commissioner. A lease of the trade there for seven years 1656-60. All attempts to revive the trade unsuccessful. 1661. The Kennebeck Patent sold to Bois and others, for j^400. CHAPTER XII. p. 371—386. 1653-4. The government and laws of Massachusetts transferred to the people of Maine. Officers, Courts and Militia. 1640-60. Code of statute law. Sectaries assailed. Crimes and punish* raents, — Education, taxes and assessments, reviewed. CHAPTER XIII. p. 387—397. I653-5-6. Massachusetts extends her patent jurisdiction to Clapboard IsU and in Casco bay. Maine militia formed into a regiment. Reg- ulations of the Indians revised. 1657-8. Scarborough and Falmouth submit to Massachusetts— are made towns — and become a part of Yorkshire. CHAPTER XIV. p. 398—411. 1660. Restoration of Charles II. Lygonia lost, and New-Hampshire and Maine restored to their respective claimants. 1661. Isles of Shoals formed into a town, under the name of Appledore. 1662-3. Revolntion attempted in Maine by John Archdale, agent of Gor- ges. Col. Temple's government of Nova Scotia. 1664. Massachusetts ordered to restore Maine to Gorges. Sagadahock Province patented to the Duke of York. The king appoints Vol. I. 2 4X>flTCN1V. 16M. IM7-S. I6«S. A. D. famr Comminiraere, to rtctify allain and wttlo tNMbM throof boat N«w-Enf land. CHAPTER XV. page 413—430. 1W4-S. The dispute aboot the snrrcnder or Maine. The kioj't Commis- ■ionen visit tbo Pronnce. Tbey forai a Judiciarj of eleren Joatices;— William Philiipa appointed commandant of the pro- rineial militia. Tbe settlement of a g^rernment hj tbe Com^ ' raittionen in tbe docal Province of Sagadabock. Their ac- count of the country. Tbej are recalled. War with France. '' ^ Treaty of Breda. Nora Scotia resigned to the French. Admin- istration of the civil affairs in Maine, under the g;oremment in- stituted by the Commissioners. CHAPTER XVI. p. 431—452. Massachusetts resumes tbe govoroment of Maine. Gov. Nichols opposes her. He is succeeded by Gov. Lovelace. Tbe contro- versy (in July) at York, between her Commissioners and the Provincial Justices. The fcrmcr prevail, and organize the af- fairs of Yorkshire— also appoint Bryan Pendleton, Major-com- eaandant of the militia. Affairs of Maine settled. Wars between the Mohawks and N. England Tr ibes. Massachusetts, under a new survey of her patent, extends ber jurisdiction eastward to Penobscot bar. Another Duteb war.— The ducal Gov. neglects Sagadahoek. Devonshire established by Commissioners firom Massachusetts, as a new County, extending from Sagadahoek to Broad-bay. Tbe oiBcers, regulations, militia, courts and taxes. The Dnke, James, takes a new patent of Sagadahoek, and appoints E. An- droe, Governor. 1675. King Philip's war begins. Militia and papulation of Maine. 1676. Project of tbe Duke of Monmouth. Gorges* and Mason's olaima revived. Randolph's visit and representations. Memorial of Massachusetts. 1677. Tbe Province of Maine purchased by Massachusetts for j^ISSO. CHAPTER XVII. p. 453-462. 101S-78. Tbe Aborigines. The Mohawks and tribes of New-England. Their Dialects. Indians of New-Hampshire. Pauaconaway and Rowles. CHAPTER XVIII. p. 463—483. ltlft-7S. Tbe Abenaques and Etechemina — the two great aboriginal peo- ple of Maine, embracing, the one four, and the other three Tribes. Their names, places of lesidence and their numbers. CHAPTER XIX. p. 484—614. 1615-7ft. The persons, character, habits and government of the Natives. . Their wars with tiie colonists. Their crimes, cmploymentsv arts, WBnsements, kaowledge and laaguaf o. .1 .i^y.- I6W-70. mi-t. itrs. ia74. ooffnaiTK ttMblai »■ A. D. '^1 1«7». 13—430. B Commb- |H of eleren ^H ' the pro- |H the Conr> IB Their ac- :^B 1678. Admin- |H ■nment in- ;B 31-452. fl V. NichoU |B le contro- 9K 1877. 1 and tho « ize the af- 9 [ajor-com- .^ csand N. 9 1878. tends her 9 '» 1877-8 pidahoek. ;^| 1879. hnsetta, at |H liay. The ^ 1880. h« Duke, ^ ati E. An- ^ [aine. H >n'i olaima fl emorial of H 18tl. or £1S50. ■ I88S. 53-402. 9 1683. 1684. •Eng^Iand. fl aconaway H 1888. 63—483. I final peo- B ler three fl niimbera. 9 1870-3 ^1 1874-8. 34—614. ■ 1878. Nntivei. ■ ilojrment^ ■ CHAPTER XX. pigeS15--45a KiBf Pbilip'a war. Ita eawea. PnrohM* faoM* at Pcjtpaeot plandered. Wakely and hit Tamily at Preaumpacot, killed. Saeo asaailed, Searboroofh burned, and NewioltawanBoek at< attacked, twice, by the Indiana. Death of Plaitted and his sons. Affiura at Sagfadabock. Shnrte'a tmoe. Depredations at 8tar> g«oD-creek and in Wells. A trace. Oenend warrants iMued to arrest Indians. A parley at Tecon< net. Death of kinff Philip. His subjects 6f to Maine. Thirty- fenr people killed or made captire at Casca Pfequasaet [Wool- wich] and Arrowsick, nssailcd and burnt. Penaquid reduced to ashes. Skirmish on JewePs Island. The troops under Wal- dron and Frost meet 400 Indians at Dorcr. The sham-fig^f and seiznre of them. The result. Cape Neddock destroyed. Black-point attacked. A vessel and crew seized at Richmond** Island. Mug^^'s treaty of peace. The story of Cobbet. A parley and skirmish at Mare-point. A bloody affray at Pema- quid. A g'arrison established westward of Arrowsick. Nine killed there, seven in York, and several in Wells. Mngg awails Black-point ^.-irrison, and is killed. Tho savages kill seven and take two in \trk and Wells. The g^ood policy of Gov. Androa. April 12, Peace with the Indians at Casco. CHAPTER XXI. p. 564—679. AffaiVs of Maine. Andres, Gov. of Now- York and Sagadahock. Last session of the Courts in Maine, under the Colony charter of Massachusetts. Massachnsetts, after her purchase of Maine, assumes the charter of Gorges. Agents appointed to establish the government An opposition. Randolph's representations. North-Yarmouth made a town. A form of government established and Thomas Dan- forth appointed President. The Provincial Council and Gen- eral Assemblies of Maine. Articles of union and agreement, adopted by Massachusetts. Pro- vince Treasurer. President's powers. Th« Baptists persecuted. Woodlands first taxed. Grants made. Pros. Danforth and other statesmen prosecuted by Randolph. Tlie Colonial Charter of Massachusetts vacated. Wharton's par- chase of Pejcpscot. Danforth's administration. Indian treaty. May, — New administration over Massachnsetts, Rhode Island,' New-Hampshire and Maine, under President Dudley ; who was superseded, December 20th, by E. Andros. CHAPTER XXIl. p. 679—603. Nova Scotia neglected by the French. Their claim to Penobscot. The Dnich seize Penobscot— abandon it. Le Bourg affronted. Tho Dutch capture the French garrison at Penobscot, and (he English drive them away. CONTENT^!. ,^i.^i^% 1; ,1 I) I I 'm 168ft-«. 1688. .fcH^yr- 1689. A. D. 1911-93. The mcMures of Gor. Antlros gt Sagadahock. He U succeeded by Mr. Dung^an, Gor. of tliat Provioco and New- York. Death of Charles II. and accccsion of James II. who reappoints Don; an, Gor. of N. York and Sagadahock. His measures of ad- ministration under Palmer and West, in the Duke's Province. March, — Dungan superseded by £. Andros. Commander-in-Chief over New-England, including Sagadahock, New- York and tho Jersies. The grievances of his administration. He seizes upon Penobscot, and orders the fort at Pemaquid to bo rebuilt. His eastern expedition. He establishes in Sagadahock and Maine, eleven garrisons or forts. April. — Gov. Andrus and hi;, adherents seized and thrown into prison. A Council of Safety formed. The Gen. Court of Mas- sachusetts convened t:nder th' Colony Charter. James II. ab- dicates the British tlirone, and William and Mary proclaimed. The adminislration of President Hanforth reestablished and his Council named. The command of tho eastern military given to Col. Tyng and Maj. Frost. War between England and France. Conquest of Nova Scotia by Sir W. Pbips. Unfortunate expedi- tion against Canada. First paper money issued. Charter of William and Mary granted— embracing Massachusettif New-Plymoutli, Maine and Sagadahock. CHAPTER XXIII. p. 004—650. King William's or the 2d Indian War. Its causes. The Saga- mores mentioned. North-Yarmouth assailed. New-Dartmouth and Shccpscot destroyed — also Dover, in New-Hampthire. English captives first sold in Canada. Pemaquid burnt. 1st East. Expedition of Maj. Church. Defeats the enemy at Falmouth. Berwick destroyed. Falmouth laid waste. The garrisons at Pur- pooducU, Spurwink and Scarborough, retire to Saco, and thcnco to Wells. Church's 2d E. Expedition. Visits Androscoggin. Attacks on WoUs ; and Cape Neddock laid in ashes. Feb.^A great part of York burnt. Wells attacked. Church's 8d E. Expedition. Fort William Heary erected at Pemaquid. A stone fort built at Saco- falls. A truce. Attack on Kittcry. Indians seized at Saco and Pemaquid. A parley at Rutherford's Island— not far from the new fort Jtdy. — Fort William Henry surrendered to the enemy by Chubb. Church's 4tli E. Expedition. He ascends the Penobscot, then proceeds to i'assaniaquoddy and tho bay of Fundy. Maj. Frost killed. A skirmish at Damariscotta. Treaty of Rys- wick negotiated. 1698-0. Indians sue for peace. Treaty of Maro-puint. I^osscs. APPENDIX. No. 1 Patent of Acadia to i)e Monts: Nov. 8, 1608. Page 651 t Patent of Nora Scotia to Sir W. Alexander. Sept. 10, 1681. 65ft a.~N«rrative of Mrs. Hannah Swarton's Capttrity, 1690-ft. 657 1690. 1691. 1688. 1689. 1690. 1691. 1691 1698. 1694. 1695. 1096. 1697. ?fc»irJ— : . !,, . , ' Sec. I. The situation, extent and boundaries of Maine. ' . II. The face of the country, seacoast, rivers, rooiuattini > y i' ; and soils. m. The air, climate and seasons. IV. Tlie natural growths — trees, shrubs, plants^ roots imd vmes. V. The native animals — beasts, birds, fishes, vermes, rep- tiles, and insects. VI. Minerals. Our remarks upon these sev^eral subjects are intended to rdate exclusively to this State ; and in exploring such difficult and un- trodden grounds, facts and fidelity, without perfect descriptions, are all which ou|^t reasonably to be expected. rfj •* II »**' i.*^ **^> d H» i*^A tf-i$ n b'vi»^Aitt9 ~ SECTION I. Situation, extent and boundariHt, The state of Maine is situated between 43° 4' and 48° 6' nortli latitude; and 66' 60 and 70* 53 west longitude from London ^Lstiimht sad or between 6^ 16', and 10' 18', east longitude fi-om the capitol - ""^ at Washington.* * Maine was called •VavMAm or Mavooihen, by anciant voyagtrs and writers. In Purcbas* Pilgrims, Mr. ilakluyt describes it to be** acoinitry lying to the north and east of Virginia, between the degrees of 4S and 4>. It is 40 leagues broad and 60 in length, lying in breadth cast and west and in length north and south. It is bordered on the east side with a country, the people whereof they call Tarrantines ; on the west with Ephistoma ; on the north with a great wood, called Senagiecouna ; and on tb« soatb with the main ocean, sea, and many islands. In Mivoosben it seemeth I there are nine rivers— the wasteronaost of which is Shawacotoc [Bace]. Vol I. a 10 BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT I. ■ I I In Arat. [TlVTRODUC. The southwesterly extremity of the State is Kittery point, on the eastern bank of Piscataqua river at its mouth, in latitude 43* 4' and in longitude 78 34 west from London. Its westera line from that point, which separates it from New-Hampshire, is 148 miles in length ; its northern line, which divides it from Canada, is about 290 miles long, in a direct course ; its eastern line, be- ginning at West>Quoddy-head, the southeastwardly comer of the State, in latitude 44^ 43 north, and in longitude 66" 50' east from London, and extending thence to the nortlieast corner of the State, is about 234 miles long, and divides Maine from New- Brunswick. Its southerly line from Kittery point to West-Quod- dy-head, in a direction of N. £. by.E. and in a straight course, is about 220 miles. Its area has been variously estimated : Some have supposed it embraced a territory equal to 200 miles square, and consequently to contain a surface of 40,000 square miles, or 25,600,000 acres in land and water ; but by investigation, the State includes a ter- raqueous surface of about 35,000 square miles.* Of this it hai been said one sixth part may be deducted, being covered witft water. Bwindariot. But in giving an exact description of the extent and boundaries of Maine, it is necessary to go into particulars. As we find its western line laid down in Gorges' charter, A. D. 1639, and in that of William and Mary, A. D. 1691, it runs, " from the entrance of Piscataqua harbour up through the same into the river Newichawannock and through the same into the farthest head thereof, and from thence northwestwards, till one hundred and twenty miles be finished." Massachusetts and New-Hampshire had a long controversy about this line ; — to settle which, a commission was issued, April 9, 1737, under the great seal of England, to twenty colony coun- cilors, selected from New- York, New-Jersey, Rhode-Island and At the head of this river— to tlic northwest, there is a small province which they rail Crokcmapo, wherein is one town"— prohably the Indian PcR:waUet. 10 PuTchat* Pit. chap. 1. A Dticription of the Counlnj of JVttvoothcny diicovered by the English in the years 1602, 3, 5, 6, 7, S and 0. ** Geo; raplicrs have CHtimatcd the residue of New-England at 32,232 square uiilos, thus, Vermont 10,2:17 ; New-Hampshire 9,491 ; Massachu- setts 6,350 ; Rhode-Island 1,500, and Connecticut 4,374 square miles. JUr. Qrtfnlea/, in hit itttrrey, states the contents of Maine to be 83,223 square miles, or 21, 263,OuO acres, as estimated "under the head of grants and sales of litndn." Western linaor bottttds. Nom-Scodt ; ' of whom any 6ve were to constitute m quorum It ** ibr settling, •djusting and determining the respective boundaries hm. of Massachusetts and New-Hampshire in dispute." Seven of them after holding a session in Hampton, New-Hamp» shire, and hearing the parties, made their determbation, Septem- ber 2, 1 737, — ** that the dividing line shall pass up through the mouth of Piscataqua harbour and up the middle of the river into the river Newichawannock, part of which is now called Salmon Falls, and through the middle of the farthest head thereof, and from thence north 2' westerly, until 120 miles be finished from the mouth of Piscataqua harbour aforesaid, or until it meets witli his Majesty's other governments ; that the same dividing line shall part the Isles of Shoals and run through the middle of the harbour between the Islands, to the sea on the southerly side ; and that the southwesterly part of the said Islands shall lie in and be accounted part uf the Province of New-Hampshire and the northeasterly part belong to Maine." But the parties, not being satisfied, had a hearing before the king in council ; and on the 5th of March, 1740, he settled and established the line, "north 2* west, true course, or north 8 ' east by the needle."* Still the contending Colonies could not agree on a surveyor to run and mark the line; and therefore New-Hampshire in 1741, txparte , employed Walter Bryant to perform that service. Ac- cordingly, he began in that year at the mouth of the harbour, and run up the river in a north-northwest course through the river Newichawannock and Salmon Fall river, to its most northerly head, which is a pond partly in New-Hampshire and partly in Maine, about forty miles as the river runs, from the mouth of Piscataqua harbour. It is now called Lovell's pond, and is fed by two streams, viz. the easterly and westerly branches ; " the former of which was found to be the largest and to vent the most water." Bryant thence proceeded north, 2* west, in confoitnity to the royal determination, 30 miles, and marked the line as he survey- ed it ; but it being in March, and the snows melting, he was obliged to stop there, leaving 60 miles of the line unsurveyed. Massachusetts objected, that Bryant bad taken the wrong *' ' ■ ' ■ ■ — ■— — ^— , — ■■■■ -t ^ * S«« tabia of variation ot the compau at Boaton, Portland, and Panob' •cot, from A. D. 1672 to 1900, by ProfcMor John Winlhrop. 16 SMimaiCi Itatelt. p. 83. Wattorljr •JBJtt A wrrey. J-fwJ?' Weitorly liM. Northwett corner. BOUNDARim AND EXTENT [^T»W»UOj branch ; and in 1767, applied to New-Hampshire uppa the sub- ject. But It had no effect, for the latter, regardless of the objec- tion, appointed one Isaac Rindge, the next year, to complete the survey. — He began where Bryant left off, and ran and marked a line on the same course, by the compass, 35 miles farther, to a point about sixteen miles northward of Androscoggin river, and six below lake Umbagog. But, because the needle then in fact traversed westerly less than it did when Bryant surveyed, Rindge's line had a westerly inc]inati9^«,stiU ooore t|ian that of his predecessor. t The next survey was undertaken after tlie deBnitive treaty of 1783, by Messrs. Cramm and Eames, whom New-Hampshire, in 1789, appointed surveyors, to complete the line. They pursued the same course by the needle as Bryant and Rindge had done, without regard to its perpetual traverse eastwardly, and thus gave their Une a still further inclination westerly. They made their report in January, 1790. It seems they began below where Rindge left tlie line, at a point 16 miles and 240 rods south of Um- bagog lake ; thence to it and across a branch of it 54 rods wide ; thence a mile and 3-4ths on the east side of the lake ; tlience 4 miles and 3-4ths, over die lake to its northerly edge ; thence 2 miles and 226 rods to Magallaway river, ten rods wide, a branch of Androscoggin ; and thence to the high lands, 54 miles from the N. £. corner of Shelbume, where they began ; that is, 37 miles and l-4th north of the southerly edge of Umbagog I^e, and 148 from the mouth of Piscataqua harbour. ' , '^ At that place they marked a large birch tree, which stands on those highlands, tlius, " N. £. 54 m. New-Hampshire, 1 789 ;" and consequently this is reputed to be the northwest corner of Maine. Its west line is thus 28 miles longer than that express- ed in the charters either to Gorges or to the Massachusetts Province. From tliis monument tlie nortlierly line of Maine is nearly a N. £. general course, passing along the highlands (where are found the sources of the streams which run northwardly into the Chaudiere and southwardly into the Kennebec) 50 miles to a noted monument called '• Milk Thee," on the height of land. It is a large birch marked with marking irons ; and 20 otlier trees tliere- abouts are marked in a similar way, with the names of persons, or with the initials of their names. This conspituous place, in lat. 45* 48', i> on the road from Kcniubt-c to Canada, distant about 44 ft«CT. l.]n * OP MAINS. miles from the crotch, or mouth of Dead River, m the rotd runs. Soodi of east from MiU Tree is Bald mountain, a loftjr height near a league in length. ii The residue of the northerly line of Maine being unsettled, and in controversy, it is proper to consider the other boundaries which are established, before vre proceed with this. The southerly boundary of the State begins at a point in a line Soaiberl/ S. S. E. from "the entrance into Piscataqua harbour," 60 miles distant, and thence extends nortlieastwardly along the Adantic waters of the coast, enclosing all the Islands within twenty leagues of the main land, to Passamaquoddy bay.* »i «.' 4:-t{f« ' All the country east of the State, till the year 1785 was called i^^)**^' JN'ova-Scotia : and the partition or boundary line which divides it from Maine or New-England has been the subject of repeated controversy. The English and French long contended about it ; nor did the treaty of Utrecht, 1713, by which the latter ceded the country to the former, settle the dispute. Commissioners, of d m whom Grov. Shirley was one, attempted in 1751 to settle it, but in vain : — it only ended in the conquest of Cpuada, to be revived by the English and Americans after the treaty of 1783. ^r^i imi By the Charter to Sir William Alexander, Sept. 10, 1631, I Nova-Scotia extended westward ** to the river St. Croix, and to ' " the farthest source or spring which first comes from die west to " mingle its waters with those of that river ; from thence by a " straight imaginary line crossing the lands or running towards " the north as far as the first bay, river, or spring which runs into " the great river of Canada, and from thence continuing eastward " to the sea, along the shores of the river of Canada, to the river, " bay, or latitude of Gaspe.f On the 7th of Oct. 1763, the new Province of Quebec, was erected, and its southern boundary was a line " passing along the " Gorg^et' Charter says " within Jive leajjucs ;"— and the Charter of William and Mary says within Itn Icagfurs, directly opposite to the main land J but in the Treaty of Sept 8, 1783 " all Islands within tveenty league* of any part of the shores" are embraced. Art. II. i t In the Commissions of Montague Wilmot, dated October, 1763, and Francis Legge, dated 1766, the Governors of Nova-Scotia, we find that Colony and their jurisdiction to be limited, and — '« bounded on the west- »• ward by a line drawn from Cape Sable, across the entrance of the bay of " Fundy, to the mouth of the river St. Croix ; by the said river to its sourer, " and by a line drawn due north ; from theuce to the southern Boundary " of our Prorinco [Colony] of Quebec." 14 Fii«ieni line. ^nd' y.-iw- Si. Croix. Eatlern mouumcm. S hlandt, Aloow, Dudley, Frederic. BOtNDARlES AND EXTENT [IfmiOW&l^ ** highlands which divide the riven that empty theroselvet iato the *' river St. Lawrence, from those which fall into the sea :**— And the Act of Parliament, Oct. 7, 1 774, for governing that Pro- vince, draws the line " from the bay of Chaleur, along the high- " lands which divide the rivers that empty into the St. Lawrence, ** from those that fall into the sea, to a point in 45' of N. latitude.'* With these data and Mellish's map before the American and British Commissioners, who negociated the treaty of peace, signed Sept. 3, 1783, they in the 2d article, described the boundary to be " from the northwest angle of Nova-Scotia, viz. that angle " which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of ** St. Croix river to the highlands ; along the said highlands which " divide those rivers that empty tliemselves into tlie river St. Law- " rence, from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean, to the " northwestemmost head of Connecticut river.*' > Afterwards doubts arose what was the river intended by the name " St. Croix,^* mentioned ; and hence, pursuant to the 5th article of the treaty, signed Nov. 19, 1794, Commissioners were appointed, by each government, to determine that question. They first met at Halifax, and ultimately made their report Oct. 35, 1798, by which it was settled, that the intended river, "St. Croix," had its source in the head of a stream called Che- putnetecook, [Schoodic,] at a stake near a certain yellow birch tree, about 5 miles and 3-4ths of a mile nortli of the point where that stream empties into the Schoodic lake ; and tliere they estab- lished a Monument, in lat 45° 48 , which is a yellow birch tree, hooped with iron and marked '< S. T. and L H. 1797, called tlie " Eastern Monument."* Yet, there were three islands in the Passamaquoddy bay, at the mouth of the Schoodic, near the western shore, viz. Moose Island, Dudley Island and Frederic Island, which being occupied and claimed by the Americans, were seised upon in the late war by the British, and not surrendered till John Holmes and Thomas Barclay, Commissioners appointed under the 4th article of the treaty of Ghent, decided, Nov. 24, 1817, that they belonged to the * Samutl Tilcomb and John Hairit were the sun'ejors. — Tbomu Bare- laj, David Howell, and Egbert Benton, were the CominiMioners.— In 1817 the aurTeyora under the treaty of Ghent erected a new monument, « few feet north of the furincr, coniiating^ of a large cedar poit with large rocka about it, marked July 31, 1817. Jos. Bouchctte and John Johnaon, survey on.— Onetilf a/. , ■ -, . i ., „ , , IITBODtTC. »! ,n at SbCT. I.J'I tf^T OP MAI7(B.^O^ ^^ United Sutes; and that all other Islands in Passamaquoddy bajr* including Grand-Manan, belong to his Britanic Majesty, accord- ing to ** the true intent of article 3d in the treaty of 1783.** ^ The eastern boundary line therefore of Maine, which divides £•«»« it from New-Brunswick, passes from West-Quoddy-head, up the channel on the east side of these Islands, through the middle of Schoodic river, and Schoodic lake, to the mouth of Cheputnete- cook stream, and thence to its source at the Ea$tem Monument f which is distant from West-Quoddy-head, in a direct northwest- erly course, about 90 miles. The line however if followed as the lakes lie and river runs, would considerably exceed 100 miles in length. >)■:?:»":' »i ;w '>• -'/■^'' ^"ir- ■ ■ « ■ .-Ji ni u •■ But neither the boundary divisional line running north front tfiai Nnrih«rly monument and separating Maine from New;-Brunswick ; nor the waliSViiM. north line of the State extending northeastwardly from ** MiU Tree" along the highlands, dividing Canada from Maine, and inter- ^' -^^ *» secting or crossing the other at the northeast comer of the State, has as yet been fully established. - ■ {' i ^ \,> ' , -f ittal Under the dth article of the treaty of Ghent, 1814, Thomas r«„„,;,. Barclay and Cornelius Van Ness were appointed Commissioners *!;^'*'J|^y"j by the British and American governments to survey and deter- ^i*!"*. "C mine these lines and boundaries. The Commissioners and Agents had no less than eleven meetings ; the first was at St. Andrews on the 23d of Sept. 1816, and the last at New-York, April 13, 1822. '^ ■' in • ^- :-\ '■ ■ >:• . -'. .— -^' ' They caused two surveying parties to be appointed, one Amer- ican and the other English, and gave them instructions to begin at the Eastern Monument and run a line due north to some stream that empties into the St. Lawrence. Each party was to mark all elevations and rivers, compare notes and reconcile variations every morning ; and on an agreed boundary to cut away the trees eight feet on each side of the line, and to mark every mile. Also they appointed an exploring party to survey the highlands towards »'«*«^ the head of Connecticut river ; to examine the sources of the streams, which empty themselves into the St. Lawrence and into the Atlantic ; and to return a plan of 80 chains to an inch. In 1817 and 1818, the line running north of the eastern Mon- ument was surveyed ; and afterwards, plans of the surveys were reported. Also an exploring view was taken of the highlands, northerly and southerly of the St. John river to its sources, and to those of Penobscot ; and the American surveyor made a general 'V Survey If Eatian liM. B0VNDABIK8 AND EXTCNT *))• 144 mile cvrner. [Iinnumve. plan i but the Ommmiiifxtn could not tgree, when to MMUnh the boundary lines. Mr. Van Ness insisted that the line on the east side of the State ought to be thus established :— to begin at the Eastern Monument and run due north across Bull's branch to Meduxnekeag south branch 19 miles, to the north branch 22 and ^ miles, to Presque Isle 35, to Goosequill 43, to Des Chutes 45, to Aroostic 59, to Limestone 63, and to the main St. John 77, the others emp^ing bto the latter ; thence continuing due north, across the Resti- gouche 101 miles, the Mempticook 114, and the Memkeeswee or Katwamkuway, in all 131 miles from the Monument, also over a branch of the Metepediac, a tributary to the Restigouche which falls into the Bay Cbaleur, reaching the highlands 144 miles* ^, !';:: north of the Monument, these highlands being found to divide the waters last mentioned from those of Beaver Stream and the Metis, •r Maiue. which fall into the St. Lawrence ; the end of the line to be the angle or " the 144 MUe Comer ;" and by estimation 234 miles from West-Quoddy-head. The same Commissioner drew the northern boundary line, which divides Maine from Canada, thus :— To conunence at the 144 Mile Comer f f viz. at the northwest angle of Nova-Scotia, and thence passing the sources of Memkeeswee or grand Fourche and second fork of the lakes, emptying into the St. John, to the head or spring of Tuladi river, { which empties into Temiscouata lake, 50 miles from the corner ; thence by the head waters of that lake to the source of the eastern branch of the St. JVaneou, around the sources of the Chrand and Petit du Trots PistoleSf which latter two empty into the St. Lawrence, to the source of the main St. Francois ; thence between the western source of the St. Francois and of Green River, which run into the St Lawrence, to the source of the Petit St. John, about 80 miles, W. S. W. direct course,'^ from " the 144 Mile Comer ;" thence passing the head of Black river, and the sources of the northwest and west branchp« of the St. John nearest the waters of the riVer La > X Tuladi river. Norihei'R liue. • Lat. 48" 8'. t The Charter to the Pljmonth Council, Nor. 3, 162C, extended to the 48lh dog', north latitude. Vide poxt. Chap. III. X Tuladi mouth is in Ut. 47Je8^. 40' and Ion. 68deg. 48' ; and 15 milei aboTo ita mouth it rcceivea the watera of Squattack lake. } But the diatance, as the line runt, is about 120 milea. - . "> ; xj^ '.ij?^ oriiAiNB. '«Mi« WmuMm, wmI the- loaiM of tke Penobtoot, iMtrtM to MfllgvuMtM, N«iiMni which emptiet into the river du Loup about 1 60 miles, direct j;^^^^! course S. S. W to ** Mile Tree ;**— ebout 240 miles, from the '* 144 Mile Comer." Proceeding from Mile Tree it runs south- westerly between the sources of du Loup and Moose rivers, and " "*' by the sources of Dead and Magalloway rivers to Sunday rnoun- tain ; and thence to the northwest comer of Maine, where it angles on New-Hampshire, as before described, 50 miles from Mile Tree, making the nortliem line 290 miles in length. * *>-• The Government of Canada has caused nearly all the country between the St. Lawrence and the northern line of Maine from the Chaudiere, toward the river Pistoles, to be surveyed into town- ships, and in many places these surveys have run over the true divisional boundary.f ^>i^,.i^s'^«JJ>.t^i,y: -iji i- In several places the streams run from their sources in opposite directions northerly and southerly, and of course render the line . sigzag and iUshapen, and multiply the difficulties of establishing it with satisfactory correctness and precision. The American Commissioner and Agent, in proving the eastern n. ami E. lines just described to be the true divisional bounds intended by '" ' the treaty of 1783, say, 1, that the phraseology, in the Charter '••»« «*"!»••• to Sir William Alexander — in the royal order for erecting Canada into a Province — in the Parliamentary Act for governing it, and especially in the treaty itself, forms a connected argument in favour of the position. 2. The Geography of the country gives it great strength ; for the rivers Chaudiere, Quelle, Hamourasky, du Loup, Verte, Trois Pistoles, Rimousky and Metis or Beaver river, are the only rivers opposite Maine which empty themselves into the St; Lawrence on its southerly side ; all which have been vis- ited by the surveyors. On the other hand, the rivers running into the Atlantic are the Restigouche, the Meraraichi, the St. John, the St. Croix, the Penobscot, the Kennebec and their tributaries ; and these with the exceptions of Meramichi and St. Croix, have their sources near to the sources of the streams which run into the St. Lawrence. The lands between the Restigouche and Metis, about the 144 Mile Corner, are so elevated, that they may be called the heights of land. 3. There is proof also in the *The above descriptive linea are drawn from tlie papers of the Commis- ^oncrs and Surveyor, iu the secretary of State's office, Wasbioglon. fGrccnIear. • .• ' ■ . 's\V.i> '' Ft ■.11 •I J li ; ! . ij > I ' w 18 N.mmIB. Hm. ThcditpMir BOUNDARIES AMP £XTENT [iNTmODVO. caw, not only by what was done in the Manachusetts Legialatura m 1760, and by Governors Shirley, Pownal, and Bernard, at other times relating to the boundaries in this quarter : but in what has been attested by the Plenipotentiaries of 1 783, as appears by Doct. Franklin's letter, 1790, and the affidavits of Mr. Adams and Mr. Jay, Aug. 1 797 and May 1 798, who say tiiat they had Mellish's Map before them, and marked tlic ensiem boundary of Massachusetts Province, [Maine,] as expressed in her teeond charter^ that being the intended boundary of the United States. 4. In the commission appointed to determine what was the true St. Croix, the British made it a matter of great interest to have the river Chepumetecook adopted, because their Pleni|iotenti& i y said " it would give a greater extent of navigation on the 9r. ,)?)>m. to his Majesty's subjects :" — Yet how, if the line was in iia wisa to cross the St. John ? — is the question. But the British Commissioner and Agent, insirtrtd that the di- visional or boundary line ought to commence at Mars HiU.* 40 miles north of the Eastern Monument, and extend thence south- westwardly, over and along the highlands between the waters of the St. John and of the Penobscot, to MUe Tree. They argue that these are the highest lands between the Atlantic and the St. Lawrence : that in this direction, 60 miles distant from Mars Hill, are Spencer Mountains, which have a chain of high hills to the northward ; and to the southward is tlie great Katahdin ; and not far from '' Mile Tree" is Bald mountain, and between the two latter, northward, are many miles of connected, high and broken ridges interspersed with ponds and streams : that the lands be- tween the heads of Beaver stream, the Metapediac and Grand Fourche,f about the pretended " 144 Mile Comer ^^ have only one high point ; and then, especially at the north, there is a wide spread meadow, occasioned by a Beaver dam ; and farther west is a swamp, and then a valley from which low grounds the water merely moves northerly or southerly from sources only 20 rods apart: thft the Plenipotentiaries couid not in the tron'y of peace ever have intended to go ove /he r>uu> ains and high lands above mentioned, to these meadows, vallies, and swamps, to fix or find a national boundary : that they moreover must have intended to *Iu Lat. 46dcg. 30'. It is I50U feet higher than the tide ivaters in the St. Lawrence. _ .. ,. 'I The Grand Fourcho is 131 miles above the monument. ' ' - S«Cf. I.] or MAINE. 10 ncurt to tbeir giMr«nimMiu respeetivdy the whole of thoM rirfn N. m4 E. which emptied tbemsehres in their own territories, else would thejr TiM. ■ n^min jo:-; d r--^ tj^Ms Each Commissioner made to his own government a long and elaborate report of facts and arguments, of which the preceding is a very concise synopsis.* The territory in dispute is about 10,705 square miles, viz. south of St. John river 5,592, and north of that river 5,1 1 3, being nearly a third part oi the whole State of Maine. f -" ' iJThese proceedings, including^, the surveys, journals, ari^pumcnts and re- ports — are very voluminous, and in manuscript, — now in the office of Sec'j of State, at Washington, covering near a thousand pages. Moses Greenleaf, Esq. in his " Surrey of Maine"— pp. 70—85— has given many correct and interesting particulars relative to the northern waters, rivers, and streams of this State; which the compiler of this History ~ believes it inexpedient to repeat. t To settle (he controversy, agreeably to the 5lh article of the t'-caty of Ghent, the subject was referred, January 12, 1829, to William, kinq; of the Netherlands, who gave it as his opinion, Jan'y 10, 1831, that (he boun. dar}' line b« drawn due north from the source of the river St. Croix to the point where it intersects the channel of the river St. John; thence ascend> iBfr the same channel to the point where the river St. Francois empties itself into that of the St. John \ thence ascending the channel of the St. Francois to the souroe of its southwestemmsst branch ; thence, a line ■,'J I .^ 20 .>»>i.«»i THE WATRM A?fD COAST [IHTRODITC. The fraiitest width of the State, on the parallel of latitude •*# from Quoddy-head to New-Hampshire, is about 198 miles; from the Eastern Monument, directly west across the Stat* to Canada line, a little north of Mile Tree, is about 130 miles only ; while tlie greatest length of Maine, transversely through it from Kittery point to its northeast angle, or 144 Mile Comer," is estimated to be no less than 360 miles. »* -^.if*^, • •" ■.tf-.llfS-l,; Note. — JSladaxcoMka settlement is composed of ancient French Neutrals and others wlio endeavoured to escape from the English government of Nora-Scotia — being joined from time to time by their own countrymen. In A. D. 1820, it contained 1,114 souls. A British military post was formerly established at the Grand falls— 3 miles below where the line crosses the St. John : and the American military post, was first established at Houlton, in the summer of 1828. Country. SECTION II. Face of the Country, Seacoast, Islands, Rivers, Mountains, and Soils. The face of the country through this extensive State exhibits Fare nf th.- the Varieties of nature. Upon the Atlantic coast, it has several deep bays ; a great number of harbors, promontories, and islands; and several salt marshes. The northern interior em- braces the sources and tributaries of the river St. John ; and im- bosoins four other considerable rivers, which are borne through the territories of the State to the ocean. Skirting these waters and the streams that enlarge them, are innumerable vallies, swells, and ridges ; some hills and rugged heights ; and a few mountains. The country however is rather elevated than mountainous ; — free of miry bogs, barren heaths and sandy deserts ; and favored with a diffusion of waters convenient for all the purposes of life. . < But a knowledge of particulars can only be acquired by a descriptive view of the shores, the waters, the islands, and the highlands of the State, which arc now to be considered. We shall begin on the western borders and proceed eastward, and in- tersperse collateral facts as they occur. The whole Seaboard may be divided into foi.r parts, — 1 st. The IVestern Coast, between drawn due west to the point where it unites with the line, claimed by the rnited States, "tielincittt'd on the map A. ; thence said lino to the point ut which, acconiing (o said map, it ruincidrs with that claimed by Great Britain ; [probal>ly mile trac] and thence the lino traced ou the map by the two power*, to tho northwciternmost source of Connecticut rivtr." A view of the w.iii r and luid. of latitude miles; from to Canada only ; while from Kittery estimated to •cnch Neutral* government of iintryinen. In t was formerly crosses the St. at Houlton, in }unfatfw, and State exhibits t has several ontories, and interior em- >hn ; and im- orne through these waters v'allies, swells, iw mountains, [linous ; — free favored witli of life. L;qui:ed by a luis, and the sidered. We ward, and in- olc Seaboard oaat, between }laimcd by the 10 to the point noil hy Great 111 the map by ticut rivar." 1 Sbct. II.] oFMAwe. lip Pisc&taqua aod Poftlaad; 2d, Catco Bay} 3d, The MiMUK hmm ' ' ^ " divMion of Coa»U from Cape Small Point to Penobscot ; and thence, 4th, iIm cwnt. The Eoitem Coast^ to Passaroaquoddy. There are, it is said, f *^-«75*-vI^»«», ''^•^^ ' ^ '" THE WESTERN COAST. *«''>>« »^^^^'^''«^' Tl)e Piscataqiia* river in its whole length, forms a part of the wvMem western boundary of Maine. Its head is a pond, the body'""*'' I' I !^f & I AQUA of which is in Wakefield, on the New-Hampshire side, and ilie river, end in Shapleigh. It is fed by two other pouds ; and tlie tliree are called Salmon Fall pond, tlie Northeast pond, and Lovell's pond. The river runs a S. S. E. course about 40 miles to the sea. From the ponds to Quampeagan Jails, near the mouth k>»> <'IIs- I of Great-works river, at tlie head of the tide, the distance .s,|„^ <• ii lis 26 miles; and that part of the river, being only a large mill ''*""■• stream, is called Salmon Fall river, from the abundance of [salmon formerly taken from its waters. It is said, fishermen mciently, when standing on the rocks, could spear them in great lumbers, though not one has been seen there for an age past. Within the space of ten miles above Quampeagan are three . c ^tvaterfalls ; the upper are about tlie point where Berwick and Lebanon angle on the river, and are called tlie Stair falls. Four miles below are the Grtat falls, where mills arc worked with great profit and convenience. Not far from these two falls, are tlie mouths of two inconsiderable streams. Little rivr.r and Wor- ! cester^s river, both in Berwick. f > ' Near the angle, (at the river,) between Old and South-Berwick, [arc Salmon falls, a mile and a half above Quampeagan, well I covered with useful mills, and affording eligible places for machine- [ry. Hereabouts arc caught frost-fish and smelts in great plenty, and also some alewives. (luampingan falls are ripples or descents of a mile long, wash- ed by tlic tide nearly to their head ; and the river is navigable from the foot of thnn, 14 miles to its mouth. Agiiiiist these, on I the east side, empties Uic river Great-works or Chudbourn's river, Swkl'riw. • ri'cataqiia is of Imliun origin, and moans •• right nnRliKi." t MS. I.ctttT from Burwick. DiNishiy'f Falls. Great land Newirha- wmiiiack river. Piicataqua fliurreon mrk. creek. C IilaiKb. Navv hlaad. Oerriiih'ii ami Cutis' klaadi. THE WATERS AND COAST [IirtBODCC. which issues from Bonnebeag pond, a mile long and half a roOe wide, in the northeast part of old Berwick, 30 miles from its mouth. In this river are Doughty't falU^ 5 miles from the pond, and others still greater a mile above its mouth. Here [in South- Berwick] were the celebrated mills of ancient days, erected by one Ledgors, who is said to have had 18 saws moved by one wheel ; which, however, required too much head of water to work them with advantage. Here also Mr. Chadbourn, a first settler, purchased lands of the natives in 1643, and formed a noted stand and frontier. ^ >f*^>'*- -^^-^^ ' ^ '■ ^ ^ At Quampeagan, so called by the natives, (because fish were taken here with nets,) is the great landing place, whence immense quantities of lumber have been rafted or shipped to market ; and where are now many mills of different kinds. From Quampeagan to the junction of Cocheco, Oyster, Exe- ter and New-Markel rivers, on the New-Hampshire side, a run of four miles, the river is called JVewichawannockj and is suf^ ficiently large to bear vessels of an hundred tons burthen near to the falls. Thence to the sea, 8 or 9 miles, the course is from S. to S. E. and the river itself has the name of Piacataqua, com- modious for navigation and too salt and too rapid to freeze. Where the river changes its name from Newichawannock to Piscataqua, on the eastern side, is Sturgeon creek. Lower down on the same side, is Spruce creek, which makes up into Kittery, northeasterly around tlie point, three miles or more ; and here, in water two or three fathoms deep, is the harbour- On the N. and E. side of the channel, in proceeding to the sea, are Riting Ctutle, Furnars or JVavy, Seavey^i, BagerU, Trefeth%n*$, and Clark's Islands, all which are small except Seavey's, which lies opposite Spruce creek and may be 3-4ths of a mile across either way ; and Fumal's, or Navy Island of 58 acres, which has been purchased by tlio United States, at the cost of $5,500, for a ship-yard, in which several war ships have been already buih. Southeastwardly of Kittery point are Gerrish*s and Cutis* Islands^* which are separated from the main by a very small strait only boatable, and which two together may contain an area equal to a league square ; poor and uninhabited, belonging to the town of Kiitrry. West of the former and north of Great Island is the Pool. * '• Drnv« hont harhoiir," is X. E. of these Mand*, next to the main. Sect, ii.] OF UAINe. SS o the main. The celebrated ItleM of Shoah, which are often mentioned and Tiw IsIm •! partially described in the succeeding History, lie nine miles south* erly from the mouth of Piscataqua harbour, and are seven in number, — ^three (besides Anderson's rock,) on the west and four on the east side of the line; the former belonging to New- ' "^ ' Hampshire and tlie latter to Maine. Here Is a good naval road with moorings ; where ships sometimes take shelter in bad weatlier. Formerly the inhabitants were engaged in the cod- fishery to great advantage ; and on one of the Islands, saltworks have been erected, which yielded salt of a most excellent quality for curing 6sh. The most conspicuous of them is Star Island, which forms §,„ w.od. the town of Gosport, and is on the New-Hampshire side of the line. It is 3-4lhs of a mile long from N. W. to S. E. and half a mile wide ; and has a meeting-house fronting the west, painted white, with 13 feet walls and a steeple in the middle, about 30 feet in height. It may be seen 25 miles distant in almost any direction. It bears from the western Agamcnticus south 1-2 east ; —the buildings are on the north end of the Island. White Island* is a mass of rocks 3-4ths of a mile in length Whit» [from N. W. to S. E. and is the southwesternmost one of the [cluster. It is one mile and 3-4ths from Star Island meeting- ' house. In the tower of the lighthouse is a bell of SOOlbs. tolled by machinery. The northRrnmost of all on the N. H. side is Londoner's or t.on.i«»m!r'» Lounging Island, which has rugged rocks projecting in every di- rection ; about half wny between which and Star Island lies a rock, bare at low water. This Island is 5-8ths of a mile in length, and one third of a mile from Star Island, and lies south- west of Hog Island. On the Maine side of the line are Duck Island, Hog Island, Smutty-nose Island, and Cedar Island. Duck Island, which is north of all the others, is an ill-shapen, Pf"[« low, rocky Island, the most dangerous one of the whole seven, as the rocks project on all sides, and from the N. W. part, a ledge runs off half a mile. It is 7-6ths of a mile in length from N. W. to S. E. and a league from Star Island mceting-honse. Hog Island, at its east end, bears from the meeiing-lioujie N. Hog luianti. *Tlir liip^litlion^o is 07 reel in livi^^lit abo\c iiighwatir mark, cont^tniiif li jiatent laiii)>« willi rcflcctorN, mi a revolving triunj^lc. • iiK and. York river. 24 THE WATERS AND COASl' [IllXBOODO. . . „>.t en.J . ,,. . Along the coast, four miles distant, a part of which is a most beautiful beach of white sand, empties Cape JVeddock river^ which is a stream flowing from the fooi uf Mount Agamen- ticus. It receives its waters from the sea ; has a bar of sand at its mouth, and is so small of itself as to be fordable at half tide *MS. Let. Hon. M. Dcnnct. f It vrnn on tlicsc Islands tliat the (hinjith was cnrctl in 80 celebrated a manner as to be knoTrn in S|tain nnd other places in the Mediterranean. In 1745, a quintal of it would sell for a f^iiinea, when other articles of food were low. The fisli is caiipfht in the smnnicr season, cured on tho rocks oy ilryin!? them slowly ami very carefully without much salt. It was an art thought to be peculiar to the Itlo of bhoals, but is now known else- where. {Hon. D, Scwall. Cspe Neil- dock. \ -n Sect. or MAItft. 4f a small pond at the north, and forming a bow, runs south and sparates Denmark from Brownfield. The serpentine windings of lis river, thirty-six miles in length, within the single town of Tyeburg, forming fine intervales and progressing only 4 miles, is natural curiosity. But to avoid this circuity in part, a canal more lan three mil^s long, was in 1817 — 18, cut across about four liles below the extreme curve of the bend, through Bear and Jog ponds, and this laid the bed of the bow above entirely dry. Three miles below the canal, between Fryeburg Academy and le Saco, is the celebrated Lovell's pond, half a league in length, though less than a mile in width at any place. It was t Anciently " Sawocotvck-,''^ " Sawahi/ualrmk" Prin. An. 55, C3. Smith's Hist. 214. ♦» Sockhigonts,'''' Gorge*. Fulioni't llitt. of Saco and Biddtford^ 13, U. i^.i.A*- 8Moriv«r. Gnal falls. Oiwat and Little Otti< THE WATERS AND COAST [IimiODUC. through this, the natives used to pass in their excursions up and down the river. This beautiful section of country was anciently called Peg- Pegwacket. toocktt*, one of the principal and most favourite lodgements of the Sokokis tribe ; and also the theatre of a desperate battle, with the Indians. Here are curious mounds of earth, one is 60 feet in circumference, artificially raised by them, either as receptacles of ' the dead or fortifications of the living ; of which no tradition nor conjecture can give any satisfactory account. f From this place the river runs sixty miles S. S. E. before it gives its waters to the Atlantic. In Brownfield it forms a fine intervale ; and at Hiram it exhibits the Great falhy where the water plunges down a ledge of ragged rocks seventy-two feet. Thirty-five miles from its mouth it is joined by the Great Ossipee from the west, which issues out of Great Ossipee pond, in New- Hampshire, about eighteen miles distant, and separates Porter and Hiram from Parsonsfield and Cornish, and also forms the divid- ing line between the counties of York and Oxford. This river though a short one, contributes to the Saco a third part of its waters. Above the mouth of the Little Ossipee, at Limington, are the Steep falls, o{ twenty feet; and below, at Buxton, ten miles above Saco falls, are Salmon falls, of thirty feet, giving views variously to engage the eye of the curious observer, and afford- ing conveniences to the ingenious machinist.| Ijittle Ossipee springs from Balch pond, of 1000 acres, lying each side of the line dividing the two States ; and after separating Newfield from Shapleigh, empties itself into the Saco, between Limington and Hollis. It is a fine mill stream, but is not one fourth so large as the Great Ossipee.^ , . si The Main river, having received many other streams, descends to the head of the lower or Saco falls, where it is divided by Indian Island, containing 30 acres, and on each side tumbles over a precipice of rocks, forty-two feet, and mixes with the tide. From the east side of that Island, which i i fertile and pleasant, the appearance of these falls is majestic. || ♦*' Peckwalket," Sullivan 25 ; or Poguawett,— Gov. Lincoln. [Sandy Land.] f MS. Letter of A. J. Cook, Esq. and a plan. I MS. Letters of Rufus Mclntire, Esq. and James Ayer, jr. Esq. { MS. Letter of John Neal, Esq. || Rer. Juna. Cogswell, of Saco. SMep falls. Salimm falls. Saco falls. oln. [Sandy Land.] SlOT. II.] OF MAINE. The river is easily affected hj freshets. In a common one the i water rises ten feet, and sometimes it has risen 25 feet ; when in many places it overflows its banks and makes gre' destruc- tion. This was particularly the case in the great flood ^1* Octo- ber, 1775, when a large stream, called JVew river, broke out of[«,«ri,^, Ithe White Mountains, and bore down every thmg in its way, till |it found a discharge in Ellis' river. The Saco, being swelled [enormously by this accession to its waters, swept away mills, )ridges, domestic animals, and great quantities of lumber. The )urst of New river from the mountains was a great phenomenon ; id as its water was of a reddish brown, or bloody colour, the people considered it an ill omen in those times of revolution.* After passing the ancient plantations of Kittery, York, Wells, id Saco, we come to Scarborough, which has never changed its ScBrt>oro'. ime since its first incorporation. It extends towards the east, lix miles in width on the coast, to the mouth of Spurmnk river, ^purwiak. rhich seems to cut ofl* as it bounds the eastwardly corner of the )wn. This part is called Black point ; and between the mouth Black point. )f Spurwink and those of hibby's, JVonesuch, and Dunston riv- ers, which discharge their waters in confluence, is ProuVs JVeck, •*««>'• rejecting into the sea and forming a semi-globular mound, of >me height, joined to the main land by a narrow isthmus. The ^onesuch enters the town from Saco on the south side, crossing NoDtwch. ^e line five miles from the sea, runs round Scottow's hill in the 3rm of a circle, nearly to the east line of the town, and joins P[)unston river near its mouth. Between this and Little river, on Jaco line, in the southwest quarter of Scarborough, is Blue point _, id the highlands. Dunston and Nonesuch are both small ; the |atter has nine bridges over it ; the former, being westward of the }ther, is the shorter and larger of the two and forms a difficult larbour for vessels of a small size. Outside of the bar are Steten id Bluff Islands, south of the neck.f *" At the mouth of the Saco are Gooseberry Island, Stage Island and lonument, Basket Island, Ram and Eagfle Islands, t Rev. Nathan TUUm'i MS. detcription »f Scarborough and a plan. [The early grant to Henry JosseJyn was confirmed in 1684, to Joshua Scot- Jtow and others, by President Danforth. But Josseiyn married the widow IConimock, and thus acquired a large estate at Black point, which, eillier [by the above confirmation or otherwise, became Scottow's. The " MUU- ben ciatm," arose from an Indian purchase by tlte llgers. Falmouft. IVi moo- duck. Cape Eliza Cape belli. Portlaad- liead. .i> i >,!• li n\ Fore river. Simud- waier. Rirhinan'i Island. Wnlch iedso. Back cove. THE WATERS AND COAST [ImthODWC. The ancient Falmouth* the next plantation to Scarborough, eastward, was originally eijrht miles wide, in a straight line on the seaboard of Case ) hay, and embraced the present towns of Cape Elizabeth, Weslbrook, Portland and what is now Falmouth. We propose to describe ^r*^ the Coast, and second the Bay. • >'*^^ VV Upon the Coast, the town of Cape-Elizabeih, from the mouth of Spurwink south, to tlie utmost extreme of Purpooduck north, is eight miles, as the shore runs, and from two to three miles wide. On its easterly side are two noted projections of land ; • one is Cape Elizabeth, at the southwesterly limit and site of Cas- co bay, four miles from the mouth of Spurwink river, on which is a Pyramid of stone ; the other is Portland-head, two miles farther north, opposite to the entrance into the sound. On this head is Portland Lighthouse, in lat. 43'' 39 and long. TO* 3 , — an edifice of stone 72 feet in height, exclusive of the lantern, and was erected in 1 790. Spurmnk settl :nent was and is in the southerly angle of the town, towards that river. The Pur' pooduckf villege is nearly opposite the compact part of Portland and is connected with that place by a bridge, 2,600 feet in length. ' Between Portland peninsula and the town of Cape Elizabeth is Fore river, a salt water indent, stretching first southerly and then westerly, in all a league .>r more, and terminating in Stroud- water river which descends mrough Westbrook. Spurwink settlement was prosecuted under Samuel Jordan, an Episcopal clergyman ; and that of Purpooduck by several brothers whose surname was Wallace. Richman's Island is southwesterly of the headlands on Cape Elizabeth point, distant 2J miles ; and N. E. of Wood Island, three leagues. It is situated J mile from the main land by a strait fordable at low water. It is good land, about 3 miles in circumference and inhabited by two families. It has a harbour for small vessels ; though it has sunken rocks called Watch ledge^ half a mile in extent, east from the northeast end of the Island. In early History this Island is frequently mentioned. On the north and east side of Portland, is a bay called Back cove, which stretches up westerly near to the head of Fore river. ♦ Indian name, Tu/atn—J. De Lact, (printed 1633.) t TliC Indians called this land and llic country west, " .1;)i«ta»ia." ■ai: •jm SXCT. n.^ OF MAINE. leaving an intervening isthmus, which joins the peniniuia to the main land in Westbrook. At the mouth of the cove, is a very commodious and substantial toU-bridge about 120 rods in length. With the waters in the northerly margin of that cove, at its mouth, mix those of Presumpscot* river, which is navigable a |)^'JS ■j^;! short distance from the sea. Its head is in Sebago lake^ the *r*^* easterly edge of which is fifteen miles irom the salt water in a straight line. The lake is about four leagues by three in com- pass, and receives a number of tributary streams ; the principal one being Crooked river, which rises in the north part of Albany, near a bend of the Androscoggin, and finds its mouth in Sebago pond after running southerly about 35 miles, and turning a num- ber of mills. Northwest of it is Long pond, between Bridgeton ^"f P***' and Harrison, 9 miles in length. + About two miles nortlieast of the place where the Presump- scot receives its waters from Sebago lake, is Sebago pond, which poad. lies partly in Gray, though mostly in Windham. It was origin- ally in two parts, separated by a neck 25 feet in width, but con- nected by one Hardy, about 1 760, who lived on an Island in the northern one, to avoid carrying his boat from tlie one to the other ; the southern one before had no outlet. About the year 1 790, Col. Anderson cut a canal from tlie latter, half a mile long, south- westerly, to Pleasant river, a mill stream, through which he drew a small brook to aid in turning his mills. In the great freshet of 1814, the water in the pond rising to an unusual height, burst away the bank of the pond, at the head of the canal, which was sand ; and with a tremendous torrent opened a channel 300 feet in width and 50 feet in depth, and swept away a house in which a family lived, also a mill and a bridge ; and rushed into a thick and heavy growth of forest trees, tearing them up by the roots, and swelling Pleasant river, so that its waters did much damage '-* ' before they were discharged into the Presurapscot. The latter is itself rapid, though not very large, and has high banks espe- cially towards its mouth. | RoyalVs, or fVestecustego river, is about seven miles north- "'!?«J,o*,r east of Presumpscot ; and between the two there are, along the '**•* ♦ Or Spring-pmnl. f MS. Letter of Z. Leach, E«q. I A MS. Letter from J. Waterman, Esq., with a plan. Alto 3 MaH. Hit. Coll. p. 469. r>i< u > rivar. 9» Nonh-Yar. Mamcook bmj. Harr»aM< kM rivw. MfdTjrco* ncBf. Middle bay Mara-point. Sebascode- gan. Quaheaf. THE WATERS AMP COAST [IkTBODWO. court, several shoal indents of water and salt marshes. It is a small river, and has a good harbour at its mouth, about which the ancient settlements of North- Yarmouth were commenced which suffered so exceedingly in the early Indian wars. The river rises in New-Gloucester, and after running fifteen miles, descends a fall two miles from the sea, where it meets the tide •t the head of navigation. The original Nortli- Yarmouth lay about nine or ten miles long from the easterly line of Falmouth, in direct course, on the mar- gin of the salt water ; extended back two leagues and a half from die mouth of Royall's river and from Magocook bay, which terminates northeast in Alaquoit* ; and embraced, besides the present town of that name, tlie towns of Freeport, southeast, and Pownal in the rear. In Freeport are several small creeks, where wood-coasters can load. In the western section of the town is a small stream called Harrcueeket river, where the first settlements were established ; and in the centre are Porter's and Mast land- ings, two or three miles from the sea, at which vessels of 400 tons have been built.f It was between the head-waters of Maquoit and Brunswick, or Pejepscot ialls, where the Indians passed over land three or four miles only, in their travels across tlie country. Between Magocook bay terminating at Maquoit, and the jpen' intula Merryconeag [in HarpsweU] is Middle Bay, which bor- ders on tliat town east, and northwest, on a tongue of land called " Mare-point" which is the south extremity of Brunswick, and which separates the waters of tlie two bays.| ; , ; Tha.t peninsula is nine miles in length and its average width one mile, and joins Brunswick on the north by an isthmus " a very few rods wide." Eastward of it is tlie Island Sebascodegan^ which lies north of Quaheag bay, and which is separated from the main land on the east by JVew Meadows bay,'^ and river ; * D. Neal sajt, A. D. 1700, " Maquoit is a small Tillage." In " 1662 Boies and others built a fortification at Musequoite." Ketuubtck Ciaimt f Rev. R. Nason. I From this place may be seen Portland Observatory. { Qualicag and Netv Meadows bays, Torm Broad toutul, between Harps- well and Cape Small-point, Scot, h.] or mainb. and these latter arge their waters up within one mile of the An- drosco^^^in. Oii this Island are 70 houses. Originally, the town o( llarpavvell was considered a part of North- Yannoutb ; though the title to the lands caine tlurough the Plymouth com- pany.* J\'eu) Meadows bay and river, form an arm of the sea, making up noril) from Small-point and east of Sebascodegan, in width from one to two miles, and in length 15 miles, within one mile (as above mentioned,) of the Androscoggin waters ; its head has been called Stevens^ river, f The harbour is formed by a cove, two miles north of Bare Island, land-locked on all sides and suf- 6ciently capacious to hold forty sail of vessels. The cove is be- I tween the rocks called the Brown Cow and White Bull. This [river bears N. £. 8 leagues distant from the pyramid on Cape [Elizabeth. Cape Small-point, two leagues southeastwardly of New Mead- ows river, at its mouth, has high ground and a rocky shore and is inhabited. Above the point on the northwest, there is a small harbour, and below the southwest extreme of the point is LoveWs (Glover^s) rock,l which is one league west by north from Se~ guin Lighthouse. IUr|Mw«U. Wrw K'ead- •ti» river. BtreMiML CapeSmall- poin. CASCO BAY. Between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small-poi it, which are nine leagues asunder, are the waters of the spacious and celebrated Casco bay;^ of which the northern shore forms the hypotenuse casco bay. * MS. Letter of Rev. Samuel Eaton. , t Stevens* River is 40 rods wide where the turnpike bridge crosses it, 6 1-2 miles from the college, and 2 and 1-2 from Bath-viliage. From the bridge to its head is about 1 and 1-2 mile, and from its head to Merry, meeting bay is only one mile— through which a canal has been cut 30 feet wide,— so deep as to float rafts about higiiwater — The old road passed by the head of the river to Bath. Stevens lived oa the north &ide of the present canal, and Purchase on the south side. t One mile VV. N. W. from Glover's rock is Small-point ledge. j The ancient " Acocisco."— The Compiler is indebted to the courtesy of L. Moody, Esq. Portland, for the information in the account given of this bay and iU Islands. Mr. M's Chart of the bay is very perfect. . 1 «' m 34 Sound*. I'onlaud, HuMcj'e, Lu;'k«e'i, Bmitd, Hiui Harptwcll. Porilund harbour. Northrast harbour. THE WATERS AND COAST [IltrRODrC. and the eastern shore the perpendicular of an acute angle at the head of Stevens' river. The principal entrances into this bay are through ^»e noted sounds, viz. 1. Portland sound on the western side between the main and Bang's Island, leading to Portland harbour; 2. Flusseys sound, castwardly 3 or 4 leagues distant, between Peak's Island and Long Island ; i>. Luckse's sound, southwesterly of Great Gebeag ; 4. Broad sound, easterly of the latter Island and of Crotch and Jewel's Island, and southerly of Westecustego river ; and 5. Harpstoell sound, between Merry- concag peninsula and IJaily's Island. Portland harbour is one of the best on the American coast. The usual entrances into it are through either Portland or Hussey's sounds ; where is good anciiorage, on an oozy bottom in water from 1 to G fathom deep, land-locked on all sides, having the peninsula and the mouth of Fore river westward, Bang's Island southward. Great and Little Hog Islands southeastward ; Mackay's Island and the main northward ; and Clapboard Island northeast- ward. The harbour is seldom frozen over, and the Ledge west- ward of Little Hog Island, is tlic only annoyance of any kind to vessels. Northeast of the preceding harbour, and contiguous, is another itill superiour, between the main and Great Gebeag, being more than two leagues in length N. E. and S. W. and varying in breadth from one to three miles. This harbour with a soft bottom and water from 5 to 15 fathoms deep, is sufliciently spacious to hold 1,000 ships of the largest class; which with a fair wind could go to sea through Hussey's sound in a single hour. Along the shores of Falmouth and North-Yarmouth, between them and Clapboard and Sturtevant's Island, however, the water for a short time in some winters is frozen over. This bay is crowded with Islands, of different sizes, shapes and appearances ; and the fact of their being twice or three times as long as wide, and generally stretching northeast and southwest, inspires the thought, that they might be all at some period connect- ed, and then rent asimder by an earthquake or some other tre- mendous shock of nature from the .southwest. The whole number seen above the water at the height of common tides is about 110, exhibiting all the varieties of black ledges, ragged rocks, verdant elevations, and well cultivated fields. kse's sound, asterly of the southerly of keen M erry- ;rican coast, or Hussey's •m in water having the tang's Island ^ ; Mackay's d northeast- jedge west- any kind to s, is another being more varying in soft bottom spacious to fair wind Along them and for a short shapes and e times as southwest, d connect- other tre- hc whole cs is about ed rocks, ur S«CT. II.] T-.-V-fi OF MAINE. ! ' 36 A short description of the Islands apparent above the tide- ^••«» i>«jr. waters, follows — beginning on the western side of the bay, witli '''■"*• the Islands nearest Portland Lighthouse. Banff s Island, of 250 acres,* exhibits on the eastern side a Banp'. high bliilT, called " White-head," and is environed by a rocky shore. It is inore than a mile N. E. of Portland Light, bears a few trees, yields j:;oo(l pastiiro, and is inhabited by one family. Southeast of this, one mile, is Hnm Island, uninhabited, con- r^^ i^|„j_ taining 10 acres of low land, with a rocky, dangerous shore ; upon which is a pond and pasturage. House Island, of 40 acres, is half a mile long, N. W. of Bang's ii„u,« Island and a near neighbour. On its westerly end, whicii is east ''"''""'■ of fort Preble on the maiii,f distant more than half a mile, is fort Scammell, erected A. D. 1 807 — H, and so named in honour of a ,'i,".».**'"*'"* brave Colonel in the American Revolution. Here is u battery, a blockhouse and a small body of United States troops. The west- erly half is owned by the National Government, and the other is inhabited by one family. — Fort Preble, built at the same time „ . .. I,- I- F9rlPr«bl«. with the precedmg, is garrisoned by 50 soldiers. It is a strong fortification ; the walls, which are constructed of stone laid in lime-mortar, are 12 feet in height, of a curving form, and enclose the barracks ; but tlic hospital and habitations for tlie oflicers are without the fort. One league eastwardly of Portland is Peakc'a Island, of 500 p^ni,-, acres and good soil. Its length is half a league by one mile in '^'"'"*- width ; and has on the S. £. side a rocky shore. It is inhabited by 10 or 12 families who are owners of the Island in severalty. Northwestwnrdly and near, are Great and Little Iloe Islands T*" i'o» containing together 300 acres, and separated by a bar covered only at highwater. They form the easterly side of Portland harbour. Upon the former, which is good land, are two houses and a fine growth of wood ; the northeasterly shore is rocky, and , the south and west sides sandy. The other is sandy pasture land, without inhabitants. * Tlic ucrcs inciilioiic'd, arc gcucrully by citiinutiuu, iu mo«t uf tU« Islands. t In the town of Capo F.Iizalictli, acruMllic channel and west from Homo Jilund, i« lurt I'rcLlc. 30 CaiMbajr. Murkay'* Itlaiicl Two Broih' en. Cow I«l«nd, Pumpkin UUmi. Crow Itlaad. I.on(( J«l«ua. Ovontel and Minh bUod*. SOr^n Ulandf. J«w«l'a Iil^nd. THE WATERS AND COAST [iNTROOUe. Mackay^t Itland^ situate 1-2 a mile from a point of that name* east of Presumpscot river-mouth, and N. E. of Portland Obser- vatory, 2 miles, containing 70 acres, exhibits a handsome shape, an inviting sandy shore, one dwellinghouse and a beautiful surface. Nortlieast, near Falinouth shore, are " the Brothers" which are two small uninhabited Islands, connected by a bar, and are of little value. Near the N. E. part of Great Hog Island is Cow Island, which contains 25 acres of good land, secured by a rocky shore, and adorned with a handsome dwellinghouse and verdant summer fields, without any trees. South, more than one mile and close to the N. E. end of Peak's Island, is a very small one of 2 acres, uninhabited, called Pumpkin Island, covered with a thick spruce growth, and bounded by a bold rocky shore. Crow Island is also very small, directly south of Cow Island, at the mouth of Diamond Cove, an indent on the N. E. side of Great Hog Island, — a place of great resort by the people of Portland in summer for pastime and recreation. But one of the most beautiful in these waters is Long Island, separated from Peak's Island, on the east, by Huzzy's sound. It is about 2 and 1-2 miles long by 3-4ths of a mile mean width, and contains 600 acres, inhabited by 10 or 12 families of well informed people. Though the western end is somewhat rocky, the soil is loamy and productive, adorned with scattering trees. Very near the southwestern extremities of Long Island are Overset and Marsh Islands ; the loriner of which, so named from its form, contains 6 or 8 acres, and is uninhabited, rocky and full of spruces. The other is also small, low, rocky and barren, connected to Long Island by a bar. A league and a half eastward of Portland Light, are the three Oreen Islands, one of which is not far from Jewel's Island. Each is small, about twenty feet in height, and without inhabitants. JeweVs Island, of 1 63 acres, is more than a mile in length, the northerly moiety of which is very narrow ; and on the northeast part is a curious and very excellent harbour. The soil is good, and the face of this beautiful Island is cheered, by the appearance of one dwellinghouse well filled with inhabitants. *JUackay'i point— ia wliere Mr. Mackwurth dwelt; and MaiMchu* Mtta, 1«52— 3 claimed I or 3 miloi farthor nortli. [Introduc. •f that name* tland Obser- some shape, itiful surface. hers,^' which r, and are of ^slandy which shore, and ant summer and close to of 2 acres, :hick spruce bland is also of Diamond id, — a place for pastime mg Island^ s sound. It lean width, lies of well what rocky, ng trees. Island are amed from cy and full nd barren, e the three nd. Each itants. length, the northeast good, and arance of i beag. Sect, ii.] of Maine. 37 Stin larger is Crotch Island, at the north, which contains 350CiM«>Uy. acres of good land, and is inhabited by 6 or 7 families. Its shape i»iMd. is much like a capital T ; its shores are rocky, though on the easterly side is a good harbour. — The westerly half of this Island and all the others in this bay, previotidy mentioned, belong to Portland. About half way between the preceding one and the south end of great Gebeag is Hope Island, which exhibits good land, two Hcpe f«i. houses, and a bold ledgy shore ; — northeast of which is Sand "^,1' ""^ * Island, of 2 or 3 acres, low and barren. ■•ud Island. Great and Little Gebeag* are very famous Islands. The for- •II 111./-I Oi*imnd mer, containing 1,800 acres, is the largest Island in Casco bay, if i.inieGe. we except, perhaps, Sebiiscodegan. It is situated about six miles from the main land, possesses a good soil, and supports 325 in- habhants, distributed into 43 families. It is a high Island, 4 miles long by 3-4tlis of a mile in mean breadth ; and more than half of it is yet covered with a soft wood growth. It has two harbours, viz., in its northeast and southwest parts. The Island- ers are fishers or farmers ; they have a good school-house ; and are a part of North-Yarmouth. f An half mile southwest is Little Gebeag, of GO acres, and a good soil, which being well cultivated supports one family. This Island is only rocky on the southwest side, the residue is sandy ; and it is connected with Great Gebeag by a sand bar. It belongs to Portland. Clapboard Island, lying 2 miles N. W. of Little Gebeag, and 1 mile from the shore of Falmouth, is a mile long and only a few itU^ rods wide, low, though of pretty good soil, bearing a growth ol trees. J It contains 05 acres, and is uninhabited. Sturtevant^s Island, of 80 acres, lying still farther N. N. E. S''"":**"'* is uninhabited and rough ; and between these two Islands are dangerous ledges. Not far distant is Basket Island, of 15 acres, f^"*^^^ full of spruct: and firs, in a tolerably good soil. Between Greht Gebeag and the main, are Cousin^s and Little uum" or John's Islands. The former, which is the nearer of the two to *•*•"*•• Clnphnard •Anciently " Clicbeaftic." fTlicy now have a mcctinj-liouie. I AboMt A. U, 16i2— 1, Massacliuictts cxteudod her Charter to thii Inland. Masiachu* 38 Cuco baj. LinleJohii'K Klaiid. O.&L.Mo. gen. B. Sound. CiTPn IsIrikI. iioose Nest, Crow Itlniid. I.. Itnngs' liluild. Sinckman's Inland. Slave bland. Ministerial Itlaud. P-tlfs' Islund. Rmlidl Cave. Fnjcle liland THE WATERS AND COAST [InTRODCC. the land, is two miles long and ^ a mile wide. It is an high Isl- and, and exhibits to good advantage 6 or 8 dwellinghouses, a good soil, a sandy shore, and some flats. Little John has 200 acres of good land, and two or three houses ; its S. E. shore is rocky, and the residue a mere mud bank ; extending at low water even to Cousin's Island. Great and Little Mages'* Islands lie near the mouth of Har- raseeket river. Tiie former contains 100 acres of good soil, and the latter 20 ; and from both a mud bank extends to the main shore. On the westerly i^ide of Broad sound, and south of the north- ern extremity of Great Gebeag, are these several Islands to be seen as we proceed to the mouth of the sound, at the head of which are, 1, Two Green Islands, very small and poor, cover- ed with spruces, near Great Moges : — 2, The Goose JVest, a bar- ren, dangerous ledge, small and without a tree, lying 3-4ths of a mile south of Great Gebeag ; — 3, Croiv Island,\ a mile west of the Goose Nest, small and barren ; — and 4 and 5, south of Goose Nest, 1-2 a mile, is Lower Bangs'* Island, of GO acres, 3-4ths of a mile long from N. E. to S. W., very narrow, with a poor soil, and rugged shore ; having Stockman's Island northeast, contain- ing 20 acres, as rock.y and sterile as the others. G, South of Lower Bangs' Island is Stave Island, of 50 acres, surrounded by- rocks and reefs. Its soil is indifferent, yet it contributes su|)j)ort to one family. — Between Lower Ba7}gs^ Island and Stave Island is the usual route from Portland to Kennebec. 7, Next is Jl/tn- isterial Island, containing 1 1 acres, half a mile long, low, nar- row, and unproductive, though cheered by one house. Its shore is ledgy and forbidding, and between it and Stave Island are dan- gerous rocks. 8, B(t(-'( itIaiiJ. Jiquisk Uliiiid. Turnip blauci. Orr'i bland, Sehasrode- Kail. THE WATERS AND COAST [IWTKODCC. The /our Goo$e Islands lie within a league S. W. of Mare- point, one contains 75, another 60, and the third and fourth 10 acres each, and all of them are surrounded by sand banks. Midway of the entrance into Middle bay is Shelter Island, which is equidistant from tlie Goose Islands and Harpswell neck, containing 6 acres Birch Island, still further northeast and opposite to Mare-point, contains 1 50 acres of excellent land ; northeast of which are 5 others, towards the head of Middle bay, the largest contains 40 acres, and the three others from 3 to 6 acres each. On the easterly side of Harpswell-peninsula are several large Islands of very irregular and various shapes. We begin with Daily's Island, a mile from the S. E. extrem- ity of the peninsula; which is 2 miles and 1-2 long and 1-2 mile wide. It has a good harbour, called Mackerel cove, on the west- erly side, near the south end. The face of the Island is fair and adorned by some trees; though the soil is not of the first quality and the shore is rocky. There are upon it ten dwelling- houses. Only a few rods south is Jaquish Island, full of trees, embrac- ing 12 acres of poor land, surrounded with rocks and uninhab- ited. Turnip Island is very small and very near. Orr^s Island, or Little Sebascodegan, separated from Daily's Island by a narrow strait, stretches up N. E. 3 miles and 1-2, parallel with the peninsula, within a few rods of Sebascodegan, with which it is connected by a commodious bridge, 100 feet long. Upon this Island, which has a tolerably good soil, thirty families are settled. The eastern end is full of trees ; the S. E. a rocky, and N. W. a sandy ascent from the water ; and this Isl- and makes the S. E. side of Harpswell harbour. Of all the Islands in Casco bay. Great Sebascodegan,* is the largest and most irregular, its shape being a curiosity. It forms the west bank or shores of New Meadows river, and more than a mile it is separated from the peninsula by a narrow strait of a few rods in width. Though the length of this Island is only 6 and 1-2 miles, and 3 miles, mean width; yet such is its irreg- ularity, that the circuit of it at tlic water's edge, exceeds 50 miles. The northern end is within 7 rods of the main land in * Spelt on Mr. Moody's Chart, " Jebaikadiggia." [IllT»0©ITC. W. of Mare- and fourtli 10 id banks. Shelter bland, iarpswell neck, e to Mare-point, )f which are 5 est contains 40 I. re several large S. E. extrem- ng and 1-2 mile »ve, on the west- sland is fair and ot of the first it ten dwelling- )f trees, embrac- es and uninhab- r. ed from Daily's miles and 1-2, Sebascodegan, )ridge, 100 feet good soil, thirty rees ; the S. E. iT 'j and this Isl- ASCODEGAN,* is a curiosity. It river, and more a narrow strait lis Island is only ich is its irreg- ge, exceeds 60 e main land in IBCT' .,.] •r«t* or MAmti%m ai«i' irunswick ; and here a cominodioui bridge is erected. Iliis Catw kiy. land, which has a good soil and 450 inhabitants, is a principal ■ --- v^ nstituent of the town of Harpswell. Between Baily's and Orr's Islands on the west and Phipsburg „, ,, the east, are several small Islands southerly of Sebascodegan. hese are, 1. Pond Island of 10 acres, 3-4ths of a mile S. E. Poodblud. Baily's Island ; northerly and southerly of which are extensive ges; — 2. Ram Inland, 1 mile N. E, small, rocky and barren ; ^fj* ^''''^' Cedar Island, east, a mere reef of rocks ;— 4. and 6. two i"'""*** Im Islands, farther N. E. little and poor ; — G. Ragged Island h\nod$. 50 acres and poor soil, is high and full of trees, has a ragged biaod. >re and is uithLUt inhabitants. Westward of it art; dangerous iges:— 7. White Bull ;—^. Bold Dirk and Brown /fow are SftSJ'' lUi;— 9. L.«/e J3u//, east ;— 10. the Sisters, N. T/ ".,.d ILS^i^'Su"' ike Island, are north of Ragged Island, and all of .he latter^'*'?"' small indeed. The White Bull is 80 yards in diameter and '"'••«'•• feet above water. East of the last, 1 and 1-4 miles, is the ted Mark Island, of 6 or 8 acres, high, round and full of trees. kutherly of which are dangerous ledges. Between Mark Island tlie White Bull is the usual passage into New Meadows river. Vear the Phipsburg shore are the Gooseberry, two Wood, Gotmhtnj trnt-Coat, Horse, Malaga and Bear Islands, neither of which s* Wood irge, though some of them are of considerable extent : vix. "***'•• first is low and rocky, of 2 or 3 acres, having at its south end 5ged, projecting rocks. The Wood Islands at the entrance of ' lall-point harbour, 1 -4th of a mile from the main, are connect- by a rocky bar, on cither side of which vessels may pass : »th may contain 40 acres. Burnt-Coat, of 7 acres, is rocky BurniCo«i. id barren. Horse Island, of 30 acres, is connected to the main \l"^^ kore by a sand bar and flats, and is full of trees. Malaga has Mai in ^o many trees and is rocky; embracing about 10 acres, and**''"''" |ng between the main land and Bear Island. This last is atBMriilMd. entrance of New Meadows river, 3-4ths of a mile long, and • ^ntains 60 acres. It is full of trees and exhibits a few houses. ^ ». W. on the shore of the Sebascodegan, 3-4ths of a mile dis- knt, is Condy-s well-known harbour. Cnndy't At the entrance of Quaheag [Cohawk] bay, in the mouth of ' lebascodegan, is Yarmouth Island, which, though irregular, is Yarm«Hb )out 3-4ths of a mile in diameter. It has one resident family Vol. r. 4 >*-- 42 THE WATERS AND COAST (TllTBODUC. CMMbajr. and a good soil, and is favoured with a safe harbour. Farther P«i« hiand. north is Pole Island, of 8 acres, with a rocky shore. It is cov- ered with spruces ; and Uiough uninhabited, it is a beautiful Island. Above this, in the bosom of tlie bay, are a dozen small poor Islands, whose names are unknown. But we may mention four little Islands, S. E. of Yarmouth Island, viz. Jenney's, Rogue't and Flagg Islands, and Long Ledge, all of which arc Icdgy.* IS Uamlj. Miftdlfl Heron l«iand. Pond Iiland. Wood liland. Halter laland. t THE MIDDLE COAST. Between Cape Small-point and Seguin, which are four mile* apart, are Heron Island and Jacknife Ledge : and north of Se- guin, near two miles, is Pond Island, on which there is a Light- house. Pond Island, above the mouth of the Sagadahock, has Wood Island west, Salter Island east, Stage Island 1-2 mile N. E., and the Sugar Loaves north ; each of which is small. Above Pond Island, on the western shore, arc two Forts ; one a mile and l-4th, and the other 2 miles distant. Seguin Island,^ situate E. N. E. from Cape-Elizabeth, dis- tant 25 miles, lies at the mouth of Sagadahock river, about two miles from the southeast corner of Phipsburg and 3-4llis of a mile further from the United States' fortification. The Island is said to contain, by admeasurement to low water mark, 42 acres,, though estimated much more. On the 1 9th of Feb. 1 794, the jurisdiction of this Island and ten acres of its territory was ceded to the United States, and the next year the National Government erected a Lighthouse at the expense of $6,300, with a lan- tern 200 feet above the level of the sea, and in 1797 became tlie owner of tlie whole Island. The Lighthouse was rebuilt in 1819, lit dae additional charge of j^2,248 ; and the United States have given ;$300 annually to the keeper, besides the fruits of his toil upon the land of tlie Island. Sagadahock loses its name twenty miles from its mouth, at tlie Chops, wlierc its constituents, the Androscoggin^ and Kennebec * The aiirvey and bcarinps of these Islands are retained in the anciont records of North-Yarmouth, but nnfortimatcly more than half of them haro •inco changed their names.— r»Vn. Rnitell. — There are Green Islands, not far from the southwesterly entrance into Portland harbour; and still others northeast of Matinicut. t Anciently " Salquin.'^ I Anciently " Aumoughcawg*'^' )rts; one a Sect, ii.] ■■:-■ of uainc. 48 rivers in Uicir junction, form Merry-Meeting bay, and are now to be considered. The Androscoggin rises in the nortliwnst section of tlie State, An.iro«coc- only about an hundred miles from the Chops, in direct course, though it actually runs, in its flexuous meanders, more than 1 60 miles. The rise of its eastern and (considered its) principal branch is in tlie vicinity of Sunday mountain, about ten miles east of tlie dividing line between Maine and New-Hampshire, and on the souUi margin of die highlands, which form the boundary between this State and Canada. This source of die Androscoggin has for its immediate neighbours a head-pond of Dead river, which empties into the Kennebec, and the soudiernmost spring of a stream, which runs northerly and contributes its waters to the Chaudiere. This branch of the Androscoggin runs about 26 miles south and discharges its waters into lake Mooscetocmagun' tick, a most singular body of water, connected widi Umbagog lake, by a strait ; and it empties all its waters into the latter, which lies on both sides of the western boundary line of Maine. On the western side of it, in New-Hampsiiire, issues the Andros- coggin, 40 miles south from die upper end of tlie line which di- vides that State from Maine. Three miles westward of the ouUct, the main river receives the Magalloway, which is 12 rods in widUi at its mouili. This riv- I^J'g^*"*"** er's head is about as far north as that of the Androscoggin, runs a southerly course in Maine, more than 30 miles, and is distant from three to five miles from die line, which it crosses 120 miles north of the Piscataqua mouth. The Androscoggin, shortly after it receives the waters of Ma- ... galloway river, and another river from die northwest, runs souUi- erly in New-Hampshire 25 miles, almost parallel with the line, and five or six miles from it ; and then turning, crosses it, and runs the remainder of its course in Maine. In reentering the State it runs through the town of Gilead, and forms a fine inter- vale on both sides, overlooked by rugged lands on the north, and ■■ "• ' is fed in that town by Wild river.* The main river runs four- Wild rWer. teen miles in the next town, Bediel, forming an elbow in its west- ern quarter, and flowing norUierly in a gentle glide, towards New- * MS. Letter of A. Ourbatik, Ksq. 44 Tka An- dratcoffin -V*. m \ THE WATERS AND COAST [FnTROOCC. ry ; then eastwardly, over a smooth bottom of rounded pebbles, embosoming in the town a number of fertile and delightful Isl- ands of various extent, the largest of which rontains 1 00 acres. The alluvion skirting the banks of the Androscoggin, from ten to an hundred rods in width, is highly productive and beautiful land ; rising in many places by regular banks, one above another, and forming two or more bottoms. Of these, the highest is about 25 feet perpendicular nbove low water ; and they are all evidently formed by the efflux of the river — changing its bed and banks ; so that the people feel safe in building on those more elevated bottoms, some of which were not covered in the time of the great freshet, October 22, 1785, when the water rose twenty-five feet. Along northward of the river, three or four miles distant from it, and nearly parallel with its banks in many places, are the " nucleus of the mountains" which, rising in ridges, stretch along from the west line of the State towards the falls, just above the northernmost bend of the river in the east line of Rumford, and shelter, in some measure, these extensive intervales from the northwest winds. In these parts it is to be remarked, that the hills rise with a gradual ascent from the northwest to their summits, and then fall off abruptly on their southeast sides, and frequently into deep precipices. So inviting is this section of country, that the Northern natives resolved to hold it ; and therefore committed depredations on the scattered settlers thereabouts in tlie last years of the Revolutionary war.* After the river receives several small streams and a consider- able one through the mountains from East-Andover, it rushes down Greit rails, the Great falls [of Pennacook] at Rumford, 50 feet perpendicular and 300 feet within a mile. From these falls the river runs in a southerly direction through Dixfield into Jay, where it forms various windings ; and leaving the town in a southern course, passes through Livermore, between Turner on the west, and Leeds and Green on the east, and de- scends Lewiston falls, 60 miles below the Great falls. In Turner it receives Twenty mile river, which rises principally in Sumner and Hartford, and runs through Buckfield and Turner, forming almost every accommodation for jnills and machinery Over this LKwigtoB Ml*. ^wflnly mils river * MS. Letter of J. Grovcr, Esq.— MS. Lettsr of Luko Rielj-, Esq. SkCT. II.] OF MAINE. rirer there are four large bridges in the town of fiuckfield, and several in Turner. This part of the country has been exceed- ingly injured by fires, particularly in 1816, when the flames spread and rnged to a very alarming degree. At Lewiston, 20 miles above Brunswick, the cataract is called the Upper falls of Pejepscot ; where the water tumbles over massy rocks, and rushes through narrow passes, about 100 feet perpendicular, from the surface above to the bed below. These falls are not abrupt as over a mill-dam, but descend on an in- clined plane, broken with ledges. Here are mills, and one is supplied with water through a channel sunk in solid rock. The river below the falls is 50 or 60 rods wide, and seldom so shoal as to be fordable by a man and horse, even in the drought of sum- mer. 1 J As you stand on an elevation, one mile below these falls, you see the rapid river, called the little Androscoggin, flow in from the westward, shooting its current across the bed of the main Androscoggin, forming a channel on the eastern shore, and adding a fourth to the main river. It rises in Woodstock and Norway ; and receives waters from Moose and Gleason ponds in Paris, as it passes between the swells of that town, and also those of Thomp- son pond on the southerly side, turning many mills, especially in Minot and some in Poland, which two towns it separates. It has generally high banks, though lined with intervales or strong land. On the east side of the great Androscoggin, there is one tribu- tary river above Lewiston falls, which deserves to be mentioned for its peculiarity. This is the Thirty mile or Dead river, which is the natural and only outlet of great Androscoggin pond, 3 and 1-2 miles long and 3 broad, between Leeds and Wayne ; and of small ponds 15 miles in extent northwardly.* Dead river, from the outlet in Leeds to Androscoggin river, is six miles in length, 8 or 10 rods in width and deep ; and its bed is so level and ex- actly horizontal, that the rise of the great river eighteen inches, will invert the current of Dead river its whole length. In great freshets, much water is forced into the pond, which becomes a * Other ponds are, little Androscog^gin pond, Muddy poad, Wilson'* pood, and Uutchioeoa'a poud. Little AiH droiicoigia. 1(5 lources. I.iiile Dtad river. 46 TiM As- TME WATERS AND COA.ST ixTRoore. m. Pejcpscot Lower fullf. Me«un{ bay. reservoir ; greatly soaking, however, and hurting the lands on hs borders.* •^m; ."^ f? V/*'. Below the mouth of little Androscosgln, the water rapidly ripples : and tlie uj)per falls [at Lcwiston,] were formerly said to be the northwestern limit of the Pejepscot purchase. The cataracts of Pcjcpsrot, or Brunswick falls, are contracted from a quarter of a mile in some places, to forty and possihly to thirty rods, in width. Here the water pours over falls of fifty feet, barred or checked in different parts by three grades of dams. On the lower grade the dam is semicircular, embattled near the centre with an Island which thrusts off the waters on each of its sides, though mostly on the west, under arches of the winding bridge in two parts, which rests its approximating ends on the Island. Below the bridge the river expands to the width of an hundred rods, and the tide at high-water, rises four feet. Above tlie head of the falls, the river is spacious and glassy ; and to secure floating logs, and stop flood-wood, piers are sunk at great expense, and large timbers in joints so fastened to them with irons as to form an impassable boom. On these falls are 25 saw mills, each of which will on an aver- age, annually cut 500,000 feet of boards. They employ about 300 men. Here also were carding machines, fulling mills, and factories ; 1,488 cotton and woollen spindles, and 24 looms whose warping and sizing machines were moved by water power.f The water in the freshets not unfrequently rises in the river, 20 feet : and in 1814, immense damage was done b^ the uncommon flood, which brought down mills, barns, masts, logs and trees, over the falls, in undistinguished ruin. At the falls, the river formerly had the name Pejejyscotj till it lost itself in Mcrnj-Mceiing bay. In the middle of this bay are sand-beds bearing a species of reed, upon whose roots feed wild geese and other seafowl. These sands, often changing their drifts, greatly injure the navigation toward the falls. Alerry-Meeting bay, from the falls to its outlet, may be 10 miles in length, winding round towards the north, till it meets and *MS. Letter of Tliomas Francis, Esq. — " On Norris' Inland, in tlic ponJ, | is an Indian bun in;; -ground."— M':. Ltltcr of A. G. CliauJlcr, Esq. j Pcslroyid ill li':;.', hv f.rc. are contracted kill on an aver- gccT. 11.) nsj'r OP MAINE. >'i 47 embraces the Kennebec waters, receivint; on the northwesterly TWA »- side, as it glides forward, 1st. Muddy river, which u • long arm of the sea, collateral to the bay ; 2. Catkance, which i« mostly a salt water river, and navigable 3 miles to Cathance landing; ; and, 3d. Abagadusset, whose moutli is near Kennebec, at which is a point of that name, where was once a small fort, and where the Sachem Abagadusset had his residence, about 1 665. On the southerly side of Merry-Meeting bay, near the extreme of the Chops, is Wiskeag or Wiagig Creek, which extends south into the land two miles ; from the head of which to tliat of Stev- ens' river, the neck is only one mile in width, across which Mr. Peterson, in 1800, cut a canal eight feet in breadth, suffi- ciently deep to float logs at highwater. Stevens, the ancient Indian trader, lived on the northerly side of where the canal now is, two miles above the turnpike bridge, which leads from Brunswick to Bath, and which is at the head of navigation over Stevens' ' river. Here was the Indian carrying place between Casco and Merry-Meeting bays. The next river to be described is the Kennebec, which is some Kenneb«c longer, larger, less rapid, and less serpentine than the Androscog- '^"'"^' gin. Its length from its sources to Merry-Meeting bay, in direct course, may be 1 30 miles, and its actual run 40 miles more. It is formed by two principal branches, viz : the JVortk Branch and Dead river, called, where they meet, the forks, and are said by travellers to be 48 and 1-2 miles above the south bend at Norridgewock villiiirf . The jyort/i Branch issues from Moosehead lake, which is the j^°^J|.h. largest hotly o( fresh water in the State, or in New-England. It Mooieiiead is twelve leaciics in length, from north to south ; and its upper rills head within twenty rods of -the Penobscot. It receives Moose river from the west, which rises among the highlands. In this lake there are four kinds of fish : — 1 . One kind, which is from 1 and 1-2 to 3 and 1-2 feet in length, has teeth, fins, and a head larger than that of a salmof weighs from 5 to 16 pounds, and is good for the table. 2. There are two sorts of trouts, one has a white belly, a beautifully spotted back, and is ex- ceedingly good for food j the other, which is without scales, not so large and hardly fit to eat, is of a brown colour with a black head, weighing from 1 to 2 and 1-2 pounds. 3. Another kind # X lA 4g THE WATERS ANJ) COAST (lUTRODUC. KMMbw of r.sb vrliich is found in shoals, is frrm 12 to 18 inches>in length, *^ scaled, ind in shape somewhat resembling a mackerel, and is called "irAiV-./I»A." When taken (though seldom with a Look,) >* it is trery palateable. — 4. In the lake is also found the fresh water . euik, very much resembling that of the salt water, weighing from 3 to 7lbs. — 5. There arc also lobsters, not n^uch unlike in form those taken in the salt water, though smaller, as these are only fro I) > ti> 5 inches in length. The lengtli of the North Branch from the outlet to the forks, where it meets Dead river, is about 20 niiL's. The traveller fronj this place to Canada, funis the road well cleared, bridged, and passable for wheels ; crosses Moose river 28 miles (rom the forks, thence at intervals of 7, 8, and 10 miles, he passes over the three branches of the Penobscot, and five miles further, reaches the " l<. le Tree" before mentioned, on the heights* Dradrirer. Dead river rises among the boundary highlands, three leagues from the northwest corner of ft^ame, near those which rise and run north into tho Chaudiere. It descends in a southeasterly direction till it 'las passed Mount Bigelow on the south, where it turns towarc the north, and then to the east, and joins the North Branch, y elding more'than a third part of the water which constitutes the river below the crotch or forks. Dead river is rapid ; its mouth is about GO rods wide, though its water there is / usually, quite shoal. The course of the Kennebec, below the forks, is nearly south. It runs through a fine country of wild land 12 or 15 miles ; it then passes tlie "carrying place rips," half a mile in length ; and 26 miles below the forks, it descends the Curratunk falUf which have Solon on the east and Embdeq on the west. Here the river, which is 30 rods nidc, is contract^PfWto 40 feet only and pitches over the rocks in a beautiful slicet of w: or 35 or 40 feet, though the carrying place by them is about fifty lods, to be prevented by .u canal on the eastern side. The iippcarances of the falls ar'5 commanding ; while the eye as it chases down the curreht 50 rods, is relieved in view of spacious smooth waters. Anciently Camtunk • Fron ^filt Tree to Quebec i* 9 1 milei, viz : to titc mouth of ChauJicro 29, tlicnce fo St. Mario's :M. and ll.t'iicc' lo (iiiclur, :iO ini'.cf. — lIiMltni bouse is situated ui.e iii.ii) uurtli el° ;>!uo»u i.vui- briJ^c. . k Vv SkCT. II.] -T**' ttF MAINE. ^»^ fP these falls were a place of great resort by the Indians in fishing Kmn^h.* time, where they took salmon in abundance.* From Carratunk falls to JS'orrideewock fallt, which arc just NomHp... above the mouil) of Sandy river, trie distance is called 14 miles. ;^ Hijre tlie water does not descend in a cataract ; its whole fall in the len^lli of near half a mile would not exceed probably fifty feet. In dry tiines the river is fordable here, and sometimes also at Norridgewock village, six miles below. . ' '" Handy Rieer, after watering several townships, runs circuitous- ^^^^;^y ' ly through Farmiugton, and taking the little Norridgewock, pro- ceeds northeasterly to the Kennebec. No part of the State is more justly celebrated for its beauty and fertility than the lands | on this riv^r, particularly in that town. Here were the Indians* old cornfields, in the deep intervales which spread wide from the river enriched by its annual overflowings. f In the bend of the Kennebec, on its east bank opposite to the mouth of Sandy river, at Norridgewock point, is the site of the ""isi'imdge. ancient village of the Canibas Indians, so famous in history. The *"' land is a level and fertile intervale, and its natural situation beautiful. The area contains 250 acres, and is the spot where the old catholic chapel stood. Its bell, weighing 64lbs., was lately found and presented to Bowdoin College. From Norridgewock point, the Kennebec takes a turn and runs southeast to the village, 6 miles, and then northeast, five miles, descending through narrows, and down Scouhegan falls, j/*|'"'»'K" 12 or 15 feet, and the rapids below, in ali half a mile. Hero it receives, through Cornville from the north, the river fVeaserun- \Ve«rnin- 4C«, a large and most pleasant stream. J At Scouhegan falls are "" " about ten mills and machines, and also villages on both sides of the river connected by a bridge. The north or upper line of the Plymouth patent runs east and west a couple of miles above the mouth of the Wcsserunseti river, though the proprietors claim- ed six miles at least further north.'^ M'll IIVIT. * MS. LLltcrs of E. CooliJffc, Estj.— Hon. ObcJ Wilson,— Wra. Dulter- ficld,— O Dakcr. t !M3. Letter of Hon. NaUiau Cutler, of Farininfftun. { MS. Lrtf«r of A. Miirso, E»(|. and a plan. " At Hconlir-jran falU it Scoiilicgfan liland : the waters on the west side form lomc of the belt mill ■ites in (In; State. ) MB. Lttfrr of O. Bjiby, lU^. 60 TmoomI I fall*. Hchuti- cook. Fort Tecon- net, or Hah- Fort Weil- •ro. Cobbofse- COUlM. 8w«n bland. THE WATERS AMt) COAST [IbTRODUC. The next, to the southward, are Teconnet falU, 15 mileji be- low the Scouhegan and opposite the village of Waterville, where the water in a short distance descends about twenty feet. Below Teconnet, the Sebasticook, rising near some branches of the Penobscot and running southwesterly, empties its waters into the Kennebec on tlic eastern side. It is a large mill stream and in many places rapid. On the point of land above the confluent- of the two rivers, and below the falls, was the old Teconnet fort of the Indians and afterwards fort Halifax of the English, built in 1754, during many years a most noted place. The fort itself is in Winslow, and the block-house was lately standing. Fort IVestern is also on the east side of the Kennebec, a little below and near the bridge, in Augusta, about 1 6 miles south of fort Halifax, built by the Plymouth company in 1754, still ex- hibiting all the prominent appearances of its location.* To this place tlie tide flows and rises two feet,f and small vessels of 100 tons ascend ; being 45 or 50 miles from Seguin Lighthouse. The next considerable tributary of the Kennebec is Cobbetse- contee river, an inviting stream for mills and machinery. It bsues from Winthrop pond, north of west from its mouth, and running in tlie form of a semi-ellipsis, receiving in its course the waters of Cobbessecontee pond and almost encircling the town of Gardiner, empties into the Kennebec, on the western side, seven miles from fort Western. It is crossed near its mouth by a dam of split stone, and is ornamented by a number of mills and among tlicm an excellent flour mill. The name of the river is of Indian etymon and signifies " Sturgeon rt»cr."J Five miles lower we meet with Swan Island, in the river where it divides Bowdoinliam on the west, from Dresden on tlic east shore. The Island is four miles in length and 200 rods in mean width, anciently the dwelling-place of an Indian Sagamore, who lived here about the time the country was first settled, and who joined in most of the conveyances, made by the Indians in tliose times, of lands on tlie Kennebec. The Island itself is a part of the town of Dresden and its soil is good ; the river is *MS. Letter of Hon. Daniel Cony. L:it. of Augusta, i^icg. Itinin. : tbe bridge cost $?G,(X)0. t Tbo Tide rises at HallowcU 6 feci. { MH. Lcttar of U. 11. Gardiner, F.bi|. 3 [ImrRoovc. , 15 miles be- terviUe, where Kfeet. Below anches of the ^'aters into the itream and in lie confluents Veconnet fort English, built 'i>e fort itself ng. . lebec, a little lies south of 54, still ex- •* To tliis ssels of 100 ithouse. s Cobbe$se~ !hinery. Jt mouth, and course the ? the town Jstern side, mouth by a i* mills and ■le river is the river c'l on tlie rods in Sagamore, tiled, and ndians in self is a 5 river is • Umin. : -••)»» <«Hlfl iNahiim- kct*«^ 6P mawb. • ?i1»^ 51 navigable on both sides of it, though the channel mostly used is on the eastern side. Between this Island and tlic mouth of tlie Cobbessecontec, five miles below tlie latter, in Pitt^on, is a small Island and stream, by the name of jVehumkcag, or J^'egumkike* for eel-bed,] a noted place mentioned in the Plymouth patent. Old Pownalborough, which included Dresden, Wiscasset, and Alna, as they are now bounded, was the ancient plantation of Frankfort. On the margin of the river in Dresden, the Ply- mouth company, in 1754, constructed and erected a fortress, which they called Frankfort, or fort Frankfort, afterwards Fori Frank- named fort Shirley, laid out a parade 200 feet square and buih i.-y.' two block-houses. It was 10 miles from fort Western and 3o from fort Halifax. Richmond fort a very ancient establishment, was on the west- Kitrc. treck. Mniuear Hark river or Southeast, through the eastern passage called Back river^ idiich separates those two Islands, t . . ■ r,, 3. .-^.y- ,, ',:> j^r fVinnegance creek, is a cove making down south, two miles from the turn where Long reach and Fiddler's reach meet, and ends within 20 rods, across land, of the easterly branch of Stevens* river before mentioned. As to widths, the main river at the mouth between Piiipsburg and Parker's Island, is more than half a mile ; Back river, 8 or 1 rods, and Cross river from 6 in some places to 100 rods in others. A bridge connects Par- Two Bridg- ker*s Island and Arrowsick Island ; and there is another over Winnegance creek, to avoid going round its head in passing from Phipsburg to Bath. On the north side of the aforenamed passage, called Cross " ;' river, which runs down southeasterly, having Arrowsick and Parker's Islands southerly, and Woolwich and Jeremisquam Isl- and* northerly, is Monseag bay. From about midway of Cross river it stretches up northerly, between Woolwich and Jeremi- squam Island, two leagues in length, and is sometimes called Mon- seag or *' Monsweag" river. In Woolwich on the northerly shore of this bay or river, in a pleasant situation, was the birtliplace of Governor Phips, now a well cultivated farm. Nequasset stream is very short ; the water is salt to the head of the tide, and it is wholly in the town of Woolwich. It issues from a pond of 400 acres in that town, and turns several mills at the falls where it meets the tide. Here is one of the best ale- wive-fisheries in the State. Anciently Woolwich was called tlie ^cquasset-settlement.\ rtiipsborg. Phipsburg is a peninsula, divided northerly from Bath by Win- negance creek and a narrow isthmus between it and the east branch or cove of Stevens' river, and includes Cape Small-point at its southwesieru extremity. A mile above the southeast corner or projection of this peninsula, on what is called HilVs point, is the plat of ground where the Sagadahock colony passed the winter, 1608 — 9. The United States' fort is near the same spot, though a Uttle further east. The fort built by those ancient colonists was called fort St. George, but gradually acquired tl.e name of Pophim'i Pophatn's fort. The remains of it and of several houses or fori. ■* " <3ov. Pliip* Mequiucl. Uaiiad Siiiiiuk' fori. Now Wcitport. t MS. Letter of E. DoUno, Eiq. •Urir. m ' .1 ' Sbct. It.] fms. or Maine. habitations built there, and afterwards revived and increased in number to 10 or 12 by the new Plymouth settlers, are yet seen. The colony, at first, landed on Stage Island, situate on the.'^J^J^^ east side of the channel, south of Parker's Island, and separate from it by a narrow shallow strait. On tliis little Island of 8 or 10 acres, they erected a fortification and dug a well, which was wallcil and parted by a partition still apparent. But because they could not get good water, they removed across the river* and settled on the peninsula, westward. ^rrowsickf Island is mostly excellent land. It is five miles Amwtick. long, its mean breadth is one mile, and it contains 4000 acres : It has 200 acres of marsh ; some ledges, and some yet in woods, land is separated from Phipsburg by the main channel, more than [half a mile wide. The first settlement of this Islar d was very iearly. Hammond's fori was on the norllieast part next to Cross Hammond'i {f river, opposite Monseag bay : the other settlement was about a mile above the south end of the Island and extended quite across it, having back of it, on the eastern shore, the new tier of lots, anciently called J^ewtown,\ which has sometimes given this name i»"«•»"- main channel of the Shcepscot, is eleven miles in length, and, on an average, one mile wide, and contains 1 5,460 acres, forming a I third part of the town of Edgecomb, to which it has belonged. [East of Jeremisquam is Barter's Island, three miles and a half j^"^]^'* [long and half a mile in width. The main channel, which has fifteen fathoms of water, is between these two Islands, though small vessels may pass up Back river, which is the passage on the east side of Barter's Island. From the head of Back river, the water in the " Oren's mo?<«uki. THE WATEUS AMD COAST [IjlTKOMrC. inhabited by three famiHes and is a noted place for its abundanct of white sand. At Townsend, that is, in Boothbay harbour are several little Piirni iitanH Islands ; one is Burnt Island near the cast shore of Cape Ne- wagen, on which is the Lighthouse. .^ife- - !- - M'-i *:;'»* Dauariscotta river issues from Damariscotta fresh ponds which are in JefTtrson and Nobleborough, and which are three or four leagues in length from north to south. At the upper or fresh water falls, where tlie water descends 50 feet in as many rods, it is crossed by a free stone-bridge ; and two miles below, at the lower or salt water falls, New-Castle and Nobleborough are connected by a toll and drawbridge over the river. The Oyster banks, on both sides of the river at the upper falls, deserve to be noticed. On the banks and margin of the west side, these shells lie in heaps from 12 to 15 feet high, covering an area of several rods ; and although the heaps on the eastern side are not so high, they extend back twenty rods from the riv^r, and render the land wholly useless. When burned they make lime as white ..^. and good as that of limestone, and as easily slacked. It is also '- s&ld, the skeletons and bones of human beings are found among tliem ;* yet no tradition about them has come to the present gen- eration. The Damariscotta river is navigable for ships of any burthen about four leagues from the sea to the lower falls ; and is on an average half a mile in width. At its mouth, it has Linekin neck Riiiiierrorav on the west, and Rutherford'a Island, one mile in length, and rh"imj>rn|)s. Thumpcop Lcdgcs on the east — bounding the west side of Pe- maquid bay. From Inner Heron Island, lying at the mouth of the river, up to the United States battery on Narrow's Island in the western side of the channel, tlie distance is 4 miles. Southwesterly of Damariscotta river, easterly of Townsend Light and southerly of Linekin neck or point, are the noted Damariscovt Islands,-f though they are of small sizes. They Fisr»'rin.in'J*'"^ in number five or six, viz. 1. Fisherinen*s Island of 70 acres, with the Hippocras, one mile south of Linekin's neck, is rocky, poor and forbidding, the residence of one family. 2. Hrroii >iir- rowii, bnmnrit- r<)v<- UlamN. liilnml. Hi|jporras. ♦ MS. Letter of E. Rollins, Esq. MS. Letter of M. Davis, E«q. ■f " A place of great advantage for stages for Fishermen in former timoa." They lio to the west by norti> from Monhpgan.— //«6. ^ar. 280. iter. II. J M 1^*^ op M.UISE. *w ^*n- 67 fresh ponds :h are three he upper or in as many miles below, bbleborougb river. The falls, deserve t side, these an area of side are not and render ne as white It is also und among aresent gen- iny burthen d is on an nekin neck length, and ide of Pe- ! mouth of > Island in 5. Townsend the noted es. They nd of 70 s neck, is imily. 2. in former J^ar. 280. ■M \WooH Island, or Damariseove proper, a mile farther M)Uth, is Womi |wo miles in length, from N. E. to S. W. and half a mile wide n some places. It is the largest and l)est of the whole, and is alsa ^^' habited by one family. It belfMiEjed to the old IVmaqnid pa- tent. 3. IFhite Islund, eastward of Fisherman's Island, is a \\"m\» ere rock, and has the appearance of two little Inlands: It is *' ' - ^ ailed the Hor//i Drtmrrmrorc Island. 4. Ilrron f.ilciiui, nnd 5. Uemn. *umpkin rock, are cast of Wood Island, the one a mile, and the I'mnjikiii »Uicr half a mile distant, being a barren rock, 20 feet above the level of the sea : — Bantham Ledges are southwest of this cluster namhrnn )f Islands.* JbA?i'« river is an arm of the sea, stretching up a couple of Jobn'» river, liles from the northwest part of Pemacjuid bay, into the land be- i^ecn Damariscotta and Pemaquid rivers. East of it is Pemn- Pomaqulj piid rivcr,\ small, and only fourteen miles from its source to "**"^' mouth. It issues from Pcina(|ni(l pond, in NobleI)orotigh. [It is an inviting, convenient stream, till we descend within two [miles of its mouth, at the head of the tide and of navigation. ' Here are ripplings, to avoid wliicli, a canal was cut twenty rods A canal, in length, about ten feet wide and variously deep from to 10 feet, calculated to receive a smooth sheet of water over a very 'i level bed ; though no water runs there at the present time. Nor is there any tradition when or by whom this ingenious work was performed. Pemaquid bay affords one of the most pleasant har- bours in the State. Fort William IIenry,'l previously Fort George, ^vas on the east Fori bank of Pemaquid river near its mouth, where it takes a turn iicnry to the west and is forty rods wide, and die tides from 14 to 16 feet. The fort was on a point of land which })rojects into the river and completely commands its entrance. Its luins are the melancholy remains of great labour, and ex,)ense j and during the Revolution, the hand of destruction did much to prevent its * Tliey arc nearest Wood Island, and dangerous ; there Lave been many wrecks on tlieni. t Anciently Pcmaquickag or PtmrnpiUla; Long Point. — Indian. ^ Col. Dunbar called it Foil Frrdcrk. Perhaps he caused the r.inal to be niado,— Sec Pod. Hid. A. D. 17.51.— IJelnw the Fort was a handsoiiic ly paved street, extendin;^ towards it, nurtlieastwardly iVoin the water (iO rods. It is still to be seen ; and like the canal, it is the work of unknown hands. Ilinm Ilcnry. Vol. I. 6 58 Prmaquid poiul. New har- bour. oihcri. THE WATERS AND COAST [lUTBODUC. becoming a fortress of the enemy. ' Some of its walla however are now 3 feet high. From the fort, directly south, to Prmnquid point, is tljree miles and a quarter, having on the west side of Pemaquid bay, which is generally a mile and a half wide, Rutherford's Island and Thump- cap ledges.* JVcic harbour is a league above Pemaquid point on the eastern shore, towards Muscongns and nearly east of the old fort, across land ; its ledges have 5 feet of water at the lowest ebb. Pemaquid river is generally about four miles from Damariscotta river, over i6nd, and nearly as far fiom the waters of the Mua- congus river, in many places, though only about two miles from the west margin of liroad bay. The southerly Island in this bay Mg«rnnRni towards thc western shore is Mmconsus Island, of more than Inland, ainl to ' 900 acres, inhabited by 8 or 10 families, and beautified with sev- eral fine farms. It has upon it a convenient schoolhouse. There are ten families on Long Island, and also families on other Islands; several of which afford pleasant residences for their inhabitants, and exhibit considerable wealth. These Islands be- long to the town of Bristol. Muscongus river rises in Montville and in Union, and is an ex- cellent mill stream, which is advantageously used for that purpose. Its course is south, through Waldoborough, till it mixes with the tide at the head of navigation, seven miles from the sea. Vessels of 200 tons may come up to the bridge. After descending 3 miles from Waldoborough village, which is at the head of the tide, it takes a short turn to the west, where it is only 100 feet wide, and receives tlie waters of a cove from the northwest called Broad cove. Broad eove ; and soon afterwards spreads and passes down each side of the above named Islands, being al)out two miles across from the southwest point of Friendship to Bristol. The German settlements about Broad cove on the west shore in Bristol, are somewhat ancient. Upper JVarrows Island and Ilog Island have 2 or 3 families ; Poland^s one family ; Pond, Haddock, Ilungrt/y Otter, Jones*, and Garden Islands, Egg, and Shark rocks all adorn this bay. Broad cove affords a fine harbour for vessels of any size ;f and has been a place which has long attracted much notice. Muwong^i ri»er. 12 Islands. ♦A plan bj lion. D. Ktwe. j MS. Letter of M. R Ludwig, Esq.— Gorham Parks, Esq. 5TR0DUC. n i however ^| iiree miles H r', uhich is ^M d Thump- 1 tl point on ^| >f tiie old fl )\vcst ebb. fl^ nnariscotta fl the jMiu- ^ nilcs from |H n this bay '^M lore than flj with sev- 3 . Tliere g on other 1 for their ; ands be- ^ is an ex- purpose. ^ with the 1 Vessels mding 3 I of the t:. 100 feet 1 ;st called | \vn each 1 s across ;| Gerniaa I itol, are inrf have { Uungry, ocks all vessels ittracted | Sect, ii.] of maikc. fP Broad hay is between Pemaquid point and St. George's Islands, IVwnI h*y. three leatiiies over ; and is the receptacle of Muscongus river. Besides the Islands mentioned in tlie river, the bay embosoms '■'•"«*»• others ; one of which is half a mile long and is peopled by many families ; another contains 85 acres, both of which belong to Friendship; — a third is iirmj'x Island belonging to Gushing; and these two towns are partly separated by the small river Meduncook. ''»"■• The rirer S^ George* rises in Montville, near the head of '"^i- ^••T* Muscongus river, and after running south twenty-five miles, and affording a variety of mill-privileges, meets the tide in Warren, about twenty miles from its mouth, as it runs. Large vessels as- cend to the narrows in the upper elbow, where it turns and runs ■. ♦♦ a short distance east and then south; and small vessels may ^'' ascend four miles higher, near to the head of the tide : its usual width below the narrows is about half a mile. The old fort on the east side of this river, which was long a place of refuge and defence, was about sixteen miles above its mouth : — Gen. Knox's house is near its ruins. It was built by the Waldo proprietors about 1720.f St. George's Islands, so often mentioned by early navigators, s, Cfor™'* are a large cluster, situated about the mouth of St. George's river '"*""*"• eastwardly ; and on the east margin of Broad bay, being about twenty in number ; twelve or fourteen of which deserve to be described or mentioned. 1 . Franklin Island is eastward of the mouth of George's river, Franklin a league from the main land. In 180G h was ceded to the United States and a Lighthouse was built there the same year, at an ex- pense of $3,370, and tlie keeper is the only resident upon it. J 2. Herring-gut Island, or Cobles Island, lies towards the eastern 9"''h'i or ... Herriuf shore of George's river, in its very mouth. It contains about 300 Maud. acres, is owned by Mr. Bradford, and is occupied only by him and his family. He has on it a dwellinghouse and barn and some fields of cultivation. 3. Seavcy's Island^ is the northernmost of §«•*«•/•. * Anciently, " Segochct." Smith called it JN'orw icVi. t 4 Coll. Mass. His. Soc. 20. The famous attack was A. D. 1722. tThe lanlcrn is 50 feet above the level of the sea, and has a fixed light. {The «• Wrfe" George's Islands, properly so called, are Seavfi/t, BurnU [or Durnt-C(jat,\ and Allen's Islands. Otter Islaud is 4 miles N. E. of Franklin Island. 60 nurii-coat. Alloo't. Old man and Woman. Vicory. Davis' liilunU. JoSeavry's, nickmore's and Uar- ler't. Sloiift'i and Tiel'i. Colweir*. Two Broiliera. rRniacost liarbour. An old gar- deoi I THE WATERS AND COAST [TwTRODDC. the whole cluster. It is eight miles from Herring-gut point on the main, contains 20 acres of good land, all cleared, and is occupied by Mr. .Seavey, its owner, and his family. 4. The next is Burnt-cont, not a gunshot distant ; and between them is n harbour. It contains about 300 acres of pretty good land and is tlie residence of three funiilics. 5. Alleii'a Island^ containing perhaps 250 acres of iiuliirerent land and occupied by one family, is the easternmost of them all. The latter three lie south of Herring-gt4t ; E. S. E. from the moutJi of St. George's river, and between two and three leagues distant. G. South of the middle Island in the cluster, are two dangerous rocks, called the Old Man and Old JVomnn, one mile from the shore. 7. Ficory hland, so named after the first owner and occupant, contains 60 or 70 acres, lies north of Burnt Island, and is without inhabitant. 8. Davis^ or GriJJin''s Island, of one family and 40 acres, lies to the northward of the preceding one. 9. Near to Griffin's Island is Jo. Scaveifs Island, owned by him, the dwcllingplacc of two families, containing 80 acres. 10 and 11. Biclcmorc's and Bar- ter's Islands, arc two which nearly adjoin each other, one of 30 and the other of 90 acres ; and each has on it one faiuily, though rugged and unfit for agriculture. 12 and 13. .SVone'« and TieVs Islands, of 20 acres each, arc severally occupied by one family, but they are both iron-bomul, forbidding places. 14. No odier one of George's Islands is large enough to be particularly men- tioned, except CohvdVs Island, which contains 70 acres, occu- pied by two families. It is a high round Island covered with trees ; and lies nine miles and an half eastward of the entrance into George's river.* All the rest of George's Islands are small and some of them mere rocks. The distance between the Two Brothers and the most eastwardly of these Islands is tlircc or four miles ; they all belong to the town of St. George. It is well known that Capt. Weymouth, with his ship's crew visited this river, A. D. 1G05, called the harbour Pentacost har- bour, and gave to George's Islands the name they have since borne. Here he planted a garden, the first probably in this State. On Carver's Island near die west bank of George's river at its entrance, is said to be some appearance of a very ancient *Thc vessel passes between easteru and westera Ejg-rocks in entering this river fruni the westward. -,, ^,_.-...„., ■'»'»*/■' ** •£•* f^f ally mcn- rcs, occu- ered with entrance are small the Two •cc or four ip's crew uost har- ave since y in this •ge's river y ancient 11 cutciing 4 I ■1 i SCCT. II.] ^'.r-- opjiAiME. •cttlcmont, such Hft an old stone house In ruins, and other vesti- ges of antiquated habitations. Monhcfran Island was in ancient times, without exception, the most famous one on the scahoard of this State. It was the land aimed at and tlrst mentioned by the original voyagers and fisher- men about those waters ; and was so noted a stage for the latter as to be sometimes called n;)/rtn/n//oM. To this the New-Ply- mouth settlers resorted early and frequently, to exchange furs for provisions. In lCt26, Abraham Shurtewas sent over by Elbridge and Aldsworth, to purchase the Island of the owner, Abraham Jennings of Plymouth, for which he gave £50.* It is situated nine miles southerly of George's Islands ; five leagues east-south- east of Townsend, and 3 leagues westwardly of Mctinic. It con- tains upwards of a thousand acres of good la-uJ, has a bold slior« on all its sides, a large projection of rocks at its northeastward part, and has one good harbour. On its south side is the J\hnan- nah Island of two acres, distant a cable's length, and the '".arbour is between the two Islands ; the entrance into it on the southwest of Monhegan being safe and easy.f The number of people on the Island is between 75 i:"d 100, who inhabit 12 or 14 dwellinghouses, and are the owni rs r li;is $300 l>v llio year. From Monhcgnn to Whilc- licail in .N. r,. 7 lr.i;!ii(S. 1 from Mon- 1-2 leagues Lcellent land, and in one inding place, jgh attached ssrs. Thom- two families ible success, Jetween this the «« Two om these to and a half, I the shore, at the wrst- June, 1803, ned a Light- S«CT. II.] "^MJ of MAINE. 4i (Hl^ of Aih bland, is three miles ; and thence to OwVi headf* in the Owl** hM4. northeastern corner of Thomaston, is five miles. ."j A Between White-head and Ash point, which are a league apart, j^^^^ are the Muscle Ridges, consisting of about a dozen Islands ; the }*,"'^' most of wliich must now be mentioned though they are sev- i,i„hI«, crnlly small. 1, Ash Island of 20 acres is very near the main, '*»h, without inhabitant. 2, High Island, abreast the other, is a poor ll'gh, rocky place of 5 acres ; and 3, Potatoe Island of two acres, Totaioe, is still southerly ; and both are uninhabited. But 4, Anderson's Andenoa't, Island, east of Ash point, of 300 acres, has three families upon it ; tlie land on its south end is good, and a farm was lately sold there for $1000. 5, Peahody^s Island of 70 acres, is poor land ; Peabody'i, 6, Pleasant Island ; 7, Two Bush Island [uow one Bush,] being pieauni, all three very small, have no resident upon them. Pleasant Island however is a site worthy its name, and Two Bush is so called j,^.^ ^^^ because it has exhibited two bushes conspicuous to the passing mariner. 8, Allen's Island, of 40 acres, was the residence of ^||,„., onfe family till expelled by poverty. 9, Graffani's Island is a (jr,fl-,„.g pleasant one, well swarded into grass, though without inhabitant. There are a few others which are mere black rocks, without shrubbery or vegetation. Indeed they are nil rocky and forbid- ding ; and no one belongs to any town. The passage from Pe- nobscot bay westward is through these ridges, leaving Ash Island on the west ; and tlie mariner always avoids tliem all, as big witli danger. Matinicus Island,} is another such as IMonhegan, situate 17 Mjiiuicug. miles southeast of OwVs head and 10 east of Mctinic. It is two miles in length and from one half mile to a mile in breadth, and contains 750 acres of excellent loamy land, three fourths of w hich nre cleared. Near it, southerly, is lVheaton''s Island, which forms Wh»aion'« the eastern part of the harbour ; and east is Wooden Ball rock, l!;""'!" • I I • 1 o _ Woollen uninhabited. Southeast is Ihiggcr-task, an Indian nnnie, between "»'• "*•«. whirii and Matinicus, is tolerable anchorage in stormy weather. u»kf * The Island of Matinicus was inhabited very early, and *^ re- mains of stone 1 ouses are still apparent, generally supposed to»»«"P'« • Anciently " Jleatilacui,^' Smith in his map and Iliitory, 1617, cailcd it Dunbnrlon, t llic main |ian«apr into Tcnob^cot bay from the ica ii between Matini-iit and Hit Circcn IilaiiJi. Mitiinirui J; J* lulamlt 04 THE WATERS AND COAtJT [InTRODUC. have been built by French or Dutch fishermen," though unknown. Also there arc several |)laces where the Indians had their camps, as is evident from the shells and hones found thereabouts.* It is often visited for the benefit of health. There are now about 100 souls on the Island, in sixteen families : they have been claimed as a part of Vinalhaven, but have never been taxed, nor have they ever voted in public aitairs. They have a schoolhouse and a school oi 40 scholars ; and upon the Island there is a Calvinist Baptist church of 22 members. They are a very industrious, humane and moral people ; the men are enjiaged in fi.sliing and farming ; and the women manufucturc the principal })art of family clothing. The Islanders own six fishing craft from ten to fifty tons each, and raise annually about 400 bushels of wheat and abundance of vegetables ; living together in prosperity, quietude and happiness, without law and without rulers. The two Green Islands are northeast of Matin icus and near it, within the county of Hancock ; and though small, each of 2 or 3 acres oidy and without inhabitant, the soil is so productive as to yield 1 00 tons of hay in a single year. II.>(t MaiKl. ^^^^ lilunil is half a mile southwest of Metinic Island, con- taining two acres of miserable barren land. J\lunroCf or jMvre''s Island, is situate opposite Owl's Mead, an hundred rods distant, and the harbour is between them. It is claimed to be witliin the town of Thomaston, though most of it is in the county of Hancock. It contains 180 acres of good land, occupied I)y Mr. Minu'oe and ins family. Slicrj) Island, the next one sohherly, contains by admeasure- ment 74 acres of very good land, and bears a house and barn. Mark, or Fishcrmrn''s Island, still farther south, of iJ or 4 acres, without a resident, is very woody ; and the one whi( h the Urit- ish in the late war used ns a place of rendezvous. Above Owl's Head, on the same side, is Great Spruce head, from which to Oltl Fort point in Prospect, is ten leagues north- norlhca.st. In ascending to which, however, the mariner leaves Camden llcis^/its on the west, which the older writers have viewed as inoinitalns ; and Dncktrap harbour in Lincolnville still nrif,„i imt. farther to the north ; and crosses the mouth of liclfast bau two eagues over to Jinffadtn^ Island, not far from the western shore. Miinm« Island. Hhrrp Ulniitl. Mark luluud. Npruc« head. Camiirn Diu'kirnp Itlaad • .M.S. I.t ttcr of T. N\ litiMiiiun, F.f.i. SWJT. II.] "y*"^ OF MAINE. 65 This has a good harbour westward, called TA>n^ cotf, and aiiotluT to the northward — a bar cxtciidinc; from thf Island to the iniiii. Fv)rt point above nu'iuioncd is near, making tlic distance from it to White-head thirty-six miles in a direct ronrse. ' Fort Pownal erected in ITSO, by (Jovcrnor Pownal, was Fori Pow- on tlic western shore, its site was a pleasant and roinniandmg situation in the town of I'msprct, belo'.v the south end of Orphan Orpl.n* Jslanil. iS'otliMiii; ol tlic lent remains exeejit the entrenrhments and (•irenin\ allutions ; but the place has acipiired the name of " Old Fort lioint." As tin.' may be considered at ihe mouth of'*'*'*"'* ' "^ _ _ (>'>iiii. Penobscot river, and at the head of Penobscot Hay, it will be proper now to hep;in with the sources of that river and trace it downwards to this plaee. The I'tnobsrot river* is the lonsre.'.t of any one in the Stale ; I'mmj^scoi •^ rivtT, and in its tide-waters, it is as laraie as the Sanadahock after the junction of the Kennebec and the Aiidroscn'^siin. Its whole length, as it runs from its heads to Fort point, is sup|)Osed to be ''* ''"""*■• about iOO miles. It has no reservoirs, such as the prcat lake whicli yields supply to the Kennebec ; it is formed by a threat number of streams, wlii'h issue from ponds, swamps and sprinj^s, above and below the 4()tli parallel of latitude, and spread the whole width of the State ; its western sources beine more than an hundred miles, in a strainlit course, from its eastern heads ; and so mucli do they all, like branches of one family, converaie and aim at a general union, as to lorm a confluence and constitute the main river, 95 miles from its mouth, and within about half a degree only, below the pariillel above mentioned. The western branch of the Penobscot is supposed to be the largest. It rises in the higlilaiids iiorlli of tiie Kennebec, cast of hranch. tlie ("haudirre and south of the St. John; and what is noticeable, the head streams of the four rivers are (|uite near each other in several |ilaces. Its sources have been explored hy the surveyors under the treaty of (jheiit ; and it is found that the road from the folks of the Kennebec to ^^ jMile, Tree " cros.scs three prirnary brant lies of the Penoh.scot, two of which, one 4 and tlu; other G . Ill wMieni * Ancitntly " l'tn(tb»htng," Imlian ; I'tnlift^nil, French. Fioiii I'tiiobs* ot li: V to Mount UcH;rt, was vMvl XanUet." ^lllill^ «-4llcil tliis country Low Mdiiiiti. ." (,7<(ji7ii'o/> s.T»» [I r«/.\*, /'. U«i-lUj tlio rctit.ijfOL't river in ll.f iiiijfct ancient utcuuiitu cii' tl.e t'ouiitry «aJ! cullcJ ".M(r(wi/<«i'ua,'' 66 lu rastern braoch. im Junctioa. THE WATERS AND COAST [IimiODITC miles below the heights, are large mill streams where they cross the road. From the northwest branch of the Penobscot, rising between 20 and 30 miles northeasterly of " Mile Tree," the carrying place into the main St. John is only two miles ; and some streams of the two rivers arc much nearer each odier. This great western branch, after collecting its waters from the north and south, runs eastwardly, not far from the norUiern margin of Moosehead lake, and empties into Chesuncook lake, sixty miles from some of its S0v'.es. The outlet river of this lake, which is 15 miles in '.enjJh, runs southwardly and eastw^ardly 45 miles, till it em- brr.ccj the great eastern branch, and forms, what is called the junction, the waters in each being nearly equal. The two main streams of this eastern branch rise about 50 or 60 miles, from their heads to its union with the great western branch or the Neketow.* Twenty miles above this junction in the west Graad faiii. branch, are the Grand falls, where tlie waters descend over a ledge of sinootli rocks, fifty feet, through a channel 45 feet wide, into a bason of unknown depth. In late years, the eastern branch lias been explored above the junction ; and of tlie other, con- siderable is known to its several sources, though neither of them have yet any settlements on their banks. South of the junction, two miles, the Penobscot receives from the nortlieast a brook called Salmon stream. Sixteen miles below the junction, is the mouth of the Meta- wamkeagf river, which rises on the eastern side of the State, and flows many miles southeasterly towards Schoodic lakes ; then forms a bow and runs southwest twelve miles, and receives the S«bBicolie- Sebascohegan, through which travellers and Indians ascend within three miles of the Schoodic lakes. The Metawamkcag is as large as the Piscanujuis, ami larger than two of the Kcnduskeag ; rapid, very rocky in several places, and has frefjuent falls and interve- ning still-waters. Its mouth is about tliirty miles below that of the .Sebascohegan ; and the mail, first established in 182C, passes up these two rivers tlirougli the Schoodic lakes to Houlton. ■^ N'JCotoU — wlicre two streams come togctlicr, forming an acute angle.— Indian. t MrtawamUcng; mcani a stream running ojcr a gravelly btd at its mouth. — Indian. Salmon Mream. Metawam kcaf. fan. »urces in the same neighbourhood, and Sebec pond in its course ; id Piscataquis proper, which comes more from the southwest ; -the latter two embrace first, and 3 miles farther down, ttiey receive the third, 12 miles from the mouth of the Piscataquis. Sebec and Pleasant rivers are about equally large, and few others of their size can fully compare with them in beauty and commodious- ness. They afford many excellent mill sites and in freshets will float large rafts. The three branches have low banks, interspers- ed with rich and extensive intervales. The flowing of the Piscat- aquis, which is 30 rods wide, is very quick and its waters uncom- monly transparent and pure. At its mouth it descends a fall of 12 or 15 feet in the space of 10 rods ; and over a part of the fall the water pours in a thick and liinpid sheet. In mixing with the Penobscot it adds to it nearly a third part of its waters. f Five miles below the Piscataquis, on the east side, is the Passa- dur'tkf:ag,'l which rises near Schoodic waters and empties hself into keog. " the Penobscot. It is boalable about 20 miles, excepting seven carrying places of inconsiderable lengths. On this river are ex- tensive natural meadows, where great quantities of hay are cut every year. The Penobscot, after flowing south, five miles, receives on the east side Olcmon stream, which is little else than a large brook ; oicmop. and likewise embraces an Island of excellent land, co//e east n; inch by a south- westerly reach, three miles in ](;ngth, viiich separates that island from .Marsh Island, containing G,U00 acres; and from this reach a j)a>.-;.iire bounds the southeast I'nd of Osson Island rind separates It i'lom OW^oifu Island, of 3()0 acres, where the Indian village is. Besides these three, the Stillwater river also embraces another one, c;illed Orono, of 150 acres. At the upper and lower end of Stillwater river are i'dls suitable for mill sites; and on the east branch, that is, the main river, iliere are similar falls, viz. at the foot of Oldtown Island and at (Jreat Works, a mile or more below ; in each ol' which the descent may be 20 or 30 feet. All four of these Islands are : xcellent land ; and except IMarsh Island, which is the southernmost one, they are claimed by the Tarratine tribe of Indians. They also own the other Islands mentioned, which are of a like fertile soil. From the reunion of the Penobscot with the Stillwater at the foot of Marsh Island, the river flows southwestwardly three miles to the lu'iul of the tide, at " ^//r liciid," so called, wliere its usual ebb and How are two feet. Sninll vessels may ascend in fresh- ■ ts and in sjiring tides, vithin a mile of it, but ship-navigation is not good and safe much above Kcnduskcag point, four miles below the Hend. The h'-ndu.ilaag stream, rises near some of the Sabasticook 1 Stillwater Osson J.>Uii'l. [ MaTfh i^Ubm>.tt^ CF MAINE. Mi 69 urces, and after running; in its southeasterly serpentine course '' " ^ iQ miles, and turning tlie wheels of various mills and machinery, discharges its waters into the Fenobsrot, amid Bnnsor villacc, miles from White-head, i3 from Fort point, and 70 from the nctiou. It is Kcuerally eiiht lods wide; its u>oiith, which is 5 rods in lireadth, and 00 rods hi'^lier up at the bridge is JO (Is, forms a branch of the harbdur : but here the ground, ex- pt in the channel, is often bare at low water. Opposite to the loulh of the Kenduskeag, the water in the channel of the Pc- bscot is 1 7 feet when the tide is out, and the width of tho ain river below is HO rods. The Penobscot thence descends in a deep and steady current, s-Mrounke- sing the ujoiuhs of Sr •ml in {CD- «ral. mv 70 THE WATERS AND COAST [IllTRODCC. The general breadth of the Penobscot is from 80 to 1 00 rods ; and it is remarkable, that oning to absorption and evaporation it should be so uniformly wide from Piscataquis to Orphan Island ; though its depths are various, being above the tidewaters from six to tftrelve feet, not easily fordablc by a man and horse below the junction. TIio usual tides at and below Bangor are 15 feet ; and at low-water its depth in the channel is from 3 to 6 fathoms ; and in some places 20. The banks of the river are generally high ; some projections are rocky and rugged ; and others afford a picturesque appearance. An cnchantirL^ expanse of tlie river spreads itself before Bucksport village, and anollicr before Frank- fort ; and a beautiftd country on citlier side, extending to the head of the tide, fills tlie passenger's eye from the river witli cap- tivating views of nature and culture. As we ascend the river we find the banks less elevated ; and above the tide-waters we pass many extensive intervales before we reach the Piscataquis. The only fearful ledges below the head of navigation are Buck's and Oldham's, before mentioned : and Fort point ledge, half a mile from the point, and StceWs ledge, a league southeast, cov- ered at high water. Fr«xfn4l-2 ^^ '''"^ above Bangor, and below it as far as the water is fresh, moiiUii. ^jjg f jyj,^ jg generally closed by ice from the middle of December to the fore part of April. However, the ice in 1 800 did not descend till the 18th of April ; and on the 1st of January, 1 805, ' the river, after being closed three weeks, was clear lor two days ; and it may be mentioned as a rare instance, that on the 2Gth of March, 1811, the river was clear of ice and frozen no more during the spring. Moreover, in February, 1807, the ice, which was very thick and strong, being brokeu up by an uncommon freshet on the 1 7th of the month, was driven down in great cakes j and, lUO rods below Bangor village, formed an immoveable im- pediment to the current. By reason of this check, the waters rose from 10 to 12 feet higher than was before known, filled the lower apartments of several buildings, and destroyed and injured a great quantity of goods ; forcing the inhabitants of one dwelling- house to make their escape from the chamber windows. Three days elapsed before the ice fully gave way and die flood subsided. At the foot of Orphan Island, the Penobscot expands, so tlict the distance across from Fort point to the eastern shore is two miles or more ; and this is the head of the bny. The next noted Great Tretli CI. Head nf I'e- nobtcui bay. SCCT. II.] OF MAINE. 71 place on the eastern ?liore, is Major-higyduct point, 1 5 miles Mi^jor-bify- below Orphan Islar 1, a place rcpoatedly mentioned in history.* It took its name from u F^'renchman who anciently lived there. f That point is tJie southerly projection of the peninsula, whicL constitutes the greatest part of the town of Castine. On the north it has Back cove ; north of west, it iias Penobscot bay, two leagues over, vvitli Belfast bay another league on the west, adorned by the village of Belfast ; on tlie southwest it has the upper end of Long Island, two miles distant, and at the eastward it has Xorthfrn bay. It has always been considered by Europeans as well as by the Americans and natives, to be a very eligible silua- Ition. Castine village| is on the southerly side of the peninsula ; Cwiin*. iaiid westward of it 100 rods, at some distance from tlie shore, ire the appearances of the Old fortifications. Here the Ply- OKI fort, louth colony had a trading house as early as A. D. 1 C2G ; here I'Aiiliioy located himself in 1640 ; and here baron de Castine D'Aulnfjr. ^afterwards had his residence many years. The United States' tT„iir,i [garrison is still farther to the west and on higher land, intended ri^^n." *"' to protect the town and conmiand the upper section ol Penobscot bay. Before we proceed to examine the eastern seaboard, it becomes fi"*'">» •■ •^ . I'eiiubtcM expedient to make a few remarks relative to the Islands in Pe- bay. nobscot bay. We begin with Long Island [now a part of Isles- Long borough] which is 1 1 and l-4th miles in length and about one mile in mean width. There is a fresh-water pond on the north part of the Island, at the outlet of which stand mills ; and the soil of the whole Island is generally good. It has five good harbours, 3 on the western and 2 on the eastern shore. ^ Included also in the corporation of Islesborough, are these; — 1. Seven hundred .^f^^ acre Island, "of very good land," so call'^d from the quantum of '*'■"*'• its territory ; — 2. Billy JoVs Island; — 3. Marshall's or Pen-^'^^y ^"^'h dleton''s Island; — 4. Z^fl«ic//'s /s/anrf, which four are inhabited ; .^^^11, ' some of tliem are well cultivated and make good farms. They all lie near the western shore of Long Island, and " form several ♦Tlic roiintry licrcabouts called Norutnbcga. — 1 IIoI. A. a. 71, Note 4. t MS. latter of Col, Wardwcll, and ccrlificate of Capt. Mansel. tin U*>21' N Lat. and 6S° 4C' west Lon^. fj Gilkfy'i harbour, 5 rriilcs below tUc north cnJ of the Island ; Pzndlt- Un^i still below, both on (he ^vrst side. 72 ii I'Sii; Mark. Hrruh. Fox ItlariiU or Vmal'iu- ven. Fox Island lliorougli- fare. The south Klaud. Tim nnrlh hluiid. THE WATERS AND COAST [InTIIOBOC. excellent harlwurs much frequented by vessels." In addition to these, we may mention — 5. Mark Island, of 10 acres ;— 0. Saddle Island ; — 7. Lime Island ; — 8. Ensifi^n Island ; — 9 and 10. the two Motue Islands ; — 1 1. Spruce Island — all which lie S. W. and VV. of tliu iiuiiii Ishiiul ; and there are three others farther up the bay wliicli arc small. Tiie " miniber of acres in the town is about 0,000," oriiiinaliy a part of the Waldo patent.* Fox Slands, south of Yiow^ Island, are separated from it by a branch ot '*enobscot bay, about two leagues across, and constitute the town of Finalhavcn. From its western point, called Crab- tree's point, N. N. E. to Castine, is a course of 15 miles, in so good a channel that a stranger may conduct a ship through it without danger. These Islands took their name from the circinustance of their abounding iii Foxes when first discovered, particularly the silver grey fox, seldom found at this day in any part of the State. The two princij)al Islands, so called, arc denouiinated die north and south Fox Islands; sejiarated by a thoroughfare, which may average near a mile in width, affording a good ship channel of 12 feet tide and an excellent harbour; and is beautified by a small village on each side of the i.crrows.f These Islands have very curiously indented shores on all sides ; which give them quite a pecidiarity of sliapes. They are bounded or washed westerly and northerly by Penobscot bay ; easterly by Fox Island bay which separates them from the Isle-au-Haut and Deer Isle, and southerly by the Adantic. Vinalhavcn not only embraces these two great Islands but includes all such as are smaller, lying within three miles of them, too numerous and little to be particularized. The area of the two Great Islands, with the others inclusive, is 16,527 acres. On the south Inland, which is much the larger, are two consider- able ponds and several others which are small ; and at the outlets of the former are mill-privileges. Much of this Island however is hilly, rocky and barren ; but it has a vjiluable growth of spruce for spars, a fine harbour, and an advantageous herring fishery. The north Island has one pond of 100 acres ; and a much better soil than that of the otlicr, being a reddish gravel; which is very *MS. Iieltor of Mig-hill Parker, Esq. t The passr^c lias rocks on both sides ; especially Crabtroc point, on the northward. J s [Introooc. I addition to ) acres ;— G, md ; — 9 and II which he S. others farther ?s in the toum nt.* from it by a ind constitute .-ailed Crab- niiles, in so p through it nee of their ly the silver f the State. 3d the north hjare, which ip channel of ed by a small s have very fhem quite a westerly and bay which nd southerly >e two great ivithin three rized. The inclusive, is vo consider- t the outlets id however th of spruce ing fishery, much better lich is very •M Sect. m.J t^jut or mawe. trr 78 productive. In 1771) the British built a fort on this Island, plun- '^ dared the people and drove them away.* The meeting of the waters in the thoroughfare, f. the K N. E. and W. S. W. when the tide is of flood, forms a " deep cove" and eddy which exhib- its a giddv sweep or whirl as the waters embrace and settle. It is more than two leagues through the thoroughfare ; the western entrance at Young's point is narrow at low water, and dangerous by reason of sunken rocks on the larboard, called the DumjiUns. numplin*. The Castine Peninsula is washed on its eastern margin by the waters of the northern bay or Castine river, which is formed by cnMinn rir- two wide though short branches, of which one heads in the town ''''• .of Penobscot northerly ; and the other in Sedgwick runs north- -westerly ten miles, when they form a junction two leagues from leir common and single mouth. Thus united, the river has ten feet tide, and is navigable four miles to Limeburner's ferry, where lit is half a mile in width. THE EASTERN COAST. In iussing to the southward two leagues from Castine village, we EifTFRj* double Cape Rosierjf or Rosarie, in the town of Brookville. c»p« Koat. This has a bold shore and high projecting rocks. Between this and the north Fox Island, southerly about nine miles distant, are several Islands ; viz. Butter and Eagle Islands, each a mile nmier, square, four miles from Vinalhaven towards Brookville, owned by i>i«iidf. William Gray, so fertile as to support nineteen inhabitants. Great iieH»). and Little Spruce head, and Beech Island, owned by individuals, island, contain 27 inhabitants. The others arc Spectacle Island, one T'l'iuml^rp, mile from Cape Rosier ; Thumpcap, two miles from it; Mark c^[X' httid Island of two acres, 3 leagues from Castine ; CoWs head ; Pond J]'^|'J,'' Island ; Green Ledge ; and Pompkin Island, which are small ^''?*' . . and uninhabited. Maud*. *^ Little Deer /a/e" is situated northwest of Gruit D^icr ii/c, i.iiti<' Deer 'ill southeasterly of Cape Rosier, and south of Edgemarogga., reach, which is thn e miles wide and separates the latter Isle from Sedg- wick. It contains 1 ,000 acres of good soil, supporting a consid- erable number of inhabitants. • MS. Letter of Tliomas Waterman, Esq. t From Mr. Rosier, probaoly, who came along with Capt. Weymouth, A. D. 1605.— Huh. N. E. 14. Vol. I. 6 74 Grmi Deer Lland. hie of Holi. mM THE WATERS ANU COAST [IlfT»OD«e. Between that Island and the Isle of Holt is Great Deer Lie, about ten miles in length from north to «• >T!»h, ?nd near five miles in width towards the upper and low- .nd«. It has Edgema- roggan reach on the northeast, which s* iparatcs it from tlie main ; and the east branch of Penobscot bay on the wc^t, in a width of two leagues intervening between the above Isle and the Fox Islands. The Islc-aU'haut, or " Isle of Holt," which has a good soil, is one league directly south of Great Deer Isle, and is supposed to contain about 3,500 acres and 75 families. It is favoured with one rivulet. It has generally a bold shore, high steep cliffs ; and between the beach at its northwest part, and an Island near, there is a good harbour ; — also another open to the south, between tlie southeast and soutiiwest extremities of the Island. The highest part of its territory is in the middle of it, and exhibits the appearance of a saddle. It affords good landing at its eastern end, and anchorage half a mile off in 18 fathoms. Great and Little Deer Isle and the Isle of Holt constitute the town of Deer Isle, which contains 14,320 acres of land and 225 dwellinghouses, and probably includes other little Islands lying between the others. The Isle of Holt and White-head, which are six leagues asun- Us'of ivi'io")- ^^^y ^^^ '^^ eastern and western limits of Penobscot bay. Its »coi lia) . ^idth is not so great as that of Casco bay, nor does it embrace so great a number of Islands; but it is much deeper, being 11 leagues in extent from north to south ; and embosoms much larger Islands, stretching around them in a manner unique and like a crescent. A perspective view of this bay from the heights of Camden, so indented on its shores and diversified with Islands, is said to be admirable. Edgemaroggan reach,* which has a sufficient depth of water in its channel to float a ship of 74 guns, is from one mile to three in width, and about 1 3 miles long, from its northerly entrance between Brookville and the northwest end of Little Deer Isle, to the southeast extremity of Sedgwick ; and has good anchorage on that as well as the Deer Isle side. South of the eastern en- trance of the reach, opposite, eastwardly to Great Deer Isle and separate by shoal water, is Conaway Island, of 100 acres, sup- Town of l)ecr l>lc. Eastern nnd reach. Connway I«laud. * Pronounced— E-lgcmorgfan. 1'«A«J" .? .1«T 75 ..M StCT. II.] ''^•*' OP MAIME. posed to belong to tlie town of Deer Isle. It has a bold shore, 4 a good soil and several raiuilirs. Near the southeast point of Sedgwick, caUcd Xaslcrng, is a S»^Vtt>g. good harbour of the same name, about which the first settle- ments were made in Sedi^wick, formerly Naskeas:; plantation, eligihlv situated for fishery.* The harbour is between the point and Ilnrbour hland, ot 25 acres, close aboard ; havmg Hog m.,m.i. Island farther distant, both of which are inhabited. The course "* '"" * from Naskeag point to the Fox Islands is near to Deer Isle, [leaving 20 or 30 Islands towards the Isle of Holt, many of which [are inhabited. f ' From Naskeag point, east of south, is Swan Island or Burnt- jjumi^oat. toat, distant four miles. It is of an irregular shape with many idents of water, and in general its shore is ledgy and forbid- iing. But a large cove makes up into it on its western side, ibout midway of h, and forms a good harbour. There is another [good one in the creek at the southwesterly part of tlie Island, [where Mr. Swan lived. He, finding the soil to be excellent, [purchased the whole Island, embracing 1000 acres, built an ele- gant house, about thirty years ago, bought cattle, and with much emulation, commenced farming on a large scale. Discouraged, , j however, or displeased after five or six years, he left the Island j ' '"* tlie house decayed and it has since been taken down. There are now on the Island about 30 flourishing families. Between Naskeag point and Swan Island, are three others, viz. Pond Island of 150 acres; Calf Island of 125 acres; and '!""''» Litth Black Island of 100 acres; all of which have a good soil ••"''« Wack and are inhabited. Of the three. Pond Island is the most north- erly one, and the main channel is between that and Naskeag point. * MS. Letters of D. Morgan and W. Jackson, Esqrs. "The middle of Sedgwick is in N. Lat. 44° 25', Lonf. 68" 40' west; and I2l miles from Portland Lighthouse, and 133 miles from Passamaquoddy bay on a straight line." ■{■ Of a few Islands on this Eastern Coast, a censtis of 1320 is relumed, viz —10 soiils on Pond Island ; 9 on Black Island ; 19 on Long Island ; 39 on Placentia Island; 21a on Biirnt-coaf ; 7 tin Marshall's Island; 7 on Mark Island; 5 on Hog Island; 8 on Beach Island; 19 on Little and Great Spruce Islands; 8 on Eagle Island, and 11 on Butter Island. — Stt ccntut, 1820. 76 MarabtH't *:•!■ I (I and Blucbill ba/t THE WATERS AND COAST [InTEODDC. MarthalVi Hand lies southwestwardly of Swan Island. It has a rich loamy soil, is mostly cleared and is the residence of a few families. But it has no harbour ; the main channel is on the west side of the Island, though it has a difficult one on the east side, embayed with ledges. Indeed, tlie shore is bold and rocky, against which vessels have not unfrequently been driven and sometimes wrecked. Directly east of Marshall's Island, two leagues, and also two off Burnt- miles southeast of Swan Island, is what is called " Lons Island coal. . . , . off Burnt-coat,^^ which is near three miles in length, though it contains only about 5 or GOO acres : The soil is good ; it has a bold shore on the eastern side and a good harbour opposite its northwest part. Some 15 or 20 families live upon the Island WHO carry on a considerable fishery. There are some other , J"uds about Swan Island which arc too small to be described. The entrance into Bluchill bay, is on both sides of Swan Island, which lies in the very mouth of the bay ; though the usual pas- sage is eastward of the Island. The bay, which has Naskeag point on the west, and Mount Desert on the east, extends up northwestwardly fifteen miles from the Island to tlie village of Bluehill. Long Island, in this bay, extends nearly to its head on hs easterly side, and is such in length as well as name ; for it is about G miles long and quite narrow. It may contain 2000 acres, and be inhabited by 10 families. It has no harbour ; the good and the poor land is about in equal moieties, and the Island Robiiiaon't '^ owncd by Peters and Ellis. South of Long Island are Rob- inson^s Island of about 350 acres, and three families, and Bear Island of GO acres. After passing Naskeag point, northward, Fly Island is left on the western side, also the " Ship" an Island of three trees, and tlie " Barge" a dry rock, looking like a boat of that name. The waters northwardly of Long Island, are called Morgan''s bay, the head of which is shoal water ; and the promontory bc- Newbury tween it and the mouth of Union river has the name o( J\'rwburu neck, neck, [in .Surry,] steep on the east side, and on the west inclining to a flat. The chanuol on the east side of Long Island, from the sea to the mouth of the river, is sufllciently wide and deep to rti. 'ir the navigation of large vessels safe and commodious. Lenr bland. B«ar ItlaiKia. fly, Ship and Barfo blaudi. Morfu't bay. StCT. II.] OP MAIMC. # head on its ; for it is ntain 2000 irbour ; the I tlic Island 1 are liob- , and Bear I is left on tri'cs, and that name. I Morgan'' s lonlory bc- \i JVcwItury 'St incliiiinf; 'land, from ind deep to dious. Union rirar. Below the month of the river and two miles east of Long BMti^i'g IsJaimI* Island, is Barthtfi Island of 600 acres, half of which is very good for farming and the rest rocky. It is inhabited by 8 fami- lies ; and they have, about the middle of the Island, on the east side, a good harbour. South of this is Hardwood Island o{\[*^J"^ 200 acres ; most of which is covered with wood, thotigh it is of an excellent soil, and exhibits one dwellinghouse. The passage for vessels is good on both of its sides. Union river, whce head is near the Passadumkeag and more than 40 miles north of its tide-waters, is a very commodious stream for mills. At the head of the tide, which is ten miles above Newburj' neck, there are several mills ; also the flourishing villages of Ellsworth aud Surry, which are connected by a bridge across the river, 25 rodi in length. In proceeding from this to the sea, the passage is between Long and Bartlett's Islands. Eastward ly, contiguous to the waters of Union river, is the Island of Mount Desert,* 15 miles Ions; from north to south, and J'"""'- . Uescrl, about seven miles in mean width. It has on its northern curve, Jordan river, which is almost wholly salt water, navigable on the tide three miles to its head in Trenton. Branching cast, it dis- charges itself into Frenchman's bay, at the southeast extremity of Trenton, called Trenton point ; and west, it mixes witiithc waters of Union river, after passing Mount Desert narrow*, which are only 20 rods across at highwater, where die usual tides are 12 feet, and the place fordable at low water. The southwest extremity of Trenton is called Oak point, opposite to the narrows. OaU-poiot At the south end of IMount Desert Island, west of the point, is the celebrated Bass harbour, formed by a cove, landlocked by n,„ |,,^. two projections or points, eastwardly and westwardly, and shel- ''"'"■• tered on the south by three Islands. Ono is Great Presench or n^fiit ima Black Island, south of the harbour and the most remote of the I''",!" .''rf** throe ; Little Presench, northwest of the other and near die *''"''• entrance of the harbour, each of 5 or 600 acres ; and GoVs (,„,., y. Island of 300 acres, northeastwardly of the preceding two ; and "'"'• the three have severally three or four families. Somes* sound, is the water southeast of Bass harbour, stretch- Snm»t' ing up uorlli into the heart of tl»c whole Island, navigable into *"**** • Mount DMcrt rock in C Icaffiic* 9. of Mount Deu t Hitli: h«r« tha tidu or flofxl soil W. a. W. 78 THE WATERS AND COAST [Introdvc. pM *!?•»'■ (irrnt und I.tliV Can- Isliiiid. Ilnik The pm.l. 11.11 Iwiur Uiaiiil. Sk'l'i:ig'« livui. (■r^.lilrec''t iii'(k. Ml uiil I)p- krit lilullJ. land more than a league. It took its name from Abraham Somet, the first American settler, who commenced a plantation near iti head ; — it is sometimes cnllcd J\Iotint Desert sound. At the en- trance into the sound arc several Islands, viz. Great Cranberry Island, of 500 acres, inliahitod by G or 7 families. Northeast of this, is Ijitth Cranherrij Island, of 200 acres, havinii three fami- lies ; nearer the Innd, uxst of north, is Lancastt 's hlan£, of 100 acres, peojlcd hy two families ; and tiie eastern channel into the sonnd is hetueen the two latter. East of Great Cranberry Island is Duck Island, of 50 acres, and one family. The harbour, situate between tlie head of tiie sound, Great Cranberry and Lancaster's Islands, is called the Fool, and aflbrds excellent anchorage. Five miles southeasterly of the Pool is Baker Island, on which there is a Lighthouse. From the pool, the shore is bold around on the margin of Frenchman's bay, to the northeast indent of the Island or creek, 3 milos in extent, wlijre there is a stnall harbour, and a little Island called Ilirioar Island, and the village of Eden. The water stretcliiii;; up into Trenton froai Sullivan, northwest from the head of Fri-'nchman's bay, is Skillings'' river, navigable near- ly to its he id at hi:^huiUjr. Tiie point of land in Sullivan, east of that river's mouth, is Crabtrcc^s JVeck. The Island of Mount Desert* is the largest one in the State, and contains about 00,000 acres, a third part of which is eleva- ted into thirteen connected, high and rugged mountains, covered with woods : and at sea they may be seen the distance of twenty leagues, and are remarkable for being the first landmark of sea- men and for giving the French name Alons Deserts to tl'.e Island. The savages were nmcli attached to this Island ; for in the moun- tains they hunted bears, wild cats, racoons, foxes and fowls ; in the marshes and natural meadows, beaver, otter and nmsquash ; and in the waters they took fm and slir'lhish. The alewives in the spring ascended into the interiour jionds to cast their spawn, where they were easily taken ; and thc)ui;h the hills are hard and rocky, the vallies are rich, strong lanil, and have borno a heavy hardwood growth. Thy smaller islands and somo parts of Mount * In ""oinif fniin M iiiiif n<'»,'rt Id OiHi|i'st><'niii;f!i, ifrrr F. 1-2 N. for Miattix'lk I'Dtiil, I l( .i|;iici ; tlirrcaie liilli on Hii.itloeU ninarkultlo in tlifir npprurunrr — :inj .it n diHlnncc roni.'.l, Slmttuck jiuitit rornu tlio €aiUnk anJ Mount DctiK tlic uf$lirn <• x\\ ci»c ui I'rcnclnnan'i U.iv, aiind, Great , and aflbrds tlie Pool is margin of d or creek, ti'id a little :den. The nvost from igable ngar- llivaii, east I tiic State, li is elcva- is, covered ! of twenty irk of sea- tlie Island, the mouii- fowls ; in niisquasli ; lewivcs in cir sj)awn, liard and i a heavy of Mount «-2 \. for irlialjlo in SbCT. ft.] "ir'f OTMAirtC. Desert, abound in excellent cranberries.* About the pooK on the west side of Somes' sound, are the appearances of old settle- ments : Here it is supposed the French Missionaries, Biard and Masse, located themselves in 1609 ; though it may be, they were at the northeast harbour, where they were afterwards carried by Suassaye under the auspices of Madam Guerchevillc. It is said there appears to have been an old French settlement at Trenton point, where Madam Deville has lived. Frenchman's bay is generally two leagues in width and four leagues in length. This bay acquired its name from a peculiar incident.f In the spring of 1604, after De Monts left his win- ter's encampments at the Island St. Croix, he and his company, among uiiom was Nicholas d'Aubri, a French Ecclesiastic, sailed westward ; and somewhere, probably between the Union and Narraguagus rivers, d'Aubri, to gratify curiosity in a ramble upon the coast and in a view of the country — was set ashore. Wan- dering too far, he was lost in the woods, and the boatsmen were necessitated to leave him. F'or three weeks he suffered very terrible apprehensions and extreme want ; and when almost in despair, the people of the same vessel in touching at some place in the vicinity, providentially found him and restored him to his companions. Interested and pleased with this story, which gave to these waters the name o( Frenchman's bay, Mons. Cadillac obtained of Lewis XIV. in April 1691, a large tract of land lying on this bay, and also a large Island opposite, supposed to be within the region of Acadie. This grant was evidently made, to confirm possession ; and these circumstances attracted the attention of the French Jesuits and oth' to this particular section of the country : «' For there ivere an' icntly many French settlements on that part of the bay which is opposite to the banks of Mount Deser}, as well as on the island itself."^ Madr.mo de Gregoire proved herself to be the linu. I descendant of Monsieur Cadillac, and in 1787 acquired a partial confirmation of the origi- nal grant. '^ Frrnrh Mi*- n*iril i^mI M«Me. French- mail 'i bay. * ,MS. licttcrt of Davii Waig^att, David UicliardtoD, and NichoIaiThoia- + Abl)o Raynal, V. ?60— G2 Tranilated, JSnllivan'i Hist. 5«— 0». } Son UcMiivri of Gcnsral Court, July 6, and Novi-riiber 2r», ITiT.—yin. Orrproiro was (rnndaiiglitor of Mum. dc la Muttc Ciidillac,.r«S(C poiL A. V I7S3. 80 Flaml«r'i b.y. Trenlon hny. NdlTOWf. CUm-ilie'i* I'll MBml^."" 'riiom>t>', 1* IMiivo'k. •V I'lirtu- ^1 WliM.|rr"rt, ri i Iliinii, 1 j" Hlll'l'|> iliul (ilVlll, it llcilll't, a rifl.t.-'ii, llt'(i;;il(iii'!i, Si'' III iiii's, if!n- ^titi|ts(iir4, ba^ Mill A«liu'» lll!« liliitiil'i I'lir Isliiiiil. 'i'llllllipiM|i. Kliixe. Uear. TIIK WATERS AND COAST [IhTBOOUC. At the head of Frenchman's bay, is the town of Sullivan : aod Flandert* bay, is on the northeast side, next to the northwest part of Gouldsborougli. Between Skillings' river and Flanders' bay, is Trenton bay ; and two miles above its mouth, are the A'ar- rotcs of only 600 feet in width. Above them tiie bay is seven miles lone, and from half a mile to a mile in breadth. When the tide floods, the water is forced through the narrows with great impetuosity and raises the upper bay eight or ten feet. As the/ water below ebbs out much faster than the incumbent water can escape through the narrows, a fall of ten feet is formed, where the water pours down, and being salt, fills the eddy below with surges of white foam for the space of 12 or 15 rods. Twice in every tweniy-iour hours this natural curiosity makes its displays much to the amusement of the beiiolder. A toll-l»rit'ge, lately erected by Col. Sargent across these waters in Sullivan, gives to the place additional variety and beauty.* On several projections of land hereabouts, are beds of clam- shelis, from one lo two acres in extent, and in some places near two feet deep. So loiijj; have they been on the ground, that strata of earth have covered them ; and a heavy growth of trees was found upon thenj even by the first settlers. In one of the neigh- bouring Islands, the shells are six feet thick ; and tliere is remain- ing a stump of a large tree which, tliough felled half a century ago, nuist, from evident appearances, have grown since the stra- tum of shells was formed or deposited there. f Tlie Islands to he mentioned, as found in this quarter, are Thomas^ and JMayu's Islands, tlie four Porcupines, viz. fVheel- «•'*, Burnt, Sheep and (Jreat Porcvpines. Here cod, haddock, pollock and lialibut, are taken plentifully ; and on the shores, clams, aiuscles, and other sliellfish. Within the bounds of Sul- livan are 7 Islands, ''iz. Beanos, Ingi.irs, Preble^s, Bnifrdon'a, Deane's, iyimjison^t, and ^Js/if's Isiantls. More remote, and dis- tant 8 or miles, are Bar Island and Thunipcap, in tlie vicinity of the Porcupines, wbii^h are liitrli Islands. Near (jouldsborough is Stave Island ; about midway ol Frenchman's bay is Bear Island, and another south, inhabited by three families. ** But it lias been carried a«v:i.v and not rebuilt. f MS. lA-fterof A, .l.m of malne. ■■> t:r 81 The greater part of Gouldsborough* is a peninsula ; on the r»o-«»*«r^ west of which is Frasier''s point, between which and Schoodie pnim. point and the southwest extremity of the peninsula, is juustjueto u,[^r. harbour, havine good bottom, and sheltered on the southwest by , >f'hivKlie Schoodie bland, which is small and without inhabitant. r ive M«iwi. miles northeast of Schoodie point is a little cove, which makes p^^^^i ^ Protpect harbour,^ and nearly cast, is Indian harbour. l^"^'^" i'"- Gouldsborough river, which is salt water, is about 3 leagues in length, and is navigable six miles to its branches, which spread ^"••^''•bora' and end not unlike fork tines, exhibiting the village between them, mostly on the west fork. Here the usual tides ebb .ind flow 12 et. Dyer'* bay, six miles long and one mile wide, is in Steuben, Djet'i bay. d is navigable on the tide to its head. The point cast of it is 'filS>etitmenan point, southeast of which, two miles, is the Island ivnimemii f that name, containing 25 acres. In 1817 it was ceded to the Jnited Slates, and that goveninient erected a LiphthouseX on it LigUihou**. at the cost of $5,04r>. Ships pass bolli williinside and outside of Petitmenan Island, tliough there is a bar between it and the main land. North of the preceding is Buwbear Island, quite narrow, |,„^j,^,p tliough nearly a league in length. It is close to the Steuben •>'»"«'■ shore in Pidgeon hill bay ; containing about 300 acres of indif- ferent soil, though inhabited by 4 families. Pidgeon hill bay on the west, and Pleasant bay on tlie east, p|j„^„„ |,||| are contiguous and mix waters ; and the distance across both, ""!niiti givo it a gmtd birth and ulcer N. N. K. iii'o rrijipi'ct liarbour. \ It i« a hU x\c liuildinp 25 feet Kipli, lias a fixrd lii^Jit, forirrd oi Iniiipt. 63 I'l ct abuvc the li-v«t uf Ihv Hcn. I\ikR dii liic w( i>t »iiio it. In D^oi't lay, and f;\\e llic ligbt a g;ood birtli, leave a dry kdgc on your laiboaK.'. ruer. gut ll.l^. ^2 THE WATERS AND COAST [IkTBODUC. are two leaptics apart, is JStc-.-ra^rwigua bay, stretching up seven milrs into Hnrriniiion, whirh affords cood navic^ation and good Inrbours; having; brandies or salt water streams flowinc; into it, upon which tide mills arc advantaceonsly situated. Pleasant river empties itself at the head of Pleasant bay ; its fresh water part is siiort and small ; but (ho residue of its run, being about ten miles, is commodious. At the head of the tide about four leagues from the bay, it is divided by a fertile and inviting Island, almost in the shape of a pendant, beiiic: about three miles in length and nearly two in its greatest width. Although the channels on each side are narrow, yet the beds of them are so soft, level and smooth, as to render the navigation safe and convenient nearly to the head of the Island. The soil here is fertile, the banks low, the village flourishing, and the situation and beauty of the country, emphatically such as to entitle it all to the name the river bears.* Cape Split is the point at t'.;e southwest extreme of the town of Addison, as we enter Pleasant bay from the east ; and is j,^,j ,j half a league north of the western . '»i:ance into Moose-peck reach.f Between that point and Tibbits' point, a. little farther east, is a good harbour. Tiie roaci\ has Addison and Jones- borough on the north; and oji the south BeaVa Island of 1000 acres of good land and 10 families. J Its margin is ledgy, though it has one harbour on the north side, east of Indian river. The Island at the mouth of that little river, is encircled with naviga- ble tide-waters on all its sides. Below the east entrance of the HenH hnr- reach, is Head Harbour Island, containing 300 acres of poor bour Itland. . . land, with one family ; between which, on the southwest side, and nr)er'» hi- Br\if.r''s Island, is a good harbour. Roffue'i M- Ros;ne.\'i Island is N. N. E. from Head harbour, \n English- man's bntj: it contains 500 acres of good land, inhabited by three or fotn families. It has a very broken shore and its harbour is formed by an indent of water about midway of the Island on the southerly side. Near Rogue's Island southerly arc others, called the Virgin''s Breasts. Chandler's river^ which cnipties itself into Cape Sjjlil. r»-a(li Til.l-er* pniiit. Hfal'* Klaiid. illlcl Kiijliili- in Mispccky" Lighthouse is on Ship Harbour Island, with a rrvolviiicf I'^^ht. {Soiithwestorly of Brnl's Inland arc 8 or lOiinall Islands not fardiitant^ which arc uninhabited. Ihev ./ ^ing up seven lion and good lowine; into it, ?cl. Pleasant s fresh water , being about le about four iviting Island, niles in length ? channels on oft, level and lent nearly to 3 banks low, f the country, river bears.* of the town east ; and is Moose-peck little farther and Jones- nd of 1000 3dcy, though river. The villi naviga- anoe of the res of poor 3st side, and 111 English-' vd by three harbour is land on the liers, called s itself into Island, with far diitant. Sect, n.] t,*a»» of Maine. ?' ''■'^ 83 the head of the bay, is a small mill stream ; yet vessels ascend ^•■<*'^» to its niotith and take cargoes. <*^* j .^^'■^•' ' ' ^ ?; i^iv Jiuck's hnrbour, thouch small, is a noted one, being easy of ,'J;^/'"* •*"■ access from the sea. It is a cove on the east side of the point wliich is the western limit of Marhins hay. The saltwater river, jwcst of that point, is navigable and pleasant, its bunks being or- knamentcd with handscmic (Iwcllinchouses on both sides. Southuestcrlv of liuck's iiarliour arc several Inlands, viz. Fo«- J". ^.rrs W- iter^s Island and the two Lib/nj Inlands.* I'pon the outer one ofi.in.v ^ l.ifjliilK.tue. |lhe latter two, is the Lighthouse. JMachias boxi is about two leajrues in breadth at its mouth, and Murh.at »ven miles in length. At its nortlnvcst corner it receives the i-aters of East and West Machias rivers, three miles below where Ihev form a junction, and two miles below where they pass the 1 arrows. The lenrth o( West Machias rirer, in its meanderins south- Wm-Mn- rr-ii • I n /■ "^ -i cl'iaj river. easterly course, is about fifty iniles. 1 he tide flows five miles above the junction to the bridge, the village and the landings, where are the public buildings. In this branch the navigation for small vessels is good. East-Machiiis river is not so long as the other, though quite as ^||^|^ ^|";^, large. It is navigable only about two miles from the junction to the falls, bridge, mills and village ; — the falls here being from 15 to 20 feet. One mile below the junction, arc the JS'arrotcs, 50 rods across ; Nammi. to which a ship of the line might ascend, in a channel of six fathoms of water, with safety. South of the narrows, the shores are bold; the tido flows 15 feet; and it is supposed, where the wharves now are, stood the J\'cu'-Plijmouth trading house. There arc two Cross Islands lying at the east entrance of Ma- cciom Isl- cliias bay ; Great Cross Island contains about G or 700 acres of pretty good land ; though neither of them is inhabited. East of Cross Island is Little Machias hnij^ which extends i,i,,(r Mn- nearly a league into the land and has a depth from two to six *^ "" ''■*■ fathom.i at low water. It is inliabited on both sides. Also Little river hurhour, two miles still farther cast, is a good one, enlivened by a small contiguous settlement. • Macliiiis Liclillioiise stnnds en liililiy Ishinil, lyinff on the wtstfrn cn- tr:in(e to Machias bay, ami is n5 feit above the icvri of the a lantern of fixed light, 90 feet above the level of the sp' was erected on the soudi side, near the centre, at highwatcr mark, wliich cost the national government $4,966. There is also an alarm bell, intended io be rung in foggy weather, which will strike 10 times in a miinito. North of ^^uoddy-hiad, is the south end of Cainpobellof , which is 8 miles in length from northeast to southwest, with an average breadth of four mile;-. It completely landlocks Lubec and East- port from the southeij'f ; but its local situation renders the west entrance into the bay -uA the harbour of these places crooked, and at low-water diflicuii oa account of a bar. From the entrance the course is west about two miles, forming West-'Quoddy-head into a promontory ; thence north two miles, at the end of which is Flagg^s point, whereon is Lubec village, opposite to the narrows, which are only about 25 rods across from that point to Campobello. But as the tide rises here from 24 to 28 feet, the whole passage is safe and easy at half flood. Four miles and an half from Lubec village noith, is that of Eastport or Moose Island, full in view. J The line between the two governments is thus ; — From the narrows, in the middle channel, by Mark Island ; thence in mid- water, between Eastport and Indian Island ; thence N. N. W. to and in the thread of the St. Croix river, passing between the *Thcrc aro three passages into Passamaquoddy bay, wettcin, middle, or ship cliantiel, and ffiifcrn : in passing tlic first, give tlic sail rocks and whirl-pool a birtU more tlian lialf a mile ; and steer westward. f Tliis Island is an appendage of New-Brunswick. I Lubec village is 21 miles from Macliias ; 12 from Grandmcnan ; 16 from Uobbinston : 30 from Calais ; and r>0 from (he city of St. Johns. \^.<'.j\ I , five leagues, about MooK icborage, the ged ledge, a en htttik so the air. itory, whid, ed States :— acres of the next year a ve the leve; e centre, at Jnt $4,966. rgy weather, ellof , which an average c and East- rs the west es crooked, les, forming two miles, hec village, across from from 24 to 3od. Four of Eastport -From the ce in mid- . N. W. to Jtween the , middle^ or rocks and aD ; 16 from Sect, ii.] I Ti ♦.a or maitcb. w 4.;i 85 > DevW$ head and Oak pointy* to its source at the Eastern monu- ment Between Lubec and Eastport, at the soutbcaat entrance into '^y,|!^.;|*'i|;^ Cobicook bau, are two small Islands, the norlheastcrlv one is •'"••'* •»*■ lAllen^s Island, containing 70 acres of good land, and has one ifainily; the other, south vvcsiltIv, of 15 acres, is called Rice^a Island, and is uninhabited. At the entrance of the bay, the width of water is half p -.>ile ; but on accoi^nt of shoals and rocks, the navi2;alion is difficult. This bay, which lies westward of Moose island, and is about seven miles long from its southern to its north- cm entrance, docs on its several sides, project into no less than seven branches ; all which are navigable for boats, and the short- ei branches for small vessels. On the largest one, southwest, is *iliK(e the villaire of OranscPto' n, now M'hitimr. up to which <^""ff«^ 'bouts may float ; on the northwest branch, w hich receives Den- nysville river, is the village a httle above its mouth, to which only boats can ascend ; and on the branch southeast of Dennysville is j^ttie Pennemaquara settlement, ^ miles from the ledge, and west 'j" "i^'"*" ^of the narrows, which are 40 rods wide at the entrance, north of Moose Island. Of all the Islands described, no one u> more noted than Moose ^,^^ Island, [or Eastport.] It was not only, for many years, a sub- j^'*"*'- ject of controversy between two nations, being itself most eligibly situated ; but it has long been a place of great resort. Its greatest length is five miles from j\. \V. to S. E; yet it is no where two miles in width. Vessels pass on ail sides of it. In one place towards the northerly end, it is nearly parted asunder by the waters on each side, so that ?.t highwater they almost meet. Its area is 2,150 acres. The exteriour of the whole Island, at the water's edge, is extremely irret;,ular ; and its surface is suf- ficiently variegated with swells, hills, and vallios. It ii< a very inviting place for commerce. The village is southerly of the -|>(,e vi|j,„ isthmus, on the eastern shore, j)leasantly facing the east. There is a regular ascent from the village, half a mile northward, to Fort hill, which commands quite an rnchanting prospect. This is the site of the United States^ garrnon. There is a deep cove at the south end of the Island where Siilps of any size may be moored, head and stern, and be safe from all winds. The north Fort hillk ♦ MS. Letter of H. G. JJolcl), Esq. 86 liiir mm. mill I'Vi-ilrr- SrlKMxJic river. ChrputoalC' cook Loon'* bay l'(iiti"r'» meailuw. fall!.. THE WATERS ^NO COAST [InTRODCC. extremity of the Island is near ;:io main land, separated only by a narrow pass for vessels ; and the mouth of the Srhoodic rivrr is considered to lie at the narrows, between this Island «0;d Dec; Island.* Allen's Island and Rice's Inland, before mentioned, also Mark Island and Rogers^ Island, arc ail belonging to the town of Luber. But it is to be remarked that J{iii:ii''s Island is the same as " Dudley's Island,'^ and Rice''s hluad the same as Frederick Island, and both of theni, as well as Moose Island, under the 4tl) article of the Treaty of Ghent, the Commissioners determined, Novonjbcr 24th, 1817, to belong to the United States. Dudley and Frederick Islands were originally granted by INIassachusetts to Col. Allen ; and his son's widow and family live on the former, the only inhabitants. The hitter is owned by Mr. Thayer of Lubec.f The Schoof'ir'^ river, which in its whole length, is the dividing line between this State and New-Brunswick, we are next to de- scribe ; and we begin with its sources, which, as the river runs, are about one hundred miles from its mouth. Its head is seven miles above the lakes, at the Eastern Monument ; in which part it is quite small, and is sometimes called Ckeputnateeook. It empties itself near the north end of the upper Schoodic lakes, which lie in the form of a crescent, 35 miles in extent, with their thickest segment northwest. The mean width of the lakes may be from one to two miles, though in many places there are very narrow passes between the greater or wider bodies of water. From the outlet of the upper lake, the general course of the river is southeastwardly ; its descent is rapid, its bed and banks for the most part rocky, with very few bordering intervales ; and its length, to the lower or salt-water falls, is called by travellers sixty, some say, seventy miles. In this distance we find several , sections of still water, particularly two, called Loon's bay and Por- terh meadow. There are also the Great falls, several miles from the outlet, where tlie water descends 20 feet in a short distance j * Philip C'oomls, Esq — MS. Letter of Jona. D. Weston, Esq. ■)• MS. I^cttcr and ingenious plan of Lorenzo Sabin, Esq. J There arc tlirce rivers wliich empty into the Passaniaqnoddy bay, the larg-esl of wl.icii is called the fcfclioodic, [J^catiick — /n(/ia«,]~tlie lake is '' xchere Jish iive all the ytar,^' and arc often taken; such as troiits, chops and perch. — But M. dc Monts and Champlain, call it " Etechemins." [Introdbc. ^ ated on]y by hoodie river ic! und Deer :1, also Jilark vn of Luber. tlie same as IS Frederick inder the 4tli determined, les. D(jdley assachiisctts 1 the former, Tliayer of the dividing next to de- river runs, ad is seven which part tecook. It odic lakes, , with their lakes may B are very water, rse of the and banks ales J and travellers id several and Por- niles from distance ; y bay, the le lake it iits, chop* ns." ,sa*iT«r V. -r^/ty OF MAINE. 87 S^^^ .^>* \^^^ ^ V >V; > // ^ y ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 z*^ ta u> lU 12.2 1.1 l."""^ llllii i^ U4 Hiotographic Sdenoes Corporalion ^, .o .<.*!« 13 WIST MAIN ITMIT WnSTn.N.V. I4SM (7U)«7r4S03 :^,<. .^ ^i•ulr•l lilud. THE WATHWAUD coast pblTBODira. name, who beeanM dM ade iirinbitaiit of it toon tAet tlw revoln- tion, where he lived to • great age. The north bank of the lahml u high and ledgy, the residue is of a rich soil vrfiich he cuhivatad like a garden. The width of the river here is 2^ rotles. ** St. Croix" or Neutral Liandf is situate b the river, oppo- fli.CMMi or site to the dividing line of Calais and Robbinston, where it angles upon the waters edge. It contains 12 or 15 acres and is direct- ly in the middle of the Schoodic river, though the ship passage is usually or the eastern side ; it is now the residence of one family and is claimed by Gen. Brewer. It is a delightful spot ; — here de Monts, in 1604, erected a fort and passed the winter } here the commissioners, in 1798, under the treaty of 1783, found the remains of a very ancient fortification ; and afterwards de- termined the river to be the true St. Croix.* PUtuant pointy [in Perry,] which is ten miles southeasterly of Robbinston village and 5 miles northwardly of Eastport village, is one of the most delightful situations in the State. It is a small peninsula, on a cove making up on the buck or west side of it two miles. This is the site of the Indian village, where the Pew- iamaquoddy tribe have about 40 habitations or wigwams. There is no difficult navigation in the Schoodic from Eustport to Calais, except at the Ledge. The tides at Eastport are from 24 to 30 feet ; and there are some good harbours and many places of good anchoring ground, along the western shore ; the only inconveniences being the boldness of the shore and a depth of water, which is in some places 12, in others 25 fathoms.f The only considerable river which remains to be described is the St. JohnX and its tributaries. Its several branches are spread through the whole northern section of this State, and a sweep around their heads would form a curve, or segment of a circle, not less than 200 miles in extent. Its principal sources are in the highlands which divide Maine from Canada, and the chief St. John, in ita meanders, runs more than 150 miles before it crosses the eastern divisional line of the State. Not very much is known of all these branches, though they intersperse and water a thurd part of our territory ; except, that the soil among them is PImiui POIDI. ImTiaa vil' 81. Jolm rivar. * 1 liolmes A. a. 149 — Sabin't MS. Let. j Blunt'a Coaat Pilot. I Indian name, /kuAtocit, or Lonf rirn-, very wide, for the in'«ra run- ninf in it. ^1^1 ifcffiiwim ginmli gmt $ tad dw fine of nature ««l oh liH|MiMd with aleMMMM tad vdliet. At the mouth of die Me^ MMwMnh mmui^t howr e f er, whieh it 30 mile* from the Ihie, where the ^j^Jj^j^**** DrenA tttdtmeni is, people have made repeated vivita and aome diaeoveriea* The Su John river eroMei our eastern botindarjr line, TTmilet north of the <* Eastern MoDanwnt," and 327 miles from its mouth. The GretU, or " Grand falUf^ are four miles below the GnM tok. line, in lat. 46* 04'. Here the river is contracted to the width of (»]y 3 or 4 rods, walled and overhung with clifis, and de- scends a few feet in a broken inclined plane ; rebounding from a bed of rocks below the eaves of a fall. It is then precipitated down perpendicularly, about 46 feet, into an abyss studded with . a rocks, which nearly choke its passage. But with a whirl, it sweeps through a broken and rugged channel and a chain of falls half a mile long, closely pent with projecting rocks on both sides, which so overhang the water in some places as to impede the view of the beholder. To the foot of these falls, come flat bot- tom boats, from the city of St. John, 223 miles. From the Grand falls to Woodstock, at the mouth of the Me- |f,dMM> dunekeag, the river is about a quarter of a mile wide, when it '^f* ,. expands to the width of a mile, forms some fine Islands, and then again contracts and passes the Maduetie falltj where the chan- Madwiit. nel is greatly choked with rocks, though they do not totally bter- rupt the passage of boats and rafts. At Fnderietonf is the head of sloop navigation, about d6: miles from the sea, where the river is about 3-4tlis of a mile wide, and where the tide rises from six to ten inches, and is per- ceivable nbe miles above that place. Thence the river flows in a beautiful unbroken current, to the falls, near the city St. John. As the tide rises there from 24 to 28 feet, varying fi.'.ccrding to the phases of the moon, they are passable at half flood for a short time, when the waters over the falls are smooth. The city,* situated on both aides of the river, below the falls, is prin- cipally on a peninsula of the eastern shore. But the site of old Fort Frederic was on the western side. Patridge Island lies at the entrance of the harbour, on which there is a Lighthouse, and from which, to the western shore, there is a sand bar. * In lat. it deg. SOm. north, and baa 8,4M inbabitanta. Vol. I. 7 TUB MOURTAnCS pmvMVi. .ItiSsl W»".' MOOH- TAiirs. Mouai Kaiabdin. SiUialion. Tiihl«* laadfc JiUtiiiii , muAtvi^' Afre«t la new of tb« nwtter in thii Mctk», and a earefiil of a Mtp of Maine, it is almoat auperfluoui to say, that p o rii a p t no other seaboard of equal extent can be found so lined with Islands, and so highly farcured with coves and harbours ; and that no other country, of the same size, is so interspersed with rivers, streams and ponds.* It may also be added, that the in- land waters are fair and salubrious, and many of them are ex- ceedingly limpid. ..t, .;> > -4 iU Or the mountains in tliis State, the first for magnitude and height, is the Katakdin ;f there being none higher in New-Eng- land, except the White hills in New-Hampshire. The local situation of the Katabdin is about seventy miles, north by west, from the head of the tide in Penobscot river, and about equidistant between its east and west branches. It is the southernmost and highest of nine lofty ridges, branchmg out northwest and northeast ; which, however, are easily overlooked from the more elevated summit of this single one. ^,;^ 4(si>$tt| ;; Around it, except on the north side, are table-lands, about three miles in width, rising in gende acclivity to its base. These were once covered with forest trees. In the parts near the de- scending streams, where Uie soil is good, the growths were for- merly hardwood; but elsewhere the ground was clothed with spruce. Viewed from the heights of the mountain, these table- lands appear like a plain, while in fact, they overlook the sur- rounding wilderness to a very great extc ^mi^M^^^fii^'*- Prior to the year 1816, tlie ascent wi the west or south- west end, equal to the hypotenuse of an angle, generally from 35° to 46° with the horizon, ragged, difficult, and fatiguing ; and the distance from the upper margin of the table-lands was not less than two miles, in direct course, to the summit, though the tract travelled was somewhat spiral and zigzag. But sometime * Twelve Mile pond, 7 milei longp and more than half a mile wide, ad> joininf China; 100(t acre pond in Dexter; Moose pond in Hartford ; 2000 acre pond in Madiion ; Great east pond, of 4,600 acrea, in Newport, and numerout othera. f Spelt •• Katabdin,"* *^ Ktardn," Ktahden,"— the rowol in tlia laat ijU Uble baTiaf oomuimL : t .j'vv mii.^ uiiffuw •atl (oil*. ^1 p ■•«i»n«r . ti llitfr]F«ir» M fliioniOM dt^vii^, tlnrat mid-iide the mouMlftlii, XataiMUa. slid into • distant valhy - • pp im tly the «fiiect of an ovsrwbehn- tag fiiH of water. In ha deacant it rent awaj vnry obstacle, tearing up treea by the voou, or crushing or twisting them like a withe }— 401 erent, however, which has rendered the aaceDt, in one of its dffieuh places^ altogether more tolerable, and in others more easy. The circumference of the mountain at its base, which is north- juua. «<)«•, erly and southerly elliptical, may be ten or twelve miles. The sur&ce of its sides is covered with small light-gray rocks of granite, apparently broken and split, as if by force, into a thousand difierent forms. In many places *hese innumerable crumbles form the principal component and consistency of the soil, which, with the rocks, are covered by a deep-green moss. Under this, the trees of various kind stake root ; which, as we ascend, are short- er and shorter, until they become mere dwarfs, towards the sum- mit, of only two feet tall, with very long limbs and trunks six inches in diameter at the ground. About a mile from the top, all vegetation ceases, the uppermost of which is a kind of vine. Here the large and the pebble rocks are of a finer grain, or con- texture, than those lower down and are of a bluish colour. Some years ago a fire from the vallies swept up the mountain, p; on the southern and eastern sides, and rendered that section and other places, black-burnt and quite barren, except about the springs and streams, vhere vegetation has reset. At no time, however, could these sides be a&^ended, by reason of their pro- jecting clifis and great steepness. The summit of the Katahdin is a plain, inclining partially to Svmmt. the northwestward, and formed of solid rock. The western part is very smooth, the rest more rough and broken, and the inter- stices filled with coarse gravel. Its area, which is a full half mile in length, but much less in width, contains about 600 acres, all covered with a dead white moss. As this is the highest of the mountains in our horizon, the pros- pect from its top in a clear day is, what might be supposed, vast and enchanting. Here the beholder sees the great reservoir of the river Aroostic ; also the Moosehead lake, except its central parts, hidden by the Piscataquis mountain intervening ; and tht glassy Cheesauncook lake, still nearer, one of the great cisterns of the Penobscot. Indeed, no less than 60 lakes, of different l-irM. Piwpwi. FiNlnraun' uii. Rrixht nauaiain. Indian tradilion. jtmt .i«PB«l» ina moult* (aia viMiad iaiaot. ■a0^\ THB MOUNTAINS (llfTMMIVtt. duBsnnoiii, can be ooiiiit»d ; the mott of whksht fnbMfumuftf their waters into the Penobscot and the Kennebec. On the northeast is an uninterrupted prospect u fer as the eye can reach, until it rests on the distant highlands west of the bay Chaleur. This region exhibits an undulating forest of hiUs and ▼allies, interspersed with lakes and streams. Facbg the south the spectator bcjiolds from Katahdin the heights of Mount Desert, distant on aip^ir line, more than 120 miles, and appearbg to rise in semi-globular form from the bosom of the ocean. Near the Katahdin, north-murthwest, is Fort mountain, so called from its shape and appearance. It is separated from the other by an appalling gully, where a small pond gives its waters to the great east branch. Its form is oblong, from ncvtheast to southwest: its sides are steep and its top is an arching ridge, ex- hibiting a sharp edge, a mile m length, and apparently covered with verdure. There is another northerly, called Bright motm- taitif quite large in size and irregular in appearance, having an extensive ledge of smooth rocks on its southern side, which glist- en in the sunbeams like isinglass. The Indians feared till lately to visit the summit of the Ka- tahdin. They superstitiously supposed it to be the summer resi- dence of an evil spirit, called by them " Pamola ;*** who in the beginning of snow-time, rose with a great noise, and took his flight to some unknown warmer regions. They tell a story, that seven Indians, a great many moons ago, too boldly went up the mountain and were certainly killed by the mighty Pamola : for, say they, " we never hear of them more :" and our fathers told us, " an Indian never goes up to the top of the Katahdin and lives to return." -;v>i fus ,n « ^mapdn^tr f>Ai- The first ascent to its summit, known to be accomplished by any Americans, was in August, 1804. About the middle of that month seven gentlemen, from Bangor and Orono, taking two In- dians for guides, ascended the Penobscot in canoes to the head of boat-navigation, in a limped stream, which received its princi- pal supplies from the sides of the mountain and a gully towards Its top. ■.•li'^^iJrii^ -jii^inil .:auiMiiiia^.i»ai* * Tbey nj that Pamola is rery great and rcry ttroojf indeed ; that bis bead aad fact is like a man^s, and bis body, shape and feet like an ea^le, aad that he oan take up a noose with one of bis olaws. C-. M,Mm. flier, n.] ovHAixi. §8^ Tht Mtan gddM cm t kwe d tbetr traplojren not to proeeid, if i>;^ tbof ** ihoald hew any unoominoii ndws;** and refiMd 1o g(^^ shead when thef ** came to the cold and barren part of the mountain.** At length they resohred to go no farther, saying, "here we stop; how long shall we stay if youdon*t come again V* Being told by the par^ — they should $oon r^um ; and seeing their determination to proceed, the guides again took the lead . and seemed emubus to be the first to reach the summit. Yet the tribe at Oldtown could only be made to believe by the guides themselves, on their return, that the party had actually been to the summit, where the evil spirit resided. The party, after leaving their boats, found as they ascended, wiM ihiitt. a variety of wild fruits, such as raspberries, blue, and wortleber- ries, black currants, box-berries and bog-cranberries, of which ^^^^g, i they ate freely. The ascent was fatiguing, and in some places perilous ; and they bebg oppressed with heat, drank too much of the water, which they perceived had an astringent quality, and was evidently impregnated with minerals. They reached the summit about 5, P. M. ; but the atmosphere Tha pmtf* not being clear, they tarried only a couple of hours, taking such views as the uncommon prospect afibrded. They found the ele- vation so great as evidently to affect respiration. On the highest part, they deposited the initials of their names and the date of their visit, cut upon sheet lead ; and then descended to the spruce growth, where they passed the night. In a few hours several were taken with vomiting, and in the morning all found their throats inflamed and sore—owing probably to the fruits, the water, and the fatigue. The mountain has been since visited ; and the water found to be perfectly wholesome ; — the thoroughfare opened by the slide, affording great facilities to the ascent of the traveller. ^'^^ ' The adventurers supposed the mountain must be at least ten AUiiud« aT thousand feet, (or equal to the White hills,) above tlie level of"*"""*"* the sea. But they were in an errour ; for by a geometrical men- suration of the surveyors under the 4th article of the treaty of Ghent, they made its altitude, from the bed of the river Abalw jacko-megus* at its foot, to be only 4,685 feet. The instrument view. .Ht^mU * Below this riTer, they calculsted the PaMadvmkctf tob« 500 feet, and the tide-waten of Fenobtcot •&0 feet. Bald Uiu. iohnton BMUutaini. mnbili. Heifbt THE MOmiTAINli [IvmOVBil howerer was tMit of order, and the adbiMraremtet net aatuAMo- 17. Some ywvn here beeb since taken, and easts made by t skUful gentleman,* who gives it as his opinion, that it is at least 5^600 feet in height above the waters of that river.f ^Westerly, between Moosehead lake and Cheesauneook kke, are the Spencer «ovntatn«-— several in number, large and lof^; and the road explored from Pleasant river, and the Piscatequis, to the river de Loup, in Canada, passes between the two south- erly and principal summits.| > On the west of Moosehead lake, and near the heads of Moose river, and on the east side of the Kennebec road, is Bald motin- taint five miles long, two wide, and quite high- Below this, and ten miles above the forks, on the west side of that road, are the Johnson mountains^ where is an immense body of limestone, and probably a quarry of marble. Mara WXlf 40 miles above the monument, is on the east mar- gin of the State. Its ascent commences with an easy swell of half a mile in width, and between this and the summit abruptly increases, in some places almost to a perpendicular steepness. Its top is narrow and divided by a hollow near the centre ; ont each end of which the trees were felled, a spot cleared, and a temporary observatory erected by the commissioners under the treaty of Ghent. By their astronomers and surveyors, it was as- certained that the south peak is 1619 feet, and the north one 1,378 feet, above the tide-waters of the St. Lawrence; being the highest land between them and those of the Atlantic. Mars hill is itself covered with trees, and might be made fit pasture lands to its top, which is in lat. 46" 30'. The British Commissioner insists that this is the height of laivd intended by the treaty of 1 783 ; and adds, that " the existence of a chain of * Gen. Joseph Treat, snppotet Katabdin is about an hij^h as tho Wbite hills. M. Grccnieaf, Esq. computes the faeigrht of the Katahdia at 8,623 feet.— Surrey, p. 47. t The lii^hcst summit of the White hills, N. H., is 5,030 feet aboVe the water in Connecticut riTor. — 2 FarvMr and Jloort'a Cell. 98. :(The mountains behind the Ouelle, 24 mites N. W. from Quebec, are distinctly visible and are foUonred by the eye without interruption, to the hig*hlanda, bctvccn tho sources of the St. John, Penobscot, Kennebec, Connecticut, and Etechomain, Cliaudiere, Becaaconr, and the i^Icolet rivsrs. Tlie ridge must bo 2,000 feet abore the •M.-~OreM/«A^. %\ {'h- out doubt, the mountains mentioned by Capt. Weymoutit, m 1605, and by Capt. Smith, in 1614, when they explored the bay of Penobscot. Mount Pleasant, in the W., Hosmer's mountains in the N. W. and two others in the N. £. part of Camden, are much higher than Mount Batty ;" the highest of them may be 1,500 feet above the level of the sea. They are seen near 20 leagues distant. * See bis Report in Secretary'! office, Wathington. t MS. Letter of A. Johnson, Esq. X*^MathebutuckahilU.** See A. D. 1696, History. Also, PenhaIlow*| Indian wars. Church Ex.,4e. 141—1. Moanl A|^' ■wuliciu. Tb«piM. pect t9 Tins MOUNTAINS Of MAmC Cerula it is that no olher place aff>rd« ao commanding ■ proa- pact of the Atkuttic, the Penobscot bay, tbe numerous Isbwls ' • / and tbe contiguous country.* Mount Agamtntktu^ has been long celebrated as a sightly eminence. Its situation is in the town of York, about eight miles northwesterly of its harbour, and nearly on the same meridian with that of Piscataqua. It is not steep, rocky, nor broken, h is corered with woods and shrubs, interspersed with small patches of pasture, and large crowning rocks, which form its summit. It is a noted landmark for mariners, being the first height seen by f^diioov. ihem from the sea. This is supposed to have been the land first discovered by Capt. Gosnoid, in 1603. From its top, the beholder has a view of the Atlantic, skirted with an indented shore, from Cape-Ann to Cape-Elizabeth. On the southwest, he sees a country adorned with buildings, fields of cultivation, and die waters of Piscataqua ; and northwestwardly, he has a sight of tlie White hills, in New-Hampshire, Mount Bigclow is south of Dead river, about three leagues long, from east to west, and one league wide. Here is said to be a great quarry of gray stone, very excellent for the builder's use* The other mountains in this quarter, are Saddleback^ SpeMedf and fVkite-eap mountains, and Mount Ahrdham, some of which Sttj^arioaf. are said to be 4,000 feet above the sea. Sugar Loeff^ eouth- Kiaeo> west, is smaller. £tneo| mountain is a peninsula on the east side of Moosebead lake, a few miles southwest of the Spencer moun<* tains. It is 4 miles in circumference and 900 feet high,-— com« posed of fine grained flint. Its northern and eastern sides, are perpendicular, and it is almost without so much as a shrub on many of its parts.^ P»' Viewing the surface of Maine collectively, we shall perceive " its most elevated part is near its northwestern angle" perhaps Sunday mountainj " from which it declines with some degree of regularity, in every direction, to the extreme parts."]) Mnuirt Bigeluw, * MS. Letters of Hoeea Bates and Bcojaniia Ciwliing, T^n. and Plan. tSomct«me.Bpelt«Ac.ome«Ucu8." ^ , . ,4li«J«i& «Ail6^ |Ktnco is Ibe Indian name fur Jlint. { '• Iroincdtately at Mie loot of tliis mountain, a line S or 600 feet has been Ihroirn without £;ettinn^ bottom.** It is about 120 miles from Augusta, norlb by east. iJC ccnlcaTsStatisUcaJVlcw^lS. lif .9t^..*;» i^rti «» .n^^en^i my TBB MNLS or MARIE. ff SOILS. ««^ rugged rocks, and supporting in their crevices a half-starved shrub* heryi—^ spectacle often repulsive to the view of the water-passen- ger and tii^ant. From the ledgy and clayey parts to the head of the tide, on aihmii iIm the rivers and about the estuaries, the land generally lies in' *"*"* large sweUs and is of a clay contexure, with interspersions of sand. On the high grounds, between the principal rivers, it is loamy, fertile, easy of tillage in many towns, and excellent for farms. There are large Salt mar$he$ in Wells, Scarborough, Fal- g^i^ „,^ mouth, and Machias, about the Islands of Sagadahock, and about "*' Mount Desert, where great quantities of salt-hay are annually cut, which, with that of the upland and fresh meadows, make exceed- ingly good fodder. In other parts tlie soil is of a black loam, or dark mould, with hillocks of gravel and some slate, as in Caper Elizabeth and Harpswell. Indeed, through the whole extent of ^e State, in rear of the ledge-land, the soil is generally fertile. "Diere are to be found many Cedar swamps^ scattered about ^^, the heads and among the branches of the rivers and brooks ; the most of which are capable of making good meadows and mowbg grounds ; and cedar affords the best fencmg stuff which can be made of wood. Our Sandy plains, the natural growth of which is pitch and white SAndy pine, are oftentimes large. They are found in Wells, in Bruns- p'""^ wick, in Tepsham, in Gray, and in many other places ; but to what extent, the writer has zio satisfactory information— except that he is told there are no less than 6,000 acres of pitch-pine plains in the single town of Shapleigh. Our richest, most productive and valuable lands ire the Inter- intenaie*. vales. Of these, we have many thousand acres, which are generally found to be some distance above the tide-waters ; and in wider and narrower parcels, to skirt almost every considerable river and stream in the State. There are intervales on the Saco and iis branches, especially in Fryeburg ; on the Andrq^coggin, ' 8wampit Tn OUMATS •rii ragioa. Tkaair. Ttmpw«> lura. Windi. fiom OilMd, when Um river aniMrt thii State, to Lewigton fiJlf} ud on the Kennebec and iu tributariei, between Soowhegen fdU end the Forki. Indeed, the single town of Fennington, ii said to conuin no leM than 2,000 acrei of thii most beautiful and fertile land. In Sunkhase, Olemoo, and other places on the Pe- nobscot, the meadows are very extensive, and bear large and ex- cellent grass. The country about the easterly beads and upper branches of the Penobscot, the whole Aroostic, and the southern primary branches of the St. John, is naturally very excellent. The soil is a deep rich loam ; the face of the ground variegated witli swells and vallies ; and the whole region favoured witli abundant sup- plies of purest water. To emigrants, it has strong attractives ; it is filling with people, and is capable of supporting a dense population. SECTION III. Air, Climate^ and Seatotu, The air of tliis State is pure and salubrious ; and the weather not much given to changes. It is believed that the atmosphere here is more humid and dense than in southern climates, as the dews of summer are certainly greater. For the most part, the air in winter is serene, elastic, bracing, and not unfrequently keen; in spring transparent and humid; in the summer, often sultry and electric ; and in the autumn sometimes full of smoke. But as the territory of this State extends through five degrees of latitude ; and as the characteristics of the climate here, as elsewhere, always depend in a great measure upon its situation from the equator, the temperature of our climate must have some varieties. It is unquestionably softened by seabreezes, and by the cultivation of the country ; and is chilled by its being con- tiguous to mountains, or even to a tliick unbroken wilderness. For upon these, which are never charged with the beams and heat of the summer's sun, the snow falls earlier and lies longer, than in cultivated fields. Wind** here are not often high and destructive, and a hurri- * The prevailinsf winds throughout the whole coa*t of Nova Scotia, are from W. S. W. to S. W. •* nearly as steady as trade winds," except during^ aununer months, when they are rather more southerly, accompanied with lbg«, which are hardly dispersed without northerly winds. mi} w^tmiUMt. £9 ifl v«^ wldoni CT pM i— owL Tb« kniUmtIj wbdt art dM oKMlTiolMt ) tmi betwMn that pobt of conpui and ibe N. £*, lbey« after blowing 24 hours, utuaUy bring a norm which ksts leraral days, and always longer than when it comes from any other quarter. Those from the southwest mitigate the sererity of winter, and often render sultry the days of summer : Dot fair .. '• weather, and sometimes a thundershower, come with the winds from the northwest. In New-Brunswick the prevailing wbds, from October to April, are from tlie north and nortliwcst ; and in the spring, they are mostly from the nortli-northeast, and bring dull and heavy weatlier. V «r ba* .?£li»Ji»f»,ot isv»wt Tlie water which falls annually on an average, in rain, snow, K»in, mow, and hail, is said to be thirty-ieven inches : about a third part of*" which is supposed to fall in the two latter. Hail, however, rarely falls in considerable quantities ; yet in June, 1781, a hail storm did some damage. A southeast storm, though it begin with .. snow, commonly ends in rain. "^^ Thunder is beard and lightning seen many tiroes in the sum- ^i,^^,, mer ; still, the one is not often heavy, nor the other vivid. They "!'<* '■s''*' however rendered the seasons in 1752 and 1760, remarkable by their frequency. On the 12th of August, of the latter year, ,.^,,:ua»i there was such a hurricane as was never before known in these parts : houses, bams, trees, com, and almost every other thing bleakly exposed, were levelled with the ground. The tempest in May, 1779, was a tomado; the darkness was only intermitted by incessant lightning : it did immense damage. iin» ^nm !>:ij Fre$het», larger or smaller, happen every year, and usually m prMheu. the month of May, oftentimes earlier. The double occasion of falling rains and melting snows, makes them the greatest. In times of these freshets and floods, the waters in the rivers have been known to rise 20 and even 25 feet ; when they occasion great destruction. '^*-^ * •* ■* But droughti are the most frequent, and on the whole, the Drnajthn greatest judgments which the country experiences, for many times '"** "** tliey are followed by fires, by devouring insects, by sickness, and by scarcity. The fires, after droughts in 1820 and 1825, were extensive and dreadful. It is believed that in more than half the days of the year we have fair weather and enjoy the shinings of the sun. But the year 100 MM. Wiolera. THEWBA80NS .l'..l'J December. \hmaawi. 1773 ^iTM Tcrjr stormy ; it was erea judged that t quiner, n least, of the springi summer, and autumn, was actually rainfh Thi four seaaotu* are far from being uniformly the same in every year : yet for the natural causes of these varieties, philoso- phers have never been able to assign any satisfactory reasons. Our winters are cold, usuaUy serene, and sometimes intensely severe. We have witnessed many days of sunshine in succes- sion, tn which the snow did not melt enough to form isicles. The mercury in the thermometer is often below zero, though rare- ly down to 12 degrees. In December, 1 778, many people were frozen to death ; and on Friday and Saturday, January 19 and 20, 1810, it was 15° or 16° below ; and on the same days of the week, February 14 and 20, 1817, it ranged from 11* to 15* below. But tlie winter of 1784 was the longest and coldest ever known, since Maine was inhabited. '"t*p .»K>.i »■ ^jca n* n-^w December always brings snow, yet the weather is changeable. Indeed, such are its vicissitudes, that its snows have been measur- ed four feet deep ; the ground has been seen sometimes entirely bare and even without frost ; and the rivers covered with ice, and free from it, in different years. But January is a month more uniform and cold ; the snow is commonly of good depth, and the ice over still fresh water is sometimes five or six feet thick. There is often however soft weather, tliis month ; also what is called " the January thaw," when tlie rain sometimes freezes as it falls ; covers the face of the earth with a glare ice, and adorns the trees with glistening , pendants, too heavy for the branches to bear. When large quan- tities of water fall, cellars are filled, rivers broken up, and gener- ally great damage done. — In 1771, no snow fell till about the end of this month ; and during the whole of it, in many years, the sleighing is poor. *- *'•*• '* > f"'"?i » * •< WAnny. In February, the cold is said to be the most intense ; the great- est quantity of snow usually falls ; and by reason of winds and drifts, the travelling is sometimes difficult. In the years 1 757 and 1763, the snow in the woods was about five feet deep on a level ; and in the open land, it was blown into drifts of great * M. GreenlcaF, E«q. in hit iiirvpy and itatUtici, chap. III. hus raada ,^.,.!,„ ■ome critical and ingenious remarks upon our climate, witU MTsral M«te« oroloffical tablea Q« to the yearH820— 18a7. »»«,>i..i» i.»*\. Jawarjr. 't^ I! rvi^ ' Smrr. mi] ofiuin«,{t }0I height and hordneaa. If the Mrth be a kmg tiooe bare in tliia montht it freezes from four to six feet, and so hard aa le kill the grass-coots, and render the face of spring peculiarly deathlike. In February, 1772, it snowed 31 times: and yet in 1751 and 1761, the month was more like spring than w^inter ;— ^ven the robins have been seen this month after several djiya of yrafip weather. !..^,^...vs. ;. . ,* .,u„,,.^,t. s ... ,-,-^i- Diy winters are commonly cold ; whereas the earth, if well covered with snow durmg the winter-weather, will uniformly ap- pear verdant early in the spring. ,- fninKvr-m •mmrfum'i-tmfmm If our tpring leason is very early and forward, die vegetation ta often chilled and checked by frosts. March is a chilly blustering month ; and the air being humid is March, often searching. In different years the varieties of this month are great. The snow on the 29th of March, 1733 and 1742, was three feet deep in the woods, and on the 13th, in 1787, five feet. These cases, however^ are very rare : for in general, the snow disappears this month and exhibits many evidences of spring. Robins are often seen, and some gatilcn-seed sown, before April. In 1 760 tlie season was so uncommonly early, that the spring- birds appeared ten days before tlie month closed ; the seeds of cabbage, lettuce and radishes were planted in gardens on the 16tii of the month, 1811 ; and in other years the trees have be- gun to bud in March. Nevertheless we may generally expect to have the remains of w inter at its beginning, and the inspiring ap- pearances of spring at its close. jJprU is literally a vernal month, having nights frosty, and j^^i many of its days chilly and uncomfortable ; also the highways are bad, if not unsafe for the traveller. In April, 1733, 1746, 1781 and 1786, snows fell two or three feet deep, particularly the first and last of these four years : There were also snow- storms this month in 1786 and 1816 ; yet, the ways have been settled and ground fit for the plough in some years, by the 8th and 10th of the month ; and garden-seeds planted before May. The seasons of 1736, 1744 and 1747, were very forward; the grass was luxuriant ; and on the 16th of the month, in the latter year, English peas and beans were up in gardens and promisbg. It is in April that the ice in rivers and ponds breaks up and X .*eUA. ■A I0SI iTHBfBASORS [Il»t«0»W. tedves tti winter-quaiters,* and the firost is expeUed from th« ma* fkce of the ground. ■•r. The month of seedtime and blossoms is May : though frosts are frequent, especially prior to the middle of the month ; and also, a considerable fall of snow has been seen. In 1769, on the 1 1th, when the trees were in bloom, so great a flight covered the trees and the earth, as not to be dissolved and disappear till the next day. English cherry-lrees usually begin to blossom by the riiiddle of the month, apple-trees about tlie tliird week ; and strawberries come to maturity about a month afterwards : But in 1744 some of them were ripe before June; an'1 in 1755 gar- dening was finished during the second week of May. In many ■i'" places, Indian corn was above ground that year before the 31st; whereas, in 1785, the people only began to plant about the 20th. *'■'■ In some years there are droughU, and in others freshets, this ■ ' month. ]Melancholy instances of the former mark the years 1 748 and 1 749 ; and in this month of the following year, the country was almost overnm, and its vegetation eaten up, by the grashoppers. The year 1763 was rendered memorable by a great freshet ; which was higher on tlie 24th of the month, than ever before, within the recollection of any one then living. The 20th of May is conndered the end of feeding cattle with hay, and the 20th of JVovember the tin\e to take them from the pastures.^ ' Our summers are usually hot and pleasant. ..>.»..,-. JuM. In June there is seldom any frost ; still in 1 764 one nipped the Indian corn then up, and as late as the 16th, in 1775, there was '. a small frost ; also in this month, its unwelcomed appearance was witnessed during every one of the late cold seasons. Unhappily, in 1 749 and 1754, the grashoppers were very numerous and vora- cious ; no vegetables escaped these greedy troops ; they even de- * Timet wkea tlio Ic$ left aad cloud the : *-^ ' - ,M'^'_-i Fenobicot 1 Keonebcc Left, Cloced, ' I*ft, Cloiod, 181», April li, Dec. 5. 1819, April 13, Dec. 5. 1820, tt 10, Not. 28. 1820, •« 16, Nor. 89. 1831, tt 18, •' 3C. ^ 1S21, •« 11, »* 80. 1822, M 10. Nov. ^ 1822, Mar. 27, Dec. 7. 1823, ti ", Dec. 6. 1823, April 9, Nov. 14. 1824, tt 1, " 26. ■ • 1824, Mar. 37, " 15. 1835, U 11. Dec. IS. 1835, April 4, Deo. 11* t On the 19th of May, 1780, w% the menorablc dmrk day. V m.f ■)4opi ; and in 1743 and 1756, wonna in armiea and in milliona, covered the whole country and threatened to de- vour erery thing p*"^' Indeed, so great was the ahirm they occasioned among tlx: ople, that they appointed days of fasting and prayer. The draughts in June, A. D. 1749, 1761 and 1763, were very severe and followed with devouring fires. Those in the last year of the three, being succeeded by heavy falls of rain, were thus effectually extingtiished. One of the severest storms ever known was on the 14th of this month, in 1768, from the south-southeast ; and the damage it did was great and mem- orable. The month of July is commonly hot, — not unfrcquently dry;i*^y and sometimes the drought has been so severe as to wither vegeta- tion, till its leaves have crackled under the feet. The weather is usually fair, clear, and favourable for getting hay this month ; but in 1 763, it was not fair, at any one time, forty-eight hours in two whole summer months. A hot July produces good corn, and a cold one, good potatoes. There was a tempest this month, in 1784, with hideous darkness; and, usually, there are thunder and lightning in July ; though electric fluid seldom, with us, takes life or does damage. August is the month of English harvest, and of cutting mea- a^m. dow grass. That of 1 752 was memorable for tempests, and a tremendous hurricane ; and that of 1774, for the inmnnerable swarms of fliu, which were most unwelcome and troublesome visitants. It is a remark no less trite than true, that September is the most SrpMBker, agreeable month in the year. It is not, in general, either cold or hot ; the winds, if any, are light, and the weather is generally fair. In as many as half of the years there is some frost betweeir the middle and the end of tlie month, though seldom so severe as to destroy all the vegetables upon which it has power. Son.e- times Indian corn is secure from its effects before the month closes ; and damsons begin to ripen. Th" com \^as generally spoiled by frost, in 1758; and yet in 1760, cabbages began to head, and grass grew more this month than any other during the whole season. The summer of 1738 was remarkable for drought and grashoppers ; and the month of September was rendered memorable by the raccoons, red squirrels, and blue-jays, which were more abundant than were ever before known. They might ItM October. THE 8EM0IW OP MAINE. P*! tWt$* be wefl comparad to the niiihitndei of pigaons, with whkik> the country abounded in 1759. rf.r In Oetobeff the frosts are frequent and severe, and sometiflaes there is a fall of snow : In 1746, however, the grass grew almost as luxuriantly as in the spring, till November. Between the mid- dle and the end of the month, in 1740, 1749, 1767, 1777, and 1821, there was snow several inches deep ; and the ground gen- erally freezes more or less in this month, though snow-storms are not frequent and never long. The year 1785 witnessed an uncommon flood:— About the 31st or 22d of October it rained incessantly forty-eight hours, and ^' raised the waters to an overwhelming height. The rivers Saco, ^ Presumpscot, and others, carried away bridges and mills, and ' made a general wreck of whatever came within the sweep and rti iVi' tfii i,<',ji--fim *h}i '<«i?ft r.if/imki fury of their waters. Notember. As early as in the beginning of November the ingatherings of the field are completed. The sky of this month is frequently overcast, its nights cold, its days blustering, and it uniformly brings squalls, and sometimes snow-storms, before it closes. Rivulets are bordered or covered with ice ; and nature prepares for winter. Heavy falls of snow occurred in November, 1738, 1745, and 1763; and the storms at this season ol the year, from the north- east, are long and tedious. On the fifth of November, 1780, and on the 13th of the month, in 1783, there were driving storms, in which the snow fell deep, and partly remained through the win* ter. November, 1786, was so exceeduigly dry, that, though the -.4 sledding was good, the fountains almost ceased; tlie bottom ol the wells were bare ; and the smaller streams merely flowed. The icy covert wliich mantled the ponds and streams of fresh water, before the month was at an end, was strong, though too slender to bear the weight of a man.* j,, «^.„ y,jf ^. j^^-.m Such are the vicissitudes of our seasons, seedtime and har- vest, summer and winter, which we are assured from Divine au" thority shall never cease. There is however a fact, or peculiarity worthy of notice. The winters of 1730, 1780, 1793, 1803, 1810, and 1824, were marked for their pacific mildness and fol- lowed by summers of uncommon health and plenty. This has induced the saying, that " mild winters augur good summers.*' * Bc« Rot. Mr. Smith*! Jouroal. . V tT sir.] VEOGTABLB PROOUCnonS OF MAINE. ||B| Our country u highij f«Tour«d whb gentle hruxtt. la th« Bnom. nombgs of summer, they are from the knd, a loft aod soothing smbyr ; often controled by a Seabreeze before noon, which lasts till sunset. Thus the beat of almost every brilliant day is allayed at flood tide, from the salt water, and very grateAiUy cools the air. Upon our coast, foggs are sometimes very dense and dark ; Fogg*. aod when the wind is at the soutliward and eastward, they render \ the marber's condition perilous and sometimes alarming. They also rise from fresh waters in the interiour, which the morning breezes and the sun's beams soon dissipate. An early whitish fogg, brooding on the water, is an indication of a fair day ; and when vapours cap the mountain and hill-tops, they are consider- ed signs of rain. The Aurora Sorealist or Northern Lights, were first particu larly noticed in New-England, on the 11th of December, 1719}Uorearb. yet it seems, they were seldom seen for half a century after- wards. At these earlier periods they excited emotions of won- der, and sometimes of fear. In January, 1752, their appear- ances were more vivid and more frequent ; and though all trepi- dation on their account has at this age subsided ; they sometimes exhibit to the beholder a spectacle which occasions particular notice and remark. t • :i i . hsu'n .r.,kit IWJ} Aurora ■xt'n trtJt ir.rt 1{9(il !o SECTION IV. ^ Natural Productions. After so many observations made upon the Geography and Atmosphere of this State ; it becomes expedient next, to give some account of its indigenous animals, vegetables and minerals. Each of them is a very great department in any country } and therefore what is about to be said on these subjects, must be con- cise and will be confined to natives of this State. THE NATIVE VEGETABLES. In examining this subject, it is needless to go into any minuter BoTmf. detail, than what may be said under the kinds and species to be named and described. Nevertheless, it will be most convenient to divide so long a list, and arrange its parts under the heads of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, Roots, and Vines. Those of each head may be considered in alphabetical order. Vol. I. t 106 NaUvt Atli. WbiUi. Black. R^(t, and YdIIow. Bcecb. Ban* wood. Circbef. Aider. wiwxL .:} v-| AM %.'-- THE TREES PirTBOMrOb Tress j^-The Ash U a tree of which there are two species : 1 . The white Ath* is strait, tall and tough } and in a good soil, grows to the size of three feet in diameter, at the ground. Of its wood are made barrels, firkins, oars, handspikes, the handles of manual tools, and the frames of sleighs and other carriages. It is said that a venomous serpent will not cross its leaves, and that these and the bark are an antidote to poison. 2. The black Ath^ is not so large a tree as the other. It is easily cloven, or rift into thin even splits, by means of a maul, and wrought into baskets and brooms. Of this species, the red and yellow are only varieties ; and out of the roots of the latter, the turner forms bowls of different sizes, convenient in housewifery. The Beech\ is of tiuee varieties ; — the red and the white^ both larger than the ash, and excellent fuel ; the blacky which is tough and small, is 6t only for withes and switches. Each is plenty in our hardwood forests. But the ashes of beech-wood cannot be used to make soap. The Bass-wood tree'^ is considered the same as the Linden or Lime-tree ; its wood is white, and free from knots, and its diameter, when full grown, is often four feet. J?trcA|| is a native of which we have four species, and each a peculiarly excellent wood. 1. The white is very useful for its tough, lasting and beautiful snow-white bark, which has always been much used by the natives for the construction of their canoes, an ingenious skiff, ever viewed by Europeans as a curi- osity. 2. I'he black Birch is a very superiour wood for articles of household furniture : its heart is of a dark brown, of fine close grain, and is capable of receiving a polish like mahogany. Its trunk is sometimes found more than three feet in diameter. 3. The yellow Birch is valued principally for fuel— and each of the three species is very good for that use. 4. Alder^ according to the Linnacan principle of classification, is a species of the birch kind, well known, having in its bluwth the same number of stamens. Its bnrk dies a dark brown. Button-woodf^ or eastern "plane-tree," is an unyielding tight- * Fraxiniii Exccl&ior. \ Fr&xiniii Anicricann, or Sambucifoliut. J Fagus.— 1. Ferrugina.— 2- S}lvalica, r^^^ {Tilla Amcricnna.— TiKa Alba [\rliitc-wood] about tlio Aroostie II Betula.— 1. Bctiila Alba.— 2. Bctula Niffra.— 3. Cctiilu I.cnla.— 4. D« tuU Alntii (Alder.) f Platanut Occidcntati*. ■o'<^i^ii ibucifoliuB. CuilerauO flsCT. IT.] OF MAINE. ||^ nained woodf as large as a beech ; and is used for wheel-hub^ windlasses and vessel-blocks. This is said to abound on the river St. John though not unfrequent elsewhere. Butternut f* or OUnut-trec is a species of tlie Walnut^ and it is believed to be the only native one of that genut to be found in this S'ate ; though there may be walnuts in York County .f It is a tree of a middle size, the kernels of its nuts are ry oily and nutritious, and a decoction of its bark is a gentle and excel- lent cathartic. It is said to have been advantageously used by the surgeons in the army of the Revolution. The Cedar is found to be of two kinds, and not two species Cedar, of the same kind ; both are evergreens, and generally, the tree is from C) to 12 inches in diameter- The white Cedar1[. is be- lieved to be the western life-tree. Its wood is very ensy to rive, is sweet and lasting, and is used by the coopers in making pails .^.' m and other wooden vessels. The red Ccdar^ is the largest of the juniper kind} it makes the most durable posts and rails for fenc- ing used in the State. || .. ,5,,. . Cherry-tree^ is a native of our forests, and is considered to be next to mahogany for cabinet work. Its grain is smooth and firm, and receives a beautiful polish : It has been found with us 18 inches in diameter. The Elder is of two species, the black** and rerf.f f The former, called " Sweet Elder," has handsome blossoms, nodding like feather-plumes and a berry not unlike a whortleberry. The latter is a mere shrub, which it is believed the French call Osier, and is poisonous. The £/m|| is a lofty Elm. wholesome tree ; its leaves, when fallen, are favourable to the undergrowth of grass ; its inner bark is strong and fibrous, and is wrought into bed-cords and chair-bottoms ; and its wood is tough and elastic. Of the elm there is only one species and Ma Oierry- irce. Elder. 01 ^ Juglans Cathartica ; or Jug^Ians Alba, cortice cathartico. f John dc Laet [chap. 19.] says, walnut trees grew in this quarter. t Thya, or Tbuia Occidentalis. { Jiiniperiis Virginlana. II The red Cedar and the Savin, in their sensible and medicinal propertiei, are specially allied, and used to keep up tha discharge of blisters. — Dige* low't Dot. 40. % Prunus Virginiana, or Cerasus. '^^ Sambuccus Nigra. it Viburnum Opulus.or cultivated 'p- erties to relieve the strangury. HirnbMiii. The Hornbeam* or Ironwood, is a small tree of 3 or 4 inch- es in diameter ; its wood is tight-grained and looks like beech. It is used for handspikes and stakes, and for binding rafts. Its leaves are wrinkled, oval, pointed, and sharply indented at the edges. Janiper. The Juniper^ is about a foot and a half in diameter when full grown, of a fine texture, and is particularly used for vessel- knees. It is sometimes called Hackmatack, which is one species : ■^^"^ -A 2d is the red cedar ; and a 3d is an unseemly shrub,J which grows in open, poor pastures, only about 2 feet in height from the ground, and has horizontal branches of more than five feet in length.^ Maple. The Maple is a stately forest tree, of which there are three species : — 1. The white Maple,\\ which has two varieties, one is smooth and straight-grained ; the other has apparent curls and bird's eyes, and is almost as handsome in cabinet work as satin wood. 2. The red Maple grows in swamps, and though sappy, is good firewood when seasoned. It is a tree four feet in diam- eter. 3. The black, or rock Maple is the most valuable of either. .1 Not only is its wood very solid and excellent for fuel, but the tac- eharine quality of its sap has given it great additional worth and surnamcd it the sugar Maple. "- ''-'^ From this species great quantities of sugar have been made every year in this State ; which, when refined, makes a hard, a pure, and very delicious loaf. TJie trees are tapped in March, with an auger, and run a fortnight or more ; from which the sap is gathered in troughs, boiled in kettles to a consistency when it ^' will granulate, and then it is drained. I am assured that 21,500 pounds have been made in one year, within the limits of a single town. " This sugar, at first moist and heavy, yields a most salu- " brious and agreeable sweetening. If dry sugars are preferred, " it is only necessary to make a hole in the tub, at any time be- • Carpinus Bctiiliis. f Sec the " Larch."— (Z'/mw.) | Junipcrus Sabinn. }Junipcrus Americana; also, in 3 Biji^elow's Dotany, Juniperv* Com' munit, p. 43 — 48, is tlicrc called a slinib of 3 feet hie;li ; iti Truit dark ob- long berrici, wUich are diuretic. — Dr. Grover. H 1 Acer Ncjfundo. — 2. Acer llubrum.— 3. Acer Saccharinum.— 4. Acer Striatum, tlriped maple or moote-wood, of little ralue. Mf .«!«'! crus Sabinn. <* Ipre ■} fint of June, and dnia off the molasses, whett die ,M fvree 'i> ^ the maple are in two parts ; the one of sugar, dear " and dry ; and the other of molasses, the most pure and agreea* " ble" any where seen or tasted. No forest tree is, on the whole, more universally esteemed, and none could with more ease be cuUivated than the sugar Maple. It grows pretty rapidly, stands firm in tlie ground, and strives hard for continued existence. it^;@u#' #i It is curious to know, that the method of making maple sugar, an article of so much importance, is learned from the Aborigines. Father Ralle, while he lived with the Canibas tribe, at Norridge- wog, says, that the insipidity of his dish of com, pounded in a mortar and boiled, he " corrected by adding sugar, made by the " women in the spring, who boiled down the sap of the maple, " which they collected in bark troughs as it flowed from incisions " made in the trunk of the tree." The rock Maple is in diam- eter between two and three feet. «fif^«» The Oak* is a genus of five species : — 1. Black ; 2. Red} q^^ 3. White ; 4. Chesnut ; and 5. the Shruh Oak. — ^The first is used for vessel keels, and its bark for tanning ; the second, for dry cask-staves, and grows on side-hills : of this, there are two varieties, the swamp and yellow Oak. The vohite Oak is the toughest wood in our forests, and most suitable for axe-handles, ox-bows and ploughs. It is not found in so great abundance with us as could be desired. The Shrub Oak grows 8 or 10 feet in height and produces a nutgall, the nest of some insect, and is sometimes used in making ink for the pen. The Chesnut Oak is r.^oin^li found in the western parts of the State ; it is a tree of pretty large size and makes the best of fuel.f It cannot be ascertained, that the Chesnut-tree {^Fagus Castanea"] is a native inhabitant of Maine, although it is very common in every other State in New- England. • -.!>„•; •e-Ji The wild Plum'treeX is of one species only, though of two or piom. three varieties ; it is of small size and scarce.^ * Qiiercus Ist species, Qucrcns Nip^ra —21. Qiicrcus Rubra. — 3 i. Quer. CU8 Alba — 4l!i. Qiiercng I'riniis. — 511i. Qucrcus Pnnula. f Tijero is alto another variety, called the " Gray Oak." • ~ } Pruoiis Sylveitri*. \ Called also pomegranate, wild pear, and June-plum. — S. Louder. tl# PiM. \hn 7 Specie* (Larcb.) TBcntecB '^' TInr Pine,* in itt several species, is the most comimn of toy gromh in our weods. It flowers about the middle of June, when its poUen, which is of a bright yellow, is so exceedingly fine as to ascend with the vapour from the earth to the clouds. It (alls witli the rain, and is tlnis promotive of fructification. When it rests on tlic face of the water, it forms a yellow scum. The pines retain their foliage during the winter, because of '* the abundant quantity of oil in their bark, which preserves them from the effects of the cold." . The species of the Pine are seven. — 1 . The white Pine, which is the prince of the forest, and which has been seen six feet in diameter, at tliu butt, and 240 feet in height ; and those of four feet through are frequently found. Until the Revolution, every tree, two feet in diameter, growing in any part of this State, ex- cept within the limits of Gorges' Provincial Charter, was the property of tlie English rt*own, reserved for masts and spars in the royal navy ;f and the trespasser, when detected, was mulcted in heavy penalties. So literally is this erect and lofty masting- pine the greatest ornament of our forests, that it was adopted as one of the emblems in the shield of our State coat of arms. f The 2d species, the yellow Pine, being harder and thicker grained, as well as smaller than the other, is used for flooring and for planking vessels. The JVorway Pine is another variety, of still closer texture, and is much used in ship-building. 3. Pitch Pine is the hardest of all, and being full of turpentine, will, when dry, make extremely hot fires in furnaces. The 4th species of the pine genus, is the Larch ; and it is- the only one of the terebinthine family which does not retain its leaves through the winter. It grows better on strong .stony land than in a rich soil. It is said that its timber neither shrinks nor warps, nor does it easily rot ; and hence it is much used in ship- building. It grows on the Alps and Appenines in Europe and is highly esteemed. It is said the Juniper tree is the American Larch, and that Hackmatack is its vulgar, or provincial name ; but this is doubted. * 1. Pinus StrobiMs.— 2. Piniis Pinea. — 3 PiniisTacda. — 4. Pinus Lariz. — 6. Piuiis Dalsamea.— '6. Pious Abies. — 7. Pinus Canadensis —S. Pinus Rupeetris, [shrub (inc.] — The Pines, sometimes called tbc >' conc-bearin|; tree," are alt " soft wood." t Cliarter of William and Mary, last clauM*. ~l^-.ii1..>i| ■»»» ->Hi trj^,-, . •»*«*?/ ^Y!i. TktFbr, wbieh yields ■ fine balsam, is oAen called *«s!Ifer (Fir.) ib.** : 6« Hie Bmiodt in stature almost vies with the mast-pine ; (iiMiiack.) its bark is much used in unnery. 7. The iS^ntes is of two varie- (SprM* ) ties — the white is a straight and smart wood, fit for spars, ship- knees, and joists, and sometimes grows two feet in diameter ; the » » h i- hlark Spruce is used in making beer, and with molasses forms a most wholesome and palatable drink. ^ Within fifteen years, the white spruce in many places has died in great numbers, so that " where once grew thousands, it is now difficult to procure spars for the use of our ownn vessels." The cause of this fell destruction, it is supposed, may be attributed to the canker-worm, or some other insect, which in the summer months ravages its foliage and brings on a fatal consumption. Some have supposed the cold seasons, between 1811 and 1816, were ^^ in some measure conducive to their ruin. t| The Poplar* is of two species, 1 . the Aspen or white poplar^ popiar. 3. the Balsamf or black Poplar ; the former is cream coloured and soft, somewhat like bass-wood. Its trunk is spldom more than a foot in diameter, its leaves always tremulous, and its wood is poor fuel. The latter is an elegant tree, of a large size and is particularly celebrated for its balsam, which in the spring may be extracted from its buds, rich and fragrant as that of Peru. Some- times it is called the Sycamore, or Balm of Gilead, and is found in the northern parts of the State. .-nmn mm wa Sastafras'f is a species of the Laurel or haj/'iree,^ so much used by the ancients in purifications ; of which there are with us, 1st this Sas$ajratf and 2d the Fever-bush. The former was much F«v«r bub. the most celebrated, two centuries ago, of any indigenous tree on our shores. It grows in moist land ; it is of small size ; and its root, bark, buds and leaves have a very aromatic refreshing smell. It possesses powerful and salutary medicinal qualities ; is said to to be a remedy for the stone, the strangury, the scurvy, the plague, the dropsy and rheumatism ; and was a great article of exportation in the early voyages to this country. One of Capt. Gosnold's men, on our shores, was cured by it in twelve hours, of * 1. Populiis Trcmiila. — 2. Populus Ni^ra. fl. Laurus Sassafras :— la York County. — 2. Cauriis Benzoin. I Cinnamon, Cassia, Campliirc-trcc, are of the inme family. It is a good iaf reditnt in diet'drink ; its volatile oil is of preat uie.— 2 BigiloVy 148. SaisafrM. m Wii W' ^s^v^-m^^-'^m f3S5fU«f^a» Wv§ms- The largest and heaviest trees in our forests are the white Pine, the Hemlock, the Elm, the Maple, the Beech, and the Button-wood, The next class in size, embraces the Oak, the Birch, the Bass-wood, and the Ash. The third class is the Larch, Cedar, Fir, Spruce, and Poplar. The oldest trees, are the Oak and Pine ; for by their annual ringlets, formed between the wood and the bark, it has been ascertained that some of them have been growing between 500 and 1000 years. As death is the natural consequence of age ; decay begins at the heart of the tree. 'h »SffnW»//;.. f Dirca Paliistris, ) Sioamp Sumach (Rhus Toxicodeodrum.) Jl. S-:.\i;i..--2. ::^v ^x. Alh*. at wn} the moi' I iM or MAinc. 1 IS SHRUBS. 1*HKBK form a large family in the vegetable repubSc. But II is not very easy to distingaish win > are $hrub$ from what are trees. Both are perennial; and soni< times a shrub has limbs, or branches. In common parlance, Inwever, that is a shrub, to the top of which when green, a man c an reach, provided it be \ perennial ; if annual, it is a plant. It is observable that no family is so universally fruitful as that which comes under this appellation, "shniKbery." Some bear nuts, though the most of them bear berries ; and with a few ex- ceptions, they all have something of fruit, which is pnlntable and esrv(«;'. We can do little more than mention their genera and sjeri*;.', «ii "( describe a few which are the most important. * i'lie prickly Ash* Is a large shrub, having on its branches ^'^^'^ shc-v prickles. Its baik possesses warming and pungent quali- ,^ ties, and the seed and rind of the capsule are highly fragrant, and rmell like the oil of lemons ; it is of considerable efficacy in cases of chronic rheumatism. The mountain Ash\ is a small tree growing in elevated bogs, w<»"n««i« having pinnated leaves like Ash and clustered scarlet berries. It has a five-cleft calyx, five petals, two or three styles and an infe- riour or crowned berry, with a mealy pulp, enclosing three hard seeds, like the pippins of the apple. - p' -- ■ . >^ • a ^..x .■.,.^ , ,|^ The black Alder\ is found in swamps, and about streams and Alder, ponds, and ceases to grow when it is about 8 or 10 feet in height. Its leaves are alternate oval and acute at the base, with some hairiness on the veins underneath. The flowers are small and white, growing in little tufts ; the bark is bitter and a decoction of it is reputed to be a tonic In intermittents, and some other diseases, it has been used with success as a substitute for the Peruvian bark. Small doses taken, and a wash of it applied, serve to cure eruptions on the skin. The black Alder is very attractive to the eye in autumn, for it changes the hue of its leaves iiom green to a beautiful red ; and in the midst of nature's sur- rounding decays, it becomes one of the most conspicuous indi- viduals of the woods, by its glossy scarlet berries, embracing in bunches, for a long time, the sides of the branches. * Xanthoxylum Fraxineum. I Pi inoa Vcrticillatot,— 3 Bigtlovt 141. See Birch, t Sorbut. n4 Oayberr^r. BosM-ood. Briimblci. THE SHRUBS fT j [i MW tO mwfc Barberry* is a briery bush, found in the western parts of the State, which bears beautiful clusters of red and very acid her* ries. They are used for making pickles and for preserves. The Bayberry, or fVax Myrtle,^ grows from 3 to 7 feet high, mith its top much branched ; it flowers on the sides of the branches, and bears clusters resembling berries. Father Ralle observes, as to the method of ii'uminating his chapel at Norridge- wog, that he ■' found an excellent subst'iuie for wax by boiling the berries of a kind of laurel in water, and skimming off tlie thick oily substance which rose to the top. — Twenty-four pounds of this beautiful green wax, and an equal quantity of tallow, made one hundred wax candles, (he says) of a foot Iong."| The berry, which consists of a stone enclosing a kernel, is cov- ered with black grains, incrusted with white wax. « ■- .■ Among the shrubs of the largest size is the Boxwood, or " thad-blossoni'^^ (sometimes erroneously taken for "common Dogwood.") It grows 15 or 18 feet in height, has a gray bark, flowers in May, about the time the shad and their fellow travellers ascend the rivers in the spring, and is therefore called "shad tree." It is thus among the first tenants of the woods to embellish the vernal scenery by its snow-white blossoms, and it bears red ber- ries : Its bark is used in fevers. Of the Bramble kind\\ we have seven species: — 1 and 2, the black and red Raspberry ; 3 and 4, the upright and runnit^ Blackberry, or Dewberry ;^ 5 the Brnmbleberry ; 6, the Pigeon' berry,** and l,the Cloudberryf\ — all which bear fruits succulent; * Brrberii vulgaris. It is said Corn will not fill well near it. f Mjrrica Cerifera. t " Cull. Mast. His. Soc. 2d Scrici, 252. \ Aronia— ? It bears a berry, haviny from 5 to 10 cells.— *Vu«aW'« Bot- (any, 114. II 1. Rnbns Idaeiis.— 9. Riibus Canadensis — 3. Riihus Fruticosns.(*) — t. Kiibits Moluccanus. — 5. Rubus Occidentalis.— 6. Pubui Caesiiis.— Kubut Cliamacnioriis. (*) llig^li biiith Dlackbcrry is sometimes called "JHulberry." Rubui villosiis. H Dextberriet arc cunsilorcd by some to b( the same as running black* berries, by others, gooseberries. *♦ It is said to belong to the order of tviei,—Gr. Kissos [C't*«<»] htrtda.— Quaere. ft Cloudberry. — {Jtubut chamtttmnrut)—gToxt» on the sides of mouotaini, or ezposed tod elarated grouodt. The thrub bears • tiof le berry on tho nr.] OF MAINE. lift ■^friOt •lid ia most places they >re abundant. The last is supposed' to be the same as the Knotbetry. The pigton-btrry bush is as tall as that of a blackberry, bears abundance of small purple berries, the chief food of pigeons. We have two species of the Corinth : — 1 , the black* Cur' t.-orimto roB/,f and 2, the iri'W Gooseberry. \ Of the former, the party *****' (hat visited the Katalidin found plenty ; and the latter arc seen in the borders of the woods, in two varieties, red and vohite^ and both are of a plcnsant flavour. Dogwood;^ or Cornel, is a shrub or small tree from 15 to 20 Dogwo.id. feet in height, beariiiu; flat clusters, or cymes of flowers not un- like those of Elder and commonly white. The flowers are formed into flat heads, compounded and surrounded by four leaves, vvhicli grow out and become of a white colour, adding, from the latter end of May to that of June, "one of the most .,,..... characteristic vegetable features to our vernal landscape." Its ' wood is hard, bark rough, and has upon soma people an effect like the Peruvian bark ; to others it is deleterious, as if possessing a poisonous quality. Of the HurtleberryW genus, there are four species, 1 the n.iriWver- cranherry, 2, the whortleberry, 3, the blueberry and 4, the bilberry, (•r'niXW. — all of which are plenty, nutritious and delectable to the taste. 1^,,^""^'''' Cranberries grow about ponds and marshes. Great quantities |{["|'|^ir'7' are gathered every year on the Island Mount Desert and on the Cranberry Islands in that neighborhood. The berries, red and acid, containing many seeds, are borne by slender bushes 3 feet high, and give a most wholesome and palatable zest to meats. Whortleberries are black ; but bilberries, as well as blueberries, are blue, being the largest and sweetest of these three species. top uf the stern. In size and flavour it resembles a strawberry ; having a greater tlioii|T|i pleasant smartness, and making excellent preserves. Its colour is at first scarlet; lurninp^, as it ripens, (o n jellow. When eaten witb suffar and cream it is delicious, and so cooling as to abate feveri. Tliis fruit lahts about a month. *" Ribes Nin;rum. f The black Currant-busb is liigb, its berries are in clustery one variety lias a flat stone within, and the other is without ttono. They are drier than £n£;litent with laurel buds, without any ill consequences. * Corylui Amerionna. ( Se« Juniper— Ante. f HamameHs Virginiana. ( Kalmia Latifelia. fit Prune kind. Plum. ' Cherry, fefct. IT.] OFlfAINE. Mooie^mth* is a small tree, or large shrub, not uncomimm in Mom* the forest, which, with the noble animal whose name it bears, seems to retreat, every where, before the advances of cuhivation. To browse upon its berries, buds and small limbs, the moose and deer seem to be especially eager. The 0«crf is of the willow-kind, and always foimd to be mostoii«r. flourishing by water-courses. It grows large enough for switches, yields rather an aromatic smell ; and from its freshness, it has been called ^rccn Osier. ■ •' > ■ • n r.T,fK The Prune genus'l embraces, 1 , the Plum, of which we reckon three varieties, the red, the yellow and the (horn plum, which are neither plenty nor grateful to the taste. It has five petals, a smooth drupe and a nut with a prominent feature. 2, It also embraces the Cherry, of which we have the black cherry-tree, which bears fruit abundantly of that colour : — and the Choke- cherry, or as some may call it the choke-berry of two varieties, the fruit of one being dark brown, the other red. They are larger than currants and quite saturant. The choke-cherry bush is a considerable sinub of six feet in height. The Rose-bush^ (^vild,) holds a distinguished place in our Kotr-buib, American shruhbery. It grows about six feet in height, its top is bowing, like that of an upright blackberry, though bolder and more graceful. It branches, and is well fortified with pin-pointed thorns. Its flowers, which are of two varieties, white and pah' red, are endued with a fragrance hardly surpassed by any in the vegetable republic. One species of our Sumach\\ is of a 'Iclctcrlous or poisonous char- acter. It has been sometimes called poison Ash, and by mistake, also, '* Do^oorf. "IT Theother is the common Sumach. The lat- ter grows much higher than a man can reach ; its body, near the ground, is three inches in diameter or more, and its plentiful branches bear large conical bunches of berries, which, when ripe, are claret-red, and afford a good ingredient for dyeing, and the branches for tanning. Siimarh, • Or " Mooscwooi^,'' Direa pnlusl^it, i Vimcn Viriilc— Or, Sa!ix viiiiincii!i. I l'ru>iut—\. I'riinin tjlvLktri*. 2. Trunu* virginiana.— [rA/rrt/-;rfr.] !) liusca i^j'lvcstris. || Khu^ Vernix. H IlB berries, which arc large as {tens and of .i dark blur, have been call* cd '» dtgbtrritt.'* . Pnianil Mtuathi lis THE PLANTS AND HERBS [ItrTRODOdi The poiton Sumach occurs in the western, but verjr seldom, if ever, in the eastern parts of the State. It is an elegant shrub, growing 10 or 15 feet high, branching at top and covered with a pale redish bark. Its wood, which contains a great pith, is light and brittle ; its Howcrs are green, small and fragrant : and what ^ is remarkable, the barren and tlie fertile flowers grow on different trees. An incision of the bark will exude a juice opaque, strdhg, and of a disagreeable smell ; and when touched by perMois of some constitutions will effect them as doth poison ivy. The first '« ; . < effects are an itching and swelling, then a redness and painful . burning. But it is seldom fatal ; clothes dipped in lead-water and applied have proved a relief; and indeed many are regardless of the poison Sumach, as it never injures tliem. Its fruit is a bunch of dry berries or greenish drupes. > - - - -.' » . ••• Sweei-frrn. The Sweet-fem* is much smaller and of less notoriety, than the Rose-bush, though its leaves are wholesome in diet-drink, or beer ; and it indicates the land where it grows to be uniformly warm and sweet. Thorn-tHish. The Thom-bushj^ seldom grows higher than 10 or 12 feet ; its bark is dark brown, its wood very tough, its limbs and shoots are numerous and thick, and upon its branches grow spu.'s, or slender thorns, an inch and half in length and very sharp-point- ed.^ Apple-tree shoots engrafted into its body, cut pff near the ground, have flourished well. The thorn-bush bears berries en- closing several stones, or seeds, like the haws of tlie hawthorn in England, though larger.'^ The meat of the seed is rich and palata- ble. These are the principal small trees and shrubs which variegate and adorn our woods, humble it is true, though strongly marked by their peculiarities. ^ Tlakti. PLANTS AND HERBS. The native individuals of this department are very numerous, all designed, no doubt, to be of essential and various use to .nan as well as beast. In China, it is said, every herb is applied to lomc valuable purpose, and every weed has its well known use. * C»mploniny ^Itnhnfolia. — Itcv. Dr. Cochrane, f Cratoegus Coccioea. I Of the thorn there are two varieties, one hat a purple and the other a rhite flow«r. ( J. Bennook Etq. numerous. SaCt. IT.] or MAINE. lit IT the prc^rties of all our plants were scientifically understood, Hw^ •«! the general use of them would save to the State a heav^ annual tax, occasioned by the importation of foreign drugs, and probably be equally efficacious to preserve health and prolong life. These, as distinguished from the preceding classes, have stems, or stalks, without the contexture and fiimncss of wood. Such artf' denominated annual, as produce flowers and fruits only one season and then die, as the golden-rod or the strawberry; and if the root also dies the same year, and the species is propagated the next season from the seed, it is literally a vegetable. The perennial plant has a root which has within itself a principle of continued life, yielding new flowers and seeds, year after year ; though the stalk dies the root lives, and most plants have this property. Linnaeus calls the whole plant an herbf including the stalk, the leaves, the props and defenders, and the buds. But what are vines and what are, botanically, roots ? — are questions which botanists have not definitely determined, except that the former being more slender and weak, as climbers, are dependent on their stouter neighbours and their own tendrils for supports ; and tlie latter, while they evince their existence by a rising herb, are remarkable for the esculent or peculiar properties of the parts within the ground. ) "^ '> ' -yAi ka* ,:u>>h -aiii Of ri>e prodigious number of our indigenous plants, we will now proceed to mention such as have come to our knowledge ; and though the list contains more dian 150 individuals, they are probably not a tenth part of the whole. For the sake of con- venience, as a perfectly botanical classification is impracticable, they are arranged in alphabetical order. We begin with Agrimony* and with the " American Rose' iay."t The latter, though it prefers a warmer climate than ours, has been " observed growing plentifully on the borders of Sebago lake, near Portland." It chooses a damp spungy soil, a shelter from the sunbeams, and always dwindles within a year or two after being transplanted. It is large, straprgling, and quite irregular in its manner of growth. The bark is grayish and much cracked ; the leaves arc in tufts at the ends of the branches, cvcr- * As;'rimony [Asfrimonia F.ii|infc'rin] Ims ji'llow IiIossoiiim, in lonfj (ormin- atinpf vpikct; it* root is nscJ by tiic auiivcBin fevers, and itn lcuvc« fur diet' Irink and the jaunJico. f Ithoinilc ijrun Maxi.-niiin. THE PLANTS m \hmaDm, n«i4w mhI green and covered with nap. The flowers form a tennkial <4ai^ W g tlhlM. ter, just above the leaves, each one is elliptical, having a while ground most delicately shaded with lake, the upper and largest are freckled with an assemblage of orange-coloured spots at the centre. This plant is ranked among tlie first astringents ; but the supposition tliat it is poisonous is an errour. Both the leaves and bark, digested in alcohol, yield a resinous tincture, quickly turbid when mixed with water, and the fluid ought to be taken sparingly. Of the three following we can only say, that Adder's-tongVA* grows two feet high, in running water, and is said to be a remedy for the hydrophobia ; that Angelica^ is a third taller, loves moist ground, and a decoction of it will relieve asthmatic affections ; and that Arsmart,\ a well-known low herb, is said to dye a deep yellow, hn'i. is too pungent and strong tasted to be eaten green, even by any beast. The Bearberry,% or Bear's grape, trails on the ground, putting forth roots from its prominent stems, or rising shoots, and has scattered evergreen leaves, finely freckled. Its flowers are little clusters, pale red and white, pending from the ends of the bran- ches. A decoction of this plant is said to be good in strangury, the stone, and the dysentery. But not more than ten grains of its pulverized leaves ought ever to be taken at a time. The taste of the leaves is both astringent and bitter. Bitter-sweet, \^ a hardy climbing plant of five feet high and shrubby, is good for the rheumatism, asthma, and jaundice, and in diet-drink ; Bctony,^ the stalk of which is much shorter, has long leaves hanging from several branches, and a purple blowth,— a tea of it will relieve the headach. The Brake,** of which there are several varieties, the root of which is sometimes called tlie " bog-onion," when boiled in water, to a jelly, is good for sprains. Tlie Bane-berry,j[\ witli a stalk a foot high, has green balls, as large as those of asparagus, and is ill-tasted. The Blood-root^'l is an acrid narcotic j and a large dose of it occasions nausea, heart-burn, and faintness. It is an emetic ; * Ophioglossum. f Angelica Sylvcstris, — " American Mastcrwort." \ Poljgonuin i^ncciltalis. ( Abulus Uva IJr&i. || Solanum Dulcamara. UTo wit, IlcaJ and Wood Bctony. *• Ptcris AquJlina. ft Actca Spicata. tt Banguinstria Cnnadcncia. Scot, tt.] OP MAINE. m .^t ifiiiji'ii^i ■nd Imi been beneficiaDy used in the incipient lUges of pubno- Bm*|im|1 nuy c<»aamption, the influenza, uid the whooping cough. It has been cafled Paeeoon and Red-root. Its stalk is quite short ; and its beautiful white flowers proceed from a horizontal fleshy root, brownish without, the juice of which is of a bright orange colour, and gives the plant its name. The BttekbeaTif or Marsh Trefoil* prefers always wet spongy soils. The root penetrates or runs to a great distance in the bog- earth, with half-inch joints ; its leaves spring from the end of the roots ; it flowers in the middle of May, and its blossoms, on the top of a leafless stalk, are white, with an outer tinge of red. The plant holds a high place as a bitter or tonic. Another herb, still more rich, is the Butterfly-weedf\ Pleurisy' root or Swallow-wortf found in dry, sandy soils, and pine woods. Its root is branching, pulpous and large ; and its stems many, bearing flowers of a beautiful light orange colour. It is celebrat- ed for its efiicacy as an expectorant, and also in cases of catarrh and pleurisy, and pulmonary complaints. Those of less importance are the Celandine ; the Comfrey ; the Catmint, or Catnip, [Nepcta] whose appearance and virtues are well known ; the China-aster, a plant of two varieties, the > one 4, and the other 3 feet high : the former has long leaves, many branches and beautiful white flowers ; the other's blossoms are pink coloured. The Columbine, whose flowers are red, is an annual plant, and grows 12 inches high ; the Cowslip is one of the first herbs in the spring that cheers and adorns the meadows ; and the Cuckold, a troublesome weed in plough-lands, whose seeds have horns, often occurs. The Chequer-berry, sometimes called Box-berry,^ and Par- tridge-berry,^ is a well known evergreen plant, abundant in our woods. It is low and humble, and like modest merit, prefers the shade. It blossoms early in the spring, and again late in the summer. Of its vermilion coloured berries, the taste and smell are exceedingly pleasant flavoured. This ** mountain tea" pro- motes mammillary secretions. Clover\\ is common ; also the Chocolate plant,^ which flourishes luxuriantly in woods or ''Menyanthei Trifoliata; or, Hcdyiarum Andiflorum, [Bu«A Trefoil.] ^uUair* Botany, 61. t Asclepias Tuberota. } Gaultheria ProcnmbcBi. \ Box-leared MUchtlla, [or Partridge- berry.] |) Trifoliqin. H Geum Avens, or Kivale, 3 Species. Vob L » THE PLAlfTS [ImTBOOUO. Herbtu^ DCw grouods. Its Totft, whcD boiled, makes a drink in tast* and goodness like chocolate. Coltt'foot or tnld Ginger^* [Canada Snakeroot] is one of the humblest and oldest settlers of the forest. It has only two leaves witli their stalks, which constitute the whole of the plant above the ground, united at bottom, and bearing m their fork an obscure flower. Its leaves are kidney-shaped, and the aromatic flavour of its root has rendered it a fit and wholesome substitute for ginger. Red chick-weed\ is a beautiful low plant procunv- bent on the ground. The Common Cranesbill'l exhibits a horizon- tal root, thick and knobby; a stalk erect; leaves spreading, with a flower-stem in the fork ; and petals of a light purple, fraught with green stars at the base. Its root is a most powerful astringent. • .>- > ,;.,..■:> .-^ a.- riMud the ground. The Fireweedf springs up 5 feet high, on lands newlj burnt over, and yields from its blowth a down excellent for pouhices. The Fever'TOOt, or teild Ipecae^X occurs in limestone soils, has v, opposite leaves ; and f*s flowers spring from the fork between the leaves and the stalk. It may be used for an emetic or cathartic. There are three kinds of Flag,'^ the sweet Flag,\\ the cat-tail Flagt^ and the blue Flag ;** and they all grow in very wet land. The first has very long dirk-like leaves, and a root which is white and to the taste sweet, accompanied with a rare warmth. The stalk of the second is 5 feet in height, bearing cylindrical heads, from 3 to 6 inches in length, formed of a downy substance, good for bedding, and furnished with long thin leaves, much used in cooperage. The blue Flag [or flower-de-luce] from a musculous horizontal root, set thick with fibres, sends up a stem 3 feet high, bearing from two to six beautiful flowers : their borders purple, interiour variegated with green, yellow and white, veined with royal purple. Its root, nauseous, hot and acrimonious, is an ac- tive cathartic and an Indian diuretic. Fox-glove\f is also a diuretic herb; it grows 18 inches high and is good for the nerves. GinsengXt is a very noted plant in China as well as America* It flourishes best on the acclivities of mountains. The root has oblong, white and fleshy parts, wrinkled crosswise, from which springs a short stalk, smooth, round, and green, tinged with red, adorned whh great leaves pendant from long stems, a flower-stalk tipped with umbel blossoms of a delicate red, and kidney-shaped berries of a bright scarlet. The taste of the root is a sweet bitter and somewhat aromatic ; and on the whole, not unpleasant. Its medicinal virtues are much like those of liquorice, good in cro- nic coughs. . ,; i The Golden'rodif^ is a well knotvn, plentiful, fragrant, sweet- tasted plant, growing three feet high, branched, and bearing com- pound yellow blossoms. Taken as a tea, it is a gentle stimulant and sudorific. * Viridium Sepitunam i { Irii paluBtrii ? t t \ Triosteum Perroliatum. II Acorus Calamus. ^ Polypodium, or Typha Latifolia. '*"*' Iria Versicolor. ft Digitalli Purpurea, (t P^a^x Quinquefoliuia. }} SolidaffO Odora. 184 THE PLAHTS PHTmOWWi QMm-ihreai* derives its name from hs roots, which ve of a bright yellow colour, ruuiiog in all directions like silken cords ; from which spring long stems leafed at the end, and a flower- stalk, bearing white blossoms. A tincture made of the root, di« gested in rectified spirits of wine, is a good tonic bitter, promo- tive of digestion and strengthening to the stomach. Our Ortutet constitute a numerous family, of more than 20 individuals, such as knotj mayy itettt-tcentedy iickUy witch, bog^ gootCf blue jointy foul meadoWy harsocky red-top, white dovery crowfooty or kingcupy and star-graat.f The leaves of the last spread near the ground and look not unlike a " blazing" star, whence rises a leafless stalk, the parent of the flowers and the seeds. Herb ChristopkeryX two and a half feet high, has berries pois- onous. The Houndstongue is good for a cough. Hearti-ea$e^ re- sembles arsmart in appearance, except that it has a largu reddish heart-formed spot on its leaf. Heal-aU, \\ Cure-all or Watsr-averUy is of two varieties ; one has circular, the other oval leaves. The former is used to check inflammations and eruptions of the skin. The American Hellebore^ and the Poke have some resem- blance ; both spring up early, and their large bright green leaves render them quite conspicuous in the swamps and wet meadows, where they choose to grow. But while t'le poke continues to have only a tuft of its original leaves, the hellebore sends up a straight leafy stalk, five feet high, and exhibits large leaves near the ground, and flowers among those higher up and smaller. To the taste it is extremely bitter and acrimonious. Its root is also a powerful emetic ; and though poisonous and destructive to vermin, it is a cure for the scurvy and a relief in rheumatic cases. Josselyn, in his Voyages, says, the young natives, in the election of their chiefs, took it, and he whose stomach could endure the most, was the stoutest and most worthy to rule. Seed-corn, when * Coptis Trifulia. — Bigelow. But Hev. Dr. Cochran* arrang^cs the smooth gfolden thread ; zi^-zag' do ; gross leaf do ; flesh leaf do ; and willow leaf do; — under the So/id/igo £-e/iw<. v r- fTo these may bo added Drome, Bent, Cock's-foot, Hair, Quaking', Panic, and Soft Grasses. I Aotoea Spicata — Actoea Racemosa. 2 varieties: 1st has white blows and red berries ; 2d is an astringent. { Trinitatis herba, or Lady's delight. II Gerum Rivale, or Prunella vulgaris. ? Vcratrum \itv\e.—Bi^tlir>-'B. 8ioT. nr.] orMAiRi. iodcsd in • deeoedon of H ind pbnted, if taken by tb* birds, wiU make diem giddity ftll upon the ground and thus frighten awqr the others. Hettbane* is also a poison ; jret horses, goats, sheep, and of- tentimes neat cattle, are said to feed upon it without injury. The whole herb, which is of a seagreen colour, two feet high and branching, with large leaves, emits a rank offensive smell. It flowers on the side of the stalk, and forms capsules, or cups, double-celled and covered with a lid. As a narcotic, it is a sub- stitute for opium. Horteradishf\ which is well known, is an in- digenous plant. The Indian Cueun^erX takes its name from its root, which is white and pleasant flavoured like a garden cucum- ber. On the top of its stalk are a few berries, and around it, 5 or 6 inches apart, are several leaves. The Indian Hemp^ grows a foot high and is good for the dysentery. Of this the Indians make their bowstrings and might make thread. - ' < -» i Ipeeaeuanha-spurgeW has a large pulpous root, which pene- trates several feet into the ground, has short stems with forks, whence spring the shoots which bear the flowers. It is a power- ful emetic. Kindred to tliis is the Lobelia,'^ toUd, or Indian tobacco,** a plentiful annual plant, found in the fields and on the road-sides ; it flowers from mid-summer till frost-time. Its height is. from 12 to 30 inches ; its stem erect, roots fibrous, and is much branch- ed ; its leaves sessile, oval and hairy. Its flowers are tassel-form- ed, with a bluish purple corolla, and its seeds are oblong and brown. When broken, the plant exudes a milky juice, which gives to the mouth a burning acrimonious sensation, like the taste of green tobacco. It is a powerful emetic and has given relief in asthmatic complaints. Others, which are of much less note, are these — lAft-ever- latt'ngfW found growing every where, about two feet high, on * Hjoscjramus Niger. -f Cocklearia Armoracia. | Medeola. } Asclepias ? || Euphorbia Ipecacuanha. H Lobelia Inflata. ** 1 Big. Botany, 1T7. But Indian Tobacco, called by the Natives *' Squavr^tuk,''^ ia a perennial herb, or shnib ; the bark of which thcjr sarape oflT, mix with their tobacco, and smoke it. The ctalk sometimei grows more than an inch in diameter ; its wood is tough ; its bark a dark green ; its leaves elliptical, smooth on the upper side and on the other fibrous. ft Gnaphaliom Americaoum, It6 Hwtei THE PLAim [IwTBOOUOi poor land ; its capsules make good beds ; Lowigt* grows the same height, but branches Urge : lAtngu)wrt\ and lAvtnport^X used as preventives, or cures of the consumption : Liftrof-man^ growing three feet high, bears clusters of purple berries, large as shot and wholesome ; its root is excellent in a poultice : Lorido' les-plant^ is plenty : also Larkspur, \\ which destroys vermin. Of the lAly tribe, we have several species,ir all of which are remarkable for their modest downcast beauties ; but the pond, or water-lily** is the most peculiar. Its roots are very large, its leaves expansive, with tlie upper side glossy ; and its flowers have a delicate whiteness and a fine fragrance. The root is a great astringent and in some cases it is useful in poultices. Marsh rosemary^^ is a marine plant and therefore flourishes best in or near tlie salt meadows ; whereas highland vegetables die, if salt be so much as powdered at their roots. Of the Marsh rosemary, which is perennial, the root is large, fleshy and branched, from which spring expanded leaves and a large central stalk, rising several feet in height, branching and bearing flowers of a pink and pale bluish purple. Its root is astringent, equal to that of galls. The following herbs, generdly well known, viz. May-flovters ;XX also May-vxeed,%% a low plant with white blows, very bitter ; Jtfo^Aerivor/, II II much used by females; Maidenhair ^^^ a fine brake and tenant of low grounds ; Mint, or Spearmint, [Mentha Romana'] a pleasant sudorific ; Mullein,*** whose leaves are often boiled in milk and the decoction taken for the dysentery ; and Meadoio-cup, called forefathers' pitcher, or Whippoorwill's shoes ; * Levislicum. f PulmoQaria, I Hepatica, } Coridales. — Dr. Grovcr, • U Delphinium. lITSuch as the yellow water-lily, or dog'-Iilj, or beaver-root; two varietiei of meadow-lilies, tlie upright has a flower of a red colour, freckled with black; in the other, the pensile is yellow freckled. May-lily, or " lily of the val- ley ;" and nodJing-lily.— !?/•. Cochrane. **Nymphea Odurata. ff Statice Carolinia [or Sea Lavender.] JJ Epigaea Repens. Of these there are two species— 1. a vine whose blossoms are white and sweet-scented ; 2. an upright plant of two varie- ties : The flowers of one are red, of the other red and white. }} Anthemis Cotula. |||| Leonardes Cardiaca, inr Adiantus Pedalus, ,,^_ , , if. •'"* Verbascuin Shapsjs. poison ; Poke, and ern are said Scot, it.] •11 which are common. orMAmc liT MUiei* has been cultivtted withH«teMd succen «• an article of bread stuff. We have two or three species of the MaUow$;\ one is the marsh Mallowt, [Altlua Ofieinali»\ known by the little cheeses it bears, and is often used to check a diarrhoea. Milkweed, sometimes called SUk-grass,\ grows 4 ' or 5 feet high ; bears pods four inches in length enfolding a downy substance, soft like bilk and good for bedding. The body, or a branch when truncated, yields a glutinous milk very white. Nightshade,^ or banewort, belongs to the multiform Solatium genus ; of which there are many species, as bitter-sweet, woody nightshade, Eggplant, and even the common potatoe. The hlack, or wood nightshade, is a viny or climbing vegetable. It runs over walls, bears red berries, and is said to be poisonous. Another is a perennial branching plant, 3^ feet high. JVettles\\ are common and of two varieties, hedge and sting- ing ; the latter need be touched only once to be remembered. U boiled in milk, or made a principal ingredient in syrups, they are said to afford a remedy anti-consumptive. Onion (wild,) or Leek, resembles Chives, only larger ; the Oat (wild)ir has a lighter grain than those cultivated ; Pea** (wild) is a vine which has a small pod and a black seed when ripe, grow- ing on the margin of streams and shores of Islands, Also tlie Oak of Jerusalem\^ is a native. ' ' - . Penny-royalfXX or Pudding grass, a low aromatic herb j Pi tty- morrel,% which in smell and taste resembles the " life of man ;'* Plantain, [Plantago"] whose efficacy is well known when applied to parts poisoned; Purslain, a fat succulent vegetable, often boiled for the table ; and Poor-robin*s plantain, an antidote to poison ; are all generally known. PoA:e,|||| an abbreviation of Pocum, is frequently called Cocum, and erroneously, Garget,'^^ and its clusters, Pigeon-berries, are said to be poisonous. The Poke deserves particular no- "* Milium, t Malra Rotuadifolia. X Asclepias. Syriaca. Silkweed. { Solanum Nigrum. || Urtioa Diotica. H Tizania Aquatica. ''^Pisum. f f Cheuepodium Anbelminticum. || Fulegium Mentha. }} Arabia Nigra. ' |||| Pliytolacca Dccrandra. IPir Garget ii a different vegetable from Poke, as farmers assure me, for Oarj:e^root is good for milch kine, when the bag is diseased and the iiriilk curdled. 128^ Herbi and THE PLANTS OF MAINE. [Intbouuc. tice. Its root is often as large as a man's leg and usually divid- ed mto two or three branches, and covered with a brownish skin. Its stalks are annual and grow 5 or 6 feet high, much inclining to branches, which bear leaves oval-oblong, with under and upper sides smootli and ribbed tendons underneath. Its flowers, which spring from long leafless stems, are white, maculated in the cenire with green, and are succeeded by long clusters of dark purple berries. These, which are sickly sweet and nauseous, are eaten without hurt by several species of birds. The medicinal proper- ties of the root compare with those of tlie Ipecacuanha ; and they are said also to be efficacious in cancerous aflections. Husband- men use a decoction of it for the same purpose they do hellebore. Of the Rush* kind, one species is a low erect herb, jointed and rough, like a fine grater. We have also the pond, meadow, fluted and bull Rushes. Sartaparilla\ is valuable for its aro- matic root, which runs near the surface of the ground ; it exhibits only three low leaves and a very short stalk. Skull-cap ;X Spleen-wort;^ ShephercPs-pursefW and Wild Sunflowers,^ are very common ; also, the Sprig of Jerusalem, an annual plant, 18 inches in height, of remedial use in the measles ; and Solo- mon^s Seal,** with two varieties ; one has a red bell flower, with blue berries, and the other, white, with red berries. The Senna,f f a mild catliartic, is said to grow in the town of Union. We have, also. Sea-weed, [Algae,] Oar-weed, River-weed^ and Suc- cory, as common herbs. Skuttk-cabbageXl or Skunk-weed possesses an odour too dis- tinctive ever to be mistaken. It springs and decays early. It is reputed to bo useful in relief of those afflicted witli the asthroa» catarrh and chronic coughs. Directly in contrast of the preceding is the Strawberry,^^ whose fruit delights the eye, the smell, and the taste. Another, called Two-eyed berry, is wild, and its fruit has two dimples, or eyes, and in other respects it resembles a chequerberry. * Scirpus Paluitrig. \ Aralia. Nudicaiilit. | Scutellaria Lateriflora. } Asplacnium. || Tlilaipi Bursa FaRtoris. |> H Starllower, asler Cardatus, 5 tpccics. Dut Su-illowcr, Ilelianlhiu frcniii, is a different kind of plant. *''* Conrallaria, \\ Cavsia Lig^iiitrina. \\ Ictodet FooUdut* v ^ }) Frajfarla Vosra- S«CT. IT.] THE VINES OP MAINE. 189 We can only add, that we have I^Utlet ;* Thoroughwwrt jf HcHm ud VtoUuX of several species; wild ox eommon Tannf ; Water- erestet^ fVintergreetu ;\\ several species ol Wormufoodt% the wild, or Roman, in great plenty : also fVUd Marjoram, [^Orig- anum vtdgare'] grows in dry fields. r»W#ifc-.; ^'V ROOTS. Besides the Roott enumerated in the preceding list of plants, we may mention these three, viz: the Artichoke, the '*'**■• Ground-nut, and likewise tlie Snake-root. Tlie Artichoke** is somewhat tasteless j otherwise it resem- bles a small oblong potatoe. The Crround-nuts\\ were originally a great article of food among the natives, — they are of two species ; the blossoms of one are yellow, like a wild sunflower, and its roots larger than acorns ; the other is a smaller vegetable. It is said tlie Snake- rootXl is found abundantly in the town of Warsaw. Also, we may mention Fever-root,^^ which is perennial, and called vnld Ipecac; its stem is 18 inches in height, its leaves large, and its root emetic and cathartic. VINES. There are a few natives whose names properly belong to this viMt, Class. , .i A toild Grape vine|||| found in the woods, was transplanted by J. Bennock, Esq. in Orono, twenty years ago, where it has run 100 feet, and still grows luxuriantly. It bears grapes which, when ripe, are of a purple colour, but thsy are acrid and un- pleasant to the taste. He also showed me a thrifty Woodbind,^^ or woodbine, planted * Cardiiui ? sorcral ipecici. f Eupatorium Perrol'tatum. I Viola. ^ { Naiturtium Aquatioum. II Pyrula Umbcllato. K Abtjrnthiiim. ** Cjnaria, or Holianthns. Tubcrosiii. Iff Glicine Apiot. U Poly^ala Senegpa, itneca tnake-rtot, •> Snakc-wecd" it a Jiflerent Tcpfctnblc. [Chelone Glabra.] \) Trioiteum PcrfoUatuin* |||] Ura Sjlrottrii. Alio, Fox grapt, fir Perictymcno*. * . 130 THE VINES [ImTRODUC ViMt. on each side of his front door, which is ft perennial plant. Its stalk is large as a goosequill and tough, growing inde6nitely. It forms a truly ornamental bower ; especially when exhibiting its beautiful blue berries. Another species is biennial ; it ascends trees, by help of its tendrils, 20 feet ; blossoms the second year, in conic forms reversed, and exhibits 1 5 or 20 pale red flowers on a single branch. When ripe, its seeds are a glassy jet-black and almost as hard as marble. The Hop* is indigenous and luxuriant ; and the root is peren- nial. The great use of it in malt liquors is well known. Hops have been cultivated profitably in the county of Penobscot, They are a great tonic, and beer made of them is both healthful and palatable. Poison Ivy\ is a vine well known where it occurs ; when wounded, it exudes a juice which is poisonous. It is a dan- gerous medicine, though it has helped, to relieve in cases of the palsy. It is to be noted, that there is Hemlock^ a tree, and a shrub be- fore described, and a biennial plant. X The latter, branching, grows * Huinulus Liipulus, [Common Hop.] / ,■, .i,... , ., f Rhus Radicani, [Mercury.] Glccoma — Oround'Ivy, I Conium Maculatum. NoTK. — The Centum, or Hemlock, is the plant whose narcotic poison is said to have been so much used by the ancients in executions of malefactors. It grows in the county of Lincoln and elsewhere in the State. " It verj much resembles parsley — same shade of g^reen." Jn additional Catalogue of J^ative Planti. '^' ' ' Arrowhead, {Sascitinria,) is aquatic, g;rowing' in muddy still waters, and deriving its name from the leaves, which are formed like the head of an arrow. Bedsandwort, {Avenaria Rubra,) 2 species. ' i Bind Weed, [Convohultu Stpium.) Burdock, {Arctium Lappa.) It flowers in August. Burr-marygold, [Bideni Ctmua,) 2 species, flowering in Aug. and Sept. Bush-honeysucklo, (Dtcpvi7/a,) grows 2 feet in height, flowers in June and July, pink red, and ve*-y fragrant. Buttercup, or Crowfoot, (TZanuncu/tM Aborlivut,) five species, flowers in June. Chervil, (CAaitalks. Chicken-berry, {JilitchtUa Jtepent.) Cioquefoil, {P^terUilla Rtptatu,) 3 species of clorer. Cockle, [Agroitfmma Coronaria.) S«C*. IT.] OF MAINKl^ 131 often to the height of a man ; its len es are a very fight green VioM. and its juice potsonotUj though in small doses it cures the jaun- dice. Cow-par«ley, [Jhraclmm Sphnndylium.) Coyr-WheiiU(MedioIa Firginica.) Crosswort, g^rowt 18 inches high. Its leaf is like that of a peach-tree ; and when decocted in water, tastes like bohea. tt»!^f, lh)fr^S'b?iac, {Jlpocynum •/tndroieani/olium.) — 2 IJigelott, 140. DwarC- Alder, {liamnus ,ilnifoUiui,) resembles an elder-bush, but short* cr, and is a remedy for dropsj. • v;^iA' V. -.;- t/V? '-r.ifii*^,-*^ Earthnut, ( Bunium,) a root in shape and size of a nut. '? f I ^H Flowering Fern, [Otmunda Regalit,) 2 species. Fumitory, {^Fumaiia,) flowers in Aug^ust and September — a common an* nual weed in gardens. Its capsule contains a single seed. Groundsel, [Senecio Aureus,) 3 species. Ilogweed, [Ambrotia Elaiior.) Honey suckle, (Lonicera Pirenaica,) 3 species. Horehound, [Jlarfubiam Vulgare,) water borehound {Lycoput Euro- poeut,) 2 species. , lloodwort, [Scultllaria Latorifora,)— See ScuUcap, i Indian pipe, (.y>/onoforevcr, {Seclum.) Loose-strife, {Lyttmctchia Slricta.) . Meadow-rue, CZ'Aa/ieirum Com«/i.) I '. Meadovir Sweet, {Spiraea Salicifolia.) Ttmentoxa, Purple Hardback. Medler, [jyietpilut Canadentit,) 2 species. Milfoil, or Yarrow, {Achillea Mille/ulium.) Milkwort, {Polygata.) Monkey-Qower, {Mitnului Ilingeni.) Mushroom, {Fungi,) several species. Mustard, common, {Senapia Arventii.) ?]ecklace-weed,(.^cloea Spicaia.) Ox.eycd Daisy, {ChryuuUhemum Leucanthemum.) Fenny-post, {Ilydrocotyle Americana.) Pickercl-rced, {Pontedena Cordata.) Pigweed, (CAenepodium F^iride.) Pipewort, {Eriocaulon Peleucidum.) Pig-potutoe,(.4j)to«.) Its roots are strings of oblong cylindrio tubero; when cooked have partly the flatrctr of potatoes, — " a part of the vcgeta* blc food of the Aborigines." Prickly-fungus, (//y(/nt4m.) Pui pkin, Squash, or Gourd, (Cucurfria.) Samphire, {Salicomia Herbacea.) Sc.)rpion-reed,(J!/y»*o not less than 90 species in this country and a still greater number in Europe. They are nearly relat- ed to the grasses, growing in woods and marshy meadows They are pe- rennial, often vegetate in tufts, have leaves like grass, but keeled, and pro- duc'C triangular htcms jolid within, # - ^'W4 132 TtUElNlMALB l^bTBOSVC. ^M? SECTION V. NatioeAnititah,Beatt$, Birds, FtMhet, Verwus, Reptiks and In$4eU* BEASTS, OR QUADRUPEDS.* ZooL ^^ ^^^ observations upon the difTerent creatures of this section, respect will be had to the Linnaean classification and arrangement ; Side-Saddle, {Sarracinia Purpurea ;) taking^ its common name from the ■hope cf its leaf; it grows in wet, mossj bogs, and vegetates in (iiutert rather than leaves ; tubular like a bottle. Sea-milkwort, (Olaux Jitarilima.) St. JohnVwort, [Hypericum Perfgnnatum.) Snow-ball, ( Viburnum Opulut,) is a shrub baring a flower like a rose, though without any of its fragrance. Snow-thistle, [Sonehui,) resembles lettuce. 8pikenard, Sarsaparilla, are species of the Aralia. 1. Raee-mota- t. JV^- dicaulit. Aralia Spinota, [Angelica-tree] is a large shrub, covered with •harp thorns. The other is a stout herb. ' * " ''i Speedwell, [Vermica Serphillifolia,) Spring-beauty, (C/ay(onta Virginica.) Spleenwort, (.^tplenium.) Spurge, {Euphorbia Hcliotcupia.) It contains an acrid milky juice. Spurn^y, [Spergula Arventii.) Sweet Pea, {Lalhyrut Venotui,) [Vctchling] a most fragrant annual plant. Touch-me-not, {impatient noli me (angere.) Trafoil-h\nh, {HedytarumAndiflorum,) Turnip, [Brattica Rapa.) Wild Turnip, {Arum Triphillum.) Twinflower, {Linnoea Jiorealit.) Venus' Pride, {Ilotutonia Linnaai.) Water-arum, {Calla Paluttrii.) Water Fescue, {Fettuea Fluitant.) Water Horehound, (Lyc«pu« Fir;^mtcttf.) Water Purslane, {Itnardia Paliutrit.) Water Parsnip, {Sium Lati/olium.) White Lettuce, {PrearUhet Alba.) Wild-rye, {Elymut Virginiut.) Windflower, {Anemone Hepatica.) Willow-herb, {Epilobium Auguslifolium*) Vfood-uorrcl, {Rumex Acelotella.) Grasses.— J3am ; Blue-eyed; Chett ; Cotten ; Couch ; Drepieed ; Gout- foot ; Horsetail ; Ilerdt ; Indian-tweet ; Knot ; JHeadow ; Millet ; Orchard / Red-top and Timothy.— Mr. ^uUall, p. 190. says, " the Mays, [Maize], or Indian Corn {Zea Mayt] belongs to tlie family of the Grasses. The flow- ering top, or pinnacle, consists of flowers which all well know, never pro- duce corn. N. D — For facts relative to several of the Plants, particular acknowl- edgements are due to the " JVew Ditpentalory,'" of J. Thadier, M. D. ; to the «' American Medical Botany" &c. in 3 vols, with plates, by Jac»6 Big- eUui,M.D — also, «o S. Lowder.jr. and J. Bennock, Esqrs. The Bot- any of TUmat J^ultall, Esq. Professor, ifc. at Harv. University, has been consulted ; and alio the list of indigenous plants of Rtv. Dr. CscArane, V. Prcs. of King's Coll. N. 8.-2 Halliburten'e HiH. JV. S. 405. • See N. A. Review, No. 1, 1826, p. 120. Sbot. t.] or UAiNBi 17 138 and the descriptions given will be such fs htive been received from ^ hunters, and naturalists. The Bat is of the mouse order : it brings forth its young alive Bat and suckles them. Its teeth are very sharp ; only its hind feet are disengaged from the skin ; and the web of its wings is thin, without down or feathers. * "^v -* > • ^' » • i- -^^ Of the Bear kind,* are three species : 1 . the Bear itself, ,, which with us, is of black or a dark brown colour ; and large, >'""• weighing from 3 to 400 pounds. Its flesh is good, and its skin and its grease is valuable. It chooses for its food, corn, sweet apples, and nuts ; and when driven by hunger, it will destroy the smaller domestic animals, and has been known to kill milch cows. Children have been sometimes attacked by this animal, but it flies before a man. When " tree'd" and unable to escape its pursuer, it will gather its body into a globular form and let itself down from the top of a tall tree, to the ground, from which it will re- bound two or three feet, and receive no hurt. One so escaped from the great hunter, John Getchel of Vassalborough, who pur- sued it with a pitchfork to the top of a tree whence it dropt. The female usually bears two cubs at a birth. During the winter months the bear lies dormant in some well-chosen den, which is usually a shelving rock, on the southerly side of a hill, where it dozes, without food and without much respiration. Before it re- tires in November, it gums up, as the hunters call it, by taking into its stomach a quantity of gum and turpentine as large as a man's fist. 2. The second species is the Raccoon. This cieature is shaped k,cco«i. like a fox, though with shorter legs and sharper claws. Its flesh is excellent for the table ; its fur, which is of a dark gray, is good for hatting, and it weighs from 20 to 30 pounds. 3. The Wolverine, [Carcajou,f] is as large as a wolf and of woiveriw. like colour ; it has very long feet, and toes strongly set with claws. It is bold and fierce, and will dart from the branches of trees upon the backs of the deer, and even the moose j and with wonder- * A bear will live 20 years. f Goldemilh Biip|)OBCt Iho Glutton "in ihe nortlt purl* of America— lias the name of Carcnjou ;" and " tlie wolverine is distingiiislicd from the glutton by its supcriour lizo aod colour.' —2 Qoldimith, 865, 888. But be is not correct CAtTOB KIND. 134 TIIE ANIMALS [IlTTROSVe. All dexteritjr open the jugular vein viiih its teeth, and thus bring its prey to the ground.* We have two xpecies of the Ca$tor kind,f viz. 1. the Beaver and 2. the Mutkrat or Mtuquash. The Beaver is in many respects the most remarkable of aU our wild animals. Its head is large, its ears short : its fore teeth are prominent, long, and sturdy, and hollowed like a gouge ; its fore legs are short, with toes separate, and its hinder ones are long, with toes webbed. Its tail is large, broad, and scaly, re- sembling the body of a fish ; its fur is black, very thick and 6ne, and highly valued. It is an amphibious animal ; its body is three feet in length, and its weight 45 or 50 pounds. The castor, so much celebrated, lies in sacks behind the kidneys. Beavers like birds, have only one place for evacuations. They dwell to- gether in families, of which the male and its female, and 4 or 5 young ones of a year old, called by the Indians peoys, form one household; the construction of their dams and habitations, so particularly described by most writers on the subject, are evincive of a wonderful sagacity. MutquMb. The Musquash is also amphibious, and affords a strong musk. It is sometimes called the Muskrat.'\. It fo ms its cabin in stag- nant water, with sticks and mud, and is smaller than a beaver, being 1 5 inches in length and one foot in circumference, and will weigh about four pounds. Its back is dark, its sides red-brown, and its fur valuable. Cat ximd. The species of the Cat kind^ found in our forests are three, l.the Catamount. 2. the Wild- Cat. 3. the Black-Cat. Catamount. '^^^^ Catamount, (the Indian Lunkson, or evil devil,) i» a most ferocious and violent creature, more to be feared by the hunters and Indians, than any other one in our woods. Its head is like that of a common cat ; its body is threefold larger ; its tail is about five inches long, its colour gray and its fur poor. It * I. Ursiis Arctos, (Bear.)— 2. Ursua Ijoton, (Raccoon.) — 3. Ursiis liuscus, (Wolverine.) f !• Castor Liber.— 2. Castor Zibethicus. \ Goldsmith considers the Muskrat a species of the Rat g^enus; whereus American naturalists range it under the Castor kind.— 2 vol. 278, { Felis. 1. Felis Pardalis.— 3. Felis Ljnx.— 3. Fclis Lepus. — Gold- smith supposes the " Catamountaia" is the same as the eastcra Occ/o/, or Tygtr-CoL 2 vol. 276, 260. Skct. v.] orMAiNB. 135 is found between the Penobscot and St. John riven. There is another variety, with a longer tail, shorter legs and darker colour. The fVild-Catf or mountain cat, is much heavier and fiercer Wiid-cai. than any of the domestic species. It is of a sallow-ground col- our, and its weight about 30 or 40 pounds. The Black- Cat isBlacktau much larger in size than the wild-cat, very ravenous and fierce, has short legs and a long tail, and is of a black colour ; called by the natives fVooleneag. A hunter has assured me that there is a fourth species found in our woods, called Loucife,* which has a cat's head and ferocity, but its fore legs and tail are short and its hind legs long. It is of a light gray colour, is twice as large as a rabbit and is 18 inches high. ' • -^ " Of the Deer kind,-\ we may reckon three species, — 1 . the Deiii Moose. 2. the Deer^ and 3. the Caribou. , i k. The Moose^ sometimes called with us the " Moose-Deer,"| is Moom. the most noble animal of our forests, as the white pine is chief among the trees. Hence the Moose as well as the Pine is in- troduced into our shield, in the coat of arms, or the great seal of the State. His height is equal to that of a common horse ; his legs are longer and somewhat smaller ; and his head and neck are shaped like that of a colt, witli a small mane. He is very fleet-footed, able to trot 12 miles an hour; and when pursued, his hoofs, .. ., which are cloven, cHck and crackle so loud every step, as to be heard some distance. His tail is short, his body large, gaunt and cylindrical, and his hair is an intermixture of white and reddish brown, forming a beautiful gray. He chews the cud and has lofty horns, ten feet apart from tip to tip, when fully grown, which he lays back upon his shoulders when he travels, and which he annually sheds ; the female is without horns. His flesh is never very fat, but exceedingly tender and juicy, and is said to make a sweeter and better steak than that of a well fattened bullock. * " Loiipcervier," which is also found in New-Brunswick and N. Scotia. -Sk-ttches of JV. n. 2 Hal. A- S. 39J. 1 1. Cervus Torandus —2. Ccrvus Dama, (will live 20 years.)— 3. Cervui Canadcniii. \ Goldsmith says, «' there is but very little difference between the Euro, pcan Klk and the American Moose-Doer." 2 vol. 206. He also says, p. 213, theN. Americans hunt the ffin-dtcr " under the name of the Cari- bou.'" But he mistakes. 136 TRr ANIMALS [IlfTBOOTO. The most favourable time for hunting them is when there is a deep snow on the ground, bearing a hard crust. His skin makes jt^^v.: soft beautiful leather, and is highly valued. The whole weight of a full grown male is from 800 to 1200 pounds. The food of these i^H^t^i animals is grass, shrubs, buds, moss and the bark of trees, espe- cially beech and moose-wood, a sort of maple. In summer they associate in families ; and in companies during winter : the fe- male generally brings forth two at a birth, in April, which follow the dam a year. They were, for a century after Maine was first attempted to be settled, found and killed in great numbers ; and in Nova Scotia, they were still more abundant ; so that as late as during the Amer- ' can Revolution, they were in that province hunted by the loyal- ists merely for their skins, and four or five hundred killed in one J year. They are now scarce in this State. A gentleman informs me, that in March, 1 786 or 7, a male Moose was driven into Hallowell from the wilderness, by the hunters. He strove to herd among the cattle, but being discovered, fled to the river, then cov- ered with ice ; and when he found himself surrounded on all sides by his pursuers, he seemed to submit to his fate in despair. The first shots at him broke his under jaw, and he was dropped by a ball through his body. He had then no horns. D^r, The Deer is of a cinerous brown, has slender horns with shoots on the interiour side, one for every year after the third of its age ; and these horns, of three pounds weight, he casts every spring. The amorous season is September ; and the modest doe sepa- rates from the buck into secret places to bring forth her young, bearing two, sometimes three, at a birth. The flesh and skin of the deer are highly valued ; their weight of carcase is from 350 to 300 pounds. They are still plenty in this State, and have very lately been seen near the head of the tide in Penobscot river. Caribou. The Caribou* is a large animal, about half way in size be- tween tlie deer and the moose. It is seen about the upper branches of the river St. John, and in many other parts of the State. Within a few years one was killed in a farmer's barn- yard in Hampden, herding among the cattle — ^probably chased * Bucoaribou. — SuUivan> — It ia found alao in Nova Scotia and N. Bruaa- wick. Sect, r.] ov maine. . |87 there by buatsmen or hounds. It has branching palniated Iioms . ^ with brow antlers. It is a neat beast, and is very fleet, but its flesh is not so good as that of the moose. Some call it tlie rein- deer of North America, miiwid a»k4 unit jili It is believed that we have only two species of the Dog kind ;• Doo kird. 1. the Fox, and 2. the Wolf; and th?.t the sorts of the former !i?**, . Wolt are not different species, but mert'l) varieties of the same spe- cies : These are the red, the silver-gray, the black, and the croit «^«i^'i Foxes. They intermix ; and one full grown would weigh about 20 pounds.f The silver-grays are very beautiful animals. The fox is sometimes mischievous. But no wild creature has been more troublesome to the husbandman than the Wolf. Till the Sepa- ration, a bounty of four pounds currency was provided by law for every one killed. It weighs about 80 or 90 pounds^. The Hare^ and the Rabbit\\ are two species of one genus, Han and which has an inner and outer row of fore teeth in the upper jaw j *** on each fore foot they have five toes, and four on each hind foot. The latter species wears a long silky silver-white coat of fur dur- ing the winter. Both feed on green vegetables, and their flesh is much esteemed. The female is capable of bearing at six months old, breeds six or seven times in tlie year and brings forth, in a month from gestation, some 4, 5, or 6 young at a time, which are often devoured by the male, as well as by foxes, weasels and odier animals. The bed of her young is lined with down pluck- ed from her own skin, and she never leaves them except when pressed with hunger. ^^ .. ,..■. , ..i. On the branches of the Penobscot, and probably in other Moles, places, are found in abundance, two species of the Mole /IT one, called the digger, is very small, and has a peaked nose ; the other is larger than a house-mouse, and has very short legs. '• ; *l. Canis AIopcx, (will livo 15 years.)— 2. Canis Lupus, (will live 20 years.) f In Nova Scotia, is the black Fox. It is probably the Fithtr, or Black Cal, resembling a Martin. Its length 2 feet, circumference 1 foot ; tail 12 inches long ; yet rarely met with among us. \ The wolf is the same in Europe, Asia, Africa and America — JV. A. Review, 1826. ( Lepus Timidus. |) Lepus Americanos. In Maine the Hare and Rabbit are each about 7 or 8 pounds^ weight, though the Hare is commonly the larger, but in Europe it is twofold larger. % Talpi. Vol. I. 19 1S8 Mm*. .a«i.i» V Porrupin*. (» R«t. Skuuk. THE ANIMALS PmTBOOCC. The three species of the Mouse kijtJ,* seen in our wood> lands, are — I. the $hreu>y — 2. the ground^ and 3. the field Iiitovtt. The first is the smallest of quadrupeds, with eyes exceedingly lit- tle ; the second is slate-coloured, burrows in the ground, and fre- quently does damage to the roots of trees ; the third is larger than the house mouse, its colour, on the back and sides, is of an orange-brown, and its belly of a dull white. The Porcupine, or Hedgehog, or more scientifically, the Ut' chin,\ is a quadruped, slow in motion, of a gray colour, and of about ten or twelve pounds in weight. Its flesh is wholesome ; it feeds on the roots and bark of plants. The female brings three or four at a birth, once a year ; the time of gestation being about 40 days. What is most remarkable about this animal is its quills, which are its defence, and, like barbed darts, wound hs assailant and stick fast in the flesh. The Indians dye them of various colours, and then work them into curious figures, on tlieir moc- casins, belts, and birchen vessels. The Rat\ of the woods is a cunning, shy creature, about which hunters can give me but little information. It is dark coloured and burrows in the ground ; — not often caught or seen. The Skunk\ has been marked as of the cat kind, and a kin- dred of the polecat, though smaller ; but it is certain that the two greatly diflTer. Its defence is the fluid it scatters and flirts on its assailant ; and so intolerable is its scent, that never was armour more universally protective. A foreigner, after viewing this little harmless creature, gave it a switch, and, as he himself stated the ease. * ere the whip touched its calico back, it turned up its pos- * terio.s towards me, and lifting up one hind leg, discharged a ♦ Stygian liquor, of a scent I shall never forget to my dying day. ' In a moment, the place was filled with a most horrid stench, • :ivhich beggars all description. This infprnal water made me so * offensive, I was for many uays ashamed to go into a house, or 'even to meet a person in the liighway,' Of the Squirrel kind\\ we have five spccies,-^viz. 1, tlie black; ■* I. Sorc« Ccifltndis.— 2. irorex Miirinus.— 3. Sorcx Arcneus. Goldsmitli wl.o fulloHS BiifToii considers every cpcciiK of llic mount cnc* volt as belonfifiiij^ to tlig •» Unl hind."— 3 vot. iliap. I. (f llrstrix Dyr«itJ\, | .V,u» ? ?j Iv.cstris ?— Jcrrc.stris or Ground rat, } Viverra Pnlortiis. 111. Sciuris Niffcr.— 2. t'ciiiriis CiDcr«u8..-S. SciurusFiavuf — 4. Sciurua etriatui.~6. Sciunit Volaas. It it laid a iquirrel will lire 7 jeara. kiud. FrmlK", or SiCT. ▼•] OP MAINE. 3. the gra^f 3* ^^ ^*^i 4> the striped i 5. tbe /ytn^ Squirrel, all of which are too uoiversally koovrn to need description ; ex- cept, perhaps, the last. The flying Squirrel is the least and most beautiful, being covered with a very fine and delicate fur. It has tvings which enable it to fly from one tree to another, the distance of 40 feet. It is almost as large as a striped Squirrel, end feeds on buds and wild seeds. There are in our woods, of the Weasel kind,* 6ve very noted speci 3 : — I . Ermine ; 2. Martin ; 3. Mink ; 4. Otter ; «od 5. fVeaaelj (sui apeciei,) and, perhaps, 6. the Polecat, j^ 1. The ErminCj or Sable, resembles a Weasel, except that it is larger, weighing about IG ounces ; it has its tail tipped with a beautiful black. In summer, its colour is a darker orange-red than a fox, and almost as white as snow, in winter. Some have a lined back of dark brown, from head to tail ; every one of them has a most fine and delicate fur : and it is the sprightliest animal in nature. Very many of them are caught in the north parts of the State every year. 2. The Marten is very shy and retiring ; its colour is a brown, l»J«rtin. nearly .approaching a black; it is about 18 inches in length, and weighs between four and five pounds. The female brings forth from three to -ix, at a litter. 3. < The ^(Vi^ is an amphibious animal, burrows generally intiink. the banks of fresh water ponds, rivers, and lakes. Its legs are short, its colour brown, and its fur is valuable. The weight of one is about equal to that of a marten. If it frequents the salt water, its fur is of a poorer quality. | It looks much like a sable. Note. — There is an animal in (lie woods by the name of If^rncow, fonn> eriy numerous about the heads of the Kennebec and liic Androscog^gin. It is of a dark brown colour, with lon^ fur and a bushr tail. His body re- sembles that of a bear; it has a larg^e flat foot, and is about the size of a common dog. This animal is very furious and troublesome to the hunters, often robbing; their traps of game and their camps of provision. — To avuid bfiug; caug^ht when pursued, it will ascend the highest trees.— £. Chate, Esq. * 1. !Vf iistcia Erminea.— 2. Mustcia Martcs.— 3. Mustela Canadensis.— 4. Mustula Lntra.— 5. Mustela Mustuela. t The Polecat is larger than the Weasel, being 1 foot 8 inches long, of ■A deep chocolate colour. I Tb« Mink it not mentioned by Ouldtmitb. in ■■i*l%t 146 Oilwt WmmI. ■JO ■>• Wood- ebuck. THE BIRDS [IkTBODUO. 4. The Otter is fierce and voracious ; it feeds on fish, frogs, water-rats and other little animals ; has short legs with membranes between its toes, fitted either for nmmng or swimming. It is not amphibious, though it can live a long time under water. Its col- our is black, its fur is much esteemed, the length of its body five or six feet, its weight 20 pounds or more, and its strength and courage such, that it has ventured in its rage to attack a man in self-defence. — ■ . 6. The fVeasel is longer bodied, more slim and active than a squirrel ; its eyes are piercing ; motions very quick ; belly cream- coloured ; back brown ; length 12 or 14 inches ; and its weight 3-4ths of a pound or more. Its food is nuts, eggs, corn, and little animals, such as chickens and mice ; and no cat will clear a house of rats like a weasel. Its number at a birth is from three to five — still they are more scarce than most of this genus, ex- cept the Otter.* The JVoodchuck\ is abrut 14 inches b length, its legs short, with paws well-formed for digging its own burrows ; its body round, thick and fat, its colour brown ; and its fecundity is 4 or 5 at a birth. The flesh of the animal is eatable, but it is too greasy, and tastes too much of the ground to be palatable, v ''' Birds. ' 1- '•'! -iU '' ii BIRDS. In Natural History, no department is more truly engaging than that of the Ornithologist. The varieties, the plumage, the notes, the sprightliness, the region of the bird, are subjects upon which the mind dwells with pleasure. But so numerous are those in Maine, that nothing more can be done here than to mention their kinds and species, and make an occasional observation. One great division of them is into the land or cleft-footed, and the web- footedf or waterfowl ; another is that of the songsters and of those without a singing voice ; and it is observable, that the best singers sometimes leave the thickets of the forest for the open lands or fields of the cuUivator, apparently ambitious of chanting their notes to his ear. * A weasel-skin, worn around the throat, with the fur out, will relieve those afllicted with the astiima. \ Ufhivel Mustclac species.— Lin. Monax.— •■:. tri P^ffJ, The white head Coot is black, with some white on its head and midway of its wings ; and each of the Coot species has a short tail, and lives about the shores of the salt water. The Dipper is always diving and dipping for fish ; nnd, when on the water, appears larger than the largest species of teal, and is nearly as good for the tabic as a duck. The Lord and Lady, or JVoddy* is as large as a pigeon, good for food ; has a brown back and cream-coloured breast, and feeds on small muscles, snails and insects. Its perpetual whiffles with the wings when flying, give it name. Old-wife's notes are in sound like shrill scolding, as heard from this bird often in the night time. Its flesh is brown like beef, about as good as that of a duck, and is itself almost as large. Of the two Teals, the green wing is the larger ; both are very fine for the table, and about two-thirds the size of a domestic duck. .■.',,: • •■-^; A Whistler is about as large as a Dipper : And the Widgeon is supposed to be the same as a wood duck ; the female lays her eggs in some hollow tree, and when her young are hatched, she carries them to the water side, where she rears them up to full size. We reckon two species of the Falcon kind jf I . the Bird- hawk ; and 2d, the Ain^tirc?. The latter is a most active and courageous little creature, not fearing to make war even upon the hawk and crow. * Soino tbiok tliit the iioa'iwalloiv. 1 1. La iua Canadentii.— 2. Lanini Tjrannua : " t!i« Icut of llic fakoa Uribt."->/tr(«' Enc^cbitlia. Fkltoii g*' Sect. ▼.] otmainb. 143 There teem to be two kindi of the Finek;* one has with usT«mkiiHb these three species : 1 . the Ooldfineh or Oolden Robin ; 2. the Htng-bird} aad 3. the Redwing Blackbird. The last is the male only of the same species ; the female is smaller, of a dirty brown, and has no red on its wings. The two former hang their nests under the limb, where it is forked. The Goldfinch is shorter bodied, but thicker than the yellow bird ; its plumage is of a beautiful bright orange colour, and its voice is quite me- lodious. Of the other Finch kind\ we have five species : 1 . the Cheti' uieeh, or Pewit ; 2. the Chipping Bird ;{ 3. the Winter Spar- row ; 4. the Yellow Bird^ and 5. the Spring Bird. The P*- wit, or Cheeweeh, lives in tlie summer months about barns and old buildings, where the swallows have nests, in which she lays her eggs with tlicirs. The Spring Bird is larger than a chip- ping bird, and is one of tlie very first to sing the vernal song The other species are small, very pretty and well known. There is a genus whose leading name seems to be that ofn*""*"' Fljf-catcher,^ of which there are five species; 1. the brown *•• Fly-catcher; 2. x\\q cuted Fly-ratcher ; 3. tlie Cat'bird ; 4. the Hedge-bird, and 5. the Yellow crown. The brown Fly-catcher is ns big as a swallow, of a dove>col- our, with white on its belly. One of them, in July, entered a gentleman's chamber, who informed me, that though the flies were numerous, in consequence of sickness, the bird caught them or cleared them all out of the chamber in one dny. All untamed Gee«e,ir with us, are birds of passage: of which Spcc'm of kind we have seen three species, — 1. the wild, or black Goote; 2. the bluish Goote, and 3. the while Goote. The several species of the Gooie and the Brant, pass north- ward in March and southward in NovemL^r. In their journies they travel in flocks from thirty to sixty together, and their * FincliPi, 1st kind ; 1. Orinliit Dallimorus : But, query, if found io lltia Slato t. Orioiui Icterus.— 3. Oriolu* Pliaeniceui. f Finchci, 2J kind; 1. Frin{(iila Erythroptlialma — 2. Fring;illa ?— or Pas*er fcnui.— 3. Fringilla Orisca.— 4. Fring;illa Trittis.— 5. Fringilla — . I Quoere, if the Chipping bird doe* not belong to the Sparrow kind T { 1. Muscicapa Fuica — 2. Muicicapa Crinita.— 3. Mutcicapa Carolinan* ail?— 4. Muscioapa Canadeniii ?— 9. MuMsicapa Flara. Y 1. Anaar Caaadaniia.— S. Aoaer CaarulaacaiMb— t. Anaar Crytbfopua. 144 tin' jt-*-**! .*-• HI '' THE BIRDS [TltTBOinJC. height, regularity, and swiftness in flight, are well known. Their summer habitations are about our great lakes, in this State •nd elsewhere, northward. Incredible numbers go to the " Great Bog," 200 miles northeastwardly of Quebec. George Bussick, who, about half an age since, was eight or nine years with the Penobscot tribe of Indians, and an interpreter, says he went to the latter place three successive years, after feathers, where he found wild Geese, BranUi, black Ducks, and Curlews. The Great Bog is an extensive quagmire, on which the fowler cannot walk, but works along his canoe from one hummock to another, and •mites the fowls on their nests. He has sometimes killed five with his paddle, witliout moving his canoe. About the year 1800, a broken Hock of 8 or 9 white Geese, in the spring, light- ed on the Island Metinicus, of which Mr. Young, one of the Islanders, killed three and his neighbours killed the residue. They were entirely white and as large as a gander of our do- mestic flocks. I'-li !>((« V'J'-i V^' 'r*^^''--' "V; ^.;^^^ii V/i.:ii*0\, Oroon !•• Of tlie Grouse kind* we have four species. — 1 . The Grouse ; 2. the Partridge ; 3. the spruce Partridge, and 4. the Quail. The Grouse is seldom seen, except about our highest moun- tains, ana is probably the same as the Heath-cock of Linneaus. Its head and neck is marked with ahernate bars of red and black ; it feeds on bilberries and othei, ^mountain fruits, and weighs from two to four pounds. They .»v er pair; but when tlie male, in the spring, from an eminence claps his wings and crows, all the females within hearing resort to him. ' ►- The spruce Partridge is of a dark brown, has a short tail, and the male has a heart-form upon his breast of two inches in length. The flesh of this species is equal in goodness to the other, though the body is not so large. Quails are not with us so plenty as in the other States of New-England : Indeed, they are very seldom if ever seen in the eastern parts, and many tliink the spruce Partridges are the same. Gullsj^ are very common on our coast ; their bill is straight, only hooked at the tip, and is destitute of teeth. They feed on fish and worms and are always about the water. Their body is null*. * 1. Tc'trno tPlrix,— 2. Trtnid Rlarilaiidic ii'*.— :i. Tctrao CanadiMiiin.— 4. Ti>tr«o Virjriniamio. \ I. lioriii Canilidii'*.— 2. I.arii« Marimis,— 3. l..inu Ridibundiiit.— 4. Ii:ten)a llirfudu. S«CT. T.] OPMAirVC. light and their wings long ; and when terrified, it is said, ihey will cast up all their indigested food. "Though the species of this genus are not very clearly discriminated," owing to the changes of plumage in different stages of their growth till the third y»ar ; yet we suppose there are with us four, viz. 1 . the ufhite a ill ; 2. the eagle Gull ; 3. the mackerel^ or fishing Gull ; 4. the swallow-tail Gull, or Medrake. The mackerel Gull is nearly as large as a goose ; and the Medrake is as large as a black duck and good for the table. Tiie others are plenty about our seashores, and not poor food. Of the Hawk kind,* we have six species, and two varieties : H«wk je- UUl. 1 and 2. the bald and the brown Eagle ;f 3. the great brown Hawk; 4. the Acn Hawk; 5. the pigeon Hawk; and 6. the fishing Hawk. They are all rapacious ; and it is said to be a noted fact that all female birds of prey are much larger, strong- er, and more courageous, than the males. '' ''■ " '' ' ' '' ^' The character of the Heron kind consists in having the bill Heron f«^ straight, pointed, long, sub-compressed, with a furrow from the nostrils tow..; '^ *\\e tip, the nostrils linear, tongue sharp, feet four-toed ar , • , and the toes connected at the base ; of which we reckon mc apecies,J 1 and 2. the blue and tlie white Heron ; 3. the Crane ; 4. the Stork,^ and G. the Skouk. It is said, tlio blue Heron is crested, and has on its breast a large spot witl vo growths of feathers, the under one is soft and short as the down of geese, and is of an otter colour, and in the night time has a bright appearance like touchwood. The Crane has a long neck and long legs, and is of a lead-colour. The Skouk is as large bodied as a partridge, its legs blue, its back slate-coloured and ill shaped — and is vulgarly called a " shite-jwke." The Humming bird\\ is the smallest and fleetest of the fcath- T Falco Lcucoccplialiis.— 2. Faico Fulvui. — 3. Falco Iliidsonius.— 4. Falco Sparvcrrius.— a. Falco CuliiinbariHS. — C, Falco Ifaliactus. f It lian been asserted that an cafj^lo will live 100 years. { 1. Ardca Cacrulca.— 2. Ardca Alba. — 3. Ardca Canadensis. — 4. Ar- dea Ciconi.x — 3. Ardea Vircsccni. ^ Tho Stork ii a bird of pa<<«a|<-c, the white one has naked eyeballs, iti hraU and fret arc of a blooJ-red colour; it is a prrat enemy to reptiles ; its disposition is mild, neither very sly nor Kavag^n ; it is easily inmed. It Ins a mniirnfiil viiajfo and jifrave air, thoiiiofh Bn^rncioiis. il PassLT ? — (ioliiimilh. Trorhilm colubrii.— /4M. 146 BIU. THEBIRM [lirTRO00C. Larks. Loom. ered raco. It derives its name from the Aunt its wings make when it flies. Of a full grown one which 1 have carefully ex* amined, tlie length from the crown to the end of the taiS-feathers, is less than three inches ; its body one inch long, and twice that in circumference, measuring around the wings. From the body to the end of the longest feather of the wing, is about one inch and '^— 4th. Its feathers arc of the softest down ; their colour ne; ihc skin, on the back and sides, is of a dark bright browo, changing to a beautiful golden green towards and at their ends. Tiiose on the belly are tipped with white, or lightbrown, and appear beautifully clouded. The bill of the Humming bird is black, 3-4tlis of an inch in length, the upper and lower part about as large as a common sewing needle ; its tongue is most peculiar, resembling towards its en^ a split hnir, formed to sip sweets from tlie cups of the smallest (lowers. Its legs are covered with down to the feet, which have severally four claws or toes, and which ore curving and very sharp. ..\ i .- , ,.,« ^riS' . The Kingfisher* is plenty. It stays all winter about fresh waters, and in the spring builds its nest in the banks. It is heavy as a plover, has a long bill, its head is crested with red, its back is of a blue colour ; and though it is not webfooted, its toes grow .)ear together, and it dives after fish. We have two species of the Lark kind^f 1 . the Skylarkf and 2. the Marshlnr.'-- ; well known elegant birds, and sweet songs- ters. It is said this kind will live IG years. The red Linnet,X is about as large as a GoIdHnch but has longer feathers ; and its wings and tail have some black, other* wise its plumage is a most beautiful dark scarlet. It nests in the margin of the woods. Loons^ are very common on the seaboard : they are of a bluish colour, have a large head and will weigh 12 or 16 pounds after being dressed. What is remarkable in them is, their hip- joints grow so fast to the body as to be immoveable, so that they cannot step on the land ; they are of two species, 1. hroun throat Loon and 2. sea Loon. t 1. Alauda Aipcttris.— 2. Alauda Magna* • Alccdo Alcyon. |Tanagra Rubra. {!. Colymbu* Soptcntrionalis.— 2. Coljrobui Imawr. StC*. ▼.!' or MAIlfB. Of the (M* tve have four species, vis. 1. the horned*, S. the white ; 3. the epeeklei^ and 4, the ham^ or eereech Otel. The Pe.lican\ kind is of two species, both webfootcd, and birds of passage. 1. the Pelican itnlf, which is rarely seen ; 3. the Shag, which is larger than a black duck, will weigh 3 pounds, — its colour is a dark gray. The PlovertX are common on our shores, and have been class- ed in five species. — 1. The blad: breast Plover ; 2. vpland Plover ; 3. large spotted Plover ; 4. the Kildeer ; and 5. the Oxeye. The third species is large as a Teal, and has yellow legs ; its flesh is fat and good for food. The upland Plover is larger than a robin. The Kildeer is a long-legged drooping bird, not seen often in this quarter. The Oxeye is a little tottering shore- bird, large as a martin. The Peep% is a little land-bird, with small body, wings long and l^rge for its size. w. ■■ _^( '. ;i„; ,ff and 2. the Blue-jay ; both of which are common inhabitants of tliis State and well known. 147 0»h. > frlimii !;iriui«. Pl.lVff ■lA Rni'ffn zeim*. *1. Strix Bubo,— 2. Strix N3Ctt-o.— 3. .■ ble, Nova Scotia, tliousandt of Pttrelt,oT Mother Carcy*« 67iicA'«fu, annual* ly hatch their young. They burrow under ground diagonally, three or four feet deep, and sit on one egg ; flitting about the surface, iu astonishing numbers, searching for food and casting a sickly foetid eflliivin. Naturalists have attributed lo this little winged mariner the property of breeding itii young on the water, by delivering its egg and diving to catch it under the wing, where the young one is said to be hatched. — Lockwotd't A'ova Scotia, j). 81. ** 1. Corvus Curax.— 2. Corvtii CristatuSi ft Grucula quiioala. Craw Blackbird, 148 Bpecimol IM iUur- biU. Shelldrakfl. t' Huipe genu* Sparrow gtUUM. Swallow (anui. THE BIRDS [IirrBOBUC. The family of the Razor-htll,^ contain bg three species, which are seen here, — ^viz. 1. the Penguin;^ 2. Murr, and 3. the aea Parrot, are all webfooted. The Penguin is as large as a domestic fowl ; the Murr has a short neck ; and is smaller. We have three species of the Shelldrake,\ or Water Raven, 1. the Cream- coloured ; 2. the Red-bellied, and 3. the Pied Shelldrake : all of which are webfooted, almost always in or on the v <;r large as a black duck, and good for the trencher. t ' dve four species and two varieties of the Snipe ;^ 1 and 2. the Woodcock and Wood Snipe ; 3 and 4. the gray and large speckled Curlew : their flesh is fine flavoured, no wood- land bird pleases the epicurean's taste better. The Curlews have long legs and crooked bills, are big as a partridge, and are birds of passage. Of the Sparrow tribe,\\ we will name three species, though the discriminating classis among naturalists is not very perfect. 1. the Chipping bird, or domestic Sparrow ; 2. the little field Sparrow, or Ground bird ; 3. the Snow bird. It is diflicult to know where to class this latter species ; it is certain no one is more hardy, for it stays with us from autumn to spring ; no one serves so much to enliven the cold and stormy days of winter : for then they often appear in flocks of 30 or 40, all cheerful and sprightly. Their flesli is fine and delicate, but their bodies are too small to cook. Possibly the Starling,^ a larger bird, is of the same species : though it may be one of another family ; or taken for the red linnet. ' We have five species and two varieties of the Swallow kind;** * 1. Aloa ImpcDniii. — 2. Alea Torda. — 3. Alea Artica. ^ Our Penguin is anotlior ihan the .inter Magtllaneout not so large, and diiTercnt. It lays a sing'le egg, and burrows hke a rabbit. X I. Mergus Merganser. — 2, Mergus Serrator. — 3. Mergus Castor. \ I, Scolopax (Gr.) Kusticoia.— 2. Scolopax Fedoa, — 3. Scolopax Tota- nut. — 4. Scolopax Lapponica. jl 1. Passer Domosticus.— 2. Passer Agrcstis.— 3, Passer Nirulis.—.Sftr(. ; alias Einberi7,a Hyemalis. — Lin, IT Of the Sparrow-kind. — Ooldtmilh. Querc, if the Starling be found in this State. *" 1. Ilirundo riparia.— 2. Hirundo rustica.<-3, Hirundo pelasgia canda- aculeata.— 4. Hirundo purpurea, — S. Hirundo urbria.— These] appear SSCT. T.J OP MAINS. 149 1, 2, and 3. th« bank^ the 6ani, and the ckmney Stcallow ; and 4, and 6. the black and the tmatt Martin. The coining of these birds is considered the indicative finale of spring. The chimney Swallow comes the first of either ; and the bank Swallow is the ' smallest of tlie whole. Its hole into the sand banks of rivers, -^'tt where it nests, is sometimes two feet in length. The black Mat' tin is the largest of the Swallow race ; it appears the latest and leaves the 3arliest. The Swallows are all torpid during tlie win- ter ; some have been found in the bottoms of ponds, others in the hollows of large trees ; and it is known, that they go into winter-quarters in considerable flocks and on a particular day. It is understood that, 1 . the Fox-coloured Thruth ; 2. the Throih g«* But. Thrasher^ or Mockbird ; and 3. the Robin, are species of the Thrush family ;* and few upland birds are more inoffensive or .»,/ musical, or better known among us. ;i i! .«i(im> ;^.;\i Of the Yitmouse trU)e,f we may mention these species : 1 . Titmauie the crested Titmouse ; 2. the blue Titmouse ; 3. Toomteet ; 4. *'*""*' yellow rump Tcomteet; and 5. Little Hang-bird. These are all very small birds. All the species of the Tring WnrfJ are unwebbed, and notTringife. large bodied : they are, 1. the t'lmility; 2. the Marsh-bird; 3. tlie Rock-bird; and 4. the ^ ich c/ Sand-bird. The Hu- mility has long yellow legs, long neck, is gray spotted, frequents the shores of ponds and of salt water, wades after small fish, and is nearly as large as a pigeon. The Marsh-bird is as large as a martin, has long wings aud is very fat. A Beach, or Sand-bird is about the size of a swallow, coloured white and gray ; its flesh is eatable, though of a fishy flavour. ' ,; • . . We have several species of Wagtails ;% — viz. 1. the crested \\'„\i\tn. Wren; 2. the common Wren; 3. the Blue-bird; 4. the Grape-birdj and 5. the Water-wagtail. The Watermtch is as large as a pigeon ; its beak of a slate- niM. ■»^,r-lf about the 23th of April, and depart (he 20tli of September. The martini depart earlier. * 1. Tiirdiis Riifus. — 2. Tiirdus Orpheus. — 3. Turdns Migratoiiiis? f 1. PartiB Bicolor. — 2. I'anii Ainericanus. — 8. Parus Atricnpillui. — 4. ParuB VirginianiiB— 6. Panis ptndnlinns. 1 1. Trinija Interprcs. — 2. Tringa Morinclla, — 3. Trinja Mncnlata.— 1. Tringa Arcnaria. ( 1. Motacilla Kcg^uliis.— 2. Motacilla Trocliiliis.— 3. Motacilla Sinlis. — 4. Motacilla Ictcroccphala.— 5. INTotacilla ? M'iMHiperk •ert. 'Ti r*« Wliip-poor 150 TuensHBs [IimmMn colour, and its breast of a cream-colour ; its liip-joint, like that of a loon, is fast ; its sight and motion is so exceedingly quick, that it will repeatedly catch the flash of the gun and avoid tht shot. The Woodpec\er-fnmily* is so large with us, that we reckoi seven species; — viz. 1. the grtnt red crettedj 2. the twallovh tailed, 3. the red head, 4. the white hac-c, 5. the woolly hac\ 6. the white tail, and 7 the specified Woodpeckir. The quills in the tail of this genus are about half an inch in length, without feathers, but sharp, like those of a porcupine. With these, pointed ind thrust into the bark, they hold and rest themselves while drumming. The Yellow-hammer is also a Woodpecker. We have also the Whip-poor-will, and the Night Hawk, which certainly belong to the same genus,f and ornithologists have long doubted if they are not in fact one and the same bird. The celebrated Bartram thinks them so ; and I am told, that a fowler having killed one, while singing *' whip-poor-will," was satisfied, on investigation, that the singer is the male and tlie Night Hawk is the female. It is said this bird lives 1 6 or 18 years. Besidts the 146 species mentioned, there are several others, the genus of which is not known ; as the Frog-catcher, also the Hagdel, of a dark brown colour, about as large as a Murr, though its feathers are longer. It is webfooted, follows vessels, and feeds on fish-cfTal and the refuse of cookery ; also, the Moose-bird, which feeds on the berries of the moose bush, and stays through the winter. Nor is it probable tliat the whole number has beca mentioned in the preceding account ; and some, which are conv- mon in other parts of New-England, are seldom here ; particu- larly the wild Turleij. A few, however, have been shot in the western parts of this State. ,k ,-; v. W FISHES. Fi*he». In our salt and fresh waters are found about sixty species of fish, and, generally, they are abundant in numbers. Some are warm- blooded, some amphibious, some without bones, and some without • 1. PicusPileatus. — 2. PiciuPinindcnaceiif. — 3 Piciiv Erytliroccpaliis. — 4. PiuiiR Auratiis.— 5. Ficiis PubeacenB.— 6. Picus Villusus. — 7. Picui Ma- culosuB. f 1. CaprimuljruB Guropaeui. — 2. Capriiautgus Americanui, [Nigbt Hairk ] •5.^, .'JI.m'S' Fi'og-ralcli' SluoiehiriJ. Sect. r*l" opmaink. 151 scales— diflTerently classed by different lethyologists. In the fol- lowing amngement, the genera are alphabetical, and in each are the several sjiecies found among us. Of the Bhnny kindy* we mention — 1 . the Catjith ; 2. tlie J*/'^','"^ SnaH-fi»h, and 3. the Wo1f'fiih.\ sli. fi*. The Catfish has four teeth, two below and two above, which Cm&a. set together like those of a rat or squirrel. Its colour is dark- brown, its head round, and, from its middle to its tail, its body tapers like that of an eel. It is two feet in length. It has large wing-fins like a sculpion ; in other resperts it looks much like a cusk. It has no scales, will bite at a hook, and will weigh from 5 to 1 5 pounds, but is too rank and strong for the table. It is found in our bays in abundance. The body of the Wolf-fish \s round and slender, the head large Wuiffidi. and blunt, the foreteeth, above and below, conical ; those in the palate, and the grinders, round ; and the fin covering the gill has six rays. ■ -•;■''!:» Of the Cod [or Gad^ kind of Fish, J we have seven *pe«M, cad kind, viz. 1. the Cod; 2. the Haddoe'', 3. the Pollock; 4. the small Pollock; 5. the Hake; G. the Frott fish; and 7. the Cus\; The Codfish is caught abundantly in the waters off our ^~''' ''• seaboard, from one corner of the State to the other, perhaps equal to 20,000 quintals in a year. Tliey are generally found near the ground in the deep waters of bays, but have been taken in Marsh bay, [Penobscot,] though they are never found in fresh water. They feed on muscles, shrimps and clams ; but the best bait for them is herring. They are without scales and their individual weight is from 5 to 75 pounds. They arc said to spawn in coves and at the mouths of rivers, during the twelve days of Christmaii.^ The Haddock are companions of the Codfish, and are found H^'Wock. in the salt water of our shores, as far eastward as Mount Desert. *" 1. BIcnuins Cliaotodon. — 2. Blvnuius Anguillarius, f Anarijiclias lupus — Golilsmilh. I 1. Gaiiiis Morliun. — 2. Gadiis n^IcRitiiis.— 3. Gndus polnchiut. — 4. Ga diis vircns?— 5. Garlus inolva. — 6. Gadusluscus — 7. Gadiis . } Go'(/»m/'/A ««y«, [4 vol. p. 22u,] " wlicn (lieir provision [on tlic Grand fianlicj is cxIianstLd, or (lie scasun for propag^ulion returns, titcy gu off to tlic puloxacat." — £ut they are found on our cor.st8 in all seasons of tbs year. Pollock. ^t; Hake. «jJ«a'>"., THE BIRDS [iNTRODVirt Tbey tre scaled, and are of a light brown colour^ whfa black stripes from head to tail on each side of the baok« commencior a little after the nape, or ^t7/ (Ins, ia spots of Uack, shaped like the ball of a man's thunib. The Haddock ii shapeid like a codfish, though witli a larger head, and two back fins towards the tail ; it weighs from five to twelve pounds, is finer flavptigred than a codfish, harder $nid less easy to break when dry, and con- sequently tobe preferred for shipping. ; , ^ ^,, The Pollock is plentiful, especially about the bays of Paaa> ectaquoddy and the Isle of Holt. It is shaped much like a Sal- toqaand is scaled; its sides are of a bluish cast, its back is dark- er, its belly a muddy white, its length from 30 to 30 inches, apd weight from 10 to 25 lbs. It is very good, dressed and dried, tliough not so good as a codfish when fresh, being of a coarser grain. It is excessively fond of herring, and will collect together and hem in shoals of them, in the eddies about the flats, and at slack tide feast upon them. The small Pollock are generally found in our harbours, and are exactly the same as the other, only smaller, weighing from four ounces to three pounds. Some think they are the half- grown young of the true Pollock. The Hake, Cod and Haddock are often caught, cured and sold together. The Hake is a scaled fish ; its length and weight are almost as great as those of a codfish ; it is tougher than a haddock and not so fine flavoured. Its outside is coloured variously, some are rather of a dun-red, others are of a muddy brown with white bellies. Its head is much like that of a cod- fish, except that its mouth and jaws are formed like a crescent, full of fine teeth which are very sharp. Its body tapers from the head to the draught ; tlience to tlie tail-fin, tlie taper is much more gradual ; and it is finned mostly like a cusk, both on the back and belly. Abundance of them has been taken within three leagues of Castine. They are caught with hooks ; and the best hours for the business are in the fore and latter part of the night. The Frostfish, sometimes called Tom-cod, are found about the bays and mouths of the rivers in the summer, and in the winter they inhabit fresh waters. Thty are shaped and finned like a codfish and coloured like a silver eel, scaled and fine flavoured. Thoy arc very small, weighing only from 8 to 18 ounces. They .T.] OF MAINE, r MS Eel kind are pknty vnry where, bat iiBond m the greatest abundance about Namguagut, Pleasant river, and in that quarter. In place* where diej are so very plenty, they are caught and stacked in December and January, and afterwards cut and given fresh to ' ' cattle. The Cwik deserved a place prior to the frostfish, for it is su- cutk. periour and found only in salt water — weighing from 5 to 20 pounds. It is shaped much like a catfish ; its head is round, with jaws full of small teeth ; its body is generally two feet in length, more or less, according to its size, very solid ; its liver only is fat as in a codfish. Though not so pleasant to the taste as the cod, it makes good " chowder," and no dry fish is better, especially when it is three years old. It dwells with the cod, i <><'-ii though seldom found in so deep water. A fresh water Cusk is said to be plenty in Moosehead lake. This is the family of the Codfish, and none other is so univer- sally esteemed for the table, st'oris j; . i. > : snA The EeU are plenty in our waters ; of which we have two As'ncb, and two species in each kind : the two species of one kind, viz. 1. Lamprey^* and 2. Sea-sucker,f are certainly amphibi- ous ; those of the other, — viz. 1 . the sUver Eel,l and 2. the Conger Eel^ are the best for food. The bat, the eel, the swal- low, the turtle, the frog, the toad and the serpent have been com- monly called " the seven sleepers."|| ' The Lamprey is without bone ; and one of three feet, a com- tampny mon length, will weigh 3 pounds and will cleave so fast to a rock, '^*'*' when pulled, as to take one up of 4 pounds. It is darker col- oured and less slimy than a silver eel ; it is cylindrical and large as a man's wrist to its bastard fins, which begin about midway of its length and continue to the tail. Its skin is so tightly ingrained with the flesh that it cannot be taken off; and it has 9 or 10 eye- let-holes, as large as a pea, on each side of its back. It has no teeth, but large gooms and sucker-mouth ; with which some of the smaller ones often fasten themselves to a salmon, or shad, and are thus carried up the falls. • " • * Petromyzon Fluviatali*. f Petromjzon Marinus. I Muraena Anguiila. } Muraena Con^r. The Blenny and Eel kind bring forth their youDjp aliro. Vol I, It -•Wll».C? MU 154 TiiB nafiEs [IlfTKOOOC. Jt During the last ten years, they have not been found in such abundance in the main rivers as formerly, though they are now plenty in the Piscataquis; — ^they are taken in the spring and summer months. They spanrii in May or June ; and afterwards attach themselves to logs, roots and stones, near where they cast their spawn, and there gradually perish, mortifying from tail to head. From the back may be drawn a sinew which, when stretched, is tlirice the length of the body, and makes as tough a counter-string for a violin as catgut. They are caught at the falls with spears, gafts, hooks without bait and even with the hands covered with mittens, to prevent their escape. The Silver Eeh, found in both salt and fresh water, are taken Silver Eeii. at all seasons of the year, and are very good for food : They are speared in the winter and taken by hooks in the summer. They, like the Lamprey, are without bones and scales, and are about the same size, though some of them will weigh 6 pounds. They have two fins near their gills, another on the back, which runs to the tail, as on a cusk or catfish. Their young is seen about the 6rst of June, two inches in length and about as large as a small wire, and almost transparent. But how do they procreate their species, since neither spawn, eggs, nor young, are found in them at any season of the year ? ■ • ^ '^ - - r ^ The Conger Eels are caught in our bays and salt waters of our rivers. They have a round head, also teeth, and otherwise look much like a catfish, only slimmer ; one of tv/ofeet is a com- mon length, being only as large as a man's wrist. They bed in the mud like other eels, and when well cooked, they are received into the stomach with a good relish. Their natural colour is yellowish, but what is remarkable, they will, when dying, change their hues, or shades, to a pale green or faint purple. Not long before the close of the last century, a French mer- chantman, in the autumn, grounded on tlie flats, a league below Bucksport, in Eastern river ; and as she settled down with the ebb, her sides rested on a large bed of Conger eels, which being tlius ousted of their settlements, were taken by the mariners and found to be very grateful to the taste and stomach. The Flounder family* embraces five species, 1 . the flat Flounder kind. *1. Pleuronectes Flesiis.— 2. Plenronectcs Platcssa.— 3. Plcuroneclt* Hippc^UsBus.— 4. riei.roL«ctc» rapilIoiiUs.-<.5. Pleuronectes Equatrna. he flat Sect, t.] ' of Maine. 'life Houndert 3. the Plaietf 3. the Hahbut, 4. the Dab, and 5. the Skate. The Flounder is exclusively a scaled salt water fish, and fs piwimitr. found near the bottoms in coves and rivers, and consequently tastes too much of their muddy beds to be palatable. It has a ' ^ ^' ' black back and a very white belly ; one of a common size is about 12 inches in length and 1 and l-4th of an inch thick; it has two black fins on its sidewise back, near its head, and a white one near the throat : and 4 inches from the head, on the back and belly, are the roots of its tail-fins, running nearly to the roots of the fan-fin at the end of the tail, which is in length and width about two inches. The peculiarity of this family is its mouth. The Flounder's is not horizontal, but about half way bei veen diat and a perpendicular; that is, an angle of 45" from the ground ; and hence it seems to lie on one side. The Plaice is such another, though without scales, smaller &iid |»i,iea. too strong to be fit for the table. It is lighter coloured than n flounder and less plenty, and dwells in the same places. One of a common size will weigh a pound. " ■^'"' ' ' •''•^• The Halibut is a large scale fish, weighing from 10 to 200 iiai..,ui. pounds, commonly about 75 pounds. It is found in considerable ^ ^....v abundance oflf our coasts, about the bays and Islands, and espe- cially on the Grand Banks, but only in salt water. The colour of its back is a dark slate, its belly white, and extending only one foot from the gills, is very short, inclosing a small quantum of entrails. One of 75 pounds is six feet long, between 2 and 3 feet across, as it lies like a flounder apparently on one side, and only 6 inches through the junk in thickness. Its moutli makes an angle of 70^ with the horizon ; its fins are on each of its sides, extending two inches into the body to the joint, and tor ..• mating 6 inches above the roots of the tail: the flesh, on those called '' " Halibut-fins," are fat and when fresh very palatable ; as are also its head and nape. They are taken with hooks, but are dif- ficult to handle owing to their flat shape. ' '' The Skate swims like a flounder, is whhout scales and quite g^,,^ short, being not more than three feet in length ; yet it is two feet or more in breadth, and will weigh 30 pounds ; though tlieir sizes are variable, — from 5 to 50 pounds. Its tail, two feet in length liko that of a land tortoise, is very rough and full of w Lniapfiibi Mackerel. HoTM r^^ktrtl. THE nSHES [IntBODUC. prickles ; near which, on each sidci u has something like two 1^ 8 inches or more in length., with which it can clasp hold of sub* stances : it has 6ns on both sides like the skirts of a saddle ; it is seldom eaten. . „h i..^^. ifu*..^' The LumpJUh* is naturally a clumsy creature and is found only in salt water, mostly about the westerly coast of the State. It has a i^j-ominence on the back like that of a camel, and as large in propotion to the creature ; also two gill, or nape fins, and a small tail, somewhat like that of a flounder, and a very small mouth. ' r I ,h Of tills sort, are two varieties, if not species 3 the mud or greetij and the red lump ; both are good to eat, though the latter is the best ; they are shaped alike : the larger sizes are 20 inches in length, 15 in depth, up and down, also about 10 in thickness, and may weigh 20 pounds or inore. From head to tail, on each side of tlie back, are three rows of hard sultstances as large, severally, as a finger nail ; and each, half an inch from the other. The green Lump is transparent, so that the finger on its opposite side from the eye can be easily seen. On the breast, each has a sort of sucker raoutli, by ivhich it can hold fast to any substance. The Mackerel^ is a very elastic fish, of which we reckon three species : — 1 . the Mackerel : 2. the horse Mackerel : and 3. the BUl-jish : all of which dwell in salt water. The real Mackerel is very handsome in shape and colour ; is fat and palatable, and one of a middle size will weigh two pounds ; it is very long and cylindrical, with bright clouded back, (black and green,) white teeth, and nape and centre fins : tliey are taken in great plenty off Mount Desert rock and in other places on our coast. Its scales, which are small and thin, it sheds in the ago- nies of dying. The Horse Mackerel^ or Mackerel Shark, is coloured, shaped, and finned like the other, but it is too coarse grained, dry, and rank to be fit for the table. They differ very much in size, be- ing from 20 to 200 pounds in weight ; the smaller are taken with hooks and the larger are harpooned. — Capt. Lowell caught one f I. Scomber icombiii. — 2. Srnn)l)Pr lani*.— rt. Pcnmbrr roilratin, II ii •aid, a Mackerel will produce S hundred tiioiitand cggt in one teaton. SfCT. ▼.] '>i'';'i* .<'►'»' ^j ■ .'^- ny » c -«rvi;*f'r ttit ■>• Of the JIftnnotc, or Menow* kind, are two species : — 1 . the Mcoow. MenotD} and 2. the Sucker. The Minnow is a very small, slim fresh water fish, with silvery scales, is from two to three inches in length, and is used alive as bait to catch pickerel. When in perfect trim, immediate!/ after spawning, its back is almost black, its belly a milkwhite, and its sides dappled like a panther's, inclining to a gra} ish sky colour. The Sucker is found in plenty in fresh waters only ; it is rather sucktr. more yellowish than a chub ; weighs from 1 to 3 pounds, being from 12 to 18 inches in length, and when taken in cold weather, is eaten. Monk-Jishf is very plenty about OwlVhead and other bays ; Monk-fiih. its length about three feet, its weight 1 5 or 20 pounds ; its head is ?reat, being in weight about a third part of the whole fish ; and its mouth and jaws, of a half-moon form, are proportionably large, whence the proverb, of one who opens wide a large mouth like a monk-fish, " we can see what he ate for breakfast." Its belly, as it swims, is partly on one side, like a flounder's ; and thus situated, its horizontal width is 12 or 15 inches and more than three times its perpendicular thickness. It is not eaten. The species of the Perch familyX are eight : — 1 , 2, and 3. the fttOu redy (he white^ and the sea Perch : 4. the Whiting : 6. the Batt: G. the Shiner : 7. the Chub : and 8. tlie Bream. " ^ The red Perch is so called, because its under fins are of a palish red : — It is from 6 to 1 inches in length, is good for the table, aiul weighs from 1 to 20 ounces. It has a horn fin on its back, like a bass ; and, perpendicularly, up and down its sides, it is handsomely striped and clouded witli black and yellow. i5r ■P*i i.,.;\ :u-- J * 1. Cypiinui. — 2.Cypriniit castostomus forator. f LopbiutTpitcatoriut. \ I. Ferca fluviatalii.— 2. Pcrca Iticiopcrca. — 8. Perca undulata. — 4. P«r- ca atburnus.— S. Perca oo«Ute.->6. P«rca nobilia.— 7. P«roa philac]«lphioB, — f. P«rca ohryioptert. .*»4^ K^f THBFISHBi [IirT«O0O«. PtKb. "^The while and feo PereA, as I am informed by fisherman, are so nearly alike, as to render it difficult to trace a difference. 4^.; These are found in salt and fresh water ponds, coves and rivers: tbfcy are larger and deeper coloured than the red Perch, and their sides are as ]igi)t as an alewife's. Wbiiiiif . '^^^ Whiting is a small but wholesome fish, a companion of the preceding — seldom seen. Dan. "^^^ Bass is a large scale fish, variable in its size from 10 to 60 pounds. They arc striped with black, have bright scales and horned backs, and arc caught about the coasts. They ascend into the fresh water to cast their spawn, in May or June, being lean afterwards and fat in the autumn. In June, 1 807, there were taken at the mouth of the Kenduskeag, 7,000 of these fishes, which were of a large size — a shoal, either pursued up the river by sharks, or ascended in prospect of their prey, or to cast their spawn. Bass is good for food when fresh, but poor when salted. Mungo Bass is both smaller and much better fish ; —fat and fine flavoured as a salmon. Its exteriour is bright as an alcwife, and is found in our interiour lakes ; one of them will j^i weigh a pound. '?^*> M?>4« vjf|^^?3 'nvf • - - VbiMr. The Shiner is very plenty in our fresh waters, where there are no pickerel : — also very small, being only about 4 or 5 inches in length, and v>'eighing no more than 4 or 5 ounces. Its name is taken from the bright silver shining of its scales ; and there are two or three varieties, one is like the minnow, another '' the shad- shiner." - .'...J.-» -». Ciiub. The CAtt2) has fins like a sucker ; is exceedingly well shapen, with a fan-tail, and its scales are as bright as polished silver. , One of 5lbs. is 20 inches in length ; it is eaten, though rather muddy and rank to tlie taste. Brtam. The Bream is a scaled fresh water horn-back fish, five inches in length and of only 8 or 10 ounces in weight. The back is elliptical, ci-< ted with a back-fin, an inch and an half upwards ; is as good to the taste as the perch and less bony : it is found plentifully in our ponds and mill-streams. In May or June, each pair will sweep round and form in the sand, a cavity, one or two feet in diameter, and G or 8 inches iu depth, within which they cast their spawn. -ii.If; Sf** ( :iti, Jin-. •.tv'^ SmSt' ▼•] OPMAINB. IM Of Piektnl* we have only one species ; tnd of Fiktf I •m PWknvi. not iafortoed, we have any in our waters. Tlie Pickerel is excellent for tlie table ; one of a middle size irill weigh 3ibs. and measure more than 18 inches in length. lu back is black, its belly white, and its sides are clouded with black and yellow. This species of fish, wliich is plenty in the Kenne- bec waters, was first brought to Penobscot, A. D. 1819, and put into Davis' pond, in Eddington, where they have increased sur- prizingly : but they devour (he white perch, which is of as much, or more value, and their emigration has not received much wel- come. Where they are plenty, they are speared and also caught with a hook. ;«»»;?«(;. 't i>; i. n "•• lu mI i * . :• ' > Tiie Poutf is found in almost all -our fresh water ponds ; it Pout has nape-fins, on each of which are straight sharp horns an inch in length, which give great pain, when they perforate the flesh. The spawning season is in May, and the old one keeps the brood around her, as the hen does hers, and will as boldly fight for tlieir safety. Pouts have five or six smellers, or feelers, jutting out from their under jaw, as large as wire and an inch in length ; such as the haUe and sturgeon have below their gills. Pouts are skinned when cooked, and eatable when baked. The Hoach,X though rather scarce, is found in fresh ponds, is Uuncb pleasant for food, and one may weigh from 6 to 20 ounces. It is shaped much like a chub, witli sides, belly and fins of a red- dish tincture. Of the Salmon kind^ wc have three species, viz. 1. th«: Salmon, 2. Sulnon Trout, and 3. Smelt, . ' i' '/ 7'-; i The Salmon, a most excellent fish, is now or has been caught in the Saco, Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot and Machias rivers, into which they ascend from the salt water, in the spring and summer months, to cast their s;)awn in October. They then stay till the next May, when they return with their young to the sea ; tliese are *' the rarcrb" so called. In the males is a sub- stance, as hard and white as clear pork newly killed, which is easily distinguishable from the spawn of the females; but the ftlmont * F.SOX liiciiis. 't Siliirui Felis. \ Rubeliio F)uria(ili«.— lias been called the " iratcr-ihccp fur tti liinpn* city. ( I. Mmo 0aUr.— 9. Salmo Trutta.— 3. Salmrv Ep«rlanw. Troul. 160 TREFISIfES [lllTftOttVe. ,, peculiar fellowship or connexion at the time of spawning remaios unsolved. The circular spawn-noounts, formed of sanu, are fiom 4 to 6 feet in diameter and 12 inches in height} and if any chub or other fish comes near, the Salmon will bite them to death and leave them. A Sa! iion weighs from 10 to 40 pounds. Of this species, there are three varieties ; the black Salmon, which is the smallest ; the hawkbitl, which is the largest and lightest coloured ; nrd the smoothnoaed^ which is the fattest and best, with sides bright as an alewife. The Salmon T-out re found in all our larger lakes and ponds, and are excellent i :t food : they often weigh from 1 5 to 20 pounds each, though they difTer in size and appearances ; and are more .r<; slim and less fat than the salmon; their sides are spotted with red and yellow. SomIl The Smelt is a small salt and fresh water fish, from 4 to 8 inches in length, with brown back, light sides and belly, weighing 4 or 5 ounces ; they are caught in abundance, after March, in our rivers ; 20 barr'>'S of them have been taken at the mouth of the Kenduskeag at a sweep, and sometimes they are worth no more than half a dollar by the bushel. :u ~\.:-.' . u... : m .u) gl^. VVe have no less than six, perhaps, seven species of the Shad ., .,j tribe,* viz. 1. Shad, 2. Alewife, 3. Herring, 4. Hardhead, 5. Bret, and 6. Manhaden, and 7. Atherine.\ The Shad, taken in all our rivers,]; till their spring-runs were checked by dams, arc too well known to require a particular de- scription. They are three years in coming to maturity, when they will weigh from 3 to 5 pounds. The Alewife is also very common. ; ,. «, • x - •■' >- -■ •■v*" *> > •■■•.i, :>.*'. uji.' . Hcrriii''s. Herringa^ are of various sizes, from 10 to 20 ounces in weight and are good for the table. They are scaled, finned and shaped like an alewife ; their bucks are of a bright green, and iheir sides and bellies lighter. They are caught plentifully along our coast, especially about Herring-gut and eastward. They are the best * 1. Ctupea Alo^o.— 2. Cliipca Serrata.— 3. Clupea Haren(|;ui. — 4. Clupea Dura Myttax.— S. Clupea Minima ? — 6. Clupea IMenida ? f Atberine. Athcrina, may belongs to another family. \ Od the 2d of May, 1791, at tho mouth of (be Kendutkcapf, (of the Po. oobicot,] were taken at one drnH 1,000 »bad and 30 barrel* of alewivci. ( " Of ail miffratiog: fi«h tba lltrring and Pilchard take tb« mait adrM' Itroiii voyag4a.* Saor* ▼.] OP MAiNC. of bait for oodfith, md are w> fiit, before they sp*wil in Aaguit or September, that it is difficult to sive them even with salt. The Hardhead is shaped and fin led like a shad, except that |{.nib,Mi. its head, which is smaller, looks lik ; that of a perch. Its back is of a yellowish cast ; it will in gei eral weigh from one to three pounds, and is very fine flavoured. The Hardhead are mostly taken in salt water, with nets and w..<'es and sometimes with hooks ; though a< few have been caught at ilie mouth of the Ken- duskeag and other fresh rivers. Mankaden* are likewise found mostly in salt water, though Manbadtn. they are seen sometimes as high up in rivers, as where the fresh and salt water mix. One's head is almost as large as that of a shad, and is equal in size and weight to one third part of the whole fish ; its length is from 8 to 1 2 inches ; its weight from 1 to 2 pounds ; its appearance is like that of a shad, except that < '<-' its head is larger, itself shorter ; its Lack is green, and its belly a light yellowish colour, like a hardhead. It is plentifully taken on our coast, and much used for bait to catch haddock, pollock, hal- ibut, and mackerel ; but too oily and strong for the table. This is, in grade, about the fourth family of fishes, put upon the table, and abundant in our waters. - ; ^^ ". \-, . " •«■ s<'» . •„: Of the Squalid tribe\ we may mention three species. I . the Squalid Shark ; 2. the Dogfish ; and 3. the Swordfi$h. The Sharkt among fishermen, is called the " maneater," " the Shark, shovel-nose," and " the swingle-tail ;" these being varieties of the species. The latter is caught in our bays, though not often. Its length is from 4 to 14 feet, half of which is tail, perpendicu- larly flat, like a s^v ^d, tapering from the draught, where it is about 1 6 inches in circumference, to the end, and where it is only an inch in diameter, turning or curving downwards. Its mouth, head, and body, are like those of a dogfish. One of common size will weigh 150 pounds; yet one was caught eastward of Metinicus, in 1811, which was supposed to weigh more than 500 pounds. The DogfUh, fotmd only in salt water, is about 3 or 4 feet in |wtth. length and weighs about 20 or 25 pounds. It has a peaked nose, and ^rom its end, 3 inches back, is its mouth, very small, • Vulgarly called "pegeyi.* 1 1. Squalut Stellarii. — 2. Sqnalui Acantbiai.— 3. Squalut Xipbiat. 162 l>;.!» whole lengtli is about o or lO fecij v. has two fins on the back, which are apt to be out of liic water, as it usually swims near the surface. Its sword, iioui the |)oint of its nose, is two feel long and so hard iiiat i])e fish can wield it through the hull of n vessel. Of (he )Sr»cA;/crs* we have two species; — l. Skip-jack, and 2. Stickle-back. The Skip-jack is a scaled small salt water fish, good to eat, weighing from 10 to 16 ounces, and shaped like •■ •« > ■ • , , , ,, , i,,; The Sturgcon\ is commonly 6 or 8 feet in length and weighs from 20 to uO pounds, thougii some have been caught whicii would weigh 200 pounds. It migrates from the salt water, during the spring, into almost all our rivers and returns in the autumn. It has a long head and prominent nose, beneath which it has a suckur-muuth without jaws or teeth. It has gills * I. Oa«tcrcilcu» Solatrix.— 2. Gaiitcro«tcu§ Aculcatu«, -,;,, , f Aciprmf^r stttrio. ■ shaped tail, and in all, fo like a gr siinie wii ThcJ iiarbours ship-cool and large gills and Ims also, all which ous to the hostile hui off in sha| small and The Su ing 300 pc inches in d riour is roi beneath wl an inch an( very elastic thrust upoii is said to b| The Th salt water It has a hoi westward ; I The Toi sculpion, ar^ tJCT of the an old toad J potbelly an) small fish, The Trd waters, parj *Cottui ql I •ally are ity. its ne, it is cut out iias been irm i;v.'o fif -vam lenglli is ire apt to face. Its I so hard jackj and .( t )d to eat, pkin seed, while its fourths as e tail ; the )ines ; and ose of the ju.b nd weighs ght whicU salt water, returns in e, beneath t has gills 9i*4Vi x-w'l Sc«r. v.] OP MAINE. 103 shtped exactly li^e «n officer's epaulett ; and on its back to its tail, and on each side of tlie back, including the belly, there ara in all, four rows of hard bony substances, pungent to the touch, like a grater. It frequently leaps from the rivers, to wash off the siinie which gathers upon it in still water and hot weather. > The Sculpion* is common about the mouths and sah water scufpion, liarbours of our rivers — is fond of fish-offal and the refuse of ship-cookery. Its lenpth is from 12 to 14 inches, its head is ugly nnd large, and its mouth opens like that of a monkfisli. About its gills and head it has horns, sharp and short ; and near the gills it ,. . , has also, on each side, two large wing-fins and a fin on the back, all which have horns half an inch in length, very sharp and poison* ous to the flesh : when caught it will bristle up and make a dull hostile humming. From the bwer extremity of the body, it falls off in shape very abruptly, and thence to the end of the tail is small and cylindrical, tliis part being the only one ever eatable. The Sunfahf is a large ugly looking creature, sometimes weigh- g^^ j.^^ ing 300 pounds, but never eaten. It is G feet in length, 30 inches in diameter, and very solid. It is not scaled ; its exte- riour is rough as that of a dogfish and as thick as a sheepskin,' beneath which is a substance all over the bodv, from one inch to an inch and an half in tliickness, which is light, transparent and very elastic, so that when it is pared into balls, it will, on being thrust upon the floor, bound 40 or 50 feet. The oil of its liver . .^ is said to be good to cure the rheumatism. The Thornback,'^. or Cunner, is a brown coloured, scaled Tbornback salt water fish, as large as a white perch, and is a good pan-fish, h has a horny, or thorned back, and is found in Casco bay and westward; and weighs from 1 to C pounds. i.-..t The Toadjish'^ is an ugly shaped creature, about as large as a sculpion, and shaped somewhat like it ; and is probably a mem- uer of the same family. It appears about tlie head and mouth like an old toad, with the addition of a coarse mossy beard ; has a large potbelly and small tail : feeds on plaice, flounders, and other small fish, and is found in our salt water harbours. The 7Vou^,|| also, must be mentioned as a fish of our fresh waters, particularly those of tlie Androscoggin. Trotil. ^L'ottui q;udricorni«. I Piicei raca. t Clydoptcrui ? I Raja FuUonica. I Tro«t«. 164 THE FISHES [IktbODVC. The warm blooded, or cetaceous mammiUaryinhibitants of our waters are three, the JVhale,* the Porpou«,t and the Sea/.| AD these suckle their young. Wbai«. fVhaleif two centuries ago, were common in our waters, when Capt. Smith fished for them about our great bays. Such as we .rt>^:;h now sec, are the Humphackj% wtiich are the most common, being from 30 to 35 feet in length, severally yielding from 1 5 to 25 barrels of oil. The others, are the Grampus Whales, shorter, smaller, of less value and more frequently seen. Biack-fiiiii. The Black-fish^ is from 1 5 to 30 feet m length ; from 1 to 12 feet ill circumference; and shaped like a whale, and has a large fin upon the back. One of a common size will yield half a dozen barrels of oil. It is a warm blooded fish, resembling the whale. When harpooned, it has been seen to take its young under its fluke, and carry it down into the depths of water. Porpoise. The Porpoise has always been common in our waters, and one ... of a middle size will weigh from 75 to 100 pounds, and measure from 5 to 7 feet in length. It has no gills ; but receives air through a single nostril, or " puffer," which is between its eyes. Its outside is without scales and smooth as velvet. The liver and lights, which are like those of a swine, are the only parts usually eaten, though the savages, with stouter stomachs, do not stop there. geal. The Sen/|| is found among the Islands and in the rivers of Maine, and was formerly very plenty. It has been taken at the head of tide-waters in the Penobscot ; and seen as high up as the Grand-falls. It is an amphibious animal, with flukes hke fore paws, and with webbed feet near its hinder extremhy ; its head, mouth and teeth are like those of a dog, its body is round and from 9 to 12 inches in diameter ; it brings forth and suckles its young like a land animal, and seems designed to form the connecting Unk between the two kingdoms, as the bat connects those of the beast and bird. * Cete Balaona? fThursio. J Phoca. { < The New-England wlialc has a hiiinp on the back.' — Ooldtmith. II Fhoca. Vitulina, n Sser. v.] tp. OF mainc. 105 SHKLLFISH. * Amoso the numerous inhabitants of our waters, the Shellfish Sheiifiab. seem to be formed under an inverted law of nature ; for tliey, contrary to other animals, have tlieir bony parts outside and their muscles within. Of these we have two classes, which tlie natur- alists rail cnutaceous and testaceous, or the soft and the hard shelled. Belonging to the Jormer* are, — 1. ihe Lobster ; 2. the Crab; 3. the Shrimp; and 4. the Cray-fish, which are of""''"'' the Crab kind ; and 5. the Tortoise, whereof there are amoug us three species. Of those called hard shelled,\ are, 1 . the Oysters, 2. Muscles, 3. Cockles,^ 4. Limpets, 5. Sea-snails : — Clams of several species, or rather several varieties, as, 6. Sea, 7. Hog, 8. Razor-shell, 9. Long-shell, and 10. Land-shell, Clams. Lobsters generate in salt water. They have claws, feelers, , ob»ter» and teeth. Like insects, their mouth opens the long way ol the body; and like some plants, both sexes are in the same creature ; also, if a joint of the claw be broken off, another will grow out. They propagate by spawn ; and change their shell annually. Lobsters suit many palates ; — on our coast they are plenty. The Crab is less in size than the lobster, and though like flavoured to the taste, it is much less esteemed by epicureans. Of this creature, we reckon three varieties : the sea Crab, the hermit, and the slender Crab. Of the Shrimp, owing to its smallness, little or no use is made, shrimp. except for fishermen's bait. It is taken on our shores. It is shaped like a lobster. u juU white. Its flesh resembles, in its looks, beef tripe ; and it is well furnished by nature for self-defence or protection, for it possesses a jet black liquid, which, when alarmed, it squirts into ihe water and wiU) which it thus darkens it to such a degree as to screen itself from its pursuer. We find two species of this Cuttle-fish, as a Squid is sometimes called. uxv, *\n « The Sea-urchin* resembles a chesnut burr, its back is covered with bony prickles ; its mouth is underneath ; the number of its horns and spines are very great ; its shell is hard, and its move- ments very slow. The Sea-egg\ lias a great affinity to it. Of the StarJUh'l we have three or four species ; each has a common centre resembling a wheel-hub, and from three to five branches like the fingers, in shape and colour of a man's hand ; and hence they are sometimes called " Fingerfish." The Sea- lungs are of like nature, only of differcni shape, taking their name from their appearance. The Barnacle^ is much less than an oyster, and sticks fast to rocks and sometimes to the hulls of vessels : a cluster of them looks like a bunch of grapes. When the sea is calm, they will open the lids of their shells and seem to take a momentary look and then re-enclose themselves for a period of stupor. 4 On Land — ^We have two or three species of Snaih^W one is without any shell ; and that of the other is curious. They are propagated by eggs, and the young of the latter have shells on their first appearance. A Slug^ is of the same nature. We have among us, in summer, a variety of native WortnSf a few of which we may mention, though they are seldom very troublesome. These are the Grub ;** the Earthworm ;f f the Brandling ;Xl the Angleworm ;% the Glowworm ;\\\\ Earwig ;^^ Millepedes, or thousand legs ; timber Worm ; and others. These differ essentially from caterpillars ; for they continue to be worms * Erinaceus marinus, or whore's tg^, f Asterias-capiit-mcdusa. } Echinus. } Lepas anatifera. || Helix. IT Limax. ** Lumbricus. ft Vermis tcrrostris. JJ f \\ Vermis piscatoriut. DH Cicindela. %% Forsicula anrelia. fO -fWH}HW:;l:. Sect. ▼.] or UAvn. during UK whereas, all catarpiUafs jmm-M^iary$atu atate and at Jangth become insects. to viiiib'j^i ,f{) We find several speciea of Lteehu^^ conmurn here. Thejr live in fresh ponds, thoogh tliey are arapbibioua and will live o» land. The mouth of each one is armed with an instrument like the body of a pump ; and the tongue, or fleshy nipple, is like the jucker — with this.it draws bkxxL .i^Ju rO (hJtM'ii *:'r;,ii,!f;i ■ REPTILES. Undcr the name of Reptiles, we may mention three famiRett ^*v^^^ ■the Frogi the Lizard, and the Snake ; which are not numerous in Maine, and generally harmless 4 all except the Ratdesnake be- ing free of venom. Of the Frog kind\ are six species i — 1. the Toa(?; 2. ihe fond Frog ; 3. r.the speckled Frog; 4. the .free Toad; 6, the bull Frog ; wad 6. the green Frog. .j. ni'r^n -lii This race lives about 10 or 12 yean, and comes-to maturity in four. It is propagated by eggs in spawn, impregnated by the male at the time they are cast ; and a female will produce from 500 to 1000 eggs at a time. The young, which are tadpoles at first, have legs in 95 days, and ever afterwards Hveon those insects and worms only which havq motion. They always jump to sieze iitheir prey, for they touch no lifeless insect. The .tongue, as in the lizard and serpent, is extremely long, and lays 'its point down the throat. The male only croaks, and the music of this species has been ludicrously recalled the singing of "Dutch Nightin- gales.'' The Toai is harmless, never venomous 4 always seek- ing obscure retreats for the sake of safety^ We sometimes see two species of the Lizard kinyd i\ the JVeiof, or hroxvn Lizard, and the Sivift. — Of a -compound form between a snake, and a frog, they are in aspect exceedingly for- biddmg. * Hirudo. f 1. Rana bufo. — 2. Rana octtlata 3. Ranamacv* lata?— 4. Ranaarborea. — 5. Rana boans. — 6. Rana esculanta. 1 1. Lace rta punctata. — 2. Lacreta fusciata.— N. B. The Crocodile U« species of this ^enus. Vol. L 12 KapUlw: »»i'[- Iniectf, THE UWECTS (TltTBODVC. Eight ^ecies of Serpent* have been seen among us : viz. i. the Rattlunake ; 2 the black Snake ; 3. the Howe ; 4. the Water ; 6. the little broum Snake: 6. the Adder i 7. the^een and 8. the striped Snake. Nothing need be said of either, so often are they seen and so entirely harmless are they all, except the Rattlemake. This creature is from 4 to 6 feet in length, and the venom it communicates when it bites is often mortal. Befo/e it jumps to strike its prey, it gives a loud buzzing with a tremulous motion of the rattles on its tail, not unlike in sound, the singing of the locusts. In this way an alarm is taken and the danger avoided. They den in the w^inte-, and lie torpid till spring. The first rattle grows when they are :hree years old ; to which another is added every year of their liv j. Its wonderful ability to ,.harm, or fascinatt small animals, is too well attested at this day, to be any longer doubted. f Great numbers of the Rattlesnake have been taken on a hill of that name in Raymond, and in some other places io Maine ; but none have ever been 5>een east of Kennebeck river. The oil, or grease they yield is of great value lor sprains ; and the slough, or shed-skin ol these, or the others, when put imo the ear, will make the head and the hearing extremely clear. The Rattlesnake is said to be the only creature found in the State which carries venom. . «,l;v i ;, INSECTS. V The little animals usually called Insects, are those which have a joint, or swivel, in the middle of their bodies, and thus the fore and back parts arc liolden together by a strong ligament. No otlier order in nature, not all the plants themselves the earih pro- duce?, can bear any just comparison in numbers, with the innu- merable myriads of this Insect-creation. Sometimes they are with us troublesome and dtaiructivc ; yet in general they are neither so large, greedy, nor numerous in this State as in south- era latitudes. Entomology, which is truly a curious science, has ♦ 1. Crolalus liorriiiiis. — 2. Coluber constrictor. —3. Coltihcr jninctatin. 4. Coluber Tiscia^ — 3. Culnhcr KtrialuInH. — 6. Coluber saurct:!. — 7. Aaguii. oryx. — 8. Coluber sipcdon, [Urowu Snake ] doincliinc* seen. t2 JVilliamx llitt.oi Vermont, appendix No. IV. It \% not found in Europe, Asia, nor Africa. have fore No pro- mnu- are are south- e, has ictatiis. lund in ■Y Sect. ▼.] f of Maine. Ml hitherto received too little attention from tlie scholars of our inaecu. country : For what can be more interesting than the history of the bee, the ant, the butterfly and the spider ?* ilg ;tr All we can do here, is to classify a few of tliis hinuraerable race of mortals ; and we suppose those found in Maine, may be arranged under these generic heads, viz. 1. Beetles; 2. Chir' vers; 3. Bugs; 4. Caterpillars; 5. Butterflies; 6. Bees; 7. Ants; 8. Spiders; and 9. Flies; and still there are others, such as the deathwatch, the mite and the father-tong-Ugs, which are not sufficiently known to he correctly classified. v\'<\t^ The Beetle is a flying insect, furnished with a case which it draws over its wings, to secure them from injury whenever it is digging holes in the ground or in rotten wood. The whole race have a great aversion to roses ; and make a humming noise when on the wing. Of the Beetle class,f 1 . the horned Beetle has dark brown *The Spider's web is considered a remedy fur the Asthma, and possibly for the hydrophobia — taken in quantity, a scrupU at a time. — Dr. Thadi' iir'« Dispeniatory, p. 396—339. BEETLES. ; "^vi f 1. Scarabacus Simson. — 2. Scarabaeus Carolinus. — 3. Scarabaens Stor- corariuB. — 4. Scarabaeus Horticola. — 5. Scarabaeus Lanigerus ? — 6. Scan* baeus Ahineus ? — 7. Lucanus Cervus 8. Lncanns Interruptus. Meloe Proscarabaes ; OiU Beetle. — Dermestei Lardarius; Bacon Beetle. — DcrmestesTypog^raphus; Print Beetle. — Gyrinus natalor; Woter flea.— Dytiscus piceus ; Water Beetle. — Selpha vespillo; Fe/td Bee//e— Coccinel- la ; Lady-fly, Lady Cow, (or Lady Dtrd.)— Bruchus pisi ; Weevil. — Cur- culio quircus; Snouted Weevil. — Cerumbyx Coriarius; Capricorn BeetU or Ooat Chaffer, — Lampyria Lucida ; Firefly or Lightning bug, — Buprextria mariana ; Cantharidet, or Bum Cvw, — Moleo nig^ra ; Blottom eater-— Torn- cula ; Earyoig.— Blatta ; Mill bfttle. — Staphylinus ; several species, blacky blue, or ttriped beetle, tic. — Cassida ; Shield beetle. CHIRPEBS. Gryllus ; Cricktt, Home cricket. — Gryllus Gryllotalpa ; Molt Crickel.'^ Gryllus Aquaticus. Water Cricket. — Locusta; Locutt. — Cicada; Orai- hopper, several sperics.— Cicada ; Balm Cricket. BUGS. 'iuex; Bugi of teveral ipeciet.—CUcrmct ; Bugs on plants and trtts."* Aphis { Louse on planU find leavei. CATERriLLARS. Campc ; Naturalist suppose there are is many species or Catirpillars n thtra are plants, etch feeding on its favourite om. f l| 17f THE INSECTS P«TBOI»0C. loMcu. wings and horns, turning b towards each other ; sometimes vul> garly called the horn-bug : 2. the Carolina ; 3. the Dung-hUl; 4. Apple; 5. Golden; and 6. hra*$ Beetlet, are all of one genus^ and 7. the Stag^ and 8. the fiuted Beetle, belong to another. The stag Beetle is the largest of the whole race amonp us, has six feet, coral coloured horns, and is more thaL an inch in length. Of the chirping race, are die Loeaats vnA Criekett, which are never numerous and always harmless. In dry seasons, the Grot' hoppers however, ^often appear in great multitudes, and are the greedy destroyers of the half-parched herbage. Tliis was par- ticularly the case in the years 1743 and 1756, when they threat- ened to destroy every thing green. With Bugs, Lice, and JVormsy on trees and plants, the hus- bandman is oftentimes seriously troubled, especially in gardens. Our wheat and pea fields have been injured by a devouring •Maggot ;* and, m the war upon these kinds of voracious crea- BUTTEUFLIES. Papilio magnm; Ortdt ButUrJly. — Papiiio Communis ; Comman Bui' tr.rfly. — i^phinx : Burnet Moth, and other species. — Phalaena.— JVi'^A/ SltUterer, or JUiller, BEES. Apis; two species, Bumble and JlUd Bee: (The white-head Bumble [Humble] Bee carries no sting.)— Vespa ; Wtup ; of which there are three tpeaiet,'.l)/adlc, yeliow and blue. — Vcspa Crabo ; Hornet. ANTS. Formica; (he Ant ; of which there are several species, as the great Pit- mirt, tiie i7naU,yelht», and black Emmeit. SPIDEBS. Aranea ; Spider; several species, such as blatl; gray, wandering, gar- •den, water, jumying, roic Spiden. — Linnecus takes notice of only six .'Spi- ders; 1. the greatest ; 2. tlio houcc ; 'i. the hag-hearing; 4. the water; 5. the bud Sprders ; and 6. titc Tarantula; But in this lie is evidently tuo limited. TLIES, Oftstrus; Ox-Gtuljly, (size of a coii.iiion bee.)— Lytta bittata; Potah jrty, (IooUb liko a Spanish Fly.)— Nittonocta ; If ^^■r/?1/.— [vil)ellulu ; I)ra£- •n%, or JJ... 'i.-$tinger.~Cyuui^; OakaintU y-'/y.— 'I't-nthrcdo l)etulae ; Saw l-'iy.— Mu«a; black, and brvwn /7j/,— Tabaniis; /Vori^y— Coiiops oal- citrana; Slinging Jiy. — Culex i\\>icnt,JhiM{iu»to.— V'\lcx; a Flta,—Vod\i- ra nivalis; aSnowFtco. — l.inniPus mentions more than thirty species o/ F.tea, many of which are unknown in tliii State. * At maturity, it list b««n called the littmn/y. ffoTE. — Nattirallits 8ay, as to the fecundity of animal nntiirc, that :n « year, a common fly will lay 144 cgg»; a spider 170; a moth 1000 ; a frog^ or a tortoise lUOO; a slirimp 6,000 ; a lobster 10,000 ; and u crab 100,000. i'o in difTcrcnt kinds of iisii, there have been round in the intlt of a hcr> ring', or a wnnlt, 33,000; in a roach 10U,QOO ; in a carp, a perch, or a uiaekcrel, 3U0,000; in a flounder 100,000 and more:— and two naturalist* have computed that a codfish producet 0,000|000 of cgg» in a single scasoq^ S«CT. r.]^ OP MAINE. 17$ tures, difierent expedients have been adopted to kill or check Immu. them. It has been said» that soaking the seed intended for m>w- ing, or planting, in copperas water, or lime water, will be of ^^ much ser\'ice. "i Butttrjliet, especially in the eastern parts of Maipe, are not numerous ', and, of course, we may infer as to the countless tribe of Caterpillars noticed by Linnseus, which become Butterflies and other insects, the numbers among us are not great. One kind of Caterpillar, has done our orchards in some seasons, great damage. Tliis lays its eggs in the branches of the trees, early in the spring, froiu which are hatched a black insect called the Canker-worm, about an inch in length. Such are sometimes the troops^of iliese ravagers, tliat by the 21st of June, when they disappear, they give the trees the appearance of having been stripped of their foliage by fire. They do not come every year ; and their ascent is prevented by girdling the tree^; with tar. It is doubted if the Honcif'bee is a native of this State, or of North-America. Joscelyn supposes hives of them were introduc- ed into this country from Europe. They flourish exceedingly well amongst us ; and a bee-master is able to tell curious and entertaining stories, equally about their propagation, industry, aad self-government. The Humblebec, the Hornet, the black and ytllow Wasps, are indigenous; and seem' to brave our cold winters without many fata! losses in their respective families. Of the Fly class, the black Fly and the Mxuquito are the noost troublesome. The former by day, and the lutter by nig' e«- pecially near the borders of our woods, come forth in great num- bers to sate their greedy appetite, by extracts from the human body. 174 Minnralt In iu general. Kindt of Kock*. Ornnitei Gneisi. THE MINERALS [InTRODUC. SECTION VI. MINERALS. In tlie mineral, as well as in the animal and vegetable depart- ments of nature, are noticed the most evident impresses and tra- ces of the Divine wisdom, power and goodness. Around us and under oiir feet, are various qualities of matter, which are, by dis- criminating knowledge and skilful management, wrought into articles of most extensive use and exquisite beauty. If, therefore, we were well acquainted with what is placed widiin our immedi- ate control or observation, as the resources of our own State ; we should probably find far less occasion to visit other countries, for obtaining what is either useful or curious. The object of the present Section is to give a short account of the Minerals* found in this State — the science of which is highly interesting and important ; for it deals in materials near at hand, worthy of research and examination, and fraught with great benefits to the mechanic arts, and consequently to common life. Accordiii;^ to geologists, we may mention as among us, eight kinds of Rocks, f viz. Granite, Gneiss, and Mica-slate, which are primitive Rocks; Argillite, Limestone and Grreen*<07if, which occur in primitive, transition and secondary Rocks ; Grai/'wacke and Sandstone, the one of which is transition and the other sec- ondary rocks. These two, however, are rarely found in tliis State. 1 . Granite, composed of feldspar, quartz and mica, is in its structure granular, and its usual colour is gray. It is a very val- uable and handsome building stone ; and in Bowdoinham the graphic variety is peculiarly beautiful. 2. The Gneifs is constituted of the same minerals as the granite ; tliough the former has less feldspar and more mica than the latter. Its structure is slaty, its colours more delicate than those of the granite, and is more easily split into rpgular-fornicd masscss. Mountains of it are more rotnided and loss steep. *SiioIli and other organic substances [K-trificct arc called Fostili. f Tlic ancicnti snpiioied tlie exterior ^>l' tlio g^lnl)0, wan a Jtuid; and Iraiinforrod the idea of water rri/tliiliiril to ico— to primilivr. rocks wliicli arc Af/oi" all (itlicrs and ari- ni(irn or Irss ■ ^ ■ t):> • .:■ 1 »,; , 5. Limestone is a mineral rock which abounds in this State, LimetioM. at Thomaston, and will be hereafter described. 6. Greenstone is composed of hornblende and feldspar, either GrMiuton. in grains or small chrystals ; and, because the hornblende pre- dominates, it assumes a greenish tinge. It is sometimes so very bard and fine grained as to^admit of a beautiful polish. Upon the mountains about the heads of Kennebec river, the Greenstone presents itself in prisms of several sides and straight edges, and an aspect not unlike bricks standing endwise. In Harpswell it is found to contain numerous balls, or globules, ap- parently of garnet, as large as bullets, and easily separated from the mass. Greenstone, when a secondary rock, is observed to be in detached masses, abounding or marked with fossils. It occurs on the height of land between the Kennebec and Penobscot, and also at Belfast and Brownville. This may be useful in building, and when pulverized, it may be employed to form a water-proof mortar for cellars, docks, and piers. Besides these various kinds of rocks, a large portion of the Ai'iviai earth'i crust is constituted of Alluvial Deposites, in which are found clay, sand, gravel, pebbles, fragme-iits of rocks, loam, coal, bog-ore, intermixed with organic remains, shells, bones, and even trunks of trees. Among these have appeared precious stones and precious metals, which through their jiardnesi wore found li^*le affected by attrition. Alluvial appearances are very mani- fest in many places, upon the banks of th« Androscoggin and Kennebec, and particularly in Pittston. D'i'Otiita. 1 m- 1 MioMMid Miaaraifc THE HlNBlliiLS lit Cun. Minerah,* are fnorganie sabitances as they naturally exist ; and large ^antities of them are commonly called Mines. Such of each as are found among ti9r are now to be mentioned; ac- C " . cording as they have l>een arranged by Mineralogists, and made to submit to a fourfold classificatbn, and subordinate orders, The Claw- ggn^a and species. They class minerals according as they par- take iitaterially of an Acid — an Earthy— ^l Combustible — or a MicTALLic — ingredient or integral property. The first C'oM embraces the different Adds ; also the AVialis —Ammonia, Potash, and Soda; and the ?tvc primitive Earths — Barytes, Stxoniian, Lime, Magnesw, and Allumine. — But we have to remark only upon Lime and its species; for we have no native beds, or mines oi the others ; nor of conunon Salt ; nor of Nitre,. or Saltpetre, so necessary in iT>edicine, in chemistry, in the man- ufacture of gunpowder, and in the cure of the heavy meats. A spontaneous production of Nitre might however be easily effect- ed, by artificial layers of earth in a dry atmospheric air, v ih ani- mal or vegetable substances embedded in a state of iecomposLi^ tion.f Of Ltme, a primitive earth, there are several species. Apa- tite, in pale green crystals, is found in Topsham, disseminated in granite ; and Gypsum, or plaster, has been found and extensive- ly used by husbandmren, in manuring their grounds. J It is im- ported m large quantities from Nova-Scotia for that purpose. Zttmef^one is abundant in this State, especially in Thomaston and Camden, and also in Brunswick, and on Johnson's moun- tains. Like all tiie stratified rocks in the vicinity, its general di- rection is from southwest to ncMtheast, and inclined at an angle of 45°. This nuneral is both foliated and granular ; the grains are sometimes very fine and compact ; and if whole, the mass resembles loaf sugar. It is commonly white or gray, shaded often with blue, green or yeilow. It is found in large masses, Apatitw LknwWne * iD'Coinpilmjr this section, a particular Tiokn<)wle(]p;rncnt is due tu Par- KF.aCLF.AVKi.AND, Estt^ Prolcssor of M. '.licmatios ami I'iatiiral Philoso- phy, and liRcturor on ('hcmistry and IMinoraloijfy in lk>wduiQ College, and to bis excpllcnt Treatise onJIineralo^y arid (Jtolo^y. t There were once, Sail works, on the Isle of Sliuals. I Itn action on the soil ami the plant, is not satiKfactorily explained ; when put un a piece uf earthen near the vcgfeluhlu, its efi'oct hu« been the niuiMx u wLon LatU on tlio (^roiiad ai it* ruot. *'i'l Skot. rt.] ernAWcist Iff and usutlly in primitive rocks. It oeenrs with hornblende, mica^ and quartz, and sometimes gneiss. When burnt into Lime, it i» in great demand for plastering rooms. Thomaston lime com- mands a higher price and quicker market than that of Camden, owing probabljr to a superiour granular Bneness, in the rock of the former place. The Marble is exceedingly fine grained, its predominant col- MarbUt our is a grayish, or bluish-white, diversified with veins of a dif- ferent colour, enlivened by silver clouds or deepened with blue sliades, and exhibits the beauties of a well finished engraving. It receives an exquisitely fine polish, and is already used exten- tensively for gravestones, for the tabulars of side boards, for chimney pieces and other ornamental works. ' 'la 1809-— 10, CoL William Dwight buiU, in Thomaston, a ' mill for sawing blocks of lime-rock into slabs for the manufac- « Hirer's use. Aiiother mill was afterwards erected, and in )und >n and The third Class embraces such minerals as are sii ceptible of combustion. They are seldom crystallized, and in their specific gravity, they are light. - The species to be mentioned are only four, — phite, Coal, and Peat; and hitherto these i among us in small quantities. .Anthracite occurs Thomaston, entirely opaque and grayish-black, strongly resem- bling «oa3, though harder and heavier. It bums slowly without flame, smoke or odour. Graphite is found at Bath, >Gorham, Paris, and Freeport, in granite ; at Brunswick, in limestone; and alluvial, on the banks of the Androscoggin. It consists of mkiute grains, is nearly iron-black, «nd is easily -scraped with a knife. Pulverized, mixed with oil, and applied to stoves, it se- cures them from rust and gives them a gloss ; and compounded with clay, itw formed into the best crucibles : The purest kind is manufactured into lead pencils. Coal and Peat, though sup- posed to be abundant in our swamps and bogs, have not yet been the objects of much -search, inasmuch ; as they have not been needed for fueL 3d Class. CoHBusri* BLtit. Anthracite. (!raphil«. CoiiL I'eat. The Jourth Class embraces metallic substances, or Ores,f oi Mx.tAi.1^ which, few species have been yet discovered among us. A species of Copper has been found at Brunswick — a metal ^^^^^ highly useful in ship building and brass foundries, as well as in forming a very necessary and convenient currency. Alloyed with zinc, it becomes brass and pinchbeck ; and compounded with tin it is tlie principal ingredient of bronze. The oxides * Red Ochre is found in larg^c quantities on the west branch of Penob- scot, Pleasant river, and in Buckfield. t A mineral spring, 16 miles from Stillwater, on and near the Bcnnock >Toad, lias been discovered ; it is evidently imprcs;nalcd with iron. i8>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 SflU Ui ut lU ■2.2 S HA ^ 1.1 l.'"'^ lli2Sl^lii& 6" V FhologFaphic Sdences Carporation #^ <^ » win turn smn WtWTH,N.V. MSN <7»)tn-4901 uV * ^ <\ \ 188 Itm D«f THE MINEIUUI OP MAINE. [bfTmoime. •nd Mits of c<^»per are quite pmBOoous, and therefore Tcaidt made of that metal ought not to be used in kitchm cookery. Iron is the hardest, the most common and useful, of all th« metals. Different species of it have been found at HaUowelland Winthrop : and the native magnet, or loadstone, has occurred, it is said, at Topshara. The magnetic oxide of iron, found at Paris, Clinton, Sunkhaze, and Buckfield, yields the best bar-iron — the ore from which ^iC Swedish iron, so much esteemed, is forged. Bog-ore is not rare among us, in low grounds, and will produce 33^ per cent, of cast iron. One species of Lead has been found at Topsham and Exeter ; it is a mineral much used : but it is unsuitable for aqueducts ; for when constantly wet, or moist, it is gradually oxidated and poisons the water. Moiybdena. Molyhdena is silver-white, brittle, and so hard as to be melted with difficulty in a furnace. Specimens of it occur on the banks of the Androscoggin. Although the precious metals were among the principal objects of the first voyagers to this country ; it is certam neither gold nor silver has been discovered hi this State ; nor yet mercury, tin, line, nor platina. Indeed, no minerab have been extensively wrought among us, except the limestone. Note. — According to the treatise on .American Jdituralt and their Lo- ealUiei bj Sahobl Robinson, M. D., there hat been found at Fhipaburg, Chalcedony; at Beiraat and on the Penobscot, Jatper; at PiT\t,RuheKitt, LepidulUe, of great beautjr, and TourmuUne, green and blue; and at Rum- ford, yeUow Ochre. ,rV, ''» if n <,'5H -rUH '■ »:*«i i» n ,iK#f. ■ ■in-' mi- ^i^ HISTORY OF MAINE. t.Ht CHAPTER I. JTu Spaniards, EngUth and Frtnck in America — GotnoUFa and Pring's Voyages — Tke claims of the English and French-^Pth tent of Acadia to de Monts — His visit to Port'Royal, Passamo- quoddy and Penobscot — Weymouth's View of Penobscot and oth- er plates — North and South-Virginia Patent and Council — Chalon's and Hanham's Voyages — The Settlement of a Colony attempted at Sagadahoc — The Government — Intercourse with the Natives — Difficulties with them — Disasters — T^e Colonists re- turn to England. At the close of the 16th century, the northern coasts of the A. D.I600. American continent, had become generally known to Uie nations of Europe ; several parts having been frequently visited for the purposes of discovery, fishing and traffic ; and attempts made at a few places, to establish settlements. Newfoundland, about this i««wfeuiid- time, was attracting particular notice. Its surrounding waters, |*1^ '^'^ were already, in a single season, visited by iVree or four hundred fishing vessels, under English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese flags ; and on the shores were seen more than one hundred hab- itations, or stages, constructed for the accommodation of Fisher- men.* The Spaniards had selected the region about and below thr ^^\ equator ; and were acquiring rich and extensive possessions in Vj-fy''*'' tliose parts of the hemisphere. Its northern sections very early •"• attracted the attention of the French ; and their adventurers had long since explored the St. Lawrence, and taken formal posses- sion of its borders. Yet the project of forming permanent settlements upon its banks, which had been delayed fifty years, * TImm wore not pertnanvut wttl«incnli : the first birth on the lUaad, of European (wrentt, wi^ March 27, 1613.— /*rinct^« .flnnu/*, p. t7. 184 TRCHISTOBY Fo'. A. D. 1600. bjr the oivH wan, «ppeared, at thb period, nnrety to be reTi?iii|. Certalnfy' that peopb had hitherto done nodniiig more, than to engroM its lucrative trade, and make extensive claims to its terri- tory. The 'intermediate Latitudes presented strong invitations to British enterprize; several Englishmen, influenced by hopes of discovery, and motives oT gain had been already concerned in expensive voyages hither^ and some of them, particularly Sir Walter Raleigh, having been assiduously labouring for several years, to plant a Colony in the vicinity of Chesapeake-bay. Bat this and all the other efforts and expeditions were productive of no considerable bene6ts to the adventurers, nor lasting good to their country; otherwise than being promotive of the politicai establishments which have mnce risen into independent States. .j^„ c„,„„.^ For, as a correct writer says, though "110 years had elapsed ^'^•^•""'^•.since the new world had been known to the old j" and though a few eniigrant fishermen had a temporary residence at Newfound- land ; " neither the French, the Dutch, the English, nor any but Spaniards had made the smallest effectual settlements in the '^' Aew-disoovered regions."* All knowledge of the interiour country, its geography and re- raphye(ih« sources twas- exceedingly limited; and all acquaintance with in Abowq? "" bays, inlets, shores, rivers and highlands, was quite imperfect. 'The best charts, then etxtant, were rude sketches of the coasti and liarbours ; and few men were bold enough to explore a land •dlo^d with heavy forests, and filted with ignorant savages. Therefore in compiling the History of this State, it is necessary ^b commence «mong the shades of nature ';>d thence trace the progress of tliat improvement, which ha . dually laid deep and strong the foundations of our present liberty and prosperity. •—•In tlie several adventures and voyages, to this Continent, we find no account of any one, who visited the waters or shores of Maine, before A. D. 1 602. Barikolomew Oosnold, an English navigator, of skill and ex- perience, who had. previously crossed the Atlantic in the usual routes by the Canaries and the West-Indies, entertained a belief, that a course direct from England was practicable, and would probably shorten the distance an hundred leagues. Furnished * PrinctU Aimaltff. 1, 2, 6, II.— Canada and Nora Scotia, woro under the Engliih crown till A. D. 1800; when the French did poitest themiolvot >er L'acadia.— 1 Coll. JV. Hi$i. 5oc. p. 2S2— 3d itriet. -site? < '•• •imt'-'i m B.OoMcild'a V«>vage, 4603. »».. 1. tan to tern- 008 to pes of aed in ly Sir several . B«t stive of ;ood to politick SM&tOS* «lspsed lOUgh i wfound* any but t in the and re- with iu nperfect. le coast! e a land savages, lecessarj kce trace aid deep ■osperity. inent, we lores of and ex- le usual a belief, id would burnished roro under IthemiolvM Cbav* (.] eruAwm '■)■ m trith«inillbailBtotrfibeex^eriin«Bt,lMstil«dfitMa Ftlatoadi,i*.ll.Mi^ March 36tb, 1602, attended by 39 penoM, w the true latitude ; and it is certain that the central Isle of Shoals, which is in lat. 43" 29 *->is south of the land he first saw. * Meeting with a shallop of European fabric, < in which were eight savages, and seeing one of them dressed in ( European clothes, Gosnold and his associates were led to con- < elude, that some unfortunate fishermen of Biscay,, or Brittany, < had been wrecked on the coast.' They immediately sailed to the southerly side of Cape Cod ; and on the 18th of June, re- embarked for England. f But though we have doubts, whether Gosnold ever saw any Jff'*'?^ lands of ours ; it is certain our shores were actually visited the }^s*> following year, by another voyager, Martin Prirtg. Through the influence and generosity of the city-ofiicers and several mer- chants of Bristol, in England, Richard Hackluyt, Prebendary of St. Augustine Church, Robert Aldsworth, and others ; £1000 sterling were raised, and two vessels procured, equipped and victualed for a western voyage uf eight months. The Speedwell, one of them, a ship of 50 tons, with a crew of 30 men and boys, was commanded by Pring himself. The master of the other, a bark of 26 tons, called the Discoverer, carrying 13 men and a boy, was William Browne ; and Robert Salterns, who had at- tended Gosnold to America three years before, was appointed - supercargo, or principal agent of the expeduion. Tlie adven- turers were furnished with various kmds of clothing, hardwares, , Svif' i>i .. . itni * 7 Coll. JUtut. Hitt. Soc. p. 243. of thii cout •• erroneont.** -Weymouth, in 1608, found the chirt fS Pvrchaty p. 1647, I6SI.— Gmnold was afterwards one of the Council in Virginia, where he died, Aug. 23, 1607. — PurcAa*, 1690 Capt. Smith, {in hit Hitt. p. 18,] saj s, Robert Salterns was Gosnold*s pilot. —1 Btlknap'a Ring. p. <31— 219 ;— corrected, 2 B«Uc. Biog. p. 100— 123.— I Holmn* 4iHi. p. 142. n. 3, 4. Vol, L 18 .,^,j,M \ ■ ..?--»? ||§ THE HHrroHY ■ [Vok i; 4,0. im>ao4 trJukfiMt^hr thci purpoM of tcadiiig with, tbe Nathrc% and proctvbg a car§o of .MiMUiras* and (ura. pMobMoi ^^ ^^ ^°*^^ ^ Milfiwd-Haven, AprS 10, 1603, « few ^y ••d dajTS after the death of queen Elisabeth ; and, passing insight of the Azores, fell in with the American coast, June 7th, between the 43d and 44th degrees of north latitude, among a multitude of Mands, in the waters since called Ptnohteot hay.\ Pring and bis companions were highly pleased with the view they had of 'y it in 12 hours, of a surfeit, occasioned by exceaaircly eating of dogfish, then considered a delicious dish. — 2 Belle, Biog. p* 126—7. Also the Voyage of Carter to Canada.— 1 Btlk Biog. p. 176. in note (*). f Called by the French «< Ptntageet." \ 2 Belk. Biog. p. 125. \ Incorporated June25, 1780, f^tna/Aaven. »Sbawakotock"— /'VencA.— Chouakoct— I J9(U:. Bhg, 149. CEtf. V] Of uimis, IM a<»M^^ •^>'M^^^ ^>><^fiii»^ ingenuitj. Gorged feiliii^^: lioi. Hf^ioiy, s^, Priflig made a perfect diacorery of all these eastern riven end huboun ; and brought the most exact account of the eoast that had ever come to hand.* The French as well as the English were repeating their ^^t]^!!!^ to thb northern country every year ; and making it, at home, a|"N.AMf favourite topic of conversation and enquiry. Both were highly islated with ideas of extensive foreign dominions ; and the pros- pect of an abounding commerce ; yet the means and measures best fitted for their attainment, were altogether unknown, as well to the sage as to the speculator. More of plan, organization and vigor, was necessary ; for past experience had rendered it certab, that rights to territory arising iirom mere discovery, nominal pos- session, or ro}ral commission, were too slender to be seriously de- fended. Nbthing short of actual well-organized settlements un- der the auspices of their respective governments, could give to enterprize success and permanency. But it was a great misfotume to those nations, and no less to this country, that they both coveted the same territories ; uid were using all practicable means for establishing severally in themselves, the most plausible titles to their claims. Twen^ years before, Humphry GUbert, in behalf of queen Elizabeth^ had taken formal possession of Newfoundland, and the region 200 leagues about it; and there promulgated sundry laws.| The Marqub de la Roche, fifteen years afterwards, was commis- sioned by his master, the IVth Henry of France, to conquer and colonize all the regions bordering upon the St. Lawrence, denom- inated Canada, and unlimited in extent ; and three years after his death, another of similar import was granted, or the same renew- ed to M. de Chauvin, who immediately carried colonists 90 lea- gues up the St. Lawrence, and settled them at Tadousae.^ These are instances only of prelimiitary transactions. — ^The people of both nations were resolved in their purposes ; and with such objects in view, and the rival feelings, which each indulged to ______ — ^ — . — ' , • S Purchat, p. 1654— 6— Pring made a lecond voyage id leOS 2 Stlk* i Biog. p. 140.— Prmce'« 4iiti. p. 19, noU llO}.— Smith's HUt. p. 18..- 1 Hokntt' A. Ann. p. 14&. f One Savelet, an old mariner bad, before 1609, made no leu tbao 4t voyajfea to these' parti.— PordUu, p. 1640. \ 1 BtUtnt^U Bug. p. MO. (1 CharUrois .AT. Franti. Vm^ttX, ' >. >l^' A«adi«. j^Kft m^m^^ <»*!*» *' wW»* ^"^^ ^^^ ^^^ fe«^ t^^vj^sfsttply. *tl^ counter j[)08s^ssoi7 claims wpuld proflfic? ibese^erea^ e|- (5it?ni^itts,if aotwar., ,, „ ... By a royal patent,* November 8tb, A. D. 1603, the same PeMW^Heniy, $ramed to Pierre de Gait Steure de Monttt all the ^' '' Am^rijp^n territory between the 40th and 46th degrees of north- era latitude; and appointed hlra Lieutenant-general of this exten- stfe region, with authority to colonize and rule it according to his disci;etion ; and to sub^due and christianize jts native inhabitants. Tlie^name given it in the patent was ".^catJta," or AiMdit^ an abbrevia;tion or corruption of Arcadia in Greece.f This char- ter or patent, having no other boundaries or confines, than the de- grees of latitude mentioned, was found to embrace the American coast between the Island Cape Breton, south of Neii\[foundland, and the shores below the mouth of the river Manhfttan, now Mir Json ; and was soon published in all the maritime towns in France. To him and his associates were afterwards conceded an exclusive peltry trade, not only throughout his colony but around tfae^ulf of St. Lawrence. I l>a'.Monts, in the course of the winter, procured and equiped two vessels ; and, furnishing them witli suitable necessaries, sailed for America, March 7th, 1604. His familiar companion was M. de Poutrincourt, who bad been, a long time desirous of visitmg this country ; and his pilot was Samuel Cbamplain, a gentleman of noble birth and of skill in navigation, who had, the preced- ing year, explored the St. Lawrence. Of the adventurers in the retinue of de Monts, some were Catholics and some Protes- tants ; — ^liis own tenets however were of the latter order. Arriving, May 6th, at Cape de la Heve, in Lat. 44" 5,' on the southerly side of the Acadian Peninsula, they came to anchor opposite the present Liverpool in Nova Scotia. But they soon left this place ; and sailing northerly around Cape Sable into the bay of Fundy, and eastwardly along; the northern shores of the *8e« this Patent entire in FVenoh. — 1 Haz. CoH. p. 45 : Also Appendix, pMt, translated.— The ortliog;rapliy of the name is varied much by different writers as, •« Lofarfie"— ".^codie"— »'.4cca(/y"— " Accadia." »♦ L'Acadic"-- M Nous etant*' des lon^ temps a informes de la situation, dcs bajs et territoric de VAcadia — is the language of tlie patent, whence it would seem the country might have been previously called in France by that name. , f Bril. Dum. in America, bk. 3d. pt. II. p. 346. , i 1. Httmti A. Ann. p. 147. March 7. 1604. His Voysge. May 6. He viitiu his prtviuco. -.ijv Cmi^ I*] ^"ovnuNi. ffH^ jMBioMibi cnbnd MtftdkHk biri^ «iivireMd by MBtf iMl^liiM#b.4llk 4am, mat anchored bi « good tihrixMr. FoMrineoiin in#'fab ' '' dMmcd with th« beautifbl appMniice of tto^ H for hU fature nsidoRce. Obttiintiig readily a grasc'd' h lirMi de Moots, which the King afterwaMs confirmed, he gave It 4llte name of Port JSoya/, now Anaapofis ; and here his partjr dWilt for severalyeara.* • - i-.d •;.:■:.- .v.. ■, ;.li - .rrabiuHJl In exploring the bay of Fundy^ de Monts irfsited iSHeiWtir flU. John, and gave it the name, it has ever since borne. Thence he proceeded into the vraters of PoMtetmaquoddif bay, ascended the Sekoodie to a small island, which Champlain selected for a Mat- ing place, and a fortification. « ^t* ^o*i As Passamaquoddy Bay and the Schoodic river now fortn )& part of the Eastern boundary of this State, a more particular a(> count of its first discovery and situation may not be uninterestin|(i De Monts and his men called the bay a sea of salt water ; and in ascending the river found it an inconsiderable (me, admitting vessels even on tlie tide to no great distance. The Island it^lf, containing 12 or 15 acres, they called St, Croix, because two leagues higher, there were brooks which came *< erM«ime, to fkO within this large branch of the sea ;" — a circumstance whkh bai given to the Schoodic the same name. The Island is utna^ ted just above the northeast ccmier of Robbinston. Its soil is fer«. tile ; and it is usually the residence ol one family. The Inhabit'' ants often call it " Mufrai hland:'\ ' L'Escarbot says, " it was half a league in circuit, seated in th# " midtt of the river ; the ground most excellent, and abundantly " fruitful ; strong by nature and easy of defence, but difficult to « be found. For [says he] there are so many isles and great, " bays to pass, [from the St. John] before we come to it, I won-> " '* der how one ever pierced so far as to find it. The woods of " the main land are fair and admirably high and well grown, as " in like manner is the grass. There is right over against the "island fresh water brooks, very pleasant and agreeable, where "divers of Mons. de Moots' men transacted their business and > " builded certain cabins." n"'' »'«>""- ' ' ••*J * 1. Hotmtt* A. ./Inn. p. 148. JVbl« 5.->tbe Mttlement at Port Rojtl con* ' menoed the next year. L'Ewarbot-^ Pnrchas, 1682. " ^'^*- '^' t This character and account ia aceordinf to a late map of N. Seotia, aad ' a plan and letter from a |«ntlem80 ia that tection. JWIP TIWHB10RT I f[VMkt. ^^..1^^ n.ThiMafloarlMiiig frr tdvnwMlti A» Momb doMbdoil kxT^ iniFDni«< , the. winter upoi ihft isltnd. AppMhcnding danger firom thewva- SkCVois. |{ei^ hcieraeted ft ibrtifieation oa the Mrtb ptrt of it, tthkli CB- tktty'Commaoded the river. The* fort wu sheltered by trees, whi^li bo directed not to be felled ; and within its waUs he plant- pA his oamx>n and oonstructed a diapel, after the Indian manner of buildiing. " Hoary snow-father being come," (as L'Escarbot cx- prosses himself,) "they Were forced' to keep much within the ^fdoorsof their dwellings during the winter. But as there was not .^plen^ of wood, which had been too prodigally used in boild> *Ving J and a want of fresh water, which was found on the banks "of the river strongly enclosed under locks of ice ; they were *^ under the necessity , of procuring both Irom the shores every IVday." Some of the savages were occasionally bespoken ; and through fear of surprise or assault from them, who had a lodgeoicat at the foot of the Island, and appeared to be jealous, de Monts kept a con3tant watch night and day. '■ The winter was severe, and the suffisrings of the people from the scuny very grevious ; not one wh<^y escaped it ; and 36 put of 70* actually died before spring. At the usual seed-time, they prepared a piece of ground and sowed it with rye ; and being absent in the first season of reaping, they gathered m the second year a growth of it, in the narrator's words " as fair, big and weighty as in France." — ^This, being a mere temporary residence, could never have assumed any considerable in^rtance ; had it not been the first pretension of a settlement in Abadie.f J . t -■ ri II ^ . * OgiUy nays, <^ ninety-Beren/' t See Mark VEMcarbofa Hitt. nf d'JVlmU'* VoyOgu, trandated in S ChurtJiiirt Coll 706 ; abridsred in 5. PurduCt PUgrinu p. I6l9. [Harv. CoU. Ubtwy.) VEtearbot was liiinself with de M&nts in this voyage. ** The people (he says) that be from St. John's river to Kcnnibeki, wherein *' are the rivers St. Croix and JVorombefua are called Etechemins." The rive. St. Croix was made a part of the boundary line in the treaty of 1783 between England sid the United States; and afterwards a dis- pate arose which of the two was that river, the Sehoodie or the Magagtmd* oftcfe [M agadavl,] both emptying into Passamaquoddy>bay. — ^the month of the former being 8 or 4 leagues distant from that of the latter. To set- tle the controversy. Commissioners were appointed by the two govern- meats; and in 1798, they visited tiioae places; and found an lalanU in the 9itin'-^''<-riTer which corresponded, with the description given of that / where de Monts and bis party pawed the winter 1604—6. Near its up- per end were the remains of an ancient fortification *< overgrown with " iXlH Gajir. I.] oritUNB: ^|yiMB4b« nnrvifofs of iw patf had tiMiritNOgib; dalfontopat hit proviaou aad tnnt on boofd^, lHfpii»aoe,attdoboiittlw ndddlo oTMoy [1M6} be uA Ui8u>£ men embariMd in sevch of a mon oomreoieat iituon, umIxmi wanner climate. In ranging the coast westwardiy, thejr odtaiM the bay of Penobtcotf which with the migbbouring country, lOnie European adventurers had previously understood by the Natives^ was called Aoreaiii^tia.* At Kennebec, they erected a erea^' and took possession in the name of their king ; and after visiting Gasco bay and Saeo river proceeded to Cape Cod. Some io^tfa]n in lilkuds 41^ aoV HMT Gtpe ,Qb4. Being coAayedaiaoag ihdabi 1m tato nortlminU)r fimm ;;tki I4lh lottto 19tfa!of ibe nootb, n,iliMu»»«f JOleaguM^ vid •B^liored about noeaooiihe north aido ofa promHwat lalaad, in 4(Mliboni8 of .«lUar^;io!»w iaoo» f>c(i ^sni^oiri til .ttiHois. ^^ j • ;Tiiiti«}aad be foiiiid tor be situated About 8 leagues from the main l«bd, and to lie in an obhrng'Shapa' flrom northeast to south* W«st.i It was» as £iir land to fall ih whh, (he said) as ooald be deMr^ii ; having a. good landfall and, bold shore, free of sands and rocks; and though of ''no great compass," it contained,' pr^bab^i 1000 acres. SeaCbwl here vere plenty ; and the ipar- iqffV in fishing, caught "30 large cod and haddock;" .Wey- |(p0tHh called the Island *sSt. George;-' but it. waa afterwards ascertained to be Monhegan; " aS no other Island hereabouts answers the descriptiooJ'* Since that time, it has been a most opted station, or landmark for mariners ; : and was eurly inhabited^ V> According to Capt. Weyiuputb^s jouraal, he sailed, May 10th, al^9u^ two or thr^e leagup^ northward, among the Islands, towards |bf||hig)kilands ao/d n^untains in fight; and,! finding good anchor-. agei :" defended (as be «ays) frocipi ail winds, in an excellent ^epth) of water fpfiShips of jany burthen, upon a clay ooze, veiy tough, where was good moonng even near the rocks by the cliff side," he named the place " Pentec^$t harhour"—^novi George^s if|a}M^r^rj&<^jur, % w?l) Jfl^qwiA h^vjenfit the moittb of St> ;Crttocg6's river.'-. i:t.!jO/jo-i h.u- .^)^:brofl?T!t (Vftt'T'''' ' Here tlie m^^steif and men regaled themsj^Ives several days .^nd recruited their, strength. Before being visited by the Natives, he and a party properly armed, explored the islands and shores; while his sailors, engaged in fishery^ readily took " plenty of sal- *Vmoa and other fishes of great bigness ; good lobsters, rock-fish, " plaice and lumps ;" " and with two or three hooks, caught ** enough of cod and haddock, to supply the ship's company for "three da3rs. Upon the lands they found various sorts of trees, besides vines, currents, spruce, yew, angelica and divers guihs ;" and about the shores," abundance of great muscles, some of wliich contained pearls ; fourteen being taken from a single one. : * 3 6elk. Biog. 137—130 [Capt Williams' observations.] Tite ortlMf ra phy of Monhegatit a word of InJian extraction, it various in different aU' tbors.— » Moniiigg^oD'^— « Muutiig^tpon," 8 Coli. Mats. H. Soc. p. 223. 227. UubbartPt Indian ji^ar», p. 280, " MonkigotL"^Pritic«'* *9nnalt, 127. 16 161. Om tlM ndi nyt th» JottfiMltti, **we digged a gtrden, M>#ed A.i^ iM. M-paw mmI biil0)r «ml garden w icdg, which in 16 days greir up .,, » vighr indMa } alllMMigh this was bat the crust of the ground, and ' ' ^ 'J; ** much infermr to the mould we afterwards found on the niain;** 9HeM <*ere Ihe firtt fruitt of culture on these liiands or «Atfre«^''' The discovery of a great bay and river, the Penobscot, divert- ne„pj„,M cd their attention from a trade witli the Indians, for ft or 6 ^ay*;I|j^'ii^ju'^ which were passed in exploring those waters and the contiguous lands. Leaving, for that purpose, Pentecost-harbour, on the 1 0th' or 11 tfa of June, they proceeded northwardly, by estimation, i^x- ty miles. In their progress up Penobscot bay, they came to' anchor on the 12thf noC far from the land, abreast the monn^ tainsviaince called Penobsooi-hitis,. [now Camden heights] ; and tea of them woot ashore and amused themselves in hwiting. * The next day,' says the account, * we ascended in cur pinnatfie^ 'that part of the river which inclines more to the westward, [probably Belfast bay,* or possibly the waters bi^lween the lowtir part of Orphan Island and the main,] carrying with us a crosiM^ < a uthiog. never omitted by^ any Christian travellers, which We < erected at the ultimate end of our route.'f ^'"^^ ^^ ^a «.»*; j &+»w " These adventurers were much delighted, the whdU way, with' the novel and picturesque scenery, which the verdant country pre- • seated at this season. For they not only listened to the notes of the wood birds among the branches with delight, but they found the waters of the river to be wide, deep and glassy ; — its margin adorned with coves and green borders of grass ; and, " n)any (says "the Journal) who had been travellers in sundry countries and in " most famous rivers, affirmed them not comparable to this-Mhe "most beautiful, rich, large, secure harbouring river that the "world a£R)rdeth." These were the enthusiastic expressions, this tour inspired, as the visitants departed reluctantly, on their return to St. Georges.^ * la 1 Purchat, 735, it is said, Weymouth " discovered tlircc score inilcB up a most ^excellent river;" — and the Journal, (in 2 Z?i7Ar. Bto^. p. 144,) lays, *< we passed mx or seven miles in altop^ether fresh water, whereof we all drank;" — this must havo been above Marsh bay; for in tiiis bay tb* ' waters arc always salt. , t la one author, ( 1 Holmet' A. Anii, p. 150,) it is said, ho *' set up , crosses in soreral places." I See James Roster's account of this voynge— 5 PurcAor, 1659— 1676; abridged,— 2 Belk. Biog. p. MO. A.D. WX Their intMcoune «nth the nftivet wm in the end unfartnm, though at first attended with mutual friendship tad satiafactioni cMf'o wi'ih The annaUit says,^ * they visited us on board, lying upon daek "'""^ t with us, and we ashore with them, changbg man for man u * hostages. — ^We treated them very kindly, because we intends * to inhabit tlieir country ; — and they readily traded with u»— ihe ■>* exchange of their furs for our knives, glasses, combs and toys,— * being of great profit to us ; — for instance, one gave 40 skins of * beaver, otter and sable, for articles of five shillings' value.* . It seems, ho\T ever, that a rupture happened between the piN ties about the first of June, after which, Capt. Weynaouth seiaed five of the savages, whom he had confined in the liotd of his : vessel. To rescue the unhappy prisoners, or avenge the wrong, their countrymen discovered no great determination, as they ap> peared only to seek for an opportunity to efifect it- by means ol artifice. At one time, coming and pomting eastward to the main, they " signified, that the Bashaba, their king, had plenty of fun > *' and much tobacco." Indeed, during the late excursion up the ^ Penobscot, three Indians came in a canoe to the pinnace, and were earnest to have one of tlie crew " go with them to the Ba- " shaba, and tlie next morning he would return with furs and to- « « bacco." But the stratagems thus used to draw the men away ^ from the ship, were too flimsy to be successful ; and not long after i the middle of June, Weymouth weighed anchor and bore off his booty to England. nf^ ,'\oiw ftn nt vsv^k an m ifv^tf Smith, in his History, thus relates the above incident.*—^ Tlie ' natives came and desired the captain to go and trade with their ' Bashaba, on the main, who was their chief lord ; and he ac- ' cordingly manned the yawl with 14 men for the purpose.' ' Yet,' says he, < would they row faster with five oars in their canoes, ' than our men could their boat with eight. At the shore was ' exchanged one Owen Griffin, for a young fellow of the savages. ' -Griffin discovered their treachery, finding 283 savages, armed * with bows and arrows, without any such articles of traffic as they ' had pretended to have.' These suspicious cu'cumstances gave umbrage; and the first who afterwards came on board were three whom Capt. Weymouth kept ; and two others were with * much ado seized on the shore. There were also two canoes * Smilli*! flitt. p. 19>.20.-Princo*i Ann. 14. f &initk*t IlUt. p. 18. .QOtoOttS ( tiklD» ttid Mi^^^'^ bowB aad anowt.* Four of thMC mdiippy A.9. MW^ moiJiMitf Titqtumhmt MmUmt Sheh»mrr«t$ and .tfiweomotr,* 000 being • Stgamore and three of the others, peraoof of rank. Hia fint three, Cq>t. Weymouth delivered to Sir Fbrdimahdo GoMCS, Governor of Plymouth, as soon as he arrived in that Mi^KNt ; who kept them in his fiunily three years.f After learn- ing to speak the English language, tliey amused him with numerous legendary tales, and imparted to him many things as facts, which he was strongly inclined to credit. But neither the fruits of this voyage, nor yet the possession taken of the country, could counterbalance the ill effects of Wey- nwuth's treatment of the Natives. For the forfeiture of trade and of their hospitality ; the hatred of the English name ; revenge and cruelties, were the consequences which might be expected for this ofienoe. Surely never were men's conduct more impolitic, since it was full half of their errand to pave the way for a colonial es- tablishment and future trade. ^ Tbjive, and much baser improprieties, '^owever, appear not to have been much regarded at home. Bui iiie descriptions given of this country by voyagers, fishermen and tradesmen ; the profits of its commerce ; the sight of the natives carried across the At- lantic; the propagation of "Christianity in the dark comers of >»th the earth;" and the claims of the French to the country, had their several^' and full effects, to excite the attention of the Eng- lish public, and to inspire influential individuals with fresh ardour in the prosecution of American enterprizes. The grant to Sir ' Walter Raleigh, 22 years before, had become void by his attain- der ; and no obstacle seemed to lie in die way of another grant to any person, who had influence with the crown. An association of English gentlemen, therefore was now form- North and «d, for the purpose of planting colonists on the American coasts ; ^\^^ and of bringing the infidel savages to a knowledge of the'*"** :Vf, *1 Btlk. Biog. 847.~iVince*f ^nn. 15. 10. \iBtlk. Biog, 135—150. — Sir Ferdinando Oorgtiit, now first introdii- ced to n«, a gentleman of g^rcat energy, and in the prime of life, only 80 jeart of age. Ho died A. D. 1046. The lavages seized, Gorges says, "vere all of one nation, but of several parts and several families. This acciJent miul be acknowledged, the means under God ul' putting on foot tad giving life to all our plantations.*' 1m Colnny. Sd Colony. tifc RurroKY V^ n^b. \. A. tt. Ikoe ChrittlM reKgion ; to the true wonhf of God ;* to clvOiaod Mb ; Bad to a Battled government. These men, so usocietcd, king Jioici Is- by Patent, April 10, 1606, incorporated agreeably to tlwjr omi choice, into two Companiea^ under one and the same €k%. end Council of Government : wherein Messrs. Gates, Somen, Hackluyt, Wingfield and their associates, belonging to the city of London, and called the London Company, or Jirtt ColoKt or ViRoiNiA, formed one branch ; and Thomas Hanham, Raleigh Gilbert, William Parker, George Popham and others of I^ymouth, in the county t>f Devon or " elsewhere, who might associate," form- ed the odier, and were called the Plymouth Company, or the " See* ONO Colony." The country granted, extended from the 34tli, to the 4dth degree of north latitude, and included all the islands within 100 miles of the coast ; the whole being known by the general name of *^orth and South Virginia.*^ The Jirst Co/. ony was permitted to begin a plantation, at any place below th« 41st degree of north latitude ; and the second Colony, any where above the 36th degree. There was also provided a judicious precaution against any unhappy interference ; for it was ilirther stipulated, that the colony which might be planted the last of the two, should not begin a settlement within 100 miles of the other. The government ordained, was this, viz : — A general *< CouneH of Virginia,^* consisting of thirteen men appointed by the crown, and residents in England ; who were vested with a paramount jurisdiction, to be exercised according to such ordinances, as should be given tliem under the royal sign manual : And also two Subordinate Councilt, each of thirteen members, living in Amer* ica, named in the same way, were created, for ruling, and man* aging the interior affairs of each colony, agreeably to the king's bnc Dt instructions. This was a Charter of rights as well as a patent of territory ; though all sales of lands by the Colonial councils were to be confirmed by the crown, — to pass the fee. Every colonist, and b"T children, were to bo citizens of the realm; — the coinage of money was authorized ; — and importations of '* all useful chattels, armor, and furniture from the British dominions" into the Colo- nies, were granted and allowed for seven years, duty free. The Cniinriln of Govern- jneiit. *Tho declared intent of tlio ndvonturert wm to propaftta God's holy Ch\iTC\i.—IIuN>ard''t Hit. A'. E. 14. f 1 DoiiglM Humm. p. 5. ColpntHf «|9r» monoTor fuUy empowered to mim or expel iatttfh A, p. mi, dtfs I .uui

^ duties (or their own benefit. Such is the outline of this )!mportant patent ;* which without Chni«M' aojr other boundaries xh?-\ paralleb of latitude mentioned, iimn* v^ embraced at the eastward, n -fH of tiie Acadian peninsula. Inipa- "''**' tieot to found a plantation upon these northern shores, Lord Pop- vM bam. Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and otiier members of the Ply- mouth company, or second Colony, despatched hither Capt. Henry Chalons, b August, with a ship carrying 31 men, and two of Weymouth's captives, Manida ixnd Assecomoit. Shortly after- wards, Thomas Hanham, one of tlie patentees, and Martin Pring, before mentioned, were sent with auxiliaries and fresh supplies, ;. '^^ to join Chalons in beginning a colony within the patent. But ' Chalons was taken, Nov. 10th, by a Spanish fleet, and carried to Spain, where his vessel was condemned ; and Hanham did noth- ing more than to new-vamp and repeat the encouraging accounts of the country, and tliereby enliven^ or perhaps invigorate the spirit of adventure.f — ^ i-^~ ' ' '■■■■'■ ' '■■^* Next under the auspicious patronage of the London Company, s4>i'i«>iMint three ships, with an hundred colonists, including the members of y')^'^)!^, a Colonial Council, sailed December 20th, for the coasts of.'/i^'^*'"' South Virginia; and in April [1607] a permanent settlement was i • u^^ originally effected, and at length establisiied on James' river ; and there the earliest administration of government was now cooir, menced. ' "v A similar enterprize, projected by the Plymouth Company, Km;f;rNnt'ft \Tas matured, about the same time, for settling anotlier colony in Virginia. North Virginia. In this branch of the Corporation, the leaders were Lord John Popham, Chief Justice of England, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, already become a conspicuous member. An hundred emigrants, besides mariners, were engaged in the enterprize ; and all necessary ordnance, utensils, and supplies were speedily procured. The outlines of a colonial government were drawn ; and the several members of tlio Council, and the officers, who were all colonists, were designatci^ by name. It was intended to have taken into employment three sliips,;^ and by no means to be outrivalled by tliose of the other company. But ■vW *Sfle thit Patent entire, 1 Hazard's Coll. p. 9|— &S. ,«^^^ \ PrinctU Annali, p. 18, 10. JVbfe 10. U^l \ (iorgti i»j«, th«r« wf re " three »liip».'' Piina't Ann. 21, [n.] .i^. r A.D. Iter. PopiMM ■lid Gilbert, commau- den. M«> SIM. Arrival, Attf. 8tb. Au|(mtII. Oovtm- iiMnlor- gSttilMl. Hnfada- borlt Colo- ay leraled •lid Ivrtifi* •d. THEHtarroKY [Viitl't. Aroa§h .disippdiitniehf in procuring one, ifiie eipilifion tm retarded, and two only were equiped, and despatched on dut interesting expedition. The command of them was given to two of the patentees, George Popham, his lordship's brother, and Raleigh Gilbert, a nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh. They left Bymouth on the SIst of May ; and according to their destination* steered direcdy for the North Virginia coast, where, after a favourable passage, they arrived August 8th, in safety. They first touched at Mon> hegan, and then proceeded " to the mouth of a fair navigable river," cal'ed by the Natives Sagadahock. Although, according to some accounts, they first went ashore upon ErascoKegarij^ or the western PefitnM(Za| ; yet it is believed they finally disembarked upon an Island 200 rods eastward, cat- led Stage Island ; — supposed by them to be better situated for all the conveniences of trade with the natives, and of navigation through the year. They probably landed on the north part of the Island, which is level and easy of access — the southerly end being high, bleak and rocky. They left the ships, August the Ilth; and, assembling on shore, returned public thanks to Almighty God, and listened to s sermon adapted to the occasion. Their patent was then read ; and their ordinances, laws and instructions promulgated. The form of civil government, although aristocratic and simple, was evidently drafted for a great State. The Colony Council con- sisted of eight members, who were severally appointed to hdd particular offices : George Popham, senior captain of the voyage, being President ; Raleigh Gilbert, admiral ; Edvoard Harlow, master of the ordnance ; Robert Davis, sergeant-major and com- mander of the militia ; Ellis Best, marshal ; John Scammon,* secretary of the colony ; James Davis, commander of the fort, and Gome Carew, searcher. These adventurous planters erected ou the Island some slight habitations, or cottages ; sunk two or three wells ; and commenc- ed an intercourse with the Indians. But they were soon con- vinced, that tlie wells, owing to their contiguity to the sea, would *Tlie orifrinni object wn« to be/fin near Monbeg^n, some wbere nbonl the mouth of Sagadahock. Hub, A*. E. 39— Indian, **8tigwimhoktJ" -Smith''* HM.219. JR^ \'^.:.r. ,vi .1 ifiovf Parker'i Island. |<«0n a peDinsuIa.** 1 Hnlmt*^ A.Ann. IM. never jieid street wtter $ that the Uand* containing only 8 or 10 a. d. Mor. aeraSy was too small for the peimanent foundation of a cokmj ; and dial it was situated too &r from other lands to form a free intercourse with the country. Therefore they concluded to change their situation ; and passing across the river, to the west- em bank, they selected a pleasant and convenient site on the southeast side of a creek,f near what is now called Atkin's bay ; which stretches west into the land half a league, and forms a peninsula at the southerly corner of the present Phipsburg. To :* this place they themselves removed, and during the autumn, located > "^^^ and established a settlement ; which was subsequently denominat- ed the Saoadahock Colont. A commodious house and bam, and a few slender cabins were built, and a fortification erected, which they named fort St. George, from the Christian name of the President } but it was afterwards called PophavCn fort. A block house likewise with a store-room was erected and rough- ly finished ; where the people kept theii provisions and might in case of danger find protection.! . .»;£<] rrJlrj jliMiJ'/inj.'xttu'.i^ All practicable preparations being made for winter ; the two pec. s. ships, December 5tli, sailed for England, leaving only 45 colo- ^'j|,e'tb^ aists, situated between an unbroken wilderness on tlie one hand, and a waste of waters on the other ; — in an untried climate, and ' in tlie vicinity of savages. This plantation was undertaken by its patrons with a determination worthy of great and enterprising minds ; resolved upon the accomplishment of tlieir purposes ; and sure of the greatest advantages to be derived from its establish- ment and prosperity."^ ^juubj^, lis^Tfcrj^s xivwf u^jat 4'^^ HUrt-.i Through tlie friendly assistance of two natives, Shetwarroes, '^ ^**' and Dehamida, sent hither in the ships by Gorges and Popham, the adventurers received from tlie natives a cordial welcome, and afterwards testimonies of particular respect and hospitality. Some of the Sagamores even offered to go witli tlic English to the Bashaba, their Great Chief; whose residence they repre- *0n Stog-e Island arc the remains of a fort ; brick chimneys and aomo rells of water ; several cellars ; — the bricks must have come from Eii* rope SaZ/ttun p. 170. -'"!''. ' <*it/i>i«-» .u*»} ii,«W5 jji.fftiT* ,»w* t From this creek to the mouth of the Konncbeo river is 10 mites. — Cult* M. Hit. Soe. p. 294. \PrmceiAnn. p. 63— The fort is on tiie S. E. siilc of Cape Small Foini PeniDsula* mr -^ .- i !■ J Wu^tanZ'* ./V. £. p. 37. • U ,it J%'*i.i*'fl 4111 Tr«rf« with the Naiivn. 4,p. 1^. a^itmljQ be ibout Pemtquid,! Jht^jifpi&td to lkm> jjwt hewnsfk nvgbty prioco, Ivrfdu^ io oJbcMliemBe all liie £rQ{n Penobscot to Piscattqua,* and tiiat be expeeted all tlwstraiK gerS) cpniing iatt> bis domioiaas, to pay him their court, as a cut* tonaary usage. Yielding at last to tbeir iraportunities, the Pre»> ident proceded along the coast eastward, several leagues, till obliged by adverse winds and inclemeot weather to return ;<— equally to the disappointment jftfi^himself, of the great Chief and the Sagamores., o i ; .;i.,v. .. When the Bashabawaa mformed of what had taken plac6; be sent his own son to visit the president, and make an arrange, ment with the company, for lopening a trade in furs and pehrjr. Such was the conduct of this frank and forbearing people ; thoif h several of them, but a short time before, and in this vicinity, had been forcibly carried away to places unknown to tbeir tribe. As an instance of manly gena-osity, an Indian named Amenquin, to reward the strUiigers for a straw hat and knife " given him,** tripped himself of a beaver mantle worth 50 or 60 shillings ster- ling, and presented it to the President.f The winter months were fraught with various trials. The season was extremely severe in England as well as in this country ; their habitations were poor; and they before spring suflered much from the cold. For though they had left a country in s higlier latitude than tliis, they were nevertheless strangers to an atmosphere equally keen, and to unrelenting snow and ice, through five montlis in succession. Still they might have enjoyed security and peace in their (brti> fication, and lived comfortably upon the provisions brought from home, together with the fish and game taken by themselves or purchased of the Indians, had they met with no misfortunes, and been guided, at all times, by the maxims of prudence and econ- omy. But a traditional story is related and transmitted to us, as coming from the old Indians, — ^thot at some time in the winter, " a quarrel fell out between the colonists and the natives," wherein one of the former was killed, and the rest all driven out of the fort, leaving their provisions, arms, and several " barrels of pow> •Be/A-. Biog. p. 351. f From tbi» creek to the mouth of Kennebec river ia 10 miles. — 1 Coll, ;V. Hi: See. 2ftt. | Purchai Pit. p. 039. >^uis :> ■> EvMtit of ibe Wiuker. CitAr. I.] OF MAINE. dor.** Hie Indians opened the casks; and being unacqaainwd A. o. IMt. widi the peculiar properties of their contents, carelessly scattered die kernels, which, taking fire, blew to pieces the most of what was in the fort, and " destroyed several of the Indians" them- selves. Struck half dead by the report, and the disasters wit- nessed, they supposed the Great Spirit was angry with them for doing harm to the strangers ; and made immediate proposals for a restoration of mutual friendship. — Another tale, whiciii • comes to us in the form of a memoir*, is also worthy to be told : ^ — Being collected at the fort to traffic, the Indians, it is said, ^ ' were requested to draw a small mounted cannon by the drag- ropesl They laid hold, and when in an attitude most exposed, , it was discharged, giving them all a frightful shock, and actually killing and wounding some of them. fi«rtfi«| Whether these stories have any connection, or foundation Jn truth, we cannot at this distance of time ascertain with certainty : and we might especially wish the latter one for the credit of the colonists to be a fable ; yet both were believed to be true, by the ancient and well-informed inhabitants on Sagadahock river. It is, moreover, certain, that their store-house took fire in mid-winter, and was, with a great part of their provisions, reduced to ashes. As soon as the ships returned to England, Lord Popham per- suaded his associates of the Plymouth Council, to provide anoth- er immediate outfit and send them back without delay. But, while waiting for a wind, the mariners of one ship heard of his LlSpd'i»«». Lordship's sudden death ; and the master of the other, before he Giit^IJ/ '* sailed, was informed that Sir John, the brother of Raleigh Gil- bert, was likewise dead ; — and thus became the bearers of these melancholy tidings to the plantation. -,:': • ; '^li: H ji7 r sfef'w Besides these deaths, happened that of George Popham, Pres- _ . ident of the colony, who had also lately deceased ; and who was «•>• •»>• . succeeded in that office by Gilbert, the official admiral. Being his end of ibi brother's heir, he believed the estate required his immediate at- tention ; and therefore he concluded to return home. The reso- lution at this crisis, and the deaths of the two Pophams and Gil- bert, three principal patrons of the enlerprize, together with some additional disappointments, proved fatal to the colony. The cli- * Supplement to King Philip'i wart, A, A 1675— p. 78. Vol. I. 14 ill THtiuaTcifty tVHe says, *the Freaeh were here mmb »fhir Popbun't party left the plto«.*~Gotyw* AwC 19.— 5 Anrc^M, 18N.— PfiaMV •Am*. SS. Oy/ ;«.*• rd; ? a f m- • ,S4rti» U* CHAPTER n. AcaJia. Snk $4ttlemaU of Port'Royal abandoned 6y tke JFVeneh-^Rtnmed— Mount Deurt visited by Hum — It it tke abode of two jetuitt— Gorges sends Vines to Saco — South-Virginia — Newfaundlandr-~ Argots, Somers' and Harlow's visits — Natives carried to Eng- land — The French settle Mount Desert — Argal removes them — He takes Port-Royal — Capt. John Smith — His character— His voyage to Sagadahock — His Map and History of New-England —Hawkins' voyage — War and pestilence among the eastern no. / tives — Fines at Saco — Smith, Admiral of New-England — Bo. croft's and Dermer's voyages — Settlement of New-Plymouth. A. 0. 1606. The infant colony at Port-Royal, in the winter of 1605 — 6, after its affairs were committed, by de Monts to Dupont, was plentifully supplied with corn and venison by tlie Mickmak In- dians ; and carried on with them quite a profitable fur trade. To encourage them, de Monts and Poutrincourt returned, in July, (1606) with fresh supplies. The former then took Dupont with him and sailed again for France, committing to Poutrincourt the management of the colony, and the survey of the country. The latter proceeded as far as Cape Cod ; where he had a skirmish with the savages, in which they killed two of his men and wounded others. From this circumstance he conceived a most unfavourable opinion of their dispositions ; and in retaliating their wrongs he committed wrong himself, by seizing five of thero, who came to trade with him, and then cruelly putting them to death. Returning, he and his companions passed the ensuing time at Port-Royal, in a social and festive manner ; till intelli- gence was received, by an early arrival in the spring, (1607,) of a transaction which proved fatal to the colony. This was an official report, that the Hollanders, piloted by a treacherous Frenchman, had obtruded themselves into the Canada fur trade ; that the king had revoked the exclusive right, a privilege pre- viously given* to de Monts, by which he was entitled for ten years, to that kind of traffic in Acadia and tlie Gulf of St. Law- * See A. D. 1608, ante. C«Ar* If mce; « ibrbidd«n fisbetyab Cape Bre and some Royal, At Tb«kii a patent o without re in that reg procuring supplies ar bad been 1 of his trut year, and 1 riod we he Poutrinc procured tj his endeav view of bo Jesuits, Bia come settle severe com which he li earth, and He tan France lefi control of reside in tl punishmenj state of the spring.! well and p[ * Quebec | JV. F. 121.- i*'MotUi\ JVotc—Herj gin of the t\ IMotOtt Deii dirided, and i^Mf 19. 1 it fist Cmt* »^1 or HAns. ^. raoce; tad that 6tmi the veiMl which brought tbt news, wu4.a UH^ forbidden to purchase any furs or skins ; being allowed only a fisbeiy about Canseau — in the waters between the peninsula and Cape Breton. Poutrincourt was so much disheartened by these sad some other discouragements, that he with his party left Port* Royal, Aug. 11th, and returned to France. The king, to recompense de Moots, gave him, the next year, l^ ^""f a patent of the fur trade for twelve months in the St. Lawrence, frovine*. without restriction ; merely upon his agreement to settle a cok)oy in that region. He now quitted all connexion with Acadia, and, \ procuring three ships and several families, furnished them with supplies and gave the whole in charge to Samuel Champlain, who -^y ^ ^m bad been his companion and agent in Acadia. In the execution of his trust, Champlain selected the site, early in July of this "^if/ ^ year, and laid the foundations of Quebec;* — and after this pe- ' riod we hear no more of de Moots. Poutrincourt, wishing to revive his plantation at Port-Royal, poutrin- procured the kmg's confirmation of the grant, upon condition of p^^-Koy*!* his endeavours to convert the natives to the Catholic faith. In view of both purposes, this adventurer, his son Biencourt and two Jesuits, Biard and Masse, witli several families, intending to be- come settlers, embarked for America. While on the passage, a severe controversy arose between him and the Ecclesiastics ; in which he boldly told them, — " it was his part to rule them on earth, and theirs only to guide him to heaven." He tarried a short time at Port-Royal; and returning to France left his son in command. Disdaining to be under the control of these priests, who were merely invited by his father to reside in the plantation, Biencourt threatened them with corporeal punishment, in return for their spiritual anathemas. In s^uch a state of society, the three could hardly continue together until the spring. At an early day, therefore, the Jesuits bade him fare- well and proceeded westward to Mount Desert.\ * Quebec was the Indian name.— 1 Holmu' A. Ann. p. 168.— 1 Charlertix Jf. F. 121.— 5 Purchat, 1640—1 VEtearbofM Account. t '* MotUt Detart"— 80 named by Champlain. — 1 Holmei* A. Ann. 178, and Jfote, — Here were taken various kinds of fisli and game ; and on the mar> gin of the sound grew abundance of cranberries — 500 bushels in a year. — [MotaU Duert was incorporated into a town by that name Feb. 17. 1789, divided, and Eden incorporated, Feb. 28, 1796.] •« Mount D«sart.".-S BOc' Bieg 19. mil Sir P. Gor rnMncli niiber Rich' anl Viiwi. TUB ttDTORT • [V«U t. ifil>: Mr This wts the hlf^bett, largest, uid oooMquentljrthe mott noted Maid Md bland upon the cm«c. It was <* so named by the French," per. Mmmi Da- haps by Champlam, ** on account of the thirteen high moontains,** it exhibited ; which were the first lands seen from sea. It is sup. posed, die place of residence selected by the Missionaries was on the western side of the Pool— a part of the sound which Stretches from the soudi easterly side to the heart of the Islai^rl. Here they constructed and fortified an habitation, planted a gar-^ den, and dwelt five years ; entering with great zeal and untiring perseverance upon the work of converting the natives to Chris- tianity. Meanwhile, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a man never overcome ' by discouragements, was equally bold, and ardent in his pursuits, though of a different character. " As to the coldness of the " climate, (says he) I have had too much experience in the world " to be frighted with such a blast. Many great kingdoms, anH *' large territories, more northerly seated, and by many degrees (( colder, are plentifully inhabited ; — divers of them being stored " witli no better commodities than these parts afford — if like in- " dustry, art, and labour be used."* Ho was confident ; yet so strangely had the passion for adventures abated, that he could find nobody willing to engage with him either in making settlements, or discovery. He however purchased a ship with his own money, and procured a master and crew to make a voyage hither, pos- sibly to keep possession of the country against the French; though avowedly for tlie purposes of fishing and traflic, — the only objects, supposed to be sufiicient, at this time to induce them to cross the Adantic. On board the ship, he sent Richard Vines, and some others of his servants, in whom he had the most con- fidence ; — and this was the course he pursued, several years.f Nor was the South-Virginian or first Colony flourishing ; the Indians were hostile, and the charter itself was full of defects. The king, therefore, on the 22d of May, 1609, granted a new one to the patentees, which enlarged tlieir privileges, ft d 7eHnd in them the fee-simple of the countij, 200 miles northwr^rd ani^ .-Oirthward from old Point Comfort. He also gave then i > . ., ytus after- wards, a third patent embracing all the lands between the 30th and Sr-MS-Vir. ,1*' ' Gorge*' Narrative, p. 22. f Gorg^ea, p. 22— 27.— Priacc*s Ann. p. it. Cmat* n.] orM'iiNfi. 90pi^s«»jBpf Avno'-.!; ilic visitants to these Northern coasts, at this period, ArgaPi. ci iV'ui L'^^^'id Argal,% subsequently govemour of South-Vir- .hThi^' {rlnia. Driven by a violent storm, he bore away for Sagadahock ; '"* * *'****" and cuiiing in sight of a small rocky Island out of Penobscot bay, in latitude 43" 44', he approached it as the winds abated, and on the 28th of July landed upon it. Here he found a great store " of seals, and therefore called it Seal Rock, a name it still retams. Another visiter was Sir George Somers, who landed at Sagada- hock in September, on his way to Bermuda. A third was Capt. Edward Harlow. In his voyage, projected for the purpose ofA. d. 16H. making more particular discoveries about Cape Cod, he fell in with Mouhegan, which had now become a noted mart for trade with the natives, as well as a land-mark for seamen. But the memorials, we have of his conduct, justly load him with censure ; for, like many unprincipled men of this age, he was guilty of the sin of manstealing without any pretence of provo- cation ; seizing three natives, Pecktno, Monopet, and Peekenitnef who came civilly on board to barter with him. But Peckroo, leaped overboard, and being a good swimmer, as most Indiana are, escaped. || Aroused by him, the bowmen of the tribe assailed * That is, from Florida to Manhattan. 1 Haz. Coll. 72—81. t Prince's Ana. p. 30, 32, 85, 43. |Sec this Charter entire, 1 Hag. Coll. 88—72. \ " Ar^^al discovered a more direct and shorter passage to Vii^inia, and " left the tract of ancient navigators, who first directed their course south- " ward to the tropic, sailed westward by means of the trade winds, and ^ then northward till they reached the English settlements."— 4 Amm'c Hitt, 34 1. Q Prince's Ann. p. 3S. - « . ■' .. The In- dianf kid napped. tOfll! .. TUB HI8TOS¥ C^KMb^X.^ A. D. Mil Harlow with great fiuy, for his audacity and crime, and * torelj * wounded three of his inen witli arrows.' Nevertheless he car- ried away the two captives to Cape Cod, where he kidnaj^ed vtkti^ three others, Saekaioeston, Coneeonum and Epenow; and thence proceeded with them all to England. Epenow was shown in JLondon as a sight ; the others being distributed to different places. Capt. Harley one of the unsuc- cessful planters at Sagadahock, knowing of Gorges' benevolence to these natives, and tlie interest he took in tlieir welfare, brought Epenow to him ; and soon afterward::, Gorges recovered Assa- comoit,* one of tlie Indians who had been carried away seven year? before, by Weymoudi, from St. Georges' river. These In- dians at first could not in conversation understand each other.f But when better acquainted, Epenow amused his fellow witli a very artful story. Having sagacity enough to learn in what high estimation the English always held the precious metals, ho had the ingenuity to fabricate a tale, that a mine of gold had been found in his country, very great. Assacomoit related the same to Gorges, as Epenaw wished ; who was hoping, when the report should spread abroad, diat he might be employed as a pilot in some ship bound to his native country. Since tlic Charter was obtained. Gorges had been viewing the American coast between Piscataqua and Passaniaquoddy witli peculiar intensity and predilection ; and continually drawing fioni voyagers, from the natives, and in particular, from Richard Vines, a great variety of facts about its situation, its inhabitants, and its resources. So, without doubt, otlicr Englishmen, as well as he, had beibre this, noticed witli jealousy and displeasure the progressive French settlement at Port-Royal, and the residence of the Jesuits at Mount Desert. Meanwhile, an opjiortune transaction gave fresh vigour to the ^"(•''"aiar. ^^nt^rpr'^cs of the French in this region. Madame de Guerclic- villc, a Catholic lady of France, zealous for the conversion of the American natives, after procuring of dc Monts a surrender of his patent, had it all confirmed to her by a Charter from the King, excepting Port-Royal, previously granted to Poulrincourt. She Qoifet. Madame tor. • 1 Bcll(na|)''8 Biofffopiij-, p. 230. I Indeed their native abodra were wide apart one at Cnpo Cod, and Uia etberatSt. George's Kivor. . ,,, . ,., CbaT. n.] OP MAMB. appointed one Sutasajre, her agent, who sec up at P<»t le Hive, A- o. Mia in Acadia, where he arrived, May 16tb, the arm* of his mistrewj, io token of possession taken ; and at Port-Royal, he made a visit, Mndiimc where he found only five persons, of whom two were Jesuit mis- viiipt sionaries.* Suassaye, producing his pious credentials, took both H^^nye, " monks into the service of the mission, and sailed for Mount Desert. !lc«*ioii^f" Here 25 colonists were landed on the south side of the river ; a*****"' small fort was buih ; the ship's crew of 35 men helped fit up the . -4| habitations ; and here tlicy set up a cross, celebrated mass, and called the place St. Saviour. Whetl)er tliis was on the eastern end of the Island, as one account states, or in tlie southerly part, as others report, where Biard and Massui were residing, we have no means at this time to determine, i ^.-33 .{*ij{s*is ^^mm. But scarcely had these emigrants provided themselves with some few accommodations, when they had to encounter new, and unexpected troubles from the English. Capt. Argal, of Virginia, in a fishing trip to these waters, being cast ashore at Pentagoet, or Penobscot bay, was there fully informed by the natives what the French were doing at St. Saviour, sometimes called Mount Mansel.f ».p„'Vi^»«j» This intelligence he immediately communicated to the Virginia The Fr'-nrh magistrates, and they at onco determined to expel these catholic Argai! ' Frenchmen, as obtruders within tlie limits of the first Charter granted to the patentees of North and Soutli Virginia. Eleven fishing vessels were speedily equipped, carrying 60 soldiers and 14 pieces of cannon ; — and of this little armament, Argal was appointed the commodore. His first approach completely sur- prized the French ; yet having a ship and a barque in tlie har- bour, and " a small entrenchment" on shore, they made a show * It leems that Biard and Matte arrived at Port-Royal on tlio 12th June, lGll,and were probably the missionaries found here in the spring of 1613. —1 Cfiarlcroix, p. 209. He supposes St. Saviour was at Pcnta tlieir right to which they rested on three grounds — the discovery by Cabot ; — the formal possession taken of the country by Gil- bert ; — and the original North and South Virginia patents, from their sovereign ; — to which might be added, a continued claim by ,%,>, repeated visits, and by attempts to settle the country.* The expedition, was, in the opinion of some writers, " contrary to the law of nations, because inconsistent with their peace ;"f yet the transaction does not appear either to have been approx'ed by England, or resented by France. — Four years after this, Bi- encourt was resident at Port-Royal ; " and it seems, that by " some connivance of the English ministry, a small plantation of «« the French, was suffered to continue at that place, after its re- " duction by Argal. "J The celebrated John Smith || has so much connexion with <;•?»• 'oi» this history, as to deserve some particular notice. He was a na- tive of England, bold and magnanimous in mind ; and in talents, integrity and perseverance, not a whit behind Sir Ferdinando Gor- ges himself. Though now only thirty five, or six years of age, he had been a great traveller ; was a most conspicuous adven- turer to South-Virginia; and in 1608, made president of the Col- * By the patent, authority was |>:ivcn to make the icizurc. Ft(/« Char- ter, 1600. It is said, Port-Knjal settlement liad cost tlio French 100,000 crowns.— 1 Charleroix JV. F. 137. f Chnhners, p. 82. \ Prince's Ann, p. 94. Note [13.]— Sec Smilli'i Iliit. p. 115.— See also other authorities as to the Expeditions of Arpf.il 5 I'urchas, 1828. BriL Dam. in JV, America, b. II, p. 216. 2 Ihlknap't Bing. p. SI— St. II Sec, in Belk. Bwg. p. 240-320, the infcrcstinp nio5;raphy of Capt. Smith. In A. D. 1596, when ho was 17 years old, he made the tour of Europe,— killed three Turkish champions in sinpflc cnml>at ; and was honoured with a triumpiial procession. Ho was a prisoner in Turkey. His life wns saved in Viff ioia by the celebrated Pocaiiontas. Ho died in London, A. D. 1631, aged S3. 8ia THEUurroay tV«- f. Mnrrh 3d. Ci»pi. bock. A.o. ifii4.(Miy Council. So much bad bis virtues and a qurit of adven- ture, given his name celebrity among his countrymen, especially the merchants trading to America, that, on his leaving Virginia, they readily took him into service, for the treble purposes of dis- covery, traffic, and settlement. With an outfit of two vessels, a ship and barque, carrying 45 men, he sailed from London, March 3d, 1614, having instrucdons !s"k*3»-"* ^ remain in the nortliern country, and found a colonial settle- ment, or at least keep possession.* He shaped his course for the river, or vicinity of Sagadahock ; and he himself says, ''I was to have staid there with only sixteen men."f He arrived at Monhegan, the last of April ; and immediately entered upon the business of his voyage, at the mouth of the river Sagadahock ; and upon the neighbouring lands and waters. He built seven boats, in some of which himself and 8 men explored the coast east and west, to Penobscot and Cape Cod ; trading with the natives for beaver, and other furs, and making observations on the rivers, shores, harbours, promontories and islands. His men employed themselves in taking whales found in these waters ; by pursuing which, however, tliey lost the best part of the fishing season ; nor were they when caught of the kind expected, "which yields fins and oil." Still more futile was the visionary story reported about a gold and copper mine ; it be- ing ascertained, on a litde inquiry, to be the baseless fabric oi fiction. The fruits of this voyage were of great value and variety. Within 20 leagues of Monhegan, says Capt. Smith, we " got for trifles, 11,000 beaver, 100 martens, and as many otters :" — and we took and cured * 40,000 dry fish ;' and * 7,000 cod fish,' corned or in pickle. The net amount of gains, to tliose inter- ested, was about £1,500 sterling. Eastward, and about Penob< scot, he adds, " our commodities were not so much esteemeu ,' because 'the French traders bartered their articles on better terms.'J ♦ The Wcit-India Company, under their charter from James I. pave positire union to Rhips in their service, •' to hinder any foreigner from let- tling (hero upon any pretence whatever."— J. Palairetfp, 14-16. t Smith's Hist. p. 821. , ^^^,^ „ ,^.^,. \ Smith't Hitf. f. 213 — This year, 25,000 skins were brought from thest northern parts into France, I .A CbAP. II.] ^"^FMAWIl^ 21S In exploring the eout, tnd contigoous country, C«pt. Smith k D. leii. obtained considerable knowledge of the natives. He says he nw upon the land between Penobscot and Cape Cod, " forty several habitations,*' or " Indian villages ;** and enumerates twelve ''^ different people by name, residing east of Piscatnqua. Of those "' teen along the coast from Sagadahock, southerly, as far ns Na- umkeag, [Salem,] he says — ^they " all, for any thing I could per- « ceive, differ little in language, fashion, or government ;" but others scattered upon the coast to Cape Cod, (he adds) " I found « to differ somewhat in language, custom, and condition." He had only one skirmish with them, and in this some ot tliem were killed.'*"**'* f)£* tnli .'»■■ !v*« wT.f nu!M» i,vvT^.,f; rif);^?^ j.:-n-",or>>« Smith sailed for England, July 8, leaving his companion, Thom- T. Hunt as Hunt, master of the other vessel, who was bound with his savage*. freight to Spain.* Smitli says, " Hunt purposely tarried behind, to prevent me from making a plantation, to monopolize the trade, and to steal savages." Indeed, Hunt's appetite was insatiate j for before he left Patuxet [Plymouth] he seized 24, whom he car- ried to Malaga and sold for slaves, to the Spaniards, at £20 a The more important discoveries, and obser^'ations made by Smiiit* Capt. Smith in his late voyage, he committed to paper ; and after- iiiM«>ry o wards, at intervals of leisure, he formed a Map of the coast, and lahd, compiled a short History\ of the country ; to which Prince Charles prefixed the name New-Enrland. It was supposed to comprehend the region between Manhattan, [New-York] and J{ewfoundland. About the time when Capt. Smith was surveying and explor- ing this coast, a most destructive war broke out among the sav- age tribes, which raged two or three years. Smith does not mention it, nor yet Harley, wlio was despatched this summer to Sagadahock by Gorges, with the artful Epenow and other natives for the purpose of learning more about the gold mine, and of adding new facts to his stock of knowledge. Epenow escaped by junip- '"Scine names uf tlio savaji^cs, Hunt took, were Sqiuinto, or Ti»qii;inturTi, Wanape, or Wanawct ; and Samosct. Tlic latter said, in 1G21 alter his re- turn, he was a Sagamore about Monhcpati — Fiinre, p, 09. \ Prince in hit Annali, sajs he took twenty seven, p. 10. 100. At Cih- rallnr, the friar* took those that were unsold, to chriiitianizo tlicin, — I nolmtt' Jim. Ann. p. llJl. t It wa-j first published in 4lo London 1610, Pi-inct't dnu. p. 439. RO- ivV II' A.D. 1615. lUrcli. §14 TUB HVrORY [VoIm i. A.B. Hiu. ing overboard, not fiur from Martha's Vineyard ; and widi him vanished his glitteriog visions of gold. AitcmrH The Plymouth Company at this period were so remiss, that no colony in considerations seemed able to arouse them from their inactivitjr. vr'auiM?' As a body they disregarded the encroachments of the French ; neither were they excited by motives of gain or emulation, though they saw vessels in the employ of the London Company return home in the midst of winter from the coast of New-England, with rich cargoes. Hence Gorges, and his friends, as individuals, unit> ing, equipped two ships, gave to Capt. Smith the command of them and sent him in March 1615, with sixteen planters, to begin a colony at some place within the Patent. But he was captured by the French ; his companions accomplished nothing ; where- fore Sir Richard Hawkins, the President of the Plymouth Ccnn- pany, in October, afterward undertook another voyage for their benefit. On his arrival, he discovered that the eastern natives were engaged in a bloody war ; therefore he passed along the coast as far as to Virginia ; and returned to England with a cargo of fish only. - i*v j* , t. ?^"and"" . "^^^ parties to this savage war, and its causes are not fully liience known : though Mr. Hubbard savs, that " on account of some Among the . EatteroNa. treachery committed by tlie western tributaries of the Bashaba, a great Indian prince, to«vards the Tarratines ; there had,* arisen a deadly feud ; and the latter began the war." Ogilby, from Sam- son d'Abberville, and Capt. Smith, both suppose the great Saga- more lived towards or near Penobscot ; and Gorges says, " his chief abode was not far from Pemaquid." His place of imme- diate residence was probably between tliat river and Penobscot bay. Yet, according to Purchas and Smith, his political domm- ions included, at least, all the Indians upon the Kennebec, the Androscoggin, and probably the Saco. Capt. Smith farther states, that though the tribes as far westward as Naumkeag [or Salem,] have their own sachems, or lords, " they hold the Bashaba to be chief, and the greatest among them." Nay, Gor- ges, Smith and Prince agree, tliat even the Massachusetts' In- dians and their friends, were sometimes the Bashaba's allies, though at other times, his enemies. It is also certain that the Tarratinu dwelt upon the bay and waters of the Penobscot ; and • Hobbard'i N. E. p. 10. ClU».n.] OPMAWE. U§ that th«^» n><>*® '^ ^^ Passamaquoddy and the river St. a. O. K1» John considered themselves as brothers, or branches of the same political family.* liostilities were probably commenced early b the spring, A. D. 1615 ;t and for two years, violence, revenge, and extermination, seem to give character to tJiis war. In its progress, the Tarra- tines "presumed upon tlie hopes of being favoured by the French," with whom they are represented as being on terms of very intimate intercourse. >>*>.?.?!!-• 5 ■jaS' :M^ At length, the arbiter of war decided in favour of the Tarra- lines ; who, as we are told, were more " brave, wise, lofty-spirit- .. " ed and industrious, than many others ;" and might possibly have been somewhat assisted by the French, j; IMost evidently, their successes were equal to their wishes ; for tliese Tarratine war- riors and their eastern allies cut their way to the residence of the Bashaba ; and when tliey had killed him and his adherents, tliey carried away his women and all his valuable effects, in triumph ; ' -^ laying waste his immediate territories. These were thought by some old writers, to have been tlie ruins of what the Europeans or natives have called the ancient jlrambeck,^ or the remote parts of JVcrombegua ; to which the victors, as far at least as to the western banks of Penobscot, or even to St. Georges, might per« haps now have succeeded . • . ' This war, not only in its course, but consequences, was, we are told, uncommonly destructive. || The vanquished sufferers had ' '1 been called from their hunting grounds, and prevented likewise '^ from planting and fishing ; their habitations were destroyed, and famine and distress soon filled the country with misery. Add to these, the calamities of a civil war ; for the subordinate sachems having no federal head or superiour to control and unite tliem, * See, for autlioritics— Og-t/ftjr, p. 130, 150; Smith^i Hist. p. 213, 215; CorgeiJ^Tar. p. 12,22,53—54 ; Primce't Ann. p. 112 "To the easternmost or Saj^adahock"— " this is the Bashaba's dominion." Purchat^ Pil. p. 939. f Prince's Ann. p. 43. He says, Oct. 1615, Hawkins found " the war at " the height, and the principal natives almost destroyed." XPrince't Ann. p. 112. The Massacliusctts Indians and the "Squaw Sachems," feared the Tarratines. { Offilby, 139. 5 Parchai., 1632. II Tlie enmity of the Tarratines continued after the war. In A. D. 1632, 100 of them in 30 canoes att.ickcd tiie Sagamores of Agawam [Ips- wich]— and killed and took r.iptivo 10 or 12. Huhbnrd''i jV. E. U». Winlhrofri Jovm. 28.-29. ,■^1 fk) A.D. 1617. R. Vines nnd oiheri wiiiier at ;«;<, Attempts tn colonize the F.ahtflii. Couiiir' Sniiili ' RocroA. THB HISTORY [V»l» i. after the death of the Bashaba many of the chief men ML ioto bloody feuds among themselves. To these distresses succeeded a pestilence, which spread iar and wide, and was exceedingly fatal. It has been called the plague. It raged in the years 1617 and 1618 ;* and its wasting effects extended from the borders of the Tarratines, through the whole country, to the Narragan setts. The people died suddenly, and in great numbers, through the whole intermediate coast. It is said, some native tribes became extinct ; and their bones were seen years afterward by the English, bleeching above ground, at and around the places of their former habitations.f The specU*- ic disease is not certainly known. Some have thought it was probably the Small pox : others have believed it must have been the Yellow fever, from the circumstance, that the surviving In- dians represented the bodies of the sick, and dead, to have as* sumed an appearence resembling a yellow-coloured garment. It happened that Richard Vines and his companions, whom Gorges hired to remain during the winter in this country, passed that season, probably in the vicinity of Saco, when this wasting pestilence was at its height. Nevertheless, though ' the mortality' ♦♦ was the greatest that ever happened within the memory of man," yet " Vines and the men with him, who lay in the cabins, with these people, that died, some more, some less, not one of them, ever felt their heads to ache, so long as they staid there."{ While Providence by these destructive agencies of war, fam- ine and pestilence, seemed to be thus opening this country to the I'ance of Christian settlers ; a spirit for colonizing it was ex- tensively reviving again in England. Capt. Smith indefatigably espoused the cause ; pnd in his solicitude to unite and animate the English nobility, gentry and merchants in the undertaking, •Though writers differ as to tlie time. Prince says [in Jan. 1616.] .Jnn, p. 46. 4 Coll. J\I. Hist. SiC. 103. J^TenfaJV. E. p. 07. This pestilence was known in Enp^land before Nov. S, 1620. Sec N. E. charter of that year. Sec 1 Holmes' A. Ann. 217—8. JVofc 4. + This placfuo slew most of the Mass. Tribe. 1 Cotl. M. Hist. Sot^ 1 J5 8 //. 226—204. f Gorges'' JVar. p. 12. 22. 27. He says the country was sorely afflicted^ by the plag'iio so that " in a manner it was left void of inhabitants."' — Hub- bard''s JV. E. p. 195, represents tlie disease as very loathsome ; many of the dead were left iinburied " as appeared by the multitude of carcasses found up and down the country."' — 1 Ddk, Kiog. 335. Catf* n*] or MAINE. Wf be traveUed through tha kingdom, for diat purpose ; making dM A.9- KM. subject a favourite topic, and distributing copies of his history and map. Besides receiving promises and other encourage- ments, he was at last provided wtdi three ships at PlymcuUi, and presented with 15 settlers ready to embark. He was prepared to sail early in the spring (1617), with (uH intent to begin a plantation upon this coast. But being windbound three months, he abandoned the voyage ; receiving nothing more for all his la- bours, losses and disappointments, than a commission from tht Plymouth Company, as Admiral of New England.* Never were attempts to accomplish an attainable object more ^f^' uniformly thwarted ; and at the same time with greater persever- ance renewed. It was represented that one Thomas Dermer, then in Newfoundland was an active friend to the cause of set- dement and discovery: and therefore the Plymouth Company dirough the persuasions of Gorges sent out Edward Rocroft in a ship to North America to assist Dermer. Tliough missing him, Rocroft had the good fortune, in April, to seize a French barque, obtrusively fishing and trading upon the coast ; and finding her a valuable prize, he sent the master and crew in his own ship to England ; determined to retain possession of her himself, and with a part of his men to keep or guard the coast through the winter. But ascertaining that several of his men had conspired to as- sassinate him and run away with the prize, he set them ashore at Saco ;f and in December sailed for Virginia, where he was killed. The wretched men, he left, having some knowledge of Mon- began, as a noted station, succeeded in reaching that Island, where they passed a tedious winter. This, and the winter previ- ously spent by Vines and his companions at Saco, are the earliest, in which any Englishmen, except the Sagadahock colonists, are known to have remained during the winter season, in the territo- ries of this State. Dermer, being a man of great prudence, and industry, embark- ifiio. TtK ed at Plymouth in February, to find and assist Rocroft ; also to voyage, bring about if possible, a reconciliation of the savages towards the English.;^ For the treacherous management of Hunt and t*'i la M * 1 Belk. Biogr. 314. t" Sawgiiatock"— 15 Loag;uca rrom Monhcgan— rrJncrtMiin. ftS* J" About Kenntl>eck."— i/utfc. Alarro. p. 286—9. Vol. T. 18 IliiP'! ill TRBimnoRV M.9. *il.oOien,t^d»1iyi^ exasperated the ntttves, thei Aeb bito e n ef trade and settlement was greatly interrupted. At Monhegan, be was informed by the Islanders, that Rocroft left the coast six months before for Virginia. He then took an expbring surrej of the country, and found southwestwardly, ** some ancient pkiK tations, not long since populous, now utterly void." Other places were not yet free from the sickness ; where only a remnant of peo> ^ewith some stores had escaped. At Patuxet, [Plymouth,] Squanto's native country, all were dead."* In performing the trust of reconciling the hostile Indians, Dermer had Squanto^s generous help, whom he had brought with him, from England, and whose heart he had won with kind- ness. He had also with him Samoset, a native of Sagadahock, whom Capt. John Mason, governour of Newfoundland, had lateiy sent home, and whose friendly feelings Dermer had secured. These were two of Hunt's captives, and had probably learned to speak the English tongue. Having succeeded in his mission, he put Squanto, (as he wished) ashore at Saco ; sent sonie dis- patches to England by a Capt. Ward ;f and June 23, Jleft Mon- liegan for Virginia. Landing, on his way at Martha's Vineyard, he and his men were assailed by Epenow and his countrymen, and in the affray, sever- al of his crew were killed, and himself was so severely wounded, tliat he died m September, soon after hi.^ arrival in Virginia. The untimely death of this worthy man so exceedingly discour- aged Gorges, that he declared, it *' made him almost resolve " never to intermeddle again in any of tliese undertakings."! Unexpectedly at length, the first settlement in New-England Si'p'i.?"!* ^** established by a people and in a manner, very few if any had previously contemplated. The English Puritans who resided in Holland, having resolved upon a removal to America, procured of the Virginian Company, in Sept. 1619, a Patent; and im- Dernwr'i Death. The Ply- mwilli Pil- •I Patuiet. * Prince'* Ann. 63. Smitlt's Hist. 127. 229. fit is said Dermer loaded a ship of 200 tons with fish and furs alMonbe- gan and dispatched it for England ; and each sailor had £ 16. ICs. for ■even months — Hoi. A. Ann. p. 196. t Hubbard, 803-8 {Hitt. JV*. E. p. 40.) Dermer was emplo3'cd " to settle <« the affairs of the plantation now a third time revived ng'nin about Kcnne- •« beo in the year 1619."— See IIMardU JVarralivc 0/ Indian Wan., p. 289. Ed. Worwtert 1807— S»nt(A'« Ilitl. 228-9- neduitdx in*■'■•■ . . :'i ■, ,-,.. .„,^.(. i. ,...:,■., :-i ■ V- ••J'rt>tj;j(i 0;' ■;•"■: -''.■ ^^ • ., '^ ,.fcM.. .,,..,,.* ■ ■'■' -^'K -^n'^-^-l'-^v -"^f %- fVr''^-^'*^^rtr^lfa ', . "•-' '■■ " ■ --.-.vj tj!-fVv-^r; ■--•■ .iflf^rri ^v ■ n^ «-*t,-.t.i.;_i,..- - ^,H - • .'.■• — • • :■ - f- ■• *'■■-:■: ■■■'■■ - --< - .i»«.T«s:I> TUCBWrOftf CVoki. A. n. is^. Setllpmeiits proino4«(ii Patent lo Plymouth CJiiucii. Granted. CHAPTER m. ffetit-Eitghnii patent granted^-Its extent and government — Patent to Maton — Charter of N. Scotia to Alexander — Its civil pou>tr$ and management — Laconia, a province, a company — Monhegan and other places on the eastern coast settled — Intruders— -Saco, New-Hampshire, and Pemaquid settled — Robert Gorges, and his cotmcil — Free fishery discussed — Agamenticus settled— The rights to Acadia, and of the Plymouth Council discussed —N. Scotia confirmed to Alexander — Monhegan sold — Trade to Kennebec — Massachusetts patent and charter — Canada takm by the. Kirks — Peace— New-Hampshire, Commocks, Kennebec, Saco, Lygonia, Muscongus and Pemaquid patents — Settlements at Sag- adahock and Piscataqua. An era now opens which was far more favourable to the set- tlement of North America, than that of any preceding period. The country was perpetually growing in importance ; and adven- turers, through the increase of their knowledge and experience, became more judicious and prudent in their enterprizes. In 1620, after our Pilgrim Fathers had founded the colony of New Plymouth, seven English ships made voyages to New England for fish and fur, and eight others carried 1 ,095 settlers to the Virginia plantation. Observing that colony to flourish under new patents* with more ample privileges, the Plymouth Company, or the other branch in the corporation of 1606, petitioned the crown, through Gor- ges for a new Patent, which might prescribe a definite extent of territory, with the necessary powers and privileges ; and give an exclusive right to the soil, fishery, and trade, within its limits. The king was easily moved by the entreaty ; and accordingly orderedf one to be drafted which should compare with that pre- viously " granted to the present company in Virginia." This charter was dated Nov. 3, 1 620. Its corporate members *■ Its second Patent 23d May 1609— 3d Patent M:^rch 12th 1621—1 Hat. ro.7. 58, 72, 61. f 1 Hat. Coll. M — where the order of couacil :>• entire. CsAv. nt.] orMAiicB. Sil cooMstad of forty noblemen, knightu and gentlemen,* who were a.D. lOt. collectively denominated, *' The Couneii e$tabluhed at Plymouth in the Couniy of Devon, for plantings ruling and governing ^ _ Ncw-EiraLAND in America." The extensive country, now grant- >« ' — Richard Edgcconib. — - Allen Apsley. — Warwick Heale. — RichM F. Cotchmay. — John Bourchier. — Nathaniel Rich. — — Edward Giles. — • Giles Mompesson. — Thomas Wroth. Kmohts. Mathew Shurtelefie, DeanofExeter. Henry Bouchier, Esqr. Robert Hcathe, Recorder of Lon- don. John Drake. Raleigh Gilbert, [in the Patent of 1606.] George Chudlcy. Thomas Hammond. John Argal. Esquires. ,v ' mm 929 THE HISTORY [VflJL. fc A. Dk icso. Nay ' riiuiy places for leagues,' it was stated, * were without na- tive inhabitants to challenge any interest in the lands. Powers. The charter created a body politic, and corporate with per- petual succession, vested with powers to fill vacancies ; to elect a president and secretary ; to appoint all governors, and other offi- cers needful for managing the affairs of tlie Colony, whether in America or in England ; and to establish all such laws, and or. dinances as might be .suitable for a regular administration of jus« tice. The Corporation or Council were democratical in their proceedings ; and all their governors, magistrates and other au- thorities in tiie colony, were directed to rule, punish and pardon, according to the orders and instructions given them under the corporate seal and signature of the President.* Privileges. In general, the privileges granted in the former charter were confirmed to the Plymouth Council now incorporated ; — such at the rights of citizenship ; tlie exclusive trade and fishery witbia their territorial limits; importations from England seven years duty-free ; and the expulsion of all intruders. But no coining of money was allowed in the colony, nor any catholic permitted to settle there, f " . This Charter, which existed upwards of fourteen years, and longer than tlie former one, is the foundation of the numerous sub- sequent patents by which New England was first divided ; and its settlements and colonies located and limited. F. Gorges. The more zealous and prominent men in the council were two, who might be justly placed at the head of the list. One was Sir Ferdinando Gorges. He had been president, under tlie former charter ; and the settlement of tliis country was still his favourite pursuit. Capt. John Mason, returning home about this time from Newfoundland, of which he had been governour, also exhibited great courage and confidence in the cause ; and when there was an occasion to fill an early vacancy in the Council, he was elected a member and became their secretary. J JohnMuon. The first territorial grant by the Plymouth Council was to him. This was dated March 2, IG21 ; and it embraced the lands be- * Yet the Plymouth Council doubted its right to transfer the powers of ipovernment to any of its Patentees : thoiii^h it certainly had the sole power of g^rantin; the lands from the 40th to the 48th degree,— Hubbardt^ JV. E. 627-620. i Sec this Charter entire 1 Hom. CoU. lOS-118. t 1 Belknap's N. H. p. 14< . Claim. \t/V',H ChaF. Ill'] OP MAINE. tween Merrimack and Naumkectg, from their sources to the sea, A.l>. MSt including all islands within three miles of the coast.* It was called "Mariana." But though the expectations and plans of Gorges were great, p^nri, he was nevertheless exercised with very discouraging apprehen- sions. He had obtained due information that the French were settled at Quebec, at Port-Royal, at Mount Desert and at other places ; and intended to become the cxchisive posses- sors of the country. He foresaw, that though the coast was thoroughly cleared of them by Argal, eight years before, as far as Port-Royal : the most efficient measures ought to be adopted without delay to thwart their designs and exclude them from New England. A difficulty however arose from a deficiency or defect in the new Charter itself. It extended indeed, two de- grees farther north than the former one ; yet he found after all it only embraced the bay of Chaleur, which was a degree at least below the southerly bank of the gidf of St. Lawrence. "- To remove this perplexity, Gorges, " being (as Prince says)f Sept. 10. entrusted with the affiiirs of this country," procured from the Novh Smii» Council a conveyance unto Sir William Alexander, Secretary of !° j„/'"" State from Scotland, and afterward earl Sterling and Vis- coitnt of Canada ;J whereby a large northern section of their ter- ritory was assigned to him, which was forthwith confirmed and enlarged by a Patent, Sept. 10, 1621, from James I. the king of England. The western boundary line of the Province passed northwardly, from Passamaquoddy through " the river St. Croix, to the farthest source or spring which comes from the west ;" and thence north in a direct course over land to the first spring that runs into the great river of Canada ; thence northward unto the river and along the shores of it eastward to Gaspe ; and thence by the coast, excUjsive of Newfoundland and Cape Breton, around Cape Sable and across tlie bay of Fundy to the place of beginning. To this territory, which embraced a groat part of Ac- adia and also the islands and waters within six leagues of the * <>iio tliii Pntfnt in I hibhard'tjY.i:. p. oil— 6\e. tl'iitice's Ann. p. 91. 111. J 2 firit. ^)ominv>n» in .'Im, p. fi. — lie was m:it!r Vi«rount, A I). ICiS. Sir William >ras ina»trr of requests for Srotlur\d. Mn»on first inlrodiirpil liiin to Gorges; anil Gorfjes snrs, tlio U'w^ rommantlfil iis ton^vj^n Sir Wil- liam a •' pnrt of om t'-iritori' n," — I <'-;/'. IIji. 3U7. .h: LAND, — and it was granted to Sir William and his heirs in fiea simple without any condition whatever. No provisions for any civil government appeared in the Patent; and the country was erected into a royal palatinate, — to be holden as a fief of the Scottish crown ; the proprietary being invested with the regal rights and prerogatives, of a count-palatine^ The two rights of soil and government being in this way originally separa- ted, were for a long period kept distinct, and sometimes in dif- ferent hands. These territories must have been considered the King's Scottish dominions ; and even then, it will perplex the wisest civilian to discover the justice or propriety of the tenure. Bcotoh Si-i- There was a general wish, and it was also Sir William's inten- icmpied. tions, to Settle the country with Scotch emigrants. Utterly op- posed as they were to French Catholicism, they would form a stable barrier to the encroachments of Frenchmen ; while their industrious and economical habits and religious principles would render them a fit people to settle a new country. Sir William, *" the next year, and from year to year, till the death of his king, sent a ship with men and necessaries to plant a colony within his Patent. One arriving late in the next season, was obliged to stay through the winter in Newfoundland. The mariners and planters, in another, coasted from that island along the shores of Nova Scotiu ; selected an eligible place for a plantation on Port Joli river, eastward of Cape Sable; and took possession. Yet, " by reason of some unexpected occurrences," they resolved to make discoveries, not to plant, and took passage in July for England ; intending to resume the enterprise the next spring. Accordingly in 1624, and afterwards, Sir William transported hither some Scottish settlers ; and after * subduing the French inhabitants, or removing them to Virginia,' he " planted a colony there himself, and held possession ten years," before "it returned to the Fn nch."f * Tlii« Patent wat in Latin ; licnco (lio nainc"Npvii Scotia."— See trani* lation by PU'iint, \e—V2.—0ldinuii>n 22. fl ColiJlaiii. Hit. S'(c. 3rf tfrie$, p. 232.— AHor lliii Sir William per- tni(tc<( hiflton and Clniiilcdc la Tour lo biiiUl a fort nt 8t. Julin*i river, call- cil " La Tour and ./l/r.rnnf/^r." — Sec C'>nimiiiinnir»^ Jifporl.ScK' Chalmti* p. .12, 01 3 Purcliat, p. 1(171—3.^1 Ilolmtt' A, Jinn. p. 210, who cited '/,ncr p,C2." Vol. I r-ScOT« in fw Patent; i holden ted with rhe two separa« I in dif- sred the rplex the tenure, n's Inten- terly op- l form a iiile their les would Williara, his king, within his obliged to iners and shores of 1 on Port on. Yet, Bsolved to July for xt spring. ■ansported e French a colony returned -See traoi- 'illiam per- I river, call- V tVia/mfi» who cited CbaV. III.] or MA INK. - '.V - Gorges and Masoo, the pro^jcton and prosecutors of still A. A greater designs, were taking measures to carry a very extensivji ^^1^,'^^,*'^ plan o{ enterprizes into immediate execution ; wherefore they first procured of the Plymouth Council, August 10th, 1622, a patent of all the country between tlie Merrimack and Sagadahock ; ex- tending from the Atlantic unto die rivers Canada and Iroquois, ud including tlie " Savage nations towards tlie great lakes." It was called " The Province oj Laconia"* — a region represented bv travellers and novelists as abounding profusely in all the varie- ties of nature. If their descriptions were just, the seaboard was full of bar-' hours and fish, the lands were variegated with elevations, vallies, rivers and streams, and clothed with forest trees of every spe- cies, where wild fruits, nuts, and gums, were spontaneous, and abundantly plentiful. In fresh waters were always sec>> shopls of delicious fish ; and over the declivities and through meadows might be killed multitudes of deer, beaver, and other game — ^truly one of the best regions in the world, for furs and settlements. Nor could any land offer to emigrants surer pledges of health and long life ; for the atmosphere was pure and salubrious, and the face of the ground was free of every tiling that could hurt or annoy. In a word, it was exalted by some romantic accounts into a kind of terrestrial pnradise.f vtt^: H'-'iihmu.hit juth&t To make large gains of a country so extensive, and so tempt- J;**^"'" ing to adventure and rural pursuits. Gorges and Mason, united foriueti. witli several merchants of London, Bristol, Exeter, Plymouth, Shrewsbury and Dorchester, in an association, self-termed "The Company of Laconia ;" being thus able to give a new impulse to the fur trade and fisheries ; — to discovery and settlement.}; A great number of ships was sent, during the season, from the west of England, to take fish in these " northeastern waters," of which, as many as thirty visited the Damariscove Island.^ Emi;^iants arrived, intending to dwell in the country ; and estab- lishments were undertaken at Piscataqua,|| and other places, along these eastern shores. •HiManrtJ^. K. 616— See a ccrlified copy [Feb. 17, 1T63, from Lordi Com, Pl.m nt Wl.itolia!!,] in Sec. i;fj, r, limltn. \ 1 Do k lliop. S76-7. llliibhnrilVN. F.. 214.— 1 Uclk. N. il. 14. ^Tiinuu** Auii. 117— U. il Belk. N H. 14. ■ ■■■} ..h Vol, I. 16 ^ iifi!!!! iilll THCiiurroRY t'lVoi.. |4 A.1X Mss. Makhbgak was permanently peopled about the year 1S32« Snitan up- A part of Dermer's crew, as previously stated, passed the winter cnn aud th« 1618 — 19 upon the Island ; and the next May, they were there, for he could obtain information from none other than ' its resident ■r inhabitants,' that Rocroft, the year before, had actually sailed for Virginia. The Island was a place of general resort ; and Prince says, that five of " Sir F. Gorges* men" had a skirmish with the natives near Cape Cod, in the autumn of 1620, in which three were slain, and the other two '^ hardly escaped to MonheganJ*^* The same author makes express mention of the Island b the fol- lowing February, as " a Plantation of Sir F. Gorges }" — and again two months afterwards, as ** a settlement of some begin* nings." But still, how could any confident anticipations be enter- tained of its prosperity, if the first Islauders were only resident fishermen, blended with some such stragglers as Dermer's crew ? Perhaps, however, the Company of Laconia considered it appen- dant to their patent, and fishermens' dwellings were now fitted up under their auspices, for the purposes of a more extensive fishery. At any rate, these facts seem to be certain, that Mon- hegan was not without inhabitants after 1 622, till the first Indian war, and that the young colony of New-Plymouth, in the spring of this and subsequent years, sent hither for provisions, which they readily obtained from the ships always found in these eastern f'v waters. The opposite country, or main, afibrded greater conven- ■t iences for trafiic ; and it seems, that slight habitations, such as cabins for fishermen and huts for temporary residence, were con- structed about this time upon the shores, between the rivers St. George and Saco.f ; a^^i; ■ ., , i ;M,;,:j«li j/ji iMrudan. But it was a prevailing sin of early times, to treat the native inhabitants and the country, as if they were only fit to gratify the cupidity of the plunderer, or passion of the destroyer. The * Prince^t Jinn. 99, lUO.— He says, "this year," 1623, there are "some •catteringf bc^inninf^g made at Monliigg^on and some other places by sundry olhcrs."— /fc. 127. 1S4. t H«bkard in hit JVar. p. SBO, says, after the attempt to settle Saj^faMa- hock, " oMicr places adjoiningf were suon after seized and improved/ar trad- ing But as might be expected, some of them afterwards receiving retributive justice from heaven, were'slain by the same savages they " had taught, end with the same weapons they had sold them." To rectify and prevent all improper practices, and favour the designs of the proprietors, the king by proclamation, Nov. 6, 1622, commanded his subjects, both adventurers and planters through New-England, never to disturb the trade with the na- tives — ^never to sell them fire-arms ; nor in any instance to inter- meddle with the woods, or freeholds of the planters, without license eitherTrom the Plymouth Council, or the crown. It also threatened the wrongdoers with confiscation and other penalties expressed in the patent, provided they did not desist ;*— -as if such a mandate could effectually be a preventive of evils, in a country where eyewitnesses must be few and interested, and tri- bunals were unknown. Yet it might have some effect, to allay ^ fears and invigorate enterprize. As early as 1623, a permanent settlement was commenced at AiD. ifits. Saco. Gorges, 14 years before, and subsequently, had sent hith- h«co Mtt* er Richard Vines and others, to collect facts and select some el- egible situation for planting a colony. The first winter they pass- ed in the country was, in all probability, A. D. 1617~18, and at the mouth of the Saco, For in a subsequent grant of territory here. Vines, John Oldham, and their associates, were represented to have undertaken " the advancement of the general plantation " of the country, and the strength and safety thereof against the " natives or any other invaders ;" and some of tliem, certainly Vines, if not Oldham, in fact *' lived" here in 1 G23, where they m'/' « 1 Has. Coll. p. ISl, 162. '■ ill - N. Hump shire. Saeadn- liodiRnilSii George. 1^ TKe HISTORY [Vou I. A.'tt. Ifit^.ind Aeir cotmpanionslong continued their residence.* Gorges being the patron of Vines, must also have been the tutelar pro> tector and guide of this colonial enterprize. Tlie place choseo was at Winter-harbour, near the seashore, an inviting shuation; and six years after this, a patent was granted to tlie settlers, and a form of government established. f In the spring of the same year, the Company of Laconia sent over David Thompson, two Hiltons, and other planters, to estah> lish a colony and fishery, on the south side of Piscataqua river, at its mouth. Here they erected salt-works and built a house which they called " Mason's Hall j" — being the foundation of New- Hampshire.]: We call those settlements permanent, which are continued from year to year, without interruption ; and although we find not in the annals of the times, precisely hi what year or by what persons, habitations for families, or homesteads, were first formed upon Arrowsick Island, and upon the main land at Sagadahock, at Sheepscot, at Damariscotta, at Pemaquid and St. George's river ; yet we are under the necessity of concluding, it must have been as early as the present year. The harbou s, head-lands and rivers had rendered this section uncommonly attractive to Europeans; the remains of chiranies and vestiges of dwelling-places, are strong- ly marked with antiquity ,§ and it is said, there were only seven years after this, " eighty-four families besides fishermen," dwel- Ung upon the siiores of this region. But no country can be prosperous and happy, without civil rulers or some administration of government. The Plymouth Council, convinced of this as a political maxim, sent over a del- '^%* egation of three gentlemen, Robert Gorges, Francis West, and • Sw//ivan,p, 219.— TA« Patent ««y#, A.D. 1629, "John Oldham of Nc\r- <* England, g;entlcman planter, and his servants, have for tix yean patt,\iv- " ed in Ncw-En|)rland ; and he hath nt his own expense transported divers " persons, there" — viz. Saco, A. D. 1629. t 1 Belle. JV. //. App. p. 291.— the " mcmornrdiim" of a deed 17 ^^ay 1629, calls " Richard Vines, Governor, and Ricliard Bonighton, assistant of the Plantation of tSaco." But the genuineness of this deed is doubted. \ I Belk. N. II. 15— Prince's Ann. 134. { The Dukede Rochffoucault Liancourt, in 2d vol. Travels, p. 244 — 5, says, •««omo attempts to settle a colony in the vicinity of New-Castio were made by the Dutch in 1623, and even at the early period of 160T, but without effect." ,1110 Hubbard's .Vbr. £50. • A Grneral Govero* lueal. Chap, hi.] " of MAtN-ft. 5|29 fVUliam Merrill, with authority, in different capacities, to super- A. D. 16«. intend and manage all the public affairs of New-England.* Gorges, son of Sir Ferdinnndo, an active, enterprising genius, t^, ^"'■pw, and a brilliant officer in the late Venetian war, was commissioned ? '^i; y West, commissioned Admiral of New-England, arrived a few months before the Governor, with special instructions to restrain all unlicensed ships from fishing and trade within the Plymouth patent, or otherwise to exact of all interlopers, payment of tlie penal sums prescribed. He proceeded to execute his orders, till finding the fishermen too sturdy and stubborn for him to control| he was obliged to desist. : 1-i ■ ' -. >-^.:' . . ;,r To superintend the churches, when established in New-Eng- land, Mr. Merrill, an Episcopal minister, had received a commis- sion from the Ecclesiastical Courts in England ; but he met with no welcome and returned home in disgust.*^ When West arrived in England, the mariners complained to Fr,,^ pisi,. Parliament of his attempts to restrain them in their rightful em- wfJi,^!,"'"'*' ployments, and requested an order to make the fishery entirely j^'',j'*^"** free. The Commons were at that time extremely jealous of the royal prerogative ; and so much were they opposed to these corporations created by the King with exclusive privileges, that they were ready to view the charter to the Plymouth Council as a public grievance. Hence they immediately called Sir Ferdi- nando to the bar of the House, and charged it upon him and his ♦ Sullivan 1«7— 391. S. JDavi$' account, on (he C. Filca. ' ' t Prince, p. 141-2. I 1 Ha7,. Coll. 161-6.— Prince's Ann. 141— 2.— 1 Felk . Biog 36:— 0. { iBclk. Biog:. p. 366— 7.— 1 Coll. Mau. Hint. Soc. 125—139. '' 'I'll Gorgn' da fenct. THE HISTORT {VoU |, A.D. 1624. associates, that they of the corporation under cotor of j^ting « colony were pursuing their own private gains, regardless of the public interest, and the good of the community ; and, though be, as a gentleman of worth and honor, had their respect, all persooa) considerations must yield to the common weal ; and he must without delay deliver the patent to the House. Gorges' defence was able, though the Commons thought it not satisfactory. He said " he had no power to deliver the patent without the consent of the Council ; nor was it in fact in his cus< tody. Never had they transcended their rights ; and he knew not how their enterprizes could be considered a public grievance, since they were undertaken for the increase oi trade, the advance* ment of religion, and the enlargement of national empire. No ^ monopoly had been exercised or enjoyed for the purposes of pri- vate gain ; for (said he,) the losses of the adventurers have been so heavy, that they themselves had grown weary, and others were fearful to engage. At no time, had tlie fishery been, by design, or in fact, converted to private uses, as the offers made to all the maritime cities in the western part of the kingdom, would abund- antly evince. Nay, the exclusive privileges in the charter itself, were nothing more than the necessary favors granted to the com- pany, for the management of their prudential concerns — ^privileges possessed by lords of manors without a jealous thought.* {- c T ihie rokib-'^ However, when the grievances of the nation were presented cii checked, jq ti,g i^jng by the parliament, the patent was the first on the list. Apprehending this, and knowing the facts, king James, out of respect to his prerogative and to Gorges, would not recal it.f Still the discussion and issue gave a great, though temporary check, to tlie measures adopted for colonizing the country : and the Plymouth Council in deference to the voice ot the nation,| suspended their plans and expeditions, and concluded to call home Gorges, the governor, in about a year subsequent to his tirrival. After looking therefore to his father's affairs eastward, tSo.l'- • 1 Belk. Biogr. 369. f In 1621, James is reported to have said, " America is not annexed to the realm, nor within the jurisdiction of Parliament," 'and they have no right to interfere.'— 1 Uolmet' A. Ann. 237. I After this, the Plymouth Council granted only two or three patents, till A. D. 1629. ) /*k»l ri-'4rr' /,*.■'. ■iOl ; *>*! CbaT. ni.] W MAINE. ^\ he returned ; and tliis, the first essay made to esubltsh a general A. D. uu. government in New-England, was wholly unsuccessful. Goi^es, meeting witli these crosses in the general system of „. _ American aflairs, determined to plant a small colony at his own t""' "' ^ff* ¥¥111 ' r i>»i mnmiicHi. expense. He had been informed of ^ sliort salt-water river, ad- iv«rk.j initting vessels to a safe harbour and good anchorage at and above its moutl), called ,^gamenticut ;* its situation being nearly equidis- tant from a mountain of tliat name and the river Piscataqua. — Pleased with the description of the place, he procured from the Plymouth Council, a patent of 24,000 acres, — namely, 12,000 on each side of Agamenticus [York] river, and made provision for settling it. He entrusted the immediate management of its affairs to Ferdinando Gorges, his grandson, a young gentleman of rank and ambition, and to Francis Norton, who having risen, by his own merits, from a common soldier to a Lieut. Colonel, was desirous to perpetuate his fortune. In this company of emigrants were several artificers, who were to be employed in building vessels and saw-mills. The others were laborers, furnished with oxen and means, partly for clearing and cultivating the ground, though principally for getting lumber of dififerent kinds. A settlement was commenced on the eastern side of the river near the sea, and afterwards no other plantation of Gorges had so constantly and so fully his patronage and favor.f About this time, a demise of the rrown happened, which was followed by an event alike unpropitious to the Plymouth Council, j^ oipuia. to Sir William Alexander, to Gorges, and to this country. Thb ''J" )[',„5ill was the intermarriage of Charles, the new King, with Henrietta'** *''•"«•• Maria, a French Princess and a Catholic. By the marriage treaty, negociated some months prior to her arrival, in May, 1 625, it was stipulated to cede or resign generally the jurisdiction of Acadia to France.f This, in view of all Englishmen interested, cast a deep shade upon their American afiairs ; and brought their rights into an unhappy collision with the engagements of the • Called also " Accomenticus" — Gorget^ Jlist, j Tli« precise time iwheu ^gamcnticui [York] wos first settled in not quite certain. Oorgfi Hitt, i6, 27, says, it was about the time N. Ply- mouth was settled. — 1 Bttk. Biog. 877-8 gives tidi ttUltmmt a place, in order of lime, before, thoug'h the same year (1633^ with that of riscatnqiia. Capt. Champernoon and the cousin of Sir F. Gorges had charge of the plao- (ations about Agamenticus. — tStMard't JV". E. 224. '<> ft » t J. Palairct, p. 1«, 10. /■ •> -m-. lUM' fiorpes' lie fvitcc. July. Sir \V. Al examlci''* Charter, 232 THE HurroKY [Vofc. tw A. D. 162 A crown. The King and Council saw it ; and when the Frtnch ambassador came to urge his master's claim to the territory, they summoned Gorges before tliem to defend, explain or surrender, according to what might appear best adapted to circumstances. Gorges appeared and defended the rights of the Plymouth company with so much ability and force, as to affect a postpone- ment of the concession.* It was perceived however, that the French were in a fair way to acquire a considerable part of the long coveted country, in spite of all opposition. Sir William Alexander well knowing their wishes and his own liabilities to loss, procured of king Charles, July 12th, a confirmation of his grant, described and sanctioned witli much particularity :f — and this, followed by a war with France two years afterwards, kept Nova Scotia, or Acadia, from the French, till the treaty of St. Germains.J Feb. iG2e. But no sooner was the French claim put to rest, than tlie Com- mons renewed their calls upon the Plymouth Council, to grant a free fishery within their patent, and upon refusal, moved the king to vacate the charter. — ^Thus assailed from different quarters, their rights were only preserved by Charles j he like his father, refused to yield a little of his prerogative, even at the solicita- tions of Parliament. ctw ,BOi^ sar lii'iu tr/n bit), ia^ty* Moniieuan Tliese measures and the controversies between king and people ; i>ri<^ •«*» traffic with the Tarratine Indians ; being the first English estab- '- i> lishment of the kind in these waters.f To secure unto themselves the exclusive trade of the Kenne- 16*7. Tiieir beck, Mr. Allerton, their agent, applied to the Plymouth Council, beckPatent. in 1627, for a patent, which was readily granted ; but its limits and tlie privileges it contained, were altogether too indefinite, to ren- der it of any advantage, till it was renewed and enlarged. | '' '. Our country, at this time, appeared in the eyes of Europeans to considerable advantage. The settlers and natives were living la good neighbourhood ; and no doubts were now entertained but that the waters, wilderness, and soil, would afford to an industrious people an abundant livelihood. The troubles were in England, springing principally from the state of parties ; and this country began to be considered an inviting asylum for the oppressed, especially for ministers who had been silenced, and other scrupu- lous dissenters j many finding a removal necessary for the preser- <* »* vation of their lives. To provide, therefore, for the retreat and comfort of the persecuted, a patent was obtained of the Plymouth wti* P«teni Council, March 19, 1627, by Roswell and Jive others, embracing ler. the country between the lines, a league southerly of the river Charles and northerly of the Merrimack ; which appeared to be most eligibly situated for the benevolent purpose. Under this patent, Roswell and his fellows associated to themselves Sir Richard Saltonstall and 19 others; — all of whom, being 26 in number, became equal co-proprietors therein. There were now * Prince's Ann. p. 156 — 7. f Mass. Letter Book, p. 107. \ Prinee't Ann. f. 1C9— New-Plymouth established a trading hoii»e on the Kennebeck river in 1628, perhaps near the mouth, possibly above Merrymeeting bay. , . Vol. I. 17 »M 984 TUBBirroitY , [Vol.l ir.JP'.^'^' within the limits of the patent only Jive small settlements ;* md j^ to superintend them and plant another at Naumkeag, (Salem,) John Endicott, one of the patentees, was sent over by the pro- prietors, well furnished with necessary supplies. To give full effect to the patent, a Royal Charter was obtained, March 4, A. D. I6»..1628,t by which it was erected into a Colony, under the name of Massachusetts Bay ; and an administration of civil gov- ernment was soon established. Firearm* In the first settlement of this country, the judicious manage- ISViuivof n**D' of ^^^ natives was an art of great importance. The French, by a condescension and familiarity peculiar to their char- acter, seem to have attained it early, and in an eminent degree. Firearms and gunpowder made the savage, their better ally. With Englishmen, especially tlie settlers, it was otherwise. From the first, they carefully withheld the gun and pistol from the In- dians. To meet them armed, always excited alarm ; and six years since, a royal proclamation forbade the sale of all such ar- ticles to the natives. Yet this, as well as all principles of pub- lic policy, one Morton had the hardihood wholly to disregard ; and for the sake of a lucrative trade, such as he understood tlie French and fishermen had improved at the eastward ; he sold the Indians arms and taught them their use. But his conduct aroused all the settlements upon the coast ; and he was arrested and sent to England. It would have been the height of good policy for the planta- tions, never to have been partakers with the parent Slate in any of her wars. But unfortunately from first to last, the reverse has been too true ; and a waste of blood and treasure, and almost every shape of misery, have followed in train. In the sec- ond year of the war between England and France, (1628) Sir David Kirk, and his kinsmen, Louis and Thomas, were commis- Canmla taken by (he Kirki ♦ These wer« I. Wessajfusset, [Weymouth] beg^un in A. D. 1622. 2. Cape Ann, [Gloucester] " " 1634. S. Nantasket, [Hull] <> « 1624. 4. Mount Wallaston, [Quincy] '♦ " 1625. 5. Winisimet, [Chelsea] «« «« 1626. 6. Naumkeag^, [now Salem] " «« 1627. See authorities— Pnnce't Ann. p. 119, 147, 161-7, 176.— 1 HuUhintmU HiH. p. 14, 15, 16. t As the year at this period ended March 34th ; ong;hl not the above era to be " 1629 ?" fr sioned to seize upon the infant cobniet b Canada, planted tt a. v% ICK. Quebec, at Trois Kevieres and Tadousac. Quebec, where Sam> ucl Champlain the Governour of New-France resided, was flour- ishing and had a stone fortress ; and when the assailants sum- moned a surrender, he defied them, even after they had taken a provision ship, on its arrival from France. The siege and the war were both rather ungracious ; for the Kirks were despised protestants, and the Quebec colonists likewise were, in general, fugitives from catholic persecution. Nevertheless, the attack was renewed the following summer and articles of capitulation were signed, July 19, 1629; by which the garrison were, at their July. 1C9' election, permitted to dwell with the captors or be transported to France. At the time of this achievement, which acquired to the brave ttaiet. Kirks so much credit, they had no knowledge of the treaty of peace between England and France, ratified the preceding April. > It being therefore a conquest after hostilities had ceased, they in . , iact derived no emolument from the acquisition ; having a mere nominal possession of it three years only, before the whole coun- try, by the treaty of St. Germains, was transferred to the French.* In England, after the return of peace, such was the rage of party, such the abuses of power, and such the popular discon- tents, that great numbers were induced to remove into this coun- try. Here was civil and religious liberty, — here the novelties of rural happiness. New-Pi} uouih was a flourishing colony. She''''^*''" had lately opened a trade in a new article, called Wampum ; which her people were pursuing with great profits. It consisted of white and blue beads, long and as large as a wheat-corn, blunt at the ends, perforated and strung ; possessing a clearness and beauty which rendered them desirable ornaments. They were only known to the Narragansetts, the Pequots, and the natives on Kmn^beck V ..*! * The true name of these men is said to be " Kertk." — I narlevoix JV. F. p. 165. The Kirks fitted out an armament at tlieir own expense, "took 18 FrencI) vessels and 136 pieces of ordnance," intended for Mount Desert and Quebec ; '' and Alexander Kirk was made governor of the whole."— SM//tvan, p. 275. As a reward, the king^ of England only gave them " a patent of the lands north of the river St. Lawrence." — 1 Doug- lot Summ. p. 306.— 39 Univ. Hist. p. 423. See the Articles of Capitula* tioD.— 1 Ha*. CoU. p. 20&-7, in FrencA,— 1 BtU:. Biog. p. 348. II m A.D. 16S9 .C'-^f ,r - Nov. 7. Paient or N. Itamp- ■hire. Cominock'* Grant. Januarjr IS, KeoMbeck Fateot. THEHISTOKY [VoIn I, Long bland ; from whom tbey were obtained at a low priee for corn, or small articles of foreign fabric, and transported into this eastern counuy and bartered for furs. At their trading bouse on the Penobscot, and another erected a year before, above or be> low Merrymeeting-bay, on the Kennebeck, probably near Pop. ham's old (ort, they kept through tlie year, besides wampum, the most suitable articles for the Indian trade, as coats', shoes, blank* ets, biscuit, fruits and trinkets. Nay, within two years after wampum was first brought into this region, it was found to com* mand a more ready market among the tribes, than any other commodity.* In tlie present revival of colonial affairs, the Plymouth Council, obsequious to the wishes of adventurers, proceeded to grant the extensive territory between the Merrimack and Penobscot, in por- tions to suit applicants or purchasers. John Mason, having agreed with Gorges to make the Piscataqua the divisional line between them, took subsequently from that Council, Nov. 7th, 1629, a patent of what lies between that riv- er and the Merrimack, being part of Laconia, and called it New-Hampshire. f :• \. i -- t , Another grant of 1 500 acres between the river Spurwink and Black Point, [in Scnrboro,] was made about the same time| by the Council, to Thomas Commock ; upon which he, with Mr, Gains and others, in 1632 or 3, began a plantation. Under this title, the lands on the east side of the town have since been holden. The Eiirl of Warwick, President of that Council was the uncle,^ and probably the patron of Commock. ' ' ' ' 'V The next grant was made January 13th, 1629, to New-Plym- outh, since called the Kennebeck or Plymouth Patent. || It * Prince' » Jinn. \72— 3 — Ho sayi, •• wo buy about £60'a worth of team- pum ; at firit it sticki 2 yoara,'* aud '• then we can acarco procure enougL." t 1 Haz. ('oil. 289.— 1 Belk. N. H. Ifl. \ Commocli wnt one of the aubRcrihing^ witne&sea to the livery of seizin, May 27th, lC33,of the PemaquiJ Patent.— //a«. Col. 318 — Sullivan, 127.— Hubbard"! X. E, 216—224, Commock dird A. I). 1643. Joshua Scotlow aflerwarda owned part of the patciii ; and Henry Joscolyn married Com> mock's widow, and lived upon it many years. The patent contained uUa Stratton's Island [BiufTKIand;] and Sullivan saya it contained SOOO acres. { F«hom, p. 29, aaya the patcut was made in 1631. Commock lived on Prout's pock. (I 1 Haz. Coll. p. 2!)8— 303— where the pati nt is entire. For a lonff lima N. Plymouth proprietor* claiincd to the sea. Dut about A. D. 170S— 9 CbaT' Cbat* ui.] or MAflfB. SST was iiiteBded as an express Uvor to her trade and fishery, and the AiD. Mm propagation of religion. Its limits, as ultimately settled, were in the north line of Woolwich below Swan Island on the eastern side of the Kennebeck, through the south bend of the river Cob- besseecontee on the western side, and 15 miles in width on either side of the main river, — to an easterly and westerly line which crosses Wessarunset river [in Cornville] a league above its mouth, containing about 1 ,500,000 acres. Annexed to the charter were all the rights of exclusive trade ; an open passage at all tiroes to the grantees between the patent and the sea ; an establishment of rules aud ordinances, necessary for the management of their affairs and defence of their property ; and, in a word, all the pow- ers, (except admiralty jurisdiction,) which the charter council in <, .^vi session possessed. " m..^ In prosecuting the trade of the river, it is understood, that the stations selected by them for local traffic, were at Popham's fort| at Richmond's landing, and at Cushnoc. To the plantert at Saco, and their associates, were granted by pai«nu at the same authority, on the 12th of February, 1629, old style,"""* [equivalent to Feb. 1, 1630,] two patents, severally four miles by the shore, and eight, on each bank of the river. The propri- etors named in the one on the southerly side, were Richard Vinea and John Oldham ; these in tlie other, Thomas Leveit and John Bonython. It seems that Oldham had been here six years, and Vines seven ; and that the former had at his own expense transported hither several settlers, and encountered great danger and fatigue. Indeed, the grant itself was made in consideration of nothing more than a small quitrent, past services, and the en- * the Superior Court of Mauachuaetti and Maine, detormincd the louthtrly line of the patent to patt easterly and westerly tbroug^li the bend sf the rirer Cobbeaaeecontee which ii nearest the western ocean. — Sullivan, p. lis.— Tliis was confirmed by a Stalest deed, Feb. 18, 17U9,^and defined to b<- (on the east side of the Kennebeck) <* in the north line of Woolwich." The north lino bein^ without any definite boundarj', was determined by deed, obtained of the Sngamores, A. D. 184f , by the Plymouth Colony, and nnother A. D. 1S5S. " of all the lands from Cuslinoc to jyeunruniet ;*' and by the sunreys and plans of Johnson, Bane and Brudhnry, and the deposU tions of old men. ftce " itatemtnl vf Kennthttk C/aj'm," A. D. 1783—6, con- firmed by same Deed of State, 1789.— 8 GrttnltafU Rep. p. 111.— On^ht not the date of the Pat. to be ''A. D. 1630," new style i—Prince't Am, p. 197-8.— Su//iran, p. 170. n Palenl. 1630. 8^ THfc HISTORY jyWf: A.D. ie!fb. gagemehtl t»7 Ihem and their tssociates, to bring 50 mhabitanta into the plantation within ieven years, and to advance, as much as practicable, its interests, and give it strength and safety against * natives and invaders.'* The first habitations were near the sea* shore ; and though the increase and growth of the plantation had hitherto been quite slow, its people were orderly, healthful, and contented. If ancient statements be correct, they had, J about this time, perhaps when the patent was received, an organ- ized administration of government, "Vines being Governor, and Bonython assistant."f They also raised taxes for the support of public worship ; and cultivated an harmonious and lucrative uitercourse with their savage neighbors. Another patent, much more extensive and important, was obtain- ed from tlie same source, A. D. 1630, and called Ltgokia. The territory, though indefinitely described, was 40 miles square, and extended from Cape Porpoise to Casco, as limited ; but as it was afterwards considered, it reached to the southerly margin of Mer> ryconeag peninsula, [Harpswell,] in Casco bay.'l In some in- stances the Plymouth Council granted the rights, both of soil and government. The present was of that character, being a chajler of privileges as well as a patent of lands. It was executed by the Earl of Warwick, their president, and by Sir Ferdinando, claimant of the country under a former assignment of Laconia to him and Mason, followed by a partition between them. If we may give credit to Hubbard and Sullivan, John Dye, Thomas Impe, Grace Harding, and John Roach, gentlemen of London, were the proprietary grantees ; and they made provision for set- * Livery of siezin was given June 25 and 28, 1631. — See these two pa- tents entire in Appx. of rolsoni's Savo and Biddcford, p. 315 — 319.— Sea also Dk. of Cfaimi, p. 8 — 53. — Vines was the agent of Gorges, who for tin most part kept tlio plantation in his own hands.— i/u66ar(/'< A*. E, p. ^4. f In the memorandum to the deed of Paisaconaway and others, May 17, 1620, this is inserted as an attestation, >' Rinhard Vines, Governor, Richard Bonython, assistant of the plantation of Saco."— 1 Btlk. JV, //. Appx. p. 291. — But qucro as to the genuineness of that deed?— Sr< Sullivan, p. lU 218 — 220—224, — yinet lived near Winter-harbor on the sea shore.— i/ony<> hon lived on the east side of the river, l-4th mile from the water.— Su//. p. 22.. } It extended toKenncbunk river west; and probably to Harpswell, east, for the titles to the lands in the latter town were from the Plymouth pro- prietors.— Jti5. Letter of Rrv. Mr. Eaton.— Th* patent says its extent » is 40 miles." — It is •' south of Sagadahock," from C. PoipoiM to C. Elisabatb. ^lAT. IU>] or MAOIK. iH9 tling t oolcoy principally with ■griculuiralistt, and eitabUshii^ a A.O. mid. (am of citril government. To encourage emigiation, very an- tiiMting stories were told. The slicres M>ere represented, as in- dented with harbours, adorned with Islands, and wa^ed by never- freezing waters ; and the uplands as diversified with promontories, streams and marshes, and heavily clothed with a mixture of hard wood and evergreen, which must possess a deep productive soil ; and while settlers were converting it into enclosures of cultivation, they could take sea and river fish, land and water fowl, and plenty of game, such as beaver, bear and deer. In the spring, a connexion was formed between the patentees ^iwif'juh?. and Bryan Brinks, John Smith, and eight other husbandmen, who engaged to emigrate ; and a small vessel of only 60 tons, drawing ten feet of water, was procured, which in compliment to the en- terprize, was called the Plough. She sailed under the command of Capt. Graves, and arrived at Sagadahock in July. The com- pany settled themselves on the south side of that river, " in Cascc ' ^ Bay," — at a place not ascertained with certainty, perhaps at Pur- pooduck, or on the Peninsula. Here considerable money was ex- r>8nded, improvements were made, and suitable constitutions and ' ' ere established for governing the youthful colony.* i,i pleased witli their local situation, or the wild appearance of the country, tiiese colonists, like those of 1 C07, tarried one year only ; and then the most^ or all of them, being collectively called in ision *' the husband and company," abandoned the under- taki>>g. Indeed, the idea of agriculture was treated with so much contempt by some adventurers of the day, that the patent itself was by way of ridicule called the " Plough Patent." Informed, probably, of the fleet which had passed their shores with the Mas- sachusetts colonists, the greater part re-embarked in the Plough, proceeded to Boston, in July 1631, and thence to Watertown ; and Mr. Winthrop says, " most of them proved familists and van- * It was a dinputed point if the P. Council could p;rnnt the prerogative! of ifovcrnincnt.— 1 Dtug. Sum, p. 416.— 1 Btlk. JV. //. p. 28.— 1 Hutch. Hilt. p. 317. — Sullivan, p. 305, lay*, the advcnturcri mrant to pursue ag- riculturo ai well as trade and the fishery. Two Islands were granted in the river ^af^Hdahock, "about three score miles from the sea," under 43" and 44" N. Lat., but there arc none such hereabouts. — Sullivan, p. 310—311— 312. teul. .JLD. 1690. iabed awaf."*' Thw, htmeftt, is considered the en of the ori^ ioal settlement about Casco.f Failing of success •:; tbe Btu endeavour, the Patentees, in 1638, took another associate, fifr. Richard Dummer, of Newbury, in N. England; — to whom they delivered the original patent, and gave him ample powers to take possession of the country. But he was unibic to succeed in the plans they devised ;% ^^^ ^he settlements eastward of Spurwink, where Commock, Gains and Joscelyn,'^ began aplan> tation, must have been few and feeble, till the patent was assign, ed to Sir Alexander Rigby. '** •'!»"or ^^^ ^^^^ patent graiaed by the Plymouth Council, was od ,^afa- |)je 2d of March, 1630, to John Beauchamp, of London, and Thomas Leverett, of Boston, in England ; and was called the " MiTscoNous Patent, or grants Its extent was from the sea- board between the rivers Penobscot and Muscongus, to an un- surveyed lint . jnning east and west, so far north as would, without interfering with the Kennebeck Patent or any other, embrace a territory equal to 30 miles square. || About 89 years afterwards, the Waldos became extensively interested in the grant ; and from them it took the name of " the Waldo Patent.^ It was pro- cured expressly for the purposes of an exclusive trade with the natives. It contained no powers of civil government. The asso- ciates concerned in the anticipated traffic, were the Patentees, and Shirley, Hatherly, and Andrews. They appointed Edward Ashley their agent, and William Pierce an assistant ; and despatched them the same summer in a small new-made vessel, with five labourers, one of them a carpenter, and furnished them with provisions, arti- cles of trade and supplies, equal to the exigency of the enterprize. In the autumn, they procured at New-Plymouth, " com and warn- • Wintlirop's Jour. July 1631, p. 27.— Hubbard's N. E. p. 141. t At Purpoodic, the first settlement was early.— JJ/S. Let. E. Thrathtr Enq. — Commock, Gaines nnd Joscelyn began at Black Point, towards Spur- wink. I HubbardU J^ar. p. 293—291. — He says, " being denied an opportunity to effect it, Dummer came orer in 1632. He waa an ancestor of Lt. Got. Dummer." . . } Sullivan, p. 128. II About 1,000,000 acres. The north line of the patent, as since settled, is in the south lino nf Hampden, Ncwbnrg and Dixmont. If Sfc I Ifru. Coll. p. 304—5. The patent itself is in the family of the late Gen. Knox. The r^ate there is " March 18, 1629," old ityla. pum" suited to the wants of winter.* They estabh'shed i truck* a.d, bouse on the eastern banks of St. George's river, 6ve miles below ibe head of tide-waters,f where a possession and traffic were continued till the first Indian war. The eijhthj and last grant of land?, by the Ply mouili Council, ivmnqiiid within the present state of Maine, was the " PcMAquiD'^ Pa- *'*'"' TENT," which was dated Feb^ 20th 1631. This was to two mer- chants of Bristol, Robert Aldiworth and Gyht Elbridge. It extended from the sea between the rivers Muscongus and Dam- ariscotta, so far northward as to embrcce 12,000 acr^s, besides settlers* lots} as it also was to include 100 acres, for pvery per- »*>« son, who should be transported hi'.her by the pioprittcis within seven years, and reside here three years. The grant v as made to the patentees in consideration of public services past, and their present engagements to build a town. It included the Damaris' cove Islands, and all others within nine leagues of the shore. By this instrument,!! which was a charter as well as patent^ extensive privileges were secured to the proprietary grantees and their associates, and also the powers of establishing nn adminis' tration of civil government. They had a ligLtto hunt, fith, fowl, and trade with the natives, in any part of New-England , and these were their exclusive privileges, whliin their own patent. The fee-simple seemed to have been granted ; yet upon condi- tion of forfeiture, if conv'eyed to any other than "ihtir ten- ants." They were authorized to elect such civil officers by a major vote, and enact or make such laws, as the exigency of * Princo't Ann. p. 203. •f 1 Dnvglat, Svmm. p. 389,406.- The ship in wliich Mr. Allerfon, of ft. Plymouth came, was tlir Lyon. Capt. Wm. Pierce, matter, who tailed from Briitol, Engfland, for Penobscot witb the agent oftlic MusconTus patentees, accompanied by 4 or 5 men AUcrton, was engaged in a trading house at Penobscot and Machias.— Brar/^ur(/'i LiiUn. 3 Coll. J\l. Hiit. Soc. p. 70.— 72. I Namely, 1 Laconia A D. 1GS9; 2d Agamcnliciis ; 3d Black Point| 4th Kennebec ; 9tli Saco (2) ; 61h Lygonia ; and 7th Muscnngiu. }" PcmkiieiJg." — Indinn, I) See an extract of thiR in 1 flat. Coll. p. 315— S13 : and eitirc, in the Cimimiiiiontrt' Rrpnri upon the cautn of the d{fiirultie* intht county tif LitX' nh^A. D. 1811, p. 83—41. By the location of the settlers, on lots of lOO acres, from jear to year, and then giving the quota of 12,0liO acres to the proprietors, caused long difficulties ; Ibe claim amouatiog in all to about 90|000 acres. Vol. I. 19 T' I ' First wiile' menl,— A. bhurip, Ageal. fM THE HISTORY [V«Im U A.B. 1691. (heir affun required. They might 'seize by foree of arms, aQ unltcenaed^intruders, and c '"^^-r w^'^ t«s.'rs*;' ■■:'*;'. -'.wr »?s^.-.' .«!, • The visitants, as well as inhabitants, were highly pleased with the situation of Pemaquid. A smooth river navigable a league and a half above the point, a commodious haven for ships, and an eligible site for a fortress, at once, filled the eye. Here was a canal cut 10 leet in width, and variously deep from 6 to 10 feet, on the east side of the river which passes the first ripples^ — an enterprize devised and finished, at a time and by hands unknown. IT • n.- ' i *p^' wj" />.eiwe venturers, whose agent was Walter Neal ; and of the latter, sev» eral Bristol and Shrewsbury gentlemen, who had intrusted the agency to Thomas Wiggin. Neal's residence was partly at Kit-- r->- «tery-point and partly at Strawberry-bank [Portsmouth.] He had five associates, in the various business of trade, lumbering, fish- ing, salt-making and husbandry ; two of whom, Chadbourne and Gibbins, living at Newichawannock. Being the joint agent of Gorges and Mason, r?een A. D, 1632-4; and there aro no other g^rants from Gorges and Mason jointly to be found on record.— Su//ir«n, p. 127, 142-3, ' '^ - v ,fv(^ y^^i*^ >. \ Chalmers, p. 472. — 1 FJaz. Coll. 323. — Adventurers were much dis- courafred in 1632. Capt. Coinmock, of Black-point and Mr. Godfrey, prob< ably of Ag^auiejiticue, went from Piscataqua in Oct. 1(>32, in Capt. P^cal'i pinnace toBoston^ and carried 16 bhds. of corn iomiU.—'Winthrop^s Jour. p. 44. N. B. — It is stated by one writer that the Council, by patent in 1631, »» conveyed to Robert Trctatcney and Moset Goodyear, of Plymouth (Eng- land] mprchftnts, a tract of land extending from the mouth of a small stream called 3j,iiiruink river, on the line between the towns of Scarboro' and Cape Elizaljiith, fifteen J7n7e« into the interior ; thence crossing cast- wardly to Prcsumpscot river, and so down to the sea. Portland and sev- eral other towns arc situated within tjje limits of this patent." — Foltom, p. 29. The patentees did not come over, but sent tlu-ir associate, John Winter; to whom Mr Vines, the attorney to the Council delivered posses- jjion, July 21, 1632. Mr. Winter cstahlishod himself at Richmond Islaiiil, where ho resided 15 years and employed soiuctimoa 60 men in the business of fishing. — To Winter was comujiltad the fiiU government of 'ho plants^ ^ion." — Jotstlyn't Voyugtt. ^ . : > 'j. . ;. .- », C>Ay. vf'l OP MAINEL 2ii CHAPTER IV. jVopa Scotia — Grants to la Tour — His commission — Treaty of St. Oermains — Acadia resigned to France — Gotrrned by Razilla— Penobscot truck-house rifird — Machias trading-house set up by Neu}-Plymouth — Grants to Razilla and la Tour — Maehicu truck- house rifled — The natives restkss — Piracy — Homicide at Kennt- heck — Gorges and Mason purchase out the interest of Proprie- tors — The Charter of the Plymouth Council dissolved — Twelve Royal Provinces formed — Attack upon Massachusetts Charter— i^. > Lords Commissiontrs of Plantations — 3Iason's death — Gorges\ , discouragements. ,^y^. ,^^Y,Rtf .«j .y^^j^tsfc >?^^'> gwaa iwtl TSii Sir William Alexander, after the royal confirmation of his> ^ "^ charter, transported Scotchmen hither, to settle at Cape Sable ^"*" Sw and one or two other places, and undertook to govern it by a palatinate commission.'*^ But this was visionary ; — and his efforts were both ill concerted and feeble. Tiie energy of Gorges and the perseverance of Mason, were qualities to which he was a total stranger. He stood trembling in the late war through fear, that bis province would be seized upon by the French ; when Claude St. Estienne de la Tour, a French Protestant, perceiving his dif- ficulties, procured of the French king, in 1627, a grant of lands, Tour, Qve leagues on each side of the river St. John, extending back two leagues from the shore ; and then by the arts of address, and the more powerful arts of religious profession ; by proffering his assistance in the cause of colonial settlements, and Slewing a high respect for the Scottish presbyterians ; he ingratiated himself into tiie favour of Sir William, and obtained leave to build and im- prove within his patent.f La Tour's immediate residence seems to have been, either at Port-Royal or " the fort la Tour and Alexander," on tlic river St. John ; and Sir William, who had the right of ronferring titles of honour upon any inhabitant of New-Scotland, gave him, Nov. 30, 1629, the hereditary order of baronet of the country, in ex- Orants to la ^ ! • Sullivan, p. 278. 1 1 Ilutcliinson't Ilistorv, p. 121 — 122. THE HirrORY [V«u 1. A. D. 1630. ftna ratrflratHMi for his worth and high attachmenti to the Britah interests.* Indeed, his friendship and favour appear extniTaganf for on the 30th of April, 1 630, a few days after peace, he gave la Tour and his son Charles, a patent of territory, from Cape Sabie to la Heve, 15 leagues in breadth ; embracing at least a third part of the peninsula. It was a valuable acquisition ; and in return, they merely engaged to hold it, erected into two Baro- nies, equally divided between them, in fief as an inheritable titu- lar dignity, and ever after, to be the faithful vassals of the king of Scotland. Sir William, moreover, told them, tliey should have a charter, when requested, under the great seal of [that kingdom, with more ample immunities ; and, May 12th, he extend- ' ' ed to the son, the same title of honour, he had conferred upon the father ; all which, he says, was in consideration of their merit and services.f -st^™.», , La Tour being determined to have a good portion of the country, whether it was under the dominion of England, France, or Scotland, procured, it is said, from king Charles, a confirma- tion of Sir William's grant to him, J and from Louis, the French king, a commission, Feb. 11, 1631, to begovernour of Acadia.§ But the settlements were far from enjoying prosperity and con- tentment. Even the people of Port-Royal, had, the preceding winter, while la Tour was there, suffered to such a degree, through want of provisions and suitable accommodations, that, of 70 English, French, and Scotch, in community, 30 died be- fore spring. The Scottish emigrants, indisposed to be under French rule, preferred to return home, and subsequent events shewed the wisdom of their choice, -shm-f n-h rrf-Zi Mi! ► v i-.- The treaty of St. Germains, March 29, 1 632, laid open to New-England the fate of this Acadian region. By the 3d arti- cle, Charles resigned to the French monarch, " all the places " occupied by British subjects, in New-France, Acadia and Can- " ada— tjspecially the command of Port-Royal, Fort Quebec " and Cape Breton." #Ie it Mp- poiuted Governor, Feb. II, )631. «l Marvh 29, 1632. Treaty o( j3l. Ger- niaiui. *Tho title—" Sir Claude de St. Esticnne, knigUt, lord de la Tour ct de "la War, baronet of New-Scotland."— His son's—-' Charles St. (do Den- •« niscourt et Baig^ueux) lord," &c. The bad^e of office was,—" in gold '* enamelled, from an orange tawny ribband (pendant) this cirounascriptioo, " jFVix mentis Honutae Gloria.'"— I Haz. Coll. p. 298. f 1 Haz. Coll. p. 307 — 9, where the patent is entire. * I I Hutch. Hilt. p. 121. { Letter Book, Sec. office Boston, 106. Cbat. It.] op mains. g%f From thb trmnctkia may be traced events in train rooet im- a. o. lOss. portant to the northern colonies, especially Maine, and also to Ae*t\\» r*. England heraelf.* It was an exercise of royal prerogative io |!vr!!^'° character. For it originated in the intrigues of a marriage-bro- kerage, seven years before ; and was finished without consulting tiie nation's feelings or the rights of individuals. It is true, the ministry promised Sir David Kirk £5000 in consideration of his '.'^ claim to Canada, yet it was never paid.f Sir William was cre- ated earl of Sterling ; but if he were flattered with any hopes of further rewards, or future emolument from his Province, they vrere biasted by disappoimment. The English were not, how- erer, to be wholly excluded from Acadia ;;{; though the act amount- ed to a downright cession, without limits or condition. Had Nova Scotia, which has boundaries, been mentioned in the treaty, the ex- tent of the restitution could have been ascertained ; whereas, by the artful draft of the third aiticle, the avenues wore opened for un- limited controversies about lines and limits, which are among the worst of national evils.'^ ♦ Chnlmcr.1, p. 112, supposes — to this transsctioii may be traced a cause of the disputes of the Colonies with tlie mother country. — Jirit. Jim. 346. f iColl. Mass. His. Soc. p. 233, 3d scries. JOg;ilby, p. 134. {This 3d Artkh is in I Ilaz. Cull. p. 319-320. Also 19 Fo/. liymer, p. 360—1, in French. It is said this trcnty was long in nep^ociatton, — finished in 1631. But the third Article was nut tucked to it till March 29, 1632. As lliis article is important, it may be proper to give a literal translation in this place. — •' His Majesty of Great Britain promises by his "ambassador — to give up and restore to his most ('hristian Majesty all the "places occupied in Jifew-Frnncey Acadia and Canada by his subjects of his "Majesty of Great Britain, causing the latter to reiiro from the said pla- " CCS— and deliver to the commissaries of the most Christina king in good ■'faith, the power which he (the ambassador) has from his Majesty of Great "Britain, for the restitution of the said places, together with the orders '■of his said Majcst}', to all those commanding in Port-Royal, Fort'Qutbec, ^^and Cape-Breton, in order that the said places be given up and re- " stored into the hands of those to whom it shall please his most Christian "Majesty to direct, aight days after said orders shall be notified to those "now commanding or may command in the said places. The said term of "eight days being given them to retire from said places, positions, and "forts, with their arms, baggage, goods, gold, silver, furniture, and gencr- " ally all that may belong to them— to whom and to all those who are in " the said places is given the term of three weeks after the said eight days «' are expired, during which, or sooner, if may be, to embark ia their vea- "sels with their arms— and generally nil which belongs to them, to remove tnkcii nf Arflilio nil- dor Razilln, t48 THB HISTORY [Voi» I. 1^0. J039. Such proceedings, and the idea of a residence in the vicinity of papists, filled the English colonists with the deepest anxieties and regrets.* Ahout this time the Plymouth Council, checked in their course by these evenis and otliers at home, suspended further grants ; holding by their charter, the territory between Penobscot and St. Croix, unassigned and unsold. Cardinal Richelieu, prime minister of France, appointed',^, de Rmilla, a military officer, to take the possession and com- mand of the Acadian country ; and the keys of Port-Royal, and of the fortress in the Scottish plantation at Cape Sable, were demanded without loss of time. The other scattered settlements were ready to accept of any patron or protector ; and the Car- dinal made speedy preparations to ship hither, companies of planters, a fresh supply of Jesuit missionaries, and tlie necessary provisions.f The same year Samuel Champlain returned to Quebec and resumed the government of Canada ; and within the three last years of his life, he saw his colony, aided by new recruits, by the generosity of benefactors, and by tlie " Company of New France," rising to a flourishing condition. J . " v t 1 IlTo^'jlim'' Apprehensions, entertained by the English Colonists of secret IVhoIiscoi. j^|.jg Qj. sudden violence in seizing upon the country, were not witli- out foundation. For at an unguarded hour a French vessel, pilot- ed by a treacherous Scotchman, visited the New-Plymouth trad- « from thence rnto England without slaying' longer in those countries." The Frenchified Court of Oiarles I. might as well have given up Massachusetts as Acadia ; — for the French could make out no better title toone than the other.— 1 Hw/c/i. jHw<. p. 83, 34, 93. ./i- ..^' •Winlhrop's Journal, p. 47. t Chalmers, 164.— Winthrop's Jour. 37. 1 1 Belk. Biog. p. 344. { Chnmplain in 8lh Chap, of hU Voyages, calls the south shore of the Peninsula, the Acadia. Mens. Denys, a man of merit and a correct writer, compiled a Geojraphrcal and Historical Description of ISf. America, A. D. 1672, in two volumes. The first gives a description of the country beltreen Penobscot and Cape Rozicr, and the 2d comprehends the Natural History and accoimt of the natives. He was Gov. and Lt. Gen. under the Frencb king and dwelt a long time in the country. He supposes the northern and eastern regions of the French were Canada; therefore he divides the conn. try into Provinces ; — the Ist extcmling from Pentagoet to St. John, previ- ously as he says ' Norimbagua ;'' 2d, from St. John to Cape Sable, ca!'ed Bay Francois ; Sd, Acadia, from Cape Sable to Cape Canseau ; and 4th, from Cape Canseau, to Cape Rozier, called Bay of St. Lawrence or Gospe. Tbe latter, Denys himself claimed. C»A»' >▼•] or MAINE. ing-house at Penobscot, early in June j when her crew, conduct- ing in the true character of freebooters,— pretended they had put into harbour in distress, and would esteem a permission to repair leaks and refresh themselves, as a great favour. Embol- dened by generous courtesies received, as well as by information of the master's absence with most of his men on a tour westward for goods, they first examined the fort-arms to ascertain if they were charged ; then seizing swords, and loaded muskets, ordered the three or four remaining keepers of the truck-house to surren- der upon pain of instant death, and to deliver their goods and immediately help put them on board. Having in this shameful manner rifled the fort of its contents, to the amount of £500, they bade the men this taunting and insuhing farewell, — Utllyour master to remember the Isle ©/"Re.'* »^- But the New-Plymouth colonists, undismayed by this piratical attack, kept the station and pursued their traffic, thiee years longer, before they were forced to abandon the p. ice en icly. Moreover {he next spring, they established at Machias a new trad- ing-house, which they replenished with a variety of valuable commodities, and put it under a guard of 5 or 6 men i ust- worthy and well armed. f It was an eligible station, abov ' Cr;>s8 Island on the west bank of the river ; the remains of an ancient fort being yet visible tliere. They might have been encouraged and supported in this enterprize, by colonial proprietors, and even by the Plymouth Council, in a full determination to keep possession of the country. The French monarch desirous to advance the settlement of his Acadian colony, made several grants. One of the first was to Razilla,^ which embraced the river and bay of St. Croix, and the Islands in the vicinity, *M2 leagues on the sea and 30 leagues into the land." Its eastern boundary ?• obably adjoined the western line of the royal patent, made three years before to k Tour. The new grant was extensive ; yet it is not ascertained, A.D. ICtt. A. D. 1631 French (irnms to Kazilla and la Tour. * Huhbard't JV. E. p. 161.— 1 Hutchinton.^t Hit. p. 34.— The French took " 300 lbs of Beaver." 1'he taunt alluded to the brilliant succcssci of the French at the Isle of R^, in France, A. D. 1627.— 4 Humt p. 370. \ Mr. Vines, of Saco, was part owner of the goods ; and is said to have been the principal sufferer when they were taken away.— rPtrUArop't J»ur. p. 301. X 1 Hutchiruon't Hiit. p. 121 says, it was to la Tour : but Chalmtr$t p. 166, and 1 Charlevtix, 170, say it was made to Raailla. Vot. I. \9 9Bv THERiarroRY (y«ui. A. D. 1634. whether it did or did iiot extend southward of the rirer St. Croix. Certain it is, that every other was northward of it, if we except the dormant one to de Monts. The next year, he made to Claude de la Tour four important grants.* One was an hundred miles eastward upon the coast from the Isle of Sables, and as many miles inland ; a 2d was that Island itself ; and the other two were upon the north shore of the Peninsula, viz. Port-Royal and a territory about it two leagues square ; and Minims, a tract of like extent still farther eastward, on the bay of that name. His command was subordinate to Razilla, and his principal pursuit was i traffic with the natives. Avarice, pride, and passion were la Tour's faults ; and such high resentments did he affect to feel, when he heard of the trad* ing house set up at Macliias, that he hastened away to lay it in ruina. Meeting with resistance, he killed two of the defendants ; and after rifling the house of all the valuable articles he could find, he carried his booty and the survivors to Port-Royal. — The amount of property pillaged was 4 or JS500. Afterwards in reply to Mr. Allerton, of New-Plymouth, who came td re- cover the prisoners and goods, and to inquire if he had au- thority for this transaction ; la Tour, declared with no small degree of impudence and insult, / have taken them at lawful prize; — my authority is from the king of France, who claims the. coast from Cape Sable to Cape Cod; — / wish the English to understand, if they trade to the eastward of Pemaquid, I sh(dl seize them ; — my sword is all the commission I shall show ;— when I want help, I mil produce my authority.f Take your men and begone. Within the last three years, some restlessness nnd hostile move- ments were apparent among the Indians. A barter with tliem had been extensive ; the traders were diameters whose probity was often questionable; all the civil authority of the cojntry was in name, rather than in vigorous exercise ; and when or where it becomes a maxim, * to cheat an Indian in the dark is a small sin/ we may suppose acts of injustice will be muhiplied, and acts of revenge will be repeated in return. Take an instance: — At La Tour Mixn upon MacliiM •Dd claim* to Pema- 1 »"'*«. Conrfiict of Um uaiive*. *Tlictt> were ronririnalory (iriiii granlH fiotn Alcxatulcr. t //ut6ort/'» JV. E.y>. 163 — mnthrapU Jour. p. 57,— 7^.— Dut in pag* 900, it would loein la Tour acQl Iho priaoncn to Fruuce. Of .*i 4»»i* Cbat. rr.] of mainb. ^%. Richiiioiid Island, liired one Wahar Bagnall* called great Watt, A. D. MH. < where he and his companion, by three years' trade with the na* tires, bad amassed property to the amount of £400. But wealth acquired by fraud, is often tnken avray by force. Squid- rayset,f a Sagamore, and a few of his tribe, 6lled with revenge for wrongs received, went to the Island in the fail of 1631, killed the men, and after plundering the house, reduced it to ashes.} Neal, immediately dispatched from Piscataqua a party in search of the murderers. The pursuers found at the Island, '* Black Will," whom though as probably innocent as guilty, they in ven- geance bung up by the neck till he was dead.§ In return, his blood ,783 avenged the winter following, upon an Erglish traveller wandering up the Saco ;||^-deaths to be far mc:e deeply lament- ed, because they excited enmity between the parties. . '. <^> The Tarratines or Eastern Indians, as their intercourse with the French became familiar, were evidently much emboldened in feats of courage and purposes of revenge. The Sagamores of Agawam [Ipswich,] having treacherously slain several "Tarratine families," were thought to be sheltering tl)emselves in a cowardly manner, under the protective friendship of the English planters at that place. This awakened feelings of animosity towards both ; and an intended massacre was fortun- ately prevented by Robin, an Indian friend, who gave to an Eng- lish youngster the information. On the appointed day, four sav- ages came and began to talk with him. But his looks and lan- guage towards them were rough : — Begone laid he or Til thoot you. Believing their pk>t discovered, they fled. He then beat briskly upon n drum, and fired an alarm-gun ; and presently he saw 40 canoes full of savages push out to sea. This was in !632 ; afterwards, the brave Tarratines, making another attack upon the Agawam Indians, slew several ; and not far from Bos- ton carried off a Sagamore's wife in triumph. IT *Biig[nall was a wicked ffllow and had much wronged the Indians. — Winthrep'i Jitur. p. 8'^. f Or SciUeryguntt. I In 1632 ono Jenkins went with an Indian from Cape Porpoise up into the country, with gfoods to truck or trade, where he was killed and his foods stolen, while he wcs sfcepingf in a wig^wam. But a chief recovered the ffoods and sent them h%ck.— f yinthrop. } Wintbrop't Jour. p. 30. g Hubbard's N. E. p. 142,— MS,— 169. f 1 Hutchiusen's Hist. p. as,— 33. • ' ( Piwjr of Disy UM THE HISTORY [VoL. |. AiD^ 1CS4. These expeditions and akirmiriies, tbe claims and menaces of tbe French, and some acts of piracy along the eastern coast, necessarily occasioned no small anxiety and discouragements, among the settlers.* A crew of sixteen renegadoes, headed by Dixy Bull, a master-spirit of iniquity, from being engaged in the Indian trade, turned pirates; and in 1632, were bold and desperate enough to attack the fort at Pemaquid, which they suc- ceeded in rifling, though with the loss of a ringleader by a shot from the palisade. They continued to prowl along the coast, visit- ing the Eastern settlements, taking some plunder and doing other mischief, till the succeeding summer. In an address sent by them to the plantation governors, and signed " Fortune le Garde," tliey say, — we next proceed southward — never shall hurt any more of your countrymen — rather be sunk than taken. They were pursued three weeks by a little squadron of four vessels and forty armed men, from Piscataqua, joined by a bark from Boston, without falling in with them. They proceeded eastward, and probably hearing of the bold push to take them, left the coaat. Bull went to England, where he met witli his deserts; and we hear noiiiing of his companions, after 1634, some of whom had been barbarously detained by him against their wills.f Another difficulty of a criminal character occurred at Kcnne- beck. It arose from the question of exclusive trade. New Ply- mouth in the exercise of that right, had upon the river two tra- ding stations, at fort Popham and at Cushnoc, and two resident magistrates, who were vested with |>ower to try every case not capital. All within the patent were obliged to take the oath of allegiance to that colony, and to obey its laws and tlie orders of the magistrates, or be banished. In May, one Hoskins coming hither in a vessel of lords Say and Brooke, from Piscataqua, was expressly forbidden to trade with the natives, and ordered to depart. John Alden, one of the magistrates, fmding him inexorable, sent three men to cut his ca- *In the tprinfi^ of lfl34, danq;ers being: nppreh«?nded from different q-iar- ton, Gov. Wiiisiotr, from Ncw-Plymoiilli, vitiled the fort of Kenncl)pck; where an Indian would have Icilled iiim had he not ileppcd down li«furo tbe aavago could take aim. HitUhfop't Jour, p. 64, f Hublmrd't ^r. /J. p. 160— 19G.— li Prinvti Ann. \>, 73— 03.— Hull .rid hi* crew, declared ng^ainitt excoitive drinking;— but when olhcri har« fnyn • we'll havt u itor/ or u lonj.'— /rinWrop'* Jour. p. 46. DifficulllM «l Kanm* beck. Chat. «▼•] "^ornAiriB. 258 Ues. They parted oit»—touck the Uher^ said he, sweariog with A. D. icsi> an oaih, and seizing a gun, and ^eatk it your porl'^n. They cut —^nd be shot one of them dead, receiving himself at the same moment a fatal wound. Tlie blood of these two men closed the scene in this quarter.* At Boston, afterwards, Mr. Alden was arrested on a warrant procured by a kinsman of Hoskins, and recognized to answer before the next Court of Colonial Assistants. In the mean time, two of the New-Plymouth magistrates and their minister, held a consultation with those of Boston upon the subject; — royalists and malcontents exclaiming loudly — when men cut throats for beaver, it is high time to have a general government. Wherefore, to avoid reproach and censure, Massachusetts encouraged or au- thorized a prosecution, though it was an affair exclusively within the jurisdiction of New-Plymouth. The advisatory tribunal, with prayer and examination of scrip- ture, made deep research into the principles and rights of the case, and at length decided — 1st. Tlint the New-Plymouth col- onists had an excbuive right to the trade within their patent, in virtue of the privileges granted ; that besides entering upon the territory, vacuum domicilium, they had been the constant posses- sors to the prese. time, undisturbed even by the natives ; and that they had originated a gainful traffic with them, especially in wampum, previously unknown to Englishmen. But, 2d. the act itseJfy they said, must be considered in some degree a violation of the sixth commandment ; and consequently it drew from Mr. Alden, a confession of deep regrets, though he insisted tliat Hos- kins was every way the aggressor. — It was, on the whole, adjudg- ed to be *' excusable homicide." In reply to a mediatorial letter addressed to lords Say and Brooke, in England, they said to the Governor of New-Plym- outh, — * we could, for the death of Hoskins, have despatched a ' man-of-war and beat down your houses at Kenncbeck about your ' ears ; but we have thought another course preferable ; let some 'of die Massachusetts magistrates, and Capt. Wiggin, our agent at '"ThiR wai probably at ruithnnc. [A' Hoon aftr- (he patent was *' £;ranti'i inaile n M'ttlempnt and built a tradini; houtc at Cmhcnock." — Statfrnrnt nfKennthrck Clnimi, p. 15. — Twenty hofrihcadi of btarcr wcr* takan by N. Plymouth at Kennebcck this ytr—ffinthrtp, p. sa 1 ■vrr vll -i 254 THE HISTORY [VoL. U A.D. itH. < Piscataqua, review the whole case and do justice in the pieini. < ses:' — And here the matter terminated.* Emicration .. ^' settlements were notv filling with people. Indeed, such ciwcked ^^'^ ^ numbers, which a spirit of emigration was bringing into this country, tliat the king, in 1 633, ordered, for a short time, the stay of several ships in the Thames,f though full of passengers and ready to sail. The measure was unwise, for most of the ^ emigre-.' j had no wealth; and ail that his realm lost by the re- movals, hi.: colonies gained. Even English merchants and ad- venturvTs jiemselves, especially those concerned in the various sorts of business at Piscataqua and eastward, had in view of their losses, expenses, and prospects, become rreatly discouraged. They were obliged to prepare at first an outfit of cattle, swine, goats, and sundry articles for building; and likewise supply the planters afterwards, from year to year with provisions, clothing, farming utensils, and medicines, besides engaging to pay them wages. Even the bread-stuff consumed, must necessarily be trai;>-ported from England in meal, or brought from Virginia, or ground in Boston, there being no mill nearer. '"•?'' ' ■" ' «' j* fiRif* to In this state of despondency, they sold and assigned their whole Mbmii! ' interest to Gorges and Mason ; and, in 1 634, these gentlemen made partition of all their joint property and concerns, and ap- pointed Francis fVilUams, their deputy governor respectively ; confining their enterprizes, the one to the northerly and the other to the southerly side of the Piscataqua.;^ ThePiym- At the present trying period of their affairs, the old charges «ii BMHiied ; against the Plymouth Council were revived with renovated vigour. byOorget. The merchants believed it possessed a monopoly of trade, which the public good required to be common ; and the Virginia company in England boldly threw their weight into the same scale. The major part of the Commons considered the members of that Council under royal influence, and supremely devoted to the claims of prerogative ; all high churchmen looked upon them as the foes of prelacy, because their territory had been * IFinthrnp^i Journal, p. 64, «8. — Hubbard'i JV, E. p. 168.— Ho calli the captain*! uainv " Hockinpf." f Dated Feb. 21, 1633—1 Hat. Coll. 31—8, entire. 1 1 BtUctwp'i J\r. H 2»6— 7. Letter* dated Aug. 1633. No mention it made of Walter Neal, after 1634 ; Mr. Willianit arrired lin.— Hubbard'i A*. S. a 19 m^ Cba». !▼•] orMABOB. 255 opened as an asylum to Firitans ; while the king himself suspected A»Dk MSi the New-England Colonists were; in the enjoyment of libertiea r aod privileges, wholly in consistent with his notions of regal power and government. Gorges, being chief tlirector in the Council's concerns, was again summoned before iSe Commons to shew cause, why the charter should not be revoked. He appeared in person, with his counsel, and defended * the Corporation and its measures,' with his accustomed ability ; pressing upon their recollection the unanswerable arguments adduced to them in 1624, and 1626. """ He reminded them of his own indefatigable, untiring exertions to advance the nation's interests in America ; — ' Yes, says he, I have « spent twenty thousand pounds of my estate, and thirty years, < tlie whole flower of my life, in new discoveries and settlements, ' upon a remote continent ; in the enlargement of my country's ' commerce and dominions ; and in carrying civilization and 'Christianity into regions of savages.' The members of the Company, added he, are entire strangers to the monopoly imput- ed — and to allege that they as associates have grown rich, is a most cruel aspersion ; for they could abundantly demonstrate, that their disbursements have very far exceeded their receipts. But he perceived now, that all farther resistance was vain. When decisions are only sanctions of decrees predetermined, all argu- ments, principles and rights, are nullities. A dissolution of the Plymouth Council must be its immediate fate. Never probably had the discouragements of Gorges and Mason "i»c«ur bordered mere nearly upon despair. The charges of establishing Oorgen and a plantation in a wilderness, they found to be three-fold its worth. The planters, being hired servants or tenants, were often indolent and wasteful ; and the fruits of their whole labour would not yield tliem a tolerable support. No supcrintendant could control their erratic dispositions, or prevent their changes of abode from place to place. The proprietors themselves had never visited the country, nor established a regular efficient government for tho puDishment of oflenders, or tho preservation of order. The French were making encroachments and comiuiuing mischief ; the Indians wore restless, if not unfriendl\ ; and to crown all, a violent unnatural warfare had conmienced between king and peo- ple at home. •• ? ftlaion. \ 256 A. D. my Twelve Di- vision* of tiK P. P4. «eiii. February 3. 'Fhe Divit- iom ar.d Aieifin- jneiiU, * THEBISTURy CV«I« I. 1 he riymoutb Council awaited its destiny |— and the remainbe member > made preparations for its untimely dissolution. Hence they couciuded to divide the whole patent into twelve Rojnl Provinces ; to draw lots, February 3d, 1 635, in presence oi his Majesty, for :ach of the " Grand Divinom ;** an^i then to make or appropriate tlie assignments to s^-versJ *• iaoivjdua'" accor. dingly.' ft M^ Tkejint province or division, emb'ace« I. Governor General over the whole country. Several took new patents, particularly Lord Sterling, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and John Mason. The rights and claims of the Massachusetts colonists were the greatest obstacles, apparently in the way, to prevent the coraple- tion of the arrangement. Hence the council petitioned the king to revoke their charter, alleging, that it had been surreptitiously obtained, and was holden wrongfully ; that their territory in fact belonged to Robert Gorges, who when governor took actual possession of it ; that the present claimants were downright in- truders, who after ousting his tenants, had extravagantly stretched their pretended grant from sea to sea, an extent of 3000 miles,— " riding over the heads of proprietary lords" and other freehold- ers, " whose allotments, to the extent of 80 or 100 leagues upon the Atlantic coast, had been assigned to them in his Majesty's presence:" and that they. had moreover clandestinely obtained a charter from the crown, without the council's approbation; thereby cutting in pieces the original fouudation of the building, forming a new superstructure, with novel ecclesiastical polity, and strange laws ; whipping and banishing offenders, — burning tlie'r houses over their heads ; and in fact, claiming to be absolute masters of the country. j ,-, t , s. .i' ■■:\_ ^ ,,i ,,■ *. A decree, though entered against the charter was never carried into execution.* The Council had their last meeting, April 25, 1635, when only IG members were present. Tliey entered in their books, the causes of iheir proceedings, saying— " we have been bereaved of friends, oppressed with losses, expen- ' ses, and troubles ; assailed before the Privy Council again and * again, with groundless charges ; and wcrkcned by the French ' and other foes without and witliin the realm, and what remains * is only a breathless carcase, we — therefore now resign tlie patent ' ta the kingtf first reserving all grants by us made and all vested 'rights ; — a patent we have holden about 15 years.' The king, in anticipation of this event had on the 28th of April, appointed • 1 Huz. Coll. |), 391—423. Itulbard't K. E. p, 180, 327, 272. Jnd^niicnt Wat ffivcB that >' tlie francliiscs should be seized into (he kini^'s hands." But it wai after this overluokod till May 3d, IG37 ; Ilolmet' .-], .i. says, 1G38, in p. 302, JSTote 4.— See the Pleadings.— 1 Hat. Coll. )\ 23—3. f See this instrument of surrender, 1 Uas. Coll. 393 — 1, dated June 7, 1635. See tito Hukhitum'tColL of StaUPapen, \01— 4. II of his PriTy- Councilors, Lords Comm$9Wnert ef t^ AwA.D. ifas* Uytrican PlantationM. and committed to diem the eeneral^'dtCMiH * liiwaMn superintendance and direction of colonial affairs.* This Boarck of ptanu* presented Sir Ferdinando to the Crown, and procured for him poiatwir a commission of Governor General over the whole of New- Sir F. Gar* Englitnd. Though sixty years of age, he was in full possession f,t*. Gov of iiis energies, both of intellect and body, and emulous of the N^Engiand. appointment. A man-of-war, was in preparation to bring him hither, which was to remain here for the defence of the country. But in launching, she turned on her side and was broken; the ^ enterprize thereby failed, and Sir Ferdinando never taw America. Immediately in train followed the death of John Mason, one ,» ^ , •^ ' Death of of his ablest coadjutors, — a gentleman whose exertions, merits p/P*- J"''" / ,.. .• •iBson. and knowledge of American affairs, had given his character a well-earned eminence, in the general estimation of English mer- chants and ad venturers, f It was an event lamented more deep- ' • ly by none other, than by Gorges himself. Mason had been governor of Newfoiuuiland and Vice-President of the Ply- ' mouth Council ; and had rendered himself only obnoxious to the '. people of Massachusetts, in consequence of his endeavours with' others, to procure a revocation of their charter. J A few days before his death, Nov. 26, he finished his will, by which he made a bequest of Mnsonia to his grandaughter, Anne Tufton, and jirr heirs ; it being all the estate he claimed northward of Pis- ! ^.: catoqua. It is not ascertained, that more than vwo or three of Royal char- ters actually passed the seals, in confirmation of the twelve pa- tents, though four of them fell within the present State of Maine, of which Gorges always exercised a provid:%it care ; nor that any farther movements were made towards establishing a General Government, the event in which, he had talen so much interest.^ He now saw his mistakes and impolicy and endeavored to *1 FI.iz. Co I. p. 341— 7 — Hubbard's N. E. p. 264—8. fl Belli. N. [1. p, 2))-:Ji. }"Cnpt M.isim. [mii/ii JUnlfirnp^H Jiiur. p. 101) was tlic chief mover in allaltiinpls .iif.iinst us" [of Massaclnisetls;] " but the Lord in Uiercy tak- ing liiiii uw.iy, all t!ic business A;ll asleep." \ Gorges became quite cold after this, as to Ncw-Kng'und, *' mindinj only kit own division," or province. He told George Vaughan, soon after this, that he intended to get " a patent of the king, from Piscataqna to SagadahPck."— 1 Hom. Coll. p. 403. :,»:*■.!? A *l«w of N. CBrland piaalauoM 26^ TUB HISTORY [Vqiu. L A. p, 1635. tooount for his ill sueeets.'— * We have (he up,) been endeavor, ing to found plantations in a wilderness region, where men, bred up in a land of villages, farms and plenty, could hardly he hired to stay ; or if inducedao become residents, they must be fed ia idleness, from their roaster's crib, yet with few or no returns. We have made the discoveries and opened the fields for others to take the harvest. Trade, fishery, lumber, these have been the phant >ms of pursuit ; v/hile there has been a criminal neglect of husbano.y, the guido to good habits, the true source of I4I-; .* wealth, and the almoner of hiiraan life.'* By dear experience, he found, that foreign [ kntations, control- ed by great corporations, three thousand miles distant, did exhibit A *f a very unpromising growth ; and that the best concerted schemes <♦*«» of government, formed at the table of cold calculation, were alto- gether uncongenial to the genius and pursuits of a people in a new country. Far removed from the pageantry of wealth, titles and luxury, and from the hostilities of rivals and persecutors, they acquired at once a relish for a rural life and civil independ- ence. Among men, enterprizing enough to leave their native homes, all notions of quit-rents and lordships, necessarily vanish- ed before the plain maxims of fee-simple-estates, and the plainer rights of conscience and equality. As Chalmers says, • when * the restraints wer.e removed, and men left free to manage their ' affairs, in the way most agreeable to themselves ; the colonists ^( i/^ « engaged in every laudable pursuit, and acquired an extent of > population, of commerce, of wealth and of power, unexampled * in the annals of the world.'f * Gorges' Nar. p. 48, 49. ?«*!• ; V;!,ri' !-r*fvf-'.. t Cbalmer's Aanals, p. 96. CiA».^«] OPMAlMBi 261 w> ^1 .» CHAPTER V. fhe French in Canada and Acadia — Razilla, la Tour and D'Aul- r,ey — Extent of their Claim — D'Aulney seizrs upon Penobscot — Attempts to remove him — The French challenge a right as far as Pemaquid — New-Somcrsctshire, the province of Sir Firdinando — William Gorges, Governor— Administration established at Saco—'^' Eight Settlements in the present State of Maim — Population — Peqitods destroyed — Emigration cluclrd — Sir Ferdinando ap- pointed Gov. Gen. of Ncic-England — His View of Colonial Af fairs — George Burdct's Character — He removes to Agammtirus — Civil Government needed in the Eastern Country — An Earth- quake, w^i. :?:>•!•,,-»;■*', '-v- -ht ;-: 'i'^tt^tf^ The French called all their dominions in North-America, by A.l>- IGCT ' "' to the general name of JVew-France.* This immense region, of 'C^-^. , ..^ . . . o ' American which Canada, Acadia, and Louisiana, were only component Kitiicii. parts, \ras granted in 1627 to " the Company of New-France ;"Toiir,'niid —a body of 107 associates, formed that year by Cardinal Rich- elieu. f By transporting labourers from time to time, into Can- ada, furnished with outfits of three years' necessaries, and by assigning to them lands and seeds enough to sow them, his pro- ';',!,", i ject was, to augment the population of that province, within 15- ' years, to 16,000 souls. But this was only a statesman's dream ; for a war with England soon happening, and other events inter- posing, entirely dissipated the vision. Acadia, or Nova Scotia,J was still under the military command * John Verazzani, a Florentine adventurer, in the service of the French king, who ranged tlie coast from Florida to Newfoundland, A. D. 1524, first gave it the name. He landed and took possession of Acp'lia. where the Indians killed him, and some say, ate him.— 40 Universal Hslcry, p. 20. \Jeffry'» IJut. \<. 101 The Company of New-Franct, gn-it d to la Tour, in 1635, the lands at St. John's river,— being the lhi<\l ,;• rant, or title, he had of the same territory.- 1st. From the French king; and 2d, from Sir William Alexander. The Company had been restored to their rights, A. D, 1639.— Bc/A:. Bing, {,. 344. tNovaScotia,cnl!ed Acadia, is commonly accounted a part of New- Fraiicc, which lieth on the wuth side of the river Canada,— ./oAn Ogilby't JWie World, p. 133. claim eiani' iiied TUB HyrroRT [Vofi. I. A, D. 1635 of General Razilla,* whose residence vnii> principally in the for- tress at La Heve, though his own pat«>i « adjoined St. Croix. A subordinate command of tli6 country, -anward of this river ;' he had given to la Tour ; and of that westward, as far as the French claimed, he had appointed M. d'Aulney commander. The Frpnrb Razilla seemed to possess a nobleness of character ; yet the 'manner of his seizing upon the Acadian province, or rather per- mitting some places occupied by the English to be plundered, gave them great and just offence. It is true, the third article in the treaty of St. Germains, was so artfully expressed, as to pro- vide for resigning Acadia, which had no certain Hmits, instead of Nova Scotia, whose boundaries were well defined. It was an advantage, however, in which, it seems, the French themselves had not at first any great confidence. For surely^^they must have been sensible, that Nova Scotia, by name, was tlie country in- tended to be surrendered,^-or why had they delayed to extend their claim ? — ^Why pillage the trading-house at Penobscot, three years past, and that at Machias not till a year afterwards ? — unless it were to ascertain if such flagrant acts would be resented ? — No doubt, it must have been in consequence of a conviction they had done wrong, and had very questionable rights, that they per- mitted the New-Plymouth colonists to resume the occupancy of the former place, and quietly to hold it till the present time. But Razilla, perceiving no public resentments expressed at the outrage, and probably informed of the late territorial assign- ment to lord Sterling, despatched d' Aulney, this summer (1635) in a man-of-war, to take possession of the country. The vehe- ment temper and base cupidity of this man, prompted him at once, to rifle the trading-house at Biguyduce (Penobscot), of all its contents in a piratical manner ; sending away the traders and their servants with no better consolation, than a mere sched- ule of the goods plundered, accompanied with boastful threats : — Go now * said he,' and tell all the plantations southward to the 40th degree, that a fleet of eight ships will be sent against them, within a year, to displace the whole of them ; and know, that " my commission is from the King of France." To avenge the wrong and drive the French from Penobscot, Capt. Girling, master of the Hope, a large ship hired at Ipswich, D'Aulney at Penot)- scot. manners, a • Called also " Rosillon," «« Razilly."— 1 Hutch. HitLp. 121. ClAr*V>] OP MAINE. 268 ^y the New-PJjmouth cokmisto for the purpose, and joined by a. d. ks^. their own barque, was employed and sent thither, to whom they agreed to give jC200, if he succeeded in regaining possession.* v . The enemy, 1 8 in number, having heard of the enterprize, had » , so securely fortified themselves, that though Girling vigorously prosecuted the attack, till his ammunition failed, he was unable ^^, > to force a surrender. f *7tet K'vv ^tJf;^sp.v/'5«v«Sr'3il^i^^ Oi All the English colonists deprecated every approaching move- e. Coioni«i nientof the French. Their Romish religion, tlieir love of arbi- Tr'noch. trary principles, tlieir connexions with the natives, their arrogant menaces, and predatory excursions, severally made tlieir local nearness both dreaded and lamented. Massachusetts in particu- lar, resolved to render New-Plymouth every assistance, and '■-■' make the expulsion of the French from Penobscot a common cause. She consulted with Capt. Sellanova, a gentleman of great military experience,! and immediately made preparations for an expedition thither : but it was entirely defeated by au un- common storm and hurricane, which did such immense damage, in the fields and elsewhere, that provisions for one hundred men, could not be procured without great diiHculty. Afterwards the French treated the colonists with more forbear- ance and kindness."^ A crew of Connecticut mariners, for in- stance, being wrecked on the Isle of Sables, received from them many testimonies of humanity, and were even transported to La Heve, the residence of Razilla ; from which place, he gave four of them a passage to France, and furnished the others with a shallop to convey themselves home. These generoits acts were in the last days of his life — happily monumental of his worth and clemency. II ' ■ .'..if^.'.--M<' D'Aulney was very much annoyed by Girling's vessels, still moored before his slender fortress ; and as soon as the unfoitunate mariners, arrived there, from La Heve, he told them he should detain them till Girling departed. The stratagem succeeded ;ir and when he dismissed them, he addressed a letter full of civil- ities to the Governor of New-Plymouth ; and subsequently, both he and la Tour, solemnly declared that they should never, without • VVinthrop's Jonr. p. 87. f Hubbard's N. E. p 162. t Massachusetts Rcc. p. 115. 5 niibbartl's N. E. p. 164. II 1 Hutchinson's Hist. p. 122.— Jf'inlhrnp p. C9 calls him " Mons. Com- mander of Roselle." IT Winthrop's Journal p. 89. f^4 ''"'^ HISTORY [Vot. I. A. D. 1635. further orders, claim any lands westward of Pemaqukl.* It is French certain, however, that the French had, at no time, any territorial claim m , t r n I ■ J L Peinaquid. posscssions westward of Penobscot river and bay, — waters which were for many years the divisional boundaries between them and the English. f Province of ^ ^'®^ "^ thesc limits, thus prescribed by the French them- I^isfi""" selves to their claims, might well give encouragement to the w. GorKos. bold and persevering spirit of Gorges. J By his first patent and the late assignment received of the Plymouth Council, April 22d, he obtained an " absolute property" in the territory, between Piscataqua and Sagadahock, or the two divisions in conjunction, called JVcto Somersetshire ; and supposed he acquired also all the political or jurisdictional powers of government, which that Company possessed, before their dissolution. Hence, to organ- ize and establisii an adminisi>ation of justice, he sent over, in the year 1035 or 6, his nephew William Gorges, in the capacity of governor ; a man of sense and intelligence, equal to the impor- tance of the trust. It would seem, he entered upon the duties of his ofhce at Saco. This was the most flourishing, and probably the oldest, settlement in the Province. It had now enjoyed a form of government several years ; which might originally have been a social compact or voluntary combination, for mutual safety and convenience. In the mean time Richard Vines had ofhciat- ed as governor, and Richard Bonython, as assistant.'^ Thirty pounds were raised, the present year, by way of a tax for the support of public worship ; and the inhabitants, assessed to pay it, were tweniy-one. From these circumstances we may deduce by an usual calculation, that the whole number of souls in the settlement was about 150 or 00. II • r 1636. * Mr. Winslow, O >v. of N. P. went to Eiig^Iand to complain ngainst the cnoroachiiicnts of the Frcncli nml Dutch ; wlicre Up. Land imprisoned liiiti 4 tiioiiilis, liccaiiso lie was a I'liritan. — Sullivan^ p. 204. — He went ngAMX in KilO. t 'i'lie rrciicli coiitimicd in posscsbion of Penobscot till A. D. 1664. 1 llulv'i. Ilitt. p. I!). I Gorfjrs trrniilitl to G. Cioavcs and Ri. Tiickor, Jan. 27, 1637, by decJ a lariro (met of l.rjOO acres and inoro, on the northern part of flfC pen- insula from Foro river, at the point near tiio ferry, to Piirpoodiick, cxtciidinf thrnco to tiio Capisick river, S. E. of the rnoiitii of Stroudwatcr. ^l IJtlk. N. II. p. 2)1. II Si«//nn/n, p. 2l!», :U)6, gives the nnnncs of the men taxcJ, Bonyllion Vinrs, nnd Thomas liowii wi»r« taxed £3 each ; Boad, Waldrow and UM^ Ckat. ▼.] orifA»B. Gorges, the Governor, oommenced hb tdmintstration at the A. D. icm. dwellinghouse of fiir. Bonython, situated not far from the shore, on Om. c«m the aast side of the river. Here he opened a court, Mardi S8th, present, Richard Bonython, Thomas Commock, Henry Josceljra, Thomas Purchas, Edward Godfrey and Thomas Lewis, coi»- missioners ; who arraigned, tried and punished, or fined, for divers ofiences ; and if Gorges were exercising a power as extensive as his jurisdiction, every wrongdoer between Piscataqua and Sag- adahock was amenable to this tribunal :• — It being the firtt or- ganixtd government, eatablithed within the preaent State of Mttine.^ The court held sessions two or three years. The Governor, in the discharge of his official duties, found hJ^'J^^"* it necessary to look into the concerns and conditions of the sever- '''j y**i"' a! settlements in the Province ; which, including the one at Saco, Gwfo- consisted of Jive. — I. ^gamentictu, a place of Sir Ferdinando's particular patronage, originally settled by husbandmen and arti- sans, 12 or 13 years before, had assumed the appearance of pros- perity, with a slow but gradual increase of inhabitants. — II. The Piscataqua aettlementSj or plantation, consisting of families scat- tered from Kittery-point to Newichawannock, and the northern Isles of Shoals, were variously employed, though principally in the fisheries and the lumber business. These were first under the superintendence of Walter Neal, then Francis Williams, till die arrival of William Gorges. — III. Black-point settlement, begun liami £2 each, the other* j^l each. Oldham, one of the original paten, trei never dwelt there. Sullivan layi, "leveral peraont were fined for dninkennesf and others punished for other immoralitien." — If a "Court was holden under i.uthority of the Province of Lyfonia," at York Record* leem to indicate, is it uot probable, that William Gor|;e* wa« entrusted with that patent ?— — • Chalmcrt, p. 472—3. John Joicelyn'i Voyaget, 200— At the head of the Pool, or Leighton's point, it is said a Court kouit stood at a very early period. fThc Court was continued for several days— T. Williams was bound it the itim of £I00, with sureties to answer to the suit of Mr. T. Lewis, at the nrrt General Court, and a sufficient jury of this Province returned to try the same. There were several actions,— Mrs. Joan Vines w. Donyt hon and Lewis, about planting com;— W. deadlock v. M. Howel, debtj T. Page V. J. Richmond, Trespass ; and there were order* passet* against drankennes* ; against roischierou* \iiiAn»,ifC.— Foltm,^»Sa^:9tmdBidd*' ford. p. 49—52. Vol. I. ., t ^g^ THE HirroRY [VoIh I. A D. 16X. tboot 6 or 7 feJtn beforo, bjr Thomas Commook, Henry Joie«lyn* _ tnd Mr. Gtines, consisted of several houses, and iocladed S^. ton's Islands. — IV. The Lygonian plantation, which embraced Richmond's Island and most of tlie patent to Rdiert Trelawoey and Moses Goodyeare,f undertaken here six years previously and deserted the succeeding summer, by mott or all of the plao- !ers under the " Plougii-patent," had tmt thriven. The inhabit- ants consisted principally of fishermen, hunters, and trader*, whose dwelling-places are understood to have been at Spurwinic, at Purpooducic, and on the peninsula, collectively called at tiie time, Catco. Thomas Bradbury and George Cleaves had agen- cies under Gorges, in 1636-7 j and John Winter, as early as 1631, was the active agent here for Tielawney and Goodyeare.t ff—f V. The Pejepscot settlements, originating in the enterprize of Thomas Purchas and George Way, who efitablished their resi- dence at the head of Stevens' river, A. D. 1 624-5, consisted at tliis time of very few habitations. They claimed on both sides of the Androscoggin, to the falls ; southwardly to Maquoit ; also the Merryconeag peninsula, Sebascodegan, and other Islands,^ upon which there might possibly have been several stages f<>r fish- ermen. — ^VI. The people residing within the Kennebeck patent, were under the jurisdiction of New-Plymouth. (| ; ?iv(f r i! i It is convenient furthermore to mention in this place, some par- ticulars of the settlements eastward, as far as Penobscot. 1. I^sume-M . * //«66or(i'# ^V. E. p. 224.— Corntnock was here early in 1633.— //ar Ct//. p. 318— His grant, as it appears to have been hiid out by Walter Neal, att'y, to tlie P. Council, A. D, 1624, and recorded in York Re- cords, contained 1,500 acres, — confirmed by Sir. F. Gorges. — Book of Claims, f, 59. a » . > t The patent to Trelawncy and Ooodyearc, dated Dec. 1, 1C31, embraced • tract botwjen Spurvvink and Casco, or Presumpscot rivers; also, Uich- inond*s Island ; John Winter, their agent, being put in possession of tlie patent in 1632. Gcorg:c Cleaves and Richard Tucker, wiio had rcNidod at Apurwink two years, being expelled by Winter, removed to the pcninmila. - I Sullivan, p. 30ft-ll.— i/ub. A*ar. p. 204.— " The patentees took in u a partner, Mr, Richard Dummer, of Newbury, Ncw-I^ngland, in 1638. } The deed of Warumbeo and Ave other Sagamores, July 7, 1C84, taya, ** Thomas Purchas camo into this country near sixty y«ars before, and took posMMion of lands from the falls to Maquoit."— 5*5igttilaAoetlgmtery wereil»teiipoi|th«liliiidii A.9tUm. upon tb* rirar Sheepscot — upon Mawnw und about Cap^Newa* gen.* These conuined 50 or 60 families. 2. Tlie Penu^^iiuf plantation had been in a flourishing condition, ever since the pi- teot iras granted, A. D. 1631. Monhegan, Damariscove and , .^ a Hippocra8,f appear to be appendages of it, and their inhab- itants amenable to its government. About the year 1633, and also 1659, Thomas Elbridge, a son of the proprietor, held courts at Pemaquid fort ; sitting in judgment upon wrongdoers and im- posing 6nes and penalties.;^ In his absence, Abraham Shurte officiated as agent and chief magistrate of the plantation more than thirty years.<^ 3. There were a few settlers at the river St George, and upon George's Islands, within the Mutcongtu patent ; though they consisted principally of fishermen. If there were, in 1630, as one author has stated, " 84 families, p— j,),,!,,. besides fishermen, about Sheepscot, Pemaquid, and St. Georges,|| i -w^ . the whole number of white people at the present time, between ,1^1 Pisoataqua and Penobscot, must have exceeded fourteen hun- dred.lT The continuance of William Gorges in New-Somersetshire \v. Gor^' was short, — probably less than two years ; fo", in July, A. D. bo'mliJ! "" 1637, the authorities of Massachusetts were presented with the transcript of a commission from Sir Ferdinando to them ; by which six gentlemen therein named, were appointed to take into ibeir hands the government of the Province and the superinten- ♦ Mason's will states Maaonia to be near *» Cnphan of VVaggan." — I Hax. Coll. p. 3S5, 393.— or Ciip<;.Nc.wag;cn. t Hui. .Vrtr. p. 280. — Monhejan and Daniarlscovr re probably the III- nndi intended in the Lygonia patent, [Sullivan, p. 3<0,] thouf^h appendant to Pemaquid patent. I In 1659, Klbridge brouq;bt two actions in Yorkshire Court, againat George Clcavci, of Fahnoiith, 5 Ante, A. D. 1031. || Snllivi.r, p. 167, 301. H Tliatis, allow « to a family, or to a freeliolder; Piicati.4 la sottlementf., [tl sig^nrd the compact in 1640] at pratent, Acaincnticiis " [inrorporated, A. D. 1039,] Saco, inchuling Black-point, Ctico, or liyg^onia patent, and Pcjepscot, Kenocbcck patent, Sogadabock, Siieep-tc >(, Pemaquid, St. Georget, and Itlanda Iilci of Sboals aud otber places, PiNsibly tb0 wbol* aamb«r minrht b« 1 14W A (rant to 8irR. £afOCOiDb, The Pe- 3uot iriho eiiroyedi rbeeked hy the crown t THE HBTORY fVoU I. d«nee of his private afikin. This was an extraordinary tnist • and as one of the commissioners had removed to Connecticut, and the name of another was incorrect, the residue declined an acceptance of the agency.^ Sir Ferdinando, whose mind was ever fruitful in expedients, strove to raise his Province into distinction by making sundry grants to gentlemen of rank and influence. One was, July 3 John J»*ctlgn, auttwr of Ibo Vo^ug^vt, ftc. Ogjy. ¥.] orMAiNB. 90 ftr to mitigate the severity of the prohibition, as to allow the a. d. I63S. conteoif^ted voyages to be made. The ears of the ministry were ever open to complaints against p''|'^J^ the colonists. They being puritans, were represented to be a J.^'Vewt"* people of factious disposition, unworthy of confidence, and par- E^>>ciai>(i- tial to a government of turbulent rulers : and therefore, his Ma- j£sty issued a new order for the institution of a general Gov« eminent, and appointed Sir Ferdinando, Governor. But as the charter of Massachusetts was still an insurmountHble obstacle in the way of its establishment, tlie king commanded the colony audiorities to surrender it, or they must expect a total dissolution of the corporation.* KV iM ^t.-,J- .:. .1 Hth.-Ut'se'-*W-' -h" His view of In reply, they lamented their sufferings, occasioned as they thought, wholly by suspicions which always paint in the darkest colours, and prayed his Majesty for that protection, which blesses him that gives, and them that receive ; saying, * if our charter * be taken away, and we dissolved, we must leave our habitations < for some other place, and the whole country will fall into the < possession of the French on the one hand, or the Dutch on •tlie other.'f ^ ■ .iti .. i! ■> , •- ; - .-: ' ,,/i'i.«i»'. No other argument, or agreement, could have struck Gorges with equal force. He knew the Massachusetts government was coUiiiiM the principal barrier against the encroachments of the French. "'''"" To weaken it, would encourage the pretensions of d' Aulney ; and Gorges migiit reasonably entertain apprehensions of a seizure upon his own Province. A large number had, in fact, removed from the vicinity of Boston to Connecticut river ; and others, tired of accusations and strife, were thinking it no great sacrifice to make a lemoval from a severu climate, to a more southern temperature. Hence the Governor-General saw, that the only revenues to be derived from a farther prosecution of his favour- ite s";heme, must necessarily be the resentments and ill-will of the colonists, towards him and his agents ; and from his nephew, then with him, he had siifTicient knowledge, that the bad pos- ture of his own Am«M-ican affairs, was orrnsioned partly, if not principally, by tlie impolicy and tinpopuhirity of his measures. • 1 Haz. Coll. 422—5, 403—4, 852—8. tl Ha/.. Cull. p. 4d2— a — 43Q-6.— I Iliitcliinion'* Hiit. p. 86.^App. Ji. 442—4. 1#l" IJurdet. I If 8T<^ THE HUTOEY [Vol.. «. A. D. ua^ At home, the contest!* of the royalists, of whom he wu « aei). ous one, and the revolutionists, yrhn were daily increaabg ia strength and numbers, were assuming a magnitude, great enough to divert the public attention from all remoter interetts; and when Archbishop Laud* and other arbitrary ministers at length lost their influence. Gorges confined his ambition to the single object of procuring a royal charter, the best he couid obtab, for the government of his Province. At this time, appeared in his plantation at Agamenticus, one George Burdet, in the character of a clergyman, who had been a preacher at Ifarmouth in England. A controversy with the bishops about ceremonies, had, as he pretended, driven him, a per- secuted man to this country. He arrived at Salem, in 1634, where he preached a year or more, and joined the church ; and upon taking the oatii of fide) it \ was admitted a freeman of the colony. His natural abilities were good, his manners specious, and his scholarship much above mcdinority. His next removal was to the upper plantation in Nevv-Hirupshire, where, by artful management, he had the success, in 1636, to supplant Thomas Wiggin, the Governor, and rbtain tho office himself. To ingra- tiate himself into the favour of Laud, who was a foe universally obnoxious to the colonists, tliough at that time a most influential member of the Privy Council ; Burdet addressed to him a secret letter, a copy of which was accidentally found, wherein he load- ed Massachusetts with the most illiberal reproaches. * She is not * merely,' said he, ' aiming at new discipUne, but sovereignty ; — * foi , even her General Court account it perjury and treason to * speak of appeals to tlie kinf;;.' — In reward for this he had the thanks of the haughty prelate, who also assured him, as soon as a press of other matters would permit, the errors and disorders should he rectified. f The traits of Burdet's character, were now, without loss of time, exposed in just but odious colors, by an official letter from Boston to his neigliborSjf which rendered him obnoxious to the severest obloquj ; and hence ho made a precipitate retreat to Agamenticus. Such was the destiny of this happy place, which * Laud was beheaded, A. D. 1616. — 5 Hume, p. 169. f WiDthrop'i Journal, p. 176-7. — t Hutckinion's Hist. p. 85. I I Hubbard'i N. E. p. 35 1.— I Delk. N. H. p. 33. It; c««^».] or tikmt. £71 htd enjoyed the instructions of the '* pious and learned** Mr. a. d. ism. Thompson.* Burdet, finding himself unable to wipe oflf asper- sions, was presently guilty of lewdness, falsehoods, and intrigues, which not only debased him in general estimation, but exposed him to the penalties of law. As a country without government or law, becomes the open civii Gov receptacle of base men, the emulation of the virtuous is abated ; "^d^! for their rights are justly considered to be insecure. Full of these discouragements, New-Hampshire, New-Somersetshire, and the people " farther east,"f had now formed resolutions of ap- plying to Massachusetts, though a government less than ten years of age, to receive them within her jurisdiction. Nothing was more desired or needed than consistency, strength and system in the administration of the peoplc^s civil affairs. But before we close the annals ol' this year, an event which Ehrtiiqu«k« rendered it memorable ought not to be passed without notice. This was the " Great Earthquake," which happened June 1st, between the hours of 3 and 4 in the afternoon. At the time, the weather was clear and warm, and the wind westward. It com- menced with a noise like continued thunder, or the rattling of stage coaches upon pavements, and with a motion so violent, that people in some places found difficulty in standing on their feet j and some chimneys, and many light moveables in dwellinghouses were thrown down. The sound and motion continued about four minutes, and the earth was unquiet at times, for 20 days after- wards. It was generally felt throughout New-England, and the course of it was from west to east.j; * Wiathrop'i Jour. p. 195.— Hubbard's N. E. p. 276. f 1 IIutcliinson'8 Hist. p. 88. I This is mentioned by all the older wrUen.— ff'inthrop^t Jour. p. nO.—l Brit, Emp. in A. p. 276 Also 1 Hulch. Hut. p. 88. 156, 272 THE HUTOttT [VpUfc ■^.hW-' ^ ;. T »;> " CHAPTER VI. Gorges' Charter of the Province of Maine — Its extent, povfers and privileges-i-hks of S^oe^s — Tlie system of government by Gor- 1 ges — His officers and regitlatiQns-^Courts— -Offenders punished i — Bountietfor wolves-r^Ttoo Counties, York and Somerset — Bap. tism enfr'aed — Piscataqua [leople combiiie — Political choMun— Agani' niicuSf a, borottgli — Raited to a city — Oeorgeana — Its cor- porate poioers-^New'Hampskire unites with Massachmetls— Pejepscot — Larkham and Gibson disagree— 'Isles of Skoals tujU — Warwictc and Plantation Commissiontrs-^UniiUi of four CoUh j ntes — Wells settled — Wheelwright restored to favor — Lygmia , purchased by Sir A. Righy — Cleaves, his Governor oppo/td by Vines — The dispute — Referred to Massachusetts — Rigby's ' character — Commu iioners decide in his favor — His government '\ by Cleaves — 'Civil affairs in Maine — Kittery established'" Death and charactti tf Sir Ferdinando Gorges. \ A.D. 1639. A|iril 3, Charter OF Maink At length, Sir Ferdinando Gorges obtained of king Charles I. a Provincial Charter, possessing uncomnaon powers and privi- leges. It bears date, April 3, 1639. The territory, it embraces, begins, in the description given, at the mouth of the Piscataqua, and extends up that river and through Newichawannock aod Salmon-Fall river, " north-westwards one hundred and twenty miles ;" from Piscataqua harbor " north-eastwards along the sea-coast to the Sagadahock ;" thenco through that river and the Kennebeck, "north-westward, one hundred and twenty miles;" and thence over land to the utmost northerly end of the line first mentioned ; including the north half of the Isles of Shoals and the Islands ** Capawock and Nautican* near Cape Cod ;" also '* all the Islands and inlets within five leagues of the main, along ■" Perhaps ^/ar. . s>ip, as extensively as if they were tlie natural born subjects of » ,' ! the realm. But all the provincials, both citizens and residents, were required to take the oath of allegiance to the crown, as tliough they dwelt in England. Every freeholder or tenant wa» . to hold his lands of Sir Ferdinando. his heirs or assigns, as . paramount lord of the soil ; thoiich entitled to enjoy all pre- vious grants with the appurtena ri -'its and liberties, upon the relinquishment of his jura rega " and the payment of some small pittance as an ackn of the tenure. All the admirals, generals, ji' ifTs, constables, and other officers of the crown, were comniau, d to aid the Proprie- tor, his heirs and agents, at all times, when requested, upon the peril of incurring the royal displeasure. Indeed, his proprietor- ship, thus chartered, was little less than an absolute sovereignty ; he being merely subordinate to the crown and to the Lords Commis- sioners of Foreign Plantations, as a subject of the realm. \a fine — it was ordained, in and by these Letters Patent, that upon their enrolment they should be forever effectual in law Conciusio», tliroughout the British Dominions ; that they should be con- strued according to their true meaning and intent — " most be- nignly, favorably, and beneficially" for the proprietor and his heirs ; that no word or sentence should be interpreted, in preju- dice, to the word of God, the true christian religion taught, or laws established in the kingdom ; and that all explications, when needed, should be made by the king's attorney-general. This is a short outline of Gorges' memorable charter of the Province of Maine :* — a charter which contains more extensive powers and privileges, than were ever granted by the crown to any other individual : and in short, if we except the establish- ment of a sectarian religion, we may pronounce it a very masterly chart, as drafted for a colonial government. The extent of the Province northward, was to the mouth of Dead * This charter, entire and at great length, it ia 1 Hag. Coll. p. 442— MS: aln io SuUieaii't App. p. 397—408. v#;'::\ i^. i ! IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^O w {./ s i^ 4is 1.0 1.1 : Ki 12.0 L25 iu i^l 1.6 Iteraphic oaences Corporation 4^ ^ S^ \ ;\ ^^ <«^ ' 39 wnT MAIN trmr WMSTM.N.V. MSM (71*) t73-4SOI v\ y ^ 6^ NonlMni cataal. if/B THiHiffroRT pfmrnt, A.D. >tt».rhr«r, and ti«rthW8Stwaird to Umbagog Lake; and the'tatriioiy "—•^-~ might be equal to a sixth part of the present State of liabe.*^ The charter embraced five of the celebnrted lilu 0f SUob • ji*iM of viz. Hayley% or Smutty-no$e ItlanA, Hog^ Duck^ Cedar, and or Smiib't Malaga hlanat. Clark's, or Navy kland, farther north, proper, ly belonged to Maine, but not to the ctuster.-->Tho8e united to ^^ew-Hampshire are Star^ White, and Londontr*$ I$land$. The whole number may contain 600 acres.f Though rocky, bleak, and greatly exposed to winter severities, they have a cool re- freshing atmosphere in summer— always healthful, and none upon the coast were oftener noticed. To the eye of curiosity, they exhibit in some places, appearances of rock broken off and sept- rated from the rest of the Island ; in others, frightful chasms, several yards wide and twenty, or even thirty feet deep,| evidently occasioned by some violent concussion or earthquake. Through the cracks, or channels, the water at flood-tides, and in storms, rushes in great torrents. These Islands, after the visit of the famous John Smith, in 1614, were called "Smith's Isles," till they acquired the present name. The peculiar advantages for fishery, which they presented, gave them celebrity and value, and were the efficient and principal causes of the early settle* ments upon them. Tho cl>'^racter and habits of the originil Islanders,^ for industry, intelligence and pure morals, have acquired for them great respect in the estimation of posterity. Among the early residents, were Mr. William Pepperell, and Mr. Gibbons, who carried on the fisheries two years, very extensively; bebg men of great enterprize and considerable .distinction. II On * EToncoutly suppoieJ afterwards to contain 0,600 iqiiare tnilci.— Bn'<. />om. tn .4. p. 117.— it embraced (wo of llio 12 diviiiona ; the horthtrlj boundary of ^tw-Sotnrrtttthire being tbo ADdrobcoggin river. t Thry (io 9 mile* S. E. of Portgmouth light-houic, N. Lat. 4^o 50'. Tbo bartxtr ia at Haylcy** Islaad, which opens to the S. W.— Sm Introduclim, p. S3, alto, poit, 1661. I In one of these, viz. Star Island, is " Betty Moody*s hole,'* irliero iho Mcretcd herself, at a time when (lie Indians carried away " many fem&lA captives,"— probably in kinfr Philip's war. } The Islands wcro settled early. " Tlic deed |*ivcn by the Indian Sai;- ftmorcs to John Whcclwrig^ht and others, A. I). 1629, includos the Isltsof Uoals.' II Pepperell was an ancestor of Sir William, and settled in Kittcry, Gib* bons was from Topsham, in £ng[land, and obtained a |;rant out of the Mu»- MDg;us patent Thry left (he Island at tho s.ime time, and wont (!>• *» ^ HogUluMl « meetbg-houw wm birik tt t very Mrty period, pes- A. A. m. aMjrthe fim in the Province ; and about A. D. 1640, we find die Minders were attendants upon the ministry of the Rev. Mr. Hul!. There were originaUjr ' between 30 and 30 fiunilies on that < Icbnd.' They oace ** bad a court-house oil Hayley's Ishnd ;** . and in so prosperous a state were these Islands, that they contain- ed " from four to six hundred souls." Even gentlemen from F«H*ii<». some " ot the principal towns on the seacoast, sent their sons here ** for literary instruction."* The charter might well afibrd the greatest satisfaction to the mind of Gorges ; for it contained all the territories, all the pow- ers, and all the provisions, he desired. The provincial name of why uii* MiiiRE, though one by which this section of country was at that Hl'^^^ ^ time frequently ea//e{/,f was chosen, probably, in compliment to ^*'^' the queen, who had inherited a province of the prcuion, • the Main,* ia common in old authora. { Hulliran. i Otrgti* ^Var. p. XI. — Between 16.34, when Gorg^ca and Maaoa made partition, and 1640, F. Cbampcmoon, H. Cbadbonrn, N. Froat, Peter Wy- *r, J, Trncworthy, and othcra, rame over. For the firat ten ycara, after fl8 • THBiiarRMnr C^«ki •i. .1- ■ ■% A. D. Rai. The ■jmem lM*adoptiNl was tttit^-lo rttain the au^prane et* eeu^f empower m bis own hands ; to tppoint, of his own'sekctioB, e Counctf of seven ; and to provide for a popuhr branch, con. sistinf of representatives chosen by counties. ' in the prosecution of his designs, he prepared an exact tnns> . ^ cript of the charter, a commission to seven select counciUon, under his liand and seal, Sept. 2, 1639, and a code of ordix.ua- ces and instructions ; all which he transmitted hither, requesting the Council to proceed in the execution of their trust without de- lay, and at their opening session, to read the whole publicly-. , that the people of his Province " might know, how they were u> be governed." Receiving no information, for six months, of iu arrival, he carefully executed other papers and documents of the * same description, March 10, 1640,* though somewhat enlarged and improved; and these formed the basis and structure of his government. The permanent councillors, appointed and put in the new "'commission, were Thomas Gorges, Deputy Governor ; Rich- ard Vintt of Saco ; Henry Jotctlyn of Black-Point ; jfrancu CAanipemoon of Piscataqua [Kittery] ; Richard Bonytkon of Saco; ^»//tam fiooA;f of Agamenticus ; and Edward Godfrey of Piscataqua. In the place of " Thomas Joscelyn, knight,"} whose name ap- peared in the 6rst commission, was substituted lliomas Gorges, whom Sir Ferdinaudo calls " his trusty and well beloved cousin." He also calls Vines " his steward general ;" and Champemoon^ " his loving nephew." Itap. 0«v. Council' the earliest utUement of Agamentious, A. D. 1624, the population increas- ed slowly. William Gorges came over a second time in 1635 ; and proba- bly Edward Godfrey and William Hook came some years earlier. * The date was A. D. 1639, but this must hare been in old style.— Su/li- von, p. 307. f Hook was in the Province, as early as 1638. — 1 Hat, Coll. p. 818.— Bnt removed to Salisbury (Mass.) some years before he died in 1654. I It is supposed Thomas Joscelyn never came over;— the others were John who came over in 1688 and has published " Voyages," and Henry, who settled at Blaok-point. 4 1 Hag. Coll. p. 388.— 1 Belk. Biog, p. 316.— Cbampernoon died A. D. 1687. Two of his daughters married into the Cutts family. A third mar- ried Humphrey Elliot, whose son, Cbampernoon EUiot, inherited his f rand- Ihttier'a esUtc Tlw bi|[^ or state affic|in of th6»Pim4nc« wtn «Mwii,A.n. Milk ^ilnie titles and trusts were prescribed, and \rfao were a)^ deag* Sim* tm- gg^ or commissioned tirom the members ot the **'Stan^&^ Coaao\" 1 • The Dqtutyf or Lieutenaiif-Ooeemor, was the preaideDt of the Board and chief magistrate, under the LoniPhH prtetor, and held his office for three years : 2. The ChanedUr ms appointed to determine all differences between party and party in matters of equity : 3. The Marshal had the com<- msnd and management of the militia, who was invested with power to hold a court by a Judge-marshal, where all military cases of honor or arms, capital as well as tactical, were to be tried : 4. The Treasurer received and disbursed the public reTe> ^ nue : 5. The Admiral had charge of all the naval forces ; and either by himself, his lieutenant or a subordinate judge, determined maritime causes, happening within the Province or upon the high seas, whether they concerned trade, maritime contracts, or tho duties of factors : 6. The Matter of Ordnance took charge of all public military stores, both for the sea and land service : 7. And lastly, The Secretary was the Lord Proprietor's and Coun- oaiht lo bt cil's official correspondent and keeper of the Province seal, which '*''*''' be was to impress upon all the precepts and processes of that body. This office was assigned to the Deputy-Governor himself. To qualify the Councillors for the exercise of the trust, they were required to take two oaths, before some two of their num- ber; the first v.as the oath of allegiance, according to the form prescribed in England — ^the other was in these words : " I do " swear to be a faithful servant and Councillor unto Sir Ferdl- "nando Gorges, knight, my lord of the Province of Maine, to "his hfeirs and assigns ; to do and perform all dutiful respects to "him or them belonging, conceal their counsels, and without " respect of persons to give my opinion in all cases, according to "my conscience and best understanding, both as I am a judge " for bearing causes and otherwise ; freely to give my opinion as " I am a Councillor for matters of the State or Commonwealth ; " and that J will not conceal from him and his Council any matter " of conspiracy or mutinous practice against my said lord, his " heirs and assigns ; but will instantly after my knowledge there- "of, discover the same unto him and his said Council, and seek " to prevent it, and by all means prosecute the authors thereof, " with all severity according to justice." Coiiru. A.D. 1640. The Council mra diraeted to ippmnt a CUrk or, B«gi$ler, oaMnaod to rocord their proceedings ; and a Provost-Marskait to execute their precepts, judgments and sentences, who was to be provided at the public charge, with a suitable building for the confinement of prisoners. It was also enjoined upon them to hold their court regularly on a stated day every month ; and in a plaee the mm centralf and convenient for the population, •nl Asaenblj in penooi afterwards depatiM were oboaen in the TowMk Vol. I. 83 288 CoaimblM June tii. Ut. Hpii. Conn at Saco. t*''*"** each hundred, afib for etch partshr obe CoutiabK ittd ft« Tjrtfaing-inen. In imitatioti of king j^d*s policy, the ddntaii^ or of the householders and their families was to be made known bjr the tything-men to the parish constable ; bjr him in writing to the head-coustables ; and by tliem to the lieutenant and justie«a at their next session ;— and if the misdetileanor committed wu within their jurisdiction, they were to hear and diecidti tiponit; otherwise it was their duty to present it t6 the Lord Proprietor, or His deputy in Council. ^lich is the substance of the constitution and poKticd adiioin- fstration under the charter of Gorges — a system " much more Easily drawn on paper, than carried into execution." The gov- eriiment was proprietary, and the religion and church-^lity episcopal ; but no provision was made for public institutions, nor for schools ; judicial proceedings must conform to the laws of England ; the lands Were subject to a quit-rent, payable everjr year, of sixpence per acre ; and in all sales* of real estate, licenses were first to be obtained from the justices, else the trans- fers Would not be valid. No provision was made for empanneK ling jurieii, yet it seems they were early in use as a part of tiie court. The " first General Court," under the charter, was opened on the 25th of June, at Saco ; and holden by only fourf of the Council, ttichard VineSy Richard Bonython^X Henry Jondyny and EduHird Godfrey.' They called themselves ' Councillors of ' Sir Ferdinando Gorges, for the preservation of justice through 'his Province ;'"§ and after taking the qualifying oaths, they pro- ceeded to the discharge of their official trust. They sippointed Higer Oardf of Agamenticus, Clerk or Register ; Robert Sankey, of Saco, Provost-Marshal,|| Ntckolas Frost, of Piseataqua, M- ch^d Mitten, [Mitton,'\ of Casco, and John Wilkhtson, of Black- point, the Constables of those places. At the first session, there ^ere entered 18 civil actions and 8 complaints. Forihe pur[Mse 6( exercising a jurisdictionlT under Gorges* charter, in opposition * I Belk. Biography, p. 386. f It sticms Thomas Oorget had not yet arrived. F. Champertwi/n moil have come over before this time ; — Hook had btien here seven years. , I Called in the commission " Boniton." { Sullivan, p. 308. '.' J I Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 101. iT At this court, Georg^e Cleaves, who took up $000 acres, at Spnrirink, on the ppomise, as he said, of a grant from Gorges, sued J. \Vinter, in two He ^^' ^oV" arrivM. iot^fl|iiii|utiof LyigQQW, JDt WM a^^ IP Md the coon 4*0. |m». at S«c»; though the people of Agamenticus and Pupataqua fek it to be A duappointmeut, and complaioed of the distance to ^ t court, M a grievance. They had expected that Agamenticus irould be the seat of gOYernment ; and the court, determining to bold sessions there likewise, required of the Piscataqua settlerSf their attendance at Saco, only on the annual electbn days in June ; and allowed them to attend in either place they might choose, at any other times. Among the prosecutions at the first session, only one can be mentioned.* This was the indictment of John Winter, a trader, of Spurwink, or Richmond's Island, for taking a premium of more than 5 per cent, upon the cost of the articles sold. The prohi- bition, though uncouth to us in this age of free trade and com- merce, was, in those times of scarcity and ignorance, perhaps, a fit provision of law. hi the summer, Thomas Gorges arrived, commissioned by the ^'"*' Lord Proprietor, his Deputy-Governor of the Province, was a young gentleman who had received a law education at the Inns of court, in Westminster, whose abilities, qualities of heart, sobrie^ of manners, and liberal education, qualified him well for the office. His instructions were, to consuk and counsel with the magistrates of Massachusetts, as to the general course of adminis- tration most expedient to be pursued ; and such were his own resolutions, that he determined to discharge the duties of his of- fice with fideli^ and promptitudti. At Agamenticus he found afi^irs, both private and public, m lamentable disorder. The Lord Proprietor's brHdings, which bad cost him large sums of money, were in a statw <<( great di- lapidation, and his personal property was squandered ;-Haothing of his household-stuff remouing hut an old pot| a paur of tongs, and a couple of cob-irons. iclionB, for intniiion and trespan ; on takings potsenion tmder the patent , to Trelawney and Goodyeare, and recmrered.— One R. Bnidahaw, under Gorget and Mason, was sncoeeded by Richard Tucker, nlm bad joined CleaTcs at Spurwink.— There were several civil action* brougbt to this coart, viz. A. Browne «. Thomas Purchas — slander— verdict j£9.— R. Gibson t. J. Bonython,— dander— verdict, £fif 6s. 6d. * The first volume of York Coanty Records begins in IMO t aad Iba Yoi* ata numbered regwlariy, dosm to tka yressnt tima. >»(M m riiEHMiTOT "T^'i. BwdM'a IrM. Wf^'^f A. b. IMO. h polhiieal miittet«, ifae Deput^-Oovemor (bond O«0lrge Bon OMr|« det to be the chief manager. Pride and abflities bad given him self-confidence and obttinacjr ; and he regarded no law, otherwiie than to wrest it and make it sanction or excuse his iniquities. He was immediately arrested by order of the Deputy-Governor, for breaches of the seventh commandment, and bound over to u. swer for his crimes before the next Councillors' Court at Saeo. In this tribunal, which commenced its session Sept. 7th, Mr. Gorges presided, juries were empannelled, and justice was reg< ularly administered. At this session there were pending about 40 cases, 13 being indictments. Burdet appeared, and such were his arts in management, and such his persuasive address, that he inclined Mr. Vines and two others of the Court, strongly in his favor. Nevertheless, he was indicted and convicted of adultery, of breaches of the peace, and of " slanderous speeches." For the first of these offences, the Court sentenced him to pay £30, and for the others £5. He appealed, and claimed the right of a rehearing in England.* But Gorges, deaf to the demand, ordered his property to be seized and sold in execution of his sentence ; and in retun, Burdet, denouncing vengeance against his judges, soon departed for England. There, all his expectations of redress were quickly extinguished ; for, taking sides with one party in the civil wars, he was seized and ttu'own into prison by the other ; — and we hear of this troublesome man no more.f Some other trials and a few political acts of the Court, may well be mentioned ;— both to gratify curiosity, and reflect some light upon the history of those times.{ At the same session, Ruth, the wife of John Gouch, being in* dieted by the grand inquest, was convicted of aduhery with Bur- det, and received sentence, ' that six weeks after her expected * confinement, she should stand in a white sheet, publicly in the ' cong egation at Agamenticus, two several sabbath days ; and like- ' wise one other day in the General Court, when she should be * diereunto called by the Councillors of the Province, according * to his Majesty's laws in that case provided.' * Tbo charter did not allow of any appeal to England. "f JHubbafd'i N. E. p. 361.— Wiothrop't Jour. p. 207. XFoUom'i Saco anet Bidek/ord, p. »5— T—whero montloB it madt of Mveral trialt and caMt. HegoMio Enfiaiid. fLGoock Iddic««d. A Tbrie othar prMtmimots wera thtw^. que ■gainst Jolm Lib- A. A. mm. 4n of Pifcauqua, for tvearing two omthtf who was fined two4 ^liillings ; one against Ivory Puddiogton, /or being dnmk at Mn. ' ^^nn's, and fined ; and one against John Smith, servant of John f^eOtffor running away from hit matter and other o&ium, who, tfter conviction, was sentenced to be whipped and sent to his miitCT* A bill of indictment was drawn against George Pud- diogton, of Agamenticus, for saying on the 8th of August preced- iag,— -(M hold the "power of our combination"* to be ttronger than the pouter of the king. This the jury endorsed ^oni- To prevent the great destruction, made by wolves among do- Boanty ht mestic animals, the Court ordered 12 pence to be paid by every ftmily between Piscataqua and Kennebunk, for each wolf killed within those limits ; and the same sum by every family between ^ > Kennebunk and Sagadahock for each one killed, within that di- vision : — ^the hunter receiving an order from the nearest Councillor to demand the premium. A division of the Province was in fact made, by the river Divition «r Kennebunk, into two Dittricttf or Counties, " East and West." lince. So names appear to have been assigned to either by the Court, ^^^^^ though the western district, or county, gradually acquired the ^*^''^'*'- name of Yorkf and terms of an Inferior Court were appointed to be hotden at Agamenticus, by a portion of the Council, three times in a year; and the other, being commonly called Somertetf or JSTeuf-Sonuriet, had three terms of a like Inferior Court holden ?«f« %:^t annually in the same maimer within it at Saco. It was also order- "'^^ ^' ed that henceforth there should be one General Court holden at Saco, for the whole Province of Mame every year, on the 25th of June, or on the next day, if that should fall on the sabbath ; I ; > !:^ and the Council might convoke sessions of that Court at other ^mes. But tlie " Inferior Courts had no jurisdiction in capital felonies, or civil actions involving titles to lands." Actuated, no doubt, by pious motives, though by peculiar zeal, * By this it would seem that Agamenticus had previously combined. t Ttie Grand Jury presented John Winter, of Richmond's Island, •' for that Thomas Wise of Casco, hath declared upon hii oath, that he paid said John Winter, a noble (6s. 8d.] for a gallon of brandy or aqua ritae." Mr. John West » declared he bought of John Winter" a pair of gray stocking* •t t%, and.shpt at 4d. tba pound, and paid in beavar at 6a. the poond. *• i>. iMO-Uhe CoHft f»d«BadvaB ftBeDti in dw wmam Com^fOr DivMon, A»«id««to bring their im6qilW0rf^chiMr«i to the ordinuM} eadidioevir '"^ fllMidd refute, after a miniater was settled in his plantation, nd Jtfter «< the worsbipful Thomas Gorges" and Edward Godti^, —die Deputy-Governor and senior Councillor of the Province,^ " should enjoin upon him the duty ;" he was compellable, qq being summoned, to appear and answer for his contempt at iIm next Court. -. But nevertheless, the new administration in its enei^etic meat- Mui«w«iiit ures gave satisfaction to the Province in general ; though the set- tlements upon the northern banks of Piscataqua were not par- takers m the contentment. Disinclined to acknowledge the jurisdictional authority of Gorges' charter, yet complaiaing of the great evils they had suffered through want of civil govero- ment, they entered into a social compact, Oct. 22d ; and by arti- cles to which Richard and William Waldron, Thomas Larkhan and 38 others were subscribers, combined themselves in a body politic, for the free exercise and preservation of their political rights. They professed to be the king's loyal subjects, and said, they should observe his laws, in connexion with those of their own making, till he should give them further orders.* But as insubordination and anarchy are the fruits of political changes; these pure democracies, it was found, were holden together bj ties so slender, as to be easily burst by the first pc^ular discon- tent ; — and'Buoh< was the fate of this compact. Exhilarated, as Gorges had been, in the prospect of soon filling lus Province wkh inhabitants, prosperity, and happiness ', he sub- mitted to reverses with vexation and grief. The voice of the |>eople at home, was now ata high pitch, both agabst his party r ud their politics. The Commons had ahready commenced at- 'taeks upon the mmistry, the prelacy, and even the prerogatives of 'the crown ; in consequence of which, religbus persecutions bad ceased, and emigration in a great degree also. For such is the (' ' --^^ ' 5 Thomas Gorges was mayor, and the aldermen were Edward Godfrey. Roger Gard, George Puddington, Bartholomew Bamett, Ed. Johnion, Ar* thur Bragdon, neory SiinpsoQ and John Eogers. THE HMTCMIT [Voii. g. A. O. IMI. Godfrej, thrae of the aldennen, and a delegate fimn the buriav. ses or inhabitants, appeared and presented a special memorial declaratory both of their corptHrate rights and duties. They ac- knowledged, they said, the authority of the provincial charter under the Lord Proprietor, and cheerfully rendered full subnuK sion to its requirements and the government under it, so far as they were lawfully bound ; protesting at the same time, that neither their present appearance at court, nor any other act of theirs should be deemed prejudicial to their borough-privileges; and subjoining a request, that their protest might be authen- ticated by a " Notary," and recorded. f It is manifest, that the corporate privileges, granted to Aga- menticus were peculiar, and might create some uneasiness in other parts of the Province ; yet the court were willing to give contentment, and ordered the immunities and powers possessed by the borough to be duly respected, till the farther pleasure of the Lord Proprietor should be known.* Without doubt his motives were wholly beneficent, and his wishes in unison with theirs : For I have, (said he,) < by, divine 'assistance settled in the Province a hopeful form of govem- ' ment ; and I am still anxious by all practicable means, to pro- ' mote the best interests of all tlie inhabitants.'f Actuated by these generous designs, he determined now to makei Ag- «rect the borough into a " City ;" and accordinsly executed ciiy. anotlicr and more perfect charter, March 1, 1642, by which he incorporated a territory of 21 square miles, and the inhabitants upon it, into a body politic, which he, evidently in compliment Oeormani. t° '"' °W" name, called " Georgeana."{ The whole lay in the form of a parallelogram, on the northern side of the river Aga- menticus, extending up seven miles from its moutli, and a league upon the seashore. ..vr . The police consisted of a mayor, 1 2 aldermen, 24 common Oorgei * 1 Coll. Ma«». Hilt. Soc. p. 101. f Gorges' Nar. p. 68. I Charter entire.— 1 //fl*. CM. p. 480— 6.— J? rate capacity, making some grants of land, and managing aflun in a manner most beneficial to the interests of the people. .itr As the mother country was in a revolutionary state, the Prov- ince of Maine might have been an csylum for loyalists and epis- copalians ; and some such without doubt emigrated, from the flames of civil war enkindling in the realm. But the provincial government, however, was not sufliciently settled, energetic, and methodical, to ensure confidence to a great extent. jVpw- All parts of New -England had hitherto, since the rage of par- Miiiies wi[h ty in the kingdom, happily experienced a gradual increase of Mnssaciiu- ^gjjiij, g„{j numbers.f By judicious management and an ener- getic administration, Massachusetts in particular, had acquired to herself an acknowledged ascendency or elevation, in her politic4i| character. Indeed, New-Hampshire, taught, since Mason's death , by bitter experience, the futility of self-formed combinations for security, had sought a coalescence with that colony ; and in 1642, was admitted to a political connexion which lasted 38 years. Pejcpitcoi In the mean time the transactions of Thomas Purchas, the original settler at Pejepscot, partook of the same wisdom. He had heard of the Pequot war ; he was acquainted with the In- dian character ; he knew what was the exitosure of his situation, and the emulous aspirations of Massachusetts. To effect and establish a conjunction with her, he assigned to her Governor, John Wintlirop, by a conveyance executed August 22, 1639, *- all tlio tract at Pejepscot on both sides of the river Androscog- " gin, — four miles square towards the sea ;'* and conceded to her government the same exercise of power aud jurisdiction, rPsiniiecl to wlU. *Cliai teroiilirc— 1 lias. Coll, y, 430,— fl — RojorOarJc, F.sq. siiccecdi'l T. Goi-j^es in tliu boroii<;ti inayoriilly. In 1S4-I, a woman wai tried in the iMayoi'd court fur tliu tiuirdurul' her liiubuiiJ, coiuiuiniicd and cxeciited. t There wcri! niiw si?ttlc I in iS'ow-Kiif^^land 77 ii.itii!tler«, wlm Itad birn driVL-a inrny 4 roiii Kng'land, niid r>(j towns and villaffos liad liccn pinnled.— 1 CitH. of JVns*. Hist. Si)C. p. 2i7,— 8.— In ISInMachnnctls 1,232 wcroaill'd to (ho list of Crccincii. — I Ilolmru A. ,1nn. p. ;)24.— Kirtt Cummtnam'nl :! Harvard Colle;je wai this year — a seminary patronized by all i\c\r-K:i;- land. Major ind gs touchini in a corpo> iging affajp ople. !, the Prov- ts and epis- id, from the ie provincial nergetic, and Muened within her charter limits. In retam it waf expected a.D. iMi? the plantat' ''i would be soon enlarged and made to flourish }— it being cs. ^ly provided, that Purchas himself, his heirs and associates . i:iould ever have the protection of the government,—- • nillght which they claimed, at and after the present time ; and that they be allowed to enjoy forever the lands, they might clear and improve within the seven ensuing years.* The acts of Massachusetts colony, at least some of them, ynre viewed by malcontents, and also by jealous patriots, ai stretches of power. Her accusers were royalists and episcopa- lians ; and oftentimes, in repa^-ment of their illiberal strictures, some of them experienced retributive treatment but too severe. A sermon preached by Mr. Larkham of Dover, N. H. (now i^rkbam under Massachusetts) against hirelings, was an evident aim at ***•*» Richard Gibson, of Maine, and gave him great umbrage. He was an episcopalian, a good scholar, a popular speaker, and highly esteemed as a gospel minister, especially hy the settlers and fishermen, at Richmond's Island and on the Isles of Shoals ; among whom he had been for some time preaching.f He in reply, wrote an insulting letter to Larkham ; and likewise ac- cused Massachusetts of usurpation, in her endeavors to rule over the Isles of Shoals. In this state of irritation, Gibson provoked h)** of the Islanders, A. D. r642, to revolt, and probably submit to Gor- voii. ges' government, several of the cluster being his by charter. But he was glad to' escape the indignation of that colony by making a humble acknowledgement, and perhaps promising that the Islanders should be urged by him to return to their all»> giance.| As the New-England freemen were generally both republican Th* rf«w- and puritan, they on the one hand disliked every friend and ad- -!i«puhii> vocate of episcopal hierarchy ; and on the other, th?y were large '^ ily partakers with the republicans in the struggle between the crown , *^"'* * .S>« ante, A. D. 1G36, — also tho ii.itrument itself.— 1 Hax. Coll. p. 457. -It was in 1642, that Gov. Gorj^cs and Mr. Vines visited the Whito Hills, paisin^on their way through Pcgwacket. — Winthrop^t Jour. p. 260. — But lliGjr found none of the ■' prcrious metalic substances," as they had expeot* (d. t Mr. Gibson bad been in the Eastern Country about 5 or 6 years. H« returned to Eof land in 164S. ^ ; t Hubbard's N. E. p. 381. A • THB HWTOKY {V, >. A.D. 164S. and purlitnent. In sentiment and fact, they were with the revo> hitionists ; and as soon as the Commons had obtained sufficient power, they were forward to extend unto the New-England colo* nists, protection and favor. They considered the American plan* Utions as a country well affected towards the propagation of (be true gospel, and capable of great political benefit to the nation. To promote more extensively a commerce with them, therefore, the House of Commons voted (1642,) that ail necessaries, the growth or merchandize of either country, designed for consump. tion, might be exchanged free of duty.* The next year, the welfare of the colonies was the subject of special concern. — Thousands, said that body, have been forced abroad through tlie oppression of prelates and other iil-afTected ministers ; and need the protection to which they have long been entitled, against the malignity of royalists and papists. Viewing with jealousy the kbg's patents, more recently granted to his favorites and the establish- ment of proprietary or royal provinces,! they appointed the Earl of Warwick, Governor-General and High Admiral of all the American plantations, and placed around him a Board of 16 Commissioners ;| whose duty it was to promote among the people the advancement of the " true protestant religion," and to exer* cise a provident care over their political rights and liberties. At this favorable era, the colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and New-Haven, completed a confederacy, May 19, by which they entered into a solemn compact, to afford each other mutual advice and assistance on all necessary occasions, whether offensive, defensive, or prudential. Among the reasons assigned for this union, were the dependent condition of the colonists ; tlie vicinity of the Dutch and French, who were inclined to make encroachments ; the hostile appearances of tlie neighboring In- dians ; the commencement of civil contests in the parent country ; the impracticability of obtaining from thence suitable aid in any emergency ; and the union already formed by the sacred ties of religion.'^ Ilia naioa «r fcur ColooiM. • 1 riu7,. Coll. p. 494, "^ t Thry probably alluded to tlio 12 royal provinces or diviiiions ; and tho late cbartcr tu Gorges. t Jolin Pym and Oliver Cromwell were two of thorn. { Sec tho articles in Winthrop'i Jownal, p. 27(i— 1^2.— HubbftnPt .V. K. p. 4B5- i7l. This unioj lastr.l I) year* 1 Ihlmtu' .] Jnn. p. a?6-7. vcs lo tells. \ ktons ; and the CmMT. ▼!•] OF MAIIIC. The Prarince of Maine could not be admitted a member of A.D. 1643. tint confederacy }— being subject to rulers of episcopal tenets, ind not unfrequently an asylum of excoromunicants, from the other colonies. To this cause we trace the settlement of fVeb- hmnet [fVdli] by Rev. John fVhedwright. As a preacher he was ^^y j, pious and learned, yet extremely pertinacious of his own opinions. ^*'!"j'' He believed, the Holy Spirit dtoella personally in a justified "J?*« convert ; and sanetijication can in no Ufise evince to believers their mtification. These sentiments were pronounced by the theo- logical refinements of the age, to be Antinomiany* that is, against the lata spiritual ; and the authorities of Massachusetts, in 1 636, sentenced him to banishment.f He removed from Braintree to Squamscot falls, in Exeter, New-Hampshire, where he obtained from the Indians a deed of lands, and gathered a church ; supposing himself sufficiently re- mote from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. But in consequence of her late union with New-Hampshire, he found it necessary to make another removal. Hence, Mr. Wheelwright proceeded to Maine, and purchasing of Gov. Gorges, a part of the lands in this section given to him by his uncle. Sir Fcrdinando, took a Seiiiement deed, dated April 17, 1643, which conveyed to the worthy min- ister, in fee-simple a tract of about 4 or 500 acres lying " at Wells, in the county of Somerset," that is, along tlie shore eastward of Negunket river, perhaps to Wells' harbor. Another deed was obtained the same year, and from the same source, by V/'ieel- -^ '*' wright to himself, Henry Boad and others ; granting some of tlie re- maining territory, between that river and the Kennebunk ; and yet both parcels contained probably scarce an eighth of the township, which was large, being equal to 40,000 acres.]; Boad and £d- * Prom tbc Greek, Antinomoi\ ng^aintit law. t Wheelwrig;ht watt the brothcr-ia-law uf the celebrated Annt Huichin- •on, who with her husband was banished for the same cause, and removed to Rhode-Island. Mr. Wheelwright settled at Exeter, 1638; at Wells 1643, at Hampton, 1647 ; and finally in Salisbury (Mass.^ where lie died A. D. 16*9, aged 80 years.— See /7u(cAin«on*< /ii«t. p. 67,70. — Winthtop'i Jour. p. 329,— 3 Co//. Man. Iliit. Soc. p. 138.— V/Lcclwright lived " near Cape Porpoise."— //wfctard'f A*. E. p. .%5. \ Sec the deeds in Sullivan, Appendix, p. 108. See his Indian deed of Exeter, A. D. 1620— 1 Haz. Colt, p. 271-2. In the deed rrom Gore^ei, the fK| THE HiarORY (Voft. t. A. D. 1643. ward Ririnrcvth were appointed by the Goremor, ta lay oat dw land into lots, suitable for settlers ; and then they, with Messrs. Wheelwright, Storer and Littlefield, began a regular plantation. At Wells, Mr. Wheelwright also gathered a church, of which he became pastor; being well beloved and highly esteemed by his parishioners and all his immediate acquaintance. But an exclusion from the fellowship of ministers, and a banishment from the society of many pious men, who had been his early friends, were trials of extreme severity to his mind. To reconcile, there- fore, the Governor and Assistants of Massachusetts, he addressed to them, in December, (1643,) a very humble and sensible letter, in which he confessed, his differences with them upon the subject of justification, had been magnified by the " glass of satan's temptations," and his own distempered imagination ; and had as- sumed a character and importance not warranted by the nature of the matter in controversy. * I am,' said he, ' unfeignedly sorry, I , ^ took so great a part in those sharp and vehement contentions, * by which the churches have been disturbed ; and it repents me ' that I gave encouragement to men of corrupt sentiment^, or to * their errors, and I humbly crave pardon.'* -^ The address made a favorable impression upon the Massachu- setts Court ; — ^they knew him to be a rigid puritan and a high- minded republican ; therefore, they first sent him a safe conduct to Boston, and subsequently the same summer, (A. D. 1644,) they annulled or reversed the sentence of banishment without his personal appearance. He afterwards embarked for England, and lived in that country several years in favor with Ohver Cromwell, river is called OgunquU; and (he grant is upon condition of Ss. quit>rent yearly for each lot of 100 acres. John Wadlow or Wadlcifrh, removed from Saco to Wells, before 1619; to whom an Indian, named Tiioma^ Chabinoke, devised ' all his title and in- terest to Namps-cas-cokc, beinosition, than to give him advice. He then wrote to Sir Ferdinando's * &'u//<>an, p. 233- 1 — See pott. Wr.i.t.n ,1. D. IGa'J. — Sco uIeo Kcuiu.- bu:)ii, t Winihrop and Sullivan spell '* Ktgbyy"— Hubbard " Rijbce."— KJ- wani spelt his own name "F.ijhv " ;* ^rv Call* a Court al Caaco. Contraveny bet wren him and ViiMt. 206 THEBISTOHY ^ '^{Vfi" |i A. u. i6ii. Council, and returned to Casco-peoinsuU [Ppctlandj, tod there resumed his residence; Governor Thomas Gorges tboui this time returning to England.* Cleaves proceeded to acquaint himself with the affairs and interests of the Province, and called a Court, or rather Conven- tion at Casco ; intending to organize a government. To innovate upon usages or make unnecessary changes, would be inconsistent with the dictates of policy or maxims of reason, and he adjusted his conduct by rules of strict prudence and moderation. But every movement of his was encountered by the unquali- fied opposition of Gorges' government. Vines convened the members of the Council at Saco : and in the consideration of the subjecc, he and they supposed the grand patent, granted to the New-England or Plymouth Council, might be void from the be- ginning, as some argued, because of deception practiced in obtain- ing it ; that though it were otherwise, and though the council bad given a patent of Lygonia, they had long since surrendered their charter to the crown, and upon their dissolution, twelve royal Provinces were established, of which, two were assigned > to Sir Ferdinando ; that the patent of Lygonia could possess no pow- ers of government, since tliat dissolution — whereas Gorges had obtained a royal charter from his Majesty, and had by his agents and officers exercised a continued jurisdiction over the Province, many years ; and that even if the legality of the claim rested upon a priority of grant. Gorges and Mason had a joint patent ot the country, A. D. 1622, and tlie former had ever since b>d possession. On the contrary, Cleaves could shew the original patent to Dye and others, executed A. D. 1630 ; a possession taken soon afterwards under it ; a deed of the late assignment ; and satisfactory evidence, that when llie Plymouth Council was dissolved, there was a reservation of all prior grants and existing rights. Still, to avoid a rupture, he sent his friend Tucker to Saco, with a pro- posal of submitting the controversy to the magistrates of Massa- chusetts, and abiding their determination till a final decision should come from England. In return. Vines, not only treated •< I- * Gov. Gorgfcs' place of residence, while in the Province, waa "about a mile above Traftoii's ferry, near Gorges' point," — the cellar of his dwelling- ho'iao remains to this day. " He went to England in 1643" and it has been said he returned ar 1 died at York.— 1 Hutchintfm''t Hiit. p. IM. Csifs n.] or MAINE. 29^. the meoenger with rough language but threw him into prison ^-< A.D. i(M4«^ DOt pennitting him to depart, till he had laid him under bonds, to appear at the next court at Saco, and be in the meantime pC'; good behavior.* This outrage upon every principle of good faith, exposed Vines and his adherents to the severest reprehension, which Cleaves might not be indisposed to aggravate. He made representations of these facts to the Massachusetts authorities, and requested them to espouse his cause. He also, and the chief men of Rigby's Pro- TJnce, to thenumber of tliirty, sent to the Commissioners of the United Colonies a written proposition, which they had signed, and in which they expressed their desires, that it might become a neinber of the confederacy. To this, several objections were raised by the Commissioners of the United Colonies. The Province of Lygonia, they said, had no ' ^ settled and well organized government. She had not complied with an important article of the confederation, which was tliis ; — that no Colony while adhering to the Episcopal Church-communion of England could be admitted to membership. Rigby, though the best republican commoner in Parliament, was himself an episco> pal professor, and a friend to the hierarchy ; and his provincials were of the same sentiments. However, in rejecting the pro- posal made, Massachusetts took a prudent stand, re^i^Ving to abate tlie excitement, and avoid, if possible, the resentments both of Cleaves and his opponents.f Acts of wisdom, justice and impartiality usually give to antago- "^''"y. •*** nists fresh confidence, and to mediators additional trouble. '^ parties insisted upon the arbitrament of the " Bay-magistrates," as the Governor and Assistants of Massachusetts were called; and were hardly restrained from immediate hostilities ; though it was repeated to them, that orders by the first arrivals from Lon- don would most assuredly be transmitted by the commissioners of foreign plantations, which would decide and settle the con- test. To allay or extinguish the excitement, a part of the magis- trates were content to hear the litigants. They said, umpirage]was * Huhbard't JV. E. p. 369. — Henry Joscelyn was as zealous as Vines. jThe Prorince of Maine [says Winthrof'a Jour. p. 27S,] was not admitted into the confederacy, — " the people ran a different course from us, both in "the ministry and civil administrations." Vol. I. U ^T,i» Both o Mam- chUHtlS. -l-ii'V/ 2^9 TRC flWrOKT (Voft^ I. A. D. 1645. common dirotighoaf Europe, in matteninfinitdymore faqMirtamt and a decision in this dase, if not imnrernble and condusiTe, might effect a temporary reconciliation. Others said, the coMeadiag agents had no adequate power to bind their principals in the affiiir : and it was a matter wholly foreign, both to their jurisdic- tion and their duties. JoM 3. -^^ length, however, the magistrates app(nnted a special conn Theresait. ^ |,q holden at Boston, June 3d, (1645,) to hear the case ; where Cleaves and Tucker, in behalf of Rigby, filed their declaratioD, which had been seasonably served on Joscelyn and Robinson, who appeared in defence of Gorges' Province. In the trial, which was commenced before a jury, duly empanneled. Cleaves was unable to show a sufficient assignment to Rigby, the one produc- ed being executed by a minority of the original patentees ; nor could he make it appear by legal proof, that the territcny m con- troversy, fell in fact within Rigby's patent. The defendants were > ' in a similar predicament, for they could only produce a copy of Gorges' charter, attested by witnesses, without any verification upon oath, or official certificate. — ^The court, therefore, ciismissed the cause, advising the disputants to live in peace, till a deci^ ion should come from the prefer authori^ ; — and the contest re- mained undecided two years.* Sir Ferdinando, after his nephew's return, appointed no suc- cessor ; leaving his Province to the management of his Council. He himself, though now more than 70 years of age, had joined the army of the crown, in the civil wars, and was with Prince Rupert the last year of his famous siege of Bristol ;f and when that city was taken by the Parliament-forces, Gorges was phin- dered and thrown into confinement. Richard Vines was elected DeputyGovemor in 1644 ; and a General Court being met at Saco, in August, 1645, he pre- sided in the Council, consisting at that time of five members,| viz. Henry Joscelyn, Richard Bonjrthon, Nicholas Shapleigh, Francis Robinson, and Roger Gard. The court confirmed the grant to Wheelwright and associates ; otherwise, they only trans- acted such business as the exigency of the times required.— SirF. Gor get Imprii* OIM«l. .I'll'.* ViDM Dep. Gov. of MaiiM. Wheel- wrifflit's deed cou- firmed. • Hubbard's N. E. p. 370.— Sullivan, p. 814. f The Bieg^e was in July, 1648 ; and city taken, Sept. II, 164$.- p. 121, 184. I 3 Coll. Maw. Hist See. p. 185. Hume, 1V:'t'_ims I ClAT* ▼>•] or JIUINK. Ilr. WbMlwrigfat, in a few yean, raeigned the occupancy of Ids A. D. iMf jioowstead to his ion, who settled in Wells, and whose deaceii- 4iots have been some of the first men in the Province. The anomalous government of Cleaves was at this time not Lygcwia. much more than a general conservation of the peace, and a super- Kghy. inteodency of his principal's interests. As the agent of Rigby, be, as early as 1647, conveyed lands in Casco, in Purpooduck, io Spurwink, and upon the Islands.* Yet bis deed of Peak's Island, in 1637, to Michael Mitten, his son-in-law, was in virtue of an agency from Gorges ; as Cleaves had a commission from Sir Ferdinando, Feb. 26, of the latter year, ' for letting and settling 'lands and islands between Cape Elizabeth and Sagadahock.' Cleaves also conveyed another large tract to Mitten, the title to which seems not to have passed ; for he afterwards conveyed ta George Mountjoy, the great surveyor, and others,— parts of the \ same tract ; — a confusion of claims, than which, nothing is more '-'"' ' repulsive to settlers. Rigby was the patron of episcopal ministers, and the friend of the enterprizing, ignorant, poor. His early and generous exer- tions to send religious instruction to his Province, to the Islanders, and the fishermen upon the coast, give his character the traits of memorable excellence. At some time before his purchase of Lygonia, it is said, he encouraged Richard Gibson, before men- tioned, to protract his mission in these parts. — ^To Robert Tre- j^'J*!^*^- lawney and Moses Goodyeare, members or friends of the episco- pal communion, the Council of Plymouth had granted Richmond's Island, though it was a part of the Lygonian patent. These men, in 1632, appointed John Winter to superintend the fishery at that place; who died, A. D. 1645, leaving a daughter, after- wards the wife of Robert Jordan, an episcopal clergyman. Jor- r. Jordw. dan lived upon the Island, and at Spurwink, till the first Indian war, and was an itinerant preacher to the people, f To finish > the story of Jordan, he administered upon Winter's estate, A. D. ney** gnat. «»f;j. * Sullivan, p. 114-115, 193, 213.— 1 Coll. Mats. HiiL Soc. p. 54.— Hti&- bucri JVar, p. 282.-«-Cleave8, as Rigby's agent, conveyed lands, in 1661, at Cape Porpoise. Indeed, in 1600, Rigby himself confirmed 10,000 acres of his Proviuce to Cleaves. t Jordan died at Great Island, New>CastIe, N. H. A. D. 1679, aged 78, devising an immense real estate to bis (oni, in Scarborough and Cape-£liz- abeth. — FoUom, Tp. 90. ' '" ■J*/^ A. D. foib. i^4d ; and for monies due Winter, on account of senrtees he htd rendered Trelawney, after he became sole proprietor, Jordan ob. tained an order from the Lygonian government to seize upon all the estate of the latter, — acquiring in this manner a title to lands, particularly- in Cape-Elizabeth, which has Tif vei been shaken.* Oct. SI. At the court of elections under Gorges' charier, holden at Saool^of Saco, Oct. 21, 1645, there were only three of the charter or ***" standing Councillora present, viz. Messrs. Vineij Deputy-GoT« emor, Richard Bonython and Henry Joscelyn ; when the board, to the number of seven, was filled by election, — Francis /io6tV son^ Arthur Mackworth, Edward Small, and Abraham P^f: being chosen. Mr. Vines was re-elected Deputy-G i en.u« ; and he and the Councillors were always Provincial Ma<::^^tra:(- . William Waldronf was chosen Recorder, and a liiiiiv^d admini> tration organized. '**'^^«V^^*^^'*T^«^'^f^if«»^*'''' • /#*;«»-P*^ In this Court, the usual and some peculiar subjects came m Cburi. der consideration. The state of the Province was one. — * Hav- * ing,' said the Court, ' had no communication lately from pir Fer- * dinando Gorges, the Lord Proprietor, by which any authority is * given for the complete organization and establishment of the * government, proposed by him to be formed under the charter, * nor otherwise for some time heard from him, we have come to •a resolution, and it is ordered, that until directions be received * from the proper source, a Deputy-Governor be chosen every * year ; and should Mr. Vines, according to his present expecta- * tion, depart the Province before his term expires, we have pro- * visionally appointed Henry Joscelyn, to fill the vacancy.' ^ The Court laid upon the Province a tax of £4 11 s., in the apportionment of which, they assigned to the Piscataqua planta- ATax. tiMAi"?. "* Cleaves styled himself, in his proccedinii^s, the " agent,of Col. Alcxan- •« der Riffby, PresiJcnt aud Prop) ii for of the Province of Lygonia,— of " Graj-'s fnn, London." Trelawacy u,-! laoodyearo did not tbcrrnelvcs come over ; — they had an exter . . yr- i .. • i ,n the PI • ■ jth Council and their houses were at Spurwink. '.'.orTielawney's death, his heirs neg- lected his afTairs, and joined the crown party in the civil wars. — Winth. Jour. — Jotcelyn"* Voyages, p. 50. — Sullivan, p. 114.— Winter took the estate for services. f It seems Waldron was a man of food learning', but had been for soiric in- 1.9mpcntncc, excommunicated from Dover Church and removed to Maine. In Sept. 1646, he was drowned in crossings Kennebunk river. — HubbartTi „V. £. p. 520. CW^- ^1*1 OP MAIIIR. ijons £2 10b. ; to OeorgetM £1 ; to Saco 1 It. ; and to Citeo lOt.* By this we ar. made acquainted with the relative import- Mice of those places, and with the fact of continued claim to the jorisdictioa of Lygoni' + John Bonython, of Saco, beine; in debt and guilty of some of- fenceS} had offered \ "lent residunro to the officer, who had war- rants and other precepts against him ; contemn* d the authority that issued them ; and threatcjied to take ihe life of uny one who durst touch him. To the process by which he was summoned to answer for his contempts and menaces, ho paid no regard ; and therefore the court, after the usual preliminary proceedings, L^, solemnly adjudged him to be an outlaw and rebel — no longer tnder his Majesty* t protection ; and likewise ordered, that if he could be taken alive, he should be transported to Boston, to un- dergo some extraordinary animadversion or punishment.']; Two law-cases occur at this session which are worthy to be mentioned, only because they involve the question ot' jurisdiction, then claimed and exercised from Piscataqua to C sco. One was an action of account, presented by John Trelawnf^y, of Pis- eaiaqua, for services in the fishery at Richmond's Island, against John Winter, resident there ; the other was a suit by Edward Godfrey of Agamenticus, one of the Council, to recover £20 awarded him by the High Court of Star Chamber in England, against George Cleaves, the Deputy-President of Lygonia, resid- ing at Casco ;§ wherein both judgments were for the plaintifTs. But the paramount power, exercised by the goveruinent of Gorges within Rigby's patent, was at length brought to a final con- clasion by the proper authority. The subject having been re- ferred to the Governor-General and Commissioners of the American Plantations>|| they made their report in March, A. D. 1646. By this, they decided, * that Alexander Rigby, in virtue * la Connecticut and New^-Havcn Colonies, there were, in 1645, 14 taxa- ble towns. ^ :.^ . . \ ■ ^ ■ j. -^ t See 1 Coll. Jilast. Ilitt. Soc. lOl,— ?. — A fast was ordered to be solemn- ly kept, Nov. 20, through the Province. I John was the ion of Richard Boynthon. He lived 1-2 mile below Saco falls, on the east side of the river. About the time of the American Rev- olution, the remains were discovered of the chimney and collar of hit honw, which was destroyed by the Indians, A. D. 1675.— St«//iean, p. 224. — Query— what had Massachusetts to do with an offender in Maine ? 5 bullivan. p. 30«. Q Ante, A. D. 1642. >. %,, Ml A.D. 164t. John Bwif- Two juri»- dictiouml casM. Goranit* siooert' de- cision, M8rch,1646 in i'avor of Rigby. THE HarroKT tVtii^ i. A.0. 1641. « of the deeds, and documents adduced, is the rightful ownw md ' proprieUNT in fee-simple, of the territory or Province of Lyco- ' nia ; being a tract of land 40 miles in length and 40 miles io * breadth, lying on the south side of the river Sagaaahock, and 1 »4>i .1 adjoining unto the great ocean, or sea, called Mare del JVort;* * and in him is settled the right of planting, ruling, ordering and ' governing it. The Commissioners furthermore ordered all the < inhabitants of the Province to yield due obedience unto iu * constitution of government ; and also directed the Governor of ' Massachusetts, in case of any resistance, to afford the officers, ' appointed by said Rigby, all suitable assistance.' Divisional According to this decision, tlie river Kennebunk proved to be riverKen- *^® divisional line between the two Provinces j and the only re- nebuok. maining settlements within Gorges' charter were those of Wells, Georgeana, Piscataqua and the northern Isles of Shoals. ' No decision could be more unwelcome and afironting to the ad- herents of Gorges. If the land-titles of settlers under him with- in the patent of Lygonia were not thereby put at hazard, three of his Councillors, Vines, Joscelyn, and Bonython, and several other officers, fell within Rigby's jurisdiction, and must either yield allegiance to his government or leave their estates and homes. To resist, would only expose them to the coercive power of Massachusetts, which they had reason to believe, she would be by no means displeased to exercise. Hence, Henry Joscelyn prepared to remove to Pcmaquid ; and some others did actually quit the Province. cukvm Cleaves, exulting in successes, and in the good graces of re- cfmrt at Sa- publicans, both in England and Massachusetts, immediately opened a court at Saco, under tlie authority and auspices of Rig- by, his principal ; at which place, at Casco, and Black-point, he held sessions at appointed intervals, three or four years. The officers commissioned or designated by the proprietor or Cleaves to govern the province, it seems, were a Deputy-President and 5 or 6 A$$i$tant$, who were probably Magistrates of a judicial character. A court at Black-point was holden b) Mr. Cleaves, Henry Joscelyn and R ^bert Jordan. The administration possess- * By the Tavorablfl interprotation of Mr. Rifi^by*! patent of Ly^fooit, Mr. flubltard't A*. E. p. ftlO, says, they " brought it to the seaaide j wber«- " aa the worda of the grant laid it 20 milea, and had put Sir F. Gorgei out '•of f ■ aa far »« Saco." CiaT. VI.] OP MAOf E. ^ ed lOine eae^ ; and in tide of pc^ukritjr was pn^MMtionata to a. Oi iMf. tbtt of the English republicans at borne ; so *nuch vraa its for- tune reflected across the Atlantic The style of the Court was tjie cGemkral Assemblt or the Province or Ltgonia;" consisting of Assistants and of Deputies chosen by tbs people.* Br the commissioners' determination, the territory of Gorges' vinr* Province was reduced to a remnant, and its political affiurs |^'^*^|'* tlirown into a miserable dilemma. Vines had sold and assigned bis estate to Robert Childs, and returned to England,f from which be proceeded to Barbadoes ; Mr. Godfrey being the only Councillor left, of Sir Ferdinando's appointment. To revive and organize a new administration, lately so mutilated and crippled, a court was convened at Wells, which elected Godfrey, Gover- j, nor; Richard Leader, JVtcholas Shapleigh, Thoma$ fTiVAers, JJ^"» — and Edward Riskxoorth, Councillors ; — the latter being appointed also Recorder. Afterwards other courts had sessions under Gorges* charter and articles of combination, and held terms alter- nately in Wells and Georgeana, about three years.| At the court of elections, Oct. 20, 1 647, no changes in the offi- ** ^' "^^" cers of government are mentioned. Great and provident care was taken of the public interests, and the people enjoyed con- siderable prosperity. One act of tlie court was memorable ; — this was the formation of the Piscataqua plantations into a town „. by the name of Kittert ;"^ which embraced the present town corporaied. * It appears, the Assistants in I64S were, \V. Iloyall, Hanry Watts, John CossoDS, Peter Hill, and Robert Duotli : — aiiJ Gourge Clcavcn, Deputy -PresiJcnt." t Vinci' assl)rnment ta Child wan in Oct. I64.y His hnnf.n was ntar Winter Harbor on tliu sca-sliorc. He first cnmo over A. 1). 1609 and had hrcn constantly in the country 30 ycara. — Iklk. Iiii><^. \i. ItUt.— He w*ii a hifrh royalitit. I Siiili\ an, |i. :i'20, 325. } A'«rnni7.— The titles to the lands are rfnrircd from Sir F. Gorges, ^ir \V. Pcppercll was born at Kit(ery>point, to which hit father reniurcd from Slar-Uland. A ti^iglo lintal dc»c«ndaDl| irt lilMof litaoaU. '!i \ THE HWrORY [Vou C A«0.i«47'Of thatnameithetwo Berwioks and Elliot. It was so called, from r^ard to the wishes of several settlers, who emigrated from a town of that name in England. A curious memorial, presented to the ccirt, this year, reflects some light upon the faint delineations of these times : — Thus, * The humble petition of Richard Cutts and John Cutting, shew- « eth, — ^That, contrary to an order, or act of court, which says— ' no woman shall live on the Isles of Shoals, John Reynolds has * brought his wife hither, with an intention to live here and abide. ' He also hath brought upon Hog Island a great stock of goats ' and swine, which by destroying much fish, do great damage to ' your petitioners and others ; and also spoil the spring of water * upon that Island, rendering it unfit for any manner of use— * which affords the only relief and supply to all the rest of the ' Islands. — ^Your petitioners therefore pray, that the act of court ' may be put in execution for the removal of all women from in- ' habiting there ; and that said Reynolds may be ordered to re- ' move his goats and swine from the Islands without delay ; — and * as in duty bound is your petitioners' prayer.' \ In compliance with the request, the court ordered Reynolds to remove liis swine and goats from Hog Island withb 20 days, and also from such other Islands as were inhabited by fishermen. But as to " the removal of his wife," it is * thought fit by the court,' that " if no further complaint come against her, she may enjoy " the company of her husband."* Never, truly, was there a juster decision, but why an order of court so uncouth and so hostile to woman's rights and privileges, should ever blemish the page of a statute book, neither history, nor tradition, informs us. While Sir Ferdinando's Province was deeply involved in diffi- ciinrijcirr of p„],jgj, j,g jjjgj j^ England, about two vcars before the excculion Sir r. iior- o > ««•• of Charles, his royal master. Seldom is a subject more firmly attached to his prince. He was a native of the kingdom, born, A. D. 1 573, at Asliton Phillips, in the County of Somerset — of Spanish extraction, f — a descendant of an ancient family more now iiidipcnf, is»filllivin(r,ol'(hc Cutis family. Richanl died Sept, 1010.- S '0 jvi^t. .'/. J). ]n\2 and 17 \'^,—Sullivnn"s Iliil. p. 241—1. Kilter) w.\i ■cttled in 1C23; and Geor^cann, or .Ajjaincnticiis in 1021. • 7 Coll. Manv \hM. Soc. p. 250. Also ! Coll. il). p. 103. t Duke rff l(t Uochrjountult l.inncourt inyi " Gorpcs wai a Spaniai J." It i« laid hit father ratnc over from Spain in the rri^i of Philip and Mirj. % TratiU, p. 241. hivif 1' Denth nnd ClAfr ▼>•] OF MAOIE. 9|06 jlgiiiguished for respectabili^ than opulence. Ambition, sagacity A.O. imt. {ind enterprize, which made him. delight in projects of advonture, 8*' F* were the strong features of his character ; and what his mbd de- vised, bis firmness of constitution, vigor of health and force of purpose, enabled him to pursue with unremitting perseverance. But his aims were too much elevated. Fame and wealth, lo oiten the idols of superior intellect, were the prominent objects of this aspiring man ; and though he attained to rank and honor, he never could amass riches. Constant and sincere in his friend- ships, he might have had extensivelj the estimation of others, had not selfishness been the centre of all his efforts. In early life he was privy to the conspiracy of Essex agamat the administration of queen Elizabeth, and afterwards betrayed the whole secret. But if this transaction brought a blush upon his reputation, it had an effect to gain for him, subsequently, many marks of royal favor, and to attach him more closely to the interests of the crown. He was a naval commander before the close of the queen's last war with Spain ; and in considera- donof his services and merits he was appointed, A. D. 1604, Goremor of Plymouth in the County Oi' Devonshire. He was also a captain in the navy, A. D. 1625.* ,.. .< Ho and Sir Walter Raleigh, whose acquaintance was familiar, possessing minds equally elastic and adventurous, turned thefr thoughts at an early period of life, towards the American hemis- phere. Being many years the survivor, he had a proportionate advantage. He took into his family several transported natives^ and by listening to narrations about their people and country, he was amused, informed and animated. Sanguine in the belief, that rich and powerful states would arise in this region, his mind and his tongue dwelt with rapture upon the theme. The facts he collected, he reduced to the form of a succinct History of this northern country ; which, being found to contain many curious and rare particulars, was printed about ten years after his death. In the grand patent of New-England, he was an active and able member, the principal advocate of their rights, and the most powerful champion in their defence. None did more towards planting a colony at Sagadahock, and subsequent settle- ments in the vicinity. He sacrificed his time, expended his Vol. I. «> 4 HuBM p. 3S0. 90 fM. SM THE HVrORY IW&.l. A. D. iscr. taaujt u>d sent over his own son and kindr«»d, fully eonfid«)t Pir p. oor* of final success. But his schemes were often visionary, and his seal somedmes partook of obstinacy. Determined to remove all obstacles averse to the establishment of the twelve royal Provinces, or a New< England empire, of which he was to be the Governor-General he often assailed the charter of Massachusetts, as the chief piq. barrassment, and thereby brought upon himself and his measures repeated censures. In religion, a prominent article of his charter, he is not knovm to have uttered any intemperate or even conscientious sentiments. It is certain, though he was an episcopalian, devoted to the Eng- lish prelacy, he never was a persecutor of puritans. Secular in his projects and pursuits, he had determined upon the acquisitions of dominion, riches and honors for his sons. His death, at the advanced age of 74, in arms, on the side of his king, from whom he had received so many tokens of favor, gave full proof of his fidelity ; and his life and name, though by no means free of blemishes, have just claims to the gr^tefulre^ collections of the eastern Americans and their posterity.* * His oldest son, John, succeeded to his estates and title, a man of w considerable energy, who survived his father only a few years. John left a son, Ferdioando, who inherited the title and some of his grand-fiiitli- •r's energ^iei. Ill:-"*: /.J... '■ »- - 1 ' - Mil .. •,'• ( .'..t;' ' f. • i If' •« r rn I Oi*f. Til.] OPMAINt. Mi CHAPTER Vn. fke fVeHck tn Acadia— The local situation and rivedship of de la Tour and tPAulney — T!uir religious tenets — The warfare between tkem — La Tour applies to Massachusitts — Qov. Ganges' letter- La Tour obtains help — Drives (FAulney to Penobscot — He it affronted with the Colonists — His agent visits Boston — Madame la Tour proceeds home to the river St. John — Defeats dAulney '-'He treats with Massachusitts — Attacks la Tour's fort, cap- tures it and makes his wife a prisoner — Her death — La Tour's trading voyage — His piratical conduct — Sufferings of the Eng- , .^j Ush sailors — The Indians — D'Aulney's death — His widow mar- ^ ries la Tour — The English Colonists and Missionaries — The French Acadian settlements in Maine not flourishing. To finish our memoirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, whose life a d. 1635 and labors were so intimately connected with the History of*" this State ; — ^the annals of Nova Scotia, as identified with a large (ja.** part of the Sagadahock territory, have been for ten years necessarily suspended. In resuming the subject, we may re- mark, that not only were the Acadians and the Provbcials of Maine, neighbors ; but a trade and intercourse were kept up be- tween them with some profit and without intermission ; and in particular, the French commanders claimed and occupied the territory, and controled the tribes of Indians, situated about and between Passamaquoddy and Penobscot ;^-circumstances which contribute interesting materials to fill our own historic pages. After Razilla's death, mentioned in 1635, the command ofR"*iii>>rin/Aiup'« Jow. p. 341—2, who says, »* Port-Royal was ibeirs ulsu.— p. S07. \ From St, John to Quako, cast on the north shore, is S6 miles; thcnco to the promontory which divides Bay Fundy, 33 miles ; forming Chicgnccio bay, N. E. 50 miles in extent ; and the Basin of Minas, 80 miles easterly. \ do called from a French officer, a residsnt there at a period not ascer- tained.— JVf. Let. nf Col. JFardwell and Capl. JIantell.—llerc was the N«w-Plymouth trading house, in 162G. North-eastwardly, a few nii!cs d'Aulney had a mill and buildings } Winthrop's Jour. p. 3*. II These three placpi wero noted f.>r fishery and fur trade.— 1 Hukli- nut. p 122. C«AP. ni.] ^OPMAwir M •< Eteehmku >** and^ib'^ir '* countiy," tbwi^'altogether iiMlef- A. O. mb. inite,1the king, in 1638, ordered d*Auhey to confine his gorem> togatf intending thereby co settle the contests of these ambitidus Generals about jurisdiction.* Nothing, however, had the tranquillizing effect desired. Nor Troubitt » could these rivals have reason to expect that their invidious con- *''"•"'* tests, a thousand leagues from France, vrould arrest the attention of their king ; so long as he continued involved in hostilities with Spain ; or so long as the papists and the protestants, or Hugue- nots, in their civil wars, were drenching the kingdom in blood. If d'AuIney, a catholic, made large calculations upon the coun- tenance and assistance of partizans at home, and the Jesuit mis- sionaries in his Province ; la Tour, a protestant, entertained tlie most confident expectations of favor, from the puritan colonists of New-England. In November, 1641, he despatched Rochet onx.D. ifi4i. a mission to Boston ; who, taking on the way, letters of introduc-pije,|^M,^ tion from Mr. Shurte, the chief magistrate of Pemaquid, made*"i"j^"* proposals to Massachusetts, — 1st. That there should be free in- tercourse and commerce between her traders and Gen. la Tour j —2d. That she agree to render him the assistance needed in prosecuting a war against d'Aulney, or in removing him from Penobscot ; — 3d. That he should be allowed the privilege of re- ceivbg return cargoes of goods from England, through the colony merchants. To the first she readily acceded ; but declined an acceptantce of the others, till Rochet could show some authority from la Tour to negociate such a treaty.f Visiting Boston, Oct. 6, the next year, a Lieutenant of la a. d. 164S. Tour, attended by a small retinue, presented the Governor with letters from his General, abounding in civilities and compliments, and closing with a renewal of his former requests. { A free trade, and nothing more, was now settled and opened, and several merchant vessels made profitable voyages ; the first one receiving from la Tour every testimony of respect which the arts ' "I^ of address could evince, and also details of d'Aulney's machina- ,, ' ■' Uuarrf>l b«- tions and measures. These representations, the master was de- j*"*" •» sired to put into the hands of the Governor. On his return d'Auiney. * 1 Hutchinson'* Hist. p. 122, 120. \ Wintbrop'i Jour. p. 263, 2S7. 1 1 Haz. Coll. p. 199. 810 TUGHVTORY CYlK^ ■> A.0. 1649. homeward, he accidentally had an btenriew with d'Anbiay ^ Pemaquid, whom he found in a 6t of passion and resentmeaL Hare, said the latter, m a printed arret againei la Tour, uttui by the crown of France ; take it to your Governor and tell An^ tf vessels dare persist in a trade bettoeen the colonies and the river St. John, I wUl make prize of them.* La Tour was thundersu-uck by this royal edict, which pro- claimed him an outlaw and rebel ; and ere he could obtain any relaxation of its penalties, his enraged enemy, early in the spring following, was prepared to attack bira in his own castle. With an armament of two ships, four smaller vessels and 500 men d'Aulney was able to cut off all communications with la Tour, by a complete blockade of his harbor, and to reduce the garrison to the depths of extremity. To aggravate the distress of la Tour, he was eyewitness to the arrival of a ship, full of protestant fugitives from Rochelle,f -' and laden with expected succours, for which he was sufierbg. As he perceived she could not pass the squadron, he resolved to leave the ^rrison, and entrust the defence of it to his compan- ' ions. Accordingly he and his wife, in the night of June 12tb, escaped to the ship, and proceeded to Boston. He was now enabled to show the Massachusetts magistrates, some official articles of favor from the French cabinet ; a com- mission from the vice-admiral and grand prior, by which he was appointed " the king's lieutenant-general in Acadia;" a per- mission to send the ship back with freight and despatches ; and letters from the company of New-France, full of advices against the intrigues of d'Aulney. These were all invaluable docu- ments to him ; which, with the powers of his persuasive ad- dress, collectively inspired him with the greatest confidence of success. The request ^^^ magistrates, elders and merchants of Massachusetts, were dficuiwd by Strongly inclined to favor the subject of la Tour's requests. But MasMchu- opponents raised many and powerful objections. War, said they, is an extreme remedy ; and the exact justice of the case, we cannot expect to know, since the French cabinet itself has va- cillated in the affair. If d'Aulney has done us injuries, and pro- • Hubbard's N. E. p. 479. t The number was 140 fenon».—Winthrop*i Jour. p. S82. CiAP.tn.] OTJUINE. 311 ^tjlui us to hostflities ; it were more for our honor and the eredh A. 0. mk of our religicm to take arms upon the grounds of self-defence, aod protection, than to be mere *' marginal notes" to a Frer ^'man*s articles of warfare. Only a permission for la Tour to ^^ocure an outfit of men and munitions of war agamst d'Aulney, will arouse his resentments, and may possibly be deemed, by his king, an hostile act of the colony : — end who can divine, but that the smaller weapons, forged here, may not be swords in Chri»- tendom ? D'Aulney is powerful by land and by sea, in men, jn ar- tillery, and military stores ; our vessels and cargoes have hitherto floated securely ; and he has been content with our impartiality aod forbearance. Nor had tlie objectors any great confidence in the sanctity of la Tour's principles ; much less could they be melt- ed by his appeals to public sympathy. For, ten years before, he had killed two English colonists at Machias, and carried away <^ the worth of £500 in goods, owned by New-England people,* without so much as an offer of reparation or even an apology. It is true, his wife was justly esteemed for her sound protestant sentiments, and excellent virtues ; whereas he himself was sus- pected of being a timeserving character, if not at heart a catho- lic, and in fact a coward. f .ji- La Tour, in defence of himself, was able to prove, that (he men killed were intoxicated, and began the afifray by firing first upon his party, without provocation. ' The value of the goods,* said he, ' I will submit to a reference, and pay all that shall be awarded, nay, make amends to any extent determined. He proceeded farther, and with a kind of magic, urged his claims by pleas of merit. He found men, who were ready to depose, that at a time when the fates of the seas had cast them upon his fort, be had not only fed them with the milk and meat of human kind-. ness ; he had also provided for them passages to their homes. His supporters, or friends, were a respectable class of men. Many had unwavering faith in hi3 protestant orthodoxy ; more were making calculations upon the greater profits, or gains, they could acquire in a trade with him than with d'AuIney ; and the disciples of religion thought it their conscientious duty, to extend the helping hand to a neighbor in distress. The outrageous '"Mr. Vines compUinod of la Tour's violence and rapacity in 1633.— Winthri^U Jtur. p. 301. f 1 Douglas* Summ. p. 806. l.-v.I ■I A leor aine. 318 TUB HISTORY r [^9^ >f A.0. 1643. wrongs of d'Aulney at Penobscot, and elsewhere, are reci^ lected by us, said the Colonists ; and ' all history teaches that tU * greediness of spoilers and the ambiuon of conquerors, are ia * the ratio of their successes. If he could conquer la Tour , * would the acquests of 200 soldiers, and booty worth 4 or '£5,000 satisfy his insatiate appetite ? — ^A free intercourse and * conunerce with la Tour is already settled ; and shall he be for- < bidden to hire ships and men at his own expense and upon his * own responsibility, to effect a safe return of himself and family *,to his own plantation and fortress ? — If there be fatalities, blood> * shed is one of the destinies of mankind, in the defence of righti / , * and the performance of duties.'* TheFreich "^^^ ^^™® important and novel question agitated the planta- t'rb'ihe'* ^'on^j between Piscataqua and Penobscot, within the government of Maine. La Tour was owing some persons considerable debts, which they feared might be lost, if he was driven from St. John's.f D'Aulney was generally dit^iked, and all desired his removal, to some situation more renioie than Penobscot ; lest future successes should encourage his encroachments and despotic measures, or flush and inflate his arroganc3\ ^ A letter from the Deputy-Governor of Maine,| written from his residence at Kittery-point, to Governor Winthrop, will show us bis views of the subject. " Piscataqua, 2Bth June, 1 643. " Right worthy Sir I understand by Mr. Parker, you have written me by Mr. Shurt, which as yet, I have not received. It cannot be unknown to you, the fears wc are in, since la Tour's promise of aid from you. For my part, I thought fit to certiiy so' much unto you, for I suppose not only theso parts which are naked, but all north-east, will find d'Aulney a scourge. He hath long waited, with the expense of near £800 per mouth, for an opportu- nity of taking supplies from his foe ; and should all his hopes be frustrated through your aid, you may conceive where he will seeic for satisfaction. If a thorough work could be made, and i.e be utterly extirpated, I should like it well : otherwise it cannot be thought but that a soldier and a gentleman will seek to revenge Letter ot Gov. Gor- fes. * These arg^uinents were reduced to writing in extenso, in 1643, entire in I H»z. Coll. p. 602, 616. t «' St. John V or «* St. John's rirer."— /fti6. JV. E. p. 489.— WtntArop. p. 862. \\ Haz. Colt. p. 498. CiAT* Til.] OF MAINE. fl^ iHoudf; having 500 men, 2 ships, a galley, and pii • es wdl i. ifA pitivided. Besides, you may please conceive, in what manner be qoir besieges la Tour. His ships lie on the south-west part of the Island, at the entrance of St. John's river, within which i» only an entrance for ships, and on the north-east lie his pinnaces. It cannot be conceived but he will fortify the Island, which ' ^U debar the entrance of any of your ships and force them back, shewing the will, having not the power, to hurt hira. I suppose I shall sail for England in this ship — ^I am not as yet certaiot which makes me forbear to enlarge at this time, or to desire your commands thither. Thus in haste I rest — ^your honoring friend and servant. *:,: : r ,„ THOMAS GORGES." ^ * rj At lengtli, Massachusetts informed la Tour, that though she could not as a colony, consistent with the articles of union, takeouifliaad any active part with him in the controversy ; he might employ as many ships, and enlist as many volunteers into his service, as he could hire with his own means and pay. Full of acknowl- edgements for this favor, he chartered of Edward Gibbons* and Thomas Hawkins, June 30, at £520, for each of the two succeeding months, the ships Seabridge, Philip and Mary, In- crease, and Greyhound, furnished with 50 men and 38 pieces of ordnance. He also enlisted 92 soldiers at the charge of iC40 per month, whom he put on board ; the whole being armed, victualled, and paid at his own expense. To secure the owners and purveyors, he mortgaged to them ills fort at St. John's, his great guns, and all his other property, real and personal, in Acadia. All prepared, the squadron, pre- ceded by his own ship, the Clement, sailed, July 14, and com- menced the attack upon d'AuIney, immediately on their arrivaL The onset was so unexpected and furious, that d'Aubiey was compelled to quit his statici ; when his enemies gave him chase and pursued him to Penobscot.f Here he ran his two ships and a small vessel aground, for the purpose of fortifying himself in '"Gibbons was gay, young and wealthy, also a magistrate, A. D. 1650.— 1 Hubbard^ » Hitt. p. 150. t WitUhrop tayi, p. 307, it was PorURoyal ; but Hutchinton and Sullitan^ p. 277, say it was " Pmobicot ;" confirmed by subsequent facts. — 1 Hvkh- imon'f Hitt. p. m.—Winthrop't J»ur. p. 362. Vol. I 27 m THE HISTORY [V«>l.. |. A. D. IMS. the most expeditious manner, and then turned upon his porsn* ers* ' The commandant of the Massachusetts* forces' declined am ' farther prosecution of the enterprize ; and a smart engagement with a party of d'fulney*s men, at his mill, not a great distance from the fort, closing the scene, though not without loss, as several tfn each side were killed or wounded in the action.* Within the limited time of the charter-party, the ships and men arrived safely in Boston harbor, without having lost a man; bringiDg Vtrith them a vessel they had taken from d'Aulney, laden with moose skins, beavers and other furs. These they divided in equal proportions to la Tour, to the ships, and to the men. Dispnie* of ^ Communication from Boston met d'Aulney, on his late re- and Aiatsa- turn to his foft, unfortunately while in a most unhappy temper of mind.f It was in part an answer from the Governor, to a letter received by him in the preceding autumn ; and further- more, it was an explanation of the manner in which la Tour had obtained ships and supplies. * Had we, said the address to * him, been molested in the right of free trade, as you tbreaten- * ed us, we should not have been backward to do ourselves jus- * tice. But the colony government of Massachusetts has in fact ' taken no measures, nor granted any commission, against you. * To permit la Tour to enlist and hire forces with his own * money, violates no sound political rules, it is a mere attribute * of our independence, while the laws of christian duty require * us to relieve all distress. Yet surely nothing would be more * grateful to our wishes, than reconciliation and peace.'f D'Aulney was unprepared for a rupture with that colony, and might have repressed his resentments, had there been no fresh or new aggressions. But he was now determined to subdue his rival, let Massachusetts act what part she pleased, and therefore applied again for assistance in France j giving out, that a force was soon expected sufficient to destroy him. In the mean time, he resolved effectually to prevent all inter- course between la Tour and the English colonists. Nevertheless, ♦Thirty of the N. England men with la Tour's men were engafcd in this last skirmish, and 3 Frenchmen were killed on each side.— Hubbard'* JV. E. p. 483. -^Tbe messenger was " led blindfold into the house and so returned, 6 or 7 hours after." | Hubbard's N. E. p. 482. hit affront. Cur* TII.] OF MAINB. 81ft fat tbc purpose of coUoctiog mooies, due from la Tour, Vines of A.D. isml gaoo, Shurt of Pemaquid, and Wannerton* of New-Hampshire, all men of eminence in their respective plantations, took passage for i the river St. John's ; yet when they arrived at Penobscot, d'AuIney detained them several days under forcible restraints — from ^*— - » vrhich Mr. Shurt, whom he owed and esteemed, had hardly influ- ence enough witli him to obtain a release. The transaction was felt by ihem to be a violation of all social and sacred usages ; CauA.D. 16U. ittuo* Misery and contempt, folly and meanness, mark the contro- j.^.^^||^|^ versy of these two ambitious Frenchmen ; for civil war never j'"*' *•'■ reflects a baser image in miniature, than when it is reduced to personal quarrels, or tlie punctilious points of duelists. Our regrets are deep and many, that the English colonists, and much more the government, ever had any concern in the affair : — For it was impossible to live in amity with both. At one time d'Aulney pressed an English colony-coaster into his service, and compelled <: ' the master to go with him to St. John's, in order to communicate through him to la Tour the new arret, and ensure a safe return of the messenger. He was otherwise often an offender ; and by reason of his threats, the fiequcnt and successful applications of his foe to the rulers of Massachusetts, and the measures adopted or opposed by them ; the people were unhappily divided through the whole country into parties. Madame la Tour, unable to visit her husband or home, com- „ , , menced two suits at law, one was against Baylcy, the master, for Tour» transporting her to Boston and nofto St. John's, whither she was bound ; the other was against Berkley upon the charter-party, for an unnecessary detention of six months on board, owing to a circuity of voyage for the sake of a gainful trade. The trials before the Court of Assistants lasted four days ; in which she labored to shew her damages, to be equal to the cost of a force and outfit, sufficient to cope with her enemy, in the event of a rencounter ; and extravagant as the verdicts of the juries may appear, they gave her £2,000. With this money, obtained from the proceeds of the cargo, she chartered three London ships in Boston harbor, and proceeded to St. John's.* ? •♦■< • "*■■ When d'Aulney was apprized of her flight, or rather departure, p.^uin,- he was excessively chagrined, for one of his schemes was now frustrated ; he having had the fullest intentions of making her his illustrious captive. In this malignant warfare, chivalrous gallan- . ' try, once the pride of Frenchmen, seems to have lost its charac- * Winlhrop'i Jour. p. ;!fi3 — 4. — Here th<> Journal tlosci. Altcrwardi (ho rtcordpr of tlie Court ntid one of ihc- jurymen, were nrretted in Ix)ndon «nd eotnpelird to find bonds for £,4fi(iO, to antwer in o Court of AdminJtjr —where they wer« dischnn^ed.— //uMard't JV*. £. p. 491. '. 318 THE HISTORY ^VtU I. A. D. 1645. ter ; and the married wife was marked for triumphant seizure. Jealous now of Massachusetts to a greater degree than ever he determined to consider the obligations of the late treaty with her government as broken ties ; and his king's directions relative to the English, as nullities. He knew, the protestant interest in France was sinking ; his monarch was a child ; and the administration was too much distracted with foreign and domestic wars, too fee. ble and too partial, tu arraign him for his conduct, provided he His cxpedi- acted zealously the part of a catholic. From the friars and other ifeai. treacherous fellows, dismissed by lady la Tour after her arrival home, he had information, that her husband was on a cruise in the bay of Fundy ; and his garrison being supplied with only 50 men and poor provisions, might be easily captured. Therefore the Commander of Penobscot, proceeded thither early in the spring ; and meeting with a New-England vessel off tlie coast of the peninsula, laden with supplies for his enemy, he made prize of her, turning the crew upon a desolate island, without fireworks, , gun or compass ; and proceeded on with his prize. A miserable wigwam was their only shelterjjhe snow was deep, and a part of their clothing was withholdeiwKmi them by tlieir piratical captor. Arriving in the harbor of St. Jolm's, d'Aulney moored his ship in a well-chosen position, near the fort ; and then discharged his ordnance upon it, with considerable effect. But he was con- tending with a heroine of consummate valor : — She returning the fire with such spirit, that 20 of his men were killed — 13 were wounded ; and his ship was so much shattered and disabled, that he was forced to warp her away under the shelter of a bluff to prevent her from going to the bottom, j. , n, j . .i, ..; ? On his return, he took the plundered crew from the Island after ten days' suffering, and sent them homeward in an old shal- lop, without tlie necessary comforts of life. Massachusetts, justly incensed by his base conduct, accust;cl him of breaking a sacred treaty, and demanded immediate satis- Hit conduct (action. But he refused to admit into his presence the inesscn- OBtonilu."" 8®*"* ''" ^® ^">*^ explained how la Tour's wife effected her return home ; and tlien he charged the colony with assisting his mortal enemy ; killing his domestic nnimals ; and burning his build- ings 'f and furtliermore, added he, — I warn you to beware of my $overeign*t retentmenti. — It is true, the messenger replied, he is a mighty prince, and also one of too much honor to com- CbaF. ▼"•] OP MAINE. •' ^fij* gence a rash attack ; et should he, we trust in a God, vsho nl a.D. ims. tlie in6nlte arbiter of justice. When the messenger furthermore informed d'Aulney, that the treaty negociated by Marie, had ]^een rati6ed by the Commissioners of the United Colonies, he utterly refused to give it the sanction of his own signature, till all difficulties were settled. Still, said he, ' so much more is < honor with me than emolument, that I will wait for an cxplan- i atory answer till next spring ; and in the mean time, there shall 'be no act of hostility on my part.' Impossible as it evidently was to enjoy peace and a free trade, ffith botii the contending Generals at the same time ; the Gover- nor and magistrates of Massachusetts resolved upon farther ne- ' ' ' jociajion rather than war, so long as it tfould be managed upon honorable grounds. The place and manner were questions of de- bate. Some thought it would nt.ther be wise nor consistent with the rules of etiquette, to go and tretit witli d'Aulney in his own castle, supposing Pemaquid would be a fitter place. Others saw an expediency in such approaches to one, who professed to stand so much upon his ' honor ;' when he, being apprized of their delib- erations, sent them a note, to trouble themselves no farther upon the subject, for he should commission messengers in due time, to naitupon them and settle difficulties. aijT •!:=«• »*» \_ The delay was long and unexpected, extending even to the mis. 20th of the next September, (A. D. 1646,) when three commis- JJiXii!^ sioners of his, Marie, Ijouis, and his Secretarj^, arriving in Bos- M^„"',*acru^ ton, were received with all the testimonies of respect due to their •""*• master. After a review of mutual grievances, the commission- ers, in the sequel, demanded £800 damages, for injuries done d'Aulney at different times. But the Governor and magistrates thought the colonists were the greater sufferers : — nevertheless, to evince their high sense of justice and honor, and to give d'Aulney satisfaction, on a re-estnblishment of the former treaty, they made him a i^attering present. This was an elegant sedan worth 40 or JC50, v hich being sent by a Mexican Viceroy to his sister in the West Indies, fell into the hands of Cnpt. Cromwell, and waspicscnted by him to the Governor.* By protracting the negociiition, d'Aulney had been successful ^.^ , in deterring the English colonists from trading it St. John's, or •"'*'• '^«»"- • Hubbard's N. E. p. 490. 380 A.D. 1M6. A.D. 1647 D'AuliMty captures la Tour's fori ti'i' THE HlSTOttY ' .£Vm« i. •ffi>rding his enemy succours. His vigilance was unremittbg ^ he being often made acquainted, probably by the treacherous friars, with every movement and the true condition of Is Tour • who himself appeared to be destitute both of prudence acd sagacity. Finding his provisions short in the close of the winter he ventured to cruise from place to place in search of supplies • leaving his fort and his estate in the care of his wife ; who, tliough a wise and valiant woman and a discreet manager, well worthy of his unlimited confidence, was at this time greatly needing and highly deserving the experience and energetic assistance of a hus> band, in trials so severe and fatal. In April, General d'Aulney, at a favorable moment, agaia brought all bis naval force into the harbor of St. John's ; and commenced with great spirit a cannonade of the fort. In the assault twelve of his men were killed and several were wounded. But against all opposition, he was able finally, after a short though severe siege, to scale the walls, when he made la Tour's wife a prisoner ; putting, it is said, all the others, both English and French to the sword. The amount of plunder, consisting of ordnance, plate, jewels, household-stuff, and other personal prop- erty, which he carried away, probably exceeded £10,000. This catastrophe taught la Tour the folly of presumption. Exposed as he was at all times to capture ; duty and honesty as well as prudence, required him to make the hands of friends the depositories of hit effects : For, in this event, his own ruin was not all. Many New-England merchants, who were his creditors^ were compelled to place tlieir debts on the leaf of total loss. One of the greatest sufferers was Gibbons, whom he was owing more than £2,500, for monies and me|tns furnished him, four years before, when he was in great distress. To secure himself more amply. Gibbons had taken. May 13, 1G45, a revised mort- gage of all his debtor's real and personal estate in Acadia ; ex- cepting his frigate and a territory, about 72 miles square, upon the westerly end of the great peninsula. Of all the property so pledged, he also took formal possession, the same year ; yet he derived thence no avails towards the repayment or discharge of his demand.* * La Tour i^ave Gibbons an inventory and deed of hit personal citatf, vessels, barques, and boats, conditioned, that if lie paid Gibbons j^t,084, and ChaF* Til.] OP MAINE. The end of la Tour's accomplished wife was tragical. Driven *• >>• >«*'• from her native country by the sword of catholic persecution, and D«>»h •»<■. '• separated from her husband in a season of the greatest anxiety and trouble, she soon sunk under the weig,ht of her complicated '" afflictions. Her home and her estate were gone — she was bereft of all that was dear or desirable in life — her lofty spirit could not endure the ideal dishonor of imprisonment, in the castle of her most inveterate enemy — and, within three weeks after she was made a prisoner, she died of grief. Her wretched husband visited Newfoundland, in eager hopes l^ Toor'i of assistance from Sir David Kirk,* a great trader of the age. £n^."* Being unable in that way to obtain encouragement, he took pas- sage in one of his vessels for Boston ; where he had the courage to present schemes to his former friends for reviving his fortune, and to urge his pleas for the necessary help. He found several merchants, who still had confidence in his integrity ; and some of them, at length, furnished him with a vessel, manned by Englishmen and Frenchmen, under a master who was neither, and supplied with commodities suitable for the Indian traffic, worth £400. • La Tour sailed about the middle of winter for the Nova Scotia peninsula ; and when he had arrived opposite Cape Sable, he de- veloped the baseness of his soul. Consummate in the arts of in- trigue and disguise, he conspired with the master and five of his own countrymen to drive the Englishmen ashore, and run away with the vessel and her cargo. In executing the piratical project, lie was violently resisted ; and fought in person, shooting one En- glish sailor in the face with his own pistol. This part of the crew, so barbarously turned adrift in the depth of winter, wandered up and down the coast, 16 days, in extreme suffering ; till unexpectedly they were met by a party of Mick- mack Indians, who treated them with a generosity highly credita- ble to the attributes of human nature. It is their due, further to add, that they manifested great noblenrss in their conduct ;f for they received the forlorn mariners into their wigwams, re- Ihe interest, by Feb, 20, 1632, the estate was to be again laTourV— 1 //m. Coil, p 641 — 1— where llio iudenture it entire and the bond ia latin. • See Ante, A. D. 1G28. t Hubbard'i N. E. p. 498. Vol. !. 28 322 THE HISTORY [Vot. I. A. D. 164S. freshed them with venison and the best food they had, kindly .. loaned them a shallop, and provided an Indian pilot, to assist them in getting home. Yet it was not till the following spring, (1648,) tliree roontlis after they left Boston, that these unhappy men with all their exertions, and the kind assistance of the natives were enabled to effect a safe return. La Tour went to pans unknown ; some supposing he had taken a trip to Hudson's bay ;* — as nothing was heard of him for more than two years. NmivM mill But though the Mickmacks of tiiat Province were at this ceriod the French. ° rn- it^i<- r" friendly to the whites of all nations ; the French found in the }>(»« Mohawks a most deadly scourge. That ferocious and brave people, no force had been formed in Canada sufficient to sub- due. No arts could tame them — Massachusetts, though re- quested by the Canadian Governor, wholly declined any inter- ference, for, * never,' said she, ' have the Mohawks done uron? * to the English, and they may always be a barrier in cases of emer- * gency or rupture.' Even Father Dreuillettes, the great apos- tle to tlie Indians of Nova Scotia, was sent to Boston from Can- ada upon the same errand, without success. — Consequently, after the Mohawks had succeeded in subduing the Hurons, they determined to extirpate t itirely the Canadian French, by a gen- eral massacre. f Alarmed by diis news, the latter endeavored to shield themselves against destruction, by redoubling their ef- forts to secure the good-will of all the other natives within their acquaintance ; displaying much apparent friendship ; applying the arts of catholic worship ; and inducing the sanctimonious Jesuits, to accommodate their zeal and instructions to the same desirable end : and thereby, no doubt, a much greater degree of French influence was attained among them, — especially among the Al- gonquirs and the Eastern tribes. On the other hand to cherk the current, and inculcate, if possible, the protestant doctrines with more effect ; a " Society for propagating the Gospel in Kew-Englandy'' among the natives, by visits, schools, and scr- A. D. 1649. ipons, was incorporated, A. D. 1(349, by act of Pailiament. No other place in this eastern region was so much the resort of catholic missionaries, as the fortress of d'Auliiey. He was for several years sole ruler of the country, and a religious zealot. But we hear little of him during the last four years of his life. ♦SiiUiTOD, p. 282. + T Jrfnjt, p. 100.-3-S.— I lUlmtt' A. Ann. p. 3ti Cba'- ▼"•] OF NAINB. >A. Sl:..„ 9S8 He died, A. D. 1651 ; and the next yewe, la Tour returned nd a. 6. itoo, . , , . .1 1641, 16M. mirned his widow. All the former possessions of la Tour in Nova Scotia, being . _ now resumed by him ; very strong expectations were entertained in ««»rri«t iiw Massachusetts and Maine, that he would do his creditors justice. d'Auioey. But they were wholly disappointed. La Tour thought more of present enjoyment, than of old friends. During his second con- nexion, he had several children, — he was seldom absent from his Province ; and when the only daughter and child of his wife, by her former husband, became a canoness of St. Omers, she bequeathed to her half brothers and sisters her whole inheritance. Twelve years' predatory warfare between two ambitious rivals, —the subjects of the same crown, produced effects highly inju- rious to the settlements in the Province of Maine, and the plan- tations farther eastward. Sometimes they committed great v wrongs and even depredations ; their menaces frequently excited alarming apprehensions ; free trade was interrupted ; and it wa« ahvays difficult for the people, so to adjust their conduct by the maxims and rules of prudence, as to keep tliemselves out of th« quarrel. The principles of d'Aulney's great and boasted honor were uniformly the servants of passion or interest. He furnished the natives with fircarnis and ammunition, tiip nmivM and taught them the great power and use of the gun.* priesiliood, consisting wholly of friars, made the savages be- lieve, that catholic rites and ceremonies were the essentials of religion ; and that the dictates of the missionaries were equiva- lent to the precepts of Divine authority. Whereas the orthodox puritans carefully withheld from the Indians the hunting gun, so necessiry among them to obtain the supports of savage life ; while their pious missionaries very honestly instructed them, tliat real religion consisted in regenerating the nftections of the heart; in the inunaculate purhies of life; and in the practices and dispositions towards others, which we would wish them to exiiibit towards us. But these were refinements, which the un- tutored, unenlightened savages could not understand. The usages of retaliation had acquired a kind of sanctity among thtm, wLith they believed nature herself tolerated. Indulgences, and super- stitious forms, as allowed by tlie Jesuits, were altogether more '3 "ii.|i ii.i»- SKMlOrif*. M* .4. Ann. p. W- * 1 Hutchinioa'i Hut. p. 127— I M. 824 TH£ HISTORY [VoL. |. A.U. iS9i.tecordant with their notions and habits, than the self^enyint doctrines of restraint, and the rigid precepts of reform, as taught by the protestant missionaries. TIm Frtncb Since this region has been in the occupancy of the French ' neither the settlements at Penobscot, at Mount Desert, at Machias at St. Croix, nor the places eastward,* had flourished. Most of the French emigrants were ignorant, poor and unenterprising ; the government was of a despotic military character ; and the com- manders, as we have seen, were perpetually contending. The social regulations were under the direction of the ecclesiastics : rights and wrongs were not treated nor regarded in a proper manner ; and no man of good sense and intelligence dwells con- tentedly, where life and property are insecure. *The8e were at St. Johns, Quako, Petudiav, Gaspe, Port-Royal, le Here, Capo Sable and other places. N. B. Mr. Vines who was ill-treated and suffered bj these Frenchmen, la Tour and d'Aulnej, removed to Barbadoes, West Indies ;— where he retrieved his pecuniary circumstances ; and in 1647 — S wrote letters to Gov. Winthrop, who appears highly to esteem him.— S«e theti htttri in Foltom^t Saco and Biddeford, p. 1l-~-3. ''''.i .v ^s.. ■.,"<*' *, i-v-i .'.■ i;, --^ ''UVi f-ilT ■-! i-.^^s> I -! "J 'i-S ■! i.' • !.■ -I: i :».*> xu.tr '■•< . - ,Ki ?!pi KV ■•■[', t;'';'" *,^r '*;:* Jsi'" -I'-i' ,*r-,. CiAf . Tin.] OF MAINE. 826 « i; CHAPTER VIII. four eivil divisions of this Eastern Country — Province of Maine as bisected — The people combine — Governor, Councillors and ad- ministration — Lygonia under Righy — Cleaves his Deputy-Pres- ident — The Court of Assistants — Death of Righy — Sagadahock territory — Pemaquid patent and the Drotcne right — 7%e Brown and Tappan Rights — Parker's Island, Arrowsick and Jeremy- squam — Wiscasset — Cowseagan Claim — Evils of conflicting titles ^Penobscot country — The four different characters of govern- nunt, within the limits of the present Maine. , t^^'• ^ In returning to the civil history of Maine, we are necessarily a. D 1647. reminded of the four great political sections into which we find it '" '*^'" divided. These are, 1 , the restricted province of Gorges, extend- ^'„*'' **'*'** ing to Kennebunk river ; 2, Lygonia ; 3, The Sagadahock terri- tory ; and 4, the region between the waters of Penobscot and Passamaquoddy. The Province of Maine, bisected in the manner previously stated, was laboring under great discouragements. The people Provinci of were ti'oubled and disheartened. Unable satisfactorily to deter- mine what courrd of measures to pursue, the Provincial author- ities, in June, 1 647, addressed a letter to the Lord Proprietor ; stating the unhappy condition into which the late decision in favor of Rigby had thrown his plantations, and requesting him to give them instructions in this emergency. But they received no reply. They knew he was a man of Tht Ad- advanced age ; and a crown officer in the civil wars then raging •»'"'»"•"*'■ in England. Furthermore, a rumor of his death was in circula- tion, the origin or truth of which could not be satisfactorily ascer- tained. In tliis state of doubt and suspense, it was considered most prudent, to act under the charter ; and accordingly a Gen- eral Court was convoked at Wells, October, 1 648, when Edward Godfrey was re-elected Governor ; and Richard Leader, Nicholas Shapleigh, Thomas Withers,^ and Edward Rishworth, who had * Stilliraa writes hU Dam* '• Withers," p. 820— 843.— He lived in Kit« tery. 326 THE HISTORY '% .1!? [Voui. A. I). I CIS. been Councillors the two preceding yen's, were again chosen to the same office. As soon as the government was organized, anoth> er address was prepared and transmitted to England, with more earnest solicitude for directions in their political affairs. An anxious year elapsed without any return, and witliout any further intelligence, than the confirmation of Sir Ferdinando's death. The certainty of this evenV induced the people of Wells, Geor- geana, Kittery, and perhaps the Isles of Shoals, to hold a poij.lar A D ic 19. convention at Georgeana, in July (1649) for the purpose of a general consultation ; when a discussion was had upon their rights, duties, and difficulties. ' To promote the settlement and the ♦ greatest good of the country, has been,' said they, ' our un- ♦ changing purpose ; in which we have endeavored to manage ♦ and regulate its affairs, according to the express powers given in ♦ the charter to the Lord Proprietor ; the ordinances established ' by him and the Provincial General Court ; and the laws and ' usages of England. But most of his Charter Councillors have ♦ departed the Province — the Parliament of England has com- ' manded us, not to intermeddle with the patent to Mr. Rigby— ♦ and since Sir Ferdinando's death, no instructions have been re- ♦ ceived, nor can any be reasonably expected from the parent ' country, so long as it is filled with its present distractions, and ♦ involved in civil war.' ./' / .ly ■ / . , fiir. utiii i-- ii: v . Doubts were entertained too, whether the powers of the charter, or at least the administration of government, did not expire with the Lord Proprietor ; and perhaps the inhabitants were fearful of displeasing Parliament, if they acted under that instrument.— Therefore, after premising that the privileges of Agamenticus, or Georgeana should be preserved entire, they formed themselves into a ' Social Compact,' thus : — " Wie, vfith our free and vohn- " tary coiiseiit, do bind ourselves in a body politic and combina- " iion, to see these parts of the Country and Province regulated, " according to such laws as have formerly been exercised, and " such others as shall be thought meet, but not repugnant to the ^* fundamental laws of our native Country^* It was further ordained, that a Governor and five or six Coun- cillors, magistrates or assistants, should be annually chosen, " by most voices," or majorities of the voters ; and in proceeding to Social Com' pact rorm- * 1 C'cill. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 103. 327 ChaF* VIII.] OF II A INF., lui iflunediate election, they chose the same Governor and Coun- ad. ims. cillors, who had filled the offices Uie preceding year ; — Mr. Rishwortli being re-appointed Secretary or Recorder. Thus or- gaaized anew, tlie administration was continued in the same bands, the two following years ; during which, the proceedings were conformed substantially, to the provisions of Gorges' char- ter, and the usages already prevailing. Determined, according to the dictates of wisdom and prudence, to be obedient subjects to the predominant powers of the realm, they professedly approved of their measures ; and when they heard, that Charles their sov- ereign was no more, and that the reins of government were in the hands of the Commons, tliey readily took directions from that Body. : „i,-^,,.; ,..■- -^u^-^ -,;^-.-t; v/^-.r' v; Uut i4;>r J m; The Lvgonian Province embraced a far greater extent of 2't. The , ,, , , .,,.,, I'roMiicc of territory, than that of Mame as lately restricted, and probably as i.jeoniB many inhabitants ; but in neither of the governments, were the enimcnt. lines distinctively drawn between the departments of legislation, of judicature, and of executive authority. The same tribunal made laws — tried causes — and carried their sentences into exe- cution. The administration under Gorges possessed the most of system and energy ; — that under Rigby was the most popular; >,^ >s, and both were regularly organized. Rigby's politics and the " ".'' 4t sentiments of his provincial officers, were happily in unison witli the triumphant republicans in England, and the puritan rulers in Massachusetts.* *9a much only of the records of tlic General Asserii!)ly in this Province [Lyponia] have, on diligent inquiry, been found, as to shew, that its pro- ceedings were conducted with regularity. For instance, a " iictition of Robert Jordan to Alexander Rip^by, President, Gcorjifo Cleaves, F^eputy- PrcsiJent, tojctlicr with the whole body of tlio General Assembly of Lvgonia, assembled lhis22d day of September, 1G4!;." &c.— was " referred by this Assembly, September 24, to a Committee of this House, viz. to Mr. George Cleaves, Mr. William Royal, Mr. Richard Foxwcll, and Mr. Henry Walts, to be set on tlie lOlli of October next, at Richmond's Island, tomulic report of the stale of things petitioned for, to tliis Court at the next Sessions; under the hand of the clerk of the Assembly, Peyton Cook," Tlic Committee made tiieir report, in December following, and the decree of the Court upon it, ^ras afterwards adjudged legal and valid, by the aii- tborilies of Massachiisett'.. So ' at a Court holden at Black-point, tlie last day of May, 10 «8, touching the administration of P. Cooke, upon the estate of R. VViliiams, this entry is found:'— "We the judges for the Province of fiygonia, do by our authority, ratify and confirm unto the '*■ '- A. D. 1650. Sir Alex.iii- d«r Rigliy's deaili. 328 THE HISTORY '^IVot. |. A. D. 1649. George Cleaves, nnder the title of Deputy-President, was chief, magistrate of Lygonia, from the time of purchase to the death of Col. Rigby. The Court of Assistants, in 1650 — 1, so far as we can learn, seem to have been Robert Jordan, an episcopal minister of Casco; Jlrthur McfVorth of Presumpscot ',* Henry Joscelyn of Black-point, who was a Councillor under Gorges, and might have become reconciled to Rigby ; Thomas Willianu and Robert Booihe, both of Saco, and Morgan Howell of Cape- Porpoise : — John Wadleigh, Jonas Daily, Thomas Morris and Hugh Moseer, were men of some distinction ; yet, if they were clothed with any public trust, their political or official character is not ascertained. Cleaves, it is believed, held his Court principally at Casco and at Saco ;f — tlic latter place having been the seat '' • of government under different administrations, since A. D. 1636. Sir Alexander Rigby died in August, 1650, both esteemed and lamented. Besides having a seat in Parliamert, and a Colo- nel's commission — he was admitted to an order of knighthood, and thus acquired the title of " Right honorable Sir," appurte- nant to the honor conferred. . • \ The Sagadahock territory included several parts and settle- ments, connected by no particular bond of union or governnnent. It extended from Kennebeck river to Penobscot. The principal plantation within its limits was Pemaquid, — a place of general resort for mariners and fishermen in the contiguous waters, and often visited by persons passing and repassing in vessels, between the French settlements and the English towns and harbors west- ward. It was the seat of government within the patent, to El- bridge and Aldsworth, and had been settled a fourth part of a century or more. The chief magistracy was still in the hands of Abraham Shurte, Esq. whose administration, with a few select said P. Cooke, tl.c aforesaid administration, according to the full tenor tlicrcof. Witness our hands, under our Provincial Seal, the day and year above written. (Signed) G. Cleaves, II. Joscelyn, R. Jordan." See Folpjtn's Saco, S(c. p. 61. • Mc Wortli's house erected about 1C33, was on the main land, 3 or 4 miles southwardly of Olapboard Island.— 2 Mast. Rec. p 240. fOne of the late entries of this Court of Lygonia tvas ia 1648 — Jordan ad'm. of Winter's Estate agfainst Trelawney ; and execijtion was ex* tended ou lands io Casco, Purpooduck and Spurwiak, before mcntioaed. 3d. Sajjii- rialiiick tur- rilory. C«A»' '^"•] OF MAINE. ^ ^ 399 .\j8ist8nt9, was rather an advisatory- cunsrrvation of the peace, A. D. ifiat^ than that of distributive justice and executive coinniand. Tlio Pemaijuid patent itself was uhiniately resolved, into wiial i«enmHarbor, probably in the paternal man. sioD. A srrvey was afterwards made of the different claims* and James Noble and William Vaughan, in the right of Brown " improved all the lands lying on both sides of the Damariscotta " Fresh Pond, to the head of it ; also on the west side of the " river half way to Sheepscot, and on the easterly side nearly to " Pemaquid Pond." 'i i*^. Though " the Tappan Right" was of later date, it extensively interfered with the others, and ought to be mentioned in tliis place. It originated in three Sagamore deeds to Walter Phillips, dated A. D. 1661 — 62 — 74; and embraced "a great portion of the " same lands with the Brown Claim." Phillips conveyed to Rev. Christopher Tappan, Nov. 10, 1752, a greater pail, if not all his Indian purchases, under whom surveys were made and pos- sessions taken.* Though the colonies of Massachusetts and New-Plymouth, as early as 1 633, passed acts which forbade such purchases from the natives without the license or approbation of their Legislatures ; yet they were multiplied in Maine. A few others ought to be subjects of remark, before we leave this territory.f One was a purchase of an Indian, in 1C49, by John Parker of the Island since called by his name, on which he then resided ; and of all land on the west bank of the Kcnne- beck from Winnegance-creek to the sea, and westward to tlie wa- ters of Casco-bay. Another sale was made by a chief the iame year to Christopher Lawson, which he assigned, in 1653, to Thomas Clark and Sir Biby Lake.| This was finally confined below the northerly line of the present Woolwich, and embraced die most of that town. The same Thomas Clark and one Roger Amwtick. Spencer bought, in 1660, Jlrrowsick Island of a Sagamore,— a conveyance in which Lake was afterwards interested. One Jeraml- Robinhood, a Sagamore, in 1649, sold Jeremisquam Island to John Richards, a resident; and in 1654, the same Indian con- veyed all the easterly part of Woolwich, to Edward Bateman, Parker'g, alM Clark and Lake's claimi. aquam. • The first ilccd to Phillip*, was sipnod hy Joslo and Agiliko ; tlio 2il l»j Wittinoao nnd Erlrduirles ; and the 3d by Erltdiipjos.— .S>e Com. Ileporlnf 1811, p. 12— 16.— iJocumen/*, p. 82— IOC— I'hiliips' two first deeds embraced landa on the west aide of Damariscotta, now Nuw-Caitlo, extcadinp to Sheepacot river. f Ste SullivanU Hiil. for dates of several Indian deeds, p. 141 — 149. \ " Statcnaent uf KcnncbccU Claitna," A. D. I78S, p. 7—9. C«AP. Till.] OF MAflVe. * 881 gid John Brown;* under whose titles the lands are holden. a.D. IMO This covered a part of Lawson*s claim. — George Davie, who iras an early settler near Wtscaatet-point^ purchased in 1 663, of the Sagamores in that quarter, a tract one mile or more in width oa the west side of the Sheepscot, including the present village gf Wiaeasset; also another large tract on the eastern side of that fiver. These lands came by inheritance and transfer to gentle- men of wealth, who in 1 734, associated at Boston, under the name of " the Boston or Wiscaatet Company ;" and were often Wi»cM»i called the ' Jeremisquam and Wiscasset Proprietors.' In 1666 lands were purchased of the Sagamore, Jack Pudding, which lie on Monseag river near Cowsegan Narrows, southeasterly of Woolwich, called the " Cowsegan Claim :" and indeed all the CowMgan. lands on both sides of the Kennebcck,f and all the principal Islands in that vicinity, were purchased of tlie savage chiefs, about 1649, or within the sixf^en following years. J ^ In these conveyances, different deeds often embraced the same Eviii of lands, or otherwise th^'r lines greatly intersected or clashed with vryancM. each other ; so that they multiplied perplexities in all the grants made here eitlier by the crown, the Council of Plymouth, or the Indians. The most of these titles and claims in sub- sequent years were revived, and invited to their aid as often the complaining pi ^prictor, as the distressed or suffering settler. Confusion, lawsuits and expenses were the evils naturally flowing ,* from such a source ;^-evils which retarded the settlement of the ^ country, and rendered the inhabitants indigent and discontented. In no other portion of New-England, were legal regulations more needed, or the want of tliem more manifest. Without them, all intelligent and discreet people saw, that neither life, nor property could be secure ; titles to estates were not sound nor permanent ; the interests of piety and education were not promoted ; nor the * Brown and Batcman lived there in Iti66. — Sullivan, p. 169. — The early settlement wan KiGO, under Clark and Lake, wliu built tnilli Ihorc ; [Sir B. / v ^ •5iv'-< ki'j ,;/ ;tu.''. "..'.■!,!* :,s If civil authority in these eastern territories of ours, had pos- sessed the attributes of system, energy, retributive justice, and provident care, to the degree operative in the other colonies ; our advancements in population, weahh and improvement might have fully equalled theirs. Our atmosphere was as salubrious and healthful, our soil nearly as productive, our water privileges, our conveniences for trade, our fisheries and navigation, were all superior ; and enjoying the friendship of the natives among us, we had reason to rc|iose equal confidence in public safety. Bin our political rcgtdations were crude, injudicious and extremely defective. Though the several governments possessed distin- guishing charact(!ristics, neidier was attractive to emigrants. At Penobscot, the ruling power, or government, was Military, — ilcs- tituto of every property directly promotive of settlement} for • rharloi T. wa* bolnniloJ .J.iminry 30, intO ; nn'*c'"-'i ! 1 ,i , :'•' ': '.'-'1' ■.'■f ■ - 'l iv.rnor Wm(lir>|' .4 334 THE NiarroRY [Vol. 'fitsi. if :rt I- ..'•i^-'-i'fniifi:- ii\' ;*i ■?(?■■>'/. '(if ■>'> CHAPTER IX. 'ifi,-^A.mm^ Mauacbu- •etu ei- teadt her claiini eaX' ward. Massachusetts' Claim to Maine — Controversy between the General Court and the Eastern Provincials — Survey of the eastern bottn. dary— The dispute continued-'Lygonia^Commissioners appointtd to admit the inhabitants of Maine as freemen — Kittery and York submit — Isles of Shoals — Yorkshire established — Courts constitut- ed and privileges guarantied — Officers — Deputies from Kittery and York to the General Court — The inhabitants of Wells, Saco, and Cnpe-Porpoise admitted freemen — Those places made towns— Ojicers — Regulations — Commissioners' protest — Support of Min- isters required — Eastern opposition to Massachusetts — Records of Yorkshire collected. Ai D. 16M. A.S the charter of Massachusetts colony embraced all the lands " within the space of three English miles, to the northward of the " river Merrimack, and to the northward of any and every part "thereof;" — her government contended, that by obvious con- struction, all the territory south of a line stretching eastward, across the country, from a point three miles north of that river't source, to the same minute of latitude on the seashore, belonged to her jurisdiction. This was a new claim ; and the Genertl Court at Boston, in prosecuting it were quickened in their movements, by reason of late reports, that several provincials in Maine, had petitioned Parliament for a charter of government; and that others, proba- bly the majority, had expressly given a decided preference to be connected with Massachusetts.* There was no time to be lost. Even the commodiousness of the river Piscrtaqua, and the irre- parable injuries to be sustained, if it were in the possession of any other tlian her friends, were urged as arguments against delays. The two branches of the legislature, being determined to pro- ceed with all the civilities, which the delicacy of the subject re- * //u66ar(i'« A*. E. p. 642.— In years put the ProviDce of Maine had pursued a co* rse disegfreeablo to Massachusetts, Ijoth " in their miniitrj "and civil administration." — fVinthrop^i Journal, p. 275. Praceed- inji of her Gm. Court. Cbat. n.] OP MAINE. 386 quired, directed, at their Octf^er session, that addresses be pre- A.D. 16S1. pared and transmitted to Edward Godfrey and his Council, and to the inhabitants at large in the Province of Maine ; acquainting them with the grounds and reasons of their claim. Tliey also appointed three of their most distinguished citizens, Commission- ^^^ — tjiz. Simon Bradstreet, a venerable Councillor, Daniel Den- nison, Commander-in-chief of the Militia, and William Haw- thorne, Speaker of the House ; and gave them instructions to re- pair to the Province and admit the inhabitants, by their consent, > into the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. Should they meet with opposition, they were directed to protest against all pretended combinations, government or exercise of authority therein ; and in general to proceed according to the dictates ^f their dis- cretion.* ... .:jf' J. •-.(../■■:,■ , -.,.ai' • The Commissioners made the appointed visit, but returned with- Gov. God- out success. Meanwhile Governor Godfrey convened a Provin- [j'n fjpw- cial Court, Dec. 1 , and they resolved to present another pe- ''='"•»•• titioa to the House of Commons, which was addressed thus ; — « To the right honorable the Council of State appointed by Par- "liament;" — 'We esteem it our greatest honor and safety to be ' under tlie present government, established without king or house ' of lords ; and request the benefit of the common safety and 'protection of our nation. We beg leave also to state, that divers ' inhabitants of this Province, by virtue of sundry patents, and ■ otherwise, have for these twenty years been under tlie power 'and guidance of Su* Ferdinando Gorges, who had these parts ' assigned to him for a Province. But he being dead, and his 'son, by reason of heavy losses sustained, taking no care of our 'political welfare ; and most of the charter Councillors, or Com- 'missioners, having died or departed the Province, we were under 'ihe necessity of combining together for the purposes of govern- ' ment and self-protection, according to the laws of the realm. ' h IS our humble prayer, therefore, that our confcderative union ' may be confirmed ; that we may be declared members of the ' Commonwealth of England ; that the privileges and imrnuni- I ' ties of freeborn Englishmen, may be granted ^nd secured to ['ourselves and our posterity, as established rights usually enjoyed * 2 Jtfrut. Rec. p. 84.-— Flawthornc is ttic firil Speaker mentioned of ro* [cord.— 1 JIutchituon'i Hut. p. 150. [Note}.] 330 THE HIBTORV [VoL. i. A.D. 1601. * by Other Provincial subjects ; and that the same favors niay b« ' bestowed upon us as upon the other colonies.' « Per me EDWARD GODFREY, Gov. " in behalf of the General Court." In resisting the assumptions of Massachusetts, Godfrey and Cleaves, with llieir respective partizans, who had been till now inveterate foes, were naturally drawn into the same lists, as joiia defendants and coadjutors. For tliere were apprehensions, that if the claim were pursued to its utmost extent, it would take in a large part of Lygonia ; nnd Cleaves, about to visit England, was to be the bearer of the petition, and also its advocate at court. More confident hopes of his success were entertained through . the surviving influence of Col. Rigby, whose particular patronage Cleaves might urge with the greatest truth and propriety. He .>^,,> was also furnished with one argument, thought to be unanswera- ble ; — this was the Commissioners' late decision in favor of Rig. by's Province. The petition itself was drawn up in very courtly >., '■ terms, and he knew the Commons v/ere strongly prepossessed in favor of colonial rights and privileges. A. D. 1652. ■But Massachusetts, aware of these proceedings, though they Mamchu-^ Were intended to be kept secret, took immediate measures to de- feat the petitioners ; and her agents at court with no inconsiderable ingenuity, stripped off the veil and exposed the disguise, by shew- ing the project to have originated exclusively among American royalists. These circumstances and the prevalence of tiie sanie religious and political sentiments in Massachusetts as in Parlia- ment, threw the petition into oblivion. Massachusetts now determined to pursue her claim to its far- thest extent, and with renovated vigor. At the May session, the Legislature resolved that the charter-line did extend eastward from a place, three miles above the northernmost head of Merri- mack river ; — to discover and establish which, they appointed Simon Willard and Edward Johnson Commissioners of .survey. These were directed to procure suitable articles and assistants, and with all convenient despatch take '* a true observation of the latitude, at the place," with their utmost skill and ability, au4 make return of their discoveries and services, at the next session of the General Court.* • , neiu Nnrili limit of Mnm. patent sur- vey eil. *2Jfllc' of Mnine upon the siiTijcct of union. Canr.rt.] of Maine. ^ 337 The skilful artists selected, were John Sherman of Watertown, a. o. iSfli, ukI Jonathan Ince of Cambridge College. These and the Com- missioners made the proper examination, and afterwards returned upon their oaths ; — " that at Aquahatan, the head of the Merri- " mack, where it issues out of the lake called Winnepuseakik,* "on the 1st day of August, 1652, we found the latitude of the *« place 43' 40' 12"; besides those minutes allowed for the three "miles further north which extend into the lake."f Governor Godfrey, in the mean time, addressed a letter to the 2'*Godto*. Court, stating his surprise and resentments at their conduct. An attempt to hold the Province of Maine under your charter, said he, or by any otlier legal title, without the pretence either of pur- chase, prior possession or anterior claim, and also without the peoples' consent, is the height of injustice. Far different treat- ment have you received from your eastern neighbors. Yes, added he, when that charter of yours was heretofore threater.ed, with a quo warranto^ at the Council Board in England, and your agents were struck with the muteness of statues ; it was I, who answered the objections and obviated the cavils. Hitherto you have declared yourselves satisfied, with your own possessions, as bounded on a i'-ne parallel with the Merrimack, three miles distant from its sr .e, a id its northerly bank, following its mean- ders to its mouth ; whereas you are now bursting your bounds, and stretching your claims across Provinces, to which, till lately, no man however visionary so much as imagined you had any right. Your commissioners, it is true, have communed with us plausibly about equal privileges ; yet such is the charity you have heretofore manifested, towards our religion, and other interests, diat we trust you will excuse us, if we are the more wary of your proposals and promises. The reply of the General Court, signed by Edward Rawson, Repu of their Secretary, was of the following tenor : — Coun*'* Worshipful StV— Our patent, by Divine Providence, continues to be firmly established, under the great seal. It is true, it was demanded, yet never prosecuted to final judgment ; and the Conimonwealth of England has by express recognition since, the next session ■ — * Perhaps, ' Winnipiscogce.' t That ii, the point will be at 43°, 43', 12", adding 3 miles to the aboT« latitiirle.— I Haz. Coll. p. 671—2. Vol. I. 30 THE HISTORt [Vwu. I. A. D. 16SS. given it fresh and full validity. Though the " Grand Patent oi Plymouth" has been dissolved, ours, sanctioned by a Royal Charter, has successfully encountered every attack. Nor do we now claim an acre beyond its true limits ; and had you attentively examined its articles, you must be satisfied with the correcuiett of our construction. For several years, the extent of our juris> dictional rights were not fully understood ; and so long as doubts remained, — so long as the people of Maine were contented with the regular charter-government established among them, and a friendly intercourse between them and us, was continued UQinter> rupted; we were disposed to forbear, though we have never abandoned the pursuit of our utmost claim and right. In your resistance, (continued the General Court,) probably a majority of the provincial inhabitants are your opponents ; for they are greatly desirous of being united witli us, and they rich- ly deserve our protection and assistance. Most heartily we thank you, for any services rendered us before the Lords Com- missioners of Plantations : but nevertheless, we are bound to Id- form you that the inhabitants and lands, over which you claim to exercise authority, are within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and that we demand our rights ; assuring you at tlie same time that you all shall share equal acts of favor and justice with our- selves, should a coalescence be amicably formed. If, however, nehher rights nor reasons will induce you to hearken, we shall continually j^rc^ca^ against all further proceedings of yours, under any pretended patent or combination whatever : And finally, iliat our conduct and accord in this affair may be such, as will be pro- motive of God's glory, and the peace of yourselves and us, are the aim and prayer of your cordial friends. EDWARD RAWSON, Secretary."* Unhappily, this address had no effect towards abating the op- position and resentments of Godfrey and his adherents. He wrote another letter full of complaint and retort, in language of this import ; — Sir, Our rigiits are equally invaluable asyaurs. Thougli you may boast of being owned by the Commons in Par- liament, and expect to dwell in safety under the covert of. their wings ; we also are under the same protective power, and are resolved to continue in the possession and exercise of our privi- Oadfiwy'i Sd letter. « 1 Haz. Coll. p. 564— «. Ci*r« IX.] OF MAmc 33t leges, till that venerable body shall otherwise order. The disaolo- a. o. 16«. tjoQ of the Grand Patent, had no more effect upon ours than upon yours; indeed, you have in various ways, for more than 20 years, icknowledged the authority of our patent ; and we marvel great- ly, at your movements and discontent, more especially since we have given you no occasion ; and since it has been solemnly set- tled long ago, that your patent should begin on the seashore, three miles northwardly of tlie Merrimack, if according to your intinaations, there be a party of malcontents among us ; I am acquainted with two or three only of that character, and tliese are such as have fallen under the penalties of law. Yet, were they tenfold that number, it were neither honorable nor just, to pro- ceed against us, on such grounds. No, nor yet, for the un^ - ^. ' iU certain or unknown favors which you proffer, ought we to barter ' ;«n'^ away our rights and dear bought liberties : It would be trea- son. — ^To talk gravely of artists to settle your latitude, to run ^ your lines, and survey your limits, in tliese parts, is preposterous. We ourselves know something of " geography and cosmograr phy"-^nd our eij^clusive aim is ihe peace and good of the coun- try. . " EDWARD GODFREY, Gorernor."* To bring this controversy to a speedy conclusion, three Com- Ah«rc«tio« raissiouers from Boston met, by appointment, Godfrey and his Mnss^Tom* Council, at Kiitery-point, July 1 1^ where they had a spirited con- andTi'iTru- ference, without coming to any terms of reconciliation. The'^a'^i. Commissionsrs, finding their adversaries inexorable, publicly ^"'>*'' proclaimed to the people of Maine, the patent-right, which Mas- sachusetts had to govern them as her colonists ; denouncing all exercise of authority by the professed rulers of tlie Province, and promising to the submissive inhabitants, Viie full protection of their estates and other rights ; also the same political privileges and acts of favor, as if they had always been under the goveni- meiu of Massachusetts. In concluding their mission, they virtu- ally absolved the Provincials from all allegiance to Godfrey and his tssociates in authority, after the 1 0th of the ensuing Octo- ber. The proclamation and protest were traversed by another, signed by Godfrey and each of the Council. In this, they raised their voice to a high note of remonstrance against the minatory and * 1 Haz. Coll. p. t67->8— 9. 840 A. D. 16M Bad condi- tion of Ly- (ouia. Hit .Itv Edward H'lgby't ad< dres* to the pie of .)'gonm, and end of their gov- ernment. THE UIOTOKY [Vol.. |. despotic treatment received ; — ^lamentlog their fate, that after living 20 years in contentment, expending £35,000 in mooey, and enduring innumerable hardships, for tl^ie sake of rational ci?ii liberty, they must submit to the dictation and control of others, against the principles of right and justice, and against their own consent. But in vain were the pleas of reason and rights, urged against dominant powers : — and complaints too were vain ; still, enlight- ened citizens, could nui but foresee and appreciate the ad- vantages of living under the government of a well-organized Commonwealth, instead of one which had a name to rule with- out the ability to protect. During these agitations in Maine, Lygonia was in a still worse condition. It is not ascertained, that her Provincials ever entered into an organized civil combination ; nor that they re- newed, or revived a regular administration, after Rigby's death. Cleaves, who is represented to have been a rnan of more ambi- tion and activity, than of wisdom and fidelity, had gone to Eng- land ; leaving the Province to the management of the most influential and crafty. Edward Rigby, the heir, in this crisis, addressed a letter to the leaders of his Province ; and as h was a death warrant to their authority, it is in substance transcribed. " To Messrs. Henry Joscelyn, Robert Jordan, Thomas Wij- * Hams, Arthur Mc Worth, Robert Boothe, and Morgan Howell, * and to John Wadleigh, Jonas Baily, Thomas Morris, Hugh Mo- * seer, and all others whom this may concern in Lygonia." ' Gentlemen : It having pleased the Great Disposer of all ' things, to call out of this troublesome world my dear father, ' and thus to entitle me to the proprietorship of his Lygonian pro- *vince, I have to state, that I am greatly displeased with the * movements and illegal proceedings among you, of which accord- * ing to the information derived from his late deputy-president, * you are the instigators or advisers. They were unexpected ; ' nor shall your wrongs and abuses offered to our authority, be * overlooked, without due and timely submission. All political * power derived from him, you must be aware expired at his * death ; and I command you whom I am addressing, and such * otliers as have been commissioned by him to be the public offi- * cers of the Province, to desist and abstain wholly from further ClAF. nO OF MAINE. |f^ tnnsactioos, virhite effieii^ till you have directions from me ; A D. leaS. which I assure you will be communicated without delay. ' Heartily, Gentlemen, do I regret to learn, that my father's kindness and generosity towards you, and his con6dence in your probity, should be repaid in a manner so entirely prejudicial to his interests and mine. Again let me tell you, that if after re- ' ceiving this notice, you do not lay aside your private and secret combinations,* and abstain from unlawful measures, and unani- mously join with me, my deputy and other officers in the plans devised to promote the peace and good of the Province, I shall adopt and pursue such a course towards you, as will enforce sub- mission, and effectually rectify all your misdeeds and wrongs. At present, I will not enumerate them, nor dispute with you about them. Suffice it to say, that I conceive all the official actt, either of the deputy-president, the six assistants, the judges, or any other officer whatsoever, in the commission of my father, done subsequently to his decease, which was in August, 1650, are utterly void.f • I am not unacquainted with the complaints heretofore made to my father by yourselves and others ; and I wish you to feel confident, that equal justice to all men and in every particular, will be done, so far as it shall consist with my office, power, or duty. To this end, 1 shall, as soon as convenience will permit, send back Mr. Cleaves,J accompanied by a kinsman of mine, with commissions to those whom I may think most worthy of trust, and also with instructions ; expecting your cordial concurrence in their appointment, and support in the course of measures which may be prescribed. — What remain are the respects of him who is your real friend, if you are not your own enemies. ' « EDW. RIGBY."<§ '' London, I9th July, 1652." = ,.. , This letter, which arrived at a most fortunate moment for the claim of Massachusetts, put an utter end to the expiring govern- ment of Lygonia, and left Saco, the seat of it, and other planta- • Perliaps the people had infurinally combined, like their neighbors, for the purposes of civil government. fThis implies, they exercised authority after Sir Alexander's death. \ Also called " Cleve." — We do not find that any such " kinsman" ever arrived, or that such commissions were ever received. '% 5 1 Has. Coll p. 571.— See York Connty Rtoords, A. D. 1652—3. 342 THE HISTORY [Vot. |. A. D. i6«. nons eastward, to act according to the dictates of discretion sih) policy, till he, who could shew a right to rule, might appear. Cleaves returned to Casco the following year ; yet it is not ascer* taincd that he brought any commissions with him, or was attended on his voyage by any kinsman of Mr. Rigby's. The patent seems to have slumbered iu oblivion, till one Tumy, the agent of Rigby's heirs, revived the claim to the Province, 48 years subse- quently, by presenting a petition to the General Court, praying to have it restored to them. But Massachusetts having previously purchased the country of Sir Ferdinando's heir, and afterwards kept possession of it ; also finding it embraced in her Provincial Charter, her General Court considered the colonial right to it paramount to all others ; and his petition and pursuit of the claim availed him nothing. This was the termination of the Plough-patent, or Lygonian government j — a title so sokmnly settled in favor of Sir Alexander Rigby, in 1 646, by the Com- missioners of Foreign Plantations. At the October session, the General Court received and ac- cepted the report of their agents, appointed to determine the northernmost boundary or limits of their patent. By this, the line was to commence at a place three miles north of the head of Merrimack river, in lat. 43" 43' 12'', and to extend directly easton that parallel, passing above the northern sources of Piscataqua or Salmon Falls river, crossing the Saco towards the mouth of Little Ossipee, 20 miles from the sea, touching the southernmost bend of the river Presumpscot, and terminating at " Clapboard Island, about three miles eastward of Casco peninsula."* To assume the jurisdiction and settle a government through the country south of this line, without farther debate or delay,f the General Court appointed six distinguished gentlemen to perform the important trust. Their commission was of this tenor : — ' To our trusty and well beloved friends, Mr. Simon Bradstreet, 'Mr. Samuel Simonds, Major Daniel Dennison, Capt. Williaiq * Hawthorn, Capt. Thomas Wiggin and Mr. Bryan Pendleton. * Whereas you are chosen Commissioners, by this Court, to * Sec post, chap. 1!, .i. /). 105.5. — The limit was "4 or 6 miles to the northward of Mr. Mackworth's house, " who dwelt many years near th« mouth of Presumpscot river, on the eastern side ; where he obtained a g^rant of 500 acres, A. D. 1635, from Vines, ai^ent of Gorges. t 1 Hutchinson's Hist. p. 150 — (Note 1.) Norlhern liiniisuf (he Massachu- sells' patent /xlended (o ^asco-bay. Oci.23. Commis- sioners chosen to adopt Maine. CUf' >^1 OP MAINE I settle the civil gorernment amongst the inhabitants of Kitteiy, A.D. 'the Isles of Shoals, and so to the most northerly extent of our ' pstcnt : — • You, or any three or more of you, are hereby authorized and 'i«quired, with all suitable despatch, to repair to those parts ' and summon together the inhabitants, in places, which you shall •judge most convenient; and declare unto them our just right < ajid jurisdiction over those tracts of land where they inhabit, 'requiring their subjection, and granting them equal protection •and privileges with ourselves. • We further give to any three or more of you, full power and 'authority to summon and hold Courts there, lor hearing and de- 'termining all causes civil and criminal, according to the statute- ' regulations and usages of our County Courts ; to appoint com- 'missioners, constables, and such other officers as you shujl judge 'needful for preserving the peace, and establishing ordt- and a' 'civil administration of justice ; to invest the «.ommiss'- aers wil!; 'such powers, as a major part of you shall judge meet, and admir. 'ister to them and the other officers the proper oaths ; to con u mi ' and settle all lawful proprieties ; to grant the peopl ■ rotcctioi> 'and the privileges enjoyed by other inhabitants with' i our juris-- 'diction, and otherwise to act in the premises, as this Court shall ' give you further orders ; doing whatever in your wisdom and ' discretion, will be most conducive to the glory of God, the peace 'and welfare of the inhabitants, and the maintenance of our own 'just rights and interests. » And we do hereby command all magistrates, commissioners,- ' captains and other officers, civil and military, within the county ' of Norfolk,* and all the inhabitants upon the Isles of Shoals, 'and those beyond the river Piscataqua within the limits of our 'patent, to be aiding and assisting ther" ■^•i- Commissioners, as ••they shall have cause to crave or require. In confirmation of ' all which, we have caused the seal of our colony to be hereunto 'affixed, this 23d day of October, lo52.'f Only four of the six undertook the duties assigned them, viz. They rp^n Messrs. Bradstreet and Simonds of Boston, Wiggin of New-Hamp- Kiiiery." sbire, and Pendleton of Maine. They opened a Court at Kit- Itcry, November 15th, and sent out under their hands a summons •Ncw-Hainpshire was then in Norfolk County. f 2 Mass. Rcc. p. 128. 34M[! THE HISTORY [VoL. |. k.D, 1602. to the inhabitants, requiring tliem in the name of Massachusetts to assemble at the house of William Everett, between 7 and 8 the next morning, for the purposes of having an administration of justice established among them. Accordingly most of the towns. men appeared. A long parley ensued ; views and sentiments were interchanged and compared ; and rights, claims and libertif» debated. - ■ t,*, .;'^ c-j s The negociation was continued four days : During which pe- riod, there were instances of excessive warmth, and some ebuili- tions of passion and abuse. One John Bursley uttered violent threats towards the Commissioners as well as towards individuals submitting ; for which he was arraigned before the Court, when he was glad to escape upon the terms imposed of a submissive confession, which he readily made. * » j,i*«-ii Li7«i >; .» The inhabitants at length proposed to subscribe to the juris- diction of Massachusetts, provided certain articles and conditions, prepared and offered by them, could be the terms of union. — M — replied the Commissioners, ybr according to our instructiont you must first submit ; and then you shall have from us a guar' anty oj your rights and of ample privileges. The Court being determined — all farther debate was evidently useless ; and, there- fore, on the 20th, 41 became subscribers to this concession;— Knury tub- " fVe whose names are underwritten do acknowledge ourselvu "" ■ " subject to the government of Massachusetts bay in A e«?-JEng- " land:'* * A'i i^-v v; -/ The terms upon which the poople, both of Kittery and Aga- Ter miot menticus acceded to the submission and formed a coalescence with nnd eMib. Massachusetts, have been classified and arranged under the fol- Yorkabii*. loving articles, as ordinances of the Commissioners. 1. The Isles of Shoals and all the territory northward of Piscataqua, belonging to Massachusetts, were erected into a county by the name of Yorkshire. A County Court was es- ♦ilUw * The Commiuiunera call this " Accomtnliau" in their Report ; nor do thtj my where mention the name «' Georg^eana." Perhaps thej were d«- tennined not to recognize the city charter. fThpir namM in .4^amen(icu« alphabetically arranged are thcie;— «ir. Philip Adams, Sampson Angier, John Alcokc, Joseph Alcokc, SamncI Al- coiie,— Richard Banks, Nicholas Bond, George Beanton, Arthur Bragdon, -Richard Codagon, Tliomas Crockett, Thomas Curtooncs, — John Daris, Nicholas Davis, John Davis (2d], William Dickson, Thomas Donnell, Henry Donncll,— Robert Edge, William Ellingham, Andrew Everett,— William Frcathic, Hugh Gaile, Mr. Edward GoDrncr, William Gomsey, Mr. Juhn Gougt, John Harker, Fhilip Hatch, Robert Hethersc, Mr. William HiU ten, Mr. Edward Jthruon, Robert Knight, Lewis, William Moore, Henry Norton, John Parker, George Parker, Mr. Abraham PrehU, Fran- cii Rayne, William Rogers, Mr. Edtcard Riihworth, Edward Stiet, Byl« Ttiter Stover, Mary Tapp, «' [acta only]," John I'wisdalc, son., John Twli- We, jim., Edward Wento.ne, Mr. Thomat Wlittluiright, Peter Wyer, Rowlsod Younge.— .Vote.— •• Rushworth" and •' Rishworth" are the pr»> miKuons spelling. . Here it is spelt with an i in the first tylUblc. Bat in Ea|ltod the name it >• Ruahworth." Vol I. 31 346 TUEUI9TORY <. ""^ [Vol. i. A. D. IMS. tabliflhed, to be holden alternately, in Kitteiy and AgaraentkuL at appointed times, twice a year, by such magistrat* or asnitaiK as the General Court might from time to time designate, asained by three or 6ve resident A»ioc%att$^ elected for the purpoie within the county. The jurisdiction and authority of this Court, in matters civil and criminal, were to be equal with those of tiie same tribunal in Massachusetts ; and the Court was also directed to appoint, (as in that colony,) three commissioners in earfa township, to decide petty causes, where there was no residem magistrate. YorrraX** 2. Kittery, incorporated A. D. 1647, was recognized as a towut. municipal township, and the settlements of Agamenticus were made a town by the name of York ;* and both at the same Th-ir rights ^'i^^) received a guaranty of equal privileges with other towns of Massachusetts ; having severally the right and liberty of elect- ing, every year, to the General Court, one deputy, or two, as the freemen or voters might prefer. 3. The inhabitants, having taken tlie oath of freemen, were eligible to any place of trust or honor within the government, and invested with full right to vote for governor, assistants, and other general officers of the country. They were also to enjoy equal acts of favor and justice with the people on the southerly side of and duties. ♦ York is the second town in the Staff. Th, name was probably takeo from York in En^rland, wliicii was surrendered by the Royalists, to the Parliamentary forces, A. D. K>4I, after the most bloody battles fong;ht io the civil wars. Ajamenticiis, jr Gcorpeana, was changed to the nameol York, to avoid the city charter and Gorges' right. The place was char- tered by Sir F. Gorges, April 10, 1641, a borough, and March 1, 1612, i city by the said name of Georgcana. It is now constituted a town, and vested with municipal privileges. It was the seat of gorernmcnt under Gorges; it was made the shiro town of Yorkshire, in 1*16, and hoi viu since continued the same. It ii a very pleasant township, the toil is. bard and rocky in many places, though productive in grass and apples. In cacti of the three first wars with the Indians, the Tribes made great cxcrlioni to destroy (he place entirely, though without luccCfs. The land-titlci are derived through Gorges. — SuHivan'i Ilitl. p. 237 — 9. — " In 1784, the inhab- itants, from an account taken, amounted to 2,2!>8, iuchiding^ 21 f>enrlj neutrals, nnd 56 binrks." The climate is very healthy, it havinf; been computed for 30 i!v Georgeana enjoyed its city privileges till it waa made a town, 1W1. as probably taken Koyalists, to the battles fought in ed to tbo nameol 3 place was char- March 1, 1612, i utcd a town, and ^oTermncnt under 716, and hat rr« p, the soil is. bard dapples. Incacli c pfreot cxerlioni 'ho land-titlci art |liil76l, theinhab- jludinj 21 f renrh it Imvinii been Lave cli«'*l» waa lO 2 See pott, -i Itoii, Hon. D*vid cqncnt ccnlu^.- madc i. town, t«5J- ClATi fX.J OP MAIIfE. 34t f^ttaqua ; and no person ^as ever to be drawn out of his A. D. I8II. eountjr to anj ordinary or general trainings, without his own ex- MSI consent. 4. Each of the towns and every inhabitant were forever tc possess and enjoy, respectively, all their just " proprieties,"* titles, ind interests in the lands and houses which they held, or have occapied, whether by grant of the proprietor, " the town, the ttdiaru, or their former General Courts." 5. The boundaries of Kittery, York and Wells, were to be examined and set out anew, within the ensuing year, by their re- spective townsmen ; otherwise the General Court were to appoint tcoraraittee to perform that service. Till they were so peram- bulated and settled, they were to continue ps originally granted j or according to the survey and return of agents theretofore appoint- ed by the Provincial General Court. If, when tl\e lines were run, they should cross the marshes or lands in Kittery or York in new places, the ownership of the soil was not to be thereby iffected. 6. To all who were admitted freemen, the Commissioners awarded an indemnity, and pronounced all breaches of the penal km, and all the acts and exercise of civil power and government by them, prior to October, mentioned in the last protest, to be forever exempt from prosecution. 7. To receive the " imposts" and other monies due to the f.„u„,y j^f, corporations of Kittery and York, and pay what they were sev- ^^^ »"«• erally owing for public services, supplies or otherwise, the com- missioners appointed Mr. Nicholas Shapleigh collector, and di- rected him to make a report of his proceedings to them within one month : and in case of insufficiency collected, to discharge the people's engagements, it was to be supplied by an assessment or "rates., according to the former custom."f The Commissioners also appointed him *' Shire-Treasurer ;"t — an office which was ordered subsequently to bo filled from year to year by the Coun- ty Court. »• • ; . I > 8. In organizing on adfntnfstration of justice, several men of intelligence and distinction in each town were appointed town commissioners, who were authorized to meet in their respective • " Proprietief," or grants of realtj in tracts. tl Has. CoU. p. Vra. , t BiilliTan, p. Ut. 9^ THEHISTOKY {V«k I. A.D. lfaitoirn«, between the tensi of the Counqr Court, tod with Uir i». sociates, hear and determine without a jury, att civil cauNi, qi personal actions not exceeding ten pounds. Also each Comnui. •ioner, like a Massachusetts' assistant, or magistrate in his owg > town, was empowered to set alone in judgment, and decide upon misdemeanors and petty offences, and likewise in pecuniin matters or trials of 40 sbiUings ; and at bis discretion, to bind ti^e offenders to keep the peace, admit them to bail, or commit then to prison : — in the exercise of which powers, he was fully author- ized to issue in his official capacity any needful process, whether < warrant, summons, attachment or execution. They were more, over, severally invested with authority to solemnise marriages; and to administer all qualifying oaths, as w^ to those who might wish tP become ireemeii, as to tliose elected or appoimed to ofiice. :; ,-,::, ■■,' .,:,; ") t^ ,-» '■ '^ri^fti*-*'? •-'{ ->4' 9. Any two of the Commissioners were empowered to cos- firm or sanction tlie choice of all military officers, of and under the rank of Captain ; to grant licences for keeping taverns or *' ordinaries," and for retailing spiritous liquors and wines ; and it was enjoined upon them to provide tlieir respective towns with '' The Books of the Laws" and such other acts, as had bees passed " since tiie last hook came forth in print." i ^*k The Legislative or Massachusetts' Commissioners next proceed- ed to select and constitute the officers necessary to carry these regulations into effect. The town Commissioners, they appoint- ed in York, were Edward Godfrey, Abraham Preble, Edmri Johnson, and Edtoard Ri$hworth; and in Kittery, Bryan Pt%- dleton, and Thomas JVithert, also Hugh Ounison, associate. A County Court formed by a Massachusetts' assistant, magistrate, or councillor,* and one of the ebove sets, was to hold a tern iD their respective towns once a year, having power to try all csttt not capital. It was also ordered, that grand juries and juries of trials, at each term of the Court, should be selected and suay j moned from the towns of York and Kittery proportionably. Edward Risliuorth, was appointed clerk of the writs and I county recorder; and Henry Norton, was '^chosen" maribil. The constables appointed and sworn were four ; viz. Thorcu fliituU I. • Bv all fhCKp litli s was a member of thn upper branch of tho Geiifnl| i'ourt, nt that tiino calletl. Lir : viz, Thorcu rh or tho Geiwnl ■ ClAT* »*1 OF MAINE. Qgfisoo, and Robert Mendun of Kittery ; Nicholas Davis of A.O. ittSk Vork ; and Philip Babb of Hogg Island, whose jurisdiction ex- tended to all the ^sles of Shoals, excepting Star Island. The iniilioWers, or " oi dinaries" licensed, were John Davis of York, tad Hugh Guoiso.\ of Kittery. The latter was required to pay (^y "20«. the but ," probably for the quantity of liquor sold.* Never was a revolitionary or political change managed with Me«t of iBore prudence, success or acceptability. Besides rewarding the liuive'coin- Commissioners amply for their services, the General Court, when '^cTepltd* ibe report was made, paid them a commendable compliment, by role of public thanks ; resolving to make them a valuable pres- ent in wild lands. Notiiing farther was done the current year, (ovrards reducing the people of Maine to obedience ; and only one legislative act, relative to the Province appears ; which pro- vided, that in the County Courts yearly holden in Yorkshire, on the last Thursday of June, a Massachusetts' Assistant was al- ways to preside, as in other counties of the colony. The General Court of Elections, at Boston, in May, i^^^t Mtty.-Twn jdmitted for the first time, two Representatives from Maine ; — viz. I^.^^York- John Wincoln of Kittery and Edward Rishworth of York. At »*'''*• the same session, five local or town Commissioners were appoint- ed upon the Isles of Shoals, to determine small causes of £10; hieaof and in other respects act as magistrates : Also the chief military '*'^''*- ...u officer there, was directed to take command of the militia upon all the Islands. Richard Btllineham. Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts, a . ^ . legislative Commissioner from that colony, and Thomas Wiggin, Wtiii. r ' vard Godfrey, Nicholas Shapleigh and Edward Rishworth, local Commissioners were designated to hold the June term of the County Court in Yorkshire, the current year ; and being con- vened there, they among other acts commanded the inhabitants of Kittery and York, severally to elect three associates, to assist tt future sessions of tl)e Court according to established law, — in- stead of the local or special commissioners mentioned. When Mr. Bellingham had iini*h«^d the business of the Court, he was joined by Messrs. Dennison, Wiggin, Ra.von, and Pendleton ; and this board of legislative Commissioners, repairing to \^ ells, immediately summoned the inhabitants of that town, Saco, and *Sue 1 Mac, Coll p, 673—6.-2 Mati. Rer. p. U\ to 151. Ci^^* «' A. C ?'*«3£' Web rab- mill. Jul; 4. a.'^r(7r 8r, ho was cfrnderate enoueh to gi\'e an ingenious turn to tie ai, t:;, by sayi i; he only went to persuade his town,' i) en to 'iihiilt, .'jd ■. v i: \ .esently dis- charged. But discussion was luund to be vauij and opposition pcisisted in iiko.:ether .Vuitless j therefore the next day, about 20* submitte.i ;•> termsj and took the freeman's oath of alle- giance to MassachusciiS. This cumpletfid th» subs lission of the inhabit? Its withip rror;:'es' icstricted patent, .nd put all political declamation to rest. Saco, the most consi'leinble plat.i^tion within the Lygonian pa- tciit, had been the seat of different governments, and was a place of some note and importan::e. But the Provincials were now without any systematic oi tfhcicnt regulations ; they were tired of revolutions and anarchy, and the obstacles were found to be comparatively few and sm;:!i, which lay in the way of the Com- missioners, — assembled to discharge this part of their trust and duty. For on the first call, July 5th, 16f subscribed the sub- mission, and took the oath. I'o this list, Mr. John Smith, one of the original patentees of Lygonia, caused his name to be added by proxy. * These are the names of those in JVellt, who submitted on tlie 4th and 5th of July. — Samuel Austin, John J. Barrett. .lohn Barrett, Henry Boad, Joseph Bowles, John Buck, Nicholas Cole, WilIiatn,Colc, .Joseph Emenon, John Gooch, William Homans, Ezckicl Knig;ht, Arthur Liltlefield, Francii Littlcficld, Thomas Littleficld, Edmund Littleficld, Fraocis Littlcficld, jiiD,, Thomas Millet, John Smith, John Saunders, John Thinp, John VVadly. Robert Wadly, John Wakefield, John White, 'Viliiam' Wardwell, and Arthur Warmstall. — Richard Ball, Edmund Clark, John Elsnn, and Rich- ard Moore were admitted afterwards. — See fVellt, post, VoLll. A. D, HIS. — But query if John Smith was the same as the patentee. t The names of the subscribers, in Saco, wt re Jhose v — George Barlow, Robert Boolhe, Richard Cowman, James GiLbins, Thomas Hale, Peter Hill, Philip Hinkson, Richard Hitchcock, Christopher Hobbs, Thomii Readini^, Thomas Rogers, William Scadlock, Ralph Tristram, Hunrj Waddock, John WcM. Thomas Williams. menoQ, July f the cokny. I at first took called, refused eft the house, constable, on derate enough he only went ; .esently dis- Hind opposition xt day, about oath of alie* ! lission of the tut all political '. . :■■' \if , . e Lygonian p&- ind was a place cials were now hey wtre tired ire found to be y of the Cora- their trust and ;ribed the sub- )hn Smith, one lis name to be d on the 4tli and rctt, Ilcnry Boad, Joseph Emenon, ^iltlefield, Francii is Litllcficld,jiio., nf, John VVadly. Ti' Ward well, and n Elinn, and Rich- VoUI. A. D. niJ. — Georpe Barlow, omas Hale, Peter r HobbB, Thomii Triatram, H«nrj CbaT* IX.] OP MAINE. At the same scasioD in Wells, twelve from Cape Porpoitt^ uneared before the Commissioners ; and by subscribing a sub- igission, and taking the oath as others had done, all became free- men of Massachusetts. The Commissioners, in settling the political and prudential af- giirs of this section, declared the several plantations of WEU.s,f A.i>. Hat. Cap* Par- polMMlb- miu. «Thc names of the subscribers in Cape Porpoite, [Arundel, or Kennc> bunk-port,] were these, viz. John Darker, Stephen Batons, Andrew Bnssey, John Cole, Gregory Hoskcries, Morgan Howell, Gcorn^c Jeffreys, Griffin Montag;ue, Williann Reynolds, Christopher Spurrcll, Simon Teoft, Peter Teubatt, and Thomas Warner. — 2 J^ass. Rtc. p. 190. f U'fllt, (the 3J town in the State,) was probably so called from an En* rlish city of that name, in Somersetshire. — Wells is separated from Cape- Porpoise [Arnndel] by Kcnncbunk river, from which it extends, south- westerly on Wells-bay and the ocean, 10 miles : It contains about 40,000 acres, of which, 1,000 is salt marsh. Sir F. Gorg'cs, in 1641, gave Thomas Gorg^es, Deputy-Governor of Maine and Mayor of Georgcana, 6,000 acres of land, which he was pcrn-.itted to select for a barony, with full power to divide the same into manors and lordships, and to_ hold Courts-baron and Court-lects within said Lordship ; and he chose the tract near the small river Ogunquit, in the southwesterly part of the present Wells. On the 19th of April, 1643, Gorges conveyed a part to Rev. John Wheelwright, irho bad been ban'shed from Massachusetts, on account of his anlinomian principles; and «inother grant was made by Gorges to Wheelwright, Henry Boad, and others, of a tract towards Kenncbunk, July 14, 1643.— Sullivan, p. 231,408.— Sec ante. A- D- 1643 3 Coll. Man. Hiil. Soc. p. 138 Folioni't Saco and Bid. p. 65. — These grants by Gorges were confirmed at a Court holdcD at Saco, August 14, 1644. From the family of Mr. Wheelwright iprang all those of his name in Massachusetts and New-Hampshire. The population in 1653, when it was made a town, might be 156 souls. Its In- dian name was Webhattntt. Courts were holden here occasionally for half a century. In King Philip^s, King William's and Queen Anne's Indian wars, Wells suffered severely, especially in the two last; yet was never entirely overcome. Wells was represented in the General Court of Mat- lachusetts, 1653 and 1676, three years, by H. Gunnison, F. Littlefield and Win. Simonds. There were settled here in the ministry, Rev. Samuel Em- ery, A. D. 1701, and Rev. Samuel Jcfferds, A. D. 1725. In 1760 the town wai divided into two parishes; and the next year, Rev. Daniel Little wa* settled in the 2d or Kenncbunk parish. In the 1st parish Rev. Gideon Richardson, settled in 1754, was succeeded by Dr. M. Hammenway, in 1759. — Kenntbunk, or the northerly parish of Wells, was incorporated into a town, A. D. 18'isC. This latter place was first settled, about 1723, by emi- grants from York and Wells. The piers built in 1790, and 1822—3, at the mouth of the river Kcnncbunk, cost $12,000. The village of Kennebunk IS on the river Moiisum, 3 1-2 miles fr«m the sea. Factories have been citablished at the falls by a company, mostly from Philadelphia, with a cap- ital of one and half million of dollars. A Post Office was established here Wells. !>Niro and Cap« Por- poiic niwie towns. 852 THB HnroRY t' t^ot. i. A.D. Kn. Saco,* and Capc PoRPoi8C,f to be townSf and para of York* ■hire.— Though neither was pemoitted to send a deputy to tbi Greneral Court, and though nothing is said about titlea to kuxij acquired by Indian deeds ; the towns were otherwise assured of the same protection, privileges and administration of justice, with the other towns in Massachusetts. In Wells, Henry Boad, Thomas Wheelwright and Ezekiel Knight, were appointed town Commissioners ; and these, witji John Wardly and John Gooch, w< ro designated selectmen ; Jo- seph Bowles was clerk of the writs, and Jonathan Thing, con- stable. In Saco, the town Commissioners were Thomas Wil. liams, 'Robert Boothe and John West, who were also the select- men ; William Scadlock was clerk of the writs and Ralph Tris- tram, constable : — Also, Griffin Montague was constable of Cape Porpoise. '■ ;" The command of the militia was given to officers who were in 1790, and a custom house in 1797 — The dtvclliaghouRe of J. Kimball, near Kcnnebunlc river, and that of Dea. Larribee, on the Mousuin, were garrisons in Ihe Indian wars. A large one, called Fairfield's garriion, stood on the easterly side of the former river at the landing.Jtf— S. Ltlltr of B. Palmer, E*q. * Saco, (the 4lh town,) is one of (he oldest •ettlements of the State, Richard Vujes passed the winter 1617 — 13, at Winter-harbor ; and settle mcnts were effected about A. D. 1623. — In the 2d and 8d Indian wars, (k people were compelled to abandon Iho place. But the settlement revived in 1714, and the inhabitants on both sides of the river were incorporated into a town in November, 1718, by the name of BidiUford. (See fott, A. D. 1714.) The town was divided in 1772, and the easterly side erected into a town, called Pepper elhorough, which name was changed to that of Saco, February 23, 1805.— (See Sacj,jfO»t, A. D. 1772). f Cape Porpolne, (the 6th town,) was first settled probably about 1630. In king Philip's and king William's Indian wars, the. settlers suffered the ■ame fate as those in Saco. The pljice was again inhabited about 1714, and its name changed that year to Aruhdel. — ^^ee poit, A. D, 1714.) It lies between Kennebunk and Biddeford, and is situated about Cape Porpoise harbor. This place was first settled by fishermen, and traffickers. One Jenkins, removed from Dorchester to Cape Porpoiie; and in Sept, 1632, he took a quantity of goods, and, attended by a native went back into the country to trade with the Indians. At night while asleep in a wigwam with one of Passaconaway's men, he was killed bj a savage, •' dwelling near the Mohawk country,*' who took the goods ; though they were returned by Passaconaway's subjects. — Wintkrop't Jour. p. 43. Arundel in 1790, contained l,4ft8 inhabitants. Its name has been cbanged since the Separation— to that of KenmbwUcpori. 1/ [V«u 1. im of York- eputy to tht titles to knds ifie assured of if justice, with ; and Ezekiel nd these, \vith electmen ; Jo. 1 Thing, con- Thomas Wil- ilso the seleci- d Ralph Tris- 3 constable of ;ers who were 3 of J. Kimball, ic Mousuin, were lirfielcfs garriion, mg.M—S. Litttr its of the State, rhor ; and seltie Inilian wars, the eltlement revived rere incorporated d. (See pott, A. riy side erected anged to that of >ably about 1630. tiers suffered the inhabited about (^ee poll, A. D. is situated about fishermen, and ) Cape PorpoM; nded by a native At night while was killed by a the goods; though np^tJour. p. 43. has been changed CHAf. «•] OP MAINE. 363 vitb great mc'esty, called " Sargeants.*^ Those in Wells were A. D. 16M. John Saunders and Jonathan Thing, and in Saco Pi^hard'tiieirrighi* Hitch ; who were required " to exercise the soldiery in their "" "*' lespective towns." It was besides, an express stipulation, that ■ the inl)='bitants of all the towns in Maine, should be forever ex- empt from public or colony taxes ; beinp; obliged to defray only dieir own charges including those of their courts, — and to dis- charge their own debts. .fl\-ifi.V,, ' Such were the particulars of the civil and judicial regulations established by the Massachusetts Commissioners ; and it must be acknowledged they were liberal and judicious. Though they, as ,,.\ a Board, possessed sovereign power and authority, they used ' " and exercised it without abuse; and yet extended their acts and measures to matters prudential, judiciary, executive and ecclesi- astical. • i:', ; . ' -.:■'•, ::.\': ■'; To mention several particulars — the inhabitants of Wells, Saco, and Cape Porpoise were reepiired by the Commissioners, within one year, to lay out and make a road from town to town, suf- ficient for footmen and horses ;* and to clear and fit for carts the highways from house to iiouse, within their respective towns ; otherwise their delinquency, as they were told, would incur a fine of £10. A cause of peculiar character came before the Board, in which BarkerV Morgan Howell and John Barker, both of Cape Porpoise, were *^'"*' antagonists. Howell charged Barker with uttering opprobrious speeches against ministers of the gospel, upholding strange meet- ings and pretending to have a spirit of prophesy ;— conduct, which was alleged to be a great detriment to public worshiping assem- blies in the plantation. The Board her.rd the evidence and or- dered him under a rccognizancef of £20, conditioned to appear aud answer farther, at the next County Court in Yorkshire — ^to be of good behavior in the meantime, and never more preach public!) in any part of thfe colony. ' A case of jurisdiction also occurs, which ought to be stated, A caw of '' •» jurisdiction. as it exhibits to some extent the Massachusetts claim. Ann Ma- son, executrix of John Mason^s will, sued Richard Leader, A. D. * Sullivan, p. 3G5. f This rccofifnizancc run to Richard Ilusscll, rnlony T^reasurer of Mas^ii^husetts. IIowcll recognized also in the sun* (il £50 to prosecute the respondent at the apiKjiued time and place. Vol. I. JK -,^^^ Ecclesiasli- cal aflfaira. 354 THE H0TORY [Vol. i. A.D. 1663. 1652, into Norfolk county, New-Hampshire, in "trespt» and ejectment," for wiUiholding possession of houses s^nd lands wliich he then occupied at ^ewichawannockf belonging to her late bus- band. In an issue upon u plea and replication in abatement to the jurisdiction, the action was carried by appeal before the Geiw eta^ Court in May, 1 653 ; where at last, judgment was rendered again/t the defendrjit, and costs, £6. iOt. 4d. were taxed for bis opponent. By this decision the sincerity and determination oi Massachusetts in iter pretensions, were put to the test — and a free course of justice opened tliroughout her jurisdiction. But of all the subjects which are touched by the hand of power, there is none fraught with more difficulty and danger, than tliose of professional belief and the religious tenets of men. Never- theless, the Commissioners thought there were few others, which called more loudly for their interference. Instead of tlie chris- tian sympathies, the mutual charities, and the graces of for- bearance, which are the soul of all social felicity in a youthful community ; the churches in Wells, in Saco and in Cape Por- poise, were disquieted by new-fangled docti'ines, or rent in pieces by turbulent spirits, self-willed noisy disputants, or disorderly communicants. Particularly, the church in Wells, was greatly disturbed by Henry Boade, Edmund Littlefield, and William Wardwell, who had been excommunicated for some unsoundness in sentiment, or irregular walk, and still boldly claimed all the privileges of membership. The Commissioners heard the facts in this controversy, and satiCtioned the excommunication; ad- monishing them to desist from all acts of obstinacy and dis- turbance, and pursue a course of conduct conducive to social happiness and christian fellowship ; lest they, who bad professed themselves to be the disciples of peace, should at last be the sub- jects of penal severity.* ii The difficulty in Cape Porpoise was of a . different natijre. There, the church polity was so framed, that the members could not, without an infringement of its rules and principles, transfer their allogiance to any civil power. Therefore to relieve them of their conscientious scruples, tlie Commissioners entirely dis- solved then professional connexbn, and left them to re-cmbody under articles consistent with their allegiance to. Massachusetts. • 't^i; ' ♦3 Mass. Kec. p. 187. ur CaA». W-] "OP MAINE. z', 366 The inhabitants of Sao, distinguished for tlie purity of their a.D. icas. priaciples and habits of . riety, were destitute, though desirous, of a learned ministry. Aware of their solicitude, the Commis* sioners in the plenitude of their power, and in aid of public worship, as expressly desired by the people, licensed Robert * • Boothe, a pious layman, to take the lead and exhort in religious assemblies, till some provision should be made by law, for supplying this and other destitute places, with accredited ministers. Even here, one man was charged with extravagance in his expressions, —tenets, — ^visionary views, — and other eccentricities, which ren- dered him, it was said, a disturber of the peace. This was George Barlow ; — and the Board, to tranquillize the public mind, coramanded him never more to " preach or prophesy" in this place; — assuring him, his disobedience would expose him to pay a tine of £10 and costs.* • Apprehending opposition and difficulty in attempts to execute their commission farther eastward, the Board closed their official services with the following Protest, which the Marshal of the cjimty publicly proclaimed : — " Whereas we have declared the right of the Massachusetts' commis- ** government, to the towns of Wells, Saco and Cape Porpoise j J^^*" P"* "and the inhabitants thereof being summoned, did appear before 5 "us at Wells, on the 5th of July, 1653, and acknowledge them- " selves subject thereunto, and took the oath of freemen and " fidelity to that colony ; and, the undersigned, her Commission- " ers, have appointed and settled a government over them : "We do now therefore protest against all persons whatever, "that shall challenge jurisdiction, or that shall exercise any act " of authority over them, or over any other persons to the north- "ward, inhabiting within the limits of our patent, which doth ex- i'tend to the latitude, 43" 43' 7" northwardly, ^ut what shall be " derived from us as Commissioners, or from the General Co'irt "of Massachusetts. . • " Given under our hands, at Wells, in the County of York, "July 6th, 1653. " Kichard Bellingham, * " Daniel Dennison, " Thomas Wiggin, Edward Rawson, Bryan Pendleton. "f '2 Mass. Kec. p. 190. t 2 Mass. Rec. p. 191. Tuaiion, 356 THE iiirrtRY [Vot. i. A. D. i«53. The thanks of the Legislature w •<-i« presented lo the Commis- sioners, for their 6delity and suco - ; &..d the charge of £28 13«. 3d., ordered to be paid them out of the public treasury. This, in effect, introduced a system of taxation into Maine; for the county of York was required to reimburse a part of that sum, proportionate to their numbers and pecuniary ability : and 80 considerable were the public expenditures of the present year that the colony treasurer, by order of the General Court, direct- pd the selectmen of towns to make " a double assessment."* If Massachusetts were actuated by motives of ambition in tliis enlargement of her borders, and tlic adoption of these planta- tions ; it must bo acknowledged, she guided her measures by maxims of prudence, and manifested great assiduity and zeal for the good of the inhabitants so eagerly adopted, She endeavored to secure their contentment, and win their respect by acts of kindness, care and equal favor. Indeed, they enjoyed some peculiar privileges, for they were made freemen, on taking tlie oath, without the prerequisite of church-membership ;-r-contrar\- to the law and usage in Alassachusetts. They were also exempt from all public or general assessments, their county and town taxes being all they were required to pay. It was found, as we have observed, that the settlements in Maine and other parts, were without an ordained ministry,— open to the doctrines 6f every itinerant, who called himself a preacher of the gospel, whether properly invested or not with the sacred office, or whether he disseminated errors, or taught jhe religion and morals of the scriptures. Of course, the people were under the necessity of listening to these preachers of doubt- ful character, or to hear none, as there were few others. To rectify or prevent these evils, the General Court made it penal for any one publicly to preach or *' prophesy," without being first ppprobated by four neighboring churches, and also required each town, to provide means for supporting a pious ministry. The whole number of men in the five towns who came under submission, or as some more 'harshly call it, " subjugation" to Massachusetts, was about 1 50 in the first mstancc,f others taking Provigioii for public )vorkhi]). * Sullivan, p. 341. ■fSupjioeed (o be a inajorit} of the riialcsof and over 21 years. If tlicrc were 250 families in the 5 towns, and 50 families on the Isles of Shoals, at 7 in a Aimily, the whole number of persons wo'ild be 2,100. ChaF. IX.] OF MAINE. / ■ the oatii afterwards. Honce the public mind became much tran- quillized — still the minority was large and formidable, and in its ranks were several men of the most weahh and influence of any in the eastern plantations. One was George Cleaves of Casco, late deputy-president of Lvgonia ; another was John Bonython of Saco, a turbulent per- verse spirit and an outlaw ;* a third was Henry Joscelynf of Black-point, formerly one of Gorges' council ; and a fourlli was Robert Jordan of Spurwiuk, an episcopal clergyman of learning, and the proprietor of a large estate. There were many other malcontents, though of less boldness, activity and influence. To obviate the cavils of Cleaves, who was in England, when the first measures were taken towards subjugating Maine, the Gen- eral Court in a respectful letter, stated anew to him the grounds of die claim, the generous course pursued, and the volun- tary submission of five towns, assuring him of their full deter- mination to prosecute and maintain their rights by patent, still farther eastward ;J and if the obstinacy of opposcrs could not be abated by force of reason, justice and liberal treatment, they must expect rigor. The change already effected was followed by a legislative or- der, to collect all the remaining records of different administra- tions in Maine, into the office appointed to be kept by the County Recorder. It was a receptacle of documents and papers, never well arranged by the hand of care and skill ; and exhibits an intermixture of judicial, legislative and executive proceed- ings ; — many curious laws and ordinances ; — and not a few novel and ludicrous cases, some of which have been noticed. Won- derfully preserved, through subsequent wars, and numerous other perils, they still appear in the offices of the Clerk of the Courts and the Register of Deeds, in the county of York ; some of which are obliteratethhy the wastes of time, and others, penned in an antiquated hand-writing, are not read without considerable difficulty. 307 A. D.ICd3w OppotiiHin ol Cleave*, Bonython, JoM'elyn, and Jordan. ,' .r^^y The re- cords of Yorkibirr. * Ante, A. D. 1645. t Joscelyn lived a while at remaquid ; and in kinff Tliilip's war rrmovod to Plymoutli Colony. | 2 Mabs. Rec. p. 202. 358 TliC ULSTOUY .....:: ,. ^'^um-- ■ - -•■ - . ■ J 'm^^ ■ - ..- '' 'v;^ r? t i„- \^.';-J'' .-.v'V., vw. -. • *««'.«- '^^-- ^-'••* CHAPTER X .. ■^" 1. -i- [Vol.,. «^.D. 1651. Thr Dutch, thr IWd'ivn ami the Eai^tmi French — La Tour's con- '' duct — Peace with Holland — The English ships scut to attarh ' Manhadoes, turn against Nova Scotia — They reduce it, and Leverett is left there its Governor — The French complain ; but thr Province is conceded to England — C. la Tour's death — Sir T. Temple commissioned Governor — A charter to him, S. la Tour and Croum — Temple and Crown purchase la Tour's right — TcmpU's - character — The limits of Cromwell's charter to him, Crown and la Tour — The consequent dijicidties. Though the people of New-England were now in Uie enjov- ment of general prosperity, and numbers of them in the pos- session of something more, than a mere competent livelihood; their dome-stic political relations were assuming a posture, evideotlv adverse to tlie public tranquillity. For hostilities commencing in Kngiith and October, 1C51 , ^between the Englisii and the Dutch, had an im- Duic war. ^jediatc effect upon their respective colonies on this side of the Atlantic. Jealousies and suspicions were fomented ; a profitable trade between the Dutch colonists at Manhadoes and the people A.D. ics2.of New-England, was interrupted ; and, the next year, an alarm- ing report was in circulation, that tlie Dutch Governor was in- citing the Indians to extirpate the English planters by a general massacre. At this time, the natives in Maine and through the countr) were numerous. Their principal employment, and even pas- time, were hunting. In ail their opportunities for becoming ac- quainted with the gun, they had proved themselves very apt learners. Already many were expert marksmen. Hence they grew bold, and were sometimes insolent. It was more difiiciilt than formerly, to keep them in awe, and their neighborhood was greatly deprecated. Every serious hint or thought of a ruptu'c with them, filled the country with alarm. The excitements and fears occasioned by the rumors, brouihi ••. n. IBM. . ^ . , April I'J, together at Hostoii, April 19ih, the Commissioners of the '^'Mtni Colonies. They investigated the reports, examined the In- dians, and wrote to the Dutch Governor for information. Hf n • Th« Nb- tivei. ry Chit. »•] OF MAINE. plied with some spirit, * that there was not a word of truth in the a. D. iw^ fcandalous report raised about his conduct ; and mar\'elled much at the novel course pursued, of placinfi; any confidence in Indian testimony ;' offering to make explanations to any extent required, if within his power. * .^ ■- - h jc; < a^ , Influenced by a spirit of deliberation an«l forbearance, the Commissioners adjourned without declaring war.* Still the jeal- ousies of tlie western colonists in Ncw-Eni^land had not in the least abated. So highly was he suspected of inciting the Mo- hawks, and otlier tribes to acts of hostility, that tlic government of New-Haven despatched agents to England, for the purjioso of laying open unto Cromwell, the Lord-Protector, their dangers and grievances, and praying for assistance or jirotection. <- • In the same spring, rumors spread extensively through the country, that " some thousand Indians" had collected about Pis- cataqua; and that the people in these eastern parts were greatly tcrri6ed. To quiet the public mind, therefore, at this important season of seed-time, when the report had diverted many from their agricultural employments, Mfij. Gen. Dcnnison, conmiander of the Massachusetts militia, ordered thither a party— of 24 men to make discoveries, andf if possible allay the people's fears. The eastern French were also viewed with considerable dis-Thaewtirn pleasure and distrust; and the neighborhood of la Tour, since liktii. his intermarriage with d'Aulney's widow, and a re-occupation of his Acadian Province, afforded little or no satisfaction. For ho manifested not the least disposition to do jtislice to friends, who had lent him money and credit, and espoused his cause against d'Aulncy, in seasons of extreme hazard and anxiety ; nor did he labor to inspire the natives with cordial feelings towards the English colonists, from whom he had in fonnor years received so many testimonies of partiality and favor. Possessed of d'Aul- ney's wife, he apprehended no evils from the surviving influence of his deceased adversary ; and in his returning prosperity, he proved himself to have no genuine principles of honor or moral honpstv. As the aspect of affairs darkened, the (jcncrul Court prohibhed • 1 Iliitrli. Ili^f. p. iCfi— 7. tUrVaM. Jitc. i>. 170—191.- Tlic Sarst'iUilb' psiy via> 8«. ond n |>ri»»to'ii 360 THE HISTORY [Vot. i. A. u. 1655. the transportation of provisions, either to the French or Dutch Aiifiinbar- under penalty of forfeiting both vessel and cargo. La Tour complained of this measure, as an undeserved severity towards him in his necessities ; and the General Court so far relaxed their order as to permit a small vessel to be freisrhted thither with flour and other provisions for iiis relief; intendins: proltably to make a merit of the favor and use it as a boon to secure his {rood-will and gain the influence of the French missionaries, whosj- \sceiid- ancy over the natives was a cause of dread. Cromwell, when made acquainted with facts and circumstan- ces by the aji^ents from New-Haven and other informant., put in requisition three cr four ships, for the reduction of the Dutch colony at iManhadoes ; and called upon Massachusetts to afford the necessary assistance in the cnterprize. But so great and unavoidable were the delays, that the ships did not arrive in Bos- AD 1051.^°"^'" J"»t-'> 1G«''4. However, in obedience to the Protector'* directions, the Cencral Court, on the 9th of that month, passed rc- solves for encouragiiiii liie enlistuient of 500 men,* to be coni- mandcd by MaJ. Robert Sedgwick of Charlestown, a man of popu- lar manners and military talents, and once a member of the cele- brated artillery-company in London ; and Capt. John Lcvertit, of Boston, a correct tactician, and an animated patriot.f The ex- pedition was not un|)opular, yet ere the forces were ready to Peace Jiin« embark, news arrived, June 23(1, that articles of peace had been signed on the Tith of Aj)ril,J and that all hostilities must conse- quently cease between the Lnglish and Dutch colonies. § If this were a disappointment, it was followed by an expedition far more interesting to the eastern colonists, than the conquest of Manliadoes ; — that was, the projected capture of Nova Scotia, Twcnty-t^vo years had elapsed, since the country had been ceded or resigned by the treaty of St. Gcrmnins to the French ;-^;in arbitrary transaction of the king, which the repidilicans in Enc- land and in the colonies of Ahis.sachuselts, !Vcw-Hampshire ami Maine, heartily disrelished and secretly censured. Croinwdl had a thorough knovvledgc* of British rights, and the precediiis: intrigues of the crown ; and though it was a time of prulbanii * 2 Mass. lUc. p. ■.':(;. — I Hnz. Coll. p. .'iftT—'iM. t r.lliot's lli.ic. IJic. |.. ai)'. ) I Hal. Coll. \), ft»5». ' *2 Mn%\ Hoc. y. '^W. Ucdui-liiin of Nova Hcniia. I. La Tour ^ towards him •d their order, ith flour and y to make a his f;ood-will, tvhosi' 'scend- d circumstan- manl., put in of the Dutcli setts to afford so great and , arrive in Bos- he Protector's onth, passed rc- I,* to be loni- a matt of popu- ber of the cele- Johii Lcvertit, riot.t The ex- were ready to |iea( e had been es iiuist consc- onies.'^ y an expedition II tho conquest f Nova Scotia, lad been ceded w French ;— an cans in Ens* lantpsliire and red. Croinwrll d the preccdiiii: ne of profountl CSAf. X.] OF MAINB. ffgf ueac?; between him and France, he determined to subject the A. D. 16M. whole region of Nova Scotia to the government of the nation, na an act of justice. Accordingly he gave secret, informal instructions to the cap- tains of the ships, before they left England, that when they had reduced tlic Dutch'colony,* — to turn their arms against Nova Srotia and make conquest of it ; and consequently the expedi- lion was undertaken without loss of time. The ships met with no resistance at Penobscot, nor yet at the river St. John,f the place of la Tour's principal fortress and immediate residence. J He was wholly unprepared to repel such an unexpected invasion ; and neither interest, nor ambition, nor any affection for his sovereign could arouse his opposition. In- deed, he manifested no great reluctance to undergo n change of masters, provided he could be protected in the enjoyment of his ease and his estate. The English in a few weeks subjugated tiie whole Provincj,§ Port-Royal capitulating in August, j| when the temporary command of the country was entrusted to Capt« l/everett. < The French complained of this, as an unprovoked outrage in time of peace, and laid the case before the English cabinet ; all°'in^, that they owned the country by cession, u.nl also by a purchase of tiie English riglit, at the dear rate of JE(),000 sterl- inj. But the court of the F*rotector refused to restore it; — claiming it under an older and paramount title, and supposing the cession was never fairly made and completed, nor any engage- ment to pay purchaso-moncy porforired. next season, the A. t). I6ftfl, whole Acadian Province was conllrmed tc the English,ir who vine* con- held it lliirteen years ; after which it was 1 c-surrendcrcd imder the Enginhi I the treaty of Breda.*** During tho French occupnm y, M. Denys ami le Borgne were part owners of tht Province, the latter being I I' AhU. ' I Dou|^. Slim. p. .U)0. f I Htitoh. Hist, p. 169. i 1 Doug. Siiio. |>, .100 — 7. { Mbm. IjTtter Mook, p. loJ. i| 1 Chalintrs. p. 1h7. H )ft>lmrt.' A. Aim, p. 801. " Huh. X. E. p.'.K.O. — Tlir namefi of tho pluccK cnptiirril, ami jmrticu- i;rlT noliccil, wore I'mtagott, St, Johnt, I'mt-Royal ; l.n //fir, caHtwnrd ' f LircrptHjl cm U»o nouth thoro of the prnintitia ; Ctpf'Sablr, the south- Iwsiprn pxtrciiiity I'f (lir j)rniii>iiila ;/(»r/ la Four, wett of ( .Tjve-Sal)!*) ; \ripf.Fourchn tntdw.^y between the N. and H. shurc, at the west mid of tha Iffniniiila LnckrooJ. Vol.. I. M Ln Toui •§ dealli and characlpr. 102* THE HISTORY [Vou f. A.D. I6W. a Governor of the country, — an arbitrary and a bigoted caiholic. The priests bore rule ; and the soldiers, engaged in reducing the French settlements, reported, that they occasionally found scripts of the friars, and sciiedules of their rules and maxims, or modern " phylacteries," by which they resolved to govern their own c(». duct, guide their disciples, and direct political afiairs.''^ La Tour, who was in immediate possession of the interior country, upon the bay Fundy, had " the Province previously confirmed to him by the court of France, on his renouncing the protestant religion. "f But he died not long after the late subju- gation : — a man of equivocal character, either catliolic or pro- testant, as was most concomitant with interest. He possessed specious talents without honor, punctuality, or principle. He was a subject of great vicissitudes. D'Aulney captured and plundered his fortification, and kept his wife a prisoner till her death. For a period, ho was a voluntary exile. After a second marriage, he lebuilt his fortress, which Donee demolished, be- cause it encroached upon the royal prerogative. Once and again was he wealthy, and as often poor, and sometimes distressed, He borrowed money in Hoston, and afterwards of M. Belleisle, a rich French trader to North America, and mortgaged his pro- vincial [KDssessions several tiries for security ; and yet he never mnde his creditors any payments. He left one heir and a lar^c territorial estate. After the French had conceded and confirmed the country to England, Cromwell erected it into a Province, and appointed Sir Thomas Temple, Governor. | It was a territory considered of great value ; and Temple and one William Crown aspired to become Proprietary Lords of it, or at least the owners of exten- sive tracts. In the meantime, Stephen de la Tour produced such docu- inciital evidence of his rigiit to very larg;^ territories, as an inher- itance Worn his father, tliat Cromwell was induced to confirm L15 ancestral claim to the extent proveil. lint neither the father 110. son ever exhibited any title to lands southerly of the Passaina- quoddy waters, and a moiety of their northern possessions vva< I embarrnsscd by Uelleisle's ineumbrunce ; yet the soil of the gieaij Tttmplc, timv. nl Neva 8r0' tia. « I{t»bi>ttPd'» N. r.. p. UO. t 30 Univcrul liml. p. 2M. I I llutrhinion's I Hit. p. I U.— Temple waa a Uiiitnia.1. ot Lord Say. CbAP. X.] ** OF MAINE. peninsula, an immense region, principally remained ungninted. Some parts of this section might have been purchased by Temple and Crown, as we believe it was ; for we find that the lx)rd Pro- tector gave to them and la Tour a joint charter* in 1050, by which he granted to them and their heirs forever, ' the territorj' • sometimes called L'Accadia, and that part of the country call- , tlio Tullitr, uml enures to the •on.— See l\. tkarttr in Frtndi.— X Iltu, Cull. p. 610— 19.— t'/iH/mrrt, p. IS7. t Pnhirel, p. 14. — Gr tlic tliarter iniglit have bern (Inifteci brforo (lie lather's (Ifftth. } Mass. Letter Hook, p. 104. ! Palairet, p. 10—13. Ij I Mutch. Hist. p. 190. H Hiillivan, p. 15«. ** He (itH not Miccccti to his mind, and the qiukort, at least some of tliein, wore (>iccutc(* -I Hutch. Ili$l. p. 104 (Note f.)— He was a great friead to .MiMarimiett*.— 'A. p. 194. ^..fe^' Miitakrs In lh« chartrr of Crvm- well. 3fJ4 THE in?TORY [Vol. I. A.D. 165T. tvas recomrnissioned to the same office of Provincial Governor by his restored sovereign ; and at some period he seems to have been considered the sole proprietor of the country. It is worthy of particular notice in thia place, that the phrase- ology and terms of Cromwell's patent to la Tour, Temple and Crown, have proved to be die j^rounds or causes of endless con- fusion, and severe conflicts. Both Acadia and Nova Scotia are mentioned, yet the limits and extent of them, as expressed, have long per))loxcd the ablest statesmen ; or in other words, the lan- guage of Cromwell's charier lias been urged by opponents to shew, that Nova Scotia must have embraced another and greater region, than what is contained in the charter to Sir William Alex- ander. It was beyond doubt the design of Cromwell to confirm the soil and freehold to the i> .tentecs, as vested rights, and for that purpose to express himself in the charter, so broadly and spe- cifically, that all French claimt> night be forever barred — never again to be revived with sii cesb. For, in the language of ihe charter, he granted tl;i5 ' terv'tory called Acadia, a part of tlie 'country called Nova Scotia, extending from ^ferliquash and in- • eluding the port and cape la Heve, Cape Sable, port la Tour * or I'Esmeron, Cape Fourcha, the cape, river or bay of St, Ma- ♦ ry's, Port-Royal, the region about the bay of Fundy, and the ' bay and fort of St. John's, the region of Pentagoct and the river ^ St. George, near Muscongus, situate about the covfincs of JVeu- * England :^~'— In this, it was a great mistake and misfortune to have called Acadia a part of ?s'ova Scotia, extending it to the river St. George ; or to have considered diem " as two different countries, which were in trudi the same."^ For Acadia never had any other southern limit, than that of latitude in the 40tli de- gree, mentioned in King Henry's chart(;r to de Monts, A. D, 1603^ whereas the southern extent of Nova Scotiu, was weli understood to be limited and bounded by the river St. Croix, as described, v. D. 1021, in the ^'barter of king James to Alex un- der ; and both extended over the same territory eastwardly, tot'i. shores below the gulf of St. Lawrence, A general recession afterwards, without limitation, iujd open all tlie difficultiuB, * I Clmlincr*, p. 18tt.— 1 Flolmis' A. Ann. \>. 3(W, Note 4 CHif. »«-l OP MAINE. in. ■/':->: ■ 'a CHAPTER XI. 7,i« XeW'Ph/mouth patent of Kcnnchcck — Difficulties there — A meeting of the people callrd — A code of rides and regulations • adopted — A local Court eslaldished — The trade of the patent leased several i/ceers — The trade declines and becomes extinct — The patent sold — The period and value of the trade — The pap- ula lion — Rem arks. The trade and interests of the New-Plymouth colony at Ken- Al^i 1649 tu I6d2. KetiMbaclt uebeck, were at this period, in a state of decHne. The judicious and rigid rules and regulations of the colonial government pre- pawnT scribed, for cultivating an honest and honorable intercourse with the natives, were not strictly observed. There was a diminution of game and furs; an increasing number of traders; and an avaricious disposition manifested, by temporary residents, to ac- quire gains in any event. The parent colony was too remote to enforce her laws with uncompromising energy ; and the local administration of justice was a mere conservation of the peace. Tiierc was another fact of some importance. The territorial Uifficuiik* ri^lit and title of the colony, especially her claim from Merry- inecting-bay to the sea, was called in question. Therefore, about this time, Jereniisquam, Sebascodegan, and other islands in the vicinity, were purchased of the natives ; when the practice of obtaining ' Indian Deeds' became fa.shionjible, till nearly the whole patent was covered by them. The execution of one was proved before the Ciovcrnor of Ma.ssachusetts ;* — a circum- stance connected with others, which served to recognize tlie na- tives' rights to .some extent, without regard to prohibitory laws. BciPt by discourafi^ements on all sides, the Plymouth colony, in consideration of ii50f yearly rent, leased the trade three years, landing Jime 8, 1652, to a committee of five distinguished * 111 A. I). 1()4S, n f^an-ainorp convi-yeil to Governor Brndford, all tlio lam!- on botli siilrs of the rivrr to \Vc'8s.Triin«f>f. Stjiiajn TsUnd and otlicra vfcre purchased in 1(549. tSiillivan, p. 144— 5— 2!)«: Rti.l Honk of Ciaiiiis. THf: HISTORY A.D. IC52 A. D. 1G53 March 7. A conven- tiun called (there, a. D. 16M. [Vol. I. colonists,* viz. Gov. Bradford, and Messrs. Winslow, Prince Millet and Paddy. Still the difficulties and embarrassments were not diminished ; and tlic colony spread iier complaints before Parliaincnt. To prevent cncroachnir s and promrjte trajiquil- lity, the Council of State " granted iers under the great .,eal, confirming and enlarging her trade wiunn the patent ; and reuuired all the English residents upon the river Kennebeck, to render im- plicit submission to the colonial government, in all their civil ? .1 social concerns." An attempt v.'as then made tore\ive the?' j- and New-riymouth, at the expiration of the first lease, extLidj ! It 1.1 rcc years longer ; requiring the lessees themselves, or soriio of them, to reside continually within the patent, under a penaltv of forfeiting the trade. The next year, March 7, 1053, the General Court of that colony, appointed Thomas Prince, who was one of the Council, a cOiumissioner to summon tlio inhabitants together at some con- venient place ipon the river, for these purposes, t'lsr. 1, to take the oath of I'-uelity to the governments of England and New- Plymouth, or .■•'in.rwise leave the patent territory : 2, to be made acquainted with iLe colony laws, applicable to them, and establish suitable rules and regulations to guide and govern them in their civil affairs : and 3, to choose assistants, who were to aid the commissioner, in framing and executing the orders to be adopt- ed and settled. In pursuance cf a warrant issued by the commissioner to the marshal of New-Plymouth, May 15th, 1G54, the inhabitants upon the river Kennebeck were summoned to convene on the 23d, at the house of Thomas Ashly, near the margin of Merrymeeting- bay. Accordingly Prince, tlie commissioner, was met by IG men of that Immediate neighborhood, f to whom, after he had pub- lished his commission, he administered the oath, prescribed in the following words : * Morton's Mi-morial, p. 135 — 147. + Their names were (licsc ; Tlwmas Ashley; Thomas Atkins; John Brown, [of Woolwicli ;] Jainc's Cole; William Davis; Emanuel IIcvcs William James; Thomas Parker; John i'arker, [of Parker's Island; Tho- mas PwRCiiAs, Gi.NTi.r.MAN, of Pc^vpscot ; John Richards of Jcrcniis- quam ; James Smith ; Jolm Stone ; Alexander Tiiawvt; Thomas Webber, and John White. It is supposed .i•] OF MAINE. 3tf7 «' You shrJl be true and faithful to the State of England as It a. D. i«5i. >is new established ; and, whereas, you choose to reside within R«ku>«i>oi>> •the government of New-PlymouU>, you shall not do, nor cause • otedone, any act or acts, directly or indirectly, by land or " (cater, that shall, or may tend to the destruction or overthrow • of the wiiule or part of this govemineiii, orderly erected or es- "tablishcd; buMhal? contrariwise 'linder, and oppose such in- "U'litsand purpose* as lend thereunto, and discover them to "tliosevvho are in place, lor the time b'^ing ; that tlie government "may be informed thereof with all convenient S|)eed : — You shall •'also submit to and observe all such good and wholesome laws, -ordinances and officers, as are or shall be established, within •the several limits thereof. — Sc lielp you God, who is vhe God "of truth and punisher of falsehood."* ^, ,:,^:;y-h • .r : fr/, n;- . This little convention of sworn freemen, imder the Commts- sioper, as presiding officer, elected Thomas Purchas, Assistant, • ■ V and John Ashly, Constable ; and established a code of succinct orders, or ordinances, classed in this manner. Firstly — All capital crimes, such as treason against England or these colo- .!ies ; wilful murder ; solemn converse or compact with the devil, by way of conjuration or witchcraft ; the wilful burning of liouses ; sodomy ; rape ; and adultery, were to be tried by the General Court at New-Plymouth - Secondly — The trials of other crimes were within the juris- ^ '■ diction of the Commissioner's and Assistants' Court. — Theft wm punishable by restitution of three or four fold, according to the na- ture of the otfence and the discretion of the local Court. The convicted drunkard was finable 6s for the first oflence — 10«. for the second — and for the third, he was to set in the stocks. Pro- faning wilfully the hard's day was punishable according to the assistants' discretion. As the Indians when intoxicated were often guilty of "much horrid wickedness," even "the murder of ilieir nearest relations ;" it was urdcred, that every inhabitant sdJing them any strong liquor, shor.ld for the first oftence forfeit (loi;l)Ie, and for the second, four told the value sold : and for t!io third, he should forever bj debarred the privilege of trading with-them. If the wrongdoer were a stranger, his fine for the *Scc llio Jieards of Pli^.iuulL (.'ohnv, U"/\h\y copied by onlcr of the (icntral Court, iinJ f n A. '■.nn'^fl (^Btf. XI.] OF MAINE. ^69 die regulations and goremment within ib~-4lie ageoey of Mt, a.d. mti. ^^iy — and the accounts of the treasurer; and to take meas-' ar2S for securing the public powder and property, and repairing^ pirticularly, Jones' river bridge. Thi> investigation bad a beneficial influence upon public opin- ion. It was at length perceived, that the discouragements were io consequence of events and incidents, which it was impossible to control. The facilities in taking game, gradually diminislied. Tbe deeds of the Indians conveyed rights, which they could not understand. Their hunting ground were sometimes occupied or claimed by English hunters or ^ ,)ortsmen. For it was necessary, that the lessees should often iv o applicants, though they were equivocal characters. T of hunting and trad- ing, was less profitable than foi value of commodities exchanged for furs being better .ijuwist' d. The Indians were ill-natured and jealous, — the proselytes, if not the dupes, of the catholic missionaries, who were without intermission among the tribes.* Amidst these increasing evils, the trade was let, in 1656-7-8, A. D. leae to 1649. at the same annual rent of £35 ; a sum which, though small, the lessees found they could not afford to pay a fourth year. A man- ifesto was therefore issued, July 7, 1659, by the New-Plymouth executive, which publicly stated, that there were unhappily "troubles among the Indians" themselves upon the river, some having been killed or carried away, and all of them too much discouraged to pursue their hunting with any ambition ; that seri- ous losses were already apjM'ehended from the cessation of trade ; and that the towns were in duty bound to instruct their dep- uties, what measures should be adopted to prevent its becoming utterly extinct. ' «'"^'n ftrvn-^ . / .. ■- - , ' . :'r'vr :■,' - At the October session, the trade was leased a year for the The irad« paltry pittance of only £10, free of embarrassments and out- Jirt standing dues, upon condition of permitting the Indians never to owe at one time, more than 500 skins. This lease was the last. §■:: * Father Gabriel Drcuilletts, the first catholic miisionary, to the Cani- Uslndians, commenced a residence in the nrildemess of Kennebeck, in 1646.— 1 Charlevoixy JV. F. p. 48A. — This author also says, < the Capuchin prieats had a trading bouse and religious hospital at Pentagoet, in the same Tear, 1646.* Preuilletts was succeeded bj James Bigot and Vincent Big- ot, father and son, and by Father Ralii. Vol. I. 34 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 I y "tf ■ 2.2 Sf Itt 12.0 I J5 i 1.4 1.6 ^Sciences Corporation 7i wht main WttSTH.N.V. STRHT I4SM 4S03 > %^ o^ lUniarki. 870 THE HurroRY f- [Vou i. A. D. M60. The next year, the lessees took home their agents, laborers and estates ; and the General Court grauted to any volunteers the liborty of trade upon the river, without lease or price, proposiot to sell the whole patent for £500. ird 'i»m ' A sale at last was negotiated by a Committee of three, appoint- A. D. 1661.^ for the purpose; and on the 27th of October, 1661,* the ThS^JSiS* ?•*«»* wr conveyed to Artepas Bois, Edward Tyng, Tbomit Brattle and John Winslow, for £400 sterling ; the deed of u. signment being executed by eleven gemlemen who call themsehret a committee, f In no other part of New-England, had the people devoted themselves so entirely tu the peltry and fur trade, as they had within the precincts of this patent. Thirty-four years, it had been well improved by the parent colony ; within which period, her emoluments and net gains must have exceeded considerably in the aggregate, £1,600 sterling :| to which is to be added, the price of sale. There was no effort nor intent to establish a plantation upon the river. The government here was of a noo* descript character, under which neither the laws nor the rulers were respected ; and many of the residents were transient people and hunters. The colony at New-Plymouth had no surplus population to transplant into these parts i and though the territory of the patent embraced 700 square miles, tliere were at this period found within it of white people, not more, probably than 300 souls. Surely it is to be lamented, that the laudable en- deavors, made more than half a century before, to plant a colony witliin the limits of this territory, should never have been effectu- ally revived ; and tdat the patent itself, after the sale, was in fact permitted to sink so deep in oblivion, as to exhibit only a few settlements, fewer surveys,^ and a small number of the owners' names, for the greater part of an hundred years. * I Man. Rtp. p. H14 —Prop, of Kenntbtck v. Call — This Indenture wii recorded in the county of York, A. D. 1719. t SuUixan^ p. 117, 304. The auigncei erected a fort in 1602, at " Mut- quequoite."— [Maqiioit.] I Joseph nanc, laya, he wns taken captive by the Indians, A. D. 1692, was with Iheni M years; learned their iangfiiag^e ; they called tlio mouth of the Kennebeck-river, '^Uiinkadarunk ;" and the Piymoui': trading houK was at " Ciislienock."— Ifenn(6(cfc C/ai'nM. } Some surveys by Heath io 1719 ; and by Jones in 1731. . "**' CSAT' III.] 'fm* orMAme. 871 ifi. --;* -/f . ^ ^ v' J; 'f V,, ;,; •V..t J.^;,. ^:; vi /^" " >' L---4T • - t*~:Vrti >':-i- tMtt^ -^CHAPTER XII. The ttatute-lmo trnd government of Massachusetts transfered to Maine — Elections of public officers — Courts — County officers — Towns, their duties and powers — The Militia system — General Uhtrties — Particular laws — Marriage — Sabbath — Ecclesiastical affairs — Cambridge platform — Support of the ministry — Heresy, —especially of the Baptists, Jesuits and Quakers — Crimes and punishments — Employments— Humane laws— Education— ' '" Debtors — Taverns — Torture — TaxeUion and assessments. The adoption or subjugation of the western parts of Maine, ^^ q ,g^ was followed by a train of events, as well as attended by a mul- '** '•*°- tiplicity of circumstances, unusually important to the Province. Maina • A political connexion was formed, which, with some interruption MatMcbu- lasted about an hundred and sixty-seven years. The territorial jurisdiction, though at first limited, was from time to time, ex- tended ; till it embraced the whole seaboard eastward, even to Passamaquoddy. The laws, regulations and politics of Massa- chusetts were immediately received by the adopted people ; and they all became partakers in the administration of civil affairs. The code of statute-law in that government, formed since the StmuM- first settlement of the colony and of late considerably improved, was, in a few subsequent years, thought to bo quite complete in itself, and in its adaptation to the people's interests, habits and wants.* To become acquainted with this system of political and legal regulations, by which the new subjects of them were to be ruled, was indispensable. For according to an adage of the • times, no one might be endamaged under color of law or coun- ' tenance of authority, unless in virtue of some legislative enact- • ment sufficiently pubUshed ;' and when the law was defective, resort was directed «• to the word of God."t They also deserve the more consideration and particularity, because, to them are • Between 1640 and 1660, the General Court completed a Rj»t«m of Itiri and ifovernment, which had become quite perfect.— //iie people.f Freemen only were voters; and as early as May 1631, it was ordaiiied, that none other than church-members should be freemen ; and that they only, after IG36, might be elected to any office civil or military. Yet the severity of the law Was miti- gated towards the eastern people upon their submission; and church-membership was never a prerequisite in Maine, to qualify and entitle a man to the privilege of free suffrage. All who were admitted freemen took the oath of allegiance, either at the annual Court of Elections in Boston, or in the County Courts, where their names were recorded by the clerk, and transmitted to the Secretary of the colony ; who iists of all the free- men, in the registry of the General Coui\ .j." The Governor, Deputy-Governor, Major-General of all the inilitia, the Country-Treasurer, the Secretary, Admiral, and two Commissioners of the United Colonies'^ were called " General Officers," and were annually elected by the freemen at large, on the last Wednesday of >^iy.|| On election days, the Governor, Deputy-Governor and Assis- Pttblic oin cen. * I Mass. Rcc. p. 209. fTliey alt Kat tofTL'tlicr till A. I). 104t; ulion tlio Council ami Home ■eparatcd; and cacli liad at'tcrivards a negative upon thu oUit-r. — Winlk. Jour. p. n2S.— C/i(i/mer«, p. 1G6. . I In May, 1060, lliu nainc« of tlio freemen wore Ly lanr BCMtt to the clrrki of llic 6lurer>, and the County Courts Lutlioii/cd to admit frceinrn. 3_ Ma$». Rtc. p. 224 ( Thrte wcrp chowin by the (ionoral Court, till A. I). 1616. || Paicot. }rnor and Assis- ' ImA, in\ i ■■tx'~ CgiF. III.] or MAINE. , 37f tflMieboseo the preceding year, and the Deputies newly elect- a. D. mm ed, held a seision together, usually in a meedng-house of Boston, ^ irherR they received from each freeman of the colony present, a E^viiM. bitten ballot for the candidates, only one being voted for at the june time. In the exercise of this franchise, the voters advanced mrou^ one aisle or avenue, and laid their ballots upon the table, departing through anotlter.* Such freemen as did not choose to aneod, were permitted to give their votes in their respective to\rns, to their deputy in the constable's presence ; which, being sealed, were transmitted to the election-table, with a list of the freemen's names who had so voted. f Generally, the person's name voted for was upon the ballot ; sometimes, however, a candi- date was put in nomination, when a ballot marked was counted for him, and a blank ballot agaitut him. >i ivn. _;^ - ^•;, Vt-;tn In the choice of Assistants, there were some peculiarities. Anitiuu. The freemen of every town were convened, the first week in every April, by the constable ; when they voted for any num- ber of Assistants, they chose to have, never exceeding eighteen. The whole were examined by the Governor and Council early in May and published ; and tliose who had the greatest number of votes were declared to be in nomination. On the day of election, tJie name of tach candidate on the list was severally announced, and the freemen voted by wpv of corns and beans ; tlie former being counted for him and the latter against him. The freemen who exercised the right of suffrage at home, voted in the same manner for Assistants, transmitting their votes, sealed and labelled, 10 the election-table. For tliirty yenrs, only fourteen were annu- I ally chosen ; the numbe' was then mcreased to eighteen ;J and ihey, the Governor, and Deputy-Governor, were collectively de- I nominated "Magistrates." ' '•, The Deputies or Representatives to the General Court were ii,-^,^^,. I elected by towns. No town could send more than two. If it •''*«» contained not above 20 freemen, it could elect one only ; if less than ten, it was allowed none, though it might join in voting for Deputies with the freemen of tliu next town. Great latitude was given in the selection of candidates ; for a town might elect any freeman within the colony, its representative ; and these choices ♦0»ilby, p. 163. t Col. Lnw8, A. 1). isa6, p. 42. t After Anguwt, 1661, eighteen were annually choicn. 374 A. D. IMO to IMO. THE HISTORY 1. The Judici vy. Superior Court. OHinty Court. [Voi. of non-residents were frequent. But no one could be a Depaiy who was ** unsound in the main points of the christian religjoa " as held forth and acknowledged by the generaliQr of the pn>. " testant orthodox wfiters."* Under the colonial charter, the whole number of deputies Id any one year, never exceeded 52, nor were less than 25 ;-|- ud Maine at no time after the connexion, returned more than four or possibly five, though a greater number of towns were at dif. ferent times represented. The Judiciary power was vested in three tribunals, 1. the Court of Magistrates, or Assistants; 2. the County Courts; 3. the single magistrate's or three Commissioners* Court. The Court of Magistrates, constituted of the Governor, Dep- uty-Governor and Assistants, was the highest judicial tribunal in the colony ; having jurisdiction of all capital crimes, cases of divorce, and appeals from inferior courts. Their sessions were semi-annual, in the spring and autumn, and always in Boston. A jury was empanneled as early as May, 1631 ; and after 1634, the freemen in their respective towns and plantations chose their jurymen,^ as they did their municipal officers. The County Court was holden by the resident magistrate within the shire, or such other, as the General Court might d^ signate ; assisted by four such freemen of worth and intelligence within tlie several counties, as the towns in their annual meetings might select or nominate, and the legislature approve and put into the commission, called "Associates" Of the five, three formed a quorum, provided one at least was a magistrate. The sessions of tliis court in Maine, were twice every year. They appointed their own clerks or recorders, summoned juries of in- quest and of trials, and had jurisdiction of probate matters, of all causes civil above 40s, all criminal cases not capita], and others not reserved to the Court of " Assistants."'^ The third and lowest judicial court in the colony, had jurisdic- tion of all civil controversies within the county, wherein the sum * Cul. LatBt, p. 42-92-98-1 17.— 2 Mats. Rtc. p. 238.— A day'a absence of a deputy, was fined 208. t In 1654, there were 40 ; in 16C2, only 27. In 1666-7-8, there were none from Maine, thougli in 1668, there were 60 members. In the DCit 10 years there were never so many as SO, except A. D. 1671-2, then were 51. {1 Mass. Reo. p. 76. \ Col. IjtWB, p. 07-86. CllF. XU.] OF MAINE. 876 igo^ndei did not exceed 40 f hillings, and it migbt fine in crim- A«o MM ioil cases to that amount. It was holden by a single uu^^utrmte vithout a jury, in the town where he resided.—- Three commis- mie't jjoners also, if it were required, were appointed* by the Court of Assistants, or County Court, in towns where no magistrate resid- ed, to determine those small causes ; and if any Commissioner ^ interested, a selectman took his place. Appeals lay from (Jecisions in these petty tribunals, to the County Court. The County-officers were, 1. a marslial, who was the execu- CMtmy or- tive officer of the county ; 2. the County-treasurer, — both of'""" whom were elected annually by the freemen in towns, and 3. the clerk, or recorder of the shire,t appointed by the County Court, who was by an ordinance of 1642, made ex officio the register of deeds, which had previously been recorded since 1634, in town books. Next to the regulations of counties, we ought to mention those Town and of towns ; for the original of almost all political measures and ccn. movements, might at this early period, be traced to the primary assemblies in these municipal corporations. Here the public monies were raised and collected ; officers of trust and honor were voted for ; and the various interests of society promoted and guarded. The town officers in these early times, were, I. the selectmen, who had in trust, the prudentials of the tovni and assessed the taxes; 2. constables, whose official eDsigu was " a black staff," and whose business it was to warn toffD meetings, collect taxes, serve the smaller legal processes, raise " hue and cry," and take inquests on dead bodies ; 3. clerk of the writs, who kept the town records, signed legal pre- cepts, returnable before single magistrates or town commission- ers, and recorded births and deaths ; 4. surveyors of highways ; 5. sealers of weights and measures ;J and 6, tything-men — all chosen by their townsmen. Among the duties enjoined upon towns, they were required to make and amend their highways and Sridges ; and after 1659, to support their poor : also to per- * This was repealed in 1637, excepl'as tu Doston and Yorl<»hire.— 2 JUtut, Rtc. p. 332. As to the choice of Associates— /i p. 33. Tltey were put inio the " Cornniission." — 4 Matt. JRec. p. iI-3.— 2 Hutch, lliil. p. 31. t Ilif reconls were made by law, 1G50, concliisivo evidence. — 2 JVy« by Christ's righteousness, or to deny the immortality of the soul} —the resurrection of the body, — ^the morality of the fourth comraandment,-^or the ordinance or authority of magistracy— was harshly denominated, in a law of 1644, to be "damnable htresiea" tending to subvert the Christian faith, and to destroy the souls of men. So early was intolerance only another term for what they erroneously considered a part of orthodoxy ; and it is the more remarkable, that the churchmen and legislators of those times should undertake to check, control or condemn the religious opinions of others, since they themselves had so lately come hither for the sake of enjoying freedom in matters of faith, worship and duty. The heretical sect first assailed by the General Court were the _ Baptists. — ^They were found to have originated about a century * 2 Mauler's Magnal. h. v. Ed. 1820— p. 103-203, where the chapten are entire.— 1 BeUe. Jf, H. p. 70-1. -^Iti wmc of the articles, " there is an "appearance of liberty and tenderneM, but none In reality." t A. D. 165f.-2 Mass. Rec. p. 230. lolMO. fJliii-t-'txi J«niu. 860 THB HISTORY [Vot. i. A.J^^IMO befiire, and were declared to be incendiaries in chnrch and Mate- denying the lawfulness of wars, and the baptism of infants.* In 1646, it was made highly penal for men to withhold their children firom that ordinance, or to leave the congregation when dwy were baptised. One Painter was the first who suffered. Con. victed of a refusal to permit the baptism of his child, he wu publicly whipped ; and within twenty years, before the persecution ceased, about thirty were either fined, whipped or banished, and a few were executed. Next, the General Court, believing, as they said, the wars in Europe to be chiefly fomented by the Jetuttt, devoted to the religion and court of Rome, ordered in 1647, every ecclesiastic of that order, coming within the colony, to be banished, unless he was a public messenger, and even then, if he behaved offen- sively, f No one is known to have suffered under this law though frequent attempts were made to seize such of them, as were missionaries among the Indians. But no religious order was so violently attacked as the Qm. kers.X The legislature called them " a cursed sect of heretics," pretending "to be immediately sent from God, and infallibly " assisted by the spirit, to speak and write blasphemous opinions; " despising government, and the order of God in church and " state, reviling magistrates and ministers, speaking evil of dig- " nities, and seeking to turn away the people from the faith. "^ To exterminate them, ordinances were passed, in 1656, only four years after their first appearance in England, by which their books were to be burnt by the common hangman, and them- selves to be banished, and if they returned, to be executed. Quakan. • Col. Laws, p. 102-120.— 1 Haz. Col. p. 538 — Hub. N. E. chap. U. f Col. Laws. \ 1 Hutch. Hut. p. 180-1 — ^208. — The persecution of quakers extended htto the Province of Maine, and an order of court was passed in I66t, that " whatsoever quakers shall act in town afTairs as officers within the county of York, shall pay £5." Major Nicholas Shapleigh of Kitterji seems to liave favored that sect, for the constable of that town, had been ordered, in 1663, " to repair to his house on two sabbath days, taking suffi- cient witnesses with him, and to forbid him and all persons assembled, fir- ing countenance to any such persons or their meetings contrary to the laws of this jurisdiction."— FoJ»om, p. 141. } Col. Laws, p. 121-126. [VOUL chuidittte; infants.* In their children I when d»ev Fered. Con- hild, he was ie persecution banished, and , the wars In evoted to the ry ecclesiastic ihed, unless he »ehaved offen- ider this law, h of them, as CfAP. Ill-] OPMAlIfB.'' 381 (jMrards of thiitjr suffered in Massachusetts under these laws, A. u. M40 nd some were put to death.* ot. Nor was this all. It was made heresy, in 1653, to deny that the books of the CHd and New Testament were the written in- yible word of God — punishable for the first offence, by fine or iHiipping, and for the second, by banishment, or even death. The whole criminal code was severe, and in some instances ^tT»!^ sanguinary. The colonists, in framing their statutes, prefer- pII,"^'^" ^ red to adopt or imitate the laws of Moses, rather titan those of England ; and of consequence have been thought by modem lawgivers, to have prescribed penalties disproportionate to crimes. Not only murder, robbery, burglary, treason, arson and the crimes against nature, but blasphemy, heresy, idolatry, witchcraft,! perjury, manstealing, adultery, and the striking of a parent by a child of 16 years old and upwards, were capital. Violence to female chastity was also a high crime ; but it is re- markable, that while the adulterer or idolater suffered death for the first transgression, the burglar or robber did not, till the third conviction. Punishments were numerous. Besides that of death, which was always to be^y hanging ; and of imprisonment, banishment, fines and the pillory ;J convicts often suffered corporeally by branding, cropping the ears, and whipping ; yet the latter was to be imposed only where the crime was shameful, and when the offender's course of life was vicious and profligate ; nor were more than 40 stripes ever to be inflicted under one conviction. Forgery was punished by double damages and the pillory ; theft by treble damages ; profanity and spreading false news, by fine, or the stocks ; fornication by fine or enjoining marriage ; gambling, assaults and batteries, and drunkenness, by fine or im- prisonment. Idleness was viewed with marked reproach, as well * Sept. 9, 1661, the king ordered all capital and corporeal punishments of the Quakers to cease. Still they were pursued. — 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 188. t Hugh Parsons of Springfield, Mass. was, in 1652, the first one tried for witchc^ft; and Ann Hibbins of Boston, in 1655, was the first one execut- ed.-l Hutch. Hist. p. 165-173. J Every town was required to be furnished with stocks, under a penalty of £5. It was a frame, fitted to a post with holes half-formed in a lower and half in a folding plank, through which the head, hands and ancles were put, of one in a sitting posture. ,jeM. leM Qiade com, fish, and other products, a tender at the rates pre- scribed by law; also provided for extending executions upon real estate; made wampum* current in payment of all debts, not ' >* exceeding 40s. ; and established tlie rate of annual interest, at eight per ctniutn. Many humane provisions were establislied by legislative au- huiii«»# tbority, truly creditable to the early colonists. A record was'***- kept in towns of all emigrants and their business ; charitable re- lief was to be extended to necessitous strangers ; a support for the poor was to be provided, under the direction of the County Court ;f and all cruelty to brute creatures, kept for the use of man, was strictly forbidden. The Indians were not allowedly to be dispossessed of their planting grounds and fishing births ; though all territorial purchases of them, followed by 5 years quiet pos- session, acquired to the occupants, especially in Maine, an indis- putable title. : ' ' So high and correct an estimate was set upon pure morals, „ . good habits, and enlightened prmciples, that our ancestors be- lieved these could never be well established, without an early and tborough education| of youth. To keep from men a knowledge of the scriptures, and of the languages in which they were writ- (ea, and to impose upon them false glosses of their meaning, was, in the judgment of the legislature, a project of the prince of darkness. Actuated therefore by a strong sense of duty, and by motives of ambition and true policy, the General Court in 1647, required every town of fifty householders to employ a teacher, a sufficient time for the instruction of their children to read and write ; and in every town, containing 1 00 families, a grammar school was to be kept, where youth might be fitted for college. Heads of families were directed by law to catechise their chil- dren and servants every week, in the principles of religion ; and * Originally " wampampcaj." — The value of wampum was 4 black and 8 white beads, for a penny.— 2 J»/oM. i?fc -11, A. D. 1651; not rcpealod till A. D. 1661.— 3 Jlnti. Rcc. 5.— Corn was sul at 4s. rye Ss. wheat «». flixioed 128. p«r bushel. f By towns aftor IC50. t In 1075, the Sckctiiitii of Kiltcry, Capo PorpoiHe, Scarborough and Kahnouth, were prcEcntcd by Ihc Grand .Jury iii kcvcral indictment*, lur not taking caro, that the children and youth of thtir towni be i^n^lit their catochiNm, and educated according to law. 384 THE HISTORY IVou 1. Imprifoii- nwot for «lebl. A. D. 1640 the selectmen were required to see, that the youth of dieir tows were properly educated, and trained to some gainful or uaeful calling.* The law was particularly tender of personal liberty, and for. bade the arrest of any debtor, who had sufficient visible property to pay what he was owing. If he, being poor, was imprisoned, he might under a law, as early as 1641, be liberated, by uy court or authorized commissioner, provided his poverty wis sufficiently manifest in his disclosure upon oath ; being still hold- en if required to '* satisfy by service" his creditor, though be might be " sold" only to one '* of tlie English nation."f To promote order and prevent the dissipation of morals, tav- erns were under strict regulations, in which all dancing and games at shuffleboard and bowling, were expressly prohibited. Some habits were treated with detestation ; — ^particularly that of wearing long hair, like the Russians and Indians, was reprobated by public authority. In tlie general view, we have taken of the fundamental regu- lations and legal provisions,^ which characterize the colonial government, we find much to admire, and something to censure. If we regret to see heresy made by our ancestors a subject of severe legislation, and to observe punishments sometimes exces- sive and cruel ; we must yet acknowledge our surprize, that a page of their statute-book, should be tarnished by an allowance of torture, however palliated. It is true, the law permitted no one to suffer what was barbarous or inhuman, nor be forced to con- fess his own crimes ; but after conviction, he might be tortured, in order to compel a disclosure of his confederates.'^ No in- stance of torture however is found on record ; and we may boldly enquire of that piotu age, where is the scriptural authority for its use or exercise on any occasion ? As the people of Maine were only the subjects, not the pro- jectors of these legal regulations, they feh no passion for their enforcement, beyond what appeared conducive to their prosperity and happiness. They made no calculations upon the honors and emoluments of office ; and being strangers to tlie modem Torture. Kcmirkt. • Col. Laws. p. 7 «. f lb. p. 43-9. tSee"ab»trncf«<>f llio [..aw*." &c. Hutch. Coll. 101—187.— "Fnndamcn tuN " of the MatiKaclniHcttH."— /6. p. 201 -SI8. J Col. Laws, p. 180. Chat, ml] OF MAINE. 385 Jeirish theocracy attempted in Massachusetts to be new-modeled A. U by ibe gospel, and estabJinhed there ; they might prudently en- quire, • what have w f o with projects of political ambition, • or witli the weapoas , j^cd against heresy?' They never be- Ijeved, that the keys of church and state were rightfully com- mitted to the hands of the clergyman and the magistrate. In- fluenced by a spirit ol independence, anxious for an equality of ''-■" rights, and remote from the seat and scenes of anti-christian warfare, they were generally friends to religious toleration ; and Maine became in some degree an asylum for persecuted fugitives, bdeed, a single instance of persecution, wiiich was expulsion merely, is all that can be found to stain her records. If men of letters and of tlie learned professions were not her boast, educa- tion was free from the ingredients of superstition ; and if notions of liberty were less reBned and more rural in the Province, than in Massachusetts, they were more rational and pure. Before we close this chapter, it is necessary to consider the Tasaiion. subject of taxation. For although the provincials were exempt from the public burthens, there were several charges which they were under obligation to defray. These were an annual stipend of £17, 10«. due the magistrate, who presided yearly in the County Court of Yorkshire, and the expenses otherwise inci- dental to the administration of public justice, and the manage- ment of town affairs. To meet these charges, and to provide for the erection of a county prison, a tax was laid upon the provincials, in 1654, of £91, 159. This necessarily required a system of taxation, and that of Massachusetts was adopted. At first, taxes were paid in that colony by towns and plantations, according to their popu- lation ; afterwards in 1634, the manner was changed, and they were taxed in proportion to the value of their property real and personal, and the number of their inhabitants. At length, in 1646, the system was amended and improved ; a single tax was set at £1,500, of which every poll, or mile 16 years of age or upwards paid 12 pence, and 20*. worth of property paid a penny. In this way, apportionments were assigned to the several towns and plantations.* * 1 Mass. Rcc. p. 64, 68, 78, 139.-2 lb. p. 218-233.— 1 Dong. bum. p. 533.-Sce post A. D. 167.'*. Vol t. aa 888 A. D. 1640 to 1660. CeiMuaaitd vaiualioo. BMDU. THE HUTORY t [Vot. |. This method rendered it necessary to take a census of the tax- able polls, and an inventory of the rateable estate; a business performed in each town by the selectmen and a commissioner chosen for the purpose. When completed, a session was holden by them in the shire town of the county, and tlie whole were re- vised, equalized and settled.* The commissioners, appointed in the first instance by the Gen- eral Court in 1654 for the towns in Maine, were Richard Nason of Kittery, Abraham Preble of York, Jonathan Thing of Wells, Robert Boothe of Saco, and Griffin Montague of Cape Por- poise ; who were required, with the assistance of the selectmen, and the advice of their deputies in the legislature, to take and equalize the census and inventory, " and assign to each town of their county its just proportion to pay, according to the custom of the country rates."f The sum of £91, ISs. mentioned, was ap- portioned in the spring of 1655, to the several towns according to property and taxable polls.;]; '* In 1646 ,cows were valued J^5, and cattle between 3 and 4 years old at £,4, — I Matt. Itec. p. 461. But A. D. 1651-7, the valuation was ti us, cowi, j£3; cattle between Sand 4 years old £,2 lOi ; between 2 and 3, £2,- between 1 and 2, j^l ; every ox 4 years old j^5 ; every horse-kind 3 yean old j^6 ; an ass, £^ ; a sheep 10s ; a ^oat 8s ; and a yearling swine SOs. All cattle under a year old were exempt from taxation. — Col, Latrf, p. 70. 3 Matt. Rec. p. 16. f 2 Mass. Rec. p. 247. £« I Thus,— to Kittery and the Isles of Shoals [belonging to Maine] 45, 15. York 17,17. Wells 13,10. Saco - - • - - • 10, OS. Cape Porpoise - . - • - 4, 08. £91, 15. Of this sum, the polls in each town would pay in the same proportion, as the aggregate of the taxable polls in Massachusetts would pay towards a tin- gle public tax of j^l,900. In 1662, the proportions were, to Kittery £10; York £7; WelU £7; Cape Porpoise £3; Saco £6; Scarborough £T ; nnd Falmouth £6. Ciir. »ii.] OPHAOIK. 'I 887 ■dJWBS/i^SkS* ;;rt ■^J:»f;^« ..*lta«|f ^r<-.^i*< ^s:i,; »;: . -s^ijiMJ y5£KsJ 'Wt CHAPTER XIII. }fiusachusett$ patent (itended to Clapboard Island — 7^ peopU of tygonia refuse to submit — The opposition — Militia of Maine organized — Shapleigh, Sergeant-major commandant — The natives ^Intercourse with them revised — The Lygonians submit to Mau ^ r. i tachusetts — Articles of submission and union — Scarborough and falmouth estabHshed as towns— Their powers and privikgu—' Pejepscot without the limits of Massachusetts' patent—Address of the eastern inhabitants to Lord Cromwell — Rev. M. Wheel- might's agency — Deputies from Maine — Yorkshire court. After the report of Sherman and Ince, by which the northern a. d. i«s9. limit of Massachusetts patent was determined to be in latitude MaiMchn> 43' 43' 12" J* the General Court despatched to the eastern JJ'iJJ„5^ coast, in the summer of 1653, two experienced shipmasters, Jonas Clark and Samuel Andrews, who found the same degrees, minutes and seconds on the northern point of an Island in Casco hij, called the Upper Clapboard Island. Here they marked several trees, one with the letters M. B. ; also a grey rock on the main shore, distant l-4th of a mile.f An east and west Ime dravrn through these points from the Atlantic to the South sea, was therefore supposed to be the northern boundary of that patent, within which the whole claim of Mason, the southwesterly section of Maine, and a part of Lygonia, were comprehended. With great perseverance and unchanging purpose, Massachu- People or sens labored more than three years, before the residue of th'> luMiowb! eastern people within the extended limits of the patent, could be *""' I induced to acknowledge her jurisdiction over them. Neither acts of favor, arguments nor complaints could overcome their obstinacy. In vain did the General Court assure them, that the decision of their own tribunals should remain unimpeached ; that I justice and right should be fully administered to them in the Courts *Seo ante, chap. 9, A. D. 1652. t It was " 4 or 6 miles norlliward of Mr. Mackworth^i house."— S Mats, l/Sre. p. 240.— In 1653, Thomas Wiggin was magistrate, Edward Godfrey, Nidiolas Shapleigh, Edward Risbworth, associates.— lo 1654, Abraham Pr«ble was county treasurer for Yorkshire. AD. 1655. $88 , * TllEHIOTORY ( [VoImL k. D. i65i.of Yorkshire ; and that appeals from any judgment, after six days' notice to the adverse party, would be received by the propcf Courts having appellant jurisdiction, upon the application of a parly and the assignment of his reasons. They paid no regard to these proposals, nor to the authority of the County Court io Yorkshire, nor to tlie proclamations issued in 1655-6, by the Lieutenant-Governor and two Assistants, acting as Commis- sioners in those years, and requiring their submission.* The greatest opposition was from Cleaves, in which his ad- herents were Joscclyn, Jordan, Bonython, and most of the prJQ. cipal men in their vicinity. Assisted by them, he endeavored to shew by maps and indubitable evidence, that their estates and habitations were within the province of Lygonia, independent of Massachusetts. To surrender these their inborn rights, would be pusillanimity and treason. ' — In return, the General Court undertook to convince them of their mistakes, by the depositions of mathematicians and surveyors, the words of the patent, and other authentic documents ; and to remove tlicir fears and prejudices, by tlie strongest asseverations of justice, protection, and favor. ' Recollect the civilities and re- * spect, (said the court) which the people of these parts have re- * ceived, since our rights have been shown and established. Who * has been thrcr.tened or injured ? Nay, it is time, all combina- ' tions, and all resistance to our claims should cease. Our title * does not rest under a shadow of doubt. So far are our thoughts * from any infrin.ement of the planters' rights and liberties, that * we offer them the same we ourselves enjoy. Neither do we * expect any assibiance or relief from taxing your estates ; for we ' request nothing more than what you have always done, vix, « to * bear your own charges."f In becoming fellow-citizens, you * have no better grounds for objecting to our laws, because you ' have not participated in making them, than emigrants have, * when they become subjects of the commonwealth. If men ' will in violation of rights and duty, presume any longer to resist * us, we shall protest most solemnly against all their proceedings, Thadis. ♦ In 1G55 the YorliBliire County Court was holdcn by tlie " worsliipful Samuel SvinonJs, Capt. Thomas Wijrg-in, magistrates; Mr. Edward Jolir.- €oti, auJ Ed'.rard Uishwortl), Ucoordcr, nssociales. t i Mast. Roc. p. 290, ZWi.—\ Muz. Coll. p. 503.^9. { iyoi.1. I Chap. »">•] OP MAINE. tlic " worsliipful Mr. Ed^v.^rd Jolin- I tod advise what course will be most consistent with the prmci- A. D. Mfto. • pies of honor and justice, in the sight of God and man.* Massachusetts was also opposed by Gorges and Rigby, who trere receiving intelligence from Godfrey, and accusing her gov- ernment of usurpation and avarice, before Lord Cromwell. To counteract the charges, she furnished Mr. John Leverett,* her isent at the English court, with facts and instructions, which in couaexion with other considerations, were urged in her favor iritb so much success, before tlic Lord Protector, as to strength- en the favorable opinion he had long entertained of the New- Eneland puritans and to render abortive all assaults upon her measures and interests. The noted John Bonython of Saco, was another of her foes, a. d. iGfi6. both violent and abusive. Sworn never to submit to the govem- inent of Massachusetts, he defied the authority of the County Ccjrt, which had undertaken to impose a tax upon him and his townsmen ; and besides refusing to pay his part of it, wrote an insuhing letter to the legislature. For his contempts and rebel- lious conduct, that body sent a warrant after him, requiring the officer to arrest him and carry him to Boston. But being always on the alert, he could not be apprehended. f Hitherto Massachusetts had courted obedience in Maine, by The MiiiUa •' of Maine arguments and persuasives ; — it was now time to think of assert- orgauixed. - in; her authority. The militia was considered at this early age, the safeguard of the public ; and the General Court caused mili- lary companies to be formed and established in Kittery, York, Wells and Cape Porpoise, erected the whole into a regiment, and appointed Nicholas Shapleigh, Sergeant-major and command- ant. He was also required to meet with the company officers for improvement in military tactics, and to see that the soldiers were well armed, equipped and disciplined.^ Among other circumstances, which made it necessary at this Ttie En- period to render the militia effective, we may perhaps mention uaTivm. * He was tlic same who led the troops into Nova Scdtia. " Godfrey ivai idive about liis complairits."— //u/cA. Co//, p. 274— 317.— 1 Has. Coll. 608. f2Mnss. Rcc. p. SOT. li ^Vats. Rec. p. 316.— In Anjr. iGjG, 70 of the inhabitants in Saco, Cape Ir-rpoiic, Wells, Ivittory and York, addressed a pttilion to Lord Cromwell, I *!atiniT tiiat they were " a people few in number not competent to man- fe weighty affairs," and praying^ to bo continnej under the •rovernment ^ I MassarhuBOtts— I Hnz. Coll. p. 109, 390 THE HISTORY £. (Voi. |. A.i>. tciG. the restiveness of the Indians. Not only in the late Dutch war but in a recent difficulty with Ninigrate, Sachem of Narraganset, Massachusetts was apprehensive of an open rupture with them.* It had been enjoined upon the colonists by the charter itself to win the natives if possible to the knowledge and obedience of the only true God and Saviour, and of the Christian faith, <'by force of moral example and religious effort and instruction' and hence among otiier measures, the laws about this time were revised and improved, as well for their benefit as for perpetuatine peace with them. No strong liquors, not even cider nor beer might be sold to them; every trading house erected without legislative license was ordered to be demolished ;f and if the .OgC'i cornfields and crops of the Indians were, even through insufficient fencing, wasted by the cattle of the planters, the town was obliged to repair the damage, and pocket the loss, unless it chose to pursue tlie owner for a remuneration. All trade with them, b furs, peltry, boats, or other water-craft,^ was taken into the hands of the government ; and Indian commissioners were designated by legal authority for a determination of all matters among thero> selves, which a single magistrate might decide among the English.*^ TiiPLvKo?* J" 1657, the inhabitants within the patent eastward of Saco, who had not taken the oath of allegiance, were summoned to ap- pear for tliat purpose, before the County Court, at the June tenn in Yorkshire ; to which, however, they paid no regard. They were then commanded to answer for their defaults, in October, before the General Court. To this requirement, they, through the agency of Cleaves, replied by way of a protest, against tlie legality of the legislative proceedings ; complaining of them also as a grievance, and repeating their unchanging resolution, neverto become the volunteers of subjugation. Met by an independence, or rather an obstinacy so persevering and unusual, the General Court told tliem, that nothing but equal justice and their own par- ticular good were requested — objects which forbade violent meas- ures, and if they should suffer through want of government or protection, the occasion and blame were imputable solely to their own indiscretion. msnt. • Hutch. Coll. p. 270. t Col, Laws, p. 134. J Act A. D. 1656. } 2 Matt. Jtee. p. 381. — It ■• said one magistrate with such Indian comnis- sioDcrs had the jurisdiction of Countj Courts — causes among the Indiani. CiUF. XIII-l OP MAINE. 391 lliis I^,;..' Satire mildness and forbearance fortunately achieved a D. I6ff7. what was altogether unattainable by menaces, or acts of compul* sioo. Whfen their resentments and prejudices were overcome, ffbich had rendered them blind to their own interests ; they be- came sensible of their defenceless condition, and of the evi- dent advantages ' resulting from a well-organized administration under a free and equal government ; and consequently entered upon the consideration of terms best calculated, to form and eiitablish the anticipated union. Jordan, Joscelyn and Bonython becoming at last outraceous in T'i« oppo- .... ^jlion. their opposition, the two former were arrested by order of the Gen- eral Court and carried before that body ; where they, for the sake of regaining their liberty, and avoiding fines, thought it most pru- dent to subscribe a humble submission ; and after taking the oath of allegiance, were discharged.* But Bonython, who was not only guilty of the boldest con- tempts and defiance of government, but of the most flagrant abu- ses to several individuals, escaping, was able to elude the arm of justice ; and tlie General Court pronounced him an out law and rebel — to be pursued and treated as a common enemy of man- kind ; yet respiting the penalties of out lawry to the first day of August ensuing, and offering a reward of £20 to any one, who would in the mean time bring him before that body. The next year he voluntarily appeared before the legislative Commission- ers ia Casco ; ofTering a " full and satisfactory" confession of his offences, and making a solemn avowal of his allegiance to Massa- chusetts ; and therefore the out lawry was rescinded, Samuel Symonds, Thomas Wiggin, Nicholas Shapleigh and i>pJ^'\J^f^ Edward Rishworth, who filled this commission, opened a session ' .yB""'" hLygonia, July 13th, 1658, under legislative instructions to ad- ^'n^sachu- niit the remaining eastern inhabitants of the patent, to settle a government among them, and to give them a guaranty of rights I enjoyed by other freemen of the colony. The place of meeting ! and holding their court was at the dwellinghouse of Robert Jor- I dan in Spurwink. Here the male inhabitants of the plantations and islands appeared, among whom were Joscelyn, Cleaves and Jordan ; and after a mutual agreement upon the terms of union. •Sullivan, p 371. Searboro'. 392 THE HISTORY * [VoL. I. A.D. 16M. they and nearly thirty others took and subscribed* the freeman's oath. In the articles of submission, and union it was stipulated and agreed ; — 1 , that all tlie people in these parts should be exoner- ated from their allegiance to Massachusetts, whenever a supreme or general Governor arrived from England : — ^2, that all their op. position and other past wrongs be pardoned and buried in obliv. ion : — 3, that the same privileges be secured to them as were en- joyed by other towns, particularly Kittery and York :— 4, that - 'H appeals be in all cases allowed to the General Court, when suffi- cient indemnity is offered for the payment of costs : — 5, that none of the privileges hereby granted and secured, ever be forfeited by reason of any " differences in matters of religion," nor be af- fected otherwise than by known and established ordinances and penal laws, formally enacted by the General Court : and 6, that a transcript of the rights and privileges, generally possessed by other towns, be sent to these plantations and inhabitants. It was likewise ordained by the Court of Commissioners, that the places hitherto called Black-point and Blue-point with the adjacent islands from the Saco to the river Spurwink, be erected into a town by the name of Scarborough, f extending back from the seaboard eight miles into the country. Also Spurwink and Casco bay, from the harbor side of Spur- • Of the whole number twelve made their marks in hicrojlypliical char- acters, after the manner of the natives, each mark being peculiarly bit own, in contradistinction of all the others. — Mass. Files. t Scarborough^ (the 6th town,) has a large tract of salt marsh adjoining (he sea ; the interior is sand ; and other places, clay or loam. Upon the rivers, is good intervale. From the eminence at Blue-point the prospect is elevat- ed. The charter of the lanils by Gorges was confirmed in 1684, to Joshua Scotlow and Walter GendcU and others, by President Danforth. The records arc continued from 1681 to 1688. In the former year there were | 56 rateable polls. Henry Joscclyn was an early settler and an eminent man, He married tiie Widow Cammock whose husband was Patentee of tlic place, and left a hirge estate at Bliick-point. Scottow was a very generous anl I valuable man. lie gave 100 acresof land towards building a fort near the first meeting-house. He was amagistrate under Danforth. In 1682 there was a vote of the town " to raise 2s Id ou each person for the Lord," and in 16S5 another voto to build a meeting-house on the plains near the fori, which after a dispute was erected there agreeably to the determination of I Edward Tyng and Francis Hook, two of the Provincial Council.— .''''. j LM. Her. Xnthan TUhn.—See post, Fof. II. .1. D. 1714. Falmoath. CbaP> XIII.] OP MAINE. 80S viok river to the Clapboard Islands in that bay, extending baclc A. tl. iCMk Irom the water eight miles, were formed into a town by th« name of Falmouth.* »fahnfnUh, the 7tl) town established in the State, was so called for onef of that name in Enp^Iand. It cxtende J from SpiirHink river to North Yar- Boiitlii about three miles eastward from the river Prcsiim|iscot; and aboal fM miles back from the sea-board, mean distance ; embracing an area of jO square miles ; also Richmond's island, and all the others opposite to the tovnuj)on the coast. Tlie Grst resident within the limits of the town, wai Walter Bng^nall, who set op a trading; house on that island in 1638, and wat killed by Scitter^gusset and an Indian party, three years afterwards. The Province of Lygonia, or Plou;;;h-patent, granted to Dye and others, by the Plrmouth Council in 1630, was described as lying; between the hcad-iandt of Cape Elizabeth and Cape Porpoise; and between the coast and a back line 40 miles distant. The next summer a company of emigrants in the ihip Plough visited it, but etTtcted no settlement. Richard Tucker and George Cleaves had then been residing on the easterly side of the Spuf'' wink, near its mouth, about a year. But they were interrupted by John Winter, agent of Robert Trelawney and Moses Goodyearcj who obtained a patent from tiie Plymouth Council, Dec. 1, 1631, of the land from Spiirwink rifcrtoCasco or Fore river — possibly to Prcsiimpscot ; therefore Tuck- er and Cleaves, in 1632, removed and settled on the soutli«westerly tide of tlie peninsula, called by the English Casco neck'i and by the IndtanSy Mach- i'tmc. Five years after, they obtained from Sir Ferdrnando Gorges, a deed of 15U0 acres between Fore river and Back Cove, or Presumpscot; and Cleaves, moreover, received from Gorges an agency for " letting and •ettlins: any of the lands or islands between Cape Elizabeth and Sagadahock, and back CO miles. ^' The same year, 1632, Arthur Mackworth settled east of Presumpscot, near its mouth ; and afterwards obtained a deed of 500 acres ilicre, executed by Richard Vines, the agent of Sir Ferdinando. In 1640 there were nine families in ancient Falmouth, viz : at Spurwink ot Richmond's Island, John Winter, and his subsequent son-in-law, Robert Jor- Idan; upon the Neck, Tucker, Cleaves and Michael Mitten, the husband of Cleaves' only daughter ; at Back cove, four ; and one, at Presumpscot. The administration of William Gorges, which was commenced at Saco,- I March 21, 1680, embraced not only Falmouth, but North Yarmouth and Pejepscot. So also did that established by Sir Ferdinando, nnder his char- ter of Maine, granted A. D. 1639. But in 1643, April 7, Lygonia being a»- jigncdtoSir Alexander Rigby— Cleaves was appointed his deputy-presi- dent ; and four years afterwards, the validity of the title was confirmed la the assignee. The seat of the Lygonian government was Casco neck ; its jariidiction extended from Kennebunk to Wcstecustcgo [North Yarmouth} linclusivc; and its form was probably imitative of that in Massachusetts, JTbe Provincial «4Mt«(an<< to the depoty-president in 1648, were Robert iBoothe and Peter Hill of Saco, Henry Watts of Scarboro', William Royall lind John Cossons of the plantation, now North Yarmouth. In July, 1658^ I Falmouth submitted to become a part of the MattacbuBetts jurisdictio»ir Vol. I 37 THE HISTORY [Vot. Their rigbii. 394 A.D. 1633. ThesA ttro (owns had the privilege of sending one, or if tber pleased, two deputies to the General Court ; and of having Com. missioners' Courts vested with power to try all causes without a jury, where the damages or sums demanded, did not cj^cced The first representative to the General Court froin Falmouth, ;yas Cccrre Cleaves in 1663 and -1. But during tlic latter yenr, the Kind's Commissioner*, June 23. aMnnitd the government of the Province, and appointed George Mountjoy of Caico one of the Provincial Justices. The Province of Maine was now bitected by Kcnnebunk river into two Divisions, the cniUm and wtHern, and Coorli tubscqaently holdco at Fahnouth and York, by the Justices appointed for tho whole Province. In 1666, if not before. Juries wore empannclled, an^i justice regularly administered. The last General Court, under the author!. ty of the King*s Commissioners, was holdcn in May, 1668 ; when Massachu. letts resumed the government of Maine, and Francis Neale was chosca ono oi the Associates. At the commencement of the first Indian war, 1675, there were ' , r mouth 46 families, viz : on the east side of Prosumpscnt, 9 ; on the ivvst side of the river, 7 ; aroinid Back cove. 10 ; at Capissic, towards StrouJ- water, 5 ; on the Neck, 4 ; in Purpoodic, 9 ; and at Spurwink, 2, viz: Rob- ert Jordan and Walter Gcndell ; 40 houses, 80 militia, and 400 inhabitants. In August (11th) of that year the town was assailed by the Indians, nlica 34 of the inhabitants were slain and 17 taken prisoners. The s^urvivon upon the neck retired to Jewel's Island, and other places, and did not re- turn to their desolate habitations till the peace of Casco was concluded April 12, 1678. After the purchase i ■ Maine by Massacliusetts, a provincial government was established under the presidency of Thomas Danforth, in 1630— I ; and Fort Loyal, hicated on the south-westerly shore of the Peninsula, [at the end of King's street,] was rendered defensible, and a garrison manned with 13 men, and furnished with munitions of war. A General Assembly was first holden at York, March 30, 1680, by the President, Council and depu- ties from all the towns, except from Cape Porpoise, Scarboro' and Fal- mouth ; Walter Gendell appearing from the latter town was disalloweda seat because he had no certificate of his election. Anthony Bracket vai appointed Lieutenant and Thaddeus Clark, Ensign of Falmouth companr, and the next year the former was the deputy to the General Assembly. In I 1688, at the beginning of the second Indiar> \ . r, ti.erc were in town, 6 or 700 inhabitants. Ij> May, 1690, the town w m i vriously assailed by M I French and Indians, and on the 20th t' .. ;: r:,;^. pitulated -ill- fated Falmouth lay waste and desolate till ii^e close uf the war. Seej)o I turned.— Kev. Robert Jordan, arrived here A. D. 1640, at the age of 28, lived in the country 39 years, mostly at Spurnrink, occasionally preaching and administering the ordinances under the episcopal form, for 36 yean, except when silenced by Massachusetts. lie died at Portsmouth A. O. 1 1679, a^cd 68; leaving his widow and six sons a large landed estate at [Cape Elizabeth, Spurwink and Scarborough. — Rev. George Burtovght gnditated at Harvard University, 1670, began to preach at Falmouth 1674. His bouse was south of the stone meeting-house; — from which he was driven by the Indians, in 1676. He returned in 1683; and "when the totrn was sacked by the Indians, in 1690, Mr. Burroughs made his retreat [to Oanrers ;" and two years afterwards he suffered at Salem for witchcraft. I See post, A. D. li>92. tTbc laws were printed in 1660, and sent to every town in the gorero* iDtDt.— 3^(u«. Rtc.f,462. S96 A.D. 1658 A car* of jiuritdiciioo. A peiiiicn fnim Mnine wall. Wrighi't a|{«ui'>. THE HISTOEY f [V«i. |, lervices, and ordered the charges of the commission, being £44 lOs. S Jepscot belonged to Massachusetts, in virtue of a convevinre made, A. D. 1C39, by Thomas I'urchas, the original proprietor and settler,f the question was virtually determined in a suit at law. — One Elizabeth WayJ impleaded him, before the County Court of Yorkshire, in an action which was tried by the jnrv, on an issue in abatement to their jurisdiction, as a matter of fact. The verdict being in his favor, the Court refused to have it re- corded, and he appealed to the General Court. Here it was decided, that inasmuch as the plantation of Pejepscot, where Purchas lived, was not really within the patent of Massachusetts, though hers by deed, the cause was not cognizable by her courts; and ;t was dismissed. Strengthened by the accession of the eastern Lygonia to Yorkshire, the inhabitants of York, Kittery, Wells, Saco, and Cape Porpoise, presented their memorial to Lord Cronnvell, Oct. 27th, expressive of the satisfaction they felt in the govern- ment as adniinisteretl by Massachusetts, with a request for its uninterrupted continuance. ' Our numbers, said they, are few • and our dissensions, which have been many, owing principally to • malcontent royalists, arc happily quieted by wholesome laws ' and watchful rulers. Through their provident care, godly per- • sons have been encouraged to settle among us, our affaiis have ' become prosperous, and a barrier is opposed to an influx upon ns, • of " delinquents and other ill-affected persons,"— 'the fugitives of •punishment. Our pious and reverend friend, Mr. John Wheel- ' wright, sometime with us, is now in England, whose tliorcueh ' knowledge of our affairs, he will, at your Highness' command, • be happy to communicate. '§ Wlieclwrighf, while there, lived in the neighborhood ol Sj Henry Vaqe, who had been his patron in this country, and now took great notice of him. Tiirough his instrumentality, tlij for- mer being introduced to the Protector, says, " all his specclies ♦2 Mass. Rcc. p. 410— n2. f I Ilaz. Coll. p 157.— Ante, A. D. Ifil2. jProtj.biy tho widow of tJcorgo Way, copalenlce originally with Puf' shu. £laazer, Oeorgo'i sod, in \Qif3, mado n conveyance to HicbarJ ^V1 ir tsa. ( Hutoii. Cu:!. f . au«»ic. CbU>. XIII-1 OP MAINE. "": $97 « teemed to me, very orthodox and gracious. He ipake very ad iwi. ••experimentally, to my apprehension, of the work of God'a " erace ; and knowing what opposition I met withal from some Mffhom I shall not name, exhorted me to perseverance. " Stand fast (said he) in the Lord, and you shall see that these ~ "afflictions will vanisli into nothing."* — Mr.Wheelwii.;lit, was a ffell-clinsen agent for the memorialists, to appear before the ruler of England, — ahle and cheerful to represent their condhion to the best advantage. In 1C59, Falmouth and Scarborough, joining, elected Ed- A. n. 1639. trard Rishworth, an inhabitant of York, their first deputy to the *'""'*'*' General Court ; and Saco about the same time, being admitted to the same privilege, elected Robert Boothe. Tho delegation from Yorkshire now consisted of five members, and might be ten. The assistants designated, this year, to preside in the County Court of Yorkshire, were Thomas Danforth, and Thomas J"uJ''"'* Wizgin ;t and the people of Maine and Lygonia, in their con- nexion with Massachusetts, enjoyed peace and prosperity several years. In the County Court holden at Scarborough in Sept. of tiiis year, Henry Joscelyn, Nicholas Shapleigh, Robert Jordan, Edward Rishworth and Abraham Preble were Associates. It bad been so arranged, that one term should be holden, annually, in the western, and the other in tlie eastern, division or part of Yorkshire. J ♦VVIieelwrifflits' letter.— 1 Iluldt. Hint. p. 170. tCapt. Wiugin regidcd at Dover .N. 11.— an assi&tant from ICuO to IC04, ia the government of Massacliiisetls, N. Hampshire and Miine unittJ. JTli3 associates in 1660 and 1061, were tlic s.itno as in 16j9,— >' choicn "by the vote* of tho major part of the freemen of this county fur tho "eniuinp year." ghborhood ol Sir country, and non 39B THE HISTORY [Vol. I. .,,; 'ifs '/te* I . "^■Am A.D. 1f.60. KrsinrBtioii of Cliarlvs 11. Lveon'n Ins) 1(1 Rig- bv'i li« n. CHAPTER XIV. Charles II. restored to the British throne — Lygonia lost to thehtirt of Right/ — Mason and Gor^e^ claim their respective Provinces- Gorges opposed — Isles of Shoals formed into a toten by the name of Applcdore — The ministry there oj the Rev. Mr. Brock — Messrs. Jordan t.nd Thorpe silenced — Decision in favor of Gorges' claim- Symptoms of revolution there — Yorkshire Court and trials — Tem- ple re-commissioned Governor of Nova Scotia — Maine restored lo Gorges — Projut of Gen. Government revived — The Hudson and Sagadahock countries granted to the Duke of York — The eitent and name oJ his eastern Province — Dutch at Hudson subdued by an English fo/ce — Four Commissioners appointed to settle dijitul- ties in New-England — Their altercations with the General Court — Nichols proceeds to New- York, and the others eastward. All political changes in England were, at this period, felt to thu remote parts of her colonies. The restoration of Charles II. to the throne, in May, ICGO,* was a memorable event, which greatly revived the desponding hopes and courage of the episco- palians and royalists, as well on this as that side of the water; and in like proportion filled their opponents with anxieties and fears. In a triumph after so severe a struggle of twenty years, it was apprehended, that foes could expect no favors and friendi no denials. The counter claimants of Maine saw their interests suspended upon the vicissitudes of the times. Edward Rigby, the son of Sir Alexander, was the lawful heir to Lygonia. His influence with the Protector might have been suflicicnt to paralize the ex- ertions of IMassachusetts, in her subjugation of his province, had he not been an episcopalian, and the associate of Gorges in the opposition. His rights, as once established, might in better days have been •ecovcred ; but they were now wholly disregarded. The distinguished part, which his father had taken in the civil *The population of tlic colonica at thii time was about 80,GCO *ou!i, in Virginia 80,0(0, Mnr3lnr(l 12.0C0, New-England 8P,000, Itiidsi 6,OC0 io Maitia, Cthf. xi^'] OP JiAiNe. 399 mrs was well remembered. Always himself strongly attached to A. D. ir>60. ibe interests of the republicans, he durst not appear before the throne to solicit justice, much less to ask favor; and his patent sunk into oblivion. Nay, all attempts afterwards made by heirs jfld agents to derive some advantage from it, proved utterly ab- ortive, and the loss was total. But Robert Tufton, grandson of John Mason by his daugh- ter Anne, having taken his surname and being a royalist, lost DO time in laying his rights of proprietorship to JVew-Hamp- N'^. fkre belore the kmg, and urgmg Ins complaints against Massa- chusetts, for her encroachments. Immediately the subject was re- ferred to the King's attorney-general, who decided, Nov. 8th, that Robert [Tufton] Mason " had a good right and title to the Province." He also claimed jWinaonio, a territory in Maine of *'"*""'• 10,000 acres, situated eastward of Sagadahock, on which there had been inhabitants twenty-five years. The settlement was com- menced at Nauscag, [in Woolwich] under an Indian deed of Nov. 1 , 1039, to Bateman and Brown, — a title whith has prevail- ed against all others ; so that neither the devisees in Mason's will, lor his heirs, however much they were the subjects of royal fa- vor, could ever derive any benefit from this tract.* The Province of Maine was claimed by Ferdinando Gorges, J|„,'|^" a grandson of the original proprietor, through his oldest son John. *'«'"«• Discouraged by his father's misfortunes, or the turbulence of the times, John took little or no care of the Province ; nor do we hear any thing memorable of him, nor yet of his son Ferdinando, till shortly before the restoration. IiilG59, the latter published a History of JVew-England, which was compiled by his grand- father and improved by himself, and which, though a small vol- ume, contains much rare and curiojis matter.f From the well knoun devotedness of his family and himself to the royal cause, and the politics of the ministry, he might make large calcula- tions upon court-favor. For the same reasons, Massachusetts might apprehend the utmost (Von) his influence and resentments. His principal agent in Maine, and iiilormant, was Edward God- frey, a man of some abilities and education, but whose peculiar *1 Ilaz. Coll. p. R98— 1 Bclk. N. II. p. 119. ♦ It i« in two parts — vix. " A liritf N«rrntivr," fic. ; and "A Nnrratire," *<". of New-England ; — one of 51 and ttic otht-r of 57, Ovo. pngf^i. 400 THE HISTORY [VoL. i. A. U. 1660. characteristics seem to have been an aspiring, restless ambitioo and a studied dissimulation. Besides a residence in the Province twenty five years, he had been some time Deputy-Governor ; and though he had taken the oath of allegiance to Massachusetts, and accepted an office under her government, he was still an adver- sary to her measures and interests.* Obtaining of the Lord Pro- tector no redress of his pretended grievances, he actually went to England during the short administration of his son ; and in 1659, had his complaints referred to a committee of investiga- tion. f t^C'rrov^^ Unexpectedly he was encountered there, by a representation ciak ffQn^ ^]^e inhabitants of several towns in the eastern province; in which they stated, that the jurisdiction of Massachusetts had been extended to tiiem by their own request ; that they had en- joyed great privileges, prosperity and contentment under her gov- ernment ; and that the exchange of acceptable and watchful ru- lers, for men of doubtful character and slender abilities to govern them, would fearfully bring upon them a return of all the evils, which they had experienced from civil dissensions and anarchy in former vcars. The petitions and complaints of Gorges, prosecuted principally by Godfrey, and espoused zealously by Mason, had been pre- sented to the king in council, and to parliament, and referred to a legislative committee of seven. Hence a citation to all concern- ed, ' was posted by the memorialists at the exchange in London.' Addressee Awarc of tlicsc proceedings, the General Court in December, of ihe Ct^n. I o ' ^ ' Couii to presented addresses both to the king and parliament. In one, KiiiK and ' , i , • , • • • i r i • c i Pariiament. they congratulated lum on his restoration to the throne of his fatli- ers, and besought him not to permit unfavorable impressions to be made "upon his royal heart," by their accusers, till opportu- nity was allowed for defence ; and in the other, they said they had extended their jurisdiction over the eastern planta- tions upon request of the inhabitants, after a careful survey of the patent, without any design improperly to enlarge their own do- minions, much loss to impair the rights of any man. J The Isles of Shoals, attached partly to Maine, a^d partly to ♦ riiitoli. Coll. p. 32-2. t H'llch. Coll. p. 317. \ liultL. Coll. — The Gcncrt'l Court also sent letters to ncveral nohlc- men and otlicri " pmying (hem to inti-rcede in behalf of the colony."- 1 Ilulch. Iliit. p. 104. Cur- x«^-1 OP MAIML 401 Xeir-H«inp>Ii>n, were at this period inhabited by about fortj A D. icsi. ^iHes. Being places of note and great resort, the General C» The committee of Parliament, reported upon the representa- j son, Gorge* tions of Mason, Gorges, Grodfrey and others, that they were the lawful proprietors of extensive tracts in New-England, and had expended large sums of money in settling them; — ^thatthe latter, a zealous friend and uniform supporter of the knom laws of the realm, who had resided in the territories of Maine twenty-five years, and been a considerable part of that period, Governor of the Province, had been displaced from that office, and dispossessed of his lands and estate, about the year 1652, by the I government of Massachusetts, which after stretching their patent three score miles beyond its settled bounds, had made actual en- croachments upon the eastern plantations, and compelled then " by menaces and armed forces," to submit to the usurped au- thorities of that colony ; that her inhabitants had been a ion; I time, endeavoring to model themselves into a Commonwealth, in- dependent of the crown, exacting oaths inconsistent with their allegiance, issuing writs in their own name, coining money, and disallowing appeals to England ; and that in the opinion of many witnesses. Mason and Godfrey have themselves been damnified | * Mass. Ret. p. 472, 482—486.-8 lb. p. 6, 13. 0««r. xm] OP Maine. 403, It lent £5|000f with what pretence of right, your committee a. D. i6a. ^ been unable to ascertain.* Nevertheless, the General Court received from Charles a gra- oh«ri«* (ioas answer to their addresses, proclaimed him king, August Siurcquir«l ;ili, and according to his requirement sent to England two agents, '°*'^ fii : Mr. Simon Bradstreet and Mr. John Norton.f These men, iliou^ well received, returned early the next summer, bringing fitb them the act of uniformity, by which about 2000 dissenting ministers were removed from their livings ; and also the King's letter, by which the charter of Massachusetts was fully confirm- ed,! It moreover ordered justice to be administered in his name ; ibe book of the common prayer to be used whenever wished i the tdmission of any persons to the Lord's supper, who were sustain- ing fair characters, also their children to baptism ; and the per- mission of all freeholders, having competent estates, to vote in elec- lioDS, without regard to their religious persuasions. All these, wbich had in general been previously conceded to the people of Maine, were, with no unnecessary delay, allowed in practice, or subsequently sanctioned by enactments of the General Court. The symptoms of revolution in Maine appeared every where R«voiuiion strong. Although the towns, including Appledore, might send ten "* '"**' or eleven deputies to the General Court, not one this spring was tetumed. The body politic was dissolving ; many men of influ- ence discovermg great defection to Massachusetts. Indeed, it is said, that Gorges had resumed the Government of the Province by appointing several men to office ;^ and was united with others, io urging the king to commission and send over a Governor-Gen- erai of New-England including New-York. To counteract these movements, the General Court displaced opposed by Nicholas Shapleigh, and appointed William Phillips of Saco, Ma- m^u *' ** Ijor-comraandant of the provincial militia ; and before the usual * 1 Belt. N. H. app. p. 30a f 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 199—200. \Atuwer entire— tlulck. Coll, p. 377—80. — The Msociates in 1662 were Hrnry Joscelyn, A. Preble, Ed. Rishworth, Humphrey Chadbourn and I George Mountjoy. } 1 Hutch, nut. p. 234.— Note— The agent of Gorges, Mr. J. Archdale I came into Maine with commissions to F. Champernoon, Robert Cutts and T. Withers of Kittery, E. Rishworth and F. Raynes of York, J. Bowles of Wells, F. Hooke of 8aco, H. Watts of Blue-point, H. Joscelyn of Black- point, ft. Jordan of Spurwink, Francis Neal of Casco and Thomas Furchta I of Pejepscot. as councillors or magistrates. 404 *' THE MurroRY [V<%j. A D. ICG3. time of holding Uie County Court in Yorkshire, directed RiehiRl Waldron of Dover (N. H.) to preside and discharge the ordin. ry business of the term. The Legislature furthermore sent i precept to the people of Maine, which was promulgated throuch the recorder and the constables, to all the towns. It was in these words :— i "To the Inhabitants of Yorkshire." *•■ You and every of you are hereby required in his Majesty's "name, to yield faithful and true obedience to the government of " this jurisdiction, established amongst you, according to your cov- " enant articles, until his Majesty's pleasure be further known."* Early the next year, Massachusetts, in support of her author- ity, sent them a mandatory address, by which they were required to choose associates, clerks of the writs, jurors, town commission- ers, and constables ; to yield due obedience to the laws and the legislative commissioners; and to discharge their duties with fidelity whether official or civil. The excitement had now in a good degree abated. Three deputies were returned to the Gen- eral Court from the Province, viz : Roger Plaisted for Kitter\- Edward Ristiworth for York, and George Cleaves for > Falmouth jind Scarborough. The Assistants, Thomas Danforth, William Hawthorne, and Eleazer Lusher, who were appointed to hold the Yorkshire Court Trials of o(- this year, were instructed to confirm any officer, whether civil or military, whom they could approve ; and to punish every one pretending to possess or exercise adverse civil authority, unless he could show it derived immediately from the king.f Complaints, unusual in number and novel in character, were presented to this court, many of which were the fruits of the late disturbances. Some ten or twelve were fined or otherwise punished, for acts of opposition to the government of Massachu- SGtis ; and several for their contemptuous or slanderous abuses I of iis authority or officers. James Wiggin, being indicted lor ^wearing witli a profane oatli, that if his trencher of fish wcapoi- gon^ he would give it to the ' Bay magistrates ,' was tried and j * 3 Mass. Rec.p. 53—58. f 3 Mait. Jtec, p. &9.— Tlic associutei, in 1CC3, were George Mountjoj, IliiUjpiirey Clii.dboiirn, and Edward Uisliworth. — A fiuo wa8 imposed ii(H:n Kobcri Jlyrd for sayiug ^/ohn Cottou was* a liar and iiad yono to bc)l.'- I Sullivan, ^.^J^. Qgtr. XiV.] OF MAINE. ' 405 mteoced to pajr a fine and give bonds for his good behavior, a. D. I6<9. yiliea arraigned, he protested against the jurisdiction of tlie court, tod said he was a marshal under Gorges, and they had no right K) try him. — ^William Hihon of Cape Porpoise, was found guilty -.- a. of tearing a seal from the learrant, issued for choosing a deputy to the General Court, and for this contempt of authority he was tiaed.* Even the town of Scarborougli, as a municipal corpo- ration, was fined for acts of disobedience ; and unhappily among tlKxe who were arraigned, censured and fined for offences of this class and character, was Francis Champernoon, who had been a councillor under Gorges' charter ; Robert Jordan, the episcopal minister at Spurwink ; Maj. Shapleigh, who had commanded the Yorkshire regiment of militia and been an associate, and Fran- cis Small who was a man of wealth and enterprise.f The dissensions and conflicts about the political powers, rights, and will of competitors, which always weaken the foundations of society, had in the present instance an effect to bring into doubt the validity of many land-titles and grants. To prevent disqui- etude therefore, the General Court, in 1 G63, confirmed to the ter-tenants nearly all the lands in Falmouth, and seem to have ., ,>r allowed purchases to be made of the Indians. Nicholas Shap- .,^,". i ieigh and Francis Small, about this time, purchased of them a large tract between the Ossipee rivers, which have ever since been holden under their deeds. For the purpose of enabling tlie rulers and proprietors of No- ^oy, sci>. va Scotia or Acadia, after the conquest by Cromwell's orders, to '"" defray the expenses of supporting the provincial government and garrisons ; it was generally expected, that they were to have the exclusive control and profits of the Indian trade. J This privi- lege, the General Court of Massachusetts fully confirmed, by passing a penal act against transgressors ; and for several years, tlie intercourse and commerce, coastwise, between New-England *•' il * R. Bootlie was presented by the grand jury, for saying of the Bay magistrates '= they arc a company of hypocritical rogues : they foar neittier God nor the king." f Sullivan. — There were a great number of other presentments by the Grand Jury for acts of opposition to the ^lassachusctts government. R. JorJan was presented for saying among other things, " the Governor of HoKtou Is a rogue, and all the rest thereof roliels :\nd traitors against the Lh^r—Foltom, p 92—3. I 1 [lutch. Coll. p. 25J : A. D. 1664. 406 A.D. 1663. I. The king and Ne\v> Eag\Kad. A. D. 16C4. MaiM or- dered to be rettered to Gorget. THE HISTORY [Vol. and the province while Col. Temple wu Governor, was pan^ with mutual bene6t and friendship. The generous dispositioQi and acknowledged abilities and merits of that gentleman, securtd to him great credit and confidence among all parties. He seemi to have been one who escaped the umbrage both of republicani and royalists. After discharging the duties of Governor, with so much reputation under the Protector, he was re-commissiooed by the king, July 1 7, 1662, to the same office, with an equally ex- tensive jurisdiction, from the eastern extremity of the great pen- insula to " Muscongus on the confines of New-England," which he had previously possessed. The crown also secured to him an exclusive trade with the natives in his Province, and armed him with power to seize all persons found violating his rights, to con- fiscate their vessels and goods, and, after notice, to treat them as a common enemy. Also the General Court, ever desirous to promote a friendly correspondence with the Governor, strictly for- bade all violations of his rights, and gave him arid his attorney the power and privilege of prosecuting offenders in any courts of the colony.* ^ Charles and the New-England puritans from the commence- ment of his reign, cherished a mutual fear and dislike of each other. He suspected their loyalty and attachment; they, his disposition to assail their privileges. His ear was always open to accusers, while he was half-dea: -o all the prayers and defen- sive reasons and truths they could offer. So violent and success- ful were the persecutions against the rights and claims of Mas- sachusetts in particular, that she not only feared the loss of New- Hampshire and Maine, but began to be apprehensive of having her own Charter taken from her. Therefore, the General Court appointed a committee of both branches, to keep it and a dupli- cate in separate places, thought by them the most safe and secure, f On the 11th of January, 1664, Gorges obtained from the king an order to the Governor and Council of that colony, by which they were required forthwith to restore unto him his Province, and give him quiet possession of it ; or else without delay assign their reasons for withholding it.| It was also rumored that several * 8 Ma«5. Rec. p. 56-7. t 3 lb. p. 89.— 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 210— II.— Chalmers, p. 264. jl Hutch. Hist. p. 23t.-Not(>. CfAP. xiT.j OF UAinm 407 tfln«d ships were preparing to cross the Atlantic, in which some a. . •«««. iiefltletnen of distinction were to ennbark, and among them prob- abljr, a Governor-General of New>England. The project of forming an American Empire, embracing twelve •""ij*^"' royal principalities, or Provinces, was revived soon after the res- p>^ toration, and had been hitherto zealously pursued. To effectuate so important an establishment, and pacify conflicting and persevering petitioners, the king saw the necessity of reducing under his sub- jection tlie Dutch upon the Hudson, and of settling the trouble- some controversies in the eastern colonies of New-England ; — both which he undertook to accomplish. In the first place, his Majesty, March 12, 1664, granted to hischanm-i* brother James, Duke of York and Albany, all the Dutch terri- York, tories upon the river Hudson, including Long Island, which he purchased of Henry, Earl of Sterling, son of Sir William Alex- ander, the original owner and patentee of Nova Scotia ; — ^to all ffliich was given the name of New- York.* In negotiating with his lordship, the Duke became acquainted with tlie supposed west- ern parts and limits of the Nova Scotia Province ; and finding no royal grant extant, which covered the territory between St. Croix and Pemaquid, except those which were made when the New- England grand patent was dissolved, and the twelve royal Pro- vinces or divisions were projected and assigned, A. D. 1 635 ; he caused this region to be inserted in the charter to James. It had been named the " County of Canada," and was intended for Sir William, in lieu of Nova Scotia, which had been taken from hira by the crown and ceded to France.f In the Duke's charter now granted, the territory is described Sacada- to be " all that part of the main land in New-England, beginning "at a place known by the name of St. Croix, next adjoining to "New-England ; thence extending along the seacoast to a place "called Pemaquid and up the river thereof to its farthrest head, "a"^ it tendeth northward; tlience at tlie nearest to the river I " Kennebeck ; and so upwards, by the shortest course to the "river Canada, northward." J This, besides being denominated * The Duke of York's Pro- Iper/y,' has been called "The territory of Sagaoahock:" hoc] cad ck. *6Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 18". ; 1 TrumbiiU's Conn. p. 26C. \ See ante, A. D. 1635. Tlie Dukft'i paient. 406 THE iiunoKY [Vou I A.D. i(i64. But the Duke's agents called it ** J^ew-CastU^" beini tbe same name given to the south-western section of his ^m\ on the Delaware. They also called it the * County oj Corn- wall.** — By his thus becoming the territorial proprietor of these eastern and western regions of Sagadahock and New- York ; tlic foundation was deeply laid for his appointment to the high office of viceroy over the whole intermediate country.f "The Duke, who was afterwards James II., continued his claim to his Sagadahock territory about 25 years, until his abdication; when it reverted to the crown of England. This was a great encroachment upon the jurisdiction of Sir Thomas Temple, Governor of Nova-Scotia. Besides, if a line were stretched from the head of Pemaquid westward to Kenne- beck, it would cross the Damariscotta and Sheepscot at the upper falls, of those two rivers, and terminate at the Kennebeck nearlv opposite the foot of Swan Island ; and in this way, tbe eastern moiety of the Plymouth claim above that place, would fall within the Duke's patent. It also embraced the greater part of the Pemaquid patent or " Drowne claim ;" all the " Brown" and some of the " Tappan right ;" and the whole of the Muscongus patent, to Beauchamp and Leverett.J The numerous islands along the seacoast are supposed likewise to be included, some of which were inhabited. The advancements in population, im- provement and wealth of these eastern plantations, though thej were settled early j*^ had been quite gradual — probably owing in part to the evils suffered through inefficient legal regulations ; and therefore we find substantial reasons, why the people of the new Province were less opposed to a ducal or royal government. To subdue the Dutch Colonists at New- York, upon whom tlie duke was looking with the greater jealousy and dislike, on ac- count of their dissenting religious sentiments ; the king despatch- ed thither four frigates and about 300 men, under the command I of Colonel Richard Nichols, and Sir Robert Carr. Unprepared CMquesi of the Dulch rolonisls. 266. * 1 Doug'. Summ. p. 381. — 1 Triim. Conn. p. j Sullivan, p. 283.— Hutch. Coll. 422. t See an account of these Grants and Rights, ante, Chap. iii. A. D. 162! | -31, chap. V. A. D. 1637 ;— viii. A. D. 1C50. 5 Waller Phillips lived at Damariscotta lower falls, (New-Castle); .i\ Shvrle at Pemaquid; John Broicn, at >»\'w Harbor; Sander GouW, all Broad Cove, on Broad Bay ; George Davie, at Wiscasset point; and Jihl .Va«o?i, at Slipopsrot (Jreat ?«"eck — men frequently mentioned in tliisnjt.r CVAf. XIT.] to resist a fon lod unexpcci Nicliols assun Governor undi also of liis eas Moreover, t of New-Eiigia the governrnen into discredit land ;' and to a lopl subjects i pointed Messrs Maverick, Coir terniine all coir tJiem, whether "according to t tlie peace and s * Smith's N. Y. 212, 289 — Chalmc t See tins comm Hubbard's JV. E officer of expcrier cljaracter, and a v piiced at the head lour; and uo decis high-toned royalis ciiiuus in his dope immediately on h tlius was buried the colonies. Car cious," possessed a mission, and quali On his homeward his papers, includir colonies, were tak cover. Jtlaverick, restless royalist, g count of their puri had spent two yea against the colony sioD. As p, reward last act of Maveri( •fterwards from Co Maverick's wife w Vol. I. Ciiaf. »«▼•] OF &IAINK. 409 to resist a force so formidable, or to repel an attack so sudden a.O. 1664. lod unexpected, tlio garrison capitulated, August 27ili, and j^j Xicliols assumed the !:ovtrnmcnt of the Province, ns Deputy- Governor under his Royal Highness ;*— claiming the command also of his eastern territories at Sagadahock. Moreover, to settle the pretended controversies in the interior Poy«i of New-England ; tn hring those to justice, who had traduced tZx"*^ the government of the realm, and brouglit the ' christian religion jQto discredit among the gentile or savage inhabitants of the land ;' and to ascertain more perfectly the state and condition of his loyal subjects in the colonies ; the king, on the 15th of April, ap- pointed Messrs. Nichols and Carr, George Cartwright and Samuel Maverick, Commissioners, and empowered them to hear and de- termine all complaints, appeals, and other matters coming before tliem, whether civil, military, or criminal — to proceed therein "according to their good and sound discretion," and thus "settle tlie peace and security of the country. "f •Smith'sN. Y. p. 11— 'i2.-Sce 5 Hume, p. '133— 7.-1 Hutch. Hiit. p, 212, 289— .Clialmers, p. 3C6. fSee tliis commission entire. — 1 Hutch. Hi*t. App.—J^To, XV. p. 459-60. Hubhard''t jV. E. p. 577-8.-2 Has. Cull. p. 63S.—Xichoh was ii military officer of experience, and possessed a {jcncroiis disposition, a weight of cliaracter, and a versatility of talents, wliicli eminently qualified him to be pi.iced at the head of the commission. He was (he most popular of the lour; and uo decision of the others without him was to be valid. Caf, a iiigh-tuned royalist and episcopalian, was violent in his feelings and si pcr- ciiiuus in his deportment — a man nowise fitted for his station. He died immediately on his return home, three years after his appointment, and thus was buried in oblivion all the philippics he had prepared against the colonies. Cartwriglit,> though "naturally morose, saturnine and suspi- cious," possessed an energy of intellect which brought liim into the com- missiou, and qualified him for the discharge of difllcuU public business. On his homeward passage, he was made prisoner by the Dutch, and all bis papers, including his note-book, designed by him to be used against the colonies, were taken from him, which he was never afterwards able to re- cover. Maverick, an inhabitant of Massachusetts, was a stubborn and restless royalist, greatly disaffected towards his countrymen, both on ac- count of their puritan principles and their blindness to his merits. He had spent two years in England after the restoration, constantly informing against the colony government, and urging the necessity of this commis- im. As p. reward for his works, he was appointed one of the board. The last act of Maverick, mentioned, was his bearing a message, three year* jfterwards from Colonel Nichols at New- York to the government at Bclon Maverick's wife was the daughter of Rev. John Wheelwright of Well*. Vol. I, 30 C. A ''P^D^I ^Km i^^H tl^HH ^^Mldk^^S m A.D. Their vicM. THE HISTORY r- "flit A. D. 1665 May I [Voui. 1664. V/hen Col Nichols was at Boston, July 23d, on his way froiQ "*' England to New-York, he made public the Commission ; and hence it soon became known throughout New-England.* Great and unhappy overturns were apprehended : nevertheless, the Bot< tonians adopted some measures to favor the expedition againa the Dutch, which however, was ♦ crowned with success before * the auxiliaries were embodied.'f Having settled the government of New- York, the Commij- sioners proceeded to Boston in February, where they were re- ceived with undissembled jealousy, and were soon encountered with direct opposition. For the General Court at a previous session in August, after resolving in a formul manner " to bear " true allegiance to his Majesty," determined " to adhere to their | " patent so dearly obtained and so long enjoyed ;" and addressed a memorial to the king, urging the validity of their chartered righti, I which he himself had been pleased to sanction, and complainin» to him of a commission, filled with strangers and foes, whose only limits of power and rules of conduct were their own "dis- " cretion." 'Under the present administration, our people,' said the Court, * enjoy great contentment with a few exceptions ; and * what government under heaven, they enquired, ever long existed •entirely free of discontented spirits and disturbers of ihe| * peace. 'J About tho first of May, the Commissioners entered upon the I discharge of their trust, and communicated their Instructioru.\\ By these, they said, it is manifest, that the king was so far froml abridging any concessions or rights in the charter, that he vul ready to enlarge or alter them " for the prosperity of the col- ony ;" and he had even directed them to remove every jeaiousrl existing between king and people. With this view, they thought it their duty to enquire how the acts of trade have been regir-j ed ; to look into tlie colonial laws, the education of youth, the titles and claims to lands ; and furthermore to examine their treaties with the Indians, and the provision made for tlieirl instruction. • Hubbiird'B N. V. p. 6S1.— 1 Hufrli. Ili«.t. p. 211-229.— App. p- *'"■' — Morton's Mcin. p. 187. t Chattnertt p. ft73.--rarr and Afavftri* It iirrivoJ a( Pincnlan'U uboiil'fc' •tmetitnc. I 1 Hulchiaion'a Hitt. p. 2IS. . ( Chahneri, r i^" CiAF. XtV.] OF MAINE. 4] 1 A conference between them and the General Court, soon de- a. D. iMft. gfnerated into downright ahekcation, and at last, the Commis- Oppotiiioa lioners plainly asked the Court, — " Do you acknowledge the r.tMfai *' royal Commission to be of full force to all the purposes con- ''*'*"■ uioed in it ?" — To this pointed and embarrassing enquiry, tlie jwo branches excused themselves from giving a direct answer :— We prefer, said they, " to plead his Majesty's charter" through which the civil power flows to this colony. — The Commistsipners then endeavored to hear a complaint against the Governor and company, but they were prevented by the General Court, which, fith characteristic vigor, manifested their opposition by ordering 1 sound of trumpet, and prohibited the people from abetting a course of conduct, so inconsistent with their duty to God and their allegiance to the king.* In short, to such a height were the debates ultimately carried by the parties, in contrasting the king's Commission and Instructions with the Royal Charter and its rights, that the Commissioners thought it most expedient to break off the discussion. Nichols returned to New- York, and the others abruptly left Boston, early in June, for New-Hamp- shire, Maine and Sagadahock ;f — denouncing upon the colonists ind government of Massachusetts the doom due to rebels and traitors. With the Commissioners, John Joscelyn says, came John Arch- dale, the agent of Mr. Gorges bringing orders relative to the Province of Maine, and a letter to Massachusetts, from his Ma- jesty, by which she was required to restore the possession and government of it to the proprietor. Archdale on his arrival, vis- ited every town in the Province, and granted commissions to Henry Joscelyn of Black-point, Robert Jordan of Spurwink, Edward Rishworth of Agamenticus, and Francis Neale of Casco, who took upon themselves to rule, and who with Archdale ad- dressed a letter to the government of Mus.snchiiscUs, requiring a surrender of the jurisdiction to the Commissioners of Mr. Got ges. But the entry of the king's commissioners into the Province sus- pended the civil authority of Gorges, which he never afterwards resumed. *l Ilolmea' A. Add. p. 394. *l Holmea' A. Add. p. 394. t i Hutch. Hitt. p. 238.— Hiibbanl't N. E. p. 614-S. 412 THE HISTORY • . iJ-- 1,;. :.i"^ CHAPTER XV. Letter of Lin^ CUarlrs to the provincial^ of Miine — Massachusitti reviews her claims to the Provinre—Thrre parties there — A Coun- ty Court appointed — The measures of the kinq's Commissioners — Thct/ appoint elivcn Justices for Maine and oppose Massachu- setts — The General Court complain of them — The piople of Ly. gonia disjilcased icith the Coininissioncrs — Thtir memorial to the ■ king — Cominissiutiers proceed to the Duke's Province — Thry open a Court at Shetpscat — E-tablish a county and appoint ofuin— Their other inrasurrs — Their ojjicial report — Indian Treaty— S'lfepsrot records — Cjmmis:.ioncrs return to York — Their account of the Dukr's Province — War trith Frcfnrr — Unhappy condition of Maine and f^iigiadnliorh — Treaty of Tfrrda — Nova Scotia n- si.(^ned to Frame — Disagreement of the Acadians and Purilnis — Col. Tc;}i 'ill's toss of Nova Scotia. Juno 11*'*** Chari-ks having resolved to put Gorges into possession of Maine, addressed to the provincials a letter, dated thelltiiof June, 16Gi, wliicli was communicated, probably through the me- dium of his Commissioners. — Th« kingN « To our trusty and well bcbvcd subjects and inhabitants in the loilerio ill* — . » m. . I 1 • , ,11' iipopieof « Provmcc of Mauic, and whom it may concern, * We greet ildiiie. .11 'you well. ' As we arc informed, — Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the grand- ♦ Hither of the present proprietor, and a generous promoter of * foreign pliintatlous, obtained a royal charter of Maine, and cx- ' pended in settling it, more than £20,000 ; and yet was wholly ♦prevented from reaping the fruits of his expenditures and labors, 'by the unhappy rivil wars, wherein he though advanced in ape, • bravely engaged in his master's service : — In the mean time, his • oppom nts, intoxicated with success as we understand, and deaf to • the voice of justice, have given couuteuaure to measures by * which tlij provincials have been brou2,lit within the jurisdiction of ' Massachusetts-nay, and the proprietary deprived of all the i?- • sues and profits of his pro|)n ty ; though according to the decision ♦ of our " counsel, learned in the law," his right to the rharUr * is fully established ; the Province tvas in possession of the orig- CukT. »▼•] OF MAI>F. >inal proprietor and under his government several years; the .la.p. sums mentioned had been by him expended in settUnfr and niinaging it ; he has in the late civil wars, been plundered and 'inprisoncd several times; and bring exhausted bfj los.fes, and • iH-treitted by the ^^ pretended committees of foreign plantations,^* .\.: and his agents in those times of trouble, had left the inhab- ■ :U!nts to the temporary government oj their choice. Since the • restoration, he, by his commissioners, lias endeavored to rcpos- • 5e5S himself of his Province, and two years since, proclaimed >|ii5 Majesty king, established courts, and gave to many the oaths •of allegiance ; bni the government of Massachusetts prohibited • all further proceedings of those commissioners, till they had or- •ilers from the supreme authority of the kingdom : We have • ilicrcibre taken the whole matter into our princely consideration, • concludes the king) and liave thought fit to signify our jleasure •in behalf of Fcrdinando Gorges, the present proprietor, and do 'require you to make restitution of the Province to him or his 'commissioners, and deliver hiin or them peaceable possession '[hereof, or otherwise without delay show us reasons to the con- ' trary : — and so we bid you — farewell.'* When the General Court were made acquainted with the con- tents of this letter, they undertook to justify their conduct, to the royal commissioners, by recapitulating the grounds and reasons, which induced them to receive the provincials under the govern- ment of the colony. His Majesty, as the court believed, was jrcatly misinformed as to the amount of disbursements made by ?:r Ferdinando. It might be true as the inhabitants say, that INfr. I Tiiomas Gorges and Mr. Vines, after deducting their own ex- fiises, did lay out ,£500 of the proprietor's money for the pub- lic good, or possibly XI, 000 may have been expended in ihe nliole, through mismanagement in building a house in York, I breaking up lands, and a few unskilful enterpri/es. Massachu- setts however, was not the first n claim a considerable part of Maine, against the rights of Gorges. For, Harnn Higby, twenty [years ago, entered upon a large portion of the territory, obtained |a (lcci">i VI in his favor, and exercised government there till his fl'atli.f — \ay, did not all the aL'onts of Sir Ferdinando ahan- 1)1 the Province, to self-formed combinations and revolutionists, 413 A. U. I6«i. Remark* of the (li'iirrat Cuurit •Hutch. Coll. p. nn,1-330. taMjM. r.cr. p. 170— IRO. The dli puie. Nc'. 30. 414 THE HISTORY [VoL. i. A. U. 16»4. long before Massachusetts asserted any right to it ? — Yet what was the nature or character of her claim ; surely it was not to the soil — by sales of which she expected to derive any pecuniary- profits or avails. No : — but on the contrary it was exclusively protection and civil government, such as the inhabitants them- selves requested. They had bound themselves by their oailis, their articles of agreement, and other volimtary acts to live in subjec- tiou to the laws and authorities of Massachusetts, till their alie. gi<)nce might be expressly countermanded by the supremo gov. ernment of England. How tiien could they consistently with their solemn obligations, submit to another's control, who presum- ed to act without any evidence of such authority, or paramount right, and without process of law ? To the letter in behalf of Gorges, addressed by Henry Joscelyn John Archdale, Robert Jordan and Edward Rishworlh, as before mentioned, unto the Governor and Council, requesting them to resign and surrender the jurisdiction of Maine, the General Court, Nov. 30, replied, that they had determined to yield none of their rights in the Province, until their duties in this particu- lar were made plain and palpable. If the king's will were known, it was only through his address to the inhabitants, not by any mandate or express communication to the government of Massa- chusetts. Nor were the king's commissioners with all the power they possessed, authorized in a more special manner to take pos- session of Maine, than of any other Province. Thus, the features of the troublesome controversy arc cxhibii- ed to us, at the opening of the year 1GG5. A party of the pro- vincials were devoted to the king's will, and of course friendly to the anticipated visit of his commissioners. Many, especislly such as were land or office-holders under the Gorges' family, I were the advocates of the present proprietary, and some of theni| claimed to exercise official authority under his appointinciii Massachusetts was inexorable ; and numbers of the ciisternpeo-l pie were strongly attached to her government. Therefore whcnl John Archdale,* the proprietor's agent, came forward with nn or- der under the royal "sign manual," requiring her to restore unto I him Gorges' province, which he said she '* had shamefully tn- croached upon in the time of the civil wars," the General Court I Three par •1*1 in Maine. • FuUom, r- 91-2. Arclii^ulc wae in the Province a year. Cbap. x^'J OF MAINE. 416 told him, that " the distracted condition ot" the people in York- a. D. iflSft. jhire" required rather their protection and assistance, and that , government of their choice should never be hastily withdrawn from them. By the orders of that Body,* early in May, we find they speak M«y. with a positiveness not to be misunderstood. A County Court , , , T. , . , , . ^ County ffill be holuen at i ork in tlie present as in previous years. All irguUiion*. civil officers will continue to exorcise and perform their duties, and the inhabitants will show, as formerly, due obedience to the colony administration. If Edward Rishworth neglect his duty as County- Rccordt^r, Peter Wycr will take his place, and to him the present incumbent will deliver the record-books and pa- pers. Since there is no resiflent ma;:;istrate in that county, Ezekiol Knight of Wells, will act as such in every particular, till ihe further order of the Legislature. Messrs Simonds and Dan- forili will hold the usual term of the Courts in York, the current vear ; and all transgressors of the law, if any, will have its pen- alties measured to them with all retributive justice. The king's commissioners, having visited the towns and plan- jun*. tations between Boston and Piscataqna, made a short tarry in Kimt'* New-Hampshire and passed the river, about the middle of June, ""i""* •» into Kitteiy. Here they summoned the people together and de- York. scribed to them their inevitable ruin, if they continued under the ' Bay-government.' Its rulers, said they, are rebels and traitors, —their contempts and crimes will soon be laid before his Majes- ty, — and their doom can easily be foreseen. The position and authority assumed by die .Commissioners were not only despotic and unwarrantable, but extremely in- discreet. They virtually assailed the charter of Gorges, telling the inhabitants, it granted |)rivileges altogether too great and exclusive, ever to be possessed and exercised by his Majes- ty's most favored subjects, — Mr. Gorges being truly one. Hence they manifested a forwardness to assist them in obtaining security from the claims, both of him and the rulers of Massachusetts. Next they exhibited a petition for signature, addressed to the king, praying for a new colony charter. This found signers, among those who wen; the friends or dupes of these arbitrary men ; also among the licentious, who are ever impatient of re- •3 Ma ». Mer. jv 110—17. ^416 THE HISTORY • i [Vol. I. A. D. 1665. siraint, and bankrupts, who were anxious of relief or respi*^ from their debts. Sucli as were unyielding, they loaded with re- proaches, the volatile they flattered, and the timid they threat- ened. All who (lid not cf)ni])ly, were told, that their name- would be returned to his Majesty, and their disloyalty painted to him in its true coloins. So affrighted and amazed were severa' i; of them, that they afterwards declared they did not know wh • they had done. Many of the better and more sensible people looked upon thomsclvos in a condition to be utterly ruined • and began to entertain thoughts of removing with their families and estates, to some plantation or place of more quiet and greater I security. At York, the Commissioners passed several days, undertakinj I to form and establish a superstructure of civil authority, through- out the Province. In this, they seem to have acted accordini; 1 to the dictates of their own will, without regard either to the char- ter of Gorges or the claim of Massachusetts. Their official order was essentially in these words : — * " By the King's Commissioners for settling the affairs of New. England." ♦ We having seen the sev.nal charters granted to Sir I L. s. ' Ferdinando Gorges and to the Corporation of Massa- * chusetts Bay, and duly weighed the matters in coniro-l • versy, do now receive all his Majesty's good subjects, livin: ' within the Province of Maine, under his immediate protection ' and government. Wo also appoint and constitute Franc'A * Champernoon and Robert Cutis of Kittery ; Edward Risk- * worth and Edward Johnson of York ; Samuel fVheelwright ofl •Wells; Francis Hooke and Will iam Phillips oi Saco; Geor^tl * Monntjoy of Casco ; Henry Joscelyn of Black-point ; Roknl * Jordan of Richmond's Island ; and John fVincoln of Newicha ♦ wannock. Justices of the Pence ; and constitute them a Counl • to hear and determine all causes, civil and criminal, and to or- • der all the affairs of the said Province for the peace and de- * fence thereof ; — proceeding in all cases according to the lawsl •of England as near as may be, till the aj)pointment of anotJiPrI • government by the Crown. • In his Majesty's name we require all tlie inhabitants of si :| *3 :\In5g. Rrc. p. 138. ' lu tiko ca Vol. CBA'- «^*1 of MAINE. 417 iprorioce, to jrield obedience to the said Justices, and forbid at A D. mm. tueli the Commissioners of Mr. Gorges, as the Corporation of i Massachusetts-Bay, to molest any of the inhabitants of tliis Pro- ' rioce, till his Majesty's pleasure be known. « Given under our hands and seals at York, within the said "Province, the 23d of June, 1665." «* Robert Carr. " George Cartwright. " Samuel Maverick." They also prescribed a form of oath, which they administered _ lahitiints of saiil to these magistrates of their appointment i* and resolved m sup- *• port of their own authority, to oppose the two Assistants who Hwriiy of were expected from Boston to join the Associates as usual, and teiu. bold a County Court, and if possible to prevent a session. There- fore, Carr, a bolder spirit than his colleagues, issued an order, July 3, to the commander of the militia company in these words ; — « To Capt. John Davis, or in his absence to the next officer in "command : " In his Majesty's name, you are required to give notice to "your company, that without fail, they do appear in arms on " Tuesday morning next, in the field, where they usually meet, "there to attend further orders." R. Carr. In the provincial form of government now established and put Govern- in operation. General Assemblies, composed of all in commission, m^! and of burgesses or deputies from the several towns, were holden at York, which was evidently appointed to be the seat of government. The Royal Commissioners directed, whenever the Justices were equally divided on any subject, that Mr. Joscelyn should have the casting vote — if he be absent, Mr. Jordan. Another order allowed juries of seven men only, ' on account of the fewness of the inhabitants,' to be impanelled for the trial of cases ; and the first inferior Court under this organization of the government was holden at Wells, in July following, the second at York, Nov. 7.— William Phillips was appointed Major-commandant of the mili- tary forces in the Province ; R. Hitchcock and John Lazer, offi- cers of the Saco and Cape Porpoise companies.f * Sec poit, Sept. 6, 1665. ^ At tlie July term in Wells mentioned, the Court ordered < everj town 'tutalto care that there be in it a pair of stocks, a case and coukiog Vol. I. 40 418 THE HISTORY [VoL. i. A.D. IMA. When the Assistants arrived at Piscataqua from Boston, thev were informed of the call made upon the militia, and the menaces uttered nnd spread by the Conimissioncrs ; and therefore lo avoid an open rupture with men, whose tarry and overtures in the Pro- vince must be short, they proceeded no farther ; ininicijliatcly re. turning home and reporting the facts to their government.* Never were men and their course of measures more universal- ly unpopular. Massachusetts inveighed against them vehement- ly, charging them with a violation of their own coniinission and instructions : For no oflicial acts or proceedings ol the Board without the presence and approbation of Col. Nichols, wore to be valid ; nor were they ever to disturb any ancient establish- ment of patent claims, nor in any event interrupt the ordinary course of justice ; whereas they were authors of the boldest and most violent measures, without the king's consent, or knowledirc- and had struck a deadly blow at chartered rights, as well as at the public tranquillity. ' Arc these the disciples of peace } nav • in Job's time, said the General Court, it was the province of a * day's man to appease antagonists, by laying the peac^-niaker's * hands on both ; but the wisdom or artifice of these men, have ' converted the temple of ])eace into a forum of wretchedness.' The Court also, by way of a remonstrance, spread the Comniis- sioncr's conduct before the king, with a correct portrait of its deformities. Ecpially opposed to the Commissioners and to Gorges were • tlie eastern provincials, or inhabitants of Lygonia. They were fully aware of their unhappy condition, and in consideration of the king's letter, to them and the rest of JMainc, the preceding year, they prepared a memorial to him, August 1, which was signed by George Cleaves, and twenty-one of his friends and neighbors.f It commenced, and proceeded thus : — • [ducking] stool, crcotcilbctwccn lliis and the next court.' The latter was the old inslriiincnt fi>r the punishment of common scolds. It cuii.sibtti of a loiij; l)can> moving like a well-sweep upon a fulcruni ; the oml ex- tLWidcd over a ])niid, on which the culprit w:i!s pluceil and imnicrtud. /'()/• io»r« Siico . lecs. Williami, Ambrose Boadcn, George Lewis, John Lewis, Thomas Skillinf, Thomas SkilliDfc jr., John Skiliing^, John Cloyes, Thomas Wakeloy, Joha Kidor, Nathaniol Wallis. * Hutch. Coll. p. 896— .tBS. 4f^ THE IIIOTORY [Vol. 1. A. D. 1665. The Commissioners, after spending more than two months m £lli"'*io the Province, principally at York, Scarborough, and Falmouth, ^k. * »" settling or rather revolutionizing the government, proceeded lo the Duke's territory of Sagadahock or New Castle. It is sop. posed to have been at this period and afterwards, that several Dutch families removed from New-York into the territory, and settled upon the eastern banks of the Sheepscot, and the western banks of the Damariscotta, about the lower falls of those rivers.* S«pt A. A Court was first opened by the Commissioners, Sept. 5, at wiw'Iir*"^^^ dwellinghouse of John Masony\ who lived on the east bank OhMftcoi. of Sheepscot river — at the Great Neck, not far from a block house or small fort ; which was half a league westerly of Dam- ariscotta lower falls. Being now within the Duke's own patent and Province, as they supposed, whereof the whole was under the administration of Col. Nichols the Governor, the other Commissioners were per- haps authorized to act now without his concurrence. Here were no conflicting jurisdictions. Destitute of any regular government, the inhabitants were not reluctant to render obedience unto any power, that was able and willing to protect them. The nominal administration at Pemaquid under Mr. Shurte;]: was still a mere conservation of the peace without much system or efficiency. The Commissioners appointed Walter Phillips of Damaris- cotta, clerk and recorder, whose book of records was entitled " the rolls of such nets and orders, passed the first sessions hol- den in the territories of his Highness the Duke of York, on the eastern and northern side of Sagadahock and extending to Nova Scotia ; — begun at the house of John Mason on the river Sheeps- "• Sullivan, p. 36— 30— 158— 2S3— 291. --At Wood bridge's neck on the east- ern bank of the Sheepscot river, a mile above Wiscassct point or vil- lage, there are appearances of a very ancient settlement — where the cavi- ties of many cellars arc now niaaifest, thougli there arc trees in somu of them of a \nrge size. f Mason purchased the land of two Sagamores, Rohinhood and Jack Pud- ding. Sullivan, p. 6fi—2S9.— Mr. Randolph came hither after the Revo. lution, claiming through his mother, heirship to John Mason's lands, hi^ anccstur. He said liis parents told him he was born at Sheepscot, and they fl«d with him when an infant to Ncw-Jerscj-, to escape the tomahawk. He produced papers certified hy Walter Phillips, and had a copy of Gen- eral Dungan'f commission. But his claim was obsolete.— Su//. p. 166. I Slurtt it supposed to have disd at Pemaquid, A. D. 1690. ClAT' X^-] OF MAINE. 421 col, Sept 5th, in the 17th year of tlie reign of our Sovereign a. D.icg*. Lord the King, Anno Domini 1 665." . « They erected the whole territory into a county, by the name of Cornwall; named the Sheepscot plantation Dartmouth or Xtv-Dartmouth ; and settled the dividing line between it and Pemaquid. Next, they summoned the inhabitants in the several settle- ments to appear and submit to his Majesty's government, with- in the Duke's patent. Only twenty-nine however,* appeared ind took the oath of allegiance, at this term ; — probably a minor part of the whole number of men between Sagadahock and Pe- nobscot. In the construction and establishment of civil government I ibey appointed a chief comtable, three magistrates or justices of I peace, and a recorder. The justices were .N'icholas Raynal I of Sagadahock, Thomas Gardiner of Pemaquid, and William I)yer uf Dartmouth, being, as die commissioners said, the ablest iod ' best men to be found in those places.' The same oath was I jdministered to these as to the justices appointed in the Province of Maine, to wit; — You as justice of the peace do swear, that ipuwill do equcl right to the poor and rich, after the laws and \mtom oj England, according to your cunning and power. You shall not be of counsel to any party. You shall not let or hnderfor gift or other cause, hut well and truly you shall do your Ma of justice of the peace. Three justices in Maine, viz. Couru and Iflenry Joscelyn, Robert Jordan, and George Mountjoy, assisted m* in ihe lb} the preceding three, were constituted a Court, and directed ,^'|j{'****** |to hold sessions for the trial of all causes, " till further order." Their jurisdiction southward or westward, was limited by the kirer Sagadahock, including about thirty or forty families upon he islands and eastern side of the river, formerly within the Plymouth patent. But the Commissioners being aware, proba- '/« Sagadahock — William Friswell, R'chard Hammond, John Miller, |lobcrl Morgan, Thomas Parker, Marcus Parsons, Tliomas Watkins, John liite.— /n » Skeepscot" — VVm. Dole, Wm. Dyer, (Esq.) Christopher Dyer, falhaniel Draper, Thomas Gents, VVm. James, VVm. Markes, Jo/m JUofon, Itiomas Mercer, Walter Phillipt, [Clerk,] Moses Pike, Robert Scott, jndrcw Stalger, John Taylor, John Wliite. — In Pemaquid— TUomM Al- jridgc, [GIbridgc,] Edmund Arrowsmith, George Buckland, Flenry Champ- pu, Thomas Gardiner.— tywJrro'iuicit— Nicholas Raynal. — Sullivan, p. 287. 422 THE mSTORV [Vot. , A. D. icsa. biy, of the royal commission to Governor Temple,* and of the charter to Bcauchamp and Leverett, seem not to have cxercisefj any authority northwardly beyond Miisconc^us river.f In try- ing any cause, civil, ecclcsiasticnl or criminal, if the justices were equally divided in opinion, Henry Joscelyn was entitled to a double or casting vote. - Tiie chief constable had the power to appoint deputies ; and the followina; precepts will siiow us the forms of process, also how he was authorized to act. To the Constable on the eastward side of the Kennebeck rictr or his Deputy. — Greeting. By virtue hereoj, you arc required in his Majesiy^s name, and under the authority of his Highness, the Duke of York, to ap- prehend the body or goods of C. Lawson, and take bond of him to the value of £120, tvith sufficient surety or sureties, for hit personal appearar ce at a special court, to be held at Arroutsick, the 21th of this present J\ovember, then and there to answerto the complaint of E. Dawner, for not yielding a debt due by bill, bearing date the 3d day of June, 1G65. Hereof you are not to fail, as you will answer it at your peril ; and so make true return under your hand. Dated this 1st JVovember, 1665. NICHOLAS RAYNAL, Jus. Pacit. The officers return. — JVovember, 1665. I have attached the body of C. Lawson, and have taken haill for his appearance at the next Court, to answer to the complaint of Ed. Datvner in an action of the case : This is a true n- turn.X RICHARD LEMONS, Constable. These imperfect sketches, are the prominent features of the civil administration, undertaken to be framed by these Commis- sioners.'^ Short sighted statesmen — unacquainted witli the genius Defects in measures. * Hutch. Coil. j). 214-5. f " Governor Dnnjjan, assent of the Dnkc of York, reinorcJ many Dutch I " families from t'le hanks of l!io lliulson to his rs'evv Province on the " Shcepsrot. Tlioj- tarried tliorc until the settlements were broken up bj *' the wars which were soon after commenced by the savajcs. — Su/Ziros, p. 291. J Sullivan, p. 2D I. !) The laws of the Duke's Province, collected by Governor Nichols, nnd I confirmed by the Duke, have been examined by tlie compiler of this c* I tory ; but he can find in them no particular mention of his eastern pa- tent. ChaF. «▼.] OF MAINE. 423 ot the people, Uieir necessities, and the polUicai remedies AD. I«i6a. jeeded, they formed no reaiular system of government ; their fiiole management giving full proof of their inadiMiuacy to iho ija5niiuile of the trust to wliich they had been commissioned. >o provision was made for legish»tion, trials by jury, military defence, ta.\ation, religious instruction, or the education of Touih. Though they found settlements scattered to a wide ex- tent, some of which were more than forty years old, and also a population probably of three himdred families,* who trcattd their * ' -" measures and authority with the utmost civility ; their ill-nature nroinptcd them to represent the whole as only " three sntall plan- <"omini«- aiioris belongmg to Ins royal highness, viz. '' on the northeast of e'-n. "Keimebeck, on Sljeepscot river and on Pemaquitl ;" ' the 'largest of which,' they said, ' did not contain more than thirty 'houses, and all of them mean.' The people, whose allotments i were labor and poverty, being strangers to the pleasures and ben- efits of society, and strong in the hopes of finding the commis- sioners their benefactors, were represented by them, to be mere fishermen, and fugitives from justice, unused to the restraints of 'oiernnient. Listening to an instance of lasciviousness related to them, they gave it a turn of ridicule upon the planters generally, j by Slating in their report,f afterwards made, that 'some of them 'have as many sliares in a woman, as tliey have in a fishing 'boat.' It is said the Commissioners i siabL^hed the form of an ecclesi- lastical constitution, which, tliuugh cast in an episcopal mould, was Ircinarkable for its simplicity and liberal principles. Assurances Iwere given the inhabitants, tiiiat their possessions and rights should mot be disturbed. J Bat no adequate redress of wrongs was pro- Itided ; and in all conveyances, as well by the planters as by the Ouke's agents,^ it appears the policy was revived of incumbering km with quit-rents. But the unequal numbers of the inhabitants, compar ! with ^ ,fea,y jie natives, and some apprehensions of a rupture, induced the jj^^j^^,','^''' pominissioners to negotiate a treaty with the Sagn mores, which ontained provisional articles, too judicious and memorable not ^m ''ElfjIiU-rour families m IGSO. |i':3.-.SH»ira/), p. 31»1. . N. Dai'is'' lU'iKirt. — Aiiil 17."> fiimilics in 'i tJ^tO tins report.— //v/f/i. Coll. p. 12 '.— &. Ifiillivin. p. 170-ll!0. ; SiilliMiii, p. 1()2 3-374. Shcfptcol R«cordi. 4S4 THK HISTORY {Ynu |. A. u. IG6& to be mentioned. For it was agreed, ** that if any mitchief should happen to be done either by the English or Indians'*— f«. dress was to be sought by complaint to the Courts, if an Indian were the sufferer, and to the Sagamores, when the English were injured : — and never were they, on either side, to seek revente by acts uf hostility. This, if religiously observed, ' might hare ' been, as Mr. Hubbard* remarks, a perfect preventive of bkwd* *shed.' The " Sheepscot records" sometimes called the " Records of eastern claims of lands," which were commenced under the Commissioners by Walter Phillips, contained a registry of grants under the Duke, of Indian deeds and other conveyances, and were continued about fifteen years. Afterwards, the book wu removed to the Secretary's oflice in Boston, and was considered to be oi great authority, till it was lost.f Early in October, the Commissioners returned to York. In passing or returning through Casco, they opened a Court, lod among other arbitrary proceedings, pronounced all land-titles ob- tained from the Lygonian proprietor and all Indian deeds, tlie merest nullities. The avowal of such a sentiment, though it fanned the fire of indignation, seems to have been apprehended; for it is said that Massachusetts previously confirmed all the lands in Falmouth to the inhabitants. Taking umbrage at every oppoi* i ing measure of that colony, the Commissioners were ready to hear any complaint against her. The famous John Bonython| showed tliem a warrant which ordered him to be arrested and I Commis. •ioi.en at i/a«fo and York. » llubbard'i N. E. 833 Ilih Indian Wars, p. 297. f It ii said tliat Phillips, to avoid the Indian tomahawk, fled to Cbarki- 1 tou, MaBsachiiseKs, A. D. 1680, where he died. — It is supposed the reordi were consumed by fire wlicn the Boston Court House was burnt. Simon | Frost of Kittcry says, in his depositions n( June 3, 1765, that 26 year* b( fore when Deputy Secretary, under J. Willard, Ksq. he took copies froo I that book ; and when the Court House was burnt, in 1748, he was Rcprt- tentative from Kittcry, and with others made search for the records wm{ after, but tliey cuuld not be found ; nor have they since been seen. I It is not known when or where this troublesome man died. He will Airious, obstinntp and unpopular. The f^rave atonei of this man ib«» him to have hern interred at Ucndezvous Point on the east side oflht Saco— uiHin wliich some unknown hand inNcribed this ill-natured conplil. | ♦• Here lies Ronython the H.ififnmore of Saro. " Hr livM .1 rogue, and died a knave, and went to llocktmocko. [V«t. I. I Cuf- XV.] OP MAINE.' 4fi5 .^*•^*?•^^> aim. earried to Boston, " dead or alive ;" merely as he said, because A. D. iMs^ JK would not bow to her government. ;h « i .wi^ i>«/j >.tt siii!} At York, where thej prolonged their visit, they pretended dnt the eastern inhabitants and a great Sachem also, had peti- gooed the king to receive them under his protecting hand, and ippoint Sir Robert Carr their Governor. They gave quite a ro-Th«ira«- oMOtic account of the Duke's eastern country. They repre* Duke* 5€Dted, that the numerous " islands, harbors and outlets, upon **'"*'■*•• utbe coast were richly stored with great 6sh, oysters and lob- "sters;" that the interior abounded with "wild ducks, geese, •^ deer," and other game, and also with "strawberries, raspber- ries, gooseberries, barberries, several sorts of bilberries m ibeir seasons ;" and that they found " several kinds of oaks, and "pines,-— and the chesnut and walnut trees, sometimes for four or "five miles together."* To oppose them in the exercise of authoriiy, the General Court despatched Messrs Danforth, Lusher and Leverett, to hold iterm of Yorkshire Court in Octobcr.f But they were stopped It Piscataqua, Oct. 10, by a sharp letter sent to them from Kit- tery by Carr, who ordered them to desist from their purpose y and proceed n.o farther.'-— They therefore returned to Boston and vire soon followed by the Commissioners. When they arrived, they were charged by the General Court, «ith disturbing the public peace ; and were requested to meet a committee for the purpose of a conference. — Ao, not a word mi pass, replied Carr ; — but remember, the king*$ pardon of tk late rebellion is conditional, and the authors of the oppoti- tm among you must expect the punishment awarded the rebeii in Et^land^'—and you well know their fate."^ Here all intercourse with them terminated. Recalled by the k^-^, king,^ they in a few months, departed the colony,— at a time '^KTJ'*^ ^hen the public attention was arrested and occupied by the news rVpart. of war, declared by the French king against England. || In the first year of this war, extensive preparations were made \v«r wii^ by the British cabinet, for the reduction ol Canada ; and no ^''"'<*' other conquest, on this side of the Atlantic, could give equal * Hutch. Coll. p. 421 t 8 Maw. Reo. p. 208. 1 1 Hiitob. Hikt. p. 2aa>-9. i 1 Balk. N. H. p. 97 — Hub. N. E. p. &««. |iA war to air) Hollanrl— Bftinvt Eng;l«Bd.->6 flwiM p. 440. Vol.. I. 41 486 THE HISTOKV [Vol, I. * nor Nichols expressed the greatest anxiety for the speedy more- ment of her troops. He said it was reported that the French had 700 men under marching orders against Albany ;* and nothinr but the arms or enmity of the Mohawks.f while remaining uo> subdued, could form any barrier, to impede the progress oi tb« French and Canadian forces. • • •! ■n'- ')■? uu • . ,. ■ But the enlistments were not completed and the necessarr preparations ready till October. It was then too late and whollj impracticable, in the opinion of the General Court and of Gov- ernor Temple, an experienced officer who had been consulted, to march a body of troops over rocky mountains, and through rugged deserts, a distance of 1 ,400 miles against a formidable enemy ;J — and the campaign was not undertaken. Never was a country inoro open and exposed to the incur- sions of an enemy, tiian the region was at that time, between Piscataqua and Nova Scotia. The inhabitants, scattered and defenceless, were without fortifications, without arms or military stores, and without even any common bond of union. All the settlements upon a seacoast, 200 miles in extent, were situated near the best harbors, tempting in every thing except poverty, to the visits of invaders. The enemy on their rear, who had by this time acquired a singular missionary influence among the jeal* ous savages, hated the puritan planters, and especially coveted this eastern country. Nor was this all. Distracted with poliiicai dissensions, the eastern people had none to help or protect them ; though it were well known how many claimed to control and rule them. In three or four years, all traces of the king's com- missioners were obliterated, a few monutnental evils excepted ; and Massachusetts was evidently the only power, to which the inhab- itants could look with any prospect of assistance,^ either in war or peace. :i • Maine and SMsada- bock. ri I * •♦ M. de Coiircellcs. ap)H)lt>ted Governor of New-Frnnrc, Irantportcl Mthercfjirtlentof Cnrijjnaii Solncrcn to Canada."— 1 //o/mf»'.^. .?nn. p. S96. —And witli it came Baron f/c v'-'i/ifif. fThe Krencli enldblislied a peat > witii the Mohawks, A. D. !fl«7. 1 3 Mats. Kir. p. 26U. f MHtacliURCttB at tliia time had a militia, connittiRff " of 4,000 foot and 4^0 korac."— I Holmu' A, .Inn. p. 894, Citf. «▼•] OP MAINE. W Happily for them the war was short, though its consequence* A.D. tw. fanaed a lamentable train of evils. A cessation of hostilities in liie spring was followed by two treaties, which the English con- Tnnj vt eluded at Breda, July 31, 1667, one with France and the other jiT*''"''''' ^iih Holland. In these negotiations, the English agreed to sur- render Nova Scotia to the French ; and Holland resigned to England, the Dutch colony at the Hudson. The recession or return of the Acadian Province to France, tras generally lamented throughout New-England.* Indeed, since Sir Thomas was the territorial proprietor, as well as the Governor, it was a great question among statesmen, and perhaps th"? English envoy himself doubted, if the crown could ctcJe jny other right than that of sovereignty or the government. For the cession was not in the treat/ itself, but through the pressure tnd influence of the French embassy, was subsequently made an appendant article. Except under the a'dministration of Governor Temple, the jh. Prtneii Acadian French had been always disagreeable to their New- J!^ *^"j''* Engici V ..' j;hbors. For their motives of action, their habits of life an ''^ht, their pursuits and plans in business, and in fact, all the qualities and shades of their character, differed as widely from those of the English, as the two people were unlike in their language, '^^eir religious tenets and their political sentiments. In short, the} agreed in nothing, except in the forms and gifts of nature. Let a bigoted catholic, ever servile to the dictates of Jesuit priests, a slavish subject, believing in the divine right of kings, a Frenchman devoted to savage society, the chase, the wigwam or an Indian wife, be contrasted with puritan piety, poli- tics, intelligence and taste for refmements ; and one will not find it difficult to understand the causes of mutual dislike, nor to de- termine on which side were enmity and the avenger. Among the dibciples of papacy, all protestants were esteemed heretics, whose liberty, wealth and life itself, according to their creed, it was no sin to sacrifice. The Indians schooled by the same spiritual teachers, imbibed a similar disposition, and were easily bloated with the same opin- diin*. ions. The original estrangement and malignity of the eastern and western tribes towards each other, were observed to be grid- * Huteb. Coll. p. Am. (frr. .- i 48 ff THE HISTORY [VoL. |. A. >; 1667 ually yielding to the vibrations of intercourse. Their natun] cunning, sharpened by necessity, prompted them to trespass and pilfer at a distance from home. Hence, the people were satis. fied, that the Eastern Indians were the perpetrators of certain mischiefs, committed in the autumn of 1 667, among the domes- tic animals, and in the cornfields and meadows of Hadley upon Connecticut river ; and the sufferers sent to Robinliood, a chief Sagamore at Kennebeck, demanding redress and threatening him and his tribe with the utmost severities, if the offences were repeated. To promote amity with ihem, license was at length given to the traders in fur and in peltries, to sell unto Indian friends, guns and ammunition.* , The proprietary rights of Temple to the territory of Nova Scotia, no one in justice could deny. But perceiving it was the determination of the French to obtain it, and the agreement of the English to surrender it, he entered into a negotiauon with his master's ministry upon the subject In consideration of a re- linquishment, he exacted a reimbursement of the purchase money, and the expenses bestowed upon fortifications, and incurred io other improvements. The total estimate was found to be £16,200, — a sum which the crown agreed to pay him.f Immediately afterwards, in February 1668, the article J of cession was tacked to the treaty of Breda, and all Acadia, with- out any specification as to boundaries, including by name, " St. John's, Port-Royal, La Heve, Cape Sable, and Pentagoet," or Penobscot, as being parts of the Province, was ordered into the possession of the French. N^^t being paid the money, he delay- ed the surrender, till by his Majesty's special command, in 1GG9,^ he was forced to submit, without the consideration promised liim, which he never received ; and Capt. Wibourne at Penobscot, and Richard Walker, the proprietary's Lieutenant-Governor, made at last a formal surrender of the whole, to Mons. le Grand Fontaine. It was a hardship sensibly felt by Sir Thomas ; and as it occurred just before his death which was in 1674. he devis- ed the money, or otherwise his interest in the Province, to his nephew William Nelson and his heirs. But being unable to avail A. n 1668 10 1G69 Nova Smtia rmiKned lo Frauc*. • 3 Mass. Rcc. p. 239-272. f Taluirct, p b. I (.'hatincrs, p 39^. Sco iliu article in appfuHx, p it, I Dril. Emp. id America, p. 22.^1 Hutch. Iltit. p. 237. [Voi^ I. ■ Cw». «▼.] OP MAINE. y^lf or tny advantage from the bequest, Nelson transferred A. D. I66«, it [A. D. 1730] to Samuel Waldo of Boston, wlio applied to the cro«ro either to pay him the money, award him the Province, or pint him an equivalent in other American lands.* Nothing jijffsver was allowed him, and his claim sank into oblivion. It is said, the first French Governor was M. de Bourg ;f p,,pei, r«. sad after him Mons. Denys was appointed Lt. Governor in Aca-I^""^'"^"** iii, who resided in the country thirty years ; and in 1672, pub- tsbed a short history of it at Paris.J The French occupied the country from Cape Breton to Penobscot ; and built stockaded forti itthe latter place, at Port-Royal and at the river St. Johns.§ In returning to the administration of government, instituted by a. D iw*, ae king's Commissioners, wn find that within the Province previ- AffJiVs* of*' ody bisected into two divisions, by a partition line through Ken- *••"**• aebunk river, the courts, established consisted of four, the Gen- ial Assembly, Courts of Common Pleas, Courts of Quarter Sessions, and single Justice Courts for the trial of causes under 40s. by a jury of seven men. The first had sessions annually 13 May or June at Saco ; the second three times, and the third fjur times in a year in each division, at York and at Falmouth. OJences were presented by grand juries, and facts determined fcy juries of trials. At a court holden at Casco for the eastern division, in July 1666, by Henry Joscelyn, William Phillips, Francis Hooke, Edward Rishwortli, and Samuel Wheelwright, styled the *' Justices of the peace appointed by special commission i:m the Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Carr, Lt. Col. George Cartwright ud Samuel Maverick Esq." it was ordered, that the selectmen of Falmouth should have the oversight of children and servants and )rrect sucli as were disobedient ; that George Mountjoy have liwerto administer oaths, join parties in marriage, and see if llio ciihts and measures in town were according to the king's nndard at Winchester. The sale of liquors to the Indians was ohibiied : — non-attendance at public worship, sabbath-breaking, ad profanity, were made ptmishable by a justice of the peace. • Palairct, p. 19. t Hutch. Coll. p. 1?9-5.1?. : M4«. Letter Rook, p. 104. After liitn Manivul was Governor. ; I Brit. Dom. in Am. p 24C. 1 Ilolmti' A. Ann. p 399, 404. 430 TifE HI8TOKY [Vol. A.D. \tm, The courts when holding their terms in York, were evideotK ' ' guided by the laws previously received from Massachusetts • and the last General Assembly under the new government, was holden at Saco, in May 1 688 ; after which the people sought to be on. der the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.* , ' • 1 Maine Hut. Soc. Coll. p. 117-126.— George Cleaves died about 16m much embarrassed in hit pecuniary affairs. Henry Joscelyn, beiD(f ^rejt. ly in debt to Josliua Scottow of Boston, made a conveyance to him, jg 1666, of the Cammock patent at BIack-'y)int, except his homestead, and ig adjoining tract ; — upon wliicb purchase the grantee afterwards resided. ClA». fTI.] ■'■VK. ^ foHtkal eonj Massachusei position — 7 tkm and tkt Maine — Api Htnrtf Josce alent of tht Devonshire e the Dutch— Maine— The unioa of Mas m— Visit agents of Ilia lions— Decisi chased by Mi At the end o isoners were r^ I into lamentable [jffection for hunseif give it Irere not the mt itiieir duties, the (ill question the jiiie power, whi fiiearts beat hig ^liile connected ought her gove [fince.f The General lie present to b( om Maine, anc '\Hiuch. nut. fanarchj-.'"_j»/a, tTlielast Genei foncn, sat at Si Ciif. vn.} ntf <*f MAINE. 431 CHAPTER XVI. ftHtieal confusion in Maine — Appointment of Commissioners by Hassaehusetts to settle the affairs there — Ooternor Nichols' op* position — The Commissioners visit York — Altercations between tkm and the Justices — Massachusetts resumes the government of Maine — Appointment of officers and courts of justice — John and Htnry Josceli/n — State of the eastern Province — Rc-survey and tiUnt of the Massachusetts' patent, eastward — The county of . .; Devonshire established — Its officers and regulations — Peace toith ■ > <• t\t Dutch — A new patent to the Duke of York — Courts in Maine — The provincial militia and population — Taxes — Happy tmion of Massachusetts and Maine — Claim of Gorges and Ma- m^Visit of Edward Randolph — His representations — The agents of 3tassacJtusctts at the court of England — Their instruc- tions—Decision by a committee of Privy Council — Maine pur- chased by Massachusetts. • ' At the end of three or four ' ^ars, after the king's Coinmis- a.o. ifice, liioners were recalled, the afT j of Gorges' Province relapsed!: into lamentable confusion.* His partisans entertained no great coniuwd affection for this new non-descript administration ; nor did he Ibiinself give it any special support. The Justices appointed Ifere not the most popular men. In their attempts to discharge jtlieir duties, the experiment was unavailing ; — for numbers called lii question the validity of their authority, and the lawfulness of lihe power, which they were endeavoring to exercise. Many liiearts beat high for a return of the prosperous days, enjoyed Me connected with Massachusetts ; and the principal men be- ought her government, to reassumc the jurisdiction of the Pro- [tince.f The General Court, at their session in May 1 668, observing A- D. 1608. e present to be the third year since any member had appeared coiHidfr'id" Irotn Maine, and finding a restoration of political order, and a ^^n. ^"'^ * I Hutch. Hist. p. 238.— Tlic General Court tuid, they were in a state of fanarchy." — Matn. Rec. — //u6. .V. i.\ p. 593. iTlielast General Court holdcn under aulliority of th«j king's Coinmis- lioiicri, tat at Saco, May 29, I6fl3. — I Co//. »Vami //iW. Snf. p. 126. 4S2 THlBkmtOKY "[▼ot. Four Com> miskionen. A D. 1668. settled administration of justice, to be anxiously desired by that people, thought it was a religious as well as political duty, the* owed both to the king and to the Province, to enter imraediately into a consideration ot the interesting subject. * For while the ' inhabitants were choosing, as the Court said, to be under our ' charter, they were deprived of their invaluable privileges, and * thrown into the depths of disorder, by Commissioners who were * rather destroyers than promoters of his Majesty's interest, and * the peoples' good ; — men who have cast malignant aspersions * upon our government, and have been the authors of transactions * for which they had in fact no lawful authority.' Hence, the General Court appointed four distinguished men, Commissioners, to hold a Court in York, on the first Tuesday of the ensuing July, according to legal and former usage ; and com- raanded the people of the Province, in his Majesty's name to yield again all due obedience to the laws and government of the colony.* Also the colonial Secretary in conformity to a legislative order, issued warrants to all the provincial towns, directing them to elect Associates, constable, grand and petit jurors, and other officers. These precepts were distributed to the constables by JVathaniel Masierson, whom the legislature appointed marshal of j the county. The substance of the Commissioners' appointment was as fol- lows : — « To Major General John Leverett, Mr. Edward Tyng, Capt. ' Richard Waldron and Capt. Richard Pike.f * You are hereby required to repair to York, in the County ol » Yorkshire, and there all or any two of you, whereof General ' Leverett shall be one, are required to keep a County Court ' as the law directs. And in case you meet with any, pretending * to possess other authority, or presuming to swerve Irom the due * obedience they owe to this jurisdiction under his Majesty's royal * charter, to which they have submitted and solemnly pledged * allegiance ; — ^you will bring them to trial before you, and pass Their ap- poiutmeut ♦Hiibbard'&N. E. p. 695. . ' ' . ^ Levtrelt wns commander in chief of the colony militia; Tyngwl assistant this year for the first time; Ifaldron was deputy from Dotfr| N. H. a speaktr of the Monsr ; and Pikf lived in Salisbury, and wasaft'r- wurds .'lO assiifitant. Cntf- «▼»•] c# MAiPfE. 433 'jenteace upon the guilty, itccording to the aggravation of tlieir A. D. UM 'offoices. f .11;— « Furthermore, you are authorized to confirm all officers an4 1 Commissioners, civil and njilitary, as you shall judge meet and • proper, for the security and preservation of order or peace in •tlie Courts of the Shire ; Also, for the better enabling you to 'accomplish these duties, you are hereby empowered from the ' dale of these presents, to take such measures preparatory for •holding a Court, and settling the peace of the county, as you in 'your discretion shall judge to be expedient ; — And all officers, 'ciril and military, within this jurisdiction and all other inhabit' 'ants, are hereby directed to assist you as the matter pending 'shall require; and you are to render an account of your pro- 'ceedings to this Court, at the next session in October. ' In testimony of all which, this Court hath caused the seal of 'the Colony to be affixed, May 20, 1668.' •RICHARD BELLINGHAM, Governor.'* Besides their Commission, they had a letter of instructions, by Their !»• which tliey were directed to give unto the provincial inhabitants, a guaranty of the common privileges enjoyed in other places ; to prevent or check, as far as possible, all disputes and questions about grants of landf made by their local " General Assemblies,* during tlie interruptions of the three preceding years ; to leave individual rights, or claims to real estate, unaltered and untouch- ed; to suppress disturbances; and otherwise, to exercise in their discretion as much power and authority as they might find neces- sary, in the performance of the trust delegated to them.J VVhtn Governor Nichols heard of these proceedings, he wrote , a letter from New-York, June 1 2th, to the Governor and Assis- Nichoi's let* ' ' ter to Mas* tants of Massachusetts; in which he inveighed severely against "'•"»*"•' the course they were pursuing, ' I am, said he, not a little sur- ' prized to find, that you are preparing to usurp again the govern- 'mentof Maine ; at a time too, when the rights of ownership, which I 'have been submitted to the king by different claimants, are still ti(ruchnm> Governor •S Maw. Rec. p. 277.— Hubbard'g N. E. p. 690. fBy this expression, it wmild seem that the inhabitants of Maine, during I the three years interruption had ' General Assemblies,' which made grant* I if lands. ;3 Mass. Rcc. p. 278. Vol,. I i% 434 A.D. 1668. Nichols me- cenJed by Lovelac6, 1!yommi«- sionera ar- rive at York. July 6. Met by the Jui)icos< THE tllSTORY \ [Vol. I. * awaiting his royal determination. Nor can it be unknown to 'you, that according to his letter of April 10, 1666, whatsoever ♦his Commissioners might do or direct, was to be conclusive till ♦farther commands were received from him. You possess power ' enough it is true, to compel a submission of your weaker ncii:li. 'bors; and you may feel in duty bound to reestablish vour * courts of law, in answer to the petition of a few unquiet spirits, * and under a plausible pretence of restoring order and peace: • But I ought not to be silent, in view of measures so directlv ♦contrary to the injunctions of his Majesty's letter. Do you * presume so much upon his forbearance and clemency, as to • suppose he will never stretch forth an arm of power to defend ♦ his subjects from usurpation ? — Unable myself to visit you, be- ♦ fore I leave these parts, 1 must express to you my fearful ap- ' prehensions, that " if you compel an alteration of government ♦♦ in the Province of Maine, by subverting the present establish- ♦♦ ments," you may, and probably will be the cause of bitter ♦quarrels, and even bloodshed. For it is a dictate of reason,— ♦ it is nature's law, for men to defend their rights against all offi- ♦ cious invaders.'* This was one of the last official acts of Gov- ernor Nicliols. He soon embarked for England, and was suc- ceeded by Col. Lovelace, who was five years, Deputy-Governor of the New-York and Sagadahock Provinces. f The letter of Gov. Nichols had no effect upon the civil au- thorities of Massachusetts, The Commissioners, (excepting Mr. Pike,) " accompanied by a military escort" arrived at York, Monday the 6th of July, J intending the next day, to lake the Bench. They appointed Peter Wyer, clerk of the Court ;^ and finding Nathaniel Masteison the county marshal, imprison- ed by the dominant party, they appointed another pro tempore, whose duties however, were soon suspended by the incumbent's release. Without much ceremony, or formality, they were pres- ently met at their lodgings, by Henry Joscelyn and the other Justices appointed by the King's Commissioners, when they all agreed upon a free conference the next morning. ♦ At the hour,' as the Court's Commissioners say in their state- • Hutch. Coll. p. 42r— 8. \ CliaUnerB, p. 484. \ Rishwortb, formor dork, took siics with the Justices. i Smith's New York. CUAf. XVI.] ^^ OF MAME. 435 Bent of the particulars, ♦ we had a discourse with them, in which A.o. IC68. .liiey produced their Commission, a transcript of llie late ad- Thmii^w,. 'dress from Gov. Nichols, and a packet of papers, and requested c^'u*' *** ■ us to make ourselves acquainted with their contents ; declaring •that they had a right to preside over tiie Province, that not tfnore than four or five in a town of any character, would be ifound in our favor ; — and that they, as justices, should execute nhe duties enjoined upon them hy their Commission, according 'to their orders and his Majesty'' s special command.'' ' All your papers and powers, said the Commissioners, our 'General Court have too thoroughly considered, to require any 'reperusal by us. Tiiose under whom you aspire to act, never 'lawfully possessed the authority, which they assumed to exercise. I His Majesty directed Massachusetts either to resign the Pro- 'vince to Mr. Gorges, or assign to him our objections ; and it is 'well known, we have chosen the latter alternative. The cause 'is still under his royal consideration ; and when have we been 'required by our common sovereign, to surrender the adminis- ' (ration of justice to your Commissioners ? — By the returns, we 'shall presently ascertain what is the public sentiment ; and ac- ' cording to our ability, we shall discharge the trust committed 'to us. If we are opposed, we shall advise upon measures, 'which will not be inefficient,'* The Commissioners then repairing to the meeting-house, open- ed a Court, by reading publicly their Commission, and ex- "** plaining the purposes of their visit. Next, they ordered the mar- shal to make proclamation for returns of votes forwarded for as- sociates and jurymen ; when those of five towns were present- ed ; and it was said, another town had been interrupted while voting, and the meeting of a second, wholly prevented by the justices. In the midst of the canvass, the latter came to the door-steps, with a written paper and exclaimed, " Let all here listen and at- tend to his Majesty^s commands /" — The marshal by the Court's order replied, ^^ whoever has a command from his Majesty, let him come forward and show it, and he shall be keard.''^ The justices then entered the house, and exhibited the documents * Randolph and others state that the Commissioners " entered the Pror- inee ia a hostilo maaner with bona and foot/* — Hutch. Coll. p. 488. 436 THE HISTORY I [Vol. I. H CiAT' '^▼I'j A. U. I66S. shofwti to the Commissioners, in private conference, and request* of Tb.*""*** *^» ^^^^ ^^*^y "™'ght be read in the audience of the assembly. Being told their wishes nii^ht be p;ralirKid, if they would wait till Couiu, afternoon, they retired ; and the Court Hnished the examinatioo formed lists of the associates and constables, placed the jurors upon their pannels, and adjourned to a future hour. It appeared, in the interim, that the justices, at some time pre. viously, had summoned an assembly of the deputies from the towns ; and that they and the justices had taken possessinii of tlie meeting-house. A message was dispatched by the Commission, ers, requesting an interview. " Jt will be grunted" said the jus- tices, "a< this place" and immediately their marshal, Nathaniel Phillips,* traversed the streets, proclaiming in all the more public places, unto whom it might concern — >'* Observe ye and obey tht commands of his Majesty^s justices." Whence, inquired one and another, have you this authority } Show us your warrant if you have any, fur these commands and distractions of the public Isiue of ihe peace. " We proclaim" they said, *' according to the chargt given tis in the king''s name. Our orders are our prote'^tion :— We shall not show them. But we say to all opposers, beware of his Majesty^s power ."^These being palpable contempts of the Commissioners' authority, they ordered the county marshal to take the offenders into custody, and they were consequently put uuder a temporary arrest. The Commissioners then proceeded to the nieeting-house, where they found the seats occupied, and the house full of peo- pie. " Give place" exclaimed the marshal, " to the Commission- ers ;"— who, as they approached towards the justices, remarked to this effect— »" Fo?t are the authors of an affront we little expect- ed, but your course will avail you nothing ; you might have cal- led your meeting elsewhere, and at another time.— -Depend upon this—^we shall not be deterred from executing any part of the del- egated trust, to which we are commissioned." — -A scene of con' fusion instantly ensued, several rose from their seats, and some began to speak. The Commissioners commanded silence, and ordered the marshal to clear the house.f As the justices were * lie was tlicir \!ajor of the Regiment, and nn ajent of Gorges. t Windilph 93y9, tlic Commissioners (urnei out his Majesty's justices U "an armed force,-' in opposition to his authority, and declaration of April to, 1666.— HuUh. Coll. p. 52<». ClAT. XTI.j OP MAINE. 437 leiring their places, Mr. Joscelyn, one of them, prudently advis- a. i>. icm (d bis partisans near liim to retire. The nsseinbly pressed to the joor and departed. The justices, however, beinj^ reseated, en- lered into a conference with the Commissioners, then U|)on the xncli ; who, when again requested as in the forenoon, consented to read the king's mandamus letter, of April 10th, before men- •loned,* and likewise the commission of the justices, yet declin- ed to peruse Nichol's letter, as it was only a pait of a private cor- respondence. To these papers, the Commissioners replied — * We are com- > missioned to hold a court and settle the peace and order of the • Province. What we have begun, God willing, we shall 6nish. •We are fully aware of the irregularities occasioned thrr.Tighout tliese eastern towns and plantations, in 1665, by the king's Com- comm <• 'missioners ; who were so bold as to charge Massachusetts with v«iu" '"*' •treachery and rebellion, and to threaten her before the ;'ear's end, with the dreadful retributions of our sovereign's severity. ■But through the divine assistance and his Majesty's power, she 'yet possesses authority, by royal charter, to assert her rights of 'government ; and we lear not to compare her acts of justice and •clemency, with the words of those, who can make words only ' their boast.' The Justices retiring, Roger Plaisted, a iuror from Kittery , *'""»f »' ~' o 'J J ' resuming enquired of the Commissioners, as he said, at the request of hisii'«K<'>T'"'>« townsmen, in what way they resumed the government ; and how Main., tlie people's submission was required } — The answer was a rep- etition of private statements, that all the civil power claimed and exercised was by virtue of the charter ; and that the inhabitants would be secured in the enjoyment of the same privileges with tlie freemen of other counties. The memorial of Soil-orough, requesting an enlargement of immunities was discussed, and re- ferred to the Legislature. In completing the organization and arrangement of affairs in officer*. Idle county, as connected with the administration of justice; they gave to the constables present and the jurymen their oaths, and approved and proclaimed five Associates elected, viz. Bryan I Pendleton of Saco ; Francis Raynes of York ; Francis JVeale * See Nicliol'* letter, ante. 438 A. D. 1668 Militia or- gillllXIl!. Ju!>- 8. 9. «|>eciRlcnm' bii«>iuiiers. Rpport of MusHdcliu. CftU coiu- 4ni!uion«ri. THE HISTORY ' [VoL. |. of Falmouth , Eztkiel Knight of Wells, and Rogtr PUiuttd of Kittery. Few or no parties to lau-suits were ready for trial • and therefore this branch of their official trust was soon dis> patched.* Tlie military of Yorkshire were formed into six train-bands or companies duly officered, and united into a regiment. The officers were these : — In Saco, Bryan Pendleton, who was major of tlie regiment by brevet, and couimanded the soldiery at Black- point : — In Kittery. Charles Frost, Capfuin, Roger Plaisted, Lieutenant, and John Gattery, Ensign : — In York, Job Alcock, Lieutenant, and Arthur Bragdon, Ensign — In IVells, John Lit- tlefield. Lieutenant, and Francis Littlefield jr.. Ensign : — In Scar- borough, Andrew Algier, Lieutenant : — In Falmouth, George In- gersol. Lieutenant. Town connnissioners, as heretofore were also appointed. To confirm and strengthen the authority of the County Court appointed next to be holden at York, on the 15th of the ensuing September ; the Commissioners designated Messrs VValdron, Pike and Pendleton, to set with the Associates, for the trial of causes and the dispatch of business. A written communication was presented to the Commissioners, July 9, just before they left the Province, and concluded the al- tercation between them and the justices. Ah that remains to be mentioned of the Connnissioners' transactions is their report to the Legislature, made Oct. iJd. which was followed by a vote of public thanks for their services, and by an ample remunera- tion, f This overture and change enkindled resentments, among the defeated party, which they were ill disposed to suppress. In their con)plaints and invectives, they were extravagant ; — some continued obstinate, and a few left the Province. John Joscelyn, after his second visit to this country in 1663, * Francu Nculo, Anlliony Uraclu't, Arthur Aiijycr, !\Ir. FlxwcU anil Robert Corbiii, unc town cominis^ioiicrs lor Fiiliiioutli an 1 Scaiborougli. — (t. Iiiprcisoll iiml (jtorifO IVIt, were jiiryim n lioiri FaUriDiilli. tSi'o tliu ComiiiisFidtR'iV r.-porl \n JliManl'i X. A', p. 59G-CO0.-I lltitih. Hill. [). 2 10-5— ,S(///if(jii, p. J7«-aU2 — :{ Jli«»». Jiec. p. 293-7.- Nicbulns Slia|ilcig;li tvuk major, in IC05 — N. i'liillipt in ItitiO— vvlio, at Hun- dulpb iii}«, uiily nniitrd an oppurtunitj to cxpreM lii^duty to liii MajcitJ' — Hutch, Cvtl. )> 600. Cut' x^J-l \iP MAIXE. 439 >*te«. pissed a large portion of his time in Scarborough, at the houM AD. i£Ct. of his brother Henry. In the " account of his two voyaires to v„j"^'*" * Xot-England,^^ he wrote under the influence of strong prejudices j)ffards Massachusetts, and has civen a very incorrect relation of -lie preceding transactions. He states, that the king's Commis- cioners were sent over to put Mr. Gorges into possession of his Province, and to keep Massachusetts witliin due bounds. But as soon as they returned to England, Joscolyn says she ♦' entered ''the Province in a hostile manner with a troop of iiorse and itlbot, and turned the judge and his assistants from the bench, im- " prisoned the major or commander of the niilitia,"* 'and highly • threatened the Judge and all such as were faithful tc the pro- iprietary's interest.'f The Judge mentioned by him was evi- dently Henry Joscelyn, his brother. This man, who was one of "'■nry Jot- Sir Ferdinando's provincial councillors, had been placed by theniovai. kind's commission as before stated at the head of the bench both in Maine and Sagaduhock. But after this, he left the Prov- ince, probably in disgust, and settled at Pemaquid ; where, for several yeais, he assumed and continued to act, in his ofTicinl capa- city, f At the General Court of elections in May ICGO, at Boston '^.•"' '^69. ihrec deputies appeared from Maine and took their seats ; viz. Tiircniepo- Charles Frost from Kittery ; Peter Wycr from York ; and Rich- >Ja,J,"'."' ard Colicott from Falmouth and Scarborough. A presiding mag- istrate was delegated this spring to Yorkshire as usual ; and for ilie acconnnodation of suitors, a legislative order was passed, in October, appointing the County Court to be holden alternately at Vork and Wells.§ Tlio resubjection of the Province to Massachusetts appeared f^j*!** "f ii'« this year, to be generally settled. Nichols had returned to Eng- land, ntid we hear no more of him or his colleagues in the Com- mission, anmng her accusers. Gorges was too necessitous, too irresolnlo, or too much discouraged by repented defeats, to muku any i^reat exertions for the recovery of his inheritanre. Yet it «as always convenient for him to fill the king's ear v.ith com- * N. Philli|.». t .'oxcclyn'n vojngc*", p. 199. ; SmnlCi (lepniition laUrn Nov 1 1, 1787. Small then l)cin(f 73 yiar« old — r-m Rfp. p. 90. ^SMaw. Kcr. 821. 440 A. U. I6C9. Wan be- iwMii the Mohawks ami N. E. 'I'ribcs. A. D. 1G70 Afl'iit'f in Mitiiie ««!• llvd. THE IIISTOBr [Vol. I. plaints ; and be could find in England foes enough to Massachu- setts, who were ever ready lo encourage him in tlie pursuit of a right so manifestly just. The Eastern planters, being Eeiierally of republican and puritan sentiments, were contented. Numbers upon the scabo&rd were occupying lands under Indian deeds and possessory thlcs. The passion for fee-j 'Sullivan. Vol. I. 43 till- jiali'iit ca>twar(l. 442 THE HiaroRf f n {Vot. i. A. D. (W2. qnesi, were empowered to try all causes -f £10: — ^The next :3«v.. year they were annexed to the County of Uover.* ..^ wj .; Mountjoy completed the survey and made his report to the legislamri, A. I>. 1672. In his search he found, as he believed the northern most source of the Merrimack to be about two leagues farther north, than had been determined by preceding sur- veyors.f To this, add three miles, according to the stipulation in the patent, and the parallel of latitude found, would be 43' 49 12. A line from this point, stretched due east would cross the Sa^adahock, near where Bath now is, and terminate at White Head Island in the bay of Penobscot. By this survey, if accept- ed and established, there would be brought within the charter an extensive seaboard, also Arrowsick, Parker's and Georges' Is|. ands,| Monhegan, Metinicns and all the other Islands upon the coast, likewise the principal settlement at Pemaquid. Yet should the Duke be in this manner bereft of all his more commodious water-privileges and a great part of his provincials ; he might in a fit of i!l-hunior resist this encroachment, though he being of tiie ' cabinet had pussively consented, that the French by the treaty of •i Breda should have nil his patent eastward of Penobscot ; and ' though in fact ho held the particular territory lying between Sag- adahock and Pemaquid, — below the line extending from the head of the latter to the former, only by a possessory right, not by char- ter right. § It was hnppy too, for Massachusetts, that the claim rais- ed by this new survey, while it was of so doubtful a character, did not embrace Diirtmoutli, the seat of the Duke's goverment. Bu; if this and some other incidents were merely plausible in appcar- Dmcii war. ances, one event of tho war, lately declared by England againsi Holland, encouraged Massachusetts in the prosecution of her claim. This was the recapture of the fort at New-York, July 30, A. D. IG73. 1673, by a Dutch armament under Hinkes, Evertzen and Clove, from the West Indies. || For as soon as the capitulation of that colonial novernmer.t was concluded. Governor Lovelace returned * 7 Coll. Mass. Flisl. Soc. p. 2l;J.— :i Mass. Kcc. p. 3li0 — 10?. t Antf, A. I). IGS'J— Lat. 43", 43', 12". \ Sullivdn. \) 2!)1— '272-:iPO " Tlio scncoasl hcing^ well inliabiteJ »dJ '« the fishliiy; in n tlonrisliinif state."— I flukh. lUtt, p. 292. J See ante, A. 1). ItiOl. j) Hubbard'* N. E. p. Ull-Smith'i N. Y.— p. 29. Ctkt. XVI.] to England ;* IT at Sagadah of their fortur Encouragec Court gave thi during their si of the patent, purpose, the 1 Clark, Humpl diner, t who w^ en, or some < river, hold a cc "according to " the ways of ( Invested witl 10 the trust, the irliich was alte cording to their of the Massaciii river inclusive, in remembrance Plymouth was t of allegiance to appintments a according to th( They appoint Oliver of Mon[ m Humphrey o of the coauty, constables, wen ert Ganmion o Capt. Edward Monhegan, wen empowered to knowledgment M Hutch. Hist t L'lark had l>ci uars after ward-* < uiirt from Falino ''"icr wa« n worth CiaT* X^I'] ^ OF MAINR. 443 » England ;* leaving only a mere shadow of the Duke's autbori^- a. O. ib-TS. tf at Sagadahock, and abandoning the planters to tlic destinies of their fortune an'' luie. Encouraged by these cvenif'd circumstances, the General '^immiv Court gave their sanction to Mountjoy's survey ; and proceeded, rouModT ' during their session in October, to erect tlje easternmost section l^.iy.'"'* of the patent, beyond Sagadahock into a new county. For tliis purpose, the legislature appointed four commissioners, Thomas «. 'W Clark, Humphrey Davy, Richard Callicot, and Thomas Gar- diaerjf who were directed to meet at Pemaquid, Cape Newag- jn, or some other convenient place eastward of Sagadahock nver, hold a court and organize a county, — in legislative language, "according to the wholesome laws of this jurisdiction, that so "the ways of Godliness may be encouraged, and vice arrested." Invested with powers, direct and discretionary, fully adequate to the trust, they opened their court, in May, 1C74, at Pemaquid, May, 1674. irhich was attended by a considerable number of people. Ac- cording to their express desire, the court first erected this section ••. * of the Massachusetts jurisdiction, from Sagadahock to Georges' river inclusive, into a county by the name of " DewonsAtVe," — ucvonshiro in remembrance of one in England, having that name, of which ''"''^''*'"'' Plymouth was the chief town. Next, they administered the oath , r of allegiance to 84 inhabitants present ; and proceeded to make appointments among them, though none were legally freemen, according to the colony laws. They appointed Thomas Gardiner, county treasurer, Richard officer*. Oliver of Monhegan, clerk of the court and recorder, and Thom- as Humphrey of Sagadahock, marshal, who as executive ofHcer of the coauty, was directed to take charge of the prison. The , ^ constables, were Thomas Humphrey of Sagadahock, and Rob- ert Gannnon of Cape Nevva^en. Mr. Gardiner, Mr. Gammon, Capt. Edward Patteshall of Sagadahock, Mr. John Palmer of Monhegan, were appointed plantation or local commissioners, and empowered to niarry parlies legally published, to take the ac- knowledgment of deeds, to hold " a commissioners' court," for * 1 ilutch. HUt. p. 292. \Clurk liad hccii the afrf^iit, and was tlicn an assistant. i}(iiiy was six u'ars afterwards an assistaia. Callicol had bcrn a dci)iity to tho Gineral ( oiirt from Falmouth and Scarborough, in 1669, and for Saco in 1672. Gar- (I'lT wn» 1 wortliy landholder, and livwl at IVmnquid. Miliim. 444 THEHISTORf {V«« l A. D. Wi. trying wich.)ut a jury, small causes of iSlO, and to fine bt crin). inal misdinaeanors 10s, or award ten stripes, according to law or any special order of the General Court. There were also, in the plantations last mentioned, four intelligent men appointed clerks of the vrits, and eight grand juryman* de*!s,nated ;— to whom, aru? to all the civil officers, were adrjinit'roitd the riali- fying oati's. u.i ., In organ zing the militia^ the court foimeii five trjiinbat i-^, "i at Sagadaliock, Pemaquid, D^ unarisc ■ ■>.% ( r^d Iv ./a^i;,, .4 Monhegan : but appointed over them no ■ fficers of higher mie than sergeants nnd corponls ; exc;^pt two companies, the one at Sagadahock. vl.ich seems to have been pi i under the conin -nd of Capt. I'attpshall ; and the orv at Pemaquid, wiiich r>as placed under Capt. Garcaner, who was likewise " to bavf the tommand "and regulation of all the military lorces and alKt.. s throughout "the county." A repont of these regulations and appointments, the legisla- .'ve commissioners certified "at Pemaquid, May 27, 1674," V'hich h ;ing presented to the Genoral Court the same month, was confirmed ; they receiving a return of thanks, and suitable remuneration for their services. Thr Legislnlure then ordered a County Court to be holden annually, on the 3d Tuesday of July, at some place in the county, probabl) at Pemaquid ; appointed Humphrey Davy, Thomas Lake, Richard Callicot, Thomas Gardiner, and George Mounijoy, special commissioners, to hold I, the ensuing term ; and directed the constables to call together, " at convenient times," the inhabitants of their respective towns and plantations, and ' read to tliem the colony laws. 'J TuM. ^^ ^''® •'"'y t^rm, the County Court, holden by the special commissioners, levied and apportioned a tax of £20, to defray " court charges," and to pay for " law books, constables' staves," and other public expenses. It was apportioned thus — to Sag- adahock £4, 10s; to Monhegan £5, 10s; to Cape Newagen ■iunerg' )Rfi- port. July. Term of ihe <:. Courli. * The jurors were Robert Edmunds and Amhroic Hantnell of Sapada- bock; John JViford, EHat Trick, and John Prior, of Damariicovc; Oterge Bick/or'd and Reynold KelUy of Monhegan ; and John Colt o\ Pemaquid. t 4 Masi. Rec. p. 3-12-13. I 4 Mcut. Rec. p. 16. — This broiij;ht Henry Joscclyn (like Wheelwright. at another time and place) within the juritdiction of Maiiachusetts. Chaf. m.] ^OP MAINE. 1^ lOt ; to Damuriscove and Hippocrass* £5 ; and to Pem- Hjuidf £2. The local commissioners, and grand jurors of eich place were required to assess the same, " on the persons ifld estates of the inhabitants ;" and the constables directed to collect the money, and pay it over to the county treasurer. Fi- nally, the court licensed some suitable persons in each of the five places just mentioned " to keep a house of public entertainment," be provided with necessary lodgings, and retail " wine, beer and liquors, for the year ensuing according to law."J To mention one probate case as a specimen of legal proceed- ing; — administration was granted by the Court, to George Bar- aetof Monhegan, upon the estate of John Waller, a seaman, resi- dent alternately at that place and Damariscove, who had been dead five years. The administrator gave bond in the penal sum of £50, with Richard Oliver as surety, obliging him to present an inventory at the next term, and to oisposti of the property to jfliom "by law and the clearest testimony," it belonged. But these transactions, which exhibit somewhat minutely the ioteresting policy and prudentials of early times, were scarcely closed, when news arrived of a treaty of peace between England j and Holland, signed Feb. 9th. By its sixth article, it appeared liiat the province of New- York was fully restored to the English. To avoid henceforward the effects of a constructive cession to ibecrown, which some might call the present surrender, the Duke of York took from the king a new patent, dated June 22d, 1674, comprising all the territories embraced in that of IC64.§ Imme- diately, James, the Duke, commissioned Sir Edmund Andros, Governor of both provinces. New- York and Sagadahock, who [assumed the reins of 70vernment in October. || At this period, the country upon the seaboard between Piscat- laqua and Penobscot, was in a flourishing state.lT M. Denys in Ibis history published ten years before, says, ' the French have a 'fort on the east side of the Penobscot bay ; and on the other 445 A. D. ICT4. Pf are with llic Duicb. Duke's new patent. Andros, governor. M. Denvi', and J. Jot- celyn'» re- marks. • Orif iritlly, " Hypocrite.'''' t Now Briilol. \ 4 Mass. Kec. p. 15-16. { Trumbull's Conn. p. 326. i; Smith's N. Y. p 32,— Chalmers, p. 531.— 39 Vn. Hist. p. .'549. ^ i »i'tch. Hist. p. 292. m 446 THE HwrdS^ C^ (Vol, i. A. D. 1074. « hand the English are settled in great numbers, and have* " a " large country cleared and under improvement."* - Joscelyn, remarking ujwn the eastern plantations, in his Voy- ngeSf published this yf ar, observes, that " Black-point contains " about 50 dwfllinghouses, and a magazine." *' The people " have a great number of neat cattle and horses, 7 or 800 " sheep, a corn-mill, much arable land, and large marshes both "salt and fresh." Falmouth, a town on Casco bay, he says, " is stored with cattle and sheep, has a corn mill or two, and " stages for fishermen." ' Sagadahock further eastward,' he adds. • is stored with cattle and corn-lands, and has many scattered • houses and stages along shore, or cabins for those employed • in the fisheries' : — And the coimtry " from Sagadahock to Nova " Scotia is called the Duke of York^s Province. Here Pema- " quid, Metinicus, Monliegan, Cape Newagen, where Capt. " Smith fished for whales, and Muscongiis, are all filled with " dwellinghouses and stages for fishermen, and have plenty of " cattle, arable lands and marshes. "f Courts. Massachusetts, highly gratified with these appearatices, con- tinued a regular and tranquil administration of justice in York- shire and Devonshire, holding from year to year. County Courts, in one by an Assistant and the Associates, and in the other, morp remote, by five resident commissioners. J Still the claimants oi the country, especially the Duke and Gorges, and no less the Dordering French, filled her with extreme and perpetual anxiety. In the first place, therefore, to put the clamors and complaints of! Gorges to silence, she instructed her agent in England, to offer him i ")00, for an acquittance of his Province. But the late pe;u-P had probably enhanced its value, for the agent statf;d to the General Court that " Gorges and others were in the clouds, | '• and expected as much by the year, in interest." A.D. 1675. Added to these perplexities, were the calamhies of an Indian! King Phil- war, vrhich broke out in 1675, between King Philip of Narra- l|) S WftT. * Mass. Ticttcr Book, p. 104.— 2 Vols, of Denjs'.— 6 Charlevoix, N. F.| p. 407-9. \Jo!ic(lijn'.i I'uijagcs, \i. 200-5. — His account ends in 1073. \ 4 tMnm. lin. p. 2:1-20, — UccauHe Devonsliire was remote, tbc busiiiKii Rmall ami tho travelling precarious, the General Court onlercd that 'Mlel County Court lio hoUloii by sucli men of worth as tnij^ht be romminifinf 'I thniipli nr ithcr he nn As^isl.mt." 'Before 1C08, tl Chalmers, p. 50 and 16,000 able to Trumbull, p. 340 toslow, for there w [daliock, in 1676, 16 ! There were as It :irecn that river pirncd" b)- the pco U'lfinit, 1675.— Joh kTeliinghouses," ai "s'labitaots m Fal :«i Chat. XV I. J ^or Maine. 44% ,}Osct and Uie United Colouies. Tltis caused an enquiry into a. d. tsrSt me sireneili of tJie country, and the efficient means of defence. „ Xiie official report was favorable ; lor by returns of the militia «ii 10 ! °^ which eacli taxable poll paid 12d.— The tax with the overlayings in Massachusetts was apportioned thus : Suffolk, 16 towns, paid £ 613, 6«. lid, Essex, 17 « " 474, 10, 11 Middlesex, 16 465, 8, 6 Total, £l, 663, 6, 4 Nine country rates would amount to - . £l3, 979, 17, In Maine £17, 10, multiplied b> 9=a£l&7, 10s. total. ^ Hutch. Coll. p. 461—472. Catt' XVI.] iof MAINE. 44d 9^ Edward Randolph, a kinsman of Mason, and a man of ad- a.O. ir»6. dfess, activity and information — note*, ^r his unvarniahed preju- (iices atul severe animadversion", on all orrasions, where his friends and foes were at variance. Another part of the errand ftliidi he received from tlie L#ords of trade, was, to make enqui- nts into the condition of the country, and report to thera a iiateincnt of facts. ' Alter his arrival, June 10, lie passed six weeks in visits and R«nrtoiph'« enquiries at Boston, and in this eastern region; and returning to port. En^liind, delayed not to make a detailed report to his employers, especially to the board of trade. In this he observes, ' if we ex- cept .Massachusetts, I " found the colonics including Maine very • desirous of submitting to a general Governor." 'Several of •the principal inhabitants, particularly in the latter Province, came 'tome with bitter complaints, and entreated me to represent •their condition to his Majesty; — ardently expecting relief as •promised by the Commissioners, in 16G5. Some said they had 'ireatly suffered and others had been quite ruined, by the In- ■dians, only be:ausf they had in those days ex|)ressed their duty •to his Majesty. The inhabitants of New-Hampshire, Maine 'and the Duke's Province, were holding,' he said, ' a friendly cor- 'rospondence with their French neighbors; while the govern- •ment of Massachusetts was entertaining a perfect hatred towards 'them."* In a memorial to his Majesty, sent by their agents, William Memorial Stoughtoii, Lieutenant Governor, and Peter Bulkley, speaker ofcimsfusto the House, who embarked for England, Oct. oO, the General'" "'^' Court represented — that the colony had been involved more than lyear in all the privations and calamities of an Indian war ; that though the heathen were beaten in the vicinity, and their great leader slai.i, they had sprung up in the eastern country, more ma- lisnant and desperate in consequence of defeat ; and that the coi- oiiv government was unhappily required, at one and the same time, to niciinlain a title to the Provinces, to defend the inhabitants, who were const.antly praying for succour, and to dispute, with a bloody and barbarous enemy, the possession of these dismal de- sirts. ' We may be highly charged, said the General Court, but ' we appeal to the great Searcher of hearts, that no wrong to Vol.. I. ^ TTiitrh. Coll. p. 508. 44 Her initruc* lions (o her agents. 460 THE HISTOWr * [Vou i. A- D. 1676. < proprietors is intended, — no pro6t to ourselvc 5 in ;«ought. Quite •other motives actuate us : — these are a £ ^ 'd ; gsrd to our • charter rights, and a strong sense of justice, duty and conspas. ' sion towards the inhabitants, so distracted with dissensions — ail ' which have moved us to receive them to the bosom of favor.'* By the instructions given to tlie agents, tlie wliole chain of evenis was to be passed in review before his Majesty ; the aban- donment of the Provinces, in 1034, by Ncal, agent to Gorges and Mnson ; the melancholy condition of the inhabitants in sub- sequent years ; their ciieerful submission under the Massachusetts' charter, in 1652; and their prosperity and quiet, in 1CG5, when the king's commissioners effected changes in the governmeM which scarcely outlived their departure ; — and to conclude, said the General Court, * though the country may never be of any great ' value or advantage to us ; yet' " if a stun of money will deter " the claimants from further persecution, and they will resign " and release all their interest in these eastern parts, and brin» " the matter to a final close, you may do as discretion shall dic- " tate," \ A decisio ^ hearing soon after the arrival of the agents was granted by iiie king to them and their antagonists, before a committee of the privv lu council. ... . council, consisting of the Lords Chief Justices of the King's bench and Common Pleas, and the Lords of trade and planta- tions. — Having examined all the charters, and other evidences adduced, they decided, " that they could give no opinion, as to " the right of soil in the provinces of New-Hampshire and jNlaine, *• not having the proper parties before them ; it appearing that " not the Massachusetts colony, but probably the ter-tenants, had " the right of soil and whole benefit thereof, — yet they were not " summoned to defend their titles :"f — and tliis equivocal de- cision or report was confirmed by the crown. Though all the claims of Massachusetts to INIaine, were ap- parently extinguished by this decision, it did not determine who was the rightful owner of the Province, but left the future dis- cussion of that question " to the heirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, " both as to soil and government."J It however evidently gave * 4 Mass. Hcc. + 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 286.— I Belknap's N. H. p. 137. I Hubbard's N. E. p. 613. "tine;" — ' exce CiAP. XTI.] •or MAINE. 461 tbc ter-tenants or possessors, a much broader and stronger hold a. O. ten. of the fee, tlian his grandson, the present claimant, could have anticipated or apprehended. To avoid further controversy and trouble, Massachusetts fully Purch«»e of resolved to purchase of Gorges, if possible, all his interest in the »iM«chu- Province. Accordingly she employed John Usher,* a trader of**"*' Boston, then in England, to negotiate the bargain,f without awaiting the result of any farther discussions about the owner- ship ; who, though the king himself was in treaty with Gorges to obtain it, soon effected a purchase and took an assignment of the Province, May 6th, 1G77,J for which he gave the proprietor May6.i6T7i £1,260 sterling. The instrument, which was of great length, described the parties, expressed the consideration, and gave the limits and boundaries, as set forth in the original charter to Sir Ferdinando. It in fact transferred the territories with " all roy- '•alties, jurisdictions, ecclesiastical, civil, admiral and military; — "the privileges, governments and liberties, granted to Sir Ferdi- "nando Gorges by charter, the 3d day of April, in the 15th year "of Charles I." A. D. 1639. Gorges the grantor covenanted, "that the said Usher should stand seized of an absolute, per- '• feet, and independent estate of and in the said County Pala- "tiiie;" — 'excepting all leases, grants and conveyances made 'by the original proprietor or his agents, engaged in planting the 'Province, especially all grants to William Phillips.''^ "Usher was afterwards Lieut. Gov. of New-Hampshire, and one of Dudley's Councillors. — ElUoCs Biog, tl Mutch. Hist. p. 283. \ Douglas says it was "July 20, 1677".—! Doug. Sum. p. 387.— C/in/mcr«, p.397.— Others say it was " March 13, 1677." But by an authentic copy of ttc Indenture in tlie Secretary ''s oflicc in Boston, May 6, 1677, is the dat«. i Major Phillips lived in Saco. — Sullivan, p. 373. Note. — List of Deputies or Representatives to the General Court from Maine, while the Province was under the colony charter, before the above assignment took effect. Kittery John Wiucoln, A. D. 1653, 6 years; or 2 of this nams, Thomas Withers, 1636, 1 year. Humphrey Chadbourn, 1657, 3 years. Charles Frost, 1658, 5 years. Roger Plaisted, 1663, 3 years. Edward Hutchinson, 1670, 2 years. — A non-resident. James^Emery, 1676, 1 year. Richard Waldron, (of Dover N. H.) 1679, speaker, I year. 452 THE IIISTOMF. jfVoL. i, A. D. 16C7. The preceding memoirs are the traces of facts and event* Remark* lyhich fill the first Half century of sellleinent and public affairs in this interesiiiic; country. If our progress has bocn slow, the checks have arisen principally from those |K>liticid chanji;es, \vhi( h always ^amp, and often extinguish emulation and enterprise. Though the facts and incidents recorded, are comparatively few and may be thought to occu|>y pages beyond their merits; tlicv are nevertheless the elements of our history. They give us a portrait of the state in the cradle. They show ns the seeds with which the country was first planted ; the springs opened bv the earliest occupants ; the traits of our youthful character ; and »lie iudiments of our political science. What are the exuberant gii •• of nature under a vertical sun, are essentially witli us the pro., act of culture, labor and art. Our advancements in improve- ment, wealth and happiness, are the revenue of persevering indus- try, and salutary regulations. The past fifty years show us tests of experiment ; — the future will afi^bru us the wisdom of cxpe- rience. York- Kilw.iPil llisliworlli, 1G53, 13 years, end of Wells I year. Pi'tor Wycr, Ifi65, 2 yoars. Sainiu'l Whrclwri^rlit, 1G77, I year, auJ for Wells and York, 1 year. Wells IIiii;;!! (Iimnison, 105 J, 1 year and for York 1 year. riMiu.'ls Littk'ficlil, iOGj, 1 yoar. WilliaiiJ ISiinonds, 1070, 1 year. F.almoiilli Edward Tiisliwortl), 1650, I year. & ScarboroVHcnry Josccjyn, 1000. 1 year. f;i;()rfl:o (loaves, IC63, 2 years. P.icliard (^allicot, lUG >, 1 year. Francis Ncalc, 1070, 1 year. Artliiir Anpicr, 1(571, 2 years. Peter Ih'aekcf, 107.1, 2 years. Saco Kobcrt Kootlie, 'B'SO, 1 year. Kicliard /iitclicoeU, 1600, 1 year. Uidiard Callicot, 1672, 1 year. N. B.— .Tlicrc were nn ropresonlalivei retiinioJ from IVIaine, A. D, icej 7-8; and uonc after A. D. 1679— in this latter year tlicro wore (wo. Chaf. XVII.] .%F MAINE. 463 :rA -r^i: l:'t ^RtJCf'^, lA'T'^.jftV.,*. fSft* , . • • ',i CHAPTER XVII. Jhe Abori^inrx — Ijenni Linape. — Joiunl Ittf thr Mohuick$-'-Thr AlU' gkftitf overrame — Thr 3fofiairk:i atfronted with thr Ficurh — The yiohf linns — Algom/uiiis — Iiuiinn l(niffua<^e and inttrcoursc — Thir- ty tribes in Nrw-Jun^lund — Their namrs — Four dialects in Niic- England — \st, the Mohtiian ; )ld, the. Aliergininn; ',lfl, Abrn- (quii and Etcrhemin ; and -Ith, Miekinak — Union of the four Ssic-llampshirc tribes — Two relibraled rhiijs, Pasaaronaway ar.ll Rowles — Their premonitory observations and adviee. This Eastern country, when originally discovered by Europe- A. n. una, ans, was full of aboriginal inhabitants. The first war they made upon the English settlers, was in 1G75. Having, therefore, in oiir progress arrived to this era j it becomes cx|)edient, before we narrate the particulars of the war, to take a view of the Natives tiicmselves.* * All historic accounts of the Indian tribrs at tliis a^e arc viewed with in- t,r<.'&t. In thu prcKL'iit annals and observation!), the author intends to cun- iT.Lliiinsdf, after a concise introdiictioii, almi)st exclusively (» thr nali\rs iMi.ine. To prevent repetition, lie would mention the followin;^ hooUs and nriters, that have V)een carefully consulted. 1. Het<. If'Ulinm llubhnriV§ History of >{ew-EnsIand and Indian Wars, 2. Jilr. Daniel (iookins ac- cjimt of the Indians, A. D. l'?*4, puhli>■,. "New views of the m^m of the tribes and natives of America." Hy licnjumin .Smilli liarlon, M. D, — havinjf a prcfai-o of 1G9 payes, and a vorahulary of S3 pajfci nnTv.—PliUailelphiii Ed. 1797. (i. Thumnr .litlffyn' Uihfory of t'.o rrciu'i, Dominionc in North r.n.l .South America.— /-V. Mn. Lnrdnr . A. 7). I'SI. 7. " A concise description of Iho Enf;;li«li and French I'osM'ssinns " in North Amorici." By 7. I'alairel, ajfcnt of their lli«h-mipl.line»»cs, I'lfSln'cs General of the Unite.'. Frovincci— tV. London, 17S.>. 8 liarom Thfi Mo liawks. 464 THEmsTow fV^L. i A D. IG15, According to Mr. Hcckewelder's account of the Indian tradi- l-onnpelo- t'0"s,* thc " i^nni Lenape, ''^^-or original people, a« diey call tiiani. themselves, migrated, " many hundred years ago," in a hodv from the wqstern parts of the American continent to tiie Mississippi • where they found the Mcngivc, or Maquas, higher up the rivor who had also come thither from a distant country ; both beinz in quest of better land, than they had left. The former ibund a fertile inviting region eastward nf that river, inhabited by a "goodlvpeo- Alligewi. pie," the AlUgewi, or Allegheny ; who at once disputed the pro. grcss of the I^enape, with unrompromising valor. After groat and bloody, but indecisive battles, the Menjwr joined thc Lenape upon the stipulated terms of dividing all con- quests achieved, equally between them. Thc war continued in rage a great number of years afterwards, till at last, the Alligewi being completely overcome, fled down the river and never re- turned. Thc IVIengwo took thc regions contiguous to the great lakes, cxtendinji: from Eric to Cliamplain, and from thc Kittatinny nnd highlands to Ontario and the river St. Ijawrcncc. Tluy orisin- ally consisted of ^rc, latterly stx tribes, denominated the " 8\i JVations.^^ — They have been called the Iroquois, from the name of the river they inhabited ; and Alohaicks, because they were the oldest branch of the family or confederacy. The next in seigniority and rank, were the Senecas and Onondagos ; the jun- iors were the Cayugus and thc Oncidas. The sixth and young- est tribe was thc Tuscnrorns. The latter emigrated troiii the borders of North Carolina, sid)scquont to the connneiiccnicnt nf English settlements in that (juarter. They were supposed to be a part of the samo original stock, from a striking aflinity of lan- guage and an immemorial brotherhood. MoliMaru. ^^^^ Lenape spread up and down the great rivers Potomar, Delaware, Susquehanna, and Hudso:i. At length, a body passed thc latter river, which they called X\\q ^^ JMnhicnnnitnck i^ from Im Hontan, " New Voyag'cn," S(C. 9. " llinlovy nf Indian Wart in AVv- I'n^land.''^ — (Aiionvmoiis.) M()nf|)tlicr I'd. 1012. By H right «m/ &'((//< y. 10. Other authors who will bo occasionally cited. 11. Appendix (o Clh vol. Kncyclopnliii Amrriiana, \t. 5SI-60O. * Reviewers have pronounced Mr. Ileclceweldcr too cred'ilon* ; hut ilii rcrtain, hit wrilinjf* bear the » .rongeit markt of probability, if {h»'v an Dot entirely authentic. Chap. »vii.] MAINE. 455 jbcDce they acquired the general name of Mahieans, and spread a. n I615, taeniselves in process of lime over all ihe country, now embraced v.- the New-En2;land States. The Lenape have always called ::eiii. their grandchildren ; and the English have written and pro- .junced their name " JMohegaiis.''^* A dltference or affinity in dialect, and a mutual intercourse or :ea(lly eiunity in fact, are the principal criteria by which au- :;.ors have undertaken to classify the Indian nations. For in- •lance — the lan2uai!;e of the Mohawks, accordinsi; to Dr. Ed- sards, is peculiar to that people, ' wholly destitute of labials ;' liiereas the Mohegan toiitrue abounds with tlicni. jt is ai;reed, that the Algou(|uiiisf were once a very large peo- Algonquin*. y, '• including a great number of tribes.' Palairet says, they r'.'iiially "lived 100 leagues above the Trois Revieres," ' till uil'catecl by the Mohawks, and three fourths of them slain ; •iviien the remains took refuj.j near lake Ontario. Their lan- •:iia£e,' he adds, " is highly esteemed in Canada, because all the ■nations for a thousand leagues around, except the Iroquois [or •Moliawks] understand it ])crlectly ;"' and Jellicys uj-sures us, I Miir '' tongue is still preserved north of Lake Hurun." Charlevoix "says the Algoncpiins and Hurons divided almost all •i;ie native langiuige of Canada. Such as are masters of thcse,^ •ran pass over 1,500 leagues of country, and converse with peo- Tjileof an hundred dialects. The Algonquin is most exten- sive. It connnenccs at Acadia and the St. Lawrence^ and liiiakosa circuit of 1,200 leagues. It 's pretcndec' :,u the I'lialia'S of New-England and Virginia spoki diidecis of the •same language."! If we may believe the ceh;brafe(l Mr. Ileckrvvelder, the Mo- ie:aiis, at the lime of the arrival of the Europeiu :. were in pos- H-ioii of the whole coast, ' from Roanoke to the northernmost ifiiris of Nova Scotia; and Ik; appears satisfied, that theirs and liif Algonquin language were the same original ; ».lic only diller- IvKO. arising irom provincial dialects. It is certain, there has llcci), time immcmoriul, a friendly intorcouise between them. ' Ih: Eilvuirdt say*, llio wiird in the sinpulnr is " Miilihciiancew" pln- |r '. " Miililii kfineok."— - h Utmiiin tayi:, tli>.< Etoclicnun (Italcct lUncrcJ itulc from thut of the '.,'()n.|uin.— p. 22.1- -29l». :'. Charlevoix, N. F. p. 27.1-291. '^^■^■>:S f it 'J .■■is Mii!;nwk-', tiic IV. Heinu; worsted, however, by means of firearms furnished ihtir enemies by the French adventurers upon the St. Lawrence, and forced into a treaty, they conceived a hatred and hostilitv towards tlie French, which nothing could cxtinuiuish.J But when they afterwards turned their arms against some branches of the Lenajx; nation, — the Delawares upon tlie river of their name, — and the Mohe2;ans eastward of the Hudson; they seem to have ;;!;ained i;;reat advantages over their enemies. evidently tin-ough tlie instrumentality and help of the Dutch, who persuaded the Lcnapc of Delaware, some time before 1GJ(J, to mediate a peace between the Mohawk? and iMohegans.^ Thea events, attaching the INIohawks to t'.ie Dutch, gave their Eng- lish successors an advantage, which w is eagerly im|)roved, ami re- sulted in most important alliances. The proud Mohawks, after- j wards called the Lci\i\\)c., sqaaw-figlUcrs, from the pro\er>J peace-making character of Indian iemales.|| If the Mohegans were the origimd inhabitants of New-En:- 1 tni.es ill N. land and Nova Scotia, they were found by the first English stt- tiers to be divided into about 30 dislii.ct tribes jIT and the names Inilinn * PiirclmH' Pi!, p. 93:;-0. f '' Charlevoi.\'.s .\. F. I Gooliiii. — 1 CM. i\la!-s. Hist. Sue. p. lol. — Darton's vic>v of Ihr IndiMi | tril)i;s, p 2,"j-0. ij llnb. N. K. p. 31. II Piy IrtMly of Liiitcd iUatus w'.ili llio iSi;: iVatioiiv 179-1, tlicy aprtc; jjivo tliciii .jl.oOO, to be ilisirihuted y.nong Iti'i trilics in clotliiiij;-, aimiii, tioii, (lomcstie animals, ,^c. .icconling- iu llicir numbers in the I'dIu | Stall's: 'nms ill Ibc I.'riittnl Slates, On(!i>IaH 620; (aj-iij^as 10; Oinn' pjR -450 ; Tn'caicras -100 ; !^«'iiocas 1,7G0; SfoclibridgL' or I»rolliciloK;i | 150— lotiil 3,»l0. AVitbin tbc Britisb lines ICO. Total '1,200. 1{ ft'oo/im mniu"! fl principal natiouR i:i IS'r\7-Kn;^laiid,— I. Pcrpiot?.-! N:irrafjanRi't''.--d. I^uvkimiiwitutlt, — A. the IMas8acliii«etls, and ' Pawtiitkifs, I'liC! lallt r ■' !i.ul nmlcr (hem tvvcral kiaallcr Sairaii ; CHAf. X^»«!I ^r MAiffg. 467 of twenttf^ix, and their respective territories or principal places a. t). m», ti abode beincj well known, wc will now, for the sake of conven- , ,. «it refrrenco, mention in alphabetical order. "flx^ of W' 1. The »^oc«a^«» appear to have bee:* a grncric name for,, ill the natives between Penobscot, exclusive, and " Accomenli- nmnw. CU5," — possibly Piscataqua, and were divided into four prinfipal tribes, presently to be mentioned, 2. The ^gawatns,* n small people about Ipswich in Massachusetts. 3. The ^innasagunti- fooks, upon the river Androscoggin. 4. The Canibaf,f n p.ieat tribe on both sides of the Ketinebeck. 5. The Mickmaks, or Souriquois of Nova Scotia. f 6. The Mohegans, a particular tribe by this name, inhabiting tlie present county of Windham in Connecticut, and the territory northwardly, nearly to the State line. They were a very powerful people, numbering 3,000 Karriors, of whom Uncas was the great chief. Their neighbors were the Pequods soutli ; the Wonguns and Podunks west ; the jarragansetts east ; and the Nipmucks north.§ 7. The Massa- fteerta tribe|| was also originally very large; spreading over Suf- lolk, Norfolk, the easterly part of Middlesex and northerly part of Essex counties. But it was remarkably diinncd by the plague or yellow fever of 1G17. Nanepashemet was their most noted Chief, whose residence was at the mouth of Mystic river. 8. Tlie Marechites or Armoxichiquois, lived on the river St. John. 9. 1\\Q Nnshaways ; and 10. the Nipnets or Nipmucks, were in- land tribes, within the county of Worcester, and about the ponds of Oxford township. If The latter were southward of the Nash- anavs, and subjccl to the Mohegans. 1 1 . The JYarragansetts irere probably superior in strencth and numbers to any otlier tribe in N'uv-England, except the Pequods. Their dominions extended from the seashore tliroufrh the whcle width of Rhode- island, nearly to its northern limits. When the settlements were first commenced at Plymouth, this people could muster 6,000 fiehting men, and numbered about 20,000 eouIs.** 12. The Ao- ticks were a new fornied trine, consisting of ' praying' or convert- ji the Pcniiacooks, tlie Asrawams, tliP Natimkccks, riRcatQw.iyii, Acco* mrntasniiil others."—! Coll. Matt. Hitt. Sur. p. 102. • Hub. N. E. p. 32.t " KcnncLcckn"— Ooofrtn.- Prinet, p. 134. ;.I. Dc Laet. J Hub. N. F.. p. .i;i_2.'.5— lOfl. || Irinrr, p. 111. ^ Hubbard's Indian WarR. p. 26f . — I TriimbuH's (.'on. p. I,». "Prince, p. 46- Notfl, \M] 106 — 1 Trunr). Con. p. 70. Vof. I 4r» i' I?'.%jll k?^" ' 458 THE MlKTOf^ I [Vou i. A.D- i6io,ed Indiaiii, collected and settled at Dedham. In 1651 th^v Indian combined under a forn^ of civil goverament, having rulers of EmriMd''* ^^^^^ ^"<^ rulcfs of tens; and in 1660 were embodied into a church. They were several times, the auxiliaries of the Eneiish in the eastern wars.* 13. The JVatisites dwelt south-eastwardiv of Plymouth ; — the people from whom' Hunt kidnapped seven and thus filled the tribe with enmity towards the English.f 14 The Jy/ehanticks'l were on the eastern side of Connecticut river at its mouth, where Lyme now is. Their chief was the famous Ninegret, who engaged the Wampanoags and even the JNlohawks in the conquest of the Long Island Indians. 15. The A'eicich- awannocks inhabited the upper branches of the river Piscata- qua. 16. The Openangos are supposed to have been the in- habitants upon the Passamaquoddij-hay. 17. The Fcquods,^ in numbers and power, were at tLe head of all the tribes in New- England. They claimed dominion of the country between tlie Narragansetts and the Nchanticks. Tlieir central resort and vil- lages were about the coasts of New-London harbor. But ihev were totally destroyed, A. D. IGiS. 18. the Pawkuiwivkutts or Wampanoags\\ were a great people, occupying all the western and southern parts of the Plymouth colony. Mount Hope [Bris- tol] was the Sachem's place of residence. Massasoit was the first Sagamore of whom the EngUsh have any knowledge. He had 3,000 bowmen. His successors were his sons Alexander and the far famed Philip, the greatest warrior of the age. 19. The Pentuckcts^ were the natives of Merrimack river, whose principal villacie was about the f'^lis at Dracut. This tribe, it is said, once contained 3,000 sc uls. 20. The Pennncooks** aljo dwelt upon the banks of the ?.icrriniack, above Amoskca;; U in the vicinity of Concord, New-Hampshire ; containing o,0( souls. 21. The Podunks\\ were the native inhabitants of £a$i | Hartford in Connecticut. 22. The Seconn€ts\\ were situated at Little Conipton, abr.c Pocasset or Tivcrtown. Their ancient I * Iliibbanl'a N. E. p, 652—3. + Prince, p. 99—100. \ 1 Holmes' .\. Ann. p. 2V7.— 9 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 79. \ Hubbard's i\. V.. p .1.1 — InJian Wars. p. 14.— 1 Trumbull's Con. p, 41- 47. — The PtMpioih saiil that S.isgacim, chief of the NamranhoKs. was''!, " one Gml ; no man could kill him." || Prince, p. 106. f '2 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p, 142— Ilclk. N. 11. p. IC. ** I Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. isy. \\ \ Morse's nc- p. 31C t* Prince, p. 12l».-Hub. Ind. Wars, p. 258 0. ' Moll's Coot CB4F. xtii.J mr MAIffE. 459 (iiief. who was a female and called a Squaw Sachem, was & kin- a. d. I8i», ired of Philip, and always in close alliance with his tribe. 23. ° ** The SokokU are supposed to have been the natives, who dwelt J)0ut the river Saco in ^faine. 24. The Tarratines were the ahabitants of Penobscot river. They were one of the three l^ttehemin tribes. 25. The fVatcenocks lived about the Sheeps- cot, Peinaquid and St. George rivers in Maine, between the Kennebeck and Penobscot both exclusive. 20. Lastly, the IVon- pnt had their residence westward of the Pequods, in the present Bvnis of East Haddam and Chatham in Connecticut. The principal dialects of these tribes are said to be four.* Four dia- Tliat spoken by the Pawkunawkutts and the natives westward of in N.'&ig-" ihem, is supposed to be the original J/oAeg-nn language. TheN.Scoii*. clans between th*e Pawkunawkutts and the Piscataqua, or the Ajamenticus river, have been called the " Mergineans," or Sorthern Indians. These could all converse together with tolerable ease. But it was noticed, that they were with difficulty irouglit to pronounce the letters L and R, as they for /obster, }^^^'* ** ;aid /lobsten; whereas those eastward of Piscataqua sounded the R easily, and used labials with freedom. f This seems to be oonfimied by other facts. A copy of Mr. Eliot's Indian Bible, printed A. D. IG64, was obtained by Rev. Daniel Little, mis- sionary to the Indians of Penobscot and St. John, since the rev- olution, which he carried with him ; but he said, ' not one word •of their language could be found in it.' In a vocabulary, how- ever, compiled by Mr. Cutter, keeper of a trading-house upon liie Saco river, Mr. Little discovered a great similarity of language with that spoken farther eastward. J Still, Mr. Barton believes that the language in the Indian Bible, which passed I through a second edition, in 1685, is not radically different from I that of the Eastern Tribes."^ If then, the Sagamore of Agamenticus [or York,] was origin- I illy tributary to the Pentuckets, or Pennacooks, as Mr. Gookin states,|| the divisional separation between the Abergineans and ip w i^t • Moll's Geog. p. 236.— La Hontan, p. 230.— Palairet, p. 60 — Jef- freys, p. 46-7 — Hcckewclder, p. CO, 132. ft Hutch. >.ii«t. p. 404-7— 123-9.— Coll. Mass. His. Soc. p. 93.— Oldmiko ion, p. 151. J Sullivan, p. 265. { Barton, p. 68. liGookin.Superintendant of the Indians, A. D. 1666 — i Coll. o/ *♦-.•;. ! Hut. S»e. p. 177. 11 ii 460 THEHisTOKIf ' [Voi. i. A.O MI5, the Eastern Indians was not far eastward of that place. It i. lo 1674. r •» IS ioJiaiicJia- ce"^^'" ^ latter were a different people from the former, md j«;ci». also from the Miekmaks of JN'ova Scotia; and spake a languaef widely if not radically diverse from that of t' r net«:iibors on either side. Ca]>t. Francis, first captain of V Tarratine tribe upon the Penobscof, an intelligent and communicative Lidian assnres tlie writer^ that all the tribes between tlie Saco and the rjver St. John, both inclusive, are brothers ; that the eldest lived on the Saco ; that e;!Lh tribe is younger as ue pass eastward Jikc the sui.o "S the same fatl^ei-, though the one at Fassamanuod- dy is the youngest of all, proceeding from those upou the river St. John and Penobscot. " Afway," he affirms, " I could uader- " stand all these brothers very well wlien they speak ; but when " the Miekmaks or the Algonquins, or C'anada Indians talk, I can- " not tell all vhai they say." Tribcsof N. Between the four triltes of New-Hampshire, however, there Hampshire, ^jg jj political connexloi ,— probably a corfederacy. In 1029 -30, the Pcntuckeis w t'.' a people more numerous than the PennacooJcs. At Squaniscc t, [Exeter] there dwelt a chief who was at the head of a small Inland tribe, in that vicinity. An- other, or fourth tribe, iiihabited the banks and branches of the , Piscataqua, including an Indian lodgment at Cocheco, or Dover. These were commonly called the JYewichawannocks, or as Gookin I says, the *' Piscataways ;" of whom Rowles, otherwise named Knolles, was many years the Sagamore. AH of them were un- der political subordination to the celebrated Passe cmawai/f chief! of the Pennacooks, whom they acknowledged to possess a par- amount superiority. f The dwelling-place of Rowles was oniliel northerly side of the river, not far from Quampeagan Falls in BerwickrJ ]He was a Sagamore of some celebrity. In 1643, lie conveyed the lands of his vicinity to Humphrey Chad bourn j- and others afterwards, to Spencer ; the former being the earliesij , Indian deed found upou our records. It is certain that all i Indians upon the river to its mouth, were his subjects ;§ though I he was uijder Passaconaway, his superior lord. ■"Others agree with Francis; and fully confirm wliathc say.s. t lliihba.-sl't N. E. p. 32.-2 Co)!. M. Hist. S.x>.. p. 112.— Btilknap'sNl jcmiittai'ce, w( •liuitioi', fishin H. P- 389. } 1 Morse's Geoff, p. 310, eu. ISrj.—Sullivan, p. 143. t Tljcn KiUcrj. \ Ciur. XVII.] J^ OF nXlNE. 461 The depredations frequently committed by the Tarratines upon a. d. i6id, -jje people jf these tribes, induced the Sagamores to encourage .j^.^^ ^j. j^ £iielishsettienients among Uiera, in expectation of tlieir assistance ""•"h-'''^' jraiiist ?he enemy. It was an expedient, adopted from neces- .jiv; and tlie four chicfiains are ii^'portcd, May 17, 1029, to have oined ill a quit-claim to«John Wheelwright :ir«d his associates, of jii I'-.c couniry betwfc?n pi.rataqua and Merrimack, — below ;;-i ,npeaj^an and Amoskeag F alis. The only reservations in this jcoiiittai'ce, were " the old planting lands, and free liberty of ■ liui ting, fishing and fowling."* If, however, the veracity of ;l)is transaction be, for good reasons, doubted, it is certain, liie natives lived many yi^ars, on terms of friendly intercourse uiih the settlers ; and in the first Indian war, the Sagamores of liiose tribes were resolved to be neutrals. But their conduct was evidently controlled by fear, more than by friendship ; and above either, by a presentiment that all quarrels with the English, would be ruinous to the Indians. Passaconaway possessed wit and sagacity, which gave him tlie Passaconat most exalted rank and influence among his countrymen. He Howies! made them believe he could give nature's freshness to the ashes of a burnt leaf, raise a living serpent from the skin of a dead one, and transform himself into a flame. Becoming old, he uade a great feast in 16G0,f to which he invited his tribe, call- ing them his children. He spake to them as a dying man, to dying men. Hearken, said he, to the last words oj your Jather and friend. — The white men are sons of the morning. The Great Spirit is their father. His sun shines bright about them. Xever make war with them. Sure as you light the fires, the breath of heaven will turn the flames upon you, and destroy pu, Listen to my advice. It is the last I shall be allowed to give you : — Remember it and live. Similar presages affected the mind of Rowlos. About 1670, fflien bed-rid of ago and sickness, he coiiiplpiiied of the great neglect with whicli the English treated him- At length he sent 3 message to some of the principal men in Kiticky (now Ber- wick), to visit him. ' Being loaded with years,' as he told them. 11 H ! * I licllcnap. J). i99-9l,whero the ilcerl is entire. Mr. ^httkcr thinlis it :;cn\iinc : But in 1 Coll. S". II. Hist. Soc. it is doubtcJ. f llnhharcVs Indian ffars, p. 07-8, 329 Hist. \. E. p. 60.— Some of the K.njlisli were present. — Uilknap. IT. 1C75, 462 THEHrtTORf [Vol. I. A. D. 1615, ♦ I had expected a visit in my infirmities, especially from il:^^ ' who are now tenants on the lands of ray fathers. Thoup;; tij * these plantations are of right my children's ; I am forced in this ' ag of evils, humbly to request a few hundred acres of land to * be marked out for them and recorded. :\: a public act, in the * town books ; so that when I am gone, ilicy may not be perish- * ing beggars, in the pleasant places of their birth. For I know * a greit war will shortly break out between the white men and * Indians, over the whole country. At first the Indians will kill ' many and prevail ; but after three years, they will be great suf- * ferers and finally be rooted out and utterly destroyed.'* Wonnolancet, the son of Passaconaway, and Blind Will, the successor of Rovvles, regarding the premonitory counsel with sa- cred respect, del* i mined to obey it, and perpetuate amity with the white people. * Supplement to King Philip'' $ War, p. 82. — The facts were attested '• bv Maj. Waldron, Capt. Frost, and Joshua Moody." — lb. \ CsAr. XVIII.] *'OF maTne. .1 463 CHAPTER XVIII. Satices of Maine — Two people , Abenaques and Etcrkrmins—Four tribes of the former, the Sokokis, Annasas^unticooks, Canibas and Wawenocks — Three Etcchemin tribes — The T'/rratiius — Baron Castine — Villages of the Tarratinvs — The Optnnngosor 'Quod- dj/ tribe — Their Village — The 3li Kicciie- known period after the discovery of America, the tribes were probably members of the same political family ; differing little in language, looks, habits or ideas of confederative union. The two people have been by Historians, much confounded. Abenaques. The French writers, Charlevoix,* Abbe Reynal and la Hontan ; also Jeffreys, Douglas and some modern authors, have called all the natives eastward of Piscataqua, except the Mickmaks, by the seneral name of Abenaques. Heckewelderf and Kendallf give us the reasons. One says, they were called " Wapanachki," softened by the French pronunciation to " Abenakis" — men of ike east, and the other, *' Wabenakies" cast land-men. Hutch- inson, to avoid incorrect distinctions, speaks of the whole as Abena- ques or Tarratines ;§ and Belknap and Sullivan, though more discriminating, have not been so successful as to attain to precise particularity. Others, such as de Laet, Palairct, Oldmixon and Herman Moll, have given us the names of different tribes, in »'■!). 1," * Charlevoix, however, mentions Etcchemins ; iind IMalecites furtticr eastward.— 5 vol. p. 273—291. + IlccUcwelder, p. 109. J 1 KendaWt Travels, p. 61. — His etymolog-y is " Wabamo, or Wabcino," li^ht, or the east, and " aski,'''' land or cnrth. \\ Hutch. Iliit. p. 404. — "Tarratecns," " 'I'arrantincs," — Ifutchinton, Mirse, Uelknap ; TirrcnUncs, (Jorges ; but, Tarratines, Hubbard aad Priixct. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 i^iu lii HI lU i2.2 £ 1^ 12.0 1.1 V // Pholographic Sciences CorporatiQn 4^ ^ ^^^ <^ n WMT MAIN Sf MR WltSTIi,N.Y. 14SM ;\ The AbcR» q«M. 484 THE nurroKf * [* (Vot. i. A. D. 1615, nowise atfemp(ing to arrange or classify them^* under any genenl heads whatever. All the older authors, Smith, Purchas, Wlnthrop, Prince and Hubbard agree, that the general name of the natives upon the Penobscot was " Tarratines ;" and that they lived on terms of friendly intercourse with the Abenaques tribes until about A. D. 1615— IC, when the great war broke out between them. Prior to this, the Tarratines had entertained a deep-rooted imme- morial ' enmity towards the Abergineans, especially those in Mas- sachusetts and New-Hampshire, — a fact abundantly attested by re- peated instances of attack and devastation committed upon them. The war itself arose from some treachery, into which the Aber- ginean Sagamores had the address to draw the eastern natives, towards the Tarratines ; and like most civil wars, it was bloody and exterminating. From these circumstances, and from Charlevoix, who says " the Abenaques live in a country from Pentagoet to Ncw-Ene- land,"* a conclusive inference follows, that the Menaques, were the people who originally inhabited the country between Mount Agamenticus and St. Georges river, both inclusive. This is con- firmed by what we know of their general government, or com- mon sovereign. The names of eleven tribes,f or their places of principal resi- dence in this region, are given us by Smith ; whose allies, he says, are the people of " Ancocisco," " Accomynticus," and " Piscataquack," otherwise called Casco, Agamcnticiis and Pis- cataqua ; and whoso " language, fashion and government," hp adds, so far as I could perceive, did not essentially differ ; tiiey holding " the Bashnhn to be the chief and greatest among diem, " though the most of them had sachems of their own. "J The Bashaba and his greatness are frequently mentioned by the early voyagers to this country and by early writers : — a prince who always expected the civilities or customary etiquette of a visit from all strangers who came into his dominions. Gorges, in his History, says, " ho seemed to be of some eminence above * 1 Charlevoix, p. 13S. I TliCBO nniiifH, nrc '• Srpolasfo, nr Saw'i)(!:)liick [Sacn] ; I ujhhunln- •• Duck, Pcco|)3»^mn, Taun^litanaUns^nct, VV.Trbrn:(;anii8, NasMqiic, Mashf' " ros(|ucck, Wawricrowrrk, [ Xorridgcwock], IMoKhoqiien, Wnkcopo an '• Pa«liarannrk. t f'miUi. p. IR, 20. ?l«. 21 • 4 ' ' ••dw rest, in all that pan of the continent t**—^* The Manachu- a. O. Mi«i, "Kos were sometinies his friends and sometimes his enemies.'* His chief abode was not far from Pemaquid. His dominions, fhich were large, Gorges adds, were called by the general naine of Moasham,* or according to Belknap, Mavooihen ;f ** and be "had under him many great Sagamores, some of whom had >a thousand or fifteen hundred bowmen." After his overthrow isd death, he was never succeeded by another of equal rank or tuthority.t '- '*"*■ -' -f"'* '>'" i^' "'■■.■ .t'H.t .I'lv.-i i.-.' . -..w ^o The tribes of the AniiNAquEs^ were four, 1. the Sokokis, or The four ^Kkhigones ; 2. the Annsagunticooks ; 3. the Canibas, or Ken- Abma- ' iJei; and 4. the Wawenocks. **""' 1. Tht Sokokis or Soekhigones were settled upon the river Sokokii. I Saco, according to Smith's description of the people upon the Sa* ffocotuck — * a river east of Accomenticus.' La Hontan supposes Acadia extended southward of this river ; and says, " the Sokokis irere one of the tribes of" that country. Jeffreys seems to men- don their name in this connexion. Apistama, sup))osed to be ihe seaboard from Casco-bay eastward. Gorges says, lays be- tfMn " the Soekhigones' country" and ' the Bashaba's abode or dominions.' The tribe must have inhabited the banks of SacO river, for there is none other of that name upon the Atlantic coast. '"'•'• ■• ' •• ■• --^^ ■"'' '*'• •• ••'■ •'' ' "■ • They were originally a large people, til' the first Indian war ; nd the immediate residence ef their Sagamores was upon Indian bland, just above the Lower Foils. Two of them, Fluellen and Captain Sunday conveyed lands; but when their successor, Squando, died, the glory seemed to depart from the tribe, which ^dually wasted away. • Gorgci, p. 17, 54. t I Belk. Biog. p. 149, 331. — " Maivooslicn."— PwrcAai, p. 939. \ Capt. Francii says, ho has hcarJ of the Bathaba, " he was a great forernor." jOr " Abnakkis;" — Abcn&t\ms—Dougla*t; Abenakis,— C^ar/evotx, £o Hon/on, IIutcMnion ; but, Abcnaqucs, — Abht Reynal, JfJCreyt, Belknap, Mivan and Kendall. Note.— CAar/evoix, [I vol. N. F. 417,] speaks of the Stkokit and a murder committed by them, to prevent a peace with the Iroquois ; and adds [n\. 5, p. 178,] the savages of St. Francois are of the Abeoaques, amonif *hom are some Algonquins, Sofrdtb, and Monhcgans, It is well known thit the tribe on the Saco withdrew enrly to Ht. Francois. Vol. I. 46 A.jXtMAk There wefe Mro brMoehee of the trflbe end two prineipel Iq^.. menu, one wis within the great bend of the river at P^watka or Fryeburgh; and the other 15 or 20 miles bek>w» i^qo the banks of the Great Ostipee. Here, before Philip's war, tbey employed English carpenters and buik a strong fort <^ tiaber fourteen feet, in height, with flankers, intending it as a fbrtificatioi against the Mohawks.* Tiw Anana* 3. The Anos^unttcookSf^ originally a numerous and power. **"""* *" ful tribe, claimed dominion of the waters and territories of the ^,, J , river Androscoggin, from its sources to Merry-meeting bay, and on *^' .^ 'T '^b^ ^^^' ^'^^ ^^ Sagadahock to the sea. At Pejepscot, or Brunv ^'^'Wick Falls, they had their usual encampments, or place of re- sort | This was one of the great passes between the eastern and western tribes, where the savages met in council to plan expeditions against the English.^ The Anasagunticooks were i warlike people. A short distance above tlie Great Falls, thej had a fort, which was destroyed by the English, in 1690. No tribe was less interrupted in theur privileges ol fishing and fowl- ing ; and yet none were more uniformly and bitterly hostile towards the colonists. As soon as the first sound of Philip's war was heard, they fell upon the plantation of Mr. Purchas, the original settler, killed his cattle and carried away most of his ef- fects. Tarumkin, Warumbee and Hagkins, tlieir Sagamores, were brave men ; but the tribe wasted away during the wars, and in 1747, they were unable to muster more than 160 warriors fit to march. II They were the earliest whom the ^ ch drew off to St. Francois in Canada. , ; 3. The Cantboi were the Aborigines of Kennebeck river, where Hubbard says " were great numbers of them, when the * See, la Hontan ; Gorgfes, p. fiS iinbbard*8 Indian Wars, p. 380.— I Douglass* Summ. p. 105. — Jeffrejrs, p. 117. t Or AresaguDtacook% Hutchiiuon ; Arousegunticooks, J)ougltut.-4 Coll. Mast. Hist. Soc. p. V\7; Amerascoggan, Hubbard; Aiimoughcowgen, Smith ; AmarascogoD, J father. In 3 Kendallt p. 143, he says, the etymoD of AmariMcoggany means — " banks of a river abounding in dried mmt," i. e. Tfnison. I Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 28I—S47. {Sullivan, p. 178—181. . .. ... . t '. II 1 Douglati, p. l85.~Warumbee, and S other Sogamores, July ?rlia, die paramount lord, and his pro- cessors of the same titular name, was upon Swan Island, in a delightful situation ; and that of Abbagadussett between a river of his name and the Kennebeck, upon the northern borders of )krry-meeting bay. The territories, which the tribe claimed, extended from the sources of the Kennebeck to this bay, and the blinds on the eastern side of the Sagadahock, probably to the n. ■■' - ;■■ ■ ■■'-; ; ' ^ -^-?'— Jeffreys, Charlevoix, la Hontan and others, call this the Cmibas tribe ; for which, however, the name " Norridgewocks" is substituted by Doct. Mather,| Douglass,^ and the modem En- ^h writers — ^manifestly from the name of their famous village. I This was the residence of the French missionaries, who early taught the tribe the principles of the catholic religion, and forms of worship. Old Norridgewock|| was a most pleasant site, oppo- site the mouth of Sandy river — ^the general and almost sole re- sorting place of the tribe, immediately after their numbers or tanks were thinned ; and a spot consecrated to them by every sacred and endearing recollection.lT In temper and conduct, the tribe during the earlier periods of their intercourse with the English, manifested a spirit of more friendship and forbearance towards them, than either the Anasa- * Hubbard's N. E. p. 31. fSulliran. t Mather's Ma^aal. p. 66 — See Smith, p. 214. { 1 Douglass' Summary, p. 172. IhNorridgre" [falU] and"wock" [Smooth-voter,] i. e. little falls and iatcnraU of smooth water above and below. — Capt. Francit. Essemenosque liredintheTicinilyofToconnet.— JST. C/aim«.-CAar/e«our,(l Tome.f. 430,) nyi those of the Abenaques, " who inhabit the enrirons of Kennebeck* irs called Canibat. TThe first miuionary to the Canibis, wu Gabriel DreuillattM.— 1 CAeWmur, p. 43ft. TlwWa wgnocki. 1MB TI««l81»«Y IVfUl. Jk. 9^V.Cunticoofcst or Siikokis. Nor did the^CaoftM decreuo u n^ idly 89 the oibeni ^— the neighborhood of white lueo so d««iQc. tive of tftvage life, not having till within i recent period, efiected their utter extinction.* there can be no {^reat doubt, but that they origioally held as tenant! ia " common in a stale of nature; and tiioug^h they have formed thcinsclvei "into tribes and clans, yet the members of those tribes still retain a coin- •< men and undivided rig'ht to the lands of their respective tribes. But | <' from tlx respect tiiey have constantly. had for their sachems and cbiefs; " and from long; usage and custom among; them, the sachem or chief, liu *' acquired a rig;lit, founded in tacit cons3nt, a kind of legal authoritj and *> power, to dispose of the lands of his tribe, or subjccli ; and especi.i'!j « with the consent of some of his principal subjects, or his counsclloni."- | , Pamphlet Report, p. 21. + Called " VVaweneck."— /)«c<. Cilemin.S Colt. .W. Hitl. Soe. p. 117- 1 18.— 2 Jlait. Coundl Kic. p. 18.—" Weweenocks."— I Hutch, lliil. p. | 404, who cites Charlevoix — " WewcnockHi" in treaty A. D. 1746.— 9 CA JIf. IliH. Soc. p. 222-3. } Smith's Hist. p. 18-20. } Tb« f reat epidemic, or plague, was in 1617. — I Nat, CalL p. 148. II Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 801. Hi Doug. p. 184. Bi^uoed by ifae Wenc*j, to leave their native oountrj, uid joio ibe a. d. Hii, tetd^ment conuaeoced at St. Fraooois and Becancoart in Can* Tbey were a brave, active, personable people,>^aithful u amity ; lod when uninfluenced, they disinclined to naake war upon the English. They defended their prince and country with much valor, till overcome ; and Capt. Francis says, the name of " Wan- aeocks" or Wawenocks signifies very brave — "fearing noting.** According to Capt. Smith, < they were active, strong, heakbiul and 'very witty. The men had a perfect constitution of body«-— •were of comely proportion, and quite athletic. The/ would » row their canoes faster,' he says, 'with five paddles, than his own ,^j^*,... 'men could their boats with eight oars. They had no beards,— ' lod thought ours counterfeits. Their women, though of lower 'stature, were fleshy and well-favored — all habited in skins like the 'roen.'f The tribe always joined with the Canibas, bemg an ally, ' unchanging in war and peace ; and in this character they appear, tili tlieir last treaty with the English. The other division of the aboriginal people in Maine, were the Etkchx« Et£chemins. They inliabited the country between the rivers "'"*' Penobscot and St. John, both inclusive. ; f ''u,; (i »riq Mention is made of these natives and dieir country, by several writers. Hermon Moll places upon his map of the English Em- pire in America,! the Etechemins^ along the banks and about the lieads of the rivers Penobscot and St. John— eastwardly to the gulf of St. Lawrence, and southwardly to the bay of Fundy ; and so he describes their country in his Geography. The char- ter of Nova Scotia to Sir William Alexander, 1620, mentions th« bay of Fundy as dividing " the Etecheminson the north, from the "Souriquois, or Mickmaks, on the south." John de Laet^ thought the Penobscot to be the celebrated Norumbegua, or Ag- guncia ; and informs us that the Indians who divelt upon the river were < a nation of the Etechcmins ;' and Purchas says, Samuel Cbamplain was present at a great feast, before mentioned, and among the attendants were the Etechemins. The French king, in 1 638, commanded M. d'Aulney to confine his command to the • Ckarlnuix., [8 vol. p. 429-30] says the tovages were inTited to Beoan* court in 1704 ; and have contioued there aince. t Smith, p. 19, 214. \ MolPa Geogf. p. 236. ( Norus Orbis, p. 52, 66. 470 THBHMTOB* (Vw« I. A. D 1614, ootst of the Etechemins/ probably suppqiring it to be limited by tb* bay of Fundy and river St. John. L'Escarbot calli the people of St. Croix, Etechemins ; apprehending they were not limited weit« erly by the Penobscot. And Charlevoix says, * the Abenaqu«s, * or Canibas, have for their nearest neighbors, the Eteehemin^ or ' Marechites, about Pentagoet [or Penobscot] and its environs- * and more at the east are the Mickmaks, or Souriquois, the ' proper inhabitants of Acadia.f Three tribei There are three tribes of the Etechemins, — 1. the Tarra- Eiibeininn. '*"" '"~^- *^® Opcnangot, or 'quoddy Indians ;-yand 3. the MarechiteSf or Armouchiquois. Tarraiinei. ^ • — ^he Tarratinei are particularly mentioned by Smith, Hub- bard. Prince, Gorges and all the modem Historians of this coun- try ; and it is well established, that they were the native inhab- itants of Penobscot,! claiming dominion over the contiguous ter- ritories, from its sources to the sea. Smith, however, has repre- sented the Penobscot mountains (in Camden) as a natural fortress, which separated them from their western borderers, or neighbors. ►xH»?5 1 They were a numerous, powerful and warlike people, more hardy and brave than their western enemies,*^ whom they often plundered and killed ; and according to Hubbard and Prince, kept the Sagamores, between the Piscataqua and the Mystic, in perpetual fear. After the conquests and glory achieved in their battles with the Bashaba and his allies ; they were not, like their enemies, wasted by disease and famine. They retained their valor, animated by success and strengthened by an early use and supply of firearms, with which they were furnished by the French. II Less disturbed than the western tribes in the enjoy- ment of their possessions, and also more discreet ; they were always reluctant to plunge into hostilities against the English.lT The Tarratines ever manifested the greatest satisfaction in their intercourse with the French.** No fortifications upon the * 1 Hutch, Hist. p. 112 — 1 Holmes* A. Ann. p. 149. f 5 Charlevoix, p. 290-1. \ Purchat, p. 989, says, " the Tarratine country is 44® 4C/." ( Gorges, p. 63. II The Tarratines, for instance, cut out a shallop from Dorchester, iritb five men in it, whom they killed. — Brit. JDetnin. p. 94. — Prince, p. 46, lit. Y In the first Indian war, provision was made for their relief.— 4 Jtfan. Rte. p. SO, 66. ** The " French live with them as one nation or family.' — SmUh, p. tO. GlAP* ITWI.] - wr MAINE; * 471 paoiosula of Majorbiguyduce, or buildbgs in the ▼incioity, ex- A.O. iffi#» cited either fear or jealousy in them ; for no rising plantations of tiie French threatened them with a loss of their lands or privi- ly. A barter of their furs for guns, ammunition and trinkets, vaif managed with a freedom and adroitness which won and secor* ed their attachment. Indeed, no foreigners could vie with French- men ; for their religious creeds and rites, to which the natives were superstitiously devoted, their companionable manners, and vola- tile turn, all made the bonds strong and lasting. About thfttime the treaty of Breda was ratified, A. D. 1667, B«rond« Mons. Vincent de St. Castine appeared among the Tarratines lad settled upon the peninsula, since called by his name. Bom at Oleron, a province of France, he acquired an early taste for rural scenes, so fully enjoyed by him in the borders of the Pyre- nean mountains, which encompassed the place of his nativity. Besides the advantages of illustrious connexions and noble ex- traction, being by birth and title a baron ; he was endued with mod abilities and favored with a competent education and a con- siderable knowledge of military arts, for which he had a partiali- ty. All these obtained for him the appointment of Colonel in the king's body-guards, from which office he was transferred to the command of a regiment called the " Carignan Salieres.*' Afterwards, through the influence of M. de Courcelles, Governor- General of New-France, the Baron and his troops were, about 1665, removed to Quebec. At the close of the war, the regiment was disbanded, and himself discharged from the king's service. Taking umbrage probably at the treatment he received, and ac- tuated by motives, never fully divulged, " he, as la Hontan says, "threw himself upon the savages." To French writers, his conduct was a mystery ; and to the colonists a prodigy, h };rij; t His settled abode was upon the peninsula where d'Aulney had resided, and where he found means to construct a commodious house for trade and habitancy. He was a liberal catholic, though devout and punctilious in his religious observances ; having usu- ally in his train, several Jesuit missionaries devoted to the " holy 'cause." He learned to speak with ease the Indian dialect; and supplying himself with firearms, ammunition, blankets, steel traps, baubles and a thousand other things desired by the natives, he made them presents, and opened a valuable trade with them in 471 THsnurrMit .Tir» {^•fci'ii A.D. Kif, these articles, for which be received fur« end peltrjr in retora « lelGTA. his own prices. He taught the raen the use of the goo, and some arts of war ; and being a man of fascinating address and manners, he attained a complete ascendancy orer the whole tribe ; they looking upon him, in the language of one writer, ** at " their tutelar god." To chain their attachments by ties not readily broken, in con- nexion with personal gratification, he^'took four or five Tarratine wives, — one of them the daughter of Madockawando,* Saga- »V»- • •' n^ore of iiie tribe. He lived with them all by changes, at the same time, and had " several daughters and one son, Castine the '* "younger," who was a man of distinction and of excellent character, s^rw r-vtrfpae; w* .'Vifsim* m f^mfon n ^i.im»^-. £arly habits and great success in trade rendered the father contented with his allotments ; he lived in the country about thirty years ; and, as Abbe Reynal says, " conformed himself in all respects to the manners and customs of the natives." To his daughters, whom " he married very handsomely to French- " men," he gave liberal portions ; having amassed ft propertj "worth three hundred thousand crowns."f o/it lin 'm-. ii? The Governors of New-England and of Canada, apprized of his influence, wealth and military knowledge, were, for obvious reasons, the courtiers of his friendship and favor. The Tarratines have probably, at different periods, shifted the situation of their principal village. At the mouth of the Ken- duskeag, they had a common resting place, when the white peo- ple first settled in the vicinity — a place to which they were, from habit, strongly attached. Here the mouldering relics of human bodies, also flint spears, stone implements of labor, and Indian paint dust have been accidentally disinterred, after a burial for an unknown period of time. • .> A league above the mouth of Kenduskeag stre&ni, and near the westerly bank r f the Penobscot, are the undoubted appear- ances of an old village, perhaps the ancient " Negas :" The The Tarra^ line villa- Eogtiabca dfaira>aod The site is nter, forn When it wa kal or tradi XNne report oore reason of New-En, tainly inhabi the tillage of die utensils < of hardware, tftisans. TJ of tlie oldest luring been, In later yi aliQgillkl»r th( the soutbedy abore the mo I containing abi ' tlie close of t tween 40 and I fire rods in w j quite compact fashion with t caiuns, which usually buih a ints of a fath I others for thei Through a I church or ch *Seopo8t, A. Coll. Mass. Hist t See poet, 2 llnSeptembei •ifwams; a^ii e," to convince the savages "that God doth not like inconitaDt Hitanding*; the c Periiapt Old.Un "10, ««thelelan Vol. I. * Madockawando died in October, 1698. — Jilar. J^ag. p. 635. f See authorities for article CaHine, or " Casteen," Abbe Reynal -i Tome, p. 326. — La HorUan, p. 223. — He says Castine " never changed hit « folks.''— 9 Coll. Jifast. Hut. Soc. p. 31S._Ht<< LcM."— PenAcU/cwV Indian Wart, A. D« |mo,» the Island of Lett.*' Vol. I. m f^ 474 TUB imrrOii^ - ? ftif f!1f tVtei TsfraiiM viUag*. r. A. D. MM, height, with • porch, a cupola,'' md • b«ll. ft b eorerad widi claphoiVda and glased. Fronting the door withul^ tr« the desk and altar, two large candlesticks, and some other articles of ser- vice, after the catholic forms ; upon the wall behind, are the im< ages of our Blessed Saviour and some of the primitive saints ; ni on the right and left of the desk, are seats for the elders ; otiwr. wise, the worshipers male and female, who uniformly convene on the sabbath, and frequently for prayers on other days when a priest is with thero, both sit ahd kneel upon the floor, which is always covered with evergreens. But the present edifice, which has been built since the revolution, is said to be far from com. paring with their former one, either in size or appearance. Northerly of the chapel, 20 rods, is their burying place, in which stands a cross, 15 or 18 feet in height. In its standard post, six feet from the ground, is carved an aperture, 5 inches by 3 in compass and 4 deep,^securely covered with glass, enclos. ing an emblematical form of the Virgin JMary with the infant Im- manuel in her arms. At the head of each grave is placed a cru> Cifix of wood, which is about two or three feet high, and Tety slender ; — a memorial borrowed from the catholics. The Tarratines were neutrals in the war of the revolution ; —in return, Massachusetts protected them, and prohibited all trespasses upon their lands, six miles in width on each side of the Penobscot, from the head of the tide upwards.* She has since at difierent times, made large purchases of their lands— until they are left the owners only of four townships — a few acres on the east side of the Penobscot opposite to the mouth of the Ken- duskeag, and the Islands between Old-town and Passadumkeag, 28 in number, containing 2,670 acres.f ,'>^^->"i .«M*i» >• ,^ Opmtnxot 2. — ^Another large tribe of the Etechemins were settled about Sbe. " ^ the waters of the Passamaquoddy-bay and the river Schoodic. - They have, perhaps, been called the " Openangos,^ — ^though without much authority ; — ^more commonly the ^^uoddy ttiht. According to the remarks of Champlain, I'Escarbot, and Char]^ •6Ma88.Rec. p.32.„.„. „^.„,,^. t Abont 40 acres, in 1820, were under cultiyation; and the Indians, that ■eawD, raised 410 bushels of corn, and 60 bushels of beans, besides pota* I Possibly " Onagounges."- 8 Jlfa««. Ru. p. 71. ''"k * Champlain, p. 42 roix'iN. F. p. 115. t Their present ch fenlle disposition— ct I Tarratine. Both p: in? to the dialect of t { Capt. Francis sup ' *fy cunning. 1 la Hontan, p. tiS Cbat* xtiii.] ormAum 476 loiz, tbtjr wera aneieotljr BuimrQut ;* but Mither of thtm hu A. O- Mia^ pveo us Um i^^me of the tribo ; nor are tbejr ip much m men- goDod by d'Laet, Jefteys, Palairet* or Hubbard. If we may be- liere Capt. Francis, this is a younger tribe than either of those It Penobscot or St. John. He says it was iold hira by hit yiers, that an Indian of the latter married a Tarratine wife, and settled at Passaraaquoddy and became a tribe. It is certain,^this oae has immemorially lived. on terms of the most friendly inter- course with both the others ; and was never known to take an active part in any transactions separate from them. Indeed, its ebieis are not distinctly mentioned in any treaty, till that of 1760 ;t oor is the name of a single Sagamore previously living, handed domi to us iX — ^so much has the tribe mixed with those tribes, and followed their fortune and fate. It cannot be reasonably supposed, that this tribe, once so num- erous and still existing, never had a generic and well known name ; especially, since it was otherwise with those not larger, in every part of New-England. But no ancient name is mentioned either by Prince, Hutchinson, Belknap, Sullivan, or any other English or American writer* The only author who has given us any clue to it, is Baron la Hontan. Between the years 1683 and 1696,' while he was Lord-Lieutenant of the French colony at Placentia, ia Newfoundland, he wrote a series of letters, in French, en- titled " New Voyages to North America." He was an early writer, favorably situated to acquire a knowledge of the natives; and he turned his particular attention to the rribes of these eastern parts. In giving a list of their names, he mentions the Openan- jfot,^ with the Canibas, Sokokis, and others, as belonging to Aca- dia, which he, like other French writers of that age, supposed might extend westward of Casco bay. He also represents the Openangos to be an " erratic" people, often going from Acadia to New-England. II If they were, according to previous facts, the • Cliamplain, p. 42-44 — 2 Churchill's Voyagei, p. 797-812 — 1 Charle* Toix'i N. F. p. 116. 1 9 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 218. \ Their present chief is Franeit Joieph Jftptwie — an aged man, of a gentle disposition — entirely satisfied with bis allotment. His mother was a Tarratine. Both parents often told their children to pronounce accord* 'a% to the dialect of their respective tribei. } Capt Francis supposes " Openango" means the same as little sable— wry cumUng. II La Honku%t p. S23, 250 — Mr; Heckeweldar (paf e 107) gives credit ta 476 lUCQlSTORy [Vou Irib*. A.D. f6U, ttnehtngug •!!•«• Md associates, of tha Tamtioef ; this shade of character, which he gives them, is correct. Where'else, if there was a tribe of that name, could it be settled, excepting about the waters and inlets of Passamaquoddy bay ? By what other name except Eteckemin$,* ever roeiHioned by any early writer, could they with the least propriety be called ? — ^It is true, the moderns call them the ^Quoddy Indiam, from the name of their bay ; and Gov. Barnard, in his speech to the General Court, A. D. 1764, makes mention of them as belonging '* to the nation of the St "John's Indians." The village of this tribe is most delightfully situated, at a place called " Pleasant Point"f upon the westerly shore of Pas- samaquoddy bay, in the town of Perry, about two leagues above Eastport. Here are 35 or 40 wigwams, a school-house and a chapel, like the one at Old-town, with a cupola and bell. Be- sides the cabins constructed in the Indian form, there are three framed houses, one occupied by the Sagamore's son Soc Basin, an interpreter and also a priest of the catholic order. Attached to sectarian or catholic rites and forms, this tribe and their spirit- ual teacher are superstitious believers in the great expiatory crucifix, amidst the common cemetery of their dead ; also devo- tees to the usage of little crosses standing by the graves of kin- dred, and to the inspiring sanctity of images, the censer of in- cense, the burning tapers, and holy water. But no motives, no persuasives can arouse them from their debasing itiactivity. Nei- ther t' <) emoluments of industry, the pleasures of education, nor the wants of life, have power sufficient to kindle in them, a de- sire of becoming a civilized people. They are indigent and de- tho aiKlirnticity of la Ilontairs History ; but Charlevoix *ays, " tho great. cr part of his facli arc disfiffurcd." So, tho J\'orth Amcr'.cnn lifvieur, A'r. L., January, 1826, p. 67, upcaki of him as a sulJier and a bkeptic. * Chaflsvnix, [1 vol. A*. F. p. 206,] «ay», Pentajoet is 43 Icajjiies from S^ Juliii. The rivers u( ' tlie Ettdumin* arc between the two, but ncaroit < tho latter.* Then lie adds, ' that ail the country, from Port-Royal tu K<.'ii< • nebcck, are peopled by wh;it are atthi» diiy called Maltciles ;^ and again, > hetwocn Pentaguet iind Kennobcck the savnc^es are called Armichiquoii.' It is certain, that all thcKO statements cannot be correct. f !n 17!t4 MnBsnchuy generally acted in concert with their allies, the Tarratines ind Openangos, or 'Quoddy tribe. «j/», ^Vor«« i Mnrccliitcs, PinktrUii'i Otog. tTlie French name. \ 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 148. I From the mouth of (he river nt. John to Fredericton, the diitnnce ia |(!inilei;— to Mediiotic-poiat I2& milei ; -to the Great Falli 188 milei, : Brit. Dom. p. SM. 478 -*••» HISTORY [Vat, I. A. D. iciA, some accouot'Will be given of .the nativef in that anctou Pror. tol67&. ince. Mirkmakt. These, according to la Hontan, Sargeant, Pinkerton, and other writers, are collectively called Michnah ;* but Purchas, d'Laet, Palairet, Oldmixon, Moll and; Barton, have given thejn the name ^ of Souriquois.\ They inhabited the great peninsula, south of | the bay of Fundy, and the neighboring Islands, the isthmus, and perhaps the eastern shores to Gaspe. Originally th'ey were a very j numerous people, divided into several tribes, with their respec- tive Sagamores. The country, however, between Gaspe and tlie i region of the Marechites, some have supposed, was once inhatn I ited by a nation called the " Mountaineers."^ The Mickmaks were a people quite distinct and different from I the Etechemin tribes ; — in stature larger, with coarser features ■ in disposition, more cruel and brutish ; in rnind, less valiant and less intelligent ; speaking a language so dissimilar, as to render free conversation with each ether impracticable. Yet, * if the I * Mickmak dialect was known in Europe,' said one well acquaint- ed with it, < seminaries would be erected for the purpose of prop- 1 * agating it.'<^ When the Europeans first visited Newfoundland, they found I the natives extremely barbarous, unacquainted with cookery, and bread made of Indian corn, and clad in summer, only in the habiliments of primitive Eden.|| Those on the main, the Mick- maks, were a single grade higher ; who, if not concerned in the first I three Indian wars, were extremely hostile and savage in the oth- ers; — a scourge of uncommon dread — the merciless destroyers; whom the Provincial rulers found it of the greatest importance to tranquillize or restrain by presents and by treaty. Wild and I indolent, " they still wander from place to place in all the abject- •' ness of deplorable stupidity." ♦ Every exertion to improve I * their condition, has diminished their remains of energy, nnd dis* *■ " Mickniack*.'' — Manack. t Soiiriqwois ii llio French name.— Charlevoix, p. 291, I Tlioro were certainly Mountainteri on llio northerly side of the gulf of the St. Lawrence ; whose lan^iia^i; liad nn afTinity to the Sknjffie in the luie region. Many, iince the arrival uf the Europcani, have gone to " the leu frequented wilJi of Labrador and Canada." — 3 Coll. JH. Ilitl. Sot. p. 15-83. ,,.,,,, t 10 Coll' M. riiit. JSon. p. 1 i5-lA. || Oldmixon, p. 15— Moll, p. W- Citr. xTi"«] • Of MAWt^ 479 •floaedthein to expect hy elms and begging, what the^r ought to A.n. leta^ 'obtain by common indust^- The eatholic priests have, in ,0(06 degree, checked thu:: /ropensity to drunkenness ; other- wise all endeavors, to bring them into a civilized state and regular kibits, have been productive of evil rather than benefit.* The entire race of M7ckmaks have been numerous. It ii > lud, they originally had fifteen chiefs, as many tribes, as many rflliges, and in 1760, 3,000 souls.f They hate the Etecbemins ai have little or no intercourse with them. f>/^vy» hmHhmi' They have noted villages, perhaps Sagamores, at Cape Breton, Mirkm.k V 111 A tf flkft isle St. Johns, La Heve, Cape Sable, Minns, Chignertou, Poic- tw, and Jediack. They, or the Moimtaineers, have several vil- liges upon the bank and branches of the Merimachi, which emp- ties into the bay of that name. One, called " Burnt Church,** fiiich is 40 miles from its mouth, exhibits several wigwams, and 1 chapel 40 feet square, the walls of which are constructed of split rocks, laid in lime mortar. Here the natives and the French settlers convene and worship, under the pastoral care of a catho- lic priest. Indian Toum is situated upon the north-west branch of the same river, sixty miles higher. It is the principal village of a considerable tribe in these eastern parts, represented to bo js numerous, at the present time, as the Tarratines. Farther northward is a small village at " Indian Point" above the head of Rcstigouche bay, where there is a chapel with a bell, and a framed house, the residence of the priest. It is in the midst of (Scotch settlement, surrounded with a productive soil, some pitches of which are cultivated by the natives. They have a Sagamore and receive supplies from an Indian trader among them, who procures his goods from Quebec. Before we close this chapter, it is important to take a general PopuUiie* Iriew of the native population in Maine ; — a subject, through a de- *^ ""• "•■ Scicncy of materials, which is of difficult management, both as 10 perspicuity and correctness Nor can any thin<^ more be ex- pected, than some analogous calculations and probable results. (ivei. ♦Lockwood's NcW'BninawicIt, p. 7. tDoujf/ciM, in 1 Sumin, p. 183, tboujifht th« Mirkniah^ in 1747, " had not Imore than 3r>0 fig^htinii^ men." Ittit Mr, J^lannch, a Frrneli niiisionary, l»tll icquaintod with them, mj* there were 3,000 ioiilu in 1760.— 10 CotL I.W //iff. Soe. p. 115;— And 2 rmkfrton'$ i'fg. p. 02^, say*, in 1*00 l^trc were SCO fighttrs east of Halirax. 460 \r^ A.D. i6i«,The period tv which our ttateinents will ftkA, comimiiom im. mediately prior to the war of the tribes, A. D. 1616»17, wtacfa " was succeeded by the sweeping epidemic, previously memioDcd. Except the tribes io Maine, all the others in New-EoghuKi before described, have been classed into six clans or natiou^^ tlieir allies, branches and dependencies included. Their. nines and the number of men they could bring into battle, according to the accounts of Crookio)* Prince,f Hubbard,;( and other early and correct annalists, are thus transmitted to us : — in Con> i»mi..t necticut, the Pequod warriors were 4,000, and the Mohepn, •*'**■' 3,000 ; in Plymouth colony, those of tlie Pawkunnawkutts, were 3,000 ; in Rhode Island, those of the Narragansetts, were 5,000 ■ in Massachusetts, the bowmen belonging to the ancient people called the " Massachuses," were 3,000 ; and in New-Hunp. shire, those of the Penacooks and Pentuckets, were 3,000 ;-hd the whole 21,000 warriors.^ If we allow three of them to ten souls, agreeably to the fact ascertained in the Powhatan Confe | eracy by actual enumeration, as stated by Mr. Jefferson, || and other Virginian writers ; the Indian population of N^w-Englao exclusive of Maine, would have been 70,000 souls.lT Some '* Daniel Gookin reiAovcd from Virginia to MassachuBCtU, about 1644, j was an Assistant and Mnjor-Gcncral, under tl>e co!onj charter, and a super- intcndant "of all the Indians," and knew more about them than all thi other mag;i8trates. He died in 1687.— £/to('« Bto^ . Die. p. 220. f Thomas Prince of Middleborouph, was a graduate of Harr. Col. KOT, an ordained minister of Old South Church, Boston, 1718, and annalist oi { New-England Chronology to A. D. 1683. I William Hubbar.l was a graduate of Ilarv. Col. 1642, minUter of Ipi- wich, and historian of New-England, A. D. 1602. . .. J aooKin.—l Coll. Matt. Hiit. Soe, p. 141-229.— Prince, p. 1 l6.—HiMarii j JV./3. p. 449-60.— 7'rMmiuW, p. 40, — Ho thinks there were not more thsa I 20,000 in Connecticut.— //o/. A. An. p. 418. |I Jcflerson's Notes, Query xi. f This may be thotight to be a disproportionate estimate. For the number I of able-bodied eflbctivo men, between 18 and 4S, in the Now-Enpland [ militia, A. D. 1820, when compared with the census, was only as ont to (en. Yet many can bear arms before 18 and after 45 years old; and numbcn I are exempt who could do military duty. Not half who might bear armt, ar« in the train bands. So, in dooming taxes [upon towns, the number of ratable polls between 10 and 70, hat been estimated as one to Jiv€, of all the MuU io a town at the preceding centuai on* to /0ur would be mm eorrect. ,, *■: i- •■-■'..,* »i '*>■: ■ , Cn*f' xv"**1 OP MAtNC. '' 461 4W5 " HppoM it fliigfat tfrigiiMlly htve been neuljr equal'to that of the a.D. mis Engltth, In 1676.» .;-^. '•'®'*^ b Mtimating the whole number of natiVes originally in Maine, a vww oT at calculator is involved still deeper in conjecture. It is true, Main*, tint this State contains as many square miles, as the residue of fiew-fnglaod. Its soil is good, its waste grounds few, and its climate healthful. It has also long rivers — a wide seacoast, and «u covered with a heavy forest; affording the amplest means of savage livelihood and support, and exhibiting when first dis* covered and visited by Europeans, a people overspreading the land. Nevertheless, the rivers, upon which the tribes were set- tied, were too widely separated from each other, to be promo- m of a dense population ; nor were the soil and climate so con- lenial to the propagation of the Aborigines, as in the more south- (rijr parts of New-England. a-- : > !•!■ -^ li .s^ c/u; suiP The few facts, which history contributes, in relation to the tribes in Maine, may reflect some light upon the subject. No people ever defended their native country with more valor and obstinacy, than the Sokokia did theirs, especially in Lovwell's war. sokokii. i A number of them, relinquishing the French interest, in 1744, for the ranks of the English at the seige of Louisbourg, distin- guished themselves among the bravest soldiers. Afterwards, they could muster only about a dozen fighting men ; and before the capture of Quebec, the tribe was extinct.f ' ' > < The Anasagunticooksj in 1744, had 160 fighters ; and when y^ng„_„n. the war of ihe revolution commenced, * about 40 of the tribe ''«»«k»- ' made the shores, the ponds, and the Islands of the Androscog- ' gin tlieir principal home.' Philip Will, a young Indian of Cape Cod, was taken captive by tlie French at the age of 14, in the liege of Louisbourg ; and abiding among the natives, became the chief of this tribe. He was an Indian of some education, ind many years instrumental in preventing their utter extinction.| * In A. D. 1696, there were in New-England about 100,000 white*.--2 Htlmtt, p. 31. — Yet in 1676 tticrc were estimated to be in Mauachuietti, New.Hampihire and Maine, 160,000.— f/u(cA. Coll. p. 4S4.— Qutre* fMau. Letter Book p. 114—16 1 Doug. p. 186. \iHidch. Hilt. p. 26G.— Su//. p. 263.— Philip Will was brought up Id the Tamily of Mr. Crocker, where ho was taught to read and write the Rnglish language and to cypher. He was in height 6 feet 8 inches and well proportioned MS. L$Uer of A. O. Chaitdltr, Eiq. Vol. I. 48 A.D. MU, »s WawHH •du. EtMbemiBf. rmumrqm ( (V»ui. None of tbo AbcoaquM tribes, bovrever, W«e acte itroBil* attached to their native loil, than the Canibas. Tfaejr were bold and brave 6gbters through all the Indian, wars ; in which they sustained probably a greater loss of numbers th^n any other triU. Aware of theur decline, they deeply lamented their cruel fate • havbg, in 1704, only 30 warriors; and, in 1795, six or seven families constituted all their remains.* The Wawenoclu never made any figure after their ruinoui war with the Tarratines. Their force was then broken, and more than fifteen years, before the French war, in 1753 — 4, they were drawn away by the French, to the river Perante in Canada, where they settled a village which they called by their own name; and so considerably united was their tribe, as to be able, in 1749 to bring into war about 40 fighting men.f Charlevoix says, ' the * Indians of the St. Franp ois, uniting the Anasagunticooks and * Wawenocks, were a colony of the Abenaques, removed from , among (hem were 86 hunters ; 91 under ten years, and 36 camp^ 4 5 CM. Ma$i. Hilt. Soe. p. 21!.— Fighters incorrectly tupposed to b« only 80, in 1764. || Pinkerton's Gcog. p. 627. f Tb« amall-pox spread to Piscataqua, A. D. 1683, >■* when all the Indiant •xcept one or two who had it, died." — Winthrop'i Jnumal, p. 69. Cat9: xnii.] op mkvm^ HI ]|nr-Ca^«ad« Fbr the numben of the Abeniquet warriors A. d. m$, ,Mr« proltaUy equal or superior to those of the Narragansetts, ^^,^ ^. ft.OOO ; and the Etechemin warriors, must now hate been ""T*** '^ gbout 6,000; — ^in all 11,000.* By allowing, then, three of "Imms » diein to ten souls, as in the Powhatan eonfederacy, the original population of Maine, A. D. 1615, must have been 36 or 37,000 I .^0 estimation probably not rery wide of the truth.f ^ -an *The AbeoaquM mtiiAat«d thus— > Sokokit AoMA^faatieoolBi ' Canibat Vawenoeka • Etecbemint thus— Tarratinea Openang^oa Marecbitea v^V*5 •.;:>.- tOOwarriora l.M)0 •« 1,500 1,100 5,000 8,400 1,400 <,S00 6,000 ;..,d>,; 4w.n>, Total 11,000. Bat one aocount, (9 Coll. Mom. Hitt. p. 284,) luppoMa the eaatem iDdiani froffl Mastaohusetts to Canso, in 1690, onlj 4,310 souli ;— an estimate inaa> ifntly too low. f Also there were Indians at Afameoticus, Casco, and MacUaik \r) vV . .;j ;if;,,:ti).^ ,)vK.> ubncl (i'i';} Jj:'ii/i ^if*{« -iist'j ,n^'i hiic'ld'?:;' ■)ctt v>:* ;■ ■^:-i .^JfifirbiiJi Sw! ,'\iiii ik^Mr' ,ih'-;>t \ ! !Yf-V;b,'r ^ftrA ii!' Kuf ;:;'■'! ;^iO;nf? bfnji!! ?o«! fti /: .-l.fi .■'_.- rftnlry^'-^i^ ;; ,■'■-■ 'fO .M>-» »,■!'■ V. ;.iifi ■.'•■ ; 1 ; --wn ivKvii ff»*»'.l , :i ,,,.■' '-.n-j.' ; n: ; ■•-• if f ■'• '1 , 1" f >'i '> I -.(V .•■« :*. '^?«¥! 484 Twtmfotty '. ••■'lO 'i9l'th jRfcTII ,:isiJv-'t»W- ' '?1f ; .. ; oo«fe«* rAe persons of vore mantles of deer-skins, embroidered with chains of beads, and variously painted ; and those of others were cnriously inwrought and woven with threads and feathers, in a manner exhibiting only the plumage. The poorer sort appeared vith nothing more than hard skins about their loins and shoulders ; tod a few, in die warm seasons, wore little else than the robe of I Mture.f In their present fashions, or forms, they wear a woollen cap, I or bonnet, cut diagonally and made of a conic shape, enclosing ie ears and terminating behind upon the neck. Next to the ikin, both sexes wear a cotton or a linen under-shirt, extending down the third of an ell over the short drawers of the one, and Ue narrow petticoat of the other — severally begirt about the loins. The coats of the men, sewed at the folds, or sides, are lapped over in front and kept together by a belt, without any buttons, and reach below the knee ; and the tunic, or vest of the women is pinned before, also their petticoat, though very narrow, falls some lower. Tiie stockings they both wear, are never knit, but I usually made of blue cloth, sewed with selvedges on the outer sides, and extend over the knee. Though shoes can be con- * Jeffreys, p. 94. vOldrnixon, p. 13, 23, 24.— H. Trumbull's Indian Wars, p. 91.— Indian I War*, (anon.) p. 229. «ol67a. Thrir orna' ineui«. 490 THE HUTORY ^^ , A.O. 16IA, reniently obttiiied, thejr prefer moccasins, uidHMinlly wear then None of the females ever cut a hair from their beads, but club or cue the who}); whereas the males 3have off all, except a sintle lock about the crown,* ' that it may not be starved,' to use thelf own language, ' by tiie growth of the rest.'f The natives are excessively fond of ornaments, plumes, ud finery ; as if gaudy brightness and beauty could vie for the ptjm with genuine taste and refinement. Whatever glitters, captivates. Both sexes, especially the females, adorn their fingers with gold I rings ; their necks with wampam or silver collars ; their ansi with clasps ; their bosoms with brooches, or pendants ; their ears with jewels — all of the brightest silver. Among the more wealthy, the men, when appearing in their best, wear long sashes and the women broad scarfs over their shoulders, covered with brooches of the same precious metal ; and some have tinsel or silver hat< bands : — For many of both sexes now wear men's hats instead of the ancient caps. The maidens in their fondness for briljiaot colors, and for ribbons and plumes which are gay, discover a wild unripe taste; though by some, tlie English daughters of fashtoai ♦ 2 Belk. Bioff. p. 102. t Present Slate nf JVova Scotia, p. 50. — John de Laet says, < four leaguei I north from Kennebeck, following the direction of the coast, there is a baj containing in its bosom a large number of Islands, and near its entrance, ou I of them is called by the French navigators, the Island of Bacchus, froa I the great abundance of vines found growing there. The barbarians tbit | inhabit here, are in some respects unlike the other aborigines of New- France — differing somewhat from them both in language and mannea I They shave their heads from the forehead to the crown ; but suffer their | hair to grow on the back side, confining it in knots and interweaving featb* ers of various plumage. They paint their faces red or black; are well I formed; and arm themselves with spears, clubs, bows and arrows, nhich, I for want of iron, they point with the tail of a crustaceous creature called I ■ignoo. They cultivate the soil in a different manner from the sava^l that live east of tliem ; planting maize [Indian com] and beans together; I ■o that the stalks of the former, answer the purpose of poles for the Tioetl to run upon. Their fields are enclosed. They plant in May, and harrestl in September. Walnut trees grow here, but inferior to ours. Vines an I abundant; and it is said by the French, that the grapes gathered in Julj, I make good wine. The natives, also, raise pumpkins and tobacco. Thej[ have permanent places of abode ; their cabins are covered with oak bark,! and are defended by palisadoes.' — 2 Lib. de Laet, chap, 19. — Novui Ot'| au. CliF. MX.] OPMAOIB. ^Kn mt the eomble patterns of. their imitation.* When Attteon and A. D. Mu^ jKepume #ere inaugurated chiefs, the Tarratine females were giired in their best, wearing rich silks, tinsel fillets and all their fginients— ^Idom, if ever appearing better dressed. tlie military appearance of the men is both singular and war- Miiimry i«p- Ike. On their breasts, they wear glittering medals of copper or p*"*"**' ilver ; in their ears and sometimes their noses, pendant jewels ; gid about their heads, turbans of waving feathers. With red Miaent, they paint their faces, in a variety of ways, which make Ueir appearance, according to design, truly terrific. All our Indians have a peculiar cast of character. Among Tiirir char- I iberoselves, every right and possession is safe. No locks, no*"^^'"^' ^ are necessary to guard them. In trade they are fair and Uooest;f astonished at the crimes which white men commit, to iccumulate property. Their lips utter no falsehoods to each gibef, and the injuries done an individual, they make a common eiaseof resentment. Such is an Indian's hospitality, that if an inarmed stranger comes among them and asks protection, he is Uretofindit. If cold, he is warmed; if naked, clothed; if kuDgry, fed with the best the camp affords. They are faithful ffld ardent in friendship, and grateful for favors, wliich are never lobliterated from their memories. Ordinarily possessing great Ipjtience and equanimity of mind, the men bear misfortunes with Iperfect composure, giving proofs of cheerfulness amidst the most limtoward incidents. With a glow of ardor for each other's wel- [&«) and the good of their country ; all offer voluntary services ■to the public ; all burn with the sacred flame of patriotism ; and III most heartily celebrate the heroic deeds of their ancestors. iThe point of honor is every thing in their view. Sensibility in lllieir hearts is a spark which instantly kindles. An injury, a Itaunt, or even a neglect, will arouse all the resentments of their liiatutored minds, and urge them on to acts of fatal revenge. An ■Indian is a being, grave and taciturn. He seldom laughs ; he * " ru shape like theirs my simple dress, " And bind like Ihcm each jetty tress, " And for my dusky brow will braid " A bonnet like an Eng^lish maid. — English JIary. tBiit they are bad paymasters; — being rcpardicss of their promises. ItUny who have trusted them, have sustained total losses of their debts. Tlieir dit* potiiioM. 488 THBimrroRY [Vei.. i, A.D. i6M,rtther prefen to hear, Uum to uUc ; and when ha fptaks, U i, alorayt to the purpose. But his darker shades of character are many, i He is ahra«t I strongly inchned to be idle. In peace ho has no gretit stiandui to exertion, for wealth, learning and office are not motives of bis ambition ; and in war or revenge the agitations subside, when tht crisis is past. Bred, like the animals of the woods, umK^ toj parental restraints, and trained to privations from their childhood j they affect never to dread suffering, never exquisitely to feel u. guish — never to have sympathies for the meekest tortured enemy. Jealousy, revenge and cruelty, are attributes of mind, which I truly belong to them. If ihey always remember a favor, they never forget an injury. To suspect the worst — ^to retaliate eril for evil — to torture a fallen captive — ^to keep no faith with ao enemy — and never to forgive, seem to be maxims, the correctoesf 1 of which, according to their ethics, admits of no question. '^,<, them, so sweet in thought, and so glorious in fact, is succeufulj revenge J that they will go through danger and hardships to thei end of life, for the sake of effecting their purpose. No aits, no I plans, no means, are left unessayed to beat or kill the object they I hate. To cite two or three instances. A butcher, accidentally meeting a Tarratine Indian was beat by him unmercifully, because I at some previous period, he had, as the savage said, sold himl tainted meat. John Neptune, in consequence of a supposed io- jury done some of his tribe, threatened the wrong-doer at Old- town from day to day, \\ith certain death. Another man durstl not be alone long in one place, through fear of being murdered I by several Tarratines, who haunted and pursued him to avenge I a suspected injury.* In agreement with the defenders of the natives, however, ill must be acknowledged, that Weymouth, Harlow, Smith, the nias-| ter of Popham's ship, and perhaps othersf were aggressors, iol kidnapping several of them from their s'l^js: that they werej deprived of their lands and privileges by th" : ;< '-acbing settle and that many impositions were practis. ) >'\. a ■..em in banetl Wrongii done to the natives. * The natives hated J^Tegroei, and generally would kill them as sood asl they were taken captive. t 'Vnte, A D. 1605— 11~H.— Hubbard's Indian Wars, p, 286.— Smith, p. | .^-2G -Priuco, i-. 33,40. CiAV. pnt.] gidbargaios. VkM\< 469 But, thii WM ezcluHveijr •ttributoble |o iodlivid- a. d. I6U, nil) roost or all of the lands occupied by the planters, being " cJOBied under purchases of the Sagatu«.ritier their wars bloody and cruel. Old men, *''"**" totieu myd children, though too feeble to use a weapon, were jometiniLs barbarously dispatched; and the Indians generally ibused or neglected their captives. If a child cried, or an adult niok nn^er his burden, instant death was commonly their portion. How many houses of the unoffending inhabitants have been re- duced to ashes ? how many hundreds slain, or sold into Canadian slavery ? Nay, if the Indian's malignity was not satanical to a fearful degree, why did he wreak his vengeance on slender fe- males or sickly infants ? why revengefully hunt for the precious life, when the war had ceased? '^ • ' « »"i * ' mjut (,**e«Ji»« Their inordinate thirst for ardent spirits has been attributed to ,p^^.^ ^.^ their perpetual traverse of the woods, and their constant use of '"':?'■<'«'>♦ ' ' tpiriu. fresh water and unsalted meat. They will take strong liquor un- mixed, till they can swallow no more. They are then to a fright- ful degree, violent and mischievous. Their firearms and knives, must then be taken from them, to prevent murder. ^"^''* " *-■ Their manner of living is meagre and uncomfortable. The . best wigwams in their villages, are constructed, one story in height, nerof liviof, from 20 to 40 feet in lens:th, and two thirds the same in width, warns. [ The plates are supported by crotched posts thrust into the ground. The sides and roofs, were formerly thatched with bark ; — now sometimes covered with rough boards and battened. They are • without glass windows, and without doors ; the entrance into *The natives considered the smallpox the g^reate^t evil that ever befell j mankind.— Pre*. State of J^fimt SetHa, p. 46, 60. Vol. I. 40 400 THBMMTCNIY [Vou |. A. u. MM, them being throa|h a mxrmf' opening, which is clowd bv ■ hapgtng rug, like a curtain, to keep out cold and rain. Within are platforms on each side next to the walls, or layers of boutiu upon the ground. Here men, women and children, sit iira ntu. ■er not unlike a tailor on his shopboard ; here they eat, with the ' victuals in their fingers ; hero tliey sleep, with no other beddint than a bear skin underneath, and a few blankets over thera. Ig the area between the platforms, the fire is built, without fire-place chimney or hearth ; an aperture being left open for the smoke to escape through the roof. Four families are frequently tenants of a single wigwam. Yet, they have nothing like a chair, a niova- hie stool, or table ; all the furniture in these miserable calios, consisting of a few woodeu and iron vessels, knives and baskets. The movable wigwams ate of a conic form, constructed with slender poles, making angles of fifty or sixty degrees at the grouad, converging to a point at the vertex, and inclosing a circular area of 12 or 15 feet in diameter. They are without floor, chimney or window. The inside ground is spread witli boughs ; and the outside is thatched with bark. They have no regular meals, ex- cept in the evening ; — they take their repast when they have an appetite. Their victuals are indifferent, changing with the sea- sons. No creature they take is unfit for food. In the winter it is flesh ; in the spring, fish ; in the summer and autumn, green corn, maize, and vegetables. But they did not know how to make their maize into bread, till the Europeans came among them.* They smoke and broil their meats ; they roast tlieir groundnuts in the ashes ; and with the sap of the sugar maple, boiled to molasses, they sweeten their cakes. They pounded their corn in stone mortars, and made the water boil in wooden troughs, by means of stones heated in the fire. The Indians are far from any thing like cleanliness, either in their persons or their huts. Their faces, hands, clothes, vessels, never know what it is to be woshed ; and their dark and dirty abodes are equally offensive to the eye and the nose. Social li'e. Society, which commenced with the primitive pair, is one of the strongest propensities of human nature. This is r.cn mani- fest in savage life. All the members of a family, o c united by •Oldmixon, p. l-'v 23 If. Triiinbuiri Indian Wan, p. 9t. Cur- XIX.] OPMAINK. 491 ♦ 1 Coll. J>/. Hial. Soe. p. 254.— Some of tho Enjli»h who hfivc lived with the Indians, were unwilling^ to leave tlicm. fCapt. Francii sayi, hrforo tlie white people rama here, aometimM " In- 'KY [Vo^ , A. D. Uis, euned in 1775, when one in • pwroxjsm of rage, slew his ttfmw and hid her body under the ice of the Penobscot, without bcinr according to report, so much as questioned for his condur*. Children, who are strangers to the restraints and initnictiooi of parents, leave them when able to procure a living for ihem. selves. The character of a community, formed of such materi. els, is readily anticipated : — It cannot be otherwise than bad. Boligion. The religious notions of tiie natives are rude and full of su. perstition. They believe in a Great Spirit, whom the Abenaques called Tanto or Tantum, and the Etechemins Sazoos ; — also in the immoi :ility of the soul, — and in a paradise far in the west, where He dwells, and where all good men go when tbey die. To the wicked they suppose He will say, when they knock at the heavenly gates, * go wander • i endless misery, — ^you never shall live here.' For plenty, viciory, or any other great good, they celebrated feasts with songs and dances, to His praise. They had strong faith in an evil spirit, whose satanic Majesty they called " Mojahondo ;" — supposing he possessed the attributes, in general revealed of that being, in the Scriptures. They believ* ed also in tutelar spirits, or good angels, whom they denominated Manniton ; and they entertained great veneration for their Pok- otM.* These, uniting in one person the two offices of priest and physician, were supposed to possess almost miraculous powers. By invocations uttered in an unknown tongue — by preternatural charms — by leaping and dancing through the 6re — and by strange orisons ; — they pretended to have converse with occult oracles and demons, and to receive ambiguous responses like the Greeks of Delphos.f The Indians told a traditional story, that the Great Spirit creat- 1 ed one man and one woman ; and from them proceeded all man- kind. | But, before the arrival of the Europeans, the natives had no knowledge of the Sabbath, nor had they any religious meet- ings. * All day?,' Capt. Francis says, * were ahke to them.' They believed in dreams, and sometimes commemorated them by feasts.'^ No people are more superstitious. Tlicy re- garded an old ircc in Nova Scotin with pious veneration, and loaded it with ofTcrings. They thought it the residence of somf • Indian Wars, (anonymou*) p. 2t>9. f Olilmixon, p. 15.— H. Moll, p. 25^ t Purcl»a«, p. 93i— 039. { JeflfrcjJ, p. 8I-P4, .t" ClAT. XIX.] or HAIIUB. ^ 493 pmt or good ipirit. After its roots were laid open bjr the eee, a. d mk, ^ eofltinuedl to venerate it so long u a branch remained. * Tbeir dead were generally buried in a sitting pAsture. InB«rimi*. pitttton, upon the Kennebeck, are two old burying grounds, where ikeletons are found in a postare half erect, the head bending over the feet. Relics of human bodies have been discovered in a tumulus near Ossipee pond, which were originally buried with the face downward. In tliese two places, and in others upon the Keoduskeag, and elsewhere, there have been discovered instru- oeDts, paints and ornaments interred, — the requisites to help the departed spirits to the " country ot souls." The modern manner of burials is borrowed from the catholics. The corpse, enclosed in a rough coffin, is followed by an irregular procession to the burying ground ; and when interred, a little wooden cruci- fix is placed at the head of the grave, which is sprinkled with consecrated water, and perfumed with flowers or herbs. If a Tar- ratine dies abroad, he must, if possible, be borne to Old-town and ixiried in the common grave-yard. The female lamentations for the dead are great and sometimes excessive. The death of a young child, swept away from the irms of its mother, as the two lay sleeping in a summer's day, between high and low water mark upon the Penobscot beach, ifibrds a striking instance of savage grief. She burst into loud and excessive lamentations ; and mingled her cries with inarticti- lite jabber ; — an hour scarcely closing this scene of shrieking and tears. Christianity was early introduced and subsequently taught, Cbriitiaaiift itnong the Abenaques and Etechcmin tribes by the catholic missionaries, such as Biard, Masse,^ Dreuillettes,f the two Bigots, Ralle,| and others. They effected great changes in the views and practices of the natives. The Powows lost their influence and came to an utter end. Superstitious rites and rituals, blend- ed with endeavors to inculcate and deepen the moral sense, and to encourage religious worship, becoming established, are still • V. U. 160S, at Mount Dc&crt. tThe Capucliiii priesitt had a trading houic anil relif tuns chnpcl at Pen- tifort in IC46.— t Charltveix; p. 435. J.l /). 1689, at NorridgcwocU.-Sce Jtffrry*, 103.— 1 //•/. Jl. .9nn. 844. -7 CoU. Mcut. Hiit. SbC. p. 249-SO. 2d «v:.-v^ ■ - - • '.-sf >;-. ;,-v,^v«^ i The greatest aboriginal monarch of the east was entitled * the Bashaba,* previously mentioned, whose residence was with the Wavvenoek tribe. Besides his immediate dominions, extending probably from St. Georges to Kcnnebeck, tbe tribes westward to Agamenticus, and even farther, acknowledged him to be their paramount lord. His overthrow, in 1615 or IG, terminated the royal line and rank.* S»gamor«. -^^ ^''® ''^"^ °^ every tribe was a Sagamore^f or chief magi^ Saciiom. trate, whose councillor!), or wise men, were denominated iSacA«nM, —in modern times, captains. He and they knew their influence and felt their importuncc. In council they directed war and peace ; they had the oversight of the public dominions ; and with ,, very few established rules, they, according to discretion, appoint- ed the punishments of oftenders. The government was pairiar- 1 dial. The Sagamore, possessing superiority of rank and power, always presided when present ; and next to him, was a sachem of I secondary grade and influence. On great occasions, all tlie prin- cipal men of the tribe were convened anil consulted. These as-| semblics, from which females were uniformly excluded, were con- ducted with the greatest order ; the old men spuke first and were I especially regarded and venerated, for their wisdom and experi- * I Brlk. lihir. p. 351— 3r)5. — He lind many under liim. Tho Saco "n| the wcstcriimoKt rivor of tlic duiiiinioiit or Da8hol)CZ."--PMrrAaf ' Pi/j-rinu. 10 Booh, chup 6. t Soiindrd by the Indians, " Siink-o-muh,"— •' Sagamore" and " Sachfm. " | — Stt Statrmint of Ktn-,fhfrk Claimt, p. SI. CiAf . XIX.] or MAINE. 496 «ce ; and all their debates and discussions were managed with die ^'£;J*'*' greatest decorum and secrecy alio, when the occasion required it • Tbe office of a Sagamore continues during Ufa. When he diesy the tribe manifest a strong predilection to have his son, or some gear relation, succeed him. In these designations, or selections, party ^irit often runs high ; thff aspirants and their supporters esbibiting all the violence of tlie competition, manifested in civiliz> ed communities. ■ «v«' - «.' MT«p. The three Etechemin tribes have, severally and immemorially, selected their Sagamores and Sachems, or subordinate officers, inform of a general election.* But the candidate, when chosen, is not inducted into office, without the presence and assistance of 1 delegation from each of tiie other tribes. This was the case vhen Francis Joseph Neptune, at Passamaquodcly, and John Ait- leon, at Penobscot, were made chiefs of their respective tribes ; ind the most intelligent credible Indians agree in saying, that such is the practice among the Marechites, and has always been the gsage among all three of the tribes. The ceremonies of a single induction, whereof the writer was an eyewitness, are worthy of It particular statement. The parlies in the Tarraline tribe were so sanguine and violent T^^rmine I after they lost their chief, that they could not for many months j,' */^^|'j",", igree upon a successor. Perplexed with the long controversy <•""'"• tnd deeply concerned in effecting an union, the catholic priest interposed his influence ; when they were induced to leave the rival candidates, and select John Aitteon^ a reputed descendant of I Baron de Castine, by an Indian wife. On the 19th of September, 1816, at Old-town village, Saga- I more Aitteon, JoAn Ae/^^iiTie, next in grade and command, and iwo captains were inducted into office, with the customary cere- monies. To assist in these, the chiefs and 1 5 or 20 other princi- pal men from each of the tribes at St. John's river and at Passa- maquoddy, had previously arrived, appearing in neat and becom- I bg dresses, all in the Indian fashion. Early in the forenoon, the men of the Tarratinc tribe, conven- I in; in the ^reat wigwam, called the camp, seated themselves on 'Tliey arc in modern times callril (iwernnr, f.ieitUnnnt-Clnt 0^ a circle in union with the 'Quoddy Indians, stood and sang devoutly several minutes, and closed with a "Te Deum." > > The priest then departed to his house ; and the Indians enter- . , t Lj the camp, took their seats — the 'Quoddy Indians in a lower place, abreast the sitting spectators, when they commenced their L^ible salutations. In this form of civility, each of the two delegations rising in turn, literally embraced, cheek and lips, the Iburnew-made officers, and shook heartily by the hand, all the (others of the tribe. The gentlemen, at the marshal's request, now withdrew ; — to I be spectators only about the doors and apertures; when the iTarratine females, clad in their best dresses and fancifully oma- Inented, joined for the first time, the Indian assemblage, and the [thole formed an elliptical circle for dances. In close Indian they moved forward in successive order, with a kind of Idouble shuffle, to their lormer places, animated by the music of li light beat upon a drum, in the midst of the circus, with the ac- leompaniment of a vocal tune.* The female dancers then retir- |((1; the Indians took their seats j and the spectators were re-ad- nitted. To close the ceremonies, four chief men of the Marechites 'rormerly their chief initruments were rattles, made of imall gourdi lad pumpkin shelU. — Smithy p. 82. Vol. I 60 - — '^'^ Indim cbMii in- ducted into 498 THE HUTOftY [VoL. |. j A. D. 1615, severally rose in succasion and sang short songs, somewhat en- 1 tertaining, which were duly responded by others from the new. made officers ; throughout which, the whole assemblage uttered I at almost every breath, a low-toned emphatic guttural sound, oot unlike a hickup — the singular way by which they expressed their plaudits and pleasures. .♦« i^w . >-*• - r.'^stifc More than three hours were consumed in these ceremonies* I which were succeeded by a feast already preparing. Two fat oxen, slaughtered and severed into pieces, were roasting; rice, beans, and garden vegetables were boiling; and bread-loaves and! crackefs were abundant. If the cookery, neatness and order I were unworthy of modern imitation ; the defects were counterJ balanced by the hearty invitations and welcomes, with which alii the visitants equally with the natives, were urged to become par-l takers, both of the repast and of the festive scenes. The reguJ larities of the day relaxed to rude dances and wild sports in the! evening, which were by no means free from extravagance andl excess. These circumstances are evincive of the cordial fraternity and! political union of these three tribes. Never have they been known on any emergency, to act otherwise than in concert. Norl have we any accounts, that either of the Abenaques tribes ever took arms against the others. It is certain, the ties of their iU tachment were uniformly strong ; and in every movement, thera was great unanimity. Among the Mickmak Sagamores we find] likewise, an ardent coalescence ; there being no traditional report of their making war at any time upon each other. But no con<4 federacy or union existed between any two of the three great Aberginean, Abenaques^ and Etechemin people mentioned, unti Philip's war, when a common interest softened their asperitiei towards one another, and urged them into a general warfare agaiosi the colonists. Ini une ^"•'•"g ^^y ycars, the planters and traders in Maine, ha(| of ihe wtio- great intercourse with the natives, undisturbed by any open ni] natives. ture. When they commenced hostilities, they were full of r^ venge and greedy of spoils. No presents, no treaties, no otiiei expedient could, for any length of time, bind them in the bondJ of peace. Their jealousies and antipathies towards the Englisij were habitual ; and when it was too late, they had a fearful visioJ of ultimate exile or utter extinction. Within a period of eig^trl Conredent' ciei of the mtivei. iQttr. UX.J OFMAINK. Ueyears, between the war of Philip, A. D. 1675, and the cap- A.D. mu,n I pre of Quebec, the inhabitants o( Maine have been extreme ujbrers in six Indian war? ;* — some of which were long and all ^^Jl**!!? of them bloody. The 1st, lasted three years ; the 2d, nine and ireaUes. \iludf; the 3d, ten; the 4th, three and a half; the 5th, Jour^ lad the 6th, ^ve years. The number of treaties have been much rreater ; our political relations with the tribes, till they became ^.^miviv • |«itinct or peaceable, being always of considerable importance, es* ^^'* '"'"' All acts and proceedings of the natives are regulated by a (<««• «n<] Uesent sense of fitness, and immediate benefit. They have no iritteD constitution, no code of laws, no judicial process, ho per- Moent documents. The fires of avarice and ambition, — ^the pissions for riches and influence, which are the great disturbera of the civilized world, lie comparatively dormant in the savage breast. The Indians are a very peculiar race. Their territories ire holden by the tribe in common ; individuals are willing stran- Rrs to an extended commerce and to accumulated wealth ; and ierefore, no regulations are needed among them, except what ire made for the purpose of preventing and punishing personal bjuries. Their laws of course consist of a few immemorial usages Ind plain maxims, — manifestly the mere dictates of natural reason. Checks and restraints must be given to the malignant jHssions ; otherwise no ligaments are strong enough to bind firmly 'Thevars and principal treaties with the eastern tribes :—Mu|^*a I treaty, Nov. 6, 1676.—? J^ears JV. E. p. 403-5. I. King Philip''^ war, from June 24, 1675, to the treaty of Casco, April In, 1978 JtfiMt. Ace— Treaty of Portsmouth, Sept. 8, 1685.— Belknap^t \x.H. p. 348. !. King Williani'i tear, from August 13, 16S8, to the treaty of Mare- I point, BniD&nrick, January 7, 1699. — 2 JHath. JUagnal. p. 556-7. — Treaty |of Pemaquid, August 11, 1693.— 2 JIath. Mag. p. 542-3, entire. 3 (^uetn Anneal war, from August, 1703, to the treaty of Portsmouth, jJalf II, nii.—Pmhallow'i Indian JFan.—l Coll. A. H. Hitt. Soc. p. 83-6. 4. LotwelVt war, from Juno 13, 1722, to Dummer's celebrated treaty, I Dec. 15, 1725. — Secrtlary''t Office, Boston, — entire. 5 The Spanish, or Jive yeart' Indian *ear, from July 19, 1745, to the trea- ItTof Falmouth, Oct. 16, 1749.-9 Coll. Mail. Hi$t. Soc p. 220-3 Treaty |or Halifax, August 15, 1749.— Secretory'* Office, Botton. 6. French emd Indian war, from April, 1753, to the conquest of Quebee, I ud treaty of Halifax, Feb. 32, 1760, and Pownal's treaty, April 29.-JS*€, Office. Treaty with the Mickmaks and Marechitet, July 19, 1776. ' ' ' 1. jjjii i ■ --14 .f}' 600 THE HUTOHY [Vol. 1. ■ CiAT. XIX.] A. D. 16IA, a eommUnky together. The ptincipal crimet which occur tmoac the Indians are homicides, violent assaults, and drunkenness ^ »r.-.v OffiinMt ri'.J; sometimes treachery, theft and adulterous intercourse. But tbey are strangers to arson, robbery, burglary, perjury, forgery, frauds ravishment and many other ofiences, which so much disturb utA blacken civilized society. 'i(j!?'m«iT asiT ; ?r* t to a tree j and whipped till he confesses, and brings forth what he has stolen. Quarrels among them and batteries are not uncommon. An. j tagonists never strike. They clinch, and then struggle furiously to throw each other upon the ground ; when the victor seizes the hair of his fallen adversary, wrenches and twists his neck violcDt- ly ; and sometimes with his heel, gives repeated blows in his face. This is oftentimes done even in the vi m , and with the approba. tion, of the chief men, when they are convinced of the sufferer's I villainy. If female continency and chastity, be seldom solicited or vio- j lated, there have been instances of lascivious intercourse, attend- ed with fearful evils. An affair of this character, a few years I since, happened at a chief's camp, or hunting wigwam in the for- est, between his wife and an under chief, when the husband was | absent. The shrewd native, suspecting the crime, made her con. fess it, and then forgave her; determining to wreak his venge-l ance only on the adulterer. Once they met and strove to take each other's life, in a combat with knives; nor were they without great difficulty separated. These transactions occurriog, while the two men were at the head of the Tarratine tribe, haTej divided it into dire parties, who are not yet reconciled. Revenge is fully justified, as the Indians believe, in this class! of offences ; and should the blood of the criminal be spilt by t^e Cntr. XIX.] OP MAINB. sot rtMier, Its voice could never reach the ear of the tnbe. A a. d. ^ \ "~B ' . . •• i«a. 1^ without a marriage was never known to occur, except in a oa-rcm Tcry few instances, where the putative father is a white man ; and "^ «• v • -^-^^ The trial and story of Peol Susup^ so much in point, may be Susup's related. About sunset, June 28, 181G, this Indian's turbulence uiai. and noise, in the tavern of William Knight, at Bangor, became intolerable ; and the inn-keeper thrust him out at the door, and endeavored to drive him away. The Indian, instantly turning in a great rage, pursued him to the steps, with a drawn knife, and ^ve him a deep wound, just below his shoulderblade, of which he presently died. ' >■ On his arrest, Susup frankly said, — ' I have killed Knight — ' and I ought to die ;— but I was in liquor ; and he abused me ; 'or I never had done it.' ^ After an imprisonment till the June term of the Supreme Ju- dicial Court, at Castliie, the subsequent year ; he was arraigned on an indictment for murder, to which he pleaded not guilty* * Many of bis own tribe, and several from St. Johns and Fassamaqtioddy, attended the trial. Among others, Susup's wife and four or fire children: ^Neptune g^ve bit counsel 30 balf dollars. 602 THBHWrORY A. D. I6IA, A day was consumed in the trial lo 1675. ' 8u»up'« UiMl. Idl« habiis of the la* diuu. amidst a concourse, which crowded the meeting-bouse ; and, according to the position urged by his ccunsel,* the verdict was " manslaughter." The Court then said to him — Stwttp, have you any tkiw no^ to $ay for yourself 9 — • John Neptune,' said he, • will speak for * me :* — ^That Indian then steppeu forward from the midst of hii associates, towards the Judges, and deliberately addressed them in an impressive speech of several minutes. He spake in broken English, yet every word was distinctly heard and easily under* stood. His gestures were frequent and forcible ; his manner solemn ; and a breathless silence pervaded the whole assembly .~. He began — You know, your people do my Indians great deal of wrong. — They abuse them very much; yes, they murder then ; then they walk right off- — nobody touches them. This makes my heart burn. Well, then my Indians say, we'll go kill your very bad and wicked men. J^o, I tell 'em, never do that thing; wt are brothers. — Sometime ago a very bad wnnf about Boston, shot an Indian dead ; — your people said, surely fie should die ; hut it was not so. — In the great prison-house he eats and lives to this day ; certain he never dies for killing Indian. My brothert say, let that bloody man go free ; — Peol Susup too. So we with — hope Jills the hearts of us all. — Peace is good. These, my Indians, love it well : they smile under its shade. The white men and red men must be always friends ; — the Cheat Spirit it our Father; — I speak what I feel. Susup was sentenced to another year's imprisonment ; and re* quired to find sureties for keeping the peace two years, in the penal sum of $500 ; when John Neptune, and 'Squire Jo Meriy Neptune, of his own tribe, Capt. Solmond, from Passamaquoddy, and Capt. Jo Tomer, from the river St. John, became his sure- ties in the recognizance. 'i,c^ V iiiiVft I. li^ >.r,i'' An Indian has few inducements to industry. Like the wretch- ed drones in civilized society, he considers labor beneath his dignity ; and with him, time is esteemed of small value. What necessity or inclination urges him to undertake in seasons of * Mellen and Williamsoa for the priioner. — For the gorerntnent, D, Davis, Solicitor General. f He alluded to one Lirermore, irho bad received sentence of death for killingf an Indian ; which was commuted to hard labor for life in the State'i prison. ♦Smith's Hist. p. 3 CiA». wx.] or MAINC 608 pgaee, is leisurely done ; for though be is never quiet, on bert a. d. I615. li/e is in his estimatioD the boon of earthly happiness. The principal eroployinenis of the men are hunting and fishing. Humin)^ lo the former, they discover great skill and dexterity. On the inival of the Europeans, the natives used uooden traps ; and la expert bowman, it is said, could, with his arrows, do execution ittlie distance of forty yards.* Sometimes the young hunter vould sfaroud himself in tne skin of a moose or other animal, and creep towards the herd, imitating their looks and motions, till 1 favorable moment offered, when he would shoot the decoyed game, and dropping the disguise, run it down and secure it. For the purpose of taking a herd of deer, two or three hundred men have been known to form an association ; wherein by surround- ing the animals with fires, posting themselves at well-chosen passes, and raising an alarm by hideous yells, they were enabled to kill great numbers. Oftentimes, one party would drive them to narrow points of land, or into a river, amidst an ambush, that vould rise and kill them. The time for duck hunting was in the month of Augu.st, when the flocks had shed their quills and featliers, and their young were fledged insufiiciently to fly. Ac- cording to the account given of an instance by Mr. Penhallow, A. D. 1717, the Indians drove them in such numbers into creeks IS to be able with their paddles and billets of wood only, to kill 4,600 at one time ; disposing of hundreds to the English at a penny by the dozen, f Birds were taken with snares, or shot with arrows. The fish were caught either by hook and line, by entangling them in wears, by dipping with scoop-nets, or by striking them with spears. The fish lines and nets were constructed of deer's sinews, the bark of trees, or tough grass, spun into threads between tlie hands and teeth ; the hooks were bones grated to a point and bearded. The remains of Indian wears, constructed with large stones, are still extant in great Ossipee river. T!ie lazy habits of the natives incline them to travel as much ,_. . •' Their man- as possible by water. Their craft or boats are of two kinds. One "«' ingenu- is formed out of a large log excavated, 40 feet in length — ^the inside being burned and then smoothed by a stone gouge. The other is constructed of birchen bark, so light, that an Indian imm iiy. ♦Smith's Hist. p. 32. f 1 Coll. X. Hamp. Flist. Soc. p. 90. THE HISTORY 1. Their weapons. 604 A.D. 1CI5, turning it upside down, can travel with it some miles upon his head : yet it will carry six men, and the other about forty. Their ^ axe was formerly made oi a fine grained stone, and used by uieans of a helve, fastened to the pole by a withe. The chisel and gouge were made of tlie same stone, the one straight and the other curved at the edge. Their arrow heads and spears, were made of flint, or the hardest stone, and shaped like the point of a two edged sword ; the former from two to tliree, and the latter from four to ten inches in length. A most curious article is the stone pendant, shaped like a pear. In length, it is three inches and a half, and four and a half around the bulb. It is too heavy for the ears, too clumsy and ill-shapen for a bosom ornament, and yet too much wrought for any minor use. It has been many times shown to the Indians of different tribes for an exposition of its use, without obtaining any satisfactory information. Their ancient weapons of war were only four or five, the war- club, the staff, the lance, the bow and arrows and the target. The war-club, was made of the root or branch of a tree, wiih a knot at the end, for the purpose of fatal batteries in close en- gagement. The staff or stake, resembling an espontoon, was an elastic pole, 8 or 1 feet in length, hardened by fire at one end, and designed to parry the enemy, or strike him at short distances. A much more bloody and fatal weapon, was the lance. It re- sembled the pickaxe, and was formed by inserting near one end of a short hand-staff, at right angles, a deer's horn, or a long stone sharpened at each end ; or it was a kind of pike sharply pointed with flint or bone.* By this, the fighter could fatally at- tack his foe, or shield himself from return-blows. The bow and arrow were of great use both in war and hunting. The bow was made of the toughest elastic wood, 8 or 10 feet in length. It was only bent when used to twang the arrows ; and then, like that of Ulysses, it required no feeble arm to bend it. An old English hunter assures me, he has sceu a bowman shoot at short distan- ces with the precision and effect of a rifle-man. The target was a shield, or breastplate, not extensively used. The tomahawk and scalping knife, which strike the minds of the English with so much horror, are sharp-edged weapons, of iron and steel, • .Smith's Hiilorj', p. 31.— Indian Wars, (nnon.) p. 272. ChAF. XIX.] 'm OF MAINE. which have come into use among the Indians, since their acquaint* ince with the Europeans. »i^'» "^Vrffm &.-. They enter upon war with the utmost deliberation. The Sag- imore meets his Indian warriors in council ; n great (ire is kin> died ; and he addresses the assemhlafi;e fully upon the important subject. Becoming acquainted with their determination, he takes up a circuitous march, while he sings a war song; endeavoring to arouse and kindle >their patriotic ardor to the greatest height. In war, a largess of services, among the Abcnaques and Tarra- tines, is tendered to their Sagamores ; but among the Mickmaks, the Sagamore being more absolute, levied a kind of tribute upon bis people, at pleasure."* — The fortifications of the natives were isvlums merely, for old men, women and children, surrounded by palisadoes without bastions, where they tarried when the warriors were absent. It was not their policy to face the enemy in the open field ; but in skulking, stratagem and ambush, they dis- played their superior arts of war. They choose by stealth to wind their way under the covert of darkness, within shot of their fee, when their leader, at break of day, gives the signal, by a flint hollow shout ; and the whole body instantly raising a most frightful war-whoop, and rushing upon their enemies with the usiml yell, ho ! ho ! ho ! — scalp and kill after all resistance ceases. In victory or success, they exult extravagantly, in dances, feasts and shouts of triumph. They fight for the public good, without remuneration ; — scalps, booty, trophies, and a return without loss, constituting the glory of the expedition. ' '''•/• « • Bnt wealth with them is of inconsiderable value, except for present use. They are no misers — though precious metals are iheir most valued ornaments. Their wigwams are mere shelters, ind nothing more. Ail in their estimation, which give worth to their lands, are their hunting grounds ; some small patches for cul- ture, and, since the arrival of the Europeans, the timber of the forests and other spontaneous productions of nature. The trade with them has consisted in a barter of furs and peltries, at " truck houses" and forts, established and regulated by laws. They never had any other domestic animals than dogs ;f no several 'Jeffrey*, p. 66, 80.— Indian Wars, (anon.) p. 269. I Wolf-dogk nrc laid to be the ofliprinf;; of tho Tox tnd tho wolf.— 3 Bclk. fiiof. p. 130—1. The InduDi had ou domestic fowlt.— 1 Cull. J4iut, HuL ^^ p. tlS. Vot 1. ftl 606 A. D. 1615, Jo 1678. Thfir war. fare. Thfir wenlth and Wampam. *» 606 THE HISTORY [Vol. ."i. A. D. 16IA, property, which was not portable in every situation and mo?e- lo 1675. , - _,, , ment; and no money except wampam. This was an article wrought out of shells, found upon the coasts of New-England and Virginia, and formed into beads, — all of a vivid color re> sembling pearls. Each " eye," or bead, was of a cylindrical form, about one 4th of an inch in length, smaller than a pipe-stem, and fluted through the centre, large enough to receive a strong thread. They were of two varieties, the white and the black or rto/e(; the former was double in value ot the latter, and rated at t farthing ap'ece, — now at a cent ; and both, in 1643, were by a colony law made a tender, in all debts tmder 40 shillings. Ten thousand of these beads are not unfrequently wrought into a single belt, four inches in width, and from two to three feet in length. Wampam is with Indians, the pearl of great price. It is interwoven into every part of their better dress ; it is their money ; it is used as an interchange or token of the highest re- spect, f' ...■ . •• * v/i - i 'i Kiatu. The natives have their songs of war, of sociality, and of wor- ship. But none of their usages are more general, than their feasts and dances on special occasions, such as war, victory, peace, marriage, and social meetings. !n the war-dance, and it is believed, in that of victory, the females being the devotees of peace, never take a part : otherwise they are as fond of this amusement and exercise, as the other sex. .^ , • -r'. Samuel Champlain was present at an entertainment, in true native style, A. D. 1G03, attended by the Algouquins, Eteche- , „ mins, and Mountaineers ;t — the particulars of which give a fair ,,I,,,, , ipecimen of similar scenes. The Algonquin Sagamore, Ama- dabison, who made the feast, took his seat between two perpen- dicular poles, on which were suspended their enemies' heads taken in w ar ; and all the guests were sc&tcd aroinid next tiie walls of the great cubin, armed with n kind of hard-wood spear, or dirk. To amuse the company, a young Indian took his dog, and, flourishing around the boiling kettles of venison, .seven or eight in nunibrr, danced from one to nnother of the attendants, and when coming to tiie Sagamore, he gave llic dog a twirl upon his back, and retook his place. He was followed by others * Wampampray. — Pnnrr, p. I7fl. t Purrhni, p. M8 — M6. — Tlir mm only nhotie. ClAF. XIX.] OP MAINE. 507 equtlly expert in the same feats. All with festive mirth partook a. o. m$ of the repast ; and afterwards some fold stories, others sang, and '* several danced, with their enemies' heads in their hands. The jodians of Amadabison then arranged and seated before him, "their women and maids, in ranks ;" who suddenly sprang up, as the men stood singing behind tlit\Tiag[raDd chorus.— O/dmi'xon, p. 23-t. ^> „„, ^, 610 THE HISTORY [Vot. i, A. D. 1615, copyists of the Indians. We have learned from them, to form I £ii^' i^. aud use the scoop net; the cylindrical baskets, for eel-6shery Uw'i'iKiiaM *"^ *"°^ shoes, or rackets, in winter travelling ; to lure and catcJil fish by torchlight ; to preserve vegetables from frost by buryinir I .^, ,; them in the sand ; meat from taint by putting it into snow, or dry. ing it in the smoke; and to dress leather with the brains of ani- mals, so as to give it a peculiar pliancy and softness. Their | homony consisted of corn broken in tt mortar and boiled. Theirl samp was whole corn hulled by scalding water, a little impregna-l ted with lie. Their nokehike was corn parched and pounded, f Suckatash was composed of corn in the milk, and green beans— a very palatable dish. Tin? broth of a boiled bass-head, thick- ened with homony, was called upaquontop. They taught us howl we might heathfully repose with the feet to the Bre, after expo.! sure in the open air ; and how to raise maize, or Indian corn,*} ' by manuring the soil with fisli, planting it when the leaf of the white oak is *' big as a mouse's ear," and hoing it in hills. Tol subdue a tree they bruised the bark at the surface of the earth,! and scorched ils roots with fire, till it w nild grow no more. Tlieyl beat up and mellowed the ground with a stone or wooden hoe; and planted (our kernels of corn, and two beans in a hill; and I scattered among them pumpkins and squashes. The Indians have no schools ; nor till the Europeans camel among them, had they any idea of reading, writing, or arithmetic. Attempts have been often made to teach them letters; and iDi the present age there are found among the eastern Indians several, who can read a little and write their names. But children un- disciplined at home, submit to school-government with great re- luctance. To mention an instance ; — the English teacher atl Pleasant-point tells me, that because he gave an Indian scholarl a blow over the shoulder with a bush, he leaped out at the window,| and in a minute, there was not one remaining in the house, ex- cept the Instructer : when a sturdy brother of the Indian boy, I forthwith rushed in, brandishing a drawn knife with violent men- aces. Parents have no ambition to have their children school- ed, and are unwilling to have them live in English families.fl • Indian Corn, or " Maize" was called by the natives, " Weachin."— D.I JftaVttJ^. E. p. 069.— The Indians ate the << entrails of Moose, Deer, Bean,! <*— and of fiih, and snakes thfcy were particularly fond."— //. 7rumiwri| Inditm Wan, p. 91. t R«t. El>j*h Kelloc;. Edaealion. *!Jcp Ante, Chap, xv tit VIM I'join the n;it N name, Alavooihen, 149,— The Indians w. naquotldy, speak the !7 Coll. Mass. Hist. ?Rall«'B Vocabulary. Chat. x«.] OP MAKVE. $m The thought! of labor, restraint and discipline, fill them with ex- ad. ISM^ trtme i^neasiness and anxiety; and they are always perplexed litb fears, that the power of custom and fashion, might change 4 *. 1 1^ manners of their children and alienate ihem from the tribe. Id the use of language, or arbitrary signs of ideas, the east- imiinn U«. |(m natives compare with all other human beings. They have^"'"'*" U(ir dialects, though no one tribe ever had an alphabet. To jgrent the signs of words, was an ingenious thought, which never atered their hearts ; and nothing mortal can be the subject of I more perpetual change, than a language never written — never I Induced to letters. All the dialects of the Abenaques and Etechemins as previous- |lr shewn,* possessed such an affinity and similarity, as enabled liliose of different tribes to converse together without difficulty.f Vocabularies as well as facts and circumstances confirm this truth. -One of these word-books, was compiled by Ralle, the French lesiiit, who lived among the Canibas Indians 26 years, posterior 1 1693 ;J another by the Rev. Ammi R. Cutter, commander of le fort, and keeper of the trading house at Saco, subsequent to hi dismissal from his charge at North-Yarmouth, A. D. 1 735 ; lind a third, by Rev. Daniel Little, minister of Kennebunk, and Imissionary to the Etechemins, after the war of the revolution. IThese are all said to be preserved ;§ though that of Ralle, being Id French orthography, is rather a book of curiosity than of So far as the language of these natives has submitted to Ijrammatical parts of speech, and the etymologies, inflexions, and Itombinations of words are known, it has many evident peculiari- liies, It has no article ; for a or an^ they, like the Romans, use \m; and for the, this or that. Nor have they any single word, liv which to distinguish the gender of nouns or pronouns. The jTarraiines say, A''cnh, 1 ; Keah, thou or you ; Ileckomah, he or Xeonah, we ; Acoumah, they. Their modes and tenses 'See Aiilc, Cliap. xvii. — fllwas Irom the natives, that llic extensive region of Maine, received luenamc, Alavooihrn, or Jhiuooehcn. — Purchat, [>. 939.-2 Ihlk. Jiiog. ,149.— The Indians sny> * tlic tribcH, at the river St. Joim, and at Vat- Tiiquoildy, speak the came dialects.' t* Coll. Mass. Hibl. Soc. p. 254 New Scries. } Sullivan, p. 26ft. ?Rall«'» Vocabulary, In I.ibrarj' of llnrv. l^niver«ily. loli57y Indiiin Ian -«♦ Ml..' 6U THE HISTORY C^WU 1.1 A. 9. 1616, arc quite defectivs. nHieir inflexions of verbs to the persons are! by prefixes, suffixes, and changes, thus : — AemonrJle,* J umlk \ Keamounche, you walk ; Heckotnah'tnounchu, he wUh ; A>ou< nahi-^''muchepowneak, we walk; Arowaah-mauU-cluUck, fAei walk.\ They never use adjectives in the degrees of compari- son ; — an Indian prefix, equivalent to rery, being their qualifyinii term. Land they call keag ; to which they prefix other words and form the names of their rivers. Penops-Keag, means rockn land ; Cundi-keag, leg-land ; Medawani'-keag, ripples or peh bles-land.j: * Ch has its proper sound always whon used ; never like k. f In Molicjjan, jy^piCmfieh, I walk ; k''pumseli, thou or you walk ; pr«mi».| too, A« or site walks. — Dr. Edward*. — In Openango, J^nfmsek, I vaU* L'moosch, Ihou, he or she walks ; JU^unclunih^ we or you walk; M'sa'-tcch i thpj' walk. I Tljcsc might be indefinitely multiplied. Passamaquoddy, in Indiaol orthography, is Pascodum [pollock} o(^uon [calcfi'em great many] keag [teiMZl.'tJ .*"*■■'>( y'- ^f'^ii'^nl ■mmitJ -yit jHtuir; •r.jn '. ' Th^ manner ot counting, ivi a Civf inlportant Words and expres.sioDi| will sliow us the aHinity an:! repugnance of diflbrent dialects. English. TARUATI^E. MOHEGAN. ViRGIMAN. One, Pez-a-qtin, N'quct, Neciit, Two, ■•■I" '■ '• Neice, Neese, ■' ■' Ningh, Throe, . •. Noss, Nish, 1- , i Nuff, Four, ,,!,,j Yenou, .1,3^ .„> .,.: ,;. Yowgh, Five, Polenes-q, Napanna, Paranske, Six, Nequitcnce, Quiitta, Comotinch, Seven, TomboTvencc, Edana, Toppawoss, Eiffht, rlri! 1. Sonsiick, Shwosuck, Nusswash, Nine, ^-.^.i^, Nour-lee', Paskugit, Kehatawgb, Ten, ^ . Med&ira, Pruck. ,'. .; Kaskeke.; Eleven, '' Nogudouncow, V • ■ " Twelve, Neicc-uncow, AiV 1-- V5 •!.. . Twenty, Ne(-ins-ca, "^ ' Virginian. QOQ hundred Nogudatcqua, 1 1 vi>. Necuttoughtyiinough, Ouc thousand. Nogudiinqui ?«ccuttweunquaongh. Heaven, Spumkcag, Tarraline ; — Tlio heavens, Keesuck, Jflohegan; Spemenkako'uin, Algonquin. God, Chenec-wusqne ; — Same among; a!l| the Etechemin /rtbci. Father, Meetungus, Tarraline. Nosh, my /a//iar(/on ; neo'nah, us; coin-moont^en-esk-sock^ our trespasses; 't-hah-lah-wee'-keunah, /ifte as ; nuin-e-se-comele'eot, ue forgive [pardon] ; tah-hah'-la-wc-u-kcali-ma-che-ke^cheek, all wrong do* m; a-qiic-he\ /('(k/ u« no< / a-que-ali-lah ke-mc-sah' coque, into tftnptofion ; n'gali'nc, hut; nnma-zec", rfc/ircr or toAre ; nca'nah, u*; nco'je.yVom; saw- got, evil things ; wou-saw'-me, because; kcali-dabcld'-ock, the kingdom; cgo-mah', is ; krel-o-ah\ thine ; noa'chce, the power ; donc-ahUe, and [alsci] ; bazoos', glory ; ncali'lcts, forever ; quos -que, amen. \ There arc some v'cttiges of hieroglyphics, amon^ the Mickmaks and some other tribes. — Sargenf. and Barton^ p. 19. I'.ih-que-num-se-cld". The Mohawks, to avoid closing the lips, when talk- inj, say, for amen, nicfn.— /)r. Edwa)ds. p. 10. Vol.. I. 68 6ll TH«HliW!lW ,. [Vol.,. A.D. I6U, repeated ; others and several of our consonants are 'quite rarely MiMiu. ""**• '^^^ accentuation, contrary to the English rule and r>*s*' usage, is thrown as far as possible from the first syllable ; yet their emphasis and cadences are natural, easy and forcible. Unacquainted with literature and the arts, their language is far from being copious. Like that of other nations, its adaptation is to their wants, their employments, and manners. But it has strength ; it is simple and lofty ; and in sound, it is soft and grateful to the ear. So easy is it of utterance, in their mouths • that though many of their words are not pronounced by the English without difficulty and exertion, the natives speak the longest and hardest of them, with a careless and even a graceful facility. V Their expressions are pertinent, and their sentiments full of reason and good sense. To supply the want of woids, they make a free and appropriate use of similes and other figures of speech ; which give to their addresses, on special occasions, a peculiar originality and boldness.^ They are sometimes eloquent. Their gestures are frequent and forcible, and their modulations of voice are correspondent to their sentiments. WjVts*'-*!/!^ i! * Mr. Manacb, a French priest, who lived among (he Micktnaks 40 yean, or more, prior to 1763, learned their langaage and declared himself quite enamored with its beauties. - > •■ • •i «♦ -:■ f. « • • . . 1 CaAT. zx.] OP MAINE. 6ia m ■■'■■■• • --^JWU' i*i*i i*-4l/ CHAPTER XX. fiing r'liKp^s war — The Eastern Stigamores — Causes of the war — The house of Mr. Purchas robbed — Wakejield't family de- itroyed — Skirmish at New-Meadows — Attack on Saco — Scar- borough burnt — Wincoln's expedition to Saco — Disasters at New ichawannock — Forts at Sagadahock — The Indians in that quar- ter disturbed — Pacified by Mr. Shurte — An expedition eastward — Bloody skirmish at Newichawannock — Plaisted and his sons kill- ed — Attack on Sturgeon-creek and Wells — Affairs of the war— A truce — Oeneral warrants — A parley at Teconnet — Casco and Arrowsick laid wcute — Pemaquid burnt — Troops at Dover — The sham fight — Casco revived and Fort Loyal founded — Cape Ned- dick destroyed — Scuo fort surrenders — Mugg's treaty— War re- newed — Waldron's and Frost's expedition to Mare-point — Saga- dahock cuid Pemaquid — Skirmishes — Smart engagement at Black- point — Vessels > aptured — Peace — Losses. The first open hostilities between the eastern inhabitants and the natives, were commenced in the celebrated king Philip's war. It broke out in the colony of Plymouth, June 24, 1675 ;* and 'within twenty days, the fire began to kindle in these easterly * It will be recollected, that at this period, the towns and plantations within the present State of Maine, were thirteen: — 1. if t/(ery, including all the settlements on the north-eastern banks of the Piscataqua,— New* ichawannock river, and Qtiampegan falls [S. Berwick], and on Salmon Fall river [Berwick]. 2. York, including Cape Neddick. 3. WtUt. 4. Cap* Porpoise. 5. Saco, on both sides of the river. 6. Scarborough, viz. Black- point cast, and Blue-point west. 7. Falmouth, including the peninsula, [Portland], Spurwink and Purpooduck [Cape Elizabeth], and Stroudwater [VVestbrook]. 8. Pejeptcot settlement southerly of the Lower Falls in the Androscoggin, and at Maquoit, 4 miles distant, on the margin of Casco bay.— [See ante, 1642.] — 9. The plantations upon the Sagadahock and Ken- ncbtck, including Cushnoc, and Arrowsick. 10. Sheepteot and Cape- ntwagen. 11. Damaritrotta, or Jfew-Dartrnjuth [New-Castle], and the Datnariscove Islands. 12. Pemaquid. \'6. Monhegan, Oorgea' Itlandt, and the opposite settlements upon the Main. The country between Penob- scot and Passamaquoddy, now in posseuion of the French [since 1667-8], exhibited only a few habitations at Penobscot, Mount Desert, Machiai and Schoodic. A. D. 1679. JuneS^. King Phil- ip's war. •moret. $t$ TMK rtMt^>rtY ■ [Vol. I. A. D. 1675. * parts, though distant 2r>0 miles.'* The English population of Indian Sar- Maine at tliis period, prohably exceeded 6,000 souls ;f and that of the Abenaqucs and Ktechemins, ii is believed, was twice if not thrice that number. The character and conduct of the Sagamores in this emergen- cy, reflect considerable light upon the war itself. Wonnolancet the eldest son and successor of the famous Passaconaway, was now chief of the Penacooks ; and he resolved to observe re- ligiously his fathers counsel and take no part in the quarrel, Wholly to avoid the storm, therefore, he withdrew to places re- mote, and unknown to the colonists ; and his example was foU lowed by the most of his tribe, who abandoned their homes, and sought safety and quiet in the heart of the distant desert. | At the head of the Newichawannock tribe was Blind ^Fi//, who was a believer in the prophetic communications of Rowles, his prede- cessor, and greatly perjJexed with a presentiment, that the tribes would ultimately be exterminated. He therefore entered the English service, in which he continued about two years to his death. He has been accused of duplicity, in his professions of friendship and respect for the colonists ; it being supposed, he inwardly hated them.<^ One of the most peculiar men of this age was Sguanrfo, Saga- more of the Sokokis. He possessed great strength of mind, his manners were grave, and his address impressive. In the s\iper- stitious devotions of the Indians, he was a leader and enthusiast. He made them believe, he had intercourse with the spirits of the invisible world, who imparted to him revelations of future events. An angel of light, said he, ' has commanded me to wor- * ship the Great Spirit, and to forbear hunting and laboring on * the Sabbath ; and God liimself tells me, he has left the English * people to be destroyed by the Indians.' A man of such rare knowledge and abilities necessarily acquired great influence among other tribes, as well ns unlimited ascendancy over his own. His conduct towards the settlers was full of change, being alternately humane and malevolent. || * 2 Math. Mag^nal. p. 4;)9 — Jliilibard's Iiulian Wars, p. 300. t Mnlhcr, in 2 JIau,-na/. y. 4f>(>, sn\8, ' llierc were at tliis time many line iiettlciiK nts in Maiiu' atul Cornwall. Illtil). Indian Wars. p. (is- no— 32!). ^ 1 Hclk. X. II. p. llfl— 120, H Ilubbanrs Indian Wars, p, r,()2~339— :5<)1, |,;^P. XX.] OFMAINF. 517 The Aii«sai?unticook Sa|e;ainoro was Tarumkin, — a man oI'a.U. My Ikjs intellect and less weiplu of cliarncter. Strongly atiachetl to j^^ ^^^^^ ^ L country, and jealous of its rights, lie foresaw the advantages """'"■* /union, and always acted in concert with other Abenaques Lefiains, both in war and peace. His great friend, Hohinhood, liliowas principal Sagamore of the Canihas tribe, made pre- Itdsions of reluctance to take arms in this war ; and celebrated Ijie settlement of a subsequent difficulty in a carousal and great Lncc. But Hopehood, his son, was a young warrior, who pant- L for glory ; and the tribe became active in the war, before it Another celebrated chief of his time was Madockawando, je adopted son of the great prince and orator, Assiminasqua, . ' od present Sagamore of the Tarratines. He was a man of seat sagacity, " grave and serious in his speech and carriage," od like Squando, pretended to have < supernatural visions and it^elations.' His daughter is supposed to have been the wife if Castine, who was then engaged in a profitable traffic with the which he was unwilling to have interrupted ; and the Sajamore himself, unmolested by the English, in the enjoyment rf his possessions, could perceive no inducements to join in the His principal minister was Miigg, who, by living in Eng- Mugg. ■:U\ liar. |isli families, had become acquainted with dieir language and bits, and qualified to negotiate with tlir colonial authorities. This war has been ascribed ■ various causes. It has been ramps oi [itpresented with some spleen as well as truth, that the English '^" ^^'" " lere the aggressors. The generous treatment and welcome they mt received from the natives had been repaid, as accusers say, by kidnapping their benefactors, by disturbing their hunting grounds tod fisheries, and by * a shameful mismanagement of the fur and peltry trade.'f In the gradual encroachments of the white peo- fle, the Indians foresaw the danger of being totally exiled from iteir native country. They complained of impositions ; — for in- Mance, an Anasagunticook said, * he had probably given £100, 'for water drawn out of Purchas' well.'J To nothing European were the natives more passionately at- iched, than the hunting gun ; as it afforded diem the necessary Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 302— 317— 36B— 3Srt. 1 2 Math. iNfagnalia, p. 493—9. I Siippt. to Pliilip's War, p. 77. 618 A. D. 1675. The Indian! armnd nnd iuaoleul. EAttera coininiitee of wur. Ho«(ilitiei coinmanced July 11. THEHIflTORY ' f. [VoL. i. means of procuring a subsistence. Still, they said, < tbe EatgUsbl 'refused to sell them 6rearras and ammunition, though tbeyl ' were at times ready to starve and perish ; whereas the French} * were free and cheerful to supply them with whatever they with.] * ed.* Nay, the Sagamores knew the English looked upon theffl] and tlieir tribes with a distrustful eye, and considered them as an] inferior order of beings ; while they themselves believed, the] Great Spirit, who gave tliem existence, had also given them ab*] solute rights in the country of tiieir birth, and the land of their] fathers. Many traditional stories of injuries they had received,] were recollected, [for Indians never forget,] and often rehearsed] in a manner calculated to arouse and inflame their resentments. Though England and France were at this period in close alli ance, the Indians had obtained of the French traders in Canada] and at Penobscot, a supply of arms and ammunition, and had gen- erally become acquainted with the use of them. These greatly! emboldened their courage and revenge, and hastened them to] acts of hostility. On their return from hunting, in the spring ofl 1675, their insolence was peculiar, and their violent conduct ex-f cited fearful apprehensions. They took into custody several set- tlers, about Piscataqua, and then set them at liberty through a| pretence of friendship, though really in consequence of the pres- ents made to them. In these appearances of rupture, the General Court appointed] Captains Lake, Patteshall, and Wiswell, at Sagadahock, ' a com- < mittee, and entrusted them with the general superintendence I * and military power over the eastern parts.' The court also gave thern directions to furnish themselves with all necessary munitions of war, for the common defence, and to sell neither gun, knife, powder nor lead, to any other Indians, than those | whose friendship was fully known.* When the news of king Philip's war reached York, July 11,| from the colony of Plymouth, Henry Sawyer, one of the towns- men despatched a messenger to Sagadahock, witli tlie alarniing I intelligence. In his letter, he mentioned the expedient proposed, of taking from the Indians, along the coast, their firearms and ammunition. Immediately the committee of war met upon the | subject, at the house of Mr. Patteshall, attended by several of * llulib.ir.ri) Iridi: * t Mast. Hoc. |>. 29 — Plub. Indian Wan, p. 301. iw^rfc^- rrtlWH'^l-^ Cftf". XX.] or MAINE. 610 ^ settlen ; and Mr. Walker, a trader at Sheepscot, induced a a. d. I67«. ■rt of the Indians about him, to surrender their guns and IbireSi^^*''-' To ascertain more fully, the true disposition of the natives, a I Mrty of volunteers proceeded up tlie Kennebeck river, and pres- ntty met with five Anasagunticooks, and seven of the Canibas inbc, all of whom came in and delivered their arms. Amidst the fonversation however, one Sowen, a Canibas Indian, struck at ' kv-^. Hosea Mallet, a by-stander, and could hardly be prevented from Lking his life. The assailant was instantly seized and confined ii a cellar. The Indians confessed his crime deserved deatli, yet requested his discharge ; ofTering a ransom of 40 beaver skins ibr his release, and several hostages for his future good behav- ior; — all giving their hands in pledge of the«r sincerity. The Uoposal was accepted, and Sowen was released. — To secure Ufir future friendship and fidelity, Capt. Lake then refreshed liem with the best of victuals, supplied them with tobacco, and repeated to them the most solemn promises of protection and linror, if they would continue peaceable and quiet. This was the occasion of the great dance mentioned, which Robinhood made |ihe next day, when he celebrated th- peace with songs and shouts. But the far-famed Squando,* who had long cherished a bitter ^q"«»du'» lintipathy towards the English, had recently been afTronted, in a manner which greatly provoked his resentment. As his squaw m passing along the river Saco in a canoe, with her infant child, she was accosted by several rude sailors, who having heard that ilie Indian children could swim as naturally as the young of irra- tional animals, approached her, and in a fit of inconsiderate humor, overset the canoe to try the experiment. The child sank, and ibugh the motlier, diving, brought it up alive, it soon after died ; and the parents imputed its death to the ill-trcatnrent received. I So highly did this exasperate Squando, that he resolved to use ill his arts and influence to arouse and inflame the Indians against I the settlers. News of hostilities in the colony of Plymouth, f without doubt, crcatly encouraged him in his malevolent schemes and embolden- * Iliiiibarit** Indian Wiim, p. 330-1. 'In Pliiliji's war, i( is ^aid IIuti; were .T,00i) fijliti'in, '• »xcIiimvc i>f tlia f'kUru Imliaiis."— I rrumlmll't (Vnn. \\ .ISO. 620 AD. 1676. ed his friends. THE HISTORY The Anasagiiiiticooks had conceived a tnai 8i'|)l. Mh. Jn'iIrehM "version to Thomas Purchas, who had dwelt at the head oi plundered. Steveiis* Hver, two leagues below Brunswick falls, thirty or fort years ; and by trading with them had acquired a large estate] Though he had courted tlieir friendship, and in 1639, had ntil himself and possessions under the protection of Massachusetts] he was the earliest eastern sufferer in the war. ■'^,1 , A On the 4tli or 5th of September, a party of twenty IndiansJ among whom were tliu hostages that had a few weeks beforJ escaped from the English, came to the house of Purchas and began a parley widi his wife, under pretence of trade. But soon as they ascertained that her husband and sons were absentJ they threw aside the disguise, and hastened to rob the house ' taking such weapons, ammunition and liquor as they could find] killing a calf and several sheep near the door, and makint; themJ selves merry with the booty. In the midst of the scene a son oi Purchas suddenly returning home, on horseback, was an eyewiti ness of the mischief. To interpose was unsafe, — tliercfore, wheri discovered, he fled for his life ; being pursued closely an hundred rods, by a sturdy fleet-footed Indian, with a gun secreted undeJ his blanket. The assailants oflered no personal violence to thJ people of the hotise, but told them — * otliers would soon comj and treat tliem worse.' There dwelt at Presumpscot-river in Falmouth, one Thoinai Wakely, an old man, with his family consisting of nine persons.* Unsuspecting evil, and remote from neighbors, they were attackJ cd by the savages, September 12 ;f when several were killedJ vix. the old man and his wife, his son John and wife, and three oi their children, — two made captives, — and the house reduced iq ashes. The flames and smoke brought to the place from Cased neck, Lieut. George Ingersoll, and a military party, too late, houj ever, to do more than sec the ruins and relics of this ill-fateii family. The body of the aged man, the fire had half consumed] — The only remains of his wife and son were their bones bumii to cinder. His daughter-in-law, near confmement, was pierrfj * JIubhnri»'ii of Mr. \Viii«-ri(.'i' The HISTORY [Voi. i. A. D. ti?rs. cursion of discovery, irere encountered by'tpties; and in «kir- mishing with them, Alger received a mortal wound, and his brother Arthur was shot down soon after at the same place.* |n the two settlements, twenty-seven houses lately inhabited, were burnt to the ground ; and probably a still greater number of famj. lies reduced to sufferins; and misery. About the same time, Am- i brose Boaden was killed, and Robert Jordan's house with its j contents was consumed, at Spurwink. " ■' - >»■"-' -w-f* -on Co defend or relieve the distressed inhabitants of Saco, Capt.l vVincom of Newichawannock, and sixteen volunteers, proceeded with exemplary valor and alertness, to the mouth of VV inter-harbor. But unfortunately they were discovered by several prowling sav- ages, who firing upon them killed two or three ; and then sound- ed the alarm through the woods. Consequently, the brave band,! while landing on the beach near that harbor, was met by 1501 Indians well armed and equiped. A warm skirmish ensued, inj which Wihcoln and his men, overpowered by numbers, retiredl and took shelter behind a pile of shingle bolts. Protected byl this breastwork, they were enabled to fire with a precision so fa-j tal to their antngonists, as to induce them with the loss of several] to leave the cround.t The report of the guns drew from the town a party of ninel men, joined on the way by two more ; all of whom falling into an ambush, near the place where Wincoln was first attackedj were shot down in a single charge upon them, and presently ex-j pired. The enemy in the next place, marked the setdement) about the Piscataqua for destruction ; and in marching thither,J killed several people in Wells. On the New-Hampshire side, at Oyster river, they burned the dvvellinghouses oi tlie Messrs. Chesleys, and five or six othersJ killed and carried into captivity four men, and, waylaying the road between Hampton and Exeter, shot down three passengers,j and made another their prisoner. At Newichawannock [now South Berwick] the dwellinghousej l,V..(,J * The Alg'crs, or Aujcrs, lived in Diinsfon parish ; they pnrcliascd 10(9 acroa in 1650-1, of n Sng;amore ; Arthur dving- ciiilJIess, John, a son cf Lll John, inherited tiie property, and transmitted it to tivc daughters, one off whom, married John MilliUen, who purchased out other heirs— and heocej the •• Millikoa Claim." f riubbard'i Indian Warn, p. 310, 323-4. CnMT. tX.] OF MAINE. 5^ «f John Tosier, 150 rods abore the garrison* and mills at Sal- a.Ul int. goa Fills, was at this time, a frontier habitation. He himself, j^JJJ;^ „ «d the men of his neighborhood, were absent with Wincoln ; N«wich» baring left his household unguarded, consisting of fifteen persons, vix> were all women and children. Against his family an attack tras led on by one Andrew of Saco, and Hopehood of Kenne- beck, two of the boldest warriors in their tribes. Their ap- proach was first discovered by a young girl of eighteen, who * shut the door and held it fast, till it was cut in pieces with their >^:\ hatchets, and the family had escaped. Madly disappointed in finding the house empty, some of the savages inflicted repeated blows upon the heroic maid, till she was apparently expiring ; and the rest, in pursuit of the family, overtook two of the children ; — one, three years old, being too young to travel, they at once dispatched, and the other they took and kept with them six months. The young heroine revived after their departure, and repairing to the garrison, she was healed of her wounds and lived many years. Her name, if known, would adorn the brightest page of history. A larger party, the next day, set fite to the dwellinghouse and gepuss. buildings of Capt. Wincoln, whic" /ere standing near the upper mills, and reduced them and their contents to ashes ; one of his bams containing more than 100 bushels of corn. The incendi- aries were followed closely till night by the men from the garri- son, who exchanged with them several shots ; the darkness put- ting an end to the pursuit. In the morning, they appeared on the western shore, and fired several guns across the main river at the laborers in the mill : then shewing themselves more con- spicuously at twilight, were heard to utter loudly, many insolent ; . speeches, calling the people " English dogs," and " cowards." In returning eastward, we find great exertions had been Afr<;ri ai employed to keep the Indians quiet, and likewise to for- jf^'if *"'" lify the people against their attacks. On the easterly bank of Sagadahock, at Stinpon's point [in Woolwich,] Richard Ham- mond had erected '. trading house and fortification ; and, two miles distant,f upon Arrowsick, not far from the present meeting- house in Gv'iorgetown, Clark and Lake had built another, which was stronger and considerably larger. They had also in the *Thia was in the parish of Unity, in Kittcry. — Suit. p. 243-4. 1 1 Hutchinson^s Htstor}-, p. 311. .^, Ihe Indianf. TUB uiaroRY (Vol. ,, A. D. M7A. vicinity a mansion-houM, mills, out-buildings, and culti' ated fidds> and over their whole esublishment they had aji^inted Capt SyU vanus Davis their resident and general agent. They had, besides, a trading house in the neighborhood of the Indian fort, at Tecoo. net-falls; — whither the Canibas Indians had retired with their families, receiving supplies principally from that house, and shew- ing no symptoms of rupture, till after the burning of Scarborough.* Imprudence In the great excitement against the Indians, many people acted tiers.* ' w:*b shameful indiscretion ; threatening wiih violence some of the most benevolent promoters of peace, and accusing others of sell- mg, for the sake of gain, firearms and ammunition to kill their neighbors. Nay, tlie Monhegan Islanders offered a bounty of £5, for every Indian's head, that should be brought to them, jeaiousietof 1"^® jealousies of the Indians were daily increasing j — to allay which, end to bring home the guns, powder and other articles from i the trading house near Teconnet-falls, Capt. Davis sent a mes- 1 genger, charging him to assure them all, if they would remove i and live neiur him, down the river, they should be furnished with every supply needed, at the fairest prices. But, either to over- awe them, or to do mischief, the messenger violated his iDstruc- 1 tions, and told them, ' if they did not go down and give up their 'arms, the Englishmen would come and kill them.' This so] alarmed their fears that they presently forsook their fort; and I going to Penobscot, sent a runner to the other two Etechemin tribes, I requesting them to meet in council, nt the peninsular residence of] Baron St. Castine :-— Possibly he himself was the instigator of| the measure, fihurte'i ^^ Abraham Shurte, chief magistrate of the plantation atl *f»^ ^ith Pemaquid, who was a man of good sense, and well acquainted! with the Indian character, left no efforts unessayed, till he had , succeeded in having a parley with the disaffected Sagamores ; fori which purpose they were persuaded to meet him at his own viM lage. In this interview, he said to them, — < I have urged ouij ' committee of war to issue orders, forbidding every body la ' harm or even threaten a peaceable Indian ; — being determined * to see all the wrongs you have suffered, fully redressed.' — ^Tba discussion resulted in a truce, by which they engaged to live in peace with the Ejtglish, and to prevent, if poss^le, the Anaui Zii * Hnbbard'i Indian Wars, p. 841, 853.— Sullivan, p. 81, 169, 173. ClAF. XX.] OP MAINC. 087 Mtkooki from eonmUtting any more tUipredatumt, either iipMi A.o. ifiw. ^$ettleri w tradert. An uniform perseverance in these conciliatory measures, it wn M«>MurM or believed, might revive and secure the amity of the natives ; and liierefore, in October, the General Court, acquainted with their dispositions and circumstances, ordered monies to be disburs- ed from the public treasury, for the rehef of those Indians who would become the subjects or allies of the colony ; and appointed Major Richard Waldron of Dover, and Capt. Nicholas Shapleigh of Kittery, to negotiate a treaty with the friendly tribes, upon terms congenial to their wishes. The Court also directed the eastern trading houses to be discontinued ; and made provision ibr an expedition into Maine, — to be prepared under the purvey- tnce of Maj. Clark. A vessel was therefore procured, and laden with military stores and provisions ; having also on board, when ie sailed from Boston, a force of fifty soldiers, commanded by lieut. Scottow^.* It was a gloomy autumn ; and on account of the public calamities, a day of fasting and prayer, Oct. 7, was observed throughout Massachusetts and Maine. On that day a man was shot from his horse, in Newichawan- Newichv nock, and soon died ; and two youngsters, a mile off, experienced »gain''ai^ i same fate. From these were taken their guns and upper gar- '"'^''•*'- I ments.f Indeed, this ill-fated settlement seemed to be more than any other, the object of savage vengeance and utter destruc- Ifion. Saturday, Oct. 16, about a hundred Indians assailed the kouse of Richard Tozier, killed him and carried his son into cap- tivity. Lieut. Roger Plaisted, the commander of the garrison, who was an officer of true courage, and a man of public spirit, having a partial view of the massacre, about 150 rods distmt, despatched nine of his best men to reconnoiter the movements of I the enemy, who falling into an ambush, three were shot down, and the others with difficulty effected their escape alive. A letter J addressed unto two gentlemen at Cocheco, [Dover] I communicates the distresses of the place. ** Salmon Falls, Oct. 16, 1675. " To Mr, Richard Waldron and Lieut. Coffin ^These are "to inform you, that the Indians are just now engaging us with at ■■mm * 4 Mass. .Rec. p. 49, 66. (Sulliran, p. 349. •f Hubbard's Indian Wan, p 318. I 528 THE HISTORY [VoL. I. A. D. iS7fi. " least one hundred men, and have slain four of our men already " — Richard Tozier, James Barrey, Isaac Boues, and Tozier*! *' son ; and burnt Benoni Hodsdon*s house. Sirs, if ever you " have any love for us and the country, now shew yourselves with <* men to help us, or else we are all in great danger to be slain " unless our God wonderfully appears for our deliverance. They " that cannot fight, let them pray. Nothing else, but rest yours i "to serve. — ,, " Roger Plaisted. "George Broughton." To bring in for interment, iM bodies of his slain companions I Plaisted ordered out a team, and led twenty of his men into the field. Placing first in the cart, the body of Tozier, which was most remote, they returned to take the others; when a party of I 150 savages, rising behind a stone wall amidst logs and bushes,] fired a well-aimed volley upon the soldiers, and pursued the as-l sault. The oxen took friglit and ran to the garrison. The en- J gagement instantly became fierce, though unequal. Plaisted and] his men withdrew a few paces, to a more eligible spot of ground,! and being greatly overmatched by numbers, the most of them I returned. But he, disdaining either to fly or yield, though urged! again and again to surrender, fought with desperate courage, tiil| literally hewed down by the enemy's hatchets. A fellow soldierj and Plaisted's oldest son, unwilling to leave the intrepid maD,| Kia?sied«nd ^ought their retreat too late and were slain. Another son, a fewl weeks after, died of his wounds : — Such being the fate of thisl Spartan family — whose intrepidity deserves a monument morel durable than marble. The father had represented Kittery fourl years in the General Court, and was highly respected for his un-j common valor, worth, and piety. He and his sons were buri-j ed on his own land, near the battle ground, full in view irom the highway, leading through Berwick ; whose lettered tombstona tells succeeding ages, — " JVear this place lies buried the hodj/ on " Roger Plaistedf who was killed by the Indians, Oct. 16, 1675J " aged 48 years : — jllso the body of his son Roger Plaisted, wk " was killed at the same time* Before the Indians left the neighborhood, they set fire to threel houses, two barns, and 8 mill, belonging to Mr. Hutchinson od Boston; and then proceeded to Sturgeon-creek, where they^ fall tons. * Sullivan, p. 350. I Cur. XX.] OF MAINE. 529 I ^ed a dweliinghouse and killed two men. In this liamlet, tlie a. d if7*. house of Capt. Frost,* being a little remote from neighbors and •^'•'"•''"r«n jflfortified, was marked out by them for destruction. He was at'^"*''- uhort distance from it when attacked, and narrowly escaped the ktal effect of ten shots aimed at l>im, ere lie entered his dnior. There were only three boys with him in the house, yet he had jhe forethought and prudence to give out audible words of com- Hiand, as if a body of soldiers was with hiu) ; — load quick I firt mrt ! thnVs well ! brave men ! — A stratagem which saved thera- |»lves and the house. .i- v^nii rr '^^^ i:, '< ■; ,},??*; ^>jrxvt The next day, on the eastern beach opposite to Portsmouth [battery, the Indians killed a householder ; and while plundering hnd setting fire to his habitation, the terror of a cannon shot dis- persed them. They made a precipitate retreat, yet by means of alizht snow just fallen, they were tracked into the wilderness, ind overtaken near a great swamp, into which they threw them- jelves, leaving their packs and plunder »o their pursuers. ' *■' The last acts of bloodshed and mischief, committed in Maine jvpreda- lihis season by the savages, were at Wells. Here they killed Mr, \\^\i^^ Cross, Isaac Cousins and the servant-man of William Symonds, whose house also they reduced to ashes. Being a man of influ- leDCe, he was an object of their greater vengeance ; but fortu- Inately, before this, he had removed his family to the garrison, which was in the more compact part of the town. The prominent actors in this year's war were the Sokokis, the Affairt of [.inasagunticooks, and a part of the Canibas tribe ; and never did ''"^ ^"' Ithe wars carried on by the clans of the northern hive against the iRomans, partake of a more predatory character. Within the lihort period of three months, the settlements between Piscataqua Imd Kennebeck sustained a loss of eightyf lives, a large number lof dwelHnghouses and of domestic animals, and an unknown hmount of other property. The savages had every advantage. JThey had no buildings to lose — no fields to be destroyed : — ^They Iffere actuated by desires of revenge and rapine ; they fought for Iplunder ; and they were gratified. As tenants of the wilderness, liiey traversed the rugged country with facility — appalled at no jprivations ; for hunger, fatigue and hardships were their habits of 'W '•:->*f-»..' wmm: * Afterwards M njcr Frost. i Hubbard tayt, " fifty ;"— but by actual enumeration tighly. Vol. I. * 64 030 THE HIHTORY [Vot. i. A. D. 1675 life. Unequalled by the inhabitants in numbers, they chose their time, place and manner of attack; though, as they aftenvards j acknowledged, their loss of men Tias twice that of the white I people. Business was suspended. Every individual was seek- ing for his own safety and the security of his family ; the pro.] ductions of the earth were not gathered ; dwellinghouses were I deserted ; and men, women and children were huddled together in small garrisons, or the larger houses, fortified by timbcr-walltl and flankers ; — generally constructed with sentry-boxes upon the! roofs, and guarded by watchmen day and night. -t . ■ To subdue the Indians in their fastnesses, or wlnter-quartersj into which it was supposed ihey were retiring, at Pegwacket, Os- sipee, and Pejepscot ; the General Court ordered considerable de- tachments to be detailed from the New-Hampshire and Yorkshire regiments, and gave the command to popular and meritorious of-] ficers. But the soldiers were not prepared to march till the 10th of December, at which time the snow had fallen to the depth < four feet upon a level ; and they, being unfurnished with snow- shoes, could not travel a day's journey into the woods without great hazard of their lives ; — therefore the enterprize was aban-j doned.* A truce. No event, as it proved, could have had a happier tendency; for the Indians, having been diverted from their ordinary pursuits, <■ had no provisions on hand, , nor means of buying them, — theii ammunition and plunder were consumed, — the snow was too deed for hunting, — and they perceived, that without peace, ilicy musl suffer extreme famine. The Sagamores therefore requested ol the Commissioners, Messrs. Waldron and Shapleigh, an armisticej and then entered into a treaty for " the whole body of Indian^ eastward ;"f engaging to be the submissive subjects of the govJ ernment, and to surrender all captives without ransom. ThesJ were happily from time to time restored, and their lives saved. The dying embers of war, kept smothered through seved succeeding months, might never have been disturbed, had m people, uninfluenced by private gains, and personal animositiesJ been governed by maxims of exact justice and prudence. * About twenty I'amilics removed from Saco, Falmouth, and the ncigh^ borhoud, to Salem. -f This could include only the Indians from Piicataqua to CaHCo.— //iiI"! barirt Indian Wart, p. 346. Cbi»« »»•] ov Maine. 631 But during the winter the community was filled with whispers A. D. itn. lod jealousies. The eastern traders were charged in Boston with leiliag to the Indians firearms and ammunition ; when it was lyorable, they were procured of the French. It was also re- ported, that the Sa2;amores and their confidents were engaged jfl a deep conspiracy against the inhabitants ; and so fully was iliis believed, that Major VValdron was induced to issue general q,j,„| tarrants for seizing every Indian known to be a manslayer, «*"'•»«•• traitor or conspirator. . ...s. These precepts, which afforded every man a plausible pretext Indian* kid K) seize suspected savages, were obtained by several shipmasters "•pp*** Ibr the most shameful purposes. One with his vessel lurked ibout the shores of Peraaquid, when Mr. Shurte, acquainr^d irith his errand, importunately entreated him to depart ; assuring him, the English and the natives in the vicinity, were in a state of profound peace, and warning the Indians likewise to beware r^ bis wiles. Yet he treacherously caught several, — and carrying iheia into foreign parts, sold them for slaves.* Another, by the name of Laughlin, with one of Mr. Waldron's warrants, seized several Mickmaks at Cape Sable, for the same wretched purpose. These people, who had hitherto been altogether dis- tinct and separate from the other eastern tribes, were in this manner provoked, to make the injuries done the natives a com- mon cause of resentment. Greatly incensed by these fresh and unprovoked afironts, the Compiainti [Indians complained to Mr. Shurte, whose sincerity and kind of-diaiu. Ifices had won their confidence ; stating that many of their bro- I tilers were missing, — possibly miserable slaves in foreign lands. 'Yes, (added they,) and your people frightened us away last fall 'from our cornfields about Kennebeck, — ^you have sine*. I'lh- 'tiolden powder and shot from us ; so that we have been u;>able I 'to kill either fowl or venison, and some of our Indians, too, the 'last winter, actually perished of hunger.' To conciliate tliem and preserve their temper, Mi, Shurte told lihem, that their friends, if transported, should be returned to their homes, and the transgressors arrested and punished; and that Uh], Waldron had entered into a happy peace with the Sokokis ud other Indians, which might become general, provided the ■Hub. Indian Wars, p. 332—844. 582 "^HE HBTORY [Vol. i. A. D. IC76. Anasagtinticooks and the Canibas tribe would accede to it. Much gratified, apparently, with this parley, as they called it, ] they presented him with a belt of wampam in token of amitv, delivered to him a captive boy, and, a short time after, sent a foot-post, or " runner" to him from Teconnet,* inviting him to j meet the Sagamores in council at that place. A parley ai The committee, or council of war, whose advice he sought, j Tccounei. j^^ociated with him in the mission, Capt. Sylvanus Davis, and gave them instructions. On their arrival at Teconnet, the Indians saluted them by a discharge of guns; and conductui them respectfully into the great wigwam, or camp, where they i found seated Assiminasqua, Madockawando, Tarumkin, Hope- 1 hood, Mueg and a large assemblage from their tribes. Squando, j whose attendance, they were informed, was expected, had not yet I arrived. Assiminasqua, their chief speaker, first addressed thein:— I Brothers, keep your arms, it is a point of honor. Be at liberUj. It is not our custom, like Mohawks, to seize the messengers co,n- j ing unto us. JVny — certainly we never do, as your people once j did with fourteen of our Indians, sent to treat with you; takinn away their guns and setting a guard over their heads. — We now must tell you, we have been in deep waters. — You told us to comt I down and give up our arms and powder, or you would kill us. \ So to keep peace, we were forced to part tvith our hunting guns; or to leave both onr furt and our corn. What we did, wat a great loss — we feel its weight. * Our reply to you,' said the agents, * is good. Otir men, who j •have done you wrong, are always greatly blamed. Could they • be reached by the arm of our rulers, tiiey would be punished. ' All the Indians know how kindly they have been treated ail * Pemaquid. We come now to confirm the peace, especially to ' treat with the Anasagunticooks. We wish to see Squando,f ' and to hear Tarumkin speak. He then remarked : — / have bten weMward, where I fund three Sagamores, wishing for peace ; — many Indians unwilling. Hove the clear streams of friendship, that meet and unite. Ctr- tain, I myself, choose the shades of peace, J\Iy heart is trvt ; * Sull.ran, [>. l7I.--IIcical)(>iils were cvidcncei of ' ancient wtll^ itientK,' + lliibbard'i Indian War*, p. ,'40. Cbaf. XX. J OF mwnK. 633 f)d I give you my hand in pledge of the truth. — Seven of his A. U. \ili tribe, also Ho|)ehood and Mug^, offered the same token of their sincerity. Had Squando been present, Shurte and Davis might have effected a treaty with the Annsagimticouks. But Madocka- wando, becomins; impatient of the distrust and jealousy, which ihe agents discovered, enquired : — Do we not meet here on equal ^ound ? IVhere shall we buy powder and shot for our icinter^t kunting, when we have eaten up all our corn? Shall we leave Englishmen and apply to the French ? or let our Indians die '' ffe have waited long to hear you tell us, and now we want, yes ! or no ! 'You may,' said the Agents, ' have ammunition for net essary •use; but you say yourselves, there arc many western Indians, 'who do not choose peace. Should you let them have the pow- 'der we sell you, what do we, better than cut our own throats?— •This is the best answer we are allowed to return you, though 'you wait ten years.' Tiie reply gave an unfortunate turn to the parley or negotia- tion. The chiefs taking umbrage, declined any further talk; and the Agents returned home,* apprehending a speedy renewal of hostilities. The death of King Philip, August 12, IG7G, which occasion- 1^«''>- SO aoo. 636 THF. HISTORY f [Vot. i. A. D 1676, and assumed to be masters of the garrison. Never, perliaps was consternation preater. The Ene:)isli and Iniiians fought hand to han. IC36^ Ptnujttid burnt. Extent of tlin ravai^e*. Aiinrkon JkwcI'i Island. ♦ Hubbard'» Indian Wars, p. 3ftl— 4~3«0~31H). Vol. 1. 66 IlS--1 638 THCHISTOBT [Vol, A D. !«';$. killed two In Kant, and thus gave the alarm. Mrs. Potts ud several ot iier rhildren were quickly seized, when one of them seeing his fati>^r conaing in a boat, ran towards him, crying for help, — till cau^^ht by a savage, upon whom the father durst not i fire, through fear of killing his child. One of the men rowed off his canoe towards Richmond Island for assistaaKe. nnd the others with gioat intrepidity rushed into the .aici-ic of iiic Irtlia i^ and with the ; >ss of two killed and five nai < captive, dn 7(> themt) their canoes The messenger, niceiinc; with a ke.:i, persuaded the master to 'p and relimo the oisircsaerf 'siande and he finally rimoved tbf;n) to place*; of mo «^ safety. The as- j s&ilants proceeded to Spatwnk, where they killed two and wounded others. !''»'k';.hI nt^<' v ;;.: n;t ?» . TrooM Mni Amidst these alarming deprt flatio.is, the Heneral Couri hav- enemy!**" ing becn convened, Ordered 200 met i to be enliyidd. 'uidcr tiitl command of Captnins William Hicwthorn, Joyph bllj, and J, Huniine:, and dt'ectud Major Waldron, anu Mdjot Frost, to make! dotrtciiiriCiits Goiu their respective regiments, or otherwise recruiij as I. -Mny able-bodied men as could with prudence leave hoine;! and to desjiatch them with the colonial troops against the enemy.l The force from Massachusetts, partly formed of refugees froral Maine, who were anxious to return, consisred of 1 30 English and 40 Natick Indians. They all arrived at Cocheco, (Dover) SeptJ •^ . 6 ; where they were met by the soldiery under Waldron an(i| Frost. Met at Do- At the same place, about 40U Indians from different tribe^ Indlanf.**'*' assembled ; some of whom were known to be malignant fugitives from the westward ; others had treacherously violated the stipula-j tions of the treaty, made with them nine months before ; and were acting in concert and friendship. As this assemblage wa probably not requested, it was not expected ; and Waldron, \\\ had authority to seize all Indian murderers and traitors, was m volved in a difficult dilemma. Many of the English scl'^us, eiij raged nt tho recollection of savage cruelties, were impatient to fall upon them immediately and indiscriminately, with gun and i)ay(> net ; while he knew, that most of the Indians present were reposj ing the greatest confidence, both in his honor and fidelity. Waldron, therefore, suggested to tJ:o officers an expedienij which, though of an uncommon character, was adopted. Hj prof)osi.'d, the next day, to the embodied Indians, to have a shanil CiAF. XX.] or MAIMC. 889 Sept 7. H l>, •I* (^t, in which they were to manoeuTre on the one tide, and the A> D. icit. English on the other. Accordingly the amusement was continu- ||ji*||JJj°|[, ti a short time, when Waldron induced them to fire a erand *■><' f*'« "' '^ ihe offend- round ; and the moment their guns were discharged, his troops «r* surrounded the unwary Indians, seized and disarmed them, with cut the loss of a man on either side. To divide them into classes, iccording to their guilt or innocence, was a far more difficult part of Uiis undertaking. Wonnolancet and his tribe, all adherents to the English and all neutrals in the war, were discharged. The <' strange Indians" from the westward, and every one who had been guilty of bloodshed or outrage since the treaty, about 200 in all, were confined and conveyed to Boston. The Governor and Assistants constituted, at that time, the Supreme Court of the colony ; and all the prisoners who were convicted of having taken life, (being seven or eight,) suffered death ; and others re- ceiving the sentence of banishment, were transported and sold in foreign parts for slaves. ■ I h The propriety of this unprecedented course was a subject, which divided the whole community ; some applauded, — some doubted, — some censured ; but the government approved. Wal- dron and Frost, with other officers, thought it their duty to obey their orders, which directed them to kill and destroy all hostile ' , Indians ; and to submit the future destiny of the prisoners to the public authorities. It was believed, that those who were set at liberty might feel highly satisfied, and those transported would never be able to return. But the Indians thought tliis farce of a batde, a base Yankee trick, played off in direct violation of good faith ; which diey would neither forget nor forgive. Next day, the troops, under the senior command of Capt. g ^ Hawthorn, piloted by Bilnd Will, Sagamore of the Newichawan- y''" ""?"?• nocks, and eight of his Indians, proceeded eastward by water ; Caico. and after visiting Wells, Winter-harbor, Black-point, and Spur- wink, disembarked, September 20th, upon the peninsula of Fal- ,.„„i mouth. They had taken on the way, only two prisoners, one of whom was killed and the other permitted by Blind Will's men, his keepers, to escape ; they probably intending that every princi- pal event should be communicated to tlie enemy. As some of the inhabitants belonging to Casco neck, probably Fort Loyal returned — they and the soldiery, proceeded to prepare the i± 1:., s Gvent ai Mmiiiijoj's Island. 640 THEHIStORV , fVoL. A. D. 1676 foundations for a public garrison,*— to establish which, the Gen- eral Court had made some appropriations. The troops, eneaeed principally in searching for the enemy and in relieving or removjnr the settlers, tarried upwards of three weeks upon the peninsula • during which a few instances only of depredations committed bv the savages are noticed. By permission of Cnpt. Hawthorn September 23d, seven of the inhabitants visited Mouiitjoy's, or Peak's Island, for the purpose of killing and dressing a fen- sheep. for the support of their families. While there, they were en- countered by an Indian party, and driven to the old stone house for shelter, in whicli they defended themselves with much valor till, either by the guns of the enemy, or the stones tumbled upon them from the walls, they were all killed except one, who soon died of his wounds. Being heads ol families and men of cour- age and activity, especially George Felt, they were greatly es- teemed and their deaths deeply lamented. '^in,/} A larger party, lurking about Wells, the next day, Sept. 24, shot from his horse James Gooch, as he was returning from pub- lic worship on the Lord's day ; and his wife, who was on the same horse, was cut to pieces by them with their hatchets. On the 2r)th, they destroyed the settlement at Cape Neddock,t where forty persons were slain, or made the subjects of a wretch- ed captivity. This was a transaction, which bore some marks of | uncommon barbarity. For instance, — after dashing out the brains of a nursing mother, they pinned her infant to her bosom and in this awful condition was the babe found alive, with one of the paps in its mouth. J Again they entered Wells, and killed George Farrow, — all the settlers being constantly terrified with appre- K hensions of instant death. ',, • „ Unable to meet the Indians, who were extremely shy, the troops, Oct. 12, sailed from Casco-neck and continued the resi- Ofiober 14. due of the month at Newichawannock. On the second day iiuack«d." only, after they passed Black-point, a body of 120 Indians^ made a furious assault upon the garrison there ; when fortunately all the surviving inhabitants of the place were safe within its walls. This fortress, which was commanded by Henry Joscelyn, Esq. Sept. Sfi. Cape Ned clock ("e- slreyed. * 4 Jilaiis. lice. p. 7fJ. — AltorwanJs coriiplctetl and called " Fort Loyal." -See j>ott. A. D. Ifino, rlicip. 21. f In YnrU. J Fullivan, p. 2(1. 5 Card Kn\8 " 120 tlcrli(ip,;r men."— Hnlihard'slndi.nii Waw, p. OfiS— 271 Cmr. XX.] f}V o^' MAINE. 541 «as strong, and as easily defeuiible by few men as any one upon a. d. iCTS. (be coast. Aware of the fact, ihe arch-leader, Muge, told the eooimander, if he would surrender, lie and his associates should lie free to depart mth all their goods, without injury or insult. During the parley, Joscelyn sutTcred himself to be drawn out a short (iistance from the garrison, and on returning, he was sur- prized to learn that in his absence all the people, except his house- hold servants, had laden tlieir boats and were gone. In this wretched predicament, he was obliged to surrender at discretion.* The event was a mighty boon — in which Mugg took great pride. For, the Indians themselves had on the same point, and in the vi- cinity, two slender fortifications and eight wigwams between iheiii ; and the present surrender, in addition to the burning of Blue-point, the last year, completed tlie ruin of Scarborough. To prevent the Indians from plundering Richmond Island, of Sci«urp of ail the valuable property collected there ; Walter Gendell per- rrcw at suaded Capt. Fryer of Portsmouth, to proceed with his vessel island, and crew, and remove what remained. He did so ; but as they ffere loading their vessel, a part of the sailors on shore were seized, and a part on board were driven below deck. Next, by heaping into canoes, the bolder savages succeeded in cutting tlie cables, and the wind blowing fresh from the southeast, ,^ drove the ketch ashore. Surrender, said they, or flames will - *•••• ' \ionn make you prisoners of death. Theirs was now a most wretched choice, — either to die by fire or the tomahawk ; — to be thrown into the deep, or to commit a species of suicide, by surrendering themselves prisoners to blood-thirsty barbarians. But as Captain Fryer lay wounded and bleeding before their eyes, his men at last concluded to risque the lender mer«.Ie.«5 of the savages, and eleven were made prisoners. In the cirtel, they I were to ransom themselves by delivering a specified quantity of ods in a limited time ; — to procure which, two of the prisoners I were released, who, departing, returned with the ransom before the lime elapsed. But as the exacters themselves were then absent Ion some new expedition, their fellows took it, killed one of the *Hubbard'i Indian Wan, p. 390.— Tlic "list of the inhabitants at jniack-point garrison, Oct. 12, 1676," exhibits the names of about 60 men, inciudinj those -.vithin and without the fort. -1 Coll. .Vaine Uiii. Soc. p. ,«,*;;<.., i HI'. Wells. Nov. 1 Excurtion to 64i THE HISTORY [VoL. i. A. D. i«76. bearers, and retained the rest of his companbns in custody ^~ A true specimen this, of Indian faith. Such a repetition of uninterrupted successes, filled the natives with hopes, and the inhabitants with fears, that the entire Prov- ince would soon be overrun and laid waste. Mugg, sensible of Oojohcr is.ti e advantages gained, led a force, Oct. 18, against Wells garri- Aiiack on ^^ ^^ ^^^ town's end, and sent his prisoner, Walter Gendell to demand a capitulation. Never, said the commander, nevtr shall the gates be opened, till eviry one toithin is dead. Re- pelled by so bold a reply, yet be; it on mischief, AIi!j?g and his associates killed two persons, wounded a third, cut the throats of thirteen cattle, from which they took only their tongues, and then withdrew to the woods. Supposing that the Indians were collecting at their great fon o»»?f»e. <*" Ossipee river. Captains Hawthorn, Sill — and their men took up their march, Nov. 1, from Newichawannock, towards that place ; wading through deep snows, and passing several streams, not frozen hard enough to bear a traveller. This expe- dition of two montlis, with all its hardships and expenses, was entirely fruitless ; not an Indian being seen, and nothing more done, than burning a part of their fort.^ Mu«'« pro- ^"5S> *h® '"ost cunriing Indian of the age, came to Piscaia- P^» °^ qua, bringing in Fryer, dying of his wounds, and declared upon his faith, which he said was still good, that the prisoners taken at Richmond's Island, would shortly be restored, without ransom; at the same time, proposing in behalf of Madockawando to ne- gotiate a peace. He and his sagacious master saw how much it consisted with motives of policy and the dictates of prudence, — to treat with a discomfited, desponding foe, — to present the first offer in behalf of their tribe, that had much to lose and nothing to gain by the war, — and to anticipate the necessities of j an approaching winter, when the means of sustenance must be entirely meager, and prisoners burdensome. In short, they ex- pressed ardent wishes for a spoedy return of peace and of all neutral Indians, several of whom, from every tribe, even of the Canibas and Anasagunticonks, had been absent most of the sum- mer ;f suspecting if the war was continued, that they would form * Iluhbard't Indian Wars, p. 376. — Day of tlie return, Januarj' 9. t F. Card's Deposition. ClAP' XX.] OP MAINE. 543 am ■>•■ I' coonexions whh the Algonquins, and other northern Indiaovt A. D. iC7ft. vfaich could not be readily dissolved, av \ which might be the , , means of thinning the tribes. Mugg, therefore, through the agency of Major-General Den- flison, then at Piscataqua, was favored with an immediate passage to Boston : where he, in behalf of Madockawando and Cheberrlna, negotiated a treaty, Nov. 6, with the Governor and Council ; ^inv' <>• . ind signed it, ** The mark X of Mugg." Its articles were in aies • irea- substance, these : — 1 . All acts of hostility shall cease ; 2. all ^ Epglish captives, vessels and goods, shall be restored ; 3. a full satisfaction shall be rendered to the English for the damages they have sustained ; 4. the Indians shall buy ammunition only of liiose whom the Governor may appoint ; 5. the slayers of Wal- ter Gendell and his friends, engaged in the ransom of the cap- tives at Richmond's Island, if they are indeed killed, shall be surrendered to the English ; and C. the Sachems of Penobscot sliail take arms against the Anasagunticooks and other eas- tern Indians, if they do still persist in tlie war.''^ ' In faitli of my sincerity and honor,' said Mugc, ' I pledge my- 'self an hostage i/> your hands, till the captives, vessels and 'goods are restored ; and I lift my hand to heaven, in witness of 'my honest heart in this treaty.' d!]i,:-i\. zvn ni ..... !, . ,m', On the 21st of the same month, Capt. Moore was despatched n^^^m^ 10 Penobscot, in a vessel with the Indian emissary, to procure a ratification of the treaty and bring home the captives. Soon as he arrived, Dec. 2, the articles all received the sanction of the Sagamore ; Gendell and a few other prisoners, especially those taken at Richmond's Island were surrendered ; and Mugg declared, tiiat not more than 50 or 60, in the whole, could be found among ail the Indians. ■ .; ^' t.: s'l ;< . . .i,!< ;>:."; Reluctant as he pretended to be, through apprehensions of injury or blatne for his conciliatory transactions, he was induce'^ to visit the Canibas tribe, with a mouth full of persuasives to join the peace and release captives. He expected to go as far as Tc- connet ; and when he departed, he said to Capt. Moore, if I do Mi return in jour days, you may conclude 1 am certainly bereft of my life or liberty. A week or more elapsed, and yet nothing was lieard of him ; therefore the Captain returned home. It was * Sec this treaty entire— '2 J^eal\' JV. fi. p. 40:i-5. itifM ■"■^jL»^-i/*'<^ "■■ m. if?i 644 TUK HISTORY (Vol. 8ep»'i*'*' *^**"*'"^ reported, that Mugg, in a laughing mi. ad, laid to tbe Indians at Teconnet, — I know how toe can even laurn Boiton and drive all the country before us : — ice must ^ ^'^ . .:<,- The late treaty gave some encouragements of a settled tran- * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 386-391. CbaF. XX.] OPMAItVC qailliiy» still the aspect of Indian affairs was by no means free iironi gloom. The conduct o( Mugg was suspicious ; a part only of the captives had returned ; some of the Indians threatened to break the treaty ; and the scalps taken from the heads of three « foreign Indians," at Cocheco, who were known by the cut of their hair,* to be Narragansctts, induced the belief that many of those people had mixed with the eastern tribes, and were foment- ing quarrels. At length a renewal of hostilities in the spring was extensively apprehended ; and the General Court ordered a win- ter expedition to be fitted out eastward. This, consisting of 150 men, of whom 60 were Natick Indians, sailed from Boston early in February, under tlie command of Majors Waldron and Frost ; a day of prayer being previously ap- pointed for the success of the enterprize. The places of their particular destination were Casco and Kennebeck, and tlieir in- structions were, " to subdue the Indians in those parts, and deliver '*the English captives detained in their hands." The first intelligence tiiey received concerning the eastern lodians, was communicated by John Abbot, at the Isles of Shoals ; ffho, with the help of a boy, had effected an escape from them at Sheepscot in his own vessel. He said, ammunition was uncom- I monly scarce and dear, among all the Indians ;— -especially at Kennebeck, powder was worth 32s. by tlie pound, and some I were gone or going into Canada to buy it. - ; Waldron landed his troops, Feb. 18, upon Mare-point in Bruns- wick, a league below Maquoit, where they were presently hailed by a party of Indians, among whom appeared Squando and Simon the Yankee-killer. A parley was commenced, in which Waldron enquired of Simon, their speaker, — From what place did you hear of us 9— At ' Purpooduck-head.'—fFAo rowed up the Indians to re- new the war 9-—' Oh !— Blind Will :— He says he'll kill Waldron.'f —Do you desire peace ? — ' Yes, and we sent Mugg to Boston for 'that purpose — he told us you'd be here.' — Can you tell us, where now are the English captives ? — ' O, may be under Squando.' — \Are they well 9 — ' Yes.' — Why don't you release them ? — Squando I replied, ' I will bring them in the afternoon.' Nothing more was seen of the Indians, till noon the next day, * Hubbard's Indian Wars, p. 892-5.-1 Belk. N. H. p. 122. iThis was probably a false assertion. Vol, I. 66 546 A.D. IfiTT. A«p«ct of Indiaa sf* fun. Fel>. 7. Expedition against tb« enemy. % !«l Feb. 18. Parley at Mar«-|joint and skir- Diiih. 645 THE HISTORY [Vou I. A. V. I67t. when a little flotilla of 1 4 canoes, was discovered up the bay pulling for the shore; and presently a house was seen in flames. As Waldron's scout approached the Indians, they raised a hideous shout, and challenged some of the soldiers to fight. Maj. Frost attacked them from an unexpected quarter, — killing or woundinr several ; and again presented a flag of truce, which produced another parley. i- ; . ,. - uw*-,! i*,^, The Sagamores were now asked, — why they had not brought the captives ?^-~-why they get the white man^s hotue on fire 9 and why they challenged the soldiers ? — They replied, ' that the ' 'captives were a great way off, and the snow and cold weather < had ^ I'evented their coming ; — that the house took fire by ac- *cident and that the soldiers fired at the Indians first :'— ' These ' are our answers to you.' ; Unoblo hero to fight the Indians to advantage, or recover the captives, Waldron sailed to Sagadahock. Disembarking on the western shore of the peninsula, opposite the foot of Arrowsick Island, and concluding to settle a garrison there ; he made arrangements for the purpose, and set about lialf ol his men lo work. With the others in two vessels, he proceeded, Feb. 2C, to Pemaquid. Meeting at that place three or four Sachems and an assemblage of mixed Indians, partly Tarratines, he agreed wiiii them, the next day, to lay aside aims on both sides, sub- mit to a mutual search, and enter upon the negotiation of a treaty. In Its commencement, Waldron desired them to restore their captives, also to take arms, furnish canoes, and proceed against ^eniticjuid. jjjQ Anasagunticooks, as a common enemy. A few of our young j men only, said an old Sagamore, who cannot he restrained, have had any concern in the war. Jill the prisoners with us, wm j received from the Canibas tribe to keep; and we must have Jlr\ tupportiug each one of them, 12 heaver skins, and some goodl liquor. Our canoes, you knoiv, arc in use ; we are hound if Penjhscot in ihcm. — Sufiicioui liquor was then given ihcni, aiu:| abundant ransom was olfered ; yet only ilnec prisoners were pro- duced.. ■■»• could be obtained. Thotigh their .<;incority was suspected and their trcnclifi} I foared ; anotiicr meeting waa appointeii in the afternoon. At ilia; {iinc WnlHron espying the point of a lanre under a hoard, search' : /anhcr, when he found other weapons hidden also; and tnkii'd bofk Jf^il>. 2G. Fob. ?7. A Woody nfl'riiy nt ChaF. Wt.] OF MAINK. 547 ooe, he brandished it towards them, exclaiming, — perfidious a. d. im* rreiche.1 — you intended to get our good* and then kill us, did ijou'f — ^Tbey were thunder struck: Yet, one more daring than the rest, seized the weapon and strove to vtrest it from VValdron's band. A tumult ensued, in wiiich his life was much endangered. Maj. Frost, laying hold ot Megunnaway, one of the barbarous murderers of Thomas Brackett and his neighbors, hurried him into the hold of the vessel. Meanwhile an athletic squaw caught up a bundle of guns, and run for the woods. At that instant, a re* enforcement arrived from the vessels ; when the Indians scattered in all directions, — pursued by the soldiers, either to the water's edge or into the forest. In this affray, Sagamore Mattahando, also an old Powow, and five Indians were killed. One canoe was capsized, from which five of them were drowned ; — and four others were made prison- ers. Waldron preserved his goods, and took from the Indians about 1,000 pounds of beef and some other booty. But the chastisement partook of a severity, wiiich the provocation by no means justified ; nor could it be dictated by motives of sound policy. It must have reminded the Indians of the mock-fight at Dover, and served to increase their prejudices. One of his pris- oners was the fi\ir sister of Madockawando, whose influence with her brother, had he not been absent on a long hunting tour, might have effected a release of captives. Megunnaway, grown hoary in crimes, was shot.* On their return to Arrowjlck, they killed two Indian plunderers waWron oi found there, put on board the large guns, several anchors, a quan- fo]!|XJ| tity of wheat and boards \>liich had escaped the flames, and sent a captive squaw to Teconnct fort ; demanding in uieir names an exchange of prisoners. Tliej liktmiso left, under Capt. Sylva- nus Davis, a garrison of 40 men upon the main, where it was lately settled, and returned to Boston, March 11, without the loss March II. . K«turnt t» of a man ; carrying with them the body ot Capt. Lake, cnttrely Ikwioa. preserved by cold. As the Mohawks were in amity with the English, and an uni- TV. Mo- versal terror to all the ]\ew-hngland tribes ;f it wa;> thought to inio tenriM. * Ilubbanl's Indian VVnrit, p. 410. t Tlio whole number of Mulawk CigUtern, or warriori< of the Fiv« Na- tion*, A. D. 1677, were citimated at 2,150. — Chalmfn. ,,-#43 II 8 U^."^ Wm S m Blind Will killed. 548 THE HUTORT [VoL. \. A. D. i«77. c^sist with maxims of the wisest policy, to persuade them, if possible, into the public service. The measure was recommended by Sir Edmund Andros, the Duke's Governor of New-York and Sagadahock,* and fifteen of tliem were at length taken into eiri- Mirch ic. ">''*7; who appeared, March 16, in the vicinity of Anioskea:- falis, on the Merrimack. They first hailed the son of Wonnoian- set, who, being unable to understand the lansuage, took fright and fled ; they all firing two rounds at him without effect. Unac- quainted with the friendly character of Blind Will, and the Indians about Cocheco, they next attacked him and eight of his tribe, then employed by Waldron to :nake discoveries, and only a part of them escaped alive. The death of Blind Will, one of the slain, was the less lamented, because of his supposed duplicity ; though his general conduct had always been in consistency with his professions. In any point of view, the event was unfortunate, as the introduction of the Mohawks to our assistance was altogether im- politic. Religious people thought there was great impropriety in applying to the heathen for hclp.f The news of their arrival upon our frontiers spread, almost with the rapidity of lightning, through the New-England and Nova Scotia tribes. All were ex- cited to greater activity and watchfulness ; and our Indian allies, in view of the late fatality, aggravated by a report of their being hirelings into the war, became highly jealous, that an indiscriminate extermination was intended. J Any longer retention of the Mo- hawks in service was evidently forbidden by every principle of prudence — by every particle of good sense. A view of the past and anticipations of the futiu'e, were equally gloomy. Ere the snow had entirely disappeared, the ravening savages had singled out their victims, and were impatient to re- new the work of destruction; York, Wells, and the new garrison opposite Arrowsick, being the principal objcrts of their vengeance. Indeed, if we except those places, Kiltery, Ncwichawannock, and Winter-harbor, we may enquire what other places in Maine were not already wasted or deserted ? To bury the bodies of the murdered inhabitants, which had lain ai'ove ground upon Arrowsick, more than seven mouths, a large pan of the opposite garrison proceeded to the Island, not suspecting dan- ger. But they were soon fired upon ; an ambush intercepted NiiM killad •D An-iw- tick. ♦ 1 TnimbuU'i Conn. p. 326. t Hiil)banJ'» N. E. p. «M-!. t HubbanP* lodinn Wart, p Cur. n.] or name. 549 Ljieir retreat to their boats; and nine of theru were shot down a. o. i6T7. jpon the spot.* The survivors were soon after removed by order of government to other places, pcrliaps to Casco-fort, Black-point, or Winter-harbor ;f and Capt. Swainc with 60 men, acluding ten Naticks, was despatched from Piscataqua eastward, 3 afford relief, succor, or support, where either was most needed, /ibout the same time, April 7, seven men were killed in the A|)rii7. r ij r IT , , r . Sevpn killed witer fields of York, two miles from town, engaged m the first "n Vork. abor of spring. It was a feat which partook of great audacity ; lorthat town Loing more environed by settlements than others, jiad suffered less than they ; still supposing, for the same reason, no great danger to be apprehended. But the town, which the savages seemed to have marked out Attack upoi» I this year for early and utter destruction, was Wells. From their irst entering it, April (3, when they killed three, to the end of the I month, they made attacks upon the people and their garrison jeveral times. On the 13th, John Weld and Benjamin Storer April ini were killed by them. Two or three approaching a man and boy, who were fowling in the marsiies, were first espied by the boy, klicn the man was half-sitting and fixing his flint. Springing up 85 the boy spoke, he aimed his gun directly at them, crying out, \iji, you rogues J fve been looking for you; — when they, being startled by this bold rebuff, turned and fled. The fort was com- manded by Lieut. Swelt, a brave and vigilant officer — always alert and active for the safely of the inhabitants. Seeing a strolling Indian, who was in fact a decoy, Swott despatched ' jven of his men towards the place, to make discoveries. By \oM»tiir- ing too far, they fell into an ambush, when two were shot dead, ami one mortally wounded. Hearing the rejx^rt of the guns, Swett sent out auxiliaries, who killed five or six, and would have done thorough execution, had not an Irishman sung out, here they be ! — here they be ! — which so alarmed them, that they with- drew and sheltered tlnimsclves among the thick trees and bushes. After the garrison had been re-established at Black-point, and Mut ir, \ tiie command of it accepted by Lieut. Tappen, a man of great ^VniJiTbL'- mrage ; the Indians beset it, May 16, with an nnron.mon bold- *^'j||^^'',^',||. ! iiess and pertinacity. The siege was continued three days in sue- •*•• ■17 m ' Hiihhanrs Indian Wars, p. 410. t 1 lic'lkntip'x N. H. p. 177. •ay* (o H.mliiB. York and 550 THfi HISTORY fVot.. i. A. D. icn. cession ; the assailants determining to force a surrender, or perish in the attempt. In this most obstinate encounter, three of the English were slain and one taken, who was barbarously tortured to death. One of the enemy brought to the ground, by particu- lar aim, was then supposed to be old Simon — afterwards found to be the celebrated Mugg. The loss of this leader so damped the courage of his companions, that they, in despair of victor)-, departed. Mugg had alternately brightened and shaded his own character, until the most skilful pencil would Gnd it difficult to draw its just portrait. To the English this remarkable native was friend or foe — rind among his own people, counsellor, peacemaker fighter, or emissary, just as self-interest or the particular occasion might dictate. His address was inspiring, and his natural good sense and sagacity partially inclined him to be an advocate for peace. By rcjiulses, the Indians learned precaution, though defeat | seldom crippled their spirits. The party, after Mugg's death, di- vided, — eleven canoes full of Indians, proceeded eastward, to I glean in the wastf places of their spoils, and five hastened away to Wells and York ; where, v.ithin a few days, they killed seven persons, and took two captives. Finding six friendly Indians, May 28th, lying in a state of intoxication, they made prisoners of them, hut at last left them in the woods, after n day's journey of 20 miles, through fear of the terrible Mohawks. Civil aiTuirs. Tliouglj the town of Kittcry was represented, this year in the| General Court, by John Wincoln, also York and Wells, by Sam- uel Wlieelwriglit, and the administration of justice was continMedl in Yorkshire; ilie inhabitants of Devonshire had left their homes, and all the judicial regulations in that county were at an end. ^. . For the defence of Black-point, and the security of Winttr- BlMk-poiiit * . "' i baitia. harbor, the Geo'Ji'al Court ordered a company ol 40 men to M recruited, 200 Christian Indians taken into service, and all suclil able-bodied men eidisted, or impressed, as could be found, wlwl had migrated from the Province of Maine.* The command oil ilie forces, including the Indians, was given to Capt. Benja-I min Swett and Lieut. Hicliardson. They arrived at Black-pointI Juuo^tf. on the iBtli of June in high spirits It is H rule of jiolicy in fi.^bting the Indians to gain tune. Awir' * t Mnu. Rcr. p. I0», tl6. Chap, xx.] OF MAINE. 561 of the maxim, and informed of the fact, that the savages had a. u. I077. been seen hovering aroimd the place, Swett, at the head of one division, aud Richardson the other, joined '.ly some of the inhab- itants,* led out the whole, the next morning, 'jpon the declivities ju„, oy of a neighboring hill. A large decoy, supposed to be the main body of the Indians, feigned a retreat, and were pursued by Swt.t' apd Richardson, till they found themselves between a thicket and a swamp, in a most exposed situation. Instantly, from an am- bush on each side, great numbers rising with a war-whoop, fired at once upon the two divisions, in which there were many young or inexperienced soldiers, and the whole were thrown into con- fusion. But though the ranks were broken, the engagement was sharp and protracted. Richardson w'as presently slain, and many Oil both sides soon shared the same fate. Swett ibugiit the ene- my hand to hand ; displaying upon the spot, and in a retreat of two miles, great presence of mind as well as personal courage, in repeated rallies of his men, in his exertions to bring off the dead and wounded, and in defence of his rear, upon which vhe savages hung with destructive fury. At last, wounded in twenty places, and exhausted by loss of blood and by fatigue, he was grappled, thrown to the ground, and barbarously cut in piec ?s at the gates of the garrison. With this intrepid officer, fel: sixty of his men, forty English and twenty IniMans, being two thirds of the whole number in die engagement. Seldom is the merit of a military officer more genuine — seldom is tiie death of one more deeply lamented. f The triumphant savaces, in their next movement, spread them- The in.iiant selves along the seacoasi I rom Wells to disco-hay, resolved to ingvcMiiU. try the favors of fortune upon the water. They were neither sailors nor skilful oars-men ; yet, by frequenting the harbors in the night-time, they were enabled to seize, in the month of July, .. about twenty fishing vessels at anchor,— -the greater part of which belonged to Salem. J Each of thein carried from three to six men, who might have made a successful defcnte, jiiid they not been taken by surprize ; or, as one author says, • had they either 'courage or skill to fight any thing but ^sh.'^^ In fact, four did • Making 9;j F.ntrtUli in nil. — Fultmrn, p. ir?0. i »wbbard*§ N. K. \\ 0.JI.-1 Bclk. >. 11. p. 12?!.— rt Coll. Mft««. Hi*t. -.f . p. '263. { 6 ('«!l. Mom. Mifct. S*oc, p. 263. ,II.il)har.l'» V. K. p. 038. The good policy of •Gov. An- ,dro». 662 TH ^ HISTORY * > ' [Vol. i A D. I6T7. make a brave resistance ; tiaving several men killed, and carry, ing nineteen othei's into Salem wounded. Hence, a large vessel equipped like a war-ship and manned with 40 seamen, was des- ! patched to recapture the prizes, and give the enemy battle : A vain enterprize — for the unskilful captors, finding the ketches too I heavy to be managed with paddles, and being unable otherwise to manage them, had taken out all the valuable articles and aban- doned the whole of them. If most of the ketches were recov-l ered, it is certain the crew of the cruiser while out, never saw a I single Indian. Such were the calamities and distresses of the summer, 1677 i through the Province j when alleviation arose from an enterprize unanticipated. Fearful that the Duke's Sagadahock Province in its present deserted condition, m'pM be seized upon by the French or other foreign nation, Jir Edmund Andros, in June,* sent a military force from New- York to Pei;:^fjuid, with orders to take possession of the country, and build a tort at that place. When the garrison was finished, I^e jilaced in it " a considerable number of soldiers," established :i custom house there, -j- and recommended an intercourse and traffic with the natives. The commander finding them to be pacific and tranquil, entered into an agreement, early in August, with some of t\c Sagamores ;| in consequence of which, fifteen captives wert surrendered, and I the vessels detained by them, were permitted lu return home, A. I). KuB. The hannouy which prevailed through the autumn and winter,] iCaiice. between the parties, and the pleasures of tranquillity and safety enjoyed, strongly induced other Indians to think of peace ;§ audi in the spring, Major Nicholas Shaplcigh, of Kittery, wlio had succeeded Frost in the command of the Yorkshire regiment, Capt. Champernoon and Capt. Fryer of Portsmouth, were appointed! commissioners by the governmetu of Massachusetts, to settle c peace with Squando and all the Sagamores upon the Androscog- gin and Kennebeck. T)- y diet the Indians oi Ca.«co, and entered! into articles of peace, April 12ih, iOTS, by which, || 1. the tap* tivcs present were to to be surrendered, and tiiose absent released without ransom ; 2. all the inhabitants, on returning to their homes, Auguii. * Diit Uelknap't A*. H. p. 130, »ay» it was "in Auffiist." t 1 Hutch. Hist. |>. 292. J 4 Mass. Rcc. p. 147 J //u66aiv/'« A", L.\\H^1 — 9. — Philip's irar ctasi'd tins winter, .iltiii-j westwn'd. || NcaP* N. E. p. Vu aces were ri hygovernnnent Cbat. X ^1 OP MAINE. were to enjoy their habitations and possessions unmolested ; but A. D. icn. 3. they were to pay for their lands to the Indians, year by year, a quit-rent of a peck of corn for every English family, and for Major Phillips of Saco,* who was a great proprietor, a bushel of corn. Though the close of king Philip's war in Maine was the cause ciom of of universal joy, the terms of peace were generally considered ip'/w«r! ' bjr the English, to be of a disgraceful character, — nevertheless, preferable to a predatory warfare and its consequent deprivations lod calamities. Nor were the exactions of the Sagamores un- just. The Aborigines, it was acknowledged, had a possessory right to the country ; large tracts had been taken from the Soko- kis, the Anasagunticook and Canibas tribes, as well by en- croachment as by purchase; and their remarkable successes through the late war, might very properly embolden them to dic- ute these hard conditions of peace. The losses sustained through the country, eastward of Piscat- aqua, were various and great. About 260 were known to have been killed or carried into captivity, from which they never re- turned. Tiiere were probably many others, the accounts of whose deaths have never been noticed, or transmitted to poster- ity. Numbers were severely wounded, who survived ; and an hundred and fifty or more, at different times, were made captives who were released. The dwellinghouses at Cape-Neddock, Scarborough, Casco, Arrowsick, Pemaquid and several other places were reduced to ashes. Possessions were laid waste, i^omestic animals killed, and a great amount of property plun- dered or destroyed. The cost of the war in Maine, to the colo- ny government, was £8,000, besides incidental losses.f ♦ 1 Bclk. N. H. p. IW.— Erroueouily Pendleton. ti.VoM. Rcc. p. 147-359 — The low and damaf^e of Philip's war to all I the colonics, are estimated thus : — los«t-R of men, 600 ; 1,200 houser, ; 8,000 lcittle;>~cost£lSO,UOO. Loss to the Indians, 8,000 lives — Huich. CoU p. \M. Vol. I. 67 T^l~m .:.^^^.'ifl '^ ^1 desire of ihn ptt eT.remities by ai tad protection tfa £(^ >iund And. Iiocl'' :ndei Jan his miraon, and i i^ides <.aktng pc in^ a fort at Pen monopolize tlie ti (uch settlers, as i sachusetts. In tl by him ; but the ' prevent our peo 'whether upon ti 'tion.'* An uniform c( General Court, ( usual, three assoc with magistrate's ibem and the tov shire; and deleg year, in the Coi public attention ; purchase was fo Court. In fulfi ized the colony- money, and pled for security. Th Indian war, was c * Hutch. Colt. p. 491, 581. — There had been a proposition to convey the Province of Maine and New-IIarnpuhire to the king, with a denigfn df making' provision fo mil, July 28, 1674. 1 1 Doug. p. 389.- mouth] on its south- Purpooduck, and thi charge. The Provi lachuietts 7, ioclud fipenta of the latt.« A.D. 1678. Androi, Gov. of N. York and Sarada* bock. But this wthoritatiye address had no great influence upoo tlM A.O1 mtt. ^eminent m'A people of the colony. They were not straogetb to tlieir rights* The purchase was open and fcir — made at the desire of ibn provincials themselves, when they were driven to er.reniittes by an Indian war, and when nearly all the assistance aad protection they were rec<" . log, proceeded itca Massachusetts. E(? lund Andros, ducal Gov*'^-^. v of Ncr-York and Sagada- hoc)'' :ndei James, the brother of the king, was without doubt his mirdon, and a foe to the proprietors of the purchase. For, besides (aking possession of the provincial territory and establish- io^ a fort at Pemaquid, Andros manifested a strong disposition to monopoliie tlie trade and fishery, and discf-ntenance a return of luch settlers, as appeared determined to yield allegiance to Mas- jachusetts. In this repulsive policy, her concurrence was claimed by him ; but the General Court boldly declared, ' we shall never 'prevent our people from settling their proprieties in that section, 'whether upon the Islands or the main, within our jurisdic- 'tion.'* An uniform course of measures was steadily pursued. The General Court, during their session in the spring, admitted, as usual, three associates for Yorkshire ; invested Major Waldron >i„i with magistrate's authority to administer the qualifying oaths to ,..!-. tiiem and the town commissioners, for that county and Devon- shire ; and delegated Thomas Danforth to preside, the current year, in the County Courts. Maine was then attracting great public attention ; and at the adjournment, in October, the late Octobor. purchase was formally ratified and confirmed by the General Court. In fulfilment of the stipulations, the legislature author- ized the colony-treasurer to effect a loan of the consideration money, and pledge the accruing customs, with the public credit, for security. The assignment being effected in the midst of an Indian war, was obtained at a low price ;f yet tiie taxes, debts. Moy. Aflairt of Main*. making provision for the Duke of Monmouth.^Co//i»,i*" Letter to Gov. Lev- mil, July 28, 1674. * 4 Mass. Rec. p. 147, 17S, 193. 1 1 Doug. p. 389.— The establiihtnent of Fort Loyal on the Nock, [Fal- mouth] on its south-westerly shors, not far from the en ! of the bridge to Pjrpooduck, and the maintenance of a garrison therein, were an additional charge. The Province of Maine agreed to maintain 6 soldiers ; aud Mas. lachusetts 7, including the Captain, Sergeant, Gunner aud 4 privates, th« ripenis of the latter being estimated at £400 per annum. ^f*"^ l/in A. D. 1C79. LHt County Courix un- der Massa- cbuMiU. TMB HMTORY 1. 1 • [V«|,. |, A. a MTt. burdens, and lb« people'* uncommon indi§tnee, boeasioned b;<> tbat war, rendered it 'doubtfvtl whether the money pronuaadcc^M,'! be raised without a re-sale ; so great was the sum oi £1,250 at that le in view of a war-worn, exhausted community. The leg- islatiiie therefore, invested the Governor "i-ad Assistants with dis- cretionary power, to make a disposition oi' uie entire Province, if necessary, either by transfer or pledge, to effect a reimburse- ment of the loan.* There were no capitalists nor foreign mer- chants at this period in the country^ * New planters from Eiig. * Itind had rarely come over for many years past ; nor had any Iri&ii, ( or Scotch foreigners of late become isettlers ; moreover, our own ' traders were neither numerous nor wealthy. Few vessels were < built in the country over 100 tons' burthen ^'f and tliere was a scarcity of circulating medium. -.inj jvI^Iihi >i ^^uli ni .?.» .*:(«•»- The gentlemen clothed with judicial authority for the eastern Province, in 1679, were Joseph Dudley and Richard Waldron, Commissioners — ^Edward Rishworth, John Wincoln, Joshua Scot- tow, and Samuel Wheelwright, Associates ; at whose last session in a County Court, holden at York, under the colony government, before the administration was changed — the circumstances of one case, decided in July, are worthy to be related. • » ; James Adams of York, affronted with one of his neighbors, Ht'iry Simpson, determined to avenge himself upon two of his unoffending sons, whose ages were between six and nine years. His contrivance and crime were the more satanical as they were deliberate. In a solitary place, 4 or 5 miles from the dwelling- houses of the inhabitants, he built of logs beside a ledge of per- pendicular rocks, a pen oi- pound, several feet in height, inclined inwards from the bottom to the top. After this, he decoyed the boys into the woods under a pretence of looking for birds' nests, and had the art to draw them within the pound,]; where he left them con6ned, t£) perish with famine and suffering. The chil- dren were soon missed, and the alarmed inhabitants searched the woods ii>r them thoroughly, more than forty-eight hours without success. The boys, presently aware of their wretched situation, made various trials to get out, and at length by digging away jBiy. A (rial. * I llulch. IJitt, p. 2!)6.— lie says " to reimburse the expense of defend' tag it." t Clialiners, p. 436, 437. J The place has been since called "/Ae JJcvU'i Invtnthn."' f a h ■ t.l: Sr,'^ J- CHAr. tU.] OPMAINB.^Mf 5(17 fiih tlwir htods, tlM surface of the earth underneath one of the a.d. M79. bottom logfl, effected their escape. They wandered in the wooda three days : being at last, attracted to the seashore, by the noiae of the surf, where they were found. Tbe depra/ed criuiiaal was soon arrested, and after conviction received this sentence.—" Tbe Court having considered your in- " human and barbarous offence against the life of the children, "and the great disturbance to the country, do sentence you to "have thirty stripes well laid on ; to pay the father of the chil- "dren £5 money— the treasurer of the rounty £10, out of "which, t^ie expenses of postage and sean town are to "be discharged ;— also pay the charges an prison ; ' and remain a close prisoner during the sure, till ■' further order." The same month sureties ito recog- nizance of £100, before two of the Associates, " conditioned to "send him, within twenty-one days, out of the jurisdiction."* s The eastern Indians had now been pacific and tranquil upwards of a year ; and the fugitive inhabitants of the Province were re- turning to their late habitations and places of abode. But as hostilities might be easily renewed, and were much feared, no new setdement was permitted to be commenced, without a license from the Governor and Assistants, or from the County Court. ' >»- At the October session, the affairs of Maine were made tbe Odober. subject of legislative discussion. The territory was extensive,f n>en?of*'^'** and the value evidently much greater than the price paid. The *'"'°"' General Court, not unacquainted with the intrigues of royal cab« inets, were jealous that if they in any way parted with the country, it might become the property of the French ; and finding the con- dition of their funds improving, reconsidered their order passed a year since for selling it, and resolved to keep it. , „ A great question then arose J — how shall the Province be gov- erned? It was argued by some, that all the assignable rights and interest of Gorges were pecuniary, not political ; that allegiance was personal, and civil power vested in an individual, was not transferable ; and that a public functionary could never delegate his authority ; the sale and purchase of office being a manifest • Hon. DaTid Sewall, A. D. 1794.— 3 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 9-10.— I Coll. Maine Hist. Soc. p. 235-6. t Supposed to be " 9,600 square miles. "_1 Doug. p. 390,3=80 by 120 miles, \ Sulliran, p. 384, 8:: ; ;; •,-i; m vO >, ^ \> ^ ,..'^ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M,.. '■/ ^. s-Jit I 1.0 ^^ lii mm m22 II tt u& no !i25 lU 1 1.6 ^'>> ^'l/''*' V Photpgmphjk: ^Sciences Corporatton "\ 13 WIST MAIN ITRMT WniTII.N.V. MSM (71*)t7a-4S03 4fS v\ ^ ^ A. D. 16M Fabniarjr. OorgM' cbanaru* 4.ft MAoolraga opM MFWjr priMipla of ttfil «h"ij. n.i ...ii -^^j^ •od trgoniMit^ tppMiing to be mora tali rfu clu i y, ptnn ii t dv P« tho royal duurter to Sir Ferdiaando, pund umo Ua, «* Wt Inn and assigns,** the jurisdiction at well as the proper^. MaawMfa setts in her « visions and sttpulatbns in the charter— not as a constituent of Massachusetts colony; for, 1. she by the purchase had reoog. nixed a right sfHHtB* rtiwom ^mm 'nii' ti^m* r):lni- It was determined, Uierefore, by the General Court, in Febni* ary, 1680, to assume the royal charter granted to Sir Ferdinando Gorges ; and in conformity with its provisions, to frame a civil administration over the Province. For this purpose, the genenl oversight and direction of its afiairs were, by a legislative ordin- ance, committed to the Governor and Board of Cobny Assistuti. The government they established, was this— 4o have a ProMi> eial Pretidenty chosen by them from year to year, and two legis- lative branches ;-<^e upper one was to be a Standing ComtH of eight members, and the other to be a popular delegation, con- sisting of deputiM chosen by towns as in Massachusetts. The Council, who were to be appointed by the Board of Assistants, and continue in office during their pleasure, were to be the judges of a Supreme Court, and magistrates through tlie Province. The legislative body was to meet at least once in every year. The Board of Assistants then proceeded to elect a President, and the choice fell upon Thomas Danforth, at that time Deputy- Governor of Massachusetts, f He was a gentleman of handsome talents, and good education, and at this period^ possessed a greit weight of character. He was bom in Englani, A. D. 1623, came over in early life, and before 1670* the first year of hii • 4 Mut Rec. p 173-103. f At Mr. Danrorth'i ratidenca wm in Cimbridfe (Mhs.), when be wu abaent from Maine, hli place waa tuppUed bjr a Deputy-Prealdent, pra tampore. B. Pendleton, and J. Daria were Depaty-Preeidenti. .TWil Thomaa Uaofbrth P fraaidaal. or MAMilttfT H^-ul * He wit after thia amotifp the most prominent opponents to Gorernor Aodrat* «dminittraUon, and acted ai president of the Council, when the ptepte took the i^emment from him. Restored to the olBoe of Deputjr- Goreraor, on tha re-auumption of colony authorities, he continued to ImM it till tho chartsr of William and Mary; under which, in l6Sft, ho waa •ppoinled one of tho judges nf the Supreme Court of Judicature, ffa dttd at his seat in Camhridge, A. D. IW9, ayed 77. Ilis only son, Samuel, ifraduate at IlarrarJ, died in England, I77l.--9ee the Biog. IMttitmark* if Htt. Dr. AlUn wtd Rn, Dr. Etlioi. ArtirU Dm/orlh THomat, n Hutch, coll. p. Wf. VV! jiiig O y Ky rOownwr, l» h«d htm twnty jmn ta AHteaM. 4.A. Mn BuidifMg praiidMi of the boud of ComniiikiiMn of iIm Uiiltd Ctdotrfot, be IimI pravioinljr for tevwtl umnt ptewlod 'n ibe Coustj Court of Yorkdiiro. His witdoaa, fimne« aod fndmnce, ^tlified bim to conduct difficult public affiiirt with neetM ; and hit uncoropronaising oppof itioa to •riftitrwy power, •d bia high-minded republican politics, rendered him preem- iieot in pt^ular estimation. He held the office of President of June, till the dissolution of the Massachusetts charter.* ' To asust President Danforth in organising and arranging the Freriacv dfO aflhirs of the Province, and holding a term of the judioia)MnT" courts, the present season, the Board of Assistants, after the Gen- enl Election in May, appointed Samuel Nowel, a special commis- Bonerl He was an Assistant this year, and the next, he waa ippointed against his will, to the office of joint agent with Mr< Stoughton to England. He had been a minister of the gospel,f wtt a man of reflection and good sense, and in politics, strongly ittached to the high republican party of his times. Several obstacles lay in the way of their progress, which the Gsneral Court found it difficult to remove. There were royal- iM and episcopalians in the Province and elsewhere, always com- plaining to the crown against Massachusetts, and never willing to te her subjects ; and the king himself was still pursuing his de- Dind of the countryf In bis address to the General Court, about this time, he says,—' It is marvellous that you should exclude 'lirom office, gentlemen of good li»es and estates, merely because 'they do not agree with you in the con^rc^afumo/ way ; espe- 'cially since liberty of conscience was the principal motive of 'your first emigration. Nor is this the only thing to be noticed* 'The title-deeds of Maine, we expect will be surrendeied to the 'crown, on the advancement of the purchase*money and interest. A.f>. Randolpli't rtpraiMiM- jm. THt fMfORY ' ' ^mi, I. iWb VHetmiMib nmdon to yd», «■ tlie «eti of «id« «id im9{§^,» *|ltiMd A. 0. 1678, for th« whole of Noff-Eogbiiid, ittd kifbnii * ycbt ifve htfe appointed' onder them, our trusty and wdl beloved * rabject, Edward Randolj^h, collector, sunreyor, and Matcher.** Randolph, the evil genius of the country, who first visited it four years before, was already here, engaged in the exercise of his office. He was the emissary of the Lords CTommisstoners of foreign plantations, to whom he made long and exaggerated statements. He early undertook the vindication of Edmund An- dros, in all his measures as well at Sagadahock as New-Terk. To his judicious management, Randolph imputed the late peace with the Indians ; and represented, that if, according to his ad- vice, the Mohawks had been sooner introduced into the public service, the war might have been shortened and many of its ci- lamities averted. He even presumed to assert that the people of Massachusetts, especially ** the Bostoners," had a strong antipa- thy to Sir Edmund, and at one time had greatly interrupted the trade between that colony and New- York ; and that while they were giving countenance to an illicit trade with the Acadians, they were exciting among the eastern inhabitants great jealousies to- wards that people, and encouraging a most shameful Indian traffic. Tea, said he, the Indians " to get their fill of rum and brandy, will strip themselves to their skins ;" and then the depositaries of the law will whip and fine them for drunkenness. In a word, Massachusetts, according to his representations, was coining money, making laws averse to th' T the mother countiy, pur- chasing dominions, and aiming tc * free state.f To such aspersions, the colony rulers were ready to repeat, as often as it was expedient, the facts previously stated to the min- istry, through the med'um of a letter addressed to the Earl of Sunderland, in which they say, ' our lives and treasures hare 'been unsparingly sacrificed to rescue Maine from the utter ruin * attempted by a barbarous and bloody enemy ;— sacrifices for ' which we have never received nor requested of the Provinciils ' the least remuneration. We have from many of them, the ful- ' lest assurances of their past satisfaction with our course, and of * their desire still to be connected with us, and their unwilling- * Letter, dated July 24, 1679, entire in Hutch. Coll. p. S19-aa. \ See Randolph'i ^Tarrative entire.— i/uicA. Colt. p. 477-011. erimeBl. CvaT. SCXI.] OFMAItlK H^t *nen to huard a ehioge : and, as we without the least shadow A.D. fim, 'of disbyakjr obtabed title to the Province, a twehremonth after 'his Majes^ decided it to be in Gorges, it is our duty to fsTor < die inhabitants and provide them with a free i^stematic admin- 'istration.'* Early in the year, Messrs. Danforth and Notvel repaired to miim g^' York ;f and so far as we can learn from the mutilated records * and slender evidences preserved, the former proclaimed his au- thority, exhibited his commission of Provincial President, and being assisted by Mr. Nowel, now reported an administration of government consisting of a Council, and an Assembly of Deputies, to be elected by the several towns.} But there were evidently many malcontents and objectc^s. Some preferred to be a con- stituent of the Massachusetts government, rather than its colony. No less than 115 of the inhabitants, resident in different parts of the Province, subscribed and transmitted a petition to the king, complaining of a tax of £3,000 as an intolerable biurden imposed oa three towns only, viz. York, Kittery and Wells, to defray the charges of the late Indian war, and prayiug his Majesty * to re' 'establish among them his royal authority, and allow them to 'have a government of their own, according to the laws and con-' 'ttitutions of the Province, till his pleasure be further known.'^ It had, however, been ascertained, that the principal objection to the paramount jurisdiction of Massachusetts, would arise from the tattem inhabitants of the Province. Many of them were holding lands under the Lygonian proprietors ; and might foster jealousies and fears of being disturbed in their possessions. They had, too, in the previous administration of justice, received some special favors ; and a few were bold enough to utter threats of resistance, unless their rights, mterests apd privileges, were first fully secured to them. . k" ^ », Before the war, they were entertained with the prospect of a North-Yv new settlement eastward of Falmouth, under a grant from Sir "^ Ferdinando Gorges, or lus son ; and the revival of the enterprise was now desired, both by them and the surviving grantees. li * 4 Mais. Reo. p. 469, 489. '.>4 t 1 HtUeh. Hilt. p. S96.— Perhaps the first meeting was in March. I Elliot's Diog. Die. p. 149. . < ,• - . ^ J \ 1 Ctll. JIaint ttiii. Sec p. 302— 8.— lee there the namea. -> <• • • Vol. I. 68 jt*m'J t mttl wA THE RBTOiiy [Vol. i. A. b. leio. would be t frontier bftrrier eastward, tgatnat the IndUou m the event of a rupture ; and would offer manj advantages inrhine to settlers. The townrhip was described as origbally lying ten miles on the seacoast, or Magocook bay, from the south-eastern comer of Falmouth, and extending from the water, five miles in width on each side of Wetteeuatego* [now Royall*s] river ; and thence northerly, or back from the coast, about nine or ten miles according to the run of the river, or 2 and 1-2 leagues b di> rect course at right angles from the shore. As requested, there- fore, the General Court at their spring session of this year, con- firmed it to Joseph Phippon and the other surviving proprteton.f In this act of confirmation, were reserved to Massachusetts, dl the rights and royalties, belonging by the provincial charter to the Lord Proprietor. It also required the proprietors, or their legal representatives, to assign to the President of the Pirovmce, 300 acres for a farm, in any part of the plantation, where he might make the selection ; to pay, after the first seven years, annua) rent-charge of five beaver skins forever \ and to settle at least thirty families and a minister of the gospel within two years. The provincial charter itself was generally acknowledged (o be excellent ;— containing more privileges, and less restrictions, than any other of similar character, which had received the royal signature. To conciliate the people of Casco bay. Governor Cuco. Bradstreet addressed to them, from Boston, a letter, dated June juM 4. 4th, in which he says — < As we have become the proprietors of * the royal charter, and have concluded to settle a government in * the Province according to its provisions tIX any opposing meas- * uies will render the authors of them obnoxious to punishment. ' Let die emergency be avoided ;* for " you shall have protec- " tion, and ail provision made for your security and improvement, " consistent with the principles of that charter and your greatest >>M *Swef ttstafoe."— 4 MoMt. B*c. p. 373. tThe firet ut of truattes coaiiatcd of Bartholomew Gcdncy, Joibaa Scottow, Sjlvanui Daris and Walter Gcndeil, appointed, Julj 13, 1601^ «V. Yttnno%ah Rtcordt, I One account states, that the provincial ^vernmcnt was settled, March ITthi 188U, and warrants issued for the choice of Deputies to the " Genenl Assembly," to be holdcn at York ; and the session commenced there, March SOth, 1680.— Perhaps the eastern towns were not then reconciled, nor rr presented. • I Hutch. Hist Chat, xxi.] of maims. f$$ ** good y"-— ttnd to dowt we, ** your kmng firiends, commend jrou a. d. ten « to die guidance and protection of Aimigh^ CSod.'* ' To prevent, therefore, the usurpations and encroachments of £<■< fore its number is omitted in the enumeration, ' ' T- CiAr. ixi.] OP MAINE. 605 The report of the President and CommSsflioners, Uie general a. d. igai. iflkin of the Prorince, and the expediency of maintatmng a-''*''*'*'^''- ggrrison at Fort Loyal, were referred to a committee of seven g^!^'. members, at the January session of the General Court, in 1681 ; irben it was resolved that a garrison, well established, would be an tsj\\xm and safeguard of the people on any sudden incursions of (he Indians, and also greatly encourage husbandmen " to replant themselves in this town and the vicinity ;" and that it ought to be maintained and continued at the charge of Massachusetts, provided the people of Maine would furnish and pay six soldiers to man it* Next, a form of government, like that under Sir Ferdinando Form of Gorges, was fully established, and a civil administration organ- m MaJM." ised, under a commission from the Governor and Council of Massachusetts. — ^It seems the first Provincial Council, consisting of eight members, were Bryan Pendleton, Charles Frost, T|* *'•»"'" Francis Hook, John Davis, Joshua Scottow, Samuel Wheelwright, and John Wincoln ;-^Eoward Rishwortu was Secretary of the Province, or Recorder ; and either he or and defence of the inhabitants. But they were compelled by the Indians, ia 1676 and in 1688, to abandon the lettlenient and the fort. The town ns revived in 1680, and again in 1722, and resettled.— [See poal, A. D. . 1722.] — In the second year of the Spatdih, orjiflh Indian tear, A. D. 1745, the inhabitants suffered severely by the eavage enemy. Of the person^ killed, were Mebsrs. Greely and Eaton. The house of John Maine, at Flying-point, was broken up and a child killed in its mother's arms. This point isS. E. of Harraseeket river, in Frceport; and three or four miles eutward of the settlement oo the westerly side of Royall's river, towards its mouth. Subsequent to the capture of Canada and the close of the In^ dian wars, the town has had a flourishing growth ; so that when ' t ras di^ Tided, in 1789, it contained upwards of 3,000 inhabitants ; having a^ that time a greater number thai) any other town in the county of Cumberland. The number |n Freeport, in 1790, was ISSO. The sole minister of North-i Yarmouth, at this time, was Rev. T. Gilman. But on the 2f th of June, 1794, there was set off from his Society the Morth-west Congregational St^ ciety, and a meeting-house was built ; and on the 20th uf June, 1797, a Bap^ UH Society was incorporated for North- Yarmouth and Freeport ; aud El- der Thomas Green waa settled. There are several Islands which are at- tached to North-Yarmouth ; especially Oreat and Little Oebeag. It was first represented in tho General Court, in 1742, by Cornelius Soule, be- tween 1745 and 1766, by Jeremiah Powell, and in 1773, by John Lewis. Mr. Powell was an eminent man of his age, and many years a member of the Council. * 4 Mass. Reo. p. 310. 566 THE HMTORY [VoL. I. A.u. 1681. EowARD Ttno* belonged also to the Ck>uncil. Mtgor PeniUton of Saco, was chosen Deputy-President — as stated by the former account Mr. Tyngf a worthy, well-informed and active citiien had been an Assistant in the legislature of Massachusetts. He married the daughter of Thaddeus Clark, an emigrant from Ire. land to the peninsula or neck, in 1663, — a respectable freeholder and resident on what has since been called Clark's point [in Portland.] In 1684, under President Danforth's administratioo Clark was a deputy to tlie General Assembly, from Falmouth. Meurs. Frost and Hookf were both of Kittery ; the former had represented his town several years in the General Court, and was now appointed Commandant of the Regiment : — ^The latter, sup. posed to have been the son of William Hook, one of Gorges' first Council, was Province Treasurer. Mr. Davis lived at York, had been the commanding officer of the militia company, and m the late war had distinguished himself as a brave and discreet soldier. He succeeded Pendleton as Deputy-President in the year 1681. Mr. Scottow, originviWy from Boston, dwelt in Scar- borough ;| — a name identified with the author of " the old man's tears."^ Mr. Wheelwright was a son of the Reverend founder of Wells, and afterwards a Councillor in the General Court of Massachusetts. Mr. Wincoln of Newichawannock settlement, in Kittery, captain of the town company, was a brave officer and had been several years a deputy to the General Court. — ^These Councillors, or Magistrates, called themselves Justices^ as they held the judicial courts of the Province. In June, the President and Council met in General Assembly, with deputies or representatives from the several towns ; where, after political subjects were discussed, they at length agreed upon the following propositions, and adjourned to August. The num> her in the lower branch this year is not ascertained ; but four A ftwmi aswmbljr. * 10 CoU. JHIatt. nut. Soc. p. 181 If Mr. Tyng was not of the Council the first year, he was afterwards Councillor. He was now Captain of the garrison. — It is supposed the members of the Council were desigpnatcd by the Massachusetts Board of Assistants, who acted as substitutes for the orig^inal Lord Proprietor. f Hook now of Saco— thence removed to Kittery. I Capt. Scottow was a man of great public spirit, and did much towards defending Scarboroiigh against the Indians. From his name is Scottow'i Hill MS. Letter of Rev. A*. Tilton. 5 8 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 800. "Perhaps thtse Cgir. xw.] f; Mt n^p'nd The Prendent, according to the charter, had the power of ap-j pointing the commander of the garrison ; all militia officers ; tha marshal ; and all justices of the peace.^ In the Council, whica was the Supreme Court of Judicature, he presided ; and in tlid ""Tho lands within Lygonia were confirmed by the President to boardi of trustees, to be distributed according to indlTidual ownership ; the tr tees of North- Yarmouth beings Jere. Dummer, Walter Gendell, Join Royal], and John York ; those of Falmouth, 1684, were Edward Tyngj Sykanus Davis, Mr. Gendell, Thaddens Clark, Anthony Brackett, Th Jordan, George Brimhall, and Robert Lawrence. f A garrison was established at Fort Loyal, (o be supported partly Maine and partly by Massachusetts. For which purpose, all the saw-millj in the Province, 24 in number, were taxed about j£92, lOi. ( President Danforth was authorized. May 11, 1681, by ao imtrumeDl under the Colony seal, to make those confirmations. { Jusffccs were appointed in towns, where no Conncillor dwelt. M^ RIackman was a Justice of the peace in Saco. < Irfce Presi- item's pow t 'Mb' ClAT. XXI.] or MAINS. tm eMCtment of laws, his approbsUon was requisite. Thou^ after A.D. ini. (he first year, the towns were represented in the General Assembly by Deputies, and full powers for the regulation of the affairs of dw Prorince appear to have been committed to the legislative lody ; its proceedings were of a very mixed character. Laws tore made and enforced; legal questions settled; letters of idfflinistration granted, and wills proved ; roads laid out, mili- niy commissions issued ; provisions made for the public safety in case of war ; the religious affairs of towns superintended ; and in ^rt, every subject of public and many of private interest, ac- cording to the usage and example of Massachusetts, came under tlw cognizance of the Court. One act or order prohibited the sile of spirituous liquors to the Indians under a penalty of 20s. '^ ibr every pint sold to them ; and also all trade with them with- out license from government was forbidden. The charter was neithar silent nor definite upon the subject of religion, in its let- I ter only, paying special deference to the Episcopal Communion ; boice the Provincial Rulers were actuated by the orthodox prin- ciples prevalent in Massachusetts. A single case will shew the Npirit of the times. The Baptists made their first appearance in Maine, A. D. 1681 ; Tha Bnp- wben several persons in Kittery, embracing their tenets, were cuwoT baptized by immersion. One of their brethren, William Screven^ ffluiifesting great zeal in religion, became their leader in worship and devotion. He was bom in England, A. D. 1629. Emigrat- ing to Kittery in early life, he n?arried Bridget Cutts, and the fruits of the union were eleven children. His talents were natu- nUy of a splendid order. He possessed a lively imagination, t glowing heart, and was a good English scholar. Edified and enlivened by his rare gifts and ardent piety, his religious associates gave him testimonials of fair character and full com- munion ; representing him to be in the eye of charity ^ one tohom God had qualified and furnished toith the gifts and graces of \}dt Holy Spirit, to open and apply the good word^ which through \tks blessings of the Lord Jesus Christ, might be by him made tf- IfwtHal and useful j — commending him to the fellowship of their iptist brethren in Boston. In his visit to them they encouraged I him in his labors of love and zeal; and committed him to the Vol. I. 69 August. Mri Scre- ven fined. 570 THE HISTORY [VoL. i. A. Di 168S. faith and fellowship of the riaints, whererer God in his Prori- dence might call him to exercise his abilities. The proselytes of this sect, when their sentiments became known, excited so much notice, that Mr. Hooke, o«ie of the mag- istrates, or Provincial Council,* and Mr. Woodbridge, minister of the parish, sent a summons to all who had attended a Baptist meeting, requiring them to appear and answer for their offence. They presented tliemselves accordingly, when the magistrate threatened them with a fine of 5«., if they presumed again to offend in that way.'U ^'^ ' '^» • Mr. Screven, on returning, was likewise summoned before the General Assembly, at their August session ; and after being ex- amined upon the subject of unlawful preaching and holding re- ligious meetings, he was fined £10, for his past offences ; and ordered never more to have any public religious exercises what- ever, at his own house or elsewhere, especially on the Sabbath. His refusal to submit to the injunction, was deemed a contempt of his Majesty's authority, and the Court awarded sentence against him ; — that he in future forbear from his turbulent and j contentious practices ; — give bond for his good behavior ; — and stand committed till the judgment of Court be complied with. August 17, 1682. Edward Rishworth, Recorder. But against all opposition, a church of eight male members was embodied, Sept. 25 ; and the next year, they with Mr. Sere- 1 ven and their families removed to Cooper-river in South-Caro- lina.f This is said to have been the only instance of religious j persecution within the limits of this State. t~'' "-»i« »«;,; k> aj^. At this time the settlements in the Province had greatly re- { vived.| Scarborough, for instance, which had been depopulated in the late war and most of its houses reduced to ashes, con- tained, in 1681, fifty-six ratable polls, many|large fields and eighty] August 17. Scarbo- rough. " Tho Dcputiei or Reprcientativci ia the General Aiiembly, in 1682, were J^ichulm ShnpUigh from Kittsry ; Mraham Prthlt^ and John Puddingitn, York ; John llarmon, nnd Benjamin Blackman, Saco ; and Anthony Brackill, Falniuiith. George Tiirfrcy wai Deputy for Saco j and George In^r- •oil for Falmowtli. A I), 16»5. f Grconlcai 's Ecc. HUt. p. 240—1. ^ There were at tliift time in tho Province of Maine, 24 saw-milli; viz. in Kittcry 5, nnd Quainpcfipan 1 ; in York S ; in Welti ; in Cape For poitu S ; ill Hacu 8 ; iind in Casco 3, including that of Sylvanut Davikt »»' one nl Prrsmnp&cot.— Ner antf, p. 56li, {nott f). Ghat, xxi.] of mainc. cows. The town reoordf were commenced the same year ; a tu of 2«. Id. was assessed, on every man, in 1682, " for the Lord }" and in 1684,* the land-titles were confirmed by Pres- iiient Danforth, to Capt. Scottow and other trustees for propri- etors, — according to the practice in all the Lygonian towns, f Besides the preceding confirmations of land-tides; several tracts of a thousand acres were granted ; namely, one lot at Mer- ryconeag-neck to the college ; one to the colony-treasurer, Mr. Russell ; House Island, to Mary Mountjoy ; and Swan Island, claimed under an Indian purchase, was confirmed to Humphrey Davy. Large tracts of woodland, being unproductive to individual proprietors, had never hitherto been taxed. But their gradual rise in value, particularly in the vicinity of settlements, the occa- sional appearance of speculators, and the burdens of the late war, wrought a change m public opinion ; and the General Court ordered an annual tax of 2s. to Ic assessed on every lot of 100 acres, and collected by the marshal, provided the land was ly- ing without the limits of a corporate town. This probably orig- inated the practice which prevailed to the time of the Separa- tion, of taxing unimproved lands, at a lower rate according to their value, than any other property. J *» It was auspicious to the Province at this time, that she was sep- arated from Massachusetts, harassed as that colony was by her persevering enemies. Even twenty of her ablest and most pop- ular statesmen, President Danforth being one, were not only de- nounced by Randolph for their republican patriotism and politics, as basely factious : but they had moreover been pursued by him, two years, in articles^ of impeachment or accusation before the throne; charging them with high misdemeanors and offences. With them was also identified the charter of Massachusetts, which was assailed with so much force and virulence, that the General Court directed their agents in England, to resign the title-deeds of Maine to the crown, provided any such expedient m A.D. MM. GninU of land. Woodlaitf SntuxH. m: A U. I6«3. PrMident Danforth and otlien pcnecutvd. *Rtv,J>f. TiUoti'i MS. Letler.—A dispute about setting^ (be mecUnf- beuie was referred to £. Tyng and F. HuoUe, two of the Council. " fThe population of the Province at tbii time mifrbt be 6 or 7,000 ; Now* Hatnpahire, contained 4,000; 4 townships; 450 militia.— CWmer«, p. 4M. { 4 Maw. Rec. p. 410— 1 1. } Sot th« uiiclot.— Hvteh. Coll. p. 126. 572 A.D. leu. Oetobar tS. THBHltTORT [Vou A.D. 16M. JyiM 18. Cokmy charter of MatNchu- wiu vacat- ed. Kinr'i daaib. could preserve frtmi wreck the cokmy dWffter— yet nev«r to con. cede a single right or principle it contained. But as unconditional submission was what the kmg imperioudj required, the duties of the agents were at an end ; and Oct 33, they arrived in Boston, closely followed by Randolph, with a writ of Quo Warranto, sued out of the Chancery Court at Whitehall, July 20th, preceding. The precept was soon served upon the Oovernor, and, being returned, no facts, no argumeoti, no influence, could prevent a decree of Court against the charter. The royal prerogative was in truth at war with all charters, "niat of London itself had been assailed ; several others in England had been surrendered ; and this of Massachusetts, on the 18th of June 1684, was adjudged to be forfeited ; and the libertiei of the colonies were seized by the crown. The decree was immediately succeeded by the appointment '- That monarch was publicly proclaimed at York, in April. The Provincial Assembly of Maine, this year, consisted of the President, Deputy-President, six Councillors, Magistrates or Jus- tices, and twelve Deputies, f * To undentand what sort of characters were sometimei (elected to | H^overn these colonies, a few facts relative to Kirkc may be mentioned. Ho had been lately withdrawn from the Tangier Fort, in Fez, on the Afri- can shore ; and entered the army on the crown's side ag;ainst the Duke of I Monmouth. At one time, in this civil war, he ordered 19 of his fellow cit. [ izens, taken in arms, to be hang;ed without the form of a trial. Once he ordered at every health he drank, a person to be handed. A yotinfi^ msid, flinging; heriolf at his feet, pleaded for the life of her brother, with all the persuasives which (he charms of beauty and innocence bathed in tein | could inspire. Not softened by love or olemcnry, yet influenced by dr- •ire, the tyrant promised to grant her rcrpicNt, provided she would be I equally compliant to him. The maid yieldod to the conditions. But aAer she had pasted the night with him, the wanton savage showed her f mm his window her brolh<>r suspemlcd on a gibbet. In the midst of dialionor, | rage and despair, siio became distracted. — llumr, p. 216. t In 1684, the General As«cml)ly nppointcd J. Scnttow, F.dwani Tjti;.| Sjrlvanus Davis, W repairs of Fort-Loj * 1 Doug. Sum ton. He supposed miles in width on tt io said river," — prt erroneously states, that subsequent | Rumford. fSeeante, A. D. p. 3B3. I But 1 )r ICsAP. XXI.] or MAINE. 573 Bj thuK vacating the colony charter of Massachusetts, theA.iK I6S4. I ties which connecxc ^ the Provincials of Maine with that people ftfe loosened ; a 3onie of them took fresh encouragement in iMuming purchaiii;^ of the natives. A most important deed of ^C^ eooveyance to Richard Wharton, was executed July 7, 1684, b^ Warumbee, and five other Anasagunticook Sagamores. It ffu at first supposed, the conveyance included the lands between Cipe Small Point and Maquoit, thence extending northward on die western side of the river Androscoggin four miles in width to the Upper Falls ;* and from these, five miles in width on the other side of the river, down to Merrymeeting bay, including the Islands upon the coast. The deed itself premised, that Thomas Purchas, the first possessor of the tract, settled near the center of it about 60 years before, and obtained, accordbg to report, a patent from England ;f that Nicholas Shapleigh had at some .„; time purchased of the Sagamores Merryconeag peninsula,^ Se- bascodegan Island, and the other Islands betw^een Cape Small Point and Maquoit, and had died seized of them ; that the wid- ows and heirs of Purchas and Shapleigh, after a few reserva- tions, had joined in a quit-claim of the whole to Wharton ; and that the six Sagamore grantors, wishing to encourage him in set- tling there an English town, and in promoting the salmon and sturgeon fishery, as well as in consideration of the money they had received, did grant and confirm to him the aforedescribed tract. The deed was acknowledged by the Sagamores, July 21 , before Edward Tyng, Esq. of Falmouth ; a lorraal possession hav- ing been given '* at the Fort of Pejepscot," the day the deed was dated. But they reserved to themselves the use of all their an- SjrWanuB Davin, Walter Gendell and Nathaniel Fryer, to »upcrintend tb« repairs of Fort-Loyal, and aettle a chief ofiBcer orer the {garrison. * 1 Doug. Sum. p. 390.— He says Mr. Wharton waa a merchant of Bot- tOD. He luppoied the purcliaae embraced " 500,000 acrei y* and waa Jiv* miiet in widtti on the wcat side of the river, ^nd extended to a " certain fall Id laid river,"— probably much above Lowiiton Falls ; thence, as Douglaas trroneouily ttatcs, " northeast, about 144 miles to Kennebec." It is triM (bat subsequent proprietors have claimed as high os the Groat Falls in Rumford. ^See ante, A. D. 16S6, 1642. Post, A, D. 1715.— 1 lirit. Horn. JV. Amtr. p. 292. \ But 1000 acres of this had just been granted to Hanr. Col. m^i. 674 THE HurroftT [Vol. 1. July u. USM cient planting grounds, and the accustomed privileges of huntior '" and fishing. This has been denominated " the Pgepseot Purehate;" and owing to the indefinite description of the boundaries in the deod and to the long controverted question, tDhat "fatts" were intend* ed ; — no other proprietary purchase or patent in the State, has caused so much discussion and controversy. For should the tract be bounded westward on North- Yarmouth, and restricted by diagonal lines, extending easterly and westerly fix>m a point at the head of the second [or Lewiston] Falls, the purchase em- braced only the territory of eight or nine townships, perhaps in all 200,000 acres ;* less than half what Mr. Wharton might ex- pect the purchase to contain, 'di h / It is evident, that under the presidency of Mr. Danforth, a legis- lative body had annual meetings ; and government, as well as jus- tice, was satisfactorily administered for six years.f To maintain a garrison at Fort Loyal, which appears to have been an object of general concern, a tax was laid upon all the saw-miUs in the Province. In this way there were raised, by the year, £93 ; and at a session of " the Council and Representatives of the sev- " eral towns, assembled at York, May 24th, 1682," they agreed with Anthony Brackett, for one year, to take the charge and com- mand of the garrison, furnish provisions, ammunition, and every necessary article, and man it with six men in sununer and four in the winter, for £160. Another important subject was that of confirming the land-titles, as mentioned in the. 4th article of set- tlement; for which purpose. President Danforth, in 1684, con- veyed to several boards of trust, the townships of Scarborough, Falmouth and North-Yarmouth ; reserving to the chief proprie- ;h !■* Danrorlh'i «dminiftra' (ion. * A (icrof towns on eacli side of Androscofr^iD, viz. on the west side, Harpswell, Brunswick, Durham, Danville, [lately Pejepscot] Poland, and part of Minot: — on the eastern side, Topsham, part of Bowdoin, Lisbon, and I'Swiston. — See Statement of Kennebtck ClainUf p. 8-11. ^otc. — Possession was given by the Sagamores to John Blaney and hit wife, who administered on the estate of Purcbas ; and they, for the hein, passed the seizin to Wharton. ' .t • "'«»;'• ' ■ - t Deputies from Falmouth to the Genor.il Assembly of the Province, in 1681 and 2, Anthony Brackett ; in 1684, Thaddeus Clark ; and in 1683 and 5. George Ingcrsoil.— Saco, in 16S3, Benjamin Blackman; in 1684, John Sar- gent ; and in 1685, George Turfrey. CntX' kxi.] or MAINC 675 tor a small quit-rent. The trustees then proceeded to make A. D. levi lurveys and assignments to settlers and proprietors according to their just claims and rights ; whereby they became quieted both IS to titles and lines. Great precaution was used in the establishment of new plants- Jf^lll!*! tionSj by reason of the fearful apprehensions conceived of another <•'•"*• rapture with the Indians. For in the spring of 1685,* they dis- closed unusual resdessness, also some symptoms of malignity. Their jealousies were moreover disturbed by a terrific story sent into circulation, that ' two hundred Mohawks were comin^i; to ex- 'terminate the eastern Indians.'f So much did John Hagkins, Sagamore of the Penacooks, believe tlie report, that he was in- duced to address a letter to the Crovernor of New-Hampshire, May 15, praying for protection, and adding, if you never let ^^Mohogs" kill tu, weUl be stAmissive to your worship forever:-* Indeed, a renewal of hostilities was from month to month August is. »reatly and justly feared. Francis Hook sent a letter from his residence in Kittery, August 13, to Cnpt. Barefoot at Portsmouth, representing to him, from information received by a foot-post, that there were just grounds for apprehending some sudden de- sign of the "heathen" against the inhabitants. 'They have 'lately,' said he, 'been guilty of affronts in the vicinity of Saco, 'threatening the people and killing their dogs; and within the 'last three days, they have gathered all their corn, and moved off "pack and baggage." " A word to the wise is sufficient." •* The "proverb is, forewarned, forearmed." 'Myself and the rest in 'commission with us are setting ourselves in a posture of defence ; 'and to-morrow our Council meet to consider what is needful to * be done.' But by timely and energetic measures, which eventuated in a a Tntaiy treaty, the attack or mischief was averted. The Abenaques Trib^,. ' tribes were requested to attend the negotiation; and on the 8th '^'''^' * In 1685, the General Assembly ordered, that Fort Loyal be the gaol or prison for the four associate towns of Uaco, Scarborough, Falmouth and North -Yarmouth, and that " tlic justices in the respective towns, direct their mittimuses to the kce|>er of the gaol" tiicrc, — ' the charges for sot- ■ilinf; iind keeping the same, to be paid from the common or Provincial treasury.'— »Ff7/u' //iW. i'or//«»irf, |». isi. ' ' W. n Bolknap'sN. II. p. 334. 310. . . '. >W' --n l^-'\a ' m If 'i4 <■'}' i*4»i^^;, 1 .itl ill "' 't . ;^1 576 A.D. X\ U«,t>r-' CohtBjr of MuHmMi- A.D. 16M May IS. Naw admin' iHralioii. J. Dndlay ItwidMM. THE HUTOEY [V«L. |. • of Se p te mb e r , the treaty wu concluded and signed by Lieut Got. Walter Barefoot and three of his Council, on the part ttf New-Hampshire ; and Francis Hook and John Davis, two of the Provincial Councillors of Maine ; also at dilSerent times by twelve Sagamores and Chiefs* from Penacook, Saco, Andros- coggin and Kennebeck. By this it was agreed, 1. that there should be lasting friendship between the English and the Indians* 3. that if either harm the other, the English shall be tried and punished by a Justice of the Peace, and the Indians by their Sagamore ; 3. that whenever any Indian shall manifest designs of mischief, the other Indians inhabiting these Provinces shall give notice to the English and assist them ; 4. that all the tribes, while in friendship, shall be protected against the Mohawks ; and 6. that whenever the Indians shall remove with their wives and children, without giving timely notice to the English, they may be apprehended, or war may be made upon them till the Saga- mores render satisfaction, f This event was rendered more important by occurring amidst I a revolution in the civil affairs of Massachusetts ; as her destiny would probably have an essential influence upon the political state of the Provincials in Maine. Symptoms of an expiring adminis- tration in that colony were apparent through the season. The charter was a dead letter ; and it was even doubtful, if an act passed this year, giving the magistrates a chancery jurisdiction, j was valid. In the organization! of the government, under the declining I shadow of the colony charter, May 12, 1686, only 36 Deputies took their seats ; and the arrival of a commission from the king to Joseph Dudley, put an end to the General Court, on the third day of the session.^ Mr. Dudley was a native of Massachusetts,] son to the first Deputy-Governor of the colony, a graduate of Harv. college, in 1666, and an Assistant as early as 1676 : — He possess- 1 * Kancamagfui, [John Hagkins or Hawkins] ; Wahowah, or Hopehood, Xemubttk ; Natambomet of Saco., andothcra. 1 1 Belk. N. H. App. p. 848. , , ii,.« ■■ V: fHsiJr*»ffs mci'M^- 16 '' ^^'*ti!m»> ) .0. haacknmaKT :< r yj v>« *».> 'i '»« wf 'fc-."3 t < '^i /JikgJ , rft^ijwja i* lv>v«^'>(ljtf'uO i if f.*^/"" '''*'? " ^ »,•>««"' ?^n«i' /l*'^'-* '^'*-^i jUi «f,^|-y>Al U''d f ^."•'^! 'OH I I -1 'i/ly^v. if ,j(ilJ ,*:^-?VH.v: ->«ui-t'3iMf!l .i-q^^r.k't; ?: --' ■• .-^f h 1-. ■ -im^ ,,;,,. ' '. . •' .■i':i'..i\i' '•' V ♦ ;■■ Cv*r. xsii.] OPMAIIVB. m CHAPTER XXII. The French in Nova Scotia and at Penobscot — Dutch there — Um* brage taken by thePrench Governor — Dutch seize upon Pemiscot —Expelled — Andros succeeded by Dungan — He appoints Com' mssioners to Sagadahock — Their measures — Andros commissioned Governor of New-England — His administration — He plunders Castine at 'Biguyduce — Has a parley with the Indians at Pema- quid — Orders the fort there to be repaired — His treatment of the Indians — His eastern expedition — Garrisons established in Maine — Andros and his adherents thrown into prison — Council of Safety •—Government under the Colony Charter resumed— James II. a6> dicates the throne — William and Mary proclaimed — Government nf Maine reorganized — War between Fremce and England- Policy of the Canadians — Nova Scotia subdued by Phips — His expedition to Canada — First paper money^Charter of William and Mary. To preserve the country of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, against a. d. iffTO, the incursions of adventitious invaders, the French after a repos- Nova session,* established forts at Port-Royal, Chcdabucto, St. John*'. """' La Heve and Penobscot. Mons. Mourillon de Bourg, acted as Governor ; a profitable trade was pursued in furs, peltry and fish ; French visitors and traders were multiplied ; and the Jesuit mis- sionaries labored with renewed zeal to christianize the natives. In other respects the country, for several years, was treated with great inattention ;f Canada appearing to afford the principal at- tractions to the enterprize of the French. Meanwhile, the whole coast between Penobscot and St. Croix remained untouched by the arts of culture and improvement, and almost without inhab- itants. '' ■ ■ ■ ' " ' *■**' •^^■^' The Dutch had manifested early and great desires to share the Tbe Dutch North American coast with the English and French. Commer- cial in their pursuits, they knew how to set an adequate value upon water privileges ; and after their treaty with England, A. D. * Ante, A. D. 1668-9-1670, ia Chap. xv.—Huich. Coll. p. 489. 1 40 Universal Hitt. p. 9.— Population only 900 whites in Nora Scotia. 080 THCUISTORV [VoL.1. A. D. 1674. 1674, being atill at war with France, they despatched an armed ship to seize upon the fort at Penobscot. In the capture, there was a loss of men on both sides.* The success was not pursu- ed, — ^the cnterprize offered no considerable gains, — and the pos- session acquired was not long retained. The country was open and inviting to various adventurers. The Indian trade, masting and fishing, offered encouragcraents •to entcrprize; and several small vessels were employed in a .friendly intercourse and trade between the Acadians, and the peo- ple of New-England. The cod-fishery upon tlie Acadian coast was free : and nothhig interrupted the subsisting harmony and mutual correspondence, enjoyed by de Bourg, and the inhabit- ants of New-Hampshire, Maine and the Duke's Province, until the commencement of king Philip's war.f A.D. 1673. By enquiries how the Indians could be so generally equipped and supplied with arms and means for assailing the English ; it was sufficiently ascertained that they procured guns and ammuni- tion of the Acadian traders, probably with the Governor's appro- bation ; and the English colonists, from this circumstance, ven- tured to accuse, or at least suspect him of instigating the Indians to hostilities. De Bourg, affecting to be highly incensed towards the authors of these surmises and invectives, strictly inhibited his people from having any trade or intercourse with the English; and ordered an impost of 400 codfish to be demanded and taken of every vessel, found fishing upon the coast : and if they refused to render the number exacted, their fish and provisions should be seized and taken from them. J Dutch again Such was the peculiar antipathy generally entertained towards Peno^o" the principles and manners of the French, that any seizure of theirdominions, it might be well supposed, would excite gratitude as well as pleasure among the English colonists. Possibly influenc- ed by this motive — certainly by a perpetual desire of possessing a A D 167C ^"® unoccupied region, the Dutch, again in the spring of 1076, sent a man-of-war to Penobscot, and captured the French fortifi- cation there ; determining now to keep possession of the coun- try. But, as this was a part of New-England, smd within tlie Duke's Province ; and as anticipations were entertained of its r turning, amid some future events, to the English or their colonist', De Boury lakM af- front. i'v * Hutch. Coll. p. 464. t 1 Hi'tch. Hist. p. 2SC', \ Ilufch. Coll. p. 4l;i. CbaT. XXII.] OP MAINE. Wl either by putcba»e, recesstoo, or reconquest ; two or three VM- A. n. I67«. gels were despatched thither from Boston, which drove the Dutch (Irom the peninsula.* To the Frencli this must hare afforded the greater satisfaction, because the English captors did not tarry, but immediately abandoned the place. These events and circumstances drew the attention of Gov- ^ d. I6T7. emor Andros to his master's Sagadahock Province ; and in con- ,\°^' „'» oexion with other reasons induced him, in 1677, to take formal ^''*'*^"' possession of the country — likewise, as previously 8tated,f to erect a fort at Peniaquid. He was a man of activity ; yet, through i)is whole administration, his aim at monopoly and usurpation, rendered his conduct a subject of common animadversion. He was succeeded in the government of New- York and ^ ^ ,ggj Sagadahock, August, 1G83, by Col. Thomas Dungan ; whose Au^jl^J- sue- A. D. 1G84, appointment, by the Duke of York, was on the 30tli of the pre- fpd'd »>> ceding September. Though a papist, inflexible as his master, ho is reputed to have been " a man of integrity, moderation and genteel manners."{ He entertained correct notions of civil liberty, and was the first Governor, who convoked a Legislative Assembly in the Province of New-York. He was a man of good sense and judgment. When a rupture of the eastern In- dians was apprehended, in 1684, his opinion was consulted by the government of New-Hampshire, upon the wisdom and ex- pediency of inviting the Mohawks into the public service.'^ For, though the French could neitJier subdue that brave people, nor treat with them, he secured their friendship to the English this year by treaty — which was succeeded, thirteen months and a /^ 0^ jggj^ half afterwards, by another with the Abenaques before described. Receiving his commission from the Duke of York, he was unaffected by the demise of the crown, as before mentioned, Deaih of Feb. 16, 1685; — still exercising the power and enjoying the emoluments of the office, until reappointed the next year, by the ^ j). lesc. same royal person, now James II. In the confirmation of his ♦ I Hutch. Uist. p. 280, 353.— President Danfortli snys, 'it were better »to expend £3,0L'0, to gain Canada itself, than lliat either tho French 'or Dutch should have it; such is the value of the fishery, masting', and « the fur trade.' t Ante, p. 552. ' "v •• \ 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 401-3-4' \ 1 licik: JV. H. p. 1S3, 322. — For the Mohawks were better acquainted with the " Indians' ? knlliing fight." 682 A. I). 1686. Dung an re- coraminion- •d. Falmer him) Wetl, rom* mittinners nf the Duke'a Province, Tlieir con- duct • i'%K'i THE HISTORY [Vot. |. official authority, Dungan entered upon new projeeu of admin- inration eastward. To fuperintend and manage the ducal Province at Sagadt- hock, he appointed two commissioners, John Palmer,* one of the Council in his Majesty's plantation and colony of New-York, and John West, one of his partisans and favorites, both eager of wealth and distinction ; nnd, investing them ^rith plenary pow- ers, he sent them into the Province. They repaired to Pema- quid, early in the summer of 1686, and published their com- mission. Here they found most of the inhabitants returned to their places of abode, which had been forsaken in the late war ; and Abraham Shurte, exercising the office of town clerk. They visited Sheepscot, New-Dartmouth, the other settlements, ;'. J the Islands ; considering the provincial territory, as a coiuuy Hy the former name of Cornwall. ''^ s^ Next, they proceeded to rcgrant or confirm the h\rh lo the settlers, and to other claimants or possessors. 1r\ this transaction, they were not only guilty of mean and cruel avarice ; " they were," as a cotemporary author expresses himself, " arbitrary as the grand Turk j"f — the basest oppressors of a poor, warworn, distressed people. In the single town or plantation of New-Dart- mouth, it is stated, they executed about 140 leaseholds ;| re- serving an annual quitrent of 6s. for every 100 acre lot— or other- wise a bushel of merchantable wheat, or its value in money. The several tracts so leased to individuals, were generally intend- ed to contain 100 acres, yet some were allowed only house-lots of 3 or 4 acres, and for executing any leasehold of 100 acres of woodland and 20 of marsh, they exacted the enormous fees of £2. 10s., and probably a proportionate sum for less or larger quantities. For themselves they made ample provisions, without much regard to the rights of any one j surveying to each other 1 0,000 acres, also to Mr. Graham the Attorney-General of Massa- chusetts and to some others, very hr^e nud ruluable tracts of G or * Palmer was ako one of Andros' C<"'i\.->^ —p. .japs a JiiOgc likewise. t 2 Math. Mag. p. 510. \ See one of these deeds, in Sullivan^s liitt. p. 162-4 — It seems that Palmer acted by commission from <' Rt, Hon. Col. Thomas Dungan," Gov- ernor in behalf " of our most grticioiis sovereign," King James II. supreme liord of the Colony ; — given under " the seal of the Colony ;" and signed, " J. r.imer."— .lohn Velf, Deputy Secretary. 8,000 acres, ed to the Islaa Monhegan, fou 13, a leasehold Besides the filched in this the emissaries < citing among it. ibeir lands and the fees ; and i S8 their purchas !(• ( ascribed, tl !fliiv.3 might sti bies 1)6 tlieir un strained them t( most evils from leaseholders in of tliein ever pi Elbridge and A In the furthei them, Palmer ' country as far the Duke's pate ernment, to the (acts, a shipmas ceeded to Penol ed under an ide tory. But beet house at Pemac and seized ther and the people issued a general habitants of Ne venture upon th and compelled t ♦ Hutch. Coll. p t Sullitan, p. 162 'no claims under 'rights of settler I Hutch. Coll. p CHAr. XXII.] OF MAINE. 588 i> ■-v.' 8,000 acres. From the settlements upon tlie main, they proceed' A.O. M86. ed to the Islands ; and even John Dalling, an old inhabitant of Monhegan, found his only fety in taking from Palmer, Sept. 13, a leasehold of his own Ixjuiestead upon that Island. Besides the amount of inoney, being not less than 5 or £600, xh« wflVr- filched in this way from a d n eased and eiilerprizing people ; 'J^,°^ "^ the emissaries of the comin' siuners w ' busily engaged in ex- citing among the timid settler::, the fears of bclii^ ejected from ibeir lands and homes, if they delayer! to take the deeds jnd pay the fees ; and many were thus terrified into the incMure.* But, u their purchases were not surveyed nor the boundaries definitive- l;r (l'7scribed, the soundness of their titles and extent of thc.r , '(»ii!.g might still be questioned, and future contentions and trou- bles oe tlieir unhappy doom : — a dilemma, which necessarily con- strained them to enquire, whether they ought to apprehend the most evils from the savages, or from these harpies. Nor did the leaseholders in fact, derive by these instruments any titles ; none of them ever prevailing against Indian deeds, or the grants under Elbridge and Aldsworth.f In the further execution of the power and trust committed to Tho com* them. Palmer and West were directed ' to lay claim to the Uize • car' 'country as far eastward as the river St. Croix,' J — the limit of u°Penob^ the Duke's patent ; and exercise over it the prerogatives of go,-**^'"* eroment, to the extent of his power and right. Unadvised of these ikcts, a shipmaster from Piscataqua, in the course of trade, pro- ceeded to Penobscot, with a cargo of wines, where they were land- ed under an idea, that the place was within the French terri- tory. But because they had not been entered in the custom- house at Pemaquid, and the duties paid ; Palmer and West sent and seized them. This gave great affront both to the French I and the people of New-England. The government at Boston issued a general circular to all fishermen and likewise to the in- habitants of New-Hampshire and Maine, warning them not to venture upon the eastern coasts, lest they should be surprized and compelled to answer for injuries or damages, done even by • Hutch. Coll. p. 547-563-5. \ Sullivan, p. 162. — The Commissioners, {Jl. D. 1811, Report, p. 23,) say, 'no claims under these leaseholds or grants were before them, except the 'rights of settlers, who held their possession under such deeds,' t Hutch. Coll. p. 548. 584 A. U. I68G. admiiiislra- lion un- popular. A. I). 1637. Andros, her, Kohcrt Mason, Samuel Fltrimpton and John liinckcs. — I'h/mottlk — Thomas Ilinklcy, Barnabas Lalhrop, William Brad- ford, Panicl Hmith, John Spraguo, John Walloy, Nathaniel Clark, and John Cothill.—/?/io(/i-/«/aHh Jtrify—Ni ''^las B;iynrd. Thry arc arran(jcd by colonics so far as can be ascertained, thoufirh it is believed W. Winthrop was of Boston« Col.Gcd- ney resided some time at York,— usually, at Salem. ChaF. XXII.] b^ MAINE. ' (585 The cominisrion blended the itevbra! departttients of gbVerti- A. b. icos. ment, legislattvle, executive and judicial ; admitting the interposU Qot. Am tion of no popular branchy and prescribing no particular foi-m of minitinf administration. Nor were the Governor and Council guided by ' any other instructions, or mandatory precepts, than the rules and formulas of their ovm will and discretion. All statute-laws were at their feet ; all taxes were subject to their command ; and land- titles might be made their playthings. It is true, Governor Andros at first, like king James, his mus- ter, made plausible professions. He gave sanction to all colonial laws not inconsistent with his commission ; he directed taxes to be assessed agreeably to former usages ;* and ordered a regular administration of justice, according to antecedent practices and the customs of the country. But he soon proved himself a fit instrument of despotism, and Grie»«iic*. a just object of general execration. Palmer, Mason, Brockholt, Usher and Randolph, of the Council, were his principal advisers, and West, Graham, and Bullivant^ were his parasites and confi- dants Seldom did he convene more than six or seven of the Council on any occasion ,^-even when his orders and measures touched the vital interests of the community* The people were permitted to meet in their primary assemblies, only once in a year, at the usual time of choosing their town officers. Those wor- shippmg In the congregational way, were threatened with the loss of their meeting-houses, unless they reformed. No marriage was allowed to be solemnized, unless the parties or their friends were first bound in a bond with a penalty, to be forfeited unto the gov- ernment, should any lawful impediment come to light. The press was restrained ; and land-titles were directly and fatally assailed. The doctrine was industriously spread and strenuously urged, that the inhabitants must have new patents of their real estate. Indian deeds were pronounced to be no better than " the scratch of a bear's paw." Nor could any old deeds of lands, or ancient tides to real estate, it was said, possibly be valid, in coloniei where the rbnrters were vacated ;— according to a pretended law-maxim of ♦ A tax for 1688, wai apportioned thus, KitUry, £10, 3». 6d. ; York; £fi, 1». lOrf. ; fVeUt, £«, 3«. 4c/. ; Saco, £3, I9«. 2(/. .• Scarborough, £3, 1«#. Id.; FabHoulk, £l. l«#. 4d. ; Cap» Poryoitr, £l, 0«. lOd. ; hit rf Shoali, £l,Of. 10fi.=»£4l, 1 J». id. total;— at one half-penny lax, for £l valuation. Vol.. I. ttl dr V. 'I,- i7>li 686 THE HISTORY [VoL. i. A. D. 1688. the day — the unborn young die$ wUh the expiring ilctm.—- Hence, OrtevMCM jQ procure a new assurance of land, it was necessary to file a petition, describing the lot and the claim, and praying for a con- firmation ; to obtain a favorable report from the committee to whom tlie petition was referred ; to take a warrant for a survcy and cause it to be effected, and a descriptive report to be made ; I and then, and not till then, could a deed be obtained : — large fees being exacted in every step and stage of the process.*— Sometimes it cost £30, to obtain a single deed, and £2, 1 Oi wern demanded for the probate of a single will : — while Andros, | the supreme ordinary or judge, and Dudley, his deputy, divid- ed the emoluments between them. — However, it must be acknowl- edged that they, in managing the business of the probate depart- ment, were the authors of considerable improvement, for they introduced the forms adopted in the spiritual or ecclesiastical courts of England, which have subsequently prevailed in our courts of probate. Andros was as much determined upon the enlargement of ju- risdiction, as upon the unlimited exercise of power, and the ac- cumulation of wealth. He could not be a stranger to the rapid changes of public opinion in England. Party spirit ran high; and in the counter currents of politics, one was setting strongly in { favor of Holland, and another with equal force against France. Nay, though he was the creature of Jame II., who was a papist, he possessed neither love nor veneration for papal domination, nor for French Catholicism. He feared the Dutch, and might sup- pose, if they again seized upon the open country between Penob- ' scot aiid St. Croix, which was both in his commission and in the ! ducal patent, they might, with the present temper of the nation in their favor, be permitted to hold it. He was fully sensible how much a repossession of it would give him credit among the peo- ple of New-England ; and he had reason to believe, the order for restoring the wines seized at Penobscot, was rather an act oi j justice to the colonists, than of partiality to tlio French. V'ith these views, he resolved to seize upon Penobscot ; and I • Through tlio iiifliiencf and persuasion of I^wapJ 'I'yng, ono of Sir Etlmund's Council, and Kylvanus Davis of Fnlinoutli, many of thn inliali- itants of (lint town took deeds of (heir lands, in IC87 nnJ 8; who after- { wards became incensed townids llioitc men, for uiginff them to such :» '• and cx|>cn«c. CbAF. IXTI.] f ■■ Ic^'iiAnre. •;., I'Kl io March or Aprfl ordered Capt. George, commuider of the A. D. ten. frigate Rose, then at Pemaquid, to be prepared for the expedi- ^^\^ tioD, by the time he and his attendants should arrive there. Pro- *''<* ****** ceeding to Piscataqua by land, he sent a message from that place, notMcoi. and directed Col. Mason, who was then examining into the state of the provincial militia of Maine, to meet him on the eastern ^' margin of Casco bay ; as hfe was about embarking for the east- ward, in a sloop attended by a commodious barge. His passage among the Islands of that bay, afforded him much pleasure. He visited Mr. Wharton's possessions at Pejepscot, — ascended the Kennebeck several leagues — and returning, joined Capt. George at Pemaquid ; and both sailed for the peninsula of 'Biguyduce.* Soon as the frigate was conveniently anchored in the harboi', I near the old fort and habitation of Baron de St. Castlne ; the Governor transmitted to him by a Lieutenant, due notice of his being on board, ready for an interview if desired. But the Baron, too wary to be made a prisoner by surprize, had already taken his family and retired to the woods ; leaving all to the will of the unexpected visitors. They found household furniture, firearms, unmunition and coarse cloths — all which they put on board the frigate ; in nowise injuring his catholic altar, chapel-service, pic- jtures, ornaments, or buildings. In this expedition, the Governor had brought witli him carpen- jters and materials, to repair the fortification and render it fit for garrison. But it had been originally constructed in greater I part, of stones and turf; and had fallen so much into ruins, that he concluded to spare the expense, and abandon the undertaking I and the place. He returned to Pemaquid, where, agreeably to previous invita- Reiurm u I lion, he was met by several Indians. In a parley — he warned a^parlayi (Am never to follow, nor yet fear the French. Call home, $aid \^^^, \a, all your young men ; he quiet ; live in peace ; and we will \mitt and protect you. Turning to a Tarratine Sachem, he ad- ded, — yes, and you tell your Jriend Cattine, if he will render \loyal obedience to the king of England, every article taken from Him shall be restored at this place. Hoping to win their good will by courteous talk and kind offices, he then treated them witli ar- * Hulcliinai>n'9 Coll. p. ft6t-3-«. ■kK 4. a t^ dwt .i^irit^ 8n4 distributed amoDg them shirty and some other presents. The situation, harbor and bay, appeared to so great adrantage fr) his eye, he thought Pen)ac|uid naig^it be tliq principal mart Iq the eastern country, Finding, however, (hat the fort, built by his directions eleven years before, had ^ne greatly to decay, he or- dered it to be thoroughly repaired, , To lijii), son^e of the inhabi- tants made complaint against the mismanagement of Palmer and West, ^nd prayed him (o confirm their original rights and pos- sessions to tliem, This is unnecessary, aaid he, fo|: pH that Pudt gan's commissioners did, is of no effect, Puriog the spring, aq account was taken of the inhabitants scattered along the easterq coast from Penobscot to St, Croix* — after which, his attention was for several months diverted from thiis country, by publip business, which called him to New-York.t Putine'aar- The treatment which Castinp had received gave him great pocied^wiih umbrage, tic cousidored the plunder of his house a wanton «ar! *"^'"" OMtrage upon him, being fully able, as he believed he was, to Justify all his conduct tQvyards the English ; and fully determined never to submit to their domination. Nor had ho any great re- gard for the government of France. He preferred to be the ruler of the Indians — and indeed hjs influence among (hem was sur P ' , .coiii'j' 'i:'\h\: [>\ Moved by motives, which are hereafter to be more fully stated, though somewhat connected with his advice, the Indians com- menced hostilities in August, Immediately every fort, between Piscataqua and Penobscot, was repaired and put in the best pos^ * .^t Penoiicot — Daroa Custiiie, liis family^ qiid Ivaune, Uis servant. — Al HJgtmoragnn Reach — Charles St. Robin, Lis son nnJ daujliti-r, and La Flour and liis wife— ./?< '» ^yfnunt Dtiarff,^' viz. (H PiUt Plmiantt, Ijowry, wife and oliild, [French] \ Hinds, irife and 4 cliildron> [Ungiith] ; %nd on th$ east tide of .t/uuyU DttC't, '■'■ at ll'uuchcag fiay" Cadilac and wife— At Machiat — Marlci, John Drctoon, wiff, and a cliild of Jersey | Latlrc, wiffi, and JJ cliililrpn, — .K Patsniiui(jti-jdJy end St, Croix — St Robin, wife and «on ; Lfftrcllj Jolm Minus, ^vife nnd 4 filiililrm; Lambert, snJ Jolly Cive, liia servant; Zorza, and Lrna, bi^ seryant ; — perhaps -IB souls ^e«, 1 Coll. Jtau. Hilt. Sor. p. iii-\i. ltd. Siriv$. + In July, ICOa, Xiduda* Jlannin^', Esq. was appoinlcd by Governor .Vi- dros, Chief Magistrate ;.,.il Jtidffo of tbo Court, in the Province of tin Piikc of York, rallod S,iijad;iliof U, or tbo County " of Cornwall ;'" [.*>i! f^ntf, Af D 1C65,1 pro^i^l^^ Henry ,'oscclyn ytw not present. CflA?. XXU,] OF MAINE. 5^ ture of defeofe ; and ia September, soldiers were enlisted or A. D. l«88. detached, for aa eastern expedition. But when Governor Andros returned to Boston, he wholly dis- ^^^ ^^ approved of the measure, and utterly refused to have war d9-'''°f'n'«*'«* daredf He bebeved a kind and generous course of conduct {awards tlie Indians, was better policy ; and on the 20th of Oc- oci. so. tober, he issued his Proclamation, by w^hich he ordered all tbe< Indian prisoners to be discharged ; and commanded the savage aggressors immediately to set at liberty every one of his Majesty's subjects, they had taken, and to surrender for the purpose of trial and punishment, by Nov. U, every Indian concerned in the late homicide. He also strongly encouraged the tribes, if they were desirous of peace and safety, to dwell near the Eng- lish totvns and settlements, and give early proof of their mutual or friendly dispositions. But they paid no regard to his mandates or encouragements,— rour prisoners being released, while theirs nrere retained ; and soiije of them in Uieir barbarous frolics, were actually put to death, Perceiving war to be inevitable, he rushed into the opposite ex- Hii Aauent treme. Determined now to subdue the savages, or frighten them into terms, he collected a force of 800 men \* and, late in November, he led them into the eastern country, breathing threati and slaughter, The expedition was opposed by all the more wise and considerate, and like most of his projects, proved in the end to be abortive. His soldiers suffered incredibly with cold and fatigue, and several of them perished. Never had an officer juster cause of chagrin than he ; for in all his excursions, he neither killed a savage, nor took a captive. ■n,.. ..ii> ni To cloak and varnish tliis ingbrious adventure, he proceeded to establish garrisons through the eastern . country ; and if we may credit his own statements, eleven were manned and well sup- H^^ii* plied. 1 . At Petnaquid, he stationed two new companies of 60 K*n'>'<»»r men each, under Col. E. Tyng and Capt. Minot, joined by 36 reg- ulars ; and gave the command of the garrison to Capt. Brockholt anH Lieut, Wcems. 2. In New-Dartmouth fort, now Newcastle, he placed 24 of the regular soldiery under Lieut, John Jordan ; i-:A M .A expeilitioi|. '>i!»'(A iUil Ml- *1 Holmti A. Ann. p. 474 — Btlknap say* 700;- Eliot sajs 1,000; ml it 18 added by Prcsidunt DanTortb, that i:i Kdmuud had as niatij ii} ay in 1089. 590 A. U. 1688. AK" A. D. 1689 Thii eipe- dition fruit- AndrM* ad- miiiitiration Usu only 1 year and imonlht. THE HISTORY [VOL. I, also CapL Withiflgton's company of 60 men. 3. The little fort on the eastern side of the Shtepscot, [one account says Damaru- rotta,] was to be relieved every week from the garrison at New. Partmouth. 4. At Sagadahock ; 5. at ^eu/ton on Arrowsick Island ; 6. at Fort Anne ;* and 7. at Pejepscott he distributed 40 of the regular troops, and two militia companies of 60 men each ; and gave the command to Lieut. Col. McGregory, Mai. Thomas Savage and Capt. Manning. 8. At Falmouth^ — Fost LoTAL was commanded by Capt. George Lockhart, and manned by his company of 60 soldiers. 9. At Saco, Andros stationed Capt. Lloyd and his company, also a detachment of 28 men, from the troops under the command of Maj. Henchman and Capt. Bull. 10. The fort at Kennebunk, commanded by Capt. Puddington, was to be relieved from Saco. 11. And lastly the fort at Wells was to be relieved in the same manner. The whole number, in service and under pay through the winter, and dis- tributed among the forts, was 566 men.f The Governor caused several forts to be repaired, particularly at New-Dartmouth and at Pejepscot [or Brunswick lower falls] ; and put in requisition three government vessels, the sloop Mary, sloop Speedwell, and brig> antine Samuel.} All this was merely a military movement or display — neither the result of wisdom, experience, or sound judgment $ nor yet promotive of any considerable public good.^ Had he been in the least acquainted with the habits of the In- dians, or listened even to the statements of hunters ; he would have known, that these tenants of the forest retire in the autumn from the seaoboard, and pass the winter upon their hunting births in the interior wilderness. An administration of sixteen months, closed the career of An- dros in New- England. Unfortunately for his purpose, he found himself in the midst of a generation, constituted of the first emi- grants and their patriot sons ; who were schooled to the doctrine of principles and consistent measures, — and alive to every senti- *" Perhaps this was on the peninsula, at Popham's ancient fort. ] Mr. Eliot says Andros returned "■ with a part of his army, having^ put the remainder into winter quarters in two forts, viz. one at Sheepscot and the other at Pejepscot falls." — Biog, p. 34. \ They were commnndeil by Jolin Alden, John Wiswell and J. Hook. ) The iifarrisnns mig'ht deter the savap^es from incursions. — Chalmert, p. )29. CbAP. XXII.] ^ OP MAINJB. meat of UberQr, civil, religious and rational. Equality of ri^rts was a maxim inscribed upon the tables of their hearts. But by tame submission, to rulers in whose appointment their wishes were not consulted ; to laws, in making which they had no voice ; to taxes, imposed and appropriated without their consent;* to at- tacks upon the sacred rights of conscience, and the title-deeds of their homes, without resistance, — were to put on at once, and tamely wear the chains of slavery. The popular and mighty struggle in the mother country against popish hierarchy and des- potic domination, under king James and his adherents, was well understood through the colonies ; and the triumphs of liberty and privilege were news most ardently desired and daily expected. Such a prospect must have inspired our provincial patriots and statesmen here^ with a bolder spirit of reform. In the spring a general murmur of discontent spread through the community ; which was followed by the flashes of a rumor, that the Gov- ernor's guards were to be let loose upon Boston. Half-smothered indignation could no longer be suppressed. The smitten spark set the public in flames; and early in the morning of April 18th, the populace threw the Governor and thirty of his most obnox- ious partisans into confinement. Several of them, such as An- dros, Dudley, Randolph, West, Palmer, Graham, Sherlock and Farwell, were not allowed to be enlarged, on any bail that could be offered. f j ,., > •■, .•,,..., ; . . . . , ■ .,i- Next, through the united solicitation of the town's people, and hundreds who immediately rushed in from the country, Simon Bradstreet, late Governor, Thomas Danforth, late Deputy-Gov- ernor and President of Maine, and thirteen other men of firm- ness and distinction, were induced to take the direction of the revolutionary changes, and to interpose their influence for pre- venting, if possible, all extravagances in the reforms undertaken ; and they at last prevailed upon Andros, to surrender the keys of government, and the command of the fortiiications.^ On tlra 591 A.D. leap. April IS. The rcvolo- tiun. -.■,■'■' I'rovisioiial govern- niuiit. ♦ Men in Ipswich were fincJ and Imprieoricil, bccaiipc rales were I'c* fused, to be assessed or pail. — 1 //o/»ic.?' .^. .Inn. p. 4711. '■'•" '■■ '■ ' t Some of them were in close prison 20 wceUs — 1 Hutch. Ilitt. p, 318. } Hutch. Coll. y, 570.— I'lesidpnt D.Tnfc^rth snys, in a letter, July 30. io Mr. INIatlicr, (lie clianjjcs in r,n{rlanil makes " tlio arbitrary r()inmi!.si(>iv il tir J^liiiiind, null and void." ps nn a dcinive of (he ercnvn. By this it appears, that Massachusetts assumed I a command over tlie late ducal province. Vol. I. G2 093 A. D. isia C.Froitand E. Tynr command* ants of the B eaitcm militia. m Govern* mantof Maine re- confiratadi 694 THE HISTOEY [VoL |. A. D. 1689. ( cy which might occur within tlie Province ; and all the officers * and people therein, were commanded to observe the orders of * the President and Council. DetMniien About this time, Madockawando, from Penobscot, accompanied Jjwnihe by several Indians and an interpreter, visited Boston. They stat- ed that Castine was highly affronted with the English for plun- dering his house ; and that a great war was apprehended. The government treated them with the greatest courtesy — loaded them with presents — made them repeated promises of protection and kindness, if they continued peaceable — and gave them a passage home in the colony sloop. To Castine, a very respectful address was prepared by the government and sent by Capt. Alden, the master, exculpating the present administration from all censure on account of the ill-treatment he had received, and making propo- sals of an amnesty upon generous terms. Presents were also prepared for Wonnolancet and his tribe, at Penacook ; and more- ■ over, Capt. Noah Wiswell, with 30 friendly Indians, well armed and equipped, was despatched eastward to protect York, Wells, and other unfortified places.* A gracious address, received from king William, entirely al- layed the anxieties of the public, occasioned by the late revolu- tion. In a royal instruction issued by him, Aug. 12, " to the Governor, Council and Cowontion of Representatives" in Mas- sachusetts ; he authorized tnem ' to continue their care and trust, * in the administration of government and preservation of the * public peace, till further directions be received ;'— commanding them to send over Andros and his accomplices, to answer in the kingdom for his mal-adrainistration. On their arrival at Court, they were slightly examined before the privy Council, and then discharged. Andros was afterwards appointed Governor of Vir- ginia; and Dudley, chief justice of New- York. f All the prospects and hopes, which had been entertained, that an Indian war might be avoided, were at length shrouded a hi deep gloom, by the gathering storm in Europe. France hadi received king James into her bosom, and was warmly espousin his cause against William and Mary. Hence, usurpers — hugue-l * 6 Mass. Rcc. p. 12. 1 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 347-8-350.— £/?o/'* Biog. Die. onlj- names AndrcJ Dudley and Randolph. There are no government-records found in DoiJ ton, as made during Andros' administratiun. A letter from kine Willian. A rupture feii,reiid l>e- tween the English and Frciichi Chap, xxii.] y OP MAINE. 6d. Bots>-«xecrable transgressors of all laws, human and divme, a.D. us binding upon filial love and obedience-— were the most elegant epithets bestowed upon them. In return, James was denounced as a despot, — a papist, — a traitor, — unworthy to rule or live uDong the lovers of true liberty or religion. Connect these for- tuitous circumstances with a long-existing rivalship between France and England, fed by jealousy and pride, and enfuriated by the flames of religious dissensions ; and we are not surprised to find war inevitable between the two kingdoms. Nay, war be- tween popery and protestantism — between power and right, had already commenced ; and the first sparks of this electric effer- rescence were felt to the extremities of their respective dominions. The French on this side of the Atlantic, seemed to commence aggressions with an eager haste, and pursue them with malignant fury. The Canadians took the lead by instigating the Indian tribes to join them, and fall with exterminating rapacity, upon the outer settlements of New-England — ^particularly in New-Hamp- shire and Maine. Sou{herly, the French privateers were infesting the Acadian coast, and taking all the English colonial vessels which fell In their way.^ In the interior, the Jesuit missionaries • vere inflaming the resentments of the savages against the en- >^ croaching settlers, calling them " English heretics." Some at- tacks and captures had already been made ; and as soon as war was proclaimed at Boston, Dec. 7,f between England and cia?m^ France, the General Court resolved upon a course of measures ^**'" '" and preparations, for regaining Nova Scotia and reducing Que- Early in the spring, therefore, eight vessels and 700 men be- a.D. I690, hides boys, were in readiness for the meditated expedition. In against N? [the public estimation, the fittest man to take the command was Sir William Phips ; and to him *.tie commission was given. Sir William was a native of this State, born in Woolwich upon Sir Wini, the Sheepscot, Feb. 2, 1650; — one of the youngest of his moth- er's 26 children, 21 being sons. Bereaved of his father, when a child, he passed his boyhood with his mother till he was 18 ; af- terwards learning the trade of a ship-carpenter, and acquiring some Phipt. * 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 352. t In England, war was declared against France, May 7, 1689. I The French, settled in New-France, were now 11,249 persons,* Vnivtrtal Hiit. p. 47. THIS HMTORY 696 A.U. 1C90. education. About the time of Philip's war, he buik a ibip in Sheepscot river ; and being driven away bjr the Indians, he be- came a seafaring adventurer. In some of his voyages, he heard that a Spanish ship laden with silver, had been wrecked and sunk half a century ^3fore, not far from tlie Bahama Islands. He told the interesting story to the Duke of Albemarle ; and en- tering into an agreement with him, sailed twice under his auspi- ces, from England into those waters, in search of the wreck, During the second voyage, in 1687, after indefatigable efforts, he found it, between 40 and 50 feet under water ; and took from it the immense treasure of 34 tons of silver, besides gold, pearls and jewels— ^equivalent in value to $1,350,000. Of this treas- ure his part exceeded $70,000, besides a golden cup wortli $4,000 presented to his wife by his noble patron. For his en- terprize, success and honesty, king James II. conferred upon him the order of knighthood, and appointed him high-sheriff of New- England. This was during the administration of Andros, with whom he differed so widely in politics, that he declined the of- fice,* To command the present expedition, he was thought to pos- sess every qualification. His little squadron, destined against Nova Scotia, left Boston harbor on the 28tli of April. It con- sisted of seven sail-»a frigate of 40 guds, two sloops, one of 16, the other of 8 guns, and four ketches.f Sir William proceeded directly to Port-Royal, which being in no capacity to stand a siege, surrendered at discretion. He then put on board his frigate Maneval, the Governor, a military officer and 38 soldiers ; and in visiting Cbidabucto, Isle Perce, St John, and other French settlements, he took formal possession of the whole country and *' coast to Penobscot, including the Islands, He appointed a Gov- ernor over the Province, assigned him a council of six raem- mm'.K-ii' bers,| and returned to Boston, May 30, with his prisoners, also * Phipa married a daug;litcr of Roger Spencer of Saco, a youngs widow, late cotiuort of John Hull, merchant of Boston, wlicrc he dwelt for a peri* od, after his r«moral from Shcopscot river. He had no child. Spencer Pliips was his nephew and adopted son. The specie found, consisted of pieces of I eigfht, bullion, and solid ingots of silver, which Dr. Mather says were call- ed " sows and pigfs," — See his 2 Jlagnal. p. !."> 1-208. — Dan/nrth^i Leller, April, 1690.— 1 Hulck. IIUL p. 353. f 40 Univ. Hist. p. 62. J 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 47S, r^ou I. H Chap, xxii.] Conquest of Nov* Beo(ia< MtySO^ .■1 •»: CHhf. XXII.] opMAme. 597 irith plunder tlmught to be sufficient in amount, to defray tbeA.Utifiic. trhole expense of this short expedition.* It was supposed, the French popuiatioii at this time in the entire Province did not ex- ceed 2 or 3,U0U souls. f Sir William was now holdon in high estimation ; and, at the general election this spring, he was for the first time chosen into the Massachusetts Board of Assistants. The easy rnuquest of Nova Scotia inspired the colonists with Kxp<> -'■■ John Winthrop, of Connecticut, who was to lead them against Montreal. Most earnest solicitations were also sent to England by express, and presented to the king, for several fr'gates and a i, - .: supply of arms and ammunition ; and such were the uncommon * '' exertions of the people, that in two months, the colony forces were in readiness to be put in motion. But, unhappily, no naval armament nor military stores arrived from England ; while the best part of the season was wasting, and the enemy was probably gaining every advantage by the de-^ lay. Influenced by these considerations, Sir William sailed, Au- gust 9th ; and Gen. Winthrop arrived at Wood-creek, near the ^"J^"" ^* southerly end of Lake Champlain, early in tlie same month. — Here he met with great discouragements. Only 70 Mohawk * 2 Math. Magnal. p 522. \2 Hutch. Hi8t. p. 13.— I Holmes' A. Ann- p. 474,-3 or 4,000; but Ilali- biirton (ays, vol. 1. p. 68, only 900 on the Pcnintiula of Nova Scotia. t Danforth's Letter, A. D. 1«»0. 598 THEHI810RY . j [VoL. i. A. U. 1690. \varriors had appeared to join him ; die number of batteaux and canoes provided, was not half enough to transport his men across the lake ; his provisions and supplies were short ; and after due deliberation he ordered a retreat, or rather return, of his whole army.* October ft. I'he fleet, retarded by fortuitous incidents and events, did not arrive before Quebec, till the 5th of October. Next morning i the Commodore addressed a note to Count Frontenac, the Gov- ernor, demanding a surrender. But the haughty nobleman, ren- dered more insolent by tidings from Wood-creek, returned a con- temptuous answer, adding, — You and your countrymen are her- etics and traitors. JVew-Engkmd and Canada would be one, had not the amity been prevented by your Revolution.^ Phips, though thwarted by contrary winds, was able, on the 8th, to ef- fect a landing of about thirteen hundred effective men, upon the Isle of Orleans, four miles below the town ; and to commence a cannonade from his shipping, among which were frigates carrying 44 guns. But their approach was repelled and prevented by the long guns in the French batteries ; and the land forces were vio- lently assailed and harassed by the French and Indians from the woods. Amidst these and other discouragements, the Commo- Octob«r ll.dore, on the 11th, learned from a deserter, the condition and great strength of the place ; and the same day he and his troops re- embarked with precipitation. siis^i.ii ?' i • v j i :;]/ .' • The fleet, overtaken in the St. Lawrence by a violent tempest, was dispersed ; two or three vessels were sunk ; one was wreck- ed upon Antirosta ; some were blown off to the West Indies ; and the residue of tiic shattered squadron were more than a month on their way home ; Sir William himself not arriving in Boston till the 19th of November. His losses by the smallpox, the camp-distemper and other sickness, by the enemy and by ship- wreck, were two or three hundred men ; and the expenses of the expedition, like its disasters, were great. In a few weeks Sir William sailed for England, to solicit the king's assistance towards another expedition. So confident had the public been of success, that no adequate provision had been made for the payment of the troops. The Repulse and diui- icra. • 1 TrnmbHil'ii Conn. p. .1M 1 Williamt' Vt. p. tM 2 Mather'i Mi.(f- nnlia, p. 522.— lie K.-tys, >• 32 «ail." f 1 Hulcbinion's History, p. 3S6. CnkT. XXII.] OP MAINS.: 599 administration of Andros had emptied the treasury ; an Indian a. d. 1690. war, which had now raged more than two years in Maine, had filled that Province with embarrassments, and Massachusetts with perplexities ; and the late disasters, without booty or glory, were lying with oppressive weight upon the government. Nay, though " ten single rates" had been levied and assessed the preceding spring, there was no money in the public chest, to pay the sol- diery ; and it is said, there was considerable danger of a mutiny. ■■ , ^ * ,;v^jri In this extremity, the General Court of Massachusetts, Dec. Fir^i pape? 10, laid upon the people a tax of £40,000; and in anticipation"""'*^' of payment issued '^ Bills of Credit," or public notes, as a sub- . .., .? slitute for money, differing in amount trom 2s. to £10. ;— 'the "'"..• first ever sent into circulation by any of the colonics. These, ' '^ paid out in discharge of public debts, it was expected, would be collected by the tax-gatlierers and shortly returned into the treasu- ry. — Such is the origin of paper money ; till which, the colonial currency was sterling. It soon depreciated in value, so that four dollars in the bills could be purchased by three in specie ; though it was afterwards , equal to gold and silver, and so continued while the sums issued ,",, from year to year were not large.* " ' ' At the May-election, in 1G91, the government was organized, M«y, IC9I. under the declining shades of the colonial charter, (or the last '.nK:!',"! time. Bradstreet was re-elected Governor, and Danforth, Deputy- "'"'•'■ '•!" ' ' 1 / rnlnii^'clia Governor and President of Maine ; the present being the twelfth '•^^'■• year, since Danforlh's first appointment or election, to that oflice. Though his residence was in Cambridge, he was often in the Province, frequently consuhed with his Council, and at stipu- lated times, met them and the General Assembly of Councillors and Deputies, under the provisions of the charter to Gorges. He had rendered himself highly acceptable to the Provincials, by his republican politics, his rigid virtues and his untiring exer- tions to promote their best interests, and to preserve the people from the ravages of the Indians. Among his oflicial labors, the current spring, one was an endeavor to negotiate peace with some of the tribes ; aud another was an examination of the garrisons. • 1 IJutch. Illit. p. 357. — Wlicaf wai spl at .">*.,• rvc Am; corn 3f. 6d. ; oats U 6f/. per biiiihrl.— 5 Mats Il{<\ p. IJ2. ar- 600 A.D. 1691 Orloher 7. Charier of William nnd Mary fjranled. The IVov- imos and Islriiidn it •iiibruce*. THE HISTORY [VoL. I. The people of Massachusetts were so strongly attached to the colonial charter, that they sent tliree agents to England and em- ployed Sir Henry Ashurst of the realm, for two years, to urge their pleas before the king in council, for its restoration, with some additional privileges. But their arguments and solicitations were pressed in vain. A new draft was reported, June 8th, by a com* mittee of Council, and shewn to the agents, who presented written objections to several of its particulars ; and hence a decision was de- layed tlirce months, owing, however, principally to the king's absence in Flanders.* In the meantime, its provisions were fully considered and discussed by the committee and the agents ; and after his return, the important instrument, denominated the Char- ter OF William and Mary, or the Provincial Charter, pass- ed the seals, October 7th, 1691, and received the royal sanction. It was the celebrated Prescript, which was afterwards, for 89 years, the constitutional foundation and ordinance of civil government, for the united territories and people of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Maine, and Sagadaliock ;— collectively called * the Royal Province of Massachusetts Bay.* The Province of Maine, in consequence of the purchase, was made a constituent part without objection, according to the boun- daries in the charter to Gorges,f together with the Jive northerly Isles of Shoals, as originally belonging to his patent. The coun- try, situated ' between the river Sagadaliock [or Kennebeck] and Nova Scotia,' and extending ' northward to the river of Canada,'J or 48th degree of latitude, was inserted in the charter without any specific name, though usually called the Province of Saga- dahock, — now so much enlarged, beyond what primarily bor«i the same territorial name. It embraced the second principality in the twelve great Divisions of 1035,'^ lying between Kennebeck and Pemaquid, and between the coast and a northern line run- ning westerly from the head of the latter river to Swan Island, in tii'^ Kennebeck ; — also, the ducal province of James II., being the residue of the whole territory between the last mentioned river, and St. Croix, || Schoodic or Nova Scotia, whose pro- vince had reverted to the crown on his abdication. ITMoreover, * 1 Math. Mag. p. 170, 181 Coll. Man. Hist. Soc. p. 273-4. t Hco nnlo, A. D. 1G39. { 1 Doug. Sum. p. 382. ) SCO ante, A. I). 1635. || Ante, A. D. 1664 nnd 1671. If So mnny have lirrn the rlianp^cs nn to the pfovernnionts within tin' prikinl htatc oT Mninf, prior tn the rliartcr of William and Mary, that ii ^•tt- Chat, xxii.] of mmne. 001 to prevent the French from aving a repossession of Acadia, or A. Ik mu Sova Scotia^ which, though it were resigned to them under tb^ tPBtty of Bredft, (1667,) had been lately captured by Phipsj— becomes expedient, for the sake of perspicuity and reference to g^ve a tjnopsis of them in this place — as it respects, I. the Pnmnce of Maine ,- and, II. Sagndaktcky as dirided by the Petuibicoly into two great uotionav tie Weriem and Eatlem, — I. As to the Province if Maine, — 1. Sir Fsrdi- oaiulo taking tlie 3d and 4th of the 12 divisions, In 1636, which be called .Ve«B-iSomer- uchtisctts, in 1668, resumed the government of the entire Province, and in 1677, purchased it. — 7. An administration, in 1679-80, is established an- I der the executive trust of President Danforth. — 8. In 168r>. President Dad- ley, and, after him. Governor Andros, were' comraissiuned to govern I it and other Provinces.— 9. Massachusetts, in 1689, ousted Andros of his power, and soon recommitted the government to Danforth. — II. (First,) Wettem Sagadahock, was— 1. after 1631, principally under the rule of the Ptmnquid proprietors.— 2. James, the Duke of York, in 1664, took his patent ; and the king's three Commissioners, the next year, assumed the ^vernment within it. — 'J. .Massachusetts, in 1674, established there, the county of Dcvonshiro ; and the same year the Duke took a new patent ; Andros being ducal Governor, who assumed possession in 1680. In 1688, Governor Dungan succeeded him, who managed it by his agents. Palmer aod West 4, Andros, in 1686, was commissioned Governor of New- England, including Maine and Sagadahock.— 8. In May, 1689, Massachu- Ktts took the government from him.— (Secondly,) Eattem Sagadahock^ was, 1. embraced by the New-England patent, of 1620.— 2. After the treaty of St. Germains, in 1632, it was claimed by the French, as a part of Nova Scotia.— 3. The whole, in 1654, was reduced to the possession of the English, by Major Sedgwick, under Lord Cromwell, and the govern- oent of it given to Col. Temple. — 1. Under the treaty of Breda, conclud- fd in 1667, it was claimed and possessed by France, as a part of Nova Scotia.— 5. In 1688, Penobscot was seized upon by Governor Androa, and the repossession of it completed by the English arms, under Phipa, in 1690. -8. The charter of William and Mary, in 1691, embraces it — 7. It was claimed by the French, as a pn-t of Nova Scotia, under the treaty of Rya- wick, 1697.— 8. Possession of Nova Scotia was recovered by the English fcrccsunderNicholson, in 1710;— and the charter of William and Mary, c»er after made effectual, as far east as St. Croix— the original extent of Ijunsdiction claimed. Vol. I. 63 1674. 'ithin till' y, that ii Ramarki. ($0!f THE HISTORY l^^^^fVoi.. i, A.i>^, i^t'that Province was also inserted in the charter.* In a few years, however, it was conceded by the Province of Massachusetts, to the entire exclusive dominion of the English crown. Ae«- Hampshire, according to the wishes of her inhabitants, would have been put into the same charter, had it not been recently purchased of Mason's heirs, by Samuel Allen of Tendon, who prevented its insertion.f In fine, the charter also included "all *' Islands and inlets lying within ten leagues directly opposite the " main land within the said bounds ;" reserving to the crown, admiralty-jurisdiction and one fifth of all gold and silver ore and precious stones found therein ; and to all English subjects, a common right of fishery upon the seacoast, or " in any arms of the sea, or salt water rivers." By tlie union of these colonial territories, a collective strengtli and importance were given to the Province, which might be con- sidered a counterbalance to some abridegment of privilege. Though the charter on its arrival was encountered by several strong objections, it met with general acceptance ; there being great solicitude for the establishment of a stable government. The last General Court of the colonial administration closed its session, May 6, 1 G92 ;]; when all the public offices in the con- stituent sections of the new Province became extinct ',^ and, ■♦ 40 Univ. Hist. p. 62.— The Clievalier Villebon hoisted the French flag at Port-Royal, Nov. 26, 1691 ; having arrived from France to assume the command of Nova Scotia. t 1 Bclk, N. H. p. 192. I The wliole number of Deputies in the Massachusetts General Court, was now only 29. — The last Court holdcn at York, July 15th, 1690, under the administration of President Danforth, consisted of Major John Davit, Deputy-President, Captain Francit Hook, Major Charki Frotl, and Captain John fVincoln, magistrates, or justices ; when they *« ordered," that if aii\ ordinary or tavern-keeper sliuuid sell any rum, flip or other strong liquor j to an inhabitant of his town, except in case of sickness or other necessity, j or more than one gill to a stranger, he should forfeit his license. ( It is sail, that during this contest, about the old and the new chartrr, I originated, in Massachusetts, the two great political yiartiea, Iiepuhlicani\ and Loyaliitt. — Their politics, though assuming, subsequently, new aiipj-l- lations, continued unchanged to the Revolution. The warm adherents to | the democratic principles in the old charter, were very highly esteemed bv the jieoplc. ns /i/)crnuney; and t ' tubordinaU to . ' the Tieatury. • wrder of the G Jfott 2. — Mn " The deposii abouts, taith — « That in the Brittol, uierchai power to him to oiogi of Plymou conference with and (he patent I AUworth; which The deponent fui him by the afore granted by tlie pi with all Ulanda, il wa* appointed Ct bounded the twel of the river of D between it to the erery lerrant, tl over, one hundre( of land, for the tc twelve thousand t wu included, an lying within thre Thomaa Elbridye did belong and a iohabitanti of M Sailing, paying a " Sworn to, thci " Boston, Marcl Book of Patents, f Chap, xxii.] op Maine. q03, the returning prospect of political quiet and prosperity, wns only a.D. 16bi. darkened by a storm of savage warfare in the eastern region, which was already oppressing the inhabitants with intermingled bloodshed and distress. MM 1. — Form of an old-tenor bill.—' Thit indenUd bUl of pounds, ' due from MatiackiuetU colony to the potsestor, thail he in vaiue equal U > maney ; and thali be nceordingly accepted by the Treasurer, ctnd Receivers ' fu6«rdmate to him, in all public payments, and for any stock at any tinu in t the Treasury. Boston, in New-England, February the third, im> ; — By • order of the General Court.* Jfote 2. — AbrcJiam Shurte, Esq. died at Prmaquid, about 1680. " The deposition of Abraiiam Shurte, aged fourscore years, or there* abouts, saith — u That in the year 1626, Alderman Als worth and Mr. Giles Elbridge of Bristol, merchants, sent over this deponent for their agent, and gave power to him to buy Monhegan, which then belonged to Mr. Abraham Jen< DiDgs of Plymoutii, who they understood was willing to sell it ; and having conference with his agent, about the price thereof; agreed to fifty pounds, and the patent to be delivered up ; and gave him a bill upon Alderman Alsworth ; which bill being presented, was paid, as the aforesaid wrote roe. The deponent further saith, that about the year 1629, was sent over unto bim by the aforenamed Alderman Alsworth and Mr. Elbridge, a patent granted by tlie patentees, for twelve thousand acres of land at Pemaquid» with all Islands, islets adjacent, within three leagues ; and for the delivery, was appointed Capt. Walter Nealc, who gave me possession thereof; and bounded the twelve thousand acres for the use above named, from the head of the river of Damariscotta, to the head of the river of Musoongus, and between it to the sea. Moreover, it was granted by the same patent ; that every servant, that they. Alderman Alsworth and Mr. Elbridge did send over, one hundred acres of land, and to every one there born, fifty acres of land, for the term of the first Bcven y^ars ; and to be added to the former twelve thousand acres — Likewise this deponent saith, that Damariscove wu included, and belonging to Pcmaquid i it being an Island, situate and <«'.M .((.a lying within three leagues of Pcmaquid point ; and some years after, Mr. Thomu Elbridge coming to PemaquiJ, to whom the patent by possession did belong and appertain, called a Court, unto which divers of the then inhabitants of Monhegan and Damariscove repaired, and continued their fiiliing, paying a certain acknowledgement — and farther saith not." " Sworn to, the 26th December, 1662, by Abraiiam Shurte. " !^»U •• Before me, Richard Russell, JUagittraU. *' Boston, March 38, 1774, recorded in the Secretary's Office, ia the Book of Patents, /o/. 169. • * J. yfiLLKUD, Secretary. '* > .ntul , fUil itk .*■' ;■■;-■• ; (if THt HISTORY ' [Vou l. 11 A.D. 1688 Kins Wil- liam't war. The Euf- liih and lii' diana. CHAPTER XXIIl. Xing' WilUam's war — 7^« settlers and natives — Causes of the tear — FHrst skirmish at North- Yarmouth — Indians arrested — Rf prisals — New- Dartmouth and Shecpscot overthroton — Measttrts of Gov. Andros — Change of administration — Destruction of Dover — Captives first sold in Canada — Skirmish at Saco — Ptm- aquid destroyed — The eastern people all withdraw to Falmouth — The eastern expeditions oj Swain and Church — The Mohawks — Church has a battle with the enemy at Casco— Berwick destroyed — Capture of Fort Loyal and fall of Falmouth — The inhtdti- tants between the peninsula and Wells, withdraw to the latter — Sufferings of captives — Attacks of the Indians at Wells, Btr- wick and Kiltery — Church's 2d expedition — He destroys the forts at Pejcpscot — A truce — Only 4 eastern toiens remain — Cope Neddock burnt — Four companies in the public service — A part of York burnt — Wells attacked and defended with great bravery — Gov. Phips builds Fort William Henry — Church's 9d eastern expedition — JVelson at Qucbci gives information of French w- peditions anticipated — Saco fort built — A treaty — The Jesuits— Their imposition upon the Indians — Conduct of Capt. Chubb— He surrenders Fort William Henry — Church's 4th eastern ctpt' dition — He is sujwseded by Hawthorn — Meg. Frost killed — Last hostile acts of the Savages — Peace of Ryswick — Treaty with the Indians — Losses. The second war with the Indians, long and distressing, com- monly called " king William^a war" developes great varieties and strong features of character. To nimibers living in that gea- eration, both colonists and natives, the wilds and solitudes of the country unbroken, were fresh in recollection. Born neighbors, they were more than half-acquainted with each other's disposi- tions, language and habits. In their intercourse, there were some instances of mutual confidence and particular friendship ; odicr- wise, Uie two people generally disagreed in every thing, except in the common endowments of nature. An interval of ten years' peace iiad enabled the returning in- habitants of Alainc, to repair tlio ruins of the last war, and in some degree to enlarge the borders of their settlements. Tiiej' irning in- and ill , Thev ChaF. XXIIl.] OP MAINE i 605 seemed to exult in their yearly advances upon the boavy-wooded a.D. icoa, forest ; in tlieir fenced, though rough inclosures, and in their log< house cottages ; being quite contented in the enjoyment of civils '..' and reh'gious liberty, with the merest competency, the humblest comforts and their limited improvements — as the fruits oTi juxm.vK their own emerprize, fortitude and toil. Yet they were destitute of sanctuaries for divine worsliip, schools for their children,, mills, bridges, and even passable roads. Framed houses, smooth; fields, and large stocks of catdc, when the instances occurred^r were in this age accounted wealth and luxury. Yes, and happily^; for them, their successes in times past, and the encouraging an-r ticipations of the future gave an inspiring influence to motives of courage and emulation. Apprehensions of attack or injury from the Indians, were the sources of their greatest troubles ; as a few garrisons and fortified habitations were, under the Divine protection, their principal, if not their only safeguard and shield. The natives, on the contrary, ever contemning the arts of; discipline and culture, were enraged to see the breaches between • the waters and the woods, continually widened by the axe and i the toils of the white men ; and to notice tlie advances of civ- ilization stealing upon them like approaching flames. Though it be true that the western Indians, by a coalition and intermar- riages with them had partly sustained a declining population : ye% in a much greater degree, these emigrants had been exciting the resentments of the eastern Sagamores, and inflaming them against the settlers. , , An union most remarkable, and altogether without precedent, ti,, saga was found now to exist among the natives themselves. Most of [jj^-jf^'"* the Newichawannocks, were lost among the Penacooks ; both of p'"'"*** them being disposed to regard no longer the dying advice of Passaconaway and Rowles,* who had charged them to keep peace with the English. If Wonnolancet himself wisely observr ed his father's council ; Kancamagus, another Saganiore of the tribe, surnamed John Hagkins,f could not forget the seizure of the 400 Indians, and the fatal attack of the Mohawks, in the employ of the English. Taking affront also, from some ill usage he thought he had received, he paid no great attention to any tlissuasives, nor to tiio presents made him by Massachusetts ; for •com- • Anfr, Cliap. 17. f Alsu rnlloil John Hnwkins— I Pelk. A'. If. p. 316. " -'m 6O0> THE HISTORY f. [VoL. i. A. Dt less, he had resolved to take arms. J^TetonUiometj* the successor of Squando, complained, that the English interrupted the fishery ,. belonging to his tribe in the Saco river j and he and Robin Do- net/, a Sachem of the same tribe, were determined to avenge their Safamorei. injuries. The Anasagunticook Sagamore, Wammhte, who had succeeded Tarumkin, being encountered in his objections to en- croachments, by his own grant to Wharton, in 1684, was ready to exclaim boldly and loudly against the new neighboring setde- ment at North- Yarmouth ; for by the treaty of 1678, it was pre- tended, the English were only to enjoy their former possessions, not enlarge them. Hopehood, still living, Moxua and BomoKeny Sagamores of the Canibas tribe, and Toxut,^ a Sachem, w chief among the Indians about Norridgewock, were cherishing strong suspicions, that in the conveyances of lands upon Kenne- beck river by Monquine, Robinhood, Abagadusset and others, there was much deception practised. The Wawenocks, after the extensive sales of territory by their Sachems, Josle, Witte- nose, Obias, and others, became identified with the Canibas tribe ; and Jack Padding or Sheepscot John, is the only Saga- more of theirs, mentioned at this period. '^ The celebrated Ma- dockawando was at first an advocate for peace, engaging to nego- tiate a treaty, in which " EgeremetX of Machias," and the three Etechemin tribes, would in all likelihood have joined ; had not the movement been prevented by Baron de Castine. All the Abenaques tribes, instigated by the French, moreover, uttered grievous complaints, that the corn, promised by the last «-.«> ^ i 1 tteaty, had not been paid, and yet their own was destroyed by the cattle of the English ; and that they, being deprived of their hunting and fishing births, and their lands, were liable to perish of hunger.— No changes affected by the cultivator's hand, yielded any beauties to tlieir eye. The wild scenery of nature, untouched by art, so captivating to the poet, the painter, and the rattibler, must, for reasons self-evident, afford the imtutored savage the only desirable places of residence. It was the land of their birth, their childhood and their fathers' graves. Bound to their native country by a thousand attachments, they resolved not to * Called also by otiicr nanica. f 2 Hutch. HM. p. 80-1. X Moxus had also the name Edg^creinct.— 2 JI/a^.-S30-543.— Su//. p. 147. « Htite/k. f/W. p. 859. , ,_ CauMf of war. il.Kl ■' CHAr. XXItl leave it with( turbed them The plants a direct encri ing the rising shore of Ro) cattle, about t indications of doubled effor waylaid two v .-nent, in searc them both prii rushing from 1 to work at the and began to scuffle, in whi( push, who in While in the a dian, whom Bi axe ; and the : sides. The EnglislJ foes, withdrew river, where their ammuniti Capt. Walter had long been the very frienc would not kno' ceased firing, servant and a servant paddle they were entii by particular ai ing only time life in your se * One account Magnalia, p. 509 Sliecpscot, " was mistaken the vr? ChAF. XXIII.] . OF MAINE. ]eare it without a most desperate struggle. Hence, nothing dis- turbed them more, than new settlements and fortifications. The plantation begun at North-Yarmouth, tliey tliought to be a direct encroachment. To deter the inhabitants from complet- ing the rising garrison, which they were building on the eastern shore of Royall's river; the Indians proceeded to kill several cattle, about the settlement o*- he opposite side, and gave other indications of hostility. As the work still progressed with re- doubled efforts ; a small party, about the middle of August,* waylaid two workmen, as they went one morning from the settle- .-nent, in search of their oxen, to labor on the garrison, and made them both prisoners. The rest of the savage party, well armed, rushing from the bushes towards the otlier men, who were going to work at the same place, accosted them with insolent language, and began to provoke a quarrel. Words were followed by a scuffle, in which at first an Indian gave one Larabee a violent push, who instantly raising his gun, shot his assailant dead. While in the act of firing, he was seized by anotlier sturdy In- dian, whom Benedic Pulcifer struck with the edge of his broad- axe ; and the skirmish became general, and some fell on botl> sides. : ■"' .m-,. . , - ■.... ;:,r-r.;.- The English, perceiving themselves inferior in number to their foes, withdrew to a place of less exposure under the bank of the river, where they defended themselves with great bravery, till their ammunition was nearly expended. To a part of the contest, Capt. Walter Gendell, at the garrison, was an eyewitness. He had long been a fur trader with the Indians, and supposed, from the very friendly intercourse he had always had with them, they would not knowingly hurt him. Observing now his friends had ceased firing, he took a bag of ammunition, and hastened with a servant and a float to their assistance ; standing upright, as the servant paddled, that the Indians might know him. But before they were entirely across, each received a fatal shot in his body, by particular aim ; and Gendell threw tiie ammunition ashore, hav- ing only time to say before he breathed his last, " I have lost my lite in your service." Thus supplied, the planters were enabled 609 A.D. um' Aiiaekii|MM» Nortk-Yiir- moaih. AuguH 13. The bwn- nin)f or that war. * One account says this was .Jiil_v. — Itulr.h. Coll. p. 5fi6. — Diit, 2 Math. J'/n^'na/ert, p. 509, sajs it was in f^cpteml)or ; yet he s.iys, the attack on J^iecpscot, "was soon after;" which wns t-'cp(emher 5lh. — Sullivan, p. ISft, misJakes the vfar. — >>« I Hrtt<-h. flint. ,». .T3.5. . . , ^m. •le-/-.. ':t t'ii:si'f Jewel's Island. Twenty In- 808 THE HISTORY (VoUl. A. U. less, to maintain tbeir ground — tho engagement continuing till duak when the Indians retreated.* Our loss was two killed, besides Capt. Gendell, whose death was deeply lamented. He was one of the trustees, to whom the township had been confirmed, ud a man of enter prize and worth. Several of the Indians were killed, and the survivors passed the night upon Lane's Island. Here they had a horrid carousal, in which they butchered the two wretched men taken in tiic morning, and another brought with them ; leaving their mangled bodies above ground. It is iwli'v m! -' ^^^^ *° h&ve been an usage among the savages, to make as many ''"' of their prisoners victims, as they lost of their own men in battle. This attack wholly frustrated and prevented the settlement of North-Yarmouth for several years. The inhabitants soon remov- ed from the garrison to Jewel's Island — in hopes by repairing the fort there, to render themselves secure. But they were pursued by their inveterate enemies, and were barely able to defend them- selves successfully, against a violent attack. They were after- wards taken off by a vessel, and carried to Boston. This bloody affair alarmed and aroused the people upon the eifaiSaco.^^ole coast. The temper, and some threats of the Sokokis, ex- cited strong suspicions against them ; and it was believed, they had, contrary to the treaty, withholden the knowledge they pos- sessed of the intended rupture. To bring them to terms, and discover more perfectly the secret springs of these hostile move- ments, Benjamin Blackman, Esq. a justice of the pence at Saco, issued a warrant to Capt. John Sargent, by whom about eighteen or twenty of them were arrested, especially those who were the known ringleaders in the last war, and all were sent under a strong guard to Fort Loyal. They were subsequently transported to Boston, and there discharged by Gov. Andros. Reprisnig at To Counteract this policy, the Indians began to make reprisals. Nine were made prisoners about Sagadahock ; the houses on the north margin of Merrymeeting bay were plundered ; and the in- habitants, who made resistance, were murdered in a barbarous manner. The Indians soon after killed several of their captives * Mr. Willis states, that Capt. GendcU was sent thither with a compa- ny of men, to construct stockades on both sides of Roy all's river, where lie was attacked by 70 or 80 Indians ; and in the skirmish, several were killed od both sides — and John Uoyail was taken prisoner, and ransomed by Castine. — 1 Coll. JIaine IlisL Sor, p. 195. Hoeada' Iwck * 1 Ilutchinsoi I Sullivan, [p. of profound pea< Andres placed ( Ian and 60 milit revolution, in A men were drawi carried him a pi Vot. !. CUAT, XXIIl.] OP MAIN!. 609 .«»« jD a draoken frolic,* and sent the rest to Teconnet. Next, th^A.D. iMa proceeded to New-Dartmouth [Newcastlel — a town which had become remarkably flourishing. It had been patronized by Gov- ernor Dungan, and much enlarged and improved by Dutch emi- grants ; being accounted, as one author says, " the garden of the •ast."f Within it was also a fortification, which proved to most of the inhabitants a timely asylum. In approaching the place, the Indians, September 5th, first secured Henry Smith and his fam-Sepi.S.S. ijy, and deferred a further attack till the next day ; when they made Edward Taylor and his family prisoners. To this interval evidently, may be ascribed, under Providence, the preservation of the people ; for they all had retired to the garrison, when the New-nnrt. onset was made ; and the Indians, flouting in disappointment, set |V'""'' ""«* fire to the deserted houses, and reduced the whole of them ex- >cit: (VoL. |. A. 0. 1C89. the bolder assaults, they often yelled and shouted. One of their . . , secret feats was at Saco. Four young men going out, in July, A Kkirmioh to catch and bridle their horses, fell into ah ambush, and were all killed at the first shot. To bury the slain, a company of twenty- four men, well anned, proceeded to the place, upon whom a ,^,: body of Indians fired from their covert, and sprang forward to the attack. A severe encounter ensued, in which they were at first driven to a swamp ; then returning with an auxiliary force and ' infuriated spirits, they compelled their antagonists to retreat, with a loss of six left upon the ground.* The garrison at Pemaquid, under the command of Captain Weems, was a particular object of savage vengeance. Being only a kind of resting place for the inhabitants, it was poorly manned, since Brockholt and all the men, except Weems and 15 men, had left it, and in quite an unfit condition to repel an assault. One Starkie, in passing from it, Aug. 2, to New-Harbor, was seized by a party of Indians, who threatened him, yet promised him favor, if he would tell them what he knew about the fort. To save his own life, he told them whh too much truth, that Mr. Giles and fourteen men were then gone to his farm at the falls ; and that the people were scattered about the fort, and few in it able to fight. The Indians then divided into two bands ; one went and cut off Giles and his companions, and the other attack* ed the garrison witli a fierceness and perseverance, that forced a Aapitt 2. Frinnquid detiro^ed. June, they stated to g-ovcrnmcnt that tho men in the fort were few and worn down with futitjiie and that they had only 20 balls fur the g^real gum, and 3 1-2 bbls of powder, — but no provisiion — nor a inu&kct bclong^inj; (u I the g^arrison.— 1 Cull. »lfaine Hitt. Soc. p. 197. *2JHat/i. Xagnal. p. 812. — About this time, the g'arrison-honse of Do< ininicufi Jordan, son of Ucv. Robert Jordan, at Spurwink, wai violentlj assailod by the tavacrs, which he defended with bravery and •ticocii. To I intimidate him, ao Indian railed to him louJIy, ' wc are ten hundred ia • number;'— »• 1 don't care," replied Jordan, >' if you are ten thoiuand.' A few years afterwards, perhaps at tho cummcncement of tlic third Indian war, several Indians vinitin^ his housie, were received with familiaritr, common in time of peace ; when one inflirtod a mortal blow upon his hrn>l, exclaiming', ' Ihrrc, Duminicut .' now kilt *tm ten (Aoiifand Jndinn ! Tlic family wero all mudo prisoners and carried lu Canada ; and .Mary-Ann, nho married a Frenchman, at Trois lletieres, never returned. A son, of liii father's name, DoiniiiiciK, lived on tho old estate, at Spurwink, and wai representative from Kalnioutk in tho General Court, several years. He duJ ia 1749, »god CO. Samuel, his lirotbcr, ictUed io baoo FoUuin, p. 181. Mil, Clark, Ga J' .-1 , ^^T« ChaF. XXIII.] OF MAINE. '^ 613 larreiider. The terms of capitulation were life, liber^ indA.D. icn. safety— "i"!i''t^ Province, President Danforth, his Council, and the people, resolv- ed to use every precaution and effort. He appointed in each of them a committee of six men,;]: whom he empowered and direct- ed to order scouts and watches ; to regulate and equip their mili- tia ; to dispose of the people in forts and fortifled houses ; and to do whatever else they in the exercise of sound discretion might judge expedient for the public safety. He also directed an account to be taken, of all the resident inhabitants within the Province, and of all who had left it. ■ '> To confirm, moreover, the fortitude of the people, and protect nf„„ci,„. them — ^to overawe or fright the enemy — and to settle and strength- ^* •*^'*' en the garrisons ; Massachusetts ordered 600 men to be raised, eMi>»*rd. by detachments from the militia or by voluntary enlistments, and gave the command to Muj. Swaine. His place of rendezvous was at Newichawannock, from which his forces, Aug. 28th, Aufuit ts. ♦ 1 Hukh. Ui*t. p. 852.— CAar/erojJ [2 to/. ofX. F. p. 417] saji, the In- dians posscBscJ tlicinsclvcs of ten or twelve stone houses and a street ; and tt night summoned the commander of the fort to surrender; when an En^^iisliman lunf^ out, '> I am fa(if;fucd and must sleep first." — It was under, stood there were about an hundred peo|>lc that belonged to the fort and village ; but when they surrendered, (as he states, on the 20th of August,) the commander appeared at tlie head of fourteen men only, beings all that remained of the men, attended by some women, and a few children. t Math. Mag. p. 312. I Those of Falmouth were Capt. Sylvanus Davis, and nrackett, logar. •oil, Clark, Gallison and Andrews.— 6 Matt. Rtc. p. 68-9. ■. i<89. took up their march eastward. One of his officers was the bnT« Capt. Hall^ who had distinguished himself in king Philip's war ; and one of his companies, consisting of 90 Natick Indians, wu commanded by Captain Lightfoot. The garrisons were now sup> plied with soldiers, and furnished with ammunition, * corn, rye, biscuit, salt, and clothing ;* and Swaine happily arrived in season to drive the enemy from Blue-point and Falmouth. In chasing the savages from Fort Loyal, Capt. Hall lost about ten of his best soldiers. Swaine was soon followed into the Province, and a part of his forces joined, by the celebrated Benjamin Church,^ at the head of 250 volunteers, English and Indians, whom he had enlisted in New-Plymouth and Rhode Island. He was commissioned, Sep- tember 6th, by the government of Massachusetts, with the rank of Major, to the chief command of all the troops in service. It appears furthermore, that President Danforth, then presiding in a session at Boston, holden by the Commissioners of the United Colonies,! superadded a mandatory order, addressed to all the authorities of the Province, which he presented to Major Church, in these words. .: r-.r» .1 > f " Boston, Sepiembery 16th, 1689. " To all sheriffs, marshals, constables, and other officers, mili« " tary and civil, in their Majesties' Province of Maine. ** Whereas, pursuant to an agreement of the Commissioners of " the United Colonies, Major Benjamin Church is commission- " ed Commander-in-Chief, over that part of their Majesties' " forces, levied for the present expedition against the common " enemy, whoso head-quarters are appointed to be at Falmouth, " in Casco bay : — ' : • *,': " In their Majesties' names, you, and every of you, are " required to be aiding and assisting, to the said Major Church in " his pursuit of the enemy, as any emergency shall require ; and "so impress boats and other vessels, carts, carriages, horses, " oxen, provisions, ammunition, men for guides, &cc. as you shall Stpi. 16. * He vrat born ni Diixbury, A. D. 1039, and died in 171U ; a man of iniU itary talents, piety -'nd influcncu. No ono'i namo itruck greater terror to the Indian*. t The Board coniiitcd o{ Thoma* Daoforth, President and Elisha Cook, from Massachiisotls; Thomas Mioiiiey and John Walley, of Plymouth ooU ouj i and Samuel Mason and WiUiam Pitkin, of Cnoneotiout. Chat. KXIIl.] OFMAINB. « receive wvnntf fipom the. said chief Commander, or big lieu- 4.D. iff « tenant so to do. You may not fail to do the same speedily and "effectually, as you will answer your neglect and contempt of "dieir Majesties' authority and service at your utmost peril. " Given under my hand and seal, the day and year above ''mitten, JinnoqueRegniy Regis et Reginae fVUlidmi et Ma- tvu ptvno, ,--spi-»T?^ .scsa'-.r- .■"#■■■ ^ ..^ " By Thomas Danfobth, President ^.m " of the Province of Maine." The United Colonies of New-England now made the war a TnitmriioM common cause, and on the 18th, gave the commander his insuuc- u?,uedc«i, tions. By these, he was directed to keep out scouts and a for- °"'**" lorn hope before his main body, to avoid every ambush, to ^ promise the soldiery, besides their stipulated wages, the benefit of all the captives and lawful plunder taken, and a further reward of £8 for every Indian 6gliting-man slain ; and in general topuL- ish all drunkenness and profanity, and see that the army observe the worship of Almighty God, by morning and evening prayers :^ ; sanctification of the Sabbath. He was also instructed to ■ '..te with Major Swaine, in all practicable cases; and to consult with Capt. Sylvanus Davis, of Falmouth — a man of ac- knowledged acquaintance with the Indians and the eastern affairs.* T'e Commissioners furthermore endeavoured to persuade theMohAwka brave Mohawks into the eastern service : — it might, as it was ob- ie,j,ig'j,*!Jr served to theni, open a new field of glory. But they said, Ao — Jj^'»^«''»'»« we have fought our own battles with the French, and burnt Mon- treal to the ground. We are by treaty the allies of the English ; ' vie promise to preserve the chain unbroken. Amity is a river re- freshing to us as to you — and we wish the sun ever to shine in peace over our heads. We have no will to go with gun and hatchet against the " Onagounges,"f — as the eastern Indians were collectively called by them. The successes and cruelties of the Mohawks, and their un- changing friendship for the English, from whom they received a supply of weapons and ammunition, produced among the Cana- dians the sharpest and most inveterate feelings of revenge. M. de Callicres, the military commander of the country, having con- I't'iv^ * Church*! Es()edition, (edition 1710) p. 06. t 6 Mana. Rcc. p. 71. — 1 Hulnic*' A. Ann. p. 477. (1816 TUEHISTORT *J.;'»' ^^CV«L. |. Ail). I6a9.cetved the project of subduing the entire PrOviMeoT New^Yoii by an stuck upon the northern parts, with an army, and upon the south, by a naval force, went to France, and prevailed upon the , king to afford the assistance requested. The fleet aud troops arrived at Chebucta in Nova Scotia, and himself and Count Frontenac, who had lately been reappointed Governor of Cana- da, reached Quebec soon after the destruction of Montreal. Astonished and dismayed at the calamities and confusion of the country, they immediately feh the imperious necessity of aban- w^ ' tiOning the expedition altogether; and the fleet returned to France. SepiRmhrr. Major Ciiurch arrived at Falmouth in the latter part of Sep- sii'irmishM tcmbcr, though* not before Major Swaine and a part of his fn ^li force iiud retired, to the rendezvous at Newichawannock. Land- ing his men near Fort Loyal in the dusk of the evening, Church disposed of them in the garrison and neighboring houses. Hall, Southworth and Davis, were some of his Captains ; and Num- posh commanded the Seconet and Cape Indians. The principal intelligence, he received of the enemy, was from Mrs. Lee, Maj. Waldron's daughter, who, after being made a captive at Cocheco, had been rescued by a colonial privateer. She stated, that the army of Indians she left, had 80 canoes, and they said their company consisted of 700 men. She saw several Frenchmen among them, and understood, the whole force was preparing to attack Fort Loyal. The trutli of her story was confirmed by the report of a spy or scout, who said he had the preceding day, seen at a distance a large body of the enemy. Church; fully acquainted with the Indian modes of war and fighting, marched his forces, an hour before day, towards the woods not far from the head of Back Cove, and halted them in • thicket, about half a mile northwesterly from the garrison. The Indians had already landed upon the other or westerly side of the Cove, and a scout had taken Anthony Brackett,f one of the principal inhabitants, a prisoner. A brisk firing was com- menced in his orchard, by an advanced force under Capt. Hall, mi)" t 1' *Tiiis (imo is supponed to bo correct from the whole narrative; though Church in hit " ExpeditioDi" is not particular at io time or place. Got- (roor Sulliran haiueicribod some of the places. — Sull. p. 202. t Son of the one killed in the Inst war 3 JtfiiUA. Mag. p. 5t8. t^ ClUV. Mill.] • OF MAINC 0|7 after tliejr had forded orer, which alarmed the town, and draw a. ik MM. 10 him a reenforcement under Church himself, with an additional ^|IJ|^ Rippljr of ammunition. It seems the cove at this place was"***""*' Dsrrow, and the Indians on the farther side were so near i's mar- gin, that Church's men were able to reach the enemy with their shots, over the heads of Hall's soldiers. Church next proceeded io haste up .he cove 80 or 100 rods, determined to pass over to die same side, join Hall, and attack the Indians in the rear. The latter, desirous to pruvent it, met him and his troops, and advanced to attack them ; manoeuvring to prevent their junction with Capt. Hall, but being unable, they retreated into tht woods. Major Church at this juncture, finding the bullets two large for the caliber of the guns, ordered casks of them to be cut into slugs, — still resolved to pursue the enemy. But as the day wat far spent, he concluded finally to return, with his dead and wound- ed, to the fort. — ^The campanions of Southv^orth and Numposh, afTorded Hall and his company timely and signal assistance. In the midst of the action, the Indian Captain Lightfoot, perceiv- ..^ ,.r.f ing, that their ammunition was nearly exhausted, passed over, ,r<>"^ and taking a cask of powder upon his head, and a kettle of bullets in each hand, repassed to them in safety. Church represents the enemy to have conducted with courage and considerable policy, during the action. They divided, and a party construct- ed an opposing breastwork of logs, which they stuck full of bushes to screen them from view, and prevent his cooperation with Hall and his company. The Indians in their flight threw themselves into a cedar-swamp ; and the reason assigned by Church, why he did i:ot intercept their retreat, was the intervening rough and bushy grounds. The loss to the English is said to have been 31 or 22 killed and wounded ;— of the former, six be- longed to Capt. Hall's company, and of the latter, six were In- dian friends.* Major Church then proceeded to Kennebeck, which he ascend- Th« iiiurm ed several leagues ; and returning, ranged the coast, revisited the ,,ie. " ^*^ garrisons and sailed for Boston ; leaving 60 soldiers quartered at Fort Loyal, under the brave Capt. Hall. Many of the suffering people entreated^ him to take them away in his transports ; and * Chnrch'i Expedition, p. 89-loe— and Letter to the Oovemor of Mtaea* chnsett*.— Su//tvcm, p. 20S-3. Vol. I. 05 tij... ' 9t» A. D. icn ThfM Frrneh «spediiions plaaued. THEHIffrORY tjr^'i ' <.Id90 l!ki<«nocia- Ay ilMiroy- ed. March 18. Berwick dutroyed. Capt. Scottow of Black-point, who accompanied him, eomphui. ed, that President Danforth, by requiring of them prortsions for a supply of the military, had brought them into great distress. Count Frontenac, anxious to raise his credit among the Cana- dians and Indians, and to distinguish himself by some enterprises against the American subjects of king William, with whom his master was at war in Europe, projected three expeditions against the English colonists. One of them, despatdied from Montreal, destroyed Schenectady, a Dutch village on the Mohawk river, Feb. 8th, 1690 ; committing the most atrocious cruehies.* The other two proceeded against the outer settlements of Maine. Until this period, the frontiers had a respite from Indian war- fare, during the winter months; as the deep snows and cold weather were a security against incursions. But the French had now joined the Indians, and became actors and partakers in scenes, which ought to put every mortal, calling himself a chris- tian, to the blush. Newichawannock, [Berwick] which suffered so much in the last war, had more then revived — as it contaiued, according to Charlevoix, 37 houses. To destroy this flourishing, plantation, a party arrived, March 1 8th, from Trois Revieres, under the corn* mand of the Sieur Hartel, or Artel, a Canadian o/Hcer of distin- guished reputation. The whole number was fifty-two men, of whom twenty-five were Indians, under the famous Hopehood. They commenced the assault at daybreak, in three different places. The people, though entirely surprized, flew to arms, and defended themselves in their garrisoned houses, with a bravery applauded by Hartel himself. They fought till thirty-four of the men were killed ; but in this, as in most other such onsets, the assaiiunts baving altogether the advantage, forced the people to surrender at discretion. The number of prisoners were 54, of whom the greater part were women and children. The assailants then took all the plunder they could consume or carry away, and sot on fire most of the houses, the mills and barns, which with a great number of cattle were consumed. The party with their prisoners and booty now retreated, pursu- ed by about 150 men, in the vicinity, aroused to arms by the smoke of the burning village ; who came up with Hartel in the CatP.'txm.' • Wjlliairt' Vormoef p 293. ■ •? Quw.txnu] irworMAiNB. ., 6lf nAemoon, tt a narrow bridge ov'er Wooster river. Expecting an a. D. MO. ittack, the latter posted his men adTantageousIy on the opposite iMnk, when a sharp engagement ensued, which lasted till night. Four or five of the pursuers were killed, and the enemy lost three men, two of whom were Indians, and the other Hartel'a nephew ; his son, also, was wounded. Another Frenchman was taken prisoner, who was treated so tenderly, that he remained with the English and embraced the protestant faith. He said the French and Indians were severally receiving from the Canadiaa I government, the monthly wages of ten livres.* ^r-'H'.nh cr norC The third expedition, meditated by Frontenac, was sent against Mny. Falmouth. There were at that time upon the peninsula, three Tnd Fwf fortifications besides Fort Loyal. One was near the present Ig^^jJ,"' burying-ground ; another was on the rocky elevation southerly of the new court-house, almost indefensible ; and the third, in a " better condition, was further westward, near the water-side. The 3. .,•< public garrison had been under the command of Capt. Willard, of Salem ; but, on his being ordered abroad, to pursue the ene* ny, he was succeeded by Capt. Sylvanus Davis, who, it seems, had only a small number of regular troops left with him. The body of FrencI' -^nd Indians, collected to destroy this I place, was sent unde: .uO command of M. Burneife, and con- sisted of 4 or 500 men.f His Lieutenant wns M. Cort^ de March, who was a leader in taking Schenectady. The greater part of the Frenchmen were from Quebec, under one M. de Portneuf; 55 men were mustered at Trois Revieres, of whom 25 were Algonquins| and Sokokis; and all, it is stated, were met by Hartel on his return, and reenforced by a part of his men. To these were united an unknown number of Indians from the eastward, under Castine<^ and Madockawando. The whole were seen passing over Casco bay, in a great flotilla of canoes, early in May ; and were, it seems, deterred from an immediate I attack, by a knowledge, and possibly a view of the squadron un- * 1 Otlk. JV. //. p. 2i)l .—Charlevoix »a3's2,OC'0 head of cattle were burnt I Id the barns. This must be an cxafi^gcration. t Mr. Mother, (2 Magnal. p. 524,) says 400. But Capt. Davis says 4 or .^00 French and Indians set upon the fort, May 16th, 1690.— /it« Letter, I I Coi7. Mait. Hitt. Soc. p. 104-5, 3d ferte«.— Out Charlevoix says Portneuf I commanded. He also siys there were four small forts near the (rarrisoo. {40 UoirerMl History, p. 66-7. { Cburob's Exp«ditieD, p. lOH, ISO A.O. 1690, AUMh upon Maj 10. May 16. .* THE HISTORY [VoL* ). der Commodore Pbips, which must have pasted these cows towards Nova Scotia, about the same time. Nothing more was heard of the enemy till about the 10th of the month ; when a bold party approached within three or four miles of Fort Loyal, probably in the north-westerly skirts of Fal- mouth, and drove off twenty cattle, supposed afterwards to be slaughtered for the use of the army. The inhabitants conjectur- ed from this circumstance, that the head-quarters of the Indians must be in that direction ; and President Danforth ordered Major Frost to detach, without delay, 100 men from the provincial militia, to be joined by a party from the garrison ; all of whom, under Captain Willard, were directed to proceed in the search and pursuit of the enemy.* When they departed, the command of Fori Loyal was assumed by Captain Sylvanus Davis, as pre» viously mentioned. Early in the morning of the 16th, one Robert Greason, going from home, at Presumpscot river, was seized by an Indian scout and made a prisoner. This bold arrest induced the general sus- picion, that the enemy was watching in that quarter for an advaa- tageous surprize ol the town. To make discoveries, therefore, about thirty young volunteer soldiers, under Lieut. Thaddeus Clark, proceeded from ths garrison, about half a mile, to an em- inence, evidently Mquntjoy's hill ; and entered a lane which was fenced on each side, and led to a block house in the margin of the woods. Observing the stare of the cattio in the field, they suspected an ambusli behind the fence, and yet all rashly ran towards the place, raising the shout, huzza ! huzza ! But the aim of the cowering spies was too sure and deadly ; for they brought Clark and tiiirteen of his comrades to the ground at the first shot ; the rest fleeing, upon a second charge, to one of the forts. Flushed with this success, the French and Indians rush- ed into town, and beset the several fortifications, except Fort Loyal, with great fury. All the people, who were unable to make good their retreat within the wails, were slain. After a manly defence through the day, the volunteers and inhabitants finding their ammunition nearly exhausted, and despairing of re* • It was a miBfurtunc to Casco, tlioiigh not to Willard, tliat be, so qiiali- fied an officer, shoul'l ( c " culIcJ off (wo or throe days before" the attack. ^ 2 Malkti '# .Vagnalia, p 62 1. ',*■«* '•':J"!A ClUr. ICtlU.] OP MALNfcW? • 621 eruits or supplies, retired under the covert of dirkoess to the pub- a. d. uso. lie garrison. The assailants, next morning, finding the village abandoned, plundered the houses and set them on fire. Tliey then proceeded to storm the garrison. Thwarted in this attempt, and sustaining considerable loss from the fort guns, they entered a deep contig- uous gully, too low to be reached by the shots of their antago- nists, and began the work, at some distance, of undermining the walls. Four days and nights, they wrought with indefatigable end incessant exertion, till within a few feet of the fort, when they demanded a surrender. It was a crisis trying in the extreme to all within tlie walls. They were exhausted with fatigue and anxiety. The greater part of the men were killed or wounded. Capt Lawrence had received a shot which was mortal. All thoughts of outward suc- cor or relief were fraught with deep despair ; and on the 20th* a parley was commenced, which terminated in articles of capitu- lation. By these it was stipulated, that all within the garrison should receive kind treatment, and be allowed to go into the nearest provincial towns under the protection of a guard : — to the faith and observance of which Castine *' lifted his hand and swore by the everlasting God." Tlie gates were then opened, when a scene ensued, which shocks humanity. The prisoners, who were seventy in number, besides women and children, were called heretics, rebels and traitors, the dupes of a Dutch usurper, and treated with every insult and abuse. No part of the articles was regarded. Capt. Davis, who was one of tlie prisoners, says, ' the ' French suffered our women and children and especially the ' wounded men, to be cruelly murderedf or destroyed after the ' surrender ; and the rest, being 3 or 4 with himself, took up a * march of 24 days to Quebec.'^ The whole number of prison- nnrrison of Fort L<>\al capitulate*. »!.!>• 20. * Charlevoix says 27th May ; but Capt. Davis says tlie enemy forced a surrender the 20tli of May. lie liimsclf was at Quebec 4 months ; and was finally exchanged for a Frenchman taken by Sir William Phips. — Charle- voix [3 vol. JV. F. p. 135] says the Canibas and other Abenaques Indians «' laid waste 30 leagues of country," this year, f Nathaniel White, the Indians tied to a stake, " and out ofTone of his cars and made him eat it raw." I Capt. Davis says, " Frontenac blamed Burncffc for breaking (heir oatht." ^li 622 A.M. M90. Falmouth dettroyetl. All tlioeatt' ern people wiiliilrnw (0 Wells. 1^ tir*: Sufleriiigs of captives. Robrrt Roger*. THB HI9TORT [•«• [VoL. |, era, 'ncluding some taken in the vicinity, was about a hundred. Cap . Willard and his men had not returned. The fortificatiou \rer all laid waste, and the dead bodies of the inhabitants were left o bleach and moulder above ground. Such was fallen Fal- moi th — a spectacle of homicide, ruin and melancholy.* The capture of Fort Loyal was considered a great calamity. The victorious enemy, ranging through the country,' and rioting on the spoils, threatened the destruction of the entire Province. All within the fortifications of Purpooduck, Spurwink, Black< point and Blue-point, departed without orders, to Saco, thence proceeded in a few days to Wells [Kennebunk] and thence to Storer's garrison. Here they were reenforced and ordered by government to abide and resist all attacks. To mention the hardships and sufferings of a few captives, taken at Newichawannock and Falmouth, will give some idea, though a faint one, of an Indian captivity. They were com- pelled to travel through pathless deserts and deep swamps ; over craggy mountains and windfalls ; in rain, cold and snow ; and oftentimes barefoot, half-naked and half-starved. By day and by night they were exposed to all tlie inclemencies of the weather and always oppressed with the excruciating pains of mind, aris- ing from remembrance of lost homes, friends and social scenes. In travelling, they were loaded with burdens, pushed forward by the points of weapons — ^not unfrequently tortured, or made the victims of instant death. . s. > ; s.i.'i':'* .s-^f Robert Rogers, a corpulent man, taken at Newichawannock, the March previous, being unable to carry his burden further, threw it down, fled and secreted himself. The Indians found him by his footsteps, hidden in a iiollow tree. They stript him, beat him most cruelly, pricked him with the points of their swords and knives and tied him to a tree ; then building a fire near him, bidding him take leave of his friends and say his prayers, they pushed up the fire to his flesh, danced around him, and, cutting collops from his body, threw them bleeding into his face. With his back to the stake, they left him broiling in the fire, till he was consumed. * Charlevoix [8 vol. Jf. F, p. 73] says there were eight pieces of cannon mounted in the fort. No want of ammunition ; and when the prisoner* marched out of the fort, 60 in all, the savages raised a shout, fell upon them miih hatchet and sword and killed all except four, and these wer« wounded. IfaryPlai! three weeks t ground and o After travelli logs, rocks j Her Indian n off its rags, d the river. N ' can walk fas To mentioi the preceding a girl of 15, back, that she step. An In( holding up thi you dare cry i Hopehood, appeared with vince. In Ju! ty under Capi wards NewicI that ill-fated s ing several bu man and took Hampshire ; 1 the people we Hopehood. dians, who mi specimen of 1 instance of hi the captives t: quite broken- still the little both his arms till he was cov eye, which H him, he turnei " I hear you * 2 Mitber's ] -It till .eaiKin'% Mary Fur- Chat, txiii.] orirAt!«B.K Mtry Plaisted, made a captire at the aame time and phee, a. o, three weeks after confinement, was compelled to tie on the cold ^f ^^*^ ground and open air with her infant, both quivering and starring. After travelling many days through swamps and snows— over logs, rocks and mountains, she could not mcve another step. Her Indian master coming to her, seized her infant, and, stripping off its rags, dashed out its brains against a tree and threw it into the river. Now, said he, ♦ you are eased of your burden — ^you •can walk faster.' i* .bki .*» To mention the painful case of one other sufferer, taken with the preceding two,* will suffice for this place. Mary Furguson, R'"*" a girl of 15, was so overburdened with plunder, laid upon her back, that she burst into tears and said she could not go another step. An Indian led her aside, cut off her head and scalped it ; holding up the scalp and exclaiming, so HI do with you allf if you dare cry or complain. >?;>'»♦ " ^ . t* .. .^i'--i--:-ss:^fyi 'e^^^ii^ Hopehood, one of the most bloody warriors of the age, again ,j. . appeared with a gang of desparadoes, prowling through the Pro- ■» ^^^r''*' vince. In July, they had a severe skiiinish at Wells, with a par- anH SpiJce creek* ty under Capt. Sherburne. Fired with uncommon revenee to- wards Newichawannock, they proceeded to reduce the remains of >ijM.i* that ill-fated settlement to utter ruin ; shooting one man and burn- ing several buildings. At Spruce-creek [Eliot] they killed an old man and took a woman captive. Next, they pushed into New- Hampshire ; killing, burning and destroying in every place, where the people were unguarded. But these were the last feats of Hopehood. He was soon after killed by a party of Canada In- Hop^hcod dians, who mistook him for one of the Mohawks.f As a further '''"'«*• specimen of his character, it may not be improper to notice an instance of his cruelty. James Key, a boy of five years, one of the captives taken by him at Newichawannock, in Merch, being quite broken-hearted, had spells of crying to see his parents. To still the little sufferer, the savage stripped him naked, lashed both his arms around a tree, and whipped him from head to foot, till he was covered with blood. Soon after, the child had a sore eye, which Hopehood said was caused by crying ; and seizing him, he turned it from|the socket with his thumb, exclaiming, " if " I hear you cry again, I'll do so by 'tother.'* One day, becauser 'liirmisltrs * 2 Mitbcr's MajDiIia, p. 617 + 2 Mather's Majnalia, p. 524- 5. Snpl. 2. n Churrh'k Sd expecli- linn. (HU THE HISTORY [V«u 1, A. D. MM. the child ia travelling wti unable to keep up, the mootter at once iprang and cut bis head to pieces with his hatchet. _^ After the conquest of Nova Scotia by Phips, was completed, jeft hy ui« and the expedition planned against Canada was known at Que- bec, the Indians* were left chiefly to themselves, in the ntftnage- ment of the war against the English frontiers ; for Count Fron- tenac was needing all his men and means at home. This was considered a favorable period for chastising the eastern tribes; and while the fleet was gone to reduce Quebec, Major Benjamin Church was again, September 2, taken into the public service. About 300 men were. placed under his command, consisting of enlistments in Plymouth Colony, and troops from Massachusetts. This government furnished him with the necessary shipping and supplies ; and. the General Court and Commissioners of the United Colonies gave him instructions. He was directed to visit Casco, Pejepscot, and any other places in the vicinity, where the French and Indians had their head-quarters, and, if possible, to kill them or drive them from the country ; also to ransom, rescue, or in some way recover the captives. .«, ,,*>, He first landed his men at Maquoit and led them across land, before daylight,f towards Pejepscot-fort, on the western side of the Lower Falls in the river Androscoggin. He and iiis advanced guard first saw young Doney, a Sokokis, his wife and two cap- tives, about a mile from the fort, on the further side of a stream and marsh full of water, which they were obliged to ford, though it were to their armpits. Doney ran for the fort ; and Church, though retarded by wading through the water, closely pursued him. As the fleet-footed Indian entered the gate, he cried, Eng- lishmen I Englishmen I — when all within it, flew precipitantly in different directions ; some leaped into the river and were drowned ; a few fled under the falls and were seen no more ; and several ran unwarily into the very arms of Church and his men, who by this time had arrived at the place, expecting a skir- mish. But there was no resistance. The English captives re- covered, were in a starving, wretched condition. The prison- ers taken, consisted of one Indian, — the wives of Kancamagus and Warumbee, — several other squaws, — and a great number of He visits Mnqiinit 'SikI Ppjep' M>. * Only about .i third part remained, and these were Protestants.—! Brit. Emp. p. I7C. f 2 Jilath. Mag. p. 622, be lays • by night.' CHA». XXIII.] OP MAIlfK ^ bdian children. The life of the native was spared, through A. D. the importunity of two female captives, who said, he had been <' tbe means of their preservation, and that of many others. He represented, that the Indians were abroad, engaged in drawing the Marechites of St. John's river into the war. The wives of the two Sagamores and their children were saved and sent on * board his vessels, in consideration of a solemn promise made by <^ the women, that eighty English prisoners should be restored. But it is painful to relate, and nowise creditable to the usual hu- manity of Major Church, that the rest of the females, except two or three old Squaws, also the unoffending children, were put to the tomahawk or sword. — ^The old women, he left with some necessaries and this errand, — * tell the Sagamores, they may find •their wives and children at Wells.'* Major Church, the next day, proceeded with nis men, forty miles up the Androscoggin, to the Indian fort, where he recovered seven captives, killed twenly-one of the enemy, r-^d took one prisoner. After plundering the fort, which contained some valua- ble property, he left it in flames. His prisoner was Agamcus, called from his size Great Tom, who was a sullen fellow, o^'d on the march had the cunning to escape from his careless k .epti 'S. Flying to some of the Sagamores, he told them such frightiul sto- ries about the tremendous Church and his forces, that the Indians fled into the woods, leaving Brackett, taken the previous year at Falmouth, who arrived at Maquoit, about the time Church was reembarking his troops.f Church proceeded to Winter-harbor, where, in a skirmish ^ ikirmith which a party of his men had with old Doney and the enemy, j[ qIJI"^^ near Scammon's fort,J he killed two savages and recovered an English captive, who informed him, that the Indians were collect- ing at Pejepscot, to go against Wells. In his .<" i.-n to that place, he was only able to take some additional plunde. . He next an- chored at Purpooduck, Sept. 21 , and landed three companies upon Stpu Si. the peninsula. Here he had a smart eng;:;^ement with the Indians, in which he lost five of his Plymouth soldiers, killing 8 or 10 of the enemy, and taking 13 canoes. A returning captive told tliat • Church's Expedition, p. 107-117. f 2 Math. Mag. p. 52S-9. I Scammon's garrison was on tbe east side of tbe Saoo, 3 miles b«low tlM faUs. Vol. I. 66 !S^i' A view of hiR^d ex- pediiioa. |89|| THEHUrrOKY [^'. I. 4. 0. 169Q. the Indtaas, in consequence of their lo3s, butchered, occordbg to cusiucn, as many of their prisoners. He collected and buried the mouldering bodies of the people slain in the capture of Fal- mouth, and r<^turncd home, leaving 100 uf his men at Wells under Capu Con^'crse''^ and Lieut. Plaisted. Although Major Church acquired so much honor in king Philip's war, he added to it few laurels in this expedition. The government of Massachusetts thougtit his exploits were wholly of a negative character, unworthy of applause. Some of the dis- affected castorn Provincials basely charged him with putting their cattle into barrels, and selling it in Boston for plunder. He him- self complained, that the grievous report about the ' Eastward * Expedition, rolled home upon him, like a snow ball, gathering ' size at every turn, till he was quite overshadowed, and hidden * from all favorable view of his friends.' But he had lived long enough to know, that military njerit is measured by successes ; and though suspicion paints in the darkest colors, a conscious- ness of having performed well and wisely all that could be done, was a better security to reputation, than inscriptions on brass or marble. He magnanimously collected a considerable contribu- tion in Ph mouth Colony, which he transmitted to the eastern Provincials, accompanied by an address to Major Frost, John Wheelwright, Esq. and others, encouraging their expectations of still farther relief. His policy at Pejcpscot had the anticipated effect upon the Sagamores. For, in October, ten of them came to Wells, where they were extravagantly gratified, in the restoration of the cap- tive wives and children. Being in a mood to talk with open heart, they said, the French had made, fools of ihem, and three limes repented these words — " fVe will go to war against you no more ,*" — '• JFe are ready to meet your head-men^ at any time and place you appoint, and enter into a treaty." On the 29tli of November, at Sagadahock, a truce was signed by commissioners from Massachusetts, — viz. Majors Hutchinson and Pike, two of the Assistants, and Ciipt. Townoend, Master oi Uie Province sloop ; and by six Sagan>urcs,f in behalf of all the Nw.59. A Iriire 9 ■walU. •«.— «:>- • Utif Cliufcli Kiy^ ('.iiivtTiift wont witli tilm to Hoiitan. — Expedilkn,\\ 123.— It \vu» oiilv II trip, p. 12!). 't 'i huao were Notombomct, (or Nnitumbiiit,) of Saco; Wammbce, o; Andro(rog;gin ; Jolin IIajjUin«, alias Knnkamafin, of Prnacook ; Eilgcre- CVAJ^. XXIII.] ^' OP nAine. 4l«i»«i ;i.l,^. Abraiques tribes, including the Penacooks. But it tras, bovr- A.D» leit. erer, preceded by a conference of no less than six days, and wa» finally subscribed by the Sagamores while tliry were in their canoes; nor was it to continue beyond the first of the ensuing May. Still; they stipulated and agreed to do no injury in the mean time to the English, to deliver up all the prisoners present, and on the first day of May, surrender at Storcr's garrison, in Wells, all the otiiers, — and there make a lasting peace. They also promised to give the English timely notice, should the French plot any mischief against them. Ten English captives were then re- leased, with one of whom, Mrs. Hall, they parted very reluctantly, because she wrote well and served them as a secretary. -- ^-- This was almost the only good fortune of tie autumn, which p^^^. ,^^jj^ could counteract the fate of the Canada expedition and the great "■•""•'"• discomfiture of the public. Never had Maine witnessed a darker season. Only four towns remained, — viz. Wells, York, Kittery, »vr and Appledore or the Isles of Shonls ; and these, the enemy had evidently marked out for utter and speedy destruction. There were in Wells, between the prcsont highway and the beach, several houses, constructed of hewn timber, with flankers, riwii. and on each a watchtower — all of which were fortified, and might be occupied and used as garrisons. One of the largest and strongest was Mr. Storcr's, situated near the old meeting-house, and about 100 rods from the present onc,^-considered at this period a public fortification. - ** At the time appointed. May 1st, 1691, President Danfortb, „ attended by several gentlemen, besides some of his Council, *••> i. and guarded by a troop of horse, visited Wells, in anticipation of meeting the Indians and forming a treaty. But not one ot them appeared ; — being evidently deterred, through French influence. A few of them, however, who weie in the neighborhood, were brought in by order of Capt. Converr-^ and asked, why the Sag- amores were not present to enter up in a treaty, according to promise. — • ff c no remember the time,* — said they. — • But $tiU • we now give up tivo captives; and we promise, certain, to bring ' the rest in ten days.* — To try their faith and honor, they were met, alias, Moxtii, Toqualmot, and Watornbnmct, probably of Kcnncbeck. •~St9 1 Hutch. Hilt. p. 856, wbero lome o( (he naineit are diflcrcnilj tpclt. -.2 JVathtr't Magnalia, p. 629, 643.— 1 Coll. Jilait. Hut. Soc. p. 104-6, id uriu. — Sullitan, p. 147. •aoe 9. Cap* Jickl tiuriit. July. Fimr rom- pnni«!i prn- cwd 10 Pe- Jnptcot, 0^ THE HISTORY [VoL. L A. D. 1691* then dismissed ; yet nothing more was seen of the Inditus<-« Hence, President Danforth anil bis associates, thus disappoiot* ed, and despairing of a negotiation, soon returned to York ; prom, ising as he departed, to send a reenforcement to Converse consisting of 35 soldiers, from the county of Essex. They ar> rived June 9ih ; and in one half hour afterwards, the garrison was furiously beset by Moxus and two hundred Indians. Being repulsed, they presently withdrew and proceeded to Cape Ned- dock, in York. Here they attacked a vessel and killed the greater part of the crew, set the little hamlet on fire, and then scattered in different directions. Madockawando remarked, as related by a ca|)tive, ' Moxus miss it this time, — next year Til * have the dog Converse out his den.* Four companies, commanded by March, King, Sherburne, and Walton, the first being the senior ofiicer, were despatched, late in July, into the eastern service, who landed at Maquoit and proceeded to Pejepscot-falis. Returning to their vessels, they had a sharp skirmish with a large body of Indians, in which Capt. Sherburne was killed. Nothing was effected by this ex> pedition — it only deterred the Indians from their premeditated at- tack upon the Isles of Shoals. Unassisted now by the French, they diverted themselves in roving through the country, during the autumn, — shooting individuals when alone,* — and robbing or burning solitary houses. . Their attempts upon the village of York, in the last and the present war, had been remarkably delayed. Spread along the eastern side of Agamenticus river, near the margin of the salt water, it was in some degree sheltered from the enemy, by the frontier settlements. It had been, for many years, one of the provincial seats of government and justice, and since A. D. 1673, had been favored with the able and pious ministry of Rev. Shubael Dummer. Several houses were strongly fortified, and the people kept a constant and vigilant watch, excepting in the heart of winter. Unfortunately this was the season, ascertained by the enemy, to be most favorable for cfTecting its destruction Early in the morning of Monday, Feb. 5, 1C92, at the signal York utail •d. • Dr. Mather, (2 Nat;nal 'i, p. 03U,) «ny», •' on Sept. 28th, icven person* «♦ w«re murdered or captured at Dcririclt ;"— engaged, probably, in tak- iof tome uf the remains from lliat placs. CSAT. XXIII.3 OF MAINE. of t gun 6red, the town was furiously assaulted at different places, a. d. mm. by a body of two or three hundred Indians, led on and embold- ened by sereral Canadian Frenchmen ; — all uf them having taken up their march thither upon snow-shoes. The surprise of the town was altogether unexpected and amazing, nnd conse- quently the more fatal. A scene of most horrid carnage and capture instantly ensued ; and in one half hour, more than an hundred and sixty of tlie inhabitants were expiring victims or trembhng suppliants, at the feet of their enraged enemies. The rest had the good fortune to escape with their lives into Preble's, Harman's, Alcock's and Norton's garrisoned iiouses, the best for- tifications in town. Though well secured within tiic walls, and bravely defending themselves against their assailants, they were several times summoned to surrender : — Acrcr, said they, vever, till we have shed the last drop of blood. About 75 of the people were killed ; yet despairing of conquest or capitulation, the vin- dictive destroyers set fire to nearly all the unfortified houses on the north-east side of the river, which with a large amount of prop- erty left, besides the plunder taken, were laid in ashes. — Appre- hensive of being overtaken by avenging pursuers, they hasten- ed their retreat into the woods ; taking with them as much booty as they could carry away, and, as Doct. Mather says,* •• near an hundred of that unhappy people," prisoners. Nay, it was now their hard destiny, to enter upon a long journey, f amidst a thousand hardships and sufferings, aggravated by severe weather, snow, famine, abuse, and every .species of wretchedness. About one half of the inhabitants, it has been supposed, were either slain or carried away captive. Mr. Dummer was found Rev. Mr. by some of his surviving neighbors, fallen dead upon his face, near kiiud, his own door ; being shot, as he was about starling on horseback to make a pastoral visit. Ho was a well educated divine, now in his 60th year ; greatly beloved by his charge ; and so eminent a man of God, that Doct. Mather supposes, an appropriate emblem in his coat of arms would have been, a lamb In n flaming bush.'l * 2 Magnnl p. 630-1. f It is tupponoil llicy were carried to Sag^ndahock. I His lidusc W118 by llic sonshore, not far from tlie " Itoarin; Uocli." He wai a frradii;iln of Iliirvnnl ("ollcjrf", A. I). IfiSfl, kikI ma. rird tlio »aino vrar. Flo was, one nay*. '• not onh well drscrnded, well tempered nnd w*n ediivatcd,"— but tettlcd amoiif a people ttronj^ly attached to him ; •rboM faitlifnl nuniitry had b«pn greatly lilcimcd amopg^ them. By rcawn ■ if* 3 ••»M?5 H¥\ ^m fettf' 630 ^ ^ rwen!8W)RT ■ 'fVii. u A. D. im. His wife, the daughter of Edward Rishworth, Esq. was Hinonr the captives, who being heart-broken, and exhausted with fatigue, soon sunk in death. But truth and 6d^!ity require the writer to mention in this place, an instance of Indian gratefulness, among several of a kindred character, occurring at other limes in our wars ;vith the natives. To recompense the English for sparing the lives of 4 or 5 Indian females, and a brood of their children at Pejcpscot, they disniissed some elderly women, and several chil- dren between tlie ages of three and seven years, and returned then safely to one of the garrison-houses ;* — a circumstance wh'vh fi'jo confirms the opinion, that the Penacooks and the An, sagunticooks were concerned in this attack. A party in- stantly rallied at Portsmouth, as soon as the news reached the place, and went in pursuit of the enemy ; too late, however, to effect a rescue of tha prisoners, or to give the savages batlh. In derision of the puritan ministers, towards whom the Indians, full of Romish prejudices, entertained the greatest antipathy; one of them, on a Sunday of their march through the wilderness, diessed himself in the ministerial attire of Mr. Dummer, and in mock dignity, stalked among the prisoners, several of whom were members of his churchy — ' a demon,' according to Mr. Mather's view of him, • transformed into an angel of light.' The massacre in York and burning of the town, were the more deeply and extensively lamented, because of the antiquity and pre- eminence of the place, and especially the excellent character of the people. " Many," says an eminent cotemporary writer, " were the tears, that were dropped throughout New-England on " this occasion." It had experienced so fatal a blow, that the remaining inhabitants entertained, afterwards, serious thoughts of abandoning it altogether, while the war continued. But Massa- chusetts, in her generosity, administered to the people, by the hands of Captains Converse and Greenleaf, immediate relief, The inclan rlmly ,^;.j: Cmf • X»"-] OFMAINB.' 681 with luch full encouragements of protection, as determined tbem A.n. ir>SA to abide and risque future events. Major Eiisha Hutchinson was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the provincial militia, and of the three companies in the eastern service, under Captains Converse, Floyd, and Thaxter ; by whose united and prudent conduct iiic frontiers vverc so well guarded, and the posts so read- ily corresponded with each other, through the medium of ranging .*a <<«bV parties, that it became impossible for the enemy to attack, in the usual way by surprise. Several of the captives taken at York, were recovered in the course of the spring, by a vessel sent foi^ the purpose to Sagadahock. ^ Wells was next the object of attack by the Indians. The in- wviude- habitants were dispersed among the fortified houses, — in neces- ['^,',I;'^',||^*^ sitous circumstances ; while Capt. Converse and fifteen soldiers""*' '*"""• were all the fensible men then in Storer's garrison. To supply them and the people with ammunition and provisions, two sloops, commanded by Samuel Storer and James Gouge, attended by a shallop, well laden, arrived in the harbor, Friday, June 9th, '^av-j^^^g ing on board 14 men. About the same hour, the cattle, much affrighted, ran bleeding into the settlement, from the woods ; for- tunately giving the alarm of an approaching enemy. Captain Converse instantly issued commands to the vessels, and to the people in all quarters, to be on their guard ; and the whole night was passed in anxious and trembling watchfulness. Next morning, before break of day, John Diamond, a passen- j^^^^^ ,q ger in the shallop, on his way to the garrison, distant from ^'>®^"LVri^ sloop a gunshot, was seized by Indian spies and dragged away a"ii indium. by his hair. An army of about 500 French and Indians pres- ently appeared, under Burneffo, their superior officer, who was chiei ui command at the capture of Falmouth — Labrocree, an- , ; other French General, of some military reputation — and a lew other Frenchmen of rank ; attended by JMadockanando, Egere- met,* Moxus, Warumhee, and several other Sngamores. They closely examined Diamond, who told them what he knew ; only, by mistake, or design, he said there were in the garrison with Capt. Converse, thirty brave men, well armed. Flushed with the certainty of conquest, tiiey apportioned the soldiers, the in- habitants, Mr. Wheelwright by name, the women and the childrr.u '"f'M * Kgercmct wa* from Ma«htat or Paiaaniaquotldj'. SBUt THE Hiffumy [V^l. i. A.U. lC9t.of the ?)jwa, the sailors, and the plunder, among the officnv, the Sagamores, and their host ; when one habited like a gentleman, made a speech in English to tliem, in which he exhorted them to be active und fearless ; assuring them, if t!i?y courageously at- tacked 'he Englbh fortresses, all would be *i)eiv^^ — tie heretics must :;'!rrender. JuMlO. Instantly raising a hideous shout, ihcy assailed t!;' ^'^r^ison with greu fury, and coniinied the i ^suuk uur'nj^ th.! ^ y. A party constructed, m the meantime, a ' reastwork of plank, hay, posts and rails, over .■ JMch they Gred upon the vebsels, secured only by o l)V:,ii bank, tuo far distant for men to spring o" board. Being only a dozen rods froi^ the floops, they wevr able to set : th»-;>a on fire sjoveral times vvi?'i fire-anows ; th'>c:eiv-'. extinguish- ing the flames, by wet mops ijon the enii: of po'» s, and firing also with an aim ami briskness, which at length compelled them to with- draw. One of the Indians, more daring than his fellows, then apptoached with a plank for a shield, whom a \.' arksman by a single shot Irought to the ground. Next, a kind of cart, rigged and trimmed, with a platform and breastwork shot-proof, was rolled forward from the woods, till witi.ia fifteen yards of the sloops; when one of the wheels sinking into the oozy earth, a Frenchman stepped to heave it forward with his blioulder, and was shot dead, and another taking his place, shared the same fate. The firing was continued upon the sloops with the repeated demand, sur- render ! surrender ! — which was only retorted by loud laughter. At night they called out, who^s your commander? — "We have, .1 (said they,) a great many commanders." You /le,— cried an Indian, — You have none but Converse, and weHl have him before morning. JuMlli ^ scout of six men, sent by Capt. Converse, towards Newich- uwannock, a few hours before the enemy first api^et'red, return- ing about the dawn of day, being Sabbath-morning ; were un- warily exposed, on their arrival, to certain death. But with great presence of mind, the corporal loudly bespoke Captain Converse, ns ii near him, wheel your men around the hill and these few dogs are ovrs. The enemy supposing Converse was at their heels, hastily (led, aiul the scout entered the gates ur.hurt. The French and Indians, now embodied themselves, and be- gan to move with great regularity towards the garrison ; when ■■'^*f > .4* Chav. sxiii.] uf MAwe. 638 one of tht Capuin's soldiers sighed a surrender .*— * titter the a. d. tm, word again, said he, and you are a dead raan :' — *• all lis close— A'**^^ " fire not a gun, till it will do execution." As the besiegers with v^km. a firm step approached, they gave three hideous shouts— «oe « *> . .'r^vf crying out in English, /re and fall on, brave &oy«;—- and the nhoAn body opening into three ranks, discharged their guns all at once. A blaze of fire was returned, both from the small arms and the cannon, some two or three of which were 12 pound- ers ; the women in the garrison handing ammunition, and several times touching off the pieces at the enemy. It was a crisis of life or death, and the repulse was so complete, that the attack was not renewed. . - ■■ ^ :;.:•; One farther attempt, however, was made upon the vessels, which were still lying lashed together in the best posture possible for defence. The enemy now constructed a fire>float, 18 or 20 feet square, and filling it with combustibles, and setting tliem on fire, towed it as far as was safe, directly towards the sloops, in tlie current of the tide, and left it to fleet in flames against them. To avoid or to extinguish this burning magazine, appeared im* possible, and their fate inevitable. But by the interposition of Divine Providence, as the anxious mariners viewed it, a fresh counter breeze was breathed upon them, which drove it aground on the opposite shore, where it split and filled with water. Completely v/orsted in every efifort made, and unable by rea- RmmIm son of the levelness of the ground to undermine the garrison, the or iba enemy despaired of forcing or inducing a capitulation ; having *"**"^' killed none in the fort, and no more than a single one of the mariners. Some of the enemy, however, after this proceeded over the river and made havock among the cattle ; while the leaders sent a flag of truce, and began a parley ; oflfering Captain Converse the most seducing terms, if he would surrender. ' No,' said he, * 1 want nothing of you* A short dialogue ensued,* aftmr * Th« dialogpue was of this purport.— Converse told them, * I want noth- ing but men to fight' Thtn t/*you, Convertf., are to tlout, why don't y«ti come ou^ andfigfU in thtjltld likt a man, and not ttay in agarriim, like a ifuato?—' What fools are you! Think you, (said he,) my thirty are a ' match for your fire hundred ? Come upon the plain with only thirty, and ' I an ready for you.'— JVo, no, tee Uunk English fashion, (cried a grim Id* diaa],aiion«/oo/: you Ml nu—m* kUl you t—Jfol so,—bttUr H» eowM* Vol. I. «7 the »ipge. 634 THE HISTORY (Tob. |. A«D. I69t. which the Indian bearing the flag, threw it upon the ground, and fled. A few scattermg guns were at intervals discharged till dusk, "' and about ten in the evening, the enemy ail withdrew. Incirfenu of The good management and great bravery of Capt. Converse and his men, and of the shipmasters and tlieir crews, were not exceeded during the war. A siege of forty-eight hours, prosecuted by a host against a handful^ was in the sequel no less a disgrace and discouragement to the one, than anin ting and glorious to the other. Several of the enemy fell — one was Labrocree, who had about his neck when found, a satchel inclosing Romish re* liques, and a printed manual of indulgences. To avenge his death, the savages put their only captive, John Diamond, to the torture. They stripped, scalped and maimed him ; slit bis hands and feet between the fingers and toes ; cut deep gashes in the fleshy parts of his body, and then stuck the wounds full of lighted torches ; leaving him to die by piecemeal in the agonie? pf jcoq- suming fire.* •' - Onv. Phipt' It was this spring, in which the new administration commenced under the charter of William and Mary ; Sir William Phips, being commissioned the royal Governor. To the first legislature, which convened June 8, eight representatives were returned from the late Province of Maine. Sir William, in his speech to the two branches, stated that monies nncessary to defend their Majesties' eastern subjects must be raised ; and that the war against the French and Indians ought to be prosecuted with more A hoard of *y*tem, and with renewed vigor. A board of war was established, consisting of three military men, for v'lom a stipend or salary was provided of £100 by the year. The Governor was author- ized by the charter, and advised by the legislature, to march the militia, if it were necessary, against the common enemy.f The eastern coast at this time was infested with piratical sea- rovers and freebooters, who were committing depredations with fearful boldness. Nor was this the only trouble. The French, it is well known, were eager to attain o. repossession of the ex- tensive territory between Sagadahcck and Nova Scotia, now em- ■dminiilra lion. June 8. Ism' ' war. wheret and thout f'm Englithman, when he no «*, thai'i the bed soldier.— Anothfir exclaimed. l)—n you, we'll rut you tmall as lobncco, befort mom- ing. * Hasta then,' retorted Converse, < I want buitaeta.* *3 Math. Mag. p. 832-6.-2 riutch. Hisf |>. C7. t i Mat*. Roc. p. 231.— Prov. Lawt, p. 734. ♦Church's I t Hero thel I BrU. Doi ^lilt laid I CbaV. XXIII.] OP MAINE es5 braced in the new charter and overrun by the triumphant tar- a.o. i6I&. ages. To fight tlie enemy, and keep possession of the eastern coun- 5,*^'"*}?'* try, the Governor detached several companies from the militia, >>«*••• issued orders for some enlistments, and commissioned Benjamin Church, July 5, Major-commandant of the forces ; who himself ifuijr A. enlisted a company of volunteers and a party of friendly or pray- ing Indians. There was another enterprize, wl.ich the Gover- nor had in view, and for accomplishing which, he had the king's special instructions ; this was the erection and establishment of a strong public fortress at Pemaquid. The Governor in person, attended by Major Church and 450 i."''yj-., men, embarked earlv in August, at Boston, for that place : touch- >'xm H^n- T^ . ■ ". . . /T. , » » ..«•>• built at mg at t almonth and takmg on the great guns.* In exammmg iVmaquid. the ground, he determined upon a site near the old stockade- fort, built by order oi Edmund Andros, and destroyed three years before, by the Indians. The plat selected was twenty rods , ..,.'. from highwater mark,f on the east side of the river, a league above Pemaquid point. The form adopted was quadrangular,| in compass 747 feet, measuring around the exterior contemplated wall; the inner square, including the citadel, being 108 feet> across. • •. . ? v The building of the garrison was committed to the superin- tendance and direction of Captains Wing and Bancroft, and was finished under Captain March ; two companies being retained to do the work. Major Church was despatched, August 11, with the rest of the troops, on a cruise to Penobscot and other places in quest of the enemy ; and the GoverLor himself returned to Boston. The walls were constructed of stone,^ cemented in lime-mor- tar. Their height on the south side fronting the sea, was 33 feet, on tlis west 18, on the north 10 and on the east 13 feet; and the great flanker, or round tower, at the south-western cor- ner, was in height 29 feet.|| Eight feet from the ground, where the walls were 6 feet in thickness, there was a uor of 33 port- * Church's 8d Expedition, p. ISS. '' t Hero the tide ritet from 14 to 16 feet { Brii. Dom. in Amtr. sayt, p. \Si ** tnaog^uUr" ' .- { U is I'ltd to hare taken 2,CiOO cart-loads of stooe. B S N«ars N. E. p. 48^.— a Math. Maf . p. 6Se-7. 'Wgfe *«*;;-:ii; *■ < ■lit I-*;' Cscunmns of Major Cburcii at 6^ yond the vicinity of the peninsula ; he took five Indians, also a quantity of com, beaver and moose-skins, and returned to Pema* quid. Afterwards, in ascending the Kenneheck waters, he liad a skirmish with a party of Indians, some of whom he drove to the woods, while others fled away in their canoes, up the river to their fort at Teconnet. As soon as they discovered him and his men in pursuit, they set fire to their huts in the fort, and ran away, burying themselves in the thickets. Whatever was not already on fire, particularly some cribs of corn, he committed to the flames ; and returning to Boston, concluded his third * East- ern Expedition ;'* rendered memorable by no exploit of any great moment. The Sa^-;amores were highly exasperated by these enterprizes ; and at the same time, greatly dissatisfied with the meagre aid Church's 5d Expedition, p. 131-137. :fi.A CHAt. SUII.J y, OF MAINS. •od recompense, tbey were re' »ivuig from the Frendi. Medock- A. o. icsft awando, io August* made a jou. iiey to Quebec. In an interview pr^^^ ^^ with Count Frontenac, he presented him with five English pris- J|U*^-J^ oners, and received in return the reward expected. It was ah» Hf "|'"* agreed between them, that the Governor should send two ships of war and 200 Canadians to Penobscot, and there be reenforced bjT 2 or 300 Indians under Madockawando ; and that the whole force, when conjoined, should proceed to destroy Wells, the Isles of Shoals, the plantations of Piscataqua, including Kittery, likewise the town of York, and then demolish Fort William Henry. This enterprize was a topic of too much conversation to be pjej,o, kept a secret. John Nelson,* appointed after the conquest of|fjlJ* ^ Nova Scotia by Phips, the Governor or commander of the Pro- ***»***»»• vince, but being taken prisoner on, or after his passage thither, from Boston, was now detained in Quebec. Having oppor- tunity to talk with Madockawando, he amused him with the pro- ject of ipttling a trading house at " Negas," [possibly Kendus- keag] * up the Penobscot,' and drew from him some information. To communicate intelligence, Nelson bribed two Frenchmen and sent a letter by them to Boston, in which he informed the govern- ment that a French frigate of 34 guns, I'Envieux, and a Dutch cap- tured ship of 38 guns, le Poli, were about to be sent, under Iberville, to Port-Royal and Penobscot, for the purpose of sweeping the eastern waters of all the vessels they could find ; and that he ex- pected, in his undertaking and movements, to have the coopera- tion and assistance of the Chevalier Villebon, tlie French Gov- ernor of Nova Scotia. The two French messengers, on their return, being detected, weic for their perfidy afterwards shot; and the patriotic Nelson, for sending the letter, was transported to France and imprisoned in the Bastile five years. At the close of the war, and not before, he returned home, after tsn years' absence. ;. * He was the son of William Nelson, and devisee of Sir Thomas Temple, former proprietor of Nova Scotia.— 1 Coll. Mcut. Hitt. Soc. p. 136, 3d itritt. John Nelson was one of the high republicans, who required Edmund An- dros to surrender his adminiitration. His letter to the Court of Massa* cliuKCtts, was d^ted Aug^iist 2C!h, 1692. He was made an eyewitness to the execution of his two French messengers, and expected the same fate. After he was transported, he was released from the Bastile, through the influence of Sir Purbec Temple, (Eng.)— EliotV Biog. p. 832. ^5**'' 638 A.U. I69S. Fort Wi|. liaiu UtB* TUB HISTORY [Vol. 1. A.n. ir>93. AInJor <'on- VTMi huild* Saco Fort. Aufuit 11. A treaty. The tcrmi «f it. Late in the autumn, Iberville, arrivinr i* F^nobtcot, wu join- ed by Villebon and a great body oi -.tidiati*; and all pro* ceeded to attempt the reduction of Fort William Henry. Struck with its apparent strength, and finding an English vessel riding at anchor under the guns of the fort, the commanders concluded to abandon the cnterprize ; the Indians stamping the ground in dis> appointment. The next spring, the intrepid Converse was commissioned Major and Commander-in-Chief of the eastern forces, including the garrison soldiers and 350 new levies. He ranged the country in quest of the enemy ; was at Piscataqua, at Wells, at Sheepscot, at Pemaquid, at Teconnet, and on tiie west side of the Saco, near the falls, he, with the aid of Major Hook and Capt. Hill, erected a very strong stone-fort.^ The Indians were in distress and despair. They felt themselves hunted to the mountains by the terrifying Converse ; they feared an attack from the Mo- hawks ; the French had left them to feed on empty promises ; several of their principal men were detained among the English, as prisoners, who were extremely impatient to be released ; and on the 11th of August, thirteen Sagamoresf representing all the tribes from Passamaquocldy to Saco, inclusive, came into the new garrison, at Pemaquid, and negotiated a treaty with the English commissioners John Wing, Nicholas Manning, and Benjamin Jackson. ■ < -••'•"--■■t ii;, nt',\ i.j'j.,-,.-,- .•■?. ;.'.;• id;,,' In this the Sagamores conceded more than in former treaties. They declared their hearty subjection and obedience to the crown of England ; and said they had been instigated by the French to make war, whose interest they had determined to abandon forever. They agreed to release all captives without ransom ; to resign unto tlie English inhabitants all their possessions and im- provements, and leave them unmolested and free of all Indian claims ; to traffic with the English at the trading houses, which * The remains are still visible. It was a fortress of gpreat streng^th ; in trbich several soldiers were stationed, under Capt. Georg^e Turfrey and Lieut, P. Fletcher. f Among^ those who sig^ned the treaty were Eg^ercmct of Macbias ; Ma. dockawando and Abenquid of Penobscot; Wasaambomet and Ketterramo. gis of Norridgewock ; Boinaseen, Wenobton " of Teconnet, in behalf of Moxut;" Nitamemet or Nitombomet, and Robin Doney of Saco; and others. - . , . ■ ._ . or MAWtt^f^ 039 should be established by government and regulated hj law ; and A. 0. 1691 have every controversy between the English and Indians decided in due course of justice. It was a treaty of perpetual peace and friendship, sanctioned by the most solemn asseverations of the parties, in faith of which the Sagamores delivered to tlie English five hostages,* who were to be exchanged at any time, on re- quest, for others of equal rank.f A respite from war and returns from captivity without ransom must be themes and causes of uncommon joy, to a people war- worn, bleeding, scattered and sinking in ruins. This peace, had tlie Indians been left to themselves, might have been permanent and lasting. For constant as they were in notliing but change, they were soon tired with uniformity and perseverance, especially, if attended with anxious toils or dangers. Prisoners had not been taken by them of late without great difficulty, and plunder could not be easily obtained, i ' '•- i . rr,. 7t . */ Count Frontenac, now engaged in a most bloody, though un- Th« FrMfh. successful war with the Mohawks, or * Five Nations,* was under 'iil"""^'* "* die necessity of calling home to his assistance every Frenchman able to bear arms. He was troubled on every side, and must even have stood the siege of Quebec, this season, had not the mortal sickness on board the royal English fleet, under Sir Francis Wheeler, prevented an attack. To suffer the Abena- ques and Tarratine tribes to be at peace with their neighbors, would in eflfect, as the Count perceived, grerftiy serve to embold- en the English in their projects against Quebec ; snu therefore he employed his emissaries to dissuade the Indians from restoring their prisoners or fulfilling the treaty. Hostages, he told them, were no great security or pledge, so long as the Indians had in their custody a greater number of captives. Fit instruments to effect his purpose were the French mis- Jesuit mii> sionaries. The four or five who were preeminent in his service, «mong*tiia were M. Thury, Vincent and Jaques Bigot and Sebastian Ral' **"''""*• /e;{ — all of whom were ardent and bold enthusiasts, always "' " ready, with tearful eye, to preach from a text in their creed, — that " it is no sin to break faith with heretics." Thury and Vincent I'ace. rii'pih M'* * One was Sheepicot John ; another was tho cousin of Madockanr%ndo; and a third tbe brother of Egeremct. ■*•• ■ >» t See this treaty entire.— 2 Malh, Mag. p. 512-3. X There was one at Aodroscogi^'iu — 2 JVatk. Mag. p. 5ft7. \ t r. Villiru at Peiiobicoi. Indianii d«> 940 THE HISTORY '■ [Vte. l. A.D. 1699. Bigot had been a long time among the Tarratines, and were weD acquainted with their dispositions, language and habits. Ralle,* fent from France into the French colonies by the society of Jes- uits, passed about four years among the tribes in the vicinity of Canada ; and in 1693 ch /se Norridgewock for his abode, where he dwelt 26 years. His entire devotion to the religious interests of the Indians, gave him an unlimited ascendancy over them. Another select agent of Frontenac, was Sieur de Villieu, who was now appointed resident commander at Penobscot. He was an officer who had acquired some merit at Quebec, when it was rttacked by Phips ; and, what was an additional qualification for his post, he cherished an inveterate hatred of the puritans. Determined to open anew the sluices of war, he collected a ■troy «»*o»^'i,Qjy Qj 250 Indians, under Madockawando, Bomaseen, and Toxus, who, on the 1 8th of July, again destroyed Dover, in New-Hampsliire ; and. after plundering places further westward, jiuKuM30. returned to Piscataqua, August 20th, when a large party of lackf. them crossed over into Kittery, with intent, manifestly, to complete the ruin of Maine. At Spruce-creek they killed three, and at Auguit a. York one, where they also took a lad prisoner. On the fifth day of their visit, they made a bold attack upon Kittery, slew eight persons, and scalped in a barbarous manner a little girl ; who, though left bleeding and apparently dying, was found alive the next morning, and ultimately recovered, notwithstanding her skull was badly fractured. This sudden outrageous violation of the treaty and every prin- ciple of plighted faith, rendered any retaliatory act warrantable, in the opinion of an abused people, however severe such act might be. When, therefore, Robin Doney and three of his companions sauntered into the new fort at Saco, pretending great regret for the late rupture, they being known criminals, were detained in custody. In the same mannei*, Bomaseen and two other Indians, November I9th, visited the garrison at Pemaquid, then under the command of Capt. March, feigning themselves to be travellers immediately from Canada, and strangers to the recent massficre. T*ut they, being known, were seized, and Bomaseen was soon sent to Boston. These acts were not censured by government, though lerious minds have animadverted upon them with some severity. Seven ln> dian* Mis* •d. Nor. 19. * • Coll, Man. Hi»t. 8oc, p. 360-9, M. Mnsh Chat, xxiii.] tn of Maine. 641 To show what arts and deceptions were practised by the A. o. lem. French fanatics, upon the ignorance and superstition of theJewit natives ; a few facts may be allowed here to be slated. In con- versing with a clergyman of Boston, Bomaseen said, the Indians understand the Virgin Mary was a French lady, and her son, '• »"-t Jesus Christ, the blessed, was murdered by the English; but has since risen and gone to heaven, and all who would gain his favor must avenge his blood. — ^The divine, taking a tankard, said to bim, Jesus Christ gives us good religion, like the good wine in this cup ; God's book is the Bible, which holds this good drink ; the French put poison in it, and then give it to the In- dians ; — Englishmen give it to them pure ; — that is, we present the holy Book to you, in your own language. French priests hear you confess sins, and take beaver for it. Englishmen never sell pardons ; they are free and come from God only. — TTien, said Bomaseen, Indians will spit up all French poison ; — En- glishman's God the best God. ». J, .iii Bomaseen and his accomplices were continued in confmement, a. D. 1695. and the hostages remained with the English, tlirough the winter, the ludiau. Being persons of distinction, their liberation would have com- manded almost any ransom, had the Indians any thii<^ to pay. But such were their uncommon miseries, that humanity weeps over them. Besides famine, in which their English prisoners were the most wretched sharers, — a mortal sickness was ragu>g among them. Pushed forward by hunger and revenge, some of them were able occasionally to take life, or a little plunder. In March, one of thu soldiers was killed and another taken near March. Saco fort ; — other acts of mischief were also committed, — acts which were the height of folly : For, if they would turn a deaf ear to the deceptive French, and consult their own interest, it must be the wisest measure practicable, for them to cease depre- dations and to restore their captives according to the treaty, us the return of them was filling relations and even the conmmnity itself with extreme anxiety ; — and then they miglu hope for relief. To mediate an exchange, Shccpscot John, one of the host- a •«•*•• ages, was sent to the eastern tribes ; tlirough whose wifluence a body of Indians in a flotilla of fifty canoes, May 20, met some May 20. of our men, belonging to Fort William Henry, at Rutherford's Island, situated a league from the garrison. Here the Saga- Voi,. I. 68 e ,* WOtiwtM'l tit J ."Ml ^^%\% 042 A. D. 169A. Junn 19. A parley. THE HISTORY [Vol. f. Sept. 9. iSohiiert killed at Peinaquid. A. D. 1696, Feb. 16. Chubb kills and seizes Indians at Peniaquid under aflag< mores confessed their wrongs, released eight captives, and en- tered into a truce for tliirty days ; promising to meet commis. sioners in the garrison at the end of a month, and ratify the treaty. A conference was subsequently had according to appointment ; but the Commissioners, Col. Pliiilips, Lieut. Cul. Hawthorn and Major Converse, refused to treat, till the English prisoners were produced. This pro-requisite was thought by the Sagamores unfair ; for, said they, you have not brought Bomaseen, Robin Doney J and our friends : — fVeHl talk no more; and rising ab- ruptly, departed. The parley was thus fraught with danger ; for after this, tlie forts and frontiers were infested by prowling savages through the summer. Major Hammond, who belonged to Kit- tery was seized, July 0, near Saco-fort, and carried to Canada ; and within three months, about 40 were killed or taken captive, m the northern parts of JVevv-England. Among them, a soldier was shot at Saco, and four were killed und six wounded, at Pemaquid, Sept. 9, as they were rowing a gondola around a high rocky point, above the barbacan opposite to the garrison. Five months after this, Egeremet, Toxus, Abenquid, and a party of their associates, came into the same garrison, Feb. I'i, [1G9G], for the purpose, as they said, of effecting an exchange of prisoners. The commander at this time was Capt. Chubb, whose men were not yet fully healed of the wounds, they had late- ly received. Their resentments were also inflamed by the recol- lection of those, who were actually slain at the same time ; and in the midst of the parley, they suddenly fell upon the Indians, killed Egeremet, Abenquid, and two others, and took some of them prisoners ;* Toxus and a few of his more athletic comrades effecting their escape, to tell the awful story, and add new fuel to the flames of war. It was a shameful breach of good faith— nowise justifiable by the perfidy of the Indians, though they had previously violated tlie treaty they had signed. To kill emissaries in the midst of negotiations, for tliLir fellows' crimes, is an act unknown even to the worst of savages ; for they never murder during a parley. If the conduct of Captain March 1 'i months before, was blameworthy ; Chubb richly deserved all th' * Charkrtiirl 3 vol. A". F. p. 2'J3.] aa)", Hirer »vcr(! nonf tn Bo&ton.- il rnrnplain^ of thin act* liain Heary. Cha*. XXIII.] op MADfE^IT 64) censure, a sensitive public was disposed so liberally to reflect A. D. mb6. upon him. There was nothing to cheer this spring, except the late return '«"•,. of Major Hammond and about thirty captives from Canada. In munwd— June, upwards of twenty people were slain or taken about Ports- moutli — several houses were burned — also three men and their wives who were sisters, in passing from York to Wells were as- sailed ; — Thomas Cole and his wife, two of the six, being shot down, the others barely escaping a second discharge. Fort William Henry had now become a noted public garrison. Tli« Frandi Tlie French conceived it controlled all the western parts of Ac- Fon Wii- adia, and resolved to reduce it. For this purpose, Iberville was despatched from Quebec, with two men of war and two com- panies of soldiers, — directed to form a junction with Villebon aad a company of 50 Mickmaks, at St. John or Port Royal, also with Castine and his Indians at Penobscot, and drive the English from the garrison. It was as unfortunate as it was accidental, that about the same time, two British ships, the Sorlings, Captain Eames, and the Newport, Captain Paxen, also the Province ten- der, saikd from Boston for the bay of Fundy, to intercept the stores supposed to be on their passage from Quebec to Villebon. For, as the two squadrons met and encountered each other in the bay, the Newport, in the engagement, lost her topmast and sur- rendered and the other two were, under the cover of a fog, only able to effect their escape. Reenforced by this prize, which Iberville repaired at St. John, he and Villebon, with his Mickmaks, p.oceeu to Pemaquid ; taking on board at Penobscot, Baron tie Castine, who was fol- lowed by 200 Indians* in canoes. The whole force invested the garrison, July I4th, when Iberville sent Capt. Chubb a sum- July u mons to surrender. But as he had 15(|,uns well mounted, 95 men double armed, and abiindance of ammunition and provisions, and was able to stand a long siege against treble his number of soldiers ; — he promptly replied, / shall not give vp the fort, though the $ea be covered with Frei%ch veiseU, and the land toith * CharlrvoiXf (3 vol. .V. F. p. 260-2,) iay» Caitinc waa with 200 savngci . and Iberville distributed presents (a them. In tlie absault the FrcDcb lost two mnn, killed by pistols ; and twu others, wiioie lives cost the Eiigriitb " tens of two." M W" ml i I 4 ' ti garritoB. 044! THE HISTOEY |»«H fVoL. I. A.D. 1S9C. tnld Indiana. Hence a (ew discharges of musquetiy and canooo closed the first day. July 15. Before the next inorning, the French landed their cacnon and ri'nderfThe mortars J and by three in liic afternoon, had so far raised their batteries, as to be able to throw five or six bombs into the fort. Aniidst the consternation these occasioned, Castinc found means to convey a letter to Capt. Chubb, telling him ' if he delayed a * surrender till an assault was made, he would have to deal with * Savages, and must expect no quarter, for Iberville, according ' to the king's order, was to give none.' This menacing address effected all that was desired ; the chamade v;as beat, and tiie terras of capitulation stipulated, by which ail within the garrison were to be conveyed to Boston, and as many Freucli and In- dians returned ; and till their removal, ihcy were to be protected from all injury and insult. The gates were then opened, when the Indians, finding one of their people in irons, were so ex- asperated by tiie story of his sufterings and of Chubb's baseness to the others of his companions, that tliey actually massa- cred at once, several of the English soldiery. To preserve the rest of the prisoners from falling victims to wild, ungoverna- ble resentments, Ibervilk- removed them to an Island and placed around them a strong guard. The French supposed that the garrison, through cowardice, compelled Chubb to capitulate against his will. But he was him- self censured with great severity, — and afterwards put under ar- rest, tried and cashiered.* The French thought this a great achievement. — The fortification, which had cost Massachusetts an immen.se sum of money, in the estimation of that day — to build it and garrison it 4 years, was now phmdered by the captors, and then for the most part demolished. They set sail on the 18th, for Penobscot, where they coniinued till September 3d ; inciting the Indians to a renewal of hostilities. When the news of this disaster arrived al Boston, it was ap- Chiirciiwiiiiprehended, the French and Indians might proceed as far west- proerrds ward as Piscataqua, and take or destroy all that might fall in their way. To resist or encounter them, therefore, iNlassacbusetis im- modiateiy raised 500 men ; «nd Lieut. Gov. Stoughton, Com- Chubb Cailiicred. July 18. Major * The rrvengc nf (In liuli.iiis ivns «.-iliatcd upon Chnbli, in Frb.'169li, by killing li'in at his re»iilctice in AnJovtr. Chap. *xxi]i.] of Maine. ^4MP mander-in-Chief, since the recaJ and subsequent deatii of Gov. A- D. ICM. Phips, gave Benjamin Church, August 3d, a commission byAuguttS. which he was appointed Major-commandant of the expedition.* At Piscataqun, his plac^ of rendezvous, he concentrated his forces ; assigning to his Captains, Graham, Bracket!, Hunnewell, and Larkin, their rank and duty, and despatched to Col, Ged- ney, at York, a reenforcement of his Indian soldier?, for the de- fence of that town and the vicinity. Several days elapsed ere m.-A- Major Church heard n lisp of the enemy ; and consequently concluded he had gone eastward. f ■'*'^ i**^* »"*«f Mj^^v^fi**? A squadron of three British men of war, the Arundel, the a iquadmr'^ Orford, and the Sorlings, furnished with militia men to serve as 5"™" ' marines, and attended by a merchant ship of 20 guns,and a fire- sliip, proceeding to sea, was only able to reach Penobscot in time to see the enemy set sail. The pursuit was pressed till dark ; and the next morning the squadron in a thick fog, lost sight of the I'renchmen, and returned, bringing to Boston a shallop taken, which had on board Villeau and 23 French soldiers. The i French ships visited St. John and the southerly ports of the great peninsula, also Cape Breton, and finally reduced New- foundland to the dominion of the crown. J - Major Church, the last week in August, embarked at Piscata- Church u. qua ; and after rangmg the eastern coast, came to anchor at the Peaobtnx, ; Island Monhegan. From this place hi proceeded into Penob- scot bay, and when abreast " Mathebestuck Hills" [or Camden heights], he took in John York, to pilot him through these waters and up tlie river. York informed him, that when he was a pris- oner with the Tndians, four years before, they had a fort built upon a little Island 50 or fiO miles up the rivrr at the falb, which was a place of general resort, [probably the Island Lett,"^ or Old Town] ;|| and in the vicinity they " planted a great quan- tity of corn." Church and his men ascended the river to the •' Bend,"ir then leaving their boats travelled on the western side two or three miles, passing places where the Indians had dwelt. * Cliurcli'R 4th Eastern FiXfiedition. p. 138-167. i C'liurch's 4th ICislern r.xppdition, J). 111-2. - ' ' ' ' I ;' [lijtcli. Hist. p. 80-9). 5 Pcnhallon's InJian Wars. II Fur llio pilot tolil Cliurcli " tlifro was no i^ptting; to it, but in canoci, " or on icu in the winter time;" and " there was kio g iiobicot. THE HISTORY [VoL. I, directed to protect tlie eastern fortis auci frontiers, by ranging par- ties, and by every other possible expedient. It is true, a French fleet did arrive at Newfoundland, July 24th, but it proceeded no further, and every pan of the enterprize failed, March ranged the eastern coast, and, September 9di, landc ' his men at Damariscolta. But ere they were fully ashore, a body of Indians, rising unawares, from their covert, with ihe usual war-whoop, poured in a full volley upon the troops; — in- stantly receiving a repulsive cliarge, as well aimed, which drove them either to the woods or to their canoes, leaving their dead behind them. Our loss was about 12 or 13 killed and a.s many wounded ;* — a bloody skir/uisl), which closed this year's predi'- tory war in Maine. The glad news ot a peace, concluded at Ryswick, September lltb, between England, France, and the nations engaged with them in war, was proclaimed in Boston, on the 10th of Decem- ber. It was an everu much more joyful, because of the devout belief entertained, that it woidd close the avenues of blood in America. The Cani.c'ian French could no longer take any open part in hostilities, though they might take some malignant satisfaction, in seeing the ' heretic puritans' worried or destroyed by the savages. Several acts of their barbarity and homicide, were in fact, committed in the succeeding spring at different places ;f but the last and only instances of Indian ferocity in Maine, during the year, 1698, occurred at Spruce-creek (Kit- tery). Here an old man was literally murdered, May 9 ; for his life was taken by a gigantic savage, after he had surrendered : His two sons, also, were hurried away into captivity. But the giant, who is reputed to have been seven feet in height, was, in a few hours, shot dead by his own gun, as he grasped the bar- rel reversed, and was endeavoring to pull his canoe tov/ards him at the s'lore. The Indians gave intimations, at our outposts, in the summer months, of their desire for peace. A conference was holden at Penobscot, Oct. 14, betwee i Commissioners from Massachusetts, viz. Major Converse and Capt. Alden, and six Sagamores, at- • 2 Mather's Mag-nalia, p. 553. t See llic glory of Ilaunah Dtislan.— 2 Math, Mag. p. 550-2. — 2 Hutch. nitty. 101. I in J Hutch. Chat, xxin.] of Maine. 04Q tended by a great number of their Indians. These sang iheA.o. itM. soKj^s of peace ; though then in mourning for Madockawando and " iieveral other Sachems of the east"— who had lately fallen victims to ** the grievous unknown disease, which," aceording to Doct. Mather, ** consumed them wonderfully." They said, Frontersc told .uctt, there was to be war no longer, and all pris- one's: must be relea^t.J ; and they had resolved to fight no more* Jin the parley, the Commissioners insisted upon a return of att the prisoners, and a removal cf the resident missionaries at Pe- «»>;ar,j nobscot, Norridgewock, and Androscoggin ; lest a treaty, if made, would be violated as heretofore through their instigation. They replied, the white prisoners will be free to go home, or stay widi their Indian frfends } but the good Missionaries must not be f^rivenaway. ;?;••,!':(■'•( >■.! ^^■ye^»-• : - : upon the king's Majesty and mercy, and ask his pardon and ' protection. We renew our allegiance to him, and promise to ' fulfil every article in the recited treaty.' — All the prisoners present were then exchanged ; amon|; whom was Bomaseen, and the rest were to be restored in the spring, f Great numbers of scalps had been, from time to time, carried to Canada, for which the French government gave considerable premiums. In this long and bloody war, which lasted ten years, all the incidenu of tribes eastward of the river Merrimack, inclusive, without excepting even the Mickmaks, were partakers, either of self-will or through the influence of the French. The Sokokis and Anasagunti- cooks were the most forward to comm?nce hostilities, and the Canibas, the most reluctant, to make peace. War is always a * Tliose of Penobscot not expressed but included. — 2 JV>a/'» Jf. E. p. 539— 561.— 2 Jlath. JIag. p. 656-7. f Bomaseen and two others were on Snard the g^alley, wlto were not to be restored till the English captives wcro flclirerod.— 6 Matt. Rec. p. 6S2. Vol. I. 69 ''lii^ia ;":i;iiSi3 'crease among them in seasons of tranquillity never repair. Fur scalps i.nd jriunder they chiefly received arms and ammunition from the French— not unfrequently provisions ».!? ' wages, and always en- couragement. Yet the Indians, ov* the whole, gain notliing by war, and the English lose everything but their character. If the people in Maine had some public garrisons, several stockaded forts, and a great number of fortified houses construct- ed of timber, shot proof to musquetry, with flankers at oppo- site angles, and also exterior entrenchments; — these could not withstand a long siege, a few of them only remaining undemolished. They afforded tolerable asylums for the inhabitants ; but were uncomfortable dwelling-places for families; so much were the people crowded when within the walls. Many resigned their possessions to the destroyers, and departing, returned no more. All the towns and settlements, except Wells, York, Kittery and the Isles of Shoals, ' were overrun ;* and an untold number of domestic animals, was destroyed by a rapa- cious enemy. More dwellinghouses, in proportion to other losses, were, however, left unconsumed and standing, than in the for- mer war — though now tottering in ruins. About 460 people were either murdered, killed in battle or died of their wounds ;f and as many as 250, were, during the war, carried into captivi- ty ; some of whom perished of famine, hardships or disease. A few however, who were captured in their childhood, becoming .attached to the society of the savages, chose to remain with them, and never would leave the tribes. J ' ' ' ?»'' ", tr.- .i>i'M ' !..• .1' •• * Assacombiiit, liimself a bloody warrior, it is said, had " killed and talt- " en in tliis war 150 men, women and chidren." t 2 Mather's Jilagnalia, 558.— Dut lie and JVfo/, [2 vol. JV. E, 544-662] are too low. By enumeration our loss was more than 700. I An ■finecdole.. — Several Indian women, sufFering with hunger in the late war, and seeing' horses upon the peninsula of Casco, requested their husbands, to slioot a few of them, ' for wc, said Ihcy, want some roast moat,' One, driven into a corner, was cauppht, which a youiij Indtait wished to have the pleasure of riding;. Tiic inane and \z.\\ were dipt and twisted intn a halter, and tiic savays mounted. Fearful of beinjj thrown, he had his feet tied f ist tf)g;t tlior under the body of the horse ; when the unbroken animal being let p;-o, qfalloped olF with such furious speed, that both were presently out of sight, .nnd nothinpf was over found of either, except one of tlic rider'k iinilir., wliich ihc ludiuns bui-ieJ in C'u{>t. Hrackctl'h cellar. I.IEVTE<«ANr Gi.ti Henry, by To our dear a ordinary of ot labor, since c to maintain ar splendor ; to i the boundaries situation and — moved herei vout and firm assistance of Kingdoms and instructed in C Faith and Rel ent a barbarou! draw them froi Having also fi chants and oth( trafficked with how profitable, subjects, the po for the great ar frequentation a fick and comra( and negotiated, prudence, and dition, and situ vers voyages, and others, nei this our resell )ou will be abh valorously|to ex have expressly APPENDIX. ^'«^'«'^/''^" ^* .'iJv;: .^rj 1.1. si nU ,ir t "'■'"' "" No. 1. ''"■^•' •>»"^^-«^' ' v.^. ^m "^ .■.■'■■-. , • ■ t LETTERS PATENT TO SIEUR DE MONTS, ','* ' LuuTCNANr GtNr.nAL o» Acadia and thb ciucimjaiint countby, Novcmi» 8, 1609. [Translated from VEscnrboCs Hisl'ri/ nf JWio-Ft-ance.] Henry, by the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre : — Monts, Gentleman in itir greatest care and always has been, gnity, greatness and awfully may be done, To our dear and well beloved the ' ordinary of our Bed-Chamber, Gr* labor, since our accession to this to maintain and preserve it in it» splendor ; to extend and enlarge, as far a^ the boundaries and limits thereof; We, being long informed of the situation and condition of the country and territory of Acadia; — moved hereunto above all things by a peculiar zeal, and a de> vout and firm resolution, which wc have taken with the aid and assistance of God, the Author, Distributor and Protector of all Kingdoms and States ; to cause to be converted, brought over and instructed in Christianity, and in the belief and profession of our Faith and Religion, — the people who inhabit that country, at pres* ent a barbarous race, atheists, without Faith or Religion ; and to draw them from the ignorance and infidelity wh^^ein they now are. Having also from the reports of Captains of vessels, pilots, mer- chants and others, who a long time ago have visited, frequented and trafficked with the people who are found there, long understood how profitable, convenient and useful may be to us, to our States and subjects, the possession, residence and occupancy of those places, for the great and apparent benefit which will accrue from the great frequentation and connection with the people there , and the traf- fick and commerce which may by this means be safely carried on and negotiated.— We, for these causes, fully confiding in your great prudence, and in the knowledge you possess of the quality, con- dition, and situation of the said country of Acadia ; from the di- vers voyages, travels and visits you have made into those parts, and others, neighboring and circumjacent, — assuring ourself that this our resolution and intention being made known unto you, you will be able attentively, diligently, and not less courageously and valorously[to execute, and bring to the perfection we desire ; we have expressly appointed and established, — and by these presents ,€; ^ ^i^. ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TARGET (MT-3) ^/ -^ ^. 4* ^ 1.0 I.I 1^121 125 ■tt lU 12.2 ■ 40 FhotogiHiJiic Sciences Corporation 13 VMttT MAIN tTRHT WnSTM.N.V. MSM (714) in IS03 652 APPENDIX. - '* ''' signed with our own hand, we do appoint, ordain, make, constitute and establish you, our Lieutenant General, to represent our person in the country, territory, coasta and confines of Acadia, from the 40th, to the 46th degree, — and within tliis extent, or any part thereof, as far inland as may be practicable, to establish, extend and make known our name, power and authority, — and thereunto subject, cause to submit and obey, all the people of the said land, and circumjacent country ; and by virtue hereof, and by all other lawful ways, to call, instruct, move and stir them up to the knowl- edge of God, and to the light of the christian faith and religion ; to e!»tablish it there, and in the exercise and possession of it, to maintain, keep and preserve the said people, and all others inhab- iting said places; and in peace, quiet and tranquillity to command there, as well by sea as by land ; to order, determine and cause to be executed every thing which you shall judge can and onght to be done to maintain, keep and preserve the said places under our power and authority, by the forms, ways and means prescribed by our ordinances. And for your assistance in the premises, to ap- point, establish and constitute all necessary officers, as well in affairs of war, as in justice and policy, in the first instance, and from thence in future to nominate and present them to us for our approba- tion ; and to give . ach commissions, titles and grants as shall be necessary. And as circumstances shall require, yourself, with the advice of prudent and capable persons, to prescribe under our good pleasure, laws, statutes and ordinances, (conformable to ours as far as may be) especially in such matters and things as are not provided for by these presents ; to treat, and effectually contract peace, alliance and confederation, good friendship, correspondence and communication with the said people, and their princes, or others having power and command over them ; to maintain, keep and carefully observe the treaties and alliances you shall stipulate with them, provided they on their part faithfully observe them ; and in default thereof to make open war against them, to compel and bring them back to such reason as you !hing, upholding and preserving our said authority among them ; at least to visit and frequent them by yourself and all our subjects, in all security, liberty, frequentation and communication ; to negotiate, and traffick there, amicably and peaceably ; to grant them favors and privileges, and bestow on them employments and honors. Which entire power above-said, we also will, and ordain, that you have over all our said subjects, and others APPBRDIX. who shall remore and inhabit there, to trafiick, and trade, and reside in the said places ; to hold, take, reserve and appropriate to jrour' self what you shall wish, and shall see to be most convenient and fit for your rank, condition and use. To parcel out such parts and portions of said lands, — to give and attribute to them such titles, honors, rights, powers and faculties as you shall see fit, according to the rank, condition and merits of the people of the country or others ; especially to people, cultivate, and cau!>e the said lands to be settled the most speedily, carefully and skilfully that time, places and conveniences will permit , to this end, to make, or cause to be made the discovery and examination, of them, along the extent of the seacoasts, and other countries of the main land, that you shall order and prescribe, within the said limit of the 40th degree to the 46th or otherwise, as fur as may be done along the said seacoasts, and into the main land ; carefully to search after and to distinguish all sorts of mines of gold and silver, copper and other metals and minerals ; to dig for and collect them, and purify and refine them for use ; to dispose of, as we have directed in the edicts and regU' lations that we have made in this kingdom, the profit and emolu* ment thereof, by yourself, or by those you may appoint for that pur* pose, — reserving unto us only the tenth part of the produce of the gold, silver and copper, — appropriating to yourself our portion of the other metals and minerals, to aid and relieve you in the great expen* sea, which the said charge may bring upon you. Meantime, for your safety and comfort, and for that of all our subjects, who shall go to those parts, and shall dwell and traffick in the said lands, as generally all others, who shall place themselves under our power and protection, — we authorize you to build and construct one or more forts, places, towns, and all other houses, dwellings and habita* tions, ports, havens, retreatj and lodgements that you may consider proper, useful and necessary to the rxecution of (he said enterprize ; to establish garrisons, and soldiers to protect them ; and to employ, for aid in the aforesaid purposes, vagabonds, idle and dissolute per* sons, as well from the towns as from the country, — and also those condemned to perpetual banishment or for three years at least, be* yond our realms — provided this be done by the advice and consent, and by the authority of our officers. Besides the preceding (and that which is elswhcre appointed, directed and ordained to you by the commissioners and authorities given you by our very dear cousin the Sieur de Danville,* Admiral * Ancilli is an error in Haiard'* copy— for it ap|>eari Troin hiitory, that Charlai Monl- moranei, Due de Danvilla, wai at that time Admiral or Franc*. Vol. I. 70 008 Itll ■M\ i ■^Wfl !!1!' 554 APPENDIX. of France for that which expreMly concerns the admirality in the achievement, expedition and execution of the aaid things) — to do generally for the conquest, peopling, settlement and preservation of the said land of Acadia, and of the coasts, circumjacent territories, and of their appurtenances and dependences, under our name and authority, all we ourselves could do, or cause to be done, if we were there present in person, even in cases requiring more special direction, than we have provided for by these presents ; to the con* tents of which we direct, ordain, and expressly enjoin all our jus* tices, officers and subjects to conform themselves, and obey you,and give attention to you in all the said things, their circumstances and dependencies. To give you also in the execution of them all aid and comfort, main strength and assistance of which you shall have need, and shall be by you required, — all under the pains of rebellion and dis- obedience. And in order that no one may pretend cause of ignor- ance of this our intention, and be disposed to intermeddle in ' whole or in part, with the charge, dignity and authority, that we give you by these presents ; we have, of our certain knowledge, full power and royal authority, revoked, suppressed, and declared null and of no effect, henceforth and from the present time, all other powers and commissions, letters and despatches given and delivered to any person whomsoever, to discover, people and inhabit said lands, in the said extent contained within the said 40th degree, to the 46th degree, whatsoever they may be. And furthermore, we direct and command all our said officers, of whatever rank condition they may be, that these presents, or a certification jof duly compared herewith, by some one of our beloved and faithful counsellors, notaries and secretaries, or other royal notary, they the said officers cause, at your request, ap- plication and suit, or at the suit of our attornies, to be read, publish- ed ai'd registered in the registers of their several jurisdictions, au- thorititn and districts, preventing as much as shall belong to them, all troubles and hindrances contrary hereunto. For such is our plea- sure. Given at Fontainbleau the eighth day of November, in the , year of Grace, one thousand six hundred and three, and of our reign the fifteenth. Signed, HENRY. [And lower down — by the king, Potif.r. — And scaled upon a sim- ple label, with yellow Wax.] the neccss ited or occ faith, is a For the and accep be perforn WlLU.\M land, that expense, ; included v our royal i th^ wealtl: kingdom cousin an( Lords-Cor ed and tn We do gi heirs, or a gular the America, at 43' or to say, fro the west, the north, bay whic Souriquoi and to tl west to m straight i ?3} t3M.«»,««lir; ^.'i, i ;« APPENDIX. No. 2. 055 SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER'S PATENT OF NOVA SCOTIA, SEPT. 10, 1611. [From John PalairtCi Dtseription of tht English and French posstuiont in ^'orth America.] James, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, dtc. — To all the Clergy and Laity of his Dominionis — Greeting. Be it known, that we* have ever been careful to embrace every opportunity, that offered, for the honor and advantage of our king- dom of Scotland, and that we think there is no acquisition more easy and more innocent, than those which may be made by carry- ing new colonies into foreign and uncultivated countries, where are the necessaries of life ; especially if such lands are either uninhab- ited or occupied by unbelievers, whom to convert to the Christian faith, is a duty of groat importance to the glory of God, 6lc. For these causes, as well as in consideration of the good, faithful, and acceptable favors, which have been already and hereafter to be performed to us by our trusty and well beloved Councillor, Sir William Alexander, Kt. who is the first of our subjects of Scot- land, that undertook to carry over this foreign colony at his own expense, and has desired leave to cultivate lands and countries included within the limits undermentioned : — We therefore, from our royal intention to extend the Christian religion, and to promote thfj wealth, prosperity and peace of the natural subjects of our said kingdom of Scotland, have, by the advice and consent of our cousin and councillor, John, Earl of Mar, &c. and of the other Lords-Commissioners of the said kingdom of Scotlanu, given, grant- ed and transferred, and by virtue of this present, issuing from us, — We do give, grant and trans^fer to the said William Alexander, his heirs, or all claimants by right of inheritance from him, all and sin- gular the lands of the Continent and Islands situate and lying in America, reckoning from the cape or promontory called Cape Sable, at 43^ or thereabouts, from the equator towards the north, that is to say, from the said promontory along the seashore that runs from the west, as far as St. Mary's bay, and stretching from thence to the north, in a straight line, to the entrance or mouth of that great bay which washes the eastern coast, between the countries ot the Souriquois and of the Etechemins, as far as to the river of St. Croix,, and to the farthest source or spring, which first comes from the west to mingle its waters with those of that river ; from thence by a straight imaginary line, crossing the lands or running towards the 'M '"ifS iMW* ■tt'lill m .<'i.t.a 1 m 056 APPENDIX north, as far as the first bay, river or spring whicli runs into the great river of Canada ; and from thence continuing eastward to the sea along the shores of the river of Canada, to the river, bay, port or latitude, commonly know n by tiic name of Gachrpe or Gaspie ; and afterwards, from the boutli>ea£t ^ide as far as the Isles cnlled Baca/aos or Cape Breton, leaving the .said Isles on the right, and the gulf of the said great river of Canada or the great bay and the lands of Newfound- land or Terra Nova, with the Isles thereto appertaining, on the left ; and thence pasf^iiig to the said cape or promontory of Cape Breton, turning to the south and west as far as the above mentioned Cape Sable, where begins the tract that is to be included and compre* hended, between the said t-eacoasts and their circumferences from the sea, to all the lands of the continent, with the rivers, bays, tor- rents, roads, isles or lakes situate about six leagues from any of the parts both of the said coasts and their circumferences either to the west, north or siouth, and from the south-east (in which situation is Cape Breton,) and from the southern part, where lies Cape Sable, all the seas and Islands to 41) leagues of said coasts, therein includ- ing the great Island commonly called the Island of Sable or Sab- Ions, situate towards Carban, or south south-east, to about thirty leagues from the said Cape Breton in the ocean and at the 44th degree of latitude, or thereabouts. — All which said lands shall for the future bear the name of New Scotland, [Xova Scotia,] and be also divided into such parts and portions, and be called by such names as Sir William Alexander shall think fit; together with all the mines, as well the royal ones of gold and silver, as the other niines of iron, lead, copper, pewter, brass, &c. And if any doubts or questions shall hereafter arise upon the interpretation or con- struction of any clause, in the present letters patent contained, they shall all be taken and interpreted in the most extensive sense, and in favor of the said William Alexander, his heirs and assigns afore- said. Furthermore, we of our certain knov/ledge, our own mere potion, regal authority and royal power, have made, united, annex- ed, erected, created and incorporated, and we do, by these our let- ters patent, make, unite, annex, erect, create and incorporate, the whole and entire Province and lands of Nova Scotia, [New Scot* land] aforesaid, witii all the limits thereof, seas, &.c. officers and jurisdictions, and all other things generally and specially above mentioned, into one entire and free dominion and barony, to be called at all times hereafter, by the aforesaid name of Nova Scotia. In witness whereof, we have to these our patents affixed our great 0eal, in the presence of our said cousins and councillors. Sir James, Marquis Damform tary, our keeper of Giren i the year < . KA A NARR idea of sa when the family, co: northerly ( her husbai and three Indian, wl English at off eastwa bors' hous direful aft^ soon sepai though we allowed to pathies of Indians, t Though SI destitute o and a littl deed, was At one til some fish- a piece of to my hun bay, and carry heai * Thoiijl y«t query, to be APPENDIX. Marquis of Hamilton, George, Earl of Keith, Alexander, Earl of Damformlin^, our Councillor, Thomas, Earl of Mclros, 6i,c. Secre- tary, our beiored and priry councillors, Mr. Richard Cock burn the keeper of the privy seal, Ate. .U j*-* ; ...vi *5rt/? iSwn;;.* ^ ..?«fu^ nn Giren at eur castle at Windsor, the tenth day of September in the year of our Lord, 1621, and of our reign the 55th and 19th. 057 No. 3. NARRATIVE OF MBS. HANNAH SWARTON'S CAPTIVITY, M*v ICttO— Nov. 1093. id " ' [C(mpilnlfrom2dv(il. Doei. Malhfr'iMi^alia.] A NARRATIVE of Mrs. Hannah Siearton's* captivity, will give some idea of savage life and the sufferings of captives. In May, 1G90, when the enemy beset Falmouth, her husband, herself and their family, consisting of four children, were dwelling at a short distance northerly of the fort. The Indians, on entering the house, killed her husband before her eyes ; and carried her, and her daughter and three sons into captivity. — My master (says she) was a Canada Indian, whose wife was an eastern native, partly bred up among the English at Black-point, but now turned papist. We presently moved off eastward. The provi.sions taken from our own and our neigh- bors' houses were soon consumed ; and even while they lasted, our direful afflictions deprived mc of all appetite. My children were soon separated from mc, and distributed among the captors ; and though we were sometimes permitted to see each other, we were not allowed to converse much together or mingle our tears : for the sym- pathies of natural affection unrepressed, are always so affronting to Indians, that they would threaten us with instant death, if we wept. Though sunk with fatigue, we were, after a week or ten days, long destitute of any food, except ground-nuts, acorns, roots, wild weeds, and a little dogs' flesh ; — a sustenance which, though miserable in- deed, was yet quite insufficient to satisfy the cravings of hunger. At one time they killed a bear — afterwards they took a turtle and some fish — of which I was allowed to be in part a partaker. Once, a piece of moose's liver was given me — a refreshing morsel truly, to my hungry appetite. In our travels aliout the shores of Casco- bay, and through the country to Kcnncbeck, I was compelled to carry heavy burdens, and to go at their pace or be killed at once. * Thoiijli Dr. Mather, [2 JUagnalia, p. 300 — 12j calls her by that name ; yet query, if it were not Suarnton? mum ''t'lslii.'M tm ■ m m it I" "f I !ii \>H 658 APPENDIX. After my shoes and clothes became worn and tattered, my fe«t and limbs were often wounded and bleeding ; and by reason of toil and faintnesa, my pace was so checked, that I was often threatened with an uplifted tomahawk over my head. One John York, a fellow*8uf- ferer, being entirely exhausted, was taken aside and despatched outright. 4. :; •. r?i. Once, my mistress and myself were left 'six days without food, except the tainted bladder of a moose. This being too tough and loathsome to eat, we boiled it and drank the broth. At length she directed me, to go and make a fire on a remote point of the shore, in hopes by the smoke to invite, fortuitously, a visit of the Indians. Espying a canoe, I beckoned it ashore, when the squaws in it came, and gave me a roasted eel ; — and never had I tasted meat more pal- atable. Through the whole summer and autumn, I was hurried up and down the wilderness ; for wherever an Indian happens to be, he is on the point of going somewhere else, never contented, nor at rest. They are no economists; they eat excessively, whenever possessed of enough, and then have nothing. In the season of fruit, I lived on wortleberries, and a kind of wild cherries, which grew on bushes ; being obliged also, to gather them for my mistress, so long as any remained. When winter commenced, they put upon me an Indian dress ; giving me a slight blanket, a pair of leathern stockings, and moccasins : — Yet many times, my limbs were nearly frozen. Even in their huts, the smoke and stench, cold and fam- ine, made suffering more extreme, and slavery more dreadful. A rush of recollections often filled my soul with anguish, which no tongue nor pen can describe. Woman-like, I reflected upon my- self with tears, that I ever left the privileges of my birth-place, and the smiles of kindreds, — public worship and the divine ordinances. But my native Beverly, was only sweet in name and in memory ; and as it was, through ovcr-cmulous desires, uf adding to worldly substance that we had exchanged it, for a new settlement destitute of church privileges and the gospel ministry, I thought I had directly brought upon myself the judgments of a frowning God. Now bereaved of hus- band, ehildren, home, and every thing but a miserable life ; I was half-distracted. Languor, melancholy, famine and suffering, prey- ed upon my spirits and my life. Yet in my distress I cried often unto the Lord, (in the language of another,) how long wilt thou hide thy face from me ! how long shall mine enemy be exalted ovir me ! To aggravate, if possible, my grief and distress, when we arrived at Norridgewock, every English prisoner was removed from our company ; and I was told my oldest son was killed — a fate, I «t and oil tnd ed with low-suf- patched tit food, ugh and gth ahe le shore, Indians, it came, lore pal- irried up is to be, id, nor at whenever season of !s, which mistress, put upon r leathern ;re nearly and fam* adful. A which no upon my* >lace, and rdinances. mory ; and substance of church y brought ved of hus- fe; I was ring, prey- •ried often It thou hide ovtr me ! we arrived from our -a fate, I APPENDIX. feared, destined to all my children, while I had only Rachel'i consolation, to weep for them. From that place, I was obliged to take up a long and wretched journey, in the heart of winter, through the wilderness to Canada. I travelled in deep snow, over steep hideous mountains, through swamps and thickets, and among windfalls ; stepping from lojf to log, near a thousand in a day, — at the same time, carrying on my shoulders a heavy burden. So frequently did my feet and limbs bleed, that my tracks in the snow might be readily traced by the blood. Without tasting of domestic meat or bread, or having a comfortable night on the way, I arrived at last, about the middle of February, ICOl, in the vicinity of Quebec ; where my master pitch- ed his wigwam, in sight of a few French habitations. Sent thither to'beg food for him and his squaw, I found the inhabitants kind and generous. They fed mo with refreshing food ; and in the second visit, I tarried, by my master's consent, over night. The next morning I was called upon by an Englishman, who though a prisoner to the French, ventured to attend me about four miles to Quebec, and generously introduced me into the family of the Chief Justiciary of the Province. The Lady Intendant, paid my late Indian master a satisfactory ransom ; and I became her waiting servant. Kind and attached to nic, she soon joined with the priests and nuns, and strongly urged me to become a disciple of the catholic religion. This, to me, was a new species of trial ; and I presently found my- self transferred from one furnace of afflictions to anot her. I was hear- tily disposed to please my worthy mistress ; while I was in conscience and in duty bound not to betray my Lord, but contend earnestly for the faith, once delivered to the saints, I sometimes attended the papal worship; but at last wit) !■•.. wing, I was treated with harder usage. More than once, the pri sts threatened to send me to France, where heretics, they said, have to take the flames. At length, being able to procure an English bible, I searched and read the scriptures daily, which yielded me the refreshing waters of life : — A religion pure and simple — at an infinite remove from human merit and catholic rites. Col. Tyng of Falmouth, and Mr. Alden, fellow captives, were permitted to converse with me, and ap- peared to be firm in the protestant doctrines i strengthening me in the faith of them. Still, during this long period of more than four years, my religious belief was assailed again and again, and sererely tried, by the superstitious friars. But an acquaintance, formed about that time with Margaret Stilson, a pious captive, prov- 059 m .(.:,!!§ i':;!"' mm U'lilltibwi I liHIk 11 li III 660 kntnooL ed a balm to my afflicted soul. Oh the aeaaons, neter ti> he forgot* ten, when we together perused the sacred rolume, and in noeial prayer reciprocated the devout sentiments of the holy Psalmist ; I shall not die but Uve, and declare the works of the Lord : Truly he has chastened us sore^ but he hat not given us over to death. To my inexpressible joy, when Capt. Cary arrived in a vessel to carry the English captives home from Quebec, I, with my youngest son, was admitted to a passage, leaving, however, three children— my only daughter, now about 20, supposed to be at Montreal, and my other two sons, if living, whom I had never seen since the morning after we were taken captive. We arrived at Boston in November, 1695, after an absence of five years and a half, from my beloved country — and the rapturous joys of iriends, meeting on a return from Indian captivity, can be more easily imagined than told. ., ■■ ■■ ;,'■ 'ir <:■ :Jf *:■■. J* ■■■■■■-,•*: -r ., ^,,-. .Ai 1 \. '• ■■,T ^i^fif. ■«* APPENDIX. -V-jl.*' - i ■■ m ■ ,.1 ' SKETCHES CF THE PRincrPAL CHARACTERS !N MALVE, DPiiifO TBS FiBtr ctirruRV, Am* ^'H^ tstttiMtm or m coititrt; AlphcheticcUy arranged. John Alden, one of tae original band of pilgrims, that settled at Plymouth, in 1620, is said to have been the first who sprang from the boat upon the shore at the time of landing. He settled at Duxbury, and was an Assistant or Councillor, in the govern- ment of that Colony, 42 years, including his first election in 1633. The same year he was sent to Kennebec as a resident magistrate to protect the trade on that river. In 1G34 occurred his alarming dif- ficulty with Capt. Hoskins, there, in which the latter was killed, and the former did not escape censure, though the homicide itself was deemed excusable. This anecdote is told of him ; — as it is said, the celebrated Miles Standish having buried his wife, within a few months after the colony was planted, sent by Alden, young, ruddj^ personable, to know if his addresses to the daughter of William MuUins would be acceptable. The messenger accordingly made inquiry of the father, who replied, that ' Precilla' (for that was the daughter's name) must be consulted before he could return any answer, though he had himself no particular objection. She was therefore called into the room ; and when she had taken seat, he arose, and in a most prepossessing manner told his errand. To every word, she listened with utmost attention and then casting an open interested look upon him, said, " prithee, John, and why not rather speak for yourself ?" — The answer was so unexpected that he could only bow obeisance amidst a blush of countenance, and take his leave. But the hint was too good not to be improv- ed, and the acquaintance in due time, though piquant to the af- fronted Standish, ripened into a marriage, the fruits of which were eiglt children. He died A. D. 1687, aged 88 years. His son, Capt. John Alden^ married Major Phillips* daughter Elizabeth, of Saco ; and having built a saw-mill in that place, re- sided there more or less of the time for twenty years. Meanwhile he •vvas commander of a sloop in the Colony-service, employed in supplying the eastern forts with stores and provisions. Havin'; removed to Boston, he was arrested, in 1692, for witchcraft, and thrown into prison, where he lay in close confinement, fifteen Vol. I. 71. WXm\ iii III VM ^ 662 APPENDIX. weeks. However, by the assistance of his friends, he effected an escape, and kept out of the way, till the infatuation had effectu- ally abated. He died, 1702. Sir William Alexander was born at Clarkmannanshire, Scotland, in 1680, and married the daughter and heiress, of Sir William Eiskine. He had a liberal education, and after travelling in for- eign countries, he joined the court of King James, and attended him into England. On the transfer of his majesty to the throne of that kingdom, he wrote a gratulatory poem. In short, he was so fond of the muses, that his royal master called him * his philo. sophical poet.' In 1613, he was selected one of the gentleman ushers to prince Charles, appointed master of requests, and re- ceived the honor of Knighthood. But this was only the beginning of preferments and favor, for his king gave him a Charter of No- va Scotia, Sept. 10, 1621 ; the office of Secretary of State for Scotland, in 1626 ; a peerage of that kingdom, in 1630, by the title of Viscount Sterling ; and June 14, 1633, raised him to the grade of earl. These dignities were perhaps more readily con. ferred upon him because his master had taken from him his prov- ince, sometimes called Acadia, and resigned it to France, under the treaty of St. Germains ; — actual possession being assumed by his subjects during the last mentioned year. He was further remu- nerated by having one of the twelve royal Provinces assigned to him in 1635, situate between Pemaquid and St. Croix, and also Long Island, or Isle Sterling, opposite Connecticut. He was evi- dently more of a scholar, than a statesman. Sir Thomas Urqu- hart, a cotemporary countryman of his, tartly remarks, that he was not satisfied with plucking a laurel from the muses and being a prince among the poets ; but like another Alexander craved the region of some New-lbundland, and the sovereignty of another Scotland. He died A. D. 1640, leaving two daughters — both his sons having deceased before him. William, his lordship's eldest son's heir, succeeded to the grandfather's estate and dignities, but survived him only a short time, and left no heir : therefore the heirs of Sir William's second son, Henry, took the inheritance. The descendants have always said, that earl Henry never sold the province between Pemaquid and St. Croix, to the Duke of York ; but only loaned to him the title-deed, to take a description of the Island Sterling, and he improperly caused the whole to be insert- ed in his original ducal Patent, of March 12, 1664. William Alexander, a native of New- York City, and a distinguished offi- APPElfOtX. eer of the Revolution, is t descendant. He went to Great Britain A. D. 1760, in pursuit of his titular dignity and ancestral estate ; and though he failed of obtaining the acknowledgement of them, he was uniformly called and addressed by the title of Lord Ster- ling. ■-■ ' '■ , *..^', Isaac AUerton^ one of the first that settled at Plymouth, origin- ally opened and commenced the trade with our Eastern Indians. By a little barter from year to year at Monhegan and the vicinity, he became acquainted with the fur trade and fishery in this quar- ter,; and in 1625, a shallop loaded with corn was sent from Ply- mouth up Kennebec river, which was exchanged for 700 lbs. of beaver, besides other furs. Next year a small trading-house was erected at Penobscot [Biguyduce] ; and in 1627, Mr. Allerton took a voyage to England and obtained from the Plymouth Coun- cil, the first patent for trade on the Kennebec ; and the year fol- lowing, a truck-house was established on the banks of that river. In 1629, January 13th, he obtained another Patent with more ex- tended privileges; and in 1633, he was engaged in establishing a trading-house at Machias. When he returned from England, with the last mentioned patent, he took passage, on boH.rd of the Lyon, William Pierce, master, who sailed from Bristol, England, in the spring following for Penobscot, having in the vessel, the agent of the Muscongus Patentees, and four or five men sent to establish a trading-house, at the mouth of St. Georges' river. He removed to New-Haven in 1643, where he resided at least fifteen years. John Archdale came over from England to Maine in the autumn of 1663 ; or according to Joscelyn, hia arrival was early the next year. He appeared in the capacity of agent and Deputy-gover- nor under Ferdinando Gorges, Esq. grandson of the patentee and proprietor of Maine. It seems, that on the restoration of Charles II., Gorges spread his claim to the Province, before the throne ; entered into a correspondence with some of his friends here ; and so far as defective records enable us to judge, obtained a royal decision in his favor, and formed a plan of government, which, in some respects innovated upon that of his grandfather. Certain it is, that Archdale came into the Province with commissions to these twelve men as Councillors or magistrates ; namely, Fran- cis Champernoon, and Thomas Withers of Kittery, Edward Rishworth and Francis Raynes of York, Joseph Bowles of Wells, Francis Hook of Saco, Henry Watts of Blue-point, Henry Jos- celyn of Black-point, Robert Jordan of Spurwink, Francis Neale 'f.Stl mon in those days, which was, to imagine they could bring into existence a flourishing plantation or colony in the wilderness, with- out residing upon it, or even visiting it ; for neither of the pv tentees ever so much as saw this country. In a few years, Aldsworth died, when the whole patent enured to Elbridge by survivorship ; and hence his sons, John in the tirst instance, and then Thomas, became sole proprietors of it. The former took it by descent and the latter by his brother's will of Sept. 11, 1646; after which he came over to Pemaquid, dwelt there several years; and at length, by two assignments, dated Feb. 1, 1651, and Sept. 3, 1657, he conveyed away the whole patent. Still he resided there; and in 1665, came into the court of the king's commissioners and swore allegiance to the Duke of York, as proprietary of Sag^da- hock. The property afterwards passing through several hands, ultimately rested in the wife of Shem Drowne, and hence the origin of the '■^ Drotone Claim." While Thomas Elbridge was a resident at Pemaquid, he made grants of land ; held courts, tried causes ; and punished offences. But still the government exercis- ed or formed by him was probably little more than a conservation of the peace. Richard Foxwell removed from Scituate and settled at Blue-point in Scarborough, A. D. 1636, when he was Si years of age. His wife was the daughter of Richard Bonighton. Though he was not a man of very much note, he was well esteemed ; he had been a *' merchant ;" and in 1648 his town sent him a deputy to the General Assembly of Lygonia. He died in 1677, leaving eight children. Nicholas and Charles Frost, father and son, dwelt at Sturgeon- creek in Kittery ; the former being one of the early settlers of that place ; and a constable under the Charter-government of Gorges. He lived till the year 16G3. — Charles wafi one of the most eminent and public spirited men of that age, within the Province. In 1658, and subsequently, he was the representative of his town, five years, in the General Court at Boston ; he was a member of the Provincial Council, during the whole of President Danforth's administration ; he had also command of the Yorkshire Regiment of militia ; and at the time he was shot by the Indians, July 4, APPENDIX. MOV, he held » seat in the Council and upon the Bench of the Common Pleas. His death w»» very deeply lamenti'd ; as it oc- curred in the height of his iisft'iiliiess and fame, and at a time when his services were greatly needed. „' ><< i s ; -j^ Roger Garde was an early inhabitant of Againenticus. Having some knowledge of letters and a good a(-(|iiuintance with penman- ship, he was appointed in 1640, ProvinciHl Register under the charter-government of Gorges; elected mayor of the city, Gor- geana; and in 1644, promoted to a seat in the Council. But being a warm adherent to the rights and interest of the Lord-proprietor, and a toe to the claim of Massachusetts ; he was const''ained to find amid the political changes of liis time, that his popularity was hardly commensurate with his life. ThomQta Gardiner, reputed to have l)een a very worthy man, was an early settler at Pemaquid. In 1665, he was appointed by the king's commissioners, or^c of the magistrates for the Duke's province ; and in 1674, when Devonshire was established by Massachusetts, he was appointed to the same office and also to the command of the militia, in the new county. Sir Ferdinando, Robert, Willianij Thomas^ and a second Ferdi- nando Gorges., are all entitled to notice in the early settlement of this State. The first, through a period of forty years, greatly interested himself in the discovery, colonization and other affairs of this £astern Country ; — a biographical sketch of whose char- acter appears in the preceding History. — Robert, his son, took from the Plymouth Council, Dec. 13, 1622, a patent of lands, 30 miles by 10, about Cape Anne ; and in Septemlier of the next year, came with several passengers and families to begin a planta- tion. He had also a commission, as Governor and Lieutenant Gen- eral of New-England ; — and the habitancy he selected, was at Weymouth. But this, the primary essay to establish a general government, met with no success ; and he returned to England at the end of one year. — William Gorges, a nephew of Sir Ferdinan- do, is said by one to have come over first, in 1624, a companion of Col. Francis Norton — and to have been furnished with " divers workmen for the building of mills and houses and with all things necessary for a settlement," at Agamenticus ; while another ac- count says, it was Ferdinando, the proprietor's grandson, who came over with Norton. However this may be — William, called Capt. Gorges, was appointed Governor of New-Somersetshire, by his uncle in 1635, soon after the 12 provinces were formed — out of 67S III i ■ \ J if 'PI in \m I l!M(>!^ 'Ml If! Nil ! Ijj ill fff^ APPETTDIX. » the Grand Patent, and he had taken an auignment. Re over early the next sprinj;, and immediately proceeded to mettorei for the government of the Province. He appointed a Conncil, held courts at Saco, and exercised an official jurisdiction, about two years before his return. Chalmer says, " he ruled for some years, a few traders and fisliermen, wlih a good sense, equal to the im- portance of the trust." — Thomiis ^Jorgeif, the cousin of Sir Fer- dinando, arrived in the Province of Maine during the spring of 1640 ; bringing with him from the Lord-proprietor a commission of Deputy-governor. He opened his court at Saco, which had reg- ular sessions; — giving to his administration the characteristics of energy, justice and considerable system. He was n r'\?x of pure principles, and very handsome abilities, — gravp in n - 1e',;'.!^ment and by profession a lawyer; having pursued wrui fini.! land, and pressed upon him every motive, to abide longer time in the Province. — FertU- nando Gorges, Esq. was thr son of John Gorges and grandson of the Lord-proprietor. It is said by two writers, that he came over with Col. Norton in 1624, to settle Agamenticus, with " a patent of 12,000 acres on the east side and 12,000 to the west side of the river ; and that they had hopes of a happy success." If he did visit this country his abode here was short. Certainly, to him at lenc;th, descended the whole provincial patent of Maine ; about which he had a controversy with Massachusetts, from 1652 to 1677; when he sold the whole to her for iS 1,250 sterling. His grandfather's History of America painted to the lifCf enlarged by him and published in 1658, contains many original, rare and curious facts, which will be ever precious to the antiquarian. Walter Gendelly dwelt at Spurwink, [Cape Elizabeth,] as early as 1666. He was a great fur-trader with the Indians, and supposed he had secured their friendship and confidence. But in 1676, being the second year of king Philip's war, they made him pris- oner at Richraou-i jLii a ad und carried him to Penobscot; where in a few month ji'r v. n 1 at liber under Mugg's treaty, and conveyed to Bu:;ii.a oy Capt. More. Being convicted of having had a treacherous intercourse with the Natives, he was sentenced to forfeit his lands, to pay costs of prosecution, to run the " gaunt- let" through the military companies of that town ; and then to depart the colony. — He returned into Maine ; and it appears, he H >-J: an WM ftftei ./ud« rettored to dl he had lost ; for ia 1680, he wu one of the Falmoath-commiasionen ; in 1693, • •uperintendant of Fort LovaI; and the next year, a deputy from that town to the General Assembly, under the administration of Prrsideot Daiw> forth. Ffe was aisu one of the trustees, in the re-fp-ttnt or rvviTal of North«VHrmouth ; at which place he was killed by the Indiana, in Au^'Mst, 1688, 0. ing among the very first that fell, in the aee- ond Indian war. He left i\o child but some property. Edward Godfrey^ came over about the year, 1629, and took from Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Jubn Mason, and their associates, an agency for the management of their affairs at the Piscataqua. Captivated with the situation of Agamcaticas-plantation, begun by his friends. Col. Norton and young Ferdinando Gorges, he ron- eluded to settle there ; and it is said, he built one of the first framed houseii, ever erected in the place. He became interested in two considerable tracts of laud in the vicinity ; — one was » grant on the north side of Agamenticus-river, which Sir Ferdi- nando made, Dec. 1, 1631, to him and three associates, — \\ iiliam Hooke, his neighbor, Samuel Mavenck, of Noddle's Island, and Wil Ham Jefferies, of Weymouth; the other was a lease-hold of 1,500 acres, on the northerly side of (ape Neddock Creek, which Gorges granted, in 16.38, to Mr. Godfrey, his son Oliver and Rich- ard Rowe, conditioned to pay an annual quitrent of 2a. on every one hundred acre lot. Mr. Godfrey was a man of zeal and perse- verance in every enterprize he undertook ; and such was hii character and conduct, — such his untiring efforts to promote the settlement and best interests of this plantation — and so much was he a favorite of the Lord-proprietor, as to secure entirely his con- fidence and esteem, and merit the honor of being appointed by him, in 1640, an original member of his Charter-council. In fact, he had previously belonged to the board of Assistants under William Gorges ; and in 1642, he was Mayor of the city Gorge- ana. He manfully resisted Col. RigLv's claim to Lygonia till there was a decision in his favor ; after which, he succeeded Mr. Vines, in 1646, as Governor of what remained t) Sir Ferdinando-— an office which he filled, with credit to himself for several years. During a part of that period, commencing with 1649, when it was understood that John Gorges, the heir to the Province, was disinclined to assume the government of it, the inhabitants formed a " Combination," under the Charter, and annually elected Mr. Godfrey, Governor, by voting at town meeting, in manner of elec- VoL. I. 73 fiiti I if I iMHiJI i; m. '■■4 M Q«jrg APPENDIX. tioDS, pursued by the freemen of Massachusetts. With great spirit, he opposed the jurisdictional claim, which that Colony raised to Maine, till Kittery and Agamenticus were Induced to submit, in 1652 ; — then he yielded to constraint and took the oath of allegi* ance, to her government. Disposed still to conciliate him and his partisans, her commissioners immediately appointed him town and county commissioner ; and the next year, the provincials elected him senior associate upon the bench of the county-court. He died about the year, 1661 or 2, highly esteenitd for his firmness intel- ligence and integrity. ^ . . - , . Peter and Joseph Hill, have been noticed in the early history of this State. The former, who resided in Saco, was a deputy to the General Assembly of Lygonia, in 1648; and a short time, one of Mr. Cleaves' Assistants. Nevertheless, he submitted to Massa- chusetts, in 16.53, and his useful life was prolonged to the year, 1667. — Joseph Hill, his grandson, wlM)^e father's name was Roger, was born, in 1671, married Joseph Bowles' daughter of Wells, and in 1689, settled in that town. Still, when Fort Mary, at Saco, was erected, in 1693, he was appointed one of the two su- perintendauts. lie was a brave man ; and being commander of the militia-company, in Wells, was probably singled out by the enemy, in their attack upon the place, in August, 1703 ; for he was, at that time, taken and carried a captive to Canada. Two years afterwards, he was sent bv the (ioveiiior of that province, to effect an exchange of prisoners; who reported on his return home, that there were " with the Freneh 114 captives, besides 70 with the Indians." His grandson, J<»seph Hill, of the same town, was 29 years a member of the Council, and 13, a judge of the Common Pleas. W^Uiam and Francis Hooke, [or Hook] were probably kindreds, though it is not ascertained in what degree. The former, an em- igrant from Bristol in England, became associated with Edward Godfrey, in a purchase made at Agamenticus, A. D. 1631, and finally settled there. He was one of the first Clinrler-couneillors under Gorges, when the administration was framed, in 10 10; but he never took his seat nt the Board. Marrying about that time the widow of Capt. Walter Norton, he removed to Salisbury, Mass. from which was sent a deputy to the General Court, in 1643 and 7, and where he died, in 16.')4; leaving a widow with- out any children ; Mr. Winthrop speaks of him, as ' a godly gen- tleman.' Phillips rt'tuin K sides le same iitlge of indreds, on em- Edward 31, mid iiicillors 10 j but lul time isbiiiy, '(lint, in w wilb- jdly gfU- APPE?n)IX. Francis ffooke is first introduced to us as a pious man and preacher of the gospel. He selected his place of abode at Winter^harbor, in Saco, where mention is made of him in 1660. Inflexibly at- tached as he was, to the interests of Gorges, in belief that his right waa well-founded, he was appointed a Justice, both under Arch- dale in 1663-4, and by the king's Commissioners in 1665. For a period, his acceptance of these offices, in connexion with his political sentiments, might have rendered him unpopular among the partizans of Massachusetts ; yet so entirely had he regained the public esteem in 1680, as to be appointed first County-treasu- rer under Pres. Danforth's administration, and a member of the Council during the whole period of his presidency. He seems to have had the singular good fortune of a very few public men, that is — to be popular with all parties. For in 1692 and 3, he was a member of the Province-council under the Charter of William and Mary, a judge of Probate two years, and also a Judge upon the bench of the Common Pleas. He removed to Kittery before the commencement of the 2d Indian war, where he died in January 1095. In a word, such was Francis Hooke, that none other at that age in the Province was more public spirited and highly useful — none hotter beloved. Hutchinson was a distinguished name in Massachusetts and this State, from the early settlement of the country, to the war of the Revolution. ^^"^I^Kf^n Ilntch'mHon was an emigrant to Boston, as early as 1631, and the hnsljuud of the famous Anne Hutchinson,* the " Antinomian." He dii'd in 1G42 ; atid his sou Edward^ a brave u\ilitary ollicer, lost his life in a battle with the Indians in King l'hili|)'s war. Actuated by u spirit of speculation or perhaps thoughts of removal, tbe same Kdward, in 1673, two years before his death, purchased of William I'liillipsof Saco, considerable tracts of land, on the westerly side of the river in that place ; at the same time owning mills at Newichawannock, burnt two years afterwards by the Indians. In KiTO, Mr. Phillips distributed among his children and donees, the extensive territory, which he had pur- chased of tbe Sagamores, several ye.trs before, embracing the present Sandford, Alfred and \Viilerl)orough ; when ov^e share be- came the property of Kli^hn lliit<-liinsnii\i wife, who was Mrs, Phillips' daughter, by a former husband, John Sandfcud, Ksquire, 679 .' '.^1 i^i • Artrr Ikt liii(tbarnl's ■'•■.itli, bHc n-ninvod to the Diitcti Cmnilry, (N. Y.) ; And in 1(>I:<, Bh<' ond nil li(<: family, cxcppt una dau^fliter, being ir> perpona, were killed by thf liiUiiiti* 680 APPENDIX. of Rhode Island. The said EHsha, grudeon of the above Wil- liam, and son of Edward, was a Tery distinguished man, represen- tative of Boston, in 1680 — 3; Assistant, in 1684, 6 and 6; Chief- commander of the Massachusetts' militia, a charter-member of the Council in 1692 ; and being a freeholder in Maine, in right of his wife, and perhaps otherwise, he was elected for that prov> ince, to a seat at the same Board two successive years, 1708 and 9. He died, in 1717, at the age of 78. His son ThonuUj who died, in Dec. 1739, was father of the Governor* and Historian of Ma$$achusett$. — Eliakim Hutchinson, another son of Edward, seems to have inherited his fathet's estate at Saco; in virtue of which as a prerequisite qualification, required by Charter, he was chosen for Maine, into the Council, in 1695 ; receiving in all 21 elections. He died in 1718, in the 77th year of his age. His son, Edward Hutchinson^ was elected a member of the Board for the same Prov- ince, in 1725-6 ; being a landholder, either as heir or devisee of the Saco estate, which, however, he sold in 1750, to a Mr. Allen for £1,200. George Ingeraol, bom in 1618, was the son of Richard Ingersol, who emigrated in 1629, from Bedfordshire, England, to Salem, Massachusetts. The residence af George at Back-cove, Falmouth, in 1657, is the first notice of him recollected. His military tal- ents and taste, procured his promotion, in 16G8, to the command of the town-militia company, — an ofhce he filled with much rep- utation to himself, through the first Indian war. In 1683 and 5, he was sent by his town, a representative to the General Assem- bly, under President Danforth's administration ; but before the second Indian war, he removed to Salem, where he died, in 1694 ; leaving two sons, — George, who was Shipwrecked, and Samuel, who settled at Stroudwater. Robert Jordan^ a young epLscopal clergyman, emigrated from the west of England, in 1G40, and settled at Spurwink. He was, without doubt, a man of talents and considerable learning. In a short time, he married at that place, Sarah, the only daughter of John Winter; in the settlement of whose estate, about the years, 1647 and 8, he became the proprietor of a large landed estate. Both his religious and political sentiments, made him a great friend to the interests of Gorges ; and of course, as great a foe to * Goy. Thomu Hutchinion, had throe loni, Thomu, Eliaht and William Budford, who were graduated at Harvard College, 1756, 1763, and 1770— S«f Farmtr't Omitaiogitt. APPElfDIX. MuiMhtuetts. But he muiiiested do great opposition to the elun of Col. Rigby; and therefore, aAer it wu decided, in Much, 1647, that the Plough Patent in Lygonia belonged to him, and an ad- ministration of government was about to be formed bj Mr. Cleaves, Jordan was appointed one of his Assistants, or a mem- ber of his Council ; and continued to hold the place, till the ter- mination of Rigby's jurisdictional claim. Yet even at that time, especially in 1653-4, when Massachusetts asserted her right by Charter to embrace Lygonia, within her jurisdiction ; his resist- ance of her claim was so violent, as to render him obnoxious to proisecutions ; and several presentments were threatened against him. Unrestrained and unawed, however, by these measures, he was finally arrested in 1657, and carried to Boston for trial ; where he barely escaped penance, by a wise and timely lubmission. Though he afterwards, in 1659, and two following years, was elected to the office of an Associate, in the County-court ; his obstinacy was by no means subdued ; for in 1664-5, he accepted commissions of the peace, both from John Archdale and the king's commissioners, and exerted himself to maintain the new- established authorities against Massachusetts. To such a height was his opposition carried, when she resumed the jurisdiction of Maine, in 1668, that the Grand-jury of Yorkshire Court, in that year, returned several indictments against him for breaches of his alle- giance and contempts of her authority. Besides these difficul- ties, he hardly escaped, in 1675, the savage tommahawk; hi* dwellinghousc being laid in ashes, by the Indians, soon after he left it. He first removed to Great Island, now Newcastle, at the mouth of the Piscataqua, and thence to Portsmouth, where he died, in 1678, aged 68 years. Though he retained his mental faculties to the last, he lost so entirely the use of his hands in the latter part of his life, that he became wholly unable to write. He sustained a fair moral character ; was strongly attached to the Episcopal liturgy ; and for thirty years, he occasionally delivered religious diacourses, and administered the christian ordinances, according to the rites of his sacerdotal order. Still he was evi- dently much better fitted and qualified for secular business than for the ministry — a man rather austere than courtly— rather re- spected than beloved. To his wife and six surviving sons, he left a large real estate, which was situated in Spurwiuk, Purpoodic and Scarborough. His son, Dominicus, who married Ralph Tris- tram's daughter of Saco, lived in a gorrisou-house, on the old 681 11 n «82 t- APPENDIX. estate at Spurwink. At a time in the 2d Indian war, when it was furiously besieged, a savage bawled out, you no ^seape^ Do- mimeut, here be ten hundred Indian : — / don^t care, said he, if there be ten thousand. Afterwards, when danger was little apprehended, a large party entered his house, and as one began to talk, another buried his hatchet in Jordan's head, and exclaimed, there, Domin- icut, ntw kill ^em ten thousand Indian. He being thus dispatched, his family were carried capti\ (>>i to Canada. A young daughter, Mary Ann, whom her master renamed Arabella, married a French- man at Trois Revieres, and never returned. Her brother Domini- cus, when 13 years of age, escaped from captivity, and lived till 1749. Rishworth and Samuel Jordan, were from the same stock. Henry Joscelt/n came over about the year 1634, in the interest of Capt. John Mason, with an intent to settle at Piscataqua. But being thwarted in his expectations, by that gentlemaii's death, he proceeded next year to Scarboro', and took up his abode at Black- point. At the same time, he was appointed by William Gorges, one of his Assistants ; and in 1639-40, be was honored by Sir Ferdinando, with a seat at the board of his Charter-council. So good was his standing, that on the departure of Mr. Vines, in 1645, he was Deputy-governor the remainder of the year. He was an opponent of Col. Rigby; yet when he found Lygonia was assigned to him and himself within its limits, he accepted the office of Assistant under Mr. Cleaves ; and in another change, when Scarboro' submitted to Massachusetts in 1658, he was chosen an Associate, and in 1660, was returned by that town and Falmouth, a Deputy to the Gen. Court at Boston, Still, as often as occasion occr.rred, he espoused the provincial rights of Gorges ; and therefore, at the time the king's Commissioners undertook to establish a form of government for Maine and Sagadabock, in 1665, he accepted the office of Senior Juslico, for both provinces. But so great after this was his variance with Massachusetts, that on her resuming the government -f Maine, in 16C8, he retired in disgust to Pemaquid, Here be resided till the first Indian war, in 1675, when he removed to Plymouth, where he passed the last days of his life. He left one son, of the same christian name, who was afterwards the father of 13 children. Mr, Jos- celyn, whose wife was the relict of Capt. Cammock, removed to Prout's Neck in Scarboro', after the marriage, and resided their 26 years before his removal to P.imaquid. Sometinae prior to his leaving Prout's Neck, he being embarrassed, assigned hi« estate in APPENDIX. to Joslitift Scottow of Boston, in discharge of his ;lebt9. Mr. Joscelyn manifestly lived in troublous times, — a man entitled to far more respect than his adversaries were willinj^ to allow him. His brother, John Joscelyn, resided with him at Front's Neck, the ^ater part of a year; and diirinpr that time, he collected many valuable facts, which appear in the narrative of his '< Voyages,'* afterwards published. Christopher Lawson,hoTn 1616, was one among others, who con- sidered himself persecuted by the government of Massachusetts. Therefore he left Exeter, N. H. wrth Rev. John Wheelwright, in 1643, and after a short stay at Wells, proceeded to Sagadahock. Pleased with the situation of the lands northward of Woolwich, he purchased of the Indians, 1649, a large tract in that vicinity, a part of which he assigned in 1653, to Thomas Clark and Biby Lake. Major Clark was a man of great enterprize and of so much note as to be appointed one of the commissioners to estab- lish Devonshire, in 1674. Capt. Thom»s Lake was killed at Arrowsick by the Indians, in August, 1G7G. In respect to Law- son, his hostility to Massachusetts, and her pretended eastern claims, rather increased than abated ; and he hesitated not to pronounce her a persecutor and usurper. Hence, he was arrested and tried, io 1669, on a charge pf contempt for her courts and authority, and sentenced to set an hour in the stocks. Richard Leader, a resident freeholder at Newichawannock, in possession of Capt. John Mason's lands, was so highly esteemed by the people as to receive six elections into the board of Assistants under Gov. Godfrey's administration, anterior to its termination in 1662 ; yet no mention of him is made afterwards. Probably his opposition to Massachusetts at that time, might have cost him the loss of her favor and his owu popularity. Thomas Lewis, co-proprietor with Richard Bonighton, of the ancient patent on the eastern side of the river Saco, came into the country before 1630 and settled at Winter-harbor. He died in 1638 ; and Francis Robinson was the executor of his will. He was one of William Gorges' Council and much esteemed for his virtues. His daughter married James Gibbins, who removed from Saco to Kittery in 1642, where he died in 1683. Michael Mitten [Mitton] came over probably with Mr. Cleaves, when he returned from England, in 1637; and settled on Casco- neck. His wife was Cleaves' only child, and his children were daughters, the wives of Anthony and Thomas Bracket, Thaddeus Clark and James \adrewB. His character for honor and chastity 688 illil (I 084 iMWf iaMible itains ; for he seduced, in hit own home, Richard Mutin** daoghter, who wu entmsted to his protection ; and who titer retiring to Boston, endeavored to secrete her shame by taking her infant's life,— a crime for which she, in 1647, died on the scaffold. Arthur Macworth settled in 1632, on the eastern side of Pre- snmpscot-river, and southerly of the Clapboard Islands, at a place since called, " Mackey's point." His wife was the relict of Sam- uel Andrews, whose daughter married Francis Neal of Falmouth. He was an Assistant, or Magistrate, in 1645, under the administra- tion of Governor Vines ; — having ten years previously, received from him a deed of his lands, and been himself, to some extent, an agent of Sir Ferdinando. He was opposed to Col. Rigby ; and consequently C'.eaves would not admit him into his council. Ue died in 1657. Nichoku Manning probably resided at Damariscotta. In 1688, when Sir Edmund Andros, assumed the exercise of government, over the duke's province of Sagadahock, he appointed Manning presiding sole magistrate or senior justice within the ducal ju- risdiction, provided Henry Joscelyn was not present. Mr. Man- ning was moreover directed to lay out or survey a road from Pem- aquid, through !New-Dartmouth to Kennebec. But a second Indian war soon terminated all his official services, and occasioned his withdrawal to a place of more safety. Rev. Samuel Moody was bom at Newbury, January 4, 1676, graduated at Harvard in 1697, and settled in the ministry at Fork in December, 1700. — His grandfather, William, emigrated from Wales to Newbury as early as 1634, and had three sons, Joshua, Samuel, and Caleb. Joshua, bom in England, was the first min- ister of Portsmouth ; and Caleb's son, Samuel, first above men- tioned, was the second ordained minister of York. Rev. Joseph Moody, his son, settled in 1732, over the 2d Church in York, was the father of the celebrated master Samuel Moody, who was 30 years preceptor of Dummer Academy. The pious minister of York died in 1747 — the epitaph on whose grave-stone is in these words ; — " Here lies the body of the Rev. Samuel Moody, A. M. " the zealous, faithful and successful pastor of the first Church of "Christ in York." — [See, in Doct. Alliums Biog. Diet, well written noltees of Rev. Meun. Joshua and Samuel Moody.'] Oeorge Mouwtjoy^ (" or Munjoy,") bora in 1626, was the son of John Mountjoy, an emigrant from Abbotiham, in Devonshire, £ng- VOL. ichwd id who taking on the of Pre- apl&ee of Sam- ,1 mouth. ainiBtraf received itent, an by; and cil. Ue In 1688, ernment, Manning ducal ju- ilr. Man- :om Pem- a second ccasioned 4, 1676, y at York ated from 8, Joshua, first min- )ove men- iv. Joseph York, was o was 30 er of York in these )dy, A. M. Church of oeU written \ the son of ihire, Eng- APPEIfDIX. land. George removed from Boston to Falmouth, in 1669, and located his dwellinghouse on the north-easterly part of Casco- neck, below the burying-place ; though he owned the high-grounds above it, called "Mountjoy's Hill." He is reputed to have been a man of critical observation and correct habits, of undisputed enterprize, considerable education and some wealth. He was one of the most celebrated surveyors of lands and draftsmen in his time. In 1664, he was a County-associate under Massachusetts ; and yet he was appointed, the next year, by the king's Commis- ers, one of their Justices for Maine. At his death, in 1680, he leit several children, and a wife, who was the daughter of John Phillips, Boston. Walter and Francis NeaUy [orNeal] came early into this country, from England ; and though they are of the same surname, they are not known to be kindred. Walter arrived at Piscataqua, in the spring of 1630, the commissioned agent of both Gorges and Mason, in all their plantation affairs ; and the next year, we find, he "was styled the Governor of Piscataqua." He made territo- rial grants in Kittery as well as in Portsmouth, and put Mr. Brad- shaw in possession of a large tract at Spurwink, granted by the Plymouth Council, — afterwards purchased by Richard Tucker, the first settler. > He left for England, in August, 1633. — Francis Netdcy resided on the easterly side of the Presumpscot, in Fal- mouth, as early as 1658. He was town-commissioner several years ; one of John Archdale's Justices in 1664 ; an associate under Massachusetts, in 1668, and the two following years ; and in 1670, deputy of his town to the General Court at Boston. John Oldham arrived at Plymouth, in July, 1623, with a family of ten persons and resided successively at that place, at Hull and at Cape Anne, and finally settled at Watertown. Revisiting Eng- land, he was induced to unite with Richard Vines, in 1630, and take a joint patent of lands on the western side of the Saco. For reasons unexplained, he never resided upon it, but resigned it entirely to his co-proprietor. In his trade with the Indians, which was extensive, he in some way so affronted them that the Pequods, in 1636 killed him, at Block Island, southerly of Newport — a murder, which with other wrongs of theirs, occasioned a war, and the overthrow of the tribe. John Parker, was the earliest permanent settler on the Island Erascohegan, since called by his name, lying in the mouth of the Vol. I. 74 686 )i if iii lir i ":(• !t 686 ■\J^ APPENDIX. river Sagadahock. He dwelt upon it, during the winter 1629-30, and purchased it of a Sagamore, in 1643. When a government was instituted at Kennebec, in 1654, by Thomas Prince, under authority from Plymouth-colony ; Mr. Parker, desirous of estab- lished order and protection, took the oath of allegiance, though doubting, if her jurisdiction extended so far as to embrace his Island. He died before the first Indian war; and his descendants have held the lands under the ancestral purchase of the Natives. Bryan Pendleton, born 1599, came over to New-England early, and settled in Watertown, prior to 1634 ; which he represent- ed in the General Court, six years before 1646. In the mean-time, he was a member of the ancient Artillery company in Boston, and captain of the Militia. He removed to Portsmouth about the year 1650-1 ; and in 1652, he was one of the Massachusetts com- missioners appointed to take the submission of Maine. While re- siding at Portsmouth, he was engaged in commerce and acquired a considerable estate ; and also represented that town in the Gen- eral Court at Boston, 5 years. In 1658, he purchased 200 acres of land at the Neck, near Winter Harbor in Saco, and settled upon it, in 1665. His political and military knowledge with good nat- ural abilities, immediately gave him great weight of Character among his new acquaintances; and therefore, in 1667, <^ under the "government of the king's commissioners, he was elected a burgess, *• to attend the General Court of the Province." The same year, under the new governmental order of affairs, he and two others were chosen by the town, " the judges of small causes under ten pounds." Nevertheless being always well affected towards Mas- sachusetts, especially when her commissioners resumed the gov- ernment of Maine, he was appointed by them one of the associ- ates and Sergeant-major of the military, that is, Major-command- ant of the Yorkshire Militia. He was also one of the county- associates for several years. However, for the sake of more safe- ty, he lived in Portsmouth, during the first Indian war; and after- wards, on his return to Saco, he appears to have been one of the most distinguished men in the Province. For under the adminis- tration of President Danforth, he was appointed, in 1680, senior member of his Council and Deputy-president, — offices holden by him at the time of his death, which occurred the following year. He left two children, James, who removed from Portsmouth to Ston- ington, Connecticut, about the time of his father's death, and was the father of four sons and one daughter. She married, in 1665, 19-30, ament under estab' hough ce his ndants ives. early, resent- a-time, on, and 3ut the ts com- hile re- icquired he Gen- lO acres ed upon ood nat- haracter nder the burgess, tne year, others nder ten rd» Mas- le gov- associ- )mmand- county- lore safe- ,nd after- le of the adminis- 0, senior olden by ing year. 1 to Ston- and was in 1665, APPENDIX. Rev. Seth Fletcher, then the minister of Wells, who was in six or seven years afterwards, reinstalled at o. Their only child was Pendleton Fletcher, whom his grandfather adopted, about 1670, when 13 or 14 years old; giving him a large estate, of which he took possession on coming of lawful age. What ren- dered him distinguished was his misfortunes ; for he was taken captive four times by the Indians; when he died in 1747, he left six sons, whose descendants are spread over the country. William Pcpperell, a native of Cornwall, England, emigrated to the Isles of Shoals, in 1676, where he lived upwards of 20 years, and carried on a large fishery. Next he removed to Kittery-point, where he became a worthy merchant and a distinguished magis- trate, and where he died in 1734. — He left one son, born in 1696, afterwards Sir William Pepperell, — the most famous man Maine ever produced. He was a member of the Province-council 32 years, a Lieutenant-general, and in reward for his brilliant servi- ces, merits and successes in the capture of Louisburg, in 174S, the king ennobled him with the title and dignity of Baronet of Great Britain, — an honor never before nor since conferred on a native of |4^ew-EngIand. He died at his seat in Kittery, July 6, 1769, aged 63 years. — [See biographical sketches o J him in the Biog. Die. of Doct. Allen and Doct. Elliot.'] He had two children, namely, a son, Andrew, who graduated at Harvard College 1743, and died March 1, 1751, aged 26 years ; and Elizabeth, his only daughter, born 1723, who married Col. Nathaniel Sparhawk, of Kittery* and who survived her father. To their second son, Wil- liam Pepperell Sparhawk, Sir William devised his great estate and ' titled dignity' upon condition — he renounced and dropped his suniame, on or before arriving at lawful age. Such a compliance probably cost him no great effort ; aud accordingly we find at the head of the Harvard Catalogue of graduates, in 1766, <* William Pepperell, Mr. " Baronettus". He settled in Boston ; was a man of eminence, one of the Mandamus Council, and consequently a noted loyalist in the Revolution. — He abandoned his spacious man- sion house there when the enemy left the town ; which was oc- 687 " Col. Sparhawk, whose ancestors lived in Cambridge, is of the 4th generation ; his father, John Sparhawk, minister of Bristol, graduated at Harvard College, 1689, left two sons, John, minister of Salem, and the Col. who was a Councillor and Judge of the Common Pleas in York County. He had three sons graduated at Harvard College, viz. Nathaniel, in 1765, CSir) William, 17G(i, and Samuel, 1771. ggg APPENDIX. cupied for a period by Major General Heath, and afterwards in 1778, confiscated. He died in London, Dec. 17, 1816, when the title probably became extinct. l^iam Phillipsj a distinguished man in Maine, removed from ' .^ Boston to Saco, in 1660. His wife was the relict of John Sand- ford, Secretary of Rhode- Island, whose son, Peleg, was the Gover- nor of that Colony, and whose elder daughter married Elisha Hutchinson of Boston. The children of Mr. Phillips, after mar- riage with Mrs. Sandford, were three sons and five daughters. He soon became, it seems, a great landholder in the county of York ; for it is found that all the unsold 'patented' lands of Rich- ard Vines, situate on the southern side of the Saco, were conveyed by him in 1645, to Robert Childs ; by him in 1647, to John Beex and Company, in London, great traders to New-England ; and by them in 1656 and 9, for d£90, to Mr. Fhillips ; and the General Court, in 1660, quieted all ih'i settlers under Vines, upon the 'pa- tent' territory. Phillips pur/;^i'ised likewise of Sagamore Fluellen, in 1661, the territory between Mousum and Little Ossipee rivers, embracing most of the present Sandford, Alfred and Waterborough ; and in 1664, he procured from Sagamore Mogg Hegone a quit- claim of all the lands between the Saco and the Kennebunk rivers, extending from the seacoast to a line parallel therewith, which was to run from Salmon Falls in the Saco to the Kennebunk. This included the jiLove * patented' purchase. He also made in the same year, two other purchases, one of Hobinowell and the other of Captain Sundy, embracing the upper part of the present Hollis and the most of Limington. Still it was his good sense and his merits, more than his wealth, that gave him rank and influence. Amidst all the political changes of his time, he was highly es- teemed by all parties, and much in office. Within two years after he settled in the Province, he was elected one of the county-asso- ciates ; and was likew^ise **■ legally chosen by the major part of the " freemen and fidelity-men of this county, to exercise the place of " Sergeant-major, [or commandant of the York hire Regiment] " for the year ensuing, and his oath was given him at this Court, "hoiden at Wells, September 29, 1663." Though he was ihen under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; he, through an honest conviction of Gorges' rights, espoused his cause with spirit and , perseverance, whenever the justice of counter claims was under discussion ; and therefore at the time the king's commissioners undertook to new-model the governi:nent, in 1665, he accepted APPENDIX from them the office of magistrate and was reappointed ccunafl^ er of the regiment. But this course of conduct, while it >'H, she treated him with entire neglect; appointing in his 8tead, Bryan Pendleton, to the command of the Yorkshire regiment. Inclined at length to dispose of his real estate, he sold, before the year 1670, to Richard Hutchinson J,000 acres; to Edward Tyng, 1,500 ; to Richard Russel, 2,000 acres ; and three square miles, to Lieutenant-Governor Leverett. In October, 1675, his dwelling- house was laid in ashes by the savages ; after which event, he removed to Boston. The next year, he made partition of his east- ern estate, among his own children, and those of his wife by a former husband, Elisha Hutchinson's wife having one share, as previously mentioned. He died in 1683, having devised the res- idue of his valuable property to his wife and three sons, Nathan- iel, Samuel, and William. Nor ought the fact to be passed unno- ticed, that when Gorges assigned Maine to Massachusetts, May 6, 1677, he made a special reservation of all the grants made by William* Phillips. Walter Phillips was an early settler on the south-westerly side of the Damariscotta, in New-Dartmouth, [Newcastle,] a little south- erly of the Lower Falls ; where, in 1661 and 2, and in 1674, he purchased large tracts of the Sagamores. He appears to have been a sensible man, worthy of public confidence, and acquainted with penmanship ; for when the king's commissioners, in 1665, held a session at the house of John Mason, on Great Neck, east- erly of the Sheepscot, for the purpose of establishing a govern- ment within the Duke's province of Sagadahock, they appointed Phillips, clerk, and county-recorder. He was faithful to his trust, and registered many deeds and other valuable papers ; so that the " Sheepscott Records," kept by him, were, till burnt with the Boston Courthouse, in 1748, often both examined and mentioned, as documentary evidence of land-titles and facts. He retired from the Province, when the second Indian war commenced, about 1688, and afterwards resided in Salem, some 15 or 16 years. In 1702, he conveyed his eastern estate to Christopher Tappan of New- bury, and hence the " Tappan Right," subsequently the occasion of so much altercation and controversy. •^ fe Called in the Msignment, " .Xathanicl," by a mistake of Uic name It ^90 APPEXDIX. Roger Plaisted, early settled at Berwick, the north precinct of Kittery ; being one of the most excellent public-spirited nnen in his time. In 1663, and three other years, he represented Kittery in the General Court, at Boston, and two years he was an Associate. But his life was not a long one ; for as early in the first Indian war, as October, 1675, he being only 48 years of age, and also two of his sons, all men of Spartan valor, were slain in a battle with the savage enemy ; he being at the time commander of the military company and of the garrison, in that place. Abraham Preble removed from Soituate to Agamenticus in 1642, and the same year purchased of Edward Godfrey, a tract of land upon which he settled. He was one of the Council or Magistra- cy, under Sir Ferdinando's Charter, from 1645, to the time when the province was adopted, or subjugated by Massachusetts, in 1652. Immediately, and for several years, he was one of the Associates, and in 1660, he was appointed County-treasurer. He died in 1663, in the height of public esteem. His son, Abraham, who died in 1723, in his 50th year, was a distinguished man : — his grandson was the famous Brigadier Preble of Falmouth ; and his great-grandson was Commodore Edward Preble. Thomas Purchaa was the first settler at Pegypscot, [Brunswick] probably as early as 1625 or 6. His companion was George Way ; and it is said, that in 1632-3, they took from the Ply- mouth-council, a joint Patent of lands on both sides of the An- droscoggin, from the Lower Falls to its mouth ; and that he pur- chased the same tract of the Natives. He lived on the southerly side of Stevens' river near its head ; and was engaged in the fur- trade. He was so much noticed by Gov. William Gorges, as to be selected by him, in 1635, one of his Council. Becoming ap- prehensive for his own safety, however, or supposing himself neg- lected by Sir Ferdinando, in forming his new administration, he assigned the greater part of his wild lands, to Massachusetts, in 1639 ; and at the same time, as well as in 1642, he put himself and his plantation under the protection of her government. As this measure probably answered no great purpose, he submitted, in 1654, to the New-Plymouth-government on the Kennebec ; took the oath of allegiance ; and was elected sole Assistant to Mr. Prince, the Colony-commissioner. It appears, however, that he was one of those flexible patriots, who could accommodate his poli- tics to the changes of the times, as he accepted the office of Jus- tice under Archdale's brief authority, in 1664 ; though it is true, APPENDIX. he might have justly believed, that all the civil and political rights of that Colony, within the Kennebec Patent, had ceased with the sale of it, three years before, and the arceptance of his new ap- pointment perfectly consistent. His house was pliuulcred by the Indians, in September, 1675 ; when he left Ponypscot, and we know nothing of his return. Francia Rat/nes, an inhabitant of York, noticed for his intelli- gence and his friendship to Gorges, was appointed, in 1664, one of Archdale's Justices. Nevertheless, on the re-assumption of government by Massachusetts, in 1668, he was chosen an Associ- ate, and subsequently took an active part in political allairs. NichoUu Reynal, who resided on the easterly side of Sagada- hock, is a man whose name is not noticed, till 1()65. Yet his character for respectability must have been previously known ; as the king's commissioners, while they were at Sheepscot, that year, appointed him a Justice of the peace for the Duke's province. Edward Rishworlh, removed, in 1643, from Exeter, N. H., to Wells, with his minister, Rev. John Wheelwright, whose daugh- ter he had married. Leaving that place in a few years, he finally settled at Agamenticus. He was a man of good education, and considerable abilities, but what rendered him principally distin- guished was his gentlemanly manners, his penmanship and cler- ical correctness. Immediately on the assumption of government in Maine by Massachusetts, iu 1652, he was appointed Recorder and one of the Associates, and continued to hold the same offices through a series of years. Als), between 1653 and 1679, both in- clusive, he had 13 elections as a Deputy from his town to the General Court at Boston, and one year, 1659, he was returned for Falmouth and Scarborough united ; it being no uncommon thing in his days, for towns to elect non-residents, their represent- atives. Being a professed friend to Massachusetts, he lost some part of her favor, by consenting to accept, as he did, the office of Justice, under Archdale and under the king's commissioners, in 1664 and 5 ; yet he afterwards so retrieved his reputation and re- gained his popularity, as to be appointed under President Dan- forth's administration, in 1680, one of the standing Council and the Recorder. These places he faithfully filled till his death, which occurred probably about the time the Charter of William and Mary arrived. The tragic death of his only daughter, the wife of Rev. Shubael Dummer, has been previously mentioned. William RoyaU, an emigrant to Salem, as early as 1629, became subsequently an original seUler of North-Yarmouth, near the 691 \ %: 692 APPENDIX. mouth of Westgustego-river, which from him took its new name. On its easterly side, he purchased of Gov. Thomas Gorges, a tract of land, upon which he ultimately established his residence. He was an Assistant, in 1636, under William Gorges' short admin- istration of New-Somersetshire ; and again, in 1648, under that of Mr Cleaves in Lygonia. Though no mention is made of him in the first Indian war, we find the savages made him a prisoner, in 1688 ; and Baron de Castine, very generously ransomed him and set him at liberty. He had two sons — John, who lived in York, and William, born in 1640, who died in 1724. Hon. Isaac Roy- all was William's son, born in 1672, who returned from An- tigua, in 1737, his previous place of residence several years, and died, 1739. Robert Sankey, settled at Winter-harbor in Saco, was provost- marshall under the administration of Gov. Thomas Gorges, in 1640 ; and likewise under that organized by Mr. Cleaves, in 1646, over Lygonia. Humphrey Scamman, born at Portsmouth, in 1640, resided, after he was 21, successively, at Kittery, at Cape Porpoise, and ulti- mately at Saco, near the ferry, where he settled, about the year 1680. The fear of suffering from the Indians was at that period by no means imaginary ; for in 1697, he and his family were taken and carried away captive by them to Canada ; where they were detained so long that Mary, one of his daughters, became weaned of home, and married a Frenchman, and never returned. Mr. Scamman was a Representative to the General Court, in 1719, and died in 1727; of whose posterity, there have arisen several distinguished men. Joshua Scottow — was a freeman in Boston, in 1639 ; and some years afterwards Captain of the Artillery Company, — also author of a couple of literary tracts. Becoming, in 1660 and 6, the as- signee and otherwise, the owner of Abraham and Henry Joscelyn's several farms in Scarboro', he removed thither after the first In- dian war and settled at Prout's Neck. At the commencement of President Danforth's administration, in 1680, he was one of the Standing Council ; in 1683, the trustee of Scarborough and Fal- mouth townships ; and in 1688, a Judge of Probate under Gov- ernor Andros. He died in 1698, at Boston ; leaving two daughters, who married in that town, and a third who married Rev. Bejamin Blackman of Saco. He also left one son, Thomat Scottow, a very worthy young man, who, when he had completed his education APPENDIX. and taken his degree at Harvard College, in 16T7, returned to hit father's family ; vf&s appointed, in 1688, Register of Probate, and County-commissioner, under Sir Edmund Andros' short adminis* tration ; and the next year had command of the garrison in hit town. But savage hostilities and his father's death, induced him to leave the place entirely ; and in 1728 the estate was con- veyed to Timothy Prout, Esq. from whom the < Neck' has deriv- ed its name. Nicholas Shaplcigh^ an early settler in Kittery, was one of the first, who, in 1652, surrendered to Massachusetts, and consented to take the oath of allegiance. His example had great influence; and indeed such was his weight of character, and so great hit popularity, that in the course of a few years, he was either ap- pointed or elected to most of the offices, in the power of the gov- ernment or the people to give him. In the outset, he was a special commissioner for holding courts ; first county-treasurer; in 1656, surgeant-major of Yorkshire Militia; also several years, an As- sociate. But at length, he became so much a proselyte to the sentiments of the Quakers, that after he was elected an Associate in 1663, he refused to be sworn. This raised in Massachusetts, and among many in Maine, a persecuting spirit against him which ran to such a height, as to arouse in him a proportionate opposition. He accepted, at the hand of Archdale, the appointment of com- missioner, from Gorges, the Lord-proprietor's heir of the Province ; espousing boldly his rights, and protesting with great zeal, againtt all the acts and orders of Massachusetts, within the Province o^ Maine. His chief colleagues in the opposition, were Joscelyn, Jordan and Champernoon ; all of whom were indicted by the Grand-jury, at the ensuing term of Yorkshire court, for divert contempts and political misdemeanors. But he utterly refuted to hold any office, under the king's commissioners r and his wisdom, fidelity and conscientious circumspection, apparent in the discharge of every duty, through a period of several years, greatly mitigated the asperity of public feeling ; and partially restored him to favor; BO that he was appointed, at the close of king Phillip't war, a commissioner to treat with the Indians, — a trust which he execut- ed April 12, 1676. He was also a deputy from Kittery, in 1689, to the General Assembly, under Danforth's administration. — It it supposed, that Benjamin Shapleigh, bom in Boaton, 1645, wat his only son. Vol. I. 75 693 Q94 APPENDIX. Abraham Shurte,* when quite a young man, came over to our shores, under the auspices of Gyles Elbridge, and Robert Aids- worth, in 1625; and one of the first acts, we find of his as their agent, was the purchase of Monhegan, the same year. He resid- ed at Pemaquid, was superintendant of their afl'airs, and sole or chief magistrate of the people, till Thomas Elbridge came over and took possession of the Patent under his brother's will, executed September 11, 1646. We hear little of Mr. Shurte, for the succeeding forty years. He was probably the assistant of El- bridge in the management of aflairs, civil and political, before and after his sale of the Patent in 1051 and 7, till the king's Com- missioners assumed the government in Soptcmber, 1665. Of those who took the oath of allegiance at that time to the Duke of York, we find the name of Elbridge, not that of Shurte. The latter was a man of great prudence and discretion. As the com- missioners had their session at Great Neck, on the Sheepscot, and he had chosen a residence in the wilderness for the sake of liberty, perhaps he thought it fraught with circumspection to re- remain at home. No notice appears to have been taken of him in any of their measures ; nor by Massachusetts in 1674, when she established Devonshire ; though she made Pemaquid the county-town. His conduct towards the natives was always evin- jj. ' cive of good sense, and exhibited exemplary kindness. In 1631, he restored to Lynn, a Sagamore, his wife, who had been made a captive by a party of the Abenaques ; and in king Philip's war, he made repeated efforts — not without success, to conciliate the temper of the Indians, and counteract a rising spirit among the whites, incentive to hostilities. He was uniformly a useful man, being in 1680, "town clerk of Pemaquid," when he must ^ have been upwards of 80 years of age. It is said he died in 1690. ^ Roger Spencer removed from Charleston to Saco in 1658 ; and two years afterwards, joined Thomas Clark in the purchase of Ar- rowsick Island. He also joined Major Pendleton in the purchase of the Neck, where he settled, and built the first mill ever erected on Saco-river. At the end if ten years he returned to Boston. He had several children ; and it is interesting to know, that one of his daughters had two hu^'^und'', the first was j,)hn Hull, a trader in that town, and the other was [Sir] VVilmam Pmps ; and another * SoiiietiniFn ipelt " Shurd, ' or oven " fcihort, ' but lie wrote hii own name " Bhurto." own name APPENDIX. ' -^ naferried Doct. David Bennet of Rowley, Massachusetts. Ben- net's son, Spenrer, adopted by Sir William, who had no child, took his surname and succcoded to his fortune. He head^ the list of graduates at Harvard College in 1703 ; was Province-councillor and Lieutenant-governor; and died April 1757, aged 73 years. His son, William Phips, was graduated at the same college in 1728. . : - ':'■''' ' Edward Tynfj was the second son of his father, whose chris- tian name he bore, and who came over in 1630, and settled at ' Boston. The father was an eminent man, being an Assistant 14 years, and Col. of Sulfolk regiment. Edward, the son, removed to Falmouth Neck, about 1678-9, where he married the daughter of Thaddeus Clark, son-in-law of George Cleaves. Being a man of more than common intellect, and of great military taste — well acquainted with public Hairs, he soon entered upon a political career, which continued to his death. It commenced with the administration of Pres. Danforth, in 1680, when he was imme- diately appointed to the command of Fort Loyul ; a trustee of Falmouth-township ; and a member of the Provincial -council ; — ofTices which he held with honor to himself, till the commence- ment of the revolutionary changes under Pres. Dudley, in 1686, and of Gov. Andros, in 1687. Nor was it very unexpected, that, as the former had married his sister, he should be appointed, as he was, a member of the Council under Mr. Dudley and Mr. An- dros, in each of their administrations. The latter also gave him a Colonel's commission, which embraced the militia, both in Maine and the Duke's province ; and when the re-organization of government under Pres. Danforth, in May, 1689, was confirmed, Col. Tyng was one of his Council — and re-appointed commander of the Eastern Regiment, — as Mnjor Charles Frost was of the west- ern one. In short, such was the grade he held in public estima- tion, that he was selected and subse(piently appointed Governor o( Nova Scotia, after the Province was subdued by Phips, in May, 1690. But in his passage to Annapolis, he was taken prisoner by the French and sent to France where he died. He left two sons and two daughters. 1. Kdward, born 1683, was the brave naval Commodore, at the siege ()<" l.nni.sbourg, (174.5) ; and 2, Jonathan, of VVoburn, a incniher of Ai\dros' Council and a magis- trate ot influence, who also had two sons. These were, 1, John, who was graduated at Harvard College, 1691, lived at Chelmsford, was a Major, killed by the Indians in 1710, nnd left a son, 'ohn, 695 696 # ■^ It ' APPENDIX. graduated at the same College, 1725, the eccentric Judge Tyag of T]mgsboro, Mass. ; and 2, Eleazer, Colonel of the Middlesex Regiment. William Tyng, who was Sheriff of Cumberland County, Maine, and died sometime since, at Oorham, was the son of Commodore Tyng. Richard Vines, who first visited Maine in 1609, and again in 1616, could boast of having been in the country several years before any other inhabitant that could be found. His voyages hither, were under the direction of Sir Ferdinando Gorges ; who induced him and his companions to come over, explore the coun> try and select a place for settlement. Accordingly, they passed the winter 1616-17, at the mouth of the river Saco, since called < Winter Harbor,' and on the 12th of February, 1629, old style, Vines and John Oldham took from the Plymouth-council, a patent of lands, eight miles on the western side of the river by four on the coast, — Vines having already resided there five or six years, and becoming subsequently sole patentee. He was principal su- perintendant of the plantation, till the arrival of Gov. William Gorges in 1635, who appointed him one of his Council or Assist- ants. Next, in 1640, he was constituted one of Sir Ferdinando's charter-council, and appointed his steward-general, — places which he filled till the year 1643, when, on the departure of Thomas Gorges, he was promoted to the office of Deputy-governor. He looked with carefulness to his own affairs and was considered at one time a man of considerable wealth. But in consequence of heavy losses sustained by d'Aulney and others, at the same time determined never to be a subject of Col. Rigby's government, he sold his whole patent, Oct. 20, 1645, to Doct. Robert Childs, and after a residence of 22 years, at Saco, he removed to the Isl- and Barbadoes. Though Mr. Vines was an Episcopalian and roy- alist, his sentiments were ingenuous, and he sustained an excel- lent character. Subsequent to his removal, he had a correspond- ence with Gov. Winthrop of Boston, in 1647 and 8, by which, in taking our farewell of him, we are enabled to form a very favor- able opinion of his pious principles as well as his good sense. *^ -«-. ' t ge Tyng liddlesex mberland was the fc-./, V again in ral years I voyages jes ; who the coun- ey passed ice called old style, 1, a patent (y four on six years, ncipal su- . William or Assist- srdinando's ices which )f Thomas ernor. He isidered at equence of same time ;mment, he ert Childs, [ to the Isl- ian and roy- i an excel- correspond- ly which, in very favor- 1 sense. ^h