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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams iliustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, II est film6 d partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 : ■'■% 2 3 4 5 6 I * I 'f EXCF.UPT FROM THE JoCRNAl. AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, I, Savu.e Row ; FRANCIS EDWARDS, 8j. Hk.h Street, Makyi.ehone, VV, \v Wil ms Ju Ba ^>y ro wc hi. St( th es( ill: lie in po th to in at m LAKE LOUISE, IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS. By WALTER D. WILCOX. Wmi.K making a hasty oyerlaml journev by the Canadian Pacific IJail- way during the summer of 18!)], my attention was called to the re- markable Leauty and grandeur of the Canadian Kockies. Again in July, 18'J3, in company with a college frioud, I spent several weeks at Banff and Lake Louise, the latter a beautiful slieet of water surrounded by tlie orandest mountains along the lir^e of the Canadian Pacific, and now annually visited by possibly one hundred tourists. Remaining two weeks at Lake Louise, we had time to attempt the ascent of the two highest mountains in the vicinity, but failed in each instance, being stopped by a vertical rock wall of great height on one mountain, and on the other by the dangerous condition of the snow, wliere we narrowly escaped an avalanche. We were not properly ecjuipped for accomplish- ing much in a region unexplored and unmapped, where we were necessarily our own guides, and where, by reason of the heavy forests in the valleys, it is very diflicult to carry a tent or provisions to any great distance from head-quarters. The failure of this season inspired me with a desire to organize, if possible, a party for the summer of 18',i-t, which should be equipped to thoroughly explore and survey the region in the vicuiity of Lake Louise, to ascend several of the highest peaks, and to maiie ^diotogiaphs of every interesting feature. It is not necessary to dwell m the difficulties attending the organization of a party of sn to travel several thousand miles to a region about which they knew .iothing save what they could No. I.— January, 189G.] e i)0 LAKK LOUISE, IN TIIK CANADIAN ROCKY MOl'NTAINS. gdthfi' from ti few photographs and tales of my former experiences. Suffice it to say that a party, consisting of Samuel Allen, of the Swiss Alpine Cluh, Yandell .Henderson, LewitJ F. Frissell, George Warrington, and the writer of this article, all of Yale University, was induced to go, and arrived on the field early in July. The outfit consisted of a plane table and telescopic alidade, kindly furnished by the United States Geological Survey, a ])rismatic compass, two steel tapes, a mercurial barometer, tivo watch-size aneroids, otwoen the '' Preliminary ion in IS57, abasca 2)a8s, rovvse. The •^ii" George e of the trip lear, nor can or, entering shed by the otanie, and 'king Horse 1>.V the rail- ill 1 of Dr. SI the first rst tourists roa.l. Tiie knows, and, a few short in the last Hero an reforo falls n ]8!»4. a our Avork >y, flinibod ive able to ill scale of somewhat he several e could bo -ins. The iveness of Durists to 3 miles in already vicinity. of Lower of lime- A single trill )bite, together with a few fragmentary specimens, was found at an altitude of !i5()U ft-et while making an ascent of Hazel peak (10,;{7() feet, from aneroid reading). These fossils were found (jn a long scree slope, and though wo spent some time searching for the (original beds, wo did not succeed. Fragmentary specimens of trilobites were also found at .an altitude of 10,500 feet while ascending Mount Tem[)le. The l)est speuimen was identified by Mr. C. 1). Walcott, Director of the United States (ieological Survey, as Zacanthndes sjjtnoans, thereby referring the limestone beds from which they came to the JMiddle ( 'amV)rian. OUTLINE MAP LAKE LOUISE WITH 25 FOOT CONTOURS 8ASE0 ON RESULTS OF 137 SOUNDINGS fROM A SURVEV py WD Wilcox Folds and flexures are absolutely wanting in tlie whole region surveyed, except for a general but very gentle synclinal structure, having the summit range as the axis. The strata are therefore nearly or quite horizontal everywhere, except in the extreme ends of the spur ranges as they approach the Bow valley. Here there is a gentle and gradual upward tilting, indicative of an anticlinal structure in the Bow valley. The maximum dip here approaches 12 \ The valleys are, tlierefore, formed entirely by erosion. A very interesting example of the results of aerial erosion is seen in the beautiful mountain named by us Pinnacle mountain. The wonderful slender pinnacles or columns seen on the slopes of this mountain are from 100 to 200 feet high, and r)4 LAKK L'>i;iSK, IN THK CANADIAN KOC'KY MOI NTAINS. Hu stiifill ill (liaiin'tcr »h to give th»Mii the proportions of fi jionril set on end. There one can Hee theio pinnacloH in all stages of formation, narrow liigli ridgos lining the next to last. ThcHo have been worn down in Nnch a manner aH to make fintings and cliaiinol.s in tho ridgew, owing, posHibly, to planes of fracture. A furtlior accentuation of tlie channoln finally jiicrcea the jidgo entirely, and it dissolves into i row of pinnacles, indicating where a ridge formerly existed. These pinnaeles are further remarkable on account of their low altitinlc (8000 feet), showing that extensive glaciation has not existed since they were formed or nearly formed. Qnaloninry. — There are no deposits of an}' age between the Middle Cambrian and the (|uaternary. The action dTiring this age has, how- ever, had much to do in determining the features and topography of the region. The elites at the base of the valleys jilways exhibit the action of ice to a greater degree, while those near the summits, unless nenr existing glaciers, show a prepondei'ant ai'rial action. There i.s no clearly defined line of demarcation between them, and the evidence of one form of action or the other vary locally to a considerable degree. An average altitude of about ','000 feet seems to l)e the \ipper limit of any previous general glacial action. We may therefore imagine the maximum glyciatiou of the (Quaternary to have, for the greater part, submerged these valleys and mountains with a field of ice, above which the higher mountains ap]ieared us islands. We may also presume that the flow of the ice had, in tlie short valleys and in the longer F-i ">• valley, the same general direction as tlie existing surface drainage. Standing on the summit of Goat mountain and looking across the Louise valley to the west, this faint line of highest glaciation can 1)0 discerned on the mountains, with a downward slope corresponding somewhat to the slope of the valley bottom. This might be deceptive but for the fact that the slight upward tilting of the strata as they run northward is cut across by the slight downward slope of the former glacial level. The altitude of the ice-level at the head of the valley was approximately 1)000 feet, and probably 8000 feet at the " gap," or entrance. Glacial Striae. — These were observed in surprisingly few places, though constant attention Avas paid to their discovery. In Paradise valley, the bed rock one mile north of the present glacier is well scored and striated in and near a stream channel. This instance was, however, below the level of present glaciation. The only other striations observed in the quartzite were in the Louise valley, on the very summit of a small mountain called the Beehive, 7352 feet in altitude. Long, coarse, but shallow striations are formed here, some of which were (juite faint, and only distinguished from the rest of the surface rock by lines of dark lichens growing in them. The direction of these strite was parallel to the general direction of the valley, and shows tha*^ the ice which made these scorings was not merely local, but part of a great current setting ijUl exii' feet I a si| maj| quai destl strii (piiii its i| jeetl J LAKK LdlJISK. IN TIIK CANADIAN i;oCKY MnlNTAlNS 5» "'iii'il net oil 'oriiKitiou, been Worn I tho ridgoK, • tioii of flu, into II row ^•: j'innacIt'N 8000 [t>Qt), llioy woro tlia 3Iid,lle e Ims, how- ography of •vlultit tho i'ts, iinloiss Tliero is evidfiice jIo (legreo. or limit of lagine tho iter part, ove v'liich Jsnmc that 'iiger r. VT' pcars, and may bo traced for some distance north and south. 'rhou|:;h the lieds of (piartzite above ami below sli'.w merely a rounded, jiolislu'd contour, destitute of strise, this softer stratum is most exipiisitely carved with Htriations of all sizes down to the merest hair-lines. Ap[tarently tho (piartzite was too hard to roeeive scratches from pebbles and boulders of its own fjtructuro. The roundinj^ of the cliifs, iiowever, and of all pro- jectinj;- knobs of rock, is almost universal in these valleys, especially on I.AKE LOUISE FltOM SV.Wi THK KNU ()\ WE.^T Sllnlii:, Li)nKI.\(; sol rn-\Vt:>T I INl'lilllOlt I'EAKS Ol' MOUNT LEUIUlY l.\ Till; DISTANCE. the "stoss" side, which was here usually the south-west exposure. ».hie very fine example of glacial elasticity was discovered in the red shale referred to above. A small projecting buttress on tlie side of a vertical clilf had been worn elown into a conical form with a flat top, some 3 feet high, and nearly "J feet in diameter at base. This frustum was beautifully iluted and striated with vertical sprcadimj lines which opened more and more toward the base. This was done by a branch glacier which occupied the Lake Agnes trough, and presumably remained some time after the period of maximum glaciation. This glacier was undoubtedly very similar in size and steepness to the glacier which now exists on ilazel peak. J 56 LAKE LOUISE, IX THE CAN'ADIAX ROCKY MOUNTAINS. Moralnal Material. — Drift covers the whole Bow valley up to the base of the mountains. At the Bow river the bhiifs rise 125 feet above it, and consist of typical boulder clay throughout. The river itself rests on this material, and shows no bed rock at this point. The new waggon road follows the outlet stream from Lake Louise, and gives some good sections. The stream itself has cut down as mucli as 100 feet in many places through the boulder clay. Mauy fresh pebbles and boulders were turned out in the construction of the road, which are about equally of limestone and quartzite ; most all the boulders show rounding and striations on one or more sides. The largest piece was a great slab 25 feet long by 8 feet wide, and from 3 to 4 feet thick. The whole surface of the Bow valley up to Lake Louise is plainly a series of moraines. The present chalet is built on one, which makes the dam to the lake, and all the way to the Bow river there is a succession of nearly parallel ridges, presumably left by a fan-shaped extension of the Louise glacier as it retreated, and after the general glaciation of the Bow valley had disappeared. It appears that there was a long pause at the gap, during which time the glacier piled up two or three hundred feet of morainal material, and formed a dam to its own waters after it retreated. A glance at the contour map of the lake shows, from its great depth, how much material must have been transported in order to so completely choke the end of the valley. A tendency to submarine moraines is suggested by the contours at the head of the lake. The terminal moraine of the existing glacier lies about one mile south of the lake, and some (300 feet above it. The piles of moraine are about 700 feet in width, and average fully 150 feet in depth — an immense mass of material, but not at all surprising after a glance at the glacier itself, which for a mile from its snout is so thoroughly covered with debris as to completely conceal the ice. Some of the boulders on the glacier were calculated to weigh from 35 to 40 tons. Immediately beyond the present moraines, which have a very recent and fresh appearance, tUe landscape is often forest-clad, and the boulders have an aged appearance, entirely different from the oldest boulders of the moraine. When we take these points in connection with the fact that nothing that might be styled a moraine exists between the lake and the present terminal moraine, we may con- clude that the retreat of the glacier from the lake-bed to its present position was too rapid and uniform to leave any traces of terminal moraines. The fact is evident, from a study of many glaciers in the Rocky mountains, that the existing glaciers are now nearly as large as they have ever been since their final retreat in the great Ice age. This is contrary to the almost universal retreat of the glaciers in Switzer- land, Norway, a nd Alaska. Nevertheless, Dawson notes that there are universal indications of increased humidity and rainfall in this part of the Rockies, such as abnormal height of lakelets without outlets, which has killed a belt of trees on their borders — evidence of recent floods grea sigi; few! glad Loi^ stra sur do\ brej Th| for LW ,Si '"^ • to the base set above it, itself rests ew waggon some good eat ill many id boulders )Out equally unding and ■eat slab 25 lole surface moraines, to the Jake, rly parallel liso glacier valley had ;ap, during f morainal reated. A lepth, how completely loraines is al moraine , and some in width, terial, but for a mile sompletely culated to moraines, e is often '' different se points I moraine may con- i present terminal s in the large as e. This Switzer- here are i part of 5, which t floods r{ LAKK LOUISE, IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS, 57 greater than any previous ones for fifty or one hundred years, and other signs of greater rainfall. If these conditions have existed for even a few years, the glaciers would be sensibly increased. Present Glaciation. — A reference to the map shows that the present glacier is quite extensive. The longest glacier occupies the end of the Louise valley, and is over >i\ miles long. The structure of the rock strata is such as to cause the formation of great fields of snow near the summits of many of the mountains, which become glaciated and flow downwards for 1000 or 2000 feet at steep angles, often 45'', and then break off in great masses as the ice is slowly pushed over the precipice. This condition of things is the cause of frequent magnificent avalanches, for the han(^ g glaciers often exist at the top of a nearly perpendicular LOOKINa TOWARDS MOUNT I J |W 1H>V , H)B7t) FKtlT, FROM THE SUMMIT OF COAT MOUNTAIN, 8018 FEF.T, FOUlt MILKS DISTANT. rock wall from 1 000 to 20( lO feet high. The ice thus breaking off is a source of fresh supply to the glaciers below. In July and August the thunder of these avalanches is very frequent, especially before sunrise. Water freezing in the crevasses must be the immediate cause of this. The thickness of the ice in the hanging glaciers is from 200 to 250 feet. They show about twenty dark lines running horizontally in the cross- section. These are 12 or 15 feet apart near the top, but compressed to a foot or less at the bottom. They undoubtedly register the annual snowfall, the dark bands being the dirt which is brought down by slides during July and vVugust, while the white part represents the uninter- rupted accumulation during the rest of the year. 58 LAKE LOUISE, IN THE CANADIAN' ROCKY MOUNTAINS. A brief resuiut- of the results of the (^)uaternary would call attention to a certain relation between present glaciers and existing lakes. Lake Louise is the result of a long pause of the retreating glaciers while the dam was piled up. The flat bottom of this lake, together with its very steep sides, gives the U-shaped cross-section characteristic of glacial valleys. The same relation exists between the glaciers and lake in J>esolation valley, also the small glacier on the west side of Mount Temple. No lake exists in Paradise valley corresponding to Lake Louise, but a glacial dam is very apparent, and above it a long tract of level swampy land. For some reason the dam was not high enough to give the lake great depth, and this, combined with a stream charged with much more sediment than in the Louise valley, has conspired to fill up the basin and obliterate the lake which undoubtedly existed here. In this way Lake Louise is being rapidly filled, as may be seen by the well-formed delta. Moreover, for one-fourth of a mile above the head of the lake the land is quite level, and only rises 2 or 3 feet above the lake, indicating the original area of the water-surface. In July and August the muddy stream from the glacier rushes swiftly along, carry- ing sediment and pebbles, up to an inch in diameter, into the lake, depositing the heavier particles on the delta, and sending a line of dis- coloured water far out into the lake, the deep blue-green waters of which become quite milky toward the end of summer. The lacustrine deposits are of unknown depth, but consist of a dark blue, somewhat arenaceous clay, Avhich covers the bottom everywhere. Flora and Fauna. — These were not studied at all, though it was our intention to make a collection of plants if there was time enough. A distressing accident during a mountain ascent delayed the surveying work so much that this line of study had to be given up. However, some of the more important and interesting plants and animals that came before our attention will be mentioned. Flora. — The almost universal forest tree from the Bow river up to the tree-line is Englemaun's spruce. This tree forms a rich and luxu- riant dark forest wherever the slopes are not too steep to support a thin soil. They average 75 feet in height and abou*; 15 inches in diameter. This tree is occasionally replaced in part by small areas of the black pine. The Lyall's larch can only contest on equal terms with the spruce at about (5800 feet above sea-level, and from there up to the tree-line, which is here about 7-iOO feet. It might be mentioned, in connection with the tree-line, that the snow-line, as determined by the limit of neve on the glaciers of this region, lies somewhat lower, approximately 7000 feet. One or two snow patches remained near the shores of Lake Louise (5G4;5 feet) till August 1. There are only a very few deciduous tiees, which appear chiefly along the banks of rivers or in open sphagnum swamps caused by slight morainal dams, and also in the clearings made on the mountain slopes by nitnl disJ bar] disc gro seal are! ;v« .-,~imX-:--=Kt.iir NS. all attention akes. Lake s while the itli its very e of glacial md lake in of Blount fe to Lake ong tract of enough to ni charged onspired to ly existed 'ay be seen 3 above the foet above n July and ong, carry- ' the lake, line of dig- 8 of which 16 deposits irenacoous it was our lough. A survej'ino- However, mals that ^er up to nd luxu- )rt a thin liameter. he black 10 spruce ;ree-line, iinection of nevt" 5ly 7000 3 Louise chiefly r slight I slopes i LAKE LOUISE, iN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 59 i by snow avalanches in winter. A few bushes, and espt'cially the numerous liei'baceous plants, make a most beautiful and brilliant floral display during July and August. Epilobiums and Castilleias line the barren, gravelly flood courses of glacial streams, and make a bright but discordant array of magenta and scarlet flowers. A species of ^lyosotis grows very abundantly in the valleys. Aquilcgia Canadensis, which is scarlet in the eastern states, here grows yellow tliroughout. The forests are filled with multitudes of elegant flowering plants, of which none I KKTUANCE TO I'ARADISK VALLEY, LHOKISG SOUTH OF WEST. THE FOUEOUuCNU UEl'liE- SENTS THE FILLED UP GLACIAL LAKE, COUKESI'ONUlNMi IN POSITION To LAKE LOUISE. is more widespread or more attractive than the one-flowered Pyrola (Mimeses firandijiora).. As in all Alpine regions, the plants seem more brilliant in coloration as the snow-line is approached. Many dwarfed forms of plants, chiefly Composita?, grow on puak.s and slopes over 8700 feet above tide, while a species of anemone, though growing lower, often seems to push its eager stalk through the edges of retreating snow, and blossom within a few yards of snow that is almost perpetual. No adecpiate idea, however, of the number and variety of flowering plants in these mountains could be convoyed without th« aid 'of a systematic 60 LAKE LOUISE, IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS. list, which unfoi'tunately is not at hand. It might be stated that tho vegetable life is a feature of the greatest beauty, no available spot, from valley bottoms almost to the limits of vegetation, is left unoccupied. Fauna. — A great number of interesting animals were either seen or their tracks observed — the black bear, mountain lion, lynx, wolverine, porcupine, weasel and marten, several species of rodents, squirrels, rabbits, marmots, and a number of small rat-like animals inhabiting the rocks in Alpine regions. By far the most characteristic animal in the region is the Kocky mountain goat. This animal corresponds in habits and shyness to tho chamois of Switzerland. The coat is nearly snow- white, long, shaggy, and very thick. Both sexes are furnished with horns about 7 to 10 inches long, curving gently backwards, and very sharp. One goat was shot by a member of our party, after six weeks' constant hunting, which weighed about two hundred pounds. They are said to attain a weight of three hundred pounds in some specimens. In all, twenty-eight goats were seen by us, several singly, the rest in herds of five, six, and eleven respectively. They are a magnificent animal, inhabiting the loftiest mountain slopes, and running with ease and indiff'erence along precipitous ledges and places impossible to man. Endowed with wonderful faculties of scent, sight, and hearing, and being, beside, very timid by nature, fhey are a most difficult animal to hunt, and will naturally preserve themselves for many years, as few hunters have the patience or fortitude to get near enough for a shot. Lake Louise and its outlet is quite full of small trout, which do not ever attain to more than 10 inches in length, but are very excellent for the table. Th' ■ forests are full of a great variety of birds, many of which sing the greater part of the summer. In the deeper woods are found a species of pheasant called the blue grouse, and along with these, and also more frequently in the " alps " and rocky slopes of lesser mountains, a species of grouse called by some ptarmigan, and by others the fool hen. Both these birds are good eating, and, when fired at, will usually remain quite unmoved until killed. Hence the name of the species. Great flocks of black ducks, mallaids, and divers visited the lake during August and September, as many as fifty being seen at once from the chalet. The entomology of the region has been almost exhaustively studied by Mr. Bean, a telegraph operator at Laggan. He has a larg id exceedingly valuable edlection of beetles and butterflies. Some of the species found at great heights are identical with those discovered in the Arctic regions, and never found outside of those places before or since, e.tcept on these mountain summits. The insect life has a most important and serious bearing on the traveller in the shape of mosquitoes ami horse-flies. The mosquitoes are well-nigh innumeri'.ble, and constitute the only drawback to this oth aft( tail W su to tio w :i i:-*!^=-^-i-«fcU.-. i:,44« *!rci i NS. ted tliat the )le spot, from occupied, ither seen or X, wolverine, ts, squirrels, habiting the nimal in the ids in habits nearly snow- nished with ds, and very sr six weeks' imds. They e specimens. J the rest in magnificent ig with ease ible to man. learing, and t animal to Jars, as few >i' a shot, hich do not xcellent for which sing re found a t these, and mountains, ers the fool vill usually species. J the lake ; once from iiy studied larg id Jiue of the covered in before or ig on the losquitoes ik to this LAKE LOUISE, IX THE CANADIAN llOCKY MOUNTAINS. 61 otherwise ideal mountain region. They entirely disappear every year after August 12 or 15. Meteorology. — One of the most important considerations in a moun- tain region is the character of the weather during the summer season. Whymper has written, in his book on the groat Andes of Soutli America, sufficiently about the peri?istcntly rainy character of the weather there to deter almost any one from visiting those mountains with the inten- tion of mountaineering. During July and August the weather in the Canadian Kockies is unusually steady, with a great preponderance of clear sunny days. Kain rarely falls during the six weeks from July 1 to August 15, except occasional showers at night. A period of rainy weather lasting three days occurred during the first week of August, which was, however, exceptional. MOtNT TE.Ml'I.i:, ll.t'i.'lS I'l.Kl, I'IM.M llii: •' SAl'DI.l:.'' LclciKlNC hiilTII Over two hundred observations of the mercurial barometer and thermometer were made from Julj' LTi to Octol)er ;i inclusive. Daily observations were made, and, whenever possible, as many as three, at the hours of 8 a.m., 2 ]).m., and 8 p.m. The maximum temperature observed was 78° on Au(;u8t l',i ; tlio minimum on .September 22 and October G being 21°. The hottest week fell between August 17 and 23 inclusive, when the morning and evei.ing readings averaged 37 and o8° reB]>ectively, and the 2-o'clock readings 74"^. From thesje data it may be seen that the tourist and mountaineer have no hot valleys 62 LAKK LOUISE. IN THE CANADIAN ROCKV MOUNTAINS. from which to start their exploration or aBcents, as is t^e case in Swit- zerland. A cool, dry atmosphere, must remarkably liK id, and a deeji- blue sky, coloured to the most distant hori/on, are the normal conditions. The south-west is the quarter from which the prevailing wind blows, though this is a difficult point to ascertain in a narrow, deep valley where the mountains must influence the lower air-currents to a great degree. The month of June is one of the worst of the year, rainy, cliangeable weather being the rule. Snow may be expected by Septem- ber )o in all but the lowest valleys. Consequently, the summer season is very short. A brief consideration of the astronomical conditions will solve this at once. The latitude of this region (50° 25') is so high, that during summer the sun is above tlie horizon three-fourths of the day. Twilight continues throughout the night as late as July 6, the time of our arrival. Hence the shortening of the days towards the equinox is very rapid, and winter sets in very suddenly. The moon is rarely seen, and never at the full until the latter part of August. T Fence we maj'' conclude, inasmuch as the sun occupies the same part of the ecliptic in winter as the full moon in summer, that there are several months near the winter solstice during which the sun practically never rises in those narrow mountain valleys. The cold of midwinter is intense, but probably no more so than in the plains to the east, where the thermometer at times falls to 65° or 70° below zero Fahr. Snow was almost constantly on the ground at the level of Lake Louise after September 15, but this was said to be unusually early. During the summer months snow may fall above tlie level of 9000 feet at any time, and frosts often occur in the valleys. It is difficult to judge of the total precipitation, as no reliable data Hre at hand. The snow is said to be or 8 feet, or even 10 feet, on a level in the valleys during the winter. Owing to the tendency for the maximum precipitation to take place on and near the highest mountain, tliis fall woiild be much increased over tht neve regions. From sections of hardened snow, whicli, having a glacial flow, were crowded over a precipice and so caused to break ofl^, the average depth between the dark bands referred to above as showing the annual snowfall seemed to be about JS feet. In regard to dangerous and sudden storms, only two instances were observed of sudden formation of clouds below the mountain summits, and in botli these cases the barometer gave ample warning. A few remarks might be made under this topic in regard to forest fires. Thtse originate, in great part, from the railroad, but also from careless hunters and prospectors, who are, indeed, accused of wilfully tiring the forests to open up the country, and more rarely from Indian hunters. A certain cause, but probably rare, is lightning. An authentic instance was reported last summer of a gentleman who saw a light- .ning flash, and, shortly after, fire in the forest where it struck. Hi| is firl or ..UtL TAINS. e case in 8wit- id, and a deeji- ■mal conditions, ng wind bloAv.s, w, deep valley >nts to a great te year, rainy, ted by Septem- mmraer season conditions will 8 so high, that 18 of the day. 6, the time of ilie equinox is loon is rarely I fence we e part of the re are several actically never midwinter is le east, where Fahr. Snow > Louise after During the ; at any time, reliable data 10 feet, on a 'ency for the St mountain, rum sections vded over a 3etweon the ■fall seemed tances were in summits, 'd to forest t also from 3f wilfully om Indian 1 authentic w a light- it struck. LAKE LOUI.sk, IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 63 & Hrindred.s of miles of forests have been already consumed, and the danger is always present and apparently increasing. The smoke from the.se iires, though often ."iO or 100 miles distant, obscures the atmosphere more or less almost one-third of the time during July and August. Methods of Survei/iiKj. — The surveying was done by means of plane- table and alidade, the latter furnished with a powerful telescope. A base-line of 600 feet was first measured with a aO-foot steel tape on the shore of Lake Louise. This was the longest possible straight level place MOUNT TEMl'LIO, wmi tliSS KOKEGnOUXH, TO SHi iW THK DEl'lH Ut' VALT.KY. to be found. A series of small cairns built of flat .stones was constructed to a heiglit of 18 inches above the water-surface, having been first roughly aligned by the alidade. These were o<) feet apart. Smooth, flat stones capped each of these, and by means of the alidade sighting on a plumb-line, marks were made on these in alignment. A steel tape was used to measure from one cairn to another. This was repeated a number of times, and then movable signal Hags wero placed at eitlier end of the base-line. The lake was then mapped very carefully by 64 LAKE L'OinSE, !N' THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS. SPE means of a great number of signal flags. This work required over threi' weeks. The lake was afterwards sounded, mapped, and contoured from i^j7 soundings. After the lake was mapped, a one-inch scale map was started, and two of the lesser mountains located. The plane-table and alidade were then carried to the summits of each of these mountains, not, however, without considerable labour. The principal features of the area were located from these points, and the streams, etc., sketched in from over 120 photographs taken in all parts of the region. Subsequently, another base-line of 3900 feet was measured on the railroad track, in order to get angles on some of the peaks visible from there. Comparisons between the results from the two base-lines show considerable accuracy. Goat mountain and St. Pirau differed on the two maps by about 118 feet on a total distance of almost two miles. Some errors must creep in on account of the bluntness of mountain summits and their varied asp3ct from different positions. Independent anp"' with a plotted distance gave 8876 and 8880 feet for the height o" .-.ignal flag on St. Piran, a result far within the limits of probable error by this method. The height of Mount Temple resulted in 11,611 and 11,691 feet from the two ends of the base-line. These average 11,651 feet, which is within 7 feet of the calculated height. It was not known until this result had been worked out that the mountain measured was Temple, and, in fact, this close result first excited the suspicion that led later to a knowledge of its previous measurement. Conclusion. — The characteiistic features of the region by which these mountains and the Canadian Rockies in general -ire differentiated from other mountain regions, as the Alps, Andes, and Hiniidayas, are found not so much in the geological age and nature of the strata as in the extent and character of those erosive forces which have resulted in forming narrow, deep valleys, often with preci|)itous rock walls of great height and grandeur, thu.s making the mountains relatively very high. Added to this, climatic conditions sufficiently moderate in summer to tolerate, and humid enough to encourage, a rich vegetation, there results a fortu- nate combination of beauty and grandeur which has already begun to attract the admiring attention of travellers. The by no means excessive preci^iitalion of snow is offset by a long period of nearly ten months for accumulation, resulting in extensive gbiciation on the higher jieaks. As these points are favoured by the addition of a clear, cool, and invigorat- ing atmosphere, there is but little doubt that the Canadian Rockies will enjoy an ever-increasing popularity and favour among travellers and mountaineers. z< 'AIMS. lired over three contoured from as started, and d alidade were , not, however, the area were d in from over lently, another in order to get isons between curacy. Goat ; 1 1 8 feet on a in on account I aspect from distance gave ''iran, a result 'he height of B two ends of 7 feet of the been worked ict, this close vledge of its ' which these intiated from ■re found not n the extent I in forming groat height igh. Added to tolerate, ults a fortu- ly begun to Qs excessive montlis for • ]>eaks. As I invigorat- !ockies will vellers and SPECIAL SALE OWING TO REBUILDING OF PREMISES. June 1909. THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE Zoological Societp or Cotiaon FROM ITS FIRST PUBLICATION TO THE PRESENT TIME. ©ffcrc^ at eyccptlonallp low prices. 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(First Series) 1833-184 1834 3/C Uirds ul Western Africa ; Nurtli America, etc. ; Z()ulo(;y ul New Holland an Ilayti — Fishes of Western Africa — Insects of Guiana, Mollusca and Concifci: — Mammals of Nepaul, etc. 1835 South American Crustacea — Fishes of Trebizond— The Australian Gunar- Ilimalayan birds — Natural History of Mauritius — Marsupials of N.S. Wales- liirds of the Cape of Good Hope— also several papers on Birds, by Gould. 1836 3/6 Indian Antelopes — Kangaroos— Whales — Birds from the Swan River, Mexic and N.S. Wales (by Gould), etc., etc. 1837 m The Spermaceti Whale — The Great Auk — Australian Birds — Fishes of Madeira- Quadrupeds of South Africa — Insects of Manila, etc. 1838 3/6 S. 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