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Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner. I^ft to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de r6duction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de geuche A droite, et de haut an bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent ia mithode. rrata to pelure, id □ 32X 1 2 3 i ^ 2 3 4 5 6 Btbliotbcca Curiosa. ON THE ORIGIN o: TKF NATIVE RACES OP AMERICA. By HUGO G R O T I U S. 1'^ n'»M"ii \% .wnrr. On Foreign Languages AND Unknown Islands. Bv PETER ALBINUS. /V^»«/a//rf/^.;;, //,. op.,nal Latin, ami cnruhed .oith Ktographual Notes and lUustrattom «v EDMUND GOLDSMID, F.RJi.S. I f'WIVATKIA PkiNTEO, FDlNMrKcn 1884. This Kdition is liniiteil to scvenly-fivc Largo I'apLT Copies, ami two hundred ami sevcnty-rivc Small Paper Copies, isMied to suhscrihcrs only. y-fivc Large sevcnly-fivc ihors (Hily. INTRODUCTION. r It had originally been my intention to give the l^at.i text of the two following tracts, with an Lnghsh version in small type at the foot ofcaehpage; but as nearly all the subseri hers to the work expressed their wish t.> make the book an hnghsh one with an.pie notes and elueidalions Ideterm.ned to yidd to their desires, although the notes .nvolved nnny days of careful labour and research. I have therefore omittc.l the Latin text and devoted the space thus gained to bio- graphical and. so far as was possible, to biblio- graphical notes. In editing the two pamphlets I have been grea.ly assisted by Lieutenant S. Hu^^hes, K v., to whom I olTer my warmest I'lanks. II.s professional knowledge has been nivaluable to mc in those portions of the work which deal with navigation. The first t.act, by the ce]cbrate.toriographer of Saxony; he died in 1598, at Dresden. The work may be divided into two parts. The fust, inculcating the advantages of the study of languages, is little more than an enumeration of great scholars and patrons of scholars; the second part, reviewing the dis- coveries made at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries, is interesting from the fact that it clearly sets forth the reasons Columbus had for believing he would meet with lan(l towards the West. Edmund Goi.dsmid. April 30, 1 884. f :lie various ntury ; the iTondcrfully tract, was n 1598, at i into two 'antages of e than an patrons of g tlie dis- teenth and interesting the reasons [ meet with ^l.nsMiD. On iHi; OKKriN »'P IMI Nativk RacT'S of Amfric a. I HUGO f;ROTIUS'S DISSKRTATION ON THK ()RI(;iN OK 'lllK AMKRICAN RACKS. I SEP. that the ancients, as well those who have desciil)e(l countries as those who have re- cor.Ied events, have laid nuich stress on this l"'int, that they, either from ancient monuments if Possible, or, where these were wanting, from tia.litions or conjecture, liave instrucial us as to whence the i)eopIe came who fust inhabited certain Uimls. So Dionysius Ilalicarnassus, Kicatly overstepi.ing th^ diligence of all the Italians, has shown to us, from the nionmnenls of the (ireeks, to which he has al>o a.Ided other evidences, the origin of the tril,es which lu-st possessed Italy. So Sallust inquires who first settled in Africa ; so, also, Tacitus, who in liritam-the former from old traditions, the latter partly from tradition, partly from conjecture, which he based upon a consideration of the language, dress, and customs. In Strabo, a man "•f great discernment, there are many ia(|iiiries .,f 8 (y\ THE oKicis or riii: this s')rt. Such b'jing the case, I hive (tftcn wondered that no one from riujong so ni.iny learned men of our a^c has earnestly investigated whence those nations sprung which, l)eft)re the advent of the Spaniards, inhaUited the continent, which, unknown to ihe ancients, some of us have called America from Vespucius, others Western India, which extends from the Northern Ocean to the St.aits of Magellan — a tract very long and broad, indeed—lying between the Atlantic sea and another, which washes China, and is known to some as the Pacific, and to others as of the South. I, smce I have read several of the Spanish, French, IJritish, and Dutch writeis who have been in those lands, have thought that I would not undertake a fruitless task if I com- municated, what appears to me to be most pro- bable, both to persons now living and to posterity, with the intention of stirring up others who may possess a greater knt)\vledge of these events, whether by travel in that quarter of the globe or even by books which have c(jme into their hand.s, either to conlirm my conclusions, or to refute them by valid reasoning. I see that there are many who think that all those tribes were from Scythia — which we now call Great Tartary. They base their argument on this, that at Anianus* — be it a strait or a bay (for which of the two il is not clear) ♦ lli.liiiii);''- Siraits, ovulciitly. HE have often iijr St) many J invcsli^jaled 1, before the he continent, me of us have Ihers Western lern Ocean to ery lonj; and Atlantic sea and is known hers as of the everal of the >1\ wrileis wlio thovight that I ask if I com- p be most pro- id to posterity, lers who may these events, of the globe or ito their hamls, r to refute them lere are many e from Scythia ry. They base ianus*- bfi it a o il is not clear) XATr.'F. hWCF.S (»/•• AM/lKJi.l. q — there is no great space between Tarlary and America. Now, if it is a gulf the lands must be contiguous, and in that case the passage wouKl be the easy ; if it is a strait, it becomes more narrow fartiier it is entered, and the opposite coasts, just like those of the Hellespont, or of the lios- phorus, in Thrace, forbids navigation even for merchant vessels. • These very weighty con- siderations when regarded, so to speak, on the skin (superficially), wear an aspect of truth, but v.'hen vieweil from within do not convince me. For it is certain that befi)re the arrival of the Spaniards there were no horses in all America. Now Scythia is a country always full of horses, and almost all the Scythians are accustomed to ride on horseback, and to acccjmplish immense distances by their aid, and they even suck tlie blood of their horses when drink of another kind fails. And if America and Tarlary were united together, the horses, either in flying or feeding freely, would have lt)ng ago forced their way from Tartary into America, just as it is certain, from the narrative of the Spaniards, that from the time they brought horses there they penetrated from some countries of America into others, separated though they were by great mountains. But if a continual strait intervened, as I rather believe, Taitary never had navigators, and if she had had them. * This passage seems either obscure or ridiculous. il, lo ().\ HIE oKic,i\ OF I in: ! I i ' never would they have crosscf! without horses, or been content lo remain lon;j without them, any more than the old Clauls who crossed into liritain, or the Spaniards into America. I, as T shall say what approves itself most to me, will first dispose of the peoples of America, tho>e who are towards the north on this side the Isthmus, which is between NonienDei* and Panama, and those who stretch beyond that strait to the south, until they disappear in the Straits of Maj^ellan. I am of opinion that almost all those tribes who are on this side the Isthmus of Panama are of Norse descent, being led to it by the following considera- tions. That Iceland was inhabited by Norsemen, the monuments of both peoples, their traditions, language, and the most ancient rule of Norway over the Icelanders clearly show. Now many are believed to have migrated there before the year looo, when the religion of Norway was still heathen, t From Iceland they went "into ( Green- land, which some consider an island, others apart of the continent of America. There, likewise, the language is the same ; formerly the frovern- ment was the same. P'risland is near to it, on which the commentary of the Zenos of Venice exists, unless, perhaps, it is a part of either Iceland * I cannot trace this jilace. Can Colon I)e meant ? t An account of tliefalnilous (?) discovery of Anieiica by the Norsemen will be round in vol. iii. of Hakluyi\s voyages, edition 1598 1600. I ■///•: \.t ri I '/■: A" . / ( 7;.v o/-- a me r ica. 1 1 ml horses, or ut Ihem, any 1 into l^ritain, as T shall say .1 first dispose 10 arc towards lus, which is nnd those who .uth, until they Ian. I am of es who are on are of Norse iving considcra- L by Norsemen, heir traditions, rvde of Norway Now many are )efore the year rway was still ■cnfinto Creen- , others a part lere, likewise, rly the go ver li- near to it, on enos of Venice of either Iceland 111 1)6 meant? ■ry of Aineii<:;i by hlkluyl■^' voyu.i;cs, or (Greenland. Next to this is Estotiland, a part of the American continent, to wliich fishermen from Frisland resorted two centuries before the Spaniard came inio the New World. All these words have the same endin;,', the sound der.otin^ the country in the languaj^e of the CJermanSj of whom the Norsemen were formerly a part, as api)eais from Pliny, Tacitus, nay, from the language itself and from their manners. So, also, the lands which stretch from this point to the Isthmus of Panama have names similar in sound, Cimatlan, Coatlan, (iuecoslan, Arilan, (^uaxutatlan, Zerotlan, Ica- tlan, Tapatlan, Cinacatlan, Cinantlan, Tenuchiti- llan, Comiilan, Metzitlan, Guatitlan, Necotitlan, Maj^itlan, Tunoxcaltitlan, Ocotlan, Atilan, Cur- catalan, in all which vvonls the pronunciati(m of tlie Spaniards has dropj^ed the last letter. 'J'he Mexicans and their neighbours, as soon as the Spaniards came there, said that they were not natives, but that their ancestors had come from the north. The district in which they first settled alter Kstotilandia now, likewise, retains the name of its origin, for it is calknl Norimbega, which is nothing else than Norway, it being softened in sound by the Spaniards, who are accustomed tij l)lace Ij for VV. And towards California there is a people possessed of the same language and customs with that of Mexico, and tliere is the jieople of Alavardus, that is Langobardus. The vSpaniards call it New Mexico, when in truth it is 12 OX nil'. oNhi/x OF in:-: I 'I OM Mexico, from which they came iiUo Ihc other, as they s.iy, Soo years l>cfore. VVortls are added, many of which were (lermaii, that is, Norwegian, hut there are few which in their course have come to our knowledge. Teut, the god of (lermauy, is the same also among those nations, Ha-god, the lesser, an imaginary god ; (luaira, Waiert, the lash ; Top-hos, the covering of the head ; Lame, Lam, the laml). Tlaces situated beside streams end in Tclce, for l>eke,* which is stream among the (iermans. Whoever has a mind to inf[uire into these things will dis- cover more resemblances. Their customs like- wise afford no slight mark of their origin. Their judges are twelve in number, as there were for- merly among the (lOths and other nations of Scandinavia ; and their neighbours, the Saxons, whence the number was introduced into England. f They spent their life in hunting, as' the Mexicans used to say of their ancestors. The reckoning of time by nights, the washing of newly-born infants in running water, their belief in dice, even to the loss of liberty — all these you will learn from Tacitus and the (lerman writers, were customs of (Germany. A man was permitted to have only one wife, with the exception of a few of the nobles, an ordinance which the same Tacitus * I'.eck is still uscil fur a mountain stream in many pait> «pf Knj^laiid. t All allusiun, no ilouln. tu our jury system. i 1 amc into llic Words are man, that is, khich in tlicir gc. Tcut, the 3 among those naginary go«l ; is, the covering lamb. Places :ke, for r>cke,* ijins. Whoever things will (lis- r customs lil:V T///-: luucrx or riiE Gods is a (German custom, upon which as the savagcness became more ilevelopcd, there super- vened the practice of feedin,:^ U[)on human flesh. Now, in what I have just said as to these tribes on this side the Isthmus of Panama l)einf; abviost all of Norwegian origin, I have not spoken in vain. For as to tlio?e who possess Yucatan, and some neighbouring districts, the rite of circumcision discovered among them proves to us that they are of a diflerent origin. Many said from this that they had been rescue I from the sea, and have for that reason believed tliat they were Jews, forsooth of the ten tribes driven into Media; that they thence wandered through Tartary into America, by that long road of whicli reference, they think, is made in the fourth Book, called the Book of Esdra. Although these particulars have been thus piled together, and although they have succeeded in extorting the assent' of many, yet they do not approve themselves to me. The writer of the Fourth of Esdra has his head full of vain dreams, and accordingly has been rejected by all. Nor is it America to which he says the Jews went, a land at that time unknown, not less to himself than to all others, but a kingdom which the Jc'.vs founded for themselves beyond the Sabbatick stream,* as they say, by the Caspian gates, from which no news, no letter ever came ; * Query, < ).\us. ■^ I HE which Jis ihe , there supcr- n hviman flosh. those tribes on einf; ahiiost all poken in vain. ? tan, and some )f circumcision us ihat they are i )m this that they lid have for that ews, forsooth of that they thence o America, hy ;e, they think, is ed the Book of \^rs have been )\ii;h they have nt' of many, yet IS to me. The ; his head full of las been rejected vhich he says the inknown, not less a kingdom which ves beyond the . by the Caspian Iciter ever came ; S A FIVE RACES (^E AMERICA. i: which no one has ever seen, nor ever will sec, for it was only discovered by the Rabbinic hair-splilters, that the promises regarding the everlasting con- tinuance of the kingdom in the seed of David, in Jesus Christ, might not be fulfilled, and may be believed to be still unfultilled. Neither is it true that the Jews were in Tartary. And as to some thinking that they have discovered there the names of the Hebrew tribes, the words are old Scythian, as Euthalitnc, not Nephtalitx, and so on, as learned men have made abundantly mani- fest. Now, as regards Yucatan and the regions adjacent, the first settlers hand down that circum- cision was devised there, also that the other rites of the Jewish law were not practised, nor that mode of writing letters, which from early times was in use among the Jews. Now, circumcision extends beyond, and is of much wider extent than Judaism ; and as to their saying that they are descended from men saved from the sea, you may justly refer that, not to the Red Sea, but to the tradition of the universal Deluge, traces of which are found among all tribes. Consult what wc have written on that topic in the Notes to the First liook on the Truth of the Christian Religion. IVter the Martyr has hit the point when he said that he diil not doubt but some were conveyed there from /I'.thiopia by the adjacent ocean, which mi^ht easily haj>pen to fishermen sailing a crtain ti^tim-e from their own coast, and then caui'lil bv I in t I > ;! rli i 1.1 1 i 1 I I 16 n.V THE ORIC.IS OF THh: the furious winds, which would carry them directly into America— such a fate as befell that sailor from whom Columlnis derived his knowledge of the new world, and tlio.->e Indians who, I'liny informs us, were borne to the shores of the Suevi. Now, to be circumcised is an old practice of the vluhiopiuns, as Ilenxlotus, before others, has testified, the reasons for which pro- ceeding we have treated of in the aforesaid treatise. Nor did those of the .l^thiopians who !)ecanie Christians abandon the old practice of their race, as Alvarez and others inform us. 15y the /luhiopian there is a j)ronunciation of the letter which answers to the Hebrew n. lUit it is not so old as the transplantation of the colony from .l^lhiopia into those lands, l)ut 500 years old, as they themselves said. Now, the rule of the Abyssinians at that time extended to the ocean. And that the ^'Uhiopians who came there were Christians, we gather from the rite of baptism, which the Yucatans administered to their infants after their third year, like the (jreeks and Asiatics, and they called it regener- ation ; and the parents of the infant, in order to celebrate it duly, made preparation with prayers, fasting, and purification. We are led to the same conclusion by the like celebration in Yucatan of orl extreme unction, the confession of sins in sick- '«*| ness, honourable burial, and a firm belief in rewards and punishments after this life. Nor, ijsj I rni-: ylhem tlircctly ell that sailor knowledge of ns who, riiny shores of the ,e(\ is an old jroilotus, before f„r which pro- , the aforesaid .V'Ahiop^^"^ who old practice of inform us. By unciation of the ebrew H- But .lantation of the ,c lands, \>ut 500 tsai.l. Now, the time extended A'thiopians who leather from the .tans administered •d year, like the .ailed it regencr- [ifant, in order to .ion with prayers, re led to the same ,on in Yucatan of (I of sins in sick- a firm belief in this life. N*^'-' A'. ) Til 1: A' . Jc /■;.9 f '/•• A m/:k M .1. '7 iii(UciI, oii^lit it ti» a}>peTr wonderful that other ihiiij^s a|)|)ert;uiun^ to a Christian should fall into disuse thvoui^h tlie lapse of time, the want of priests there, and the ne};hy;tjnce of the people, when wc see the same thiny hap|>en in Dioscoriilis, an island of the Red Sea, which they now call Socotra, where those who were there after I'aul, the Vene- tian,* could discover nuthinj^ left of the Christian religion, of old established there, but baptism and I tie sifjn of the cross. Now that the lanj;uage is neither clearly JCiliiopian nor clearly Norwet;ian, in the raii^e of country from the North to the Isthmus of I'anania, I believe, has resulted from the followinj^f causes : llrst, that men of ditTerent races were mingled together; secondly, that most of them lived without a common government, after the manner of the Cycljps ; it now likewise ]>revails in I'lorida, as 600 years before it pre- Viiiled in Mexico and other regions, tiie conse- quence of which was that individual families framed a vocabulary specially for themselves. I come now to the other jiart of America which * lictter known as Fra Paolo, or Paul Sarpi, the citizen Bioiik of Venice, wlio has been said to have l)ecn a Catholic f^ .general but a Protestant in particular. His attempted assassination on the Piaz/a of St. Mark at Venice, by Q|-(ler of Paul V., the Pope, is: still one of the favourite l«^cnds of the City of Gondolas. He is said to have dis- covered the circulation of the blood. 'I'he allusion in the t^t is from his " Prince," a wc^rk tr.iiislaled and piib- liihed by the Abbe de .M.usy. P.iul died in i6i-^ B t ,.*» |8 (;.V THE ORH'.IS OF THE •iJ.^ extends from the Isthnuis of Panama to the Straits of Magellan. All who have written of this tract of country agree that the people, in carriage, manners, and language, agree with those who have their settlements beyond that neck of hnd. Wherefore it is all()wal)le for us to believe that the men on this side are descended from those on the other side of the isthmus, and the more so that the Peruvians have always said that the men ill that part of the world were of foreign extrac- tion. Now, it is credible that the old inhabitants had heard that the part of the world which is across the Straits,* and which then stretches through a long tract, composed partly of con- tinuous land and partly of small indenting inlets, under the name of New (luinea, till within view of Gilolus, Java, and other islands of the Indian Ocean, and is all called the Austral Continent in the maps, had received its primitive inhabitants from Java, Gilolus, »S:c. But tiie more highly- refined minds of the Peruvians, their capacity for just and extended government, testify to another origin, which, if I see anything, can be no other than from the Chinese, a race of equal elegance ami ctjual imperial ability. This is confirmed by tlie remains of the Chinese ships, which, according to the report of the Spaniards, have ♦ Tlie Sirait is eviileiuly Grolius's idt.i of the Pacific west of South America ! 1 ; NATllE RACES Oh AMEKICA, '9 la to the written of j^eople, in with those [it neck of to believe from those :he more so lat the men •ign extrac- inhabitants d which is en stretches rily of con- r\ting inlets, vvithin view the Indian Continent in inhabitants nore highly- ir capacity testify to ything, can a race of ity. This is inese ships, \niards, have jf the Pacific ; been discovered on the shore of the Pacific Sea. Nor is there any cause for wonder if the Chinese, being well versed in navigation, have been induced Id penetrate into lands separated from them by a single sea, either by the curiosity of exploring them, or by necessity, the great propagator of the human race. The worship of the sun prevailed :unong the Peruvians before the arrival of the Spaniards, the same which from time immemorial fornKnl ihe chief worship among the Chinese. And ju^t as the King of the Ctiinc'^e says, that he is the child of the sun, so also the Incas of Peru have said that they are the lords of empire. The writing of the Peruvians is not by means of letters, but by marks denoting the tilings, and it is, as in China, from the t«)p of the paper to the bottom. I am likewise of opinion that Man- cacapacus was a Chinese, who, as he was a man of wonderful genius and spirit, learning that men of his own race were in possession of good lands across the sea, but were subject to no common rule, crossed over there, collected them, scattered as they were, into a body, and set up a Govern- ment for them and iheir posterity on the model of the Government of China. Now in that, neither near the isthmus has the language of the Asiatic Indians, nor in the Peruvian country has that of China, continued uncorrupted. This, 1 think, can be accounted for on the same supposition I have already made for the change of languages if rs- 20 ORICIX OF AMERICAN HACKS. on tliis side the Isthmus of I'anama. These arc ihe facts which I have been able to collect, some of them from conjecture, rc^^arding the origin of the American races; and if anyone has more accurate knowledge to communicate, I shall enjf)y the advantage of an exchange of thought, and for that advantage will return thanks. I ' ill i 'I 'fir' ' ^ 1? :;■ ( If I 'ACES. ». These arc collect, some the origin of )ne has irore :ate, I shall [c of thought, lanks. A TKKAriSli ON Foreign Lang u ages and Unknown Islands. f . ^: ■A «•!■ J W A TRKATISK ON FOREIGN LANGUACJvS AND UNKNOWN ISLANDS. I HAVK (lee.ned it worth my wlule to set forth at some Icnjjth my views rc^.nVu,g the two greatest events of this latest age, and the tokens, ""■nistakahle. one may believe, of the last day and the state of innocence to which we are shortl; to return. Two only I shall name, "The Ex tended Navigation into Unknown Islands, and the Study and Knowledge of Foreign Tongues." Well, lam of opinion, along with others, that very great wonders are now taking place, signs, •fyouwdl, that the last day is perhaps about tc; come upon us forthwith, these signs being, as some people add, portents and evidences that the Chnsfan religion is in a .hort time to spread over tl>e terrestrial globe ; first, because for many years the whole globe was so traversed, first, by -niple ships, and afterwanis by fleets, that in the case of the Atlantic itself, wheresoever it was 34 ().V FOA'K/Cy J.AXcC.iCF.S bordered by land to any oxtcnt tlicrc was almost no coast, nosliorc, no country, nor even island, into which the fame of the Christian religion had not penetrated. The ("hristian relit;ion, I say, since these remarkable exploits were undertaken and accom]dishe 1, not by Jews, not by Turks, nor by men of any one nationality, but by Christians ; secondly, because the knowledge of those lan- guages, which have been the vehicles of expression from the commencement (^f celestial revelation, not only of our Christianity, but also of the Hebrew dispensation (long ago divinely abro- gated), has in a wonderful degree crept into all the branches of the Latin Church, and in these has taken such root that no University, however dis- tinguished it may be in all other branches t)f learning, is considered to be sound and complete in all its parts, unless it is distinguished by its study of the literature of tlie Creeks and Hebrews, as well as that of Rome, with which our ancestors were satisfied ; and no man at this time of day is reckoned, even in tlie opinion of the vulgar regarding learned men, to be truly, solidly, or, indeed, plausibly learned, who has not tho- roughly mastered one of these languages, or at least at some time or other made acquaintance with one. On this point I would say a few words before entering upon that which I have under- taken to speak about, so that I may not seem to have mentioned it in a mere cursory way. '■S was almost jven i>lan(1, relii^ion had ^ion, I say, undertaken / Turks, !iov ' Christians ; f those L\n- of expression I revelation, also of the vinely ahro- it into all the in these has lowever dis- branches of md complete .i>hed by its ( I reeks and with which man at this )jiinion of the ru1y, solidly, las not tho- lat^es, or at icquaintance a few words have under- not seem to ay. A.V/) rXAWOIFAT /SLAX/)S. 25 Now, it is universally admitted that languaj^cs and the interpretation of them is a j^ift of the Holy Spirit, as can be jiroved, not from one chapter, but from many, of that Hook which takes its name from the acts of the Holy Ajiostles of Christ, and from the Epistle which St. I'aul addressed to the Corinthians. For in the primitive Church, when these distinguisheil servants of God and many of their disciples received it (the II(jly Spirit) in a more abundant measure than many later doctors of the Church, they spoke in the different langua<;es of the whole world, and, in fact, in any they wished, for where that most exalted Chiest of Souls is, there is ignorance of nothini^, there is complete knowledge of all languages, there is prescience even of future events, as many instances in the sacred writings everywhere testify. JUit this gift 01 tongues was consi)icuously exhibited in the Church, in which, like prophecy and healing, it was conjoined with baptism, with the Holy S[)irit, with the laying on of hands ; and it con- tinued from the times of the Apostles down to the age of Irenivus,* who relates in his fifth book that * St. Trenaius, a disciple of St. Polycarp ; l)orn a.d. 130 ; l)ec:u)io IJishop of Lyons, a.d, 177 ; ic-est;i')lislietl 1011- C(jrd l)etweei) tlie Kastc;n and Western Cluirclies on tlie (luestion of the date of Ivister ; surfcred niartynioin in the ici^n of Sevcrus, a.d. 202. '1 he principal work, "i'reatise against Heretics," in five books, of which we only p<.ssess a poor l^atin vei-sion. I5est editions, that of ("ir.ilic in 1702, with notes ; that of Massuet, 1710, folio. For his 1-ife see " Histoire des Auteurs Ecclesiasiiques," of Doni. Celiicr. '. *■ "•J. 20 (>.V J'OKJ'JCX f..\.\'(:i AdKS even in his day he hcanl men speakinq; in clivers tonj^ues. Now tliis man was a disciple of I'oly- carp, himself a disci])le of John the Evangelist, and bishop of the Church of Smyrna, a man greatly distinguished for his learning, piety, and for his zeal for the glory for the Son of Clod. Eusebius has written about both disciple and master. It was then that the gift l)ccamc restricted to a few, those who acquired it doing so with much labour and many vigils, and by the blessing of God on their efforts, among whom were Origen,* surnamed Adamantius, from application he gave to his studies, six thousand of whose books Iliero- nimus tells ushe had read, written against Rufmusjt 1- i ff !.;t. * Rom at Alexandria, A.n. 185. At eighteen he Ijccame an eunuch to guard himself against calumny. In 211 he went to Rome, and afterwards to Palestii'" Having aroused the jealousy of Demetrius, Ilishnp .of Alexandria, the latter persecuted him for many years. \n 237 he went to (Jreece, and then into Arabia. In 249 Decius persecuted the Christians, and cast Origen into f)rison. He died .\.i). 254. He endeavoured to mould together the (.'hristiLin reli.'.ion and the doctrines of Plato. (See hisboi)k of '" Prin- ciples.") He has been accused of denying the immortality of Ood, but he himself denies this njost emphatically. Principal works (i) An Exhortation to IMartyrdom ; (2) Commentaries on Holy Scripture ; (3)over 1,000 Sermons; (4) His " Principles." C)f this we have onlv Kutinus's version. (5) Treatise against Celsius, considered the most finished apology for Christianity written by the ancients. The best criticism of his writings is " Ubi bene, nil melius ; ubi male, nil pejus.'' He has been attacked by St. ICpiphanius, St. Jerome, Theophilus of Alexandra, and Theodorus of Mop- suesta, but defended as warmly by St. Athanasius, Didy- nnis of Alexandra, and St. Ambrose. The best edition of his works is that begun by Charles De la Rue, and con- tinued by his nephew and namesake, four vols., folio, i/sg. tHorn at Concordia in Italy, at)out a.d. 350. His j)rinci- ^.' ' ' ;/:s in'q; in divers Iple of I'oly- e Evangelist, yrna, a man g, piety, and Son of God. disciple and ime restricted oing so with r the blessing ^vereOrigen,* tion he gave books Hiero- inst RufinuSjt teen he Ijccame iny. In 21 r he stii'". Having ■of Alexandria, In 237 he went ins persecuted He died a.d. the Christian hook of" I'rin- e iininortaHty emphatically. artyrdom ; (j) )oo Sermons ; (4) tinus's version. most finished nts. 'i'he hest ins ; uhi male, piphanius, St. dorus of Mop- masins, Didj'- iest edition of ^iie, and con- s., folio, 175Q. o. His princi- AXn IWK'XOUW rSf.AXDS. 2-! 10 which fact, so far as Origen is] concerned. Mpiphanius* was witness. For, according to many accounts, the authors of which are unknown, vvliich were composed and written in the reign <»f Antonius Caraoalla,t and of Alexander, + the son of Mamm.va, among the Jerichuntini and the Southern Neapolitans, probably by sonic of the friends of Origen ;Who had noticed his piety at [erusalem. lie wrote his celebrated works in lour, >ix, and even eight languagcK, comparing them with the origina' Hebrew text; although many there were who admired only his Hebrew and his Clreek. Amongst these were those I have just mentioned, Hieronimus and Epiphanius, "the many-tongued," Besides these there were Isio- (lorus,^ Albinus, the tutor of Charles the Great, which numl)er we admit is a very small one, and, besides these, who are widely known, there are none, or very few, in the history of the Church. For of the rest we know, either at a former or ]ial works were a translation of Josephus, a translation of Mime works of Origen. a translation and continnation of Ens hins, &c. The best etlition of his works is that of Paris, i58c:>. Folio. * Kpiphanins was born a.d. 320. Was Hi^hop of Cyprns. Principal works : The Panarium, The Anchora, his " Treaty of \Veii;hts and Measures," a work of jrreat iearnini^, bul written without elevation of style (jr be.anty. The best edition of his works is that of I'etean, 1622. Two vols., fiilio. t I'orn A.n. i83 ; died 217. I Aievander .Severns, I'orn A.n. 208 ; died s^,"- § Of Pelusia. Died A.D, 440. Wrote five books of letter^ in (ireek, which were edited in 1538 by .\ntlrew Schut. I'olio, 38 ^).V FOK/'JCX LAMGUAGRS later period, they were lieM in esteem among then felh:)W-nien — althougli they only knew two hiu- guages — either from tlieir zeal for religion or devotion to learning. To this catalogue also lielong Aquila,* of Sinope ; Symmachus, f the Samaritan, who lived under i he KmiK-ror Severus ; Theodotion.:j: the Ejihesian, who lived under Commodus ; S. Lucianus,§ a great martyr for religion, whose four (jreek versions of Scripture have been especially praised ; I'aul the Hermit, and others who, since they come nearer to our own age, are here omitted. But for that very reason the study of languages and, in short, the profession of them, began tj be more generally cultivated, so much so, tliat there were always those who were capable of ac([uiring and commu- nicating to others sacred and profane learning. The literature of the Greeks in truth, before 150 years, was reintroduced into Italy, frT ; wis tlrowned a.d. 31^!, l)y order of Maxiniianus. He is accused of having favoured the Ariruis. '.ICES }em among their knew two laii- for religion or catalogue also mmachus,t the iiperor Severus ; 10 lived under eat martyr for ns of Scripture ul the Hermit, L' nearer to our it for that very 1, in short, the more generally re were always ng and commu- lofane learning, uth, before 150 from which it istianity A.n. 129, IS driven from the ed the Old 'J esta- L'ss very few frag- )orn a Samaritan, |i\e hut tew O-a.^- •(• were two Cods, II I e was received m tliat lie would jhich he ilid, a.d. added or left (nit [owned A.D. T,T.\ havitiLT favoured AiV/J L'NRWOirX ISLAiWDS. 29 I had been banished for ycx) years, and this first introduction, as it were, occurred through the efforts of Chiysoloras, * liessarion, t Liaza,+ Irapezon- lius, Chalconc'iyles,§ Musurus,|l Lascaris,1! and oth-.-rs, who, being fugitives from (ireece, were hos- pitably received and liberally patronised by certain 'i Italians, especially the family of theMetlici. And, * A learned (ireek of the tifteenth century ; became Pro- fe-sor of (ireek at J^avia and Rome, and died at Constance in 14:5, diirini; the hoklin.i; of the '.'ouncil. I'rincijial work, a ( iroek grammar (Kerrara, 1509), 8vo. t Cardinal Patriarch of Constantinople ; settled at Rome, and, it is said, would have been J'ope had he not entered the Conclave mishaveii, whereupon his enemy, Cardinal Alain, exclaimed. " What ! shall that beariled goat be our Pojje V" He formed a maj^niticent littrary. and founded a sihool, in which Theoc! ire of ( laza, Valla, anil Platina \sere students. He left his books to the Senate of Venice, in which town they still icnain. His jinncipal work was his defence of Plato, printed without a date, hut ijrol.ahly in 1470: Zenoplion " tie dictis Socratis." tiedicd 1111472, as Pierre Matthieu says, in consequence of an insult received from l,ouis XI. of France. + the disciple of P Seii'-'clute. S A native of Atliens. Wrote a History of the Turks in ten liooks, from 1298 to 1462. This historj" is almost our sole I'.uthoritV for the fall of the (ireek luni^ire and tiie rise of the Turkish power in Kurope. A I'Vench translation by NiiXenere was ])ul)lishtd in 1662. Two vols., folio. Horn in Candia ; acipiired an extraorilinary reputation as (ireek Professor at Venice; became Archbishop of .M.d- \.i>iain Mnrea, where he died, 1317, aged 36 years. He prodiiLcd the fust editions of Aristophanes and Athenieus, ;;nd an Ktymi^logicon Magnum (ir;ecorum, \'enice, 1499. I'l lio. Is one of the very rarest liooks in the world. • Went to Italy after tlie taking of (j)iistaiitinoi)le. Was (.niploycil by Lorenzo lie Medici to searcli for (ireek MSS. He was at"ter wards m;ide Professor of Cireek at Rome by I.eo X., where he dieil in 1535, aged 90. His epigrams are tinguislied for vivacity and elegance. 30 ( '.V I i )K /:/( ;.\' J. A M : ua cj:s indeed, on this occasion it penetrated even beyond the Alps, having in less tlian lOO years been carrie)iio)i in (.licck Ijotli n)ean .snioke) was a l)rilliant Latin, drei'k, and Hebrew scholar. It was said of him that Ari;yri)piliis said, with a sinh, " Grjucia nostra e.vilio transvokuit Alj)es.'' He tau.^ht (Ireek at (Jrieans and Poitiers, wlience he returned to Swabia and was named a Trivunvir of the Swabian League. He afterwards liadserious ijuarrels with tlie theological college of Cologne, in consequence ot w hich he w ithdrew to Ingolstadt, where he studieil the cab:distic art of the Jews. He was by no means the first to do so, Raymond Martin, a leading T'ominican, having set him the example in tlie i^th century. He left two works on the suliject — " I )e Arte L'abalistica," folio, 1517, and '■ Artis Caljalistica; Scrij^tores," lolio, 1587. TSIany bibliographers I.ave atiribiued to him the " Kpistolnt; Obscurorum \iroruin," but tiiese belong more likely to Ulrich Hutten. The life of Keuchlin has Ijeen written by INIaius, 1687, 8vo. He died in 152.^, aged 67. + Was born in 1424, and was one t)f the translators of the polyglot IJible of C'arilinal Ximcnes, for particidars regaril- ing which see I)ibdin"s " Introduction to the Classics." § A Doctor of the University of Alcala, who wrote seveie criticisms on EraoHUis. He died in i5jo. I liave ■\M .».:, I;; '■ even beyond s been carried >Cantol)lacii,* sthe Spartan, Dwii time the r the " three- Germany the IS the Greek. > Antonius, J: ed the three ihe chief and followed l)y > at one and University of because Rciich 111 snioke) was It was said Gr.'ecia nostra ek AND UNKS'OWN ISLAND:,. 3' lit (Jrloans lia and was ic afterwards :ge ofC'olo.t;ne, adt, where he was by no I, a leading ^th century. Cabaiistica," " folio, 1587. he " Kpistolai ore likely to :en written by islators of the nilars regard- -lassics." who wrote >ijo. I have the same time a knight and a most learned theolo- i;ian, and who niso added to these Arabic. Nor was that study languidly pursued in Italy, where tiiere flourished John I'icus,* the l^rince of Miran- (lola the pupil of Dattylus the Kabhi, who lived at Turin, and his oi)ponent, Mithridates the Roman ; .l^gidiust of Viterbo, and also his pujjil llieronymus}. of Seripandus, Patriciusof Naples;§ Ilieronymus Aleander, || and Frederick Fulgo- itason to lielieve ih.it he must have been related to that I'ici;.) Stunit.a, of I'ulcelu, who wrote that strange coni- iiiciitary on the liook of Jol). * John Picas, Count of Mirandoia, born in 1463, was a i;reater prodigy than the Admirable Crichtt)n. 1-Iaving studied at the principal universities of Kurope, at eighteen years of age he s[)oke twcruvtwo languages, ;ind sustained tlicsesat Rome on every branch of science. 'I'o us, however, his learning seems but foolishness ; his works are a haggis of alisurd speculations, a wretched mixuire of scholastic theology and peripatetic philosophy, with a smattering of geometry, plentifully watered with" astrology. Amongst his 1,400 conclusions we find that an angel is infinite secitndiDit quid ; that .inimals and plants are bi^rn of cor- ruption animated by productive virtue, and other examples (jfthat elegant rhetorical figure kiKJwn as rigmarole. He (lied in 1494, aged 31. His works were printed at Uasle in i57'5 .and i6oi, folio. One of the rarest of his protluctious !■> •' Disputationes Adversus .\strologiam Divinatricem," liologna, 1495, folio. t A gre.it linguist, professor at the University of Viterbo. t Or Hieronymus of Saint-Foa; a Jew who cm- braced Christianity and attached himself to the Anti-I'()i)e i'enedict XIV'. He wrote a celebratetl treatise ag.iinst the ':rr<3rs of the I'almud, which is said to have converted s.o^xj Jews to Christianity. This treatise was printed in I'rankfort in 1602. )j Was secretary of Pius II. in 1460. He became Hishoj) uf Pieuza, in 'rusciny. ,1 Horn 1480 ; became Rector of the University of Paris under l,ouis Xll. He w.is (jiie of Luther's principal f)ppo- aeiiis at the Diet of Worms in 1519. He wab taken prisoner 3a ( ).v /••( )A* AVOW /- . / xc ( \u;/:s sus,* two Archbishops, Senators of the Roman capital ; Augustine Justinianf of (jenoa, Bishop of Ncbbio, of the Dominican order of monks, whose Psalter, printedin ei<^ht cokminsandas many languages, was very celebrated ; Augustin Sten- chus;}; of (lubio, Uishop of (ihisainio; Saneles I'agninus^ of Lucca; Peter Galatin,|| a Minorcan, who defended Capnion against his Ilochstratian ad- versaries, and their predecessors, Raymond Martin«y 1111525 with Francis I. at the battle of I'avia, and at the sack of Koine Ijy tlie Imperialists he saw from the ram- parts of St. Anyelo his house, furniture, and lilirary reduced to ashes. Me was maile cardinal hy Paul III. in I5_i8, hut died four years later at the a,u;e of sixty-two. Mis ])rinci|ial works are a(;ation of the Saviour at Rome, then Hishop of Ghisaiino, in Candia. ;j Horn 1470; was a Dominican celelorated for his know- led/^cof lan^Mia.iics; died 1536. Ifis i)rincipal works are-." Thc- sannis I ,in.i;u;e Sanctaj," j)ul)lished by Robert ',vstiennc, at I'ari-, in 1548, folio, and a translatit was borne by Xinienes, and it must have t)een gig.intic, as he paiil 4,000 crowns for seven Hebrew codices alone. He died aged Si. C ,v 34 (^.v /■VKi.ic.x L.\.\\:c.\(;/-:s > r ♦ « ■ laled, wht'llier wriilcn in liis own language or translated into any other, at immense expense, and had them splemlidly printed. To a certain degree aKo praise is due to I'elicanvis, Munster,* Fagiusjt (.lermans, to WiUiain IV)stell,+ who, when lie luid been for many years Professor of Languages antl I\.ei;ius Professor of Matliemalics in the University of I'aris, foUowing the practiee of tlie ohl philosophers, wandered over the more celebrated shores of Africa and Asia, and the eastern coasts of Europe. And it is proved by his edited writings, that he l>e«jame master of fifteen languages. Mention likewise ought to be maile of Comivielus, a Spaniard and Chri>lian Jew, who was skilled in fifteen languages, l*etrus Lusitanus, a man most dear to the kings of .Klhiopia, who besiiles the Aral)ic, Indian, and Portuguese tongues, is reported to have been actpiainled with the languages of almost all men ; of Theodoras * Sebastian Munster, a monk who fo'lowed Luther, married and settlcil at Hio llcbcr^;, lluMi at IJaslc ; was sm- name 1 the Ksilras and Sirabj ot" liermany. Died 155J. t lk)rn 1504 ; was called to J'-n,i;lan(l by Crannier and became Professor ol" Hel)rew at C;imbrid;;e ; died 1550. + Born 1510 in Normandy, was educated at St. Barbe, and bein.i; noticeii by Francis I. was sent Ijy liiin to the East. On Iiis return lie was nametl j)rofessor at the univer- sity. I'ell alisuriliy in love with an old maid, and wrote a book proving; that she was to comjilete the redemption of the souls of women, Ke declared tiiat he had died and come to life again. With all his follies he was one of the most learned men of his .'ii;e. He wrote on almost every possible sid)ject, from the formation of the I'luunician language to sonnets to his love's grey hair. He died 1581. .Hit; ml AND CXh'XOllW /Sl.AXn.S. .15 who 15il)lian Iros* who, a (ionnan himself, fiirly boasts ill his comiiK'ntary on the unity of all lanf;ua};es ami letters, that, by the grace an I j^ift of God, he had aci|uiicd die power of writini^ and speakin{j, or at any rate understandin;;', those lan:,'aay;cs which are spread far and wide over the whole world. Aniontjst these, and in the same school, must surely be reckoned the threat Luther ami the saintly Mclancthon, "whom tlie blue-eyed (goddess Minerva botli girt and ad(irned ;" Caspar Cruciger,t John Draconites,| and others, whose memory is held by us in everlasting respect. Thus by the assistance and service of all these, whom I have mentioned to their honour, tliere grew up again in the univer.dties, owing to their acuteness of intellect and their wonderful industry, that study of various languages which in the earliest ages once tlouri.shed in the schools, which were, one may say, Latin-speaking colonies, * Born at Zell ; was Professor of Thcolo^jy at Zurich, where he ilieci in 1364. His principal works are an etlitiou /i'.V /S/..I.\/>S. 17 and (illicrs, ycl, liav'ni; regard lo the autlioiily of the sacred writings and of Joscphus, iIumo is no doubt hut wc oui;ht jjstlyto Uclicvc that the art of navi<;ation and of shii)huilirinj; was dciivcd from Xoah or Janus, l)cforo whom nuwhcrc is it recorded that the sea had hecn ventured on. And, aUhou^h some wouKl he so exacting as to raise a (ns|)Ute about tiie Ark of Noah, yet who is not inlelHj.;ent enough as not to perceive that their wraiij;hnj» is of a peluhanl character, not to use a har-.hcr word, rallier than that any learned weight sliould be allowed to such cavilling,* as at length 1 shall openly explain the matter as it stands. That which the sacred writings and Josephus term the Aric, having been built of wood, was without doubt nothing else than a ship, as indeed l}erosus,t the Chaldean, upon the evidence of the same Jo>e[)hus, names it. But I will not waste time in either referring to or refuting trifles of this sort, but shill go on to point out the antiquity of navigation. This opens an ocean of conjecture, shoulilonefeel willini:ioembark unit. Theaccounts "!■ ' oyages Iffcrent Iflcrent is an trabo, UiUus, * What would All)imis luive said of mod'jrn commenta- tors ? f A ])ricst of the temple of l!elus, at I'.'.l'vlon ; was a contemporary of AiexaiKJer tlie (ireat. and the aiuhor of a liistoiy of CiiaUiea, which is lost, lull of wtiiuli some frag- ments are found in Josei)luis. 'I'lie Athenians raised u statue to him havinq; a tongue of .s^olil. 'I'lie ticlioii puh- li;>hed imder his name hy Aiuiius of Viterbo, and llie live books of autiquilies printed at Antwerp in 15.15, '^'c apocryphal. 38 ^ ^.v J- OK /■:/(; \ J. A so ua ges arc well known which writers on natural history give of tlie nautilus and the ozenes, of the genus Polypus, and of the neritides of the Pectines, and how they would have it that the science of navigation was borrowed from these. Now, to commence with, the most remote traces of such events are the voyages of Minos, Neptune, Atlas, and Danaus, as is proved from the works of Strabo, Diodorus, Clemens, Pliny ; so old, in- deed, that stories and proverbs had arisen out of them in their turn as lasting as the names of the places. Old", too, are the discoveries of /Kolus, Daedalus, Eupolemius,* Anacharsis, Jason, Amo- cles of Corinth, Nesichthon of vSalamis, Xenagoras of Syracuse, Nesigito, Alexander the Crcat, Ptolemy Soter, Demetrius, Antigonus, Philo- pater,t Ilippius of Tyre, and others. Among the sailors of anti(juity there must be classed, not undeservedly, the Mysians, Trojans, Samothra- cians, and the Tyrians, of whom Strabo writes and Tibullus thus sings ; — *' IJtque maris vastum prospcctet 'I'lirihiis rc(]nor, Prima rateiu veiitis credere ducta, iyros/'J There ought also to be added the Egyptians, * All Athenian, who perished about 440 u.c. , in a naval tomhat aijaiiist the I,aca;detnoiiians. t i'tol'iniy I'liilopater, thus satirically called from his Iia\iii^ i)oisoiied his father. X " Tyre, that it mi.iLTht sur\cy the \ast expanse of the dee]) from its towers, was first lau^^ht to entrust its navy to ilie wiiicU." A.\/) rXA'XOUW /SL.l.XDS. 39 Phronicians, ]-]rylIinvans, Cyrenians, Rhodians, Cyprians, Athenians, Carthaginians, and Tus- can Thasians. IJut of all the-;e it is no part of our purpose to speak. Most renowned, how- ever, are the voyajjes of the sailors of Solomon the Kin^, regarding which an account will be fully given a little farther on ; of Xearchus* the Macedonian ; of Jamboldus, a Grecian merchant ; of Iianno,t the Carthaginian, all in the Indian and Atlantic seas : likewise of the fleet which was sent out by the Emperor Augustus into the Southern Ocean, liut all these have long ago been surpassed by the commercial enterprises of our own times ; accordingly we must now hold them in contempt in comparison with enterprises of much gi eater importance. I allude to the wonderful voyages of the .Spaniards, commenced about lOO years ago, and afterwards, as is the ca^e in rdmost all things, continued up to the present age, followed up, and brought to per- fection; for nothing, not even a science, ever 3 ^■1. .: rfi , * A capt.iin of Alexander the dreat. who was sent l)yhini to navigate on the Indian Ocean. He foMowcd the coast frcjm the mouth of the Indns to Harnnisia, now Ornniz (an island in the north of the Persian (lulf). His account of his journey is extremely curious. Ornni/ was the ijreat eiiii)orium of the rortuguesc lor the wealth of the Indus from 1507 to 1622. t A *^'artha'4inian general, sent to circumnavi<;ate Africa ahout 570 H.( . Fie was prevented ai:complishiiij; this hy want of provisions. His aprocryphal narrative was pui)- lished with learned notes at Leydcn in 167,1, hy Henry Inkier. ■•*f>- pp 40 (^V J-'OR/:i(;X LAXCIACKS *^\ remains stationary. Adventurous assuredly are the Spaniards as a race, wlio, havin}^ heard from the conversation of many that the feat was impossible, immediately attempted it ; venturous especially were the sailors of one ship, who feared not to go round the vast ^dobe, far and wide as it extends, which adventure we shall by and by allude to. And this history I will relate from its beginning. I know that it will prove a very interesting subject to every intelligent reader. For it was the origin of the discovery of the New Indies. A certain ship, sailing I know not where in the Atlantic Ocean, during the prevalence of a violent storm, was furiously driven by the wind then blowing strong from the east,* to an unknown land,t and one not set down in any book of cosmography. The master of that ship, along with three or four companions, exhausted with hunger and want, at length with ditficulty suc- ceeilcd ill steering to the island of Madeira, situated in the Portuguese Sea. There lived at that time on the island Christopher Colouus, whom some improperly name Columbus. lie being a man not of great fortune but of decicicil genius, moderately instructed in Latin, but deeply versed in cosmo- • 'riiis ship was probably saillnji down the coast of Africa, .Tiul bcins; l)lown ulT by the wind, loc:diy known as the Harniatlan (sec Laui^hton, p. 15), wab driven into the \.E. 'I'ladc, and was unalilc to get Ijatt:. t Probably Darbadoe.i. '*! . / XD IWAWOirX ISL A XDS. 41 arc from was rous ared IS it by 1 its very For S"ew the ilent hen c of ong ith ne- ed ine )uie not no- ica, tlie grnphy, having come into Portugal from Ligiuia* (for he was a Ligurian), had married a wife from the island of Madeira. In his house that ship- wrecked captain alone was hospitably received, for his associates had left him immediately on enter- ing the harbour. lUit as he felt that death was creeping upon him, he handed over to Colonus certain cosmograi^hic writings, and the whole plan of that deadly cruise, and a description of the unknown lands to which the waves had driven him, and under the terror of death disclosed to him the whole matter, which up to that time he had kept a secret, and immediately after he ex- pired. Colonus accordingly, now entertaining lofty aspirations, began to rouse himself seriously to those projects which long before he had dreamt of, viz., to seek for the rich Cipangus of Marco Polof and the land of the Antipode>:. For he had been led to apply his mind to the solution of the ques- tion from some passages of Homer, Plato, Aris- totle, Crates, J (juoted by Strabo, as also from the writings of vStrabo himself, Pliny, Virgil, Seneca, and the others, fronr whose separate testimonies this most sagacious man had gathered and learned ,1:. * Tlie coast bctuecii Nice and (lenoa. t A V'ciietian by l)irth : travelled in Tavtary with liis father anti iinclt-, and on his return to Italy in 1795 wrote an account of h's jourmn- and seventeen years' resitlt-uce .at the court of the lirand Khan, w lilch was first printed at Venice in 1496. Svo. X A disciple of Dioj^encs the Cynic, lived about 3_'o u.c. 4a ON FORKIGX L.WC CAGES > n i0 that there were still lands and islands unknown to the me 1 of his own time ; and the evidences which seemed to most others worthless, he not only accepted, but was bent on putting to the proof. In truth, the reasoning was such as might have been sufficient to satisfy any one of us not plainly dull and stupid of the credibility of that, which this most fortunate man saw to be true, and of the possibility of once for all determining that the New World, in short, had not been wholly unknown to the ancients. And this inquiry is assuredly full of interest and delight, and I think it was clearly solved and settled by Colonus in his own mind, before he entered u[)on a task of such difficulty. For the name itself of New World bears on its face that the ancients knew nothing or little about so many of those islands and countries which have l)een discovered almost within the space of lOO years, especially when in most commentaries of the ancients a deep silence is maintained in regard to them. Yet this man observed that it was of some importance to have the testimonies of so many philosophers, poets, geographers, gram;r irians, I might also add of the sacred writings, which seemed clear to him, and accordingly examined those ancient voyages, which without doubt took place, and did not in the least scruple to turn them to use. But let us look into those ancient authors, whom we have just named in order that we may the more approve i''s( A\D LWKXOUW ISLAXDS. 43 of the resolve of Colonus, and the less wonder at its issue and success, for in tlie end he was suc- cessful. To begin, then, with the sacred writ- ings : we know that in the 9th chipter of the third liook of Kings, mention is made of the island of Ophir, from which the fleet of Solomon and Hiram brought 40 talents of silver and gold to Solomon. For by that passage there are some \\ho understand the New Indies, while others interpret it as referring to Ilispaniola* in the same New World towards the west, which, they add, was called Ophir, from a descendant of I Icber, from whom he was the tenth in descent. Now I shall add no more from these writings. Homer (Odys- sey, i. 23) thus writes : ai9io7ra(j roi hx^'^i' ciCaia Tui, ffT^flXoi (iPCfjwv : " '^I'he /luhiopians, who are divided into two race*:, the furthest removed of men." That this can with difi'iculty be understood of the .l^thioitians of Africa, that they ought to be reckoned a double people, and that Homer had in view the western island, will appear from what follows. And Strabo himself, in his first book, speaking of the opinion of Crates, affords this explanation, according to Xylander :t "Just as * rictter known as San Domingo. t William Xylaiuler ^\■a.s born at Oxburg in 1532, anil became [-"rofessor of Cireek at Heiiielbcrg. Hi'^ \V()rk^, ate not to be depended oi'-. for, notwithstanding his learning, he fell into numerous errors, owing to the r.ijiidity of his com- ])csition, being, from his jjoserty, obliged to write for a living. 5t 111 aok of the /Kneid, sings: "There lies beyond the stars an earth, beyond the ways of the year and the sun, where heaven-bearing Atlas bears on his shoulder the axis fit for the burning stars."* And it is true Servius interprets this as referring to .luhiopia of the Moors, in which country Mount Atlas is, but without doubt it ought to be understood of the Atlantic island of Plato, which the most learned poet writes of as stretching beyond the Zodiac as far to the north as to the south. What is there, then, which hinders us from supposing that America was known at that time likewise ? It is worth mention that there is the additional evidence of Pliny, who in his Second Book, chipter 67, writes : "That in his time the whole Western Ocean had been traversed from Cadiz and the Pillars of Hercules, skirting the coasts of * " Jacet extra sidura tellus, Extra anni solisquc vias, iihi ctL-litur Atlas A\cm luimero toniuet, stellis ardentibus ai>tiim." 48 n.v fi ^REiGS LA scr. \c.i:s > h fll> Spain and the Gauls, hut that the Northern Ocean liad in greater part been explored under the auspices of Augustus." lie adds: "That his grandson, Cornelius, has recorded that one Juidoxus, in his own time llceing from Ptolemy Lathyrus, passed out of the Arabian Gulf, was borne as far as Cadiz, and long before him that he had .net face to face Ccelius Anlipater, who had sailed fronx Spain into /I'^thiopia on a com- mercial advw-nture. He says that the same grand- oon rdates regarding the Northern passage that the Indies had been presonied to (). Metellus Celer, the colleague of C. Afranius in the Consul- ship, but then Pro-Consul in Gaul, by the King of the Suevi, who, while on a commercial voyage from India, had been carrietl by storms into Germany." This evidence he furnishes. So far Pliny. What, moreover, is to be thought of the narrative of Strabo, which he gives in his Second Book regarding the wanderings of Menelaus, King of the Greeks, according to Aristonicus the Grammarian, who says that he sailed past Cadiz to India, fixing the duration even of his wander- ings, he having returned on the eighth year ; and of the other notice, which is in the same book of the voyage of Eudoxus, which, as it is too loiig, I here pass over. To these we must add Seneca, who thus speaks of ships : "There will come late ages, in which the ocean will relax the bonds of things, and Typhis will discover new globes. . I xn ! \vh'\( ) II \y I SI. . I .\7).s . 40 n Ocean ilcr tlie "hat Ills I at one Ftolemy a If, was lim that er, who a com- i LTiand- ige that Vlelelkis Coasul- ic King I voyage as into So far t of the Second nelaus, :us the t Cadiz .vander- r ; and ook of |o long, eneca, come bonds lobes, and the iniinensc world will be laid open, noi will Thule be the end of ihe world."* These passaj^es and others, without doubt, stimulated Colonus, so that what others considered foolishness, he, being a man of wisdom, firmly believed would contribute to his supreme hap- piness, and everlasting fame and good fortune. He therefore despatched his brother, Harthoh^mew Colonus, to the UKtst serene King of I'-ngland, Henry VH., whose kingdom was then at peace and flourishing, to point out to him that if ships and money were given him by the King, he would, after having discovered the new and gold- producing regions, render the kingdom of Eng- land by far the most flourishing of all the kingdoms of Europe. Having here suffered a repulse, he next made trial of Alphonso V., King of Por- tugal, liut, as that king was now at war with the inhabitants of the southern coasts of Africa, and was commencing to open uj) a way towards Calicut, the unlucky ("olonus obtained from him just as much as from the other. But not yet did he allow his spirits to sink. Trying his luck the third time with Eerdinand the Catholic, who was then impeded by his war in (jranada, using all the influence at his command to accomplish * Venient annis secula scris, (^)uihus Oceanus vincula roruiii i.axet, iiovo^(iiie 'I'ypliis dclcget orl'C>, Atijue iiijiens paleat tcllus, Xec sit terris iiltiiiui 'I'liiile. D so 0\ rOKFJCX /..IXCC.KIKS \ « !*' Iiis desired end, he at length realised liis wish, after the Moors had been overcome and driven from Spain. Sixteen thousand ducats were {^ranted him by (lie Kini^,* and a lleet of three ships merely, with twelve companions. This scanty cqviipment afterwards achieved so j^'reat and un- lieard of resuhs, as the Indies this day prove. The brave Colonus, exposing himself with his diminutive fleet to the vast sea, set sail from Spain on August 6, 1492. After pr»x;eedin^ on his course for several days, such an exuberance of grass floating over the sea met the fleet, and surrounded it on all sides, that they seemed to sail as it were in meadows green with herbage. ^Vhence he believed, I might almost say feared, that those things were true which he had read about the submerged Atlantis in IMato. Never- theless, at length emerging from the grassy sea, after many dangers and enduring the extremity of hunger, he was borne along with his companions among the unknown lands he was in (luest of, regions inhabited by a race naked, iiarbarous, and unarmed, but rich in gold. \Vhen he incpiired of the natives about Cipangus, of which he had always dreamed, they showed by signs that the name of the country was Cibao. The mention of the name, which he accidentally came across a * It should not be forgotten that Cohimbus obtained nothing from Ferdinand, and that the whole cost of his tirst expedition vv:is borne l>y (^ueen Isabella. ; \ /> r.vh-.\<>ii\\ j.si. \ \ IKS. £1 wish, driven were c ships scanty IV 1 im- prove, ith his 1 fron^ lin^ on ,)erance et, and med to crba^e. feared, ad read Never- sy sea, mlly t'f pan'ons uest of, us, and lired of he hail Ihat the tion of cross a lobtained his first second time, made liim think that the chain nl evidence was complete. Immediately he loads two ships (for the thinl had perished, having been dashed upon the rocks), with };olts of diverse colour, and many other barbarous trophies, and at length returns to the knig in triumph on April 6 of the following year. The king was greatly delighted, and received Clolonus with signal marks of respect, so that admirivi:^ him, men soon came to call him Admiral.* He presented him with a jiatent of nobility, and the most honourable title of Viceroy of the Indies, with the twelfth t of the whole wealth which might accrue from the expedition and the ul)ju- gation of the Indians, and with a much Imger fleet instantly sent him back to the quarter om which he had returned. Such was the rise, such were the first beginnincs, of the great and wonderful undertakings whicli were afterwards carried out in the New Indies, commonly called America, and are described more fully in Spanish histories than elsewhere. This new investigation of the New World, or rather of a new part of the world sprung up, an investiga- tion which up to that time luy concealed from * We call the reader's attention to this specimen of a 15th century joke ! t Most authorities concur in fixing Columbus s sliare at one-tenth. 52 ^).V FOKFJGX LAXiUWCKS many, from iheir ii;noraiice of the Spanisli lan- fjuage (since these accounts are .said to exist in no other language), and thus it was that among the first Hugo lilotius,* a most illustrious man, and the Imperial Librarian, considered it a worthy task to cull for the benefit of his readers these few facts from the true histories written in Spanish. Now to Colonus is attributed the discovery of the islands of Cuba, Ilispaniola, Cubagua,! as also of Verragua, and Vraba, Provinces of the Indian Continent. + While the influence of the Spaniards was in- creasing more and more among the New Indians, others, impelled by the hope of wealth, considered how to attempt some new project or other. The outcome accordingly was that after Amerigo Ves- putius, following Colonus the Genoese, by order of the King of Castile, had enteretl, in the year 1667, that very region, and had given it the name of America, other voyages in succession were planned; for under Charles V. there followed Ter- ,t landfall made by Cohuubus was Watlinij Island, Dtherwise called Sau Salvador, in the IJuhumas. § ( )i I'acitlc. 1 lan- in no ig the 11, and ,vorlhy se few )anish. of the also of Indian ,vas in- ndians, sidered . The TO Ves- ,' order le year name were Iter- n and \'asc<» wliicli (Incited ;i Hcnc- la. Watlint? lUlS. ■/A/) rXAWOUW /.SA.I.W'.V. 5.? is ccjmmonly called the Del Siir Sea, just as also Francis IM/arro discovered Peru, the immense kingdom of Attahaliha ; Magellan the strait called after his own name ; I'ontius of Leghorn, the Pro- vince of Florida ; and Fernandez, Yucatan. lUit memorable and distinguished in a signal degree was the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan, a man of Portuguese extraction, to whom the Magellanic Strait brought in a single voyage both immortal renown and death. For he, fned by the munifi- cence of the King of vSpain, revolted from his own king and tied to him for refuge, persuading him that if money and shij^s were granted him he would not desist from his exjiedition until he should die or discover some other channel, and lay open a passage by a very different route than that by which the Portuguese (for they in their navigation tend towards the P'ast) find their way to the Moluccis, islands rich in all kinds of aromatic plants. The King granted him a fleet of live ships, supplies, ecpiipments, and 213 men. Accordingly, in the year 1619, he commits himself to the vast sea, directing his course to the coast of Peru, then skirling the shores to *hc South, after some sharp misfortunes, one ship having been sent and another returning to Spain against his will, he at last found the strait he had expected ; but there- after changing his course in a westerly direction to the Moluccas, he fell i'r> with different i>,Iands,* * I.adroiiL'S and Philippint.'- ; lie was killed in the latter. 54 (KV ]'ORj:h:x L.wdc.iCEs never seen, read about, or heard of before. While he attempts to make war upphesns, ahont 530 n.C. We have some frag- ments of his works left which were first printed l>y Stej)hen in his " P()esi-> PhiUxsophica," 1573, together witli those of Democritus, 'I'imo, and others. 56 (^.V FOREICX L.lXCi'AGRS I 4 water are very many. When Alexander the Great himself heard Anaxarchus* the I'iiilosopher discussing the point, and seriously believed what was said, the King, bursting into tears, lamented that he was not yet lord of one world. Some there have been who fixed the numl)er of worlds at seven ; others at nineteen ; others, again, at a thousand. But it is certain that men were in existence who, in a former age, were convinced that each single star was a separate world — nay, who thought that the cloudy space which is per- ceived in the moon was full of men, animals, trees, mountains, and rocks. What, pray, can be found more ridiculous than such men ? What, in the name of Heaven, moved the.n, when they had explored almost no portion of the world in which they were placed, to dream that there were worlds where they could not penetrate, I will not say with their bodies, but not even with their intellects? Again, as to those who were content with one world, there were some who insisted that one half was habitable and inhabited, among whom were Thales and Aristotle, and with these almost all the other philosophers who speculated on the habitability of the world ; for, when they divided the whole globe into five zones, and laid down that the two extreme ones, by reason of the * A sceptic philosopher, favourite of Alexander the fireat, whom Nicocroon, tyrant of Cypi'iis, caused to be crushed to death in a hu^je niortru'. A XD I wh'Xi > II '.v /.s7. . ; xns. 57 eat, Ihecl cold, and the middle, that is, the torrid zone, by reason of the heat, were neither inhabiteil nor habitable, it was inferred that the one of the two I'emaining zones in our hemisphere and the other in the opposite one were habitable. They admit- ted, therefore, that men could dwell even beyond the torrid zone. And whence could they come to the knowledge of that, if no crossing from the one to the other was possible ? Another absurd con- clusion also followed, that those who dwelt beyond the torrid zone must derive their origin from other than our own first parents, Adam and Eve. But experience, the mistress of everything, has refuted the false assertion of all of them. And, indeed, as regards the northern region of the workl, Galeotus of Narni,* Saxo Grammati- cus,t Glaus Maynus,;J; have left witness, in tracts that they have written, that the Hyperboreans and the dwellers in Scandinavia and other regions lying far to the north can not only endure the cold, but * A professor of literature at the University of Pailiia, •iiul afterwards secretary to Matthias Corviniis, Kini; of Hungary. The book alhideil to here in his " l)e Iiico.nnitio V'ul).M)," published 1479, for the opinions expressetl in whicii lie was reprimandetl by the In(|uisition. I>ieil 14(^2. t r>orn in the Island (jf Zealand. He wrote a history of the Northern r.ations to 11S6 which was well known to Shake>])eare. X iiorn 14.93 ; became IJishop of Zayrate and Chancellor of Huntjary. His principal works are his C'hr.v /■■( )R /■:/(; \ I. . \ sc, u. i ces I I even live comfortably and attain a green old age. The best island forsooth, and the most healthy one of the whole north, is situateil very near to the Arctic Pole, beyond Iceland and Greenland. And Martin Frobisher, an Englishman, in his voyage into the regions of the west and north, planned and accomplished in the year 1476, unmistakably j)()ints out that in those regions most adjacent to the Arctic Pole there exist many men, bar- barians, who have large, well-proportioned frames, and are yet subjected to almost perpetual cold. Nor was he silent on (liis point who described the navigation of Frobisher: "The ancients wandered from the truth when they believed that the two zones included within the polar circles were uninhabitable, on account of the great and continual cold and the very severe climate." For he goes on to say that "he, with his companions, through the kindness of God, had had had an utterly different experience, and had become hal)ituated to the climate ; that, in short, the region was not only habitable, but inhabited by men, it is true, savage, stupid, untamed, and deficient, as it were, in the gift of reason, and although those northern regions are covered with perpetual snow and ice, and the rays of the sun, through their feebleness and not being reflected by the earth, are unable to melt these ; yet, nevertheless, that an all-good and all-mighty God, who gave the earth to be inhabited by man, with .■i.\/) r.vA'X(urx /s/.,ix/ks. 5'> II is infinite and wonderful goodness and power, had so tempered those regions likewise, which were falsely believed to be uninhabitable, that men rould exist in them." These words are from his history. Now the whole of that part which lies under the torrid zone and stretches to the south lias been so surveyed in the voyages of the Spaniards that scarce any — even the smallest — island has remained unexplored. And the fore- going from the accounts of the ancients I have thought it right to add, for a corollary, as it were, to this narrative of new and unheard-of voyages among the early races. On the same principle I would now furnish a short review from the history of the voyages of Cortez, Halboa, Pizarro, Pontius, and other, were I not anxious for brevity. Wherefore, laying aside the subject of navi- gation for the present, by way of peroration, I exhort the studious youth of Germany to betake themseWes to the study of foreign languages as one of the UKist laudable, and, as har, been shown, even miraculous, for which, without doubi, God, with that great love with which lie watches over the race of man, and in an esj^'cial degree the Church, has awakened a zeal in these latest times. But I, single-handed, will not do this. I'or I will call in to my aid a friendly orator, the divine and most illustrious Pericles of the Ger- mans, the Rev. D. Luther, who in his work ou the Settling of Schools, after admirably singing 6o o.v j-'OREicx L.i\<:ir.n:/:s I I the praises of languaj^cs, excellently examines why the most hitter enemy of men in general, and of the Church in particular, the wicked Genius, should have desired so often to prevent the spread of languat^es, and why the recallin;:^ to the light of day and acquiring the knowledge of tongues should prove a very unwelcome guest to the devil, since he knew (juite well that the (lospel was revealed to the C-hurch by the complete knowledge of languages, and was retained within her by the instrumentality of the same ; how also in the time of the disciples of Christ the Creek and Latin languages were promulgated far and wide over the globe, and, before our times, Greece, being occupied by the Turks, the Greek language began to be dispersed and taught throughout the then known world by fugitives ; and therefore as dear as is the revelation of the word and the truth, as dear as is the (Gospel, so dear to us ought to be the study of languages, so dear the preservation of the same, since it is most certain that we will never with advantage retain the light of heavenly learning, except by their aid. And many other arguments he in the same book most beautifully advances to the commen- dation of languages, viz., that their loss has always been followed by darkness in the Church, that in the ages even of the most holy fathers errors crept in froni inacquaintance with languages, and he adduces the expositions which were given AND UNkWiill'X /SL.IXDS. 6i |i by them in their character of interpreters of Holy Scripture, unacquainted as they were with lannuat;ei. In short, between the learned in- terpreters of Councds antl of Scripture, between Atjlot theolo'^ians and others with the know- ledge of language-;, there is a mighty difference. And in this dissertation, at once most learned and pious, he inserts also this encomium: "Lan- guages are in [>!ace of :scabl)ards, in which the sword Spirit, namely, the Word of (i od, is kept sheathed. They are the ark, or the secret repositories, which preserve this noble treasure locked up in it. They are the cups, in which v.e receive and carry round the health-giving drink. They are the cells ever ready, from which the worthy preacher i)rings forth the (lospel bread. And, as the sacred writings themselves indicate, they are the baskets in which the loaves and the fragments remaining are placed, so that they may not perish. " "And if," explains this great man and faithful adviser, *' languages slip away from us through our carelessness as we breathe supinely on our backs (may our lot refute the words spoken !), we ought to be wholly in fear lest we should lose not only the Ciospels, but glide on again to the miseries such that we do not know clearly how to speak, and to write correctly, not only Latin, but even the vernacular, which was the case with our ancestors." If you will listen, therefore, to this Father anil Teacher of yours, V.I I 6b (KV /'(im./C.W /..WiiUACKS and, in humble gratitude and acceplablcness to (lod, duly render loyal service, you will each one of you for his own part, and with a good eonsciencc, and not to your own honour and worldly advan- tage, see that in the (lovernment, Christian as much as Civil, the oxen of Cyi)rus, and the hogs of Acarnania, that is, most brutish men, shall n.)t assume the administration of alTairs, but that always the most virtuous and learned, and only those who have received the most liberal education shrill l)e deemed capable of admission to public offices, and that their measures shall be attended with a hiqjpy issue. Wherefore, I beseech you, as far as you can, strive with all your might, with sails and with steeds, ami in a direct course, towards the true glory of learning, which is hidden in the study of languages, neg- lecting the clamours of I care not whom ; treat with etjuanimity, spurn, regard as nought the labour of such a short space of time as you have to spend here ; so prepare yourselves, that not only from this trifling exertion, which must be borne, you may rather live happy and honoured in future ages, than in return for a short and fleeting pleasure, which most falsely think con- sists in base ease and sloth, ever wretched, be deservedly laughed at by the learned, despised, held in no esteem, and coni[)elled, as it were, to be plunged in perpetual regret, but also, which is the ciiief point, be able to feel glad and rejoice I W ''•V/> r.\-A-.\7>//-A- /.V/..,Av;.v. g, '" the Cluirch of C'hiist nn.I fl,« ^^i"> rorvent „iu ' /^ " I^"^^"^" ^his path «J™co, nml, i„ the sight of the ;.W r '' and feel new nl,.. , , , t-'-^perience (iod >reak S»;int us ! and without ^nd. \\'h ich may ^ i-'N"\\i\ n RrirrtRRs, cr/.v 'EKS, L().\ oo^ ANT) rjfir. \\''iRTH.