IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .V^ f/. I.I 1.25 *u lU 12.2 IT m ^ U2. 12.0 1.4 I 1.6 ^ 4V^ 9 /A ;^v ^-^ 4. ^ •1>^ ;\ \ *> ^ l\ %^ vV CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best origins! copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur L'Institut a microfilm^ ie meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a AtA possible de se procurer. Certains dAfauts susceptibles de nuire A la quaiit6 de la reproduction sont notis ci-dessous. 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Les images suivantes ont At6 reproduites avec le plus grand soln, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetA de I'exemplalre fllm6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —►(meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles sulvants apparaTtra sur la der- nidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signlfie "A SUSVRE", le symbole V signlfie "FIN". The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce d la g6n6rosit6 de I'dtabllssement prAteur suivant : Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper lAft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clich6 sont filmdes A partir de I'angle supdrieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 XfJ^ Y\ gSriiisf) llosociafiott for fl)c |l5Danccmcnf of Science. / TORONTO, 1897, ADDRESS BY SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B. D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., Trra.s.R.S., V.P.S.A., Fou.Skc.G.S. CORRESPONDAVT DE l'In'STITUT DE FuANCK, JiC. PRESIDENT. Once more has tho Dominion of Canada invitorl tho British Association for tho Advancement of Science to hold one of tho annual mootings of its members within the Canadian territory ; and for a second time has the Association had the honour and pleasure of accepting the proffered hospitality. In doing so, the Association has felt that if by any possibility tho scientific welfare of a locality is promoted by its being the scene of such a meeting, the claims should be fully recognised of those who, though not dwelling in the British Isles, are still inhabitants of that Greater P»ritain whose prosperity is so intimately connected with tho fortunes of tho Mother Country. Here, especially, as loyal subjects of one beloved Sovereign, the sixtieth year of whose beneficent reign has just been celebrated with equal rejoic- ing in all parts of her Empire ; as speaking the same tongue, and as in most instances connected by the ties of one common parentage, we are bound together in all that can promote our common interests. There is, in all probability, nothing that will tend more to advance those interests than the diffusion of science in all parts of the British Empire, and it is towards this end that the aspirations of the British Association are ever directed, even if in many instances the aim may not bo attained. We are, as already mentioned, indebted to Canada for previous hos- pitality, but we must also renieml)er that, since tho time when we last assembled on this side of the Atlantic, the ponunion has pro\ idcd the 2 REPORT — 1897. Association with a President, Sir William Dawson, whose name ia alike well known in Britain and America, and whose reputation is indeed world-wide. We rejoice that we have still among us the pioneer of American geology, who among other discoveries first made us acquainted with the * Air-brofithers of the Coal,' the terrestrial or more properly (irhoroiil Sauiians q( the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Coal-measures. On our last visit to Canada, in 1884, our place of assembly was Mont- real, a city which is justly proud of hej* McGill University ; to-day we meet within the buildings of another of the Universities of this vast Dominion — and in a city, the absolute fitness of which for such a purpose nmst have been foreseen l)y the native Indian tribes when they gave to a small aggregation of huts upon this spot the name of Toronto — ' the place of meetings.' Our gathering this year presents a feature of entire novelty and ex- treme interest, inasmuch as the sister Association of the United States of .\merica,— still mourning the loss of her illustrious President, Professor Cope, — and some other learned societies, have made special arrangements to allow of their members coming here to join us. I need hardly say how welcome thcnr presence is, nor how gladly we look forward to their taking part in our discussions, and aiding us by interchange of thought. To such a meeting the term ' international ' seems almost misapplied. It may rathor be described as a family gathering, in which our relatives more or less distant in blood, but still intimately connected with us by language, literature, and habits of thought, have spontaneously arrau,ged to take part. The domain of science is no doubt one in which the various nations of the civilised world meet upon equal terms, and for which no other pass- port is required than sonie e\idence of having striven towards the advance- ment of natural knowledge. Here, on the frontier between the two great Knglish- speaking nations of the world, who is there that does not inwardly feel that anything which conduces to an intimacy between the representa- tives of two countries, both of them actively engaged in the pursuit of science, may also, through such an intimacy, react on the afifairs of daily life, and aid in preserving those cordial relations that have now for so many years existed between the groat American Republic and the British Islands, w ith w Inch her early foundations are indissolubly connected 1 The present year has witnessed an interchange of courtesies which has excited the warmest feelings of approbation on both sides of the Atlantic. 1 mean tlin return to its proper custodians of one of the most interesting of the relics of the Pilgrim Fathers, the Log of the ' Mayflower.' May this return, trifling in itself, be of happy augury as testifying to the feelings of mutual regard and esteem which animate the hearts both of the donors .and of the recipients ! At our meeting in Montreal the President was an investigator who had already attained to a foremost place in tiie domains of Physics and, ADDRESS. V^ 1 Mathematics, Lord Rayleigh. In his address he dealt mainly with topics, such as Light, Heat, Sound, and Electricity, on which ho is one of our principal authorities. His name and that of his fellow-worker, Professor Ramsay, are now and will in all future ages be associated with tlie dis- covery of the new element, Argon. Of the ingenious methods liy which that discovery was made, and the existence of Argon established, this is not the place to speak. One can only hope that the element will not always continue to justify its name by its inertness. The claims of such a leader in physical science as Loi-d Rayleigh to occupy the Presidential chair are self-evident, but possibly those of his successor on this side of the Atlantic are not so immediately apparent. I cannot for a moment pretend to place myself on the same purely scien- tific level as my distinguished friend and for many years colleague, Lord Rayleigh, and my claims, such as they are, seem to me to rest on entirely different grounds. Whatever little I may have indirectly been able to do in assisting to promote the advancement of science, my principal efforts have now for many years been directed towards attempting to forge those links in the history of the world, and especially of humanity, that connect the past with the present, and towards tracing that course of evolution which plays as important a part in the physical and moral development of man as it does in that of the animal and vegetable creation. It appears to me, therefore, that my election to this important post may, in the main, be regarded as a recognition by this Association of the value of Archaeology as a science. Leaving all personal considerations out of question, I gladly hail this recognition, which is, indeed, in full accordance wi^h the attitude already for many years adopted by the Association towards Anthropology, one of the most important branches of true Archaeology. It is no doubt hard to define the exact limits which are to be assigned to Archaeology as a science, and Archaeology as a branch of History and Belles Lettres. A distinction is frequently drawn between science on the one hand, and knowledge or learning on the other ; but translate the terms into Latin, and the distinction at once disappears. In illustration of this I need only cite Bacon's great work on the ' Advancement of Learning,' which was, with his own aid, translated into Latin under the title • De Aiigmentis Scientiarum.' It must, however, be acknowledged that a distinction does exist be- tween Archaeology proper, and what, for want of a better word, may be termed Antiquarianism. It may be interesting to know the internal arrangements of a Dominican convent in the middle ages ; to distinguish between the different mouldings characteristic of the principal styles of Gothic architecture ; to determine whether an English coin bearing the name of Henry was struck under Henry II., Richard, John, or Henry III., or to decide whether some given edifice was erected in Roman, 42 REPORT— 1807 Saxon, or Norman times. But the pownr to do this, though involving no small degree of detailed knowledge and some acquaintance with scientific methods, can hardly entitle its possessors to be enrolled among the votaries of science. A familiarity with all the details of Greek and Roman mythology and culture must be regarded as a literary rather than a scientific qualifica- tion ; and yet when among the records of classical times we come upon traces of manners and customs wliich have survived for generations, and which seem tt) throw some rays of light upon the dim past, when history and writing were unknown, we are, I think, approaching the boundaries of scientific Archjuology. Every reader of Virgil knows that the Greeks were not merely orators, but that with a pair of compasses they could describe the movements of the heavens and fix the rising of the stars ; but when by modern Astro- nomy we can determine the heliacal rising of some well-known star, with which the worship in some given ancient temple is known to have been connected, and can fix its position on the horizon at some particular spot, say, three thousand years ago, and then find that the axis of the temple is directed exactly towards tJiat spot, we have some truitworthy scientific evidence that the temple in question must have been erected at a date approximately 1 100 years n.c. If on or close to the same site we find that more than one temple was erected, each having a diflTerent orientation, these variations, following as they may fairly be presumed to do the changing position of the rising of the dominant star, will also afford a guide as to the chronological order of the different foundations. The researches of Mr. Penrose .seem to show that in certain Greek temples, of which the date of foundation is known from history, the actual orientation corresponds with that theoretically deduced from astronomical data, Sir J. Norman Lockyer has shown that what holds good for Greek temples applies to many of far earlier date in Egypt, though up to the present time hardly a sufficient number of accurate observations have been made to justify us in foreseeing all the instructive results that may be expected to arise from Astronomy coming to the aid of Archaeology. The intimate connection of Archeeology with ot^er sciences is in no case so e\ ident as with respect to Geology, for when considering subjects such as those I shall presently discuss, it is almost impossible to say where the one science ends and the other begins. By the application of geological methods many archreological questions relating even to subjects on the borders of the historical period have been satisfactorily solved. A careful examination of the limits of the area over which its smaller coins are found has led to the position of many an ancient Greek city being accurately ascertained ; while in England it has only been by treating the coins of the Ancient Britons, belonging to a period Iteforc the Roman occupation, as if they were actual fossils, that the territories under the dominion of the various kings and princes who struck them have boeu approximately determined. In arranging the ADDRESS. 5 chronological sc(iucncc of these coins, the evolution of their types — a pro- cess almost as remarkable, and certainly as well-deiined, us any to be found in nature — has served as an elhciejit guide. I may venture to add that the results obtained from the study of the morphology of this series of coins were published ten years before the appearance of Darwin's groat work on the ' Origin of Species.' When we conu; to tin; consideration of the relics of the Early Iron and Bronze Ages, the aid of Chemistry has of necessity to be invoked. By its means we an; able to determine whethci- the iron of a tool or weapon is of meteoritic or volcanic origin, or has beiiu reduced from iron- ore, in wliich case considerable knowledge of metallurgy would be in\ olved on the part of those who made it. With bi'onzc antiquities tlie nature and extent of the alloys combined with tiie copper nmy throw light not only on their chronological position, but on the sources whence the coppr-r, tin, and other metals of which they consist were originally derived. I am not aware of there bcang sufficient diflerences in the analyses of the native copper from different localities in the region in which we are assembled, for Canadian Archieologists to fix the sources fiom which the metal was obtained which was used in the manufacture of the ancient tools and weapons of copper that are occasionally discovered in this part of the globe. Like Chemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology may be called to the assistance of Archieology in tletermining the nature and source of the rocks of which ancient stone implements are made ; and, thanks to researches of the followers of those sciences, the old view that all such implements formed of jade and found in Europe must of necessity have been fashioned from material imported from Asia can no longer be main- tained. In one respect the Arclueologist ditters in opinion from the Mineralogist —namely, as to the propriety of chipping off fragments from perfect and highly finished specimens for the purpose of submitting them to microscopic examination. I have hitherto been speaking of the aid that other .sciences can afford to Archaeology when dealing with questions that come almost, if not quite, within the fringe of history, and belong to times when the surface of our earth presented much the same conHguration as regards the distribution of land and watei', and hill and valh^y, as it does at present, and wiien, in all probability, the climate was much the same as it now is. When, how- ever, we come to discuss t: remote age in which we find t'e earliest traces that are at present known of JSIan's appearance upon earth, the aid of Geology and Paheontology becomes absolutely imperative. The changes in the surface configuration and in the extent of the land, especially in a country like Britain, as well as the modifications of the fauna and llora since those days, have been such that the Archicologist pure and simple is incompetent to deal with tliem, and he must either himself undertake the study of these other sciences or call experts in them « RF.rORT — 180' to his assistance. The evidence that Man had already appeared upon the earth is afforded by stone implements wrought by liis hands, and it falls strictly within the province of the Arcliicologist to judge whether given specimens were so wrougfit or not ; it rests with the Geologist to deter- mine their .•itratigraphical or chronological position, while the Palaionto- logist can pronounce upon the age and character of the associated fauna and flora. If left to himself the Archaeologist seems too prone to buildup theories founded upon form alone, irrespective of geological conditions. The Geo- logist, unaccustomed to archaeological details, may readily fail to see the difference between the results of the operations of Nature and those of Art, and may be liable to trace the effects of man's handiwork in the chipping, bruising, and weai'ing which in all ages result from ratural forces ; but the united labours of the two, checked by those of the Paheontologist, cannot do otherwise than lead awards sound conclu- sions. It will perhaps be expected of me that I should on the present occa- sion bring under review the state of our present knowledge with regard to the Antiquity of Man ; and probably no fitter place could be found for the discussion of such a topic than the adopted home of my venerated friend, the late 8ir Daniel "Wilson, who first introduced the word ' pre- historic ' into the English language. Some among us may be able to call to mind the excitement, not only among men of science but among the general public, when, in 1859, the discoveries of M. Boucher de Perthes and Dr. Rigollot in the gravels of the valley of the Sonuiie, at Abbeville and Amiens, were confirmed by the investigations of the late Sir Joseph Prestwich, myself, and others, and the co-existence of Man with the extinct animals of the Quaternary fauna, such as the man^motli and woolly-haired rhinoceros, was first virtually established. It was at the same time pointed out that these relics belonged t(» a far earlier date than the ordinary stone weapons found upon the surface, which usually showed signs of grinding or polish- ing, and that in fact there were two Stone Ages in Britain. To these the terms Neolithic and Paheolithic were subsequently applied by Sir John Lubbock. The excitement was not less, when, at the meeting of this Association at Aberdeen in the autumn of that year. Sir Charles Lyell, in the presence of the Prince Consort, called attentifni (o the discoveries in the valley of the Somme, the site of which he had himself visited, and to the vast lapse of time indicated by the position of the implements in drift-deposits a hundred feet above the existing river. The conclusions forced upon those who examined the facts on the spot did not receive immediate acceptance by all who were interested in Geo- logy and Arclun)logy, and fierce were the controversies on the subject that were carried on both in the new.spapers and before various learned societies. ADDRESS. It is at tho same tiino iiiutructive and amusing to look back nn tlio (liscus8ions of those days. Wliilo one class of olyectors accounled for tlio configuration of tho Hint iinphnneiits from the gravels by some unknown chemical agency, by the violent and continued gyratory at^tion of water, by fracture resulting from pressure, by rapid cooling when hot or by rapid heating when cold, or even regarded them as alierrant f»»rm8 of fossil fishes, tliore were others who, when compelled to acknttwledge that (he implements were the work of men's hands, attempted to impugn and set aside the evidence as to the circumstances under which they had been discovered. In doing this they adopted the view that the worked flints had either been introduced into th(^ containing beds at a comparatively recent date, or if they actually formed constituent parts of the gravel then that this was a. mere modern alluvium resulting from floods at no very remote period. In the course of a few years the main stream of scientific thought left this controversy behind, though a tendency to cut down the lapse of time necessary for all the changes that liave taken place in the configuration of the surface of the earth and in the character of its (jccupants since the time of the Palaiolithic gravels, still survives in the inmost recesses of the hearts of not a few observers. In his Address to this Association at the Bath meeting of 1HG4, Sir Charles Lyell struck so true a note that I am tempted to reproduce the paragraph to which I refer : — ' When speculations on the long series of events which occurred in the glacial and post-glacial periods are indulged in, the imagination is apt to take alarm at the immensity of the time required to interpret the monu- ments of these ages, all referable to the era of existing species. In ordei- to abridge the number of centuries which would otherwise be indispensable, a disposition is shown by many to magnify the rate of change; in pre- historic times by investing the causes which have modified the animate and inanimate world with extraordinary and excessive energy. It is related of a great Irish orator of our day that when he was about to contribute somewhat parsimoniously towards a public charity, he was persuaded by a friend to make a more liberal donation. In doing so he apologized for his first apparent want of generosity by saying that his early life had been a constant struggle with scanty means, and that " they who are born to affluence cannot easily imagine how long a time it takes to get the chill of poverty out of one's bones." In like manner we of the living generation, when called upon to make grants of thousands of centuries in order to explain the events of what is called the modern period, shrink naturally at first from making what seems so lavish an expenditure of past time. Throughout our early education we have been accustomed to such strict economy in all that relates to the chronology »>f the earth and its inhabitants in remote ages, so fettered have we been by old traditional beliefs, that even when our reason is convinced, and we n RErORT- -1897. are persuaded thai wo ought to inako nioro liberal grants of time to the Geologist, wo fool how hard it is to got the chill of poverty out of our bones.' Many, however, have at the present day got over this feeling, and of late years the general tendency of those engaged upon the question of the antitjuity of the human ic^ -e has been in the direction of seeking for evidence by which the exisiunce of Man ujion the earth could bo carried back to a date earlier than that of the Quaternary gravels. TluM-e is little doubt that such evidence will eventually bo forthcoming, but, judging from all probability, it is not in Northern Europe that the cradle of the hunum race will c\ tually be discovered, but in some part of the world more favoured by a ipical clinuite, where abundant means of subKi.stence could be procured, and where the necessity for warm clothing did not exist. liefore (iutering into speculations on this subject, or attempting to lay down the limits within which we may safely accept recent discoveries as lii'mly (^stabliKhed, it will be well to glance at some of the cases in which implements are stated to have been found under circumstances which raise a presumption of the existence of man in pre-Glacial, Pliocene, or even Miocene times. Fli. t implements of ordinary Palajolithic type have, for instance, been recorded as found in the Eastern Counties of England, in beds beneath the Chalky Boulder Clay ; but on careful examin.ition the geological evidence has not to my mind proved satisfactory, nor has it, I believe, been genei-ally accepted. Moreover, the archa'ological difficulty that Man, at two such remote epochs as the pi-e-Clacial and the post- Glacial, even if the term CJlacial be limited to the Chalky Boulder Clay, should have manufactured implements so identical in character that they cannot be distinguished apart, seems to have been entirely ignored. Within the last few months we have had the report of worked flints having been discovered in the late Pliocene Forest Bed of Norfolk, but in that instance the signs of human workmanship upon the flints are by no means apparent to all observers. But such an antiquity as that of the Forest Bed is as nothing when compared with that which would be implied by the discove.^ ;ciently proved liy the fact that valleys, some miles in width and of a depth of from 100 to 150 feet, have been eroded since the deposit of the earliest implement-bearing beds. Nor is the ai)parent duration of this period diminished by the consideration that the floods which hollowed out the valleys were not in all pi-obability of such frequent (tccurrcnce as to teach Paheolithic man by experience the danger of settling too near to the streams, for had he kept to the higher slopes of the valley there would have been but little chance of his implements having so constantly formed constituent parts of the gravels deposited by the floods. 10 RErOKT — 180< The examination of British cave-doposits affords corroborative evi- dence of this extended duration of the Palaeolithic Period. In Kent's Cavern at Torquay, for instance, we find in the lowest deposit, the Ijreccia below the red cave-earth, implements of flint and chert corresponding in all respects with those of the high level and most ancient river gravels. In the cave-earth the'»3 are scarcer, though implements occur which also have their aualoguea in the river deposits ; but, what is more remarkable, harpoons of reindeer's liorn and needles of bone are present, identical in form and character with tliose of the caverns of the Reindeer Period in the South of Frar.cc, and suggestive of some bond of union or identity of descent between the early troglodytes, whose habitations were geographi- cally so widely separated the one from the other. In a cavern at Creswell Crags, on the confines of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, a bone has moreover been found engraved with a repre- sentation of parts of a horse in precisely the same style as the engraved bones of the French caves. It is uncertain whether any of the River-drift specimens belong to so late a date as these artistic cavern-remains ; but the greatly superior antiquity of even these to any Neolithic relics is testified by the thick layer of stalagmite, which had been deposited in Kent's Cavern before its occupation l)y men of the Neolithic and Bronze Periods. Towards the close of the period covered by the human occupatiori of the French caves, there seems to have been a dwindling in the number of the larger animals constitutin'^ *^he Quaternary fauna, whereas their re- mains are present in abunr" k e n . the lower and therefore more recent of the valley gravels. This .u^ ' tance may afford an argument in favour of regarding the period reprr .ited by the later French caves as a con- tinuation of that during whic he old river gravels were deposited, and yet the great change in the fa^ la that has taken place since the latest of the cave-deposits included in the Palaeolithic Period is indicative of an immense lapse of time. How much greater must have been the time required for the more conspicuous change between the old Quaternary fauna of the river gravels and that characteristic of the Neolithic Period ! As has been pointed out by Prof. Boyd Dawkins, only thirty-one out of the forty-eight well- ascertained species living in the post-Glacial or River-drift Period survived into pre- historic or Neolithic times. We have not, indeed, any means at command for estimating the number of centuries which such an important change indicates ; but when we remember that the date of the commencement of the Neolithic or Surface Stone Period is still shrouded in the mist of a dim antiquity, and that prior to that commencement the River-drift Period had long come to an end ; and when we fui'ther i,>ke into account the almost inconceivable ajres that even under the most favourable conditions the excavation of wide anvl deep valleys by river action implies, .he remoteness of the date ADDRESS. 11 at which the Palaeolithic Period had its beginning almost transcends our powers of imagination. We find distinct traces of river action from 100 to 200 feet above the level of existing streams and rivers, and sometimes at a great distance from them ; we observe old fresh-water deposits on the slopes of valleys several miles in width ; we find that long and lofty escarpments of rock have receded unknown distances since their summits were first occupied by Palaeolithic man ; we see that the whole side of a wide river valley has been carried away by an invasion of the sea, which attacked and removed a barrier of chalk cliffs from 400 to 600 feet in height ; we find that what was formerly an inland river has been widened out into an arm of the sea, now the highway of our fleets, and that gravels which were originally deposited in the bed of some ancient river now cap isolated and lofty hills. And yet, remote as the date of the first known occupation of Britain by man may be, it belongs to what, geol'^^ically speaking, must be regarded as a quite recent period, for we are now in a position to fix with some degree of accuracy its place on the geological scale. Thanks to investigations ably carried out at Hoxne in Suffolk, and at Hitchin in Hertfordshire, by Mr. Clement Reid, under the auspices of this Associa- tion and of the Royal Society, we know that the implement-bearing beds at those places undoubtedly belong to a time subsequent to the deposit of the Great Chalky Boulder Clay of the Eastern Counties of England. It is, of course, self-evident that this vast deposit, in v, hatever manner it may have been formed, could not, for centuries after its deposition was complete, have presented a surface inhabitable by man. Moreover, at a distance but little farther north, beds exist which also, though at a some- what later date, were apparently formed under Glacial conditions. At Hoxne the interval between the deposit of the Boulder Clay and of the implement-bearing beds is distinctly proved to have witnessed at least two noteworthy changes in climate. The beds immediately reposing on the Clay are characterised by the presence of alder in abundance, of hazel, and yew, as well as by that of numerous flowering plants indicative of a temperate climate very different from that under which the Boulder Clay itself was formed. Above these beds characterised by temperate plants, comes a thick and more recent series of strata, in which leaves of the dwarf Arctic willow and birch abound, and which were in all probability deposited under conditions like those of the cold regions of Siberia and North America. At a higher level and of more recent date than these — from which they are entirely distinct — are the beds containing Palaeolithic imple- ments, formed in all probability under conditions not essentially different from those of the present day. However this may be, we have now con- clusive evidence that the Palaeolithic implements are, in the Eastern Counties of England, of a date long posterior to that of the Great Chalky Boulder Clay. 12 REPORT — 1897. It may be said, and said truly, that the implements at Hoxne cannot be shown to belong to the beginning rather than to some later stage of the Palaeolithic Period. The changes, however, that have taken place at Hoxne in the surface configuration of the country prove that the beds containing the implements cannot belong to the close of that period. It must, moreover, be remembered that in what are probably the earliest of the Pala;olithic deposits of the Eastern Counties, those at the highest level near Brandon in Norfolk, where the gravels contain the largest proportion of pebbles derived from Glacial beds, some of the implements themselves have been manufactured from materials not native to the spot but brought from a distance, and derived in all pro- bability either from the Boulder Clay or from some of the beds associated with it. We must, however, take a wider view of the whole question, for it must not for a moment be supposed that there are the slightest grounds for believing that the civilisation, such as it was, of tl«v' ralieolithic Period originated in the British Isles. We find in other countries implements so identical in form and character with British specimens that they might have been manufactured by the same hands. These occur over large areas in France under similar conditions to those that prevail in England. The same forms have been discovered in the ancient river gravels of Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Some few have been recorded from the north of Africa, and analogous types occur in considerable numbers in the south of that continent. On the banks of the Nile, many hundreds of feet above its present level, implements of the European types have been discovered ; while in SomaliLaid, in an ancient river valley at a great elevation above the sea, Mr. Seton-Karr has collected a large number of implements formed of flint and quartzite, which, judging from their form aad character, might have been dug out of the drift deposits of the Somme or the Seine, the Thames or the ancient Solent. In the valley of the Euphrates implements of the same kind have also been found, and again farther east in the lateritic deposits of Southern India they have been obtained in considerable numbers. It is not a little remarkable, and is at the same time highly suggestive, that a form of implement almost peculiar to Madras reappears among imple- ments from the very ancient gravels of the Manzanares at Madrid. In the case of the African discoveries we have as yet no definite Palasonto- logical evidence by which to fix their antiquity, but in the Narbada Valley of Western India PaUt'olithic implements of quartzite seem to be associated with a local fauna of Pleistocene age, comprising, like that of Europe, the elephant, hippopotamus, ox, and other mammals of species now extinct. A correlation of the two faunas with a view of ascertainin