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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANS: and ISO "!"EST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 m m m 1£. 2.8 3.2 M i|4.0 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ x^PPLIED IMAGE Inc 1653 East Main Street Rochester, New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (/16) 288 - 5989 - Fox USA i._i_fij.. ■*^«l^«?=^:^^#^#?S#^'!^#*5*V|'j5*|i^''«^|^«»*^^^^ : V THE EMIGRANT'S HAND-600K OF FACTS, COXf KliMXO Canada, .\ew Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, &e. By SAMUEL BUTLER, Es(i. li' ^;> I'M. V Pi / ^>^ / / "V / 5V^-^' ?^■ w ^•P'^'- ^ '£^^ '}. ♦r>>* Co !'> ^•>'■>>^ ^^ 0'. #> A. X X *. '»A "'J'i MuUU L, \ yr^ iHfl' xAC •nff'^ rz <^ '< ^/ t'Ji.. riw»*S .X" «-! mA" K X ,»>*• {^ n,?.nv/?"^// '■ /•', S^* s/ /, aO'^' t^ 5 > I A/A" ^ Slakpji I). H U ^ .O JV c, » ^- I.M'KEW / r/mntiy J. ^J\/^ ■' /A'/J/A.V 4*. 'I'h'h'lijd^OKY '^ /{•<»/. -*t "»^ 5jy I Sound ' '> ;^acbM»^ GoiliTifli C. Jl'iirrutii/i, /O >v ;«•' co; vr//„; r^^ /*--//// o ^c ■^ .#' rc^A \< -A/-; "•^'^'y.* -44 /- /l" ^pfp. ^^^^^^^^ 1V' .^'< >»*^ wi. ,«iV ,.«^i- / 6^ ••«s A .D^' >' Vo* ''^. ,1^ >J^' tO^V #i': ■//: w^ y- u y" c:o :^: rywn D^' OJ»f '>^ S^ 4»S* i^x**^ .?:*> ."i r- y 4rAVN.fe .z s <1 eUi^'* j; <;^u>? \\i> ^:;7 y ^%j (^ 'i^"% ''^«*..>. •^ :^ uoiMtfs ST ^^^' .<^^ ^ o/aA^F^^^ / *%; '*% /IID <■*' Bstfli /<' ^ \ r 7i ^ ^"^ 1^ i^ .j^(^' CAFABA AAn THE BY SAMUKL BITLUR ESQ. / ■e*kc or Mikci. li, 4 "« «• ' " S d ' «u V tJl" jv<^ •d- v^/^ a/ .^p,*^' ^, ■ ' 3ATHrJ ^* ^ /§ /^^ ^. vS' V '/3l ^-^A X. Ottw*iraai or Oi-aiu XJIfrnttiuiiumafii _ LtfOMnh #-'^/// ..'^'' 7 t ^/ 'SPi i.ft*^ fl \^ d £liz i^^-C^X *fJn ^'V,. o Bsitli / oV"^' 7 / /• I' Jllirru «/a tV^l %v "^^ // \s^ 00} Ae/,' o >: V 7 / »"^ti /> I I \,v>^* Oi 1 "''• . I''- «-i i-'^^V. '*/. •^J, A »"^. ■■^^i'%:. '^'''%« .^ pi vl^ lK^ »VA >^^/ ^.v *Lf^*^' JB -^AVN/^ ^Vi> N ^'^. v5\^ c/aA^F^^^^ fw .^/ V "% '^^mJN.^ ^'>'i'« ■ '"^J:^^- ^"^T^ />^' cosiiorrojf '^\^ ^f^ Barii /^' '%. ffk V^ JV %v Sv..>» ^. *^, .^. K ^>? AT '^o ^ '^\ % '^. ^^ ,^ 4/ / / •^* / ■v.. / \,. ^« ".^//^>«.y/ /,^ ir: //. Ar /v^a,^ ,^^ ,^,^^// s/,'^. l-lt?" <•>"'" Z^v*l > I \ "-'^T^-' — V-, //. J///w//..>V' . //Y///// S//rrr. If ha: CAN V] COL( PRACTIC Ai VfJ PUBLISI] AN] THE EMIGRANT'S HAND-BOOK OP FACTS, CONCHRNINO CAN\DA, NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA, CAPE OP GOOD HOPE, &c. ; U'lTH Tim RELATIVE ADVANTAGES RACn .)F TUB COLONIES OFFERS FOR EMIGRATION, AND PRACTICAL ADVICE TO INTENDING EMIGRANTS. BY SAMUEL BUTLER, ESQ Author of <■ TUe Hand-B„ok for Australian Einlgrants." GLASGOW: '~' '^' "^ ^^' ^'- ^vrFHUN, »4, ARGYLL ST AND N. „ COTES. CHEAPSIDE. LONDON. ' MDCC'CXLIII. Glasgow :-Edward Khull, r7i;;^^rT7theU„i.e»i versity. CONTENTS. I^TUODUCTION, Sect. ()', (Sect. 7. Sect. 8. Sect. .9. Sect. 10. Sect. 11. Sect. 12. Sect. 13. Sect. 14. Sect. 15, Sect. 16. rsijy. Sect. 17. Sect. 18. Sect. ly. Chapter I.-British America. ^ai.ur'^"^^-^^«^--«-«overn.ent- l^ower Canada, continued.' Geolo^v-Snil' P ductious — PoniiliHn,, x? ^ " ."^"S) »oil— Pro- "&?"*• ""■''"•'"■ Toronto-Kingitou- Canada. Climate, ' ' ' • ^^i^&da, continued. Commerce NaT ll'"'''' and Cape Breton ' .' ''gmt'.p'' ^-^-^li"S I^migra'nt. Who ma^ Emi- Advic Arfea;;if ^^''^^'^^^ ^^'•"^■^^^-■^ Sailing JtS on ;s7n;^'«^ ^^"^* ^'^^^^ ^^ AJt-^^"ftWr"^ Capitall CK of'^f '"?^- „^.""&rant. with ing-Land Ollicc.siIpS~o^r^ G?' ■''' ""'^ lage— Expense of Ererfi.Ju (^ 'azing—Til- Advice to' En;igrants;co«//,,;,.i • ^ • Aitounts given of these Provinces hv ^«ffi ' Conclusion. Emirrration i'tutuK^.^^^^''^ Pago V 6 10 14 17 19 23 27 32 34 39 41 43 48 I c««ci.i„s;K„,s„;:SKS? 60 71 76 101 Tf IV Sect. I Sect. '_>, Sect. ,'}, Sect. 4 CONTKNTS. ri.AlTEHlI._AL'.STUAr.ASlA. Aiistralift, Australia Fel/.y, Soutli Australia', Western Australia, ScT. .,. xNew Zealand, ^e,'t.o. Opinio,,, of a Settler," CirAI.TEaIir._AFniCAANDS0UTl Sect.]. Cape of Good Hone, ••^ect. -2. Falkland Islands/ ' . ; Appendix. ^^o. n. Colonial Markets, ' * I'a«e !()» U2 13.5 LW 1.58 17ii urn 202 Ameuu'a. , 20i . 213 217 23(i INTRODUCTIO N. The subject of Emio-ration ha'^^'' It never was of Weater imprp=f ? •^'' ''"^ certainly . at the present mLent Thp f '""^ ^^P^''^^^^^ ^han I and mLufactn^erand the n'^''^^'^ ^'^^« ^^ trade i «tate of the labour make In. r'T'"' overstocked ^ g:ration to our extensive ami ^^^If^ention to emi- '"eans of relief. Thousand Irf^'^'f "°'«'"es as a ""able to find constar?t p1 i ^ *''^ labourino- classes wardfor their Cufwh'en it?'"'/ ""' '^ ^"^^^^^^ S in^^ small capital, vv ofi d t Znf 'n' ?^ ^^ '^^'^ »^^v. oaptalM'ithUtinthiscrnTy?^^^^^^^^ to the shores of Canada aS' 7 ^'1^ anxiously settlements, as fields Xre the • M '"' ^"^tralasian ert.ons mHI be duly rewa.-ded ^'"' '"^ ^^'''' '^- :orp^s?:^^li;;^^^^^^ ' 'ng- extensively resorS 'o uj "^^^^^'ty of this be- ,torec,uire this"^; and tit 'ble^. ^.^.^^^ *?« ^PP-ent clustrious emio-rant so imU^nf ;, "" ^^*^ 'o^^'" and in- quire evidence to ^Tabl shTt \tth ^Tf"' ^°"^^;*« -" I'kely ultimately to arise fn Vi • "^^'^ ^'^^^ benefit tensive emigration ?o hTr v rin ?"^*''^ ^''«'" ex- g-enL-iully admitted. Thp rom^""i" r I'''' '^ "^^ also fant labourers who at Itent ovp'rlt'^'^! superabun- ! J'ome, while it must in nU i i ^''f ^^ock the market at "P ^<> them thr e u.s ' 7 H ;'^ ^'"1^ *h^'»' «Peni4 n'eans oi attaining, by industry and VI INTRODUCTION. sobricly a comfortable independence, will benefit in two ways those left behind :_First, by the withdrawal from the market of the comi)etition of labour, which cannot find employment except at reduced wages, and with difficulty even then; and, Second, by the creation of new markets for our manufactures; for it is certain that every emiurant, however poor in this country, who finds his way to Canada or our Australasian colonies, becomes iu a very short time a consumer of British goods. Neither is it our object in this work directly to ad- vise the emigrant to one colony over another. We have no partiality for one more than another— no de- sire to give an undue preference ; or to depreciate one colony at the expense of another. This has been too much practised ; and several valuable colonies have been seriously injured by unjust statements made, and unfounded prejudices created regarding them for the benefit of others, possessing in no way superior advan- tages. Our object has rather been by detailing facts to give the intending emigrant ample means to guide him in making a proper selection for the scene of his future exertions. Emigration — the removal from the scenes around which all our affections have hitherto been concentrated, is a matter of grave importance, and one which ought to be deliberately and seriously con- sidered, and the choice of the colony which the emi- grant is to make the scene of his future home,are equally entitled to careful and deliberate consideration. The labouring man, in so far as emigration depends on his own exertions, is in the mean time, in a great measure restricted in his choice among the British colonies, to Canada or the other provinces, belonging to Great Britain, in North America. The expense even of a steerage passage to Australasia, puts it far bevond his DOwer to seek any of these colonies, however strong his desire may be to do so. Indeed, Canada has been emphatically called the *' Poor Man's Home," and in the extended regions there, belonging (o Great Britain, the sober and industrious labourer or i\'ill benefit in ,he withdrawal labour, which ;c(l wages, and •y the creation "or it is certain s country, M'ho asian colonies, tner of British directly to ad- another. We lother — no de- depreciate one s has been too colonies have ents made, and ', them for the mperior advan- ce to i7mr7/«c^s means to guide he scene of his moval from the have hitherto mportance, and I seriously con- which the etni- )me,are equally leration. :ration depends imc, in a great ng the British ices, belonging The expense •alasia, puts it these colonies, lo so. Indeed, 18 " Poor Man's re, belonging to )us labourer or I? \m INTRODUCTION. yii mechanic is certain of having his labour duly rewarded VVe do not certainly iiear of such ample fortunes be- ing made m Canada, as have been realized in Australia • but we have sufficient evidence to show that after a very short residence in any of the British North Ame- rican provmces, tlie exertions of the labourinir man, if steadily and soberly pursued, will lead to comfort and independence. The effects also of the late changes on the British laritt must be of immense benefit to this important colony, and cannot fail to give a great impulse to i^anadian agriculture. But this is not all. There seems now no longer any reason to doubt, that in the course of the present session, a measure will be pro- posed to Parliament for the admission of Canada-grown u heat and flour into Great Britain at a merely no- minal fixed duty The only obstacle to this hitherto, in the words of lord Stanley, was the local position of >Ti it''- /o^'^''^"'^^ to the wheat-growing districts pf the United States, and the admission of that staple into Canada free of duty. The Canadian legislature however, have just passed a law imposing a duty of 3^ per quarter on all Unitcd-States-grown wheat brought into the colony ; and there is every reason to thiSk. that the consequence will be the free admission of Canadian wheat and Canadian manufactured flour into Great Britain. Canada will thus really be-what all our colonies ought to be-an integral part of the iTIV r^^^ ""'''}} "' ^^^^ ^^ ^"o^'ier great county added to Great Britain, and the improvement and ex- tension of its agriculture must be great and imme- diate. The manufacture of flour too, will be greatly increased and improved, and the extensive wateiM)ower which Canada affords, will be more fully opened up. io the emigrant of capital, as well as to the la- bourer, this colony ^vilI now ofler a field fur exertion, It has never yet done. Where there are such numbers of working people unemployed as is at present the ease in this countrv. It IS impossible that our valuable Australasian colonies vin INTRODUCllON can be allowed to languish as some of them are doi.jrr or want of labourers. Means must be adopted eithc? by the Government, or by joint stock companies for siijjplying the wants of these colonies by an extensive and general system of emigration— and thus bcncfitino- tliem, while we relieve the pressure at liome. Varioul means have been for a time acted upon, with advan- tage,_tor sending out labourers free to our Australasian colonies, and various suggestions have been made for a more extended and general system of free emi-ra- tion. lo be successfully carried into effect, however, It must, we strongly suspect, be undertaken by govern- ment ; and it is to be hoped that the absolute ncces- sity o taking some measures for the relief of the wide spread_ distress at present prevailing in this country by emigration at the public expense, will be forced upon the attention of the Icgislatu-e. In the mean time, however, every exertion should be made by means of joint stock companies, to give facilities of removal to eligible emigrants to these distant but valuable colonies. And it would be well that parishes and landlords would look more to emip-ration as a re- hef from poor's rates, than they have nitherto been inclined to do. The following plan has been suggested to us for carrying out a system of emigration from this part of the country, by means of a Joint Stock Company We give the plan in the words of the gentlem ith whom It originated, without pledging ourselves 'le pro priety of all its details ; but there can be no doubt that by some such mode, much relief might be afforded to the unemployed labouring population, and at the same time, an opening be made for the profitable investment of capital : — 1. That a joint stock company should be formed in bcot and, having its central committee of management in Glasgow, for the purchase of a block of land in New Zealand, or Australia, say 100,000 acres : which the government were in the habit of selling to the New Zealand Company, on certain conditions at 5s. per INTRODUCTION. them are doing acIo])ted either companies for >.V an extensive thus benefiting- lome. Various n, with advan- ir Australasian been made for >f free emigra- iect, however, :en by govern- ibsolute ncces- iet' of the wide this country, will be forced In the mean be made by e facilities of B distant but that parishes ^ation as a re- iiitherto been ied to us for n this part of ompany. We "th whom le pro- be no doubt, it be afforded , and at the be profitable be formed in management land in New ; which the to the New at 5s. ])cr acr ■e, who sell it out again at 30s. per acre, and IX ex- i penu a tinrd of tins m sending out emigrants and surveyors. = & •« 2. Were such a company formed in Scotland, it is proposed, in place of sending out emigrants free, that tins company should advance the money for takino- out the emigrants to the colony, on condition that the^'emi- grants who ap,)ly to be sent out, shall unite in r.arties ot six or ten, binding themselves jointly and severally, to 'cpay the company by monthly instalments, say the sum ot 30/. sterling for each, within two years from the time ot their landing in the colony. If paid within one year, a discount of 10 per cent, to be allowed, or if the party purchase land from the company for the purpose ot cultivation, the money to be allowed to lie for five years upon the security of the land, the parties pavin- 7 per cent, interest. i J o 3. That none shall be eligible as emigrants above 36 years, un ess married and having a family, when 40 years sha 1 be the limit, additional payment being made in proportion to the number of children, a preference being given to young married couples. 4. That besides being sent out to the colony in well- provided vessels, an outfit of not less than five pounds m clothes, tools, &c., be given to each. TJ'^u ^^^^^ °"^'^"^ ^^ the scheme, it will be seen that the first outlay of the company will be in the purchase of land from the government, which cannot amount to a large sum at the outset ; and the first l)urchase of the company being sold, they will have It m their power to extend their purchases from government. ' It is probable that such a scheme would give ri^e to the formation of other companies, such as a coi.. my for prosecuting the whale fishery-which is at present almost wholly in the hands of the Amerienn« «nd irench, wlio fina it an extremely lucrative trade—thus giving employment to our shipping from the Clyde • ^ylule emigrants, joining in parties of their own selec- tion, and becoming jointly and severally bound together II IWlttOUUCXXON, for the .rants, to';h^XntlT"J T'^''^\ ^^^^ °^'-''- tlie emigrants mnL-inrr „ "p!'''" <^o ^^o come under by the ^vho^ rSs Zt ftlS sn"^ responsible i'Z «scd by r'arties riptn« ? ""'^'' "^^^^'^^ ^^0"^^ l^e racter ni'thl *"^'"?e'^Gs, to ascertain the real cha- racter o the companions they select thnt lim risk wou d attach to nnif^Ii^fe i , ■ ' , . "^^^^ or no above schemT vvl^irp ^f . o '"'^'''.'^ ^''^''' ^'^ *« the employment!; ^/ „ esfntldf '' 'I^ ' P''^^^^^'^ season for actior m nou . • . ^^P'^al-and as the that some of our bhcsnirked J '"' ''"'^''^''^ ^^^P« forvvard.andatleas m.kiw^^^^^ ?^^ '^''" ^tep «er to the choice of the cm™"^''^; '!,"","' I''* "'^'- have detailed, we frel n»ii„, ° 1 '"" *•'''"'* «« severed so manv t'w^ n.ff • ^^^ ''"^ ^^'^o has J •v.uiuves lo a more distant nr^-f v.n ^f ^k t-< ■ "^ where tlie state of society is nl"^' "^ '''« Empire, ent from what he !>,»?,? ""■' essentially difler. but «e wou d cmpia iea«v"e!;in"''°"^f'' '° ""'»""' ' tion to what is e7ewlSe shted ™ n ' 'T' '" '<''''- following solemn warninVfrom M BuekiTh''" "•'" IIS recent work on the United Stale Tht ^ f,"' '" «'ith"eVi, ':;:: rzr ■ ^^'^ -"^x-k of coiin'tr; ajr^" r"r ; rf- "ii[ «"« ™-Wer love Of country as a mere nreindir-p yration tn thp. iTr.;*^/) al^.""' R rtSrri'ci 'dtr:^f & t '« '-'=^^^ ^ «™t. h,.u.eerotlh^rhif;iTftrn!;; t=: l)€rs Stat hap] wan tend we 1 to tl gran ^ that I cour II latio I as tl as m he fi of lo deco text from debt Thej menf inspi sure moth by w cities them poor negle *'] THIR] THE ] COUN' FULL JVo. have 1 ment IP" .^rior body of emi- fig- them. Indeed, JO come under by lal responsible for caution would be ain the real cha- that little or no ? their aid to the ave a profitable Jital— and as the e sincerely hope nsmen will step t of ameliorating- unfortunate, but re desirous, but ;rtion. ? advice regard- eaving the mat- in the facts we -n small capital- to the United ibandonment of 5n of a foreign ' one who has must do, this is e, that by emi- i-ant in reality of the Emnire, sentially differ- i to at home ; intion, in addi- subject,to tho uckingham, in 'his gentleman lers who look » consider love jnruicnds euji- shuts his eyes 3n to the emi- 2 fate of num- INTRODUCTIOM, XI bers of our unfortunate countrymen, led to the United . btates by representations such as his, which they un- I happily do not find realized. The following is the warmng he has given, and we would recommend in- tcndmg emigrants to read it in connexion with what ' J^'^hav^esewhere given on the question of emigration to the United States. ° *' The improvement of the condition of the emi- , grants themselves would be as great and as certain as ^ that of the two countries, if they pursued a right I course; and that, with good advice, and proper regu- I lations, cou d almost be ensured. At present, as soon I as they land in the sea-port town, they are beset with be first touches the shore, especially by the keepers of low taverns, and dram-shops. By them they^are decoyed to their houses, made drunk under the pre- text of a welcome and hospitality, their monev taken from them if they have any, and if they have not, a debt for board and drink contracted against them. Ihey then roam about the city in search of employ- ment, where little or none is to be had : they beconie inspired with a distaste for the country, where alone a sure and certain harvest awaits them j and like the moth which lingers around the flame until consumed by what dazzles it, they hang about the skirts of the cities and the grog shops, till their poverty tempts nZho ^^™'^\;;*^^" }^''y 'become the inmates of the poor house or the prison, and there end their days in neglect and misery. -^ J!J^ '' ^'^^'^^'"^^ as a fact, that more than one- THIRD OF THE EMIGRANTS FROM EuROPE, DIE WITHIN THE FIRST -^"HEE YEARS OF THEIR RESIDENCE IN THIS COUNTRY, THOUGH THEY GENERALLY COME OUT IN THF FULL VIGOUR OF LIFE !" Mte.^ln our notice of the Falkland Islands we have mentioned the recent appearance of an advertise- ment announcing the intention of government to '% xii INTRODUCTION. thL J L /«'^'"J\.«"'' statint,. the terms on wf.ich this IS to he (lone. Since this, a paragra- I, has an poarod .n the Times, in which i/ is LicI tl oy a?; authonzed to state, that this advertisement has ot emanated from jxovern.nent, that it was pu si ed vmhont the amhonty of the Emi.naion CoS^^ er^. Ahhono-h, .owc-vr, this advertisement may have eeu pre.nuturely issued, and its details incorrle i' seems ahnost certain that measures will be speedily taken by government to colonize these islands ^ ui e terms on wfiicli irugraj Ii has ap- is said tlioy arc iseinent has not \ was j)ubli.shc(i ion Conjiniss-ion- ienient may have ails incorrect, it \vill be speedily e islands. / 170 The T/inv A'iii,/.f\ ■ /-A, Matutwu ttiui' f^ '^. ''■ ^j ^ j^J£ )y 2£AiAPI IJ V SAM I- 1:1. lU'TLKK ICSQ" •III -u) HO ^o itiii i/i) I III /till i.vii wn Jtiilisli Miles Tflf tun ilottiul //>//'.» tiiiirA- tl''' fss,:<.:ui>ii.t ■ij'/h,' .VfM.Tf>f/ttHif f^mnfiitntf . Illlkillllilll SliDiiIti jiii^a M„ KUL-p f •lOi CaiM- ;;^ ( tlSt'tlt. k hth; I Lon^itiul^ Knst 1 70 frmi. London \Viti4li'riitti'ii r J> or Topiito-poiu PORT ^VICHOLSOS t 10 lo O O K S T R 4 y J, Bariujj H'.*^ ' '"rnmnnt- i^ Ba«f 170 fptmi Lomdfm 'Tmilllliiliiiiir;;nimiiiiiiiiiii.iii|||| | |,„ - ■ . l]u;i!iiiii]!mnmimmiinfn[]| ■nn;tT imiinimmmii 175 u i Ti part ( tiorth miles, tlv \ i A t:'c Li of B( the nc by th( S'tates tcrriti south, throui Lawr line t( -St Lia of th , Unite of the THE EMIGRANT'S IliND-BOOK OF FACTS, &c CHAPTER I. BRITISH AMERICA. Slction 1. — Canada. Boundaries— Provinces— Government, and Inhabitants. 1. This valuable portion of the British Empire forms part of the continent of North America, and lies tiorth of the United States. It is distant about 3000 iniles, west of Great Britain, on the opposite side of ih • \Mantic Ocean. On the east, it is bounded by t^ A'iantic, the Gulf of St Lawrence, and a part of :\L L.AbrddoT coast— oft" which, separated by the straits of Belleisle, lies the island of Newfoundland ; on the north, by the Hudson Bay territory ; on the west by the Pacific Ocean ; and on the south by the United States, by i)art of Now Brunswick, and by unexplored territories of the Indians. The line of division on the Bouth, from the grand portage on Lake Superior, runs through the centre of the great lakes down the St Lawrence river to latitude 45^^, and thence along that iline to Connecticut river, from whence it follows the high lands which separate the waters running into the Si Lawrence and the Atlantic, till it reaches due north fif tiie St Croix river, the boundary between the 'llJnited Stales and New Brnnswick, The latter part of the boundary between the United States on the one A EMIGHANT S HANO-BOOK OF FACTS, I hand, and Canada and New Brunsvvick on the other, has only recently been settled and adjusted. ^. This extensive tract of country is divided into two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada, each of which, until lately, had its own local government. By a recent act, however, of the British legislature, the two provinces have been united under one general legislative council, and House of Assembly, whose acts require the consent of the governor. Since the union, the two provinces have been respectively styled Western and Eastern Canada. Lower (Eastern) Canada lies next the sea coast, was originally a French colony, and the greater part of its inhabiUmts are of French descent ; — the laws resemble the old laws of France, on which they arc grounded; the French lan- guage is very generally spoken, and the religion chiefly catholic. Upper (Western) Canada, which is divided from the eastern province, partly by the Ottawa or Grand River, lies to the west and south- west of it. It is inhabited chiefly by persons of British descent, many of whom are from Scotland. Here the English law and church are established, and there are numerous presbyterians and dissenters. In both pro- vinces, there is i)erfect liberty of conscience, and as great security for life and property, as in the mother country. Section 2. — Lower Canada. Extent — Divisions— Natural Features— Quebec— Montreal. 3. Lower (Eastern) Canada has been estimated by Ri'r Evans, and Mr jNIontgomery Martin, to contain, exclusively of the surface of the river, and part of the Gulf of St Lawrence, 132,000,000 of acres. The whole territory is divided into three principal districts — Quebec, Montreal, and iVirce liivers, and two in- ferior ones,Gaspe and St Francis. These districts are divided into 40 counties, with minor subdivisions con- sisting of seignorics, fiefs and townships, 8:c.— the land comprised in the seignories is upwards of 8,000,000 of acres, at uccupiec lion. 1 of Cari£ land re 118,98C 2,734,7 the set 5,000,0 tion of 1839, i 4. " Cunad{ trcmel; nia;j;nit altcrne tiful v parts tainou the nc (the I far up the C3 to th( north St Jo coast place tent Fort » how< The of w are i is at com and G,OC ly w that ;ts. on the other, ted. divided into ada, eacli of ernment. By gislature, the one general :mbly, whose I'. Since the ictively styled er (Eastern) ally a French bi^ants are of t old laws of 2 French lan- the religion Ada, which is irtly by the >t and south- )ns of British id. Here the ind there are In both pro- lence, and as 1 the mother -Montreal. jstimated by , to contain, tl part of the icrcs. The ipal districts and two in- districts are ivisions con- c. — the land 8,000,000 of BRITISH AMERICA.-LOWER CANADA. 3 „n.l has been all granted by the crown. It is acres, and has be.n a h J^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ^^ ,,euinedclnefly by tbo 1^^^^^ by the surveyor-general lion. l\rom a rtiuiii ;^ ., • considered the of Canad., (5th Ma-^ 'J^^^ be estimated at land i-emaining unsurvejta 1 y ^^^^^^ ^^ 118,980,000; that .^^.^^^ "'[^/'^^^^^^^ for ^ 1 '• c^v<» Mr Montgomery Martin, are ex Canada, sa\s ivir ^'^"' ,''=,• -L^g, nob e rivers, trcmely I"«taresque-mounta m an ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ rnagniticcnt cascades, a^« | P^'^^^'f *g^,;dden and beau- alternating in every direc on -th .idde^^^ ^^^^^^^ *^'" 'Tte'nver St Lawrence are high and moun- parts ot the J^^f J\ ^^^ ,ts with forests. On tainous, and co^-^f ,'%\ t . ,,.rence, the mountains, the northern side of the St La ence ^^ (the Alleghanics) run P^!;f ^^^l'^^^- t^t he parallel of far up as Quebec, when the ^^"^^ff^ direction in- the capital, and runs in ^ S.^' -J^'^ ^ ^^j,, -ince to the United States ^J^^^^^^^ ,,a the lake of north and east ot the baguenay ''^\' ^f the St John, little is known ^^^^P/ .^„^„^^,^P&h ^ ^"^^ ^ coast, which is bold and moun ainous t ougi _ Z whole tract is well watered by numerous rivers I is at Portneuf, a trading P^^^ «f the Hud on s i^^. y I "nn^n" The country around the lake ot bt^Jonn, iLrol Qtbecl West of the Saguenay. to tho r.ver ,fcl ^r ** emiguant's hand-eook of facts. vL^''"''l''.?' ^T' ^.""^^^^ "''^^"'•a' division of the pro- Mnce. The city of Quebec is situated half-way be tween these two rivers. From the Saguenav to* Quebec runs a bold range of mountains. fonniL a iLTff 'T'}'''^'^^' l>«yond which Ihe eoTnfry IS flat and undulating, and well watered with lakes is noflo'bold th"'h ""'• •^'^"^^^^' ^^^ --' ^i"e IS not so bold, the shore rising more softly, and nre scnting a picturesque appearance of waterfwood and rich cultivation. Still keeping on the north side of 'he St Lawrence, we have the tract lying between the St Maurice and the junction of the Ottawa and the S Lawrence. The aspect of this district, at a few miles ridi:rui[h" ''' "^"? H «^^=J^^'y-J-ated into t"le! fdains O .. T'°"'\-^'*"P* acclivities and small \\h\T- .1 '"^''"'''' "^'^'"^^ bounded by the Ottawa ttle IS yet known; but it does not appear to po sess the boldness of character of the greater part of the province already mentioned. On the south o 1 St Lawrence, on the east, and bordering on New Bruns bee1 but 'slf 'fr^ °' ""''^1' ^ ^^^«- tract :"ichr consist^nl if fl^ examined. Its surface is uneven, consisting chiefly of a great valley lying between a ridge of mountains which border the St Lawrence and another range on the bay of Chaleur. The dS IS we 1 wooded and watered, the soil rich, and yield n^ Ch"i" -' .T^'? *'l'^^- ^^^t ^f «asp^ to the He? north side ^f'.J'\^ 1 "°' so mountainous as* on the "ensivp v^ll *^%?u' Lawrence, but is hilly, with ex- s a hLhw'^i* 1?' ^''•'''^*' ''''' «f the Chauderie, and Sr ^ ''"^^^'i tjact, consisting of 17 counties 2S0000 Lrp-" ^^'^^'^ " population of aboul luxnr:.n; 1' '" '"^"-^ ''^^^^^' ^••^' «een fruitful fields, luxuriant meadows, and flourishing settlements. Can^d. iT^ ""l H"t'' '^ ^''^ ^^P^^^^l of Lower '-anaua. it 13 situated on fh*^ nvfro.nU.. ^e ., ^^^i... cape on the north bank nnhl%"i '^ a ruv;Ky strono-lv fnrf;« 1 f i ^ ^' Lawrence, and is so thus m4t ^ ? *^ ^' considered impregnable; and ^Pper and Lower Canada. The city is divided into the upper it the bas appearanc Striking, ftniong wli the rock ; drals; the pionumen stitutions and the 1 French. 6, Moi island, be bank of tl or Grand east to \ isouth. n isolated 1" height of The rivci fng all a tivated a feirms, CO are paral right an: built of Bheet-iro tures, an extent ai her publ' ance of wealth, '. politan c in 1831, , island is f§io the il Weal thy J lines — ci cliange iiioy usi m CTS. )n of the pro- Iialf-vvay be- Sagucnay to IS, forming a 1 the country d with lakes ■le coast line tly, and pre< 3r, wood, and ;h side of the tvveen the St t and the St t a few miles i into table- aud small the Ottawa ir to possess part of the th of the St Vevv Bruns- t which has is uneven, between a *\rence, and rhe district nd yielding :o the river 3 as* on the y, with ex- Chauderie, ' counties, of about itful fields, ints. of Lower )f a rocky , and is so lable; and ry both to vided into BUITISH AMEIUC A. -LOWER CANADA. lie upper and lower towns, the latter being situated it the base of the cape, level with the water. Ihe appearance of the town from the river is ])artioulurly Strikin"-. It contains many fine public buildings, kmonff'which are the castle of St Louis, on the top ot the rock ; the Roman Catholic and Protestant Cathe- drals; the barracks, hosjVitals, Quebec bank, and_ a monument to Generals Wolf and Montcalm. 1 lie m- Btitutions are many of them of a Frencli character ; and the language of the inhabitants is English and • 6 Montreal is sit'iated on the southern point of an island, bearing the same name, lying upon the north bank of the St Lawrence, at the mouth of the Uttawa or Grand river. The island is 30 miles in length, trom cast to west, and 8 miles in breadth, from north to south. The surface is flat, with the exception ot an isolated hill at the western extremity, which nsesto a hein-ht of 500 or GOO feet above the level of the river. The river from the top of this hill is very fine, exhibit- fn"" all around a vast extent of densely peopled, cul- tivated and fertile country, enriched with wood, water, farms, cottages and churches. The streets of Montreal are parallel with the river, intersecting each other at ri"ht angles. The houses are fur the greater part built of a grryish coloured stone, roofed either with sheet-iron or un : many of them are handsome st> uc- tures, and would be considered so in Britain. In I'^e extent and importance of her trade— in the beauty of her public and jirivate buildings— in the gay appear- ance of her shops— and in all the intrinsic signs of wealth, Montreal has gone far a-head of the metro- S^poUtan city. In 1825, its population was 22,357, and :*ln 1831, 27,297— in 1839, it was above 35,000. Ihe island is comprised in one seignory, which belongs lu the ilouian Catholic clergy, who are consequently wealthy, but act with great liberality in exacting the lines— called lods et ventes—(\n^ to them on any change ' f the ])roprietovship of the land, ior which liioy usually compound. kmgrant's hand-book of facts. i I \ I •J 1? 'i' -J I SiiCTioN 3. — Lower Canada — Continued. Gedogy— Soil— Productions— Population— Educational Institutions, 7. So fiir as has been asoertuined, the general geo- logical structure of Lower Canada is granitic, but presenting, in various places, calcareous rocks of a soft texture, and in horizontal strata. In the Gaspe dis- trict indications of the coal formation have been traced; and numerous beautiful specimens of a great variety of cornelians, agates, opals, and jaspers, have been obtained. Among the mountains to the north west of the St Lawrence, iron felspar, hornblende, native iron ore, granite, and a peculiar species of lime- stone, resembling granite in its fracture, arc found. Mart)le is in abundance, and plumbago of the finest quality. The iron mines of St Maurice have long been celebrated; and there is no doubt that Canada is rich in copper, lead, and tin. Limestone, useful to the agriculturist, is almost everywhere found. The quantity of good soil in Canada, compared with the extent of country, is equal to that of any part of the globe; and there yet remains sufficient locality to accommodate many millions of the human race. *' The best lands," says Mr Montgomery Martin, "are those on which the hardest timber is found— such as oak, maple, beech, elm, black-walnut, &c., though bass-wood when of luxuriant growth, and pine when large, clean and tall, also indicate good land. Many of the cedar swamps, where the cedars are not stunted and mingled with ash of a large growth, contain a very rich soil, and are calculated for the finest hemp grounds in the world. So great is the fertility of the soil in Canada, that 50 bushels of wheat per acre are frequently pro- duced on a farm where the stumps of trees which pro- bably occupy an eighth of the surface, have not been eradicated— some instances of 60 bushels per acre occur, and near York in Upper Canada, lOO' bus/iels of wheat were obtained from a single acre! In some districts wheat has been raised successively on the same ground for 20 years without manure. " Along 'tutted. il Institutions. cncral geo- | ranitic, but cks of a soft Gaspe dis- have been of a great ispers, have 3 the north hornblende, :jies of lime- arc found, f tlie finest ! have lonj^ t Canada is iseful to the 'he quantity e extent of the globe; icommodate best lands," 3 on which )ak, maple, wood when , clean and the cedar nd mingled y rich soil, mds in the in Canada, uently pro- which pro- e not been 3 per acre 00 bushels ' In some sly on the . " Along i Biurisn AMERICA.-LOWER CANADA. ? ':::::i:^^^^<:s:^:::^. pan-,euu. oc the « The following table sno\>» i «. ine luu °f xup ..rovinee tor lodi. population census ot tlvej)ro^_______ (luehcc District iBc'auci'. t 1 u a, 1 U o en u o .s Si. c u 22 a o "a o. i s s 3 <2 0991 35C)0 125()V 10909 71(11 949(i tn 1 'S, 1 *-• § 00 o JS u 3 20 242 2 00 120 42 .a O S a 1 .a •0 e S3 •0° ass m Pit Is T/iin' firrrs, rii,inipl,iin+.... Orumtrioiid^ .... Xicoh't^ 7 S3 1(171 487 D-ilit -'7"() lOBl 591 11)8 V a7!) 7(353 77() 500 47729 5057O 2724 491 47780 41 OS .-ii'Sl <)39 4317 2108 8309 5003 880 12(H) 1410 50 2982 3702 7;!Si) isoi I'27C. 0425 1.3312 20S() 1490 C084 lv7iU!) 158-23 73S9 18323 2-2'.):i] 9379 1804 32572 17215 7()53 1270 245307 1230.52 47729 0425 290050 151985 5(1.570 13312 21952 7858 2724 2080 10192 2887 494 1490 229293 119809 47780 (5084 0044 .591 370 14 ai):)!ir.3!824.'37 5S716 4225731511917 34020 15009 4O3472I7OI9 ^ Thii*; marked arc on the S. side of the rivor .St Lawrence, f Thus marked are on the N. side of the river St Lawrence. I 1 9. The report of the Canadian commissioners for IHJiT), gives the following return of the Institutions for the instruction of youth in the province. 1. Protestant. — Royal Grammar School, Quebec; 200/. a-year, and 90/. a-year school-house rent, fr(3m J(!suits'' estates. Twenty free scholars, 11 pay for their tuition; all day-scholars. Terms, under 12, 8/., above 12 and under 13, 10/. per an., above 13, 12/. per an. French and English taught ; course of in- struction as in the giammar-schools in the United Kinudoiu. 11. H03 anil 54/. estates. pay for < highest I vnar-scho of an cxt philosop^ ai a^ b "WSsrSS^ .2 c l(-0 so 17-2 370 14 14 6041 51)1 370 14 2 701!) 2 84 II 29 200 9 335 7 31 3S 7001 437' 335j 38 7811, :e. J rs for us for ebcc ; from y for 2, 8/., ;, 12/. of in. ^nitcd \ T,unlSU AMEIUCA.- . LOW EK CANADA. 9 ,unisu AM.IUCA. ^^^^ , p,_„ar School, Montreal; 200^- >^^.^^. n.lloyalGjammjl, ^^.housc i;^" ' ]^";5 scholars of an cxtens.ve avpra ,..„,;„„, of st"- ,,hilo30iihy- . J ChamUy; <=°"" 'Sshed under dents; a V"'»'^,;Xrd B^'^P f ,? 4W.?50/.. and ¥,!eVe>'"re=^>V ^ders ^d » tS^Sn, fo. >,o>y 'i- <'»y 'a^Xr^vSr^f „tb?r«^^ revenue. specifieaUy m'm«^rl\ estates. Va^u^Ses legal Lnlributta.s "' S™'';,,ich amount to ^"'nsi ,^^ of Quebec ^f? "■T'ril 1663. ... „{ estates va" d many y.^^" ^n^grait^n-l ■'^' ^* 'lirofMrn- >-8^ '"I'toper ° '«* '" f ^rrtlvn, must tatons of P'^P^y' the wW« ,,ofift students; treal, oom,.rehend'ng ' Attended by 260^ »,„;,;„„ ■"""""V^board'and tuH.on V"; "-^^^.^ti^.y of Que- terms for "^^'^ T„^.^,.ct\on as at the seuu j ^^^ bee. The 'f ^^^^i^v.sh a sommfy ^^J,,, „ovt.na.n, :^:rdTo Wthe ..and^^^^^^^^^^^^ in May by letters patent ot tue 1G77. 10 rh ■ immigrant's iiano-jjook of fac in. s ra. priva ncr paid for U,ifio„/n^J"':'' «* «t"''«nts, or the Drici' f mid for f IV. iScM iiifioii, not know M Seminary at St Hyacintho; as No y. Sennnary at Cl,au)bly,. as No 3 l^' f^'lloi^eofStAnnja No 3 • Numbers 4, 5 and G A C receive Icarislati ibly -- -Committee ot tho r;in..,i;, . "tj i^'ama tlius reports on tbe bject of ed .°"'^. ^^ ^^««'"-> I" 'H30. there ^ver^981 Li "?*'°." '" ^^^'^•'■~' teachers .„ J83o o?? •^«' schools; m J831, 1216- ^^■■^0, 41.791 in leaf '45"2if '•,;'?'• ^^'-^-^ in "•nnber of ch Idren rLrt.'J . ^^" ^^^^ ^^^ total <^ereased fron. 2I,G22 r^^*^"!^'* ^.^^uitously, has f'-om 10,591 to 18,016. ' ' "^^'^'^^ "'"o pay, ^f-2, pa;:l%r7'iheU!rf%^' ^^^"^^"^^^^ •-^^o-t 20,000/.; in ,831 ^"^''.^, ^^^^st, „. i83o, was ^''vin^anavera:.eforcad.seh'7 -''."^""^ ^G.OOO/., in 1831, of 1 l,;2c/ '^'^^ ^" '^^0, of 10... dc/.j Si:cr,oN 4.-UPPER Canada. J «oundarics-.InI,abitanU-Divisions. east'ar,d^rt,T'elIrbv"tlf;'r'^" '^°""^«^ «" «'- soMth-west by a I'ne dr^/^. ^'''''^ Province, on the ^reat lakes, wh ch sent '\T^^ ^''^ ^^"t'-e of o <>" the no;th by the H? '' ^T ^''^ United State. ;J'^' nortI,-westVth"l^Tfi^^^''"t^^y' and or J«n(ls occupied b^the n./iv^'l^f ^"""^'-^"'^ ^^ the ^^■d,.by the FaciHc ocean Th?'>°'' '' "^^3^ ^e provmce has been ZT\ P'"" '''^'^'e area of the il^fos, of which .'"Rnn^'!^^*^^ at about 64.000.000 ^''e amount surVevf^H "f '"^.'^ are still unsurveved ^V^'r ^--n.is o7er3'of ct '"^^''? 'and returned ^^''■^'' '"ay not have been J^^JT^^'^'- «ale. and oeon disposed of, is 1,326,343 s. niviTisn AMEniCA.— uri'KH canada. 11 'j'ifipally liy 5tii(lonts, or 3. srants. f' Assembly J832:_ !31, I2IG,- of^olars ill the total lenientary 'ere under usly, has rtlio Pa.v, Jmcnfary '^^0, was iG.OOO/., on il)c on ti'ie of tl.o States, ind 01! of the lay be if the '0,000 ^eyed. iirned > and 6,343 acres' and the quantity available for scitlemcnt of emi'^^rints, may b.« estimated at 3,75 1,000 acres. The inhabitants are chielly British settlers, or nature born Canadians of British descent, with a very few of French extraction. The inhabited portion ot this province is in general level, gently unduUiting into pleasing hills, fine slopes, and fertile valleys. At the distance however, of about fifty to one hun( red miles, from the north shon; of Lake Ontario, and the river St Lawrence, a rocky ridge runs north-east and south-west through Newcastle and Midland districts towards the Ottawa. Beyond this to the north, is a wide and rich valley bounded again on the north by a rocky and mountainous range of great elevation. The settlements arc chiefly confined to the borders, or within a few miles of the borders, of the great lake and rivers* 11.* The province is divided mtc districts, counties, ridin<^s, townships, special mcts ar,'. allotments ; be- sides blocks of land reser eC for tn^ clergy and the crown, and lands appropriated to thf xudians. 1 here are thirteen districts, twent, six counties, and six ridings, comprehending 273 townships. A district con- tains two or three covmties, and each, county contains from four to thirty townships. Between the Ottawa and the St Lawrence, two broad and navigable rivers, lie the districts of Ottawa, Johnstown, Midland, and Bathurst, forming the eastern section of the province. Its surface is a table land of moderate elevation, with a very gentle and scarcely perceptible depression on either side, as it approaches the margin of the magni- ficent streams by which it is bounded on the north and south-west. " The soil," says Bouchette, " though sometimes too moist and marshy, is extremely rich and fertile, and chiefly consists of a brown clay and yellow loam. This section is intersected by numerous rivers, 1 11. !<_., iK„ v»..uuy the Rideaii canal, navigable for sloops. Besides its s, undulating, if we e-^2\ustr ct of Gore and Niagara and those parts of^^^^ district o ^^^^ ^^^.^^^ traversed by the "dS««/^fjXi combinations, ob- of soils, and the diversity ot their ^^^^^ ^^ servable in these f- f-^^f ^/^KtSded a region great as might be expecieui formation, and The whole tract is ^^^^^^^^ .'" i^^'t and sometimes chieay consists of a stratum of bla^^^^^^^^^ .^ ^ yelbw loam, above which is dep^^^^^^^^^^ Lte of nature. ^V^^hetdoT loam being generally substratum beneath the beaoi ^j,. a tenacious gray or blue f'^y; J»;*^^^^^ ,,ith slnd. con- pears at the «-f-^«;^^^['l;J fa" numerous and ex- stitutes the super-soil. 1 here i . ^^ ^^^^^ ^j,^. tensive q"^r^>*^%«^ '"^? ^'.s vvith excellent materials .-:^H M'^'^ s'n^olv the tanners v> mi :,, e,n:dl B 11! «1 .a! 14 EMIGllANT's HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. Is ahn.If"*'"""'\'"'^; ^''f"' P"'*^"'"« ^ serpentine course of about one hundred and fifty milos Jn a ,. "^^^'f. "^ nearlv vas an utter "wilde;.;,". [!''•*■, ° i'"" '""''" """1 •'■■<^»'. IS milTISU AMEBICA.-UPPEU CANADA. 15 3 course of direction St Clair." f tlie land m for new ive water oads. A . between thence to io, which Oiitario, JUt it has Lse, being- i on the led. Toronto id is de- r to the ent har- e streets e broad id some ^roug-!). n"cij)al iz., the jfovern- e Hos- terian, several iw So- lopula- it was of thib 1 "it'CSt, clear. s and „ead-q>,art<-r., in l°<'k;"S,^='^\'":^,rnmnovous offer, of is sure at this place to "«='"' j ^,,„„ ,„ act with farms, regar.l.ng «:l;-<=h^e J-^^ io ^^^^ caution ; an. ho «ill ''O ■™'' ' land otKce, under the ,,„bliclan.l,in.ho govrnment Wn^^ a gentleman superintendence ot Mr i . f„eiHty. The rich able and willing «°/«;;;^,'' wl i n"' '» '« '<"'"'': plnngin- into the t^^-'^st- ^^ ^ake 15. Kingston IS situated on tnc nor J Ontario, a'its lower extremity, ad I t h | a ^^^^ ^^ rWer St ^-[-"f„,,^,\;s^of Montreal. Its bar- Toronto, and 189 mi cs \NtM_ j. y on hour Navy l;ay ^ ^^^tZZ^, slips' for the lake. The ^'^^'^ - '* ^ „„„_u , vWiarfs, &c., are building ships of -'-;;X Nex to Q-^«« ^"'^ "^^■'■ all on an extensive scale, ^^^xt, lu ^ fax, Kingston --s t^- s;ronge t Bn^ J "rt ' ^^^ „ rica, and >"=f '^ ^'^J^ " Z 1828, its population "T,"" ft Ei4ea^i''^anal-*vl,ich is, more prope.iy 10. Ine ivuieau v^ana „.atpr hv means of speaking, a «"«="rVn° irrirse 1-opcns a water dams, with natura lake, ""'^f/J^^^^, .^ j/.^ Ottawa, a communication between '^"f'° '■;"," ether several ''i''»-p°f '^t t"KiX"sm" Min"sl?cam, Cianhery ?ieces of water, viz., ivuif5»»"" '■ i>-,„„_ fV^, lent^th .ake. Mud Lake, 1«J7\1'.»^;« ^''"S; M 'enee of the cuts not ^'-'^'^f '"» J« ™ t?;^ „r the canal is °f '-/'.""'.'j:;;!!'': Irioas^ac^H-^ feet long.,by 440 leci. i"^-' '""ri-r: f«t.,i ^vnrnse ol" construcung 33 feet in breadth. ^ 'J^*^;;^^;i^;!;''aV.mit one million ti-,F-^r_1J!if!:V.. ^ onncct: Luke Erie with sterling t work is saul to nave "--' """ r ; p • ^^^^x The Welland canal connects Luke brit \Mui 16 EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. n I Lake Ontario, and is conducted over the range of hills forming the barrier of Lake Erie, at the falls of Niagara. The length of the canal is 41 miles, its width 56 feet, and its depth 8^ feet ; the summit level is 330 feet. Its cost was £500,000. The Grenville canal consists of three sections, one at the Long Sault on the Ottawa— another at the fall, culled the Chute u Blondeau, GO miles from Montreal, and 218 from Kingston ; and a third at the Carillon Rapids, 56 miles from Montreal, and 222 from Kingston, opening into the Lake of the Two Mountains, through which an uninterrupted navigation is practised by steam-boats to La Chine, nine miles above the city of Montreal. 1 his canal renders the navigation of the Ottawa be- tween the Rideau and Montreal complete. All the locks on the Carillon, and on the Chiite si Blondeau are of the same size as on the Rideau, but en a part of the Grenville canal, which was commenced before the large scale was adopted, some locks and a part of the cuttings will only admit boats 20 feet wide; the locks on la Chine are also calculated for boats only 20 feet wide ; the navigation for boats above 20 feet wide is interrupted at the Grenville Canal, and if large boats b^ used on the Rideau, and on the higher part of the Ottawa all goods must be unshipped on arriving at the (ircnville Canal, and be either conveyed by portage or removed to smaller boats. '^ ' 17. The Montreal communication with the Ottawa, by the canal between the former place and Lake Sfc Louis, at La Chine, near Montreal, is termed La Chine Canal ; it is 28 feet wide at the bottom, 48 at the water line, has five feet depth of water, and a tow- ing path ; the whole fall is 42 feet, with the locks; tlie lengtii is about seven miles. It is the property of a company; was begun in 1821, completed in three years, ut a cost of 1 1 37,000, which was defrayed by tHo cmnpany, slightly assisted by government, and fo'r \*nicn the public service is exempt from toll. By n.oans of th(; great and useful works just mentioned, u large extent ot country is opened u]". to the industry BRITISH AMERICA.-UPPKB CANADA. 17 :e of hills falls of its width 'el is 330 lie canal Sault on Chute a 1 8 from 56 miles ling into t'hich an im-boats [ontreal. avva be- Ail the Mondcau I part of ;fore the ■t of the he locks 20 feet wide is re boats I of the g at the )ortage, Ottawa, -.akc Si ned La II, 48 at a tow- locks; )erty of n three ycd by and for 1. By tioned, uliistry „f the BritUh sculcrs ■■^'"^^^ ^J^^TS^^^t^OO to Niagara. Section 6,-Upper C^s^v^,- Continued. Geology— Soils. ,8. The geological ^t^e^'-JJ^^rtta?; th^of in, on the fe-^^S'tftv ole th a rsbove of Lake torniation. ^^ W^^ ao^iu j^^^i^^-^^t sj)ecimens country; ^^a'-t^^^^Xl'Jle between Lakes Superior *'Tm'T r M t e C^Ver-nTn^ RWcr, the co'pper. rnasses and ^-- |^^;^ L" ^ l^S^'ustinctly the The c^^^7;.;;VSy 1 Tc strata are first, limestone, geology «\th^ counto . i « ^.^^stone. The upper- then fragi c slate, a 't las y secondary most and lowest "f/^^^J.^l^X an nearly the whole forn.ation of a l)art ^^^i^^fX^A^n of the of the United states, uccup>.% ^"^ - . A.....v.Un. .0 Mr Schoolc.aft. one of a «ovcrn,ncnt expedition from New-York. ]'t t\t:'y^A^y'i KA5D-2>:i ^i FACX3- Mwisuppi, and f-tt^nrfiri? from it b^txeen the lakes and ih*^: Al!*i^hanv ridye of m'>«intaia5, as l^ eastward -♦'. ihf: Mohen: liffiftHtorifc, and th;^s verify, to some extent, the op'nion that a retrfA;/;*»ior! of the fall* has been goir'g- en for 'a^':%. Thi; iuhsoi; aroiind Lake Ontario is hme^^tone? rZ'XUi'4 on {.'ranite. The rocks ahoct Kingston are usually a lifiie-stone of very compact 'tructt;-^, and li'^'ht hlui-.h u'ray colour, a fracture often aoproaching the conchoidal.viit.h a-.H^ht (^i:i'.';p.t of translucencv on a thin f.df,'c ; and, alter {jercussion, the odour of flint rathf;r rlian that of t/itumcn. The ^:.^von:iOst lime- htoiifc.H arc in ./encral more siliceous than 'hose abo^c i\^u^i ; ;xnd SO /nuch is thi^ the case, that in some plices, a c- ii'iorrterated charact' r is given to the rock by the intn ivon iX j/ieccK .-f qijartz or hornstone. It is re- rriark-tl'lc., lK >.t both angular and rounded masses of felspar 1' K'k, which usually underlies limestone — or, if abHent, m nupplicd by one in which hornbl'^nde predo- xniudU:-. — an; iinbodded and isolated in the limestone, dcrn(>n>jtrating the lattfcr to have been at one time in a Htatc of fluidity. ly. 'I'he soils of Upper Canada are various; that which pr(!dorirmates is composed of brown clay and loam, with (liHcrciit proportions of marl intermixed ; this (MMtipound soil |)rev!iils princi{)ally in the fertile coun- try b<• f»™'"" l':ral7e7oSs'ortrrarof rivers, often deeply covered up by a siliecou? sand. Section T.-Upper Canada,- Con^muecf. Population-Educational institutions. ^ 23. The poptdation crupper Caj^a w^ in 1806 at 70,718; m 1811 ;^ J^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ,bock the the United States, ^>o^vcver tended nutcn ^ ^^^_ prosperity, and consequently the "^^^^ ^^^^^^J,,/ ^,, lion in the province. !« ^^f^^j^;^,^ j,le .ill show CsLunaic" "• 7,~', ,1 >«w^n ■\i ilif iieruuis mtv»- £xs^i;:?oS:n'uroc::n-u."' --'>"-'• in 183'2 :— 20 I"! \u +- 00 3 (^ C ■t-> o e a. o o I- kmigrant's hand-book of facts. ^ o ^^s J; ^ = r- ''' — '2 rr 5 t: — ri ■ o — CT — ' >c o X X r; tc 5 '^ *— ^ * ' ■^' M -^ ^ -^i .r» r^. m .fl I .n » cc r rt "T — 55 i •l«JOi •s3i>ntio.ii "Z. I- .n a !C >.'! c * *" ^ J- CI CO 4 a o I ■saiTK 'Z * ic ^ 2 .73 1- -t -+ 2 22 X: ^ fvi t:: ^ I- '■/; n iC -* 35 ott'^o ~ f- <- T SJ C 2 ^ •rnoj, •ssivui.i.i ?- a T>! -+ 35 1^' s ''^ '5 ;? ~ •B,nir!W T^'sTTt .n X X — cc op 2 2 ~ r-- 1- X X c: 9 3 ^ r 71 i" X O O ">> -f "M ■- ^ tJ X, '0 ' ■" is — '13 2 = £ 1 :; c; .^ r-. M C 01 ^ milTISH AMERICA. — UPPER CANADA. 21 !5.+-'^ 24. In c-M'h aistrict there are boards of education, trustees of public schools, and government school- Return of the number of Scho ols in Upper Canada . Remarks. Name of District. Eastern Ottawa Johnstown Bathurst Prince Edward Midland Newcastle Home Niagara Gore London Western Where situated. Cornwall Hawksbury Brockville Perth Hallowell Kingston Cobourg Toronto Niagara Hamilton London Sandwich Salary of district schoolmasters ^90 sterUng. The ave- ragenumber of scho- lars in each school is from 45 to 60. There are school fees which 'may average i."4 or It 5 per annum. Each 'district furnishes a school-house, and keeps it in repair 25. Upper Canada College, and Royal grammar School, city of Toronto,-Princ pal 600 . jf^t class master 300/. ; second ditto 300/. ; ^h^rd dit o 300/. ; mathematical ditto 300/. ; French ditto 200/. ; vnit- iu- and arithmetic 200/. ; assistant ditto 100/. ; mas- tev of preparatory school 175/.; drawing-master 100/ The masters have all houses in the College. There are upwards of 100 scholars in the respective forms of thJ college. The terms are 30/. currency, per annum, for board and tuition, with some extra IJollege feeL At the York National Central School, which gave instruction in the year ending April, 18dd, to 402 boys, and 235 girls, the terms tor instruction to those who are able to pay, is one dollar per quar- teri and no family is required to pay for more than two children, no matter how many there be. 26 Of the common schools throughout the pro- vince, no regular return has been made. They amount y ... ;.,cr t- «=evoral h.nidrcds. and educate at least 20,000 children male and female. In addition to dOi. ■ sterling, provided by the legislature ior the salary ot a 22 EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. classical master in each district — thus cnsurinj^ in each a school in which the ordinary branches of an aca- demical education are tau^^ht — 225/. sterling per arfhum are allowed for the maintenance of common schools in each district. This last sum having been found in- adequate, the legislature has made an additional annual grant of 5,085/ .••■'•.•;. : be apportioned among the several distr- •' . ; to their extent and popula- tion. By i;i^i!u> a^iiis irom his majesty William IV., dated 13th February, 183G, an instrument was com- pleted un(i(!r the great seal of the province, incorpora- ting the Upper Canada Academy, at Cobourg, in the district ot Newcastle, for the "-onr-r*! education of ■ youth in the various brunc" u- oi liteiature and sci- ence, on Christian principles, and appointing certain Wesleyan ministers and others to be a board of trust- res for managing the same. The territorial appropria- tions, with a view to provide means of public instruc- tion are truly munificent. The number of acres of Innd originally reserved in Upper Canada, for purposes of education, amounted to 467,675, of which 170,719 acres were alienated by gran's to individuals, and in lieu thereof, 272,G00 acres were appropriated to a similar purjmse, giving a surplus over and above the quantity deficient of 10l,88«. There were also alienated, as a per centage to surveyors, 10,282 acres. Since this reservation, 225,944 acres liave been re- invested i. the orown in place of scattered reserves granted as an endowment to the University of King's College, and 66,000 acres have been set aj)art for the benefit of Upper Canada College ; after which, there yet remains 258,330 disposable acres for the benefit and extension of education. All this i - besides the annual grant b'- the legislatur for th( purposes of education. In '''36, viiC gran oted w i 8,055/. ; I ItRITISH AMERICA. — CANADA. 23 1 Section 8 — Canada Climate. 27. Few countries exhibit greater extremes of heat and cold, than Canada, and the change from the on*? to the other is extremely sudden. The frost and snow ot winter break up, and the spriniij bcij^ins about the end of April, and by the be}.nnninjj of May, the fields are covered with a rapidly ad vancinj^ vegetation. Ac- ording to Mr Evans, the range of the thermometer in Canada during the summer months of .June, July and August, is from 99 33' to 58' 8,'V, the mean heat of these months being 77 57 ; and in the upper pro- vince, 99 GO to 57 33, the mean being 77' 37'. Spring, summer, and autumn, continue from the month of May, till the end of October— that is, one half the year, the winter extending over the other six months. In November, thick fogs and snow storms betoken that winter has set in, and by the mi(' ''e of December, the ground is covered with several icet of snow, and the frost becomes intense. The rivers are all frozen over, and even the St Lawrence is covered with ice from Quebec to Montreal. *' All the feathered tribe," says Mr Montgomery Martin, " take the alarm ; even the Iiardy crow retreats, and few quadrupeds are to be ston — some, like the bear, remaining in a torpid state, and others, like the hare, changing their colour to a purv; white." During this season, the thermometer is often !. >m 60 to 60 degrees below the freezing point. The ' is of the inhabitants is now completely chanuod, and caps, dr ses, and gloves of fur, are put in gen ral re(j[uisition. e country presents one continued plain covered wiui aov and nothing is visible but trees overloaded with snow and ice. Within doors, the Canadians are well secured from the cold — the apart- ments being heated with stoves, and kept at a high and uniform temocrature. Th^ '^overitvof the winter although it stops the navigatiuu of the St Lawrence • Treatise on Canadian , liculturc. 24 EMIGRANTS HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. t 'i l»l and other rivers, and tlio cultivation of the soil — is no obstacle to cither out or indoor amusement. The Canadians, laying aside the cares of business, commence for a time a season of joy and pleasure. Sledges and carioles, carriages fixt^d on a kind of skates, are now got'ready, and a system of visiting and pleasure drives, tills up the forenoon, while dining, 8Uj)ping and dan- cing occupy the evening. Indeed, in few countries is the season of Christmas more joyously spent. Not- withstanding tl! extremes of heat and cold, and the rapid transitions from the one to the other, the climate of Canada is healthy, and upon the whole, well fitted to natives of Great Britain. 28. Theseverityofthewinterisnotso great in Upper or V'estern Canada, as it is in the Lower or Eastern provnice. The climate of the Western province can- not be better described than in the following state- ment taken from the Report of one of the British Agents in Canada to Government:—** The climate of Upper Canada is considerably milder than that of the lower province, and the winter sliorter in the same proportion. In both these respects it improves as you proceed westward,— so much so, that although the frost generally commences in November at its eastern extremity, and continues in that neighbourhood till the middle of April, it rarely commences on the shores of Lake Erie before Christmas and it usually disap- pears between the 2oth of March and the 1st of April. On a comparison with the climate of Great Britain, the heat in the summer months is somewhat greater, but never oppressive, as it is always accompanied with light breezes. There is less rain than in England, but it falls at more regular periods, generally in the spring and autumn. The winter cold, though it exceeds that of the British isles, is the less sensibly felt, in conse- quence of its dryness, and seldom continues intenso for morn than three days together- owincr to the con- stant fluctuation of the' wind between the north-west forests points disappt climate improves." On this subject we may farthei i BRITISH AMCniCA. — CANADA. 2.5 .is ,10 I \ *J"°*^ *^^ foUowint^ from an 'mtelli^cnt writer in the Tho I I Colonial Maijazine. « The climate of Canada, ospc- dally Upper Canada, may l)e said, briefly, to be colder in winter, warmer in summer, and always possessin^^ a brip:hter, clearer, and drier atmosphere than Great Britain, and having far more settled weather; nevcr- , theless, it is neither so much warmer in summer, nor ^ so much colder in winter, as to prove disacrrceablo ; it is neither scorched by the sultry summers of the south, nor blasted by the biting winters of the north. The winter is enlivened by the exhilarating: elasticity of its bright atmosphere, and the cheerful accompaniment of the merry sleigh ; and tho summer solstice is gener- ally attempererl by agreeable breezes from the lakes and rivers. There is at least a difFerence of a month or six weeks' duration of winter between Quebec and the western extremity of Lake Ontario, thj climate of which latter district is so balmy and genial, that cotton and indigo have been planted on a small scale with success, tobacco successfully cultivated, and the mul- berry, for the purpose of making silk, thrives well. The climate of Upper Canada ought (it would be sup- posed) to be milder than it is, occupying as it does tho same parallel of latitude as the south of France ; but it is conjectured that the following causes retard its change. The prevailing wind l)lowing over the large and extensive accumulations of ice near the pole, and traversing regions never thawed ; tho multitude of lakes and rivers with which the whole continent of North America abounds, from the polar regions south- ward, which during winter have a thick coat of ice, ind act as auxiliaries to the polar ice; from the ab- sence of ridges of mountains running east and west, and acting as a barrier,_in the eastern part of Asia a vast tract of country, extending from the north in an unbroken and elevated surface, is subjeci to the same (vils from frosty northern winds ; tlie still vast imense morasses which abount appears that Canada has already relaxed some ot'_ its former rigours, and is in a state of continued mitiga- tion. Since a portion of its forests have been cleared, its swamps drained, its villages and towns and settle- ments established, the Indians inform us that the frosts have been l(!ss severe and frequent— that the snows fall in smaller quantity, and dissolve soonei and that the inland navigation is far less obstructed with ice than formerly." 29. The climate upon the whole is salubrious, but on the shores of the lakes and large rivers the ])re- vailing maladies arc fevers and the ague- The latter is an annoying complaint, but is very seldom fatal. As the settler Veced<'s from the innncdiate banks of tiie lakes and rivers, iiowever, he is comparatively freed from these maladies, the climate improving in healthfulness, and salubrity. The rich and heavy land of the Province is not usually met with upon the immediate shores of the lakes and rivers, but is found generally from ten to twenty miles back. The disad- vantage in easily disposing of produce, and the labour of clearing the wood, which the enterprising emigrant encounters by settling in the forest, is thus amply compensated for by the superior soil, and greater ex- emption from the chief enemy lie has to fear as re- gards his health. And here we would earnestly ad- vise the ab^(.lute necessity of the strictest adher«;nee to habits of temperance. 'Whisky is much cheaper in Canada than it is in Great Britain, and the tempta- tion to indulgence is therefore the stronger. The emigrant, iiowever, who is desirous to succeed and rt!iuli;r iiimself indej)endent— and all must iiave t!!!-? desire who seek the shores of Ameriea--\^i!l above all things avoid inteuqierance. Injurious it is to health and success at home ; but ^^hcre the emigrant lias to MKITISH AMERICA CANADA. 27 , (iNVell- ieiit air iroblein- loat cx- ', yet it le of its mitiga- clcarcd, I scttlo- lliat the tliat the ioonor — istiucteJ ious, but the i)re- lio latter )in fatal, banks of arativoly oviiij: in il heavy u[)on the is I'olUKi DC (lisad- le labour emigrant lis atnj)ly eater cx- ir as re- icstly ad- ulherenoe heapcr in e tenipta- er. The iceocl and have this above all to health mt hui> to encounter a now climate, and the labour of clearing for himself a settlement, its eftects are certain and ruinous. Loss of health must l)e the consequence, and loss of health under such circum&tanccs is fatal to success. Too many instances have we known of health seriously injured, and bright prospects alto- gether blavtcd and destroyed by thoughtless indul- gence, not emphatically to warn the settler of the con- sequences of such habits. By taking care that his bowels are kept regular, by the moderate use of spir- ituous Jiquors, and avoiding exposure to the night air tdl he is^ seasoned to the climate, the cmisrrant has little to fear, and will bo enabled to preserve his health, even in those localities where agu > is most prevalent. Section O. — CANAnA, Commerce. ■ Continued. 30. As (iuebec and Montreal are the shipping port*^ of Upper as well as Lower Canada, it will l)e ne"ccs<;ary to give a view of the maritime trade of the two ('una- das. Tlio commercial growth of (Quebec and Mon- treal have been rapid ; but the recent alterations on the taritl of (Jreat Britain must add greatly to its increase. Tlio eftect of this ineasuro will also prove ot the greatest advantage to the Canadian farmer, and will induce to the investment of capital in a<>-ri- eulture, which never would have otherwise been'pt. tempted. Previous to the passing of this measure, the only market the Canadian agriculturist had for iiis surp us produce, with the exception of wheat, was the yearly increase to the jiopulation from emigration. 1 ho market being thus limiiod. the supply naturally was so. 1 ho farmer contented himself wi'th clearing- little more land than sufficed for tiio supply of his family. There was thus no inducement for the i;n-est- nierii of capital in clearing land, or in agricultural ope rations, l,y the wise measure alluded to, mailer "• l be entirely changed. The Canadian fools him- .^(•11 to be acknowle o >i 1 - ( - cr, — ,:. Jj 'f. o T'. t? -M Xi— i~ M ri -s ■~ S- — — — ■>! ■« -^ A — iT .ra « iO — o c tc CC '^ O Tl — I- "^ Oi o I- « X =5 C! J! i — — : 71 1- 71 r: I- c -* 3» C Cr. 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C -t S — — > _ M ^ 71 .-3 -Xi 71 n •+ 71 71 r; — rs _ ti 2 — 71 X 71 I- .— ^ xt-rr-jyii-TXCQ , . -p .r — 7l 71 I- .O M n o .r. — X o b> — o t- 71 .r; -♦ — -2 1- ~ do — 71717l7i5l717J-. 2: — ..X — '•' tfl J: ■?. 7) X — C !0 c:^ V f: « ir: f: S !£ 1- -r — M — • * M .rt -J" 71 « — — ♦ _ tc '2 2i ^ -• 3> : o ^' V) 1^ — ?? # — .-I z. ;'. - I- "^ "^ 3C - J-. 71 ->• X •— :^ •; <~ ;, 71 -r M :r. ~. 3> i •'' -r •« ( - I' I' "* * "- "" X s .-3 n O « -T n '/. ,>l 71 71 71 71 (Cl' c- cc 71 s; y. 5S •fi CD -* S 1'^ •T !C 71 ;•! T I-- 2? * 2} i- C p ?<«< 6< « 5i 'J"N •o !N if; t - c < lO O -- C — i O 'A a o h e _/^ c c o J'. . "3 '',3 ■a j2 ■ C^ X C ! c ^^ o *£ ?1 i? -1- 1 - — .^ * ?j 2 — •*" c. * f — 2; I- ^ CN ft OJ <>i W Si:j!5S5§8 iC ^ iQ O O-^ *>< C. !C t ~. — "T c. — X — fj 35 *-■ S-. -M r; ?J "J- S • « 1-1 2 : :§ 4* QDC^tNG^ lO « ■ o a" X •2 = =:S = w • : • • • • • • • : :ct) • • • : • • • • • • • • • : — « CC -* M i5 —> — CM '>» c - ?3S »0 -r 'i ^ ^ »0 lO C Ml- 213 ?3 "^•i^^Sn ;5S ) if: < Soil p (u w O iM (C -1" O 3r i (- ^ — • i.T ^ -JJ 5> d> «7i ' ■^^. ' I— CM 3>l -> — '- 01 00 -t a; <5 »r O .■■' I- '■» '■£ , — ^' i ■•'^ I — 1** O •—' jiie X pi — — iji iT 00 X '/5 X X :(iict of Muiitnal, 32 KMIuUANT's JIAND-UOOK 01' FAl IS. Section 10.— Nova Scotia, and CapI'; Bukton. M. Nova Scotia is apeniiisnla connected with that ])nrt of the continent of North America called New Brunswick, by a narrow isthmns. It measures about .300 miles in Icnj-'th, and is of unequal breadth. The area of land may l)e estimated at*8,000,000 of acres, of vshich about 3,750,000 acres have been granted; and of the remaininT 2,225,000, not more than 280,000 are supposed to 1). tit for Cultivation. No part of the land is more than thirty miles distant (Vom navigable water, and everywhere it is intersected with fine streams and rivers. It has been ])erii)anently ])ossos- sed by the British since 1712. It is divided into ten counties, including tlie island of Cape Breton at its eastern extremity. The chief towns arvj Halifax, Truro, Londonderry, Onslow, &c. The ca])ital, Hali- fax, is agreeably situated on the declivity of a rising- ground, in front of a spacious bay, which forms a tine harbour on the eastward or seaboard side of the pen- insula. It contains about 25,000 inhabitiuits, and is a central point for the fishing trade and foreign com- merce. 35. The soil of Nova Scotia is very various. By far the largest j)ortion of the good land is situated on the north-western portion of the j)eninsula. Towards the Bay of Fundy in particular, there are many thou- sand acres of alluvial land, made by the deposit of the tides from the soil brought down by the rivers and streams. This has been dyked in, so as to exclude the waters of the rivers, and is of extreme fertility. In the neighbourhood of Windsor and Truro, this land yields three tons of hay per acre, which it has contin- ued to do for the last fifty years. Immense tracts of land havft he«n onclosed, a!id trained frnni rivers an(| shores in this manner ; for instance, at the head of the Bay of Fundy there are 70,000 acres in one connceted body. The next be^t i,uality nf laiul is found in the valleys, on the l)ankj ol' the !ubh water brooks and I UKiriSll AMEUICA. — NOVA SCOTIA, CAVK DllETON. ya streams, and is also ulliivial. (Jreut ([iiantitics of tliij luiul is fdiind in every part of tlie i)rovince, f'orniint,' fine meadows, covered with natural grass several feet in length. The npland varies nnicli, but there is one tract,"conimcncing at Cape Hlomidon, and miming in one continnous ri(ige for upwards of one hundred miles towards Digby, and seven or ei^iiht miles in breadth, which is of excellent quality. It is a strong soil, pro- ducing wheat and other grains in abundance. Tho mineral productions of the province are valuable, and of these coal is certainly the most important. It is found at Pictou, in the northern part of the peninsula, and also at Sydney in Cape Breton. Iron ore has also been found I'n several places. Limestone, freestone, slate, and clay for bricks, are also in abundance. In the rivers, salmon, trout, and other fish of the finest kinds are plentiful ; and the sea-shores yield largo supplies of white and shellfish of various kinds. The fruits produced are numerous. All the British fruits are in abundance and of fine quality, besides a great variety of wild fruits. Culinary vegetables, such as potatoes, artichokes, cauliilowers, cabbages, beans, j)eas, carrots, onions, parsnij)s, beet, celery, and cu- cumbers, are ))lentiful. The grains raised are wheat, rye, buckwheat, barlijy and oats. Pumpkins and Indian corn are extensively cultivated. 'I'ln- natural wood consists of elr cherry, vviute, black, yellow and grey birch, rod c-'i , bf.?ch, white and yellow |»ine, white, red, and black spin-.', maple, &c. The climate is healthy, but like Canada is extremely hot in suunner, and cold in winter. Snow generally cover" ^'le ground I'rom (yjjristmas till the 5th of March. Whei/ vege- tation commences, it is very rapid ; = nO 'he suriMueriH short but powerful, and tho crops are qv'ici ly brouglit to maturity. tiC). The island of Cape Breton lies close to the east- ern exlremiiy of Nova Scotia, fniin wlii(*h it is separ- ated only by a narrow strait called the (iulf of Canseau. It is oni; hundred miles in length, and about sixty in breadth ; but its shores ar«> indented by numert)us 34 EMKIUANTJJ llANi>-ll(H>K l)F FACTS. bays. Tho productions of the island arc similar to Nova Scotia, and its minerals, particularly its coal, arc valuable. The possession of tliis fossil must yet prove of vast importance to Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. It is remarkable this source of wealth which the coal must yield, has been hitherto so much over- looked, considcrin;^ its value in the United States ; but the increase of steam-navigation in tiiesc seas, has now begun to c:ill it forth. Sbction 11. — New Huunswuk and Puince EmvAiiD's Island. 37. On the mainland of Norih .\mciica, northwest of Nova Scotia, and south of the eastern ])ortion of Lower Canada, lies the province of New Brunswick. On the soutii-east it is bounded by the Bay of Fundy, and the isthmus whicli connects it with tli(> peninsula of Nova Scotia ; on the cast by the Gulf of St Lawrence ; on tho north l)y tlse eastern extremity of Lower Can- ada, which separates it from the river St Lawrence ; and on tho west by the United States. The area of the province is al)out 1G,.500,0C0 acres; of these, l3j8l7,.>7t in the jjro- vince, and a place of exicnsivc trade. Abuut ninety miles above St John, on the same river, is Fred- cricktown,^ the capital of t' province, but a mere village. The only buildings oi imjiortance it contains arc the government house, and a college. The Rlir- ainichi is navigable for large vessels for about fortv miles, and on its banks are seen the huts and houses of settlers, who, however, attending chiefly to the timber trade, the staple of the district, show but small advance in the cultivation of the soil. Tiic village of Chatham is on the south bank of the river, about twenty miles from its mouth. Here merchants have settled, stores and wharfs been erected, and many ships are loaded. Extensive veins of coal, Ivinir a few- feet a})Ove the level of the water, and running hori- zontally, are found on the shores of the Grand Lake in Queen's Comity. An excellent vein has been opened on the banks of the Salmon river. Iron ore is abundant. Cop|)er, plumbago, ami manganese, have also been found, and gypsum and grindstone arc iti inexhaustible p, horses, several yokes of oxen, milch cows, swine, and poultry. He has a larire dwelling-house, conveniently furnished, in which he lives with his family and a numerous train of laliourers, one or two other houses, a forge, with n poweriui trip-hammer, worked \)y wator-pow '. ling-mill, trrist-mill, and two saw-mills — all tur 'ry water. Near these, 'sc showed me a building, :h he said he erected fur the double purpose of a ,ool and chapel, the floor of which was laid, and on which benches were arranged so as to resemble the pit of one >f our theatres. He said that all preachers who came in the way w. welcome to the use of it. An English parson, a Catholic priest, a Presbyterian minister, or a Methodist preacher, should each, ho said, get something to eat at his house, and have the use of the chapel, with equal satisfaction to him. He then showed me his barn, and in one place a heap, containing about ninety bushels of Indian corn, that grew on a spot (scarcely an acre) which he pouited out to me. This man could do little more than read and write. His manners were quite unpolished, but not rude; yet he had wonderful readiness of address. and, as far as related to his own pursuits, quick powers of invention and ai)plication. He raised lartre crops, ground his own corn, manufactured the flax he culti- vated and the wool of his sheep into coarse cloths; sold thp TirnvIcir»tiL! \»-Vii/iK U\c t'..-.„ .._»J i _. i ," "7. •"'"■"" ■ "•••-'' '"' i-triii j;runu;.cu, aiiu rum and British goods, to the lumberers; Vcpt a tavern; employed lumberers in the woods, a. , received also timber in payment for whatever he sold. He made D If m MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 m 2.8 2.5 iiijM == iiiii^ ,1 5 6 3.2 2.2 IBO t IIIIM 2.0 u. U. u kiUu 1.8 1.4 1.6 ^ /APPLIED irvVIGE inc 1653 East Main Street Rochester, New York 14609 USA (716) 482 ~ 0300 - Ptione (716) 288 - 5989 - Tax 38 emigrant's hand-book of facts. ;« i f ! the axes and other tools required by the himbcrers at his forge; he ate, gambled, and associated with iiis own labourers, and with the lumberers, and all others, who made his house a kind of rallying point. He ap- peared, however, to be a sober man, and a person who had in view an object of gain in everything he en- gaged in. He talked much in praise of the rich in- terior country, and how rapidly it would be settled and cultivated, if possessed by the Americans." 40. Prince Edward's island is situated in the Gulf of St Lawrence, betwixt the Island of Cape Breton, on the cast, and New Brunswick on the west. It is separated from Nova Scotia by a narrow sea about nine miles in breadth, called the Straits of Northum- berland. The island is about 140 miles in length, and its greatest breadth is 34, but, being much in- dented with bays, it is in some places connected only by narrow isthmuses only a few anles in breadth. It is divided into three counties, called King's, Queen's, and Prince's, counties. The area of the island con- tains about 1,360,000 acres, of which only about GOOO remain at tlie disposal of the crown. The capital, Charlotte town, is situated on the south side of the island on the north-west bank of the river Hills- borough, the ground on which it stands rising in gentle slopes from the banks of the river. The har- bour, which is capacious, is considered one of the finest in the Gulf of St Lawrence. The island is governed by a lieutenant-governor, council, and house of assembly, the members of which are chosen by the people. The colonists arc chiefly from Great Britain and Ireland, with a few Dutch and Germans; and are described by Mr IM'Gregor as an hosi)itablo, kind, obliging people, and generally moral in their habits. The island is rich and productive, the soil being fertile, and yielding good crops of wheat and other grains. Potatoes, turnius, and all other green crops, succeed well. The climate is somewdiat similar to Canada, but the winter is shorter than that of the Lower pro- vince, and the atmosphere is free from fogs. Spring I \CTS. e lumberers at liated with liis and all others, point. He ap- J a i)erson vviio ythincf he en- af tiie rich in- 3uld be settled jricans." cd in the Gulf f Cape Breton, le west. It is •row sea about ts of Northuin- liles in length, )eing much in- sonnected only in brea in their appearance. Where the emigrant is most likely to be obliged to locate himself, the absence of the refinements and society to be found in the old country must be submitted to without a murmur; and he must be content to place his happiness in the know- ledge, that although his lot in the mean time is inces- sant toil, he is with ordinary prudence laying the foun- dation for almost certain success, and for tlie future in- dependence, ease, and comfort of himself and his family It is obvious that some classes of people are mucli better fitted for emigration tlian others ; but all who have strength for out-door labour, joined to cner^-y of character, and a determination not to shrink Irom temporary difficulties, may safely turn their attention to western Canada, or some of the othf r portions of British America. To persons therefore of this descrip- tion, who can find the means of removal, and who are pressed with difficulties they see little prospect of over- coming at home, emigration to these settlements can hardly tail to be highly beneficial. *' The persons " says Mr Howison, '« who may be inclined to emi-rate to Upper Canada, are of three different descriptions, namely, the poor peasant or day-labourer ; the man ot small income and increasing family ; the man pos- ijosing some capital, and wishintr to emplo" it to ad- vantage. Persons of the first class never would re' pent it they emigrated to Upper Canada, for they could hardly full to improve their circumstances and \\ i 4-2 emiguant's hand-book of facts. condition. The poorest individual, if he acts prudently and is industrious, and has a common share of good fortune, will be able to acquire an independence in the space of four or five years. He will then have plenty to eat and drink, a warm house to reside in, and no taxes to pay ; and this state of things surely forms a delightful contrast with those hardships and i)rivations M'hich arc at present the lot of the labouring popula- tion of Groat Britain. 43. It is evident that some descriptions of emigrants will succeed better in Upper Canada than others. Those who have been accustomed to a country life, and to country labour, are of course more fitted to cultivate land, and endure the hardships at first attendant upon a residence in the woods, than artisans or manufac- turers, whose constitutions and habits of life are some- what unfavourable to the successful pursuit of agricul- ture> But every individual, who, to youth and health joins perseverance and industry, will eventually pros- per. Mechanics cannot fail to do well in Upper Canada ; for when not employed in clearing lands, they will find it easy to gain a little money by work- ing at their professions; and they Ukewise have the ad'vantage of being able to improve their dwelling- houses, and repair their farming, utensils, at no ex- pense. Weavers, being ignorant of country aff'airs, and unaccustomed to bodily exertion, make but in- different settlers at first, and their trade is of nc use to them whatever in the woods. Married persons are always more comfortable, and succeed sooner in Can- ada than single men ; for a wife and family, so far from being a burden there, always prove sources of wealth. The wife of a new settler has many domestic duties to perform ; and children, if at all grown up, are useful in various ways." 44. Every intelligent traveller in Canada concurs in these views ; and it may be observed, that they are equally applicable to our other settlements in North America. *' Of this, I think," says Fergusson, "there Clin be no doubt, that either the moderate capitalist, or :t9. ict3 prudently share of good ndcncc in tlio in have plenty de in, and no surely forms a ind jjrivations turing popula- s of emigrants others. Those •y life, and to :d to cultivate ttendant upon s or manufac- iife are some- suit of agricul- uth and health ^entually pros- ell in Upper slcaring lands, oney by work- ?wise have the heir dwelling- lils, at no ex- lountry affairs, make but in- de is of no use ied persons are sooner in Can- family, so far ove sources of many domestic , all grown up, lada concurs in that they are nents in North gusson, *' there ite capitalist, or BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICK TO EMIORANTS. 43 the frugal, sober, and industrious labourer or artisan, cannot fail of success. Fortunes will not be rapidly or even readily acquired ; but it must bo the settler's own fivult if he "does "'ot enjoy, in large abundance, every solid comfort and enjoyment of life, and rear around his table even a forest of ' olive plants,' without one anxious thought regarding their future destination or provision." Section 14.— Advice to Emigrants, — Continued. Passage. Charges— VictiiaUing-Cautions regarding Provisions. 45. The passage to Canada may be made either direct by Quebec and Montreal, or by New York and the Erie Canal. By the former route, the voyage is longer, and the passage of the river St Lawrence is tedious and troublesome. It has however the ad- vantage of being cheaper than by New York, and this to many will be a consideration of great importance. The passage to Quebec may be engaged either includ- ing provisions, or exclusive of them, in which latter case, the shipowner besides supplying water, fuel, and bed places, is bound by the recent Passengers* Act (see Appendix) to issue at least twice a-week to each passenger at the rate of 7 lbs. of bread, biscuit, flour, oatmeal, per week ; one half at least bread or biscuit, and potatoes may be issued for the other half, at the rate of 5 lbs. of potatoes, for 1 lb. of bread, &c. ^ The charge for children under fourteen years of age, is one half, for those under seven years, one-third of the full fare ; and for children nnder one year, no charge whatever is made. The charge from London, and other ports on the east coast, has usually been 3/. with- out provisions. From Liverpool, Glasgow, Greenock, and other places on the west coast, and from the prin- cipal ports of Ireland, the charges are usually less. Next spring, the passage-money will probably be 2/. 105. without provisions, and 20/. including provisions. WiUiout reference to saving of cx[)ciiSO, which is con- siderable, we strongly recommend emigrants to take their passage from the west coast, as saving much time 44 emigrant's havd-book of facts. safe to provide • bntl^L • ^"""'^ ^*"' ^^'"^•h it is ^vhutcvor I'e nay have oter wf'"' on arrival, can sell sa.l.ng from liritisi, ports. L A HI ^41 'l.?''"' tl'c.-e were instances of orne n .kino- fl' ^'^''^"-'^ ^vltIlln 30 days tlie ]nn ''I'rni- the year 1841 *'lnTi. . • ? governor from StornovVav," he .nv^ " "" ^,''°^ ^^"^-^^ "oo'^ nnmber,allvey' .00 . and^'a dl'lT ^^ ?'^^^'^^' '« ^^ 0^70 days, in - ^t distn^s f """ ''^^^'' ^ J^'-^^^^^^ They Imd expo ded ; r^,:^^^^^^^^^^ vvant of provision's, supplies from the mastP H." T"^^ ^" P-'rchasin^ pasLn^ers in t t' Cu b rtnTEa ^V'""'^^^^^^ " '^^ 60 days on the voyage Man^ Be fast, were g-reat distress, from wa^f .f^ • *''^'" ''^"^^^ ^'^ chased from CaSn Sm tl? ^T''°'''- Jhey pur- lasted, and he ad n c f >"- '^' ^^'^'' "^o"ey poorest for the'llV hr^C k f"wh '^'' ^'■^'^' here, all his ship's stores weTeTxhausri^I, ^''. r''""''^ phes which he obtiinp,] f..^ Ii^o- °'^'' besides sup- gulf." We ould n ?• " '''^"^'^"^ P'^ces in the of emigrants, the dat.;"o?^ ^^^''^ '^^^^ ? FACTS, tiorablysliorJor. visions, must bo • Fifty days has d for which it is arrival, can sell ' ^advise that a Of the vessels 1841, althong-h S the voyayo s 78 days, and liscry and loss urt_ allowance, s in want of who 'jave, in 1 the ca])tain, gently recom- ^^ic or dinar// han \Oiveeks. "tat Quebec, g from being- he g'overnor Lady Hood imilies, 78 in ter a jjassage >f provisions. purchasing GfG." "139 Belfast, were ^ landed in They pur- heir money 5 50 of the lie arrived besides sup. aces in the •oorer class atoes as an lis valuable under any n of their BRiriSII AMEUICA ADVICE TO EMIGKANTS. 45 stowage. Mr Buchanan, in one of his weekly reports says, *' the passengers per China, from Liaierick, were 10 weeks on the voyage ; their supply of provisions tallmg short, they were obliged to purchase from the captain at high rates. They stated that the'ir supply ot provisions was sufficient when they left, for three months, but that their potatoes, which constituted their chief stock, owing to the wet and heat in the vessePs hold, soon rotted, and became unfit for use. Mr Buchanan adds, "several cases have 'occurred this season, in which this most essential, and I may say pnncipal food of the Irish emigrants has been destroy- ed from neglect and improper stowage. I should re- commend, if considered practicable, that this article of provision should be placed in charge of the master of the vessel, and be issued by him to each individual twice a week, or oftener, if he thought proper. At present, they are brought on board in sacks, and thrown into the hold on the wet ballast, or on the water casks, and in the course of a few days, owinc^ to the thoroughfare made over them by the crew and passengers going for water, and other provisions or baggage, they soon become so trampled on, and bruised as to be unfit for use." The safest way to keep po- tatoes IS in a barrel having a lock. The passenger has them thus under his own charge, and the danger ot heating and rotting from wet is thus in a great measure prevented. 4G. Oatmeal, beef, eggs packed in salt, tea or coffee, and sugar, ship-bi-uit and loaf-bread hard baked, are a 1 indispensable to making the voyage with anything like comfort. ISIilk, boiled with loaf sugar, a pound tS a quart, and bottled, will keep during the voya^^e— an G^^- beat is a good substitute for milk. A supply of porter and ale will be found useful. Rice and sago tor puddings should also be taken, and dried fish aSd ' = , '^ '^^otcn craigimic, III a letter from Upper Canada, published in the Counsel for Emi- grants, gives the following list of provisions for four persons sailing as steerage passengers :— " 16 or 18 46 KMI0RANT*8 lUND-BOOK OF FACTS. pecks of notatoos in a barrel with a lock on >t; 40 lbs. Kod beef, well salted in brine; 16 lbs ot btU er ; S lbs. of cotiee ; 3 or 4 do/on old bottled beer, wlneh has less chance of tlyinj? than it new ; some do/ens of cnrgs packed in salt; half a dozen cod-hsh, cnt in ^;ieccs for boiling ; some dozens ot Buckie haddocks, *well dried for keeping. Milk does not keep well ; no r^vcetmcats are relished at sea. A few oraiigcs. which at t Ls taste very pleasant to the Parched palate ; some cheese ; 8 lbs. of treacle in a tlagon ; 1 t.me of barley; a good deal of pepper and mustard ; plen y ot ca ots, tuniips, and onions, for broth-they will keep aU the vova-e; 28 lbs. of fine ship bread; 8 or 10 ; a tern loaves, baked hard; 1 boll of oatmea . 6 , ecks baked into bannocks and cakes, very well fired, and ila lor packing; some white i)uddings ; some s et for dumplings ;'a few candles, and a wliite-iron n te n with horif; 1 bottle of vinegar, to use in water m si inboard • 1 bottle of castor-oil ; 2 or three doz- ens Jcofocynth and rhubarb pills ; G lbs. of Epsom salts and 1 lb. of senna— these medicines are very del ^lee ; tn pan to fit the stove of the sh p, and it s convenient t J have one for hooking oii the ribs of the grate when the top of the fire is occupied ; kett c for makin- cottec, &c. Use no crockery, but instead, jugs and bowls of tin ; broth pot, frying-pan, and tin ^47^' " There are some things which are requisites," says the author of the Mechanic and Labourers Guide to America, " and essential ones a so, and not always paid sufficient attention to, on the part either of the voyager or the supplier, and other, which would materially conduce to his comtoit and even perhaps his health, which are omitted altoge her Acids of all descriptions— that is, those used at table-are not only highly serviceable at sea, but par- ticularly grateful also to the pa ate. O. ^^-'^^'^ therefore, as the most common, there should be ar ample store ; pickles likewise ot various descriptions but, above allr lemons or the jmcc ot them. loi this rs. 311 it ; 40 lbs. s. of butter ; i beor, wbich me dozei»s of l-fish, cut ill :ie iiaddocks, GO]) well ; no anges, wliicli ched palate ; 1 ; 1 stone of rd ; plenty of liey will keep ead ; 8 or 10 )f oatmeal, G ;ry well fired, iding-s ; some [ a wbite-iron use in water or three doz- Ibs. of Kpsom ines are very le ship, and it on the ribs of nipied ; kettle y, but instead, ig-pan, and tin re requisites," id Labourer's ones also, and ), on the part ;r, and otliers 13 comfort and ttcd altogether, those used at It sea, but pur- Of vinegar, e should be an s descriptions ; ;iem. For this BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO RMIGnAVTS. 47 kind of acid, there can be no proper substitute • it counteracts the effects of salt diet, allays sea-sicknoss, and forms oecasioiuilly a very refreshing and invi-o- ra ing beverage. About two or three dozon of these will bo tound sutficient, which, if obtained fresh and wrapped separately in paper, will keep good throu-h- out the voyage. Two or three i)ounds of i]^s iil.o should be taken to be used medicinally, and a'box or two ot soda-water powders. A small hamper of porter likewise, and a bottle or two of spirits, not omittiu- a little brandy.* A few good kecj)ing apples and sonie oranges also, managed in the same manner as directed tor the lemons, may bo provided ; and of vo^'p^ables besides the potatoes supplied with the stores! onions' carrots, and turnips, which will keep nearly the whole ot the tune, and are highly serviceable for soups, &e 1 wo or three pounds of portable soup, and about the same quantity ot preserved meat shouM be taken if the voyager's means will permit." ' 48. *•- In place of hard bread or biseuit, for which in most cases there is soon a disrelish, loaf-bread should be substituted, prepared in the following manner — - J.' or immediate use, a fesv stale loaves may be 're- baked, that is, put a second time in the oven in order to take out all the moisture from them, and in this sta e they wiU keep good for at least a fortnight ; but to las well for a longer period, the loaf must be cut up into thin slices and toasted slowly on both sides, un il they become perfectly dry-on a gridiron over a slow fire pt naps is the best way of preparing them —and then let them stand separately on end until per eetly cold. If these be ke/.t in a^lry place, they will continue in a good state for months, und all that IS necessary previous to use, is to moisten them with a little water aud hold them a short time before the hre, or else immerse them in any hot liquid, as tea, soup, &c, If bread thus prcoared be uuL uu in a liJ box with a tight-httiwg lid r; -over; and when used 48 FMIORANT 8 HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. Nt treated as directed, it will be almost impossible to dis- tinguisii any diti'erence between a toast of this descrip- tion and one from a loaf only a day or two old." 49. The tin articles reciuircd are, a water-can to hold the snpply of water, the (jiiantity being a gallon per d;iy to eacli individual, a wash basin, baking dish, a tin j)ot to fit into the sliip's stove for broth, &c., a can for drinking from, a pot to liang on the stove for heat- ing water, tin plates for meals, small tin dishes for tea or coft'ee, table and tea spoons, and knives and forks for each individual. All should be marked, and all packages should not only have locks, but be kept locked, and the keys taken out. This cannot be too carefully attended to, as loss of articles on shipboard are not unfrecpient, and such losses cannot unfortu- nately be sup])lied. Section 15. — Advice to Emigrants, — Continued. Best period for sailing— Cautions as to the Selection of Vessel— Kmi. grant Agents— Arrival— Directions regarding Landing— Conveyance up the country. 50. The shortest passages are made in the begin- ning of the season, consequently the best months for leaving this country, are April and May, For the poorer class of emigrants, it is absolutely essential to leave early. In the report for the year 1841, Mr Buchanan says, *' it is of the greatest importance that the advantage of arriviiig in the colony at as early a period in the season as possible, should be impressed on the labouring portion of the emigrants who come out at their own expense, and also on the landholders who wish to give assistance to their poor tenantry to emigrate, as everything depends on the time of their arrival here. Those who sail from the United King- dom in the months of April and May, arrive in time to take advantage of the spring and summer work. They have thus time to look about them, and secure a home for their families, against the coming of winter. On the other hand, if emigrants arrive at a season or \ th ::i th i sh hi - fr( I ag H es ^m ni£ 1 be ACTS. [possible to dis- of this (iescrip- two old." iter-can to hold J a gallon per baking to the other causes which 1 have alluded to, many of whieh are set forth in my weekly reports during the past season, I must attribiite, in a great measure, the expense incurrc.! by the ditterent agencies in the province. 51. The names of vessels to sail being advertised, in the proper season, the emigrant can always have a choice. The conveyance of passengers to the British colonies is regulated by Act of Parliament, (5 and 6 Vic- toria, chap 10/,) of which an abstract will be found in the Appendix. 1 his should be carefully read by the in- tending emigrant, and he should not sail unless he linds that its provisions are strictly attended to. The a-ents appointed by government 'attend no doubt to the enforcement of these, but in a matter of sucii vital importance, the emigrant cannot be too careful in seeing to this himself. The most necessary for him to be assured of is that the proper quantity of water bo on board, and that more passengers are not taken than he tonnage of the vessel allows. The character of the vessel for swift sailing, and her sea-W( , thiness should be strictly inquired into; and if at all witin.i his reach, the emigrant should not embark exee. t from a port where government has an emioration agent, or where there is an effic-iont fnckets of a set Dund in every sible that these pate. Farther runts on their idvice, in case rference when takes cogniz- ;he poor man's :rving of pro- 3 innumerable at a time and diarly dithcult Liie prrriiijions led witli, Mill •f the ayents ; ilf-pay list of nilTTISH AMERICA.— ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 51 naval officers, they will be peculiarly able to judge of the quality of the provisions in store, and of the general arrangements for the comforts of the passen- gers," 53. On arrival, the emigrant ought not to be in a hurry to land. If the vessel is bound to Montreal, and he intends proceeding to Upj)er Canada, he should on no account leave the vessel at Quebec, except it be to go with the long boat direct with his luggage to the steamer for- IMontreul ; and not unfrequently the steamer comes alongside the emigrant ship, and thus facilitates the re-embarkation of the emigrant. The captain of the ship can easily arrange this with the steamer. If his supplies are run out, a few hours at Quebec will suffice to provide the necessaries of life. The emigrant should wait till the vessel is at the wharf, or comes to anchor in the river, if she cannot immediately get a berth. He is entitled by the Pas- senger Act to remain on board for forty-eight hours after the^ vessel lias arrived at the port to which he has contracted to be taken, and it is illegal for the captain to force him sooner ashore ; and he will do well to make use of as much of this privih^'^e, as will enable him to have his luggage all arrang , to land himself and his family without hurry or confusion, and as it will prevent the necessity of going into lodgings where he disembarks. His luggage should be put into as small compass as possible, if he intends proceeding farther, and the barrels and boxes in which his provisions were carried, now useless, are not worth the expense of transport. He should boil a few pounds of pork or beef, before leaving the ship, to serve him for a few days ; in a few minutes he can procure fresh bread, and he can with ease get hot water in the steamer in which he is to embark to make tea on the way up. The passage by the steamer from Quebec to Montreal, ISO miles, is usually made in twenty-four hours. When the emigrant has got all arranged for leaving the ship, or if he has come by the steamer from Quebec, he should immediately get his luggage trans- i \ 52 emigrant's hand-book of facts. ported to the barges of the forwarding- company. He will always find carters ready to transport them, but care must betaken not to be imposed on; Is. 6d. should be sufficient for taking- all his things to the station of the barges. The same barges continue all the way through to Kingston, the luggage need not therefore be moved till arr"ving there. In the barges he will find utensils for cooking, and the females and children will find shelter in the cabin. In 6ase of foul weather, the emigrant can get his family on board the steamer at Lachine, where the barges are taken in tow to Carillon, about forty miles from Lachine. The barges liere take seven or eight hours in getting through the locks, and getting up to Grenville. On the way the emigrant can buy a few potatoes from the farmers on the canal ; and pork, butter, flour, tea, sugar, eggs and butcher meat, can all be obtained. From Grenville to Bytown the barges are towed by steamers, and reach the latter place in fifteen or six- teen hours. On their arrival at Bytown, the barges have again to pass through locks, which causes" a delay of some hours. The passage from Bvtown to Kingston is rather tedious ; but as it ailbrds to the emi- grant various opportunities of seeing the country, and many of engaging as a farm servant, he should not look upon it as altogether lost time. At Kingston, there are steamers for Toronto, distant 170 miles, and for Hamilton at the head of Lake Ontario, distant from Kingston 210 miles. The entire distance from Quebec to Toronto, is GOG miles, and the time occupied in performing it, in the year 1841, about ten days. 54. The expenseofthisjourney may be calculated thus in the currenaj of the country l — Fare from (Quebec to Montreal, at one time, 7s. 6d., is often reduced by competition to 5s.; in 1811, was reduced to 2s. Gd., say 5 No cliargc for luggage. Carting luggage^ at Montreal to Barge station,.. , o i a FACTS. ig' company. IIo insport tliera, but •sed on ; Is. 6d. lis things to the rgos continue all iggage need not 3. In the barges the females and bin. In Case of s family on board irges are taken in in Lachine. The lours in getting » Grenville. On )otatoes from the utter, flour, tea, all be obtained. 3S are towed by n fifteen or six- town, the barges which causes a from By town to liibrds to the emi- thc country, and c should not look Kingston, there miles, and for rio, distant from nee from Quebec ime occupied in t ten days, je calculated thus J time, 7s. 6d., is 3.; in 1811, was 5 Barge 1 G ........ 10 BUITISH AMEUICA.— ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 53 Allowed for luggage 1 cwt. or i;th cwts.; '2s. Gd. per cwt. charged for all ev.tra. Faro from Kingston to Toronto, 7 G ^•1 4 This is exclusive of < )visions. 55. Children under - years are charged half-price, under 3 years nothing. Families, on arrival ut Mon- ireal, who are unable to pay, or unwilling to incur the »'X|)onsc of lodging, will find shelter in the emigrant bhods at the entraiieo of the Lachine canal. Lodgings can be had at from 4d. to Gd. per night. If supper or breakfast is required, the charge lor each meal is i'lom Wd. to Is. By town, on the River Ottawa, at the entrance of the Ituleau Canal, is a convenient plaec to obtain a supply of fresh ])rovisions. At Kingston, as at RIonireal, there are sheds fur the ac- C(mimudutiun of emigrants, to which tliey will be ad- mitted on aj)i)licatiou to the government agents; and ill no case need the emigrant, if his destination is liiriher, remain more than one night either at Mon- treal or Kingston. Enngrants paying the fares, we have noted above, must provide their own provisions fur the i)assage, as in no instance are passengers of this class furnished with I'ood on the route. The f)ro- bable exj)ense for provisions for the whole journey, which as already mentioned, occupies about 10 days, has been calculated at 10s. From Kingston to the western end of Lake Ontario, there is a regular chain of steam-boats; there are two for the Bay of Uuinte, two for the Rice Lake and Otanaba River, two on Lake Simcoe. There is constant intercourse between Toronto, and Hamilton, and Niagara, and between Hamilton and Queenston. Steam-boats run up the River Thames as iar as Chatham, and the Canada com{)any have a steam-boat on Lake Huron. 50, Mr Evans, in his work already quoted, gives th.' following table of distances from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to (^nehec; and from the latter City to Fort Erie, ^Veatern (Vm ^ '~' (Upper) Canada, which v^ill lie ibund ■Mcly useful to etni-ruiUs, ex. 54 emigrant's hand-book of facts. I VCTS. niUTISH AMEUICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 55 (3 O •4-* (3 i § SIS 01 a (J <1 .§ 12; CI 1 CO 1?; 1— 1 1 oc *o lie 1 cc 1 -t 1 «^' 1 cc CO o 1^ -t CC ,^ CI C5 CI CO CO Ol cr. -* l^ Ci CO o CO r— ( CI o CI 1-^ «|c. « ICl C4 o C-l CI CJ J5 CI ca o r— 4 '9 CI C5 OC o M rry ••^i ffC c^ SC rci !>. •^ ^ CI ?^ ^ 5^ u? ^ i ^ P^ f^ r° ^ j c5 00 cc §8 M CO «>7 -t< CO o: C ffC cc o o o CO '~: ci ■t* OC i lO CI Oi 00 05 1< j t »o CI cc '-C I .^ ! ;o ! CI CI i OC ) I CO CO CO I '■■£' CO O 57. A ^reat error is committed by the labouring emi- grant in asking exorbitant wages on his arrival ; he should content himself at first with 3s. or 4s., and take the first employment that offers. The following ex- tract from a Report from the chief Emigration Agent at Quebec, to the Governor-general of Canada, dated 31st July, 1841, should be carefully attended to by emigrants. " The most important measure is, first, to endeavour to undeceive the emigrants in the very er- roneous ideas which they almost all entertain as to the remuneration w'lich they will receive for their labour on arrival in this country. Instances occur almost daily of persons who, in their own country, (Ireland) were glad to work for iOd. to Is. per day, refusing employ- ment here at 3s., and they do not consider that, for the first season, until they become acquainted with the labour of the country, their services are worth little more than one-luilf to the farmer. Many, to my cer- tain knowledge, have been offered advantageous en- gagements in this neighbourhood, but refused perma- nent employment, preferring to proceed in hopes of better wages, but in which very many are disappointed. 58." Wages, for agricultural labour in the eastern townships, and in almost every section of the western division of the province, are higher than in the neigh- bourhood of this city (Quebec), or Montreal; six to seven dollars per month is as much as farmers will, or can afford to give to newly arrived emigrants, with board and lodging. Good hands, after a year or so of residence, will generally command from ten to twelve dollars, and found. Labourers who board themselves receive here from twelve to fifteen dollars per month. Day labourers always get 2s. 6d. to 3s., and at this season ottener the latter than the former, but if they possess the means of proceeding further, they will seldom work for this. 59. " It is most desirable to impress on the intending- enngrant the necessity of their being in possession o1" sufficient means to enable them to proceed to where a demand for their labour exists, and it is extreinelv r i Ci I in Z: j fvi S [1 — -► -tti^ ill n if 56 EMIGRANTS IIAND-COOK OF FACTS. difficult, I may soy impossible, when from 2000 to auUO, aiul in some instances 5000 people arrive here iu a week, (as was the case this season for several weeiis in succession) that employment can immediately bo found for all who stand in need. CO. *' Facilities have occurred this season which were not formerly to be obtained in the neighbourhood of this city ((Quebec) and Montreal; viz., innnediate cm- |)loynient to all classes of emigrants on the public works and road improveuients. This, however, can- not be relied on in future beyond another season." Gl. IMany emigrants, on arrival at Quebec and Mon- treal, have not the means to carry tiiem forward, but they find no difficulty in getting work at the coves at Quebec, and are very soon enabled to lay up sufficient to carry them up tlsc country. They should on no account reuiain in (Quebec or IMontreal during winter, as they will assuredly have much privation and hard- ship to contend with. However high the wages may be in the busy season, the winter presents to them a barren Held indeed. G2. If the destination of the emigrant is westward of the head of Lake Ontario, he will proceed from Niagara by the Welland Canal to Fort Erie, near the eastern end of Lake Eric, from whence he will find steam con- veyance to the western district or the southern portion of the London district, and other ))arts in the vicinity of Lake St Clair. If intending to settle on the lands of the Canada Comj)any on Lake Huron, or in the vicinity of Lake Sinieoe, he will proceed from Kings- ton to Toronto, as directed in the preceding section, and from the latter place he will find conveyance to the northern and north-western districts On the other hand, should his object be to settle in the eas- tern districts, he may have occasion to leave the barges of the Conve}'ing Coui])any before he arrives at Kings- ton. If bound for Bytown, Grenville, Hull, Ilorton, or oilier places on the Ottawa, he will proceed by that river by the ordinary conveyance from IMontreal; and, if for Perth or New Lanark^ he can go bv Ijvtowu or 11 1 1. son which wore ives at Kino,'; BRITISH AMEKICA. ADVICE To r.MlGRANTE. 57 by Prescot. Those bound for the Newcastle district, slionhl, after leavin-^ Kinyston, disembark at Coburgh or Port Hope on Lake Ontario; and, for Seymour, the best route is from Kingston by the Bay of Quinte to the mouth of tlie river" Trent, whence there is a good road of eighteen miles to that phice. In a country so rapidly advancing, however, as Canada is, new facilities of conveyance are every season openino- up._ Wherever his destination may be, therefore, the emigrant should consult the government agent, either at Quebec, Montreal, Jiytown, or Kingston, as to the best and cheapest route, and he should carefully note down for his future guidance the information he may receive. If time at all permits, and a short time will suffice, this information should be obtained from the government agent at Quebec ; and if the emigrant has no fixed destination, it is of course absolutely necessary tJiat he should, before proceeding farther, get all the in- formation here necessaryfor his direction. The emigrant should also be careful in listening to the statements of private individuals with whom he may come in con- tact. He cannot tell the motives from which any ad- vice he may receive flows ; and many have been much misled and seriously injured from the ignorance of their informant. The safe course is, in all such mat- ters, to take the disinterested advice of the government agent. 63. And here it is necessary to warn the poorer classes of emigrants against an erroneous impression which was last season, and we fear is yet too prevalent, tliat the poor emigrant would, on arrival, be supported and forwarded at government exi)euse to anu section oj the province thcij ivish to settle in, Th.is, Ijowever, IS not the case. Many sailed last season under this impression, conceiving that if they could only reach Quebec all their wants would be provided for, and that tliev would hp piinlilod tn or. +o tl,,. l^f—iU \ v the previous residence of friends and relations, they wished to settle, without further expense. The con- sequence of this error was much disai)pointment to the '..Mm.c^^^. JU. ' li 58 emigrant's hand-book of facts. poor emigrant, and much unavailinf? rorrret All tl.it Indlir tfn/'^r' '•''"' "'" ^° ""'^^" such'circumstancel and all that the government undertakes, is to j)ut tlie e.n.grant on the way c.f obtaining employment in the eighbourhood of Quebec, when they must depend on the.r own mdustry for their support; or, if employ- ment cannot be obtained there, to assist th;m in Sr to situations where he knows it can be obtained, and where labour is wanted. It must be obvious, however; that, under such circumstances, emigrants cannot have heir own choice of locality; and they would do well, therefore, at once to put themselves under the direc tion ot the government agent, and be guided by his advice, taking the employment which can be obtained. 1 1 they have time to look about them and judge what is best to be done. ^ 64. During the season of 1840, G63 emigrants from Glasgow and Paisley, chiefly weavers and mechanics, Hr^'n^T ^'^ ^^ S"?""' i" ""^'y P«°^ a«d destitute circ m.tances, and depending on immediate employ- ment for the subsistence of themselves and their numerous families. They were members of Emigra- f om t^J,?^"''*! had been enabled to emigrate, partly Iron, the funds raised by these Societies from the contnl utions of their members, and partly by pub- c subscriptions; and all h.a left^ home under the erroneous impression to which we have alluded Several families, numbering about 60 persons, by the ? Z/. J^^' Buchanan, the agent, remained a? oads at InT^'^ o' ^''' ?' ^^'''' "^«"ths on the f. / f- ^^'- ^"d ^^- PeJ' day. They were soon se led on land in the flourishing townshV of Veed hZVn I ^ ^'"'^ '"'-^^ ^''°"^ *'^eir own industry, of being tn a jew years independent. « I have." says to know iir'tl"-'^'^'-;''^ g'-atification at preS. to know that their families are above want. Their Smkmerinll -^""'"^"1 '^ ^^'"^ "'«"-^'^' ^'^^ gent emen in this city, who, seeing their willinc^nps, and industry, have assisted them wilh pro^isS^ FACTS. regret. All that ch circumstances, kcs, is to put the iploymont in the { must depend on t; or, if employ- iist them in goin"* be obtained, and 'bvious, however, ants cannot have y would do well, under the direc- )e guided by his can be obtained, I and judge what ) emigrants from and mechanics, >r and destitute (lediate employ- ilves and their Jcrs of Emigra- emigrate, partly neties from the partly by pub- ; home under e have alluded, persons, by the ;, remained at months on the hey were soon iships of Leeds m Quebec, and vn industry, of 'I have," says ion at present want. Their iuential Scotch eir willingness revisions and a BRITISH AMERICA.-AnviCE TO EMIGRANTS. 59 parr^rr °'^tf ^-I>^"y--t,btilh greater ?on o Th '''T^^'i ^* government expense to To' onto. Ihe natural consequence was, that, after aH WP.V ^"^;f ^"^^ ^^^"re unsuccessful. Bein.. most v ^^eavers, their want of knowledge of ao-ricultumT f i in. '^^P'l'ted that many confessed they had rpfn^^/] not means for Ins support ; and even where he hi, thl rr±.^?F!f » '". -7 o^ploymenrand ttt pecs •of um^t'eteS "'""*' "" '""'' '<"■ '"» '-- f! 60 emigrant's riAND-nooK of facts. ' h I* ^1 Section 16.— Advice to Emc.nANT!i,— Cu?iti}iucd. ^''l'ZT^\\^,l^\ <>'t-'}'-''"'-'-ha''e of L,-,n government in the Canadas or New Brunswick is 50 acres: but in Upper Canada, town or building lots, and park lots in the neighbourhood of towns, are sold in smaller portions. The smallest quantity which can be purchased from the Canada Company, whose j)os- sessions, as already mentioned, lie on Lake Huron, is 100 acres. In Prince Edward's Island, town lots in Georgetown and Princetown, of a quarter of an acre each are sold ; pasture lots of eight acres each ; and township lands, in lots of 100 acres each. Till lately, the mode of selling crown lands in these provinces was anything but satisfactory— the mode being to have periodical auctions of land, at upset prices ; in conse- quence of which, the emigrant had to wait the occur- rence of a sale, and often might find himself outbid in the lot he wanted, when it did occur. This disad- vantageous mode of disposing of the crown lands is now discontinued in the Canadas, and land can at once be purchased at certain fixed prices. These neces- sarily vary in all the provinces, according to locality and soil. In Lower (Eastern) Canada, the price of land in the Ottawa country, and on the south bank of the St Lawrence, to the west of the Kennehec road, is 4s. dd. sterling, or Gs. currency, per acre, and in other parts of the province, a*. \d. sterling, or 45. currency, per acre. in Upper (VVestfrn)'canada, the price of government land is generally Ss. currency per acre; clergy reserves are higher, averaging i2s. Qd. Is FACT3. s, — Cuntimicd. ipfs—Titlcs— CIcamI 1(1 OlKcis—l'rolits on ise»— Wages of I,a. been condensed 5))nt by the Com- tlun' sources, for tai, intending to isli provinces of tity of land sold 3W Brunswick is orbuiUlinf,' lots, ' towns, are sold antity which can any, whose j)0s- Lake Huron, is id, town lots in arter of an acre acres each ; and 3h. Till lately, these provinces de being to have rices ; in conse- wait the occur- imself outbid in r. This disad- crown lands is land can at once These neces- ding to locality da, the price of e south bank of Kennebec road, er acre, and in sterling, or As. ;stern) Canada, lly 85. currency sraging i'ls. Qd, \ r BniTISn AMEniCA.-ADVrCE TO EMIORANTS. 01 curn^icy per acre. Wy the same Act. however bv li h'eS irr'-"" 'U"^^ '^•"'^ ^^ --^-» -- a, ;{ m ? h. ^ '' ^^ '^"'^^ '^ *« ^"^ fi^«'l from time to time by the gover .or and council. The nrices miv dvTn wil[f "'■ ''"".^'''^^ ^^^ ^-" su'ed ^t t 1 s^ given will form a guide to intending erairrants vhilp any change can be easily ascertained> Th : ^ 'e charged by the Cana.la (5omnany, according to^ Mr W.dder. varies from 7.. 4r/. to 3/5. per acre,^for\^ .J I and, according to the situation. Iu'ncw Br.insul.k ste, ing to V>s. 6d. per acre, depending on situation In the wescern province the variation was greater he price in the back townships bein- Jor 5, ul'7 in more favoured situations, it^ramled fVom 0. [o I ' Z:ToJ: ""r ^----^.thfprlcrobtai; d was UlJf n^'- '^""'"'^J and in Prince Edwarcrs island from 10.. to 14s. per acre. ' CG. In Western Canada. New Brunswick md Prince Edward's Island, the validity of it es ?o land, offered for sale by private individuals, en be eslv and atlutle expense ascertained, there bein' re4& officesin every county, whereall transfersa eVc^ de f triflin^ferin F"t"''p "1 °P^" '' inspectlontr a mnmgtee InEustern Canada, hitherto, this could onlv This defect V i n V^' *^' '''°''^'"= "^ transfers! • re oved as eJ J' ^T'^'u ^^ ^" ^ ^'^^^ "^^^sure te ms of ft K= •? °*^-' ^''^^^ ^^^" instituted in viTu , l^<'^g:istry ordinance of 9th Feb IS41 Where land, partially cleared and fenced, s purcha * v'a'c; nfZT.r.^TtlK"r''y ^^ ^«"o-''^: at an Ld- la«,i • ^t'"" rV '"-' ^^^ acre, on tiie price of wilrl land; in New Brunswick, the price varies from L EdwardV^l' rT'^'f '' '^'' ^•^"^^•«» ' andTpHn e Ldv^ard s Inland, a farm of 100 acres, one-fourth part J » „ Ji s ;1 62 kmigrant's hand-book of facts. Iff \ cleared and fenced, will fotch from 150/. to 200/ Groat care should ho taken in purchasing clearci lands, that the intending settler does not purchase a taiui which IS completely exhausted. Where an cmi- jfrant can ^Hord to purchase land wholly or partially cleared, it ig a very {rood plan, where caution is used, u'Ul saves hun much labour and inconvenience; but from the careless mode of fiirming too often pursued, the emigrant, if he does not look well about him, niPv be mosf ^^rossly taken in and deceived. The mode aooptcd wilh many after clearing land, is to take crop after crop of wheat, 'ntil the soil is utterly incapable ofsupportingvegetab., life, and will no longer yield a crop. The proprietor then looks about for new land for himself, and, at the same time, for a purchaser for his old exhausted farm. He easily finds a new comer desirous of cleared land, to whom he sells his for a handsome profit on the original price, and the dupe only finds too late, when he looks in vain for the ex- pected crop in the following autumn, how trrievously he has been taken in. No one should buy^a cleared farm till he has had it in lease for a year or two; and tor a stranger, it is safer to buy wild land, notwith- standing the expense and labour of clearing. 67. The expense of clearing land cannot be precisely stated, as it necessarily varies from circumstances and situation. In Eastern Canada, it is said to average about '21. sterling per acre, but may cost more, accord- ing to the nature of the ?oil and the quality of the wood. In the Western ]n'ovince, it has been estimated at 3/., and from 3/. \0s. to 4/. IO5. per acre for clearing and fencing; but in remote and unsettled parts of the pro- vince, in consequence of the difficulty of procuring labourers, the cost is necessarily greater than in others'. Ihe expense m New Brunswick of cutting and clear- ing off the trees, leaving the stumps standing, ave- rages 2/. lis. to 3/. 12*'. sterling; and in Prince Ed- ward's Island it varies from 2/= to 4/. ner acre. The lands most expensive to clear, are 'swampy lands^ and those covered with heavy timber, sucli as pine, FACTB. 1 150/. to 200/. rcliasing clf.'artMl I not i)urcliase a VV'here an ctnl- loUy or partially ' caution is used, lonvenience; but often pursued, 1 about him, nsay ved. The mode I, is to take crop itterly incaf)ablo no longer yield •out for new land r a purchaser for ids a new comer ) sells his for a B, and the dupe vain for the cx- , how grievously d buy a cleared oar or two; and I land, hotwith- !aring. inot be prociscly rcumstances and said to average st more, accord- lity of the wood, estimated at 3/., ibr clearing and >arts of the pro- :y of procuring r than in others, itting and clear- standing, ave- in Prince Ed- J.... ,,, . . ■ swampy lands, ; Bucli as pine, milTIsn AMEHICA-ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 63 liomlcck, &c.; which, '.owever, is reckoned the best escnpt.on o land. The following sta.eu.ents X land lu the London district, in the minner usuallv ■^< opted m Canada with an cstin.ate of tlu val H" trin^ ^"'"^"''^ ''"•"'= '^' "'•^^ ^'"-^^ y^--« -^tfr I'irst Year. — Chopping, clear- ing and fencing 20 acres, so as to leave it Ht for sowin'^-, 41. per acre, . . "' Seed, I ^ bushel wheat to the acre, say .'iO bushels, 5s., Sowing aud Dragging at os. per acre, Ilarvestinjr at 7.s'. Gd, per acre, 'J he value of the straw tailing, wheat hulls, &c., on the farm are supposed to be equal to the thrashing and cartage to the barn. By 20 bushels of wheat per acre, 400 bushels, at 3s. 9d., Second Year.— To timothy and clover seed at 25. (id. per acre Mowing an:l taking off hay at 75. Gd. per acre, . By I }, ton per acre of hay at 6 uollars per ton, Third Year.— To mowing'and taking off the hay at 75. Gd. \)er acre, By 1^ ton per acre of hay, at 6 dollars jjcr ton, Balance, . 80 7 5 10 10 d. £ f i I i 2 ; 10 10 7 10 By balance brought down. '17 10 165 75 45 45 i I J(io (» ^47^10 IJi i.l _i-.. * m ¥ 64< emigrant's hand-book of facts. I!* 'I C3. The same quantity of land cleared by slashing:— First Year. — Slashing 20 4 dolh per acre, This is to be allowed to lie three years. Interest on 20/. for three years at G per cent., . Burning, clearing, and fenc- ing, at 8 dollars per acre, Ploughing twice at \os. per acre, 7s. Qd. each time, Dragging and seed, . Harvesting, By 25 bushels wheat to the acre, 500 bushels, at 3s. 9c?., Second Year of Cultivation. — Ploughing once, at 7s. 6d., Sowing and dragging, at 5s., Seed, lU bushels rye per acre, at 3s. 9c? , . Harvesting, By 20 bushels rye per acre 3s. 9d. Rye in Zorra al- ways brings an equal price with wheat for distilling, but say, to be quite certain, 33. \^d.. Third 'Year. — To timothy and clover seed, at 2s. G(/. per acre, Mowing and taking off hay, at 7s. Gd, By 1| ton of hay per acre, at C dollars per ton, Balaucc, • By balance brought down, Dr. 20 3 12 40 15 12 7 10 10 10 12 10 6 Cr. £ s. 2 10 93 15 62 10 7 10 • • • • C7 6 • • 201 5 45 201 £G6 6 P- il BRITISH AMKUICA. — ADVICK TO EMIGRANTS. 65 GD. On his arrival, the emigrant can at once ascer- tain, by apj)lication at the proper office, what crown hinds are surveyed and open for sale. Lists and plans are kept in the offices of the crown land commissioners, and also of the surveyor-general. Crown lands open for sale in Canada, are, besides, regularly advertised in the Gazette. The Canada Company issue printed lists, from time to time, of their lands on sale, which arc distributed throughout the province, and any detailed particulars can be learned by a})y)lication to their com- missioners at Toronto, either personally at the office, or by letter, which will be answered in course of post. No lands belonging either to the crown or the Canada Company, can be purchased or occupied by any set- tler until they have been first surveyed. In the case of the crown lands in Canada, it would be impossible to order a survey of land on the application of an in- dividual ; but should a number of persons be desirous of settling together on an unsurveyed tract, a survey would immediately be ordered to be made. In New Brunswick, however, a survey would be made instantly on application ; but in Prince Edward's Island, the land, besides being surveyed, must be advertised for thirty days, and then sold by public auction. When the price is paid for crown lands in Canada, the pur- chaser will receive a patent as soon as it can be pre- pared, and is then entitled to take possession. The Canada Company grant licenses of occupation upon the first instalment of one-fifth of the purchase-money being paid, and grant a complete title-deed immedi- ately on the whole being paid. No delay, therefore, in obtaining land in Canada need take place. In Prince Edward's Island, there is no delay after the {)urchase in getting possession ; but in New Bruns- wick, there may be a delay of from a week to a month. Measures, however, are in progress to ob- viate this in future, by surveying and laying uut locu- lititis in favourable situations. In Canada, the crown reserves the right of making roads, bridges, and erect- ing buildings for military purposes, but nmst indemnify I m *fl I GG emiguant's hand-book of facts. the proprietor for land taken from lilm. Gol(l and sil- ver mines are also reserved, with the right of working tliem, and all white pine timber, but the latter right is never enforced. In New Brunswick and Prince Edward's Island, all precious metals and all coal are re- served to the crown. There are no government taxes in Canada, nor any impost except local taxes, appli- cable to the general purposes of the district in which the land is situated. These amount to 55. bd. per an- num on each 200 acres of wild land, and \d. per acre per annum for cleared land. In the other provinces there are no taxes but those made from time to time for local purposes. 70. In purchasing land from government, they give considerable ac )mmodatiou regarding payment of the price where this is required. One instalment being jjaid down, three years are given for payment of the balance — an instalment being paid yearly with interest at six per cent. Even should the settler be unable to fulfil this contract when due, government is seldom nrgcnt for some time; but the sooner he is enabled to get his land cleared of the burden, and his title com- pleted, the better. The Canada Company give four years for payment of the price of land purchased from them— that is in five instalments, one paid down, and the other four at intervals of twelve months. Neither will they be over urgent on an industrious settler, if the interest is regularly paid, but will give a little ad- ditional time if circumstances should render it neces- sary. It is extremely dangerous, however, to pur- chase land, i)ayable by instalments, from a land dealer. Tlie settler may rest assured that if his instalments are not paid when due, he will be turned out, losing all the money he has paid as well as his labour. There are too many land-jobbers in Canada who make a trade of getting emigrants into their power in this way, and turning them out of the land after draining them of all they possess. As a safe rule, the emigrant who purchases from a i)rivatc individual, should pay the price in full ut once, and get liis title. If he is jfol(J and sil-. t of working' latter right and Prince 1 coal are re- •nnient taxes taxes, appli- ■ict in whicli . bd. per an- \d. per acre er provinces ime to time it, they give yment of the ilment being ment of the tvith interest be unable to it is seldom s enabled to is title com- ny give four chased from d down, and is. Neither us settler, if e a little ad- ler it neces- ^^er, to pur- land dealer, instalments i out, losing 3our. There vho make a )wer in this fter draining the emigrant , should pay e. If lie is BlUriSlI AMtUICA ADVICE TO EMIGUANTS. G7 unable to do this, let him have nothing to do with the li.nd. Indeed, it is extremely dangerous for to get into debt at all in Canad a settler la, and we advise him never on any account lu uiKe creuit irom a store. A poor land-owner will readily obtain credit from the store-keeper, but it is almost certain ruin to accept It. By the laws of the country, a creditor can attach land tor the amount of his claim however small it may be ; and as cash may not be easily raised at a moment's notice, the settler may be speedily stripped of all he possesses, and the store-keeper become the owner of the spot on which he had hoped that he and his family would have become independent. Prudent settlers will suffer almost any privation rather than run the risk which getting in debt to a store-keeper entails. 71. In Upper Canada there are no farms exclusivelv devoted either to tillage or to grazing cattle. Gener- ally speaking, in the older clearings the greater por- tion of the farm is under grass, &c., to provide food for the cattle during winter. On new farms on which the clearings are not extensive, the greater part is in tillage; the farmer usually first raising such crops as he may require for his own consumption, or that will meet with a ready sale. In Lower Canada the great- est proportion in the Seigniories is under tilla"e— in the townships iri pasture. Throughout the eastern ownships of this province grazing is very general, because it affords the easiest method of sendin- farm produce to market under the present meanl of commumeation, and as avoiding the heavy expense of labour In Prince Edward's Island the great pro- portion of the land is in tillage, the properties of the soil being considered better fitted for that species of husbandry than for grazing. In New Brunswick there are no farms where grazing is exclusively pur- sued; but in many situations a great proportion of the iand IS appropriated to the growing of hay; and after the liayjiarvest the cattle mi-p tumo,? .^n fi.^ a ""' resent pt per Cana la being very im])crfcct, and farming adopted in Up- gruzing cxclu- If 08 EM Kill A NT S HAND-BOOK Oi' FACTS. Hi Hi sively having never been tried, it is not easy to speak as to the comparative profits of tillage and grazing. Many farmers, however, are of opinion that the ad- vantages of the latter are not sufficiently understood or appreciated, and recommend its adoption. There can be little doubt, that one effect of the present British tariff will be to increase the quantity of land kept in grass or green crop, and to encourage the rearing and feeding of cattle. 72. MrWidder, one of thecoramissionersofthe Canada Company, has furnished the following statements of the profits upon grazing, which he gives on the au- thority of a respectable and intelligent individual re- siding at Zorra. The value of stock in that township is as follows : — " Sheep (store), after shearing, lOs. a piece; work- ing cattle, per yoke, 50 to GO dollars; year-old hogs, 12s. Gd. to I5s. each; horses, from ao/. to 40/. the span; cows, 16 to 20 dollars each. It appears that stock farms are much more profitable than merely grain farms, on account of the great increase in the value of cattle. In the first three or four years the following is a fair statement of what may be done with them. In the fall of the year ox-calves, calved in the spring, may be purchased for '20s. currency per head ; generally at something less. The next autumn the same calves are worth 40s. each. The succeeding autumn, when two and a-half years old, they are worth 80s. each, and the spring following are fit to break in, and then are worth ol. each, or 10/. per yoke. The stock farmer should not keep them longer, as they will not continue to increase in the same propor- tion. Heifer calves are equally profitable to keep." The profits on tillage we have shown in p. 63. "The profits on grazing," Mr Widder says, "are verv considerable •" the demands for cattle for the use of the colony cannot be supplied except by importa- tions from the United States, where considerable nnmbors of sheep are raised for the wool. In the Huron tract, and Wilmot, the pasture afibrded to the ;y to speak 1(1 grazini?. bat the ad- understood on. There ;he present tity of land courage the f the Canada atements of on the au- dividual re- lat township )iece; work- ur-old hogs, to 40/. the .])pcar3 that ;han merely rease in the ir years the 3e done with jalved in the ;y per head ; autumn the succeeding ey are worth fit to break '. per yoke. 11 longer, as lame propor- le to keep." 1 in p. (53. says, "are e for the use by importa- considerable 3ol. In the [brded to the BniTISH AMERICA.— ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. C9 cattle in the woods is so excellent, that without any assistance they get remarkably fat, and fit for slaying. In Wilmot, the Huron, and Waterloo, the number of sheep is miicli on the increase, and large flocks are seen. In Waterloo, several fulling mills are erected, and large quantities of woollen yarn spun by the women and children, which is made into a durable flannel, stockings, and coatings. 73. It is not usual to take farms on lease in Canada, land being so cheap that farmers generally prefer pur- chasing land to renting it. In the Upper Province, rent, when paid in cash, is from 10s. to 205. per acre, for good cleared and fenced farms, having the necessary buildings, and near a principal market ; and from 5s. to 10s. per acre, for land farther back and more re- moved from a market. The most common mode of letting land, however, is "farming on shares," the proprietor rec iving either one-half, or generally one- third, of the produce, without reference to the cost of production. The system of leasing by government having been found inconvenient, has been discontinued for some years. Where land is let in the Lower Province, it is generally on condition of receiving half the produce, the proprietor supplying half the seed, and all the implements and stock. Land, in the wild state, is let in Prince Edward's Island on lease for from 40 to 999 years. The latter is most common at an annual rent of Is. to 2s. per acre, with the op- tion of purchasing the freehold at 20 years' purchase. The tenant or settler is always at the cost of clearing the land. In New Brunswick land is usually let on short lease, from 3 to 5 years, sometimes for a money rent, but generally upon shares of half the produce. The erection of a good log-house costs, in Upper Canada, from 35/. to CO/.; a frame-house, about 90/.; barn and stables, from 30/. to 40/. Stables for three horses, including sheds for cattle, 30/. Many houses, however, occupied by farmers of the country, cost much less. The Dutch farmers attend more to the comfort of their cattle than that of their families, and i,m If .f^ 70 EMIGIIANTS HANU-BOUK OK FACTS. '* II ' f„ ^^IBi ' i H^^PB i , their barns and sheds are their first consideration. Their dwelling-houses are quite out of character with their offices. In Lower Canada the house costs about 20/. sterlins', the barn about 20/., and the stable about 10/. In New Brunswick a comfortable frame-house costs from 150/. to 200/. currency, (135/. to 180/. sterling-); a frame-barn from 30/, to 50/. currency, (27/. to 45/. sterling). In Prince Edward's Island a suitable house for a small farmer, may be built for 120/., a barn for 40/., and a stable for 3 horses, for 25/. sterling. The usual rate of wages paid to a labourer, is in Upper Canada, from 25/. to 30/. per annum, from 2/. to 2/. \0s. per month, and 2s. to 3s. per day, with board and lodging. During harvest from 4s. 6d. to 5s.- with board and lodging. In Lower Canada the wages are rather less. The wages of a labourer in New Brunswick average about 21/. 12i'. sterling, per annum, or 305. sterling per month, with board and lodging. Day labourers, with- out board, 25. 8c/. sterling per day, but in harvest 35. 7d. sterling. In Prince Edward's Island, with board, 16/. to 18/. per annum, 305. to 405. per month, and 25. per day. 74. We are unable to state of our own knowledge, nor although we have taken some trouble in the matter, have we been able to ascertain precisely the rate of profit on farming operations in Canada. In the answers to the queries by the Emigration Cominis- sioners, it is calculated at 30 per cent, on the capital laid out. No data, however, are given from \yhich the correctness of the estimate can be ascertained. It seems quite sufficient for the emigrant, however, to know that flirming, if conducted with prudence and industry, is uniformly successful. An industrious fanner is sure of securing a comfortable living, parti- cularly if he has sons and daughters to assist him in his labuui's iu the fit;id. The instances of faruiors arc numerous who commenced with very limited means, and who are now independent. The same observa- tions apply to the other British provinces. There is I u BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 7l xleration. ctcr with )sts about ble about me-housc to 180/. currency. Island a built for orses, for paid to a 30/. per 2s. to 3s. '^ harvest (mg. In [he wages gc about srling' per rers, with- n harvest and, with er month, lowledgc, fie in the iciscly the nada. In 1 Comuiis- he capital which the ained. It )\vever, to dence and rulustrious ing, parti- is t him in irnieis arc ed means, e observa- Tliere is one agricultural product for whicli the soil and climate of Upper Canada are well adapted, and which, al- though important in a national point of view, has been hitherto neglected. Tliis is the cultivation of hemp. There is a great deal of rich land in alluvial bottoms or valleys, which is too strong for the growth of wheat in the first instance, but which, after a crop or two of hemp, would be well fitted for grain crops. In remote districts hemp would be a much more pro- fitable crop than wheat, as it is more valuable in pro- portion to its weight, and would cost, as a matter of course, less in the carriage to a market. The great want for this crop is a mill for its preparation. It would, therefore, be highly advisable, where the land is fitted for the growth of hemp, that a number of neighbouring settlers should join in the erection of a mill, and enter into an agreement, each to raise a cer- tain quantity of hemp. The profit would be certain, and the advantage national in rendering Great Britain more independent for this staple article, of the northern nations of Europe. Flax would also be a profitable article for cultivation, but there is not we believe a single flax mill in the province. Hitherto all that has been cultivated has been dressed and used for domestic j)urposes in the family of the grower. Section 17. — Advice to Emigrants, — Continued. 75. For the information of emigrants of the labour- ing class, we have also condensed the following infor- mation from the queries already alluded to, adding what we consider useful from our own and other sources. In emigrating to the Canadas, or New Brunswick, it is not considered desirable that the labourer should take with him any implements for the ordinary occupation or clearing of land. All such implements can be purchased in the colonvj and anv advance on the price is balanced by the expense and trouble of carriage. Besides, after arrival in the colony, the emigrant knows exactly what he will require, and !i- i ,■: &I: r^ emigrant's iianu-book of facts. I "in 11 tk I f can purchaso them better adapted for the purposes re- quired than he can do in this country. In emigrating to Prince Edward's Island, however, spades, shovels, West India hoes, and scythes, will be found useful. For convenience of carriage, we would advise the iron part alone of these articles to be taken out. Artisans, on the other hand, should tuke with them the tools of their trade, whicli tliey already have in their posses- sion, where these are not too bulky; and, indeed, carpenters hiive been disappointed in getting work in Lower Canada from not having their tools with them. But all such tools can be purchased in the colonies at no great advance of price. 76. It is advisable that emigrants should take oiit bedding, and warm blankets, to all th^ colonics, ])arti- cularlv if they leave home late in the season. Warm clothing is also indispensable, and t '.e labourer and artisan'^wili do vvcU to take out as good a sup,)ly as his means will afford. In all the colonies, however, coarse woollen stuffs can be had, made in the country, which, though dearer, are more durable than those made at home. No furniture, or cooking utensils, ex- cept what may be required for the voyage, sho'^M be taken out. Indeed, as a general rule, the emigrant should be as little encumbered with luggage as possible. Persons with means may, however, after they hate selected their farms, or the land on which they intend to settle, bring with them many articles which will be of great convenience. Yet even this is n^ )•• boluiely necessary, as almost all their wants cu. supplied in the provinces at an expense not greatly exceeding the cost at which they could carry them out. In addition to ready made clothing and bedding, persons in circumstances may take out some crockery, saddlery, carpets, &c., which can be procured cheaper and better in Great Britain. But, even of these tilings, they ought not to take too much, as the freight on Ijulky articles is high. Furniture, for this reason, should not be taken, and especially by the labourer or artisan. loses re- igrating shovels, I useful. the iron Artisans, tools of p posses- , indeed, work in th them. )lonies at take out ies, ])arti- Warui 3urer and i,)ly as his however, 5 country, han those 3nsils, ex- sho"M be emigrant .s possible, they hate ley intend ch will be s n^ )■• lis cu. ot greatly arry them d bedding, J crockery, ed cheaper I of these the freight his reason, labourer or BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS. 73 77. The class of labourers most in demand are those acquainted with agriculture, but all able for out-door labour will find employment. As we have already stated, however, labourers unacquainted with agricul- ture must not expect such high wages at first as are given to those who are more experienced. Young men without families more readily find employment than married men, as the employer generally provides them in boarding and lodging. Good house servants, especially females, bringing with them satisfactory tes- timonials as to character, are much in request, and will also quickly find employment. It is not so com- mon in any of the provinces for women to be emj)loy- ed in field labour, as it is in this country. A married labourer must not trust, therefore, to his wife's labour as any assistance, especially in the Canadas. To a certain extent, however, they will find employment during the summer, and cliildren above twelve years of age will readily find some employment during that sea- son. In the western districts of Upper Canada, where tobacco is grown, women and children are regularly employed in weeding and hoeing. During the win- ter, women can be usefully employed at home, in spin- ning and preparing wool r\nd flax for home-made cloth, and the children can go to school. When a labourer settles on land of his own, his wife and children can be of use to him in many ways, and will be found of great advantage. Mechanics and artisans of all kinds, except weavers, readily procure employment at their trades. It is difficult to say which are most in re- quest, but if any distinction is made, bricklayers, stone- masons, carpenters andjoiners, cabinet-makers, coopers, millwrights, millers, blacksmitlis, shoemakers, ship- wrights, boat-builders, tanners, tailors, and wheel- wrights, are most required. The labourer or arti- san will recollect, that all money is calculated in cur- rencV; and not in sterli!i2"-'=1.5. sterlins" heinor enual to ]s. 2^d., or Is. 3d. currency. His wages, therefore, he will find not really so great as they nominally are. He will soon, however, become accustomed to thedif- ^1 n n f I ^f 74 emigrant'k hand-book of facts. ferencc. But in the fur back and newer settled dis- tricts, where money is scarce, wages arc often paid in proods, and not in money. When tliis is the case, he would require to know the prices of the goods in which he is to be paid, as well as the nominal wages, or ho may find himself a considerable loser. 78. In Canada there is a capitation tax of 5s. cur- rency on each adult emigrant. All above 14 years are considered adults ; and below 14 and above seven, two reckon one adult ; under seven, thre^ children are reckoned as one adult. The money raised by this tax is applied, under the direction of the governor, in at- fording temporary medical attendance and reliet to diseased and ilestitute emigrants on their arrival, and in assisting them to reach the ph.ces ol their dest^ma- tion In New Brunswick there is the same tax ot 5s. on each adult, two children under 14, three under seven years, or one under 12 months, with its mother, beinc' classed as one adult. The funds thus rais(,d are apnlTed in a similar manner as in Canado. In Prmce Edward's Island there is no such tax, and no means ot relieving the destitute emigrant. Vessels arriving in Canada, having thirteen or more steerage passengers on board, are required to stop at the quarantine sta- tion. The detention, however, does not on an average exceed two davs, and healthy emigrants are al.owed to proceed immediately after the vessel has been cleared The expense of the quarantine establish- ment is borne by government, and convalescents are forwarded to Quebec free of expense, ihe rules are much the same as in the other colonies. As soon as a vessel with emiixrants for Canada arrives at the quarantine station, about thirty-three miles below Quebec, printed hand-bills are circulated on board, informing them where and to whom to apply for in- formation as to their future proceedings, and the go- vc-mment emigration agent boards the vessel as soon as it arrives at (iuebec. Every information as to land, where employment is most likely to be had, and mode of transit, can be obtained from him, or will be atiord- r-J m :led cli3- ])ciid in case, lie in which ;s, or lio 55. cur- 14 years /c seven, Idren are 1 this tax or, in af- rclief to •ival, and • destina- a'A of 5s. ee under s niotht;r, rais(;d are [n Prince means of •riving in assenye^s iitine sta- n average e allowed has been establish- icents are ; rules are soon as a es at the les below on board, ily for in- id the go- sel as soon as to land, and mode , be aftbrd- BRITISH AMERICA. — ADVICr TO EMlOnANTS. 75 e(' at the government ofTices. The emigration agents ut present arc, at Quebec, A. C. Hnchunan, Esq., chief agent; Montreal, .lames Alison, Esq.; Bytown, George Burke, Esq. ; Kingston, A. B. Hasvke, Esq., chiefagentfop Upper Canada; Toronto,D. K. Bradley, Esq. ; and Hamilton, Major Arthur Bower. There are also agents for the sale of crown lands on the different districts, who will furnish emigrants with information of the lands for sale. The Canada Company, besides their agent at Toronto, have also one at Quebec, to afford information for emigrants. In New Brunswick, every information will be afforded at the offices of the emigrant agents at St John's and Frederickton, and also by the committees for emigrant societies. In Prince Edward's Island there is no government agent, but advice is readily afforded by the agents of the pro- prietors, who residj in Charlotte-town, to the emi- grants, as to the best means of obtaining employment. 79. In New Brunswick the expense of a journey from any of the sea-port towns to the neighbouring settlement districts, will not exceed from 1 8s. to 27s. sterling, for an individual; and even should he go first to the seat of government, Frcdericton, to select land, and then to the situation chosen, the actual travelling expense will not exceed from \l IGs. to M. lOs. ster- ling. This province is intersected by numerous rivers, and rapidly improving roads, by which the settler can with facility transport himself and his family to tho interior of the province. In Prince Edward's Island the emigrant, on landing at Charlotte-town, can go to any part of the colony at a very trifling expense. Wo have already stated the charges of moving up the country in Canada, from Quebec and Montr°eal; and we need here only add, that in the lower province a waggon car. be liired at the rate of about Os. sterling per cwt. for 50 miles. 80. We have given, in the Appendix, the rate of wages usually given to artisans of different kinds, and to labourers, to which we refer the reader. The wages paid by government, to labourers employed on m M r iL H' 76 KMKJRA Nl*sJ HAND-BOOK Ol' FACTS. II public works, are nearly the same as those paid by rmers. Labourers in government employ are always S in money, he providing himselt with board and h .'in-. A labourer thus e.nployed. however, learns nothing of the country, or of a^-ricultural occupations and is much more tempted to give way to intemperate his In eceneral, government labourers put up tem- norary buU.Un^^s f' themselves and their ♦amilies near fhe work on which they are employed; but sometimes the contractors of the work provide houses for hem Farm labourers are sometimes lured by the year, but generally by the month, receiving higher w-ages during ?he s 'mmer r -^nths. In none of the provinces is beer the commov rink of the labourers, but it is coming l^e into us. in Upper Canada, where it can be had of excellent quality at \s. per gallon. All farm pro- duct is cheapir in settlements remote from a market than in the towns, but groceries are proportionally dearer in consequence of the expense o^ carnage. The expense of Greeting a log-hut varies from about s/to^ol depending on the kind o dwelling required. An usual mode of putting up build ngs. by small set- tlers in the country, is to obtam tl^^^f ^^^"f ° ^^^^ their neighbours, which is called a Bee,-the settler providbil provisions and liquor for them whde so en- gaged. Section 18.-Accounts given of these Piio^ince3 BY Settlers. 81. We quote the following from - Memoranda by a Settler in Lower Canada,*' published in he Quebec Mercurii. This settler was from Scotland, and emi- era ed with .'iOO/.. his portion of his father's property. Hb elder brother having the same sum, after visiting Suula, settled in the United States^ ^irBS^b ck Illinois by the descriptions of the lute Mr Biikbeck. 89 «' When 1 reached Montreal, (to this port emigrants should always take their passage, U tney posribly can at the same rate as to Quebec, and more s seldom asked), I put my money, which had suflPert.! neu c paid by vre always board and vcr, learns cupations, itcmperatc )ut up teni- fnilies near sometimes J for them. ; year, but iges during jces is beer t is coming can be had farm pro- i a market, (oortionally f carriage, from about ig required. y small set- tance of all -the settler fthile so en- Pk0-'7INCE3 ;moranda by the Quebec ,d, and emi- r's property, ifter visiting •acted to the Birkbeck. to this port iage, if they }c, and more had suffered DUITISll AMEIUCA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 77 but a trilling diminution, into the bunk at five per cent, interest, and iniinediately went f»ut into that part of i\\r. country inliahitetl by EnLrlish settlers. After tra- velling al)out forty miles, thioiigh the inrricute mazes of Canadian roads, 1 reached the scttlei . I was iu search of. As it was too late in the season to com- mence upon land of my own, and as my little capital wouhl have sutfered no small diminution had 1 gone about the country hunting for a farm — a |»ractico as common as it is ruinous — ifter making some inquiries into the charaete:* of the inhabitants among whom my lot had tlujs accidentally been cast, I attached myself to the family of one of them, a substantial fanner, a native of the country. 1 did not actually hire myself as a labourer, but, by making myself as useful as J could, was to pay nothing for my board ; this was cer- taiidy a fo(jlish bargain ; but, as I hapi)ened to fall into good hands, suflert 1 no loss by my imprudence, for he gave me, in stock and seed-grain, as much as I could have expected, had I stipulated for regular wages. 83. " In the following spring I purchased, in that neighbourhood, a farm of 300 acres, about 50 of which were cleared, with a log hut, as a dwelling-house, and a good frame barn upon it; the price was 300/., 100/. of which was paid at the time, and the remainder I was to pay in annual instalments of 50/., with interest after the first year, which was free, at six per cent. This mode of paying for land is very common, and not unfrequently in the end, turns out to be more ad- vantageous to the seller than to the buyer; as farms so sold, after a years labour or more in improving them, sometimes revert bach to the original proprietor from the purchaser's inabUity to complete Jiis pay- ments; when he loses, besides, all he may have paid, such being a general condition of the bargain. 1 now bought a yoke of oxen for 15/. or GO dollars; three (>()WH for !5/,, tew -hccp for 5/., and lements of husbandry, some .p! ex. in;i 3C i\.1V I I L. i. !.:J I few kitchen and dairy utensils, pigs, poultry, &c b4. " The first sununer was sjieut in getting in turc. ?l! 78 EMlGilANx's HAND-BUUK UF FACTS. n 1^ little crop, putting up fences, and in clearing up three and a-half acres of woodland, which I sowed with wheat in September, after my earliest crops were saved; the rest of the autumn was occupied with my late oats, potatoes and Indian corn. I then hired another man, and commenced clearing away the under- brush, and as soon as the snow came, I cut the trees down, and into lengths of from twelve to fifteen feet, for piling in heaps to burn; this work by the 10th of April was completed upon about thirty acres, besides several hundreds of rails cut, split, and hauled out of the bush, as the woods are called, as well as my winter and summer fire-wood. The produce of my farm, this year, did not amount to more than was sufficient to pay its own expenses, and keep me and my family, until the following harvest, nor hardjy as much, as I had sane provisions to buy. 85. " In the spring I began to feel rather uneasy about my prospects, my money wasting away very fast ; I had only about 50/. left, and still owed more than three times that sum for my farm; and the thirty acres, my chief dependence for a crop, looked like any thimr rather than producing one ; covered as it was so thickly with felled timber and heaps of brushwood, as to preclude the possibility of passing through it ; and to add to my apprehensions, the rain fell in tor- rents for nearly a fortnight, soaking it so completely that I thought it would never dry again, not at least, in time to be burnt over for a crop; and to perplex me still more, my horse died, and two of my sheep were killed by the bears or wolves, or perhaps by my neighbours' dogs; but what annoyed me more than all ♦ hese, — perhaps because it was the last misfortune that befell' me, or probably because we are most apt to be distressed at trifies,— a ravenous old sow that I had, gpttins into the place where my goslings were kept, and crushing them all up. I immediately went to my old friend, the farmer 1 have mentioned, and laid be- fore him all my misfortunes. The whole family felt due commiseration for my distresses ; but when 1 mentioned a S 1 up three vcd with ops were with my len hired ;he under- the trees fteen feet, e 10th of s, besides ed out of ny winter farm, this Ificient to ly family, nuch, as £ er uneasy kvay very wed more tlie thirty \ Uke any as it was •ushwood, rough it; all in tor- ompletely t at least, crplex me leep were )s by m> •e than all rtune that apt to be lat I had, ere kept, uufc to uiy d laid be- ly felt due ncntioned BUITISH AMERICA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 79 my last, the old man said I was rig-htly served, as I could not expect better luck, without a wife to look after such things. He might, possibly, I thouj,'ht after- w-ards, have been in earnest, for he had a ^daughter that he would naturally like to see married in the neighbourhood ; bo that as it may, in less than three months, I had some one to take better care of my next brood of goslings ; but before this important event took place, the weather cleared up, and my prospects brightened with the brightening sun, as it shed its scorching rays upon my Slash,~a.s the timber I had cut down, is here significantly called,— for it was soon dry, when I set fire to it, and had an excellent burn. All the brushwood and branches, as well as the scurf, formed by the accumulation of leaves, small roots, and weeds, were completely consumed, and nothing left but the heavy timber. I then planted Indian corn among these logs on abouUvventy acres of it ; half of the remaint ing ten acres— for it will be remembered that there were tliirty in all— I cleared for oats and spring wheat, the latter of which was sown before i)lantinir the^Indiancorn, and the other half I left to be cleared^ for fall wheat. 86. " Other crops upon the old cleared land, though of httle consequence compared with those in the new, were all well got in, and while they were growing I commenced clearing up the five acres for wheat, in which work I spent the remains of my last 50/., de- pending upon the sale of my produce, together with some potash I had made, and intended to make, to meet my next instalment, which would become due in the following spring; and in order to subject myself to as httle risk as possible, and my mind to the less anxiety, I turned my oxen into good feed, (after my wheat was sown in the beginning of September), to fatten them for the Montreal market by the latter end of winter; but my crops were good, my potash brought a good price; in siiort, I succeeded so well in every- tiiing, that I was able to purchase another yoke of oxen, in time to get out my fire- wood and fencing timber, before the expiration of the winter. i'i m i 80 emigrant's hand-book or facts. Ii 87. '* In the midst of all my difRcnlties and dis- tresses, I received the foUowinn: letter from my brother, who had settled at Carlisle, in the Illinois State, which tended, as may well be supposed, not a little to increase them. ,, , , ' My dear Brother,— Your letter of last March only reached me about three months ago; I am extremely sorry to learn from it that you have i)urchased a farm, but sell it again immediately, at almost any sacrifice, and come here, where you can get as nuich land as you like, and of the very best quality, for a mere nothing, and what is better still, ])erlectly free from wood. We can raise upon it, without any other ex- pense than fencing and ploughing, upwards of one hundred bushels of Indian corn to the acre; the cli- mate is rather too warm for wheat, though we do raise it in small quantities; but grazing is our chief depen- dence. I have already upwards of one hundred head of cattle, which did not cost me nmeh more than half as many pounds. The climate is not so unhealthy as your fears have made it. Europeans, generally, how- ever, are subject, on their arrival, to slight attacks of ague and intermittent fevers. And in order that you nmy not be disappointed, if you should come, 1 will give you a faithful account of the few disadvantages we labour under, which you can balance against those of the country you now live in. The ])rice of farming produce is certainly rather low, while clothing and what you have to buy is very dear; but then an economical farmer will make his own clothes, and live within himself as much as possible. _ Labour is also very high ; indeed, such are the facilities for a man to set up the farming business himself, it is hardly to be had at any ]>rice. We have also some few taxes, but w here is the country witho'it them ? ♦ You have certainly one great advantage over us, in having a church in your neigiibourhood, as we are, in this respect, totally destitute, and the demoralized state of society, 1 confess, is dreadful ; but, recollect, we have nunc of the severities of your hyperborean BlllTISH AMEIUCA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 81 and dis- y brother, )is State, a little to [arch only extremely ed a farm, ' sacrifice, 2h land as )r a mere free from other ex- ds of one ?; the cli- re do raise icf depen- idred head han half as healthy as rally, how- attacks of r that you )me, 1 will advantages ainst those of farming )thing and it then an s, and live our is also ir a man to ardly to be ' taxes, but : over us, in wo are, in lotuoralized ;, recollect, yi)erborean climate to contend with; and if our produce fetch but a small price, it costs but little to raise it, and the market is at our doors, for we find a ady sale for everything, in the vessels as they descend the river to New Orleans ; therefore, sell everything and come. * I have written for Henry, in Ohio, and James, in Upper Canada, and have little doubt but they will also come, as they both seem a little dissatisfied with the part of the country they have settled in. I rejoice in the prospect of our being again united and living comfortably together in tliis fruitful and happy country ; in the full anticipation of so desirable an object, I am, &c., ' George W .' *• What a paradise, I said to myself, and vviiat a fool I was to be so stubbornly bent upon coming to this miserable country ; and, had I met with a pur- chaser, at almost any sacrifice, I should certainly have taken my brother's advice, had there not been cir- cumstances that prevented me from exerting myself to accomplish an object otherwise apparently so de- sirable. 88. " Shortly after this eventful period in my little history, I was informed that two of my brothers, Robert and Edward, who were also in the far west, had died of those diseases, which George mentioned in his letter, and, that I may not subject myself to the imputation of putting a construction upon it, twisted into accordance with the change in my opinions— I must give his own practical illustration, which I re- ceived from him five years afterwards, in the follow- ing letter from the same place : *' My dear Brother, — I have not written to you now for a long time, sorrow, and sickness, and misery, and disappointment, must plead my excuse ; and as they nuist have formed the only subject of my letters, you may the less regret my siicnco. Indeed, i could not find in my heart to mar, with a detail of my own sufferings, so much comfort and happiness as seem to " ' ' ' : my continued silence i.- envied \2 W i 82 EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. should still have saved you from the painful commis- eration I know you will feel for me, had not the thouijht struck me that you might possibly be able to find some one in your neighbourhood who would ex- change farms, &c., with me here, if the rage for coming to this fine country has reached you, of which I make little doubt, as it seemo to have reached everywhere. * If I cannot dispose of my proj)crty in some such way (selling it is out of the question), I am doomed, I was going to say, to live in this country, but rather to die — I have had more than a hint of this during the summer — I have suffered dreadfully — you would hardly know me— I am literally and really an old man — but this is not all — my farm has been totally neglected, as I could do nothing, and hiring being impracticable ; I have consequently no crops, no hay saved for my cattle, of wliich I have more than 150 head; and I cannot sell them, not even at 10s. a-piece — bread corn I can get for my own consumption, as much asl want for nothing, as everybody who has not been sick all summer like myself, have more than they can sell, even at ll^d. a bushel, I mean, of course, in the ear. Last year, when it was a little more saleable, I had to give fifteen bushels for common cotton cloth, enough to make a shirt. We have no money in the country, and our bank notes but ill supply its place ; some of them are at 75 per cent, discount, while others will not even pay a hopeless debt. I offered three bushels of Indian corn to the postmaster in payment of the postage of your last letter, which he refused to take, and i had to pay him Is. Sd. in hard cash. I was at first entirely carried away with the fruitfulness of the country, the fineness of its soil, the cheapness of land, cattle, &c., as all Europeans are, without duly con- sidering that they must also sell at such low prices ; but the difficulty of selling at all is the principal ob- stacle. ' I have lately heard from Henry, in the Ohio country, who had jusl returned from a visit to James in Upper Canada; they both coniplain of the un- i commis- not the le able to 'ould ex- )r coming ;h I make ,'whero. ome such loomed, I rather to uring the aid hardly man — but lected, as ticable; I d for my id ; and I )read corn [ as I want n sick all can sell, I the ear. , I had to h, enough 3 country, ; some of (thers will ee bushels 3nt of the id to take, I was at less of the !s of land, duly con- ow prices ; incipal ob- the Ohio t to James f the un- BRITISH AMERICA.— ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 83 healthiness of the climate, the want of markets and the high pnce of labour. I have often wished to he^' thri^d": ^^^^■'-l-->-t or all the circumstan that led you to make choice of so happy a countrv. maugre all the prejudices prevailing against it. ^ * I am, &c., ' G. W ' 89. _' I am fully aware that there is a vcr'v difter- mv hCr r ^'"T"^ prevailing as to become, (as ny b. other terms it) a rage, and people with such a vlfw ^'f'rfy entertained, may fancy, on a cursory view of the last etter, which I consider conclusive, that It IS only the ebullition of a mind stru-rli„<>- under disappointment, and sinking under bodiTy dis- ease; but let them compare this letter with the former one, and they will find the principal facts mentioned m each, exactly to correspond ; viz., the high price of labour, and the low price of farming produce be- sides, even the first letter appears to me, ind I do not think I judge too unfavourably, to give a clear and comprehensive, although a succinct account of the country, as adapted to farming purposes, evidcntlv trained under a predisposition to view everything iu the most favourable light. Still, he does look at everything, but miscalculates the chances against the tulfilment of his almost unbounded hopes, and the ac- complishment of his exaggerated expectations. In his second letter, admitting that he was equallv predis- posed to look at everything in the most unfavourable point of vievv; stiil again he does look at everythino-. Ihe same data are given in both, from which vei v ditterent deductions are drawn-as different as practi- cal ones are from theoretical in a variety of other causes; and in none is this diflterence more manifest, or more frequent than when applied to farming, or settling in America. 1 J!^' T '^* ij''^ ^^""^ ^ received my brother's last letter, 1 could not help comparing my circumstances with his; not only as they then were, but as they ' would have been, hud all iiie fine expectations in his .•9' m f;f ;v V 84 emigrant's hand-book of facts. former one been realized. We had a church, and a church of Entrland clergyman, in the settlement- not that every settlement has one, though lew are desti- tute of the labours of a minister of some persuasion or other ; and I ivould strenuously advise all well dis- posed emigrants not to overlook this circumstance m deciding upon their location. Few there are, if any, who come to this country, having never been so situ- ated as to be unable to attend the public worship ot God, however negligent they may have been m avail- ing themselves of the privilege, that would not teel most poignantly if they were deprived of the oppor- tunity; nor would they see, without some annoyance, so little respect paid to that day, set apart for relaxa- tion and rest from the cares and labours of lite, even admitting they forgot the nobler purpose lor ^vhich it was intended, and to which it ought to be devoted, because it would at least be a constant witness to him, on its weekly return, that he was, if not a houseless exile, a stranger, in a strange land. Every emigrant may feel assured, that however anxious he may be to leave his native country, and however much it may be to his advantage to do so, he will retain a paintul re- collection of it to the latest hour of his existence; no one brought up in a country like England, where such order and regularity prevail, can form any idea of the demoralized state of society in many portions ot the United States, whereas the part of the country where 1 had located myself, might challenge the whole world for its superior in orderliness and morality. 91. "My brother mentions, as a disadvantage, some few taxes; I never heard from him a detailed accoiuit of these taxes, but I can give one from my other brother, in the state of Ohio, where they are lower than in almost any other portion of the Union. There is first a tax for the support ot the United or General Government, then a sta'- tax, ur;u a town tax, exclusive of the road duty, which must be • a tax everywhere ; besides which, he cannot well avoul paying something towards the salaries of the minister ch, and a iient — not are desti- suasion or ' well dis' instance in re, if any, in so situ- worship of sn in avail- d not feel tlie oppor- mnoyance, for relaxa- f life, even or which it e devoted, less to him, a houseless ry emigrant may be to h it may be painful re- istence; no where such idea of the :ions of the jntry where whole world • ntage, some iled account n my other y are lower the Union, the United tax, UTid a ich must he Dt well avoid the minister BRITISH AMERICA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 85 and schoolmaster, amounting-, without the last, to about one per cent, upon his whole property, or two shiHings in the pound upon his annual income, supposing his property brings him ten per cent, upon his outlay. I leave it to the emigrant him- self to compare this with the taxes he pays at nome. In Upper Canada the taxes are much lighter; but in Lower Canada, the case is very different. At this moment I have increased my property, by care and industry, under the blessing of an over- ruling Providence, about ninefold, as I consider it worth little less than 3,000/. — and I might have made it much more, if 1 had not remitted in my exertions to increase it, and indulged in m'^re of the comforts and luxuries of life than were absolutely necessary; yet in all the course of my progress to wealth and indepen- dence, I never paid one farthing neither of direct taxes, nor to ministers' nor schoolmasters' salaries, which are provided for from other sources, and all the indirect taxes would hardly amount to a moiety of what is thus paid by the inhabitants of any other civilized country upon earth." 92. The following extract is from a letter from Matthew Houston, a Paisley weaver, who emigrated to Canada about two years ago. It is dated Carlton Place, Beckwith, Nov. 29, 1841, and addressed to James Houston, weaver, 24, Queen-street, Paisley: — " I am very sorry to hear of your distress at home — so many going idle, and have no work to do. We may be thankful that we have left the place and have come here. We have all plenty of work to do here. I agreed to work at the oat-mill for the winter ; my wages, are 10s. per week for board, and 8 dollars per month. I am to act as foreman of the mill. My wages run to 19s. Gd. per week, by the spring it will rise to 11 or 12 dollars per month, and no outlaid money out of it. Mv house rsnt is .5.« ner moMth. T do not rue (regret) of coming to this country as yet. The people who are settled in this place for some time are quite happy. They have all plenty of work and H 1 \ 1 • 'I m'tA 86 EMIGRANTS HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. plenty of provisions. For my part, \vc have three months' provisions on hand, and we know of more when we need them. You may know the state we were in when we left you — we had neither meat nor money, but we have plenty of everything that we need at present. How long it may last we do not know; but I am not afraid of dull trade as long as I am here. The provisions run not so high as at home. Butcher's meat is 2c?. to 3d. per pound, pork runs to 2d. per pound, gunpowder tea is 5s. per pound, flour is 30«. to 35s. per barrel, or 200 lbs., tobacco is Is. 2d. to Is. 8d. per pound, sugar 7d. per pound, butter 6^d. per pound, cheese 7d. per pound, potatoes \0d. per bushel. Boots are dear — my boots cost 185. 9rf., Anne's cost 12s. 6d., James's 16s. If vvc had been in Paisley, however, we would not have had them at all. Magdalen and James are out at country work, and are doing well." 93. The following letter of a Canadian emigrant, from the parish of Beith, in Ayrshire, we extract from the Ayr Advei-tiser : — " We had an excellent, I niay say pleasant, passage of thirty-three days to New York, whence we sailed up the Hudson to Albany. Abotif: thirty miles fur- ther, I left my family at the house of Mr James Holms, from Beith, and set out on a tour to the west, resolving to have a view of those fine prairie lands de- scribed by Stewart and others in such a flattering way. I travelled by the Erie Canal, passing through many thriving towns to Buftalo. This is also a busy place, and rising fast. From thence I took a steam-boat to Cleveland, in Oliio, and travelled through that state, sometimes on the canal to the Ohio river. On my route, 1 saw some excellent land and fine thriving towns; but the land where 1 travelled, in a general way was rather broken and rather poor, and apparently not very good for wheat, but good pasture, and in general the cattle were good. Saw some places there that pleased me well ; but they were rather dear for me to l)urchase, rating from 30 to l(JO dollars per acre. On BUITISH AMERICA.— ACCOt NTS GIVEV OF IT. B7 arriving at the Ohio river, took a steam-boat for Cin- cinnati, which is a fine city, and rising fast. From thence sailed down the river for Louisville, the pret- tiest little city I have seen in America; but the curse of slavery is thcr?. . . . From thence sailed for St Louis, in Missouri, on the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The land is very rich, but the people look unhealthy; and 1 found that ''"lious fever and ague prevail in those flat places a guod deal. St Louis is an excellent city for business, but inhabited by a rough people. I was much disgusted with the practice that generally prevails in these slaveholding states, of carrying what are called bowie knives; and it is not at all uncommon that fights take place, and people are kiiied. The common people wear those knives in a sheath at their side. They are like those used by flesherp, but rather sharper at the point. Those carried by gentlemen are similar to pcckjt- knives, and have a blade about six inches long, which, when opened, will not shut without pressing a spring on the back. From St Louis I sailed up the Missis- sippi, passing the mouth of the Missouri and Illinois rivers and the city of Alton, which stands on a rugged limestone height, or bluff, as they are called, on the Illinois side of the river, and near the mouth of it. Alton is increasing rapidly. Numbers of the houses are built of stone, which is not the case in many places I have seen in America, where they are geherally built either of brick or wood. I kept sailing up the Mississippi upwards of a hundred miles farther, and then travelled across the state of Illinois a consider- able distance. The quality of the soil, and the gene- ral appearance of the country, pleased me much, except in plices where the land is flat and swampy, which is often the case near rivers ; and, in general, so far as I travelled in Illinois, the land is rather level ; but still these prairies were inviting to the eye of people accus- tomed to live in an open country. Wages for work- men of all kinds are very high, and people may get a living with the half of the labour they will do in *'•.! ^11 yfi 88 EMIGUANTS HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. rr Scotland. In the neif?hbonrhood of Jacksonville, fine land in cultivation could have been got, for from six to ten dollars an acre. The principal crops raised in these western states, so far as 1 travelled, were Indian corn, some oats, and a little wheat now and then. Potatoes also grow well ; but the farmers depend most on cattle, hogs, and corn. Some of the farmers have several hundred hogs, part of which they fatten with corn in the fall, and dispose of for slaughtering. I had the offer of an excellent farm of 600 acres, for six dollars an acre, 400 acres of it prairie, and the rest woodland — 250 acres of it fenced and improved, and situated in a good place for markets, being not mo a than twelve miles from the Illinois river, and about the same distance from a town of considerable extent; but the sickly appearance of the people frightened me. They appeared either to be indolent, or unable to labour, and, so far as I saw in these new countries, they had a very bilious appearance ; and from what 1 have since learned from people that have resided in them for some time, my conjectures were right. Although I cannot say that Stewart has exaggerated the beauty of the country and goodness of the land, he has not told all the truth — he has not alluded in the way he ought to the sickliness of the country. Fever and ague prevailed to a considerable extent in Illinois last fall, so much so that the medicines used for the cure of the disease became scarce, and rose to an enormous price. Stewart gives too favourable an account of the American people. I admit there are many very intel- ligent, respectable people in the V ited States; but, generally, the working people I fell in with were haughty, proud, and insolent: and if you asked anything of them, the general answer was, *' I don't know," in a manner not to be misunderstood. Considering the unhealthy appearance of the people in the new states, where land could not be got at a price to suit me, and not yet being so much of a republican as to wish to live in a country where the mob govern, I made up my mind to settle in Canada, as I there found the 'ille, fine 5111 six to •aiscMl in e In(iiari id then. 2nd most lers have ten with ring-. I s, for six tlie rest ved, and lot mo a id about ! extent; ened me. labour, ev had a ve since ;hem for hough I ; beauty has not J way he 3ver and nois last e cure of normous nt of the jry intel- ies; but, ith were anything now," in jring the iw states, ; me, and 1 wish to made up jund the mUTISII AMEUICA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 89 people and manners more agreeable to mo than in most places of the States. On the morniiiy after my arrival at Toronto, 1 was accosted by INIr John Somer- ville, from Beith. He kindly invited me to his house, where I was treated in a very friendly way bo . by Mr and Mrs Somerville. Mr Souiervilie appears to be getting on well, is a man of good abilities, and well (pialitied for the situation he fills in the bank. I remained in Canada about ten davs. Befor 'caving it for the States, 1 savv' some fine farms for sale, which would have suited me well, and were selling fi)r two- thirds of their value. Numbers of the people tiuit were disafiected to the government, and suspected of having a share in the rebellion, were anxious to sell their property, and go to the States ; but, after all, nothing would satisfy me till I had a better view of the States. I went to Hamilton, from thence to Paris, a distance of about seventy miles, and staid two nights with Dr M'^Cosh. I also staid a night with a Mr Dickie ; he and his family have 400 acres of good land, and say they have done much better than they could have done in Scotland. On returning to Canada, I got a farm that pleases me very well ; al- though, had 1 had the sense to have purchased a farm which was ottered me when I first arrived in the coun- try, I could have I id a property worth 200/. more, for the same money I paid for the one I got. Still, we have not much reason to complain. Farms have sold since we came here that would let to j)ay 10 per cent, interest. The general rate is from two to three dollars of rent ])er acre for the land cleared on the farm ; and if the tenant chooses to clear more of the woodland, he may do so without paying any more rent." 94. We quote the following from a letter written by a settler in the township o{' Nichol, Upjier Canada, to a friend in Scotland, and which appearctJ in the Aberdeen Herald: — ** From the experience of myself and friends, I give my plain caadid opinion on this matter, when 1 say to I,:- ^1 t 90 tM 10 RANI .S HANU-UOOK OF FACTS. !il^ I 1 *ii_ l1' r ' 'i ! U' the ciiiijjfi'ant newly come anu)n;;:st us, beware of at- temptiiiu'' to elcar inore tlian yoii luive a rational pros- j)ect ot" liuisliing in time lor the season of sovviiij,' or planting-. Two acres well cleared are worth five acres iiKiitlerently Hnished ; and if you can set about it by the tirst or second week in July, you may j^et two acres nearly ready to receive fall wheat. Should you attempt seven acres, unless you have a strong force ami plenty of dollars, it is ten to one but you w ill fail of being ready in tiuie; and if the spring is as backward as I have seen it, you would be too late for croj)ping them. Now, if you can get two or two and a half acres sown with fall wheat the first autinnn you are in the woods, and get half an acre cleare\vin<^ or ivc acres uut it by got two ould you ng' force I will fail ackward 2roj)|)infjr d a half ju are in ))otatocs lite prac- l for tiir- rational >wn farm and have bear in 1 in your g for fall may get II ; and if ,our first of May, ' without ong with year. If ])otatoes, r supply, oes grew it or oats aspect of aur third begin to however, the emi- possibly ' to begin the world with. During the suunnrr months, a cow gets her moat in the forest without costing the owner a farthing for keep; and for the other six months straw and turnips will l)e advantaueous, but tops of trees, felled down for the ])urj)osc, seem to be the food they are instinctively inclined to prefer. The last, of course, costs the farmer the trouble of cho{)ping them down, but as he may be engaged doing so for the purpose t-f clearing, he thus 'kills two dogs with one bone.* Clearing can scarcely bo carried on without the assistance of a yoke of oxen ; but unless the emigrant can buy food for them, I would not re- counnend him to purchase these during the first au- ttnnn, but rather hire a man and a yoke to assist him when and where necessary; and he may have some more encouragement to buy a yoke during tht; follow- ing year, w'iii the prospect of having some food grow- ing for tliem. You will understand that I have been writing about the hush farming, as it is called, and taking it for granted that I am addressing an intend- ing emigrant who is possessed of a moderate supply of money. In fact, supposing he had a considerable amount with him, still he will be nothing the worse for adopting the plan I have laid down. Were it possible to get a small cleared farm to commence upon, it would perhaps be more advantageous to the emi- grant. — I now finish my letter by giving my opinion on the subject as a whole. If a man has firmness, pa- tience, and fortitude, combined with perseverance and prudence, he will in the course of a few years be quite comfortable— -I might say independent <'vcn suppos- ing he set himself down in the bn-h at . considerable distance from neighbours ; but it he could get the chance of a farm with four or five acres cleared upon it, I would recommend him to fix ujion such in pre- ference to one completely wild, unless he is careless of what sort of neighbours he may be likely to have about him." 95. Extract from a letter dated Sandwiclu West- % -I ;V #.! 4 3 m \ ll 92 emigrant'^ HAND-nOOK OF FACTS. crn district, Upper Canada, which appeared in the Inverness Cimrier : — « In this district, after mature consideration, 1 have finally settled. Havin- at a very early period been colonized by the French, and since that tune vastly improved by its numerous proprietary, it has all the commercial advantages of the mother country, vvith infinitely greater cai)abilities of supplying the raw ma- terials. The fertility of our soil is even here provcr- bial, and our produce superior in quality; so much so, that our wheat is uniformly a shilling ahead of any other Along the sides of the isthmus on which we are planted, (for with the Lake St Clair on the one hand, and Erie on the other, it almost 's such,) there is ready and cheap conveyance by steam ; while the Thames, a noble and majestic stream that intersects the interior, opens up the inland parts. Not even a tree is felled in the remotest parts ot the country, but may be conveyed by water to ">^ykct- ^''^^ « Detroit, on the American side, is flocked to Irom all parts of the Union and of the British possessions ; knd. both from the numbers that attend, and the qua- litv of the articles produced, is among the best in the country. There is abundance of woodcocks, snipes, and deer in the district. But what chiefly fixed my determination was the salubrity of the climate, which, compared with that of Lower Canada, and most parts of Upper, is immeasurably superior. We have abun- dance of room for settlers. Were vou to sail down the Thames, for instance, and see the country along its banks studded with cultivated farms, and closely shaded behind with the ' tall trees of nature s growth, waving their majestic foliage to the breeze ot heaven, and seeming to court the hand of man to remove them from the situations in which they have so long flour- UheH i.ntnufhH.l: were you to meet the steam-boats as they ply their course upwards-their decks crowded will, cmiu-rauts, driven perhaps from the land of their fathers, and now come to seek a home 'beyond the BRITISH AMERICA,-— ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 03 I western wave,' you would, as 1 have often done, heave a sigh for the wretchedness in other climes that here might be relieved — for the starving inmates of many a hovel that here might have * plenty and to spare.' " 96. Extract of a letter from a settler in Zorra, Up- per Canada, to his brother in Aberdeen : — '* Dear Brother, — Bring what money you have in gold or silver. If you do not get more than 23s. 9d, for sovereigns, bring them to Zorra ; and be sure to take no United States notes ; get Upper Canada notes. By the time you reach this place, I expect to have my harvest home ; if I have 'good luck,' as the saying is, I will have plenty of wheat, pease, potatoes, Indian corn, &c. I have eight head of cattle and five pigs. 1 am busy felling down the * big cumberers of the ground ' and getting ready my spring seeds. When you come out, bring 4 lb. of red clover seeds, 4 lb. of rye grass seed, and 4 lb. of tares, along with you. This is a fine country, it is increasing fast in popula- tion, and the conveniences of hfe are getting more easy to be obtained. I shall just say, that since I came here, which is now about ten months, I have not had a single day's sickness, but have been able to con- tinue closely engaged in cutting down large trees, and preparing the ground for producing the necessaries of life. This will, no doubt, astonish you, considering the poor state of my health for two years previous to my coming to this country. The sugar season ended about two weeks ago, and a season of very hard la- bour it was ; it requires to be watched night and day for about a month. I have made about 12 cwt. of sugar, which brings about 2/. per cwt. 97. Extract from a letter, by a settler at St Clair River, Upper Canada: — " We have all experienced excellent health since our arrival in this country, notwithstanding the nu- liicruUa iiaruoiJips ■vvc; iiau iv cu^juurnci udniig d i^-vtiv/iic; and stormy passage to Quebec, and an inland journey of 1200 miles to St Clair River. Any person coming li ■J '.' i 94 emigba.nt's hand-book of facts. If, [J to this western district, I would most decidedly advise to come by New York, as the safest, shortest, and, to many a great consideration, cheapest way. From my stay in the country, and my travels through it, I can, without hesitation, say that it is excellent. There is no fear of making a liveUhood ; nay, an inde- pendence in a short time. The climate is very mode- rate ; we have had only one snow storm all winter, and that not by any means severe, as we have not been prevented for a single day from following our out-door occupations. Here cattle are never housed. Good beef brings 8 dollars per barrel of 200 lbs. ; best mess- pork from 12 to 14 dollars ; very best flour, about 6 dollars, varying according to the distance it has to be conveyed from market. Labourers receive from 3s. 9d. to a dollar per day— tradesmen much more. About Quebec, Montreal, Halifax, and St John's, Nova Scotia, the winters are dreadfully severe. If ever you intend to emigrate, go not, 1 beg, to any of them. In my worldly pursuits I have succeeded be- yond expectation, considering the low state of my funds when I left Leith. And, believe me, when we arrived at York, 1 had but a single shilling in my pos- session. However, I sold several articles to good advantage, on the produce of which we subsisted for two months. We keep a few boarders, Scotsmen, from near Edinburgh. My wife washes for nine or ten gentlemen in the neighbourhood, and bakes bread for nearly the same number, so that, when she has con- stant employment, she can earn a dollar per day. 1 work to a gentleman of the name of M'Crea, from whom we have our house free. I lately made a spe- culation in purchasing 1200 acres of land near To- ronto, my friend J L having advanced me money, and by the afternoon of the day on which 1 received it, I was enabled to repay him, by my sell- ing 1000 acres of my purchase; by which transaction, 1 still retain 200 acres, and have pocketed 22^. cur- rency. Urge ray brothers to come out, if ever they ily advise it, and, to V. From through excellent. , an inde- ery raode- ill winter, e not been r out-door d. Good best mess- r, about 6 has to be !ive from uch more. 5t John's, evere. If to any of ceeded be- ate of my , when we in my pos- is to good ibsisted for Scotsmen, nine or ten 5 bread for e has con- er day. 1 Crea, from lade a spe- i near To- vanced me f on which by my sell- ;ransaction, J 22/. cur- ' ever they i BRITISH AMERICA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 95 wish to free themselves from bondage ; this is the land of independence to the industrious — the soil that will repay the labourer for the sweat of his brow." 98. Extract from a letter by a clergyman, at Perth, Upper Canada, to a correspondent at Quebec : — ** A great many Scotch bonnets are sold in Perth, U.C. Boys' bonnets sell for about I5. 3d., and men's from Is. 8^., to 2s. Gd., according to the size. I am informed, however, that there is reason for supposing that these articles can be imported and sold at a lower rate than they can be manufactured here. Govern- ment has no land in the township of Drummond to dispose of, that is worth taking. Land, however, may be bought at any time from private individuals, vary- ing in price according to its distance from the town. As to farming, with a family able and willing to work, your friend may live very comfortably. Without as- sistance, however, he could not attend both to his business and his farm, and labourers' wages are very high. I do not like to take it upon me to advise your friend either to come here or not to come. There are few people accustomed to comfortable circumstances at home who like this country at first ; but most set- tlers become fond of it after a short residence." 99. Extract from Report for 1841, by Mr Bu- chanan, the Govern'^'^nt Emigration Agent at Que- bec : — ** By a report e \. ved from the agent at By town, which will be seen at page 25 of the Appendix, I beg to direct your Excellency's attention to the favourable and advantageous condition which those emigrants en- joy who have been induced to settle in that highly advantageous (but still to the emigrant imperfectly known) section of the Ottawa country. I consider that no portion of the province possesses greater facilities, or offers more encouragement to the indus- trious immigrant than the Ottav/a river. This being the great lumbering depot of the country, the farmer is certain to find a ready sale and a good market at his door for all the surplus produce he may be able to #11 96 emigrant's hand-book of facts. m wi IMJ M raise. To the poor but industrious labourer, it also presents a sure and certain field for employment at all seasons of the year— a most important consider- ation. The thousands of settlers throughout that section of the country in prosperous circumstances arc living proofs of the truth of this fact. It hay- ing come to my knowledge that labourers were in demand in this district, I forwarded in the month of October, eleven poor families, in all eighty per- sons, who had been employed during the summer on the public works ; but owing to their large families, could u.t, living in town, do more than support them- selves ; and who were desirous of proceeding into the country to seek employment for the winter. I sent on these people to Bytown at government expense, and furnished them with recommendations to influential persons who took an interest in the establishment of immigrants in that part of the province. By the accounts which 1 have received, all these families who followed the advice given them have done well, hav- ing procured immediate employment on their arrival. They are chiefly settled in Clarendon and Litchfield, about 70 miles west of Bytown. Any facihties which government may aff"ord poor immigrants to proceed to settle in the Ottawa country are well bestowed, as they are certain in the course of a year or two, to become permanent occupiers of land. Nor are they likely to be seduced or imposed on by the alluring, though false reports circulated by those who wish to lead them to the United States. And it maybe stated here, without fear of contradiction, that every immigrant family settled in this province, after the second year, becomes a con- sumer of British manufactures toagreater or less extent." 100. Extract, of letter from the Emigrant Agent at Bytown, referred to in the above extract : — " I am in receipt of your favour of the 27th ultimo, reuucsting inlormatiori eoncerning several emigrant families named therein. Accompanying this, 1 beg leave to transmit a statement showing the places to which they have been forwarded ; and although I BRITISH AMERICA. — ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 97 2r, it also yment at consider- nout that imstances It hav- i were in lie month ghty per- iimmer on ; families, >ort them- g into the r. I sent ; expense, influential shment of By the milies who well, hav- ;ir arrival. Litchfield, ties which proceed to ed, as they to become y likely to lough false hem to the ithout fear oily settled mes a con- ess extent." t Agent at 7th ultimo, this, 1 beg the places although I I can give you no particular information as to the suc- cess they have met with, yet 1 am perfectly satisfied that those who went up the Ottawa river to the places to which they had been previously advised to proceed by yourself, Mr Kerr, and others, could not fail in obtaining immediate employment, provided they used the necessary exertions to procure it. The only ob- stacle in the way of those who came up latterly, was the lateness of the season at which they arrived : but from the accounts I had from persons resident in the settlements- to which most of the families alluded to make their way, I am convinced that they did not sufter from that cause. If similar exertions were made at an earlier period of the season, a great many more could be comfortably provided for in the settlements, on the banks of the Ottawa, above this. *' You could not possibly serve poor emigrants more, (I mean, of course, a reasonable number of them) than by encouraging them to try their fortune up the Ottawa; for in no part of Canada can they have a better, or indeed so favourable an opportunity of speedily bettering their condition, there being in all this section, thousands of settlers in prosperous circum- stances, living proofs of the fact. The immense lum- ber-trade going on, causes wages to be high ; and when, after a shorter time than he could accomplish it in any other part of Canada, the emigrant is enabled to settle on land, (which is easily procured, and that of as good quality as any in the province,) he has a market at his door for all the extra produce he can spare, at prices which are nowhere to be exceeded." 101. Letter from William Anderson, one of the mem- bers of committee of the Glasgow and Gorbals Emi- gration Society, who, last year, in company with the members of several other societies, sailed from Clyde in the barque Renfrewshire : — '' Dumfries, Upper Canada, Bed 1842. '* Archd. Edmiston, Esq., Glasgow, N.B. " Respected Sir,— I deem it now about time to redeem my pledge to you. I would have wrote you ^3 98 emigrant's hand-book of facts. ■ « sooner, but I wished to have some little knowledge of the country and manners of the peo))le, so as I could give you my opinion of it. [Here the writer gives a detail of the voyage to Quebec, which we have omit- ted.] We left Quebec upon the 1 1th, in a steam-boat to Montreal ; we got a free passage, with a little al- lowance of oatmeal and biscuit. In Montreal, we got some oatmeal and a free passage to Kingston for our- selves, but had to pay 2s. per cwt. for luggage. At Montreal, we got the start of all the other societies, as I put in our list to the government agent early. Those of us that wished up the country made as little stay as possible in the towns. We then got a free passage from Kingston to Toronto, and from that to Hamilton. Here, I and some others left our families, and went out through the country in search of work, and I got engap;ed in a saw mill at 12 dollars per month, with a free house and a cow, and my own board from my employer, but I soon found out that ho was one of the American sneaks that are apt to take the advantage of strangers, and I made no second bargain with him. I then went to hay-cutting and harvesting, with all which I got on tolerably well. Harvesting is all done here by the scythe, and a rail- ing upon the sned, which they call here a cradle. Those who are accustomed to it here can cut down from two to three acres per day with one cradle, and it takes another man to rack and bind it. There are but few old country people that can come up with the people here, at first, at this kind of work, but I was determined not to be beat, and I was able to keep up my part upon the third day. For hay-cutting, a mon has 35. per day, and harvofsting 45. do., with their board from their employe At the end of harvest, I engaged with a man in ,.as place, to work his saw mill, for IG dollars per month, and at the end of ii, _ n A -^^^i-U V-r. o.^ol-'i ♦" !T>" ♦rk cfnn with him lilU 11131 Iliuiitli iiL =j-"Jii.'^ «•• !!••' •••- J- all winter, to which 1 agreed, but the mill required some repairs after I had been about two months with him, for which time I was at home preparing ledge of I could gives a ve omit- lam-boat little al- l, we got for our- ige. At iocieties, it early. '. as little jt a free 1 that to families, of work, )llars per my own It that ho )t to take second tting and bly well, nd a rail- a cradle, cut down fidle, and rhere are with the )ut I was ) keep up ig, a mon ith their harvest, k his saw e end of Lvith him required ) months preparing BUITISH AMERICA.-— ACCOUNTS GIVEN OF IT. 99 firewood for winter, and by doing so I have met with rather a serious accident. As I was one night taking a piece of wood upon my shoulder, my left foot slip- ped and broke the small bone of my left leg, and splin- tered the main bone, but although it is not much over two weeks since I got it, I am now able to be out of bed, and I expect to be able to resume my work in a short time. But although this misfortune has hap- l)ened me, I am in no way badly off, for I have in the house a barrel of flour and a leg of beef, and 20 dollars to lift, so you see I am no way afraid for win- ter. The system of their saw mills here is one per- pendicular saw, 7 feet long, and an 8th and 16th thick. She takes out one-fourth of an inch each cut, and goes with great velocity ; only one man attends her, and a fair day's work on a mill is 2000 feet. If a man takes in two logs into a mill here, he gets one cut for the other, or whatever number of logs, he gets the one-half of the boards. Inch boards sell as follows— the best 5s. per 100 feet ; coarse from 2s. to 3s, per 100. Now, Sir, I shall give you m account of wages and provisions -.—Masons, 5s. per day; wrights, 5s. per day; labourers, 8s. per day; a journeyman black- smith, 40/. per year ; a yjloughman, 30/.— a good hand. Tailors and shoemakers make excellent wages, and country weavers can make 5s. per day in the winter. A i-aster blacksmith is the bcit trade in this country, if well employed. Wheat, 2s. per bushel, and by taking it to the mill we have 40 lb. of flour in return. Potatoes, Is. per bushe] ; beef, from 10s. to 14s. per cwt. ; pork, Gs. per cwt. ; oatmeal, 2s. per 25 lb.— but there is very little of it used in this country ; but- ter, 5d. ; eggs, Bd. per dozen ; tea, best green, 3s. 6d. and 4s. per lb. ; black, 2s. per lb. ; sugar, od. per lb. Now, Sir, I have given you the above statement in sterling money, as here their money system is not jjo.jiUr ,,j)(jorctond in this country, for they have cur- rency, cents, and York money, but sterling money a Canadian knows nothing about. The farmers here are complaining of hard times very much, as the pro- 100 kmigkant's uanu-uook of facts. diice is selling very low. I believe it makes work rather scarce to be had, for the farmers do all their cropping most in the winter, and there is but little of it going on in this j)lace this winter. The snow has fallen about a foot decj) ; the people in this country seem to like it well. They say it is the best time for doing busi- ness ; they expect it to lie about four months. The place where I live in is within 1^ miles of the village of Gait; this village contains nearly 1000 inhabitants, and seems fast increasing ; it is about 70 miles above Toronto, and as we are living upon the road>side, we see the sledges passing every hour in the day most; tliey have one or two horses in them, and they drive very fast with heavy loads. There is a number more of us around this place. Joseph Dunbar is in a flour mill, and has 210 dollars per year, with a free house, but has no board ; Robert Melville has rented a farm at 20 dollars per year ; William Buchanan has taken off a lot a few miles above this ; Johr Morrison is in Ha- milton Foundery, but he has got 30 acres off in the Queen's Bush, and he and some others is upon the ))rinciple of a community ; but I think they are best off that can stand in their own shoes ; Peter Morrison, blacksmith, was working a little above this, and had a dollar a-day, but nothing else ; but his master failed, and he lost 20 dollars by him. For my own part, I have not given myself any concern about land as yet, for I think one is better to learn the customs of the country first, as their mode of working is very differ- ent from home ; but, however, I have got the offer of a 100 acre lot from a gentleman in this jdace, with 40 acres cleared on it, and a house and barn, and tlie frame of a saw mill ; it is situate in a fine place for timber. I told him I had no money for such an un- dertaking ; he told me there was no use for money here ; that a man must go ahead in this country with- out money. He said I was the only man for it, see- ing I had a family of stout sons, and just to go and commence, and he would credit me. There was like- wise a millwright that offered to put the mill in order m, and corn- prised 34,605, square miles, or 22,083,200 a'^rcs ; the boundaries bcin^-, on the east, the sea-coast trom tlie mouth of the Murroo River (S. of Bateman's Bay), in 30 degrees to the mouth of the Manning River in 32 degrees ; on the north, the river Manning from the sea-coast westward to a range of mountains, inchiding all streams, vallies, and ravines, which descend to the rivers Goulbourn and Hunter ; on the west, a line nearly along the meridian of 148' W. long.; and, on the south, from Mount Murray, in the latitude of Bateman's Bay, to the Murroo River, in 36 S. latitude. 110. Sydney, the capital of the colony, is built in a valley, and partly on a gentle slope, extending up- wards from Sydney cove — one of the coves of Port Jackson. The streets arc long, the houses wide and lofty, and on the shore behind, wharfs, stores, ship- yards, mills, and steam-engines rise in successive ter- races, giving the idea both of neatness and prosperity. Here house rent is high, of which some idea may be formed from the price of building ground, which has been recently sold in George-street at 20.000/. per acre, and some of it is worth 50/. per foot. An auction had been built at a cost of 5000/, and one individual has expended nearly 20,000/. upon a distillery. Hotels, inns, and taverns, are numerous, and furnish every ac- commodation. Port Jackson is navigable for ships of any burden seven miles above Sydney, up the Para- matta river, which for even twelve miles further can be considered nothing else than an arm of the sea. 111. Paramatta is 1 8 miles farther up the river than Sydney. It contains 3000 inhabitants, principally tra- ders, mechanics, and labourers, who receive abundant employment from the different gentlemen and farmers in the neighbourhood. Windsor is about 28 miles from Paramatta, and 35 from Sydney, situated near the Hawkesbury, which Is navigable for ships of 100 tons burthen four miles above this town. The population and buildings are similar to those of Paramatta, and the land in the vicinity verv fertile, so that waving • AUSTRALASIA NEW HOLLANTi. Ill ind corn- ^rcs ; thu trom the I's Bay), River in from the including rid to the the lower cid *es of th(^ populati.jn, and mercury, in greater qiuuif ir'ie • ihan the medical practice of Britain sanctions, is r; sorted to, and with great success as the grand speciiic. It is •ccasioned sometimes by drink- ing water eowtaining a solution of alum, or cold water in hot weather, when the body is in a state of perspiration. It arises frequently from the me. of salt provisions, frum injudicious exposure to the sun in stmimer, or according to Mr Gouger, from the in- trusion of small flies; but, in this as in the other case, dissipation is found to be the master cause. Influenza is sometimes almost epidemic in the colony; it seldom fjroves fatal to people in the prime of life, but the aged and children sometimes sink under it. 115. New South Wales is free from the periodical lUtlllS ul mu ll upsuo, Uut a :atpC qUaUiiLjr \ji lam usUtiiij falls throughout the year. The colony has hitherto, however, been visited by a severe drought every twelve years, one of these continuing from 182G to AUSTRALASIA.— NEW HOLLAND. 113 lars have labitunts o occur, result of bod, and else, the d death. will be leans for lulgenrie, even at )last fhe :nt in the nfluenza. ophthal- , arising hite sur- ico" ered he i^buse jd to the curv, iu f Britain ss as the )y drink- er cold L & state he uae of the sun a the in- her case, Influenza it seldom but the >eriodical r\ iioiirilla* SI XADXAUltJ hitherto, it every 182G to 1829, during which period little or no rain fell, and par- ticularly in the county of Cumberland. It is, however, more than probable, that as the country becomes cleared and cuUivated, such lamentable visitations will be less frequent. As lar as it has yet been explored a remarkable degree of uniformity is found to prevail in the quality of the soil in Australia, supporting--at least south of the tropic-the same peculiar vegetation, and the same peculiar animals. From Moreton Bay. ,iear the tropic on the east, through Port Jackson, F -rt Philii), the Tamar, Nepean Bay, Port Lincoln, kui-' George's Sound, and the Swan River to Shark s Bay! near the tropic on the west, notwithstanding tii'Mr diversity of latitude, this peculiarity of sameness prominently appears. Australia has no large rivers, such as we find in America, and is comparatively thinly wooded. Extensive districts are entirely free from timber. In the forests the trees stand far apart, and arc scantily clothed with leaves. The foliage is not deciduous ; and being highly aromatic and antiseptic, adds nothing to the fertility of the soil, greatly as it contributes to the purity and heallhfulness of the at- mosphere. The absence of alluvial deposits from any very large rivers has formed a stripe of comparative sterility along the margin of the ocean. The soil of the coast does not on this account give a correct idea of that of the interior. Next the sea there is gene- rally a belt, principally of sand, bearing only stunted shrubs or brushwood, and varying in extent from two CO twenty miles. Very fine land near the sea is a rare excei)tion to this feature of uniformity. Indeed, na- ture seems to have peculiarly intended Australia for a pastoral country ; and this feature in its soil i)lainly indicates that agriculture and commerce on a large scale must form ulterior steps in its progress to civi- lization. The extensive undulating i)lains of the in- land district cleared by some natural process? of .orest vegetation, clothed with nutritious grasses, stretch themselves out, prepared for the flock of the shepherd. 1 IG. New South Waleseitherproduces,orc;ui be made n I 114 EMIGllANT S HANU-IIOOK OF FACTS. i f I capable of producing every grain and vegetable useful to man, with fruit in the hixamined and counted. Most of the cattle have spn;.^ ;.v^ .. -. bull and some cows which were accidnt lally h-ft nn the island at an early period of its settlemen!:, uud all evince a strong local attachment, r 'Isome, it is engaged in with as keen a relish as sport&men follow the hounds. It is his de- light to be in the aaddle, not only for this purpose, but even for every common journey to any distance. The horses are numerous, of excellent quality, and cv.jhiin a considerable sprinkling of blooil, being aim -t all de- scended from an Arabian stock inr >)rted i'rom India about forty years t: >, T' ey are ( small - ize, very hardy, easily suppoited, and equuiiy serviceable for the saddle or for harness. On this account, almost 1 very emigrant in the lulerior has hi? steed; a' 1 the ! AUSTUALASIA. — NEW HOLLANU. 117 mmiber of horses now kept in Sydney is greater than in any other city of the same size in the worUj. 120. All the divisions of Australia abound in those minerals which the art of man can apply to h purposes of civilization. Amung these, coal, iron, hn in 1 gra- nite, are the principal. In the country to li. -. south ot Hunter'sRiveramostextensivecoal-fieldhasbeen work- ed to great advantage ; and in every district where the attempt has been made, similar strata have been dis- covered. Seams of coal are visible on the face of the cliffs on the shore, and may be traced for miles, until they dip down beneath the surface of the sea. The toal is decidedly of vegetable origin ; the foliage and the fibre of the wood being still so distinctly visible that the botanist might ascertain the species to which they belonged. In the alternating strata of the coal are found nodules of clay, ironstone, and trunks ot arundinaceous ironstone plants. Thin beds ol coal an I iron are also met with along the banks of the rivers ; in the vicinity of the mountains, from which many of them flow, these minerals also abound, com- municating a ferruginous taste tu the smaller streams, and indicating- the exhaustless storr hich are yet to be explored. ' Copper and other metals have also given indications of their existence, but these will long be of secondary inportance compared with the two former, both of which, as the indispensable handmaids of steam, ha"e already lent their most effectual aid in increasing the /apid spread of physical and moral improvement over ♦he south-eastern portion of the world. Of the coals, ory la .'e quan titles have been worked and sold at the pit mouth by the Australian Agricultural Com- pany; n, !, with a supply of iron, stone, slate, and wood, can ea ily be conceived how rapidly industry may j ant her ies i i the bush. 121. When British colony was first established at Sydney Cove, in i 88, it consisted of 1070 indivi- duals, of whom upwards of 700 were convicts. Emi- grauon was, lor a time, discouraged to this colony, by the authorities, and prejudice long prevented free 118 I RMICJUANt's hand-book 01" FACTS. emigrant-^ settling on it in any numbers ; and yet, from t he number of convicts sent out, and the fineness of the climate, the popuhition has rapidly increased, i-ivc censuses have been taken, and the augmentation fmce the hrst settlement is thus shown: — 1780 1030* 1810, 8293; 1821, 29,783; 1828, 30,598;' 1833! 71,070; 1836, 77,090. In the Hand-Book we gave the particulars of the census of 1 833. The following table shows those of the census taken in September Jooo:— ■aoi ui -la AirSTRALASIA. NKW HOLLANH. no uuuioH -»B9)0JJ a _ i ^ n II r-'2i r"*! •« "-< I w "« c ) "" MINIMI — i~l^ |7I— II II " 52 ■^ L: ^ ^ f 2 v' I"' r* C: '-5 S - -S £ L; i2 — 3! •- o o -. « IfgilllpiiSliPiiSlsiiil I- 3> to jT, --"*> (- or .r)'-* cr »* S * — f • S 2) S r"' S S r. ','' ?. 5 8825 .?? D2! o o)p>-f'0-fQx«oi«5Jtccetoi~gpcc'N»2»©'Nt; i2^ 65«rt2J*jrt<^e55t-«'^o-¥sfitC'n-*'*«^2z; U2! f» ■?! p >ri cc »»• o 2i225Q^-* — — "f-oo :• ri !0 3> t- jn 00 i i i- ^ ^ Si I- J} a H J' K#l rn C •a c • ^ C • =^ « ; t3 ^ c S GO. 5 f. t. w is Qj ,'r^ o 5£333ao5B5assg£«cgsi^^a<£ag II 120 EMIGIIANTS HAND-UriOK OF FACTS. M 122. The total niimbcrof whitoinhahitants in tlio co- lony is now estimated at upwards of 100,000, of whom about 25,000 arc convicts, the residue of upwards of 90,000,who have been transported to the settlement since its formation in 1 7^8. The three great divisions of the white population are, — 1st, Those who have arrived in the colony free, and their descendants ; 2d, those who are free by servitude, or by pardon, and their de- scendants ; and 3d, those who are still in bondage. When a convict ship arrives in Sydney harbour, it is the practice of the colonial provernment to reserve as many of the convicts, whether labourers or mechanics, as are required for the public service ; the rest are as- signed to persons who have previously transmitted duly attested applications for convict-servants, agree- ably to a code of regulations established by the gover- nor, and denominated the Assignment Regulations. For a summary of these regulations, and our observa- tions and views of convict labour, we refer the reader to the Hand-Booh, ]). 39. 123. The government of New South Wales consists of a governor and a legislative and executive council, all appointed by the ministry at home. The legisla- tive council is comj)osed principally of persons holding official situations, and these chiefly residing in gov- ernment towns. The executive council is compos- ed of persons fdling the highest government appoint- ments. Police magistrates are distributed through- out the colony, who take cognizance of offences committed by convicts, whom they have the power to punish by Hogging, or condemning to work in irons. Sydney is the chief seat of the colonial government. For further particulars regarding the government, law, and police, &c., of the colony, we refer to the Hand- hook, chapter vii. 124. The means of re|i^'ious instruction in this oolnnv seems to be suflicionfly ample. On this subject, DV Lang remarks : — " The colonial cliurches are, the (Jliurch of Kngland, the chuicli of Scotland, and the Church of Home. iJesiiles these estaliiishmenf.^, tlierc AUSTRALASIA. — Ni:\V HOLLAND. 121 are several congregations of dissenters. Wlienever a hundred adults shall attach themselves to the niinis- trations of any pastor, duly recognised and sent forth by one or other of tiie colonial churches, and shall contrihute a comparatively small amount for the erec- tion of a church and manse, the government guarantee a salary of 100/. per annum for such pastor, and ad- vance at least 300/. from the public treasury to assist in erecting his church and manse; and, to stimulate the exertions of the pastor, his government salary is to be augmented to 150/., or even to 200/. per annum, as soon as ho rallies around him a congregation of two or five hundred adults. . , 125. ** The practical operation of the new ecclesiasti- cal system to which the colonists of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land are now subjected, I am happy to state, j)romises to be attended with the happiest results. It has already infused something like life and vigour into the withered and shrivelled arm of colonial Episcopacy ; it hiS proved as life from the dead to the Presbyterian communion. By the Episcopalian laity of all classes, it has not only been acquiesced in as a measure of urgent necessity, on the score of justice to others, but received as a measure of real benefit to themselves. Local committees for the raising of the funds requisite for the erection and endowment of additional churches of that communion, in ail parts of the colony, were formed immediat(!ly after the announcoment of the new system." In parts which have been settled by emigrants from the High- lands of Scotland, there are preachers who use the Gaelic tongue. 120. There are six infant schools and thirty-thrco parochial schools in the colony; and also two govern- ment schools, one at Sydney, and the other at Para- matta. An orphan hospital has been established at Sydney, capable of rearing and educating 125 cinl- dri;n. The male children of this institution are appren- ticod out as they come of age, and the females receive u sm.ill sum when married. The Australian College L 122 emigrant's UANli-IiOOK OF FACTS. was established in 1831, and is now in a flourishing condition. 127. The commerce of New South Wales is be- come an object of great consideration to the mother country. The maritime trade of the colony is con- siderably upwards of two million sterling per annum; whereas, thirteen years ago, it amounted to little more than half a million. The largest portion of the trade is carried on with Great Britain ; the extent for con- secutive years will be seen in the following table. The imports are spirits, wines, and beer, tea, groceries, and tobacco, salt provisions, cottons, linens, silks, and woollens J the exports — wool, timber, flax, oil of all kinds, maize, hides, and ship stores. i *5 i\ \ i 1 AtSTRALASIA. — M;\V HOLLAND. 123 turishing !S is be- ! mother f is con- annum; tie more ;he trade for con- )le. The ;ries, and Iks, and )U of all •g o H H \ t) O w o (/: H M O Is 1 •T3 a n » tc .n (- !C ■N'fi <"' coS in Is* ^ ® J.) O n w £- * f-. gc o o -f 3-. o j5 •! (O Si <+ IC 3i O 71 •* • . :S TT . ^ S * 1- X I 0-. -o I t' X ~ - - ' — 3i X 5i o 4.1 I •£ 3i I x a _ — ■ — —' y* ^•^. 4^ CD ^ C ■^ T'l (CN I O r-. — in •* -t Oi • -T "M — c; I- X <- I- o •+ ■T S; I- T -• •-. (- M fa o ■a I II II I ll^ I- o ^1 o — I t: '5 ^ X I- I- O C^ I « .« «-5 t/; H o a, M II I I I I li^ n >j ?o c •>» •-i "M <£ ^ :^4 o .rs -M -+ — X -O IN •>> >n '" — 'J3 o 'A O '4 "Q W'C i ■>) o •* -* SI - Tl o .r- rr. -^j cf. -t CO X X (M n S !Cl ■* to ■M «+ J^ /; Ct CfJ —• — >-• Q "N — sin — ».': in 1- 1- o « S IS •a c — — M • 75 U !? » s^ £ c o 5 JS >, 01 B ■a >. I/} a .5 vi •-* •'J w V* ^ vi ,;: •* -r to OT . fi 'r in ■" ■M"* CO — I tc .-I <- 1/1 C ft -» ?; -.^1 T •^ -I I - 1' O -. T>i X >o I I- r: US _ j>, „ _ 3^ I 5>1 M M _; _ Tj ^ ?i ^■o in (J^oDceicSoaDxocx H s o a 9 l^j 1-24 EMlGRANX'ri HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. •Si 1 1% 1 r § I » S.hO ' JS " a C3 Si .— • « I ca ^ I O is w 5^ o o S s 1 '« a •c «> .£3 ^•^ & CC 'C w « cc I- 01 S — I- o ::. '3 S <; );; d; 94 25 « :5 ■'^ <;: ^ gj S - ■I m a 13 o U H mlOIMIA :: 2J 8 p> « •>• S.5 i »8 B 3 r. -iS^ i i 3 ?; si ^ 2 ?i 5 s "? ^ — CO ^ CO 55 CO o 50 rt — — — CO -• Ol ;* I'- iO ** CD 2i 2 S S CO •4' -< t; I 9 « (O ■o b no* * OS 3 S M (9 a. o •"* o i S 3 S . 35 CD 'Q w 2 2 S S 2 ■" :i: 2 U « 4, X' 2 |itlU JdOQ . i 1 S ^ I " £ ^ i i I •H< lO e5 ■>) -r >J5 5 ^ i^ i ^ i 1 ^ *~* s s? s s 3 i i 'S »> .3 IS ^ C5 & « s CO CD g I- i t- O ''3 — I- 2 «2 g § g S S3 — "N 4- Tt AM — « • AUSTRALASIA. — NEW HOLLAND. 125 128. Previous to 1817, the circulating medium of the colonv consisted principally of the private notes of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, ^"^ Pubhcans, the utnount being sometimes so low as ed. lo r^" ^^X the evils attendant on such a state ot things, the Bank of New South Wales was in 1827 incorporated by a charter under the seal of the colony, ^v>th a capital stock of 20.000/. sterling, raised in shares ot .00/. eacn. In the first year of its incorporation, the bills dis- counted by the bank amounted to only 12 103/.; in 1818 they rose to 81,672/.; in 1819 to 107,2.^0/.. de- monstrating fully the necessity that existed tor such an establishment, and the advantages that result from it. The notes issued by this establishment amount o about 20,000/., divided into I/., 2/., 5/., 10/., -W., and 30/., the greater proportion being I/, notes. 129 The Bank of Australia was instituted in lH^b, witli a capital of 220,000/., divided into several shares, of wiiich 45,000/. is paid up. Like the Bank of New South Wales, it is one of issue and deposit ; and its transactions are limited to discounting bills which have not more than three months to run. It discounts from 10,000/. to 12,000/. weekly, at 10 per cent.,wl»icU is the current rate of interest in New Soutli Wales. The notes issued bv this bank are for 1/., 2/., 5^./W'» 20/., and 50/.; its circulation being about 25,()00(. 130. Commercial Banking Company ot ^,y«lney ^f instituted November. 1834, with a capital ot 300,00*)/,, ill 3,000 shares. ,,.,,,, u ieQ>t 131. A London Company, established March, 18^4, has been incorporated by royal charter, callec^ the Bank of Australasia, with a capital of 200,000/., lor tlic purpose of establishing banks of issue and deposit in New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, and other settlements in Australasia. The bank of Australasia commenced business in the colony, 14th Uecember, 1635. Capital 200,000/. _ _. „..., „r„w 132. The eiiief staple proUuct oi i^icw ouums ^t aiCr, is wool. So tar back as 1793, the late John M' Arthur, Esq., became convinced that the grasses and climate 126 emiguant's hant-uook of facts. Ih ;h1i 1' M of the colony were adapted to Merino sheep. Two years afterwards he obtained a ram and two ewc8 of the pure breed from the Cape of Good Hope, and began to cross them with his coarse-lieeced sheep. In ten years this tlock, originally consisting of 70 animals, had increased to 4000, although the wethers had been killed as they became tit for food. He visited England in 1803, and exhibited specimens of his wool to a committee of manufacturers then in London. Under the encouragement of the Privy Council, to whom his views were explained, he pur- chased two ewes and three rams from the Merino lloeks of his Majesty King George III., which he car- ried to the colony HI 1806. Such was the origin of the rai)idly-increasing tiocks of New South Wales, which, in 1839, numbered above one milhon, and the wool of which has brought as high as 10*. id. per lb. in the London market. The rapid imf)rovement of the fleece in Australia by the influence of the climate alone is further confirmed by the evidence of several wit- nesses, wool-staplers, and others, examined before the •• Select Committee of the House of Lords appointed to take into consideration the state of the British Wool Trade," in 1828. Mr Henry Hughes, an eminent lilackwell Hall factor, gives his evidence in the follow- ing terms: — *' The quality of the wool was originally very bad, but the climate has a most extraordinary effect on the fleece:" and again, " the fleeces of sheep imported into those colonies have improved in a won- derful degree, which cannot be accounted for by the best judges, excej)! from the climate. I have from New South Wales some fleeces shorn off" German sheep, after they had been in the colony about sixteen months, and the improvement was so extraordinary, that I have had most of the German merchants now in London to sec them ; and, if I may use the phrase, thfiv were astonished at the srreat improvement tl>e cliiiiate had made in the fleece." Mr S. Donaldson, and several other witnesses, attest to the bame eflect. Such aio the great improvements in navigation, that t^ A 3 C( ir b AUSTRALASIA.— NEW HOLLAND. 127 . Two ewes Hope, i sheep, iting of jf^h the or food, tecimens then in e Privy he pur- Merino 1 he car- )rij?in of Wales, and the '. per lb. nt of the ate alone erai wit- ifore the ppointed sh Wool eminent e follow- originally ordinary of sheep n a won- »r by the ive from German it sixteen ordinary, ts now in J phrase, ncnt the jnaldson, »e cHect. AOU) that the expense of sending the fleece to London from Australia, a distance of 15,000 miles, is not more than 2 id. per lb., including fn.ight, insurance, brokerage, commission, dock and landing charges, while the ex- pense of transmitting (ierman or Sj)anish wools to England is from 4d. to 4id. |)er lb. 133. The progress of cultivation and of hve stock in New South Wales since its settlement in 1788, will be seen by the following statement: — LAND. Tiitil No. i{r»iiteis. I Year. \i<». Yenr. lt>«. IrtVn 5it5 181'J ... 74-^84 ISM ... 5.5--fl»<» 1833... l734-7 ... 4071 1« 1831 ... 2?4(5!t:« ISIl""' . UM \ 1821 ... I754:W \ 18-23 ... 834343 IR35 ... .3H!(3»27 1815"" 3-^<)71 I82-2*... 17-2880 I 18-29 ...I0O53.3;} 183(5 ... 3»5i»,fitl ISlii".'...". 73171 1823 ... 19S-240 I IHlOf... 899750 1837... 1817 I3nifi 18'2l ... •>7.55'iO 1831 ...1401-284 \ 1818 8'ij-2j 18-25 ... 411000 183-2 ...151J15«5 ♦ The weights previous to t.»e > nr '822 are t.ikcn from the Ki>)fli«h Cii>toin-l)iiuse lleturns; thiTC Uei )u ■>( record in the colony fioin 182:i to 1835, tliey are tloriveil (rom theb o'.s of the Sydney Custoin- hou.se. t Where the weight is Rreaior in prweding than in subscfiucnt ye.irs, it do-js nv)t arise (rom a cc.s.sation of increase in llic wuight shorn, but t'runi variation ui the time uf khi|!.:.eut. in IT f 1 Mt I; i |9! I I VIS emigrant's iiano-dook of facts. c o ^ 'ii " ;1 •on 'SI^O I RauvJO "S 1 H * c 3 9 o ■8ao)8)oj •lip "lailiK •op 'a.tu JO* 5 2 ::i^:l ^ = 111* ^ J3;c • 00 s 9 •lip •«»1!0 •op 'AaiJtia •op 'anew •ilsni\'j''»J I- ^ S 5 OJ 5t ri 33 13 s gs; <* •-" I "o a. . . . . • 11 • • • C' »• I* .5. ,... .sl I i •£? s-^1 _ f^ ell .^ «•-. t?-1^-- J 30 KMKillANT S HANU-BDOIC (Jl" FACTS. : I I ll 135. The s'aple of New South Wales next in im- portance to wool is whale oil. Tliis articlf* of coin- nuTce is al>o of recent creation. The black wliahi is founin,i JO luiiuuiv 1«)'>X ■RiiiiiHiuiaH •Xation; asmi.iiTi,! j jo imiouiv P-l'M. •pstmp.ni,! piiv'i ■gjarnq} -an J JO -on [ejox {-■Mr- — «i-T«o-i'i;"t5e«'r-:-3?;qO''> :5?3 ■^1 li^S^r'i ISiS^ 8S^ Mil o> jj;i.r5 — .rttiSrtO)— A — TWO -» — -. — l>iiejo(«iieipjn,{ I- i I- -M I I J3 rj — .n .0 3 •»!• e^ n o o c; -f — a5 -c 31 M 4 -+ r; 31 -r 5 X -N s I- -n ..-. ..» ^ I'S'^SS-* I I Si?* i5}i-;r"''=^2'««- tfp< ■gjassip to a O u iSS' 5^35 — "S-SI"^ "* fr; • I I I • > ■ • • ■ I I I I I I • I • I • I • I I • I • t i I I I I I • I t I • I I ■ I • I I • I I I I ■ I I I • I • ' I I I I I I • I I I I I I I I • I , I • I I I I I i 1 1 • . ' "5 . . . I 4=t — .2 ' S £ •= S 5 " ' 13 a:; S ^.= a 9 . iia -«^ -^2'aS .3« = 5.3''£=« m5 wi,« S c S ;; c S c a 3 t: := K -■ 3 5 2 Wl km MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 i.i 1.25 m m m 1.4 2.8 3.2 M 14.0 2.5 2.2 2.0 .8 1.6 A APPLIED IIVHGE inc '653 East Main Street Rochester, New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300 -Phone (716) 288 - 5989 -Fax USA t> 132 EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. Total amount of purchase-money, 128,049/.; deduct, remissions to officers of the army and navy, and dis- charged soldiers, 241 9/. ; amount to be received in 1837, 16,473/.= 18,892/. Total amount of proceeds of lands in 183G, under regulations of 1st August, 1831, received up to 31st December, 1836, 104,157/.; add deposits forfeited, 992/. ; interest, 13/.— lOO.U To- tal revenue from land sales in 1836, lOo, 163/. Section 2. — Australia Felix. 137. The flourishing Colony of Australia Felix occu- pies the south-eastern portion of Australia opposite Van Diemen's Land. The settlement is situated on Port Philip, a large bay about 40 miles long, and 35 broad, with an entrance of about three-fourths of a mile broad. The capital is Melbourne, situated at the falls of the river Yarra Yarra, a few miles from the harbour. This town was founded in 1837, and in the beginning of 1840, had extended over the space of a square mile ; presenting to the astonished view of the visitor between three and four hundred substantial English-built houses, with all the evidences of a busy thriving trade and valuable commerce. The inhabi- tants were then computed at full two thousand; its re- ligious denominations were five in number ; and all were in the enjoyment of convenient places of worship, ministers, and schools. The town was supplied with eighteen hotels, inns, and houses of accommodation — it had two newspapers published twice a-week, a small circulating library, and among the mechanics a union benefit society. Among the institutions which had sprung out of the industry and success of the inhabitants, were a fire and marine insurance company and local bank ; branches of the banks of Australasia, of Sydney, of the Union Bank of Australia in Van Diemen's Land, with an agent of the Commercial Banking Company in Sydney, are flourishing on their discounts and circulation. The receipts of customs in 1837, were about 2,000/.: in 1838, 3,500/.: in 1839, 10,000/.: ! AUSTHALASIA. — \USTUAHA FELIX. 133 its ordinary revenue for the year 1840, is estimated at 20,000/., arising from the customs, publicans' and auctioneers' license, fees and fines of the local courts, and permits for various occupations. 138. The total amount of revenue raised by the sale of the town-allotments at Melbourne and Williams Towns, on the 1st ol' June and 1st of November, 1837, was I7j22l; the amount realized by the country sec- tions at Melbourne and Geelons:, from 1st August, 1839, to 15th April, 1840, was 109,473/. The num- ber of vessels entered inwards, during the year ending 5th January, 1840, vvas 195 — increase on the year, 62; tonnage, 25,600; increase, 13,900. Outwards- vessels, 189; increase, 53; tonnage, 20,352; increase, 8,773. The total amount of wool exported in the season of 1838-39, was 715,603 pounds; in the season of 1839-40, the amount A'as 1,327,780 pounds. 139. The country around Melbourne is thickly studded with trees, chiefly what the natives call the Yarra, and from which the river has received its name. Major Mitchell describes the interior of the district " as of vast resources, of the most various and fascinat- ing description, more extensive than Great Britain, equally rich in point of soil, and ready for the plough." The land is well clothed with grass, and rcquiv no clearing, the trees being few. The prevailing nts are forest oaks, honeysuckles, and what are called wattles, which belong to the mimosa tribe. The face of the country is diversified by gentle slopes, plains, and vales, of great fertility, and well watered by numerous springs. There are few hills; but these are beautifully wooded, and with little labour might be rendered excellent grazing lands. 140. Mr Russell, in his tour in the Australian colonies, says of Port Philip—" This is a portion of the Australian territory which has in less than two years gathered a community of about 3500 souls, who have been attracted to the placo by its good harbour and superiority of soil. Being more to the south than either Sydney, Adelaide, or Swan River, its geogra- M 184 ejiigrant's hand-book of facts. I vvuoi 10 tne mother coiintrv, uesido-- fhp fl,^«i r superior sheep sent to South Austra L Wn . ""^ mutton to Van Diemen's 1 .ml /k i' ^^ ^"'^ ^^^'^ f- yj lYiuunt xVidcedon and down to Goplnno- ti the number of hio " H ^^ ' l""^"'^" '"^ '^P°''^^* outwards and ihT' .• ^^^J' *^""^=6 ^"^'arcls and same periods? ^"'"'^'^ "^ ^'°^^ ^^P^^-^ed for the '837. , '^'"tsJ^^™"""' ^<^'-. Tuns. '? 52.509 AUSTRALASIA. — SOUTH AUSTIIALIA. 135 Total number of Shi, i and Tonnage Outwards. No. Tons. I No. Tons. I No. Tons. ; No, Tons. I No. Tons. UU 13,421 I VM 11,079 | 189 20,352 12.30 34,477 | 230 31,329 Total number of Pounds of Wool E.\ported, 175,081 I 320,393 | Olti.GOS | 929,326 | 1,897,071 143. It may be doubted whether any instance of a similarly rapid rise, than is exhibited by this state- ment, can be found in the annals of any country or colony on the face of the habitable globe. Section 3. — South Australia. 144. Another portion of the great island of New Holland has been erected into a British colony, called South Australia, the capital of which is Adelaide, built on the river Torrens, which flows into Gulf St Vincent. This province contains an area of nearly 300,000 square miles, or 192,000,000 acres. It lies on the south coast of New Holland, and to the west of Australia Felix. 145. The following topographical account of this colony has been furnished by the South Australian Commissioners — " The capital of the province of South Australia is situated on the eastern side of Gulf St Vincent, in latitu-Io 34" 57' south, and longitude 138'^ 4.i' east. Ail the accounts which have been re- ceived from the colony concur in extolling the salubrity of the climate, and the fertility of the soil, and go to confirm the opinion expressed by Captain Sturt in the report of his survey of this district of country, that between the eastern coast of Gulf St Vincent and Lake Alexandrina, from Cape Jervis to the head of the Gulf, there pre several millions of acres of highly fej'tile and beautiful land. The following statement respecting the climate, the soil, and th-^ capabilities of the settlement, is extracted from a letter from Mr John Morphettj addressed to several srentlemen in this country who had intrusted him with the management of their land in the colony. 146. " * Gulf St Vincent is without island, rock 136 EMIGRANTS HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. I ' iij stated, by coniDPtPnf ..„fi. ',• ; ^ '^^^t; heard it II tie li a safe and commodious liaibour ithJJ T adm,t, a all ti.nes. ship, of 300 tons bur?hsi 1 1 ct;et,.';tlls?f'?K^^^^^^^^ tance often or tivelre mi es Mnlt If . "'"??i? *'- of hilk 'n „.K.- u XI , ^' ""^ *"6 entire ranee 'night fe regained LI n""""'"'" ^"^"""^^'-^ «^ ^^'^ter o uc leiamea trom tlie winter ra nc tk.v • • for the capital of- th.f °" -^-^^^ surveyor-^ener^al. ofa prettvstrp. n°n -^ !.'-'° ^'''^""'^ ^" ^o^h banks I ", rcaenino down to the sea, over which the S.W. Vi I TS. mger in tlio ave heard it les from the le here ; and le surveyor- erfectly safe >n to which adapted to rthen, and, lado practi- iipwards, is •red, but in iglish ])ark e character ted for de- !er present ouf^h. s openin^ 'erage dis e hills are excellent 'een them es undula- i and ele- ming- into [1 summer ire range )ounds in iilities for of water lis is im- J applied !ra)ly ex- of clay, ■general, 7 south, th banks xtensive he S.W. AUSTRALASIA. — SOUTH AUSTUALIA. 137 breezes blow nine months out of the twelve, with invigorating freshness. The back is a beautifully wooded country, which extends for about six miles to the base of the first range of hills, which are capped by a high wooded one, called by Sturt, Mount Lofty, 2,400 feet above the level of the sea. To the left the hills gently curve round, and trend down to the coast at about nine miles from the town, enclosing a plain country, in some places open, in others wooded, hav- ing a few small streams and fres' .ter lakes. To the right the hills run in a northerly and easterly direction, continuing for thirty or forty miles, where they appear to sink into a plain. The country along their base is well timbered — nearer the coast it is open and level. 150. " ' At the distance of six miles from the town is the head of a creek, from 300 to 400 yards wide, communicating with the sea, in which vessels not drawing more than eighteen feet water may be moored as easily and safely as in the London Docks. 151. " * The creek has two mouths or openings to the gulf, the most southerly of which, in latitude 35^ 47', communicates with a channel formed by the coast, and sand-spits dry (at low water) about three miles long, with three and a-half, four, and five fathoms water, in which vessels may be moored com- modiously and securely, having an entrance to the sea more than three fathoms deep at high- water spring- tides. 15'2. " ' The course of the creek is almost due north and south, running parallel to the coast for the first four miles from the entrance ; there are three and three and a-half fathoms in the middle, and two fathoms close to the banks ; afterwards for a mile it deepens to four, and then for a mile and a-half it becomes five fathoms deep, and at the point about seven miles from the mouth, where it would be most convenient to form a communication between it and the capital, there is only a distance of one mile from the sea-shore. 153. " ' In the winter the creek receives the waters 138 I;* EMIGKANT'S HAND-BOOK OF l-ACTS. creek. Nothing ^l be easL l^'^'f" ' ''^^^''^^ ^^e above this pointt and th o ? ?" ^^^'''" ^he river the country bet veen til} ?^' V'V '' ^"^''' ^^^^' as dead level/it w not bo an ovno"^' '^'' ^'^''^""•' ^^ « canal from one to the other ""^^""^'^^ ^'^^k to cut a lat;'H/haVbt:ntT;%^:t*t;t''^ ^T-^'- ^cat ant sea-breeze, whie]^ Ul;s /eSrl^ %f^'^-- summer, setting in about nine ^dolL /k''''"^*^ -^^'^ and continuing till sunset ^^^ morning, '•especiing the fanTr^:/„'°"%"^^ '^^^'^J" England am happ/to say realized" v.hi st at's'v^' '"?. '^^"' ^ ^cen very nearly without a dron nf ^ • "''^ ^^^^^ ^''^^^ *^ve or six months, we have ho.?^ k^'". ""' ^^^^ ^^^^ 157. " ^ The ffraZ c.. J . ^" abundance. I believe to be'tlfe ca,e^ n alltf'l"' ^" '"^^«' -^^'^h qnentlythe country would it n"'' P''^"^''^' ^«"««- "nmber of sheep that Tt won Hk m '"PP^""^ h^"' tbe tvvo years after^the lands ha'p b' *° ^° " ^^^'* «'' the roots more sr^cad It is f^^'^PP^^ ^'««^' ^"^ the country and ' climate Lp ^.'^*.'^^/"^ *« find that sheep-breeding, since wool ZfhTf^^ ^^^P^^^ to Australia. I^ Van Diemen's L'r d' fh" ''r^^^'^-^^ «f farmmg is calculated to v^fd !» .t ' *^'' ^'^"^^ «*" «f 80 per cent. Bu /shm.I ''''?^ ^"""^^ P'^^^ ^vould be still more atisfanfnl T"""'"^ **^^ ^^^urns settlements pasturageTs sctTLr"' "' I" *^'^ ^'^^^ -ns are obliged to l^ ^^trd't'tr 1?.^ ^^^«'-«P- runs are obi ^.'T ^' 'f^^, and most of in this :is;^f.^5;\ ^-ted at f ^^^h ^^^- ^ whe?;;;; -•'^: (or e^O^acrLTor, tl.^e' t"?^^°'^^"^ ^ ^^-- '-•-n.veboJeaii;:fe tis;;^-. n' CTS. tJic suiumer, t reaches the him the river t full; and, as harbour is a ork to cut a le—the heat J l>y a pleas- throug-h the the morninjr, the climate, ly a case of le privations leinent of a in tiio open in England ive been, I ' they have 31* the last ice. jfts, which es; conse- ■t half the a year or close, and ' find that lapted to modity of •ranch of ual profit e returns tliQ older le shecp- whereas a square nnuui. tngos to AUSTRALASIA. — SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 139 be expected from a communication with the Murray, and I now refer to it again as being a point of great importance. There are extensive and rich plains to the westward of the Warrangony mountains, in which several hundred thousand sheep arc depastured. The ])roduce of these Hocks is obliged to be carried over these mountains at an immense expense, in order to be shipped at Sydney. The yearly increasing flocks of the settlers of New South Wales will compel fresh explorations to the westward, and the formation of stock settlements still farther from the point of em- barkation. In addition to which, we may confidently expect the occupancy of that extensive and beautiful tract of country still nearer to us, discovered by Major Mitchell, and called Australia Felix.' " 159. A great deal has been written regarding this colony, which has been praised on the one hand, as the finest spot on earth ; while on the otiier, its soil has been said to be unworthy of cultivation. Its chief drawback seems to be the want of rain, but from all that we can judge, there appears to be no want of good land for cultivation. Mr James, who is not favourable to the colony, says — " Tliere is more good soil than will be required for many years to come ; it is generally composed of a rich loam, averaging about nine inches chick, on a substratum of coarse cal- careous rock, and, through the whole extent of the plj.'ns round the settlement, gives evidence of having been at no very remote period covered by the sea, every stone you pick up being a part of the rock, and exhibiting a congeries of little shells. Over the hills the soil and vegetation are still finer ; and the author visited a tract of country between thr mountains and the mouth of the Murray, that seemed U v \utain nearly 100,000 acres of excellent rich soil, in many places ready for the plough." IGO. The following extract from a speech of the governor to the legislative council, 3d April, 1840, shows the state of the colony at that period:—" The establishment of the colony has cost a large sum ; hut I t I 140 * i '*^'''"'^^-^'««'^N-»OOKO...c-,s. Pnce. However ^ c "uhe' '"^ f ^" '^^^*> ^ «'"ul er ^•ost-lts are great also. '" ^''^^enduure may be, the ^-<^^oJ^:^:^^^lo, thespoton which ^ovv we are surrounde bv « " T""'" ^"^"••opeuns. «';lerable extent, han Iso no eitV T ""^''^"'^ '« '' ^onl are lined with well-fdU v.' •^; ^"'' P'^'n^'Pul streets crowded by all thfa t nda rnf""''' '"'' '^''^'' ^"^ --e and substantial bu,dL?ar;?o;r ^--ffic /h^nd- sule, and are rapidly increasing n^^ ''^" ^" every l^'y years since was an mfl S ^"f 1'°''*' ^^'^^^h a covered only by water Lvi T" ^'"^^^-^^'ater creek J^urope. India, and the nei..h 1.. ''=" ''V'^P'"^* i'^'om swamp is traversed hi "^'^/'^ouring colonies. The 3ome wharfs and vareLuses : !" •"•' ''''' ^"^ ^'-"^! A steam-tug is prom 'd ty tho''^'"' "•" ^^^ ^^''^^crs. ^th such conveniences th^ewm;";"''""^'-^' «"d bour for vessels drawing nnl -"^^ ^^ ''^ «"««' ^ar- Ships of larger dimensSmavd-r'''" !''' ^^^^^cr. *roui the gulf, which is in itself^, f ^charge their cargoes neighbourhood of the cap al . ^^n ' f ^^^^^«^d- ^^e •fd populous suburL amj Vi h "^'"^ """^^''^"^ djsunt country, whether to ^ eSli Th''^ ^^^ '"''^- south, IS rapidly assumino- i„ L i ? *^^ ^''»^^' or the but of sober expectation I .*^''"°^ merely of hone tural valleys wi^l"!,:?^ fi M ^urn'"!^'^^"^' ^^•-'- or home consumption P nni P?"*"^^ ^^^cient ^^^•om New South CS^olbwt' ^"^, ^^^^s of cattle Jess succession, already corera f '^^^°^^^«rin count- ^^'les in length; and their enf. -''■^ ""^ *^'^ ^""^red even now se^'riouslv InfJ^?^-?"^'"^ P-''°P^'ctorsare §-eographical ciiscoveVy;"whtr^^,^ ^'V^^^ attempt at nrovm..^ *K„ „ ,, J' »nicn bids fair to myke this '•eat entrepot of S„u,h :;„;,",; ia. Our ACTS. AU8TUALA31A. — SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 141 |U3 over attain- east, a smaller ^ may be, the spot on which to Europeans, a'i'i to a oon- "cipal streets <1 shops, and 'uffic J hand- eon on every •oi'i, which a ^'ater creek, ^ ill a man- Ppingr, from 3nies. The », and Jiand- its borders, lioners, and a finer har- feet water, eir carg-oes iead. The numerous the more ast, or the ^t healthy ear to the formation ly of hope t agricul. sufficient of cattle n count- hundred iters are empt at ake this u Our institutions arc assuming a condition of stability. Our public departments have attained to a high degree of system and order. The aborigines have been kept under humane control ; and considerable, though I 1 regret to say, as yet unsatisfactory efforts, have been ' made towards their civilization. Property and private rights enjoy as nmch protection as in any country in the world; and peace, union, and good understanding, I reign througliout the community. 1 163. *' Land has been surveyed, to an extent capable • of containing three times the present amount of popula- tion ; and the most promising arrangements are iu active oi)eration, for completing, in a comparatively short space of time, the survey of those rich and beau- tiful districts already discovered, which would enable us to increase it from ten to twenty fold." 164. During the years 1837 and 1838, the opera- tions of the earlier settlers were necessarily limited in consequence of the delays which attended the appro- priation of the land. In 1839, the first fair trials of the soil may be said to have commenced. In that year, nearly 200 acres were cultivated, and towards its close, the country districts began to exhibit signs of more extensive preparation. The plough was then to be seen at work in every direction ; and in the following year (1840) nearly 2,000 acres were under crop, producing abundant and encouraging results. From the returns of 1841 collected for the South Australian Almanack of 1842, we are enabled to lay before our readers a satisfactory proof that South Australia is not lagging in her onward career, but, on the contrary, that her colonists are steadily securing the foundations they have laid for her future great- ness. 165. *• The increase of sheep since last year is 75,46D — the tot ;; umber now depasturing on our plains be- ing 242,1; 3li. — On cattle the increase is 3,653, the present number being 17,510. — The stock of horses last year was 659, at present they amount to 954— an increase of 285. — Goats and pigs have increased in M ■ill 112 ""••'""'■'■'' """■«"". ..,■ ,«.,,. pro. Ter'hn' '''■"''"''■' S'-™«o'-ru(io T, ' ■ ,i". "*■'<'' 'lie number o(Sr,^„. Possiblo, more (Jeciil..,! ,l"3 season there arel es^ "^'''•■'■/^'"eal was 9 Zi ^t the moment we utI to t herl. °" '''''' ^'002 ac cs putation, nearlv '<« nn,. ^^^ ^'*^» on a carnf..i "/nvardsofSooon V ?-'*'^''^' substanLjl' f ^^'*^- ,. "''S^"' to be rememberpri ih I • ^/^^^ seconds- hi.f t;ve year of South AusS ^^' ^" ^"« ^^^inl prod,"' S^F^^r^ iS»ta.S the exception of a fnl f ^'^ January, issft •;. »'oek m the colony was estimated a1 i*"" P'-''-'-''^ oheep Cattle \ ' ' • 28,000 Horses . * • • • 2,500 Pigrs and goats ' * ' 480 108. ''For the i * * ' "^^^ •"encement of enS.?^.^ ".'^ ^^'^ to record thr, ^.^ '''(.' agricullural nioro decided, ^fit was 915^ a'l increase of a^'nificoiice of ^'stimatod at potatoes, and 0, 937 acres, o^ acres was • The whole 8.002 acres careful com." '^'y fenced, estimate, be ^ur colonists ' nothing-?" produce of estimation conds; but '^ produc. 1 extent to ith Wales, "ore than e thirteen 'oral and y now be •^^> with Adelaide, t period bout a son, of AUSTRALASIA. — SOUTH AUSIRAMA, 143 which somewhat less (lian five liundrcd acres were (mdcr cultivation, chiefly in the immediate vicinity of the town. TJje increase of stock durinj; ti)at year over 1838 was also encouraging, as the following table will siiow : — 1938. 1S39. Increase. Sheep 28,000 108,700 80,700 Cattle 2,600 7,000 5,199 Horses 480 800 320 Pigs and goats. 780 1,100 920 169. ** The successful results of the agricultural ex- periments made in this year, gave an impetus to the progress of the colony in this r* sj)ect, which, notwith- standing the i)ecuniary adversity, and we may with justice add the ))olitical neglect South Australia has been doomed to undergo, has as yet received no sensi- ble check. 170. " In 1840 the cultivation of the soil commenced in earnest. In that year the total number of acres cultivated amounted to two thousand five hun'' ad acres. The stock augmented nearly in an equal ratio — 183i). 1810. Increase. Sheep 108,700 200,160 91,460 Cattle 7,600 15,100 7,500 Horses 800 1,060 260 171. ''During the season that has closed, above eight thousand acres have been under crop. This is exclusive of the land under tillage preparatory to crop lor the current year, and of the great extent of lanii now enclosed and ready for the plough. It is calcu- lated that thirty-eight thousand acres are fenced in for cultivation. This we think is not far from the rnark, and if go, the returns of the ensuing crop will far outstrip any previous progress, great and satis- factory as these have been. The comparative yearly progress of the colony in agriculture will be best shown in the following table : — r: III' Pi' I . ! i Wheat ''''• '^ la-iP. ,b,o is^, Barley.... * "^ ^0 120 dl6 473 Oats 21 i ^^ 258 132 Maize ;;;;•"• ^^ .;; 30 240 578 Crops not speeiHed 1 Z l^ ^2^ 523 hardens p ^ ^^ ^^U ^^« " 2o 60 135/ ^^0 ^ Total 77 87 TIT 2^ s"^ plain ihat "hi";^;;^! '";:;;'Lt'''»-- -•' - 'i^f.^ .„ ox. became availallle to hem TiZT ""T'^ '""'' ""ly g.nnmg: of 1^,39. There are „„ ^ffi'- f '®^« »"<• ^e- erops for the first three yea," of ,|S"?' "'*""" "^ "'« results are gathers,! fromea e,IV;^ "'"';■'' '">'''' ' ">e "Ppla'rs to'b'e"':""^-^ "^ ^'°^^ ^^ "- last fo'u'ryears OU '^38. logo ,-.„ Horses.... 't^ %-0 ,.,,oo ,,««« tNe i„e;eZ:i %\X'„7/ for the last .„o y'ears of •IS both those de^ortr^lU c . ^^""o* ^ut beffreat 5" South AnstraIil"%ou7Z ''^ ^he subject of mining which they have bepnihlpf. n ^^^""gr upon it -"ce th/arepLtfcXly^i^ri^^^^^^^^^^^ '«^' -^ ments t at might lead o/the one haml^? '"^ '^"*"' speculation, or on the othe, Iff / ""warranted f^ oV'JrI.r; ?or',t,o^r',.1 %^ P-=nco,ro traces of m nerah ar.^ c^ e ' ? "" "'^^^ surface 'he attention o.*^o'° tT"' ^ '° '''""> """•'ted "'most every person who has had AUSTRALASIA.— SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 10. 1941. IG 473 >8 132 6 578 1 847 7 528 145 1} 460 J 8163 i>ht to ox- lancJ only !8 and be- •ns of the able; the the time, ith. our years I84J. 12,052 16,696 1,255 years of be great, lazingly. mining experi- jpon it Jw, and y state- rranted itimate before ice are surface traeted is had occasion to visit them. In very numerous instances, specimens of metallic substances have been brought into town and exhibited to persons who feel an interest in the subject. In many cases this has led to a per- sonal inspection of the localities whence such specimens were derived. 177. ''Operations have been commenced at these places, with a view to the working of mines. " 1.— On a range of hills sixteen miles north of Ade- laide, near " the chain of ponds," a black mineral, at first supposed by some Cornish miners who had formed a gang to work it, to be an ore of copper. On analy- sis, it proved to be specular iron ; and although the quantity is almost unlimited, and the ore very pure, still the high rate of wages in this colony, and the comparatively low value of this mineral, forbid for the present its profitable pursuit. " 2. — At the foot of a declivity terminating in the north bank of the Onkaparinga, about sixteen miles south of Adelaide, a mineral substance was discovered, which w-as also a subject to analysis. It proved to be an oxide of manjaneen, corresponding to the ore of that metal lerally known to miners under the name of Black Woad. The quantity of ore is very consider- able, and the spot where it is found is within a quarter of a mile of water carriage. "3. — On a spur of the Mount Lofty range at an elevation above the Adelaide Plains, of about 200 feet, and about three miles south-east of the town, a beautiful specimen of galena was found upon the sur- face. Some labourers were at once employed, and traced from the spot where the original specimen was found, a deposit from Which was obtained about one ton of extremely pure galena, which yielded upon roasting and cupellation very pure lead, and about 1 2,526 ounces silver to the ton of ore. Nearly the whole of the ore raised was sent in May last per the Cygnet to London, where an analysis more exact than the appearances at command in this place will doubt- less be made." N IP li' 146 ,.,.» EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS, 178. The following letter is from a yotinpr gontlo- I' man settled in this colony, on the Onkaparinga River, about sixteen miles south from Adelaide, and within five miles of the Gulf St Vincent. As it comes from one whose word can be depended on, it may open the eyes of some who have been misinformed respecting this new colony. This station has been lightly spoken of, but he says he sees no place like it to him. He had about 1000 bushels of wheat last season from 43 bushels sown on about 43 acres ; the present year he will have 60 acres of wheat, besides barley, &c., hav- ing above 70 acres fenced in with post and rail. He has taken a lease of a station farther south, for the sheep, which now number above 100 scores. He says bricks can now be had for 15s. to 205. per 1000, made on their land, and there is a quarry of fine blue slates about twelve miles from them, price 3/. 15s. per 1000, measuring 15 to 20 inches in length, breadth in pro- portion; some put them on with two nails on rafters ; they do not board the couples, as is done in this coun- try, but plaster the interstices inside with lime. "28th March, 1842. " Dear Father and Mother, — I feel the great im- portance of the question put to me, whether it is my opinion that it would be advisable for you and family to come out here ? This certainly is a question upon which I am almost afraid to venture my opinion ; but I must say something. In all the letters which I have forwarded to Scotland, I have endeavoured to give you a sort of idea of the country and climate, and more espe- cially of the general appearance of our farm ; however, I will again give you a few particulars. "Climate. — The weather in the beginning of March, 1841, when I arrived, was pretty warm, and during the m.onth and some days very much so- In the bo- ginning of April the rain began to descend, and the cool weather as usual set in ; for mark that here when we have rain, we invariably have cold weather follow- ing. What is called the rainy season continued T3, onng gontlc- iringa River, ;, and within ; comes from nay open the d respecting ghtly spoken to him. He ason from 43 sent year he jy, &c., hav- rail. He has or the sheep, [e says bricks )00, made on e bhie slates 5s. per 1000, ?adth in pro- s on rafters ; in this coun- I lime. \rch, 1842. he great im- ither it is my III and family uestion upon opinion ; but which I have id to give you id more espe- m ; however, ing of Marcii, , and during In the bo- end, and the at here when sather foUow- 3n continued AUSTRALASiA. — SOUTH AUSTUALIA. 147 until the month of August, and during the whole of that time we had weather little inferior to your sum- mer days. In the mornings and evenings one could feel some cold, but during the most of the day when ;he sun was up it was pleasant. After August the sun waxed stronger, until November, when it was at its licight, and the weather continued dry and warm up till the present time. When the thermometer is at 100", one feels by no means very warm, and the heat is not disagreeable, excepting in those days when the wind is from the north, (a dry hot wind,) when it is very warm, and rather unpleasant ; but these days are few in number. One gets so used to the perpetual sun- shine, that he feels cold when out of it. Every one I hear speak of the climate, praises it for its salubrity. Dr Wark has returned here, after visiting many other colonies, and gives it a very high character. My neighbours from Glasgow have repeatedly exclaimed in my hearing, that this was one of the finest climates that can be, in proof of which you will rarely meet with any one complaining ; and live stock of every de- scription thrive well. I may mention that I have almost never worn drawers since I came here, and, for the most part, have only my shirt and trowsers, a belt round my waist, and a cap on my head.* Straw hats are best for summer, in winter any hat will do. La- dies wear white dresses in summer, in winter any co- lour. "Soil. — The soil of this country, I presume, may grow everything that one need care for, from the ne- cessaries of life, such as wheat, barley, potatoes, and every culinary vegetable, in the most luxuriant de- gree, to the peach, vine, and almost every other plea- sant fruit, the orange not excepted. Our melons are most delicious when ripe, and when green^, they make excellent fillings for tarts ; we had them lately as large as weighed 21 lbs. When ail these grow v^ell here, * strong half.boots and stockings are worn ; if only ghoc«, the hard dry grass is sore on ihe ankles ; linen trowsers arc best, the crass seeds do not stick on them. ill -.^ — .«\..* IN III . ri J48 KMIUXIANT's HANL»-liOOK Of FACTS. yuu may judge what our soil and climate must be. Wc seldom have thunder and lightning; but when we have It, the htjtnmg is more vivid, and the thunder louder than in Scotland. As regards vermin, we have the mouse and a sort of rat, not so large as those with you, and dunng the hot months we have snakes ; there are tew of these here, I have only seen one alive, several have been killed near us. We have ants of various kmds— the ant such as it is with you, some larger and some smaller, and the white ant found in rotten trees • they also build mounds or combs on the ground ; these the natives eat. We have also a flying ant. I have never heard any complaining of the ants. They don't Jrequent our sugar bowl, neither do we need to putty on the hd of it, to keep them out, as I was told in ocotland. •* F7ies.—l don't think they are more troublesome here than with you in Scotland, although in some places they are very bad. " 3Iosguitoes.—They do not fancy this spotj they are most prevalent in swampy places, and in deep eul- lies during the winter. If 1 had not heard so much ol them at home, I should not have mentioned them here. These, along with what I have written in for- mer letters, should give you sufficient data to iudije of bouth Australia. ° •• I may add further, that wheat can be grown here to very great perfection. Samples of our wheat,* bar- ley, and maize, were sent to Glasgow, which I trust you have seen. Potatoes are here a very precarious crop, in some places producing both plentifully and good in quality— in other places they don't do well. J his season ours did not succeed well ; but were well tasted and good. Butter made here is good, much like your Scotch butter. Our cheese, I think, far sur- passes the Scotch cheese in richness : it is too fat. and does not keen so well, unless when one part is skim- milk. There is more nutriment in the milk here than hnnP^fl."''''''* rtferred to were very good, wheat (57 lb. per bushel barley, 54 lb. per bushel; the maize cobs were splendid. ""»"«-J. CIS. AUSTKALASIA. — SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 149 must be. Wo when we have bunder louder we have the lose with you, es ; there are alive, several its of various lie larger and rotten trees; (•round j these ant. 1 have They don't leed to putty '. was told in ! troublesome jgh in some sspotj they I in deep gul- ard so much itioned them ritten in for- a to judge of i grown here wheat,* bar- hich I trust y precarious jntilully and n't do well. ut were well good, much link, far sur- too fat, and art is skim- Ik here than ' lb. per bushel. wiiii you ; this compensates us for the smaller quan- tity the cows here yield, although some of our cows last season gave as much milk as i recollect of cows giving with you. Eggs we have all the year round— we have a beautiful assortment of hens. 1 had lately a present of a pair of guinea-fowls ; these do well here. I also expect a brood of pea-fowls. Butcher meat cannot be excelled ; the beef, mutton, pork, and lamb, of which 1 have partaken, were very good. The mutton fed on our new station is like pork in fatness. Vegetables grow here to the highest state of perfection ; early turnips, some three feet in circumference, and onions as large as the large Portugal onions I have seen at home; cauliflowers grow very large. Peas in the garden grow v/ell, and bear abundantly. " These are a few plain facts, let them speak for them- selves. I think you might be all very comfortable out here ; but I may be mistaken. I am as happy as a king myself. We have little society ; but what we have is good and very respectable. '* I wrote the preceding some time ago, intending to send it, 25th of February, with my other letter. I have read it over again, and do not see anything I can retract. *' We have had several showers of rain since my last letter, these have done much good, making pasturage abundant for the flocks and herds of cattle, which are doing well. We are ploughing just now, with one plough, but will start another in a week, when we have our barn roofed in to secure our wheat which is stack- ed inside of it ; the barn is 60 feet long, 20 feet wide, the walls 10 feet high— a substantial wooden building — and when we have it thatched and the floor laid, we may defy the colony to match it with one so large and commodious. I like farming operations much — I have learned to piuugh. My health is, I think, as good as can be. I renmiu, cac, SiC, «J. W. " P.S We have generally a fine breeze from the sea, which is pleasant and in' igoraling," ni iii m iM iU 150 kmiguant's hand-book of facts. ' IV Section 4.— Westeun Australia. 179. The colony of Western Australia is entirely distinct from New South Wales. It contains three settlements,— Swan River, Australind at PortLeschen- ault, and King George's Sound. Western Australia lying between the parallels of 32° and 35°, and the meridians of 1 15"^ and 1 18°, comprises a fine extent of territory, of which the distinguishing features are three distinct parallel ranges of primitive mountains, border- ing on the sea-coast, in a N. and S. direction. The highest and easternmost has its termination near King George's Sound, in 35° S. lat., and 1 18^ E. long, j the second, denominated the Darling range, passes behind the Swan River, and meets the sea at Cape Chatham, in 34°40' S. lat., and 1 15 ' '20' E. long. ; the third ridge, which is inferior in altitude ai?'^ extent, has its south- ern|)oundary at Cape Leuwin, in 34° 20' S. lat., and 115° E. long.; disappearing at Cape Naturaliste, in the same meridan, in 33° 30' S. lat. ; and on showing it- self again at Moresby's flat-topped range, about half- way between Swan River and Shark's Bay, or about 300 miles to the N. of Cape Leuwip. 180. These dividing ranges give off several rivers, which flow E. or W., according to the dip of the land at either side; the principal on the sea shore being the Svvan and Canning, in 32° S. lat. ; the Murray, in 32 30' S. lat. J the Collie, the Preston, and a smaller stream into Port Leschenault, in 33° 12' S. lat.; the Blackwood, to the eastward of Cape Leuwin, and disemboguing into Flinders' Bay ; the Denmark, Kent, Hay, and Steeman, on the S. coast, in 85° lat., and nearly 117° long.; and King's river, falling into Kin- George s Sound, in 35° 20' S. lat,, 1 18° 1' E. When ^'^l^^coastjs further explored, other rivers will most prOcrabiy uQ lounu. 181. At the entrance of the Swan River the town of treemantle has been built, and Perth, about iiitie miles inland, on the northern bank of the river. Abo-i{ :t8. AUSTRALASIA. — WESIliUN AUSTRALIA. 151 \LIA. ia is entirely ontains throe PortLeschen- ern Australia 33°, and the fine extent of ures are three tains, border- ection. The an near King E. long-. ; the passes behind ipe Chatham, e third ridge, las its south- '' S. lat., and raliste, in the 1 showing it- !, about half- way, or about sveral rivers, p of the land are being the Murray, in nd a smaller S. lat. ; the -icuwin, and mark, Kent, 83" lat., and ig into King ' E. When rs will most ^er the iowv , about nitie iver. About seven miles farther east, at the junction of the Canning with the Swan River, is the town of Guildford. Near the coast, the land is extremely poor and barren, but at the distance of 15 or 20 miles inland, it generally improves, and exhibits many beautiful and fertile tracts, bearing some of the most magnificent trees in the world. The vegetable productions of this colony are similar to those of the east coast, and the animal king- dom is also entirely similar. The climate is exceed- ingly salubrious, and no complaints of any kind, attri- butable to the country, have yet appeared amongst the colonists. Indeed, they are enabled to bear exposures with impunity, which, in most other climates, might be attended with fatal consequences. 182. Agricultural and pastoral pursuits are the lead- ing occupations in this country. The following state- ment contains an accurate return of the cultivation and stock, at the close of last year. The rate of increase which was found to exist between December, 1835, and December, 1836, has been taken as the guide in estimating the increase up to the date of this report. A statement of the stock, crops, &c., in the York, Canning, Murray, and Swan River districts, taken 12th November, 1836: — Wheat (number of acres), 1363 ; barley, 209^ ; oats, 128^ ; rye, 7| ; potatoes, 32; green crop, 33; gardens, 112 ; artificial and oat hay (tons), 185 ; fallow (number of acres not esti- mated), 98 ; total acres in crop, 2055. Natural hay (tons), 231 ; sheep (number of), 81 19 : goats, 1231 ; horned cattle, 728 ; horses, 191 ; swin^, 764. 183. The further extension of tillage is impeded by the want of labourers ; and the very high wages de- manded, compel those who principally depend on hired workmen, in rural occupations, to seek the means of employing their capital in pursuits less dependent on the whims and caprices of the labouring class. The culture of the vine, fig, peach, and melon tribe, has been carried thus early to a considerable extent ; and if ever it should be desirable for the mother country to possess a wine-growing colony, the soils and sca- t • f i 5 I H i J 152 eaiigiiant's hand-book of facts. sons of this country afford reasonable protind "/ unticipatin- such a speculation. The return of pi ;i. on sheep-keeping may be estimated in the trross at 75 per cent, per annum. The rate is undoubtedly hio-hcr here where the price of meat is high, and the value ot land low. than it can be in New South Wales and Van Diemens Land. After deducting the expenses ot shepherding, and allowing a reasonable rent for the land on which the flock is maintained, a net profit re- mains to the owner of about 50 per cent, per annum. 184. The various descriptions of fishery which may be earned on under such circumstances, must eventu. ally employ a large amount of capital, and a great number of seamen ; markets for their produce are open in China as well as in Europe. At present there are only iour whaling establishments or associations; these are not, as yet, begun upon an efficient footing, but their success has been great enough to ensure their iu ure improvement and extension. The catching of fish for the purposes of food gives profitable employ, ment to a few boatmen ; and the convenience aflforded in the estuaries for Jearning in smooth water the art of managing boats, seems likely to attract to maritime pursmts a large number of young men. There are It present four establishments engaged in the fisheries- the first at Freemantle, consisting of 30 subscribers' at he rate of 50/. each ; the sec<^id. called the Si lngs to a Mr ar, and found 3ed that the present sea- ucj and seal )rd inforina- thu value of AUSlttALASIA.— WESTERN AUSTIIALIA. 153 buildings and improvements in the towns.- Estimated valuatiSn of improvements in Perth :-Number of al- lotments granted, 422 ; ditto suburban ditto, 15 ; ditto miles of fencing, about 35, value about 5G00/. ; ditto houses, about 330, value about 30,000/ ; Value of suburban improvements, about 4000/. ; ditto gardens ditto, 2000/. ; mills, 3000/. ; ditto public works, 15,0001. Total value, say about 50,000/.— In Freemantle:— Number of allotments granted, 430 ; ditio miles of fencing, about 20, value about 3200/. ; ditto houses, about 300, value about 25,000/. ; gardens, 500/. ; pri- vate works of public utility, 500/.; works undertaken by companies, 800/. ; public works, 2300/. Total value, say about 28,000/. — Perth, 50,000/. ; Freemantle, 28 000/.; Guildford, 5000/.; Albany, 5000/.; Au- trusta, 2000/. ; Kelmscott, York, Peel Town, 1750/; Busselton, 800/. ; King's Town, 500/, Total value of improvements in all the towns, say about 93,050/. 186. It is unnecessary to go into any detailed ac- count of the condition of the settlers at large, as to food, lodging, clothing, and general comfort; even those who have the smallest share in the aggregate wealth, or, indeed, no share at all, may attain to com- parative affluence by their own labour, at the present rate of wages, &c., and it is undoubtedly in the power of the poorest individual, who is free from bodily in- firmity, and from vicious propensities, to procure for himself in this country, by industry, not only the ne- cessaries of life, but future independence of labour. 187. The price of vegetables, at the time of their first production, after the settlement of the colony, was very high. The first cabbages were sold at 2s. 6d. each; they are now worth Irf. or l^d. each, of large size, full-hearted, and of excellent quality. Potatoes were first sold at Is. 8d. per lb. ; the price is now Urf. Peas were sold at 2s. per quart (unshelled) ; they were „«i,i A.-^^i-^.^ ♦v.o TM«ooonf cpnciiTi- at. 1 .«- H<7. nPT neck. Onions, three years ago, were worth Is. 6c/. per lb. ; they are now Id. The first water melons sold as high as 10s. 6d. each ; they may now be purchased for 2d. J Iji EMiUUANi t> HAND-BOOK OP FACTS. or 3(1. each. Rock melons were 5s. each ; their pre- sent price is Gr/. Cucumbers, that at one time pro- duced i)d., are now sold at \U each. Two years ago, grapes were sold at 2s. 6d. each lb. ; their present price is 9d. Peaches, two years ago, (the first offered for sale,) were \s. each ; they arc now sold for 2d, each. Figs were four for Is. ; they are now 6d. per dozen. 188. The settlement of Australind, at Port Lesche- nault, was founded in 1840, by the Western Austra- lian Company, who have acquired extensive tracts of land in that district, and amongst them a large grant in the maritime county of Wellington, near the junc- tion of the Collie and the Brunswick Rivers, which discharge themselves into Leschenault inlet, at the mouth of which there is a safe and commodious road- stead. On this grant the town is founded called Au- stralind. The site has been chosen for its fitness with respect to naval and commercial advantages, the fertility of the adjoining country, ard the beautiful scenery which it commands. The Company possess 170,000 acres of this territory ; are disposing of 50,500 acres, whereof 500 (part of 1000) are to be appropri- ated for the new town of Australind. Each lot con- sists of 100 acres of country land, together with one acre of town land, and the price at which it is sold is 101/., or 20*. the acre, the Company pledging them- selves to apply one-half of the purchase- money receiv- ed by them to i)rovide for the conveyance of emigrants as labourers to Australind, whereby the value of the land 60 disposed of will be greatly enhanced ; the re- maining half of the purchase-money will be reserved to meet the company's expenses. The comparative shortness of passage and cheapness of conveyance to Western Australia, enables this company to accom- plish its object of transmitting labourers for 50 per cent, on the nnrehase-money= 181). At the St George's Sound settlement, a town called Augusta has been founded on Blackwood's River, near Cape Leuwin, the extreme south-western point of ■^ AUSTIIALASIA.— WESTERS AUSTRALIA. 155 ; their ])rc- tirne pro- i years ago, elr present first offered old for21ishing mills in le shape of the irsect them, the From 100 to 200 lie ship Peiorus ing into Cook's ;s, and her boats ' miles farther. AUSTRALASIA. — NEW ZEALAND. 161 4 The river Hokianga, in North island, situated almost opposite the Bay of Islands, has been navigated thirty miles by vessels of 500 tons burthen. Another river, the Haritoua, which falls into Port Nicholson, is said to be navigable for nearly 100 miles. Mr Yates says, •'the River Thames, the mouth of which lies about a hundred miles from the head of the Bay of Islands, is a splendid run of water, which from Aotea, or Barrier Islands, as far as Kopu, — a native fortification just within the narrows, — is navigable for vessels of 130 tons burthen." The Knowsley river, laid down in re- cent charts, empties itself into Foveaux's Straits, and is said to be navigable for large ships. Besides these, there are numerous streams which cross and intersect the country in all directions, afibrding abundant means for irrigation where this is necessary. The waterfalls, as affording mechanical power in all parts of the country, are very important. As specimens, we may refer to the falls of the Kerikeri. '• The river rolls over a rock, whose perpendicular height is about ninety feet." " The Waianiwaniwa, a mountain stream, passes swiftly through a deep ravine, for nearly the space of a mile, when it joins another stream, and rolls peaceably on for a few hundred yards ; the united streams then fall over another rock about thirty feet high, and then, rushing on to the Kerikeri settlement, the river again falls ten feet, and then mingles with the ocean." "The Wairoa, another stream, though not so considerable, falls at least sixty feet ;" — The Hararu, though not a })erpendicular fall, is a greater current of water than the preceding ; it is rather a succession of rapids, which is the case with the Hokianga and a great many others. All these are in the northern island, and are described by Mr Yates. iftQ. It AU iiO Qr^*"\oppn+ from q»i inorvi-krif i /^t-* r\P Cook's chart, in which soundings are given, that, for the size of it, no country possesses finer harbours, in greater number, or better situated. *' They are now generally known from tiic vast number of vvhuling and -•p^mmmmm :^ F 162 emigrant's hand-book of facts. other vessels which visit all parts of the coast for tim- ber and flax, and for supplies of fresh provisions. Commencing to the northward, the harbour ot Wan- craroa, lying twenty-five miles to the north-east of the Bay of Islands, is beautiful, romantic, and capacious, —capable of containing the largest fleet, and of obtain- ing good anchorage, in from five to eleven fathoms, completely sheltered from the sea and all winds. «• The Bay of Islands— properly so called from the number of islands with which it is studded-is a re- markably fine and capacious harbour, aftbrding security for an almost unlimited number of vessels, in all weathers, and at all seasons of the year. The value of this harbour is enhanced, from the perfect ease and safety with which vessels are able to enter it. Shour- aki Bay, or the Frith of the Thames, affords excellent shelter and anchorage, and is navigable for a consider- able distance. The " Bay of Plenty" may be con- sidered an immense roadstead, affording anchorage, to a great extent, for the purpose of shipping produce,— having also the advantage of several bays and harbours, which afford shelter to small vessels. Proceeding to the south, Poverty Bay— the first place where Cook landed, accompanied by Banks and Solander, on the evening of Sunday, October 8, 1769, a day for ever memorable in the history of these islands— is consider- ed by that great navigator to be a safe anchorage. Hawkes' Bay is capacious, and aff'ords shelter from the prevalent winds. Port Nicholson is thus de- scribed by Mr Heaphy— *' On entering Port Nicholson, one is struck with the grandeur of the view. The harbour resembles an inland lake rather than an arm of the sea, and in beauty, certainly iar surpasses that of our Enghsh lakes. As we worked up to the anchorage, the noble expanse of water, surrounded by a country ui tuc muat j/iv.Li..v.-i — 7""' '{, n a scene of indescribable beauty ; and as the valley ol the Hutt river opened to our view, apparently ex- tending far inland until bounded by the snowy range, Nvc wondfred that a place which seemed so much to :TS. AUSTRALASIA. — NEW ZEALAND. 163 ! coast for tim- 1 provisions." rbour of Wan- rth-east of the and capacious, , and of obtain- leven fathoms, rid all winds." ailed from the idded— is a re- brding security vessels, in all ir. The value erfect ease and ter it." Shour- ffords excellent for a consider- " may be con- r anchorage, to ling produce, — ^s and harbours. Proceeding to ice where Cook olander, on the a day for ever ids — is consider- safe anchorage, ds shelter from son is thus de- Port Nicholson, ;he view. The her than an arm r surpasses that ■ked up to the ter, surrounded haractefs formed as the valley of apparently ex- hc snowy range, :mcd so much to invite settlement, had not before been colonized." Tlie bay is about twelve miles long and three broad, ])erfectly sheltered, and ships may enter or leave with any wind. The depth of water is from seven to eleven fathoms, and the whole bay is described as of suffi- cient capacity to hold a navy. The River Haritoua falls into this port, the banks of which are high and well wooded. Port Nicholson has the disadvantage of being upon a lee shore; but this objection can only have weight with regard to the navigation of Cook's Straits, not to vessels lying in the port itself. The harbours and bays on the western side of the south island are numerous ; but, owing to the prevalence of the westerly winds, have not been much frequented, except that of Hokianga, which, on account of its bar, is only accessible to vessels of light burthen ; but from its contiguity to the lake Maupero, abounding in fish, to the Bay of Islands, and to the harbour of Wan- garoa, has already become important. The harbours on the middle island are also numerous and excellent. In the southern island, within Cook's Straits, is the line harbour of Queen Charlotte's Sound, which is nearly thirty miles long. • Ship Cove, within this sound, is a very fine harbour, to which European vessels have long repaired, in consequence of its having been described by Captain Cook. The harbour is perfectly sheltered, and the soundings show ten fathoms, a cable's length from the shore. At the north-western extremity of this island is Cloudy Bay, which runs fifteen miles inland, and is about four miles broad. This bay is thought the best station for the black-whale fishery, and, in consequence, several Europeans have already settled on its shores. Be- sides these two harbours, there are many others in the island, such as Lookers-on Bay, visited by Captain Cook, Port Gore. Blind Bay, Admiralty Bay, and others which have not yet been properly surveyed. 200. New Zealand, from the great length to which it extends north and south, j>resent8 considerable variety of climate. From every account, however, it t 1 l- i' \' 1 1 1 i ' i 164 emigrant's hand-book of facts. appears to be highly sahibrious, and most favourable for British constitutions. Mr Yates says of its cli- mate — " Those who come here sickly are soon restored to health ; the healthy become robust, and the robust fat. North of the Thames snows are unknown ; and frosts are off the ground by nine o'clock in the morn, ing. The country, during six months in the year, is subject to heavy gales from the east and north-east, which generally last for three days, and are accom- panied with tremendous falls of rain. These gales usually commence in the east, and gradually haul round to the north-west, where they terminate in a violent gust almost approaching to a hurricane ; the clouds then pass away, and the westerly wind blows again with some violence. In the winter season the moon rarely either changes or wanes without raising one of these tempestuous gales; and during the whole year the wind is sure to blow, though it be only for a few hours, from the east, every full and change of the moon. The spring and autumn are delightfully tem- perate, but subject to showers from the west-south- west. Indeed, however fine the summer may be, we are frequently visited by refreshing rains, which give a peculiar richness to the vegetation and fertility of the land. The prevailing winds are from the south- west and north-west, which, within this range, blow upwards of nine months in the year ; more frequently tiie wind is due west. During five months, sea-breezes set in from cither coast, and meet each other half-way across the island." 201. Colonel Wakefield compares the climate to that of the north of Portugal ; and another writer, Mr Ward, to " that of the land lying between the south of Portugal and the north of France — pervading but without exceeding the most favoured part of the tem- perate region: and numerous vvitnesses, of ample ex- perience, concur in describing the extremes of cold in winter, and heat in summer, as being within peculiarly narrow limits ; which is to describe the climate as one of the most equable in the world." Mr Watkins, in AUSTRALASIA.— NEW ZEALAND. 165 :ts. 3t favourable ys of its cli- soon restored id the robust iknown ; and in the morn- 1 the year, is d north-east, 1 are accom- These gales •adually haul srminate in a irricane ; the • wind blows sr season the thout raising ng the whole be only for a change of the ghtfully tem- i west-south- r may be, we 3, which give id fertility of )m the south- ! range, blow •re frequently 3, sea-breezes ;her half-way le climate to sr writer, Mr een the south lervading but ■t of the tem- of ample ex- les of cold in liu peculiarly ;limate as one r Wutkins, in his examination before the Committee of the House of Lords, on being asked if the vicissitudes appeared jrreat as compared with the European climates, said- K Not anything like our climate. _ The frost was there ,f nnn time a vcrv ffentle frost indeed— the ice was I'^nt ely ov^ra'slall pool of water: they told me that they saw ice oometimes in the bay the thickness of a shilling, but I did not see any near that thick- ness. I have slept out frequently m the bush The fern grows in great abundance. I found myself very comfortable and warm in my greatcoat and a bed of fern, rather than sleeping in the houses, which are verj! unfit for English people." Augustus Earle says, " Although we were situated in the same latitude as Svdney, we found the climate of New Zealand infinite- ly' superior. Moderate heats and beautifully clear skies succeeded each other every day. We were quite free from those oppressive feverish heats which in- variably prevail in the middle of the day at Sydney and from those hot pestilential winds which are the ter- ror of the inhabitants of New South Wales ; nor were we subject to those long droughts, which are often the ruin of the Australian farmer. The temperature here was neither too hot nor too cold, neither too wet nor too dry." Mr Cruise, in his " Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand,"-which period included the whole of the winter season, but neither of the two finest months in the year, namely, January and February , corresponding to July and August with us, and who kept a record of the indications of the thermometer-- informs us that the lowest degree of heat during his residence in the islands, (though he does not mtorm lis at what hour of the day the observations were made,) was 40", and that only on three days--the hi'^hest was 78° ; another writer informs us, that the anliual range is from 40° to 80°. The climate is not more healthy than it is pleasant. In the summer sea- son, which may be said to last for eignt monihs, mc weather is particularly fine, while even then it is never oppressively hot. The thermometer in the I 'ii f « Sf t »4' :ii 160 emiguant's hand-book of facts. middle of summer ranges between 63° and 75'^ rarely exceeding the latter, and in winter seldom falls below 40^. It does not appear that there are any diseases peculiar to the climate of New Zealand : all accounts agree in describing the inhabitants as a robust and healthy-looking people. The climate of New Zealand has a great advantage over that of Australia, in not being subject to the severe droughts which have so often there destroyed the hopes of the farmer. Its insular position, and the great height of its mountains, ensure a constant supply of rain. This circumstance alone gives it a decided superiority over Australia, in an agricultural point of view, rendering it more suit- able for the growth of grain. 202. In general, throughout these islands, the soil appears to be excellent, and well adapted for the cul- tivation of all sorts of grain. " That the soil," says Mr Heaphy, "is pre-eminently of that nature suitable for the production of grain, cannot now be doubted, as the specimens already obtained prove that, with but little attention being paid to its culture, wheat especially will thrive. Wheat grown in the valley of the River Hutt was o» the first quality, and has been pronounced excellent by competent judges in England. It was grown on rank ground which had just been cleared, and from being planted in the wrong season, was not expected to turn out well. For some time, it was feared that it wo'dd nin to stalk, from the great height of the straw ; I '*h the straw between five and six feet in height, tru .ar was in length as many inches. Oats, also, flourish in Port Nicholson ; and may be seen growing wild in many of the deserted potato grounds. Of the other kind of grains I have met with no specimen in Port Nicholson, but I re- member having seen before the house of one of the missionaries, in the Hokianga, country a fine field of nearly ripe barley, the state of which was fully satis- factory to the owner. It is certain that before long, New Zealand will supply the Australian colonies with wheat ; the climate of New Holland not being adapt- LCT9. AUSTIIALASIA Nl.W ZEALAND. 107 and 75', rarely Jom falls below re any diseases d : all accounts a robust and f New Zealand lustralia, in not which have so le farmer. Its fits mountains, is circumstance ;r Australia, in g it more suit- slands* the soil ;ed for the cul- the soil," says nature suitable w be doubted, •ove that, with culture, wheat in the valley of r, and has been ges in England. had just been wrong season, ''or some time, from the great w between five length as many »Iicholson ; and f the deserted f grains 1 have Ison, but I re- 2 of one of the r a fine field of was fully satis- at before long, ,n colonies with ot being adapt- i cd for its culture, in consequence of the excessive drought to which it is liable. Tlic South American States now export grain and flour to Sydney and Van Diemen's Land, but that from New Zealand will, ot course, forestall it in the market, through the smaller expense of shipment, and by taking the Australian staple in return." Mr Yates says— "we have here almost every variety of soil. Large tracts ot good land, available for the cultivation of wheat, barley, maize, beans, pease, &c., with extensive valleys of rich alluvial soil, deposited from the hills and mountains, and covered with the richest vegetation, which it su|)- ports summer and winter. We have also a deep, rank, vegetable mould, with a stiff marly subsoil, o^ipable of being slaked or pulverized with the ashes of the fern. All English grasses flourish well, but the white clover never seeds ; and, where the fern has been destroyed, a strong native grass, something of the nature of the canary grass, grows in its place, and effectually pre- vents the fern from springing up again. Every diver- sity of European fruit and vegetable flourishes m New Zealand." Mr Yates then enumerates all the most important productions of Europe which are raised in New Zealand, and adds, "where the rich alluvial valleys are cultivated, the labourer receives an ample harvest as the reward of his labour." Mr Nicholas says " ti.e lands in this country, which are at present overrun with fern, might be brought to produce grasses of every description; were the experiment tried, I doubt not but it would prove invariably suc- cessful, and that the islands in general would aftbrd as fine pusturage for sheep and cattle as any part of the known world." The experiment has been successfully tried by the missionaries. Augustus Earle says, "in whatever direction I travelkv the soil appeared to be fat and rich, and also well watered. From every part of it which the natives have cultivated the produce has been immense. Here, where the finest samples of the human race are to be found, the largest and finest timber grows, and every vegetable yet planted IP il. M i ; It W 1G8 thriv EMIGRANTS HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. s; the introduction of the Euro[)can grasses, fruits, &c., is a d(?sideratum. Were this done, in a very short time farms would be seujrht after more eagerly than they are in New South Wales. All the i'ruits and plants introduced by the missionaries have succeeded wonderfully. Peaches and water-melons were now in full season ; the natives brought baskets full of them to my door every day, which they ex- changed with us for the merest trifles, such as a fish- hook or a button. Indian corn was very abund^t, but the natives had no means of grinding it. 203. Mr Earle saw 100 head of fat cattle at a mis- sionary station, and was surprised to find, «' that, al- though they never tasted anything but fern, they gave as good milk, and were in as healthy a condition as when they grazed on the rich grasses of Lincolnshire." Mr Yates says, in another place, •* the forest land is peculiarly rich ; indeed, were it not so, it would be utterly impossible for it to support the immense vege- tation constantly going on. In spring and summer, autumn and winter, there is no visible change in the appearance of the -.voods ; »hey are as beautiful in the depth of winter as in the height of summer ; leaves no sooner fall to the ground than others directly as- sume their station ; no branch withers from its trunk, but another, and a more vigorous one puts out in its stead. The fairest and most tender shrubs shrink not from the southern blast, nor faint beneath the rays of the sun, when La rides highest in the heavens." It may be briefly mentioned here, that " the only animals indigenous to the country are the field-rat and a harm- less lizard ; there are no snakes, nor any venomous creatures of any description, large or small." 204. The forests of New Zealand abound in timber of gigantic size, peculiarly fitted for naval purposes, and for house building ; and from its workable quality !!iv=«' in circumfereno^ It i° found on the banks of rivers of a size soTmmense is t^ r o^n,nMo'Lti^f "^ '" "^'''> perr;;Tsi:gi: eTr's aTd"Ses't ttZ;e^t^"s,r'1 "^"- js^retnarkably handsome, i'nd Ju'llti f^r'S 209. " The Pohutokaua or Potikaum i. .h„ i....j: esi 01 t.,„oer.trees, and is found juttii»Vut'ir'im" ™re noised r^'v'"",'' '■"If™ f'"^ "'»^' l.o,fcver c ™: or exposed rocky headlands on the - - = ' ^ - sea-side, and oft en ' FACTS. le spocles of pine, ►Wright and gen- l tough. Unhkc ed by chantje of itry; it is seldom I with a circuin- iibly durable, but )osed to mud or jouib, yet it re- n much request «posed flooring, thrashing-floors, of its tribe, has he former wood, i to the height of ove twenty feet, nd consequently ryiceuble to the rite among tiie I of the River ncipally of the Jst coast, whei-e ference. It is ► immense as to •erhaps a single od to the shi{). e twisted in a 3sed, excellent It grows to ■ and branches ?d and stringy, red-— the grain ted for furni- n la tha U.^.a: '- — '•••^- isajuj- itg out in im- wcver ci-aggy, ide, and often AUSTUAIASIA. — NEW Zb'ALANU. 171 I surprises the traveller, that so many cubical feet of heavy timber can be attached to its station, with the extremely scant' '^••oportion of soil around its stem. It is well adafjtcG for ship timbers, is crooked, close grained, brittle, tough, and of a deep brown colour. It is difficult to work up by the joiner, for its extreme hardness, but when polished, forms a beautiful and f' liable article for furniture. 210. '* The Puriri is a wood whose durability equals any of the timbers in the coimtry; it is very tough and close grained, and has been termed the Oak of the Pacific ; but the Teak would be more appropriate, as its properties more resemble the latter wood ; as similar to that eastern production, it does not lessen in value by lying exposed in salt water; it is equally hard, and of a pale olive colour. This wood has been taken out of a river, where it had been used as a stake to fasten canoes, for perhaps upwards of twenty years, and found to be in no degree affected by the immer- sion or by worms. 211. ' • The Rimu is one of the most graceful trees of the country. The wood is tough and brittle ; the grain is very beautiful Wiien polished, and will be much admired by future connoisseurs in ornamental woods. 212. •* The Kaikatoa is lamarkably hard and dur- able, and through the country is an especial favourite with the natives, who make their spears, paddles, fishing-rods, &c., of this useful timber. It has an oleaginous moisture, scarcely any sap, and similar in colour to our oak. 213. ♦' The Kaikatoa, in the middle island of Vic- toria, grows often to the height of fifty feet, the tem- perature being more agreeable to this hardy tree. A very similar wood exists to the southward, called liohito, of which carved boxes, for holding small «--f.- ditu iT.cJt.iici3, asc luauc uy luu pcupic. 214. *' The Hinou is a handsome tree. Its plank is very frangible on exposure to the sun or air. It is in nmcli request by the native tribes, who make use of fi. If; 172 UMIGllANT jj HAND-BOOK OF FACl'S. Ill I it the bark tor dyeing jet black the threads of the muka or dressed flax, of which they either wholly make, or interweave with, their superior garments. The bark, w hich is easily pulverized, is kept some time immersed in water, and this infusion forms the dye. The leaves terminate in a point, and in colour are of a deep green. '215. " 2'owd or Tuua, is a useful timber for board- ing the interior of houses; and though entirely differ- ing in genus or outward appearance from the Kahi- kafea, is of a similar shortlived service to that wood. It attains a large size — its branches are irregular — leaves jjointed, and the colour of chrysolite — it cuts easily 216. ** Mairi Maidi, is the closest grained and toughest of woods in the country. It is found to grow largest on the west coast, where it attains the height of sixty feet. It is extremely durable, and so very hard as to turn the edge of the tools applied to it. Besides these there is a great variety of other useful and elegant timber throughout the forests." 217. The next great staple of the country is the native or indigenous flax, or Phormium Tenax, which grows in great plenty throughout the country. It is found most abundant in the vicinity of swamps. There is a variety of the species—principally caused by climate and soil — some flax-plants, to the northward, scarcely attaining the height of six feet ; others, to the southward, attain the height of sixteen feet. Sir Jose[)h Banks was the first discoverer of this staple, and says — " A plant, which, with such advantages, might be applied to so many, useful and important purposes, would certainly be a great acquisition to England, where it would probably thrive with very little trouble, as it seems to be hardy, and to aftect no particular soil, being found equally in hill and valley, in the driest mould, and the deepest bogs." From the experiments of M. Labillardiere, the strength of the fibre of this plant, as compared with that of the Agave AmericanUy iiax, hemp, and silk, is as fol- lows:— AUSTUALASIA. — NEW ZEALAND. 173 the muka i make, or The bark, ■ immersed The leaves eep green. for board- rely ditfer- the KahU that wood, irregular — te — it cuts rained and nd to grow the height id so very olied to it. ther useful itry is the naxt vk hich try. It is ps. There caused by northward, lers, to the feet. Sir his staple, dvantages, important uisition to with very o affect no ind valley, 3." From 8 strength that of the is as fol- » >> The fibre of the Agave breaks under a weight of 7 Flax „ „ 14 Phormium „ „ 23 7-11 Silk „ „ 24 Thus, it appears of all vegetable fibres, the phor- mium is the strongest. It possesses this advantage over the hemp and flax, that it is of a brilliant white- ness, which gives it a satiny appearance ; so that the clothes made of it do not need to be bleached by a tedious process, or through those other means by which flax is injured. Flax is prepared in New Zealand by the females and slaves. Simple as appears the native mode of separating the flax from the leaf by a shell, the European has not succeeded in his endeav- ours to prepare the fibre for himself, either by thai, or any other means that have been tried ; nor has any instrument or piece of machinery yet been invented to enable him to strip off" and prepare this valuable filament for the English market. The Port Jackson traders must still be dependent on the native women and their shells for the cargoes they obtain. The flax thus obtained by the merchants of Sydney undergoes no heckling, cleaning, or other preparation, previously to its being shipped for the English market ; but is merely made into bales, by being put into a press and screwed down. It is subsequently manufactured into every species of cordage, excepting cables, and its superiority of strength to the hemp of the Baltic has been attested both by experiments made at Sydney, and in the Queen's yards at Deptford. The phormium has been in use for many years past, made up into tacks, sheets, braces, stays, &c., and its superiority in bearing a great strain over hemp has been well at- tested. Were mills erected for the preparation of the flax, as there is abundant water-power to propel them, it would prove an incalculable source of riches to ijiosc cngagcu in its cuitivation. 218. The whale fishing is another source of profit- able industry for which New Zealand is most eligibly ^.,i ir;^' Si^S^^*; 174 emigrant's hand-book of facts. iV t\ If situated. Even before the British government had taken possession of this colony, the number of ship- pnio: engaged in whale-fishing that entered the Bay of Islands annually, was 150. This trade, however, has hitherto been j)ursued to a great extent by French and American whalers ; but as New Zealand becomes colonized, there can be little doubt that it will be pro- secuted to a greater extent by the British than has hitherto been done. 219. Various settlers had located themselves around the Bay of Islands, and a missionary station existed tiiere long before the British government formally took possession of the country. At length, in 1840, the attention of government having been called to the value of New Zealand as a British colony, Captain Hobson, R.N. was sent out as lieutenant-governor, and by him Ackland, the capital, was founded. It is situated on the west coast of the North Island, oppo- site to the Bay of Islands. The other settlements which have been made are Wellington, at Port Nicholson, in Cook's Straits, New Plymouth, at Taranakie, on the west coast, both on North Island, and Nelson, at Blind, or Tasman's Bay, on the Middle Island, at the entrance of Cook's Straits. These settlements, with the exception of the capital, are all within the district belonging to the New Zealand Land Company. The progress of these settlements has been retarded by the unfortunate disputes which have taken place be- tween the settlers and Governor Hobson, and between the New Zealand Land Company and the British government ; still, notwithstanding, their pro^-ress has been very great, and all that is wanting to render New Zealand one of the most flourishing of the British colonies, is a continued flow of the tide of emigration, especially of emigrants of the labouring class. "^ 220. Up to the end of the year 1840, the New Zca- laiiu Company had despatched 10 ships to Weiling- ton, its flrst and principal settlement, carrying out 341 cabin passengers, and 20G1 emigrants of the labuurinij ' 1 AUSTRALASIA. — NKW ZEALAND. 175 iment had 3r of ship- tiie Bay of A'ever, has jy French d becomes I'ill be pro- 1 than has ves around 30 existed mally took 1840, the led to the y, Captain -governor, led. It is md, opj)o- ents which Nicholson, anakie, on Nelson, at md, at the ents, with le district my. The tarded by place be- d between le British 0[:*ress has to render he British migration, s. New Zoa- Welliiig- g out 341 lubuurinij 1 class.* A ship had also been despatched to the set- tlement of New P mouth,t with 14 cabin passengers, and 148 labouring emigrants. This settlement is situated in the fertile district of Taranakie, on the west coast of the North Island ; and a number of the Wel- lington people having formed a location in the Waga- nui district, lower down the coast, there appears no doubt that the progress of the settlement will rapidly spread, so as to embrace the whole line of the westcrii coast, as well as Cook's Straits. This has been ma- terially facilitated by the formation of a road from Wellington to a place called Porirua, whence the country is practicable for the whole distance to Wa- ganui, for cattle. 221. In the early part of the year, the Company determined on forming another settlement, to be called Nelson. A number of persons left England in a body for Nelson, in the autumn, and the total number gone to that settlement is 17.36, including 148 cabin [)a8sengers. A steady succession of emigrant ships, also, was kept up by the Company during the whole of the year to Wellington and New Plymouth, with 163 cabin passengers, and 2046 labouring emi- grants ; so that, up to 1842, 43 ships, conveying alto- gether 667 cabin passengers, and 5843 emigrants of the labouring class, making a totai of 6510 persons, have been sent out by the Company to their different settlements ; and if we add to this number the immi- grants who are said to have arrived from the neigh- bouring colonies, we can scarcely fix the white popu- lation of the Company's settlements at less than 7500. 222. Wellington, the principal settlement formed by the Company, has made rapid progress in pros- I)erity and wealth. Colonel Wakefield, in one of his jmblished despatches, dated the 20th February, 1842, siiys, — * These rietailB, as well as others following, are extracted froni do- cuments publiiihed by the New Zealand Company. f The formation of this settlement was orij^inally undertaken by a Conip;.ny under the name of the " Plymouth Company of New Zea. land," since merged in the New Zc.d.tnd Comp.uiy. ■*',t*"**l5!^- "''"■' "■*■'»- T r^**"*!^''^ 176 emigrant's hand-book 01' FACfa. '^i^ *' Let us now glance at our present stale and future prospects. These I cannot but regard as in a high degree satisfactory. It is established, almost without doubt, that the north side of Cook's Straits will be co- lonized by Englishmen, in immediate connexion with th(; Company. A considerable number of settlers are already at Wanganui, preparing to select the land which has been surveyed for them with praiseworthy despatch, and which will be open for selection in a few days. Large reinforcements to their number may now be daily expected. " Proceeding higher up the Straits, we find the foundation of New Plymouth already laid in the vast and fertile district of Taranakie. The surveyor-general of the Plymouth Company, with assistants, is employ- ed in marking out the site of the future city. From Taranakie and Wanganui immense supplies of agricul- tural produce and of flax will be conveyed to Port Nicholson, and the fisheries on the coast will also be- come the source of much profitable employment. In anticipation of a large coasting- trade, numerous small vessels are now building in the various harbours and inlets on both sides of the Straits. " It is impossible to overrate the value of flax as a staple article of commerce ; and the only impediment to the introduction of the phormium tenax, into Eu- rope and America, has been removed by the discovery of a cheap method of preparing large quantities for export, in reduced bulk, and without injury to the fibre. A short time only will elapse before our set- tlement will provide a profitable return-cargo for the foreign vessels visiting Cook's Straits. Already, and before the agricultural resources of the settlement have had time for development, the shipping belonging to Port Nicholson has become worth 5000/.; and this is almost exclusively employed in bringing pigs and I^vlatwtJi 111 ititiiii i\ji aiiu oi li" i cles sought after by the natives. '* The houses erected in Wellington have cost at least 18,000/.; and the merchandise and provisions now I»-^ AUSIUALASIA. — NEW ZKALAND. 177 and future in a liigh )st without will be co- exion with lettlers are t the land aiseworthy on in a few if may now e find the in the vast |ror-general is eniploy- ity. From of agricul- sd to Port 'ill also be- ^ment. In erous small irbours and of flax as a mpediment X, into Eu- B discovery antities for iury to the re our set- rgo for the Iready, and settlement ^ belonging I.', and this ig pigs and »^i i.: wnscv at li" ave cost at visions now in the place may be safely put down at not less than 200,000/. In every direction large stores and private buildings are springing up. Within a few weeks, measures have been in progress for the erection of a large steam saw and flour mill, brought from England by Messrs Hopper, Petre, and Molesworth. A company is formed with sufficient capital to carry on the busi- ness ; and ships, not full of flax and oil, will be sup- plied with sawn timber for home consumption, and for the neighbouring colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land." ** My confidence in the success of this settlement, rests in no slight degree on the vigour with which many gentlemen are now employed in raising stock, and iu farming operations. Even inferior land has pro- duced some excellent wheat and barley, whilst some of that grown on the banks of the Hutt is the finest I ever saw. The importation of cattle from New South Wales supplies us with the means of increasing the best breeds." '* All that has been said or written of the extraor- dinary healthiness of this place, has been borne out by experience. I believe that every temperate and well-conducted person in the colony, is entirely free from disease of every description." 2-23. Previous to Mr Petre's departure for England, the settlers had had under their consideration the best means of cultivating the phormium tenax : a reward had been offered for the invention of a suitable machine for the preparation of the plant, and a considerable subscription entered into for that object. Mr Petre says,~ " The production which I think is likely to yield a larger profit than any other, and is therefore better calculated to engage the attention of the colonists, is the phormium tenax, or New Zealand flax. 1 his l^hinf frmwQ m frr*:»af <»KiiTirIor¥/^o in i^«'r»r" T\or^ of New Zealand. No soil seems to beunsuited to it ; but as there are several varieties of this indigenous plant, it yet remains to be ascertained which is the %' h I 8 B ,j| i J 78 ^'MiauAN.-« U.SU,.ooK u. r.cxs. S;p^;"t^^^;- -n^^^ be most benefi. tensively cultivated by thTltivTT '"^'^•^ ^^^ e^- all that ,s gathered grolvs sTontTJ ^".^ ^' *^'« ^""e k>nds flonrish at Poft ZZTouZTu^' ^he best Taranak.e district which has bopn' ! ^^^^P^''^ of the ^b'Hiouth settlement, and it if " '^''" ^°'' ^^^ New J^^y- Taranakie for nerl v Jl I il' T^""^ H^^J^e's ^or exportation ; but thc^na^f e ^ ^f ''^^^' ^"^"^ity o the country some y<^.rs sinl f ^^?,^°"^^ ^^^^ P^'^ ;\ 'ere they occupied^thrn aL nf '.k^^'^^'^^^J^^"* ^'^ants. who cigUd t: tteatht JslS';.^"^- Skct,o^ 6.--Oprx,oxs or . s.xx.bh. n^a of the state of th^ princLal\r ^'"" ^ '^^^^e** ^V^eihn^ton, than anythin^Sh .n f T'"^* *^^* «t the subject;^ ^ » ^'^'^^ co.ild be said upon "Mv Dkau F«,'Kri!^rh:ve%'^'^7«-^. 1842. now to command time enough f^^' ^'" ^^'^ "ntil pter. Yon cannot con cei veto wnh'^^^^ *"• >'^"'' ^^'''^ l^'stance to receive a communic^Hn f ""^ ^* '« «* ^his ^y.d,d quite right, havr/rsarn^'ir.' i"^"^' ^^'' There ,s none of the Cowrie ^nlu' **" J^^^^ ^^is. only wood yet exported jTnT IIZ T' ^'^'"^ '^ ^^^ valley ,s thickly clothed ^\th !^u^^ every hill and rng^ed natnre of the counT,^. ?^f ' °^''"g- *« the navigable rivers to floatTt d7* ^""^ *^^ ^^'^"^ ^f laro-o f'-e obliged to burn and destoTjr''^"'^'^^""-- '«n^' ber which, could they mana^r/ ' ""^'^ '^'^"^'^ t''^- ^o-ild pay them wdl^o that th- ' ^"^ '^' '''' eut here to serve theTocaf con "f """^'^ ^"0"^! ean buv imported seasoned timh!""'?'*' '"^ ^'^ ^^^Jn raised here. ^" "'"^^r cheaper than that I * i'ACTS. AUSrilALASlA. •NKW ZEALAND. i7y ay be most bcnefi. i"m tenax was ex- ? out at this time ^ously. The best r that part of the losen for the New . around Hawke's le largest quantity mdoned that part Port Nicholson, he original inha- am Islands." ^fiTTLEK. r. Perry, late of ■' &'ve a better tlemenf, that at 'u be said upon nuary, 1842. been able until y to your kind ''"g it is at this ma friend. Mr • to leave this, e, which is the every hill and o^'ing to the want of largo s clearing land t splendid tim- It to the sea, arcely enough and we often per than that bills and i]ec]\ ther countr3'. arc scattered I about, and those that do run in ranges are divided by deej) indentations, and, in the sides, almost into sei)ar- ate bills, merely connected by a ridge at the toj), along which the Maoris (or natives) form their foot- paths, thereby avoiding all the gullies. The valleys, too, are, in general, small and isolated, which will make the expense of roads to each very heavy. I have only had time to make one excursion into the country — for one sees nothing of it here but the pre- cipitous ends of hills running down into the bay, like the gable ends of so many houses, and the flat at one end of the bay, on which the town is built, and the valley of the Hutt at the other, stretching away to the high mountains in the interior, which are often covered with snow. The day was very line, and Mr J. and a number more of us set off, early in the morning, to go to a valley called the Makara, which had lately been surveyed and given out. Our way (for road there was none, except a Maori footpath, or a surveyor's line, cut through the bush), lay through Yuill's section in the Karori district. We had tea in their cottage, and they accompanied us on the day's excursion. The Karori district, as far as I saw of it, is perfectly level, and thickly covered with timber of a most gigantic growth— the trees towering as straight as an arrow to their very top, with few branches. It is situated on a higher level than the Makara, which is of quite a dif- ferent character, being covered with low brushwood much more easily cleared. The soil, too, seems to be ilcher, with more vegetable matter and less clay, than the Karori, and would raise every plant cultivated at home, and many which we never see but in the green- house. Every one declared it was the finest soil they ever saw. In these valleys the wind, which blows with so much violence in the bay, is scarcely felt. It would be a beautiful place for grovWng fruit, surpassing pvpn flip hiinl's r»f tVio PKrrlu ft..^m TJ«^:U«« *« T 1. . and did any one go there with a little capital (espe- cially a man with a good active family), they could soon raise everything they would require; but it will 'i^-^r-:--^ 180 emigrant's hand-book of facts. I ! M be a long timf, I am afraid, before they can pot a road to convey their produce to market. New Zealand is a strange country in thai respect— where you find a good harbour, you have no extent of land whose pro- duce can be easily brought to market; and where you find the largest extent of available land you have no harbour. *' Here, in consequence of the small quantity of avail- able land in the immediate neighbourhood of'the town, many people are living about as regardless of apricul-' ture as if they were in a large town at home; m this way many who came out with a little capital have spent their all; there is a good deal, however, of clear- ing going on about the Hutt, and the land, judging from the crops, is of the greatest fertility. If there is any failure of the crops, it will be from over-luxurious- ness, the grain has stooled so much; one-fourth of the seed required at home will do here. In a walk of a few miles up the banks of the river Hutt we were quite delighted. The trees are of immense size on the uncleared parts, and very thick set. We could not help lookin- back on Wellington, and, seeing the improve- ments going on around, thinking here they are doing something substantial for their living. There they are living one upon another. We dined with S /who came out with us; he lives with his cousin, who saws tmiber. We drank tea with Dr L ; he seems pretty comfortable, and is as sanguine as ever about the country although he is getting very frail and can do httle. I spent New-year's-day with Mr S wo had a pleasant party, and most excellent hotch! poteh made by Mrs S , as good as ever we had at home; they are very kind, and would have me of- tener than I can spare time. The people here are unfortunately divided into two parties, called the Com- pany s and Governor's; the one blames the Companv lor everytniiig wrong, and the other the Governor, not always with right judgment. You will see by the newspapers I have sent the result of the inquiry into the circumstances of Milne's murder; it is said little ACTS. can pet a road New Zealand is ere you find a and whose i)ro- and where you id you have no lantity of avail- od of the town, Hess of apricul- liome; in this e capital have -vever, of clear- 5 land, judging ty. If there is over-luxurious- e-fourth of the In a walk of a Hutt we were nse size on the could not help g the improve- they are doing rhere they are th S— -, who isin, who saws — ; he seems as ever about ' frail and can ;h Mr S ; cellent hotch- i ever we had d have me of- jople here are died the Com- the Company he Governor, vill see by the e inquiry into 1; is said little AUSTRALASIA. — NKW ZEALAND. 181 doubt rests with those who were on the Inquest biit that it was perpetrated by a native, yet the authori- ties seem afraid to apprehend him for fear of offend- ing the rest, although I believe nothing is to be appre- hended from them, as they neither, as a body, approve of the deed, nor would interfere to prevent him being punished, if found guilty. The whalers and others who know them best laugh >t the cowardliness of the autho- rities, and say, that, it any one of them were desired, they would apprehend the suspected native amongst five hundred. They are perfectly aware of the power of the law, and always, when wronged or assaulted by Europeans, claim its protection; as for fighting and quarrelling with one another in the same tribe that is what you never see ; they live in their pahs like one family, having all things in common, and come nearer to Oven's idea of Socialism than any other people I know of; they are a very good-natured people, great mimics, and have a keen perception of the ludicrous; the young children are the best behaved of any I ever saw; you seldom hear them crying or squalling like European children; they repose quite peaceably on the backs of their parents, covered with their mat or blanket. Many of the natives have great quantities of European clothing, but they seldom wear it, preferring their mats or blankets. I have seen Warepori one day dressed in a fine suit of blue clothes, trousers, waistcoat, and surtout, and the next day with nothing but a blanket, and I confess 1 like him better in the latter than in the former dress. Their seriousness and attention whilst in church is most remarkable, and du- ring the time of prayer every one's head is buried in his blanket; many of them can read and write. They are a most shrewd people, and the veriest Jews alive in their dealings. When they adopt our customs, and turn their attention to business, the Europeans will have no chance with them. Few of them act as ser- vants to the wiiites here. They stay altogether in their pahs and cultivate potatoes, catch fish, &c., which they sell for their own benefit. In the middle i 182 1 -( I 4 m. . r emiorant's hand-book of pacts. island .t IS said they are more serviceable to the Euro- peans, and have a.loptcd more of their customs! viTff in houses and wearing European clothing, and n e d of he native canoe they have well ap^^inted wSe boats. Although not Christians, they s^m to be mo e civilized than those here, from the fewer number of themselves, and the greater number of whalers settled amongst them Their language is much different from that spoken here, so that those who understand the one often do not understand the other. The cli mate of the middle island nearly equals this, and sur-' passes that of Port Nicholsca in one respect, which from Its position, ,s the mo?* variable in New Zealand gow. Are the Company's means to be squandered in sending out unht people from the large towns of England, when plenty of emigrants of the best class cou d be got from the country districts of Scotland^ , Monday, 24th Januari/. -Tim has been a most joyous and merry day to the settlers, the 2d anniver- sary of the first settlement, warm, the sun brilliant, with a gentle breeze. The turn-out of people was surprising. I am certain there were upwards of two thousand collected on the flat to witness the different sports of the day-boat-racing, horse-racing, hurdles, &c. The natives joined in the sports; of all the sights and sports what pleased me most was the horticultural exhibition. It was truly gratifying to see such splen- did vegetables raised in a colony of such short stand- ing, and reminded me of the passage in Numbers describing tho return of the spies, with specimens of the produce of the land of promise. I left the rifle- p?u""%tP''1^''^""'^'"»' ^^-^ ^c- and went on board ot the Fifeshire, arrived from London, to make in- quiry about a young man who had been asking about me, expecting to hear some news from home, but missed him. I have got off from the evening party, to bed; so good night, wishing you many happy re- turns of the season. —I am, &c., *♦ A. Perry." ■4 "sass^.^ •" FACTS. !able to the Euro- Ir customs, livinj? hin^, and instead appointed whale seem to be more fewer number of >f whalers settled ' much different who understand other. The cli- ils this, and sur- J respect, which, in New Zealand. 1 agent in Glas- ) be squandered large towns of •f the best class i of Scotland? las been a most the 2d anniver- le sun brilliant, i of people was upwards of two ess the different racing, hurdles, of all the sights he horticultural see such splen- ch short stand- e in Numbers h specimens of I left the rifle- went on board n, to make iii- m asking about om home, but evening party, ^ou, but i must lany happy re- A. Perry." AUSTRALASIA. — N£W ZEALAND. 183 •♦Wellington, 10/// Feb, 1842. 225. "Dear Father,— On the 7th, the Auckland arrived and brought me letters and papers from home, which, you may be sure, ha^e proved a great treat. I am happy to see you continue all well. Mr Imrie has gone from Wanganui to Nelson, and writes me in high spirits about that settlement, but 1 expect him here agam soon. Notwithstanding the rage for Nelson, and the gen- eral agreement as to the seeming extent of available and flat land in the neighbourhood, and the snugness of its harbour, I am inclined, from all I have learned, to think that Port Levi, or Port Couper, which the Company would have gone to in preforence, had they not been hindered by the Governor, would have been a more eligible place. These are two ports on the north of Bank's Peninsula, separated from each other merely by a headland, forming a sort of angle. They run up until they nearly meet. Port Couper is the largest and most sheltered. '* None should come out to this colony without capi- tal, except as labourers, and the two ought always to go together. It is worse than folly to send out labourers without capital to employ them. It should not, there- fore, be undertaken by government. Much of the land here is owned by absentee proprietors, who expend no capital upon it. This is a great evil to a colony, as small capitc ists, who wish to become farmers, are unwilling to lease land when they can buy it out and out at a cheap rate, and clear it as their capital in- creases. •• I have thus sketched out a scheme of emigration, and urged the occupation of Port Couper by a Scottish Company, because I think it would be of immense benefit to both countries, and this is probably the last and best opportunity a Scottish Company will have. It is a orood thine- to semro a cmnA iiovKr^.... t ^^i- „* the Plymouth Company's settlement at Taranakic, which, although located in confessedly the finest agricultural district in New Zealand, yet, from want of a port, li *. "f i I ]84 emigrant's hand-book of facts. will be many years before it does any pood. A vessel could, on an average, run down to Port Couper as soon, if not sooner, than she could enter this port, and be snu-^er when she is in. A newspaper, bank, and other companies, would require to be established from the very commencement of the settlement. These the directors oonld keep in their own hands. They would be a prohtable way of investing any capital they mi-ht choose to advance. Your last letter was written in autumn, and you complain of the coldness and wetness of the weather. This is written in ourautumn, and if one could think about complainingof such delightful weather as we have had for some time past, it would be that it was too dry and warm. What crops have been har- vested have been got in, in the finest condition, without a show-er. I saw a crop of oats which was beginnin"- to ripen (before Colonel Wakefield's house, in one of the most exposed situations here), before it was cut down tor cattle, sending up a second vigorous growth from the same roots; indeed, I believe both wheat and oats turn perennial in most parts of the country after they have been once sown. What I have admired most in the weather lately is the cessation of the high winds which generally prevail, and which, were they to con- tinue to blow as they sometimes do, would shake and scatter the ripened grain. But it seems wisely ordered by Providence that theyshouldceaseaboutthis time, and that the weather should be dry and warm, in order to allow the crops to be secured in good condition. What shows that this is the usual weather we may expect about this time is, that the Maoris wait till this time 1*^ ^"''" ,^^^ ^^^^^ *^®y 'lave cut down in clearing the land. There is just as much rain as is required to brino- torward the crops, after which it clears up, and the sun shines in an unclouded sky of ethereal blue. If we had just a country with as much level available land as Great Britain, and such a climate as this. \f. would be the first in the world; but nothing here be- low IS perfect, Providence having wisely balanced tne advantages which one country or one situation has 1 FACTS. AUSTllAI.ASIA. — NLNV /KALAND. 185 ' prood. A vessel Port Co II per as ter this port, and fiaper, bank, and established from Tient. These the is. Tliey won hi ipital ihey might I* was written in ss and wetness of tumn, and if one elightful weather would be that it have been har- ndition, without ras beginning to ie, in one of the it was cut down growth from the wheat and oats jntry after they id mired most in the high winds ere they to con- 'ould shake and 1 wisely ordered utthis time, and rm, in order to mdition. What we may expect it till this time in clearing the quired to bring rs up, and the ereai blue. If level available mate as this, it )thing here be- isely balanced e situation has over another, by countervailing disadvantiigcs, so as to call forth our faculties into exercise. I have just now got a letter from my friend Mr Irnrie at Nelson. He id quite in raptures witii it, and says he feels confident, from what he has seen, that it will become one of the most flourishing settlements in New Zealand, and you ktiovv he is not one of the most sanguine. Should the middle island be colonized, the seat of government must be changed. The governor, in the new Muni- cipal Bill, has given universal sutirage in the election of councillors. But 1 must close this, and believe me, dear Father, yours, •' A, PEnuY." " April, 1842. 226. " 1 THINK the climate even here, although from its situation and exposure, not nearly so good as that of other parts of the island, is delightful; and were it not for the high winds which prevail as much, I am told, in summer as in winter, would be unexceptionable, otherwise the weather is most excellent. Enough of rain, succeeded by warmth and sunshine, vegetables of all sorts, and animals, grow and thrive surprisingly; indeed, I think they are in general more indebted to the climate than the soil, for you see vegetables grow- ing luxuriantly amongst mere sanc^ and gravel, which at home would produce nothing. " Before the house in which 1 lo..^e, there is a little plot of ground about 17 yards long, by 13 broad, which supplies ti^^ with as many vegetables as w* re- quire, so t^ it we have very frequently broth. We have always a new crop of pease, turnips, and cab- bages, coming forward in succession to ^upply the place of those we are using Mr Imrie has taken the whole charge of it, and it is certainly one of the best kept little gardens in the colony. 1 content myself ith app ct-ic;n"ti of TVT- irie the fruits of them. a S I'l-'pei labours, by consumin<^ " Many in passing stop and look into it, and two or three of the newly arrive*! immigrants have come in and ■ ■ "•^•^•Hi iMii t 11 lij I 186 emigrant's hand-book of pacts. requested to be allowed to pluck a piece of the mijr. nonette which lines the walk from the road to the house, and which, in the morning and evening, sends forth a delicious perfume. W We Iwve also some Indian corn which is thrivinsr well, and beginning to send forth ears. By the time yon come out we may, perhaps, also be able to give you a bunch of grapes from the same garden, as Mr Irnne ''as p anted a vine on each side of the door. Colonel Wakefield, and others, had a quantity of ripe cherr.es in their gardens this year, and I have seen beautif-1 apples grown up the Hutt. I have no doubt the fig would thrive well if planted, so that in a few years one might •« sit under their own vine and fee., tree, no one daring to make them afraid," in a land wliere, a few years since, one was thought to run the risk oi their life even to land, amongst what was then esteemed the most ferocious of cannibals. But the Wew Zealanders may say, tempora mutantur et nos mutamur m illis, for they are now a quiet, peaceable, good-natured, well-behaved, pork-and^potatoe-eatin? race of savagcs,--if you will, although I think many at home are more deserving of the appellation. Thev are perfectly aware of all that is going on around them, and are much better acquainted with their own country, and its productions, than most Europeans are Avith theirs. They can give you a name for every plant in the country. The house in which I now vvrite is bmit upon what was formerly the site of one of their pahs or village, called Kumo toti, the chief's name is Etpko; he and his family, which consists of all bis relations, and a number of cookees, there may be about 20 or 30 of them altogether. He lives in a house bmit after the European style, just one remove from where I reside. I wish all our other neighbours were as quiet and well behaved as he. Etako himself is a most gentlemanly fellow. " As to the healthiness of the climate— I lodge next door to a young gentleman who came out, attended by a brother, for the benefit of his health, apparently AUSTRALASIA. — NEW ZEALAND. 187 in a deep decline, and who is now going about quite recovered. I think we shall get many to reside here instead of going home from India and China. And they will have all the advantage of a change of climate without having to undergo the severe winter which is so trying at home. Here the winter, according to those who have experienced it long, although colder and wetter, upon the whole, is as good as the sum- mer, the weather is more equal, and not so stormy inland. At the Manewatu, for instance, where Mr .T. has a fine section, the climate is described by all who have been there, as much superior to this, al- though even this, I believe, in winter, is superior to what you usually have in the finest summers at home. No frost or snow, and none of that continual drizzle for weeks together, more disagreeable than either. It rains heavily for a day or two, and then clears up for, perhaps, a week. In summer, although as hot in the day-time, as you have it at home, I have never been so incommoded by it at night, but that I could enjoy the warmth of a blanket. " Farming here requires a great deal of capital, from the thickly wooded nature of the country; but the chief drawback is the want of roads on which to con- vey the produce raised, to market. These will not be easily formed, from the hilly or rather mountainous character of the country; however, I am in hopes that something will be done to remedy this deficiency. A great number of the labourers who have lately come out, will not, I am afraid, get employment for some time, from private individuals; and till once they are so employed, the company will have to give work, and pay them for making roads or other improve- ments for the benefit of the country — the great want now is capital, not labour, of which there is abundance. It is men with some capital, who have a knowledge of, and are fit for, country work, that are wanted. Had those who came out been generally of that description the colony would have been much farther advanced than it is to-day. Mr R has fallen into the error % •3*^'-- )! ^i 188 E.MlGRAr.T S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. which many commit who come out with the intention of engaging- in other than mercantile pursuits, of bringing out a good deal of money in goods, such as agricultural implements, which he finds will be of no use for himself or any other body for years, and for which he will never get cost price, besides locking up his money which he might be turning to better account. He has put all his things into my store for me to sell them. I would advise no one, except he means to engage in business, to bring out his money in goods, and even then he would require to have a varied and judiciously selected stock until he once knew the nature of the market. Twelve months' supply of good com- mon clothes is all that one, not going into business, need bring, and a small assortment of the most com- mon and useful tools; fine clothes, or large lots of seeds, and ironmongery, are of no use, and have often to be parted with at a sacrifice. Mr R , now that he has got his things ashore, will immediately go into the bush, and commence clearing one of his sec- tions. And B intends setting out next week 1o see his land at Wanganui, where, if he finds he cannot get possession of it without being disturbed by the natives, who have been lately annoying the settlers there, he will either return to this, or go to Sydney and ]>urchase some sheep and cattle, and commence grazing. Hence, nothing will yield a surer or more profitable return; indeed, that and dairy farming are just now, and likely to continue to be, for a long time, the most profitable and sure way in the colony of investing money. As long as beef and mutton continue at Is. per lb., and butter at 3s. 6d., those who invest their capital in cattle must make a splendid thing of it, even if prices should fall a half, which will not happen for years. M 'Donald, who came out in the Blenheim with the Highlanders, sold, the other day, a lot of young cows (he purchased 3 or i months since, at " nearly 10/. a-head on the lot 14/. each,) and cleari and sheej) which can be purchased in Australia for 12^., and which will bring, when iru{)ortail here, from CTS. I the intention ; pursuits, of g-oods, such as i will be of no years, and for les locking up better account, for me to sell he means to •ney in goods, i a varied and lew the nature of good com- into business, :he most com- large lots of md have often R , now nmediately go me of his sec- next week 1o nds he cannot urbed by the g the settlers to Sydney and aence grazing, lore profitable are just now, :\me, the most ' of investing iontinue at Is. o invest their ling of it, even iot happen for the Blenheim day, a lot of iths since, at id on the lot ; Australia for od here, from AUSTRALASIA. — NEW ZEALAND. 189 20.S. to 25s., are sold to the butchers after fatten- ing for a short time, at two guineas a-head, and the butchers are obliged to go, and probably lose a day in catching them, so that I cannot see but if Mr B— conducts himself well he will make money, provided, as I said before, he *is not annoyed by the natives, who now, that a good deal of the land is giving out, are preventing settlers from locating themselves on their sections, saying they have never got paid by the company for the land.' The other day Rangehaiti, a chief, who has all along been hostile to the whites settling on his land, came with a band of followers, and totally demolished some houses which some newly arrived emigrants had erected at Porirua, about 8 or 10 miles from this. You will see by the papers, we have had a meeting upon the subject, and passed a re- solution calling upon the sheriff to issue his warrants for his apprehension, in pursuance of an indictment which has been filed against him, and offering to turn out to his assistance if he thought the force at his dis- posal insufficient — but how it will end I don't know. There is no fear of the natives if they are firmly and promptly dealt with, but the authorities seem neither to have the power nor the inclination so to deal with them, /^though four-fifths of the European population are i vf settled along Cook's straits, we have not a soldier i.. case of need, the whole force being kept at Auck- land, " the proclamation capital," as the editor of the Gazette calls it, 400 miles off. From the neglect with which this settlement has been treated, and the tardy extension to it of the benefits of law and government, one would almost be inclined to suppose with Dr Evans, the Auckland authorities were trying the solu- tion of the problem, at how little expense, and with how small a degree of protection, and encouragement, a community can be kept together in a taxable form. fear of the natives, which will be the case until they are in sufficient numbers to overcome them, or are supported by the government. Although the company il t I- ft is ■i 190 emigrant's iiand-sook of facts. fl f Wl llf. t had not feirly paid them, which I believe is not the case, they will be making fresh demands for /mte, or payment, as their land rises in value by the influx of Europeans, unless restrained by the idea of a superior torce. Now that the lands of the company are held like others from the government, it is surely its duty to see that the company have fairly extinguished the native title, and that settlers holding from them are allowed quietly to go on their land without molesta- tion. People have enough to contend with in the hilly nature, and thickly timbered character of the country and above all, in the want of roads, without being obliged to maintain their title to their land by torce of arms against the natives. I hope Commis- sioner bpame, who has arrived to-day in the govern- ment brig from Auckland, to investigate the land claims will settle this question. But, as I formerly said, there is not much to be apprehended from the natives; they are well aware of the advantages they derive from the colonists, although ihey are good cus^ tomers to the shop-keepers, and have hitherto been of the greatest service in furnishing a supply of pigs and potatoes, yet they are not much employed by the settlers as labourers~you cannot depend upon them— they may work well for a short time, but they have no ulea of contmuing at it with the perseverance of a i.uropcan. They are more lazy, or rather, their wants are fewer and more easily supplied. It is different with the settlers round the coast. There European la- bour is not to be had. and they employ the natives, and get them to do a great deal more for them, and have a greater command over them than we have here where, you may say, they only work for their own benetit. The natives and the settlers here have hitherto been on the best terms-people are continu- ally travelling about amongst them, from one district to another, trading and bartering with them, and am not ouiy not molested, but treated most kindly, and always made welcome to a share of what they have In those parts where th ^ ~J ere are none or few Eur opean F FACTE. tjelieve is not the nands for hutey or e by the influx of idea of a superior Jompany are held is surely its duty extinguished the g from them are without molesta- tend with in the character of the of roads, without ; to their land by I hope Commis- y in the govern- istigate the land ut, as I formerly bended from the advantages they ey are good cus- hitherto been of ipply of pigs and mployed by the 3nd upon them — )ut they have no rseverance of a ther, their wants It is different ire European la- the natives, and them, and have we have here, : for their own ers here have )le are continu- •om one district 1 them, and are ost kindly, and hat they have. ' few European AUSTllALASIAt — NEW ZEALAND. 191 inhabitants, pork, potatoes, and fish, are very plenti- ful and cheap, so that a person can live at little or no expense, but it is different here, wh'^re the presence of so many people makes every sort of provisions very dear. Fresh pork is 8r/., mutton Is., bread \s. 4d., the 4 lb. loaf; raw sugar Qd. to Id.; tea varies according to the supply, from 4s. 6d. to 84. ; cheese, from 2s. to 2s. 6d.; and salt-butter, from 2*. 3d. to 2s. 8d.; fresh do., 3*. Qd.; and other things in proportion, so that the expense of living comes high, ** Wages are proportionally high, 5s, a-day for a common labourer, 10.?. for carpenters, and other skilled workmen. One would imagine that, in such a coun- try, enjoying such a climate, and soil, farming would be a sure and profitable undertaking, but the labour required to be employed before one can prepare the ground for a crop, comes so expensive that very few can afford it. " The country is so thickly wooded that it takes 20/. or 30/. per acre to clear it, but even that expense will be returned with a profit by the first crop. It is as cheap, and ultimately is much more profitable, to cultivate such thickly wooded land, rather than fern land, with which all the unwooded land is covered. The fern is generally found growing either on exposed situations, or on very poor land. It impoverishes the land so much, and is so difficult to extirpate, requiring to be so often ploughed and harrowed, that the expense necessary to be incurred is little less than on wooded land, and the return is neither so sure nor so profit- able; you will see by this that it requires a consider- able capital to commence cultivating even a few acres. Independent of the expenditure for labour, one would require to have as much as maintain himself for 12 months, till once his crops come forward. *• The loss is, we have very few who can aflxird to do that, and manv of thnsnwlm nnulA qvp nf^^iA f/v u — :- being quite unacquainted with agriculture, having been brought up all their days in large towns. Whal we want is an importation of bien farmers, with grown ;;■?}. 192 EMIGRANT S HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. )• 1^ up working families, from Ayrshire, or the Lothians,— they would soon become wealthy. Were a number of such to come out and set a proper example, and the government or company at the same time to assist them in openinj^ up the country by making roads, I have no fear but the colony would come on quickly. It is a country of great resources, were these devel- oped, capable of supporting a very large population. Every day is discovering fresh tracts of land which were before unknown. The country is so hilly, and so thickly wooded, as to be almost impenetrable, ex- cept by the mauri or native footpaths, so tha't the surveyors have first to discover" them, and then cut their way into the different valleys, and often in cut- ting through one valley they discover another. *' But business, not farming, is what you and I are more interested in, and here, I would say, you would find a field suitable to your active and enterprising disposition, You know what a new country is, and what are its drawbacks, and you can put up without repining with the loss of many of the little comforts and conveniences you "have been accustomed to at home; you have done so before in a country where you lost your health, and where you were frozen up for half the year, and would think nothing of them jn Buch a healthy and temperate climate as this, so that I have no hesitation in advising you to come out. With others it is different, and glad as I would be to see all my friends out here, I would not take the re- sponsibility of advising them. If they had been brought up farmers at home, and could come out here with a little capita"., especially if they had a large grow ip family to assist them, they must do well ; but one unaccustomed to such work, or without capital, to come out, his chance of bettering his con- dition is uncertain, although to a pushing fellow with a little money the opportunities of turning it to advan- tage are numerous. ** In sight of where I write there are no less than five large three-masted vessels at anchor, besides two AUSTRALASIi..— NEW ZEALAND. 193 schooners, and other smaller vessels. One of the three-masters is the Maria Theresa, a Yankee barque, full of Boston notions, all sorts of provisions and fur- niture. This is the second barque from America, similarly ladened, which has been here since I came. They are a sort of floating warehouses. It is wonder- ful to see such a young country dealing in such a variety of fancy articles, as they generally have on board, beautifully finished chairs, tables, sofas, clocks, &c., which they can afford to sell at a cheaper rate than the same can be imported from England, not- withstanding our low wages, and small profits, and overcrowded population. The whaling season will soon commence; it begins in May, and a great quantity of goods will then be required for the supply of the different parties along the coast, so that I expect business to be brisker than it has been for some time past. The worst thing with me now is, that almost all my saleable goods are, for the present, disposed of, and to purchase other goods from the wholesale houses, except to sell in a retail way, would not an- swer. I have hitherto done only a wholesale business indeed, without going to a considerable expense. I have not convenience in my present premises to carry on any other, But were you coming out, I would ad- vise you to open a retail place principally for the sale of provisions. If we could get a partner, resident at home, with a little ca^h, to send out such /oods as we deal ia, and beat up for consignments, a ver} good busi- ness might be carried on. *' Were a company got up at home to send out a Scotch colony to Port Couper, as I have recom- mended in some of my letters, that would be the opportunity to start a good business. From all I can learn, I think a company formed to colonize that Port, and the country to the south of it, would succeed better than in any other part of New Zealand. I am inclined, from all I have heard, to think that Port Levi, and Port Couper, to which the Nelson settlers would have gone in preference, had they not been R a- tj jTir.-ip^.-.- 104 il i )l ■: •■: 111 <• I EMIORANT's HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. Hanks' pcniS ula scn»rM.,. f" P'"''^'<' "'«-<"■"•»« business. Not Hke thTs' and th^t '* '. tT^ I"^''^^^^^ are resorted to so e v for i ^^^ o<^ Inlands, which supplies; but Lre thev He nff ^T^"'^ "^ P^^^"""? fish and brino- them f-ffn ^"'^ ? '^' *^ ^^t^^ the the southward wh^re "the S'' '^' ?"'* ^* '^ *° where the best fis W cfo?- ^' ""^'^^'^ ^^^^ort, and exists so much dSe^^^^ .f h "' T* u ^"^ ^^'^^ there roJieved by cltTration ?.7f' "* '^'^ "^"'^ ^^ ^^^atly "P in ScoJlanTfo'co oniTe" Porfcor^P^"^;^^^^ these advantao-es? Thl/ <^ouper, and share would be friendly to the « f "^''""'^"^ I arn sure, niost efFectuaruavto it H V'' it would be the . by s-amping the r eoionv IrR ^''"n^ P'-etensions, large British%opu ation"'!. thp ? •' ^'"T'"^^' ^y ^ the merchants in theXrl f neighbourhood. All take an interes in it Z% Ta 7°"^^ ^^ ^°"»d »« ^orgettingquitofthi;.L I °."^^i^^ ^ ^"^ <^Pening the landlord^sligL be got &^ '".' ^"^^^'' ^"^ order to set rid of fhi- ^ **^^ ^** interest n it, in sides. whlfan'oplnt^^rroXe^SV^"^"^^^^ ^- and shipowners of Glasgow and r ''' ^'j^ ^''^hants present quite shut out bv thl T ^^f"^"^' ^'^° ^^^ at any participation n the ^rade or "n^^T. T?^"^ ^^«™ this and the NeUnn Z^ P'^^*' ^^rived from jnoney required^^^ru d t^d'S' , ^^--t all the land, which they could .pfl «f ^ ^'"""^ '^^ ^^le of Nelson settlemeL""ve:f n?.i'l!l'"f P-.^,- - the -■ • ^"K'tai vvouid require «- ■w!;:,?^-' "^-e about .00,000 tonnage emp!„.ved in theSouth OF FACTS. liavo been a more >rts to the north of each other merely angle. They run >rt Couper is the ■r runs into it, and mediately available ito the interior. valuable is, that it ssels of all nations, a very lucrative of Islands, which 30se of procuring 3n it, to catch the he oil.* It is to Jssels resort, and Now that there li could be greatly company be got 3uper, and share -nt, I am sure, it would be the nch pretensions. Peninsula, by a ibourhood. Ail )uld be found to ■ a fine opening and goods ; and interest in it, in t tenantry. Be- ' the merchants ock, who are at company from ts derived from Almost all the )m the sale of price as in the would require ployed in the South AUSTRALASIA. — NEW ZEALAND. 195 to be invested, and that I think might be easily and beneficially raised by dividing it into a number of shares of small amount, so as to interest the greater number of people. " I would recommend that the township, instead of consisting of 1100 acres, like Wellington and Nelson, should only contain 600, and those divided into quarter- acre lots which might be sold at 5/. along witii 50 acres of country land, at 30s., in all 80/., quite enough for any cne either to buy or cultivate for the first two or three years. As many as possible should be sold in the first place to parties actually coming out, and the remainder taken by the diflFerent boards of direc- tors in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, Aberdeen, and other towns. " Their agents in those diff'erent towns should be in- structed to go into the villages around, in order to beat up for emigrants, and converse with intending ones, who ought principally to be selected from the country, or country viliages, where a better class of emigrants can be got than from large towns ; for even tradesmen in small villages, although not so expert at any one thing, as those in towns, from being used to turn their hands to a variety of work, are on that account better fitted for a new country. The lowland Scotch, from what I have seen of them, are best fitted for a new colony. They are not only more enterpris- ing and industrious, but being worse ofi^ at home, think less than the English of the hardships and want of comfort, which they must at first undergo on their arrival in a new country, where everything is to be done and created. I have no doubt, a Scotch colony placed in the same circumstances would sooner com- mence the work of production, and spend less in keep- ing themselves in the mean time than an English one ; who, however uncomfortable their houses may be, or ho\yever shabby their clothes, must live well, and are besides more stupid and impracticable. Every en- couragement may be confidently held out to farmers of small capital, who could support themselves for one 1 (. f fJ.ifT^ ■ ^' I9G i ii 1 I. f I: emigrant's hand-book of facts. year, till their first crop was brought home.-everv year after would increase their comforts aid their capital, and in a very few they would be independent lairds and none to make them afraid. What with the climate, the soil, and the abundance of moisture the e IS no other colony to be compared with it for aWieuU ^iral purposes, not shut up for six months of th? year Tn u?'f ''r'" ^'"'''^'' ^'^ ^"'■"* "P ^'th heat and drought for four or six months as in Australia. A country in which every kind of European productions thrives. One valley has lately been discovered, near Welhngton. extending for about fifty miles, covered Tf Im'""'^ fT ^' ^T P^^^""-'"? innumerable herds kl2 r m"^"^ '^^' 'r°°^ °^ ^^"^ '^''P pastured in the island of Mana, in the strait., ^s equd to any pro- duced in Australia. 10th June-iiJ an excursion I lately mu le a short way into the country with the surveyor, I slept two nights on the ground in t le open a,r wi h impunity-and, as I formerly mentioned fevers in thi. pari of the island are unknown. SoTou and W K "f^^^'"« '''"^'"? ^" *^'^ ««l°"y but capital, Sef thfE^^-rc^l^n."^^^^ '' ''^ ™-' «--W " Purchasing cattle is the rage just now, so that I hope every cottager will soon have his cow. It has blown such a violent gale from the south-east, for iNelson. The weather has been very stormy and cold for the last fortnight, but the wind has taken offT ^nnH f^i fe^ls more mild; I expect that it will be UP will V north-west to-morrow mcrning, and then Me wdl have fine weather again. This is our winter, but I have never seen ice yet-and 1 am now writing in a room without a fire-there is, indeed, neither fir? nor fire-place in any room of the house except the kitchen. Mr H has just gathered a dish of green peas froni the little garden before the house; and the border of miimmnpf fp /-.^ u- ^^ t . : ' , . , .*^ K«^ IV'"'^ :, v--"'" uy ivir imrie), Winch has and a most delicious perfume. We have from this m AUSTRALASIA. — NnW ZEALAND. ouse; and the 197 little garden a constant succession of ve'^etablcs for tlie kitchen. "^ " Our society is good—many of the surveyors come about the house I lod-e in, so that I am well ac- quamted with them— all the young surveyors lately come out are connected with most respectable families, and are fine looking young men. accustomed to good society. I have enjoyed good health, and feel mv- selt very happy in Mrs Miller's. She thinks you will be pleased that I am with her. llemember me kindly to all my friends. "^ "A. Perry." -_^ , __ , ^ " Wellington, July, 1842. 22J. Vessels from Sydney principally bring flour, tea, sugar, rice, &c., which are now much cheaper than they \vere some time ago. Most of the larger vessels which have arrived have brought down cargoes of cattle trom Sydney or its neighbourhood— one from Brulee and Two-fuld Bay, and others are daily expected from the same places; so that we are likely soon to be over, stocked from want of land to feed them on. Not but what there are plenty of districts in the neighbour- hood available for that purpose if we had access to them by roadr Indeed, I believe it will be found that the quantity of land in the neighbourhood de- pendent on this part for its supplies, and for an outlet to Its produce, 13 very great, and this pou is second to none in the country. Wiiliin a few hours' sail of this, running up from Palllser Bay, for at least fifty or sixty miles, is a large fine valley called the Wyrairapa or VVydrop, consisting mostly of clear land, covered wuh the hnest grass, capable of supporting thousands " The surveyors having gone up the fine river, the Manuwatia, for ninety miles, found it connected with tnia VnllPV \\\T a Ann l^.r/^l „- x it _ > i • . .. _ .,„^ ^^^._^ v-Ouutrj, tiirougn wnich tney entered it, and after coming down it a considerable way crossed the mountains to the Hutt. " Thus proving this part to be the centre and the 198 emigrant's hand-book of facts. 19 outlet to one, the finest agricultural, and the other the finest pastoral districts yet discovered in tliis island. Unless the Wydrop or some other grazing o'stnct is speedily opened up, many of the cottagers and labour- ers who have contrived to purchase a cow or two, will be obhged to part with them from the impossibility of finding food for them,— hitherto they have allowed them to pick up what they can get on the unoccupied sites of the town, and the sections round about it ; but a great part of the former is getting enclosed, and tne proprietors of the latter are either keeping cattle on their sections, or letting them for that purpose to others. A dairy is one of the best paying things here— and cattle have been for some time the favourite investment. Were a ship coming from the Clj le they could not bring out a better thing than a good Ayr- shire cow and bull— they would fetch a high price. Mrs Miller, who purchased the cow brought out in the Bengal Merchant, for 27/., has refused 100/. for it; and she has been offered 50/ for its calf, not a year old. Good stock of any kinu, either horses, cows, or sheep, would sell if brought out. 1 wish we had a good stallion and draught marc of the Lanarkshire breed. Land here is likely to rise rapidly. No. IIG Town Acre sold the other day for 950/. There were buildings on it worth about 300/. ; and an acre at the head of the bay, with a water fontage, sold by Mr Bidwell for 1,200/. ; and were this made the seat ot government, lands would rise very rapidly. A.' f^E&RY. Section 7.— Van Diemen's Island, oa Tasmania. 228. Van Diemen's Island is situated on the S. E. coast of New Holland, from which it is separated by Bass's Straits, between the parallels of 41° 20', and 43° 40' S.. and the meridians of 144 40, and 148 20' E. Its greatest extent from N. to b. is estimated at about 210 miles, and from E. to W. 150 miles, and containing an area nearly equal to Ireland. AUSTRALASIA. — VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 199 Oft Tasmania. 229. The frtceof tlie interior is diversi-ed, but very mountainous, more in isolated peaks than in continued ranges, with lofty table land occasionally, and exten- sive fertile valleys. Numerous bays and harbours are around the coast that afford secure anchorage. The entrance from the ocean to the Derwcnt, on the banks of which Hobart Town is built, presents two lines of continuous bays or anchorage of unrivalled excellence; the one most commonly used leads through Storm Bay, and the other through D'Entrecasteaux's Chan- nel, whJch is one string of little bays or anchorages for nearly 40 miles. 230. the capital is Hobart Town, the seat of go- vernment : it is extensive and well laid out, and neatly built, and situated on the River Derwent, about 20 miles from its mouth. The cove or bay, upon the banks of which Hobart Town is built, affords one of the best and most se-u-n anchorages in the world, for any number of ver jcl;^, a/.' of any burthen. An am- phitheatre of gei :ly rising hills, beautifully clothed with trees, and h.'Vi: -r Mo. nt Wellington (4000 feet elevation) as the hi^- ; st- ^kiiends it from the westerly winds, and bounds tk.„ horizon on that quarter — while the magnificent estuary of the Derwent, (with its boats and shipping, and picturesque points of land along its winding banks, forming beautiful bays and lakes), skirts it on the E. The town itself stands upon a gently rising ground, and covers rather more than one square mile. Its streets wide, long, and intersecting each other at right angles. The suburbs of Hobart Town have lately undergone considerable improve- ment — handsome villas and enclosures occupying ground in every direction, which, in some places, would have been supposed to bid defiance to the hand of art. A noble wharf has been constructed, so as to allow vessels of the largest burthen to lade or unlade close alongside the shore, without the assistance of boats. 231. Next in rank and commercial importance, is Launceston, on the north side of the island, distant, !l 1 f I 1 1 I r ■• • if f 4' 'j 1^^ » 1 ;- I f1 I 200 EMlGBANTa HAND-BOOK OF FACTS. by a good road, 121 miles from Hobart Town. It is the richest land in the island, backed by gently rising hills, at the confluence of the N. and S. Esk Rivers, which there form the Tamar, flowing about 45 miles, when it disembogues into the ocean at Bass's Straits. The town is thriving greatly, owing to its being the maritime key of a large and fertile country, and afford- ing sufficient water for vessels upwards of 400 tons burthen, to load alongside the wharfs. 232. The geology of the island is very varied — ba- salt is supposed to be the principal stratum— limestone is almost the only mineral that has yet been brought into general use — marble of a white mixed gray colour, susceptible of a good polish, has frequently been found, though never yet dug up or applied to use. Iron ore is very frequent, both of a red, brown, and black, colour. In one or two instances it has been analyzed, and found to contain eighty per cent, of the perfect niineral. The soil is very varied, in some places a rich, black, alluvial mould, in others sandy or argilla- ceous; its fertility is shown by the excellent crops produced, the land being cultivated for years without being manured. 233. Van Diemen's Land is a lieutenant govern- ment of New South Wales, but in local matters since 1825, the lieutenant governor with the aid of an executive and legislative council, administers the affairs of the island after the same manner as they are carried on in New South Wales, and independent of that government. The governor of New South Wales is ex-officio general of the district, which includes Van Diemen's Island ; the lieut.-governor of the colony being only colonel, and in that capacity, commanding the troops stationed in the island. 234. The trade of this colony may be judged of, that it has increased with Great Britain sevenfold in 12 years, and the whole iniportg of the settlement have been augmented nearly tenfold. The exports have been augmented from 14,000/. to 420,000/. per annum, and the tonnage has been extended in the 'ft I. 3wn. It is ently rising Esk Rivers, Lit 45 miles, iss's Straits. s bring the , and afford- 3f 400 tons varied — ba- — limestone jen brought ^ray colour, been found, Iron ore and black, n analyzed, the perfect ne places a ' or argilla- Uent crops ars without int govern- atteis since aid of an nisters the as they are upendent of outh Wales icludes Van the colony ommanding judged of, evenfold in »etllenient he exports 0,000/. per ded in the AUSTRALASIA. — VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 201 r proportion of 5 to 1 . The value of land and cattle has increased during the same period 400 per cent. The principal exports of the colony are wool, whale and seal oil, whalebone and bark, to England; and provi- sions and live stock to the neighbouring colonies. The quantity of wool exported in 1827, was 192,075 lbs.; in 1835, 1,942,800 lbs., price \s. Gd. to 2s. 6rf. per lb. 235. In 1824, there was but one Bank in the colony with a capital of 20,000/.; in 1835, there were six banks, with a paid vp capital of 200,000/. The amount of specie in the colony was estimated, in 1835, at about 130,000/., which sum comprises British gold, silver, and copper, money, and dollars of the South American States, as well as sicca rupees. 236. The climate is exceedingly pleasant and salu- brious, and well suited for European constitutions. In summer the heat is not so great as in Australia, and the cold in winter is more intense and of longer duration, although it is mild cc npared to the winter temperature of Great Britain. The island possesses a great variety of trees and shrubs. The gum tree is the largest, and there are numerous others well adapted for ship and house building. The trees are all tall and straight, branching only at the top, and they are nearly all evergreens. All the vegetables and fruits, known and cultivated in England and Scotland, are raised without difficulty, in great abundance, and of excellent quality. Both the climate and soil are sufficiently favourable to the production of most descriptions of grain; wheat thrives well, and potatoes are in general a good crop. In a word, the island is fitted for all agricultural purposes attempted in Great Britain ; the soil differing little, and the climate being much the same, though rather milder. Several good roads have been made through the island, but it still labours under a want in this respect. 202 emigrant's hand-book of facts. Section 8.— Conclusion of Australasia. 237. In concluding the subject of our Australa^sian colonies, we have to remark that they are all fitted for the growth of wool, for the cultivation of grain, and the prosecution of the whale fishing. The Australian colonies are probably the best suited for rearino- sheep and consequently for the production of wool ; but New Zealand and Van Diemen's Land have the de- cided preference in raising grain crops, and the former seems the best situated for its settlers enga^^in^ in the whale fishing. New Zealand is also likely, for many years to come, to possess a valuable trade in timber, mid to be well fitted for colonial ship-building. New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land possess all the advantages and disadvantages of being penal colonies, which none of the other Australasian colonies are. Ihe ree settlers have the advantage of convict labour, but they suffer under the deterioration of manners and morals which the habits of the convicts and the state ot slavery to which they are reduced is too apt to pro- duce, and they are also from time to time harassed with the depredations of bush rangers and escaped convicts, as well as from the native inhabitants. In Ntiw Zealand the natives are greatly improved by their intercourse with Europeans, and appear to have been much benefited by the missionaries resident among them. They appear to be much more capable of im- provement than the natives of Australia, are ready of apprehension, and tractable. They make excellent steersmen of ships, and one is mentioned, by Polack, as having risen to be mate of a colonial vessel. They generally dwell in small villages. On all occasions they have manifested a desire to learn, have exhibited great aptitude in acquiring civilized customs, and are curious to know the use of ever v thing they see, not being content with a mere childi n admiration. Oc- casional instances of theft ha-ve occurred among these VCTS. raxLASiA. ir Australasian re all fitted for of grain, and ^he Australian rearing sheep, of wool ; but have the de- md the former igaging in the :ely, for many ade in timber, lilding. New Dossess all the )enal colonies, colonies are. onvict labour, r manners and and the state 30 apt to pro- time harassed and escaped abitants. In •oved by their to have been sident among apable of iin- , are ready of ike excellent J, by Polack, essel. They all occasions ave exhibited oms, and are they see, not ration. Oc- among these AUSTRALASIA. — CONCLasiON. 203 I people, but on the whole, their faculties seem of a superiok* order. 238. The great disadvantage under which the whole of the Australasian colonies labour is, their extreme distance from Great Britain, which makes it next, to im- possible for labouring emigrants to pay the expense of thnir passage out, so that colonists with capital sulferfrom want of workmen and labourers. This has been to a cer- tain extent provided against by government, and the r\evv Zealand and other companies, sotting apart a por- tion of the price of land sold by them for the conveyance out, ot labourers of a certain description. It is under- stood, however, that government do not intend, in the mean time, to send out more emigrants on this plan, and the New Zealand company having, in consequence of their disputes with government, come to the con- clusion of letting no more land, are necessarily obliged to stop shipping labourers to their settlements on these islands. The Western Australian company, however, continue to send labourers to Australind and Swan River. The terms on which this is done, and the qualifications necessary, and manner of application, can be ascertained by application to C. H. Smith, Esq., Secretary, Western Australian Companv,— Oflice, 33, Old Broad Street, London. 239. The great advantages of New Zealand, as a place for colonization, has given rise to proposals in London for a new mode of effecting this, " ' 'rh it is hoped will be carried into execution during the r > , ^ent year. 1 1 is proposed to form a company of real settlers, not mere purchasers of land, who shall jointly advance a certain capital ; that a block of land be purchased from the . British government, to be afterwards sold out to the sellers individually in proper sections; that a town be laid out, and that a portion of the funds be set apart for the conv^jyance of labourers and workmen, whif»h lo to Kp Prtn*'"!!"'' f" ^U- > fji 1 ..i .„ V.J uc ci^iiisiiUcx^ li-otii liic piuuuLX" oi lue sale of land as the colony advances. By purchasing from government, any dispute as to the title to the land will be prevented ; and by the partners being all real *h I 204 emigrant's hand-book of facts. settlers, the disadvantage of absentee proprietors will be avoided. The ^»overnment minimum price of land, throughout the whole of the Australian colonies, is at present 205. per acre; and at this price sections are from time to time set up and disposed of by auc- tion. I !| II ■pl 1 K'l' k i Hi 1' 1 ^HP' i ■ ». ' ! H 1' 91 \' \ u i ■vxt CHAPTER III. AFRICA AND SOUTH AMERICA. . Section 1 Cape of Good Hope. 94o' The Cape of Good Hope, situated at the southern extremity of Africa, is bounded by the vas southern ocean on the S. ; on the W. bj t^'^ Atlanuc; on the E. by the Indian ocean; and on the N. by the Gariep or Orange River, and by unexplored tern- tories. It is difficult to state the exact area of South Africa, extending from Cape Point, in S. latitude 34° 23' to Delagoa bay, a Portuguese settlement, on the E. coast, in latitude 26\ In order to explain he nature of the country, it is necessary to consider the British territory, which after its conquest from the Dutch was thus defined by Mr Barrow in 1801; length of the colony, from W. to E.. Cape Point to Kafferland, 380 miles ; from River Koussie to Zuure- berc. 520 ; breadth from S. to N. River Koussie to _ "' »-. ' .1 «ic -„:ie- . Mw:.ii«.-vfilfl mnnntains tO Cane ronit, oio mue^ , x. —- - --- - Plettenburg's Bay, 160; mouth of the fash River to Plettenburg's baaken, 2-25 miles; which gives a par- allelogram, whose mean length is 550, and mean m 13. oprietors will um price of ilian colonies, Drice sections ed of by auc- CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 205 [CA. 3PE. uated at the id by the vast , the Atlantic ; the N. by the !xplored terri- , area of South in S. latitude settlement, on to explain the :o consider the ][uest from the •vow in 1801; Cape Point to ussie to Zuure- krer Koussie to mountains to Tush River to ih gives a par- i50, and mean breadth 233 English miles, comprising an area of 128,150 square miles. The boundaries may be con- sidered as the Keiskamma River on the E., and the Ganep or Orange River on the N., estimated at 600 miles from E. to W., and 330 miles from N. to S , comprising an area of about 200,000 square miles with a sea-coast of upwards of 1200 miles, from the Ganep on the western or Atlantic shore to the Keis- kamma, on the eastern or Indian Ocean coast. 241. Southern Africa is composed of chains of mountains and intervening valleys, extending east and west, excepting one range beginning at Table Bay, and stretching northward along the western coast about 200 miles, as far as Olifant's River. The first great chain has, along the southern coast, a belt of un- dulating land, varying from 10 to 30 miles in width, indented by several bays, and intersected by numerous streamlets ; the soil is rich, the hills are well wooded, and the climate equable and mild, from its proximity to the ocean. The next is the Zvvaarte Bergen or Black Mountains; more lofty and rugged thail the coast chain, and divided from it by an interval of from 10 to 20 miles wide, the surface of which is very varied, in some places barren hills predominating, in others naked and arid plains of clay, termed by the colonists the karroo, while widely interspersed are patches of well watered, fertile and beautiful grounds. The third range is the Nieuwveld's Bergen— -between these mountains and the second range is the Great Karroo, or Desert, an elevated steppe or terrace, nearly 300 miles in length from E. to W., 80 in breadth, and 1000 feet above the sea. Along the western coast the country also ascends in successive terraces, the most elevated of whicii (the Roggeveldt) unites with the last mentioned chain of mountain, (the Nieuwveldt). Indeed the Roggeveldt Bergen range may be said to commence in nearly 30^ S. latitude, running ne. rly south for two and a-half degrees, when its course is bent to the E., and subsequently to the N. E. until the range reaches Delagoa Bay, that part •ft, » _ ^jqr 206 KMIGUANT S HAND-liOOK OF FACTS. -^H ■ I ff likiifV B' ^ tl 1 1 1 I 1 I of it forming the nortii boundary of the Great Karroo, being termed Nieuvrvclds Bergen. 242. Cape Town, built immediately at the foot of Table Mountain, along the shores of Table Bay, on a plain which rises with an easy ascent towards the mountain, is regularly constructed, with straight and parallel streets intersecting each other at right angles, and shaded with elm or oak trees ; the houses chiefly of red brick or stone, of a nood si/-.:, and generally with a stoup, or terrace, before the door, simded with trees. The population of the metropolis of South Africa is at present more than 1,'(),000. of wltom nearly S 5,000 are white inhabi cants — the majorUy being Dutch, or of Dutch desce- t. The squares arc well laid out, the streets extremely dean, the public edifices numerous im-l substantial. The colony is divided into eleven districts. These are Cape Town, Gape, Stel- lenbosch, Wro cesior, Swellendam, George, Uiten- hage, Graaff Remet, B«anfort, Al!.iny, and Somerset districts. 243, Southern Africa is of Jiiuvian origin ; the for- •jiation of the peninsula being indicated by the struc- ture of Table Mountain, which is composed of strata, piled on each other in large tabular masses lying close together without any veins of earthy matter. The plain round the mountain is a blue schistus, running in parallel ridges N. \^' . and S. E., and interrupted by masses of a hard blue flinty rock. The schistus rests on a stratum of strong iron-coloured clay, abound- ing with brown foliated mica, and interspersed with immense blocks o^ granite. A stratum of coal found on the banks of a deep rivulet flowing from the Tigerberg, was horizontal with a stt;jcr-stratum of pipe-clay and white sandstone, and a suZ»-stratum of indurated clay. The coaly seam from ten inches to two feet in thickness, dili'ered in quality at various places — sometimes it was in largo ilgncuuii blocks ^ilh visible traces of the bark, knots, and grain, of timber. Other parts of the stratum consisted of laminated coal of the nature of turf, burning with a clear flame, and CTa. CAPE OF OOOU HOPE. 207 jrreat Karroo, it the foot of ible Bay, on a ; towards the 1 straight and t right angles, houses chiefly and generally r, jjaded with [)olis of South f wliom nearly lajonty being uaves are well public edifices is divided into n, Cape, Stel- eorge, Uiten- and Somerset irigin ; the for- by the struc- losed of strata, ises lying close matter. The listus, running id interrupted The sc/tisttis Iclav, abound- ers[)ersed with of coal found ring from the :^er-stratum of SM^-stratum of ten inches to lity at various ma blocks x^ilii ■ain, of timber. laminated coal lear flame, and leaving a light white ash. A vein of coal has recently been discovered near the mouth of the Krooin Itiver^ which is accessible to small craft. Ironstone is every- where observable in Kaffraria, and likewise consider- able quantities of ochre of ditibrent kinds. In the Graaff Reinet district abundance of limestone is found. 244'. The soil throughout the colony is very varied — in some places a naked sand, in others a stiff clay, and in many parts a rich dark vegetable mould ; fre« quently the surface appears a dry sand, but on re- moving it to the depth of a few inches, a black mould is found beneath ; the stiff clayey soil, sometimes red, and sometimes met with of a yellowish colour, is very fertile when irrigated. The east coast border is gen- erally an alluvial loam, is in the case with many valleys, particularly among the ravines and windings of the Fish River. At Camtoos Bay (20 miles W. of Algoa Bay) a rich lead ore of the species known by the name of galena, (lead mineralized with sulphur), has been found in the steep sides of a deep glen ; the masses seen by Mr Barrow had no appearance of cubic crystalHzation, but were granular or amorphous in some species ; the surfaces, in others, made up of small facets, called by miners white silver ore; the vein of the ore was three inches wide and one thick, increasing in size as it advanced under the stratum of rock with which it was covered. The matrix, is a quartzoze sandstone of a yellowish tinge, cellular and fibrous, harsh to the touch, and easily broken. This ore, when assayed by Major Van Dheu, an officer in the Dutch service, yielded from 200 lbs. weight, 100 lbs. of pure lead and 8 oz. of silver. 245. The healthiness of the Cape district is evinced by the fact, that in 1830, out of a population of 1500, at Hottentot's Holland, the total number of deaths was only five ; of which four were coloured persons, one an old Mozambiquer, another an uld slave, both of whom died of chronic diseases ; the third, a young child, died suddenly ; the fourth, a Kaffre girl, was burnt; and the fifth, a European gentleman of bO^ f *''jkC ' 208 emigrant's hand-book of facts. principally of a mental affection. The mean tempera- ture of Cape Town (which is heated by its proximity to Table Mountain) inferred from a meteorological journal kept for several years, is 67^. The mean temperature of the coldest month is, perhaps, b*l ; hottest, 79 ; moan of three recent winters, 58° ; of three summer months, 77' ; least heat during sum- mer, 63 \ The temperature of the district of Stellen- bosch, deduced from the observations of a single twelvemonth, is Q^' ; extremes 87 and 30^ In this c'Aony, as in the S. of Europe, and most of the warm Climates of a temperate zone, the wind commonly blows cold in summer, at the same time that the sun shines powerfully. The total population of South Africa in 183G, was 150,110. 246. The number of persons to the square mile m the Cape District, including Cape town, is but nine ; in Stellenbosch, seven ; in Worcester there are nearly three square miles to each individual ; in Clan-Wil- liam more than two ; in Swcllcndam and George there are two persons to each square mile ; in Uiten- hage, little more than one ; in Albany six ; in Somer- set nearly two; in Graaff Reinet, not quite one ; and in Beaufort there are nearly three square miles to each individual. The total proportion of population to area is about one person to each square mile. The proportion of births to deaths, in 1836, was more than two to one. 247. The affairs of the colony are administered by a governor (salary 6000/. per annum), nominated by the crown, aided by an executive council, composed of the commander of the forces, the chief justice, the auditor-general, treasurer, and accountant-general, the secretary to the government. There is a legisla- tive council appoints i by th*' jjovernraent in England, at the recommendation of course of the colonial govern- ment. The members of this council (of wliom five are official) after two years' sitting, hold their seats for life; their debates are carried on with open doors. (APE OF GOOD HOPE. 209 rs. 2an tempera- its proximity eteorological The mean srhaps, 57° ; ters, 58°; of during sum- ct of Stellen- of a single 50^. In this of the warm d commonly that the sun on of South quare mile in is but nine ; ;re are nearly in Clan-Wil- and George ,e ; in Uiten- ix ; in Somer- lite one ; and : miles to each copulation to e mile. The vas more than ministered by nominated by icil, composed ef justice, the ntant-general, re is a le<;isla- it in England, )lonial govern- of wliOivj "Ve aid their seats ►n with open 243. Of the commerce of the colony an idea may be formed from the following statement of the total value of Imports and Exports: Cape Town/imports 780,673/., exports 336,199/,; Port Elizabeth, imports 87,246/., exports 47,307/.; Simon's town imports 23,243/., ex- ports 877/.; grand total colony, imports, 891,162/., exports 384,383/. The above exports are exclusive of the value of articles shii)ped as stores to merchant vessels, or supplies to H. M, Navy, the latter amount- ing this year to 3,082/. 249. The imports at the Cape consist of every variety of articles of British manufacture, and the extent to which our trade can be carried is difficult to state, for an outlet has now been opened for calicoes, ker- seys, ironmongery, gunpowder, &c., in exchange for ivory, hides, gums, horns, &c. 250. Corn, wine, wool, provisions, wine, aloes, and fruits, are the staples of this fine colony, but many other articles are either produced in the country, or obtained from the neighbouring nations. There is ' an annual exportation of corn, and it brings, as flour, a higher price at the Mauritius, and other markets, than the best Am.erican. Two crops of potatoes are raised in the year, of a succulent and yet mealy quali- ty; and the nutritive property of every article of pro- visions is abundantly exem])lified in the fat and healthy appearance of the peojcle. The property embarked in England, and in the colony, in the trade in Cape wine, was recently estimated as follows .---Vineyard lands and growing vines, 1,200,000/. ; buildings, stores, vats, &c., in the country, 60,000/. ; buildings, vats, &c., in Cape Town, 300,000/.; brandy, casks, &c., 100,000/.; wine in Cape Town, 125,000/.; stock in bond, ni England, about 10,000 pipes, at 12/. each, 120,000/.: total, 1,905,000/. 251. The produce of wine and brandy in 1841, and subsequent years,is thus given in a manuscript prepared at the Colonial Office, ihe quantity in leaguers (a leaguer being 152 gallons) 1821, 16,254 of wine; 1205 of brandy; 1824, w. 16183, b. 1,326; 1828, w. t^^gm 210 emigrant's hand-book of facts. m f 2ii. Wool uill, in time, be one of the greatest and most profitable sta,, es of the Cape ; by an linaecount- able want of foresight jt has ion- been neglected, but. stimulated by the example of New South Wales, the colonists are now actively engaged in endeavouring to rep ace the coarse woolled, or rather hairy sheen Cof which they possess 3,000,000) for the fine and ,-i.re-ldood breed of that animal, whose numbers at the Cape now amount to upwards of iO,000-the wool from Nvhich has brought 2^. 6cL v,er lb. in the London market. The liriti.h settlers in Albany have taken the lead, and arc at present importing Savon and Merino rams from England and New South 1 ,"on; '" 'T"'^' ^'"'"S'^if 1^^- per head, and the auer SO/, per head. Algoa Bay or Port Elizabeth, as line wooT- --' t'J]]'' increased its exportation of lbs. 44. S-J79/. 253. The fineness of the climate, requiring no winter provender and the great « xtent of upland soil and park-hke downs, with the numerous salsola and saline plants, so admirably adapted to prevent the fluke or rot show the adaptation of the colony for a vast .heep- fold, eapab e of supplying ai almost indefinKo quan- tity of the finest wool; and, together with Ne- South A^ ales an.l Van Diemen's Land, rendering t. land not only totally indepen.lent of si p.lies from c"- many and Spain, but really furnishing a much fi r and more durable and elastic wool, which will e.abh lis to maintam oui superiority i a woollens agai..t fo! leion compet.t) n : this is a view of the subject which It behc es a statesman to attend to. 254 Provisions, particularly salt bepf. nncrht f^ ^o larger .staple than it is. but no doul will "' "" quantity as it present cured me is augiiient in certainly has improved in quality. At •• i»rctty largely exjiorted to the FACTS. , b. 1382; 1832, ' the greatest and by jin unaecount- n ne<,'lccted, but, South Wales, the in endeavouring^ ther hairy sheep /or the fine and hose nuinl)ers at of iO.OOO— the id. "er lb. in the s in Albany iiave niporting- Saxon nd New South r head, and the 'ort Elizabeth, as ts exportation of ^.; J831, 10,600 iue935/.; I8;j3, ',266 lbs., value uiring- no winter upland soil and ilsola and saline snt the fluke or for a vast bheep- ndefini;{> quan- ■ ith Ne- South iering t.,: land lies from C;^r- a niueh ^i r lich Mill r able lens agaiiic^t fo- 2 subject which ef: ouirht t'.' bo ill aug.aent in 1 quality. At qiorted to the CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 211 Mauritius, and other places, but it should be used for vietualling our trivy at the Cape, India, and West Africa stations, t contractors being placed under the same superv >n as at home, every cask being examined and branded before shipment, and a heavy penalty attending any default. 25.5. The fislierics of the Cape have not yet been sutticiently attended to : during the calving season, whales come into every bay on the coast, to bring forth their young, an 1 thus, in some seasons, a good number of these innnensc creatures are taken ; but there have been no vessels fitted out for wl ding along the coast, or among the islands to the n .irth ward of Madagascar, where the sperm whale abounds, and where, under a genial clime, and an atmosphere never troubled with tempests, the American whalere fill up in a few weeks, l^ven in Delagoa Bay, almost a part of the colony, 20 whale ships, EngHsh and American, have been seen, but not one from the contiguous settlers at the Cape. Oil from vege- tables migh' rilso be extensively collected ; the olive thrives luxuriantly where planted, and a rich and peculiar oil, collected by expression, from the scsa- mum plant, may be obtained in larye quantities from the native tribes to the eastward and northward. The aloe plant grows indigenously in most parts ot the colony, and a considerable quantity of the inspissated juice has been exported for some years, a large j)or- tion being probably used as a substitute for taxed hops in England. Fruits of a dried nature, including apples, apricots, peaches, pears, &c., have been long in great demand. Hides, 1 nrns, ivory, gums, are also valuable branches of pro uce. 256. The Cape of Good Hope has not litherto been favourably viewed as a field for emigration, yet it seems not unworthy of the attention of those who possess capital. Like all llio dlsUiuL eolonies beiong- ing to Great Britain, the want of a labour, iig poj)ula- tion is ni'ich felt. The following \HU:v from Graham- ston, a lUnving settlement on ; an" '' trict, shows I i*-jfT*-" M I . M r iili II. ^i; n ll 212 i;MI(iRANT's HAND-HOOK OF fACTS. tho prospects held out on thia colony to labouring emigrants : — "Graham's Town, 24(h Nov., 1842. 257. "My Dear Sir, — Some of t!ia emigrants by the Anne have urrivetl here, and I am glad to inform you that I have obtained situations for the whole of them ; but they arc not entirely the description of emi- R'rants wo require ; clerks and storemen are not wanted here, and those who do not follow trades and are not acquainted with country work will have much difficulty in obtaining situations. In a letter from Alg la Bay, a gentleman says, that out of the whole, only one man appeared to be really of the description required; he was dressed in a good smock-frock and Belcher handkerchief. Such men will easily find employment; for there are only two descriptions of emigrants which ought to be sent, either the capitalist or the hard- working man. Pray do not send us too many trades- men. Bricklayers, stone-masons, and carpenters, will find ready employment. A good copper-smith and brazier is much wanted. Bakers and butchers, shoe- makers, saddlers and harness-makers, wheelwrights, turners, cabinet-makers, smiths, plasterers, and pain- ters, can all, to a limited number, find employment, provided they be good workmen. One or two good cutlers would also get business. But the emigrant who will most readily find employment, is the country- farm servant, who with you obtains from 8s. to 10*. a week, and has to support himself. Such a man, if really industrious and sober, may very soon be inde- pendent. I would strongly recommend you to corres- pond with some person in Scotland, to obtain shepherds and ploughmen, as these are reared to a hard life in a hilly country, and are better suited to our wants. They are sober, generally educated, their wants arc few, and their notions of luxury not so enlarged us t/our eountryujen. Shepherds from any part of England whore tne liocKs are kept on cullivaied soil, and where lloeks are snmll, are not suited to this country ; but those from the Cheviots, or that range of mountains i^. u •s. ;o labouring w., 1842. rants by the > inform you ale of them ; on of emi- : not wanted and are not ich difficulty Alg )a Bay, J, only one >n roquired; ind Belcher mployment; rants which r the hard- lany trades- )enters, will r-smith and ;hors, shoe- leelwrights, \, and pain' mployment, »r two good le emigrant he country- \s. to 10s. a 1 a man, if )n be inde- u to corres- 1 shepherds rd life in a ants. They ts art few, ed HS your )f England , and whero untry j but mountains FALKLAND ISLANDS. 218 'r^;^Xc been « accustS,u.a'o. and not only which they nave uei^» . . „jasters will '^^^■^C"hem W Sfe tn:c,u-,re flocUs of rea.l.ly ''«"'^'' *''T "l^^"' fe«. years, if sober, indus- "''"•, ;:SncirtKS:",;bj:cVrtle eW.«ra„. «« re q„ire most arc h-^-o^km? -en « » « U^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ to turn thc.r hands '<> J'-'y"™- ;^„,„ ,,;i ^mall capi- chance of success; and e^f;.;'';"'„..4„,ent of cattle knowled'>-eofaffr culture, and the "'^^'^S^"^*';:'."' „ „„„ tnd sheep, seeking situations as overseers ot tarms are ^'^l.ThtpTtohave remitted to y^^^^^^^:. commenc'e emigration on account otl^E-^^^^^^ tricts Em gration Association, l nave mit* fnr 200/ oavable at Messrs Ransom and Co. , Bankers, tor 20U/., pay.'uic at enclose ; and so r :r X tn 1^, otf .i>{r Londo„,Vo. .nay Section 2 Falkland Islands. 258 The Falkland islands are about 90 in,«"";^«7 Tl^f are situated^beUveeii tbe p^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^B^-l ^;:^e:r^i^i^'of:Mag^lan: T^^^ discovered during the rcign of queen Elizabeth, I !» f " 1 j 214 EMIOllANl's IIANU-BUOK UK FACTS. little was known of thcin until Cotninodore IJvron v.s.te. them in 17C5, and formally took possession of them lor his majesty George III. '2o9. The two largest of the islands are nearly 100 nules m length, and 50 in breadth, and divided by a channel 12 leagues in length, and from one to three in breadth. The harbours are large, and well de- lended by small islands, most happily disi)osed. The sma lest vessels may ride in safety ; fresh water is easily to be obtained ; there is seldom any thunder or lightning, nor is the weather hot or cold to any ex- traordinary degree. Throughout the year the nights are in general serene and fair ; and upon the whole, the climate is favourable to the constitution. The depth of the soil in the valleys is more than sufficient tor the purpose of ploughing. Since 17C7, they fell into comparative insigniHcance ; and for many years past, little notice has been taken of them by our government. Ships of war. on their passage round Cape Horn, have occasionally touched there for sup. plies ot water, &c., and South Sea whalers and other merchant vessels; but the navigation being little known they have not, until lately, been much fre- quented, although very nearly in the track of ships homeward bound from the Pacific. ♦iOO. In the month of December, 1832, Commander Onslow, m H. M. S. Clio, proceeded to Port Egmont, and tound on Saunders' Island the ruins of our former establishment. The town stood on the south side of a mountain not less than GOO feet high. The settlers had extended their gardens to the westward, the re- mains of which are still perceptible. East Falkland Island possesses large and secure harbours for first rate ships of war, with facilities for exercising the ctevvs on shore without the risk of losing them, and with abundance of wild cattle, anti-scorbutic herbs, and fish, for their sunnort. 261. The soil of *East Falkland Island has been tound well adapted to cultivation, consisting generally ut troin six to eight inches of black vegetable mould. 3. lore liyroii ossession of nearly 100 vided by a ic to three d well de- >scd. The ti water is thunder or to any ex- the nights the whole, ion. The t» sufficient r, they fell lany years tn by our ttg-e round i for sup- and other ;ing little much fre- of ships )mmander Egmont, iur former ith side of le settlers J, the re- Falkland for first ising the hem, and ic herbs, has been generally c mould, FALKLAND ISLANDS. 215 below which is either gravel or clay. The mca( ows lire spacious, well watered, and producing excellent grasses. Wheat and flax were both raised of (luuhty equal, if not superior to the seed sown, which was procured from Buenos Ayres ; and potatoes, cab- bage, turnips, and other kinds of vegetables [)ro. duced largely, and of excellent quality. Fruit trees were not tried, the plants sent from Buenos Ayrcs having perished before they arrived. 262. The soil also produces dittercnt kinds ot vege- tables 'wild, as celery, cresses, &c., and many other esculent plants, the proper names of which were not known to the settlers, but their palatable taste aiid valuable anti-scorbutic properties were abundantly ascertained by them. Among others is one which they called the tea-plant, growing close to the ground, and producing a berry of the size ot a large pea, white with a tinge of rose colour, and oi exquisite flavour. A decoction of its leaves is a good sub- stitute for tea, whence its name. It is very abun- dant. , , , - 263. No trees grow on the island, but wooil lor building was obtained tolerably easy from the adjoin- ing Straits of Magellan. For fuel, besides peat and turf, which are abundant in many places, and may be procured dry out o<' the penguins' holes, three kinds of bushes are found, called fachinal, matajo, and gruil- lera. The first of these grows straight, irom two to five feet high, the second is more abundant in the southern than in the northern part of the island ; Us trunk is never higher than three feet, and the gruiUera is the smallest of the three, growing close to the ground, but is abundant all over the island. 204. Only one species of animal was found m the island, a kind of wolf-fox, which Byron describes as extremely fierce, running from a great distance to attack the sailors when they landed, and even pur- suing them into the boat. It is about the size oi a shepherd's dog, and kennels under ground, subsisting on the seals and birds, which it catches along the i I i 2IG kmiguant's hand-book of facts. I shore. Sea lions, wallrusses, and seals, are abundant about the coast, many of them of great size, and very fierce. Swans, wild green ducks, teal, and all kmds of sea-fowl, are found in great nuuibers. 265. Herds of wild horned cattle, to the extent of many thousands, exist on the island, sufficient to main- tain a great many settlers ; and wild hogs arc abun- dant in the northern peninsula. Wild horses are also found there of small size, but very hardy, which, when broken in, as some were without difficulty, were found of great service to the settlement. Rabbits are in great numbers, of a large size and tine fur. 260. Fish abounds in all the bays and inlets, espe- cially in spring, when they come to spawn rt the mouths of the fresh water rivulets. 267. Various proposals have been made from time to time for the colonization of these islands, but hitherto without being carried into effect. Government, how- ever, has now seriously turned its attention to their immediate colonization ; and proposals have just been issued by her Majesty's colonization commissioners, for the sale of lands in these islands. Land is offered at 12s. per acre, and a proportion of the price obtained, is to be set apart for the free conveyance' of emigrants considered eligible. The passage money for those who do not come within the description entitled to free conveyance, is 10/. APPENDIX. No. L ABRIDGMENT OF ACT FOR Regulating the Carriage of Passengers in Meuciiant Vessels, 5th and 6ih Victoria, Chajh 107.— 12th August 1842. ship carrying passengers on any voyvge from any port ited Kingdom, or in islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Al- I Repeals previous Acts. II. No shii in the Unit derney, Sark, or Man, to or for any port or place out of Europe, and not being within the Mediterranean Sea, shall proceed on her voyage with or carry more persons on board than m the propor- tion of three persons to every live tons of the registered burden of such ship, the master and crew being included in such prescribed number, and no such ship snail, whatever be her tonnage, carrj' more passengers on board than in the following proportion to the space occupied by them and appropriated for their use, and unoccupied by stores not being the personal luggage of passengers ; (that is to say,) on the lower deck or platform one passenger for every 10 clear superficial feet, if the ship is not to pass within the tropics during the voyage ; but if the ship is so to pass then one passenger for every 12 clear superficial feet, if the voyage is com- puted not to exceed 12 weeks, and one passenger for every 15 Bupcificial feet if the voj'age is computed to e.\ceed 12 weeks ; and under the poop and on the orlop deck, one passenger for every 30 superticiai feet in ali cases ; and if any ship canyiiig passengers shall carry any passengeru beyond these proportions, the master of the ship shall, for every passenger constituting such excess, ho liable in a penalty not excpwding £ -5, l" 1 1 f , 218 APPENDIX. i •(. I I ' I a III. No slup shall carry passenc^ors unless she have lower or hold heams forming part of the permanent structure of the vessel and also a lower deck or platform, of which the under surface shall bo not lower than 3 inches above the bottom of the lower beams, and nroperlv an.l substantially secured to the same nor unless such lower deck or platform shall be of not less than U inch in thickness. ' IV. No ship shall carrv any passengers upon any such voyage .niless she shall be of the height of 6 feet between the upper deck and lower deck or platlerm, nor carry passengers on the orlop deck unless the height between the orlop deck and the deck imme- Uiately al)ove the same be H feet at the least. V. No ship shall have more than 2 tiers oV berths, and the in- terval between the rtoor of the berths and the deck or platform Jieneath them not to be less than (i inches ; the berths shall be se- curely constructed, and their dimensions not be less than 6 feet m length and Id inches in width for each passenger. V I. On board every ship there shall be issued to the passengers daily a supply of water at the rate of at least li quarts for each l)asseiiger per day, and there shall also be issued, at conve- nient times, not less often than twice a week, a supply of provi- sions after the rate of 7 lbs. of bread, biscuit, flour, oatmeal or rico per week, provided that J consist of bread or biscuit, and that potatoes may be employed to the extent of the remaining half 5 bs. however of potatoes being computed as equal to 1 lb. of the other articles ; and such issues shall be made throughout the whole vovage, including the time of detention at any port before the end o the voyage; and further, no ship shall be cleared out until there shall be laden and on board such quantity of pure water, and of good and wholesome provisions, of the requisite kind, .13 shall be sufficient to allow of the issues aforesaid durinjr the period assigned to the voyage under the act. VII. The water to be laden on board shall be carried in tanks or sweet casks, and no cask shall exceed .'JOO gall, in capacity when any ship shall be destined to call at a port in the course of her voyage for the purpose of filling up her water, a supply of water at the rate before mentioned, for every week of the com,)uted voy- age to such port of calling shall be deemf 1 to be a compliance with the provii,|ion8 of the act, subject to the following conditions ; 1st, 1 hat the government emigration agent at ports where there is one, and the collector or comptroller of customs at ports where there is no such agent, signify his approval, in writing and that the same be carried amongst the papei-a of the ship, to be delivered to the collector of customs or Her M,a,osty 8 consuL as tF-e c^e may be, on reaching her nnal destination : ° 2d. That an engagement to call at such port or place be in- serted m the bond required to be given to the crown by the owner or chai-terer t\m\ master : 'if I APPENDIX. 219 ;W, That if the computed length of voyage to such port or place be not dcchuea in this act, it shall he competent to the government emigration agent, or the collector or comp- troller of customs, to fix the same in each case ; and, 4th. That the ship shall have on hoard, at the time of clear- ing out, tanks or water casks sufTicieni for stowing the quantity of water required for the longest portion of the whole voyage. VIII. The number of weeks deemed necessary for the voyage fchall he detennined by the following rule of computation ; For a voyage to North America, except the West Coast thereof, 10 weeks: For a voyage to the West Indies, including under that term the Baliama Islands and British Guiana, 10 weeks : For a voyage to any part of the continent of Central or South America, excent the West Coafet thereof, and ex- cept British (iuiana, 12 weeks : For a voyage to the West Coast of Africa, 12 weeks : For a voyage to the Cape of Good Hope or the Falkland Islands, lH weeks : For a voyage to the Mauritius, 18 weeks : ]<\)r a voyage to Western Australia, 20 weeks : For a voyage to any other of the Australian Colonies, 22 weeks : For a voyage to New Zealand, 24 weeks : IX. That for the puri)oso3 of this act it shall he computed that two children, each under 14 years, shall he equal to one passen- ger, and that children under the age of one year shall not be in- cluded in the computation of the number of passengers. X. Before any shiji shall be cleared out the government emi- gration agent, or in his absence, the collector or comptroller of customs, shall survey the provisions and water for the con- sumption of the passengers, and ascervaia that the same are in a sweet and good condition, aud that over and above the same there is on board an ample supply of water and stores for victual- ling the crew of the ship aud other persons (if any) on board. XI. That such oflieers shall see that the other directions contained in this act be complied with, so far as the same can be complied with, before the departi le of the ship from any port in the United Kingdom or the before-mentioned islands. XII. If doubts arise whether any ship is seaworthy, so as to be fit for her intended voyage, and such doubts sliall not be removed to the satisfaction of the collector and comptroller of the customs at the port from which the vessel is to be cleared out, or to the satisfaction of tie emigration agent, it shall he l.v-vf.:! fiir tho ct.-lleetor and comstroUors or emigration ag3nt, at any time to cause the ship to be surveyed by two competent persons, and if it shall be reported to be not sea- worthy with reference to the voyage, it shall not he cleared out, unless the contents of such report be disproved to the satis- •2-iO APPENDIX. i I ■! -I \ I t faction of tho commissioners of tlio customs, or of the colonial land and emigration commissioners in those cases in which tho report shall have heen made at the instance of a government emigration agent, or until tho ship shall be rendered seawortliy. XIII. No ship shall carry any passengers unless he shall he provided with good sound hoats of suitable size, and properly supplied with nil requisites for their use, in the following propor- tion to the registered tonnage of such ship. 2 Boats, it' the tonnage bo 150 tons and upwards, hut under •2.50 tons : 3 Boats, if the tonnage he 2.50 tons and upwards : 4 Boats, if the tonnage he ;"J0() tons and upwards, and the number of passengers exceed '200 : Nor unless one of the boats bo a long boat of a size duly pro- portioned to the tonnage of the ship. XIV. Two copies of the act to be kept on board every ship carrjing passengers; and one of such copies shall, upon request made at seasonalile times to the master of the ship, bo produced to any passenger for his perusal. XV. No >hip carrying passengers except to any port in North America, shall, in case tho number of passengers shall amount to or exceed 100, or in case the estimated length of tho voyage, computed us herein-before is mentioned, shall exceed 12 weeks, and the luimher of passengers shall amount to or ex- ceed .50, clear out for the voyage, unless there shall ho rated upon the ship's company, and shall be actually serving on board such ship, some person duly authorized by law to practise as a physi- cian or surgeon or apothecary, and no ship shall actually put to sea or proceed on such voyage unly.ss such medical practitioner shall be therein, and shall buna fide proceed on such voyage, taking with him a medicine chest, and a proper supply of medi- cines, instruments, and other things suitable to tne intended voyage; and no ship carrj-ing passengers to or for any port or place out of Europe, and not being within the Mediterranean Sea, shall clear out for any such \ oyage unless there shall be actually laden and on hoard, medicines, and printed or written directions for the use of tho same, and other things necessary for .he medical treatment of the passengers on board during tho voyage, and available for that p\irpose, nor unless such medicines and other things shall be adetjuate in amount and kind to the jtrobable exigences of the voyage, and, together with such medicines and other things, shall also ho put on board every such ship previonslj to her clearing out for any such voyage as aforesaid, a certiticate tirder the hands of anv one or more such medical inactitioner, qualified a3 aioresain, wno siiaii iiuL liavM hvtm the seiier ui iiu- nieuiciues and other things, or any part of them, to tho e^ct that tho e.^me havo heen inspected by l;im, and are in his judgment adequate to meet any probable exigences, and further, that he re, any passenger, without his previous consent, at any port other than the port or place at which he may have contracted to land or put such passenger on shore. XXV. At the close of the vo- ige every person arriving as a passenger .it nay port i> place si .dl, luring the space of 4H hours next alter such an-ival, be entitled to < ntiuue on hoard the ship, and to be provided for and maintained on li >ard the .same, in such and the same manner as duringr the voyage, unless in the ulterior prosecution of her vovage the ship shall quit any Buch port or j)l&ce within the said period of 48 hours. XXV' I. Tlic master of every ship carrying pa?senger8 a.s afore- said shall afford to the ufoveniment agent f()r emigration, or to the proper ofiicer of customs at any pert or piacf \n llcr Majesty's dominions from which such ship shall sail, or ut which such ship shall touch during the voyage, or at hich ^ach ship shall arrnu at the end of such voyage, and to Her Majesty's consul at any port or place at which sucli ship shall arrive, being in a foreign country, every facility lor the inspection of the ship, and for com- munication with the patisengers, and for ascertaining that the act has been duly observed. XXVII. If in any ship carrying pa.«;»engors on the hwer deck or platform of such thickness us herein-hctdie <' 'ect- hall not be laid and continued throughout the whole dui on A the voy- age in such manner as before required ; or if the bright between such lower deck or platform and the upper deck shall !)e less than six feet ; or if there sliall be more than t ' o I ' >rs of berths ; or if such berths .shall not be securely coustructci., or shall not bo of the dimensions before required ; or if there shall not be throughout the whole duration of any such voyage such an interval as is before ])rescribed between the deik and the lioor of the berths ; or if any such ship shall clear out and put to sea not having on board tanks or sweet casks of such size and number as aforesaid, and such water and provisions as aforesaid, for the use and consumption of the passengers, of the kind and to the amoimt and in the proportion required ; or if sucl» watt>r and provisions shall not be issued in manner re([uired ; or if such ship shall not be provided with good boats according to the rates aforesaid ; or if copies of the act shall not have been kept on board and produced on demand as required ; or if there sliall not be on board any such medical practitioner as aforesaid, or such medicines and other things necessary to the medical treatment of the pa.^sengerB as required ; or if any such ship shall be cl«ared am I uuiling in respect er, nd also snail his own consent, he expense of the issago. ,sseiigers 'hall i. t put on s.ijTc, any ly port other thuii ted to land or put son arriving as a space of 4H hours m hoard the ship, lard the same, in oyago, unless in ip ahall quit any hours, a.-^sengers as ufore- • emigration, or to • in Her Majesty's it which sucn ship h sliip »hall arnvu sty's consul at any Iteing in a foreign ship, and forcom- aining that the act on the lower deck •ct< hall not in )t the voy- he li« ight between deck shall be less 'vo t-'>rs of berths ; •iicti'.., or shall not there bhall not be ige such an interval id the iioor of the ud put to sea not size and number as aforesaid, for the le kind ami to the if such wator and (piired ; or if such online to the rates tiavo been kept on »r if there shall not aforesaid, or such ledical treatment of lip shall be cleared Ai'Pr.Nui;^ 22 nut before a list of passengers bhall have been delivered; or if Z add lo* to thJ list Ld the additional separate list or l..ts not mad t' -ase. aforesai.l. .d deliv .red m the cases in tb ch Xv . '•^Hl to be .leL.orod; or if any such list, or ttradd hL to tlK- same, .hall be wilfully faUe; or .t any such Jut h • uding the additions, if anv, to the same, shall not be ex- il ite t™ eposite.l with the proper o»li-er atany port or p ace Uioueu i" I „vl,, I f, '• .U'liosited or it .U'posited; or if put on shore ler had con- i^.n- shall not he mer before pro\ id- nol be atForded as at Inch it is required to be exhibit. anv . ..senger hall, without hin previou^ at anv place .. - than the pUue at wh tracted to land h passenger ; or i any all( ed to continue on board such ship in n "^'•^ ^' i'rZJ::^'S-Z aitir^baU i^raiid Inrespect of Taraml '' r^Tuch clnS be liah/e, to the payment of a fine '"^lf"llS.gt^i.u i in the act^ shall take away or .bridl any Hght of ^lit or action whi h may --rue to any abridge ^ny "fe ' other person, in respect of nto between or oii behalf of any such passenger or other person, Lnd t>Sm-ter, owner or ..wners of anv s.4i ship XXIX All penalties imposed S'"^/, •! ^"l.■ , " 1 frTfbl nse of Her Mu, ' the United kingdom, recovered to the "^«^ J'^' ',7 ,„,.. collector or comp- bv iiv frovernment emigration .1 •' ,, ,»• ^ m- il^r t/oiicr of Her Majesty's customs, , uny other oll.cer ot Her Male sty's customs, aihori/.ed in linL' by the commissioner nf-E Maiesty's customs to sue fur penalties under this act ; and nv nfXr Majesty's possessions abroad, hy any such govern- '" 7j!nt cofior or comptroller, or other officer so autlionzed ment agent '=«^^'^^»» ''f !^^^P ^^^^^^ authorized to sue for penal- as aforesaid, and also ^> "l^ "" j^^ ^j,, j^^^j ^iid seal of the l::eroro oS er adr^nSSrbg the government of any such rcomi^Siot may be sued'for a'nd reco/ered, by or to the use of arra"«r^nt^^^ thereto u.ler this act or by any of such Ss^asafore aid on behalf and to the use of any so.h passen- ^S or oil behalf and to the respective use of any number o ch fal'senVers, and either by one or several comp am s ; and a^^^^^^^^^^^^ npnalties and sums of money may be sued tor and rtcovereu rStrn/two or more J"stice\of tjie peace^^^^^^^^^^^^ whTc^ the offender or part- comVlained against shall happen to be and upon comMaint being made before any one justice of the pL'cc "rLll i.sue a summons requiring the party offending or MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 m 2.8 2.5 ,5. — lllll_ i^ M 2.2 ■ 6.3 lao fe IIIIIM 2.0 u, •- u i-L:L. 1.8 1.4 1.6 ^ xjPPLIED IIVMGE inc '65.^ East Main Street Rocf, ester, New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax USA 1 1 1 : 1 1 i I , 1 ' 1 * 1 1 1 I k 226 APPENDIX. complained against to appear on a day and at an hour and place to be named in such summons ; and every such summons shall be served on the party offending or complained against, or shall be left at his last house, place of residence or of business, or on board any ship to which he may belong ; and either upon the appearance or default to appear by the party offending or com- plained against it shall be lawful for any two or more justices to proceed summarily upon the case, and either with or without any written information ; and upon proof of the offence or of the complainant's claim, it shall be lawful for such justices to convict the offender or adjudicate the complaint, and upon such convic- tion or adjudication to order the offender or party complained against to pay such penalty, as the justices may declare to have been incurred, or to pay to the party suing for the same the sum of money sued for, and also to pay the costs attending the infor- mation or complaint, summons, conviction, or adjudication ; and if forthwith upon any such order the monies thereby ordered to be paid be not paid, the same may be levied, together with the costs of the distress and sale, by distress and sale of the goods and chattels of the party ordered to pay such monies, the surplus, if any, to be returned to him, upon demand ; and any such justices may issue their warrant accordingly, and may also order Buch party to be detained and kept in safe custody until return can coveniently be made to such warrant of distress, unless such party give sufficient security, to the satisfaction of such justices, for his appearance before them on the day appointed for such return, such day or days not being more than eight days from the time of taking such security ; but if it shall appear to such justices, by the admission of such party or otherwise, that no sufficient distress can be had whereon to levy the monies so ad- judged to be paid, they may, if they think tit, refrain from issuing Buch warrant of distress ; and in such case, or if such warrant shall have been issued, and upon the return thereof such insuffi- ciency as aforesaid shall be made to appear to the justices, they shall by warrant cause the party ordered to pay such monies and costs as aforesaid to be committed to gaol, there to remain with- out bail for any term not exceeding three months, unless such monies and costs ordered to be paid, and such costs of distress and sale as aforesaid, be sooner paid and satisfied. XXX. If in any proceeding before any justices under this act, or upon any action whatsoever, against any person for anything done either contrary to or in pursuance of this act, a question should arise whether any person is a government emigration agent, or an officer of the customs, viva voce evidence may be given of such fact, and shall be deemed legal and sufficient evi- dence. XXXI. Any passenger suing for any sum of money made re- coverable by this act as return of passage-money, subsistence- money, or compensation, shall not be deemed an incompetent I 1 'I APPENDIX. 227 witness in any proceeding for the recovei7 thereof, notwithstand- ing the same, if recovered, shall he applicahle to his own nse and ^XXXII Where any distress shall he made for any penalty, to be levied by virtue of this act, the distress itself sha 1 not be deemed unlawful, nor the party making the same be deemed a trespasser, on accomit of any defect or want of fonn in the in- formation summons, conviction, warrant ot distress, or other proceedings, nor shall the party distraining be deemed a tres- Tasser J initio on account of any irregularity which shall be ifterwards committed by the party so distraining, but the peison aggrieved may recover full satisfaction for the special damage m an action upon the case. , . XXXIir No plaintiff shall recover in any action against any person for anything done in pursuance of this act if tender »* sufficient amends shall have been made before such action brought, or if after action brought, a sufticient sum of mo^ey shall have been paid into court, with costs, on behalf of the ^XXXlV. No ^.ction shall be commenced against any person under the authcrity of this act, until '21 days' notice has been given thereof in writing to the party against whom such action is intended to be brought, nor after three calend-^r months next after the act committed for which such action shall be so brought , and every such action shall be brought, laid, and tried, where the cause of action shall have arisen, and not in any other jilace ; and the defendant in sue! action may plead the general issue, and give this act and any special matter in evidence at any trial which shall be had thereupon ; and if the matter shall appeal to have been done under this act, or it shall appear that such action was brought before 21 days' notice given, or if any action shaU not be commenced within the time before limited or shall be brought in any other place than as aforesaid, then t^^o JV^^y/»^aU find! verdict for the defendant; and if a verdict shall be found for such defendant, tr if the plaintiff in such action shall become nonsuited, or if upon any demurrer in such action, judgment shall be given for the defendant thereon, then and in any ot the cases aforesaid, such defendant shall and may recover treble '^^ XXXV. For the more effectually securing the observance of the aforesaid rules, and the payment of the penalties it is en- acted, that before any ship carrying passengers, ^f the number exceed 50, shall clear out for any such voyage as aforesaid trora anv port in the United Kingdom, the owner or charterer or, in their absence, one good and sr.ffiric-nt person on bis behalf, to be approved by the collector or chief officer of customs at port, and ^^1 master of the ship, shall enter into a bond to Her Majesty, the sum of one thousand pounds, the condition ot whicu bond m shall be that the said ship is seaworthy, and that all the reguU 'I k '■:i: I ' 228 APPENDIX. tions made and prescribed by this ac*^^ for the carriage of passen- gers shall be well and truly performed before and during the voyage, and that all penalties, which the master of the ship may be adjudged to pay foi the nonperformance, before or during the voyage, of any regulations, shall be paid : provided always, that the bond shall be v/ithout stamps; and that no such bond shal' be put in suit, and that no prosecution shall be brought under this act, or upon the breach of any of its provisions, in any of Her Majesty's possessions abroad, after the expiration of 12 calendar months next succeeding the commencement of the voy- age, nor in the United Kingdom, after the expiration of 12 calendar months next after the return of the ship or the master to the United Kingdom. XXXVI. Nothing in this act shall extend or be construed to extend to ships carrying passengers on such voyage if the number of passengers shall not exceed 30, nor shall anything in this act contained extend to any of Hci' Majesty's ships of war, or to any ship in the service of the commissioners for executing the office ot lord high admiral of the United Kingdom, or to ships of war or transports in the service of the East India company. XXXVII. This act shall extend and apply to the carriage of passengers by sea from any of the British West Indies, in which term are included the British West India islands, the Bahamas, and British Guiana, and from Malta, and from the British pos- sessions in Africa, and from the Mauritius, to &uy other place whatsoever. XXXVIII. It shall be lawful for the governor or officer ad- ministering the government of any Biitish colony not enumer- ated in the enactment lastly before contained to declare by pro- clamation, to be issued for that purpose, that this act shall be extended and shall apply to the carriage of passengers by sea from such colony to such places as may by him be named for the purpose in such proclamation, and this act shall be thenceforth 80 extended and shall so apply accordingly. XXXIX. It shall be lawful for the governor or officer admin- istering the government of any of the British colonies to which the act, as respects the carriage of passengers by sea therefrom, is thereby extended or shall be extended by proclamation, by any proclamation to be by him from time to time for that purpose, to declare the rule of computation by which t' ' ^r.gth of the voy- age of any ship carrying passengers fro i h colony to ary other place shall be estimated for the purp<^.ts of the act: pro- vided nevertheless, that thtact shall not. exce t as respects the West Indies, extend or apply to anv such voyage, if the length thereof so computed shall not be three weeks or upwards. XL. It shall be lawful for the governor of any of the British rolonies to which the act has been hereby extended, by any pro- clamation or proclamations to be by him from time to time issued for that purpose, to substitute for the article? of food and APPENDIX. 2-20 provisions specified in the act such other articles of food and provisions as shall be a full equivalent for the same. XLI, Every such proclamation shall be transmitted by the eo^ern^r by whom the same "may have been issu d to Her Maiesty, through one of Her Majesty's principal secretaries of state, for Her Majesty's confirmation or disallowance ; and in case the same shall be disallowed by any order to be made by Her Majesty for that purpose, with the advice of her privy council, thon from and after the promulgation of any such order in council within any such colony, any such proclamation shall cease to be of any foice or authority, but until so disallowed the same shall be duly observed and obeyed : provided also that on the production at any one ot the colonies of an attested copy ot any such proclamation, under the hand of the governor ot the colony, and under the public seal of such colony, such copy shall in the colony wherein the same shall be so produced, be received as sufficient evidence of the issuing and of the contents of such ^^ XLH All the powers and authorities vested by the act, in the collector and comptroller of the customs, for determining the seaworthiness of any ship carrying passengers from any port in the united kingdom, shall, in respect of any ship carrj'ing pas- sengers from any port in any of the colonies aforesaid, be vested in the respective governors of the said colonies respectively. XLHI It shall not be necessary for the master, owner, or charterer of any ship carrying passengers from the colonies, to enter into any bond required to he entered into by the maBter and owner or charterer of any ship carrying passengers from the United Kingdom. , „ _ , i ^ XLIV The provisions of this act shall not extend to voyages from the colonies, so far as relates to the following subjects ; (namely,) , The keeping copies of the act on board : ^ The use of the form of receipt required to be given for passage money : The licensing of passage brokers : • • *t. The return of passage money and compensation, m case tne party cannot be forwarded by the appointed ship, or by sonie other eligible vessel, and victualling or the payment of sub- sistence money in case of detention, _ XLV. The provisions and regulations of this act, with the above exception, shall extend to voyages from the \fest Indies of less duration, computed as above, than three wreks, but being of not less duration than three days, except so far as relates to the foiiow-ing svibiect ; (namely,) The construction or thickness of the lower deck or platlorm : The berths: The height between decks : The surgeon and medicine chest : RW' 230 APPENDIX. ! I The maintenance of passengers for forty-eight hours after And aTmpects voyages from the West Indies of less computed duration than three weeks, the owner or charterer of a ship may, if he think tit, contract with the passengers engaging passages therein, that they shall respectively provide themselves with necessary food (not including water) for the voyage ; and in such case the regulations of this act respecting the issue ot pro- visions by the inaster shall not be ai)plicable to the passengers on such voyage. t> -^j^i. XLVI. It shall be lawful for the governor of any Brilnsh colony (other than the West Indies) to which this act, as respects the carriage of passengers by sea therefrom, has been extended, by proclamation to declare that the enactment herem-before contained respecting voyages from the West Indies of shorter duration than three weeks shall extend to voyages from the colony such voyage being of less duration than three days ; and thereupon such enactment shall extend and apply to such voyage. XL VII Nothing in the act contained shall be construed to extend to prevent the enactment by the respective governors, councils, and assemblies, or other local legislatures, m the British West Indies and South America, and in the Bahama Islands, and in Bermuda, or by Her Majesty, with the advice of her privT council, of any such acts of general asseinbly, or ordin- ances, or orders in council, as may be requisite for establishing such regulations as are required by this act or any ot them or for carr\'ing the same into full and complete eSect : but it shall not be lawful for any such governor, council, and assembly, or for any such local legislature, or for Hei Majf sty in council, bylany acts of assembly, ordinances, or orders in council, to make or establish any enactment, provision, mle, or order which shall be in anywise repugnant or contradictory to this act or any part thereof, and eveiy such enactment, regulation, provision rulo or order shall be, and is hereby declared to be absolutely null and void and of no effect. , ^ i * XLVIII. Nothing in the act shall be construed to apply to any of the territories under the government of the East India Company, or to any of the governors appointed by the said Com- pany : nor shall anything in the act be construed to affect the {lowers now vested in the governor general of India in council to make laws and regulations whereby the provisions of this act, or such of them as to the said governor general shall seem ex- pedient shall be extended to the territories under the govem- wifipt, of the said company, or in respect of which the said gover- nor general has now by law a power of legislation ; but iL sliali be lawful for the governor general, from time to time, by any act to be passed for that purpose, to declare that this act, with such exceptions as are herein-before mentioned, shall extend to the carriage of passengers upon any voyage from any ports withm APPENDIX. 231 it hours after less computed of a ship may, iging passages imselves with 3yage ; and in e issue of pro- the passengers )f any British act, as respects )een extended, ; herein-before iies of shorter ages from the liree days ; and to such voyage, be construed to ;tive governors, 3, in the British »ahama Islands, advice of her nbly, or ordin- fv.r establishing r any of them, ! effect : but it I, and assembly, C3ty in council, louncil, to make der which shall i act or any part provision, rule, absolutely null rued to apply to the East India )y the said Com- ued to affect the India in council sions of this act, L shall seem ex- ider the govern- h the said goyer- ,ion ; but it shall to time, by any at this act, with , shall extend to any ports within the territories of the East India Company, to be specified in such act to any other places whatsoever, to be also specihed, and also tn like mLner to authorize the substitution of other equivalent Articles of food and nrovisicns for tjjose be or. enumera ed and to declare the rule of c mputation by which the lengtU ot any IVagthaU be estimated, a'nd to confer «- f --^ ^h--- f ^1 conferred upon government emigration agents, and collectois an conmtroller'^ of the customs, with respect to ascertaining and dec E on the seaworthiness of a ship, upon such officers o the ia t Iifdia Company, as the said governor general jnay thmk proper; and from and after the passing of f^^^ act, and whils the same shall remain in force, this act shall, ^^t^^f^^^J^^^J^^'P t ions as are herein-before made as respects voyages from the colonie apply to and extend to the carriage of passengers upon uch voyages L in the said act or acts shall be specihed ; which acts shaKvertheless be subject to disallowance and repeal and shSl in the same manner be transmitted to England, and he laid before both houses of parliament, as in the case of any o he laws or regulations which tie said governor general m council is now '^LIxTtTaU b: WS lor the governor general of Ind^a in council, from time to time, by. any act to declare in J^at nian- tiPr and before what authorities, and by what form ol proceea S the penaltres impend and the sums of money made re- "oSrlblery ttl act sLll be sued for and ^--t'^Si-iS places or territories under the go^^^™^"* ^^ annhed bompany, and to what uses the penalties shall be apphed. L. The provisions, regulations penalties, and ioifetmes set forth in thii act shall extend and be deemed to extend to foreign vessels carrying passengers upon any voyage from a,ny port or Se n thrillited Kingdom, to or for any port or place out of £ope, and not bein. lithin tl- Mediterranean Sea opm any other voyage to wliich the provisions of thiB act shall for the time being extend, « . j ;_ LI. wLrever the term « passage" or " passenger s u ed m tl.is act, it shall be held not to include or ^.^^end to the class ot passages or passengers commonly known and understood by the name of cabin passages and cabin passengers. .^„.Mh\r,i(jdoin for any Place in North America^ u-ithout usiwj this Form, and correctly Jininij up the Blanks therein, and siifnincf'it icith his Name in full, trill be liable to a Penalty not excecdinej illO for each such Passenger. Ship of Tons Register Burden, to sail from on the for. Names. Ages. Equal to I Stiitute Adults. Day of I .18-. engage that the Parties herein named shall he provided with a Steer- age Passage to in the Ship with not less than Ten Cubic Feet for Luggage for each Statute Adult, for the sum of £ _ including Head Money, if any, at the Place of landing, and every other Charge ; and I hereby acknoveledge to have received the sum of £ full in Payment. part Water and Provisions according to the annexed Scale will be supplied by the Ship, as required by Law, and also Fires and suitable Hearths for cooking. Utensils for eating and drinking will be provided by- •* Bedding will be provided by * / N.B.— If signed \ by a Broker or < Agent, state / on whose be- t half. Signature- Date _ [At End of this Contract insert the Victtialling Scale, which must in no Case be less than required under the Provisions of the Passengers Act."] Deposit £,- Balance £ Total £ - _to be paid a^ * Fill up tl.ese Blanks by stating, in each case, whether the Articles are to be supplied by the Ship or by the Vassenger. ition of this Act. lie to a Penalty not Register Burden, APPENDIX. 235 SCHEDULE (C.) referred to in the 20th Section of this Act. Form of Passage Brokeu's Licence. y4 J3 * of ^" *^'® having 'shown to the satisfaction of us, the undersigned justices of the peace in "^^^"[^y'sessions assembled, that he hath duly given notice to Her majesty's colonial land and emigration commissioners of his intention to make application for a hce.ico to carry on the business of a passage-broker or passage- dealer m re^pect of pas- sages to North America: >ve, the undersigned justices so assem- Sfd as aforesaid, and having had no sufficient cause «l^own to us Avhy the said A.D. should not receive such licence do hereby Sise and authorize the said A.B. to carry on the business of a nassace-broker or passage-dealer as aforesaid, until the ^isc £yo^ December in^ho f ear following the present >-ar, unks^ this licence shall be sooner determinecl by forfeiture fo'' miscon- duct on the part of the said ^.Z?., as in the passengers act is pio- Given under our respective hands and seals, this day of 18 ■> at (L.S.) Justice of the Peace. ._ (L.S.) Justice of the Peace. ing and drinking SCHEDULE (D.) referred to in the 20th Section of this Act. FOEM of Notice to be gWen by Passage Broker to Her Majesty's Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners. Gentlemen, , I ^ B * of ^^ . 1 do hereby "gi've you Notice, That it is my intention to apply, ffter the expiration of twenty-one clear days from the putting of uS nottce into the post, to the Justices to be assembled in the iiuarter ^^^^.^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^i^ f^j STl licence to carry on the business of a passage broker or passage dealer in respect of passages to North America. Signature ^ Date her the Articles are to To Her Majesty's Colonial Land and \ Emigration Commissioners. j '. I 236 APriNDix. SCHEDULE (E.) referred to in the 21st Section of this Act. FOUM of NoTicii to Ito given to Her Majesty's Colonial Land and Emigration Coniminsioners of l^'orfeiture of Passage Broker's Licence. Gentlouien, This is to give you Notice, That the Licence graiited on the Day of 18 ,to A. li. of in to act as a Passage Broker or Passage Dealer, was on the Day of now last past duly declared by us, the undersigned Justices of the Peace in Petty Sessions assembled, to bo forfeited, Signatures Date To Her Majesty's Colonial liand and Emigration Commissioners, London. } * The names in full, with the additions and address of the party, applying for the licttice, must be here correctly inserted. Also the place or district in which the party giving the notice resides. I I 111 NO. II.— COLONIAL MARKETS. CANADA. MONTREAL. Fiimr. 13s to 13s 4d per quintal. United States, 278 to 278 6d per barrel. Provisions. Beef, 17s 6d to 2-?s fid per 100 lbs Fresh pork, 18s fid to 20s per 100 lb. Exchange. For bills on I,oudon, 9^ per cent., and ])rivate, 8 to 8i per cent. Drafts on New York, 2J to 3 per cent. Upper Canada notes, J to 1 per cent, discount. TORONTO. Flour, per lb, IQfi lb 15s to i75 Gd Oatmeal, lis 3d to ITs fid Wheat. per bushel fiO lbs, 2s 9d to 3s yd Rye, per bushel 60 lbs la 9d to 28 fid Barley, per bushel, 48 lb Is 8d to 2s 3d Oats, farmers', per bushel, 31 lbs 8d to lOd Oats, merchants', per bushel, 34 lbs Is to Is 3d. Peas, ptr bushel, fiO lbs la Cil to Is lOd Timothy, per bushel CO lbs 48 Id to ■'w*''4.^#^ APPENDIX. •237 3n of this Act. 1 Colonial Land ure of Passage nco gravited on A.li. of 3sage Broker or now Justices of the 1, ftH fid necf and pork. ,.cr cwt. 12« fid to I7i ficlj do. P" »' 2d to 4d Muiron and veal per lb 2d to 4d Butter, pei; lb 7d to lOd 1 urkey.. vM» to 3i Od Geese, each, Is fid to 2s Fowl., per couple. U .id to is Chickens, per couple, lOd to Is Sd Dggs, per 'lozen Cd to 8d Potatoes, per bishel, Is to Is M Hay, per ton. 35s to V.s Straw per ton. 30i to '3b» WhUky 'pe, cask) Canadian proof, per Ballon. Is Jd I U fid Hides, per 100 ;os. iw to 2fi3 3d Salt, per barrel, 10s to I U 3d Lake Ontario supplies an abundar.ce of tUh. MagniHci-nt sa mot . f om 2" Gd to 5s each-weight ranging to ir, or 16 lb. Salmon trout, weh^hing from 7 to 10 lb, from Is to Is 3d each. A very superior k.nd ^wi.ite lish. from 28 to 3s Ud per dozen, weight from 3 to 5 lbs each. HALIFAX. Flour. .SfisSd In bond, American superfine imimi ted through Canada, ...fd byVuct'on nr 'M^o' Corn m.al 1 dollars Teas_.l^ I. Company', congou is selling in lots at 38 in bond 3 months. Butter, 9d CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. i CAPE TOWN. ess of the party, iertcd. Also the resides. LETS. 27s to 27s Gd per lbs Fresh pork, don, 9 J per cent., 2J to 3 per cent. to 17s 6d Wheat, lbs ls9d to 2s fid s', per bushel, 31 8 to Is 3d. Peas, liel 60 lbs 48 Id to muid, 15s Elephant's teeth, per lb, Is lid 10a lOd Raisins per lb l^d to 4.^d. GRAHAM'S TOWN. do., 5d 30s to bl Slieep, Do., {1st and 2d Goats (Kapaters), Meal, per muid (3 bushels). 32s to 37s 6d , pats do , 18s to 21 s Bar. i«„ do 18s to 28a Potatoes, do. 12s to IBs Hides, per lb, 2id to IfsVd Butte?,do.,lsGdto28 Tobacco, do.. 7d to 9d Soap "tr. fid Oat hay, per 100 lbs 5s to 9s. '° Prices of Live Stock. Oxen 30s to 75s Cows (wethers), 5s 3d to 98 Ewes (Cape , 4s fid to fis cS, 7s fid to 98. Do , (3d and 4th do.) 12s to 1 5s 68 to 88 Do., (ewes), 4s to 5s PORT ELIZABETH. AinP« ner lb 9d to lid Butter, Is lOd to 2s 4d Buc! kins, each. 3s eSsfod "Barley^.ier mtud. 7/to ^[^s Beans U/to :6,.,,Me^^ iRi 4« tn 18/ 78 Indian corn, 10/ 48 to 131 3a liicies, eacn, o< ^» i" m 1*8 Calfskins, each. 1/ to 2/'2s Sheepskins. 4d to 8d Soap per lb iiirt tn Is 1' Fat lOd to Is Tobacco, lid to Is 2d Beeswax, /JS oa Slinkwood, Is lOd to 23 3d. 238 APPENDIX. \ NEW SOUTH WALES SYDNEY. Tea, from 7/ to 8/ per chest for Hysonskin Coffee, from 6^ to 8(1 per lb Soap 30/ per ton .Sugar. 2U 12s (id per ton Manilla, at 22/ 10* to 24/ per ton Iron, 6J ■>' per ton, for small lots Rope Manila, 32/ 10s '^Europe, 55/ per ton Whale line, 908 per cwt Beer and Ales perhhd.5/12s(5d Flour Fine, 2Is to 20s Seconds, IBs to 17s Ra ions l(istol5s No. 1, biscuit, 26s No. 2, ditto, 21spcrcwt Bran IsSdto Is lOd ner bushel Jircad The 2 lb loaf sells at from 3id to 5i to 3/ IDs per dozen Woolpacks, Gs 9d to 7* 6d General RetatlShvp Wscut 25spe?cwt Bread. 2 lb loaf, 6d Beef, per a.de, 2id per lb ; ner auarter I'd • per lb, 3 d to 5d Mutton, per carcass, 2 Jd; per lb ^d to 4d Pork *6d to 9d per lb Veal, 6d to 9d per lb Turkeys per ^Iplefscft'o 3bf Fowll ?er couple 5s to 6s Ducks, per couple 78 to 98 Wood, per load, 8s to lOs Radishes per bunch, Ud to 2d i urmps and carrots per bunch, 3d to 4d Cabbages, each 3d to dO^^^^^^^^ per lb, 4d Thyme and sage, per bunch. 2d P"™P^'"f ^fV-Ih butter to 3s each Potatoes, 128 per cwt Apples, lOd per lb Fresh butter, per lb, 28 fid Salt do., per lb, 2s 4d S_"gar /d/^^'* ^^d per lb Red per lb Tobacco, 4s per lb Soap, 6d tojd per ^^ R ce ^d per id ^vea herrings. 4s 6d per two dozen case Coffee roasted. If 8d per lb bng- iish candles, moulds, ls2d per lb Colonial do. moulds 9d^^^^^^^^^ D'P 8d per lb S/ocA- Working bullocks, from IS/lSs ^y'f P^Jo. ' r lb. and calves, from 5/ lOs to 8/ 8s each Also, sheep, at about id P-r lu. SOUTH AUSTRALIA., ADELAIDE. dishes 3d per bunch Ale, per gallon, 3s 6d to 4s Hay, per ton, Jnos HiSes': saYed, per lb 9d to lOd Prices ^t the M.,ls-Flou^ S. A., fine per 100 lbs, 1/ lOs Seconds, do.. U 58 Th"^^''/"'' A' ^g. ' ^^ lbs, 2a Pollard, per 20 lbs. 2s Wheat, S. A., 10s Indian, Ls. NEW ZEALAND. do., per barrel, 51 Potatoes, per ton, 5/ ^o^Z Porter, per aozen,^-: Hipp ner cwt 208 Rum. per gallon, m bond, 4s to 5s hugar, per twi, fnill Cper lb. 9d ' Llt,Vr ton, 31 to « Soap per ton^6/ to 40/ Shingles, per thousand, 1/ 78 to 2 5s J^a Pe' chm, i4j^ i Tobacco, per lb. Is 8d Turpentine, per gallon, 8s Sher'^y wine per P^^^^^^ m to 40i ^ Milch cows. 20/ to 30/ Brood "J^'-f • ^0/ to 90/ Working Bullocks, per pair, 40/ to 60/ Sheep, each, 1/ Ss to 1/ lOs. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND HnnART TOWN. Oats, 5s Cd to fis Cape barley, 5» 6sdor"Engli»h:do.76s'to78do. Hay, per cwt, 78 t« 8% Straw, per ilo., 25 to Is Pnrt Arthur coal, 258 Sydney do., 42s She oak, I4s Wheat, per bushel, 78 3d to 78 6d j« 240 APrENPIX. wood. 10, ,>er ton Potatoes W to 7/ P-ton ^C«rr"t«, 4« pej" .-I .ges. is fid per dozen ""-key^j^'iV o t 'fid per 'do Eggs. 2, 6^ Q. Ducks, fas to 8s do^^ lowis, *^j^.,^^,pg^ -^ ^^ s^ per thousand Glim wooc Cabbages, LAUNCESTON. I ■', THE E^T>. "i '' . 'i ) ' 1 1 1 1 i i 1 . Glasgow .E. Khull. Printer to the University. Carrot*. Is pci'cwt couple Geese, 8s to per do Eggs, 2s 6^ s to «s per thousand Paling, 5s per 100. dozen, lOs to 12s Od 10s to 12s 6d Spirits I.P., per gallon, 48 to lUon cases, 4Uo 41 10* ins, Muscatel, per lb, i, per pipe, 45/ Bot- tled, per dozen, 1/ los n, 1-2/ to 15/ Congou, ,er U>, 2s. Supar, per encal.white, 33/ to40/ , 7sto8sGd Soop, per I Cigars, Havannah, 5 Id Vinegar, per gal- to.')/10s Beef, Irish, lit, Liverpool, per ton. Cheese, perlb, 8d to )prbag of 108 lbs, l/5s Ijushel, 5s fid to 6s fad per lb, 4d to Cd Hour, to -is (id iV/c/n/s-lr.)!). igs, per lb. Is 3d to 2s pe, per cwt, 21 to 4/ 48 n, Is Gunpowder, per I, per bottle, Is 4d to 28 f m [he University.