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 (From tne Cavadian Naiuralint.) 
 
 MICHAUX AND HLS JOURNEY IN CANADA. 
 
 By the Ashi, OviuE Brdnet, Professor of Botany at the Laval University 
 
 Quebec* 
 
 It is well known to botanists, that the Flora Boreali- Americana 
 of Michaux often fails to indicate the lUsecise localities of the plants 
 there first described, and that, in ca»(|lqftience, many of these plants 
 are either still unknown to coUeclbts, or excessively rare. In 
 the hope of being able to determine the localities of those plants 
 which this author has noticed as occurring in Canada, I attempted 
 several years since to trace the steps in his journey to the Sague- 
 nay, and to Hudson's Bay. At that time however, the only 
 materials at my disposal were the Flora, and some scattered notes 
 in the works of his son. I had not then seen his Herbarium, 
 which is rich in notes of localities ; and the manuscript journal of 
 his journey, in the library of the American Philosophical Society 
 in*Philadelphia, was unknown to me. Since that time however, 
 I have been able to consult the original collections of Michaux, 
 which are in part at the Jardin des Plantes of Paris, and in part 
 in the museum of Mr. Benjamin Delessert of that city. The 
 American Philosophical Society has moreover permitted me to 
 copy the manuscript journal, for which favor I take this occasion 
 of expressing my thanks. 
 
 * Translator's Note. — This interesting paper was printed a few months 
 Bince, in French, by Mr. Brunet, for private distribution only. I have 
 accordingly translated it for publication in the Canadian NaturulUt, c^up- 
 pressing some unessential portions, with the approbation of the author ; 
 who has added to it a map of the region from Lake St. John to 
 Hudson's Bay. A MS. map by the Jesuit Laure, who was a mis- 
 sionary in Canada during the early part of the last century, is the chief 
 authority for the region beyond Lake St. John, though other old French 
 maps were consulted. The map of Laure is in tljc library of the Cana- 
 dian Parliament. — T. S. H.< <-> t rj 'yr(i( . ^ f '.' ^< ' 
 
 /, 
 
In the following page?*, which I have prepared with the aid of 
 the materials thus placed at my disposal, I shall give a list of the 
 most interesting pi; its found by our botanist in the various 
 localities visited during his Canadian journey; while for the more 
 common species, I shall only notice the most northern points at 
 which they were observed. There will be found in these pages, 
 notices of more than one hundred and sixty plants observed by 
 Michaux in localities not mentioned in his Flora. These indica- 
 tions, it is to be hoped, will not be devoid of interest to coUecto".?, 
 and lo students of geographical botany; while in addition will be 
 found some interesting details from the journal of IMichaux on the 
 characters of a portion of that almost unknown region which forms 
 the water-shed between the St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay. 
 
 Andre Michaux, the early years of whose life were devoted to 
 agriculture, soon conceived a plan for visiting foreign countries 
 with the object of studying their plants, and, if possible, intro- 
 ducing them into France. As a preparation for this, he came 
 to Paris in 1779, and studied botany for two years under Bernard 
 de Jussieu. After having in the pursuance of his plan visited 
 England, and crossed the Pyrenees into Spain, he visited Persia, 
 from whence he brought great collections of plants and seeds. 
 The French government, desirous of introducing into France some 
 of the trees of Novlh America, then decided on sending Michaux 
 to this continent; where his orders were to travel through the 
 United States, and collect both trees ar.d seeds, which were to be 
 sent to France. In pursuance of this mission, he sailed on the 
 25th of August 1785, and reached New York the 1st of October, 
 accompanied by a gardener. Although his journey had for its 
 chief object the inti-oduction of forest-trees, Michaux had received 
 orders to send also such shrubs and plants as might serve to orna- 
 ment the king's gardens. 
 
 He at first made New York his head-quarters, from which he 
 visited New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, and he estab- 
 lished a nursery in New Jersey, with a view of raising young 
 tre<is which should be of better growth than ciiose found in the 
 forests. In the year following, Michaux sent to Paris twelve boxes 
 of seeds, and several thousand young trees. After a time he 
 removed to Charleston, South Carolina, and there established a 
 second nursery, which soon obtained great dimensions from the 
 immense collections of trees and shrubs, the fruit of more than 
 sixty journeys in various parts of the interior. The manuscript 
 
8 
 
 notes of Michaux, however, give us no details of these excursions 
 up to the montli of April 1787, when he made his first 
 journey to the Alleghanies, cooing up tiie Savannah Kivcr to its 
 head, and thence gaining the heights of the mountain region. 
 Having made friends with some of the Indians, he tlicn ascended 
 with them one of the liibutavics of the Savannah, and reached 
 a branch of the Tennessee on the other side of the mountains. 
 This was the limit of his voyage, and he then returned to Char- 
 leston on the first of July, after a voyage of 300 leagues in 
 South Cavolina and Georgia. His manuscript notes of this 
 journey contain many observations on the plants met with, and 
 precise indications of their localities. In 1788 and 1789 he vis- 
 ited, successively, Florida, the Lucayan islands, and Virginia, pass- 
 ing through the mountain region of North Carolina. He returned 
 to Charleston Ivora this last excursion in September 1789, but 
 revisited the region in the course of the following winter, accom- 
 panied by hio son, reaching Charleston again in the spring of 1790, 
 where he remained until Apjil 1791. His notes during this year 
 are wanting. 
 
 Michaux had now spent six years in America, his pecuniary 
 resources were nearly exhausted, and he feared to be obliged to 
 retui'Q to France without having con)pleted his plans on this 
 continent. He had long desired to add to his studies upon the 
 American Flora, seme researches on the geographical distribution 
 of the forest trees, and to determine the native region of each, 
 which he regarded as that in which the plant attains its greatest 
 size and strength. The tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) 
 for example, appears in Western Canaaa with a maximum height of 
 sixty feet, and a diametcu' of three feet ; while westward, and espe- 
 cially in Kcntuclcy, where it forms by itself vast forests, it reaches 
 a height of one hundred and forty feet, and a diameter of seven 
 or eight feet. To the northward, on the contrary, it becomes 
 rarer and smaller, and Michaux was hence led to regard this tree 
 as a native of Kentuclvy. In accordance with these views, he 
 resolved to study the topography of the North American trees. 
 He had already extended his travels southward to Florida, but 
 another journey, longer and more difficult, but still more important 
 to his investigations, yet romaiacd 1o be accomplished, — a visit 
 to Canada and northward as far as Hudson's Bay. This project 
 he attempted in 17'J2. JiCaving Charleston in April,he proceeded 
 northward by land, and, as we learn from his manuscript notes. 
 
went first directly to New York, thence to New Haven, iind finally 
 to Albany, where he arrived on the 14th June. On the 18tli 
 wc find him at Saratoga, and on the 20th he enibai-kcd on Lake 
 Champlain at Whitehall. The remainder of this month was 
 employed in examining the vegetation on the shores of the lake, 
 which ho crossed several times. In his Flora, mention is 
 made of a great number of plants which he found in this region.* 
 On the 30th of June, Michaux reached Montreal, where he spent 
 ten days in collecting the plants of the environs. On the 1st of 
 July, he tells us he botanized on the mountain. " On the 3rd, in 
 the country and the low meadows," and " on Sunday the 8th, in 
 thp wood of Lachine, for a league along the river-side." In these 
 excursions he collected the following plants, which are marked in 
 his herbarium as having been collected about Montreal : 
 
 Scit'pus spathaceus, Michx. ; Elodea Canadensis, Michx. ; Poa 
 compressa, Linn. ; Scutellaria piarv^da, Michx. ; Oxalis cornicn- 
 lata, Linn. ; Uypo'lcum macrocarpuvi, Michx. ; Acalypha Vir- 
 ginica, Linn. ; Zanthoxi/lum fraxineum, Willd. 
 
 On the 11th June Michaux left for Quebec; but adverse 
 
 winds obliged him to put in at Sore! and at Batiscan, where he 
 
 made collections. In the latter locality he found ScJicuchzeria 
 
 pnlnstris, Linn. ; Triglochln maritlrmim, Linn. ; Drosera longi- 
 
 „, Linn. 
 
 He reached Quebec on the 16th July, and remained there a 
 fortnight, in which time he made several excursions in the 
 environs, visiting the Falls of Montmorency, Lorette (probably La 
 Jeune Lorette), and botanized in the forest on the right bank of 
 the river St. Charles. As the season was advancing, he now 
 made arrangements for his journey to Hudson's Bay. Engaging 
 as an interpreter a young half-breed, who had been three years 
 with the Indians, he started for the Saguenay. The following 
 extracts from his notes will show his route : 
 
 * It would be superfluous to furnish lists of plants whose names and 
 localities are found in the Flora of Michaux. When therefore in thi» 
 narrative I give a list of plants found bj our botnnist in any locality, it 
 will be understood to include only those which have not been mentioned 
 in his Flora as there occurring; but which are given in his Herbarium, 
 or in his manuscript notes as having been found in that locality. For 
 the convenience of reference, however, I give in the following manner, 
 the pages where the plants not here named will be found mentioned . 
 
 Floni IJoreali-Americana, in Canada, ad ripas lacus Champlain, \ol, 
 i, ful. 47, 75, 13(j, 153, 304 ; vol. ii, fol. 28, 198, 227, 245. 
 
" Left Quebec July .'U, s:iiliiig by Cajic Tounncnte and C.ipe 
 I?ruk', which ar»; distant twelve and fburleeu leagues I'roin Quuboc. 
 Saw upon the mountains Jimtpci'us oimniKiils, T/mJa, .I///V.S 
 //((/.s<n)U'((, A, (i//i(t, Epiijiia I'ljiriis, Liniiati liorodi.s, etc., etc. 
 
 That ni-ht lay cfl' Bey St. Paul Auizu.st l.< The 
 
 wind changed and rain fell; botani/A'd on tlu; iii(iunt;iins 
 
 Auij;ust 2nd. Arrived at Malbaie, and lell there on the 4tli, rea'di- 
 int^ the mouth ol" the Sac;uenay, where I ]i,issed the niuht. On 
 the morninii; of Sundny the 5th readied 'J'adoussue, forty-six 
 leat^ues from (Quebec." 
 
 The plants collected by 3[iehaux at IMalbiiio were as follows : 
 
 Ilipparla viilijarla, iiinn.; Saliconiii. hcrhii<r<i, lAuu. ; Pul- 
 moibiU'ii piivvijlnra. .Miehx. ; Lifiusticiini Scoficnni, Liini. ; Sa/- 
 sola S(i/s<i .' 31ichx'. : J*o/_'/(j()innn ci'liiiodc, Miclix. ; rati nliUa 
 Jili'sul'i, IMieliy.; ^[sfrnf/d/n.^ sccviuinit. Miehx. i'^^ Miillcdijo hipu- 
 lina, Linn.; J^fen',^ (/ntcilis, iMieii.';, 
 
 A little lo\vt;v down on the siiore.s of (he St. Lawcrence he 
 gathered Sn/ironiin h(il)ii<((i. jjinn. ; Annulo "/vy/^/z'/'r/, Linn. ; 
 G/anx mciii'iiiii", J/inn. : >S<i/.<(j/(i si/oi / .Miehx. ; Alrij)/(.r /intnln, 
 Linn. ; Rhdkx rciticilldtus, Linn. . AriiKwia ruhm, Linn., 
 (^ — Spergiihi, In r//o/v, Pei.-.); /'y/V/r'/Z/V/ /n'^.w/.V/, Michx. ; Jhupc- 
 friim nif/rHiH, Liiin. 
 
 'J.'he piciurosfjue little villiipeof Tadoussuc is built iij)on a point 
 of rock at the enirance to the S;ii;uenay. and was a ])0:s( of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Conipany. lleie Michaux bouflit tv.obark-c.niocs, and 
 cn2;a"ed three Indians; here also, as we bum i'lom his Flora and 
 ills Herbarium, he collected the Ibllowinii, phmts : Jjh/iisiiciim 
 Scotlcum, Linn.; ]j. uctiri/'oUitm, Michx. : Ocii/i<',iii dcnta, 
 3Iichx. ; Epllobiiim fiirnr/oh/r/n, Linn.; Vacdniniu \!/!s-Jiheaj 
 Linn.; PofenfiilH hii\<i'(a, Miclix. : /fex C'an<iJcnsis, ^l'ii:]\x. j" 
 
 He was soon liowever on his w;iy up nie Sauucnav, which for a 
 distance of twenty-seven miles flow- between innncn^e walls of 
 gneiss, often extremely bold and picturesfpie. 'J iic baid;s are 
 Jilmost destitute of ve[j,clal;on, execpi in the IL^sures oi the rocks, 
 where a lew stunted ])ines and spruces, wild gooseberries and blue- 
 berries laden with IVuil, and a juniper (JHiu'j>erH6 sab! no), form 
 
 * See notef on page 331. 
 
 t Flora Boreali-Ainericana, ad ripas tlinniuis .S^. Laurentii, juxla Ta- 
 doussac, vol.i, Ibl. 166, 177; in fluminis iS". Zawre/iiuaquis alBuente maro 
 subsalsis, vol. i, fol. 1, 67, 95, 1U2, 132. 
 
ji ^roeii tapestry lian^ini^ on tho embiuikment.s, which rise somo. 
 thncH !i lioi;i;lit of 1100 Ibct.* 
 
 As wc approach Ila ! ha! Bay the sliorcs become lower, anil the 
 threat pnie Ibrents which Ibrni the wcaltl) of this rej^ion arc seen. 
 At Chlcouliini, wliore tho river ceases to bo navigable tor lar}.i;e 
 vesHel.H, it s))reads into it wi(hj ba'>in wliicli receives a cascade of 
 forty Ibfit ill heiylii. Mi<'haux readied this spot on tho 11th of 
 August. 
 
 Chicoutiini, which slf^nijief? (h'( [} n-afrr, was tlien a little village 
 at the juiK'tion of the river of tliis naiiie willi theSaj^uenay. Upon 
 a point which projects into (he Ijisin wa^ a small chapel about 
 twenty-five feet long, buili by the Jesuits, and having within a single 
 altar and a i'ew pictures, Avhile outside v.'as seen the tomb of Pure 
 Coquart, the last of the .Jesuits, wlio. with ilie Pero Jiabrosae, liad 
 first preached the Gospel to the natives. j\Jicliaux, in the manu- 
 script notes which lie left to bis i-on, thus Sipcaks of this chapel: 
 " On my way to Hudson's (>ay I roac'icd in the month of August 
 the Lake Chicoutimi, near tlic 4Slh degi'co oflatitiulc, and there 
 found the church erected in 1728 (as indicated by (lie date placed 
 over the principal entrance) by the Jesuit fathers for the natives 
 of the vicinity. This building, n)ade of squared tiu)lievs of white 
 cedar ( 7V<.'/ya. ot'c/(/r/(^//(',s) jilaced upon each otlio", Avas in good 
 preservation ; and although these beams had never been covered 
 either within or without, the avooiI at the depth of half a line was 
 not the least altered alter a lapse ol' move than sixty years. "f This 
 little chapel was still standing in 1857. 
 
 The route to Lake St. John was then much more difficult than 
 that Avhich is now followed. Michaux went, up the river Chicou- 
 timi in a canoe and then passed through Lake Kinogomi, from 
 whichjby aportageof half a mile, he reached Lake Kinogomichiche; 
 this discharges itself by a sIoav and tortuous stream into Belle 
 River, which falls into Lake St. John, which our traveller reached 
 after a journey of six days from Chicoutimi, gathering the follow- 
 ing plants in his way : 
 
 Scirpns spalhaceus, Michx. ; Swcr/ia corniculafa) Linn.; Pri- 
 nos verticiUafjis, Linn. ; Ge7itiana jincumonanthe, Linn. ; Drosera 
 rotund) folia , Linn.; Triglocliin pnhmtre, Linn.; JunaisJlHitans, 
 Michx. ; Mltella dqih^Ua, Linn. ; Sparganlani natans, Michx. ; 
 
 * Flora Boreali-Americana, in saxo^is ad amnem Saguenay, vol. i, 
 fol. 3. vol. ii. fol. 24(j. 
 
 t Michaux fils, Arbres Forcstiers, vol. iii, p. 34. 
 
Nt/mphfea lutea, ft. Kfthaidna, hlnn.; S/xrgnlasfnivi Vmccola- 
 fum, Miohx., {-- Stcllnrii />i>rriilis, Bi<.'clow) ; Ahtus c/vV^k/, 
 .^lic'hx. J A. f/l(iii(',o, M\v}ix.] J <hrHii D(ir(m»ntii(i, lA\\r\. 
 
 Liiko St. John lies bctwcon btitiulc 48° 23' and 48° -12', and 
 hctwocn lon<;iiucli! 71° 211' and 72'^ 9', its greutcjst lenglh being 
 sixteen leafjjue.s; it is more ilian lliii-ty leagues to ll)o north of 
 Quebec. Miehaux went entirely around il, ami eollectod a great 
 number of plants ;'•' but in jiursuanee of his plan of studying the 
 trees, he also penetrated into the surrounding l'orost>, \vliich abound 
 in valuable tiuihcr-trecs, details willi legard to the nature and 
 distribution of whieli, will be given ruilhev on. 
 
 It was on the IGlh August that our botanist reached this lake, 
 but, delayed l)y iui ;idversc wind, he spent the next day at the 
 mouth oi'Bi;lle Kiver, where he lound Li/copnn Miyliiuiis, Linn. ; 
 Cirata C<in<i<fnisis, Linn.; fhoiiiiis Cund'/nnn's, 3Iichx. ; Aruiuht 
 tirciKtria^ Linn.; G<tllnin Clitijfonii, Michx.; (/. <isitrn'liiiii. 
 Mielix. ; Cornns <i//crni/ul!<', Linn.; tVilijgouniii nnijt/iihii'nt. 
 Linn.; Ccrusns pnniili^ Miehx. ; Latliijnia /)(//iis(i'!s, Linn.; 
 Atitr "ju/ks s('ciiiii/iis/i' Miehx.; Ild/i/suriint (i//>!/unn, Michx.; 
 A-<f(i' irmi/i/Jaliitus, i\Iichx. ; A. con/i/n/ius, liinn. : ^Solulago 
 thxlcauVis^ Linn. ; *S'. dxp ra, Ait. ; S'ln do /)(ni/ii rn'/us, Miehx. ; 
 Artcmisiii CtiiiddfiisiK, M[c\ix.. : Lohvim Ac//?*'//, Linn. ; JJiia- 
 C'lulou pt lliici'ihun^ lAlichx. ; C'li'd /xihistn's, Linn.: Salir cor- 
 ilif'i, Michx.; //(.I- Cioutdetisis, Miehx.; Vifiti rijiarifi, Miehx. 
 
 or the F///,sjust nnued, Michaux has in his Ilerbariuu) the 
 following notes : " Called beach-vine i rn//<e <hs O'h'tiins) by the 
 French voyageurs on the Oliio ;ind Mississippi, because it grows 
 upon the rocks and s.inds whieh are exposed to the annual floods. 
 
 This species is never found (o the east of the Alleghany 
 
 Mountains." 
 
 * Flora Boreali-Americun.i, in lacu vel jiixta lacum S, Joannis, vol. i, 
 fol. 240, vol. ii, fol. 205, 220, 225. 
 
 t Prof. Asa Gray had for some tune supposed the Jl^trasi(dui sccumlus 
 ■ of Michaux to be the Phur.u aslrtia:<tUiia, D. C, {A .titv^dlus olitinus, 
 Linn.,) when in ISGl, I le-disc -ered the plant at Lake St. John, \\ here 
 Michaux had first found it, and se.il specimens of it to Prof. Gray, which 
 fully confirmed his o|)inion lliat il is but another form ol ./I. aljiinut, 
 Linn. But whence this ditference of form? L ist year, at the Island of 
 (Orleans, where this species is abundant, I found the two varieties in the 
 same locality; and I was able to observe that when it grows on exposed 
 rocks the plant has the ordinary form of P/khh (if:lr(i<j;nlin(i ; while on the 
 contrary, when sheltered by a growth of laUcr jdants, ii assumes the 
 slender ami elongated form of liie [)huit of ?.; irliaux. 
 
8 
 
 .1 C 
 
 r // 
 
 Aumnr tho rivers which fall into Lako St. Jr)hn is the Mistjissiiii, 
 calloil also 11. <le.H SuIjIcs, from the ;:;r('at <|naiitity «tf' saml wliiiili it 
 brings down. By this rivor, which has a h'nij,th of ahoul 1 TjO 
 miles, th(! Indians known by the; name of Mistassiiis, and livitii^ 
 around tho ^rcat lake of that name, were acciistoniod to doser-nd 
 at Pointe HUnie, tho most northern tradinti;-post in this ret^ion, 
 where lliey sold their I'urs. They still coiiks down every year in 
 tho month of June for the purposi' of trade, and also to me(!t the 
 mission iry who pays tluun an annual visit, ll was by tiiis river 
 that .Mi(!liaux proposed to ))ass to Hudson's Bay. Leavin;^ the 
 post at I'oiute IJleue on tht; Hist Auj^ust, he reaehed in a low hours 
 the river Mistassini. Tlio w.itei's w<mv. shallow, and for live or six 
 leaj^ues flowed throuj^h banks ol' moving sands, whieh were some- 
 times more than half a lea,i:ue lon^'. The lands on either side 
 were low and fertili;, no mountains wore visible, and the trees were 
 chiefly elms, ashes, and pines, of a good ;xrowth.''= At the end of 
 about ei<ihteen l(!aj;ues Mieliaux arrived at a beautiful waterfall 
 about eighty feet in heij;ht, and on the evening of the 22nd August 
 encamped on the borders of the basin below. 
 
 This point whieh was kno\\n as Larges llapidcs, Michaux 
 observed as the northern limit of PotvutiUa (ridntfafa, Avhile 
 G<(ufthcrui procumhciisT disappeared ten leagues above Lake 
 St. John, although Hooker, in his Flora BorroU- Americana ^ bus 
 indicated Quebec as its northern linut. 
 
 The 23rd being a day of rain, iNIichaux remained in camp; but 
 tho three following days he continued the ascent of the river, 
 which became narrower, and so rapid that Ihe e.inocs could only 
 be propelled by means of poles. At length he reached the portage 
 called M'tnfi'-a-peiii'\ wliere he was obliged to make a difficult and 
 even dangerous ascent of a hill eight or nine iiundred feet in 
 height. From the summit lie looked down into an Immense 
 valley, traversed by green hills which resembled great waves in an 
 ocean of verdure. A single small river alone broke the monotony 
 of this landscape; to it the travellers direcled their steps, and soon 
 reached a stream which was only about eiglitecn feet wide. During 
 
 * Flora, in Canada ad amnera Mistaxsini, vol, i, fol. 34, 61, 110. 
 
 t Some botanists liave ventured to cliange the name of tliis plant to 
 Gautie.ra; but the true orthography of the name of its discoverer is Gau- 
 t lii e i , as appears from the registers of Notre Dame de Quebec (Register 
 of Aug. 2G, 1751). It would besides be undesirable to change a name 
 consecrated like this by long use. 
 

 
 the portnjjc tlio following' i)lants wore met with : Vttcrlnhim m«- 
 pifosiim, Michx. ; Epujufi npfiis, Linn.; Arhiitva I'rnvrst, 
 Fiinn. ; Fji/rnji'xh'iini iiiinulniiim, Linn.; L, Sifcginoidct*, JAnn.'i 
 It'ifri/piiH li(n<ii'ni'<It>>^ ' X. 
 
 Th(^ little rivcroii w\\\.'h they now embarked was 'j;enernlly deep 
 oiiounh fur their canoes, hul I ho uaviuiilion was often interrujitod 
 by tiio (hims construclod })y tlie beavers, whose cabins wore seen 
 on the shores. This stream led them to Swan Lake (Lac des 
 Cypies), which they reached in the afternoon of the 21*th AuL^ust, 
 Tliis picture! f)UO little lake, which is about forty-five leagues from 
 Tiake St. John, is very irroj^^ular in form, in some parts havin<;- a 
 breadth of two lea,ti;ues, and at oilier^ ho\\)<;^ very narrow. The 
 shores are {generally low, with occapional IiHls covered by stunted 
 trees. Around the shores of Ihis lakcMieliaus lound the following 
 ]>lantfl : Ji-mtt sfn'rifa, iMiehx. ; Annnh CiniifJ-nni'i, IMiehx. ; 
 A'ljlosteinn rU/nsinv, Michx.; Juncus iniJonocirpiti^, Michx. ; Vdixi- 
 nium Vifis-/i/ir'f, Linn.; iCplijon ii'pcuK, Ijinn. : fC/n'/ohtmn 
 o/ujanfhinii, Michx.; l*ot)'n!ill<i fruluosu, Fyini).; Anler unijloriis^ 
 IMiehx.; C<in:c Iriifi.cuJari.'^, Michx.; Al^i'ii /MtJs(imi/ctii,^Uchx. \ 
 A. dcnt'u'uhitd, Mich::. ; Bclnhi (/hi,Hfi.-^osa, Michx. 
 
 Ho remarks ih■^t Arena s'iii'''i '''■* iho only gramineous plant 
 observed by him in this vicinity, and also Ihat Swan Jiakc .ippeurs 
 to bo the most no)thern Hoiit of Vdaininm Vlfis-fdmi. 
 
 Lake Mistassini is about lOO leagues from Lake St. John, and 
 Michaux had already traversed about half the distance, ])nt the 
 most difficult part remained. Ho had to cross a dismal wilderness, 
 where the ve:i;etation consists only of a small number of stunted 
 and depauperated species. '' The (ices which predominate in the 
 forests, a few degrees to the southward, have here almost entirely 
 disappeared, from the severity of the winters and the sterility of 
 the soil. All this region is traversed by thousands of lakes, and 
 covered with enormous rocks piled upon one another, and generally 
 covered with huge black lichens, which add to the gloomy aspect 
 of this desert and almost uninhabitable country. Between these 
 rocks are seen here and there some specimens of a stunted pine 
 (Pinvs ruj^esfris), which at the height of three feet is seen 
 bearing fruit, and having all the marks of decrepid old age. 
 One hundred and tifty milci to the southward this pine attains a 
 height of eight or ten feet, and presents a much more vigorous 
 growth."* 
 
 Michaux iils, Arbres Foresliers, vol. i, page 49. 
 
10 
 
 Of this region, between Swan Lake and Lake Mistassini, 
 Michaux remarks in his journal, that it evidently occupies the 
 height of land, since the waters of the latter lake fall northward 
 into Hudson's B:iy, while those of Swan Lake through the 
 river Mistassini rcnch liJike St. Jolin und the Si. Lawrence. We 
 cannot give a better notion of Ihc climate ar.d vegetation of this 
 elevated and semi-arctic region, than by tiie ff^lluwing extracts 
 from the nianuscrijil joini'al of Mi<'1>.'iux : 
 
 " August 30th. Wc have passed through three lakes, winch lie 
 among low hills, and arc connected by short streams. The whole 
 of this region is cut up inio niountains and hills; the low places 
 between which arc lillc^l with water, forn)ing innumerable lakes, 
 which for the mo.st part have no names among tlie Indians who 
 hunt in this country. Wide intervals are often covered with 
 t^j)ha(j/iiim, in Avhich the traveller sinks to his knees, and which 
 even in the di-y weather is always saturated with water. In the 
 course of the day we liave made th.'ce portages, and have travelled 
 three or four leagues only, on account of the difficulty of crossing 
 these marshes. 
 
 " These mnrshes abounu in Kidiula ghatca, Andromeda poly- 
 folia, S'lr race)), ia puipurec.^iini. Vacclnliun Oxi/coccas. In the 
 drier parts arc Andromeda (•(dijcidata, Ledum palustre, Kalmla 
 (cngiiHliJhh'a^ Epigai rcpcns^swid Pimis rubra. Abies hdsamifera 
 may be said to cease at Swan Lake : I saw only three specimens 
 of it to day in the form o!' little shrubs. All the plants here seem 
 like decrepid pigmies on account of the sterility and the severity 
 of the cold. 
 
 "August 31 St. Wo paddled for an hour; and then came to a 
 portage . The cold was excessive, the sky cloudy for the last two 
 days, and the rain like melted srow. When we stopped for 
 bicakfast, the cold took away our ap ^etites, and the Indians, who 
 were dreuched with water, trembled with cold. 
 
 " September 1st. The rain prevented our travelling, and one of 
 oar Inc'ians was sick. In the afternoon the weather was clearer, 
 "lid we went on aotwithstandin<>' Jie rain. All night we had rain 
 with thiuider and lightning. Wc nitide six leagues, passing 
 through d lake and along streams scarcely wider than a canoe. 
 
 '• September 2nd. Sunday. The weather was very thick in *he 
 mofning, and a lialf-nielted snow fell ; the cold became less severe, 
 J)ut we had a portage of three (juarters of a league across a marsh. 
 Despite showers of hail, which lasted all day, we kept on, for the 
 
 1 
 
11 
 
 Indians, like myself, were moat anxious to reach Lake Mistassini 
 before the snow and cold should augment. We crossed three lakes, 
 and travelled about ten Icagiies. 
 
 *' September 3rd, Ice formed about a line in thickness. After 
 midnight a white frost was seen on the vegetation uvound our 
 camp, and there was promise or a fine day ; but about seven in 
 the morning the air bccjiTue thick, and we had alternations of 
 snow, rain, hail, and sun^^liine. -'• '■'■'• -'= At eleven o'clock we 
 reached a great river flowing northward, and with a favoring 
 current we made eighteen or twenty leagues to-day. The soil 
 appeared to grow better. 
 
 " September 4th. We were obliged to make tlirce portages, on 
 pccouni of rocky rnpids, and at a quarter past ten reached I ake 
 Mistassini." 
 
 The following plants, in addition to these already mentioned, 
 were met with in crossing the height of land : Sdrjms crio- 
 jJiorum, Michx. ; Cinno arundinacco , Linn. ; Avena striata^ 
 Michx. ; Si/wiJioricarpos racTWWSus, Michx. ; Ocntlana 2>ncu- 
 monanfhe, Linn.; Jancus 7nela7wcarpus, Michx.; 1'iigIocJiin 
 marltimam, Jaun.; AUsiua j>Ianfago, Linn.; Vaccinmm 
 oxi/coccns, Michx.; V. casjnfosnni, Michx,; V. mi/rtilloldcs, 
 Michx. (F. Fcnnsylvanicum, Lam.) ; Jfcnlhn Lorcolis, Michx.; 
 Pinvs iaops ? Ail . ; Lycopodlain Sehiginoides, Linn. 
 
 Of the great Mislassin J^ake but little is known ; the sketch of it 
 given in the acconipanyiDg nuip I'cpresenls its size and shape as far 
 as can be gathered from the missionaries and Indian traders. 
 Kupert's Kivcr, l>y which it cuiptits into James's Buy, is described 
 as being from fifty to sixty leagues in length, and larger than the 
 Sagucnay. Its name, imd tl;at of the natives of its shores, is 
 derived Irom the Indian woi'd mistasKini, by which they designate 
 a huge rock which hangs over the lake near its outlet, and is 
 regarded as the abode of a Manitou or Great Spirit, who is an object 
 of religious worship. When crossing the hike they are said to 
 keep their eyes turned awiiy from this rock lest he in his ire 
 should excite a tei'ipest. Near the lake, on a small river which flows 
 into it, is said to Ijc a rude cavern in marlie, which the Indians 
 call the hou.sc of the Gr<iat Spirit. The notes of Michaux add 
 but little to our knowledge of this lake. He tells us, however, that 
 the shores are low, and the hills remote, and adds that " the wa- 
 ters of the lake arc discharged by rivers to the north and northwest 
 wliich fall into Hudson's Bay, the journey to which, from the 
 
 > •» 
 
m 
 
 12 
 
 '.ake requires, acoordiug to the Indians, four days, although, on 
 account of the rapids, it requir"" ten days to return." 
 
 Micliaux reached Lake Mistassini on the 4th of September, and, 
 after pa^ldling alonji- it for ten or twelve leagues, encamped on a 
 long peninsula on the west side of the lake. The next morning 
 he began to collect plants, of which he gives tlie following names, 
 exclusive of thot;e mentioned in his Flora as occurring in this 
 region :-'• 
 
 Li/copus Vlrginlcus, Linn. ; Scirprs Hip v aliens, Linn. ; >S'. 
 crloj>lionini, Michx. ; Phalarls (iriuidinacta, Linn. ; Cornus 
 Canad nsis, Linn.; C stolonifera, jMiclix. ; Potamogcton perfo- 
 Uatnm, Linn.; Lltmcea. horealts, Gronov. ; U/mus/uIva, Michx.; 
 Strrptojms distortus, Michx ; Convallaria stellata, Linn. ; Trltjf- 
 lochlit maritimum, Linn. ; Epiloljunn angusfi/olunn, Linn. ; Vac- 
 cininm oxj/coccus, Linn. ; V. Idnp'uhih'nij, Linn. ; V. uh'gitiosum, 
 Linn.; Pi/rola secnnda., Linn.; Epigcva r< peni>^ Linn.; Spcrguhis- 
 trum lanccoladnn, Miolix.; Cerasus horerdis, Michx. ; Soruns au- 
 atparia. Linn., (Pjnis Amerfcana, D. C) ; Gciun rivide, Linn. ; 
 Poti nf ilia /nil uosa, Linn.; Rubus occu(cii(oltH,Ijii\n.; P. arcfi- 
 ais. lAnn. : Prinudla lutlgaris, Linn.; Ju'n\ut,ilhus Ciisla-galli, 
 Linn.; :^h'sj/rluchiiiin Be7/nn'Jlaua, Linn.; Gerauivm Caroli- 
 ntanum, Linn.; Barlia 2>i''l'Ja, hmn. :, Ihdijsurnm alpimim, 
 Michx. ; Ilieraciiim scabnnn, Michx. ; //. Caaadenfie, jNIichx. ; 
 Aster 7nacroj)hijIlHS, Linn.; SoliJ"(/o asp'ra, Ait.; Senecio, 
 (lureiis, Linn.; Fjohclla Durhnaann.y Linn.: Carcxjiava,li\nn.\ 
 Betula papi/n'/era, Michx. ; Spcrgnnium augnsti folium, Michx. ; 
 Ahics alba, Michx. ; A. buhamifcra, Micits. ; A. denticidata, 
 Michx. ; Pinna inopx ft Ait. ; >^aUx incana, Michx ; Acer monf.a- 
 nnm, Ait.: 0. tnnndo. rrgolh, Linn. 
 
 Having m:idc his collections, and reached the othei" side of the 
 lake, Michaux proceeded on 1 ' journey; cViosing Tor this purpose, 
 amci g the di,-cliargcsof tlie lake, a large and line river falling into 
 Hudson's Bay, and known as the Rivicfe dcs Goelunds (Gull 
 
 * ]"'oia Boroali-Amei'icana.ad simim Huihonisci Ji;xtal:u;u., iH(s/tr&s/?«', 
 vol. i, fol. 5, 1), 14, Gl, 61, 11], 12-1, 191, 223; vol. ii, fol. 2, 115, 121, 
 123, 15'., 154, 171, 172, 173, 175, 180, 283. 
 
 t The Lobrli' Dortmanna is a rare species in Canada: I have as yet 
 found it in but (wo localities. Lake Kenogami and Lake St. Joachim. 
 
 t The PinuK inops here mentioned is the P. Banksiana, Lamb., P. 
 nipestria, Michx. fils., already mentioned on page 333. It may be here 
 remarked, however, that it attains in some localities a height of thirty 
 feet. 
 
13 
 
 River), wliich is very probably that designated in the maps as 
 Rupert's River. He followed this for some distance, and camped 
 on the night of September 5th, near the Atchoukue or Seal River. 
 The next day a cold fog was succeeded by rain and snow, and 
 compelled him to stop. The Indians, fearing the rigors of the season, 
 refused to go further, assuring him that if the snow continued it 
 would be impossible for them to return. It was therefore decided 
 that they should immediately retrace their vs ay to Lake Mistassini, 
 where they arrived that night. Along the banks of the Gull 
 River the following plants were collected: — Xylosteum villosuvi, 
 Michx. ; Primula Mlstassinica, Michx. ; Ledum lattfolium, 
 Ait. ; Rahus Chamamorus, Linn. ; Aster wiijiorus, Michx. ; 
 Carex Richardi. Thuill. ; Bctula nana, Linn. ; Mi/riophyllum 
 spicatum, Linn. ; Salix incana, Michx. ; Mi/rica Gale, Linn. ; 
 Lycopodluni annotinvm, Linn. 
 
 Michaux left Lake Mistassini on the 7th of September. His 
 journey back, although difficult, was rapid ; and from the height of 
 land the descending currents of the rivers, now swollen, enabled 
 the travellers to pass down in their canoes over most of the rapids 
 where they had made portages in ascending. On the 9th of Septem- 
 ber he passed Swan Lake and camped at Monte-a- Peine, and on 
 the 10th reached the river Mistassini, and camped at night " four 
 leagues beiow the Larges Rapides, near the first Weymouth pines 
 (Pinus strohus) which we met on our way downwards." On the 
 ■12th, Michaux reached Lake St. John, and two days latei left for 
 Quebec; from which he returned, by way of Montreal and Lake 
 Champlain, to Philadelphia, where he arrived on the 8th of 
 December, 1792. 
 
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