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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparettra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s i des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 ^ 4' 8 8 THI 1^^"' i' i- TRANSACTION No. 66 JULY 14th, 1000 The Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba THE PRESENT STATUS OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN MANITOBA AND THE NORTHWEST BY REV. W. A. BURMAN, B.D. PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY w:NNipca : MANITOBA rnCK PRESS COMPANY 1*00 ^.^' f The Present Status of Natural Science in Manitoba and the Northwest. ■ I have Loon lod to solcct this subjoct for coiisidoration, I'lEST — by n strong conviction of its ini[)ortan('e. In a now land like this, with so many things of a practical character (constantly and urgently demanding attention, there is a danger of onr overlooking, or nndeiTating, those branches of knowledge, which, to a superficial observer, do not at first sight ap})ear to have a conmiercial or practical value. Y'it in no country can those branches of knowledge, cmmonly called the Xatural Sciences, bo of more imi)ortance than in (jur own,-— a country almost altogether agricultural in its chtTiicter. Here, if anywhere, there must be between man and Xaturo, either alliance or contest. AVe nnist either v.'00 the forces of iS'ature, making use of them for the main- tenance of life, the upbuilding of an empire, — the true pros- perity of individuals ; or we must prepare to contest mth the various adverse developments of those forces, for the right to live in, and to rule and enjoy, this portion of the world. To either rule or combat these forces and influences, the first essential is knowledge ; and it is a truth, now fortunately receiving fuller recognition than ever, that the sciences now to be dealt with, cannot l)o ignored by the agriculturist or by an agricultural people like ourselves. Therefore, as Presi- dent of this Society, which is Scientific as well as Historic, I am anxious to attempt to call attention to these most import- ant sciences, — to indicate, as well as I can within the limits of a single paper, whaf; has been, and is being, done ; and to incite it may be, some to attempt some field of labor, to which we have such abundant and promising invitations. Abundant they are — for all about us lies work, as we shall / '9oa to bee, most fascinating, and easy ot" access ; praniisiiuj, too^ becansc so rich in interest and varied in ciiaracter; and fraught with even financial vahies to tlie country, wliich none can atford to despise . Secondly — J do it as an attempt to meet, in part at least, the denuind for information hy present or would-be students of Mature here. 'J'here is a clamour for information regard- ing the natural sciences — methods oi work, and for literature bearing U])nn the g:'ology, llora, fauna, etc., of this country, which augurs well for the future of these branches. It is ho])ed tliat this pajier, and especially perha])s the list of au- thorities and Avorks to be liereto apjiended, may ])r()Vo a use^ ful contribution to supplying the present need. Lastly — I am led to this subject by a persomd interest in Xature-study ; which has afforded me so much of botii hincere pleasure, and gcniune profit, that I would fain entice othei's to enter this domain, that tliev, too, mav taste the de- lights of the enchanted land. Given a love of Xature, ([uick- f;ned powers of observation, Avith a keen sense of the beauti- ful ; and of the all-pervading presence of Ilim ''who luith made all things beautiful in His time" — and 1 know no re- creation that will so trulv rccrcdtc, and vield such unalloved and elevating pleasures, as can be found in the pursuit of some branch of Nature-study. It is a great delight to all lovers of Nature to note the attention being given to Nature-study in our pTd)lic schools. Whatever else it may do, it cannot fail to impress some young minds for life ; and to beget in them a passion for Nature, which shall inspire them to research and laboui*s profitable to this great Dominion, and win for them t'lio honour and esteem of a grateful people. The Sciences to be reviewed are as follows : — !Meteor- ology. Geology, Botany, Zoology, Ornithology and Entomo- logy, with their several branches. I shall give, first, a brief history of the work done in the past in Manitoba and the Northwest, more especially, perhaps, the former. Indicate, secondly, what is now being attempted ; and, thirdly, what special lines of study seem to call for particular and early at- tention. T. As to the first, it is clearly impossible in our limited space to do more than ghuu e at the labours of the earlier /-i / _-c,-^ explorers, whose work is to be found scattered though various histories and reports. The hrst to which I wouhl refer was that of Sir John Franklin — a name «»f much personal interest to myself, ai* he was educated within a ptone's throw of my birthplace, in an old schrml established by Edward VI. Sir John Franklin came to (^mada in 1825, and explored the country between Lake Sui)eri()r and the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Very full scientific collections were made, and the results as regards botany, may bo found in the invaluable catalogue of the (Jeological Survey of Canada. Four larg(> (juarto vol- umes were issued ; the first tliree in 1829, the fourth in 1837, giving descriptions of the wild animals, birds, fishes and in- sects collected in the Xorthwest — under the title of "Rich- ardson's Fauna Horeali — Americana." I believe Vol. 4, on Insects, has been republished in Canada by the Entomological Society. The Palliser expedition, 1857-60, did much work and Dr. ] lector (afterwards Sir .lames Hector) and Mons. Bourgean, added largely to the kn()wledge of the geology and botany resj)ectively, of the Northwest. Jn 1857 also, S. G. Da.wson, (". E., and Professor II. Y. Hind, began exploration in the Northwest, for the Canadian Government. Their report, published in 1859, contained a great amount of valuable scientific information. The expe- dition of Captain Back to the Great Fish River also deeen'es notice. "When the "transfer" became an established fact in 1872, the Geological Suiwey began a series of explorations which are still being continued. In 1872, probably. Dr. A. R. C. Sel- wyn. Director of the Survey, made a geological reconnais^ sance from Lake Superior, by way of English and Winnipeg Rivers, to Fort Garrj\ Notes of this were published, toge- ther with those of Dr. R. Bell, in the Report of Progress for 1872-3. The next year these gentlemen extended their observa- tions to the Rockv Mountains. The ''Sanuford Fleming" expedition, in 1872, contributed largely to a fuller knowledge of the geology, flora and fauna of this Province and the Wast. Its results are recorded in the Canadian Pacific Itailway Ko[)ort for 1874. Since then almost every year has scon e.\ttnsi\'e lines of work undertaKen by the Geok>gical Survey ; under its able Director, Dr. Scl- wyn, Dr. G. M. Dawson, liis su(!ces«or, and Dr. \i. licli, Pro- fessors J. Macoun, J. Richardson, J. F. Whiteaves, K. (». Mc- Connell, J. M. Macoun, Dr. .1. Fletcher, .1. B. Tyrrell, A. P. ].ow, A. C. Lawson, D. h. Dowling, L. M. Lambe, J. B. Tyr- rell, and others. I'he Survey has taken up every braricli of natural science; and the sphuulid Kojwrtw ai.d other publications issued by it, are itivaluablc to the scientific world. In 180S thev alreadv « *■' numbered ^5.5 titles. For these T would refer to the ''List of Publications of the Geological Survey of Canada," Ottawa, 1898. The same work also contains a most valuable list of works reprinted by the De])artmcnt, from the transactions of the Itoyal Swiety of Canada ; and scientific journals. AVithout wishing to make any invidious distinction be- tween the work done by the above authorities, I should like to mention as very hel])ful in geology, two papers by Mr. J. F. "Whiteaves, one on ''The Devonian System in Canada," delivered before the American Association, 1899 ; the other on "The Cretaceous System of Canada," Poyal Society of Canada, 1893. These works arc valuable as giving a list of the workers and literature upon these two systems, l)otb of Avhich are found in this Provinco and are there referred to. In P:ila>ontology, the Survey has issued a most intei*est- ing paper (1S90) by Mr. L. ]\r. Lambe, on Canadian Palse- /oic corals. In Botany, the "Catalogue of Canadian Plants," by Pro- fessor J. Macoun, is of special value, as it gives the known ranges of all plants, as ascertained up to the date of publica- tion. This has been suppljmentfd by various contributions hj Mr. J. M. Macoun, giving additional data collected from 1894 to 1897. Perhaps no indiAadual worker has done so much actual field-wori<; in Manitoba and the 'N'orthwest as Prof. Macoun. In 1872, he was with Sandford Fleming's party ; in 1875, botanist with Dr. Selwyn ; in 1879, he had charge of a party to explore West of Fort Elliee. In 1880, 1885, 1889 to 1891 find 1804 to 1897 he explored in the prairie regions and foot- hills of the llocky Alounta'us ; collecting plantti, hinls, luain- nwils and reptiles. The plants ho has already olncidated, anf tlmsc poiiitj^ is «loiio voluntarily, by pprsoiiH interested in tlii.s l>rancli of science ; who deserve tho thanks of the countrv for very vahiahie services renihjnMJ. "^riie re])ort« from tlio nine telegraph stjitions are used in Toronto for ilso In tho s (in Pahrontology), Mv. Land)e, and Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, have been prolific writers. Some of their works will a|)pi'ar in the list to be given. Wo must here j)ay a special tribute to the late Sir William Dawson, a mend)er of this Society, whose grand personality and magnificent work in almost every branch of Natural Science, has made his name almost a houseliold word in Can- ada. In common witli the rest of the Dominion, the West has benefitt-ed greatlv bv his lal)ours and researches in the fields of Geology and Paheontology ; and we do well to lionour his memory, and place on record, as we have done, our keen sense of the loss the whole country has sustained in his death. Among local workers in Geology since 1880 have been the late Professor J. H. Panton, for a time engaged in educa- tional work in this city. lie made a careful study of the Cambro-Silurian limestone of Stony Mountain, and the Cre- tacean rocks near Medicine Hat. Fossil collections were made from both these deposits. He published a very inter- esting paper, read before this Society (Trans. No. 3), on "Gleanings from the Geology of the Red River Valley." Mr. A. McCliarles did some collecting in t'otwils sojuu ^(jars ago ; and tlio prcriei ' n'.s|H't;tiMl StM-rotury ot thi* Boan) of Trade, Air. C i\. \ivn in hts piijuT on "Oiu* Northern Waters," luus given Honu» interesting information on tlit( minerals, etc., of tho lluddou J3ay rogious. The iiuwt active workctr, however, ha.s Ikh'?! our etjleemed member and one of the founders, of tlii.s Society, Ur. (I. iiryce, who ha.s done so much to keej) this Ssit.s of Souris and E.stevan ; the Tertiarv .sandstone of the Ser, the su1)je<'ts taken u]) are : — Geology, Pahvoiitology and Mineralogy, Zoology, and Potany ( Stntc- tural and Systematic.) The results of all this work mav be thus brieflv enunier- t- * iited : — 1st. A general idea of the confonnatioM ;tnd strata of tho whole country from Lake of tho Woods to thr Yukon River. 2nd. The determination of large areas of coal, iron, gold and other precious minerals. 3rd. The elucidation of a large nuinber of fossils of fauna and flora from ^lanitoba and the Northw'ast Temtories, as follows : — Fronit tho "Devonian System," 117 specimens (fauna onlv). From "Cretaceous System," 1T1> species (fauna); and from the same J)8 species of plants. 4. The figures for the Cret^icean apply only up to 181).'i. Since that date, Mr. L. M. ]iambe, of the (leok.gical Survey, has nuule extensive investigations of the Cretiiceous rcwks of the Belly and Red Deer J\ivei*s. These have revealed re- mains of a most interesting character, Rei>tilian, Crcx'odilian, Dinosaurian, etc. J^ast year ^Ir. Lambe completed Part 1. of a work on tlie " Pahcozoic Corals " of C^inada (Cicidogical Sui-vey, Xo. C^'^^-i,) describing many found in our region. The economic results are already very gre^it and invite to a thor- ough j)ri\sccution of this work by our western peophs as well as by the Dominion (Jovoniment. While individual.^, whot^e tastes may lie in this direction, can and should })ursue the etudy of the geology of the country, with its vimous depart- ments, to their own pleasure and the country's gocnl, I believe the time has come when the Provincial Government should make some provision for carrying out a thorough system of investigation into the geological formation and mineral re- sources of the country ; the accpiirement of all available ma- terial to illustrate the siime ; and to have a suitable building, properly maintained, in which can be stored and exhibited all that is needed to illustrate, not only the geology of our Province, but its flora and fauna also, as well as the ethnology of our native races so fast being lost for ever. This Society has done something in this line, but its resources and quarters have been far too limited for proper work. It is little less than criminal to allow a Province which has reached such a stage as we have in ^lanitoba, to go on without a museum belonging to the people, in which may be stored, and safely preserved, valuable specimens and litera- ture, b(>aring on both tho natural history and ethnology of this Province. Connected with it should be also a branch of the Agricul- tural Department, where could be exhibited everything that would t(>nd to throw light upon the agricultural resources of the oounti-y, its forest ])r(xlucts, etc. 1 venture to say that a sum of not less than $10,000 per 9 year can and onglit to hv ^iven by the (ioNcrnnicnt of tlio country for this work, until \\v liav(> an institution woi'tliy of us as a [)rouT('ssivo and intcIliiiCMit |)eo))lo. It would moan less than lixc ('(Mits per head of onr prcsout population. Surely that ainonnt can be spaviMl. Indeed, I aui one of those who think \V(> <'annot aiford not to i>:ive this iiuitter inunediate and full attention. Its econoniie and edu- eational valiu^ would be innnense. There should ])e a fire- proof building,' on some central site, capable of ext(Mision and suitable in e\erv way for the work to be done. Tn it, even this a!id kindr(vl societies niiuht be iiivcMi shelter ; and T even believe it nnii,ht be well for the city to eo-o])erate and have within its walls (pnu'ters for the Free City Fabrary, which must soon bci provided, and which could find no better place than as a wing' or portion of a Provin.cial Aruseum. of which every citizen might be proud. T trust that everv membei' of this Societv and all intelli- gent citizens will urge this matter upon onr Provincial and Municipal (lOvernnuMits, until tliei-e will be no doubt in the minds of those in power that this movement is as ih^sirable as it is popular, and will therefori> be heartily supporte(l by the people. I hope this Societv will take delinite action in tliis matter at once. In this c(Uinection I vcMiture to (luote the words of a prac- tical and enu'nent man of business, Mr. B. E. Walker, Presi- dent of one of our leading banks. His words demand the careful attention of every man in- terested in the development (^f this country, and fully sup- port the ])osition I have taken above : — "^Fr. Walker, in an interesting ])aper read before^ the Canadian Institute, makes a t'onvincing plea for the ])romo- tion, by governments throughout the Dominion, of a greater amount of Ceologieal, PahT-ontological and Botanical ex- ploration. He proposes, also, state muscMuns. which should be a sort of visible snnunary of the knowh^dge already actpiired, or to be accjuired in the future. "WHiat Mr. Walker sugg(^sts is, briefly this : — "Tn conclusion I should like to say a few words as to what we might reasonably exjxH't in the way of Domiinon and Provincial snrvevs. We should have the Dominion and 10 Provincial snii'eys working out. tlio topography in a far more minute manner and on a greatly larger scale than at present. We should never again send out a topographic party, a houndary party, or a land surveyor laying out a l)ase line, without heing acco.ni])anic(l by trained geologists and naturalists, 'i'he history of our own Xortliern Ontario is an example of what we have failed to accomplish in this respect. We should not only puhlish annually such broad truths of geology and natural history as are gathered during these rapid topographic surveys, hut we should be engaged in our provincial surveys on reports dealing with the features of each county separately, and in our Dominion Survey in work- ing out special problems of geologic or other scientific inter- est. For instance, in the United States there are many com- plete monographs derJing vdth the iron ores of diflFerent lo- calities, or the coal, r-r natural gas, or the forestry conditions, or other problems c-f gi'eat commercial importance. Have we no curiosity abovt our o^^^l great areas of iron ore, our I eally wonderful coal fields, and our other minerals ? Should we not appreciate intelligent monographs on the treatment of refractory ores, on modern mining machinery, on brick-mak- ing, salt wells, gas wells, and the many other things so intel- ligently presented to the people by the state in more favored countries ? Of course we should. Let our government but try. "And as to public museums. The Dominion Govern- ment at Ottawa and each pro^nnce, at its city of chief import- ance, should have a museum belonging to and supported by the people. These museums should contain exhibits of the metallic and non-metallic minerals of the country, both those of economic and of merely scientific value, the forest trees, with the bark preserved, in, say, six feet sections, cut also and partly polished, and each specimen accompanied by a small map showing its habitat ; the fresh water and sea fishes, mounted after the modern methods; the fur-bearing animals, the game birds, and the birds of our forests, fields and sea- coast, many of them mounted so as to tell a child their habits at a glance ; the reptiles, crustaceans, insects, plants, indeed, as complete a record of the fauna and flora of the countrs' as possible ; the rocks of stratigraphic importance, and all the varietiee of fossils which can be gathered in this country ; the w 11 urclucological and etliiiological evidences of the races we have supplanted in Canada, and much more that does not occur to me at the moment. I should not like to suggest a limit of expenditure on such museums. Tlie necessity of a new build- ing at Ottawa is admitted. The crime of leaving exposed to tire, in a wretched building never intended to protect any- thing of value, the precious results of over fifty years of col- lecting, has been pointed out in a recent official report." We now i)aSvS on to Botany. w BOTANY. In this science a considerable amount of work has been done by both Government explorei"s and private collectors. The work of Professor J. Macoun has been already referred to as most thorough and valuable. The catalogue prepared by him, and issued by the Geological Survey (for sale by Dawson, Montreal), is indispensable to the student of our native plants. The collections of Dr. Jas. Fletcher, now Botanist and Entomologist to the Department of Agriculture, are next in value as regards this Province. Large collections have, of course, been made by all the expeditions before re- ferred to, and by later exploiters connected with the Geologi- cal SurA'^ey. Mr. J. M. Macoun has made some journeys to the Northwest for this special purpose, and has added con- siderably to tlie available material. Of loi'al collectors I can only give a partial list. In the Territories, Mr. N". B. Sanson has made a fine collection of l)lants at Banff. Mr. T. J^. Willing, Territorial Weed In- spector, Mr. P. C. (jlregson, Waghorn, Secretary of the North- west Entomological So<*iety, Mr. A. Gaetz, Bed Deer, Mr. E. B. Hutcheson, High School, Bogina, Mr. J. F. Boyce, High School, Calgary, Mr. Hutchison, Oxbow, Ins])ectors J. A. Calder, Regina, and J. E. Perrett, Edmonton, and the Rev. C W. Brydon, Willoughby, have all done work, and some have excellent collections. The Bev. I. O. Stringer has sent in a considerable number of plants from Ilerscliel Is- land, off the mouth of the Mackenzie, where ho has lived as a raissionarv. In Manitoba a good many collectors have been at work in recent years, especially those connected with various schools. Without pretending to give anything like a complete list, I 12 may mention the following : Dr. Bryce, Messrs. A. E. (Bar- rett and H. S. McLean, of the Collegiate Institute, Winnipeg; Inspector Mclntyre, now resident in Winnipeg, who collected around Brandon ; Mr. J. Wadge, of that city ; Mr. Denike, of Cypress lliver ; Miss Cope, Carberry ; II. B. McGregor, lieston, and various members of the Botanical Club of Mani- toba, of which I have the lionour to be President. Deserving of special mention is Mr. Norman C riddle, of Awenie, a young worker of great promise, who has made ex- quisite paintings of over 200 species of flowei's. During the past year Mr. T. C. McCalla, of Hamilton, made large collec- tions of plants at Banff. ^ly own work, covering some 18 years, has been chietiy devoted to the collection and study of the Phanerogams and Pteridophytes, of which I now have many hundreds of spe- cies. In the former, most orders are Avell represented, except Cyperace«?-Juncacea^, etc. A good deal of material has also been accumulated in the Bryophytes, but lack of leisure has prevented its being worked up. The field covered has been Manitoba generally, except the extreme S.E. portions and Prince Albert, and thence to Battleford, and along the C. P. B. as far west as Banff. A most inviting though rather difficult field of research is still oi3en in the Carices, Lichens, Mosses, Fungi and Algae of our Province. Outside of the reports already referred to, the literature on the subject is not extensive. Gray's Manual (of the Nor- thern U.S.) and that of G. Coulter, for the Rocky ^loun- tains, in part cover the flora of the west, and are our chief authorities. Spotton's High School Botany is usefid for Phanerogams, though it lacks in fullness. A complete Flora of Manitoba and the Northwest is still greatly needed. One of the objects of the Manitoba branch of the Botanical Club of Canada is the preparation of a preliminary list of plants found in the Province. Any hel]) that can be given in that direction will bo much appreciated. As a help in this direc- tion the Club undertakes to determine any plants collected by its members. ENTOMOLOGY. Mention has alreadv been made of the work of Dr. ' 18 i I James Fletcher in entomology. Beside a larg'o amount of general work among the Lepidoptera, he has visited the Province to investigate the grasshoppers and insects injurious to agriculture and forestry. Reports on tlic latter have appetired in the Reports of the Experimental Farms maintained by the Dominion, and articles on the L(>pi(l(>ptera have appeared in "The Canadian Xaturalist," the organ of the Entomological Society of Ontario. This journal has also published valuable papers by local collectors and others on insects of the west. In the A'ortlnvest a promising work has been begun by the "Northwest Entomological Society," Mr. P. J3. (Jregson, of Waghom, being President. Its objects are — 1st. Tlie investigation and classifying of the fauna and flora of the Xorthwest. 2nd. The study of the econonuc relations of entomology and botany to agriculture. It is doing this work by means of papers, lectures, etc. It has now a mendjership of about fifty. :Mr. X. II. Covvdry, :\Ir. Willing, F. If. Wolley-Dod, Cal- gary ; X. I->. Sanson, Banff, and Mv. (i. F. Dii)pie, of To- ronto, have collected extensively in the region from Calgary to Banff, each in his own locality. Mr. Coiibeanx has collected in all orders of insects at St. Louis and Prince Albert, and Mr. (Jregson south of Edmon- ton. The Society just referred to hopes tO' publish a list of the Lepidoptera of the Calgary district shortly. In jManitoba we have the following workers : — Mr. A. W. Ilanham, Winnipeg ( l^epidoptera and Coleij)- tera); G. Chagnon (now of Montreal), (Coleo})tera) ; A. (J. Dennis, Beulah (Lepidoptera and Coleiplera); Xorman ('rid- dle, Aweme (general) ; E. F. Heath, Cartwright (Lepidop- tera); 11. Hutchinson, Kinosota (Lepidoptera); L. E. ]\rar- mont, Kounthwaite (Lepidoptera); TI. W. O. Boger, Brandon (Le])idoptera). ]Mr. Ilanham has made extensive collections around Win- nipeg and in other parts of the Province, in Lepidoptera, ^ricro-Ive]Hdo]>tera and Coleoptera, to which his attention has 14 been confined. The following list will givo some idea of tlio extent of his work — Si)ecie.s. Lepidoptera, Diurnals named 100 Sphingida? and Bonibycida?, named. . . 120 Noctuidoe, named ^70 Noctnidffi, unnamed 50 (jleometridte, named 140 CleometmUe, unnamed 15 Micro-Lepidoptera, 30% only named. . l.'JO 925 Coleopt^era, named 800 Coleoptera, unnamed 200 1000 Total speeies 1925 % * This is a large number, and it will be a surprise to many to learn that wo have such a wealth of insect life all about u&. Mr. Hanham lia^ amongst his captures both Xoctuidje and Geometridse nev +o ocence. The former have been nam- ed by Professor J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick (X. Jersey), the chief authority on American Xoctuids, and the Geome- tridre by Rev. (r. 1). Ilulst, of Brooklyn, X.Y. Mr. Ilanliam published lists of our local buttei'iiies in the Canadian Ento- mologist in 1805 and 1807. Since that time he has published lists of Manitoba moths, with notes (Xoctuidie, Spliingida^ and Bombycidse). The Ceometers will be published shortly in the same journal. Very interesting notes have also been writ- ten by Mr. Ilanham on "Collecting at Light" and "Collecting at Bloom" Vol. 30 (08), ]). 33, 05-188. (Mr. Hanham has also made a good collection of our land shells, which are ra- ther numerous.) :\Ir. Chagnon in 1896-7 published in "Le Naturaliste," a list of 300 species of beetles collected in Manitoba. ]\rr. Heath has been a frequent contributor to the Canadian Ento- mologist. PTe has been fortunate in his locality at Cart- wright, which seems to l>e a meeting-place of forms from the i 16 nort.li, south, east ami west. lie lias taken these I'dpilift Otrgnnid, hitherto ooiisidered peculiar to the Pacitic Coast. In addition to extending the ranges of this and other spe- cies, Mr. TIeath ha.s discovered a new moth, Astrroropn.s Jtorralis, Smith, now in the U.S. National .Muscnni, and prohahly also a new hutterfly, a species of I'licchi, as yet nn- d escribed. A list of works sis of the mammals is taken from that work : — rnrnivora (Flesh Eaters) ., Ungulata (TTcxifofl Mammals) rhiroptera (the Bats).. .. Tnsectivora (Insect Eaters) . Rodentia (the Rodents) . . . Families Genera Species i 4- 11 26 i 1 8 10 1 1 2 2 1 1 5 7 17 32 1 14 39 75 Total Orders . . 5 The "Contributions to Natural Science," published by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, contain, I believe, a goofl deal of material upon our mammals, but I have not been able to consult them. Loral Trirestiqators. — Mr. E. E. Thompson, formerly of Carberry, has given considerable attention to the mammals, find has published several works, some being yiapers prepared for this Society. Some work has been done in the Northwest by amateurs, amongst whom are Mr. Coubeaux. Tn Manitoba we are fortunate in having an enthusiastic Avorker, in Mr. G. E. Atkinson, of Portage la Prairie, wlio is now investigating the mammals of the Province. There is much to be done in this field. 16 ORNITHOLOGY We need not. apiiii refer to l'r(»feH8()r Macoiiii's liil»onrs, Iteyoiid saying tliat in liis work jnst (piotcd lu; gives a prclini- innrv liit of hirds, lunnbcring ^'M"* species. Klliott (Vncs made a collection in this I'rovincc al)oiit Is73 «»r ls7-\ and ])nl)liali('d a r('|)oi't oji t.lie same in 1H74. In 1M74 the iatc Archhishoj) Taclu! j)ni)lislied a list ot" birds. In 1801 K. K. 'I'honipson's list of 20(1 s]>eci('s from Mani- toba was published by tlie Smithsonian Institute. ^Ir. Atkinson, to whom I just referred, is a most enthusi- astic ornithologist. He has collected about 1,000 birds iji Manitoba. He has recently completed the mounting of 278 tipecimens, com])rising about 100 species, intended for the Paris Exposition. Amongst his own collection are to be found 50 rare species. Some of these he de(dines to sell at an* price, unless they are to be placed in a Provincial ^lu- seum. Mr. Atkinson's two papers on "Oame Birds" and ''Birds of Prey," published by this Society, quite maintain his repu- tation as a practical ornithologist. T eoncludo this sketch Avith a reference to Tothvot-ooy — the study of fishes. In this field there is much to be done. Professor Macoun, whose work T must again quote (p. 377), gives a list of 42 species of fishes of the west, with some re- serve, as no authorities on the subject Avere then attainable. I fancy tliere is still the same lack of literature and that there is great need for a simple yet scientific treatment of our fishes. May T invito some member of this Society to take up the task ? One must not forget to mention here the paper published upon our Manitoba fish by Mr. La Touche Tupper. Tn the account of Captain Back's journey to the Great Fish River, appear some notes on fishes. Through the courtesy of Professor E. E. Prince, Com- missioner of Eisheries, T have received a list of the most not- able works on Canadian fishes. "N^one of these deal specially ■with our "N'orthem and Western fresh water fishes. Tn the appendix T place the titles of some papers which may be con- sulted on the subject. * 17 It will be observed that 1 have made no referonco to chemistry or the ethnology of our native races. Of the for- mer I do not feel qualified to write, tho latter is not only out- side the scope of this paper, but much too large a subject to be handled now. In conclusion, I must express my obligations to tho vari- ous friends who have assisted mo in tlio preparation of this pa- per, both the officers of tlu^ Geological Survey, Ur. Fletclier, and some of my co-workers in this Province. If I have inad- vertently omitted to mention any name that deserves a place in this record of workers, I must beg the indulgence of the reader. I am quite aware of much imperfection in this pafx'r, prepared as it has been amid the pressure of many duties, and am sorry I could not do the subject more justice. I shall, however, be glad if this poor effort contributes in any small degree to arouse and keep alive any interest in the subjects of which it treats, in this land of great possibilities and opportunities to the student of N'ature. lU APPENDIX r,VA)\A)G\\ I'AL.KOXTOI.OGY, ETC. 1. Report of PuUiser Kxpodition. Sir . James Hector, 1857. 2. Dawson Expedition Report, 1859. Publications of tlio (jlcort, lS72-;{. Dr. A. 11. C. Solwyn. Notes of u Geological lieconnaiaance from Lake Superior to Fort (jarrv, hy tiic Knirlish and Winnipo^' Ilivors. 11. Bell, — *'On tlio Country between Lake Superior and Lake W innipojL!;. •1. Rei)ort of Proi-ress, 187)3-74. Dr. A. K. C. Solwvn and R. Bell. 5. Report of Progress, 1874-75. R. Bell and J. W. Spen- cer. 6. Report of Progress, 1875-76. Dr. Selwyn, J. ^lan-in, J. F. Whiteaves, J. L. Le Conte, etc. 7. Report of Progress, 1877-78. R. Bell— Report on Country l)(>ttwoen Lake Winnipeg and Hudson's Bay. 8. Explorations of Clnirchill and Nelson Rivers. R. Bell. Fossils, etc., by J. F. Whiteaves. Botany, J. ^Facoun. 9. Report of Progress, 1879-80. G. M. Dawson. Port Simpson; to Fldmonton, etc. R. Boll — Hudson's Bay, etc. Fossils, Plants, etc. 10. Report of Progress, 1882-84. G. M. Dawson. Bow and Belly Rivers, R. Bell — Athabasca River Basin, etc. R. Bell — Hudson's Bay and Labrador. List of Plants, Mammals, Birds, Crustacere, etc. n. Annual Report, 1885. R. G. McConnell— Cypress Hills, etc. E. D. Cope — Vertebrsp of Cypress Hills, etc. A. C. Lawson — Geology of Lake of Woods. D. P. LoAV — Lake Mistassini, etc. " 1» '' ^ 12. Aimuiil licport, ls>»l. .1. H. Tyrn^ll — NihmIiitm AIImm-iu. .). Kl(r — liirtt. of L<'|)i«lo|)t<'ni collcvuvl hy th" game. A. 1*. I.ow — Ii«'t\vei'ii l WimiijM'^ aiipt, ls,s7-S. (1. M. Dawson — Iv\i)loiMtion of Yukon District ; A|)[K'n(lic't'.s on I'lora, Fauna, etc. A. P. Low — Janic.H Hay and Count /v Kast ; Aj)pon- dicos, List of PlantvH, Fauiui, etc. 1-1. .\nTiual licpurts, iss^-«n*tH, 1S<»0-1. R. (}. McConncll — Athabasca, etc. J. li. Tyrrell — X.W. Manitoba, etc. 1(1. .\nnual Ucport,' ls<>4. D. H. Dowlin^ — IJasin of 13o- rcn's River; Kocnvatin. 17. Annual Report, ls!>r.. .1. 15. 'ryrnll \' (i. 15. |)«nvlinii' — Athabasca Lake to (Uiurchill River. 18. ISIMI. .1. B. Tyrroll and ,1. R. i)owlin^--X.\V. Coast of Hudson Bay, etc. 1!). Dr. (1. .M. Dawson — G('oloS. deo- logy and Resources of Region, new Log Parallel from Lake of Woods to llockv Mountain!', 1S75. 20. 1). Hiist — Radiolaria from Pierre Formation, X. ^V. Manitoba, 1892. 21. A. I). Copo — Vertobrata from Lower ^ficx'ene, etc., Cy- press River, ISUl. Kiuht New Sj>ecies of Fossils, from Candm -Silurian of ]\Ianitol)a, ISSO. Xew Fos- sils from the Dovonian of Manitoi)a, lSi)(). Orthwer- atidiv of Trenton Limestone of the \Vinni])eg Basin, 1891. Ammonites of Cretaceous Rocks, Athabasca, 1892. Cretaceous System in Canada, ISK.'J. ^N'ew Species of Fossils from Silurian of S.E. Saskatchewan, 1891. The Devonian System in Canada, Roe, Amer. Assoc. Advancement of Science, 1809. 22. J. F. Whitoaves — Tnvertebrata of Larami(> and Creta- ceous Rocks of Bow and Belly Rivers, etc., 1885. Fossils of Devonian Rocks, Mackenzie River, 1891. Fossils of Devonian Rocks, Lake Manitoba, etc., 1892. 20 23. L. ^I. Lambo — Pala-ozoic Corals, 1899. Keport Geol. Survey on the Fossils from Cretaceous Rocks, Red Doer R., Alberta, 1898. Transactions of Manitoba Historical and Scientific So- ciety : — •24:. }\o. 3. J. Hoyes Pantun, M.A. — Geology of Red River Valley. 25. Xo. 42. Rev. Prof. G. ]^ryce, LL.l).— "' Older Geology of the Red River and Assiniboine Valleys. 2(). Xo. 4!>. Same author — '' The Lake of the Woods." 27. Ludwig- Kumloin — V. S, Xatioual Museum, Xo. 15, 1S79. Naturalist's X'otes, Jlowg-ate Polar Expedi- tion to Cumberland Sound, etc., 1884. 2S. C. X. Pell—" Our Xorthern Waters." Note. — The two last-named treat of all branches of Nat- ural Histor}\ BOTANY, ETC. 29. Cataloi>ue of Canadian Plants, Geological Survey, 1883- J. Macoun — Vol. I, Exogens. Yol. II. Endogens and Acrogens. Vol. III., ^lusci, J. Macoun and N. C. Kindberg. IIe])aticie, W. H. Pearson. oO. Contributions supplementing above, J. M. Macoun, 1894-7. 31. The following text-lKM)ks will be found useful: — Gray's Maniial of Botany (5th ed. is best). Coulter's Manual of Rocky Mountiiin Botariv, 1885. Synoptical Flora of N. America, Vol. I, Pt. 1, Ease 1, 1895. Genera of Plants of Fnitc^l States, lllust., Rowe, 1848. Il- lustrated F'lora of the U. S., Britton and Brown, 1890. Spotton's High School Botany. I^ist of Minerals of Manitoba and the Northwest analysed and assayeil by Prof. Kenrick, St. .Fohn's College, Winnipeg. OoM Ores. — Native gold associated vnth quartz, feldspar and other siliceous minerals, gold sands, auriferous copper and iron pyrites, gold-bearing galena, arsenical pyrites and tetraliedrite. 21 Silver Ores. — Native silver, nearly pure or alloyed with gold, silver glance, argentiferous galena, tetrahedrite and copper pyrites. Platinum Ores. — Platinum associated with gold in magnetic sands. Mercury Ores. — Native mercury, cinnabar. Copper Ores. — Copper glance, copper pyrites, bornite, mala- chite, etc. Lead Ores. — Galena. A7ttimon]f Ores.— Antimony glance, tetrahedrites. Arsenic Ores. — Arsenic pyrites, tetrahedrite. Zine Ores. — Zinc blende. Iron Ores.— -Magnetic iron ores, haematite, brown iron ore, spathic iron ore, ankerite. Nickel (and Cobalt) Ores.— .Magnetic pyrites. Manganese Ores. — Pyrohisite, psilomelane, manganite. Ochres for pigments. Heavy spar. Gypsum. Mica for electrical purposes. Brine and salt deposits. Coal, lignite and peat. Limestones, dolomites, hydraulic limestones, clays, etc. Mineral Waters— Carbonated, alkaline, saline, hepatic, chaly- beate, etc. EXTO:\rOLOGY. A. W. Ilanham, Winnipeg — Papers on the Lepidoptera, in the following Journals : — "Canadian Entomologist," Vols. 27, 28, 29, 31. Do., do., in same journal, Yol. 30, Collecting at Bloom and at Light. Articles descriptive of X. W. Lepidoptera, by :Mr. Ilanliam and others have also appeared in "Entomological News," Philadelphia, Vol. IX., ISOS, in Trans. Amor. Entom. Soc., ISOO, and in the Journal of Xew York, Entom. Soc. Journ., 1898. Cr. Chaoiioii, in "Le Xaturalisto" (Chicoutimi), 1896-7, gives a list of ^Manitoba Colooptera. E. F. Heath, on Lepidoptera, in "Canadian Entomologist," Vols. 27-31. The above are all local collectors. 22 Dr. Jas. Fletcher, Ottawa Exper. farm — Reports and magaz. monographs, too numerous to specify, upon various orders and genera. General Works — likely to be useful to students in N. West : Kirby & Spence ; A. B. Packard — "Guide to the Study of Insects," and "Entomology for Beginners." Y. H. Comstock — "Introduction to Entomology." A. V. Riley — Directions for Collecting and Preserv- ing Insects (Smithsonian Instit.). S. H. Seudder — "Butterflies of Eastern U.S. and Canada." W. J. Holland— "The Butterfly Book." ICTHYOLOGY. Canadian Fishes, especially Ontario. II. B. Small, Montreal, 1890. Paperi? at London and Chicago Fisheries Exhibits. L. J. Jon- cas. Papers — Canadian Institute and Royal Soc. of Canada, Prof. R. Ramsay Wright, Toronto. Compilation on the Freshwater Fishes of Canada. J. A. Montpetit, Montreal. Land-Locked Salmon, E. D. T. Chambers, Quebec. MAMMALIA, ETC. "Fauna Boreali-Americanus." 1831. Reports of Palliser Expedition. Report of Dawson Expedition. Geological Survey Reports. J. Macoun's "Manitoba ctnd the Great N. West." Manitoba Hist, and Scientific Soc, Transaction No. Thompson's "Mammals of Manitoba." ORl^ITHOLOGY. Richardson's "Fauna, etc " See above. Notes on Birds Collected in the Interior of British America. " The Ibis," 1861-2. 23 Donald Gunn (Smithsonian Inst. Report), "An Egging Ex- pedition to Shoal Lake." Mgr. Tache — List of Birds, 1870. Elliott Cones— Birds of Northwest, 1874. Report of Trip along 49 deg. to parallel, 1878. Dr. G. M. Dawson— Report 49th Parallel, List, 1875. J. Macoun— Ornithological Notes. List 109 species, 1881. List in "Manitoba and Great NortL^rest, 235 species, 1882. Miller Christie— "Zoologist," Notes on Manitoba Birds, 1885. E. E. Thompson— Birds of Manitoba, pub. by Smithsonian Institute, 1891. G. E. Atkinson— Game Birds of Manitoba, Manitoba Birds of Prey. (Transacti(,ns of Hist, and Scientific See., Nos. — and58).