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; 1

•ns-'UBnin,. «!,

THE

GEOGRAPHICAL

AND

HISTORICAL

DICTIONARY

AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

lUtiUlNO ANI> WlilOIir,

St, Join's f^riuaii', Ijori'lorr.

*■ »■■•» mk' -umi..

THR

GEOGRAPHICAL

AND

HISTORICAL

DICTIONARY

AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

CONTAINING

AN ENTIRE TRANSLATION OF THE SPANISH WORK

COLONEL DON ANTONIO DE ALCEDO,

CAPTAJN OF THE ROYAL SPANISH GUARDS, AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORV

WITH

iLatge ^btJitiottfi ant) Cornpilattons

FROM MODERN VOYAGES AND TRAVELS,

AND FROM

ORIGINAL AND A UTIIENTIC IN FORMA TION.

i»y

G. A. THOMPSON, ESQ.

IN FIVE VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

Magna modis multis mirandu ridetur

Gentibus humanis regio, visendaque J'crtur ,

Rebus opima bonis. Luchetius, lib. I. Hue 727,

HonDon :

PKIIilEn vow JAMrsCARPENTEn, OLD DOND-STREET ; I.ONCM*N, IIUIIST, IIEES, OIIME, AND

BROWN, PAltBNOSTBUnon ; WMITK,

tOU.UA.E, AN.. ,0. AND .MtRUXY, FLKET- STREET, rONUoN ; PARKIR, OXFOI.D; AND DEICIITON, r SMmUi.r.l

1812,

14l;)fl|

*-i^-»nm- «lii

)ni

TABLE OF CONTENTS

OF THE

INTRODUCTORY MATTER.

1. Tramlalor's Preface.

2. List of Subscribers to the Translation,

3. Translator's Advertisement.

4. Alqedd's Dedication.

5. Algedo's Preface.

6. Albedo's Additions and Corrections stated.

7. List of Albedo's Subscribers.

8. ^ several Table of Kingdoms, Provinces, S^c. into which Spanish America

tsdmded,- wxtha continuation, illustrating at one view the other respective
Uomimom and Governments in America and the JVest Indies.

aelaered wuh the last Volume, and maj^ be bound up with the first.

VOL. I.

■■*• ■II'."..,**'**' ■

TRANSLATOR'S ADVERTISEMENT.

THE history of Albedo's work is already before the world, as stated in my pros|)ectus ;
the particulars of such statement were derived from his own preface, which is now de-
livered entire, and to which I bet? leave particularly to call tin.' reader's attention. The
manner in which the original deficiencies of that author were to be corrected, and in
which the historical and geographical relations of the countries treated of, were to be
brouflit down to the present day, has been explained in the prospectus, and the volume
now before the public will best show how those promises have beeii fulfilled.

Aithongh from the forward state of the work, (the whole of it, with some small excep-
tions, being ready for press), I might now enter into an analysis of my labours ; I shall
reserve tluit task until the whole shall have been published, when there will be delivered
to the subscribers a regular preface, containing such general considerations respecting
America and the West Indies, as could not, with equal convenience, have been incor-
porated with the work itself.

Whatever might have been my own opinion as to the necessity of giving a literal and
complete translation of Albedo, I found myself bound so to do, as well from the sensation
which the book had awakened at the first issuing of the prospectus, as from the opinion
of its earliest and most distinguished patrons, that, considering how rare and curious was
supposed to be the information it contained, it would be thought defective by the public
if any part of the original were omitted ; although, on the other hand, something might
have been gained in point of conciseness and regularity of method. The translation,
therefore, is as literal as the respective idioms of the two languages would permit,
saving in r'»pic trifling cases of evident ^rrw^a; the additional matter is always included in
brackets; and if, as in various instances, it be continued for several pages, the brackets
will be found at tin; beginning and end of each page.

Like Albedo, I have forborne to quote my authorities specifically in each article, for
the sake of avoiding unnecessary repetitions; though, like him, I refer my readers to
particular authors to illustrate my subject, when the matter has grown too voluminous
und(!r my hands. It 's true that I have assumed a complete discrelionary power with re-
gard to the additional infurniation, but I shall not fail, in justice to those writers to whom
I am so much indebted, to give in the preface a list of my authorities, as well as of the
original documents to which I may have had access. I cannot, however, forbear mention-
ing for the present, how far more copious and extensive is the infoiniation of this publica-
tion than thai of aii}- which has hitherto appeared. In some of the articles, as n>ay be

* 'J

(

VIII

)

SQCU iitiiitT the heads liiM/il, Canada, :wh1 Chile, in this vuluiue, not less tliuii tVuiii '20 to
46 pages of additional matter have been introduced, each article having its separate index
of contents. Independently likewise of the very elaborate work of Morse, containing
upwards of 7000 articles, nearly the whole of which have been transfused into these
volumes; many large and valuable extracts, as well as new articles, have been selected from
Molina, Humboldt, Depons, Azara, and other writers of less consideration, even with
respect to the Spanish provinces of America ; upon which subject AI(;edo is far more
copious and complete than any other writer. In the West India islands, as luuler the
heads Antigua, Barbadoes, St. Christopher, &c. comparative accounts of the earlier ex-
ports and imports have been selected, and those of the latest years introduced.

Our author, we find, had thought it necessary to annex to his book a large vocabulary
of provincial terms, forming a catalogue of the plants, birds, animals, &c. found in
America : it is obvious that this information is still more desirable in the translation ; and
this glossary has, therefore, been carefully revised, and enriched with valuable additions;
and there being several Spanish terms which will not admit of direct translation in the
dicuonary, these likewise, with a full explanation of their meaning, will be found in the
same glossary ; each such term being, for the convenience of the reader, invariably found
printed in italics in the body of the work.

To conclude, so much additional light has been thrown upon the geography of
America since the publication of Al9edo, that, in order to render these volumes as perfect
as possible, the position of every place has been carefully revised, and corrected according
to Mr. Arrowsmith's several maps of Norfh America, of the United States, of the West
Tndia Islands, of Mexico, and of Soxith America; the last of which has been recently
constructed from original materials, which till lately remained inaccessible at Madrid
and at Lisbon ; whilst, at the same time, all the places not h( retofore found in his maps
have been inserted from the Dictionary, as it issued sheet by sheet from the press.

The above maps of Mr. Arrowsmith, whose eminence in that line it is unnecessary to
mention, will consequently be ready to be delivered at a somewhat reduced price to the
subscribers to this book, about the time of the publication of the last volume, and will form
a complete ATLAS to At9edo, who had no means of improving and illustrating his
Dictionary by so important a supplement.

G.A.THOMJPSON.

«
^

■) 1

•pUBBW*'-

« m-'mm m)^ mi».

ALCEDO'S DEDICATIONS

To His Eoz/ai Highness the Prince of Sjjain,

SIR,

.= K • J^}^, .^"""'"'0"^ of America, to which Heaven has dfslinecl you the heir

J be,„g part of th.s monarchy, have their fortunes united with those of^yo. Rovaj

Charle V.] they owe the first elements of civil government, and the svstim
esta^iished for the propagation of the gospel amongst those gentibs, to Chares 11^
the protection and encouragement of the missions, by which so many souls have been
brought into the bosom of the church; and to Charles III. your Roya HiJhness's
august father, the mort happy estabHshments, the present vvell-orSL" no Uica
economy of Europe, the promotion of the arts and the advantages of co^m erce -^o he
exceUency of winch institutions every day bears testimony, and for a con nua^ion of h^
benefits of which we look with confidence, seeing that your Royal HieCssTsrthPrn!
instruction in the wise school of your father. ^ "'ghness is gathering

Surely then. Sir, the New World could not find a better Afacenas than
n the person of your Royal Highness, to protect a work written by one oftTsons anS

SIR,

At the feet of your Royal Highness,

ANTONIO DE ALCEDO.

I''

i i'

ALC ED O'S PREFACE.

rUE history of America and the West Indies has been for some time an object of
t|je study and interest of all iMiropcan nations, from the desire of niformation concerning
the gfography, navigation, customs, and productions of those parts, and for the sake of
encouraging commerce between the Old World and a country considered as the very
fountain of riches. Hence it is that foreigners have dedicated themselves to writing and
publishing on this subject whatsoever they knew or could colli "t -, procuring from Spain
all the histories and treatises which had been already made by the natives and the first dis-
coverers and contjuerors of those regions : in so niucii, that books which were heretofore
common, and in no estimation, are now scarcely to be obtained at any price.

What has in no small degree contributed to the connection between the Old and
New Worlds, is the introduction of certain Aujerican i reductions into the former, which
through luxury have been ndered indispensible, sncli as Cdcao, cochineal, tobaccc,
vicuTia wool, &c. ; as also, for their specific medicinal virtues, bark, jalap, z.irzaparilia,
calaguaUi, ccinc/iagiialii, and the balsams of Tolii, Maria, Canimc, &c. not to be found iu
any other part.

These, it appeared to me, were sufficient reasons for requiring an universal history
of America, which might contain every thing worthy of note, as welt in its civil, natural,
and ecclesiastical relations, as in iis geography, productions, commerce, navigation, and
interests with European pov.ers: but being well aware of the difficulty of combining such
information, it seemed to me more advisat)Ie to reduce it to the form of a dictionary.

A publication of this nature could never have been completed l)y tlie labour of an
individhal ; but being aware that this timidity might ever operate as an insuperable
obstacle to its CKecution, I determined, by the advice of a person of superior t.ilentg
and intelligence, to be tiie first to lay the foundation, at least, of the undertaking; being,
however, at the same time, somewhat instigated by th rcilcetion, that I had myself visited
many parts of America and the West Indies; and that I could avail myself of some most
exact find important information in the viva voce communications of a rMinister, [pro-
bably the M. K. P. Fr. Pedro Gonzalez de Agiieros, Franciscan missionary in the Ar-
chipelago of Chiloe], who having filled several of the highest ofiices in those countries
for the space ol upwards of forty years, had acquired a very unconnnon stock of valuable
knowledge, so as to have obtained at court the title of the '• Oracle of Ameiica;" — a
title, for the justification of which, it were only necessary to refer to the vast number of
public documents and decrees which have been drawn up by him for the Council of
the Indies, and to the variety of works he has written, independent of tiinse which have
been published, and have met with general applause and estiuiation. In short, it is from
such sources, as well as from a vast library of Indian books and papers, that I have found
materials to labour incessniuly for the space of twenty years, without other intennission th;>n
SI cii as was called <br b)' the duties of my profession; thouijh even then, eacli tiilling m-
ti rval I could spare was devoted to my principal object.

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most

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Tlie work being finished, I could not yet prevail upon myself to bring it to liglit,
convinced thai it must necessarily have many defects, although unknown to myself. It
was then that the advice of a person of ruperior judgment, and a well Ibunded confidence
in the protection of the public, overcame my scruples, and I was persuaded to od'er it at
least as a foundation, whereon something more noble might afterwards be erected ; in the
same manner as has occurred with regard to the dictionaries of Moreri, Vosgien, and La
Martiniere, and many others, which, having been at first very defective, became enlarged
and rendered complete by the labour of many. In this state of the business tiieie came to
my hands a Geographical Dictionary of South America, written in Italian by the Kx-
Jesuit D. Juan Domingo Coleti, who had lived for some years in the province of Mainas ;
also a Dictionary of North America, in English, with the title of" American Gazetteer;"
and it immediately occurred to me that iny own was now no further necessary : but having
examined them both, I became persuaded that they were rather a reason why I should
publish this; since, without robbing tliem of any just merit, and remembering too, that
each of them was confined to the descriptions of certain provinces, they possess by no
means the same extent of information as this, as nuiy be seen by referring to the letter A,
which, in neither of those books, exceeds an hundred articles; whereas the same letter in
my dictionary contains upwards of a thousand, [and in this translation more than 1700.]
But the principal cause which fixed me in my resolution was the recollection that I was
treating of a country, in one of the best towns of which, I with pride and gratitude ac-
knowledge myself to have been born ; and I do at the same time candidly allow, that I have
made a free use of the two dictionaries just spoken of, as well in adding to, as in correcting
the many articles I had already written.

Whoever shall consider with impartiality the troublesome investigation of more than
three hundred Indian volumes, the confusion and little exactness in many, and the diffi-
culty and labour of conciliating opposite opinions, and extracting the naked truth, will, I
doubt not, make some allowance for the defects they may find ; and all I hope is, that
they may have the goodness to a[)prise me of them whenever they shall think them worthy
of emendation; when, so far from being mortified, I shall feel the most lively gratitude
for their attention, stating their communications to the public, that they may not be de-
frauded of the merit to which they may be entitled. This, in truth, is the rational way of
contributing to the public weal, and not the plan, as adopted by some, of endeavouring to
find out diminutive errors, for the sake of satisfying their capriciousness, or of gaining the
reputation of being wise, though fortunately the contrary be generally the effect of their
labours.

Some will observe that there are many articles very small and scanty of information :
to this I answer, that my first object was only to have given a history of the kingdoms,
provinces, capitals, and rivers of note; but that I afterwards included an account of the
leaser settlements and rivers, concerning which there is for the most part but little to say,
although there be a great advantage in knowing all their names and their relative distances.
I have suppressed quoting, at the end of each article, the author from whom the principal
information may have been extracted, in order to avoid a useless and troublesome repeti-
tion ; and in as much as I thought it would be preferable to give, at the end of the book, a
list of tne authors who have written upon the subject in question, after the plan of the cele-
brated Don Nicolas Antonio ; and also, by way of appendix, another dictionary, or alpha-
betical list of the provincial terms and foreign names of the fruits, trees, animals, &c.

I have now only to add, that whatsoever information is read in this dictionary, con-
cerning a town, its number of inhabitants ot any class, the e\;stence of convents, forts

lit

ill
II I'

xii )

&c. is relative to the slate in which those countries were in the time in which those au-
tiiors wrote, from whom the extracts are made; not but that I have in very many instances
acquired the most recent information : and altiiough I may r-jgret that I may have some-
times stood in need of certain accounts, documents, and papers in the hand of government,
or which might be even lying in the cabinets of the curious; yet, a"> they were still unpub-
lished, and not within my reach, I have been forced to content myself with such as have
either passed through the press, or my good fortune and diligent research have thrown
into my way. Fa/e.

A L C E D O'S

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS STATED.

! ;

' i

THE desire we have felt of rendering this work more perfect, by every means
in our power, has caused us to be continually employed in its execution; and since we
have discovered many errata which have unavoidably arisen in the press, we lose no
time in bringing them to light ; taking, at the same time, an opportunity of adverting
to certain communications forwarded to us from certain literary characters who have
been zealous in promoting our undertaking, and contributing to the public weal: amongst
the number of whom are, the most Illustrious Sefior Don Juan Manuel Moscoso, bishop
of Cuzco; Don Joseph de Ugarte, colonel of militia of the province of Abancay; the
Fr. Pedro Gonzalez de Agiieros, of the order of St. Francis, and missionary apostolic
for many years in the Archipelago of Chiloe ; the Fr. Francisco de Ajofrin, a Capuchin ;
Don Manuel del Campo, native of the city of Cartago; and Don Joseph Lindo; all of
whom are actually residing at this court, and to whom I with great gratitude acknow-
ledge all the important favours the public, no less than myself, has received. But, and
although we are convinced it were in tlie power of many others to have manifested the
same dispositioij;-;, who have contented themselves with criticising the errors they have
beep able to discern ; and although we couid, if we thought proper, shew on what little
foundation their arguments were built, we shall decline entering into any controversy
with them, but shall content ourselves with following the plan we have designed in the
preface, supporting ourselves in oiir laborious employ with the consolatory reflection, that
the work has obtained undeniable credit, as well in this kingdom as in America and in
foreign parts, and that all wise ])ersoi)s are well aware of the difficulties Vi'hich must na-
turally accrue to the beginning of an undertaking of this nature, and that time alone can
bring it to perfection: To this, we cannot forbear adverting to the very great loss we have
experienced by the fire wliich occurred in the palace and secretary of state's office, in
1734 ; insomuch that we were obliged to go about soliciting information from the curious,
i»s was particularly the case for the completion of the series of bishops and governors,
not having been able to obtain any intelligence respecting them in the various papers
and docinnents which lay before us ; and it is entirely from this latter source that we have
completed the lists of bishops of Arequipa, Caracas, and Cuzco.

LIST OF ALCEDO'S SUBSCRIBERS.

The Royal Academy of Hislory, 24 conies.
Don Joaqiiiii DarecLc y Urrutia
Don Andres Gilabert.
Don Miguel Muriilo.

Don pStWca!"'' inbabiiantof Cadi.
Don Cayclano Foncerrada

eitenant-gencral, and miltary fiscal of tb.
supreme council of war.
rhc most Excellent Senor Duke of Alva.

ftfnvT ^"T"' "''"P'"'" °f ''«"«»r to his
Majesty, and canon of the Loly church of

Don Agustin Madan, 2 conies.
Don Pedro Colmenares.

M.e'S^r*'!'-'^".^*'" Asteguieta, canon in
the collegiate church of Mendinacdi

Don Manuel Antonio do Arce y CaS

Don Dionisio Garcia Urbano. ^

ce.aryofthe revenue office,

^"^ ,??•. *y- ! • f. ••• J"«n Antonio Roarte, a calccd
yi'i'lanan in Salamanca. J •« '""ecu

IJon Juan Antonio de la Peiia

The M°"k p gT,i«' «f |"« ^S'.iesty's council.
A ,-. "• *;• ir, lomasdela Virffen
Don Alexandre, Cameron, rector" ol the royal
Ti, Vf *«'^*'"'''^«"f ^'"""dolid. ^"

IheK. p Don Romualdo Ramirez, admini^tra
tor ot San Anton Abad. ' ""'"•"'-'™-

d';;:rtm^,lr^"^' "• ^'^^^ '" <'- --«-

Don Jacobo Maria Espinosa, knight of the dis-
tmguised order of Charles III. fi^ca of -
royal audience of Catahina. " ''^^"' "^ t''<^

Don Joseph Madrazo dc la Escalera.

i on .nan de V.lialonga, captain of eno-jnecrs

Don .Foaqu a de NernHi,>-. ^r <i ■•^'"^^'^'^s.
Cadiz. ^^•^'-ochea, of the commerce of

Don Juan Manuel Lonez de Si^rn,l« if.
of (Jranada. ' ^.'grcdo, inhabitant

Don Juan de Ardois, inhabifant of Cadiz

^T "'■ ^"^'"^"•"-' -"'- "f I'am.

VOL. I.

Don Francisco Xavier Ximinez deFextida, nativo

ol Pamplona.
Don Francisco Ibanez.
Don Juan I'Vancisco Solano.
Don jgnacio Francisco de Arjona.
Don Ignacio Campesino.
Don Rudesindo Ruiz de Cabrojas,
i)on Juan Estevan de Espeh in.
Don Martin Damaso dc Uru.
Don Manuel iVfaiiso.
Don Mateo Gutierrez de Villcgas.
Don Luis de Oyarzabal.
Don Tomas de Iriarte.
Don Joseph Manuel de Encalada.
Ihe library of the Capuchin fathers of Prado
Don Juan Antonio de la Fuente, inhabitant of

Caciiz.
Don Domingo de Marcolcta

"ovSo' ^^'""'''' "'"' ^'^''' '"''^^'<»»t of
Don Joseph Delgado v Campo.
Don Francisco Dusayy Fivaller.

n^rgHaJds '^"""°"' '"^ ^-"tenantofSpa.

''"^ ilX' oriw5 '''"' """^^ ""''''"' ^'^""«'

'^"" inZ'h'? ^1f "^"^ ^"^"■g"'^^, <iig"ified canon
ot the holy church of Teruel.

J?°" //"> Cortes de Velasco.

lJlui\ ?7,'"o^'-''VJ»' benedictinc monk,

Si^d'rOviedo! "^'-'^ "^'^'"'^^^•'^ «^«->^'-

'^'""Tp IIJ"' ^l'^'"'^'' ^•'■°" I^'^nedictino, regent
Oviedo/"^' "monastery of San Vicente^ de

Don Joseph Sandoval, inhabitant of Malaga.

o?Tol'' do. '"' i'''^"^^''y »'■ t''^' ''ol/church
Don Juan Francisco del Castillo y Carroz.
IJic Illustrious Sefior Count of Teua. of the

councia..d chamber of the Indie,r'
Don Manuel Conies, inhabitant of Cadiz,
iion Jayme Marl Inez.
DonCayetano Maria lluarle, prebendary of the

( xiv )

iff
'1

Don Marliii tie I I'k.;!, oidov of tlir royal audienco

ofScvill;!.
Don .li);itjiiiii (Ic MoiiiKi, cnjjtaiii of the royal

ariDiidii.
Don Mamicl llspinosa Tt-Ilo, lieutt-naiil of (lie

royal armada.
'The niosl flliisfrioir Si nor, Don Joscjili Constancio

(Ic Andiiios, l)is|i()|) o! .\ll)arraciii.
The liriijadicr MiiniiiiMifdranada, captain of tlic

rcii'inicnt of royal Spani^li gnards.
Don Fi^iiacio dc Mcrns Quclpo.
Don I'rancisco Duranijo.
Don Ariijcl Tricincro^i, secretary lo llic embassy at

the conrt of 'I'lirin.
Don Antonio de Lara y Znfiica, of (lie council of

11. M. at (he conrt of inquisition of Sevilla.
Don Touias Isidro de la I'inta.
Don Cayclano I Inc.
Don (.'ayetano I'onI (Mossas.
Don IVdro .Inez Sarniiento, licntonnnt-coloncl of

the royal nrniies, adjutant-major of royal

Spanisli jjniirds.
Don Narciso de Pedro, colonel at the Plaza of

V^diMicia.
Don Joseph Francisco Ferrer de Ibanez, inhabi-
tant of Uarcelona.
Don Vicente D.)niin<fo.
Don Manuel de Roblcsj door-kccpcr of II. M.

chamber, 2 cojjies.
Don Antonio (iarcia Conde, lieutenant-colonel of

the royal armies, second adjutant-major of

(li(! royal Spanish guards.
Don Juan nau(ista Munoz, cosmographer-gcneral

of the Indies.
Don .\gapito Doinenchn, presbyter.
Don llanion Antonio de Castro,
Don I'elipe IJaron de Lamberts, brigadier of the

royal armies.
Don Francisco Xavier IJecar, canon of the holy

church of Barcelona.
Don Francisco CinzJi, iidiabitant of Vizeaya.
Don Vicente Ferrer de Plauden.
The most Fxcellenl Senor, Dukeof Ilijar.
Don Manuel de San Pedro y Tobia.
The M. W. P. Fr. Antonio Calonje, benedictine

monk and lientenant-major of San Martin.
Don Miguel de Iribarrcn.
Don I'rancisco Seneca.
Don ,U. ^'ph Sda, canon of Grandia,
Don r rancisco de Turnes, magistral canon of the

holy church of Lugo.
Don Juan .Antonio Montes, second adjutant-major

of the royal Spanish guards.
Don Joseph de la Pei'ia y Alfeidan, archdeacon of

Azumnra, in the holy church of Mondofiedo.

The M. U. P. Fr. Dionisio dc Otano, of the order

of San Benito.
Don Miguel Antonio Torreute,
Don Antonio Perez, of the teller's oflice in the

Indies,
Dcm Joseph Tello y Pallarcs.
The Doctor Don Sebastian Rodriguez Vicdma.
Don Antonio Cortes Moreno.
Don Manuel de Ataide y Portugal.
Don Joseph Colon de Larreategui, oUlor of Vallu-

dolid.^
The most Excellent Senor, Marquis of Santa Cruz.
Don Antonio de Sanclia, bookseller at this court,

'i copies.
Don I'" rancisco de Soria y Soria.
Don f/orenzo Bnxeda.
Don Koqnc Izqiiierdo.
Don Jo-eph Campana.
The R. P. M. Don Agustin Vazquez, general of

San Rernardo, and abbot of the monastery of

Poblet in (Jataluna.
Don Nicolas Ballesler y Flotats.
Don Mariano Rivas, inhabitant of Barcelona.
Don Miguel Grijalva Guzman, archdeacon of

Sepulveda, canon of the holy church of

Segovia.
Don Salvador Texcrino y Texada, presbyter of

Salamanca.
Don Diego Alvarez de la Fuentc, inhabitimt of

Malaiia.
The most Fxcellent Serior, Don Manuel de Florez,

lientcnant-ircneral of the royal armada, and

viceroy ot iVneva Fspaiia,
D(m Juan Francisco Ibafiez de !a Renteria.
Don Tadeo de Arirnedas.
Don Mariano (A-rda.
Don Candido Mar( a Trigucros.
The most Fxcelleiit Sei'ior, Marquis of Li Lapilla.
Don Mateo Alfonso de Prado, a counsellor at this

court.
The most Excellent Senor, Duke of Vaugiiyon,

French ambassad«)r at (he court of Madriil.
The most Excellent Senor, Duke of IJceda, squire

of the body to his most Serene Highness the

Prince of Asturias.
Don Francisco Joseph Villodres, canon of the holy

cathedral church of Cordoba.
Don Joaquin Juan de Flurcz.
Don AllbnsoTabarcs, inhabitant of the town of La

Solana in La Mancha.
The R. P. M. Fr. Adriano de lluerta, of the reli-
gion of San Berinrdo, abbot of the monastery

of ( )sera.
The Marquis of Mos, colonel of militia of Be-

tanzos.

V
I

* r ■<w^ (Wte

( XV )

squire

':4

Don Antonio Born'is, of the cojnmorrc of Rons in

Catiilufm.
Don .loaquin Sofomayor y Cisncros, '2 copies.
Don Miijuel Arnaud de Conrbillc, commibsaiy of

war.
Don Tomas Martiiipz do Agnilera, rttcionero of llie

lioiy church of Sio-iionza.
Don Alonso Ofcrino Borijon.
Don y^n(oMio Iglcsias, booiiseller, 4 copios.
Don Juan Manuel Mascaronaf,, inliabitanl of the

town of Borin in Galicia.
Don Miguel de Larrea.
Don Barloloinede Siles.
Don Juan Antonio Xiincncsdc Aguilern.
The It, P. Fr. Josepli Manccbo, of the order of St.

Angustin.
Don Trancisco de Paula Cabcda Solarcs, of Jiis

Majesty's royal apothecaries liall.
The most Excellent Sefior, Duke of Almodovar,
major-domo to the Infanta Dona Maria Ana
Victoria.
The Lieutenant-colonel Don Francisco Mayorga, of
the order of Alcantara, second lieutenant in
the regiment of royal Spanish guards.
Don Joseph Galan.
Don Joseph Sanroman.
Don Joseph Badan.

Don Jacinto Lorenzana, inhabitant of Leon.
Don Dionisio Saenz Galinsoga, presbyter.
Don Joseph Espriella.
Don Isidro de Antayo, second adjutant of the

royal Spanish guards.
Don A \dres de Zabala y Aragon.
The Marquis of Rivas, inhabitant of Seville.
Don Domingo Antonio de Urruchi.
Don An onio Gimbernat, surgeon to his Majesty.
The Doctor Don Pedro de la Torre Ilerrera, canon

of Aicala of Henares.
Don Pedro Perez de Casiro, of the college of

counsellors in this court,
Don Joaquin Espalter y Koix, resident at Bar-
celona.

Don Juan Vicente Canet y Longas, inhabitant of

Valencia.
Don Miguel de Hermosilla, engineer of the royal

armies.
Don Francisco Joseph Bernal, paymaster at the

port of Guayra.

I he M. R. V. I 'r. Joaquin llonvzuolo. j)r('aclii i ,ii

San Martin de Santiago.
Don Manuel tie Arrodondo, regent of (lie n.v.il

andicnccof Buenos A yics.
DonJosopii |..-eaoi(>dei I'iiniar, niitivo of llie ojiv

ol Barinas in America.
Don \'ioeiilo Navarro, canon of lluesoa.
Don Andres de Quuvedo, second iii 'itenaiit of 'rie-

nadier.s in (lie royal S|)ani,sh giii 'dv. '^

Don Joseph Itnbio, second lieuleniiin in (lu- re-i-

ment of royal Spanisii guards. "^

Don Antonie. Pasqnal y (iarcia de Alinunia, per.
pelnal »ri;7(/o>- amongst the nobi(;s of tlie cilv
ol Valencia.
Don Manuel Joseph Marin.
Don Juslo, pastor of Astiquiela y Sarraldo, lesi-

•lent a) Mexico.
Don Silv.Htre Diaz do la \ ega, accountant of the

tobacco-revenues at Mexico.
The Doctor Don Manuel de I'loroz, secretary of

the Jllmo Sr. archbishop of Mexico.
Don l-'elipo Albeia, booivseller at this court.
Tlie Doctor Don Estevan duticrrez.
Don Pedro Joseph de Lemus, inhabitant ot

Mexico.
Don Tomas de Berganza.
Don Joseph do Aguilar.

The most Excellent Sr. Duke of Alburquerque
Marijuis of La Mina, gentleman of the cham-
ber to his Majesty, and brigadier-gcncral in
the royal armies.
The R. P Fr. Juan Fiayo, a Franciscan, and
preacher in the convent of Cartagena, in the
Indies.

Don Pedro Tomas de Villanueva, resident at Car-
tagena, in the Indies.

Don Antonio Bergosa y Jordan, inquisitor of
Mexico,

Don Isidro Liinonta, colonel of infantry, kine'g
lieutenant at the Plaza of Cuba.

DonJosopii Martin de Carmendia, inhabitant of
Villatranca of Guipuzcoa.

Don Gabriel Manuel Espinosa de los Monteros, re-
sident at Barcelona.

Don Francisco Arias Velasco, perpetual residor of
the city of Ovicdo.

Don Manuel Maico, of his Majesty's council of the
royal revenue.

|H||.

GENERAL TABLK

OF THE KINGDOMS AXD PHOVINCES INTO WHICH

SPJNISH AMERICA

IB DIVIDED;

AND OF THE VICLROYALTIES. GOVERNMENTS, CORREGIMIENTOS. AXD
ALCALDIAS MAYORES ESTABLISHED IN THEM.

SOUTH AMERICA

i« divided into three Viceroyaltics, containing the following Kingdoms and Provinces

VICEROYALTY OF THE NEW KINGDOM OF GRANADA.

Kingdom of TienuA Firme.
Governments.

<'artagcna;^
Caracas,
Popayan,
Maracaibo,

Tunja,

Bogota,

Boza,

Pasca,

Panchcs,

Giiatavita^

Panama,
Portovelo,

Veragua,.
Darien.

Alcaldia Mat/or.

Nata.

N^Ew Kingdom of Ghanada,

Gozeruments.
Guayana, Antioquia,

f '""^'la. San Faustino,

Santa Marta, San Juan de 4 Llanos,

^-lioco, San Juan Jiron,

Zipaquira,

Ubatc,

Coyaima,

Muzo,

Turnicqiie,

Tensa,

Correghnientos.

Duitama,

Chivata,

Paipa,

Sogamoso,

Nciva,

Gameza,

(Guayaquil,

Jaen de Bracamoros,

Kingdom of Quito.

Government!:.

Esmeralda.t,
IMainas,

Mariquita,
Isla de Puerforico,
Isla de la Trinidad,
Isla do la Margarita.

ChiJa,
Sacliica,
A^elez,
San Gil,
Servi(a,

Qnixos y Macas,
Cuenca,

■m

-w '■'m^^ =«lii,

■If

■'•■!

Pasto,
Xibiiros,
J barm,

( xvii )

Corirgimienlos.
Tnciinga, Kiobainbii,

Ainbato, Loxa,

VICEROYALTY OK PERU.

Kingdom of Pkru.

Governments.

/amora,
("bimbo.

Abancai,

Aimnracs,

Andahuailas,

Angaraes,

Arequipa,

Arica,

Calca y Lares,

Camaiui,

Canes y Candies,

Canetc,

Can(a,

Ccrcado,

Guarocbiri,
larma,

Cbacliupoyas,
Chan cay,
Castro Virrejna,
Collabuas,
Conch ucos,
Condesuyos,
Colabainba,
Cbilqucs y Masques
Chumbivilcas,
fiuamanga,
Giianiacana,
G'uanialies,

(•uancavolica,
Cuzco.

Corregimientos.

fiuarochiri,

Huailas,

Huanuco,

Hiianla,

Luya y Cblllaos,

Lucanos,

Moquebua,

Parinacoclias,

Piura,

Paucartainbo,

Pafaz,

Quispicancbi,

Sana,

Saiifii,

Tium'IIo,

Vilcas Ilunnian,

Caxamarca,

Urubaniba,

Yauyos,

Yea,

Xauxa,

Caxatambo,

Buenos Ayrcs,

('hucuito,

Tucuman,

VICEROYALTY OF THE PROVINCES OF TIIL RIO DE LA PLATA,

Governments.
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Puno

Mizque,

Pancarcolia,

Pilaya y Paspaya,

Puraabamba,

Yamparncz,

(-^ocha'janiba,

Montevideo,
Paraguay,

CLayanta,

Larecaja,

Lipes,

Paria,

Pacajes,

Apolabainba,

Paz,

Potosi,

Coreghnientos.

Atacama,

Asangaro,

Carabaya,

Carangas,

Tarija,

Porco,

Chiquitos,
Moxos,

Oruro,
t)niasuyos,
Sicasica,
Tomiua.

Conccpcion,
Valdivia,

CAPTAINS1111».G£NERAL AND PRESIDENCY OF CHILE.

Kingdom of Chile.

Govrrnmcnls.
Valparaisi.

Aconcasrua,

Cuyo,

Copiiip(',^

<"'>r;'jinibo,

Chiloe,

Corregimientos.
Colcagua, Puchacay,

Cliiiliifi,

Mault,

Melpilia,

Quillota,
Rede,

Santiago,

Islas Malvinas,

Islas de Juan Fernandez.

Rancagua,

Kala,

( xiiii )

NORTH AMKIMCA,

vrhicJi has only one VkeroyaUy, and contains tlic following Kingdoms ai,d Provinces!

VICKUOYALTY OF Nl':W SIM IN.

Kingdom of New Spain.

Governments.
V.'raCrnz, Coiicruil,,, Yncatan,

Acapuico,

I'uebla (le los Anjielcs.

Arto|)aiTi,

A[>am,

Acayuca,

Antii^ua,

Acatlaii,

Atrisco,

San Bias,

dial CO,

Cuyoacan,

('liietia,

Cliiautia,

Coatepcc,

Cozamaliiapan,

Cordoba,

Cadrcita,

Chilapa,

(vucrnavaca,

Col i ma,

Cholula,

Cliigungua,

S. Christoval,

Ezatlun,

Guijolotitlan,

Huamelula,

Cuicco de la Laguna,

Guimeo,,

Guanaj'iato,

San Livis de Potosi,

San Luis de la Paz,

Mara"atio,

Alraldiai

Ifiiajuapan,

llnicliiapan,

llucintla,

(iucjo(zinco,

Ixlcpexi,

Ixtlalmaca,

Izucar,

ixmiquilpan,

Jnstiahuac,

S.Juandelos Llanos,

I/crma,

Mexilcaltzinco,

Miahuatlan,

Metepec,

Malinalco,

Mextitlan,

Ncxapa,

Nochiztlan,

Nuevo Santander,

Oaxaca,

Orizava,

Otumba,

Papantla,

Quatro Villas,

Maj/ores.

Qnanlla Amilpas*,

Qimuliilan,

Qucifitaro,

'I'crnastclpec,

Tc])eaca,

Toci.li,

Tchuacan de las

(rraiiadas.
Tcutitlan,
Tenlila,
Tclmantepec,
Tcocuilco,
Tcpozcolnla,
Tepexi de la Scda,
Tacuba,
Toluca,

Tenango del Vallc,
Telcla del Uio,
1 axco,
Tixda,
Tocliimilco,
Tula,

Tetep.'ingo,
Tehusitlan,

Tabasco.

Tampico,

Tulinzinco,

'J'ctfla Xonotla,

Tezcuco,

Tcotiliuacan,

TIaxcala,

Tuxtla,

TIapa,

Villalta,

Valiadolid,

Valles,
Xalapa,

Xucliimilco,

Xicayan,

Yaliualica,

Zacualpan,

Zapotlan,

Zumpango,

Zimapan,

Zacatlan delas Man-

zanas,
Zempoala,
Zimatlau.

Kingdom of Mechoacan,

Alcaldios May ores.
San Miguel el Gunde, Zclaya,
Tancitaro, Pasquaro,

Tlasasalca,
TIalpujngua,
Villa de Leon,
Xiquilpa,

Cliaco,
Guadalcazar,
Jaso y Tereuiendo,
Chilchota,

Anink,
Autlan,

Kingdom of Nueva G'alicia.
Akaldias Majjores.

Ciiiadalaxara,
Tala,

Zayula,
Zacatecas,

Zamora,

Cinaque,

Mofines,

Tinguindin,

Xiquilpa,

Zacatula.

Tepic,
Sentipac,

^m^-.mik.

'reqiicpcxpa,

'I'oiioli'i,

Oslolipaqiiillo,

Aiialco,

M!i/;i|)il,

\i',ini'' t ':illt'iil('s,

Xala,

( *'X )

Ciixiliflnn,

'rifijoimiico,

/a|)()tlnM,

I/ailiiii,

(iuaiicliitiango,

Piirificacioii,

Ovilolipac,

Coinpostela,

Acaponnta,
Nnyarith,
Uarcn,
Tfcpatitlan,

Jjaifos,
Ciupiio,
Toenail iclii,

Jucliipila,

Colollaii,

>k erc'Z,

Frcsfiillo,

Ibaria,

Sierra tie Pinos,

Cliarcas.

CAPTAINSHIP.{TRi\EllAL OF TJIE ISLAND OF CUCA.

Governments.
^^^^, Florida, Louisiana.

la,

Man-

GENERAL TABLE

OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS AND GOVERNMENTS IN

NORTH AMERICJ AND THE WEST INDIES.

viz.
BRITISH DOMINIONS IN NORTH AMERICA.

Hudson's Bay, under N.S.W'aics^i Nova Scotia,

the via>'n:cme)il of East Main, ^ ;;/;5e«/e(/. New Brunswick,
the Jliidson's Bay Labrador, J Lower Canada,

the government of
Loner Canada.
'j'«y l.abrador, > Lower Canada, St. Jolin'.s, inidtr the

(ompaniy. Newfoundland, Upper Canada, go-arnment of Nova

Capo Briton, under Scotia,

BRITISH DOMINIONS I.N THE WEST INDIES.

Ciorernmen/s.

Jamaica, Island,
Baliania Islands,

Barbadoos, Island,
Triniilad, Island,

Leeward Islands,
For the enumeration of the islands comprised in these governments, see article Antilles.

Islands and Territories conquered in the present War.
Martinique, Cuia^oa, Surinam,

Ouadaloupc, St. Eustatius, Demerara,

'^^•i^ucie, Santa Cruz, ' Essequibo.

Conquered by the Portuguese and Britisfi.
Cayenne.

■■

( " )

\\ f

PORTUGUESE DOMINIONS.
BRAZIL

is divided into the following fourteen Provinces or Captain.sliips :
Riojaneyro, Para tj,

Toclos Santos, Maranan, ^S, ^..uro s ''T'" ''•"' "''>''

Paraiba, llanul' Jcr ' l*';"Kunl>uco, Rio Grande-^

4
I

INDEPENDENT.

The Island of Ilayti or St. Uoinim'.).

GENERAL TABLE

OK THE

REPUBLIC OF NORTH AMERICA,

OR THE

UNITED STATES,
AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS.

Virginia,
New York,
Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts,
Maine,

Orleans,
Mississippi,

North Carolina,
South Carolina,
Kentucky,
Maryland,
Connecticut,

Tennessee, West,
'J'enncssee, East,
Georgia,
New Jersey,
Ohio,

TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS.

Indiana,
Columbia,

Louisiana,
Illinois,

Vermont,
New Hampshire,
Rhode Island,
Delaware.

Michigan.

The Russians have formed some settlements upon a part of the«.... coast
ot America, lying w. and «. of Cook's Inlet.

THE

nEOGRApriiCAr and htstoricat.

DICTIO NARY

AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES.

ast

ABA

[ AaRONSBURGH lies at the head of Penn's
Crock, Nortliumborland county, Pennsylvania;
about 30 miles w. iiorn Lewisbursfli, and 40 w. by
n. from Suubury. Lat. 40'' 52' 30" w. Lone. 77"
31' 30^ a-.] ^

ABACACTIS, or Auacaris, a settlement of
Indians, of this name, in 'lie province of the Ama-
zonas, and in the part or territory possessed by (he
Portuguese. It is a reduccion of (he religious
order of the Carmelites of this nation, situate on
the sliores of a lake of the same name. It lies
between this lake and a river, which is also so
called, and whicli is a large arm of the Madeira,
■wliicli, passing (hroiiojli this territory, afterwards
returns (o (hat from whence it flowed, forminc the
island of Toi)iiianibcs,

[ABA CO, one of the largest and most northern
r \, ,.,'"?. 'sl'""'s situate upon (he s. e. end
of (he Little Bahama bank. The Hole in (he
Kock, or (as it is most commonly called) (he
Jlolc in the Wall, is the most southern point of
t le island, and bears about 18 leagues north from
he island of New Providence, about 9 or 10
leagues in a n. w. direction from Effs Island
and about 10 or 12 in a n. e. direction from
( le Berry islands. About 10 leagues (he >,. .f
the Hole m the Wall, on the c. side o. (he islano
IS l.i(( c Harbour, the cn(rancc (o which is be-'
tween (he main land oi' Abaco and Ledyard's Key,

VOL. I. J J)

ABA

and wi(hin which (here is good anchorage. There
is also an anchorage to the w. of the Hole in the
Wall.

The island of Abaco is at present uninhabited.
In 1788 it contained about 50 settlers and 200
Negroes. The lands granted by the crown, pre-
vious (o May 1803, amounted to 14,058 acres, for
the purpose of cultivation ; but the settlers who
occupied it have since removed. It contains great
quantities of the various kinds of woods which
are common to almost all the Bahama islands.

To the northward of Abi.:o, is a long chain of
small islands or keys, (including Elbow Key,
Man of War Key, Great Guana Key, the Gala-
pagos, " - " — '• • -■ -

almost

stream ;
fends,
of the
22' M.

&c. &c.) reaching, in a w. w. direction,

to the Matanilla reefs on the Florida

from whence the Little Bahama bank ex-

in a southerly direction, (o (he west point

island of (he Grand Bahama. rLa(. 26"

Long. 77° 14'ffl. See Bahamas.]

[ABACOOCHE, or Coosi:k, alarge river, ris-

ing in (he 5. w. territory, passing into Georgia,

through the Cherokee into the Creek country,

where it unites with (he Oakfuskee, awl forms (he

Alibama.]

ABACQUA, a scWlement of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres, situate on (he shore
of (he river Parana, near the spot where it cn(ers
the Paraguay, to the e. of (he city of Corrientes.
It

ABA

A n E

ARACr, a point of land on tbc «, coast of the
island ol' St, l)oiuiii<ro.

AIJADKS, a sicttlnncnt ol' tlio province and ^o-
voriiment of Popayan, in tin; district and jurihdic-
tion of San ilimn dc- i'aslo.

ABANt'.W, a province and corre<rimunto oi
IVru, boinuU-d on llic c. hy the larjjc city of Cuzco,
(its jnrisdiction t)(,>«;inninjr nt the parish of Santa
Ana of that city), and on the ic, by the province
of Andahiiailiis ; n. hy that of Calcaylares, form-
ing, in this part, an extended chain of snow-covered
mountains ; s. hy the provinces of Cotabainba and
Aimaraez; s.w. by (Jhilques and Masques. \i
extends 2fi leagues froiu e, to tc. and is 14 broad.
Its most considerable river is the Apuriniac, which
is separated from it ..t the n. Zi\ and bends its
course, united with other streams, towards the
mountains of the Andes. This river is crossed by
a wooden bridge of 80 yards long and 3 broacf,
which is in the high road from Lima to Cuzco, and
other provinces of the sierra. The toll collected
here is lour rials of silver for every load of goods
of the produce of the country, and twelve for those
of the produce of Europe. The temperature of
this province is mild, and for the most part salu-
brious, with the exception of a few vallies, where,
on account of the excessive heat and humidity,
tertian agues are not uncommon. It produces
wheat, maize, and other grain in great abundance,
and its breed of horned cattle is by no means in-
considerable ; but its principal production is
sugar, which they refine so well, that it may chal-
lenge the finest European sugars for whiteness :
this is carried for sale to Cuzco and other pro-
vinces, and is held in great estimation. It also
produces hemp, cloth manufactures of the coun-
try ; and in its territories mines of silver are not
wanting, especially in the mountain which they
call Jalcanta, although the natives avail them-
selves not of the advantages so liberally held out to
them. Its jurisdiction comprehends 17 settle-
ments. Therfn«r<wjewto,quotaoftribute,amounted
to 108,750 dollars, and it rendered yearly 870
for the alcabala.
The following are the 17 settlements :
The capital, Limatambo,

Iluanicapa, Mollcpata,

Curahuasi, Pantipata,

Cachora, Pibil,

Antilln, Chonti,

Anta, Pocquiura,

Ibin, Surite,

Chachaypucquio, Iluaracondo.

Sumata,
Abancay, the capital of the above province,
5

founded in a spacious valley, wliich gives it its
title : it is also so cidled from a river, over which
has been thrown one of the largest bridges in the
kingdom, being the first that was built there, and
looked U|)on as a monuuitnt of skill. In the above
va'ley the jurisdiction of this province, and that of
Andahuailas, h'comcs divided. It is also memor-
able for the victories gained in its vicinity by the
king's troops against (jonzalo Pi/:irro, in the years
1542 and I51S. It has a convent of the religious
order of St. Dominic ; this order being the first of

those which established themselves in Peru.

leagues distant from the city of Cuzco. Lat
31'30*s. Long. 7ir 26' :«.

Abancay, a settlement of the province and (or'
reghnirnlo of Cuenca, in the kingihmi of (juito,
situate on the shore of the river Paufe.

AUANES, a barbarous nation of Indians, of the
Nuevo lleyno de (iranadii, in the plains of San
Juan, to the ii. of the Orinoco. They inhabit the
woods on the shores of this river, as well as otiier
small woods ; and arc bounded, r. by the Salivas,
and to. by tiie Caberres and Andaqnies. They
are docile, of good dispositions, and are easily
converted to the Catholic faith.

ABANG'OIJI, a large settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Paraguay, it is com-
posed of Indians of the Ciuarani nation, and situate
on the shore of the river Taquani. it was disco-
vered by Alvar Nunez, Cabezade Vaca, in 1541.

ABARANQUEN, a small river of the pro-
vince and government of CJuayana, or Nueva
Andalusia. It rises in the country of the Quiri-
quipas Indians, runs from s. to n. and enters the
Aruy.

[ABARY, a small river of Guayana, between
the Berbiccand the Uemerary. See Mahaica.]

[ABBEVILLE County, in Ninety-six district,
S. Carolina, bounded on the n.e, by the Saluda,
and on the .V. r4), by the Savannah, is 35 milos in
length and 21 in breadth ; contains 9197 in-
habitants, including J665 slaves.]

[ABBOTS, a small river of N. Carolina, wliich
runs s. w, and enters the Pedi, at a little di-^^tnncc
from the source of this river, in the territory of the
Granville limits.]

ABECOCIIl, a settlement of Indians of S. Caro-
lina, situate on the shore of the river Coiisa. The
English have a settlement here, with a fort for its
defence. «

ABEiCAS, a nation of Indians of New France,
bounded on the n. by the Alibamis, and e. by
the Cheraquis. They live at a distance from the
large rivers, and the only produce of their terri-
tory is some canes, which arc not thicker tl an a

JLv

^ »■ ■•»" '"A^...

111-

'rancr,
e. by

A B I

fiiiffor, bill of no linnl n texture, that, wlicn split,
thry cut exactly liken knife. These Indians iiwak
till Tcliicaclian lanmia>;e, nnd with tlieotlierna-
tiouf. are in alliance n|i;aiii»t the Imqiiees.

Ai'KIU'OHN, a toNUi of the province nnd cc
lony of New (I'eorffia, on the shore of the river
Savannah, near where it entem the sen, ""•! at a
leairue's <listance from (he cily of IIiIh name, y It is
about .']() miles from the sea, f) miles I'rom ivbeiMzer,
nnd 13 ti. u\ of Savannah,]

AlilDI'], mountains, or snrnm'a, of the pro.
vince and irovernment of (.'artajfenn. They run
from v). to II. e. (roin near llu' lari^e river of \Inj;-
dalena to the province of ('hoc6, and (lie S. Sea.
Their limits and extent are not known, l)ut they
nrc i^O lea^ifues wide, nnd were discovered by ('apt.
Francisco Cesar in 153C)', ho beimy the first wlio
penetrated into them, utter n labour of 10 months,
III which time he had to undert;o the most extreme
privations and excessive perils ; not that these cx-
ceedeil the hardsliips which wenr endured by the
lic(;ntiate Badillo, who entered upon its conquest
with a One army.

AIJIC«lUAS,n settlement of Indians, one of the
missions, or a rttlitccioii, which belonged to the
regular order of the Jesuits, in the province and
government of Mainas, of the kingdom of Quito;
founded in the year l(j()5, by the father Lorenzo
Lucero, on the shore of the river Ciirnrari, 30
leagues from its mouth, and 240 from Quito.

fABINi:AU Port, on the «. side of lake Erie,
is about 13 miles u\ s. u\ from fort Uric. Lat.
42° 6' w. Long. 79° 15' w.]

[ABINGDON, utown at the head of the tide
waters of Bush river, Harford county, Maryland,
12 miles s. k'. from Ilavre-dc-Grace, and 20 «. e.
froin Baltimore. — Cokesbury college, instituted by
the methodists in 1785, is in this town. Lat.
39° 27' 30" w. Long. 76° 20' 35" ro.]

[AuiNonoN, the chief town of VVashington
county, Virginia, contained but about 20 houses
in J7W, and in I7fl6 upwards of 150. It is about
145 miles from (-ampbell's station, near Holston ;
2()0 from Richmond in Virginia, in a direct line,
and 310 as the road runs, bearing a little to the *.
of w). I.at. 3(i^ 4 1' SO* h. Long.' 8F 39' w.}

[A|{1N(;'1"()N, a township in I'lyniouth coun-
ty, Massachusetts; 22 miles ,«.f. from Boston, and
contains Mj3 inhabitants. Lat. 42''4'30".]

f AaiNG-.oN, a parish in tlte town ot Pom-
fttt in Connecticut, i^at. 42° 4' 30". Lonff. 70°5l'
'3(\\] ^

[Abinoton, a village in Pennsylvania, 12
miles H. (if Philadelphia,]

ABIPI, a small settlement of the jurisditlion of

A D I 9

Muiio, and ronrffhnirnlo of Tun in, in the Niievo
Ueyno de Granada. It is of a hot temperature,
producing some wheat, maize, j/iica"^ plantains,
and canes ; it has Ix'en celebrated for its rich mines
of emeralds, which nrc, however, at present nbnn<
doried from want of water ; it is nearly three
leagues distant from the large mine of Itoco,

ABIFONCS, a nation of barbarous Indians, of
the province and government of Tucumdn, in*
habiting the «. shores of the river Bcrmeju. Their
numl)cr once exceeded lt)0,()00 ; but they are cer«
tninly at present much reduced. They go naked,
except that the women cover themselves with littlo
skins, prettily ornamented, which they call quri/.
apt. They are very gootl swimmers, of a lolty
and roljHst stature, and well featured : but they
paint their faces and the rest of their body, and are
very much given to war, which they carry on
chicliy against such as come either to hunt or to
fish upon their territory. Their victims they have
a custom of sticking upon lotty poles, as a land-
mark, or by way of intimidation to their enemies.
I'rom their inlancy they cut and scarify their
bodies, to make themselves hardy. When their
country is inundated, which happens in the five
winter months, they retire to live in the islands, or
upon the tops of trees : they have some slight no-
tion of agriculture, but they live by fishing, and
the produce of the chase, holding in the highest
estimation the flesh of tigers, which they divide
among their relations, as a sort of precious relic or
dainty ; also asserting that it has the properties of
infusing strength jind valour. They have no know-
ledge either of God, of law, or of policy ; but they
believe in the immortality of the soul, and that
there is a land of consummate bliss, where they
shall dance and divert themselves after their death.
When a man dies, his widow observes a state of
celibacy, and fasts a year, which consists in an ab-
stinence from fish : this period being fulfilled, an
nssembly run out to meet her, and inform her that
her husband has given her leave to many. The
women occupy themselves in spinning and sewing
hides ; the men are idlers, and the boys run about
thcwholeday in exercisingthcirstrengtii. Themen
are much addicted to dniiikcnness, and then the
women arc accustomed to conceal their husband's
weapons, for fear of being killed. They do not rear
more than two or three children, killing all above
this number.

ABISCA, an extensive province of the king-
dom of Peru, to the e. of the Cordillrra of tlie
Andes, between the rivers Yetau and Amarumago,
and to the *. of Cuzco. It is little Known, con-
sikting entirely of woods, rivers, and lakes ; and
B 2

It I

,, I

4 A B R

hither many barbarous nations of Indians have re-
tired, selecting for (heir dwelling places the tew
plains which belong to the proTince. The Em-
peror Yiipanqui endeavoured to make it subser-
vient to iiis controul, but without success : the same
disappointment awaited Pedro de Andia in his
attempt ((» subjugate it in tiieycar 153S.

ABISMES, QuARTEL DEs, that part or divi-
sion of the island of Guadalou[H; which looks to
the n. e. It takes its name from its having some
creeks, or inlets, which serve as places of shelter
lor vessels, in c^se of invasion either from enemies
or from hurricanes. Here they ride quite safe,
for the bottom is very good ; and being made fast
to the strong palm-trees wliic'* abound here, they
stand in no need of being anchored, which would
be inconvenient, and attended with risk, on ac-
count of the thick roots thrown out by the
above trees. Further on is a small island called
Des Cochons, where an engineer, of the name of
Renau, endeavoured, without success, in 1700, to
build a fort, for the sake of securing the harbour,
which is a good one.

ABITANlS, a mountain of the province and
torregimiento of Lipcs in Peru. In the Quechu-
an tongue it signifies (he ore of gold, from a cele-
brated mine which is at present nearly abandoned,
from ihe want of workmen. It is nearly contigu-
ous to theMsettlement of Colcha.

[ABITIBBI, a small lake in Upper Canada, "u
the s. side of which is a settlement called Frederick,
which last lies in ,•/, lat. 48" 35'. v.\ long. 82°. Also
the name of a river which runs n. and joins Moose
river near its mouth at James's bay,]

ABITIBIS, a lake of the country of Hudson,
in the territory of the Indians of this name. — [This
lake is n, of Nipissing lake, the n. e. boundary of
Canada, in New South VVales : it has communi-
cation with James's bay, near Moose fort. Lat.
48^ 39' «. Long. 79° 2' a.'}

ABITIGAS, a nation ot barbarous Indians, of
the province and concgimieiito of Tarniii f
Peru. It is very numerous and warlike; and thr
live a wandering life i". ll'c woods. It is CO
leagues to the e. of the mouiit;xins of the Andes ;
bounded on the s. by the Ipilcos Indians.

ABORltOEN, a j)ort of the coast of Brasil, in
the province and captainship of Seara, between the
river Escorgogive and the bay of Inobi'i.

ABltA, an isbnd of the straits of Magellan, at
the enl-Mice of the third and last narrow pass,
called the P.issage.

[AUKAM'S CREEK falls into Hudson's river,
m ar (lie city of Hudson.]

ABKEOLHOS, or Abhlogos, Point of, on

A C A

the coast of Biasil, and of ttie province and cap-
tains/lip of Espiritu Santo, brfween the rivers
Percipe and Quororupa, in s. lat. 18° 19' 30".
ti). long. 39^ 51° 30". Here are some hidden rocks,
or sand-banks, extremely dangerous ; and al-
though there are various iiiivigi-hle channels, it
requires the utmost caution to av(»i(l shipwreck,
this having been the lot of an iiilitiitc number of
vessels. Tiiese sand-banks are more than 20
leagues dis(aii( fioin (lie continent, and extend
themselves upwards of five leagues to (he e. of the
island of Tucgo, Their situation, taken in the
the . . - -

18'.

centre, is in 170° 51 20' s. lat. w. long. 39"

[ABliOJOS, or Baxos de Babica, a bank,
wiflj several small rocks and isles, c. of Turk's
island, in «. lat. 21° 5'. w. long. 70° 40'. Between
this bauk and Turk's island is a deep channel, lor
ships of any burden, three leagues wide.]

Abkojos, a shoal of the N. sea. See the ar-
ticle Panuela QUAURAnO.

ABSECON Bcach, on the coast of New
Jersey, 16 miles s. w. from Little Egg harbour.

ABIJCARA, a settlement of the province and
corregiinienlo of Lucanas in Peru, in a valley of
the same name. It was anciently the capital of
this province, and had the same denomination.
At present it is much reduced, the corregidor
having left it to establish himself in Lucanas.
Lat. 15° 39' ». Long. 73° 28' w.

ABUCEES, S. Joseph de r,os, a settlement
of the missions of the Sucuinbios Indians, who
were founded by, and maintained at the expence
of, the abolished order of the Jesuits, in the pro-
vince and government of (jui.xos and Marcas, of
the kingdom of Quito ; situate on the shore of a
small river, which enters the Putumayo, Lat.
0° 36' w. Long. 75° 22' a;.

ABUIIRA, S. Bartolome' de, a town of the

Krovince and government uf Antioquia, in the
fncvo Key no de Granada, founded in 1512, by
(he Marshal George liobledo, in a fertile and ex-
tensive valley of the same name, which was dis-
covercl in 1510 by Captain (icronimo Jiuis
Texelo. It abounds in all kinds of fruits, seeils,
and vegetables, and is of a hot temperature. In its
district are found many luiaciis, or sepulchres of
the Indians, in which great riches are deposited.
It has now so much fallen to ileeay, that it is no
more than a miserable hamlet. In its vicinity are
some streams of salt water, from which llu; Indians
procure salt for their use. Lat. 5° 51' 30" n.
Long. 75° 17' w.

A ('A, u settlement of the alcaldia mayor of
Tlaxclala, in NucvaEspana.

(

■t U}

A C A

'n nf the

■ii

, in tlie

5iy, by
and px-

,>•■

was dis-

lo Jiiiis

i, seeils,
. In its

clircs of

'posited.

it is no

nity are
Indians

' 30" w.

[ACAAY, a parish in Paraguay, situate on a
small river which runs into (he Rio Paraguay,
It is about 14 leagues s. c. of Asuncion. Lat. 2o°
54' 7" s. Long. 57" 25' w.'j

ACACUNA, a niountnm of Porn, in the nro-
viiice and correp;iiniento ofAricaiii Peru. It is
very lofty, and i? four leagues dislant from the
S. sea ; is very barren, and situate between the
promontory of llo and the river Sama. Lat. TO"
29' s. [Long. 18° 35' a?.]

ACADIA, a province and peninsula of N. Aine-
1 ca, on the c. coast of Canada, between the island
or bank of Newfoundland and New England, by
which it is bounded on the a. it is more (iian
100 leagues in length from n. w. to s. e. and nearly
80 in width, from n. e. tos. w. from the gulph of
St. Lawrence to the river Santa Ciuz. It was dis-
covered in 1497 by Sebastian Cabot, sent thither
from England by Henry VI 1. The Erencli, un-
der the command of Jaeob Cartier, of St. Maloes,
established themselves here in 13J1, in order to
carry on a cod-fishery on the bank of Newfound-
land ; anti in 1604, Peter (Juest, a gentleman of
the household of Henry IV. of France, was sent by
that king to establish a colony, which he founded
at Port Royal. The English entered it under
Gilbert Humphry, in consequence of a grant
which had been made to this person by (^ueen
Elizabeth, and gave it the title of Nova Scotia.
In 1621 King James I. made a donation of it to
the Earl of Stirling ; and in 1627 the French,
commanded by Kirk de la Rochelle, made them-
selves masters of it, destroying all the est^iblish-
ments of the English, who were obliged to sur-
render it \ip, in 1629, by the treaty of St. Gcr-
mains. The French shortly afterwards lost it ; a
Governor Philip having taken possession of it ;
but (hey, however, rei^aincd it in 1691, through the
conduct of Mr. I)e Villebon. In order (o se((lc
the pretensions of (lie rival conr(s, commissioners
were, by mutual consent, appointed in the peace
of Riswick, in 1()97, to consider which should be
the limits of NovaScolia and New England ; and
in the peace of Utrecht, it was entirely ceded to (he
i'Jiiglish, who afterwards returned to it. This
beautiful country coii(aiiis many rivers and lakes ;
the principal of these is the Rosignol, well stocked
with lish : there are also many woods, full of ex-
cellent timber, and thrmged with very singular
birds ; as, for instance, the Colibri, or humming-
bird, and various oth.;rs. The same woods abound
in many kinds of fruits and medicinal herl)s. it
is very fertile in wheat, maize, pulse of all sorts,
and also produces cattle of various kinds, animals
of the chase, and abundance of line lish. Its

principal commerce is in skins and salt fish. Tho
winter is longer and colder than in Europe, The
capital is Port Royal.— [The name of Acadia was
first applied to a tract from the 40(h to the <Gi'.
degree of w. lat. granled (o Dc IVfons, Nov.'"*,
J603, by Henry I v . of France. For the picsent
state of this country, see Nova Scotia. J

ACAGUATO, a settlement of the head sctde-
mcnt of the district and alcaldia mai/or of Tan-
citaro. It is so reduced as to consist of no more
than 15 families of Indians, who maintain them-
selves by sowiiiff some maize, and other vegetable
productions. — Light leagues 5. of the capital.

ACAHILA, a settlement of the province and
corrcs^imioito of Yamparaes in Peru, dependent
on the archbishopric of Charcas, and annexed to
the c iiacy of S. Christobal de Pilcomayo.

ACA lA, a settlement of the province and corrc-
giniiento of Caxatambo in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Churin.

ACAMBARO, the head settlement of the dis-
(rict of the alcaldia mai/or of Zeiaya, in the
province anil bishopric of Mechoacan. It con-
tains 490 families of Indians, 80 of Mitstces antl
Mulaltops, and a convent of the order of St. I'"ran-
cis. In its district there are other small settle-
ments or wards.— Seven leagues s. of its capital.
ACAMISTLAHUAC, the head settlement of
the district of the alcaldia mai/or of Tasco, an-
nexed to the curacy of its capital, from whence it
is distant two leagues to the e. n. c. It contains
50 Indian families.

ACAMUCHITLAN, a settlement of (he head
sc(!lementofthe district of Texopiico, and «/«)/-
diamai/or of Zultciwc. It contains (iO Indian fa-
milies, whose commerce is in sugar and honey.
It produces also maize, ami cultivates many vege-
table productions.— Five leagues n. of its head
settlement,

ACAMON, a river of the province and "wrni-
w;e«< of Guaya;ia, or Nueva Andalucia, It arises
in the serrnnias of Usupama; runs w. ;/, r>'. and
enters the Caroni.

ACANTEPEC. the head scUlemcnt of (he n/-
caldia mut/or of Tlapa, It is of a cold and moi^t
temperature, contains 92 Iniliaii (aniiiii's, among
which are included those of another sett linient in
its vicinity, all of whom maintain liicmselvej by
manufacturing cotton stulfs.

ACANTl, a river of (ho province aad govern-
ment of Darien, in (lie kingdom ot Tiena Firme.
It rises in tiie 'Mountains wliicli lie towards (ho n.
anil empties itself in(o (he sea between Cape Tibu-
ion and the bay of Caliilonia.

ACA PA LA, a 'settlement of (ho province and

>'.S,1.

'^ii:

\ii\P

\'h

iv'r

' P

i i!

6 A C A

alcaldia mai/or of Chiapa, in the kingdom of
Guatemala. h^i.lCfbS'n. Long. 93° 52' a;. [It
is situate on the Tobasco river, near the city of
Chiapa, and not far from a bay in the S. sea,
called Tcguantipac]

ACAPAZINGO, San Diego DE,the head set-
tlement of the district and alcaldia mayor of Cuer-
navaca.

ACAPETLAHUAIA, a settlement of the head
settlement of the district of Escateopan, as\A alcal-
dia mayor of Zaqualpa. It contains 180 Indian
families.

ACAPONET/t, the alcaldia mayor of tlie
kingdom of G'alicia, and bishopric ofGuadalaxa-
ra, in Nueva Espaila. Its jurisdiction is reducec'.
It enjoys various hot and cold temperatures, an I
has therefore the crops peculiar to both climates;
and the same are sown in iL district, and produce
abundantly. The capital is fhe town of the iame
name, situate between the tv o rivers St, Pedro
and de Cailas ; the latter dividing Nueva Espafia
tirom the provinces of Ilosario an>.\ Cinaloa, as also
the bishoprics of Durango and Gaudalaxara, from
whence it is distant 83 leagues, w. n. w. It has a
convent of the order of St. Francisco. Long. 105°
40' 30». Lat. 22° 43* 30".

ACAPULCO, or Los Reyes, the capitalcity of
the government of Nueva Espafia, situate on the
coast of the S. sea. Its inhabitants amount to nearly
400 families of Chinese, Mulattoes, and Negroes.
It has a parish church, whh two vicars, and two
convents, one of the order of St. Francis, and the
other of St. Hyppolite de la Casidad, which is a
royal hospital ; an office of public accounts, Avith
an accountant and treasurer for the managing and
keeping the accounts of the duties produced by the
poodo brought in tlie China ships. The city is
small, and the churches and houses are moderately
ornamented. The greater part of the city is on
the sea-shore. The air is of an extremely hot and
moist temperature ; for, indepentlent of its being
in the torrid zone, it is entirely shut out from the
n. winds, being surrounded by lolly serranias.
These rircumstances rendv^r it very unhealthy,
especially in the wet season, on account of the
damps and sea-winds blowing from the s. e. to
the great detriment of the inhabitants and mer-
chants who come to trade here ; this being the
principal cause why there are scarcely more than
eight Spanish families who reside here. It is
equally in want of every sort of provision, owing
to the reduced and barren state of the land, and is
forced to seek its necessary supplies from the In-
<Iian settlements within its jurisdiction. The only
commerce which it can be said tohavc, is afairwhich

A C A

is held on the arrival of the ships from China ; and
when these depart, there are no other means for
the people of maintaining a trade, and if the above
resource should happen to fail for three or four
years, the place must inevitably be abandoned.
At the distance of a musket-shot, and on a pro-
montory running far into the sea, la situate the
castle and royal fort of San Diego, mounted with
3 1 pieces of artillery, the greater part of them
24 pounders, for the defence of the entrance of the
port, which is safi;, and so spacious, that 500
ships can lay at anchor in it with ease. It is sur-
rounded by lofty rising grounds. Its principal
•nouth is on the s. side, formed by an island of an
oblong figure, and somewhat inclining to the s. w.
The same island forms also another mouth, which
they call chica, or little. The canals on either
side of the island are 35 fathoms deep. The go>
verjior of the castle has the rank oicastellano, with
the title of lieutenant-general of the coasts of the
S. Sea ; and for the defence of these coasts, there
ar J three companies of militia, composed of the
the wiiu!^ of the inhabitants, namely, one company
of Chinese, another of Mulattoes, and the third of
Negroes, who run to arrns whenever they hear
the cannon fired three times at short intervals.
In the settlements of its neighbourhood they grow
cotton, maize, and other seeds, vegetables and
fruits. They have cattle of the large and small
kind, and some tobacco, all of which productions
are sufficient for the use of the castle and the city,
which is 80 leagues distant from Mexico. — [The
famous cut in the mountain, {abra de San Nicholas),
near the bay de la Langnsla, for the admission of
the sea winds, was recently finished. The popu-
lation of this miserable town, inhabited almost ex-
clusively by people of colour, amounts to 9000
at the time of the arrival of the Manilla giillcon
{nao de China). Its habitual population is onlv
4000. The chief trade of Acapulco continues still
to be its commerce with Manilla. The Manilla
ship arrives once a year at Acapulco, with a cargo
of Indian goods, valued at 12 or 1300,000 dollars,
and carries back silver in exchange, with a very
small quantity of American produce, and some
European goods. Lat. according to Humboldt,
16° 50' 29'. Long, by ditto, 99^46'. Lat. accord-
ing to the Spaniards, 16° 50' 30". Long, by ditto,
100°. Both longitudes being measured from the
meridian of Greenwich.]

ACA IIAGA , a river of the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay. It rises in the province of the
Parana, and running «. enters the Uruguay, where
is the city of Asuncion. It is navigable by ca-
noes throughout, and abounds in fish.

•f }l

A C A

ACARAI, a settlement of the province and go-
vernmcnt of Paraguay, founded near the river Pa-
rand, and rather towards the w. by the missionary
Jesuits, in ](^2i, where they also built a foit to
protect it r jainst the incursions of the infidel In-
dians.

AcARAi^ a river of ihc province and govern-
ment of Paraguay. It nnis s. s. e. and enters the
Parana opposue the settlement of La Poblacion Nu-
eva.

ACARAPU, a small river of the province and
colony of Surinam, in the ^jart of Guayana be-
longing to the Dutch. It is one of those which
enter the Cuyuni.

ACARI, a settlement of the province md cor-
r^eimiento of Cama'.iix, in Peru, situate m a beau-
tiful and extensive valley, in whicli there is a very
lofty mountain, which they call Sahuacario, com-
posed of misshapen stones and sand, in which, at
certain times of the year, especially in the months
of December and January, is heard a loud and con-
tinued murmuring,wliicli excites universal astonish-
ment, and which, no doubt, is to be attributed to
the air in some of its cavities. On its skirts are
two fortresses, which were built in the time of the
gcntilism of the Indians. There is a port half-way
between the town of St. Juan and the city of Are-
quipa, which is 8 leagues distant from the lat-
ter, and 1 1 from the former. It is very convenient,
and has an excellent bottom, but is frequented only
by small vessels. It is in lat. 15° 15'. *. Long.
75° 8' 30" w.

AcAHi, a point or cape of the coast of the S.
sea, of the same province, and of the corregimiento
of Camani.

AcARi, a river of the above province, which
runs to tlie s. e.

AcAui, another river, of the province and cap-
tainship of Para in the kingdom of Brasil. It is
small, runs w. afterwards inclines to the n. n. to.
and enters the river of Las Amazonas, just where
this enntits itself into the sea.

ACARIGUA, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela, situate on the shore of
the river if its name, and close upon the e. side of
the town of Ararul.

AcARiGUA, a river of the above province and
government, which rises near the town of Araurc,
and runs „. to enter the river of La Portuguesa.

ACARRETO, a port of the coast of Tierra
Firme, in the province and government of Darien,
rear cane Tibnron. [Lat. ' "9' «. Long. 77'
24' 30" a'.]

ACARUACA, a small river of the province
and country of the Amazonas, in tlie part belong-

A C A 7

ing to the Portuguese. It runs, irom «. to s. form-
ing a bow, and enters the Matari.

[ACASABASTIAN, a river in the province of
Vera Paz in Mexico. It runs into the Golfo
Dulce, and has a town situated on its banks of (Iio
same name. The source of this river is not far
from the S. sea J

ACASABASTLAN, a settlement of the kingdom
of Guatemala, in the province and akaldia mayor
ofChiapa.

[ACASATHULA, a sea-port, situated on a
pouit of ; id, in the province of Guatemala Pro-

1)er, in Mexico, on a bay of the S. sea, about four
eagues from Trinidad. It receives the greatest
part of the treasures from Peru and Mexico. In
its neighbourhood ar« three volcanoes.]

ACASSA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayana, in the part possessed by the
French. It enters the sea between the Ayapoco
and Cape Orange.

ACATEPEC, a settlement of the head seltlc-
ment and akaldia mayofr of Thchuacan, where
there is a convent or vicarage of the order cf St.
Francis. It contains 860 Indian fanulies (includ-
ing those of the wards of its district) in a spacious
valley, which begins at the end of the settlement
and extends itself above a league. In this valley
are 12 cultivated estates, on wnich live 40 Indian
families. It is four leagues s. s. w. of its capital.

AcATEPEc, another settlement in the head set-
tlement and district of Chinantla, of the akaldia
mayor of Cozamaloapan. It is situate in a very
pleasant plain, and surrounded by three lofty
mountains. The number of its inhabitants is re-
duced. A very rapid and broad river passes near
this settlement; and as this is tie direct way to the
city of Oaxaca and other jurisdictions, and as the
travellers, who come here in great numbers, must
necessarily cross the river in barks or canoes, the
Indians, who are very expert in this sort of navi-
gation, contrive by these means to procure them-
selves a decent livelihood. 10 leagues w. of its
head settlement.

AcATEPEc, another settlement of the akaldia
mayor of the samo kingdom, situate between two
high ridges. It contams 100 Indian families, and
is annexed io the curacy of San Lorenzo, from
whence it is two leagues distant.

AcATEPEc, anotlier settlement, having also the
dedicatory title of San Miguel, in the akaldia
mayor of Iluamelula, situate in a hollow. The
climate here is hot. At its skirls runs a liver, llie
waters of which fertilize the land, which abounds
in gardens and cultivated spofs. It contains 39
Indian families, and is annexed to the curacy of

h! !"■!

)• "

A C A

lif

■1 ,-

' i'

Tlacolula, (ton. whence it is distant a league and a
half to the ti.

AcATEPEc, another settlement of the head set<
tlement and alcaldia mayor of Xicay&n, of the
same kingdom. It contains 12 Indian families,
and is 10 leagues distant from its head settlement.

ACATEPEQUE, S.FnANCisoDE, asettlement
of the head settlement of St. Andres de Cholula,
and alcaldia mat/or of this name. It contains 140
Indian families, and is half a league to the t. of its
capital.

AcATEFEQUE, another settlement of the head
settlement and alcaldia mauor of Iguaiapa, situate
at a league's distance to the e. of the same.

ACATIC, a settlement of the head settlement
and alcaldia mayor of Tecpatitlan, in the kingdom
and bishopric of Nueva Galicia. It is four leagues
io the .V. of its capital.

ACATICO, a settlement of the head settlement
and alcaldia mayor of Cuquio, in Nueva Espana.

ACATLAN, a settlement and capital of the al-
caldia mayor of this name. It is of a mild tcnipc-
ratt re, and its situation is at the entrance of the
Misteca Baxa. It contains 850 families of Indians,
and 20 of Spaniards and Mustees. In its yicinity
are some excellent salt>grounds, in which its com-
merce chiefly consists. The jurisdiction of this
alcaldia, which contains four other head settle-
ments of the district, is fertile and pleasant,
abounding in flowers, fruits, all kinds of pulse and
seeds, and is well watered. They have here large
breeds of goats, which they slaughter chiefly for the
skin and the fat, : alting down the flesh, and sending
it to La Puebla and other parts (o be sold. In its
district are many cultivated lands. It is 55 leagues
leagues to the e. s. e. of Mexico. Long. 275° 10'. to.
Lat. 19° 4' H.

AcATLAN, another settlement of the same name,
with the dedicatory title of S. Andres, in the head
settlement and alcaldia mayor of Xalapa, in the
same kingdom, situate on a clayey spot of ground,
of a cold moist temperature, rendered fertile by an
abundance of streams, which in a very regular man-
ner water (he lands; although, it being void of moun-
tains and exposed to the ?). winds, the fruits within
its neighourhood do not come to maturity. It con-
tains ISO Indian families, including those of the
new settlement, which was established at a league's
distance to the s. of its head settlement, and which
is called San Miguel de las Aguastelas. Acatlan
is a league and a half distant from its head settle-
ment.

Acatlan, another settlement, having the de-
dicatory title of San Pedro, belonging to the head
settlement of Malacatepcc and alcaldia mayor of

A C A

Ncxapa, in the same kingdom. It contains 80 In«
dian families, who trade in wool and in the fish
called bobo, quantities of which are found in a
large river which runs close by the settlement, and
which are a great source of emolument to them.
It is four leagues n. of its capital.

AcatlAk, another settlement of the head set-
tlement of Zitlala, of the same alcaldia and king-
dom. It contains 198 Indian families, and its
situation is a league and an half n. of its head set-
tlement.

Acatlan, another settlement of the head set-
tlement and alcaldia mayor of Sentipac, of the
same kingdom. It is of a cold temperature, con-
tains 42 Indian families, and is 15 leagues n. e. of
its capital.

Acatlan, another settlement of the head set-
tlement of Atotonilco, and alcaldia mayor of Tu-
lan'ingo in the same kingdc.n. It contains 115
Indian families, and a convent of the religious
order of St. Augustin.— Two leagues n. of its liead
settlement.

ACATLAZINGO, Santa Mauia de, a set-
tlement of the head settlement of Xicula, and al-
caldia mayor of Nexapa, situate in a plain that is
surrounded on all sides by mountains. It contains
67 Indian families, who employ themselves in the
culture of the cochiieal plant.

ACATULA, a s ttlementof the province and
government of Venezuela, situate on the shore of
the river Guasqui, to the e. of the city of Coro.

ACAXEE, a nation of Indians of the province
ofTopia. It is well peopled, and was converted
to the Catholic faith by the father Hernando de
Santaren, and others of the abolished society of the
Jesuits, in 1602. They are docile, of good dispo-
sitions and abilities. In the time of their idolatry,
they used to bend the he^ds of thrir dead with their
boaies and knees together, and in this pobturc inter
them in a cave, or under a rock, giving them provi-
sions for the journey which they fancied them about
to make ; also laying by them a bow and arrows
for their defence. Should an Indian woman hap-
pen to have died in child-bed, the infant was put
to death ; for they used to say, it was the cause of
her death. These Indians were once induced by a
sorcerer to make an insurrection, but it was quelled
by the governor of the province, Don Francisco de
Ordinola, in the year 1612.

ACAXETE, Santa Maria de, the head set-
tlement of the district of the alcaldia mayor of Tep-
caca, situate on the slope of the noted s/frraof Tlas-
cala. It is of a cold and dry temperature, contains
seven Spanish families, 10 of Mustees and Mulattoes,
and 176 of Mexican Indians. In its vicinity is a re-

111

■1:1'

of the
J, con-
n. e. of

A C A

scrvoir, formed of hewn stone, mIucIi serves at oijcc
(o catch the waters as tlicy come down from tlie
sicrxi, and to conduct them to Tepcaca, threo
leagues m. m. vl of its ciipital.

ACAXUCHITLAN, the head settk'ment of tJie
alcaldUi mm/or of Tuliizingo, to the u.e. It coa«
tains 400 Indian families, and is a curacy oftiic
bibiiopric of La PuehUi de los Angeles. Distiint
ibnr leagues to tiie e. of its capital.

ACAYUCA, the alca/dia mai/or of Nucva Es-
pana, and of the province of Cioazacoalco. Its
jurisdiction is very extended, and consists, lor the
most part,of placusofahotnnd moist temperalure,
but so fertile is it that it gives annually ibur crops
ofniaizb; and as there is no demand for this pro-
duction in the other provinces, it follows, of course,
that the Jndians here are little given to industry.
Indeed the ground never requires the plough, and
tlie whole of their labours during the seed-time
consist merely in smoothing the surface of the
mountains, and in scratching up the ground with
a pointed stick. It is at times infested by locusts,
which destroy the plants and crops ; and having
never been able to hud a remedy against this evil,
the inhabitants had •'ecourse to the protection of
the virgin of La Conception, which is revered in
the head settlement of the district of the Chichi-
mecas ; and it is said that, owing to her mediatory
influence, the plague has been thought to diminish.
This province is watered by the abundant river of
the Goazacoalco. The settlements of this alcaldia
are,

Xocoteapa, Olutia,

Macayapa, Otcapa,

Menzapa, PochutIa,

Molocan, Ostitan,

Theimanquillo, Cozolcaque,

Tinantitlan, IxhuatIa,

Chinameca, ' Macatepeque.

Zoconuscc,
AcAvircA, the capital of the above, situate on
the coast of the N. sea. Its inhabitants are com-
posed of 30 families of Spaniards, 29() of In-
dians, and 70 of Mustees and Mulattoes. It lies
a little more than 100 leagues s. e. of Mexico.
Lat. 17°53'n. Long, 94° 46' 30" a'.

AcAVucA, another seitlement in the alcaldia
vxaifor of Pachuca, in the kingdom of Nueva Es-
pana, annexed to the curacy of Tezayuca, and
containing 100 Indian families.

AtJAZINGC), St. Juan dk, the bead settle-
ment of the district of the alcaldia mai/or of Tep-
caca, situate in a plain of a miUl temperature, and
watered by two streams which run close to all the
houses of the settlement, to the great comfort of
vol., I,

A c n 9

(he inhabitants. In the middle of the above plain
there is a beautiful fountain, a convent of the reli-
gious order of St. Francis, a very ancient build-
ing, and some other biiildings, which have been
erected since the conquest of the country. The
parish church is n piece of the most ancient archi-
tecture. The inhabitants arc composed of 150
families of Spaniards, 101 otMustets, 31 of Mu-
lattoes, and 700 of Indians; 31 leagues e. to the
II. e. of its capital.

ACAZUTLA,a port of the S. sea, on the coast
of the province of the alcaldia mai/or of Zuchi-
tepec, in the kingdom of Guatemala, between the
point of Los Remedios, and the settlement of
Guapaca. [Lat, 14° 42' w. Long. 90" 3' a».]

ACCIIA, a settlement of the province and cor-
jeoj'mjVn/o of Chilqucs and Masques in Peru, situ-
ate on the skirt of a mountain, which has a pro-
minence, seeming as though it were a!)oiit to fall
upon the settlement. This mountain is constantly
dwindling away without any assignable cause.
Lat. 13' 19- s. Long. 71" 13' zi\

ACCIIA-AMANSAIA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and corregimietito of Chilques and Masques
in Peru.

ACCIIA-URINZABA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and corregimiento of Chilques and Masques
in Peru.

ACCITES, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Caraccas, in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It rises in the mountains, and enters th6
Orituco.

[ACCOCESAWS. The ancient town and prin-
cipal place of residence of these Indians is on the
w, side of Colorado of Rio Rouge, about 200 miles
s. w. of Nacogdoches, but they often change their

Klacc of residence for a season : being near th«
ay, they make great use of fish, oysters &c. ;
kill a great many deer, which arc the largest and
fattest in the province ; and their country is uni«
versally said to be inferior to no part of the pro-
vince in soil, growth of timber, goodness of water,
and beauty of surface ; they have a language pe-
culiar to themselves, but have a mode of commu-
nication by dumb signs, which they all understand :
number about 80 men. Thirty or forty years
ago, the Spaniards had a mission here, but broke
it up, or moved it to Nacogdoches. They talk
of resettling it, and ^peak in the highest terras oi
the country.]

[ACCOMACK County, in Virginia, is situated
on a peninsula, bounded n. by Maryland, e. bj
the ocean, and on the w. by Chcsapeak bay,
and contains 13,959 inhabitauts, including 42(j2
staves.]

'}{

A C H

l/V

I'^ll

'V1

ACHA, Mountains of, in the province nnd
government of Guiiyana ; tlicy run from «. to s.
on the sliore of (he river Ciironi.

ACHAC^ACIIE, a settlement of the province
and concgitniento of Omasiiyos, (he capital of
this province, in Pern. It contains, besides the
parish chiipel, aiioMier, in vvliich is an image of
Christ, will) the dedicatory title of La Misericordia.
[Lat. 16° 33' 30" s. l.on>. 79^ 2J' 20' w.J

ACIlA(i[^A, a nation of Indians of the Nncvo
Reynode Granada, who dwell anions; the plains
of (iazanare and Meta, and in (ho woods wliich
skirt the river Kie. They arc bold in (heir en-
gagements with wild beasts, but with linman be-
ings tliey have recourse rather to poison and
stratagem; they are dexterous in the use of the
dart and spear, and never miss their aim ; are
particularly fond of horses, of which they take the
utmost care, anointing and rubbing them with oil ;
and it is a great thing among them to have one of
these animals of peculiar size and beauty. They
go naked, but, for the sake of decency, wear a
small apron made of the thread of aloes, the rest
of their bodies being painted of different colours.
They arc accustomed, at the birth of their chil-
dren, to smear them with a bituminous ointment,
which hinders the hair from growing, even upon
the eye-brows. The women's brows are also en-
tirely deprived of hair, and the juice of Jngiia
being immediately rubbed into the little holes
formed by the depilatory operation, they remain
bald for ever after. They are of a gentle disposi-
sition, but much given to intoxication. The
Jesuits reduced many to the catholic faith, forming
them into settlements, in 1601.

ACHALA, Mountains of, in the province and
government of Tucuman, bounded by the moun-
tains of Ango or Mendoza, of the kingdom of
Chile; (hey run from h. w. u\ to s. s. e. at the
sources of (he river Quarto.

ACHAMQUI. See CiiANon.

ACHAS, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of (iuanianga in Peru, situate on (he
confines which divide the above province from
Huanta.

AtMlEPE, Hay of, a small port of the N. sea,
on the c. coast of (he Isla Real, or Cape Bre(on.
It is close (o N. cape.

[ACHIACIUCA, a town in Mexico. See
Angki.os.]

ACHIANTLAS, MiouF.L of., the head settle-
meiit of tlie district of the alcald'm mayor of Te-
pozeolula. It contains a convent of monks of
Santo Domingo, and 260 famUies of Indians, who
occupy themselves in cultivating and improving

AGO

the land. It is eight leagues to the a', with an in-
clination to the s. of its capital.

ACllIBAMHA, a river of the province and
government of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito ;
it rises in the mountains, and enters the Mara-
non.

ACIUNUTLAN, a very lofty mountain of the
l^rovince and govern'nent of Guay.ina, or Nueva
A ndalueia. It is on the shore of the river Orinoco,
nnd to the e. of the Ciudad Real, (royal city), the
river Tacuragua running between them.

ACHIRA. See Cata-Magu.

ACHITE, a small river of the province and
government of Gunyana. It runs from*, tow.
and enters the Cuyuni.

ACIIOCALLA, a settlement of the province
and corrcgimiento of Pacages in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of Viacha.

ACIIOGOA, a settlement of the province and
government of Cinaloa, founded by the mission-
aries of the Jesuits, between the rivers Tuerte,
Mayo, and Uibas.

ACliOMA, a settlement of the province and
corrcgimiento of Collahuas in Peru. U\ its vici-
nity Is a volcano, called Amboto and Sahuarcuca,
which vomits smoke and ilames ; the latter of
which are seen clearly at night.

ACllONGA, a settlement of the province and
corrcgimiento of Angaraes in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Lircay.

ACHO'UPEKAHIGAN, a river of Canada.
It runs e. afterwards turns to the s. and enters the
lake of St. Thomas.

[ACIvLIN'S Island. See Crooked Island.]

ACLA, a small city of the kingdom of Tierra
j'irme, in the province of Darien, founded by
Gabriel de Roxas, in 1514, on the coast of the S.
sea, at the mouth of the gulph of Uraba, in front
of (he islaiul of Pinos, with a good fort, then much
frequented and very convenient, from iiaving a
good bottom, but somewhat inconmiodcd by cur-
rents. Pedro Arias Davila built here a fort for
its defence in 1516; but the settlement, never-
theless, did not keep long together, the Spaniards
having abandoned it, on account of i(s nidiealthi-
ness, in 1532. [Lat. 8' 56' w. Long. 77° 40' a).]

ACOBAMBA, a settlement of the province and
corregimicnto of Angaraes in Vnw. It was the
capital, but at present tlie town of Guancavelica
bears that title, on accoinit of its being the resi-
dence of the governor and other people of conse-
quence. It is of a good temperature, and so
abundant in grain, (hat i(s crops of wheat amount
to 25,000 bushels yearly. In an estate ni'ar it,
are some pyraniidical stones, and in other parts

the

, ncver-

laiiitmls

■3

licaltlii-

.0' a).J

nee and

■■.

wus the

cavelica

he rcsi-

f conse-

and so

amount

[u-ar it,

•r parts

AGO

are the ruins of some well made benches in tlic
shape of conches, Mhich have been much injured
by time, and were there before the coming of tlic
Spaniards. Lat. 13^ 16' 30' s. Long. 74» 3^2'
30" w.

AcoBAMiiA, another settlement of the same
name in the province and corregimienlo of Jauja,
annexed to the curaey of Cochangara,

AcouAMBA, another settlement of the provhice
and corrcgiinjenta of 'I'arma.

ACOllAMniLl/A, a sittlement of the province
and conegiiiiirntn of Angaraes in I'eiii, annexed
to IIr" curacy of Conaica.

AC(^CHAI/A, a very lofty mounlain of the
province and C(^rr<'g'//»/(w/o of I jipes, in the arch-
bishopric of Charciis, where there are some very
fine silver mines, which are, however, little work-
ed for want of hands.

ACOLA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimienlo of Lucanas in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of its capital.

ACOLMAN, San Agustin or, a settlement
of tlie head settlement and alcaldia maj/or of Tcz-
coro, in Nueva Espafia, situate in a pleasant
valley of a benign temperature. There arc some
wards united to its district, and the number of
its inhabitants, including these wards, amounts to
240 Indian families, besides a convent of monks of
the order of St. Augustin.

ACOMA, a settlement of Nuevo Mexico, situ-
ate on llic shore of a river which enters the Grande
of the N. between the settlements of San Juan and
La Laguna. [It is on a high mountain, with a
strong castle, and is the capital of the province.
[Lat. 3.5" 24' M. Long. 106" 10' k'.]

ACOMACK, a county of the province and
colony of Virginia, which preserves its Indian
name. It is the largest county of the province,
containing 200,925 acres of iivound ; but not so
well peopled as the otiiers, ant! hiis only one jiarish,
wliich is of the same name. Diilcrent rivers take
their rise here ; among the most noted is the Clis-
sonossea.

ACOMA lO, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Ihianuco in Peru, aimexed to
the curacy of Santa Maria del \'alle, situate on
the confines of the infidel Faiuitaguas Indians.

AcoMAio, another selllcment of the province
and com'gimicnto of Quispicanchi in Peru.

ACOMAUCA. a sr-lllcment of the province and
corregimiento of V'ilcas lluanian in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of Vilcas.

yVCOMKS, a fall of the river Amariscoggiti, in
the province of Continent, one of tlie tour wliicli
compose the colony of Neu I!nghiii(l.

A C O

ACOMULCO, a settlement of the head settle-
nent and alcaldia vini/or of Zochicoallan in
Nueva Espana. It contains 12 Indian families,
and is two leagues to the v}, of its capital.

ACONl'AGUA, a province and corregimiento
of the kingdom of Chile ; bounded «. by a part
of the province of Quiilota, e. by the Cordillera,
s. by the valley of Colina, of the jurisdiction of
Santiago, ze. by tlic province of Quiilota. Its
territory is level and well watered, it is divided
into two parts by a large river of the same name,
having a bridge built of stone and mortar, with
two arches. It protluces abundance of wheat and
much wild marjoram, which is carried to Peru,
and forms the principal branch of its comnu;rcc.
lu this province is the royal road, lying tiirough
the Cordillera in the way to Mendoza, which is
very rough and dangerous, on accoimt of the
many slopes and sfeepdsclivKieslowards (lie river;
the path is very narrow, and in various places it is
necessary to open a j)ass by means of a pick-axe ; so
that, if at any time tlie mnks should crowd together,
they would push eachotherintothc river, which has
not unfiequcntly been the case. The royal treasures
are carried by this road from the month of Novem-
ber to April and part of May. A few years since,
some small houses of brick and mortar have been
built on one or other side ot the Cordillera, which,
they call casuchcis (miserable huts) ; in these they

Kut, in the winter time, some coal, biscuit, and
ung beef, so that the couriers, providing them-
selves with the keys of the doors at Mendoza, or, on
the other side, at the (jnurdia of Aconcagua, may
have something to live upon, incase they should
be stopt by a fall of snow on their journey ; and
with this precaution, a courier goes every month
to Santiago, carrying with him tlie mails brought
by the ships from Europe. In the winter it is
customary to walk on foot over the snow, from
Paramillo, which is three leagues irom the top of
the Cordillera, and four from its descent to the
place which is called Los Ojos de Agua, through
the valley of Putaendo ; but towards the ,v. tlicre
is another way, which they call De Los Paloa,
M liich is the road generally taken in going to th'*
city of San Juan ; but the Cordillera being more
lofty here, it is only passable in the months of
February and March. The iiihabitanls of tliiu
]>roviiice amount, on an average, to 8000 souls.
The capital is San Felipe el Heal. [Lat. 3:^ II'
s. Long. 70^ 12' 30" w.]

AcoNCAGi A, a large river which runs through

the a!)ove province, rising in the mountain* of the

Cordillera, and running through it by the side of

tlie road which leads to Buenos Ayrcs ; branching;

c 2

f 'I It. .'

A C O

'r:

liU':

1/ at'

'iif

.( :

ii '

out various ways, and wa(crinp, from tlic place in
wliich it rises, the extensive valiicH of Curimon,
Aconcagua, Quiilota, and Concon ; in which arc
cultivated large crops of wheat, flax and hemp;
and it, moreover, enters (he sea iti as lars^e a stream
as if it Iiad never niidergoiic the like ramifications :
its mouth is in 3'Ji^ lat.

AtoNCAr.UA, a settlement of the same pro-
vince, which was formerly its capital, tinlil the
foundation of the city oi' S. I'elipe. It is very
thinly peopled, and is situate in (he valley of (Ins
name.

AcoNCAfiCA, a volcano of the same province.

AC0N(3III, a settlement of the province and
government of Sonora in Nueva Espana,

AC;Oi\lGMl, a settlement of Indians «)fN. Cu-
tolina, situate on the shore of the river lino.

AcoNiCHi, an island in the middle of the river
Dan, in the same province.

ACONQUIJA, the most lofty mountain of the
province and government of Tncuman, in the
district of the city of Catamarca, and very near
it. It is perpetually covered with snow, and
abounds with minerals of gold. Its jurisdiction
is disputed by (he province of Atacama.

ACOPIA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimicnto of Quispicanclu in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Sangarara.

ACOllA, a settlement of the province and
government of Chucuito in Peru, situate on the
shore of the Gran Laguna (great lake). Lat, 16°
40' 30" s. Long. 70° 15' tc.

ACOKI, a small river of the province and rnp-
taiuship of Paru in Brazil. It runs w. between the
Pac.ijes iind Vavarais, and enters the river of the
Amazonas, in the arm formed by the island of
Marajo.

ACOIUA, a settlement of the province and
corres;i»iiento of Angaraes in Peru.

ACOIIO, a settlement of the province and cor-
rcginiiento of iluanta in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Tamhillo.

ACOS, a settlement of the province and corre-
gitnidJto of Janja in Peru.

Acos, another settlement of the province and
corregimicnto of Qiiispicanciii, annexed to the
curacy of Acomayo.

ACOSTA, a settlement of the province and
captainship of Pernambuco in Br.izll, sitnate on
the M. sliore of the large river of Sail Francisco,
near where it enters the sea.

ACOSTAM 13 A, a settlement of the province and
norregimicvlo of Castro-virreyna in Pern, an-
nexed to the curacy of Pilpichacha.

ACUSTA.MliO, a settlement of the province

ACT

and corifgiiniento of liunnta in Peru, annexed
to (he ceracy of lluaribamba.

ACOTAAL\, a settlement of the province and
corrrgiwitiito of Chancay in Pern, annexed (o
the curacy of Iguari.

ACO'rrrr.AN, a scUkment of tli<< Iieac' acttle-
inent and nlcnldia mayor of Autlan. it con-
tiiins 15 Indian families,' who employ themselves in
breeding (he larger sort of cattle, in making sugar
and honey, in dressing seeds, and extracting oil
of cacna^ wliich abounds greatly, from tlie num-
ber of trees yielding this fruit, it is anii(>\e(i to
the curacy of Tecolotlan, from whence it is two
leagues to the s. lo.

I'At'OUIiZ, an Indian nation in Canada.]

AGOXCIilAPA, a settlement of the !ie;.(l set-
tlement of Xonacatepec, and alcaldia maijor of
Cuemavacn, in Nueva Lspana.

[ACQUACKNACK, or AcotrAKiNi-NK, a
town on the w, side of I*assaic river, in Essex
county, New Jersey, ten miles n. of Newark, and
1 7 Ji. w. from New York. Lat. 40° 47' w. J.on"-.
74° 10' .-:-.

ACTIPA, San Mateo de, a settlement of the
alcaldia mayor of Tezcoro in Nueva Espaiia, an-
nexed to the curacy of Capulalpa.

ACTIPAQUE, Santa' Maiua de, tl setUe-
ment of the head settlement and alcaldia mat/or
of Toluca in Nueva Espaiia, four h^agues to
the s. of its capital, and situate on the shore of
thr luke I'ezcoco.

[ACTON, a township in Middlesex county,
Massachusetts, containing 853 inhabitunts ; 2\
miles n. re. of Boston.]

ACTOPAN, the district and alcaldia mayor oi
Nueva Espana, commonly called Octupan. Its
productions anil commerce are as follows : They
consist in seeds, rigging, saltpetre, and the feed-
ing of goats and sheep, chiefly prized on account,
of their skins and their fat. Jt is of a mild tem-
perature ; but the ground is infested with prickly
plants, thorns, and (easels. There are some estates
hereof about eiglit or ten labouring tUmilies each.
In fills district, and in its environs, are many sing-
ing birils, Avhich, in the Mexican language, are
called t:e>izontla / and among otlurs is the nightin-
gale. Tlie capital bears the same name, and in it
there are no less than 275Q families of Otlio-
mies Indians, divided into (wo parties, and sepa-
rated by the churcli, which is a convent of the
order of St. Augiistin, and a very ancient piece of
architeefiire. it aho contains 50 families of Spa-
niards, Mulattoes, and Afitstccs. '23 leagues n n. e,
of Mexico. I ong. <)S° 49' w. Lat. 20° 19' JO" n.

ACTUl'AN, San Pcuno m, the iieatl set-

^!/l!

A C U

lloincnt of llifl (ii-tricl of (lie akaldia niai/or ol'
Xocliiiuilco, ill llic same kiiii,*lom. Jt coiilai/is
SIO Iiuliiiii families, iiiclii<liiig lliose of its wards.

ACUA, a river of llie kiiijfcloni of Urazil, in
the is' '111 (if JoaiKS or Marujo. It runs s. i. e.
and Cillers (lie large arm of the river of the Aino-
r.ujias.

ACUIAPAN, a settlement of the head settle,
ment and alcalJui mat/ur of Ziillepcc in Nucva
Espaua, situate hetvveeii two crajxiry steeps, and
annexed to the curacy of Temascaltepec. li con-
tains 3B Indian families, who carry on a commerce
by llie dressinj^ o)^ hidis of large and small cattle.
Si.\ leaijucs /(. of its capital.

At'lJlld'A, a settlement of the head settlement
of Olinala, and akaldia luai/vr of Tlapa, in
Nneva Espafia. It is of a hot and moist tempc-
ralnrc, alwundiii!^ in uraiii,t7(/V/, (a whit(! medicinal
earth), seeds, and otlier jjioduclions, with which
its iiiliabilaiils carry on a trade. These consist of
V2 Indian families, it is a little more than three
leagues from its head settlement.

ACUIO, a settlement of W\c alcalJia maj/or oi
Cinaqua in Nueva Espana ; of a hot temperature,
and inhabited only by nine Indinn families, whose
commerce consists in collecting salt and wild wax.
It belongs to the curacy of Tauricato, and in its
district arc i 1 sugar mills, and seven pastures fit
for the larger cattle, and which are so extensive
and considerable ns to employ in them 30 families
of Spaniards, and 235 of Muslees, Mulattoes, and
Negroes. 30 leagues towards the s. of its capital.

ACUL, a settlement of the island of St. Do-
mingo, in the part possessed by the French ; si-
tuate on the n, coast, on the shore of the port of
I*dU-Goave.

AcuL, another settlement in the same island,
belonging also to the French ; situate s. of the
Llanos of the N.

Ac II I,, another settlement on the s. coast, upon
the hay which forms the point of Abaci'i.

Acur,, a river of the above island. Jt is small,
and runs into the sea behind the point of Abaci'i.

ACULA, San Pi;uuo he, a settlement of the
head settlement and alcaldin mayor of Cozama-
lotipan in Nueva Espafia, situate upon a high
liill, and bounded by a large lake of salubrious
water, called by the Indians Piuila ; which lake
empties itself into the sea by tJjc sand bank of Al-
varado, and the waters of which, in the winter
time, overflow to such a degree as nearly to inun-
date the country. It contains 305 Indian fiimilies,
and is four leagues to the e. of its capital.

ACULEO, a lake of the kingdom of Chile,
which empties itself into the river Maipo, famous

ADA

for good fish, highly prized in the city of Sa««
tiitgo. It is three Itiigues in length, and in some
parts one in breadth. Jt is in the district of the
seltlernent of Maipo, of tl\e i»roviiice and corn-
gi/iiie/ito of JLiiicagiia.

AC LIMA, a river of the captainship of Seara
in lirazil : it enters the sea between the lake
Upieiii and tl'e cape of Las Sii-rras.

ACUU.ACjU, A.NcioiiAs, or Camosin, a river
of the province and caplahiship of Seara in Ura-
zil, which rises in the province of Pernambuco,
runs w. for many leagues, and enters the s( a be-
tween the points of Torluga and I'almeras.

ACURAIPITI, a river of the province and
government of Paraguay, which runs s. a. e. and
enters the I'araiui.

ACL'TrrJ.A.N, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of Tepuxilco, and alcaldin
mayor of /ultepec, in Nueva Espana. It contains
45 Indian families, who trade in sugar, honey, and
maize, and many other of its natural productions.
Jt is five leagues n. e, of its head settlement, and a
quarter of a league from Acamuchitlan.

ACUTZIO, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of Tiripitio, and alcaldin maiyor of Valla-
dolid, and bishopric of Mechoaciin. It contains
J3G families of Indians, and 1 1 of Spaniards and
Muslees. There are six large cultivated estates in
its district, which produce abundance of wheat,
maize, and other seeds ; and these estates keep iit
employ eight families of Spaniards, GO of Mulat-
toes, and JO'i of Indians, who have also under
their care many herds of large and small cattle,
which breed here. Jt is one league and a half s.
of its head settlement.

ADAES, NuESTUA St:NonA bel Pilar be
Los, a town and garrison of the province of Los
Texas, or Nuevas Felipinas, and the last of these
settlements, being upon the confines of the French
colonies. It is of a mild tempciature, very fertile,
and abounding in seeds and fruits, which the earth
produces without any cultivation ; such as ches-
nuts, grajjes, and walnuts. The garrison consists
of a captain and .57 men, for the defence of the In-
dian settlements lately converted by the missions
belonging to the religious order of St. Francis.
It is 215 leagues from its capital, and 57G from
Mexico. Long. 9.'^ 35'. Lat. 32" 9'.

AoAES, a lake of the above province, about five
leagues broad, and 10 in circumference, forming
agiilph,in which large ships can sail with ease. It
is more than ISO fathoms deep, as was once proved,
when it was found tliat aline of that length did not
reach the bottom. It abounds in a variety offish,
which are caught in vast quantities without ncta ;

ADA

ADO

flifi snnie I)pinc: llic cnsc willi icgnrd (o tlio imnir*
rolls rivers wliicli iiilcrsccl ami r('r(iliz(! llic |jio-
viiici; ; all of (licm (snlcriiiir "jiil aiiiiiiu'iiting llu;
nliciidy :il)uii(liint slreani nl tin; iMIssissippi. in
llic iiiiiidlt! of till' lake is a |)yniiiii(Ii(:il iiioiiiit, of
aijovir 100 yards in (Mrciiiidi'iciire, coinpost'd of a
sfoiK! similar (o crystal, and hcinij tin: lofliost of
Mny in the proviiici'. Its borders aljound with
«'iilde, called r/'io/jrv, a sort of wild cow, having the
neck well covered with a lony and s(jlt wool, and
all()rdiiii;- delicions food to the natives. Uy the fat
vliich they proonre from the iiiiineroiis ant-eaters,
^\hicli breed liere, they siippl\ (lie want of oil.
'I'liere are also sonic castors, and other kinds of
mounluin-aiiiinals. Two leagues from the gar-
rison.

A DATS, a river of the above i>rnvince, which
runs s. e. in the district or connlry of the Indians,
who give it tliedcnoniiimtion ; ami enters the river
Mexicano.

[ADAIZE arc Indians of N. America, who live
nbont 40 miles from Natchitoches, below the Yn(-
tasses, on a lake called Lac Macdoii, Avhich com-
municates with the division of Red river that
passes by Uayau Pierre. They live at or near
where their ancestors have lived from time imme-
morial. They being the nearest nation to the old
Spanish fort, or mission of Adaizc, that place was
named after them, being about 20 miles from them
to the s. There arc now but 20 men of them re-
maining, but more women. Their language dif-
lers from all others, and is so dillicult to speak or
understand, that no nation can speak ten words of
it ; but they all speak Caddo, and most of them
French, to whom they were always attached, and
join them agahist the Natchez Indians. After the
massacn; of Natchez, in 1798, while the Spaniards
occupied the post of Adaize, their priests took
nuich pains to proselyte these Indians to the Koman
Catholic religion, but, we arc informed, were totally
unsuccessful.]

[.VDAMS, a township in jjorkshire county,
Massacimsctts, containing 2040 inhabitants, is a-
bout 140 miles n.w. of Hoston. In the ». part
of this town is u great natural curiosity. A pretty
mill stream, called Hudson's brook, which rises in
Vermont, and falls into the n. branch of Hoosuck
river, has, for 30 or 40 rods, formed a very deep
channel, in some places 60 feet deep, through a
quarry of Avhite marble. Over this channel, where
deepest, some of the rocks remain, and form a
natural bridge. From the top of this bridge to
the water is 62 feet ; its length is about 12 or 15,
and its breadth about 10. I*artly underthis bridge,
and about 10 or 12 feet below it, is another, which

is wider, but not so long ; fornt the e. end they
form one body of rock, 12 or 14 ieet thick, and
under this the water flows. The rocks here arc
mostly while, and in otiier places clouded, like
the coarse marble common at l.anesborough, and
in other towns in lierkshire county.]

[ADAMS'l'OWN, a town in Lancaster county,
Pennsylvania, containing about 40 houses ; 2()
miles )i. e. of liancastcr.]

A DA LA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of St. duan de los Llanos, in the Nuevo
Keyno de Ciranada. it rises between the Mela and
Met eta, runs e. and enters the Orinoco in the
port of San I'rancisco de Horja.

ADA UQU I A i\A, a small river of the province
and government of Guayaiia, or Nucva Andahi-
cia, which rises near the sierra of Parimc ; and
running from ic. to e. enters the sources of the
Cauca.

[ADAYFS. Sec Mexicano River.]

ADDl, a settlement of tlie])rovince and govern-
ment of Sonora in NuevaEspana ; situate on the
shore of a small river, between the settlements of
Lcjuiloa and Tibntana.

ADDIS, a settlement of the island of Barba-
does, one of tlu; Antilles ; situate in the district
of the parish of Christ Church, on the s. coast.

[ADDISON, a township of the district of Maine
in Washington county, 10 miles .?. ra. of Machias,
on the sea-board, between Englishmen's bay and
Pleasant river. It was called No. 6. until it was
incorporated in Feb. J 797.]

[Addison County, in Vermont, is on the e. side
of lake Champlaiii, and is divided nearly into
equal parts bv Otter creek ; has Chittenden county
on the II. and Rutland county on the *. and con-
tains 6149 inhabitants, dispersed in 21 townships.
It is about 30 miles by 27. A range of the green
mountains passes through it. Chief town Middle-
bury, granted Nov. 1761.]

[Addison, a town of the above coumy, con-
taining 401 inhabitants. It lies on lake Champ-
lain, and is separated from Newhaven, on the c.
by Otter creek. Snake mountains on the s. e. lie
partly in this township, granted 1761.]

[ADEQUATANGIE Creek, in New York
state, is the eastern bead-water of Snsquehannah
river.]

ADICONI, a port on the coast of the N. sea,
in the province and govermnent of Venezuela. It
is c. of the peninsula of Paragnana.

[ADMIRALTY Bay, and Port Mulgrave, on
the n, to. coast of / nerica, lie in Lat. 59"^ 31' n.
Long. 140^ 18'. zi\]

ADOi/ES, a settlement of Indians, of the pro-

l.»

!iy

N. sea,
jcla. It

Irave, on
'3i'n.

Illie pio-

A G A

vincc of Orinoco, and part of the Saliva notion,
firming a scpuLito district, and situate in the
plains of San Juan, of the new kinii;dom of Oru-
nadii, nrar the river Sinaruco. It was destroyed
by ihe f'arilxv Indians in l()M.

ADOUATOUIO, a Rcttiement of the province
and conris'inicnlo of Huarochiri in Peru, .situate
:i\ of Jjiiriii.

[ADSON'S Town lies near the ». r. line of New
Jersey, and a. e. of the Drownetl Liinds ; 27 miles
H. of Morristown, and 24 n. ic. of Patterson. |

ADLA.NA, a settlement of the province and
jrovcrnnient of Maracaibo, situate on the shore of
the lake of (his name, on the e. side.

ADVANCi.'. See FoiiwAiin.

AEIQL'AIA, llie head scKleinent of the alcaldio.
vuii/or of Tonali'i in Nneva Uspana,

AEIllUCTUQUKN, a mountain of the pro-
vince and colony of Surinam, or jjart of Ciuayana,
in the Dutch possessions. It is the be.<;'innin^ of
the great skit a of Uinocotc, between the rivers
Cutini and (.'aroni.

AITFtEUX, a lake of the provinceand colony
of Virjjinia, near the coast.

[AKuERA, one of the islands of Juan Fer-
nandes, on the S. sea coast, in the kingdom of
Chile. About 400 leagues to the ;». of Cape Morn.
This coast swarms with sea lions and wolves.
Lat. 33' 47' s. T.ong. 80° 4 1' ic.

AGA, a mountain of (he province and captain-
skip of Uio Janeiro in Brazil. It is between the
rivers Irutiba and Tapoana, on the sea-coast.

AGACES, a nation of Indians, of the province
of Paraguay, on the shore of the river of this
name, towards the e. The people are numerous,
valiant, and of a lofty s(a(urc. In ancient times
(hey were masters of that river, cruising about in
it, and !)eing the enemies of the Guaranies; but
Idler several conflicts, they were at last subjected
l^y Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, governor of the
province, in 1512.

AGALTECA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Honduras, in the kingdom of Guate-
mala.

[AGAMENTIGUS, a river of the province and
colony of New England, of Vork county, dis-
trict of Maine. It is indeb(ed lo the ocean for i(s
Ava(ers, through Pascataqua bay ; having no con-
siderable aid (rom streams of (rcsh water. I(s
mouth is al)on» (bur miles s. from Cape Neddie
river. .Small vessels can enter here.]

[AoAMENTiGus, a moun(ain of consider-
able elovadon in the district of Maine, distant
about si\ miles from Bald Head, and eight from

and Long. 70"

AGO

York harijour. Lat. 43° J2' n.

4.1' t*. from Greenwich. It is a noted land-mark
for seamen, and is a good directory for tlu" entry
of Pasc atacjua harbour, as i( lies very nearly in
(he same meridian wi(li i( and with Pigeon liill,
o\\ Cape Aim. The mountain is covered wiih
wood and shrubs, and ad'onls pasture up to i;s
summit, where there is an enchanting jjrospect.
Tiie cultivated parts of the country, especially on
the s. and .f . u:. appear as a beautiful iiarden, iii-
tersscted by the majestic river Pasea(a(jua, i(s
bays and branches. The immense ranges of
mountains on the ii. and n. rc\ afford a sublime
spectacle ; and on the sea side (he various in-
dendngs of the coast, from Cape .\nn (o Cajte
Elizal)e(h, an' plainly in view in a clear day ; and
the Atlantic stretches to (he e. as far as (he power
of vision ex(ends. At (his spot the bearing of the
following objccls were taken, with u good sur-
veying ins(rumen(, ()c(oberII, 1780.

Summit of the White mountains, «. 15° a.'.

Cape Porpoise, ». G'J' e,

Uochester hill, w. G4° u\

Tuckaway South peak, s. 80° w.

Frost's hill, Kittery, s. bT to.

Saddle of Bonabeag, n. \^' w.

Isle of Shoals Meeting-house, s. 6° e.

Varney's hill, in Dover, distant I0| miles by
mensuration, w. 89° kj. Variation of the
needle, (f w,']

[AGAMUNTIC, or AMAcrxTic Pond, in
the district of Maine, sends its wa(crsnor(hward to
the Chaudiere, through the west branch of that
river.]

[AGCHILLA, a setdcment of the province and
corregimicnto of Pilaya and Paspaya in Peru.
It has in its district seven public chapels, within
four leagues distance.]

AGENAGATENINGA, a river of the pro-
vince and country of t le Amazonas, in the Portu-
guese (erritory. It rises in (he country of the
Anamaris Indiaii<;, runs n. and enters the abuiuhuit
stream of the Mndera.

AGIQUA, a river of N. Carolina, which runs
M. u". and adertvards turning to (he w. enters the
Cherokees.

AGNAEOS, a nation of infidel Indians, of (he
Nuevo Ileyno de (iranada, inhabiting the moun-
tains w. of the river Apuie.

AG'NAPCRAS, a chain of mountains, or a
corililltra of the kingdom of Peru, which run for
leagues from w. (o $. wi(hou( (ermination, and
separate the Taticas from the Chiziiitos Indians.

[AGOMISO, an island of Hudson's bay, near
its w. coast; n. n. e. from Albany foit.]

AGONKTIE, a river of Nova Sco(ia, mnning

If'''

■ 11

ii "

' ■»! '

:il

A G U

(Vom J. to r. hclwcoii ,tli() rivcis Mi'tliiror and St.
.loliii, and entering the sea at the nioutli of tlie
i);ty ot I'liiuly.

Ad'UA TI'MATI, n river of llie province and
povernment of Darien, in the Itintjclonj ot 'I'iorra
l<'irnie. It rises in tiie nionntains of the tt. niui
Cillers tlie sea Uy the I.itlle Heech, opposite (,'aii-
tiunia.

A(;RKDA, orNui-VA Ma'i.aoa, a city of the
province and jfovernmcnt of I'opayan, inthukini;-
doin «»f (inito, founded by d'eroninio Agundo in
1.51 1, it is liinall, niid oi'a hot temperature, l>nt
a»)ounds in poid mines. l'orl.v-live ioasjues ,«. w.
of its capital, 4a from Quito, and .'J7 to tlic c, of
IhcS. 8ca.

AGRESINAS, a settlement founded by the
Portuguese fathers of the Carmelite order, in the
country of the Amazona.s, situate on the shores of
the river ,\muzonas.

AGUIAS, n nation of Indians of the province
and government of Santa Marta, to the w. of the
('icn(»ga Ci'rande. it was formerly very numerous,
but at present considerably reduced.

AGIJA, Port of, on the n. coast of the island
of St. Domingo, between Point Ilabel and the Bay
of Marques.

Agua, a small island, situate near the m. coast
of the island of Vaca, in the channel formed by the
island of St. Domingo, in front of the bay of
Mesle.

AouA, also Ojos dr Agua, two springs or
fountains of the province nud corregimieiito of
Cuyo, ill the kingdom of Chile, near the lake of
Iiica, from whence the river Quillota takes its
source.

Agua Bi.anca, a .settlement of the province
and government of Venezuela, situate between the
rivers Sarare and Acarigua, to the e. of the town of
Araure.

Agua Butna y Dulce, or Fresh Wateh,
a bay of the strait of Magellan, near the bay
of La Gente.

Agua-Caliente, a settlement of the kingdom
of Guatemala.

AcuA-Cr.AnA, a river of the province and
government of Parnguay. It runs e. and enters
the Parana on the w. side.

Agua Coi.oiiada, a river of the same province
and government as the former, which runse. and
enters also the large river of Parana.

Agua de Cur.iBaA, San Fhancisco Xa.
viER HE LA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Veneauela, n redurcion of Indians of
the Capuchin fathers; but the place is also inha-
bited by some Spanish families. It belongs to the

A G U

dlitrict and jurisdiction of the city of San Felipe ;
and in its viiinitv dwell a great number of people
in the estates Ijefonging to it, and which produce
abundance of r/zivo, plantains, j/ucas, and other
vegetable prcMlnctioiis.

"AGUA-Dfi.rr, Cai.ita ni , or Creek of, ou
the s. coast of the strait of M;igellan, on the side
of the bay of Sun Martin.

Agua Ksco-ndioa, a settlement of the pro.
vince and government of Sonora in Nu(!va i'Jspana,
situate at tJie loot of a mountain, and to the n. of
Santa C^lara.

A(irA-Vru»i:, an island of the gnlph of
California, or Ued .sea of (!ortes, situate near iha
coast, between the islands of Carmen and Mon-
.serrat.

AGlJAC.VfiLJA, a settlement of the province
of (iuayana, and government of (/Umana, one of
those belonging to the missions of the Catalanian
Capuchin fathers. It is on the shore of the river
Caroni, near the mouth, through which this en-
ters the Orinoco. J^at. S'ifi' «. J.ong. 69*
42' w.

A(iUi\CATAL, a settlement, of the province
and government of Antioquia, situate in the val-
ley of Peneo, on the shore of the river Cauca.
l.at. 8^ «. Lone. 75" 'JS' w.

AG UACATLNAxNGO, a settlement of the pro-
vince and alcaldia mayor of Chiapa in the kmg-
dom of Guatemala.' FLat. IG" 18' «. Lone.
9P57'a;.] ^

AGUACATLAN, the head settlement of the
district of the alcaldia matjor of Xala in Nueva
Espana. in 1745 it contained 80 families of In-
dians, who employed themselves in the culture of
maize and French beans. It has a convent of tho
religious order of St. Francis, and lies two leagues
5. e. of its ca|)ital.

AGUACIIAPA, a settlement of the province
and government of Nicaragua in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

AGUADA, a settlement of the island of Porto-
rico; situate in the bay of its name, between the
capes Uoriquon and St. l-'rancis. It serves as an
inlet tor ships going to Tierra Firme and Nueva
Espana to take in water. [\iVA. \&°'2b' n. Lone.
67^ 6' a.J

Aguaoa, the atbresaid bay in the above island.

Aguada, the point on the coast and at the head
of the above island, 27 leagues distant from the
cape of San Rafael, of the island of St. Domingo.

Aguada, a river near the cape or former point,
and in the same island, being a place where ships
arc accustomed to take in water.

Aguada, a small river of the province and

"wi

an I'Vlipc ;

of ])coplc
'It produce

uiid utbcr

!ek of, on
01) llie side

f tlic pro*
Vil Itlspiu'iii,
to the n. of

fiiilph of
ito noiir the
I and Mon-

e province
III!), one ot
(Jntalaniaii
»f the river
h this cn-
Loug. 62»

c province
in the vnl-
ret Ciluca.

of the pro-

the kmgo

». Long.

lent of the
in Nueva

lies of In-
culturc of

vent of the

»o leagues

province
tingdom of

J of Porto-
ft ween the
;rves as aa
md Niieva
n. Long.

JVC island.
it the head
from the
)omingo.
mer point,
here ships

rince and

A O U

raplahnJiip of the Rio Cirande in Brazil. It
rises near the const, and runs ,v. it. r. entering the
sea close to the ciipc of San l{(M|ue.

AfiuAOA, a sharp jwiiit or si'iiill isliuul of the
S. sea, near the coast, in (lie province and cone-
f^imirnto of Atacania.

Aai ADA, a point on the coast of Tierra Firme,
in the |)r()vince and government of (!artagena. It
is one of those which form the mouth of tlic gulph
of Uraba or Darien.

AtiUADlLLA, a river of the province and
kingdom of Tierra Firme. It rises in the moun-
tains on the s. and enters the large river Chogre
very near its mouth, and the castle of this name.
Here ships take in water, on account of the conve>
nicncc ot a bay, for the defence of which there is,
upon the shore, a battery belonging to the same
castle, which was built under the directions of
Don Dionisio de Alcedo, in 1743.

AGU ADORES, River of the, in the Uland
of Cuba. It runs into the sen on the s. coast of
this island, having at its mouth a watcb-towcr and
guard to give notice of vessels which may enter the
port of JJantiago de Cuba, from whence it is
seven leagues distant.

AGUAIO, a settlement of the province and go«
vernment of Sierra Gorda, in the bay of Mexico,
and kingdom of Niieva Espafia, founded in the
year 1748 by the Colonel of the militia of Quere-
taro, Don Joseph de Escandon, Count of Sierra
Gorda.

AauAio, another settlement, with the dedicatory
title of San Miguel, in the new kingdom of Leon,
inhabited by Spaniards ; 10 leagues distant from
La Punta.

AGUAIUS, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Quixos and Marcas in the kingdom
of Quito.

AGU AGE, a settlement and real of mines of the
province and government of Sonora in Nueva
Espafia, Lat. 29° w. Long. 11 F 3' w.

AGUAJES, a settlement of the province of
Tepeguna, and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya, situ-
ate on the shore of the rivev of Las Nasas.

AGUALEI, a small river of the province and
government of Guayana, which rises in the 5/erraf
of Usupama, and enters the Caroni on the e. side.

AGUALULCO, a settlement and capital of the
jurisdiction of Izatlan in Nueva Galicia. It has
a c(mvent of the religious order of St. Francis, and
ill 1745 it contained upwards of 100 families of
Indians, including the wards of its district ; 17
leagues w. of (iuadalaxara. Lat. 20=* 44' «.
Long*. 103° 33' w.

VOL, I.

AGU

A(ilTAMENA, a settlement of the jurisdiction
of Santiago «le las Ataiayiis, and government of
San tluan de los Llanos, in the Nucyo Reyno de
(iranada, annexed to the curacy of that city. It is
of a hot trmiicrature, and nroduccsthe same fruits
as the other settlements of tliis province.

AGLJAMIRO, a settlement of the province ami
cervvfj^iitiienti} of lluamalies in Peru, celebratcil tor
some medicinal and very salutary baths.

AGU AN, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Honduras, which runs into the sea at the
gulph of this name.

AGUANATO, Santa Makia be, a settlement
of the head settlement of the district of Puruandiro,
anAalcaldia mauor of Valladolid, in the province
and bishopric of Mechoacan. It is of a cold % wi-
perature, situate at the foot of the sierra of Gun )<<,
and contains 36 families of Indians, who gain their
liveliliood by tioding in dresseil hides. Sixteen
leagues from Pasquaroor Valladolid.

AGU A NO, a lake of the province and govern-
ment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito. It is
formed by an arm or channel of the river Gualla-
ga, and is very near the shore of that river.

AGUANOS, San Antonio he, a settlement
of the province and government of Mainas in the
kingdom of Quito ; one of those which belonged
to the missions held there by the Jesuits, and
thus called from the nation of Indians of whom it is
composed. It was founded in 1670 by the father
Lorenzo Lucero.

AouANOs, another settlement, with the dedica-
tory title of San Francisco, in thic province, and
of these missions.

AGUAPAI, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay. It rises between the Pa-
rana and the Uruguay, near the settlement of San
Carlos, runs «, forming a curve, and returning e,
enters the last of the above rivers not far from the
settlement of La Cruz.

Aguapai, another river of the same province
and government, which runs w. and enters the
Paran& close to the Juan Gazii.

AGUAPEI, a river of the same province and
government as the two former. It is very small,
and rises in the mountains of Nuestra Senora de
Fe ; runs from n. to s. and enters the Parang.

AGUARAU, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay, which runs w, and enter*
the Parana between the Inau and Piray .

AGUAUICO^ San Peobo de, a settlement of
Indians, converted by the missions of the Jesuits,
in the province and government of Mainas ; situ»
ate on the shore of the river Napo.
1)

if^'

■' 1

U~l\

r,*'

A 6 U

Aguarico, another settlement of the snme pro-
rince, and bcloRirin,^ to the same -nissions, and
bearing; the dedicatory title of Snn Kstnnislao.

AcuAiiiro, a river of tho same province and
eovornmenl, beiri|a; one of those which enter the
Napo by (lie m. side. At its mouth, or »*ntmnce,
bejfins the Inr^fc province of the Encabcllados ;
and here it was that the Portuguese attempted to
establish tliemsclvcs in 17^, invading it with a
certain number of I'iriiguns, (smnll vessels), which
came from ParA. They were, however, through
the well-timed precautions of the president of Qui-
to, tbrced to retire Avithout attaining their object.
This river contains much gold in its sands, and
its body is much increased by other streams, such
ns those of the Aziicla, Cofanes, Sjirdinas, aiid Du-
ino. It descends froi i the grand Cordillera of the
Andes, near the town of San Miguel de Ibarra,
washes the territory of theSucumbios Indians, and
enters the Napo in lat. l^SS' s.

AGUARINGUA, an ancient and large settle-
ment of the nation of the Taironas Indians, in the
province and government of Santa Marta.

AGUAllO, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Honduras. It enters the S. sea to the
e. of Aguan.

Aguaho, Gano de, a river of the proTince and
government of Vcnczut^la. It enters the Guarico,
and is famous for abounding in fish, particularly
a kind called pabon^ which has a circular spot of
sky-blue and gold upon its tail, reiembling an eye,
»nd which is much esteemed for its excellent fla-
vour.

AGUAS, a small river of the province and
government of Paraguay. It runs n. ii. w, and
enters the Uruguay close to the.luipa.

Ar.L'As-BLANCAs. Sec Yaguapihi.

Ai.uAs-nr.i.i.As, a small river of the pro-
vince and government of Paraguay. It runs t.
and enters the Parana.

Acu'As-rAr.iENTES, an afcaldia viaj/or of tlie
♦he kingdom of Nucva Gnlicia, and bisiiopric of
(."uaduiMxnra, in Nueva IC'ipsiua. Its jurisdiction
includes four head settlements of the district, and
♦wo large estates called the Pavellon, as also the
estate Del Fuerte, in which quantities of grain and
s«'ed are cultivated. The principal settlement is
the town of the same name, of i motlerate tempera-
ture, its inhabitants consisting of oO() Spanish fa-
milies, as also of some of Almtees and Mulattoes;
and allliough some Mexican Indians are to be
found here, they merely coiue to traffic with the
productions of the other jurisdictions. It con-
tains three convents ; one olthe bare-footed Fran-

A G U

ciscans, a sumptuous and well-bnilt fabric ; one of
the Mercenarios; and a third of San Juan de Dios,
with a well-endowed hospital ; not to mention
several other chapels and altars in the vicinity.
It is 140 leagues n. n. w. of Mexico, and 3.% of
Guadalaxara. Long. 101° 51' 30" w. 1M. 22^ S' n.

AouAS-cAi.iFNTEs, auothcr settlement in the
province and government of Venciuela, of the
kingdom of Tierra Firme, situate upon the coast.

AGUASTELAS, San Miouei. he, a settle
ment of the head settlement of the district of San
Andres of Acatlan, and alcaldia mayor of Xalapa,
ii Nueva Espafia. It is but lately established)
and is one league s. of its head settlement.

AGUATEPEC, janta Maria de, a settle
ment of the head settlement of the district and
akaldla mayor of Tecali in Nueva £spai!a. It
contains 48 families of Indians.

AGUATLAN, the head settlement oftliedis>
trictof thea/c<i(^/<t mayor of Izucar in Nueva Es-

Eaiia. It was formerly a separate jurisdiction;
ut on account of its smallness, and the ill-fa-
voured and craggy state or its soil, it was incorpo-
rated with another dose to it. It contains 46 Indian
families, and is 12 leagues e. of its capital.

AGl'ATUBI, a settlement of the province of
Moqui in Nuevo Mexico.

AGUATULCO, a river of the province and
alcaldia mit/or of Tegoantepec in Nueva EspaAa.
It runs e. {iiid enters the S. sea near the Capolita.

AGUEDA, Mono de Santa, a mountain of
the n. const' of the straits of Magellan, in the Sierra
Nevada (snowy sierra).

Ac. i; EDA, a point or cape near the above moun-
tain.

[AGUGA Cape, on the coast of Peru, S. Ame-
rica, lies s. of Puira^ in the 61" of s. lat. and in the
81" of w. Ions "

AGUI.IO

, San

Miguel, de, a settlement of

the new kingdom of Lec^;.

AGUIL.\, Villa Gutierrez de la, atowii
of the alcaldia mayor of Xerez in Nueva Espaila.
It was formerly very considerable, and had a nu-
merous population of Spaniards, when it WRsi
made u fortress against the TeiH'hiiancs and Tarau-
mams Indians. It is an alctddia mni/or, but its
jurisdiction is consolidated with another, on ac-
count of its being a place of little consideration,
anil its population iK'ing very scanty, and living
in some small wards and estates in its district. It
lies at the e, entrance of the province of Nayarith,
and is the boundary of the kingdom of Nueya
Galicia, being nine leagues c. of Xciez.

Aci'ii.A, a very lofty mountain of the province

n gettlfe-

, a town
Espafin.
ad a uu-
it wfis
I Tarau-
, but its
I on ac<
Jcration,
d liviiie
rict. ft
ayaritb,
" Nueva

A G U

and government of Darien, near the «. coast, and
thus called from an eagle with two heads, which
was caught here in 1608| aud which was sent to
the queen, Dona Maria-Ana of Austria, mother
of Philip III. At its skirt is a bjiy, or swampy
ground, which is round, and has a very narrow
inlet. J<'orty-five leagues from Cartagena.

AfiHiLA, a point or cajje of the larger island of
the Maluinas or Falkland isles ; thus named from
Iiaving iMjen iliscovcred by the French frigate, the
Aguila, or £aglc. It is oneof those which form
the great bay or port.

AtJlJlLUSCO, a settlement of the head settle-
mcnt of the district of Arantzan, and afcaldia
mayor of Valladolid, in the province and bishop-
ric' of Mechoacan. It contams 32 families of In-
dians, who employ themselves in sowing seed,
cutting wood, manufacturing vessels of line
earthen-ware, and saddle-trees for riding.

AGUIUHE, a river of the province and go-
rernment of Venezuela. It rises by the side of the
city of Niura, runs*. passc» through the town of
San Carlos, and enters the Sarara.

Acuianr, some (Ktstures for young hones in
the province and corregimiento of (3oquimbo, of
the Kingdom of Chile, between the rivers Komos
and Mamas.

AGUJA, Point of the, on the coast of Tierra
Firme, and of the province and government of
Santa Marta, between this city and Cape Cliichi-
bacoa. It is the part of land which projects far-
thest into the sea.

Aguja, Point of the, another point on the
coast of the S. sea, and of the province and corre-
gimiaUo of riuxt in Peru.

Artija, Point of the. See article Ec.rii.Ln.

AGUR, Francisco, a settlement of the pro-
vince and caplairuhip of Espiritu Suiito in Ura-
cil, situate near the coast and the bay oi° Espiritu
Sauto.

AGUSTIN, San, a capital city of the pro-
vince and government of E. Florida, situate on the
e. coast, in a peninsula, or narrow strip of laud.
It has a good uort, which was discovered by Ad-
miral Pedro Menendes de Aviles, on St. Augus-
tin's day in the year 15()5, which was his reason
tor giving the place this title, which hus, however,
been twice changed. He also built here a good
castl<; for its defence. The city has a very good
parish church, and a convent uf the Fmnciscan
order ; and, as tar as relates to its spiritual con-
certis, it is subject to the bi ;hop of Cuba, wlio has
at various times proposed the erection of an
abbey, but has not obtained his wish, although it
bad been approved by the council uf the Indies.

A G U

It has two hos]>i(;ils, one for the garrison troops,
and aiiolher tor the community ; it hus also an
bermitagc, with the dedicatory title of Santa Bar-
bara, it Was burnt by Francis Drake in 158i);
by Captiiiii Davis, with the Hucaniers, in liHib ;
hut it was inmiediatflv atterwards rebuilt. In
I'OQ it was besieged by the English, under the
command uf CoUmel Moore, who, tiiiling in his
attepipts to take the castle, wiiich was defended by
the governor, Don Joseph dc Zufiiga, exhibited
his revenge by burning and dcstroymg the town.
In 1744 the English returned to the siege, under
the command ut' General Oglethurp, who wac
equally unsuccessful, in an much as it was most
valiantly deleiided by the governor, Don Manuel
de Moniiaiio, who dolled the bombardment of the
enemy. This fort has a curtain of GO toises long ;
tlie parapet is nine feet ; and the terrace, or horizon-
tal surface of the rampart, is 30 feet high, with
good bomb-proof casemates, and mounted with 50
pieces of cannon, having also, on the exterior, an
excellent covered way. The city, altltough it is
encomiNissed by a wall, is not strong, and its de-
fence coiiiiists in 10 projecting angles. It wan ced-
ed, with the whole of the province, to theEnglish^
by the King of.S|>ain, in the peace of Versailles, in
17(>2 r and it remained in their possession till 1783)
when it was restored by the treaty of Paris. The
breakers at the entrance of the harbour have
formed two channels, whose bars have eight feet of
water each. I-ong. 8P 40'. Lat. 29^ 58'.

A G 'J ST IN, San, a settlement and ;ra/ of minet,
of the province of Taraumara, in the kingdom of
Nueva Vizcaya, which was formerly a {wpulatioa
of some consequence, and wealthy withal, fron
the richness of its mines, which have lately fallen
into d(!cay, and tlicreby entailed poverty u|Mm the
inhabitants. It is i^O leagues s. of the town of S.
I'Viipcde ('higuagua.

Agusti.n, San, another small settlement ot
ward of the head Kctllement of die district of Zum-
pahuacan, and alcultlia maj/or of Mariiialco, m
Nueva Espana.

AuusTiN, SiiN, another settlement of the head
settlement of tb( district of Nopaliica, and afcaldim
mayor of Tcpcaca, in Nueva Esuana. It contains
SO families of Indians, and is ciistanta little more
than a league from its head settlement.

AuusriN, San, another, in the head settlement
of the diftnct of Pinoteca, and alcaldia mayor of
Xicayan. It contains 70 families of Indians, who
trade in graiu, seeds, aud tobacco. Four leagues
n. of its head settlemeot.

AcusTiN, San, another settlement of the dis-
trict of Cuilapa, aud the alcaldfa mat/or of Quatro
»2

If '

'i.)

i •'

( r ,

'■ I

P!"

i t! '^

A H O

Villas. It contains 34 families of Indians, who
cultivate and trade in grain, pulse, coal, and tlic
bark of trees. A little more than two leagues to
the w. with a slight inclination to the s. of its liead
settlement.

Agustin, San, another setttlemcnt of the pro-
vince and government of Tucum^n in Peru ; si-
tuate on the shore of the river Tercero (third river.)

Agustin, San, another settlement of the pro-
vince and alcaldia mayor of Vera Paz in the king-
dom of Guatemala.

Agustin, San, another of the province and
government of Popayan in the kingdom of Quito.

Agustin, San, another of the province and
government of Buenos Ayrcs in Peru, on the shore
of the river Ihiquay.

Agustin, San, another of the province and
alcaldia mayor of Culiacan in Nueva Espaiia,
situate near the town of Rosario.

Agustin, San, a point or cape of the coast of
Brazil, in the province and captainship of Per-
nambuco, between the port Antonio Vaz and the
river Tapado. One hundred leagues from thi
bay of Los Muertos ; [300 miles «. e, from the bay
of All Souls. Lat. 8° 38' s. Long. 35° 1 1' w.l

Agustin, San, another point or cape of tlie
coast of the province and government of Rio de
Hacha, and kingdom of Tierra Firme, close to the
lake of San Juan, on the e. side.

Agvstin, San, a river of the province and
government of Antioquia, in the new kingdom of
Granada. It runs from *. to n. and afterwards,
with a slight inclination to the re. enters the river
S. .Tuan, of the province of Choco.

Agustin, San, a small island of the gulph of
California, or Red Sea of Cortes ; situate in the
most interior part of it, and near upon the coast of
Nueva Espafia, opposite the bay of San Juan
Baptista.

[AGWORTII, a township in Cheshire county,
New Hampshire, incorporated in 1766, and con-
tains 704 inhabitants ; eight miles e. by w. from
Charlestown, and 73n. w.oy w. from Portsmouth.]

AHOME, a nation of Indians, who inhabit the
shores of the river Zuaque, in the province of
Cinaloa, and who are distant four leagues from
the sea of California : they were converted to the
Catholic faith by father Andres de Rivas, a Jesuit.
Their country consists of some extensive and fer-
tile plains, and they are by nature superior to the
other Indians of Nueva Espafia. Moreover, their
Heathenish customs do not partake so much of the
spirit of barbarism. They abhorred polygamy,
and held virginity in the highest estimation : and
thus, by way of distinction, unmarried girls wore

A H U

a small shell suspended (o their neck, until the day'
of their nupt iais, when it was taken off by the bride-
groom. Their clothes were decent, composed of
wove cotton, and they had a custom of bewailing
their dead for a whole year, night and morning,
with an apparently excessive grief. They are
gentle and faithful towards the Spaniards, with
whom they have continued in peace and unity
from the time of their first subjection. The prin-
cipal settlement is of the same name, and lies at
the mouth of the river Fuerte, on the coast of the
gulph of California, having a good, convenient,
ana well sheltered port.

AHORCADOS, Point of the, on the shore of
the large lake of Los Patos, of the province and
captainship of Rey in Brazil.

AiiORCADOS, some small islands or points on
the coast of the S. sea, in the district 'of Santa
Elena, of the province and government of Guay-
aquil, close to the mouth of the river Coloncbe.

AHUACATEPEC, San Nicolas uk, another
settlement of the above head settlement and alcal'
dia mayor.

AHUACATES, Santa Maria de, a branch
of the head settlement of the district and alcaldia
mayor of Cuernavaca in Nueva Espama.

AIIUACATLAN, Santa Ma hi a b., a set-
tlement of the head settlement of the district of
San Francisco del Talle, and alcaldia mayor of
Zultepcc, in Nueva Esparia. It is of a cola tem-
perature, inhabited by 51 families of Indians, and
distant three leagues s. of its head settlement.

AiiuACATiiAN, another settlement of the head
settlement and alcaldia mayor of Zochicoatlan in
Nueva Espafia. It is of a cold temperature, si-
tuate on a small level plain, surrounded by hills
and mountains. It contains 13 families of In>
dians, and is seven leagues to the n. of its capital.

Ahuacatlan, with the dedicatory title of San
Juan, the head settlement of the district of the
alcaldia mayor of Zacatlan in Nueva Nspana.
Its inhabitants are composed of 450 families of
Indians, and 60 of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mu-
latloes, including the settlements of the district.
Five leagues fiom its capital, and separated by a
mountainous and rugged road, as also by a very
broad river, w hose waters, in the winter time, in-
crease to such a degree as to render all communi-
cation between tlie above places impracticable.

Ahuacatlan, another, of the bead settlement
of the district of Olinala, and alcaldia mayor of
TIapa, in the above kingdom. It contains 160
families of Indians, who trade in c/jia, (a white
medicinal earth), and grain, with which its territory
abounds. It lies n. vc. of its head settlement.

I i

fli:

A H W

. AHUACAZALtA, a scUlemcnt of the head
settlement of the district of San Luis de la Costa,
and aknldin mat/or of Tlapa, in Nueva Espana.
It contains 56 families of Indians, whose com-
merce consists in rice and cotton. Three leagues
M. e. of its head settlement.

AHUACAZINGO, a settlement of the head
•cttlement of the district of Atengo, and alcaldia
mayor of Chilapa, in Nueva Espaiia. It contains
46 families of Indians, and is ten leagues e. of its
head settlement.

AHUALICAN, a settlement of the alcaldia
mayor of Tixtlan in Nueya Espana; of a benign
and salutaij' temperature, as it is fanned by then,
breezes. It lies three leagues n. of its head settle-
ment, which is Oapan ; and contains 36 families
ot Indians.

AHUATELCO, a settlement of the head set-
tlement of the district of the alcaldia mayor of
Izucar in Nueva Espana, situate on the skirt of the
volcano of the same name. In its district are
<;ight settlements, inhabited by S89 families of In-
dians, and 11 of Mustees and Mulattoes, who
live in some temporary habitations for labourers.
It is situate on a cold, rough, and barren soil, but
is nevertheless fertile in wheat, and abounds in
water and cattle. Eight leagues n. w. of its capital .

AHUATEMPA, a settlement of the head set-
tlement of the district of Santa Isabel, and alcaldia
mayor of Cholula, in Nueva Espaiia. It contains 39
familiesof Indians, and istwoIeagues5.of its capital.

AHUATEPEC, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district and alcaldia mayor of Tlapa
in Nueva Espana. It contains 32 families of In-
dians, and is two leagues n. of its capital.

AHUATLAN, San Pedro de, a settlement
of the head settlement of the district of San Juan
del Rio, and alcaldia mayor of Quercturo, inNucva
Espana ; annexed to the curacy of the former
place, and lying ten leagues n. w. of the latter.

AHUEHUEZINGO, a settlement of the head
settlement of the district of Chietlan, and alcaldia
mayor of Izucar, in Nueva Esiiana.

AIIUEZITLA, a settlement of the head settlc-
. ment of the district and alcaldia mayor of Tlapa
in Nueva Espana. It contains1J6 tamiiii"; of In-
dians, and abounds in chia, (a whit.; medicinal
earth), grain, and earthen-ware. It is nine leagues
w, n, w. of its capittil.

. JTAHWAHHAWAY, a race of Indians, who
differ but very little in any particular from the
Mandans, their neighbours, except in the unjust
war which they, as well as the Minetares, prosecute
against the defenceless Snake Indians. They claim
to have once been a part of the Crow Indians,whoni

A I A

they still acknowledge as relations. 'J'hey have
resided on the Missouri as long as their tradition
will enable them to inform.]

AIABACA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Piura in Peru.

AIACASI, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of CLumbivilcas in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Belille,

AIACOA, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Guayana, or Nueva Andalucia. It
rises to the w. of the Sierra Maiguatida, runs c. and
enters the Orinoco near the rapid stream of the
Marumarota.

AIACOCHA, a settlement of the pr *^M
corregimiento of Huanta in Peru, situate in the
island Tayacaja.

AIAHUALTEMPA, asettlenientofthehead set-
tlement of the district, of Zitlala, and alcalcUa mayor
of Chilapa, in Nueva Espana It contains 36 fa-
milies of Indians, and is three leagues to the s. of
its head settlement.

AIAHUALULCO, a settlement of the head set-
tlement of the district of Ixlahuacan, and alcaldia
mayor of Xalapa, in Nueva Espaiia, which, in the
Mexican language, signifies a small river. It
abounds in the best fruits of its jurisdiction, such
as pears and otiier sorts of fruit highly esteemed at
Vera Cruz. It contains only three families of Spa-
niards, 22 of Mustees and Mulattoes, and 70 of In-
dians. In its district arc several temporary habi.
tations for labourers, and pastures for breeding cat-
tle, which reach as far as the district of Tcpcaca,
in the lofty eminence of Xamiltepec, 16 leagues
distant from Xalapa. It includes also within its
administration the cultivated estates extending as
far as the place called Puertezucio, where this juris-
diction approximates to that of San Juan de los
Llanos on the ze. s. w. side ; and in the culture of
the above estates many Spaniards, Mustees, and
Mulattoes, are employed. One league s. w. of its
head settlement.

AiAHUAMjLco, another settlement of the head
settlement of the district of Zitlala, and alcaldia
mayor of Chilapa^ in the kingdom ot Xalapa, and
annexed to the curacy of this place, from which it
is three leagues distant, being nine to the s. of its
head settlement. It contains 42 families of Indians,
including another small settlement incorporated
with ii,

AlAHUASA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Aimaraez in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Pachaconas.

AIAMARCA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Castro Virrcyna in Peru, an-
nexed to the curacy of Cordova. .

iri

i't

II . 1

|1;

\ M

I ''4

M A I A

AJANABE, a iiRdlemrnt of IiidiHii'. of 8. Caro-
lina, situate on tbu shore of the river iSudlc-noir.

AIAPAN(iO, the head settluuent of ihe district

^f llie alcaldia viauor of ('lialco in Nueva Es-

panu. It contains TUO families of Indians, and is

annexed to the curacy of Amccaniecu, at two

leagues to the s. of its capital.

AJAPATA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento oi Carabaya in Peru, and very
opuleut, on account of its silver mines. Tiie sands
on the bajiks of the rivers here have been known so
richly impregnated with this metal, tfiat lumps of
it have been at diiierent times picked up. it is the
most considerable population in the province, and
(he temperature is so salutary, that it is very com-
mon to meet with persons of 90 years of age, and
many also of 100.

AlAPEL, a town of the province and govern-
ment of Antioquia, in tlie new kingdom of Gra-
nada, situate on the bank of a large bke or swamp
of tlic same name, and which is formed from the
waters of the rivers Cauca, San Jorge, and others.
In its district are the lavaderos, or washing places
for gold, ot' La Cruz, San Mateo, Thuansi, Can,
Ure, Man, San Pedro, and LaSoledad.

AJARANGA, a settlement of tlw province and
coiregimiento of Chancay in Peru, aimezed to the
curacy of Paccho.

AlARl, a settlement of the province and corre-
gimiento of Huanta in Peru, annexed to the cu-
racy of Mayoc.

AIATA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimienlo of Larecaja in Peru.

AIATASTO, a large river of the province and
government of Tucumdn, in the district and juris-
diction of the city of Salta, on the banks of which
are some pastrre grounds of the same name, upon
which are fed 40,000 head of neat cattle, and 6000
of horses for breeding.

AIAT£PEC, a settlement of the head settlement
of the district of Atitlan, and alcaldia mat/or of
Villalta, in Nueva Espaua. It contains 45 fami-
lies of Indians, and is 17 leagues from its capital.

AIAUl, a settlement of the province and corre-
gimietUo of Castro Virreyna in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Huaitara.

AIAUIRl, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimienlo of Lamoa in Peru. In its vicinity are
some forts, which were built by the Indians in the
time of their gentilism, and now in a state of great
dilapidation. There is a lake of warm water here,
the bottom of which has never yet been found.
The water always keeps at one height, so that it is
presumed that it finds its way out through some
subterraneous channel. There is also another warm

AIM

water spring at two leagues distance, which is ver^
noxious, and, as it runs, has the property of petri«
tying, in like manner as the spring of water ia
Guancavclica.

AiAUiui, another settlement of the province and
corregimiaito of Yauyos in Peru.

AlAUTLA, a settlement of the head settlranent
of tlie district of the alcaldia maj/or of Teutila in
Nueva Dspaua, of a warm temperature, and inha-
bited by 100 Indian families, who support them-
selves by cultivating and selling the vat/mi'a plant.
Nine leagues s. of its capital.

AlCAUUPA, a small river of the province aod
government of Guayana,or Nueva Andaluda. It
rises in the country of the Armocotos Indians, rlini
from e. to w. with a slight inclination to the s. and
enters the Caura.

AlCHES, a settlement of Indians of the provincs
and government of Las Texas, in Nueva £spa&a,
sitzate in the way which leads to Mexico.

AiClAClllA, a settlement of the missions which
belonged to the Jesuits, in the province of Tarau-
mara and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya, 40 leagues
zt\ s. w. of the town a^d real of the mines of Chi-
guagua.

AIECTIPAC, a seUlement of the iiead settle-
ment of the district of Yxteapan, and alcaldia
mayor of Tlapa, in Nueva Espaiia. It contains
Si Indian tiimilies, and is three leagues e. of iU
head settlement.

AiENCAS, a settlement of the provinoe and
corregimiento of Cuenca, in the kingdom of Quito^
annexed to the curacy of Paccha.

AIGA, a settlement of the province and corre*
gimiento of Huailas in Peru.

AIGAME, a settlement and real of mines of
the province and government of Sonora in Nueva
Espana,

AILES, a river of the province and government
of Louisiana. It runs s. e. between the rivers Canot
and Noyrc, and empties itself into the Mississippi.

AIMARAEZ, a province and corregimiento of
Peru, bounded n. w. and to. by the province «f
Andahuailas, of the bishopric of Guamanga, j. by
Parinacochu of the same, s. e. by Chumbivilcas,
and e. by Colabambu. It is 40 leagues in length
from ». to s. and 26 in width from e. to w. includ-
ing in its figure on the w. side the last mentioned
province. It is one of the most uneven soils in the
kingdom, being full of lofty sierras and snowy
mountaitis. It is on this account that its climate is
very cold, excepting, however, in some vallieS|
where it is more temperate, and where, on some
small sloping ground-s, the inhabitants sow seed and
grain, and cultivate fruit trees andcane plantations,

ich is ver^
y of petri*
f water ia

>viiice and

settlement
Teutila in
, and inha-
tort them*
mVa plant

>vince and
iilucia. It
ilians, rtini
the s. and

le provincs
ra £8paSa,

lions which
of Tarau-
401eaeuet
nes of Chi«

lead settle*
id alcaldi*
It contains
!s e. of its

vinoe and
kof QaitOf

and cone*

mines of

inNueva

>vernment

rers Canot

ississippi.

imiento of

rovioce af

iga, s. by

nbiviicas,

in length

include

uentioned

ils in the

id snowy

climate is

vallies,

on some

seed and

iiitations,

A I M

from which llicy are enabled to make sugnr. It is
intersected by tlirec rivers, which are of no use
whatever to it, being too law in their beds ; but they
unite and form the Pucliiichuca, which enters the
province of Abancay, and has more than 40 bridges
nt' wood and c>.~ J thrown over it in difl'ereiit parts.
There are innumerable veins of gold and silver ore
in this province, which arc not worked, from the
want of energy, and from the poverty existing
among Uic inliabitnnts ; and thus only some tri-
fling cmolumeut is now and then derived from one
or the other. It was otherwise in former times,
but these mines are now almost all tilled with water.
Some mines of quicksilver have been discovered,
but the working of them has bei-n forbid. Here
is little of the cattle kind, and no cloth manufac«
turcs peculiar to the country arc made here, with
the exception of a sort of thick quilt, which they
call Chuces ; and a kind of grain is gathered here,
known by the name of Maino. This province was
united to the empire ot Peru by Capac Yupan-
qui y. Emperor of the lucas. The language of the
natives is the same as that which is most universal
throughout the kingdom. The capital formerly
consisted of a large and well ordered settlement,
which was called Tintay, but whi'-.h is at present
but thinly inhabited, on account of the scarcity of
water, and from a phigue, in which almost all its
inhabitants perished. The number of souls in the
whole of the province may amount to 15,000. it
contains 50 settlements within its jurisdiction. The
yearly tribute received by the corregidor used to
amount to 800,100 dollars, and the duties paid
bpon the akavnla, (a centage on goods sold), to
688 dollars.

The settlements of its jurisdiction are :

A I O

Chaluanca.

Colca.

Mollebambn.

Carabamba.

Matara.

Antabainba.

Oropesa.

Totora.

Traparo.

Chacochc,

Caleauzo.

Viri.

Panipamarca.

Silco.

Atuncama.

rhacna.

Capaya.

Miiitii.

Fachaconas.

Ayahuasa.

Hnancaray.

Sabaino.

Catarosi.

Ant ilia.

Huaquirca.

Pocoanca.

Tapairihua.

Chalvani.

Cay pi.

Caracara.

Sanaica.

Huaillaripa.

Pichihua.

Amoca.

Yanaca.

Saraico.

Subyunca.

Lucre.

Sirca.

Pichurhua.

Colcabainba.

Soraya.

Ilnairahuncho.

Toraya.

Cliuquingn.
Ancobambn.
Pumpnyacta.
('hapimarca.
Lambrnina.
Pairaca.
AIMAHAPA, a small river of the province and
colony of Surinam, in the part of Guayana pos>
sessed by the Dutch. It is one of those which en*
ter the Cuyum near wiiere it joins the Esquivo.

AINACA, a settlement of the province and ror«
reginiiento of Caxatambo in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Cochamarca.

AlNACOLCA, a gold mine of the province and
rorregtm/entoof Arequipa in Peru. It is famous
for the excellent quality of this metal, but it is very
dithcuU to be worked, on account of (he hardness
of its stone.

AlO, a settlement of the province and eorregi-
miento of Condensjuyos de Arequip
uexcd to the curacy of Chichas.

AIOAIO, a settlement of the province and cor»
regimienlo of Sicasica in Peru, eight leagues from
its capital.

AIOCUESCO, Santa Map.ia de, the head
settlement of the district of the alcaldia mayor of
Antequeru, in the province and bishopric of Me-
choacan in Nueva Espafia. It is of a hot tem-
perature, contains a convent of the religious order
of Santo Domingo, and 400 Indian families, who
carry on some commerce in the cochineal, (the
plant producing which they cultivate), and a very
considerable one in the manufacture of Piilguesy
on account of the abundance of Magtiej/es which
are found here. Seven leagues ;. ot its capital.

AIOTITLAN, the head settlement of the dis-
trict of the alcaldia mayor of Amola in Nueva
Espana, immediately upon the coast of the S. sea,
and situate between two deep ravines. Its tem-
|>eraturc is very hot and troublesome to live in, on
account of the various venomous animals and in-
sects that abound in its territory. It contains 76
Indian iiimilies, whose trade consists in making
troughs and trays very finely painted. This set-
tlement, in which there is a convent of the order
of St. Francis, is beautifully surrounded with
plantations. Fifteen leagues distant from its capital.
AIONAN TOU, a setUement of Indians of New
France, situate in the county of Canahoque, on the
shore of one of the salt marshes that arc found
there.

AIOZINAPA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of Olinal^, and alctddia mayor of TIapa, in
Nueva Espaua^ of a hot and moist temperature,
and abounding in cochineal, fruit, and pulse, with
2

. irt

m^.

A I U

wliioli (he inhabitants trade. Tlicse arc composed of
'J'\ Indian families. It is a little more than three
Icji^ui's troin its head settlement.

A lOZINGO, a settlement of the alcaldia mayor
of Clialco in Nueva Espana, situate on the sllorc
of the lake of Mexico, with a good port, at which
are embarked the fruits of many provinces for the
supply of that capital, ^Chalco), which is within
eight or ten hours sail from hence. It has a good
convent of S. Au^nstin, where a most beauti-
ful image of the virgin is reverenced, and sup-
posed io be wonder-working. Its inhabitants con-
sist of 120 Indian families and some Spanish. It
is distant one league .v. ;. e. from its capital.

AIQUILE, a settlement of the province of Miz-
que in Peru.

A I III COS, a nation of Indians who inhabit the
plains of Cazanarc and Meta, of the new kingdom
of Granada, to the e. of the mountains of Bogota,
on the borders of the river Ele. It is numerour,
and feared by all its neighbours, on account of its
valour and dexterity in the use of arms.

Ainicos, with the dedicatory title of San
FuANcisco XAViEn,a settlement which belonged
to the Jesuits, and founded in 1662 by father An-
tonio de Monteverde, and composed of some of
those Indians who were thus reduced to the Catho-
lic faith.

AIRIHUANCA, a settlement of the province
and corregimienlo of Cotabamba in Peru.

AIRS, a small city of the province and colony
of New Jersey, in the county of Burlington.

AIUDA, NuESTKA Senora de la, a village
and settlement of the Portuguese, in the province
and captainship of Pernambuco in Brazil, situate
upon tne sea-coa:.t, and on the shore of the river
S. Miguel.

AiuDA, another settlement in the province and
captainship of Puerto Seguro, situate upon the
coast on the shore of the port.

AIUILA, a river of the provuice and alcaldia
mayor of Soconusco, in the kingdom of Guate-
mala; It runs into the S. sea between the settle-
ment of Suchitcpec and the river Coatlan.

AIUINOS, a nation of Indians of the province
and government of Cinaloa in Nueva Espana,
converted to the faith by father Francisco Olifiano,
of the abolished society of the Jesuits, in 1624.
They live towards the n. of the rbove province,
and in the times of their heathenism they dwelt in
the lofly mountains, in order that they might de-
fend themselves from the other nations with whom
they were at war. They are docile, well-inclined,
and of good habits.

AlUN, or luMERi, a river of the province and

A K A

viceroya'ttu of Buenos Ayres. It runs s. and enters
the Rio Negro.

AI UNCHA, Pago de, a settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Tucuman, in the district
and jurisdiction of the city of Santiago del Estero,
from whence it is 22 leagues distant. It is situate
on the shore of the river Dulce.

AIUTLA, the head settlement of the district of
the alcaldia mat/or of Villalta in Nueva Espana.
It is of a cold temperature, containing 187 Indian
families, and a convent of the religious order of S.
Domingo; distant 13 leagues to the e. of its capi-
tal.

AiuTLA, another settlement in the head settle-
ment of the district and alcaldia mayor of Autlan
of the same kingilom, with 23 Indian families, who
have large stores of pulse and fruit, so rich and fer-
tile is their country. It is annexed io the curacy of
Tenamaztlani, from whence it lies one league s.

AIUA, a small town of the island of St. Domin-
go, situate in the line which divides the Spanish
territory from the French. It was the inhabitants
of this town who chiefly contributed to ensure the
victory which was gained against the Spaniards in
the plain of Puerto Real, by the president Don
Francisco de Segura y Sandoval, in 1691.

AIX, Palmar de, a large beach on the coast
of Florida, within the cliannel of Bahama, near
the point of Canaveral ; memorable for the ship-
wreck of 22 vessels, composing the fleet of Nueva
Espana, which took place in 1715, being under the
command of Don Antonio de Ubila ; memorable
also for the loss of two galleons from Tierra Firme,
commanded by Don Antonio de Echevers ; the
loss of the one and the other amounting to nearly
20 million dollars.

Aix, a river of the same province, which runs
into the sea very near the Palmar.

AJOIANI, a settlement of the province and cot'
regimiiento of Carabaya in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Coaza.

[A J OS, a parish situate on the foot of the moun-
tains which separate the rivers Paraguay and Pa-
rana, about 24 leagues e. of Asuncion. Lat. 25°
26'34"s. Long. 56° 30' a.]

AJOUES, a settlement of Indians of the pro-
vince and government of Louisiana, in which the
French held a garrison and fort for its defence, on
the shore of a lake near the Missouri.

Ajoues, another settlement of the same province
and govenunent, situate on the shore of the river
Missouri.

AKANCEAS, a nation of savage Indians of N,
America, who live at the conflu^^. of the rivers
Mississippi, and another abundant stream of its

and enters

of the pro-
the district
ilcl Estero,
It is situate

; district of
ra, Espai'ia.
187 Indian
order of S.
}f its capi-

liead settle-
of Autlan
nilics, wlio
zhand fcr-
le curacy of
[eaguc s.
Si. Domin*
he Spanish
inhaoitants
> ensure the
paniards in
sident Don
)1.

•n the coast
hama, near
r tlie ship-
;t of Nueva
[g under the
[ memorable
erra Firme,
levers ; the
to nearly

whicli runs

ICC and cor-
xed to the

the moun-
ly and Pa-
Lat. 25°

the pro-
which the
defence, on

ne province
)f the river

iians of N,
the rivers
■ream of its

ALA

numc. The roliision of Hiosc idolalois is vrry slii-
jriiliir, (or tlicyacknowliilirc a supreme hcinic, wlio,
ilipy iniiiiriiic, manifrsts liimself to Hk'hi Im the
liuiirc of some animal which feeds in tlieir fielils ;
and when this dies, tliey snl):,ntii(c another, af(er
liaviiig siijnified very great demonstrations of re-
gret for tlie fate of the one which is lost.

AK.\NKlA,a river of the province and go-
vernment of liouisiuna. It is p.n arm of the Mis-
sissippi, which runs5.A-. e. a:id enters (he lake of
Maiirepas.

AKANSA, a settlement of Indians of the pro-
vince and government of Louisiana. It has a fort
Jjuilt I)y the French, and it is near the moutli of
the river of its name, where it enters the Missis-
sippi.

Akansa, another settlement in the srimc pro-
vince, situate also on the shore of the aforesaid
river, and distinguished by the name of Petit
Akansa.

Akansa, a river of the above province and
goverimient. It rises in the country of the Oza-
ques Indians, runs many leagues *. e. as far as the
town of Satovis, when, turning to the s. it enters
by two mouths into the Mississippi, being through-
out subject to large cataracts.

AKOUKA, a settlement of the province of La
Guayana, in the Dutch possessions, or colony of
Surinam ; situate on the shore of the river Little,
just before it enters the Malrawin.

[ALABAIIA, a considerable river in E. Flo-
rida. Also said to be the name of a branch of St.
Mary's river,]

[Ai.AHAiiA, a considerable river of Ccorgia,
which pursues a s, course to thegulph of Mexico,
100 miles ». of the head of St. Mary's river. Its
banks are low, and a trifling rain swells it to more
than u mile in width. In a freshet the current is
rapid, and those who pass are in danger of being
entangled in vines and briars, and drowned ; they
arc also in real danger tVom great numbers of hun-
gry alligalois, Tlie country for nearly lOO miles
on each side of this river, that is to say, from the
head of St. Mary's to I'lint river, which is f)0
miles zj. of the Alabalia, is a continued solt, miry
waste, affording neither water nor food for men or
beasts ; and is so poor indeed, as that the common
game of the woods are not found here. The
eounliy on (lie <\-. of Alabaha is rather preferable
tu thai on the a. I

[Ai.AIJAMOLS, anold French fort, in the
?i'. part of (Jeoigia; situate between t'oosa and
'fallapoose rivers, and not far from tlieir conflu-
ence.]

[ALABAIIA, an Indian village, deliglidiilly

A 1. A

situated on the banks of the \Tissi',«ippi, on sevei:d
swelling green hills, gra(4ntdiy ascending fiom the
v( rge of (he river. These Indians are the remain,
ot Ihe ancieiil Aliihania nation, who iiiha!)ited the
r. arm of thetJreat Mobile river, which slill bears
their name, now possessed by the (-reeks, or Mus-
eognlges, who conquered the former.]

[A I, A » AIM A Hiver is formed by the junction
of the (!oo.sa or ('oosee, or High Town river, and
Tallnpoosce river, at Little Tallasee, and runs in
a J. ze. direction, until it meets T'ombigbee river
from the n. w. at the great island which it there
forms, 00 miles from the mouth of Mobile bay, in
the gulph of Mexico. This beautiful river has a
gentle current, pure waters, and excellent fish.
It runs about two miles an hour, is 70 or 80 rods
wide at its heiid, and from 15 to 18 feet deep in
the driest season. The banks are about 50 feci
high, and seldom, if ever, overflowed. Travellers
have gone down in large bouts, in the month of
May,"in nine days, from Little Tallasee to Mobile
bay, which is about 350 miles by water, its banks
abound with valuable productions in the vegetable
and mi.neral kingdoms.

[ALABASTER, or Eleuthera, one of the
Baliama or Lucayo islands, on which is a small fort
and garrison. It is on the Cireat Bahama bank.
The .soil of this island and Harbour island, which
lies at the n. end of it, is better tlian Providence
island, and produces the greatest part of the pine-
apples that are exported ; the climate is verj
healthy. Lat. 24° 40' to 26° 30' «. Long. 76° 22*
to 76°"5(i' a).]

[AFjACFIUA Savannah is a level green plain,
in the country of the Indians of that name in
E. Florida, situate about 75 miles w. from St.
Augustine. It is about 15 miles over, and 50 in
circumference ; and scarcely a free or bush of any
kind to be seen on it. It is encircled with high
sloping hills, covered with waving forests, and
fragrant orange groves, rising from an exube-
rantly fertile soil. The ancient Alachua town
stood on the borders of this savannah ; but the
Indians removed to (Juscowiila, two miles distant,
on account of the unhealthiness of tiie former site,
occasioned by the stench of the putrid fish and
reptiles, in the summer and autunm, driven on
shore by the alligators, and ihe noxious exhala-
tions from the manhcs ot' the savannah. Though
the horned cattle and horses bred in these meadows
are large, shek, sprightly, and fat, yet they are
subject to mortal diseases ; .-.nch as the water rot,
or scald, occasioned by the warm water of (he sa-
vannah ; while those which range in the hi^h
forests are clear of this disorder.]
!•;

^Ili

ALA

1*1 '1

■:[••

I! Ill

'v:

•Mil :

J ■'

•;.i5!-

I i

i i

{ r

IJ ; '

I..

ALACLATZALA, n hrnncli of Uic head set-
llctnenl otllie district of S. Luis, of the coiist and
alcahlift mayor of TIapa in Nucva Espana. It
contains 1^5 Indian fainiliis, and is one league
from the settlement of Quanzoqnitengo.

ALACUANKS, some islamls, or rather some
hidden rocks, of the N. sea, in the bay of Mexico,
opposite the coast of Yucatan. Tiiose who navi-
gate these parts are accustomed to pass round be-
yond them for fear of venturing amongst them, al-
though there are some good channels among them,
and with good soundings. They arc for the most part
barren, producing nothing beyond a herb called
tnoroH, and deficient in fresh water ; neither do thcpr
produce any animal except the mole, which is
found here in prodigious numbers. There are,
however, a quantity of birds, of three distinct sorts,
each forming a community of itself, and entirely
separated from the other two ; and it has been
observed, that if one party may have fixed upon
any place for building their nests, the others never
think of disturbing them, or driving them from it ;
but the noise these birds make is so great, that one
cannot pass near them without suffering consider-
ably from their united clamours.

[ALADAS, a parish situate about 14 leagues
a. t. of Corrientcs, in Lat. 28° 15' 20" s. Long. 58°
30' a).]

ALAHUIZTLAN, San Juan dh, a branch
of the head settlement of the district of Escateopan,
and alcaldiamaiyor of Zaqtialpa, in Nueva Espana.
It contains 376 Indian families.

ALAIN, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito. It rises
in the country of the Locamas Indians, runs from
J. to n. and turning \o the n. n. e. enters the Pucare.

ALAMEPA, a settlement of the missions be-
longing to the religious of St. Francis in Nuevo
Mexico.

ALAMILLOS, a settlement of the province of
Taraumaraand kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya; one
of the missions which belonged to the religious of
St Francis. It is close to the town and real of
the mines of Santa Eulalia.

ALAMO, a settlement of the province and
government of the new kingdom of Leon, situ-
ate 15 leagues to the s. e, of the Point.

ALAMOS, Real de Los, a settlement and
veal of the mines of the province of Sinaloa in
Nueva Espana. It is situate s.e. of the Sierra
Mad re, and surrounded by rich silver mines,
which would produce abundantly but for want of
labourers. There are in its district five estates
that are fertile in maize, French beans, and sugar-
cane. The spiritual concerns of all these parts

ALA

are under the direction of a curate, whose jniisdio-
tion extends as far as the river Mayo, which flows
down from the sierra. It is 20 leagues distant
from the town of Tiierfe, and between these lies
the valley of Maquipo. [Population 7900 souls.]

Alamos, with the dedicatory title of S. Jorge,
a town of the province and captainship of Para in
Brazil, founded by Jorge del Alamo, who gave
it his name, in a place called La Vigia. It has ^
magnificent parish church, with the title of Nuestra
Senora de Nazareth, with a large and good fort,
and well furnished with artillery. Also, at the dis-
tance of a league and an half from the settlement,
is a house of charity belonging to the religious
order of the Capuchins of La Piedad.

Alamos, another town of the province and go-
vennnent of Sonora, in the line that divides the
confines of this jurisdiction and the province of
Ostimuri, between the rivers Hiaqui and La
Sonora.

Alamos, another settlement of the same pro-
vince and government as the former, situate to
the s. of the garrison of Coro de Guachi.

Alamos, another of the missions belonging to
the abolished society of Jesuits, in the province
of Taraumara and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya.
It is 27 leagues s. w. and a quarter of a league s.
of the real of the mines and town of S. Felipe de
Chiguaga.

Alamos, another settlement and real of the
silver mines of the province and government of
Cinaloa.

ALANGASl, a settlement of the kingdom of
Quito, in the district of the corresimiento of the
Cinco Leguas de la Capital. In Us territory is a
fountain of hot medicinal wafers.

Alanc asi, a river oi i\\e oho\e corregimiento^
and rising in the desert mountain of Sincholagua ;
over it there is a large bridge, composed of a single
arch, but so strong, that when, in 1660, a part
of the mountain fell upon it, and precipitated one
half of it into the stream, the other half still re-
mained firm and immoveable. This bridge is
built of mud and stone.

ALANIS, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Maracaibo, in the district of the city
ofMerida, situate in the way which leads from
this city io the new kingdom of Grenada.

ALANGI, Santiago de, a city and head
settlement of the district of the province of Chi-
rlqui and government of Santiago de Veragua,
in the kingdom of Tierra Firme. It is small, but
abounding in fruits and cattle ; in which a regular
trade is carried on for supplying the city of Pa-
nama. This trade consists principally in pigs,

ALA

mules, poultry, cheese, and salt meats. II has
likewise some mines in its district, which are not
altogether neglected, though the advantages de-
rived from thorn would be immensely increased, if
the number of labourers Wi;re greater. It is go-
verned by a lieutenant nominated by the governor
of Santiago dc Veragua. [Lat. 8° 12' «. Long.
80" 40' w.]

ALAQUES, a settlement of the province and
eorrcginiiento of Tacunga in the kingdom of
Quito.

ALAQUINES, a branch of the head settle-
ment of the district of Tamazunchale, and akaldia
maj/or of Valles, in Nueva Espaiia, situate on the
shore of a large river which divides this jurisdic-
tion from that of Guadalcazar.

ALARA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Antioquia in the new kingdom of Gra-
nada. It rises at the foot of the sierra of Gua-
moco, and s. of the town of ttiis name ; runs w.
and enters the Caiica.

[ALASKE, a long peninsula on the n. w. coast
of America, formed by Bristol bay and the ocean
on the n. w. and n. and by the ocean and the
waters of Cook's river on the s, and s. e. At its
extremity are a number of islands, the chief of
which, m their order westward, are, Oonemak,
Oonalasha, and Ocumnak, which form part of
the chain or cluster of islands called the Northern
Archipelago. Captain Cook, on his return in
1779, passed through the channel e. of Oonemak
"*' — ' See NonxH-WEST Coast of America.]

ALB

island.

ALATAMALIA, a large river of the province
and government of Florida. It runs nearly due
e. and enters the sea opposite the Georgean isles.
[This river, which is navigable, is more properly
of Georgia. It rises in the Cherokee mountains,
near the head of a western branclj of Savunnah
river, called Tugulo. In its descent through the
mountains it receives several auxiliary streams;
thence it winds, with considerable rapidity,
through the hilly country 250 miles, from wljciice
it throws itself into the open flat country, by the
name of Oakmulgee. Tiieiic«, after meandering
for 150 miles, it is joined by ths Oconee, wliich
likewise has its source in the mountains. After
tliis junction it assumes tlie name of Aiatarnaha,
when it l)ecomes a large; majestic river ; and flow-
ing with a gentle current' through forests and
plains 100 miles, discharges itself into the Allan-
tic by several nmuths. The n. channel glides by
the heights of Darien, about JO miles above the
bar, and after several turninirs, enters the ocean
between Snpcio and Wolf islands. The s. chan-
nel, A\hich i« esteemed the largcit and deepest,

after its separation from the ». descends gently,
taking its course between M'Intosh and iiiongh-
ton islands, and at last l)y the w. coast ui St.
Simon's sound, between the s. end of the island
of that name, and the n. end of JekyI island.
At its confluence with the Atlantic it is 500 yards
wide.]

ALAUSI, a province and small rorregimiento
or district of tiic kingdom of Quito; bounded;/, by
the province of Riobamba, tt. w, by Chimbo, s,
by Cucnca, tp. by the district of Ynguachc, and
e. by that of Macas. It is watered by the rivers
Uzogoche, Gussuntos, Pinancay, Alausi, and
others of less note. It abounds in mountains, tlie
most lofly of which are toward the w. ; the country
is pleasant, and yields liberally every kind of
fruit and grain that are common either to America
or Europe. It contains many sugar mills, and
the sugar is the best in the kingdom. The air here
is mild and healthy, and the climate cannot be said
to be inconveniently hot. It is governed by the
corregidor, who resides in the capital.

Alausi, the capital of the above province. It
has in its district some mineral fountains of hot
water, established with suitable conveniences by
some families of consideration residing there. lU
trade consists in cloths, baizes, and cotton gar«
ments, which arc wrought ir its manufactories.
It has a very good parish chu ch, and a convent

[Lat. 2^ 12' «.

of the order of St. Francii.
Long. 78'' 39' w.]

[ALBANS, St. alownsl ip in Franklin county,
Vermont, on lake Champ'uin, opposite N. Hero
island, with 256 inhabitants.]

ALBANIA, or Albany, a county of the pro-
vince and colony of New York. It contains a
certain number of plains fertile ingrain, in which,
and in planks of pine, its principal commerce con-
sists. The winter is extremely cold, and the river
Hudson is generally frozen for 100 miles, so as
to bear immense lurthens. The great quantity
of snow that falls at this season is useful, not only
because i* covers the grain, and keeps it from pc
rishing by the frost, but because, when it melts, it
so incretises the waters of the river, as to facilitate
tiierc'liy (lie transportation ol' the productions of
the country.

[ALHANY County lies between Ulster and
Saratoga ; its extent 46 miles by 28. IJy the
state census, ,)an. 20, 179(i, the number ot elec-
tors in this county were 6087, and the number of
towns II.]

At.hania, or Albany, the capital of the
above county, founded by the Dutch in l()OS,
together witli that of Orange, on the sln>r(' of the
E 2

UiLu

% <

> :

ALB

riTcr Hudson. It issmnll, I)iit hns a ir\nl (raili*
from tlic cotitiguity of tin* lioqupse liuliiiiis. It
contains 350 houses, bui't aftcrlhe Diitcli fiisliion ;
and that of the mas^istracy, wliich consists of
a mayor, six aldermen, and a recorder, is very
boautifid. The city is defended by a rej,'ulir fort
with four bastions, the rest of the fortificalioii con-
sisting of pulisadcs. Here the treaties and rtlli-
ances have been made witii the Indians. It was
taken by Robert Car in 1664, and added to tiiis
province by Colonel Donjjan. [It is 160 miles/;,
ofthecityof New York,l(Mvliicli it isnext in rank,
and 340 a. of Quebec. This city and suburbs, by
enumeration in 1797, contained i'i6,'3 bnildiniys, of
which 863 were dwelling- houses, and 60'il inha-
bitants. Many of them are in the fiol hie style,
with the gable end to the street, whicli cn>fom tlie
first settlers brought from Holland; tiie new
houses arc built in the modern style. Its inhabit-
ants arc collected from various parts of the world,
and speak a great variety of langna<i;es, but the
£nglish predominates ; and the use of every other
is gradually lessening. Albany is unrivalled for
situation, being neorly at the head of sloop navi-
gation, on one of the noblest rivers in the worltl.
It enjoys a salubrious air, and is the natural em-
porium of the increasi ig trade of a large extent of
country w. and n. — a r untry of au excellent soil,
abounding in every article for the \V. India
market; plentifully watered with navigable lakes,
creeks, and rivers ; settling with unexampled rapid-
ity ; and capable of aflbrdingsubsistence to millions
of inhabitants. The j)ublic buildings are, a low
Dutch church, of ancient and very curious con-
struction, one ti»r Episcopalians, two lor Presby-
terians, one forGermiins or High Dutch, and one
for Methodists ; an hospital, city hall, and a hand-
some brick jail. In the year \(i09, Henry Hudson,
whose name the river bears, ascended it in his boat
to Aitraniu, the sjiot on which Albany now stands.
The improvements in this eily have, of late
years, been very great in almost all respects.
Wharfs have been built on the river, the streets
have been paved, a bank inslifuted, a new and
liandsonie style of building inlroduce<l. One mile
«. of this city, in its suburbs, near the manor-house
of liiMitenaiit-iTovernor Van Uenssal:ier, are very
ingeniously (:()(l^(nl(■ted evtensive and useful
iwirks, for the inaiiiiriteture of Scotch and rappee
unli', roll and <ii). tobacco of dili'erent kinds,
ciiocolate, miisfird, starch, hair-poiviier, split-
j)"aK<', and hulled birley. These valuable works
are the propi rty ot' Mr. James ("aldwell, who un-
for'unatclv lost a, complete set of similar works by

t.^', in

.Inly

1794, with, tile s-'ock, valued at

ALB

37,500 dollirs. It is a circumstance worthy of
remark, and is evincive of the industry and enter,
prise of the proprietor, that the whole of the jire-
sent buildings and machinery were l)egur> ami
completed in the short space of eleven months.
These wt)rks are decidedly superior to any of (he
kiiul in America. All the articles above enume-
rated, even to the spinning of tobacco, are manu*
factured by the aid of water machuiery. For the
invenii(m of this machinery, the proprietor has
obtained a pate it. Tlie>e works give employ-
ment and subsistence to 40 poor \mys, aiul u luim-
ber of workuien.J Long. 73"" 41:^' w. Lut. 42^
40' w.

At.uA.viA, or Ai.HANv, a large river of New
France, which takes its rise from the lake Chris-
tinau.v, runs n. e, and enters the sea at lludsou's
bay.

Alhania, or Albanv, a fortress in New South
Wales, N. America. [Lat. 32° 17' n. Long. Sl'^
5l'u:'\

ALBARICOQUES, Point of the, a cape on
the ti. coast, in the head settlement of the island
of Santo Domingo, and in the P'rench territories.
It lies between the Trou d'Enfers and Cape liom-
bon.

ALBARRACIN, Desert of, a very lofty
mountain, always covered with snow, in the new
kingdom of Granada.

ALIJAKRADA, a settlement of Indians of
the kingdom of Chile, situate on the shore of the
river Cauchupil.

Albaurada, another settlement, wiih the dedi-
catory tith" of San Miguel, in the head settlement;
of the district of Mitla, and aicalcUa maijor of
Tentitlan, in Nueva Espana. It contains '22
Indian families, and is seven leagues /;.of its head
settlement.

ALIJA liREGAS, a large and iibundant river
of the new kingdom of (iranada, which descends
from the moimtains of Hogota, irrigates the conn-
try and the city of Merida, miming >i. of tiiis
city imlii it enters the lake Maracaibo.

A LIH'iM AK r,E, a county of the province and
colony of N. (Jarolina, and that part of it which
is most agreeable, fertile, and salutary. It pro-
diic<'s various sorts of fruiis and pulst;, and the
winter is very temperate. Tliis colony was e>la-
blisheil in 1670 by the lords and proprietors of it,
who equipped, at their own "'.pence, three ships,
and a considerabU! number of jiersons, with provi-
sions for 18 months, and an abundance of merchan-
dize, tools, and arms fit fortlie new establishment ;
fo which they sent resources yearly, in the pro-
portion required, until it appe.ued to be in a lit

';-

.'h

ALB

•late to maintain itsrlf. Thus tlic colonists lived
for Konx! yunta, and in liim* the productions in
whicli their commerce consisted, increast-d to such
a decree as to have caused tlii'in to excel all the
other J']iiglisli colonies.

Ai.uKMAni.r, another coiinly or part of V ir-
pinia, washed by (he liver Fiiivanu on the *.
which divides itself into several hranclies, and
adds much to (he fertility of (he couri(ry. It is

A L C

commerce; at last tliey preferred brass. Thev
were more tenacious of (heir property than any of
the savage nations (hat had hi(her(o been met
with ; so that they would not part with wood,
water, i^rass, nor (lie most (ritlin^ article widiout
a coinpensa(ion, and were sometiines vi^ry uiMta-
sonabic in their demands." Sec L' a i, no it ma,
Nkw.J
ALliOK, a small island o( (he N. or /\(lan(ic

boundedf.bytliccouiity of (loorliland, undivided sea, one of the Bahamas, between those of Neque

by a ciiain of rnouii(aiiis of Augusta, and by (hat
oi" l/ouisa on (lie ?;. |U contains I'^,.'i85 iidia-
bitanls, ineludnij 5571) slaves. Its extent, about
S5 miles square. J

Ar.ur.MAUi.r, a strait, which is tlie mouth or
entrance intothe ',.:i of the river Hoanoke.

ALIillKTO, a small settlement or ward of
the head setdeineiit of the district of TIazintIa,
iwid alcaliUa tmj/or of Ixmiquilpan, iit Muevu
lispana.

[AMJION, Nrw, the name given by Sir
Francis Drake to ('alitbrnia, and part of then. w.
coast of America, when he took possession of i(.
A large uncertain tract of (he ti. Tt\ coast is thus
c:illed. Its limits, according to Mr. Arrow-
fimKh's chart, are between 27° 12' and 4P \-y'
71. lat. Humboldt asserts, that, agreeably to sure
Listorical data, the denomination of New Albion
ought to be lin)ited to (hat part of the coast which
extends from the 43"' to the 48", or from Cape
VViiite of Martin deAgnilar, to the entrance of
Juan de Fuca. IJesides, he adds, from the mis-
sions of the Catholic pries(.s to (hose of the Greek
priests, (hat is to say, from the Spanish village of
San i'rancisco, in jSew California, to the Russian
establishments on Cook river at Prince William's
bay, and to the islands of Kodiac and Unalaska,
there are more than a thousand leagues of coast
inhabi(ed by freemen, and stocked with otters and
Phocje! Consequently, the discussions on the
extent of] the New Albion of Drake, and the pre-
tended rights acquired by certain European na-
tions, from i)lanting small crosses, and leaving
inscriptions fastened (o (runks of trees, or (he
F'tnrying of bottles, may bo considered as futile.
The part of the coast on which Cap(. Cook landed
on the 7th of March 1778, and which some desig-
nate as Nets Albion, is in w. lat. 44'' 3o'. e. long.
5^a5° iO', which he thus describes : " The land
is full of mountains, ihe tops of which are covered
with snow, Avhile the vallies between them, and
the grounds on the sea-coast, high as well as low,
are covered wi(h trees, which form a bcaudful
prospect, as of one vast forest. At first the natives
seemed to prefer iron to every other article of

and S. .Salvador.

ALUUQUKItQlJE, Santa Rosa hf, asettle-
nient and real of tlie silver mines of (he rt/crt/rf/a
maijiir of Colotlan in N'ueva Espana. it is 19
leagues s. w. of the head settlement of the district
of Tlaltenango.

Ai-uugiTEiiour, a town of New Mexico, situate
on the shore of the KioCiram'j (large river) of the
N. [opposite till! village of Atrisco, to the ic, of
the Sierra Obscura. Population (iOOO souls.J

Ar.uum'iiitouc, a small island, or low rocnis, of
the N. sea, near that of S. Andres.

AIjCA, a settlement of the province and corre-
giiiiieiilo of L\)m\cus»yos of Areqnipa in Peru.

ALt'ALA, u settlement of the province and
ulcaldia iiiui/or of Chiapa, and kingdom of Ciua-
leinala, in (lie division and dis(riet of that city.

Alit'AMAN'l, a branch of the head se((lement
of (lie dis(rict and iikaldia niajjor of Igualapa in
Neiiva Espana, and two leagues io the n. of the
same.

ALCANTARA, S. Antonio oe, a town of
the province and rnptainship ofMaranam in the
kingilom ofdkazil. it has been frequently invaded
by the infidel Indians, who destroyed its work-
shops, so that its inhabitants have been much
reduced.

Alcantara, S. Antonio de, another settle-
ment in the province and district of (Jhanco, in
the kingdom of Chile, near the shore of the river
Mataqnino.

ALCARAI, a small river of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres. It runs e. and
enters the river La Plata between those of I^ay-
man and (ioniez.

A LCA TRACES, Island of the, one of those
wliicii lieH. of St. Domingo, l)etween the s. point
of the Caico Cirande, and the Panucio Quadiado,
(s()iiare handkerchief).

ALCIIICIIICA, S. Martin de, a ward of
the head set(l<;iiient of the district and a/atldiit
vwi/or of Izucar in Nueva Espana, belonging to
that of Saii(a Maria de la Asuncion.

ALCIIIDOMAS, a seltlement of the province
of the Apaches in S'ucvo Mexico, situate on tht;

ALE

! 1
f

K^iif

ii'-f^

•liorc or the Rio (irnnilc ('olorado, (large coloured
river), or of tlic North.

A liCO, a settli'ineiit of the province and corrc
gimiento of (Jhiinibivilcas in Peru, aniiuxed to
the curacy of Lihitaca.

ALCOIIOLADES, a nation of Indians of the
province of Venezuela. They are of a docile and
afliihle disposiition, and live upon the borders of
the lake Maracaibo. Their numbers are much
diminishod, from tlie treatment (hey received from
the German Wcltzers, who, tlirough a covetous-
ness to possess the gold of these people, killed the
greater part of them.

ALCOZAUCA, a settlement of the alcaldia
tnai/or of Tlapa in Nueva Kspana. It contains
lOi families of Spaniards, MulaU<jes, and Mustees;
not a single Inclian dwells in it. It is of a mild
temperature, and in its district were the once cele«
brated mines of Cayro, which v/vtc crushed in and
destroyed, having been almost unparalleled for the
quantity of silver that they produced. £iglit lea-
gues from its capital.

AIjDAS, a small settlement or ward of the head
settlement of the district of Santa Ana, and ukaldia
mayor of Zultepcc, in Nueva Kapana.

ALDEA, DEL EspiaiTu Santo, a settlement
of the province and captainship of Tondos Santos
in lirazil, situate on the coast, at the mouth of the
river Joana.

Ai.DEA, or.L EsPiniTU Santo, another settle-
ment of the province and captainship of Seregipe,
in the same kingdom, situate oa the shore, and
nt the entrance ofthe river ilciil.

[ALDEN, Fort, in Cherry Valley, in the
state of New York.]

A LI) WORT, a settlement of the island of
Barbadoes, in the district and parish of Santiago,
on the w. coast.

AiiEBASTER, or Eleutheiia, an island of
the channel of Uahama. Sec Alauaster.

AIjEGRE, a settlement of the province and
captainship of S. Vincentc in Urasil, situate s.
ol the settlement of Alto.

[ALEMPIGON, a small lake northward of
lake Superior.]

ALEXANDRIA, a city of Viririuia, [formerly
railed lielhaven, and situated ou the southern
l);ink of the Patowmac river, in Eairl'ax county,
al)i)ut /ive miles s. u\ from the I'ederal city, (JO
s. zi}. from Halliniore, 60 n. from Fredericks-
bnr<jfli, 1G8 n. of Williamsbnrgli, mid 290 from
tlie .sea ; 38' 54' n. lat. and 17'' 10' v. lon<^.
its situation is elevated and pleasant. The soil
is clayey. The ori2;irial seltlers, aiiticipatinn; its
future growth anil in\porlaiK'e, laid out the streets

A L G

on (he plan of Philadelphia. It contains about
400 houses, many of which are handsomely built,
and 2748 inhabitants. This city, upon opening
the navigation of Patowmac river, and in conse-
quence of its vicinity to the future seat of the
tederal government, bids fair to be one ofthe most
thriving commercial places on the continent. Nine
miles from hence is Mount Vernon, the celebrated
scat ofthe late General Washington.]

[Alexandria, a township in Grafton county^
New Hampshire, containing 298 inhabitants, in*
corporoted in 1782.]

[yVi.EXANDRiA, a township in Hunterdon coun*
ty. New Jersey, containing 1503 inhabitants, inclu«
sive of 40 slaves.]

[Alexandria, a small town in Huntingdon
county, Pennsylvania, on the Frankstown branch
of Janiatta river, 193 miles n. w. of Philadel*
phia.]

ALEXO, S. an island of the N. sea, near the
coast of Brazil, in the province and captainship
of Pernambuco, between the river Formoso and
Cape S. Agustin.

ALFARO, S. Miguel de, a settlement of the
province and government ofthe Chiquitos Indians;
situate on the shore of the river Ubay. It has a
good port, from whence it is also known by the
name of Port of the Chiquitos. It is, however,
at present destroyed, and the ruin.B '^lonc remain.

ALFAXAIUCA, a scttleincp' the alcaldia
mayor of Kilotcpec in Nueva J .It con-

tains 171 Indian. families, and . ....en leagues
e. n. e. of its capital.

ALFEREZ, Valley of the, in the province
and corregimienlo of Bogota in the new kingdom
of Granada.

Alfehez, a river of the province and captain*
ship of Rey in Brazil ; it runs ». and enters the
lake of Mini.

[ALFORD, a township in Berkshire county,
Massachusetts, containing 577 inhabitants ; 145
miles w. from Boston.]

[ALFORDSroWN, a small town in Moor
county, North Carolina.]

ALGARROBt^, a settlement of the province
and government of Antioquia in the new kingdom
of(jirana(la; situate on the bank of an arm ofthe
river Perico, in an island which it forms in tbo
serranias of Guamoea.

Af-CiOUON, Island ofthe, one of those
which are in the N. sea, between the s. point of
the Cayco Grande and thcPanuelo Quadrado.

A Lu o no N , a settlement of the same name. See

BlEZMKT.

ALG ODONALES, a settlement ofthe province

province
I kiiigdnin
rm of the
lis in tbo

|of those
J point of
Irado.

ac. See

■province

A L I

nnd eorregimifnio of Atacnina in Peru, situate on
the cfmst.
Al>(l()NQl INENSKS, or ArooNOUiNs, n
* nntion of »ftv;if^e Indiiiiis, who inhabit n part of

Canada : th»7 an; conliiiuallv at war with the
IrofjiKTs. Tlii'ir idiom may w. looked upon as
the mother tonifue of all the other nations of that
country, and (lifters very sliH:htly from the rest,
»(> tiiat any one speaking it would Iw able to
travel in any other nation in these parts. They
border on the north side of lake Huron; and
nithough iidinbiting the whole of the coast of lake
Superior, their ninnber, according to Mackenzie,
d<K's not exceed 1.50 families.

[ALCiONQlJlNS, of Rainy Lake, Indians of
,^ N. Ainerica, of the precise limits of whose coun-

w try we are not informed. Thev live very much

' detached in small parties. 'Ihe country they

inhabit is but an indift'ercnt one ; it has been much
hunted, and the game, of course, nearly exhaust-
ed. They arc well-disposed towards the whites.
Their number is said to decrease. They arc ex-
tremely addicted to spirituous liqu' rs, of which
large quantities are annually furnished them by
the n. w. traders, in return for their bark canoes.
They live wretchedly poor. ]

[ALaoNQuiNs, of Portage de Prairie, In-
dians of N. America, who iidiabit a low, flat,
marshy country, mostly covered with timber, and
well slocked with game. They are emigrants
from tlie lake of the Woods, and the country e. of
it ; who were introduced some years since by the
77. w. traders, in order to hunt the country on the
lower parts of Ked river, which then abounded
in a variety of animals of the fur kind. They are
an orderly, well-disposed people, but, like their
relations on Rainy lake, addicted to spirituous
liquors. Theirtrade is at its greatest extent.]

ALtiUILGUA. See article Santa Monica.

ALlll^E, a settlement of the province and
corregiiniaito of Rancagna in the kingdom of
Chih', annexed to (he curacy of San Pedro.

Amihf, a large lake of the same province and
kin&fdom.

[ALIATANS, Snake Indians, of N. America,
a numerous and well disposed people, iidiabiting
a wo(Mly and mountainous country ; they are
divided into three large tribes, who wander at
a c<:nsideral)lc distance from e<ich other, and are
called by themselves So-so-na, So-s6-bubar, and
I-a-kar ; these arc again subdivided into smaller,
though independent bands, (he names of which we
have not yet learnt : they raise a number of horses
and mules, with which they trade with the Crow In-
dians, or which are stolen by the nations on the e. of

A L I

them. Tho^ maintain a partial trade with the
Spaniards, from whom they obtain many articles
of clothing and ironmongery, but no warlike im-
plements.]

[Ai.iATAN8,of I,a Playes, Indians of N. Ame-
rica, who itdiabit the rich plains from the head
of the Arkansas, embracing the heads of Red
river, and extending, with the mountains and high
lands, e. as far as it is known towards the gulph of
Mexico. They [lossess no fire arms, but are
warlike and brave. They are, as well as tlio
other Aliatans, u wandering people. Their coun-
try abounds in wild horses, beside great nuinbcm
which they raise themselves. These people, and
the West Aliatans, might be induced to trade on
the upper part of the Arkansas river. The Alia-
tans uo not claim a country within any particular
limits.]

[Aliatans, of the West, Indians of N. Ame-
rica, who inhabit a mountainous country, and
sometimes venture in the plains e. of the rocky
mountains, about the lieacl of the Arkansas river.
They have more intercourse with the Spaniards of
New Mexico than the Snake Indians. They arc
said to be very numerous and warlike, but are
badly armed. The Spaniards fear these people,
and therefore take the precaution not to furnish
them with any warlike implements. In their pre-
sent unarmed state, they frequently commit hos-
tilities on the Spaniards. Tliey raise a great
many horses.]

ALLANTE, a volcano of the kingdom of
Chile, in the province and country of A rauco ;
in 1640 it burst, (he mountain opening in two
places, and throwing out large shapeless masses of
lava, with so great a noise as (o be heard at many
leagues distance : tlic mischief it did was very
considerable.

ALIUAMONS, or Amhamis, a nation of
Indians of Louisiana, dwelling ti, of the Apaches.
It is very numerous, and is on terms of amity with
the French : so that they never have communica-
tion with the English, but from necessity. The
former, when they first established themselves in
this country, carried on a large trade here, but it
af(crwards declineil, on account of the distance of
the place. [These Indians are from West Florida,
off the Allihaini river, and came to Red river
about the same time as the Doluxns and Appalu-
ches. Part of (hem have lived on Red river,
about sixteen miles above the I3ayau Rapide, till
lately, w hen most of this party, of about ^'0 men,
went up Red river, and have settled themselves
near the Caddoques, where, we are informed, they
Lave lately raised good crops of corn. The Ca(U

. II)

.Si

A L K

ilos are fiiondlv to {hvm^ aii<l have no ohjtfctionto
<li<>ir srltliiig tlierc. 'J'lioy speak the Ocek and
(.'liuclaw Inii^iiagi's, ami Mohiliaii; nmsl oniiem
Freiicli, and soiiu' of thorn l'ii<>lisli. Tlicre L
aiiotber partj' of them, whose villaijo is on a small
creek in Apeloiisa distriti, about iiO miles w. w.
from (he church of Apjielousa. They consist of
al)()iit 40,men. Tlu-y have lived at t'le same
pince ever since (hey cai\ie troin Florida ; are
said to be intreasinj^ a liKlc in mimlx^rs for a few
years past. They r.'isc corn, have horses, hogs,
and caKle, and are luirmless, quiet people.]

[ALlCriJii', conimcnly nronoimced Evp.isii,
Indians of N. America, who live near Nacog-
doches, but are almost extinct as a nation, there not
being more than twrnty-fi souls of them remain-
ing. Four years ago the small-pox destroyed the
greater part of them. J^oinc years since they
were a cons, lerablc nation, ana lived in a spot
which bears their name, which the road from
Natchitoch to Nacogdoches crosses, about twelve
miles zi). of Sabine river, on which a fsw 1 rcnch
a-id American families are settled. Their na(ivc
language is spoken by no o(iier nation, but they
speak and understand Caddo, with which people
they arr^ in amity, often visiting one another.]

ALINA, a settlement of the head settlement of
the district of Pinzandaro, and a'ca/Jia mayor of
Tancitaro, in NucvaEspana. It contains 20 fami-
lies of Indians, who engage themselves in the
commerce of maize and wax, and is seven Icug;'>cs
*. of its head settlement.

A LIS, a settlement of the province and cone-
ghniaifo of Yauyos in Peru, aimcxed to the cu-
racy of J<araos.

ALISOS, Faraij.on of, los, an island of the
N. sea, on (he coast of California.

ALITATIS, a small island of the coast of
Brazil, opposite the island of Marajo, and between
those of Yuma and Nova.

ALJAUACA, a river of the province and cor'
reginiiento of Hicasica in I*eru. It rises in the
Cordillera, c. of its capital, runs n. e. inclining to
the «, n. e. and enters the Chuquiabo.

AIJOJUCA.a settlement of the head settle-
ment of (he district of TIalchico-mula, and alcaldia
viayor of Tcpcaca, in Nueva Espana ; situate on
the bank of a great lake, the waters of which are
somewhat brackish ; and its dej)tli being 70 fa-
thoms, has never been foimd to vary. It contains
172 families, ai.'l is seven leagues n. of its head
settlement.

ALKANSAS, a nation of savijgc Indians of
Canada or New France, situate in" 35" of w. hit.

A L L

on the xs. side of (he Mississippi. Sec Alkansai
Uiver.

AliLAlJCA, a se(tlemcn( of (he province and
corre^iiiienfo of Yauyos in Pern, annexed to the
curacy of Tanripampa.

I ALLIiUiUf II, a township in Franklin county,
Vermont, containing ill) inhabitants, situated on
Missis(jue bay.]

A LLC.V, an ancient povinco of (he kingdom of
Peru, (o the .?. of Cuzco. The.se Indians made u
great and vigorous stand against Manco Capac,
the tburth emperor of the Incas, and called the
conqueror; being much favoured by the ruggedness
of the country, which abounds in woods, moun-
tains, and lakes, as also in gold and silver mines.

[ALLEGHANY,a county in Pennsylvania, ex-
tends from the junction of the river of that name
with the Ohio, where its chief town, Pittsburgh,
is situated, to the New York line. It contains
10,309 inhabitants, including 159 slaves.]

[Ai.LF.GHANv is tile most western county in
Marylaml, and has Penn.sylvania on the «. The
windings of! he Pattnvmac river separate it from
Virginia on the s. and Sideling-hill creek divides
it Irom Washington county on the e. It con-
4809 inhabitants, including S58 skves. Cum-
berland is its chief town.]

[Ai.LUGHANY Mountams, between the Atlantic
ocean, the Mississipi river, and the lakes, are a
long and broad range of mountains, made up of a
great number of ridges, extending n. e. and s. w.
nearly parallel to the sea coast, about 900 miles
in length, and from 60 to 150 and §00 miles in
breadth. Mr. Evans observes, with respect to
that part of these mountains which he travelled
over, viz. in the back parts of Pennyslvaria, that
scarcely one acre in ten is capable of culture.

This, however, is far from being the case in all
parts of (his range. Numerous tracts of fine
arable and grazing land intervene between the
ridges. The iliffcrent ridges which compose this
inmiense range of mountains, have diit'erent names
in the dincrenl states, viz. the Bine liid'je, the
North Mountain, or North liidge, or iJevil's
Back-bone, Laurel Hidge, Jackson's Mountains,
and Kittatiiny Mountains; which see under these
names. All these ridges, exce;)t the Alleghany,
are broken through by rivers, which appear to
have forced their way through soliil rocks. This
principal ridge is more immediately called Alle-
ghany, and is descriptively named the Back-bone
of the Uniteil States. From tln^se several ridges
proceed innumerable branrlies or spurs. The
general name of the uhole range, taken collccdve-

mouii-

■%

c Atlantic

r.-.../.!15

kes, are a

leupofa
and s. w.

DOO miles

) miles ill

espect to
travelled

[11 ia, tliat

f culture.

;ase in all

s of fine

ween the

pose this
;nt names

idge, the
r Devil's

ounlains,

der these

leg): any,

ipucar to
s. This

led Alle-

ack-bono

al ridges

s. The

jlloctive.

ALL

ly, seems not yet to have been determined. Mr.
ij'viiiis calls (hem the Endless Mountains ; others
jin\r called them the Appalachian Mountains, from
a triho of Indians who live on a river which pro-
tfoiis (Voni this mountain, culled the Apixdachi-
roia : but the most common name is the Alleghany
Mountains, so called, probably, from the princi-
pal litlge of the range. These mountains are not
coiifuscilly scattered, rising here ami there into
high peaks, overtopping each other ; but run
along in unitbrm ridges, scarcely half a mile high.
They spread as you proceed s, ami some of them
terminate in high i)er|)endicular bluffs; others
gradually subside into a level country, giving rise
to the rivers which run s. into the Gulph of
Mexico.]

[Alleghany River, in Pennsylvania, rises on
the w. side of the Alleghany Mountain, and after
running about ?00 miles in a s. w. direction, meets
the Monongahcla at Pittsburgh, and both united
form the Ohio. The lands on each side of this
river, for 150 miles above Pittsburg, consist of
white oak and chesnut ridges, and in many places
ol poor pitch pines, interspersed with tracts of good
land and lov meadows. Fhis river, and (he Ohio
!ikcwise, froi.. its head waters until it enters the
Mississippi, are known and called by the name of
Alleghany river, by the Seneca, and other tribes
of the Six Nations, who once inhabited it.]

ALLEGUIPPES, a settlement of the provinco
and colony of Virginia, in the county of Hamp-
shire, situate on the shore of the river Yauyau-
gani, aud at the mouth which enters the Monan-
gahela.

[ALLEMAENGEL, a small Moravian settle-
ment on Swetara river, in Pennsylvania.]

[ALLEMAND, a river which falls into the
Mississippi from the s. c. about 4y miles s. of the
Natclics.J

ALLlJMANDS, a settlement of the province
and government ol Louisiana, on the shore of the
river Mississippi, between this river and the lake
Ovachas.

[ALl>EN-TOWN, in Pennsylvania, North-
anipton county, on the jjoint of land formed by
Jordan's creek and the LiUle Lehcigh. It con-
tains about 90 houses, and an academy.

[ALLENSTOWN, a town in New Jersey, in
Momnoulh county, 15 miles w. c. from IJurling-
tott, and 13 ,?. by c. from Princeton, j

[Ai.LKNSTowN, a t-rtuship in liockingliam
eonnly, New-Hampshire, containing S-it "inha-
bilants; situated on (lie c. side of Merrimack
river, 'J5 miles it. a\ of Exeter, and 40 from Ports-
inoiidi.J
vol.. I.

A L M

ALLHEGENI, or rather Alleghany, a town
of the province and colony of Pennsylvania, in
which the English had an establishment and fort.
It is on the shore of the Ohio, which is also calleil
the Vieslle.

ALLIGATOR, Bay of, on the s. coast of thv'
island of Jamaica.

Alligatoii, a river of N. CpTilina, in the
division of Hyde ; It runs v. and enters the sea at
the sound of Albemarle.

ALLIUITA.S, a settlement of the island of
Cuba, on the n. coiist, between the settlement of
Matanillas and Manati.

[ALLOVVAY Creek, in Salem county, New
Jersey, empties into the Delaware, it is navi-
gable 16 miles, interrupted, however, by several
draw-bridges.]

[ALL-SAINTS, islands near Guadaloupe
ishind in the West indies.]

[All-saints, a parish in George-town district,
Soutli Carolina, containing 2935 inhabitants, of
whom 4Sf) are whites, and 1795 slaves, it sends
a member to each house of the state legisiuiure.]

All-saints Bay. See Santos.

AIjMACEN, del Rky, a settlement of the
province and corregimiento of Cancte in Peru, situ-
ate on the coast, opposite the islands of Cbincha.

ALMAGRO, Santiago de, a settlement of the
province and corregimiento of Caiiete in Peru,
founded by the conqueror Diego de Almagro, in
1536, in the valley of Chincha ; owing to a com-
petition with Don Francisco Pizarro, who had
fonndcHi the city of Lima, and out of honour to
his native place of this title. It once bore the ap-
pellation of acity ; but its inhabitants so dwindled
away, that it was forced to resign it a short time
after.

ALMAGUER, a city of the province and go-
vernment of Popayan, in the kingdom of Quito,
founded by Captain Alonza de Fuen Mayor, in
1543, on the top of a small mountain, which is in the
middle of a plain called Giiachicono. It abounds
in wheat, maize, barley, fruit.s, and some sorts of
cattle, its temiieratnre is mild and pleasant, and
in its district are some gold mines. It lies seven
leairix's s. of Popayan. [Lat. l" 56' «. Long.

[AL\iAR[A. Sec Villa Rica.]
ALMAS, RcALoi.!. Rio dk las, a Portuguese
setdement and real of gold mines, in the terri-
tory of tiie (iiuayazas Indians, and kingdom of
iiiazil ; situate on (he shore and source of (he
river Tocaiuincs.

Al.ma!*, Ili'.AL up.lRio de las, a river of the
same kingdom and territory, which rises in the

;• ]i ■ ; •

'i:i!li

• 1

A L O

sierra near Villaboa, to the s. runs e. and enters
the Tocantines.

ALMENAS, a river of tJie province and corre-
simknto of Arequipa in Peru, close to the point
of Chile.

ALMERIA, a settlement of the jurisdiction
and government of Vera Cruz in N i;eva l!]spana,
situate on the coast, at the mouth of the river
Noadan.

[ALMIRA, a town in Mexico. See Angelos.]

ALMIHANTE, a settlement of the province
and captainship of Parayba in Brazil, situate on
the shore of the river Aracay.

Almirante, a bay on the coast of the pro-
vince and government of Veragua, in the kingdom
ofTierra I'irme, and r^y. of Escudo; thus called
from its having been discovered by Admiral
Columbus in his fourth voyage. At its enirance
are many small islands and hidden rocks, upon
which its discoverer had Avell nigh been wrecked.

Almirante, a river of the province and
government of Florida, which runs 5. e. and enters
the sea in the bay of Panzacola.

ALMOLOIA, San Pedro de, a settlement of
the head settlement of the district and alcaldia
mayor of Zultep^c in Nueva Espana, situate in
a spacious, very pleasant, and well watered plain.
Its temperature is mild ; it contains 77 Indian
families, and is annexed to the curacy of Tcmas-
caltepec. It lies three leagues xa, of its capital,
and inclining to the s.

Almoloia, San Pedro de, another settlement,
with the dedicatory title of San Miguel del Rio,
being the head settlement of the district of the
alcaldia mayor of Metcpec in the same kingdom.
It contains 156 Indian families, and to its curacy
are annexed several others. It lies three leagues
n. w. of its capital.

ALMOLOLOIAN, the head settlement of the
district of the alcaldia mayor of Colima in Nueva
Espana. It contains 60 families of Indians, 15
of Spaniards and 3'i of Mustces and Mulattoes,
>(fho occupy themselves in the culture of maize
and French beans ; and has a convent of the order
of St. Frioncis, and is a quarter of a league n. of
its capital.

ALOA, a settlement of the kingdom of Qoito,
in the corregimiento of the district of the Cinco
Leguas de csta Capital.

ALOASI, a settlement of the same kingdo.a
and corregimiento as the fbrmer.

ALOJAMIENTO, a settlement of I he pro-
vince and corregimiento of Copiapo in the king-
dom of Chile ; situate on the shore, and at the
mouth of the river Chiminal.

ALP

A£.<)NCHE, a settlement of the district of
Yaguache, in the province and government of
GuayaquiU and in the kingdom of Quito.

ALOTEPEC, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of Atitlan, and alcaldia mayor
of Villalta, in Nueva Espana. It contains 67
Indian families, and is 19 leagues from its capi-
tal.

AF^OZOZINGO, Santa Marta DE,a settle-
ment of the head settlement of the district of San
Martin de Temelucan,and alcaldia mayor of Gue-
jozingo, in Nueva Espana, having in it 110
families of Indians.

ALPABAMBA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Parinacocha in Peru, an-
nexed to the curacy of Colta.

ALPAMARCA, a settlement of the province
and government of Canta in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Atabillos Altos.

ALPACIA, a settlement and asiento of the
mines of the province and corres2;imiento of Con-
desuyos in Peru, annexed to the curacy of An-
dary.

ALPAIACU, a small river of the province and
government of Quijos and Marcas in tlie king-
dom of Quito. It runs from w. to s, and cntrrs the
Llncin.

ALPARGATON, a settlement of the province
tind government of Venezuela, situate near the
coast, in the bay of Burburata, to the w, of Port
Cabello.

Alpargaton, a river in the same province and
government, which rises in the Serrania, opposite
the coast, and runs to the w, of Port Cabello.

ALPIZAGUA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district and alcaldia mayor of Culi-
acan in Nueva Espana. It contains 3G families
of Indians. Its district abounds in the various
fruits of that region, and also in some maize. It is
five leagues e. of its capital.

ALPOIECA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of Atengo, and alcaldia mayor
of Chilapa. in Nueva Espana, in which there are
42 families of Indians. It is one league distant from
its head settlement.

Alpoibpa, another settlement of the head
scttlemeill of the district of ixcatcapan, and alcal'
dia nwyor of Tlapa, in the same kingdom. It
contains 115 families of Mistecos Indians, and is
two leagues c. of its head settlement.

ALPOIECAZIjNGC), a settlement of the head
settlement of the district and alcaldia mayor of
Tlapa in Neuva Espafia. It contains 110 laini-
lies of Indians, and is four leagues s. c. of its
capital.

<ll

ALT

district of

•rnmeiit of

lo.

eatl settle-

_,-

Id'ia mayor
[)iitains 67

1 its capi-

)E,asett!e-

rict of San

or of Guc-

in it 110

e province
Peru, an-

e province

nncxeil to

' ?^

nto of tlie

C9|

ito of Coii-

'-■

icy of An-

•oviiice and

<I)e king-
1 enters the

le province
e near tlie

K
J

w. of Port

ovincc and

«, opposite
ibello.

{■

lead settic-

or of Cidi-

S6 families

lie various

.--.f

laize. It is

ead settlc-

^ 1

Idia mayor
\\ there are

istautfroin

tiie head

and alcal'

igdom. It

ins, and is

■V*

•ft-

f the head

mayor of
110 faini-

• i\

. c. of its

, a settlement
.t and alcaldia

. ALPONECA, San Anton.
of the head settlement of the (lis.
Hjayor of Jochimilco in Nueva Espana. Although
it is situated within the jurisdiction of that of Te-
tela, it contains 30 families of Indians, and a con-
vent of the order of St. Dominic.

ALPL'IECA, Santa Maria de, a settlement
of the head settlement of the district of lluitcpec,
and alcaldia mayor of Cuonavaca, in Nueva Es-
pana. Itcontauis 77 families of Indians.

[ALSTEAD, a township in Cheshire county,
New Hampsliire, containing 1111 inhabitants;
eight miles ,v. from Charlestown.J

ALTA, a lakeof the province of Venezuela, and
government of Cumana. It lies .v. of the valley of
Pasqua, and w. of the river Unaro, which is very
near to and joins it.

ALTABOIANO, a settlement of the province
and government of Tucuman, in the district and
jurisdiction of the city of Cordovsi.

ALTABONITA, a small bay of the island of
Cuba, on the w, n. e. coast, and at the e. head,
between the bay of Nijjc and Port Taiiabo.

ALIWCiRACIA, a city and capital of the pro-
vince of Sutagaos in the now kingdom of Granada.
It was founded in 1510 l)y the Captains Peilro
Ordonez de Cevallos, Juan Lopez de Herrera,
and Diego Sotelo. It abounds in wax, honey, and
pita, these being the productions in which the na-
tives trade, as likewise in boats, cut out of the
solid trunks of the large trees, abounding in its
very craggy mountains. It has at present but a
miserably scanty population.

Altagracia, another settlement, with the de-
dicatory title of Nuestra Seilora, in the province
and government of Cumana. Its inhabitants en-
joy a royal privilege of indemnification from the
tributes. It is situate on the shore, within a
cuimon's shot of the capital.

yVltaouacia, another settlement in the pro-
vince and governmtMit of Tucnman, in the king-
dom of Peru, of the district and jurisdiction of
the city of Cordova, on tlie shore and at the
source of the Uio Scgundo.

Altagracia, another settlement in the pro-
vince of (iuayaiia and government of Cumana.
It is one of those ^xhicii belonged to the missions
of the C'atidanian Capudiin lathers.

Altagracia, another settlement of the pro-
vince ipul goATrnment of (inayana, which is at
present s<"parated from that of Cumana.

Altagracia, another settlement in the pro-
vince anil government of Venezuela, in the juris-
diction of the city of S, Sebastian, and yaljey of

Orituco ; in which district there arc many estates
of cacao, esteemed particularly good, and several
sugar mills, on either side of the river Orituco.

"ALTA MIR, a settlement of the province of
Barcelorio, and government of (.'iimana, situate
on the shore of the river ('iiivata, to the ti. w. of
the t<iwn of San Fernando.

ALTA M IRA, a settlement of the province and
government of Sierra Gorda, in the Seno Mexi-
cano, (bay of Mexico), and kingdom of Nueva
Espaiia ; founded by the count of that title, D.
Joseph de Escandon, colonel of the militia of the
city of Querctaro, in 17.50, who gave it this name,
from his attachment and friendship towards the
Marquis of Altamira, auditor of that royal audi-
ence, and one of those who were destined by the
king to be ins])Pctor in the concerns relating to the
conquest anil the population of that province.

Ai-tamiiia, anotlfcr settlement in the province
and government of V.-neznela, one of those under
the care of the fathers of the Capuchin missions.
It abounds in large cattle.

.\LTAU, a town and garrison of the province
and government of Sonora.

Altar, a settlement in the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela, consisting of Indians con-
verted to the Catholic faith by the Capuchin
fathers ; in the jurisdiction of the town of San Car-
los, near the river Cojade.

Altar, a very lolly mountain of the kingdom
of Quito, in theror>Yg<w/p»/o of Riobamba, to tli:,-
€. of this town. It is always covered with snow,
from whence it is called the snow-monntain. It
serves as a boundary to the mountains of the coun-
try, the other side of this mountain being as yet
unknown. From it the rivers LIurin and Min
take their rise, which, united, enter the Pastaza,
always running c. This mountain is one of those
Mliich form the Cordillera called, of Collanes.

ALTO, San ANORhs del, a settlement of the
province and government of Mainas in the king-
dom of Quito ; one of the missions held there by
the abolished order of the Jesuits ; situate on tin;
.shore of the river Maranon, and opposite the city
of S. Francisco de Borja.

Alto, San Andrf.s del, another settlement
in the province and captainship of San Vincente
in Brazil ; Kitiiatc ,v. of the settlement of F'spigon.

Alto, San Andres di-.l, another settleiuent
in the province and cotrcgimiento of Catamarca
in Peru.

Alto, San ANones del, another settlement,
with the dedicatory title of San Miguel, in the
head settlement of the district and alcaldia mai/or
f2 . ■

1 ;:

1 1'

I,). ^

«,'

\ i

'I'll

!.■'

iii'

I:}

A L V

of Tecpatitlan, ia (he kingdom aitd bishopric of
Nucva Galicia. It is seven leagues e. ot its capi<
tal.

Alto, San Amur es del, another settlement in
the province and government uf Popayan, of the
kingdom of Quite.

ALTOBELO, a lofty, sharp-pointed island,
near the n. coast of flispaiiiola, discovertKl at a
great distance, and lying between the point Beata
and the island of Vacn. [Long. 71*^ 18' ». Lat.
17° 38' a). J

[ALTON, a trart of land in Strafford county.
New Hampshire, n. e. from Barnstcad.]

ALTOS, a settlement of the province and cap-
taimhip of S. Vincerite in Brazil, situate between
those of Tribntos and Porcon.

Altos, another settlement in the province and
captainship of Key in the same kingdom, and on
the shore of the river Curucay.

Altos, a river of tfle province and government
of Guanuco in Peru. It is small, runs from s. to
n. and forming a curve towards the xo. enters the
sources of the river Guallaga, oppasite the settle-
ment of Saramajos.

ALTOTONGA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of Xalacingo, and alealdia
7naj/or of Xalapa, in Nueva Espafia ; situate in a
fiertile, beautiful, and spacious valley, from which
it takes its name. It is of a mild temperature,
abounding in fruits, pulse, and tobacco. It con-
tains 105 Spanish families. The word Altotonga
signifies, in the Mexican language, hot and saltish
water ; and this comes from a river which has its
rise in two hills united to each other, and situate
at a league's distance to the s. This river runs into
the lake of Alchichica, of the jurisdiction of Tc-
peaca. It lies a league and a half s. e. of its head
settlement.

ALVA, San Luis de Laicacota de, an
establishment of silver mines, celebrated for
their riches, in a mountain of this name, which
signifies enchanted lake ; there being a lake iit the
top of the mountain formed by the Indians, who
made use of it as a place in which to deposit and
conceal their riches. This place was iliscovered
in 1657 by the Colonel Don Joseph de Salcedo,
who, having received some vague rumours of its
importance, and finding that there was little need
of hands for the wording the mountain of San
Joseph, sent his men hitner to work. They ac-
cordmgly opened the ground, and having suc-
ceeded in finding some metals of a superior qualitv,
contrived to let off the lake, so as to come to th<!
principal yein. Here they dbcovered an im-

A L V

mense quantity of silver, which they dug out at a
trifling expence. They also found the mouths of
other mines ; namely, of those of Las Animns and
Laicacota Baxf, which were contiguous, and
equally rich. From the last of these, Sulcedo
took, in one night, 93 casks full of silver, valued
at a liundnHl thousand dollars, also a nuissy lump
of silver, which weighed seven anobas. The me-
tiil was, moreover, so fine and pure, that, after
paying the quinto or duty to the king, it was
coined into money without any previous refine-
ment. From these riches the disgraces of Sulcedo
took their origin ; it was from them that arose the
bickerings and party spirits Avhich appeared
among the Andaluces and CrioUos on one side,
and the mountaineers and the Viscainos on the
other. A battle was the consequence, and the
plain was covered with dead bodies. The plain
bears the same name (Alva), and is, to this day,
strewed with whitened bones. This disastrous
affair induced the viceroy, the Count of Lemos,
to come in person to put a stop to these differences;
and he, upon his arrival, ordered the settlement,
which consisted of upwards of 300 houses, to be
laid waste ; and finding a pretext for the removal
of the Colonel Salcedo, caused him to undergo his
sentence in the city of Lima, in 1686 ; but, as the
sentence was about to be put into execution, it
happened, and, as it is believed, by the decree of
heaven, which would bear testimony to his inno-
cence, that the mine became inundated ; so that it
could never after be emptied ; and although vast
suras have been employed upon this work, no sil-
ver has ever since been extracted.

ALVARADO, a very abundant river of Nueva
Espana, forming itself from one which descends
from the sierras of Zongolica and Misteca. All
these three unite near the settlement of Cuyote-
peque, in the alealdia mayor of Cozamaloapau,
and collecting the streams of many others, which
swell it to an immense size, it enters the sea at the
mouth of its name, 13 leagues from Vera Cruz.
It was anciently called Papaloapan, and was the
first that was discovered by Hernan Cortes. It
has a battery at its entrance, guarded by a detach-
ment from Vera Cruz.

Alvarado, a settlement of the jurisdiction and
alealdia mayor of Vera Cruz in Nueva Espana.
It is of a hot and dry temperature, inhabited by
60 families of Spaniards and Mulattocs, whose
commerce consists in fish ; as the land, although
naturally fertile, fields no productions by which
tlieir commerce might be enlarged. They have a
church, in which the image of out Lady of Con-

gout at a

mouths of

riimas and

oils, and

, Siilcedo

•r, valued

assy lump

Tlie mc

that, after

ig, it was

us reiine<

)i' Salcedo

arose the

■ V"*'

appeared

one side,

OS on the

', and the

The plain

this day,

disastrous

of Lemos,

iffcrences ;

settlement,

ises, to be

le removal

ndergo bis

but, as the

ecution, it

! decree of

o his inno-

; so that it

ough vast

rk, nosil-

-;:J

of Nueva

descends

teca. All

f Cuyote-

• *;

naloapan,
;rs, which

sea at the

era Cruz.

1 was the

Vi-

ortcs. It

•%,

a detach-

clion and

•"*

I Espana.

abited by

s, whose

although

by which

cv have a

of Con-

A M A

ception is revered, on account of the miracles
wrouglit by it ; and according to tradition, it was
said to liave benn found shut up in a chest, lying
upon the sea-shore on the coasts of Goazacoalco.
Fourteen lengnes from Vera Cruz, «. er. and 88 from
Mexico.

ALVARO, SiFRRA DE Maf.stro, or Lunar
Sierra, a cordi'lcm of the mountains of the coast of
Brazil, in the province and captainship of Espiritu
Santo, between llic point of Tiburon and the island
of Reposo,

ALVERNE, Mountain of, a settlement
composed of Indians, converted by the missions
of (he order of St. Francis, in the district of the
ulcaldia jnaj/cr of Gaudalcazar. It contains SO
families, and is 12 leagues «. of the settlement of
Sta. Rosa.

ALZ, Mandei. be, a river of the kingdom of
Brazil. It rises between those of La PaTma and
Tocantines, runs nearly s. and, forming a curve
towards the zc. enters the latter river in 10° s.
according to the map of Cruz, and 1 1° 18' s. ac-
cording to Arrowsmilh, [which refutes the opinion
of Mr.^Dc Lisle, who places it in 7°.]

A LZOU 1 , a settlement of the head settlement of
the district of San Luis, ofthecoastand alcaldiamat/-
or of Tlapa in Nueva Espana. It contains 190 fami-
lies of Indians, who are very industrious in tilling
and cultivating the ground, which produces, in
abundance, maize, cotton, French beans, and rice.

AMA, a settlement of the province and govern-
ment ofCanta in Peru, annexed to the curacy of
Huamanga.

AMACACiIES, a nation of Indians, of the
kingdom of Brazil, and province and captainship
of Rio Janeiro, inhabiting the woods and moun-
tains towards the s. It is very numerous, and
much dreaded, on account of the incursions which
they have made upon the Portuguese establish-
ments. Amongst them are to be found some canni-
bals. Their weapons are darts and ma<ianas, a sort of
club, composed of a very heavy and solid wooti ;
and they use in their wars a very active poison,
witli whicli they anoint the points* of their arrows
and lances.

AMACIIURA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Cumana. It runs n. and enters the
sea in the principal mouth of the Orinoco.

AMAt^ORE, a large river of the province and
government of G'uayana, which descends from the
W.Cordillera, and running towards the e. waters
many parts unknown, or at least inhabited by some
barbarous Indians. Its banks are covered with
bcautilul and umbrageous trees. After collecting
in its course (he waters of several other rivers, it
empties itiilf in(o the N. sea.

AMA

AMACU, a lake of the province of Gnayana
in that part which is possessed by the Dutch.

AMACUICA, a settlement of the head sett le-
ment of the district of Xonacatcpec, and alcaldia
mat/or of Cuernavaca, in Nueva Espaila.

AMACUITLAPILCO, a settlement of tlu;
same head settlement of the district and ufcaldia
maj/or of Xonacatcpec.

AMACURO, a settlement of the province and
government of Cumana in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate in the interior of the Serrania. It
is one of those missions belonging in that province
to the fathers of the Aragonese Capuchins, at the
point of Paria, and on the interior coast of the
gulph Triste.

Amacuro, a river in the same province, which
runs towards the n. and joins the Orinoco at its
large mouth, called Dc Navios.

AMADEA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of S. Juan de los Llanos in the new kingdom
of Granada. It rises to the n. of its capital, and
joins the Meta very near to its source.

AMAGUAJES, S. Antonio de, a settlement
of the province and corregimiento of Pastos in the
kingdom of Quito, situate on the shore of a small
river, which enters that of S. Miguel.

AMAGUANA, a settlement of the kingdom of
Quito, in the cortegimiento of the district of the
Cinco Leguas de su Capital.

Amaguana, a river of the same province and
kingdom, which rises from the n. summit of the
Paramo, or desert of Elenisa, and rnnning n.
collects all the waters which take their course
from that cordi/tcra, and from the mountains of
Ruminavi and Pasuchua. It afterwards joins (he
river Ichubamba to (he n. at a small distance from
the setdement of Conocoto; and being increased by
the streams which flow in abundance from (he ze.
part of the cordilkra, it changes its name io Guail-
labamba ; and then, receiving also the waters of
another, called Pis(}ue, takes the denomination of
Alchipechi, following a n. course till it enters (he
river of Esmeraldas ; which is so large, that near
the settlement of S. Antonio, in the corregimiento
of Quito, it is nrcessary to cross it en taravita^ its
wid(h not admitting of its being passed by a ford,
or by a bridge.

AMAGUNTICK, a s(agnant waten or lake, of
New France, on the confines of New England.

AMAIA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento oi C\xAyanivi^ or Charcas, in Peru.

AMAIALUI, a settlement and asicnlo of the
gold mines of the province and correginiimlo of
Chayanta, or Charcas, in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of (Jhayan(aciis.

AMAIUCA, a bmuU river of the province aud

.'(

■'I

if'

'Of I!

1,^!.!!

A M A

coimtrv of (lie Amazonas. It rises in the territory
lying between the Payacuas and t!ie Cobachis In-
dians ; runs with an inclination to the s, s, e. and
enters the Mazafion, very near the mouth of the
large river Napo.

AMAJUNO, a small river of Florida, which
runs w. and enters the sea opposite the island of
Anclote.

AMAMAZOS, a nation of barbarous Indiana,
othe 11. of the city of Ganuco in Porn ; bounded
by the nation of the Panataguas, and s. w. by the
Cordillera real of the Andes.

AMAMBAI, Cordillera on, a sierraoiihe
province and government of Paraguay. It extends
many leagues from the w. n. w. to the s. s. e. and
its mountains abound in the herb Paraguay.

Amamuai, GonuiLLKRA DE, a rlvcr of thc Same
province, which rises in the territory of the Mon-
teses Indians. It runs s. and enters the Parana,
opposite the large island of Salto.

AMANA, a settlement of the province of Bar-
celona, and government of Cumana, situate on the
shore of the river of its name, to the «. of the
Table-land of Guampa.

A MAN A, a river m the same province and go-
vernment, which rises at the foot of the mountains
of Bergantin ; runs e. and enters the Guarapiche.
AMANALCO, S. Geronimo .e, the head
settlement of the district of the a/caMn mayor o^
Metepeque in Nueva Espaiia. It contains 1224
families of Indians.

AMANIBO, a river of the country of the Ama-
zonas, or Guayana, in the Dutch possessions. It
runs «. making several windings, and enters the
sea near the lake of Iracubo.

[Amaniuo, a town on the coast of Guayana,
between Paramaribo, and Cayenne.]

AMANIQUE, a river of the province and
government of Mamas in the kingdom of Qui-
to. It rises in the territory of the Plaleros In-
dians, runs from c. to w. and enters the river
Perene, or ancient Maranon.

AMANTANE, San Miguel nr, an island of
the great lake Chucuito, belonging to the pro-
vince of Paucarcolla, on the lofty plains of which
were established some settlements of note, but
which have, by lapse of time, fallen into decay.
The houses were somewhat peculiar, having been
built entirely of stone, and the roofs of the rooms
having been vaulted with the same ; forming edi-
fices altogether handsome and well-constructed.
This island, which is three leagues in circumfe-
rence, is full of orchards and gardens, producing
fruits, herbs, and flowers.
AMANTAR.1, a small island of the lake Titi-

A M A

caca, belonging to the province and government
of Chucuito, near the strait of Capachica.

AMAUTATA, ariver of the province and cor*
regimknto of Carabaya in Peru. It rises in the
valley of Inaguana, to the s, of the settlement of
Cuyocuyo, and runs n. forming a curve to enter
the source of the river Iniimbari.

AMAZONAS, San Filu'e »e, a settlementof
the province and government of Mainas in the
kingdom of Quito. It is on the shore of the river
Nanai.

AMAPAES, a barbarous nation of savage In*
dians in Nueva Andalucia, to the zo. of the river
Orinoco, and near the mountain of Paria. They
inhabit the territory between the rivers Catury,
Cayari, and Mcta, and are bounded by the lsaj)c-
rices, with whom they are continually at war.
They are valiant and hardy, sincere and faithful ;
they live by the chase, and by fishing, and their
arms are bows and arrows, which are tipped with
a very active vegetable poison. The territory is
caJled Amapaya, and is comprehended in the pro-
vince of Paria.

AMAPALA, a settlement of the province and
government of Nicaragua in the kingdom of Gua-
temala, situate upon a strip or Jiarrow point of
land running into the S. sea, at the distance of
four leagues from the town of San Miguel, and
220 miles s. e. of Guatemala. [liong. 87° 55' xo.
Lat. 13° 12'.]

AMAPILCAN, a settlement of the alcaldia
mayor of Tlapa in Nueva Espafia, containing
15 Indian families.

AMACUCMO, alias Tamheuia, a sctllement of
the province and corregimiento of Caj;imarca in
Peru.

AMAIIETE, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Larccaja in Peru, aur.exed to the
curacy of Charazani.

AMARGOS, an island of the coast of Chile,
at the mouth or entrance of the river Valdivia ;
where there is also a castle of the same name.

AMARGOSO, a river of the province andcap'
taimhip of Rio Grande in Brazil. It rises near
the coast, runs n. and enters the sea by a wide
mouth, between the point of Tiburon and that of
Mello.

AMARILLO, a river of the province and cor-
regimiento of Loja in the kingdom of Quito. It
rises at the foot of the sierra, near the settlement of
Saraguro ; runs w. and enters the Tumbez,

AMARISCOGGIN, a river of the district of
Maine. See Androscoggin.

AMARO, .Fuan, a town of the province and
captainship of the bay of Todos Suntos in the

■:il

overnmenl

c nnd cor-

riscs ill the

tdement of

fc to enter

t( lenient ol
las in the
)f the river

lavage In-
f the river
ia. They
rs Catiiry,
the Isajie-
y at war.
:i faithful ;
, and their
ipped with
erritory is
in the pro-

ovince and
Mil of Giia-
iV point of
distance of
liguel, and
87° 55' w.

le alcaldia
containing

!(llement of
Jamaica in

ovince and
;xcd to the

of Chile,
Valdivia ;
lamc.
;e and cap-

rises near
by a wide
nd that of

ce and cor-
Quito. It
ttlcmciit of
jez.
district of

ovince and
itos in the

A M A

kingdom of Brazil, founded in the year 1668 by
a Portuguese geiitlenifin of this name, in virtue of
the concession of proprietorsliip made by King
Don Pedro, and as a reward for the services of the
former in its conquest. The same gcnlleiiian im-
mediately sold it to Colonel Manuel Araujo de
Aragon, whose descendants arc in possession of it
at the present day. Its population and commerce
are equally scanty. It is situate near the river
Longoribo, [or Panuaca. Lat. 13" 17' m. Long.
40° 14' «'.]

Amabo, Juan, a settlement, also called Mina de
Luis Amaro, in the territory of Guayazas, of the
.same kingdom, situate on the shore of a river which
enters the Tocantines.

Am A no, Juan, another settlement of the pro-
vince and captains/lip of Puerto Seguro in the
same kingdom ; situate at the port of the capital.

Amaro, Juan, another settlement of the pro-
vince and captainship of Pernambiico, situate at
the source of the river of Antonio Grande, to the
n. n. e. of the settlement of San Sabaslian Novo.

Amaro, Juan, another settlement, called San
Amaro el Vellio, or Viejo, in the same province
and captains/lip as the former.

Amaro, Juan, another town of the province and
captainship of San Vincentc in the same kingdom,
situate on the shore of the bay of this name.

Amaro, Juan, asmall island near li.e coast of
this last mei tioned province, where the Porlufucso
have a fort or castle, with the name of La Cruz.
It is on the side of the bay of San Vincentc.

AMARUCA, a settlement of the province of
Guayaiia and government of Cumana ; one of those
belonging to the missions held there by the Cata-
lanian Capuchin fathers. It lies s. of the city of
Santo Tomas.

AMARUMAIU, a large river of the king-
dom of Peru, which rises "in the cordiUeraoi the
Andes, in 13° 30' , v. lat. It passes through the
province of Mojos, afler a long course of many
leagues through unknown parts ; and after fre-
quently changing its name, it enters into the Ma-
ranon, in 4° 36'. *. lat.

AMASARENDO, a settlement of the province
and captainship of Parayba in Brazil, situate near
the coast.

AMATENANGO, a settlement of the pro-
vince and alcaldia mat/or of Chiapa in the king-
dom of Gujitemala.

AMATEPEC, a scltlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of ihc ah nfditi mayor of Zulte-
pec in Nucva Espaua, situate on the top of a moun-
tain. It is of a cold temperature, and its pojju-

A M A

lation consists of 80 Indian families. It lies 12
leagues s.e. of of its capital.

Amatepfx, another settlement of the head
settlement of the district ofTotontepec, in the akaU
rf/rt wrtyor of Villalta. Itisofacokl temperature,
contains 15 families of Indians, and lies a little more
than seven leagues to the c. of its capital.

AMATICLAN, S. Luis de, a settlement of
tlu- head settlement of the district of Huileiiec, and
alcuhlia mayor of Cuernavaca, in Nueva Espafia.
It contains 43 families of Indians.

AMATINCHAN, a settlement of the head set-
tlement of the district and alcaldia nun/or of Tlapa
in Nueva Espann. It contains 63 families of In-
dians, and lies two leagues n. c. of its capital.

[AMATIQUES, a sea-port town at the mouth of
Guanacos river, which empties into the \malique
gulf, or gulf of Ilondums, in the province of Vera
Paz, Mexico. The inhabitants are chiefly higwood-
cuttcrs, and on the *. of the gulf is a tract of land
called Amatique land. Lat. 15° 23'. Long. 89^]

AMATITLAN, San Christobal de, a
settlement of the kingdom of Guatemala, si-
tuate ill the valley of Mixlo, or of Pinola. In
the Mexican tongue it signifies the city of letters,
from a custom which the natives have of writing
upon the bark of trees, and thus forming tablets,
'vhich they send to a great distance. It has some
excellent medicinal baths, renowned for the cure of
several infirmities. A great commerce is carried
on from the salt which is collected every morning
from the shores of a lake, and which they purify.
It has a large market-place, with a magnificent
church, and a convent of the order of St. Donii-
in'c, being one of the richest establishments main-
taincd by this order throughout that kingdom.
It is said io be famous for having made the dis-
covery of curing the cancer by eating raw lizards.
The Indians used this remedy from the time of
their gentilism, and it was first tried by the Eu-
ropeans in 1780, as appears by testimony and in-
formation transmitted by the provisional viceroy
of New Spain, Don Martin de Mayorga ; the same
information having been passed, by order of the
King, to the tribunal of the first physician of this
court.

Amatiti.an, San CiiiiisTonAi. de, another
settlement of the same province, distinct from the
former.

AMATLAN, Santa Axa de, a settlement of
the head settlement of the district and uhaldia
mayor of Taiizitaro in Nueva Espafia, situate on
the skirts of the sierra of this name. It is of a
cold temperature, inhabited by 60 families of h\^

•

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1 ,

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I li

il..

. !i 1 !i

!ii!^

A M A

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dinns, 2f) of Spaniards, and 12 of Mustera .tnd
Mnlndoi's. So great is its commerce, and so
nbundaiit is it in fruits and grain, tiiat it could
maintain, willi ease, double its present number.
It lias a convent of Monks, of the order of St.
I'rnncis ; in whose church, an image of Christ cru-
rificd, and which image also bears the title of
Milagro, or miracle, is held in particular reve-
rence. It is said to have obtained this title from a
miracle well authenticated among the people of
this settlement. Fourteen leagues s. of its capital.

AM\Tr-A\, Santa Ana uk, another settle-
ment, with the dedicatory title of San Luis, of the
liead settlement of the district and akaldia mat/or
of Miahnatlan in the same kingdom. It contains
,%0 iiimilicsof Indians, hicludingthoseof its wards;
and here, as in the former settlements, is found
a fruit something like a filbert, which they call
coatecos, or lepexi/otes, which is very^hard, and of
which arc made beads and rosaries, ornamented
and painted with diiferent ciphers of Jesus, Mary,
and Joseph, or sentences of the Magnificat, which
are so permanent that it has been thought by some
that the trees produced them in this state : they
are not unfrequently carried to S])aia in little
boxes. It is two leagues to the n. ot the capital.

Amati-an, Santa Ana de, another settle-
ment belonging to the missions of the order of
St. Francis, in the akaldia mayor of Tuchipila,
at a short distance from the lar^e river of Guadu-
laxara. Ten leagues n, w, of its capital.

Amatlan, Santa Ana de, another settlement
of the head settlement of the district Tepoxtlan,
and akaldia mai/or of Cuernavaca.

Amatt.an, Santa Ana dk, another settle-
ment, which is the head settlement of the district
of the akaldia mayor of Cordova, annexed to the
curacy of La Piinta. It contains 220 Indian
lamilies, who, from the fertility the ground ac-
quires from the waters of the rich stream of the
Truchas, arc C4iabled to cultivate large quantities
of fruits and pulse. Two short leagues s. of its
capital.

Amati.an, Santa Ana de, another settlement,
with the dedicatory title of San Joseph, the head
settlement of the district of the akaldia mayor of
Zacatlan. In this settlement, and in the wards of
its district, the iiimilics of Indians are estimated
at 248.

Amatf-an, Santa Ana dk, another settlement
(with the dedicatory title of San Pedro) of the
head settlement of the district and akaldia mayor
of Cozainaldiipan. It is of a hot temperature, situ-
ate on the shore of a large river of the same name,
and was formerly the capital. It contains I.OO

A M B

families of Indians, and is two leagues e, of its
capital.

Amatlan, Santa Ana nr, another settlement
of the head settlement of the district and akaldia
mayor of Izatlan. It is 12 leagues from Aqua-
lulco, which is (he capital.

AMAZONAS. See the article Mahanon.

AMBALEMA, a settlement of the jurisdiction
of Tocarima,and government of Mariquita, in the
new kingdom of Granada, situate on the shore of
the large river Magdalena . 1 1 produces in abund-
ance tlic fruits peculiar to its climate, which is
excessively hot : these arc sugar-cane, maize,
yucas, and plantains. It is much infested with
Moschettocs, moths, and serpents ; and its in-
habitants may amount to about 100. It lies 12
leagues s. w. of Santa Fc,

AMBANA, a settlement of the province and
correal niiento of Caxatambo inPeru.

AMBAU, a settlement of the province and coV'
regimiento of Larccaja in Peru.

AMBARGASTA, a settlement of the province
and government of Tucuman, in the district and
jurisdiction of the city of Santiago del Estero ;
i'rom whence it is distant 53 leagues.

AMBATO, AsiKNTo ue, the division and dis-
trict of the province and corregimiento of Rio-
bamba, part of which is in the kingdom of Quito.
Its temi)erature is very mild and healthy, the air
is gooa, and the earth so fruitful that it is no un-
common thin;^ to see the husbandman sowing,
reaping, and tlireshing, all in the same day. The
crops are abundant, and of the best quality. It
has many plantations of sugar-cane, from which is
procured a sugar superior to any produced by the
estates of the contiguous provinces : it has also
many deliciite and exq<iisite fruits, and an abund<
ance of cochineal, which they employ for dyeing,
and of which n much larger quantity might be
procured. The capital bears the same name, and
IS founded upon a rugged spot on the banks of a
large river. Its temperature is Ixjnign and salu-
brious ; it abounds in all kinds of flesh, and choice
productions ; the edifices are beautiful : besides
the parish-church, which is very good and large,
it has two parish-chapels of case, and a convent of
Franciscans. In the year 1698 it was entirely de-
stroyed, from an eruption of the volcano of Coto-
paxi, which is near to it ; and, at the same time^
tiic snowy-mountain, or desert of Carguairaso,
throwing up a river of iniul or lava, which inun-
dated the whole country near, ruined the crops,
and killed the cattle, which in vain endeavoured to
avoid the destructive deluge. The monuments ol
this misfortune are still visible, and various chinlv.

li'lil;

'Ifj

es t. of its

r settlement
iiid alcaldia
from Aqua-

HANON.

jurisdiction
|uita, ill the
;lie slioi'c of
IS in abiiml-
e, wiiiclt is
me, maize,
ifcsted willi
and its ir»-
It lies 12

rovincc and

nee and cot'

llie province
district and
del Estero ;

sion and dis<
nto of Rio*
>m of Quito.
Itliy, the air
[t it is no un-
nan sowing,
eday. The
quality. It
rom wliich is
luced by the
it has also
d an abund*
for dyeing,
y might be
le name, and
|e banks of a
\n and salu-
, and choice
iful: besides
jd and large,
a convent of
entirely de-
no of Coto-
same time^
argiiaiiasi),
hich ituiii-
|d tlic crops,
tloavourod (t»
)iiumciits of
Irious chinlvt

A M B

or chasms are still remaining, especially one, about
four or five feet wide, and running from n.tos.
nearly a league in length, towards the s. jwiiif ol'
the town ; but nevertheless, owing to the fertility
and extensive commerce of the town, it has become
already more considerable than it was formerly,
in several houses they make a sort of fancy bread,
so white and of so exquisite a flavour as far to sur-
pass any sort of biscuit ; this article is exported
argely, even to the most distant settlements, since
in no other lias it ever been imitated with success,
although the very flour and water have been car-
ried lience for the experiment.— It is 18 leagues
from Quito, and four from Tarunga. [Lat. l*" 14'
w. Long. 78° 25'.]

Ambato, Asiento de, a river of the province
and corregimiento of Riobamba, near the former
capital. It runs with such violence, and with
such a tremendous stream, that it is impossible to
pass it otherwise than by a very strong built
bridge : it has one of wood, braced with thic^i
links of iron. This river afterwards joins others,
and these together form a large river, called
Patate.

Ambato, Asiento de, a mountain of the pro-
vince and government of Tucuman in Peru, in the
jurisdiction of the city of Catamarca, io the u\ of
the jurisdiction. It is large, and renowned not so
much for its considerable mines, of which vestiges
are yet apparent, as for the rumbling noises caused
in it by the air, which seem occasionally to pro-
duce n kind of slight earthquake.

[AMBER Bay, on the peninsula of Yucatan
in the bay of Honduras, lies n. of Ascension Bay,
which see.]

[AMBERGREESE Key, an island in Hanover
bay, on the e. side of the peninsula of Yucatan,
iu the bay of Honduras. It runs along the mouth
of the bay, is 70 miles long, but very narrow.
Sec Ascension Bay.

, AMBOCAS, San Lucas df, a settlement of
the province and rorregtmtV»/o of Loja in the king-
dom of Quito.

AMBOL, San, a small river of the province
and government of Buenos Ayres. It runs w. and
enters the Plata near the town of Santa Lucia.

[AMBOY. See Perth Amboy.]

[AMBROSE, St. an island in the S. Pacific
ocean, on the coast of Chile, four or five leagues
due w. from St. Felix island. At first view, it
appears like two small islands ; but after a nearer
approach, it is found they are joined by a reef,
it lies in Lat. 26° 17' 40" s. and Long. 79° 8'
35" ze. from Greenwich. There is a large rock
four miles to the n. of the island, called, from its

VOL. I.

A M E

appearance, Sail Rock, (^aptnin Roljorts, who
was here in 1792, found Sf, I'elix island inacces-
sible. On St. Ambrose island, his crew killed and
cured 13,000 seal skins, of the best quality, in
seven weeks. The island has little else to recom-
mend it. Fish and craw fish abound. The best
season for sealing is from the 1st of April to the 1st
of August. The island has the appearance of
having had volcanic eruptions.]

AMBROSIO, San, a small settlement or ward
of the head settlement of the district of. Ocula,
and alcaldia mayor of Tocuyo ; thus called by
Ambrosio de Alfinguer, who was the first who en-
tered it in 1529. In its vicinity are the Barbarian
Indians, the Xuruaras, and the Corominos. The
territory is level, fertile, and abounding in maize,
and in all sorts of grain ; also in cotton and sugar-
cane, wljich, however, Ijeing very watery, will not
admit of being made into sugar. The climate is
hot and unhealthy, and it has to the t. the Cordil-
lera of the mountains of San Pedro, and to the w.
the Cordillera of those of Bogota.

AM BUQUI, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of the town of Ibarra in the king-
dom of Quito, situate on the shore of the river
Mira-ccrca, of the settlement of Pimampiro.

AMEALEO, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of San Juan del Rio, and alcal-
dia mayor of Queretaro, in Nueva Espaiia, an-
nexed to the curacy of Santa Maria of Tequisqui-
apan. It contains S8 families of Indians.

AMECA, a head settlement of the district of the
akaldim mayor of Autlan in Nueva Espana. It
contains 40 families of Spaniards and Mtmtees, and
43 of Indians, who trade in seeds and swine, hav-
ing enough of them for the supply of the jurisdic-
tion. In its district are many herds of large
cattle, with some goats. Thirty leagues to the w.
of its capital.

Ameca, another settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district and alcaldia mayor of Tala in
the same kingdom. It is of a moderate tempe-
rature, fertile in all kinds of seed, fruit, and pulse.
In its vicinity, towards the zo. is the great estate of
San Nicolas, and to the e. that of Cabejon, besides
many others on the shore of the river, which runs
to the town of La Purificacion. Eight leagues to.
s. w. of its capital.

AMECAMECA, a head settlement of the dis-
trict of the alcaldia mayor of Chaico in Nueva
Espana, situate at the skirts of a mountain which
leads up to the snowy volciino, on which account
it is of a very cold temperature. The whole of its
district is full of very fertile estates, and in one »»•'
these was born the famous Sor J nana Ines de m
a

)

■'I

i '

•1'

'' i

It;*

11 r

' :(

A M E

Cruz, tlic Moxicnn noclrss, and wlio wnsbnptizod
ill llu; (mrisli cliiiicti ot (liis 8cltleinoiit. It cnii«
liiiiis 570 (hniiiios ot liulitiiis, and soino of >vliiti>s.
'i'lircc leatjiics between tin; c. und s. ot its cii-

AMErAQUE, a scttleiuciit of the lierid settle-
ineiit of tlie district of Culpa, and n/aililiu miii/or
of Atrisco, in Nueva Jispafui. It contains i?7;>
laniilics of Indians, and is live leagnes s, w. of its
<;a])ital.

AMKLIE, or Amf.ma, a county of tlic pro-
vince and colony of Virginia in North America.
It lies between several rivers, and is bounded on the
w. by the county of Cumberland, on the r. by that
of Prince fieorge, and s. and iV. by that of Lu-
ncmberg. [Amelia, including Noltaway, u new
county^ contains 18,007 iidiabitants, of whom
11,037 arc slaves.]

Ami'mi-,, or Amuma, an island, situated seven
leagues w. of the city of S. Agiistin, on the e.
coast of Florida. It is nearly two mih^s wide and
thirteen long, and one league distant from the river
of St. Juan. [It is fertile, and has an excellent
harljour. Its n. end lies opposite Cumberland
island, between which und Amelia isle, is the entry
into St. Mary's river, iii Lat. SO'' 41' 40' w.
Long. 8 P 34' 40" K.]

AiMi'.r.iE, or Amelia, a settlement of the same
province, situate on the shore of the river Con-
gar i.

J]AMELINS, EcoKA, is a «. c. head branch of
W abash river, whose mouth is nine miles ». e.
from the mouth of Salaminc river, and 43 miles s.
;v. from the Miami village and fort.]

AMENGOACA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito ; it
rises in the territory of the Unigucsas Indians,
runs from iV. to c. and afterwards turning n. enters
the llcayale.

AMEllICA, the Indies, or the New World,
one of the four parts of the Universe, and the
largest. It was richer and better peopled in the
time of the Indians, and more fertile and abound-
ing in the necessaries and comforts of life. It is,
as it were, surrounded by the sea, and is indeed a
continent as far as the Arctic Pole, where its boun-
daries have not been discovered. This immense
country, nearly 2000 leagues in length, was un-
known to the ancients, until it was discovered by
Christopher Columbus, a (lenoosc, in the service
of their Catholic Majesties, Don Fernando V.
and Dona Isabel, in four following voyages. In
the first voyage he ticparted from the port of Palos
de Moguer, with three small vessels and ninety
nieu] in the year 1491} and had to contend with

A M E

incredible difliculties, as well in combating the
j)rejudices of the S|>aniards, who opposed his
ideas, holding his attempt as something chime-
rical, ns in preserving thn crews of the vessels that
accompanied the (■xp<-dition ; many of whom,
depressed and tired with the labours and hard-
ships ot'so long a voyage, endeavoured to put an
eiui to their «>xistcnce. It is improperly called
America, from the celebrated pilot Ilorcntin Amc«
rico Vespiicio, who discovered the continent to the
s. of the equinoctial line : others will have that it
was iH'fbre discovered by Sancho de Iluclva, who
was driven there in a storm in the year 1484.
The English assert, that in 1170, or 1190, it was
discovereil by a man of the name of Madoc, or
Madocro, son or brother of Ouscn Quisnoth,
prince ot Wales, who, in two voyages to Virginia,
Florida, Canada and Mexico, founded English
colonics ; but this is a mere fable. This country
has produced, and yti produces gold, silver, and
other precious metals, in prodigious quantities, an
infinite variety of herbs, plants, fruits, roots, fish,
birds, and animals unknown, and such as bad
never heretofore been seen ; an astonishing variety
of exquisite woods, some of the trees being of an
enormous size. Its natives, though, on account of
the innumcrablo nations and provinces of which it
is composed, difi'er entirely amongst each other,
were nevertheless all idolaters. Tlie greater part
of this immense country, which is, from its size, as
it were unpcoiiled, is possessed Ivy the Spaniards,
who were its discoverers and conquerors ; but ailcr
this, the French, invited by its riches, established
themselves in diflerent parts, as also did the £n>
glish, the Portuguese, toe Dutch, and the Danes.
America is divided into North and South by the
isthmus of Panama, or Ticrra Firmc. The N. part,
known at the present day, extends from 11 to 70 de-
grees of latitude, and comprehends the kingdoms
of Nueva Espana, California, Louisiana. Nucvo
Mexico, Virginia, Canada, Newfoundland, Florida,
and the islands of St. Domingo, Cuba, Jamaica,
Pucrtorico, and the other Antilles. The Meri-
dional or S. part extends itself from 13 degrees n.
lat. to 60 s. comprehending Tierra Firme, Darien,
the new kingdom of Granada, Nueva Andalncia,
Peru, Chile," Paraguay, Quito, the country of the
Ainazonas, Brazil, and the Tierras Magallanicas,
or of the Patagones. Its largest mountains aro
those of the great chain, or Cordillera of the Andes,
which run from n. to s. from the isthmus of Pa*
nama to Cape Horn. The mountain Chimboraza
is the loftiest of any known in the world at the pre-
sent day; and others, especially those in Quito,
are of an extraordinary height, and always covered

III:

iCi

A ^I E R 1 C A.

ating (he
posed his
g cliimc-
usscls that
)f whom,
md hard-
to put an
rly called
iitiii Amu*
lent to tlie
five that it
iclva, who
ear 1484.
00, it wus
Vladoc, or
Quisnetli,
) Virginia,
d £nglish
lis country
silver, and
intities, an
roots, fish,
ch as bad
ing variety
3eing of an
account of
of Avhich it
:ach other,
rcater part
its size, as
Spaniards,
; but after
established
id the En-
the Danes,
ith by the
lie N. part,
1 to 70 de-
kingdoms
lU; Nucvo
i, Florida,
, Jamaica,
The Meri-
degrecs n.

Liidiihicia,

litry of the

;nlliinicas,

Intains are

).he Andes,

lus of Pa-

limboraza

it the pre-

in Quito,

iTS COY

crcd

wilh snow. Amnilra is nlso watered liy the largest
riviTs in (he universe ; such an; those of the Aina-
zoiiiis, Orinoco, Miiijtliilena, Alralo, f.ii Plain,
h'siiieraldns, .leiieyio, Nej^ro, (\.c!i, I ciiyale,
tJauca, Putumayo, Heiii, Maderii, Napo, Pa-
ranii, Pilcoiiiayo, Mississippi, Si, Lawrence, &c.
'J'he barbarous nations iK-loiinini': l<> it are innu-
merable, and sciittered over all parts, living in (he
most savnfte slate in (he iiioiintains, forests, and
lakes, without any lieail, <;overnnient, or laws ;
some of them are cannibals, and they all gain their
livelihood, in general, by /ishing and the chase.
Their languages are as v.irious as their dillercnt
nations; nevertheless (he mos( universal dialect
that is spoken in Peru is the (iuechuan and the
Ayniantn, an(l in Niieva Espana (he Mexican,
or religions, the most conmion are, idolatry among
the barbarians, antl the Catholic religion in (hose
countries which have been subtlued. Some of (he
idolaters worship (he sun, moon, and (he stars;
but they conless, and are sensible of a superior
lleing, who created them, and who preserves them.
They believe in the immortality of the; soul, the
rewanls and punishments of another world, and in
the common enemy, whom (hey call Znpay ; in
the universal deluge, and many odier (ruths,
aUhough even these arc eiivelopcd in a thousand
errors, and disfigured with accounts and (iibles
which have been handed down to (hem by (heir
ancestors ; others, more savage, iidore nothing, or
at least pay but little respect to their idols, which
they choose from among plants, serpents, and
quadrupeds. It is evid«!nt they have, all of them,
some confused sort of light, impressing (hem with
something that they cnmiot understand, but
which they respect and fear. The greater part of
them arc giveh to polygamy, and (hey are not
without their ceremonies in matrimony, and at
their funerals; but they are all, without excep-
tion, much addicted to drunkenness, and have
different sorts of strong drinks, which they make
of herbs, roots, fruits, &c. They are, for the
most part, robust, moderate, liberal, faithtui, com-
passionate, patient, and silent ; bnt revengeful,
jealous, luxurious, and stupid : of an obscure
colour, with hair long and black, with round
faces, being of a sad countenance, beardless, and of
a good stature and person. There are some tiiat arc
of a good colour, wilh a cheerful and noble coun-
tenance ; and grace and pleasantness are not want-
ing amongst the women. Besides these Indians,
Anuriwi is inhabited by the JMiropeans, who have
established (hcmselves here since (he times of its
conquest, a\|io l)y the sons of those, who are kiiOMn

by the name of Crpoles, those of Peru l)cing called
Cliapetotirs^ and those of Niievn L'spaila Cathw
pines. The Negnws, who are brought from the
coast of Africa in considerable numbers, and who
are sold as slaves to work in the sugar-cane estates,
and in the mines of gold or silver, and other ser-
vile capacities, are the authors of a race called
('astin, or peculiar breeds : thus the Muslees are
the offspring of the Spaniard and the Indian, and
the Mulattoes of (he Spaniard or White and of a
Negro or o(her woman ; tin; names of such off-
spring being /anibo,('hoh), Pnchuela,SaltaAtras,
Tente en el Ayre, (Juarteron, Quinteron, &c. —
This coun(ry abounds in gold, silver, copper,
quick-silver, iron, antimony, sulphur, nitre, lead,
load-stone, and marbles of every sort and colour ;
in diamonds, rubies, emeralds, amethysts, gra-
nites, alabaster, rock-crystal, and all kinds of
precious stones And minerals, besides its pearl-
fisheries, which are carried on in many parts. —
Its fields produce every kind ofgrain, fruit, pulse,
herbs, plants, and flowers, native to Europe, be-
sides an infinite variety of others peculiar to this
climate; such as the ccltao tree, the cinnamon,

Cepper, sarsaparilla, vayniUa, scarlet ilye, to-
acco, balsams of a thousand kinds, Brazil and
log-woml, bark, sassafras, aloes, and azibar ; fine
smelling incense, gnms, barks, resins, and medi-
cinal herbs. The iiumber of cattle is incredible,
and (ho breed of European horses and nmles de-
serves particular estimadon. its woods are filled
with tigers, leopards, and be.irs ; its rivers, with
lizards, alligators, and tiiousands of different kinds
offish; in its fields are found numbers of vipers
and snakes, difltring, to a surprising degree, in
(heir powers, qualities, forms, and colours ; also
other insects and venomous animals. The climate
is various, and is changed according (o the situ-
ation of the country, or of the different places, in
(he valleys and plains, and on the shores of the sea,
it is commonly very hot ; upon the slopes or skirts
of mountains, a>si in the country which lies more
lolly, the tenipeiiitmo is most commonly mild and
pleasant. The copious rains that arc frequent
under the ecjuiiioctial line, are not the only ca''se
of the mildness of temperature experienced in
those parts, but this is effected in no small degree
by the winds and snows of the neighbouring moun-
tains, from which proceeds an excessive degree of
cold. The part j)ossessed by the King of Spain,
and which is the larger, is governed by four Vice-
roys, established in liima, Buenos Ayres, Mexi«;o,
and Santa I'e ; an account of which governments
will be found under their articles, and for a des.

•I

11': 1

'■"i

«-.' i.
1

I'C.i

■;;p

■!!

AMERICA.

cription of whicli wc have refcrrtul (o <lic C'lironi-
cles of Antonio do Hprrern, ns being the most
punrtiml and complete.

In what regards those who first peopled, and
who were the ancient inhabitants of this hemis-
phere, and from whence they came, we leave this
problem to be answered by the numerous cele-
brated historians and philosophers who have writ-
ten so much upon this subject ; observin^i^ *">lyt
that the opinion which, at the present day, most
generally obtains, is, (hat America was peopled iu
the n. part, from Kamtchatka.

[Amkrica is one of the four quarters of the
world, probably the largest of the whole, and is,
from its late discovery, frequently denominated the
New World, or New Hemisphere. This vast
country extends from tlie 56th degree of s. lat. to
the north pole, and from the 55th to the 165th de-
gree of w. long, from Greenwich. It is nearly
10,000 miles in length. Its average breadth may
be about 1800 or 2000 miles. It has two sum*
mers and a double winter, and enjoys almost all the
variety of climates which the earth affords. It is
washed by two great oceans. To the e, it has
the Atlantic, which .divides it from Europe and
Africa. To the zo. it has the Pacific, or Great
S. sea, by which it is separated from Asia. By
these it carries on a direct commerce with the other
threcparts of the world. America is divided into two
great continents, called North and South America,
by an isthmus about 500 miles long, and which,
at Darien, about lat. 9' «. is only CO miles over ;
other writers say 34 miles. This isthmus, with the
n. and s. continents, forms the Gulph of Mexico,
in and near which lie a great number of islands,
called the West Indies, in contradistinction to the
eastern parts of Asia, which are called the East
Indies.

In America Nature seems to have carried on her
operations upon a larger scale, and with a bolder
hand, and (o have distinguished the features of
this country by a peculiar magnificence. The
mountains of America are much su])erior in height
to those in the other divii^ions of the globe. Even
the plain of Quito, wliich may be considered as
the oase of the Andes, is elevated farther above the
level of the sea than the top of the Pyrenees in
Europe ; and Chimborazo, the most elevated point
of the Andes, is 20,280 feet high, which is at least
7102 feet above the Peak of Tenerifle. From the
lofty and extensive mountains of America, descend
rivers, with which the streams of Europe, of
Asia, or of Africa, are not to be compared, either
for length of course, or for the vast body of water

whicli they convey to the ocean. The Dnnubr,
the Indus, the (jangcs, or the Nile, in thee, hemi-
sphere, are not of t-qual magnitude, even with the
at, Lawrence, the Missouri, or the Mississii)pi, in
N. America ; and fall far short of the Amazon
and the La Plata in S. America.

The lakes of the New World arc no less con-
spicuous for grandeur than its mountains and
rivers. There is nothing in other parts of the
globe which resembles the prmligious chain of
lakes in N. America, viz. nuperior, Michigan,
Huron, Erie, and Ontario : they may be properly
termed inland seas of fresh water : and even those
of the second or third class arc of greater circuit
(the Caspian sea excepted) than the greatest lake
of the ancient continent.

The luxuriance of the vegetable creation in the
New World is extremely great. In the s. pro-
vinces, where the moisture of the climate is aided
by the warmth of the sun, the woods are almost
impervious, and the surface of the ground is hid
from the eye under a thick covering of shrubs, of
herbs, and weeds. In the n. provinces, although
the forests are not incumbered with the same wild
luxuriance of vegetation, the trees of various spe-
cies are generally more lofty, and often much
larger, than are to be seen in any other parts of the
world.

Notwithstanding the many settlements of the
Europeans on this continent, great part of Ame-
rica remains still unknown. The ». continent
contains the four British iJrovinccs, viz. I. Up-
per Canada; 2. Lower Canada, to which arc
annexed New-Britain, and the island of Cape
Breton ; 3. New- Brunswick ; 4. Nova Scotia, to
which is annexed St. John's island. Besides these
there are the island of Newfoundland, and the 16
United States. It contains also the Spanish terri-
tories of E. and W. Florida, Louisiana, New
Mexico, California, and Mexico. Besides these
there are immense unexplored regions to the w. and
n. w. The«. continent has been already delineated.

America, so far as i . known, is chiefly claimed
and divided into colonies by three European na-
tions, the Spaniards, British, and Portuguese. The
Spaniards, as they first discovered it, have the
largest and richest portion, extending from Louisi-
ana and New Mexico in N. America, to the straits
of Magellan in the S. sea, excepting the large
province of Brazil, which belongs to Portugal;
for though the French and Dutch have some forts
upon Surinam and Guayana, they scarcely deserve
to be considered as proprietors of any pait of the
*•. continent.

». -»

AMERICA.

4ft

e Dnniibf,
\ee. hcmU
•n with the
issinpi, in
ic Amazon

i lc88 con-
ntninx and
arts of thrt
II chain of

Michigan,
)c properly

oven those
iter circuit
eatcst lako

ition in the
the s. pro-
ate is aided
nre almost
mnd is hid
shrubs, of
g, althouerh
5 same wild
rarious spe-
)t\en much
parts of the

i<nts of the

frt of Ame-

contincnt

nz. I. Up-

which arc

I of Cape

Scotia, to

i?sidcs these

and the 16

mish tcrri-

iiuia, New

sides these

the w. and

lelirieatcd.

ly claimed

ropean na>

uese. The

have the

om Louisi-

thc straits

tlie large

Portufjai ;

some forts

•ly dcst^rve

lart of tlie

'■■»

Next to Spain, the most considornhle proprietor
of America was (Jreat Hritnin, who derived her
claim to N. America from the first discovery of
that continent by Sebastian Cabot, in the name of
Henry VII. of England, in the year 1497, about
six years after the discovery of S. America by Co-
lumbus, in the name of the king of Spain. The
country was in general calletl Newfoumlland, a
name which is now appropriated solely to an island
on its coast. It was a Irmg time l)eforc the English
made any attempt to settle in this country. Sir
Walter Raleigh, an uncommon genius and a brave
commander, first shewed the way, by planting a
colony in the s. part, which he called Virginia, in
honour of queen Elizaljeth, who was unmarried.

The French, indeed, from this f)eriod until the
conclusion of the war of 1756, laid a claim to, and
actually possessed Canada and Louisiana; but in
that war, they were not only driven from Cana-
da and its dependencies, but obliged to relinquish
ull that part of Louisiana lying on the e. siife of
the Mississippi ; and the British colonies, at the
peace of 1 763, cxtendcil so far as to render it dif-
ficult to ascertain the precise bounds of the empire
of (ireat Britain in N. America. To the n. Bri-
tain might hiive extended her claims quite to the
pole. From that extremity, she had a territory ex-
tending s. to ('ape Florida in the Gulph of Mexi-
co, in n. Int. S5", and consequently near 4000
miles in a direct line ; and to tne w. the bounda-
ries were unknown : but having entered into dis-
putes with her colonies, she brought on a war, of
which she felt the ruinous effects, by the dismem-
berment of her empire in N. America ; and Bri-
tish America, at the peace in 1783, was circum-
scribed within the narrow limits already men-
tioned.]

A Chronological List of the most celebrated Dis-
coverers of America :
ears.
1492. Christopher Columbus, a Genoese, who,
on the 11th October, first discovered the
island which is called San Salvador, one of
the Lucayas, and afterwards the following :

1497. The island of Trinidad, coast of Nucva
Andaiucin.

1498. The island of Margarita.

1302. Portobello, Nombre de Dios, the Rio de
San Francisco, with the other coasts and
islands. This great man, alas ! worthy of a
belter fortune, died on the gOth May, 1506,
ill Valladolid ; and having required in his
will that his body should be carried em-
balmed (o the island of St. Domingo, one of
liic Larger Antilles, these lines were inscribed

Years.

u|V)n his tomb, and which, for those times,
are excellent :
Hie fncus ahscondit prccclari membra f'o/iimhi,

Ctijus praelarum nomen ad nstra vo/at.
\on satis iiiius erat sibi mimdiis nottis, at orbcm

Ignotum priscis omnibus ipse dedit.
Dixitias summas terras disnrrsit in omnrf,

Atque animas ccelo tradidit innumerns.
Itirenit campos divinis legibus aptos,
Jtegibtis et nostris prospera regna dedit.
1197. Americo Vcspucio discovered, in the month
of May, the coast of Paria, and from him the
whole of the New World takes its name.
1498. The Antilles, the coast of Guayana, and

that of Venezuela.
1501. The coast of Brazil, the Bay of Todos

Santos, and the e. coast of Paraguay.
1503. A second time the coast of Brazil, the
river Curubata, that of La Plata, and (he
coast of Los Pampas in Paraguay.
1498. Vicente Yanez Pinzon, a Snaniard, dis-
covered Tombal, Angra, the Rio de las
Amazonas and its islands, the Para or Mara-
non, and the coast of Paria and Caribana.
1501. Rodrigo Galvan de Bastidas, n Spaniard,
discovered the islands Verde, Zamba, the
cityof Calamari, now Cartagena, the Gulph
of UrnM, part of the n. coast of Darien and
that of Sinu.

1511. Juan Diazdc Solis, a Spaniard, discovered
part of the course of the river La Plata in Pa-
raguay.

1512. Vasco Niiilcz de Balboa discovered (he S.
or Pacific sea through the Isthmus of Pa-
nama.

Juan Ponce de Leon discovered Florida,

1514. Gaspar de Morales discovered, in the S.
sea, the islands of Las Perlas and those of
Rey.

1515. Pedrarias Duvila discovered the coast of
Panama, the Cape of Giicrra, Cii])e Blanco,
and the w. coast of Darien, ns far as the point
of Garachine.

1517. Francisco Hernandez de Cordova disco-
vered Yucatan.

1518. Juan de Grijalba began the discovery of
Nueva Espaiia.

1519. Hernando de Magallanes, a Portuguese,
discovered the port and river of San Julian^
and on the 6th of November of (he following
year, 1520, the strait to which he gave his
name. He alsodiscovered the land of the Pata-
gones, that of Fuego, and (lu; Pacific; Sea. He
was the first who ^v(■llt round the world from

». J

lii

:l '

I:;

ill
J

■ 1

■'f

(

»|!

i ■ w

AMERICA.

Years.

the w. to the e. in Tvhicb voyages he spent
(]iree years and S8 days, returning to En-
rope in the same ship, which was called the
Victort/j and of which it was said,
Prima e^o velholis ambivi cursibus orbem.
Magdliana novd sub duce ducta fntro* .
Ambhi, meritoque vocor Victoria ; sunt mi
Vehy alee, pretium p;loria, pugna mare.
1'j23. Gil Gunzalcz Davila dLscoverod through
Nucva Eitpaila the S. Sea, and Andres Nino
653 leagues of coa^t ii; the N. Sea.
1524. ]lcdrigo fiastidns discovered Santa Mnrta.
153j. Francisco Pizurro, Hernando de Luquc,
und Diego dc A '.magro, joined company in
Panama, and discovered the river of San
Juan, the country of Esincruldas, and the
coast of M afita.
1526. Francisco Pizurro discovered the land of
Tunibcz.

Francisco de Montejodiscovered Yucatan.
Sebastian Gobato, a Venetian, discovered
the coast and land of Pcrnuinbuco, and 200
leagues further on of the river Paraguay,
oud of that of La Plata.
1531. Garcia de Lcrma, a Spaniard, discovered
a great part of the large river Magdulcna in
the new kingdom of Granada.

Diego dc Ordez ('iscovered the grand river
Orinoco, and the cu uitry of the Caribes.

Nuilodc Guzman discovered Nueva Gali-
cia, called Xulisco.
Ih33. Francisco Pizarro, Marquis of Los Char-
cas and Atavillos, discovered the island of
Puna, Tumbez, Truxillo, the coast of Peru,
as far as Guanuco and Caxnmarca.
13^5. He discovered the river Hunac, Pachaca-
mac, and the coast of Lima.

Pedro de Alvaiado and Hernando de Soto
discovered Cuzco and (,'Iiimu.

Sel)astian Venalcazar discovcrctl Quito,
the I'astos Indians, and oilier parts of Pu-
priyan.

Dieo-o dc Almagro discovered Atacama
and Chile.

Pedro dc Mendoza, a Portuij;uesc, disco"
vtred tlie rest of the river La Plata, ami the
t;iiii()ns inonntain of Potosi.
l')39. l\(ii<) lie Valilivia discovered tin; i<s( dI'
till! kiiiii'tloiii of Chile, the coiitilry ot" liu;
Arnucanns, Chiloi;, the IiukI of the Pata-
guiK's, and I lie coast of Magellan to the ij.
ILAV. Gunzalo PizaiiD discovered the riv<trs Xa-
j)0ii:iv! Ci)c;i,iUKl i!n- pimiiiteof iheCiUieltis.

• Fi.ilial,

lb33.
ij3i.

Years.

1540. Panfilo de Narvaez discovered Nuevo
Mexico.

Francisco de Orcllana discovered the
grand river Maranon, or of the Amazonas.
1543. Domingo de Irala discovered the rivers

Paraguay and Guarani.
1566. Alvaro dc Mendana discovered the Solo*

mon Isles.
1576. Francis Drake, an Englishman, discovered

Cayenne and tluj coast of Guaya.ia.
1578. He discovered the islands of the straits of
Magellan, the whole of the coast of Chile,
the islands of Mocha, other islands, and the
coast of Peru.
1585. He discovered the coast of the Rio del
Hacha and of Coro, of which it is said :
Quern timuil lavis etiam Neplunus in undis,

Et rediit toto victor ab oceano,
Fcedifragos pel/ens pelago prostabit Iberos
Drakiusy nuir tumulus aquoris unda fait.
1601. Juan de Oi'iate discovered the rest of Nu-
evo Mexico.

1616. Jacobo de Mairc, a Dutchman, discovered
the strait which still preserves the na-uc ho
gave it.

1617. Fernando Quiros discovered the unknov/n
land to the s. near the Antarctic Pole.

1G19. John More, James Hermit, and John

Hugo Scapenham, Dutchmen, discovered

the islatids of the Estates, Port Mauritius,

and the island called Hermit.

1670. Nicolas Mascardi, a Jesuit, discoverctl the

city of Cesares, in the kingdom of Chile.
[1764. li/ron, an Englishman — Islands in Pacific

Ocean.
1766. Carteret, an Englishman— do.
Wallis, an Englishman— do.
Pages, a Frenchman— do.
IJougainville, a Frenchman— do.
17G9. Cook, an EngUshm-'tn— made discoveries
in the Pacific.
Siirville, a Frenchman — do.
1771. Marion and du Clesnieur, Frenchmen — do.

Ilcariie, an Englishman— do.
J 775. Cook, Clerke, and (iore, L]iii>'lishmen— do.

Carter, an Englishman— in N. America.
1789. IMackenzie, an Englishman— do.

I'ike, an American— in Louisiana.]
// Catalogue of the Founders of the principcd

Cities of S. America.
Years.

150'i. Christopher Columbus — Portobelo.
iJtJU. .'VIonso dc Ojeilu — Uuenavibta.

Iv jniti.

)

Kv:

AMERICA.

•ed Niievo

ivercd the
mazonas.
the rivers

1 tlie SolO'

discovered

la.

lie straits of

it of Chile,

ds, and the

the Rio del
is said :
in undis,

t Iberos
ndafuit.
rest of Nu-

, discovered
le na'MC he

lie unknov.'!!

Pole,
and Jolin
discovered
Mauritius,

ovored the
Chile,
in Pacific

uiscoverip«

imeii— do.

hinpn—.do.
incrica.

I-] . . ,
prt/icipal

Years.

1510. Diego Nicucsa— Nombrc dc Dios.

1314. Gabriel de Roxas — Ada.

1 .5 1 7. Gaspar Espinosa— Nata.

1.518. Pedrarias Diivila— Panama.
1519. Peflro Daza— Santiago de Atalayas.

1525. Gonzalo dc Ocampo— Cordova deCunianu.
Marctio Villalobos — Margarita.
Rodrigo Bastidas — Santa Maria.

1526. Inigo Carbajal — Curaan^.

1 530. j\ mbrosio Alfiiiger — Maracaibo.

1531. I-'rancisco Pizarro— Piura.

1531. Pedro dc ll(;redia — Cartagena and Tola.

Francisco Pizarro— Arequipa.

Sebastian Benalcazar — Quito.
1535. Francisco Pacheco — Puerto Viejo.

Nicolas Federman — Ranchcria.

Francisco Pizarro — Truxillo, L< na.

Pedro de Mendoza — Buenos Ayrcs.
153G. Francisco Henriquez — Tenerifl*.

Diego de Almagro — Almagro.

Alonso dc Alvarado — Chachapoios.
1537'. Pedro dc Mendoza — Buena Esperanza.

Sebastian Benalcazar — Cali, Popa^an.

Francisco de Orellana — Guayaqud.

1538. Pedro de Anasco — Timana.

Gonzalo Ximenez de Quesada — Santa Fe.
Sebastian Benalcazar — La Plata.
Juan Salazar — La Ascension.

1539. Pedro Anzures— Chuquisaca.
Francisco Pizarro — Muamarga.
Juan Gomez Alvarado— liuanuco.
liorenzo de Aldana — Pasto.
Sebastian Benalcazar — Plasencla.
Martin Galiano — Velez.

1510. Geronimo Santa Cruz — Mompox.

Pedro Ordincz d« Cevallos, Lope de Her-
rera, and Diego Sotelo — Altagracia.

1511. Juan Salinas — Valladolid.

Pedro de Valdivia — Santiago de Chile.
Geronimo Aguado — Malaga.
Francisco Henriquez— Barbudo.

1512. Jorge Robledo— Antioquia, Anserma, Car»

tago.
Sebastian Benalcazar — Arma.
Juan de Salinas— Loyola

1513. Alonso l-'uenniayor— Aluiaguer.
Juan Moreno— Caloto.
Sebastian Benalcazar — Caramanta.
Diego Martinz de Ospiiia— Neiva.
Luis Diaz Melgarejo— Ontiveros.

1514. Sebastian Venegas — Tocaima.
Lorenzo Martin — Tamalamequc.
Fernando Valdez— Sonipallon, S. Miguel

de las Pulnias.

Years,
1544.
1546.
1547.

1518.

1549.

1550.
1551.

1552.

1553.
1555.
1557.
1558.
1559.
1560.
1563.

'363.

1566.
1570.
1571.
1572.

Pedro dc Valdivia — Coquinilw, La Serena,

Alonso Mercadillo^Loxa.

JacoboCasteilon — Cadiz.

liuis Lanchero — Muzo.

Pedro de Ursua — Tudela.

Francisco Roldan — Victoria.

Alonso Mendoza — La Paz, Villanueva dc

los Infantes.
Garcia de Mendoza— Confines.
Juan Nuiiez de Prado — Cordova del Tucu-

man, Santiago del Estero.
Diego Palomina—^aen.
Andres Salinas— Salinas.
Pedro Mercadillo— Zamora.
Fernando de Santa Ana — Los Reyes.
Pedrode Valdiviii — VfUa Rica, La Imperial.
Andres Lopez (talarza — lbaqu6.
Francisco Pedroso— Mariquita.
Pedro Mantilla — San Juan Giron.
Geronimo Avellaneda— S. Juaa de Im

Llanos.
Juan Villegas— ScgOTia.
Pedro de Valdivia-'- Valdivia.
Pedro de Alvarado— Toro.
Juan Lope? de Heredia — Caguan.
Andres Hurtado de Mendoza — Canete.
Pedro de Tnrita — Londres.
Adriano de Vargas — S. Joseph de Cravo.
Gil Ramirez Davalos — Cuenca.
Miguel de Armendariz — Pamplona.
Andres Hurtado de Mendoza — Osorno.
Diego de Paredes — Paz de Truxillo.
Gil Ramirez Davalos — Baeza.
Lope Garcia dc Castro-— Castro, or C|}iloe.
Francisco Faxardo— Carballcda.
Francisco Rivas — Cara.
Domingo Fernandez de Soto— C&ceres.
Diego Lopez de Ztiniga— lea.
Juan de los Pinos— M^'rida.
Alonso Rangcl— Salazar de las Pahnas.
Pedro Centellas— Barcelona.
Diego Lojiez de Zuiliga— .\rnodo.
Juan de Salamanca— Carom.
Francisco ('acercs— San Christobal.
I'rancisco Hernandez— Ocafia.
I'Vancisco de Toledo— Guancavelira.
Martin de L«)yola— Santa Cruz de Loyola.
iVIigncl dc ll)arra— Ibarra.
Juan Pedro Olivcra— Cornnta.
PctlroSarmiento— FilipoILs, Nombrede Dios,
Aiiloniude los Rios— San Ju^tino.
Domingo Lozano— Ruga,
(j'arcia Hurtado de Mendoza— Canelc,

Mendoza.

if! '

Vrars
1572.

AMERICA.

114 .

ii'

■t

i
1

li<

lli^

Guillermo de la Mota Villar'»San Luis

de Marai'ion.
Diego Vaca de Vegn — Borja.
Diego Fernandez de Cordova — Moquehna.
Juan de Zarate—S. Martin del Puerto.
Joseph Manso de Velasco — Buenavista del

Callao.
Catalogue of the Founders of the principal Cities
of Spanish N. America.
Bartolomew Columbus— St. Domingo.
Christopher Columbus — Bonao.
Christopher Columbus — Concepcion de la

Vega.
Juan de Esquivel — Iligucy.
Juan dcEsquivel — Ceibo.
Nicholas de Ovando— Puerto de Plata.
Diego Velasquez — Xaragua.
Diego Velasquez — Salvaticrra.
Diego Velasquez — Maguana.
Diego Velasquez — Yaquimo.
Diego Velasquez — ^Azua.
Nicolas de Obando — Yaguana.
Nicolas de Obando — Buenaventura.
Rodrigo Mezica — Cotui.
1506. Juan de Esquivel— Salvalcon.
1509. Juan Esquivel— Santiago de los Cabnl-

leros.
Juan de Esquivel— ^villa.
Juan Ponce de Leon— Puertorrico.
Diego Velasque? — Santiago de Cuba.
Diego Velasquez — Baracon.
Diego Velasquez — Puerto Principe.
Diego Velasquez — Sanct* Spiritus.
Diego Velasquez — Havana.
Juan dc Garay — Melilla.
Juan de Garay — Oristan.
Uernan Cortes — Segura de Tepeaca.
Hernan Cortes — Vera Cruz.
Gonzaki de Sandoval — San Estevan del

Puerto.
Andres de Tapia— Medellin.
Gonzalo de Sandoval — Goazacoalco.
Gonzalo de Sandoval — Colima.
Juliano Rodriguez de Villafuerte— Zaca'

tula.
Francisco Fernandez de C6rdova-»Leon
^ de Nicaragua.

Francisco I^rnandcz de Cordova— Gra-
nada.
Francisco Fernandez de Cordova— Bru-

selas.
Pedro de Alvarado— Santiago de Guate-

mala.
Francisco de las Casas — Truxillo.

Years.
1525.

1526.

1528.
1530.

1494.

1502.

1503.

1504.

1505.

1510.
1514.

1518.
1520.

1522.

1523.

1524.

Heman Cortes— Nra. Sra. de Victoria de

Tabasco.
Francisco dc Montejo— Vallndolid de Yu*

catan.
Diego Mazariegos»-VillaroeI.
Diego D&vila— S. Sebastian de Cliiametla.
Nuiio<le Guzman—S. Miguel de Culia*

can.
Gabriel dc Roxas^—Gracias & Dios.

1531. Diego Mazariegos—Chiapa.
Alonso de C&rceres-— Comayagua.
Nufio de Guzman — Guadalaxara.
Nuno de Guzman— Espiritu Santo.
Nufio de Guzman— Compo&tela de Xalisco.
Nuiio de Guzman— Purificacion.
Christ6bal dc Olid— Pasciaro or Mcclioa-

can.

1532. Francisco de Montejo— Salamnnca.
Diego D&vila— San Jorge de Olancho. ''

1533. Liccnciado Salmcron-— Puebla de los Ange-

les.
Nicolas de Obando— Monte Christi.
1536. Christ6bal de Olid— Valladolid.
Pedro dc Alvarado— San Pedro.
1538. Alonso dc Ojeda— Buena Vista.
1540. Francisco de Montejo.—S. Francisco de

Campeclic.
1542. Francisco de Montejo — Merida.
1.551. Francisco de ibarra — Guadiana.
1560. Juan de Tolosa— Zacatecas.
1565. Pedro Menendez — San Agustin.
1570. Don Martin Hcnriqucz— Concepcion de

Zt.iya.
1596. Andres de Arriola— Panzacola.
1599. Conde de Monterrey — Monterrey.
1613. Martin Reolin— Lerma.
1618. Diego Fernandez de ('ordova— Cordova.
J 623. .liicobo Castellon— Cubngna.
1637. Martin dc Zavala— Cadereila.
1642. Alvaro de Quinones— LorcNzana.
1748. Don Joseph Escaridon — Monclova.
1750. Don Joseph Escandon-"Altamira.

[AMESBURY, a flourishit-g town in Essex
county, Massachusetts, on the n. w. bank of Merri-
mack river, aljout four miles n. w. of Newbiiry-
port, containing 1801 inhabitants. Powawt river
divides the township from Salisbury, over which a
handsome bridge has lately been erected. A num-
ber of mills lie on this river round the lower falls.
See PowAws River.]

[AM E WELL is the most populous town in
Hunterdown county, New Jersey. It contains
5201 inhabitants, including 283 slaves.]

[AMHERST, a township in Cumberland coun-

! ! i'

Victoria de
lid de Yu-

Dliiametla.
i de Oulia>

)ios.

ia.
ira.
into.

deXalisco.

11.

or Mpclioa-

nca.

lancho. ''
Je los Ange-

iristi.

rancisLO de

ccpcioa (Ir

Cordova.

a.
)va.

in Essex
k of Merri-
Newbury-
iwawi rirer
rer wliicli a
. A num-
lower fulls.

us town in
nt contains

lland coun>

A M I

tf, Nova Scotia, situate on Cliignecto Uason, on
tJiP s. side of La Planch river, and on tlie rivers
Niipan and Macon. The navigation of the two
last is ditlicult, on account of shoals. The town
was settled by North Irish, Yorkshire, and New
Enj];land people.]

[Amhekst, the shire town of Hillsborough
county, New Hampshire, is a town of some note,
formerly SowArgnn West, and was originally
granted from fltassachmdts. it has 2309 inhabi-
tants, and was incorporated in I7(i2. The Aurean
Academy was foun(lcd here in 1790. A few years
ago, the township licing much infested with wolves,
the people, on a day appointed, surrounded a large
swamp which they frequented, and kept up an in-
cessant firing of guns and beating of drums the
whole day ; which music forced the wolves to de-
camp the following night with dismal bowlings,
aiid they have never done any mischief in the town
since. Amherst lies on a ». branch of Souhegan
river, which falls into Merrimack river, and is 60
miles zo. of Portsmouth, and b3n.tc. of Boston.
Lat. la^ 54' «. Long. 71° 33' w.]

[.Xmiii'.rst, a township in Hampshire county,
Massachusetts, containing 1333 inhabitants; 91
miles a), from Boston, and about eight n.e. from
Northampton.]

[Amiikust County, in Virginia, lies between
the Blue Uidge and the tide waters, and contains
13,703 inhabitants, including 5396 slaves. It lies
oti the n. of James river.]

[Amicu, a lake in the province of Cumana,
8. America, whose waters run s, through Parima
river into the Amazon.]

AMiCUKI, a lake of the province and coimtry
of the Amazonas, in the part possessed by the
Portuguese, formeil by a river which enters the
Madera.

AMILGAMBO, or AMii.r.ANEro, a settlement
of the province and government of Tucuman, in
the jurisdiction of the city of Kioxa, to the «. w. e.
It is now destroyed, and the ruins of it alone re-
main.

AMILPA, a head settlement of the district of
the alcahlia nini/nr of Xochiniilco in Nucva lis-
paila, situate on the top of a mountain which rises
near the capital. It has in it a very good convent
of thconlerof St. Francis, with an endowed ca-
thedral for the instruction of the novices in the
Mexican tongue. It is surrounded by many wards ;
and the nuiuU^r of Indian families amount alto-
gether to 730, who live by tilling {he ground. <

[AMILPAS, two volcanoes in the province of
rmatemalu in New Spain, near the mountains of
Soconusco. J

\oi.. I.

A M O

AMILTEPEC, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of . I uqnila, and alealdiama/yor
of Xicayiin, in Nueva Espafia. It contains 11:
families of Indians, and is six leagues from its ca-
pital towards the n.e.

AMlNli, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayana, which rises in its mountains, and
runs from w. to e. until it enters the Guarapiche.

AMIRCAIIE, a small river of the province anil
government of Guayana, or Nueva Andalucia,
which rises near the country of the Caribes In-
dians, runs from k'. tor. and enters the Caroni.

AMIT, a river of the province and government
of Louisiana, whicli runs from s. to the side of the
Mississippi, and enters the Akankia.

AMIXOCORES, a barbarous nation of Indians
of the kingdom of Brczil, who inhabit the woods
and mountains to the s. of the capital of Rio Ja-
neyro. They are cruel and treacherous, and main-
tain a continual warfare witli the Portuguese.
Their territory and their manners are but little
known.

AMOCO, a settlement of the province and cor»
regimiento of Aymaraez in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Pocoanca.

[AMOENIA, a thriving township in Dutchess
county, New York, six miles distant from Sharon
in Connecticut. It contains 3078 inhabitants, of
whom 383 are electors.]

AMOGUAJES, San Antonio de, a settle-
ment of the province and government of Quijos
Marcas in the kingdom of Quito, situate on the
shore of a small river which enters the Putumayo.

A MO I, a river of the province and government
of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito. It rises in
the country of the Simigaycs Indians, runs from
w. to ». and enters the Tigre, or Pingncra.

AMOIA, a river of the new kingdom of Gra-
nada. It rises Ixihind the desert of Ruiz, and
after many turnings enters the river Magdalena.

AMOLA, or Amui.a, alealdia mayor and juris-
diction of Nucva Espana, in the kingdom of Nu-
eva Galicia, and bishopric of Guadalaxara. In
the Mexican tongue it signifies the land of many
trees, from its being well stocked with them. The
name is now corrupted, and i;. wdled Amula. Its
jurisdiction is coniposrd of 17 settlements, which,
ironi the coast of the S. sea, form a cordiUcra to-
wards the e. as far at the boundaries of Zayula,
Tin; capital is the settlement of Tuzcacuczco.

The settlements of its jurisdiction are :
Tuzcacuezco, Cuzalapa,

Mazntlan, Tonaya,

San (iabriel, Tetepam,

Ayotitlan, Xiquilpa,

ti,l

I » t

! i-'l

1 1 Hi

A M O

("Iinciila,

Teutlan,

ropala,

Oiticathiii,

Siiii J dill),

Zapolillan,

Cliiinliicliilco,

To/ill.

Tolimaii,

am()ij"l:im:;c,

'I settlement of tlie alcuIJ'ta

rw«yo/' of 'IVoziiquiilco in Niicva Kspai'iu. It con-

tains n() families of

Indians

wlio ^•atllcr coi-lii-

Ileal and cultivate sonic maize

'. It If, nine Icaijues

to llie ,9. of its capital.

[AM()N()OSlJ(;i\, an Indian name ji^ivcn to
two rivers in New Ham|).sliire ; tlie one is called
l^ppcr Amoiioosuck, passiii^r tliioiigh a track of
excellent meadow. It rises near tlie n. end of the
VVItitc Iiills, runs w. about 15 miles, where is a
carrying place of ahont three miles to Amariscoiy-
j^iii river. From thence the river runs *. •^. and
xo. nearly 18 miles, and empties into tlii' ('oii-
iiecticut at Northumberland, near the Upper
Coos.

The other is called Great or Lower Amoiioo-
suck, which rises on the u\ side of the W hite
mountains. It falls into the Connecticut just
above the town of Haverhill in Lower Coos, by
a mouth 100 yards wide. About two miles from
its mouth it receives Wild Amonoosuck, 40 yards
wide, from Franconia and Lincoln inouiitains.
Two or three hours rain raises the water in this
last mentioned river several feet, and occasions a
current so furious as to put in motion stones of a
foot in diameter, but its vi"'encc soon subsides.]

AMOPOCAN, a settlement of Indians of the
province and corregimiento of Cuyo in the king-
dom of Chile, situate on the shore of a river.

AMORTAJADO. Sec Santa Ciaha.

AMOTAPF, a settlement of the province and
rorregimieiito of Piura in Peru, immediately upon
the coast of the S. sea, and a quarter of a leajjue
trom the river of its name, which forms itself mto

t)ools in the rainy season, which so fertilize the
and as to produce abundance of stcds, roo/s, and
fruits peculiar to a hot climate. It is in the direct
road called Vales, which leads to Piura. In its
vicinity is a mine of Copd, a sort of black and
hard naphtha, resembling nshphaUa, in which a
great commerce is carried on with the ports,
\vhere it is nsed instead of alqititran, though it is
more commonly mixed with the latter. [In •l'^
W)' lat. 80" 42' w. long.] and 14 leagues from the
capital.

A MOT A IT, d sin-ra of the same province and
conegiriiienloy beginning at cape Blanco, and
riiiinin<r in a u.ii. c. direction until it becomes in-
corporated with the sierra of Pachiiii.

\m')TA»m:j a river of the above province.

A M S

AMOZAtJI E, a settlement and head seltle-
nicntoftlie district of the ukaldia wrtyor of the
Puebia tie los Angelos, situate in a hot and di jr
teinp<*rafuii'. It contains, besides the parisli
church, a convent of the order of St. Francis;
one hundred families of Spaniards, Mulattoes^ anci
JMmtecs, and 386 of Indians, including those of
the H ards of its jurisdiction . Three leagues c. ol' it*
capital.

I A M P. V Ij la , by some authors callecl A >i v a i, i a ,
a city and sea])ort in (luatcmala gulf, in that of
Mexico, S.jO miles s. e. of the city of Guatemala,
and carries on a brisk trade in cuchiiieul, cocoa,
hides, indigo, i%c.]

AVIPAIl.\liS, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Paucartambo in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of that of Cochai)amba. [Lat.
19° 12' s. Long. 67° 3' ©.]

AMPvVTA, a settlement of the province and
government of Tucuman, and of the jurisdiction
of (he city of Rioja, and to the *. of the same.

AMPI, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Parinacochc in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Pacca.

AMPOLA, a river of the province and colony
of N.Carolina, whicli runs s. and enters the AI-
dama.

AMPONES, a barbarous nation of Indians in
the province and government of Paraguay, The
natives are small, and inhabit the forests of the
Rio dc la Plata to the s. It is bounded n. by the
Yaperaes, e. by the Mepones, and s. by the Chi-
menes. They all form one nation, although they
are divided into several tribes. They are cour- '
teous and valorous, maintain themselves upon
wihl fruits and fish, which they cateh in the neigh-
bouring lakes, and which they preserve by smok-
ing. They enjoy a fine country and a heahhy
climate. They have some gold mines, and this
myalls also tbuiid in the sand of the shores of
their rivers ; nor are they without some inter-
course with the city of Concepcion. Some have
been converted to the Catholic faith through the
zeal and exertions of the .lesiiits.

AMSTERDAM, a capital town of the island
of Curazao. with a large bay on the s. coast, op-
posite the ca|)c of Ilicacos of Tierra Firme.

[A.MSTi.iioAM, a new township in Montgomery
county, New York. It contauis 235 inhabitiints,
who are electors

s.]

Amsteiiuam, 7\'ew, a city in the province of
Giiayana, and in the Dutch possessions, situate
near the coast. [Lat. 6° 20' w. Long. 57° 15' a'.]

Amstkiidam, another city in the province
and colony of New England, which belongs lu

i'li

'iLM

>ad scttle-

tjiyr of (lie

I ami (Irjr

he i)arisli

Fnmcis ;

illoosj ami

g llutse ot

ucs c. ol" iU

Amvai.m,

in tliut ot

jiiateiiiiila,

eul, cocua,

ovincc ami

1, aiim'xod

ja. [Lat.

)viiicc mid

urisdiclioii

same.

B and cor-

aunexed tu

and colony

•

ters the Al-

f Indians in

riKiy. The

jresls of the

H. by the

)y the (^hi-

hough tlu-y

■ ■'-.

are cour- "

elves upon

^ ■.

1 the neigh-

e by sniok-

1 a healthy

\*'

<s, and (his

e shores of

'■•<

oine inter*

-"^

Some have

hrougli the

the island

. coast, op-

me.

'■%

ontgomery

. 4

nhabitiints,

■■■>-

province of

■ '%

ins, situate

-1

br 15' aj.]
province

belongs to

M4b

AMU

the English, but founded by the Dutch on the
shore of the bay and river called Mantrati. Sec
Nkw V'ohk.

Amsteuoam, an island of the S. sea, discovered
by the Dutch captain Tasmani, who gave it this
name in KJtS. It lies for the most part very low,
and is subject to inundations of the sea at the flood
tides, when the water rises to the height of nine
feet. Jt is inhabited by savages of a docile and
aftable nature, who have gooil means of subsist-
ence. The climate is temperate, and it is seven
leagues distant from the other island, which the
Dutch call Uotterdani.

AMUE8, San Franc sco he los, a settle-
ment and real of the silver mines of the alcaldia
mayor of San Luis de la Paz, and bishopric of
Mechoacan, in NuevaEspana. It contains 2^
families of Spaniards, ^o{ MusleeivaA Mulattoes,
and 43 of Indians, who are all employed in the
commerce of the silver that is dug from the mines.
Fifteen leagues e. of the capital.

AMUIALAS, or Amulals, a settlement of
the province and government of Tucuman, called
formerly Mataray. It is a population of the an-
cient Abiponcs Indians.

AMUllCAS, a nation of barbarous Indians,
desc(tndcd from the Ranches, in the new kingdom
of Granada. They live in the forests to the s. of
the river Magdalena; but of them little is known.

[AMUSKEAG Falm, in New Hampshire, are
on Merrimack river, 16 miles below Concord,
and seven below Ho.tksct falls. It consists of
three pitches, one below the other, so that the
water falls about 80 feet in the course of half a
mile. The second pitch, which may be seen from
the raid on the w. side, is truly majestic. In the
middle of the up|wr part of the fall is a high
rocky island, on the top of wliicli are a number of
pits, made exactly round, like barrels or hogs-
heads, some of which are capable of holding
several tons ; formed by the circular motion of
small stones, impelled by the force of the descend-
ing water. There is a bridge a little l)elow the
talis, 55(i teet in length, and 30 in breadth, con-
bisting of 3000 tons of timber, and m:ide passahla
for travellers 57 days after it was begun. Lat.
42" 59' «.]

AMirrtTi^I, a large river of the new kingdom
of Granada, which runs through the plains of
Cazanare, and being united to the river of this
name, enters the Orinoco on the n. side.

AMUZGOS, a head settlement of the district
oi the a/ra/(i/a mayor of Xicayan in Nueva L's-
{)aiia. It is of a hot temperature, aud contain*

ANA

three or four families of Spaniards, and 76 of
Indians, who carry on a cimnnene in cotloi,
bahiif/a, tobacco, and cochineal, which are its
natural productions. It lies 15 leagues betneeu
n. and s, of its capital.

ANA, SrA. u settlement of the government of
Mariquita in the new kingdom of Granada, it
has more than 300 }iousekoepers, is of a hot tem-
perature, but is nevertheless uealthj, and abound-
ing in natural productions, notwithstanding it
must be allowed, that the water is apt to cause
cotos, or morbid swellings in the throat, an epi-
demy to which almost all the inhabitants are sub-
ject. It has been a place of note, in consideration
of its silver mines, from whence immense quanti-
ties of tills metal have been extracted, but they
arc now abandoned.

Ana, Sta. another small settlement or ward in
the district of Ocuila, and alcaldia mayor of Mari-
nalco, Ml Nueva EspaAa.

A.VA, Sta. another settlement in the listrict of
Tenanzingo, and of the former alcaldia mayor in
the same kingdom, situate on the verge of a deep
chasm, which divides this jurisdiction from thut of
Zaqualpa. It contains 31 families of Indians, i«
of a moderate temperature, and lies two leagues
from its capital.

Ana, Sta. another settlement and head settle
ment of the district of the alcaldia mayor of Zul>
tepee in the same kingdom. It contains 117
families of Indians, wiio collect much wax and
virgin honey in their district. Seven leagues t.
of its capital.

Ana, Sta. another, in the head settlement of the
district imd alcaldia mayor of Tolnca, with 131
families of Indians, and close to its capital.

Ana, Sta. another, in the head settlement of the
district of Isabel, and alcaldia mayor ofChoIuIa.
It contains 134 Indian families, and is three
leagues f. of its capital.

Ana, Sta. aimthcr, in the province and govern-
ment of the Chiquilos Indians in Peru, reduced
by the missions held there by the .lesuits. In the
bead settlement of the Kio Capivari.

Ana, Sr;^. another, in the province and govern-
ment olCartagena, and kingclom of Tierra I'irme,
of the district ot Moinpox, situate on the shore of
the large river Magdaleria.

A.VA, Sta. another, of the missions that were
held by the Jesuits in the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay, situate on the shore of t lie river
Parana, between the settlements of San Cosme and
Loreto.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province and cap'-
n 3

< ■

"1.

!:|

I'll

'•'i

ANA

tnittship or Para in Brazil, situate on the shore of
thi; river Xiiigu, in tiic toiinlry of tiie G'uaiapis
Indians.

Ana, Sr.A. another, of llio island of Cura^oa,
and colony of the Dutch, sitnatc on the s. coast,
and opposite that of 'lit-rra Tinnp.

Ana, Sta. another, of tlicprovinreand govcrn-
meat of JJuenos Ayres, situate to the s. of San
Joaquin.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province ofTamu-
mara in iNucva Esjjana, a rtduccion of the mis-
sions held here I'.y (he .lesnits. It is 13 leagues
from the rrnl of San Feli|)t' de Chiguaga.

AnajSta. another, «)ft!ie province of Cinaloa,
a rrducrioit of the missions of the abolished society
of the .lesnits.

Ana, Sta. another, in the kingdom of Nueva
Mexico, a rcduccion of the missions of the order
of St. Francis.

Ana, Sta. another, in the province and cor-
rp^^/m/cM/o of Castro Vireyna in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Pilpichaca.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province and corregi-
miento of Lucanas in Peru, annexed to the curacy
of Pucquin.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province and corre«
gimiento of Porco in (he same kingdom.

Ana, Sta. another small settlement or ward of
the district and jurisdiction of Valladolid, in the
province and bishopric of Mechoacan.

Ana, Sta. another, in the head settlement of the
district of Yautepec, and alcaldia mayor of Ncx-
apa, in Nueva Espana, situate on t"lie top of a
hill. It contains 18 Indir.n families, who employ
themselves in the culture oi grain ; and it lies to
the s. of its head settlement.

Ana, Sta. another, of the head settlement of
the district of Mitla, and (dcnldia mayor of Tentit-
lan. It contains 25 families of Indians, is of a
cold and i ;)ist temperature, and lies a little more
than four leagues from its head settlement.

Ana, Sta. another, of the head settlement of
tlie district of Amaqucca, and alcaldia mayor of
Zayuia, situate between two lofty hills to the s.
of lake San Marcos. It is of a benign and
healthy temperature, enjoys pure and delicate
waters, contains 70 Indian families, and its' dis-
trict abounds in maize, wheat, and fruits. Five
lejigucs n. e. of its head settlement.

Ana, Sta. another, of the corregiittienlo and
jurisdiction of V'elcz, in the new kingdom of Gra-
nada, annexed to the curacy of Chitaraque. It is
of a hot temperature, abounding in the same fruits
as that place, and from whence it is but at a small
distance. It contains S30 housekeepers.

ANA

Ana, 8ta. another, of the province and corr««
gimiento of Angaraes in Peru.

Ana, Sta. another, of the head settlement of
the district of Tepecpan, and idcaldia mai/or of
Theotihuacan, in Nueva Espana.

Ana, Sta. another, which is the real of tlie
mines of the alcaldia mayor of Guanajuato, in the
same kingdom and province, and bishopric of
Me hoacan.

Ana, Sta. another, of the head settlement of
the district of Huchuetlan, and alcaldia mnynr of
Cuicatlan. It contains 149 families of Indians,
and is t^vu leagues and a half to the n. of its head
settlement.

Ana, Sta. another, of the head settlement of
the district and alcaldia mayor of Tlajomulco. It
contains a convent of the order of St. Francis.

Ana, Sta. another, of the missions held there
by the Jesuits, in the provinct; of 'I'epcguana and
kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya; situate on the .shore
of the river Florido, near the settlement and real
of the mines of Parral.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province and go*
vemment of Maracaibo, in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme ; situate on the shores of the lake of this
name, and at the part opposite to the entrance of
the same.

An Sta. another, of the same province and
government as the former, situate in the peninsula
formed by the cape of San Roman, of that coast,
and in the te. part.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province of Barce-
lona, and government of Cuman.a, in the kingdom
of Tierra Firme; one of those held in charge by
the missionaries of Peritii, and followers of St,
Francis ; situate on the top of a mountain, towards
the 5. and a quarter of a league e. of the town of
San Fernando.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province and govern-
ment of Cumana, fcituate to the e. of the city of Cu-
managoto, and near the settlement of Aracagua.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province and go-
vernment of Moscos in the kingdom of Quito ;
situate on the shore of the river 1 acume, between
this and that of Marmore.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province and country
of the Amazonas, in the territory of Matagroso ;
situate near the river Scnere, between this and the
Itt-'nes.

[Ana, Sta. a mission and real of mines of the
province of Old California, celebrated on account
of the astronomical observations of Velasquez.]

Ana, Sta. another settlement and parish of the
island of Guadaloupc, situate in the part of theGran
Tierrn and s. coast, in front of the Diamond isles.

! and corre-

'Ulemnit of
I mai/or of

real of liie
unto, in the
lisliopric of

■Itlcmcnl of
'a }}iiij/or of
of liuliiiiis,
'.of its iiuuil

ptUcmcnt of
Dinulcu. It
'I'Uiicis.
IS held there
)cgumia and
m the^hore
nt and real

ICC and go*

>m of Tierra

lake of this

entrance of

)rovincc and
he peninsula
:' that coust,

e of Barce-
he kingdom
I charge by
wcrs of St,
tin, towards
the town of

and govem-

s city of Cu-
racagua.

ce and go-
of Quito ;

Qc, between

and country
Matagroso ;
this and the

mines of the
on account

sqiM'z.j
larish of the

of the Gran
imond isles.

ANA

Ana, St a. another, which is the real of the
gold mines belonging to the Portueuosc, in tlie
territory and country of the Aracs Indians in Bra-
zil, situate on the shores of the port and river of
that name.

Ana, Sta. another, which is a parish of the
English in the island of Jnmait:a, in the n. part.

Ana, Sta. a town of the province and govern-
ment of Venezuela, founded in the peninsula of
Paraguana> very near the w. coast.

Ana, Sta. another, in then, part of the island
Margarita, of the (Juayqueries Indians, who are
indenniiticd by the king from all contributions.
They employ themselves in fishing, and in the
years when the rain is abundant they have plenty
of maize. They manufacture very fine hats of
straw, and cords of the same, which they use
in ornamenting their lances, and for other pur-
poses.

A.VA, Sta. a small river of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres, which runs into the
sea near the cape of San Antonio of the Rio de la
Plata.

Ana, Sta. another, in the province and alcaldia
mayor of Tabasco in Nucva Espaiia, which runs
into the sea between the river Topliquillos and
Dos ]3ocos, in the bay of Mexico.

Ana, Sta. another, of the province and country
of the Amazonas, in the territory of Matogroso.
It rises in some mountains near the road that leads
to Villaboa, runs from n. to s. makini; several
findings, and enters the river Pricto, just pre-
vious to its entering upon the confines of Para-
guay.

Ana, Sta. another, also called Yacuma, in
the province and government of Moxos of the
kingdom of Quito. It rises near lake Rogacuelo,
runs towards the s. s. e. and afterwards directing
its course to the e. enters the river Marmore.

An ^, Sta. another,ofIlispaniola or St. Domingo,
in the part possessed by the French. It runs
«. and enters the sea by the coast in this direction,
between the settlement of San Luis and the river
Tuerto.

ArA, Sta. another, on the coast which lies
between the river La Plata, and the straits of
Magellan.

Ana, Sta. islands of the N. sea, near the coast
of Brazil, in the bay of San Luis de Maranans.
Of these there are three, but they arc all deserted.
Th<;y abound in thick woods, in which are found
large birds, called by the Indians foux, from suf-
fering themselves to be easily taken. [Lons. 43°
44'. Ut.2°30'.]

A.N A, Sta. another small island of the same

ANA

kingdom of Brazil, on the coast of the province
r«nd captainship of Maran:m, also called Dos
Maconies by the Portuguese, between the point
of Arboles Secos (dry trees) and the canal ot
Bucn Fondo.

Ana, Sta. another, in the straits of Magellan,
on the N. coast, near the entrance of the S. sea.

Ana, Sta. a bay of the island of Curazao, op-
posite the cape or point of Ilicacos.

Ana, Sta. a mountain of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela, called El Pan de Sunta
Ana, in the peninsula of Paraguana.

Ana, Sta. a point of land on the w. coast of
the straits of Magellan, between the bay of Agua
Buena and that of lia Gente.

Ana, Sta. another, on the same coast and
strait, in the bay of Buena Pesca.

Ana, Sta. another river, with the additional
<itlc Miiria, in the province and government of
Buenos Ayres. It runs tv. and enters the Paran/i
between the rivers of Potr6 and Antonio Tomas.
[See Anna and St. Ann.]

[ANAHUAC, the ancient Indian name of New
Spain, or Mexico, including all the parts of New
Spain lying between the 14tTi and 31st degrees of
latitudc.1

ANAICA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Canta in Peru, annexed to the curacy
of Arahuay.

ANAIRAHI, a settlement of the province and
captainship of Para in Brazil, situate on the shore
of the river Xingu, in the country of the Guayapis
Indians.

ANALCO, .the alcaldia mayor and jurisdiction
of Nueva Galicia in Nucva Espana, of the bishop-
ric of Guadalaxara. It is much reduced, and
extends to only as far as three other settlements,
but enjoys the title from being governed by an
ordinary alcalde, who appoints annually one of
those of Guadalaxara. The productions of its
territory are wheat, maize, seeds, and various
sorts ot fruit peculiar to that region. The princi-
pal settlement bears the same name. It is of a
cold teniperature, and inhabited by 16 fiimilies of
Spaniards and Muslees, and 40 of Indians. It
lies a little more than a league to the e. of Guada-
laxara, and 80 w. of Mexico, with a slight incli-
nation to the n.

Anaix'<», another, with the dedicatory title of
San Juan, the head settlement of the district and
alcaldia mayor of Teocuilco in the same kingdom,
of a moderate temperature. Close to it runs the
large river of the same name, in which, nt certain
seasons of the year, trout are found. With its
waters they irrigate and fertilize tiic land for cut-

f r

1'.

.14

ANA

(

I, II

Jjiui

livatiriff sftvnral fruits; but the principal cmolu-
Jiinnt (it'tlic inhabitants, wliu arc composed of ^'2
liiniilics of Indians, consiKts in cochineal. F'our-
loon lea^Mi(;s to thcN. >vith sonic inclination to the
U). of its ca|)ilal.

ANAf.co, another, with the dedicato'-y title of
San Pedro, in the head settlement of the district
i\\v\ nicaldia mat/or of Juchipila, annexed to the
curacy of Atenianica, from whence it is two
leagues and an half distant.

Anai.ci), another, in the kingdom of Nueva
Vizcaya, situate soniewhal more than a quarter of
a leaifiie to the s. of llie capital of Gnadiana.

Anai.co, nnotlier, with the dedicatory title of
S.m Antonio, in the head s<;ttlemeiit and alcaldia
miiuor of Cu(>navaca.

ANA NCUSI, a settlement of the province and
conrgimkntn of Angaracs in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Acoria, situate on the shore of the
river Iscuchaca.

ANANDIVA, or Anadinva, a river of the
province and raj}<ri/n.v/<f/) of Maranan in Brazil.

ANANliA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Asangaro in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of the capital.

ANANKO, a mountain of the corrrgimiento
and province of Asangaroin the kingdom of Peru,^
where there are some rich gold mines, which pro-*
duce five or six thousand caslelfanos [an ohl
Spanish coin, the fiftieth part of a mark of gold,]
a year. l''ormcrly it yieUled abundantly, but
the working of it is at present impeded by the
snows.

ANAPITI, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Caxaniarqiiilla in Peru.

ANAPOIMA, a settlement of the jurisdiction
of Tocaima, and government of Mariquita, in the
new kingdom of (iranada, situate below the plain
of Juan Diaz. It is of a burning and extremely
bad temperature, abounding only in ticks or lice,
which are very obnoxious and troublesome. It is
situate amidst crags and steep mountains. It is a
short day's journey from Santa Ke, in the high
road which leads to Tocaima. It is very scantily
inhabited, scarcely containing a dozen Indian
families.

ANAPUIA, a large province of Andalucia,
al)Oundiiig in woods, lying to the s, of the moun-
tains of San Pedro. It extends towards the w.
from the river Buria, to the r. from the moun-
tains of Meta, and to the n, from the district of
the province of Venezuela. It is very barren, and
its woods arc inhabited by some families of the
Purimocs, barbarian Indians.

ANAQUITO, a valley or entrance to the city

A N C

of Quito, lying on its ii. side, having in it a her<
milage or chapel, in which was biiiied the first
viceroy of Peru, Blasco Nunez Vela, who died
in the battle fought on this plain between himself
and (loimtio Pi/;arro in IMG. Jt is more than a
mile long, and lius a lake abounding in ilsli and
aquatic fowl.

ANA KAMA, a river of the country of the
Aniazonas, in the part possessed by the Portu-
guese.

ANAlllQL'I, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Caxamarquiliu in Peru.

ANASCO, a settlement of the island of Puer-
torico, situate on the zv. coast, on the shore of
the bay of its name.

[ANASTATIA, St. a small island close to
the coast of K. Florida, situated s. of Mastanccs
inlet, where the river Mastanccs forms two islands
of the same name at its mouth. St. Anastatia
island is bounded on the n. by St. Augustine's bar.
Here is a quarry of fine stone for building.]

ANATIGUCIIAGA, lakes of the province
and government of Mainas in the kingdom of
Quito. They are three in number, upon the
banks of the river Maranon, with which they coin*
municate in the territory of the Mainas Indians.

ANAIJRA-PUCU, a river of the province of
Guayana, in the Portuguese possessions.

ANAUILLANA, a small river of the province
and country of the Amazonas, in the Portuguese
possessions. It runs from n. to s. and enters the
river Negro, close to the settlement of Toronias.

ANA Ox, a river of the jirovince and govern-
ment of Venezuela, one of the four which supply
with water the city of Caracas. It rises in the
fcrrania which lies between this city and the jjort
of Guaira 5. and enters the Guaire near the ca-
pital.

ANCAMAllES, a nation of Indians who in-
habit the ( . shore of the river Madera, bounded s.
by the nation of Guarinumas, and n. by tlic llu-
nuriaes. It is a very warlike and robust nation.
In 1683 they attacked the Portuguese, and obliged
them to give up their intention of introducing
themselves to the right of navigating the river.
They are divided into diflercnt tribes or parts, the
most numerous of which are those wiio form the
tribe of the Ancaiiiaris, inhabiting the shores of
the river Cayari.

AN('A, Point of, on the coast of the king-
dom of Chile, and district of GuadaUbquen, one
of the two which form the mouth or entrance of the
river of Valdivia.

ANCAS, a nation of Indians, who givefheir
name to a large settlement of the province of

It'.'.

1 it n lier*
il the iirat
nlio (lied
n himself
nc than »
1 fiitli and

ry of Ihc
he Portu-

triiicc und

1 of I'ucr-
I shore of

1 close to
Mustanccs
two islands
. Anaiitatia
istine's bar.

ng-] ,
15 province

Lingdom of
upon the

1 they com-
Indians.

province of

IS.

lie province

Portuguese

enters the

Toroinas.

nd govern*

jich supply

iscs in the

nd the |)ort

tear the ca-

lis who in«

Ihuunded s.

>y tlie llu-

lust nation.

ind obliged

introducing

the river.

parts, the

form tlie

shores of

the king-
bqucn, one
lance of the

giv« their
tovincc of

A N C

llu lilas in IVru, bftwecn tliat of Curiiay, and
th;tl of Ytm^niy. 'I'lic memory of it alone re-
niuiiis, it liiivinij bei-ii ovi-rwhclmed by the ruins
ot a mountiiin, which burst by an eartliqiiake on
tho()lh ol Janiiiiry, in the year 1725, luirying
tin; who'c ol the [wpulution, whicli aniouiited to
15,000 souls.

ANCASTl^ n scltloinent of the province and
govcTium-iit of Tucuniiin, in the jurisdiction of
Catamarcn.

ANt'.A'I'ATA, a settlement of the province and
cuntirimiinio of P;iria in Peru, annexed to the
(niracy of Clialliipata. It lies 21 leagues from the
town of Oriiro.

ANCATEMIJ, a settlement of Indians of the
isbiiil of i-a L;ixa, in the kingdom of Chile, on
the shore of the river Huren.

ANCIi, (thanu, a settlement and parish of
the island of Martinica, a curacy of the religion
of Santo Domingo, situate on the n, coast, lie-
>ve(-ii the river (Japot and that of Lorrain, on the
shon; of the river of its name.

Ance, Guand, a small river of the above
island. It runs n. e. and enters the sea close to
that settlement.

Anck, (JniND, a large bay and capacious
and convenient port of the island of Sun Christo-
bal, one of the Antillas, in the s. e. extremity,
towards the part of the s. w. between the point of
Salinas and the Gros-Cap.

Anct, Grand, another bay, called La (irande
del K. in the island of Guadalupe, on the coast
which looks to that |)oint, between the point of
Vien.x-Fort and Los Tres Rios.

Ance, Grx.nd, anollicr, called Quartel de
Petile-Aiice, a settlement and parish of the
French, in tlie part which they possess in tlie
island of St. Domingo, on the 7i. coast, between
those of Morin and Llanos of the N.

Ance, (iuano, another bay of the coast of
the Rio de Sun Lorenzo, in New France, between
the rivers Ovillc and the Three Salmones.

Ance, Guano, another river, La Petite-
Ance, in the island of St. Domingo, and in the
French possessions. It rises near the n. coast,
runs n. n. re. and enters the sea opposite the shoal
La Cocqiie Vienlie.

ANCkS, Grands, two liays of the island of
Guadalupe, on the /i. zt;. coast, at a small distance
from each other, between the fort of San Pedro
and the point of Gros-iMorne, or Gran Morro.

ANCflAC, a settlement of the province and
corrcs^imiento o( lluiinta in Peru, situate on the
summit of the mountain, and on the opposite part
of the river Angoyaco. ,

A N C

ANCinHlJAI, a settlement of the province
and rorrt ^imitriio it( lluuniunga in Pern, annexed
to the curacy of Anco.

ANt'llO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Santa iMarla in the kingdom of 'i'ierra
Firnie. It enters tiie sea from the coast, t>i the «.
ol the point of Agiija.

ANCLOTK, u stnall island close to the coast
of Florida, between (shark's bay and the river
S. P«»lio. f Lnt. aU'' 4' w. J,ong. 83^ 41' k. ]

[Anci.ote Point, on the peninsula of Ciililbr-
nia, and coast of the N. Pacific ocean, lies in
lat. 29^ 17' «. and 115^ 11' w. loni;.; .v. from
the town of V'elicata, and n. e. Iron: the small
island (if Guadalupe.]

AN(.'(), a setllemunt of the province and rorrc'
pi//itVn<o of Ilnainaiiga in Peru, the province of
Tinanta interposing. It is of a cold lemiM-ratnre,
but abounding in the pro<lnctions pecut'ar to the
mountains of the Andes, in which its inhabitants
have some estates, where they cultivate cocoa,
sugar-cane, maize, and some garden heriis. Its
territory is extremely tertile, but much infested
by insects and reptiles, such as snakes, vipers, and
scorpions, which are common in every part of ''.ic
nioiintitins. Here they have plant'^ms, alligator-
pears, chitimoyas, guaj/abas, pines of excellent
flavour, oranges, lemons, and other fruit. It has
four other settlements annexed to its curacy, and
formerly it had also another, called Murocmarca,
which was in the valley of this name, within the
mountains ; having been depopulated at the be-
ginning of this century, from the inhabitants re-
tiring to the other settlements, from dread of the
tigers. It contiiins 1200 souls, including those of
the four other aforementioned settlements. Twenty
leagues distant from its capital. [Li\t. IS'' 14' s.
Long. 73° 10' u>.'i

Anco, another settlement in the province and
conegimitnto of Omasiiios in Peru, annexed to
the cura< y of Achacache.

ANCOBA M UA, a settlement of the province and
correghnicnlo of Amaraez in Peru.

[ANCOCUS Creik, in New Jersey, a water of
the I)(*law are, six miles s. w. from Burlington. It
is navigable 10 miles; and considerable quantities
of lumber are exported from it.]

AN CON, a very lofty mountain of the pro-
vince and kingdom of Tierra Firnie, near to which,
and almost at the skirts, is situate the city of Pa-
nama. It is full of a variety of large trees, dif-
ferent birds, and animals ; contains several foun-
tains of very goo<l water, by means of which the
city is supplietl with a never-failing stream, which
they call Chorrilh, but which is, however, some

A N C

AND

it' I

tf|!r»

hWi

I'i

I 'ft

distance from the city. Tlioro wns formerly on
its siiininit n lelcgruph, or wiitcli-towcr, stipportiul
by the king, Ut give notice of the vessels which
were coming to that port.

Ancon, n settlement of the province nnJ cor-
rtgimieuto of Chnncai in Peru, situate upon the
const.

Ancon, n |M)int of the coa^t of the S. sea, in
the former province and corregimiento.

Ancon, n gulph, with the sirnnme of Sardi-
nas, in the province of Esmcraldns and kingdom
of Quito, n lies very open, nnd consoqucndy
the currents are very rapid. It i> .somewhat more
than five leagues distant from the mouth of the
river of Santiago, nnd four from the point of
Manglarcs. Its centre is in Lat. 1^ 25' w. Long.
78- 50' zo.

Ancon, a shoal of the e. coast of the strait of
Magellan, with the sirname of South. It is oppo-
site the bay of Los Gigantes.

ANt^OXKS, very lofty mountains on the coast
nnd in the government of Santa Marta, on the
skirts of which is a lake, in which are caught
honitos, (sea fish resembling tunnies). They lie
between the city and the point of Chichibacoa.

ANCOOS, a small river of the province and
English colony of New Jersey, in the county of
Burlington. It runs n. n. w. and enters tlie Dela-
ware.

ANGORA, a small island of the coast of Brazil,
in the province and captainship of Rio Janeyro,
between Bahia-Hermosa, and the river De las
Ostras.

ANCORAIMES, a settlement of the province
and coiregimienlo of Omasuyos in Peru, situate
upon the e. shore of the lake Titicaca.

A NCOS, a settlement of the province and cor-
reg/w/ento of (yonchucos in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of iilapo. .

ANCUD, a small settlement of the island of
Chiloe, from which the Archipelago derives its
name, the number of the islands being 40. The
largest of all, in which is the city of Castro, is that
of Chiloe, which shuts in the Archipelago on the
tc. They abound in wheat, maize, and amber.
It is usual to find gold upon the sea shore. This
Archipelago is 83 leagues long from». to«. and
35 wide from e. to w.

ANCUIA and Abades, a settlement of the
province and government of Pastos in the king-
dom of Quito.

ANCUMA, CoRDif.LEHA DB, mountains of
the kingdom of Peru. They run from n. n. w. to
s. s. e. from the province of Asangaro to that of
La Puz, on the side of the great lake Titicuca,

dividing the provinces of Asangaro nnd Onia-
stiyos from those of Apolabamba, liUrrcnjn, and
La Paz.

ANCIJTERKS, a nation of infidel Indians,
inhabiting the forests of the river Napo. They are
very numerous, savage, treacherous, and incon-
stant ; have amongst tlienr a people called Santa
Maria do los Ancuteres, on tlie shore of a river.
It was a teduccion of the Jesuitical missiona-
ries of the province of Quito; is bounded on the s.
and s. s. e. hy the nation of the Congies Indians,
and bordering upon those of the Abixiras and
Icaquates.

ANDABAMBA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Angaraes in Peru, anncvcd
to the curacy of Acobamba.

ANDAC, a small river of the province and
colony of Nova Scotia. It rims s. and enters the
sea at the bay of Fundy.

ANDACOLLO, a settlement and seat of the
gold nunes of the province and corregimiento of
('oquimbo in the kni<rdom of Chile. In its dis-
trict is the valley of Las Huigorillas, in which is
a convent of the strict observers of the religion of
San Francisco; and upon a lofty mountain, where
the various ramifications of the cordtllera unite,
is a celebrated gohi mineral. On the summit is »
small plain, from whence runs a stream. In its
churcii is reverenced an image of Nuestra Senora
del Rosario, before which not only the people of
the neighbouring provinces are eager to make their
devotions, but also some of the most remote pro>
vinces.

ANDAHUA, a settlement of the province and
corrf fl-/w»"ew/o of Condesuyos ofArequipain torn.

ANDAlllJAILAS, a province and coiregi-
mienlo of Peru, bounded on the ». e. by the pro-
vince of Abuncay and by that of Aimaracz, s.e.
by Parinacocha, s, by Lucanas, w. by Vilcas
lluaman, and;;, e. by the summit of the mountains
of the Andes, from whence it is not remembered
that the infidel Indians, (who inhabit the interior
of those mountains), ever made an incursion upon
this province. Its forests are very thick. It is
24 leagues long from n. w. to s. e. and 15 wide.
The high road from Lima to Cuzco passes through
it. It has no other river of note than that which
runs down from the province of Vilcas Iluamaii,
dividing these provinces, and which is called in
this province river of Pampas. The same has a
bridge of criznejas or twigs, of 30 yards long, and
above one and an half wide, by means of which the
cargas pass which are carried from Lima to Cuz-
co, and also those which pass from the latter place
to Lima. This province produces wheat, maize,

!''■■

nnd Oma<
irccnjn, and

Id Indians,
. They are
and incon*
called Santa
I of a river.
aI niissiona«
Jed on the s.
rics Indians,
ibixiras and

llie province
;ru, annexed

irovincc and
iid enters the

I seat of the

•effimiento of

In its dis-

in wliicli is

le religion of

iiitain, where

dillera unite,

! sumntit is a

earn. In its

uestra Seiiora

the people of

to make their

remote pro*

provinc*! and

lipa in Peru.

uul corregi-

jy the pro-

maraez, s. e.

by Vilcas

ic mountains

remembered

the interior

cursion upon

thick. It is

id 15 wide.

Asses throuj^li

in that which

IS lluamaii,

is called in

same has a

ds long, uiid

of which the

ima to Chz-

e latter place

heat, maize,

AND

seeds, and nil kinds of fruit ; and from its liaying
parts ill it (ila cohl temperature, it alioniids like-
vise ill llie productions which are natural to a
siinil.ir climate, but this, indeed, in n dtjjrce not
uKiro than sullicient li» supjily its own nici'ssilics.
The only branch of its cunmierce is sugar, of
which .'io or 10 thousand arrobas arc. manufac-
tnrtil yearly in seviral estates. Among the best
ot'llicsii- is tiiat of Moiobauiba, which is enlailuil
on the ^lnr(lui^es of that title. The inliaiiilants of
this province should amount to 1^,(XH) souls,
<livi(iid into *il settlements. The reuaiiimknto
used to amount to 1 10,500 dollars, and the (ilea-
vain, or centage on gofHis sold, to884 dollars. Its
capital is the settlement of the same name, in Lut.
13" 25' ». and Long. 73= 4' w.

Andaiiuaii.as, a valley of the above province,
memorable for a great battle, in which the lucu
Viracocha was victorious over the nation of tlic
<'liancas, who were commanded by liis brother.
Thirty leagues from Cuzco.

ANDAIIIJAILILI.AS, a settlement of the

{irovincc and corrcgiinknlo of Quispicanchi in
*eru.

ANDAIlVfAlK'A, a settlement of the province
nnd forrfg/»MVw/o of (/Ostro-Vireyna ih Peru, an-
nexed to the curacy of Iluaitara.

ANDAJES, a settlement of the province and
corregimientn of Caxatambo in I'cru.

AN DA LI EN, Valley of, in the province ami
rorregviiiento of Puchacay in the kingdom of
Chile. It lies e. of the city of Concepcion.

Andalikn, a large and navigable river of the
same province and kingdom, which traverses and
irrigates that valley. It laves the fields of the
city of Concepcion, and enters the sea at the bay
of this name, between the rivers Maule and Bio-
bio.

ANDALGAliA, a river of the province and
government of Tucumun, on the confines of the
kingdom of Chile.

A NOAi.oAt.A, a lake of that province.

ANDALL'CIA, NiiEVA, a province of the king-
dom of Tierra Firme, anciently called Scrpa ; divid-
ed into North, or Superior, and South, or Inferior.
it comprehends (luayana, or Caribanaand I'aria.
Taking it at its full extent, it is more than 300
leagues from the island of Margarita, to the cape
Pinion, or >j. shore of the river Marauon, inhabit-
ed by the barbarous nations of the CaribeSj Omi-
giias, Peritofs, Palenques, .\rvacos, Amapaes,
Jvarepices, Parinuws, and others. Among the
inany rivers which lave it, the largest is the Ori-
noco, Its climate is lor the most part hot and un-
iieallliy. The ground is rugged, mounlainous,

VOL. I,

AND

covered with forcstn, and hut l!(ile known. Its
coasts, as wi.'ll on the n. as r. were first discovered
hv Coininlnis in 1497, nnd atler^^ar(Is by Amc-
ri(« Vespucio, widi Alonzo »!«• Ojctla, in May
14 IAS. It contains mines of gold and other nietuls,
allhoiigli they are not worked : it has also pearl
fisheries, which, although in former times they
yielded most plentifully, ureal present neglerted.
It ubounils in cattle, aiul the greatest source of its
commerce is in cacao, of an excellent quality.
The capital of the province is Cninand.

Catalogue of the barbarous nations and principal
towns of this province.

Nations-.
A comes,
Amapaes,
Aravis,
Aricaretis,
Aricoris,
Arbacas,
('ampagotes,
('anuris,
Carivinis,
Chahuas,
Cumanaes,
Eparagois,
Marones,
Mayos,
Morinies,
Omiguas,
Palenques,
Papinis,
Parimoes,
Parragotcs,
Peritocs,
Haymagocs,
Sebayos,
Supiayps,
Vacuronis,
Yaos,
Vuaripiccs.
Cities.
Cadiz Nucva,
Cordova,
Cumana.

Mountains.
(luanta,
Panagara,
San P('(lro,
Sajjorovis,
Vacnrima.
J{iv>crs.
Amacore, or
Amacuri,
Auiuua,

Aquirc,
Aricani,
Aro,
Aropa,
Aruari,
Atanari,
Derbis, i ,

Buria,
Cabomi,
(3aora,
Capurvaca,
Cossipouri,
Ctturi,
Cavo,
Corentin,
Coropatuba,
Coura,

Curiguacuriu,
Demarari,
Esquebo, or
Esquibo,
Europa,
Guavetcri,
Giiarepiche,
Maio,
IVIahuiri,
Masiacari,
Maravini,
Maroni,
Macpari,
Moruga,
Orinoco,
Ovarabiche,
Ovetacatca,
Pao,
Paraba,
Piari,
.Saima,
Sinamari.
Surinam,
Timeraris,
Varc«,

\"i

f^l^'j

,v'i

^v\

AND

Vnrimn, Fisctiiifl).

Vin, or Muinputiir,

L'via, Siiriimtii.

V>nco|H), or Islands.

Vncopo, A<wnpHru,

Vjriiricopo. UIhoc'i,

Piomontorits. Cnyciia,

Cnldcra, Coclie,

Cepercii, Ciibiigua,

(./<*nob<?bo, Iraciiporio,

I)u Snlirmx, IVIaipnru,

OmiigfN, Maracif,

Pin/uii, Maratii,

Ruiiiata. IVIaranrUii)

Lakes. Ovaracapa,

. Cassipa, J^'sciuiu,

Pnriine. Tortiij^a,

Fountains, Triniuiul.

Aravn,
ANDAMARCA, a town of the province and
correg'/mien/o of Cajamarquilla in Peru.

ANOAMAncA, another settlement in (he pro*
vincc and corregimiento of CaranenK, of the arch*
bishopric of Gharcas, in the same kingdom.

Andamarca, another, of the province and cor-
regimietito of Parinacochus, annexcil to tlie cu*
racy of Charcana.

And AjiARCA, another, in the province and corrc'
gimienlo of Jauxa, annexed to t he curacy of Comas,
situate on tlie frontiers of the infidel Indians of the
mountains.

ANDAMARCUS, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Lucanas in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Chacayan.

ANDAQUIES, a settlement of the province
and government of Popayon in the new kingdom
of (i ranadn.

ANUARAl, a settlement of the province and

corregimiento of Condensuyos dc Arequipa in Peru.

ANDARAPA, a settlement of the province and

corregimiento of Andahuailas in Peru, annexed to

the curacy of San Cieronimo.

ANDARIEL, a settlement of the province and
government of Darien in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate on the n. coast, on the shore of the
gulph of UralWi.

ANDASTIvS, n barbarous nation of Indians of
Canada, bounded by Virginia.

ANDLIS, CoiiDiLLRRA DE LOS, i\ chaiu of
mountains and most lotty serranias, which extend
over nearly the whole of America, for the space of
more than 1000 leagues, Tunning continually from
n. to ,v. from the province of Santa Maria, where
they have their origin, in the Sierra Nevada, of the
new kingdom of (jranada, through the provinces

AND

of Peru and Chile, as far as the straits of Magellan
and cane Horn, where they tcrminatir. 'I'luv are
divided into two brancht^N : one which |>as!>cs
through the interior of the new kingdom ot (I'ru-
iiada, on the s. part of the uluiris of San .liian,
beginning; in CJuayana ; and itiu other which toruis
various Hues and curve.s, divided in difl'urent direo
tions, through Cuzco, Tucumi'in, Tarma, and P»<
raguay, and tllerwards becomes united with (he
grand chain of mountains of Uracil. It lakes its
course through the isthmus of Panamii into the
kingdom of Nicaragua, passes into those of litia*
Icmala, Mcchoacnn, and the province of Ciiialoa,
and continues itself through the unknown countries
of N. America. These mountains are clad with
immense fon'sts, and their tops are continually
covcre<l with snows, from the melting of which
are formed great lakes, and the largest rivers iu
the world. Their greatest elevation is in (he
kingdom of Quito, where the lofty Cliimlxtrazo
rises sui)erlily among the rest ; it has many volca*
noes vomiting (ire, and which have caused infinite
mischief in the provinces, producing earthquakes,
inundations, and scattering, far and wide, mud,
bitimien,and burning stones : in its entrails are hid-
den the greatest treasures of nature, such as gold,
silver, and other metals, precious stones, marbles,
and mineral earths of the rarest and most esteemed

aualities. Almost all the mines in the bosom of
lesc rich mountains are worked, and principally
those of Peru and Chile. Besides the name of
Andes, they bear others also, ^iven to them by the
various settlements in their vicinities. The roiuls
which, upon their account, were made by the
Incas, Emperors of Peru, were truly maguificent ;
but they are at present destroyed, and those which
arc used now tor the communication of the inte-
rior provinces, may lie called precipices rather
than roads, and are only passable on foot, or on
mules, which arc very tractable and safe. These
mountains are iidiabited by many barbarous and
fierce nations, and they ai>onnd in mineral waters
of approved medicinal virtues. The greatest width
of these mountains is 20 leagues, l)eing in some
parts 13 leagues from the sea-coast, and in others
approaching to it within ■ five leagues. They
abound in vicuiias, guanacos, monkeys, nnti apes of
infinite kinds, tigers, leopards, and swine, who
have (he navel in the Kpine and smell of mu.sk,
with a multitude of other curious birds and ani-
mals, altogether unknown in Europe ; such is the
condor, in the kingdom of Chile, which is a car-
nivorous bird of an extraordinary size, having the
power to carry with it up into the air animals of
considerable weight, such as sheep, and even small
2

W£

ANDES.

hi)

i of >l!igelliin
'. Tliry are

rllicll pilshLW

(Itiin ot (I'rii-
f Sum •hiuii,

wliicli loriiiD
in'urciitdircc-
ina, and Pit-
(I'd witli (lie
It takes iis
kinii into (lie
liosf of i'tua-
e uf Oiiiulua,
iwii coiintrii-s
ru clad with
cuiiliiiually
ng of uliicii
[vsl riviTs ill
I is ill (liu

Ciiimborazo

many volca-
luscd inrinite
«:artliqiiakeM)

wide, mud,
:rails are liid-
iicli as gold,
lies, marbleh,
lost <!stccincd

I lie bosom of

II principally
the iiHiiic of
tliciii by the

The roads

nade by the

naguificcnt ;

those which

of the iiitc-

,)ices rather

loot, or on

safe. 'J'liese

barous and

iierul waters

catest width

:ing in some

nd in others

ucs. Thpy

and apes of

swine, wiio

1 of miiitk,

ds and ani*

such is the

ch is a car>

having the

r animals of

i even small

•«

rulvM, mr\kinjf, iw it flics, a noise which may be
Jicird at a great distance. The craggy part*
ahoiiiid in rariiOf so iiscful for the Indians, as also
in rnnhiildirua. It has Iwrcn attempted to pass
Iriitii (.'hile to Peru, but this cannot Ix; eiFected
during MX iiioiilhs in the winter without imminent
liik, since many have been lost who have enga-
d ill this (>nterprise. Indeed it is said, that at
t)mt time the Cordillera is shut up.

I'Tlic lofty chain of the Andes, running along the
westi-rn «;oast of America, extends on lK)tli sides
of the equator to near the 30lh degree of latitude.
It is of uu«K^|iial height, sinking in some parts to
()00 feet friiiii the level of the sea, and at certain
points, towering above tlie clouds to an elevation
of almost four miles. The colossal Chimborazo
lifls its snowy head to an altitude which would
equal (hst of the Peak of Tenerift'e, though placed
on the top of Mount Etna. The medium height
of the chain under the equator may be reckoned at
14,000 ll'id, while that of the Alps and Pyrenees
bardly exceeds 8000. Its breadth is proportion"
ably great, being 60 miles at Quito, anu 150 or
900 at Mexico, and some districts of the Peruvian
territory. This stupendous ridge is intersected in
Peru and Nueva Granada by frequent cietls or
ravines, of amazing depth ; but io the n. of the
isthmus of Panama, it softens down by degrees,
and spreads out into the vast clevateu plain of
Mexico. In tlie former provinces; accordingly,
the inhabitants arc obliged to travel on IiorselMck
or on foot, or even to be carried on the backs of
Indians ; whereas carriagesdrive with ease through
the whole extent of New Spain, from Mexico to
Santa Fe, along a road of more than 15,000 miles.
The equatorial regions of America exhibit the
same composition of rock that we meet with in
other parts of the globe. The only formations
which ilumlioidt could not discover in his travels,
were those of chalk, roe-stone, grey vrakke, the
topaz-rock of Werner, and the compound of ser-
jK'ntiiie with granular limestone, which occurs in
Asia Minor, (iraiiite constitutes, in South Ame-
rica, the great basis which supports the other for-
mations ; above it lies gncsis, next comes mica-
ceous schist, and then primitive schist. Ciraiiu-
lar liinestoiie, chlorite schist, and primitive trap,
otten form subordinate l}e<ls in tlie gnesis and mi-
caceous schist, which is very abiiiidunt, and some-
times alternates with serjientine and sienite. 'I he
high ridge of the Andes is every where covered
with formations of (jorphyry, basalt, phonolite,
and greenstone ; and these, being otjeii divided
into columns, that appear from a distance like
riiiued castles, produce a very striking and pic-

turesque cfTect. At the bottom of (hose huge
mountains, occur two dilTercnt kinds of limestniie ;
the one with a (ilireous Imse, enclosing primitive
masses, and sometimes ci.iijabar and coal; the
other witli a calcareous base, and cementing toge-
ther the secondary rocks. Plains of more than
bOO.OOO scjuare miles are covered with an ancient
deiKMit ot limestone, containing fossil wood and
brown iron ore. On this rests the limestone of the
Higher Alps, presenting marine petrifactions at a
vaat elevation. Next ai)|)ears a liimeliar gypsum,
impregnated with sulpliur and salt ; abov(; this,
another calcareous formation, whitish and homo-
geneous, but sometimes cavernous. Again occurs
calcareous sandstone, then lamellar gypsum mixed
with clay ; and the series terminates with calca-
reous masses, involving flints and hornstone. But
what may perplex some geologists, is the singular
fact noticed by liumboldt. that the secondary for-
mations in the new world have such enormous
thickness and elevation. Beds of coal are found
in the neighbourhood of Santa Fe, 8650 feet above
the level of the sea; and even at the height of
14,700, near lluanuco in Peru. The plains of
Uogota, although elevated 9000 feet, are covered
witu sandstone, gypsum, shell-limestope, (ind eves
in some parts with rock-salt. Fossil shells, which
intheola continent have not been discovered high-
er than the summits of the Pyrenees, or 11,700
feet above the sea, were observe*.! in Peru, near
Micuipampa, at the height of 18,800 ; and again
at that of 14,1S0, besides at lluniicavelica, where
sandstone also ap|)ears. The basalt of Picbincba,
near the city of Quito, has an elevation of 15,500
feet ; while the top of the Schneekoppe in Silesia
is only 4S35 feet above the sea, the highest point
in Germany where that species of rock occurs.
On the other hand, granite, which in Euroiie
crowns the loftiest mountains, is not fonnd in tiic
American continent above the height of 11,509
feet. It is scarcely known at all in the provinces
of Quito and Peru. The frozen summits of Chim-
borazo, Cayambe, and Anitsana, consist entirely of
porphyry, which, on the flanks of the Andes,
forms a mass of 10 or 1S,000 feet in depth. The
sandstone near Cuenca has a thickness of 5000
feet; and the stupendous mass of pure quartz, on
the w. of Caxainarca, measures rierpendicidarly
9600 feet. It is likewise a remarkable fact, that
the porphyry oi those mountains very frequently
contains hornblende, but never quartz, and seldom
mica. The Andes of Chile have a distinct nature
from those three chains called the Maritime Moun-
tains, which have been successively tbrmed by the
waters of Uie ooean. This great interior structure
I 2

'I', V

«;

If'

i
\
I

,i|

AND

appears to be coeval with the civation of the
^vorl(l. It rises abruptly, and forms but a small
Jiiisrie with its Inse ; its t^eru'ral sha|)€ b«'iii!r that of
a pyramid, crowned at intervals with conical, and,
as ii were, crystallized elevations. It is composed
of primitive rtttks of quartz, of an enormous size,
and almost unilbrm conlijrnration, coiitaiuiii!; no
marine sub»tan<cs, wliidi al)onnd in the secondary
mountains. It is in the Cordillera of this part of
the Andes, thr^t bU)cks of crystal arc obtained,
of a size snirioieitl for colunms of six or seven
feet in hei2;ht. The central Andes are rich, be-
yond concopiion, in all the metals, lend only
excepted. One of the most curioi:s ores in the
bowels of those mountains is the pacos, n com-
pound of clay, oxyd of iron, and the muriate of
silver, with native silver. The mines of Mexico
and Pern, so lone,- the objects of envy and admira-
tion, furt'rom Ih-in;; yet exhausted, promise, under
a til:MMal and improved system, to b«'conie more
productive than ever. Hut nature has blended
with those hidden treasures the active nlinients of
destruction. The whole chain of the Andes is
Rubjcct to the most terrible earth(]u;ikcs. From
Cotopaxi 1o the S. sea, no ti'wcr tlian lorty volca-
noes are constantly burniui; ; some of them, espe-
cially the lower ones, ejectin<r lav;i, and others
discharging th<; muriate of ammonia, scorified
ba»alt arul porphyry, enormous quantities of water,
and especially moya, or clay mixed with sulphur
and carb()na(;eous matter, ilteriud snow invests
their sides, and tbrms a barrier to the animal and
vegetable kins^doms. IVear that coidine the tor-

I)or of vctretation is marked by dreary wastes.
n these wide solitudes, the condor, a fierce and
powcrfid bird of prey, fixes its gloomy abode. Its
size, howirvcr, has 1k'c» greatly exaggerated.
According to llumbohit, it is not larger than tin;
lammer geyer, or alpine vulture of llnrope; its
extreme hnglh being only three teet and a half,
and its breadth across the wings nine feet. Th<;
condor pursues the small tleer of the Andes, an<l
commits very considerable havoc among sheep and
heifers. It tears out the eves and the tongue, and
leaves the wretched animal to languish and expire.
i'lslimating from very probable data, this bird
skims \»h(ile hours at the heii 'it of four miles ; and
its power of wing must be prcxligioiis, and its
pliiincy of organs most astonishing, since in an
inst.int it can dait from the chill region of mid-air
U) the sultry shores of the ocean. The coiulor is
s(imetii)\e:s cai!i>hl alive, by means of a slip-cord ;
iiiul this ( li:iic, termed rotrrr huitics, is, next to
a bull-liglit, (lie mo.si favourite diversion of the
Sp;inish coloiibls. The dead carcase of a cow or

AND

horse soon attracts from a distance crowds of these
birds, which have a most acute scent. They fall
on with incredible voracity, devour the eyes and
the tongue of the animal, and plunging thnmgli
the anus, gorge themselves with the entrails. In
this drowsy plight they are approaclied by the
Indians, who easily throw a noose over thcni.
The condor, thus entangled, looks shy and sullen ;
it is most tenacious of life, and is ther<'fore made to
Miller a variety of jirotracted tortures. The most
important feature of the American continent, is the
very general antl enormous (>levation of its soil.
Ill Europe the highest tracts of cultivated land
seldom rise more than 5?00tl feet above the sea ;
but in the l*ernviun territory extensive plains
«tcciir at an altitude of <?000 feet ; and three fiffhs
of the viceroyalty of Mexico, comprehending th(;
interior provinces, present a surface of half a mil-
lion of square miles, which runs nearly level, at an
elevation from ()()<K) to WMX) feet, eq'ua' ' j that of
the celebrated passages of Mount Cenis, of St.
(lothard, or of the great St. liemard. These
remarkable tacts are deduced chiefly from barome-
trical obs«>rval ions. Hut llumlwldi has adoptedn
very ingenious mode, infinitely superior to any
description, of representing at one view the col-
lective results of his topographical and mineralo-
gical survey. Me has given nrofiles, or vertical
sections, of the countries 'hicii he visited, across
the continent, from Acapulco to Mexico, ond
thence to Vera Cruz ; from Mexico to Guanaxii-
ato, and as far as the volcano of Jorullo ; and from
Mexico to Valladolid. These iM'aiitifuI plates
are in every way highly interesting.]

ANDIKITIM, asinall river ofthe province and
colony of Maryland. It runs s. and enters the
Potowmac.

ANDINOS, a small river of the province and
country of the Amsizonas, in the Portuguese pos-
sessions, and in the territory of the Natayas In-
dians. It runs tVom t. s. e, ton.n. xp. and enters
the lake Magiieg;izu. According to the descrip-
tion of Mr. liellin, who calls it Andiras, it enters
the river Abacacliis.

ANDOAS, Santa Tomas oe, a settlement and
rcduccion of the missions held there by the Jesuits,
in the province and government of Muinas, of the
kingdom of (jiiilo.

|'.\NI)(>V'J]f{,a hirge, fertile, and thriving town
in l-'ssex county, MassiiclHiscKs. It cimtains 'iSfiS
inhaliitimts, in two parishes. In the ,9, parish arc
a paper mill and powder mill, from the litter of
which the army received lar/e supplies of gun-
powder in the late war. There is an excellent aca-
demy in this town, called Phillip's Academy,

Ii f . '

iVtls of lIlMC

They lall
lie eyes niid
in<y (lirouirli
iilrails. In
\m\ by tlic
over ihciii.
and sullen ;
'ore made to

The most
inem, is the
(»f its soil,
ivatcd land
ve the sea ;
sive plains
I three (in lis
liendiiiiy the;
half a mil-
level, at an
a' 'j that of
.'nis, of St.
ird. These
om Naromc-
is adopted a
rior to any
iew the cof-
id mincralo«
or vertical
ited, across
exico, and

Criianaxii-

aiid from
tifiil plates

rovince and
enters tlic

rovince and
ii!)^iiesc pos-
S'atayas In-
aiid enters
e desorip-
is, it enters

tiement and
he .Jesuits,
iiias, of the

ivinar town
rilaiifs 'JHCyS

parish are
lie I itter of
cs of gun-
cflieiit aca-

Academy,

AND

which owes its existence totIieli!)ernl benefactions
of the family whose name it iicars. Aiidovcr is
under excellent cnltivatioii, jjarticwlarly ihat part
vhich is watertil by Shawslicen river. It lies
about 'JO miles ?.'. from Nowbiiry-porl, and about
as M. from Uoston. J.at.42'4r«. l-ong. 71'
8' t'.]

[ANUovin, ill Hili.--boroiiah, New Hampshire,
contains Gifj inlialiitants, and was incorporated
J77f).]

[ANnovr.R is the s.tc. township in Windsor
county, Vermont, has (Chester on the e. lies 32
miles V;. r. of Uenniiigtoii, and contains HIH inha*
bitants.]

[ANDovF.n, a place in Sussex county, New
Jersey, near the Kiiiree of IVcpiest river, five miles
s.s.i: from New Town, and l(i in the same direc-
tion from NValpack.j

AN DUE, Raiiia ui;, on the n. coast of the
straits of Magellan.

[A.NDnr, St. a town in the kingdom of Jjcon,
in N. America, near the mouth of Nassas river,
which falls into the irnlf of Mexico.]

[ANDUKANOI' I SKI Isl.s, a crescent of isles
between Asia and America, discovered in I7(i0.
See Bbhiiing's Straits, and Noiitiikun Archi-
pelago. 1

ANDRES, San, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of Tixiipilco, and a/ruldiu mai/-
or of Ziiltepcc, in Ntieva Espafia, situate on the
top of an oxleiisivc and craggy elevation, of a hot
•nnd inoist temperature. It contains 77 families of
Indians, and is three leagues to the c. of its capi-
tal.

Andhfs, San, another settlement of the head
settlement of the dislriet and a/rafilin mayor of
Toltica, in the same kingdom, with 1,'Jl families of
Jiidians. it is a small distance ?/. o( its capital.

Andri.s, San, aiioMier, of tlie liead settlement
of the district of TIalotepcc, and ulaildia viai/oroi'
Tepeaea. It coiitiiins J.*^} famiiirs of Indian's, and
is three Iragiics from its head setth iiient.

A.M)iii:s. S,\N, another, wliicli is tin- head set-
lleinent of the dis'.n I of ilic alcuhlia win/or of
Tuxt'a. It contains i 170 lamilits t.l Intliai'is.

A\i)KKs, S'\, ant) her, of the head settlement
of the (listriil ol (he alctililia nnu/or </f Marinaleo,
at th.e (list;iiKe ol' one short league from its capi-
tal. ^

Andiiis, S\\, aiK.tlicr, of the head settlement
of the tliMiid of Texpatlan, and alciildia in.iyor
cl (.'ueniavaca.

Andiiis, Sam, aiintlier, wliich is a small ward
iini(<'(l (o tint of T.(|iu!,zitliiii, in WicaUuldUi moiy
oral Thtolihuutau.

AND

Asnni'S, San, another, in the head settlement
of the district of .Miiiaeatlan, ami alcuhlia mat/or
of Zacatlan, at more thanu league's distance from
its head settlement.

Andhfs, Sav, another, of the head settlement
of the district of Xonotla, and alatlili i miij/or of
Telehi, lying one league s.ie. of its head settle-
ment.

Ammiks, San, another, of the head settlement
of the district and alcaldia iiini/or of Guejozingo.
It contains I j famiiirs of Indians, including those
of the ward of San Pedro, which is joined to it,
both being totlic s. of their capital.

Anducs, San, another, a small settlement or
wartl of the alcaldia maj/or of G'uauchinango, an.
nexed to the curacy of tliatof TIacuclotepcc.

Andiies, San, another, of the head settlement
of the district of Papalotipac, and alcaldia maj/vr
of Cuicatlan, with SO families of Indians.

Anouks, San, another, of tiic head settlement
of the district of Hiscontepec, and alcaldia mayor
ot Nexapa. It comprehends ()8 families of Indians.

Andkis, San, another, of the head settlement
of the tlistrict of Tepehuacan, and alcaldia mai/orof
Te|H'c, ill which there are reckoned to be 40 tami-
lies of Indians, employed in cultivating cotton.

,\.M)RE8, San, anotlicr, of the head settlement
of the district am\ al<rtldia nini/or of /apatlan and
Tiispa. Ill its vicinity, and upon l'<e shores.of
the river Amazonas, is an estate called VA iigre
a la Uaya, (the tiger at bay), and that of .Maligna-
ro, also upon the shore of the same river. It is tour
leagiu'sfrom its capital.

Ani)Hi:s, Sav, another, of the missions that
were held by the Jesuits, in the nrovince of Te-
peguana, and king(h)m of Nueva Vizcaya, situate
on the shore of the river of Las Nasas.

A.NDitKS, San, another, of the mission iH'long-
ing to the or(hr of St. Francisco, in the province
ot Taraiimara, and kiiigtiom of Nueva Vizcaya;,
It) leagues distant betwei-n the s. c. and c. .v. c. of
the /c«/of San I'elipe de ("liiguaga.

Animus, San, another, of the jurisdiction and
government otSiii.hian (iiroii, in tiie new kiiig-
ilom of (Iraiiiula, situate in the most uneven part
oftlie,<('>v7/(»'rt.

ANnnis, San, another, of the province and
government ot Cartagena, in tiie kingdom of Tierra
I'"irnie, situate on the shore ol'tlie river Sum.

Andiiis, Svn, another, of the same province
and government as the I'oriner, ami at a small dis-
tance iVom it.

An nil lis, Sav, another, of the province and
corrrgimifnio of Lucanus la Peru, uimtxcU to llur
curacy of Puccjuin.

»l

'.'i...

il^i^

■^i;

e'i

AND

Andhes, Sav, anntlipr, of Ui« province and
alrn/dia mnijor of ZacapuLt in the kingdom of
(iiiatcniala.'

Andkis, San, another, of the missions that
belonged to the Jesuits, in tlie province and go-
vernment ri Mitinns in the kinirdom of Qnito, on
the sliore cf the river llayai, at a small distance
from that of Snn .1 uan.

ANDnEs, San, another, of (he province and
govenimcnt of Popayun in the kingdom of Quit j.

An ORES, San, another, of the province and
akald'ut mayor of Cfaiapa in the kingdom of Gua.
temala.

Andres, San, another settlement and parish of
the English, in the island of Jamaica, on the s.
side.

Andres, San, another, bcim^apnrisk and the
head settlement of the district ofthe island of Bar-
badoes, situate upon the e. coast.

Andres, San, another, of the above island,
of the district and parish of St. Thomas.

Andres, San, another, of the province and
(ilcaldia mat/or of Vera Paz in the kingciom of
Guatemala.

Andres, San, an island of the N. sea, situate
in front ofthe coast « ' Tierra Firme, and s. of that
of Santa Catalina : it is desert.

Andri-s, San, another island of the N. sea,
one of the Lucayas, b(!twcen the island Larga and
that of El Espiritu Santo.

Andres, San, a bay of the province and go*
vernment of La Louisiana, between the two rives
Incognitos (unknown).

Andres, San, another bay of Florida, in the
|vrovincr of Georgia, between that of Santa Rosa
aiid (he river Apalachicola.

Anores, Sa.v, a fort of the English, situate in
an island of the coast of CJeorgia.

Andri.s, San, a cape, or point ofland, onthe
coast of the Patagoiies, which lies lietwccn the
river of \/a Plata and the straits of Magellan.

[ANDREW'S, St. a small town in the con-
tested country between New Brunswick and (he
United States ; situated in the rear of an is!--;! of
• lie same name, on the e. side of the am; of (he
inner l)ay of Passamaquoddy, called ^coodick.
The town is regularly laid out in the foini of an
oblong square. The few inhabitants arc chiefly
eniploye(l in the lumber trade. The cuiT.mon tides
rise here about 18 feet.]

[A N DRuw's, St. a township in Caledonia comity,
Vermont, 100 'liles m. r. from Bennington.]

[Anoreh'' "It. a parish in Charleston dis(ric(,
South Caroli'K., C(mtaining 2!)t7 inhabitants, of
«hom 'iTOare wliites, and 251(i slaves.]

AND

I'A vDRT.w's Sonnd, St. lies s. of Jckyl's island,
and is formed by it and nsuall island i>l the mouth
of Great Sagilla river. The small rivei opposite
this sound separates Camden from Glynn county,
in Georgia.]

fANDROS Islands, sometimes called Holy
Ghost Islands, arc of very considerable magnitude,
and have been very erroneously placed in almost
every map or chart ofthe Bahama islands. They
extend in a sort of curve, or crescent, upwards of
forty leagues in length. There is a passage be-
tween the northern point of them (at Joultor's
keys) and tiie Berry islands, ofdilficult navigation,
and not above eight feet deep. Vessels, therefore,
proceeding from that quarter to Cuba, should go
round the n. end of all the Berry islands, over tnc
Great Bahama bunk; which, however, wilK'^.ot
admit Tesseis drawing more than 12 feet. There
are also several passages, or creeks, (though very
shallow), through this chain of islands, particularly
towards the s. extremity and Grassy ('reek keys.
Upon the ~x, side of Andros islands is the most
n. extremity of the Great Bahama ban''. Onthe
e. side there arc no soundings ^t any coi,'sideraoIe
distance from the shore. I'iie most n. point of
the principdl Andros island liis about 10 or 11
leagues w. «. w. from (he w. enl of Ne>/ Provi-
dence. High Point, v^hich is the most i. part of
it, lies about eight leagues s. from tho xo, ena ofthe
jami; island. There u;e few, if any, inhabitants now
on Andros island. In ihc interior of the island, there
is a shallow swamp or lake of tresh water, almost
tlic only one which is to be found in th'; Bahama
islands ; and it communicates with the sea by a
creek, or lagoone, navigable for flat-bottomed
boats. Great qua'uties of various sorts of timber
abound in the interior; but, from the shallowness of
the banks, and extreme difficulty of getting my
communication (o the coast, the trees remain un-
touched. One part of .\ndros island extends to
the w. very fr.r into ihc Great Bahama bank, in
a s.n\ direction from New Providence, towards
Salt key and tho island of (.'nba. In 1788 An-
dros island coi.'^.airied about two hundred inhabi-
tants, inclndim; slaves; and previous to May
1803, lands were granted by the crown, to (he
amount of I6,02;j acres, for the purpose of culti-
vation. See Bahamas.]

[ANDROSCOGGIN, or Amariscogcin River,
in the district of Maine, may be called the main
western branch of the Kennebeck. Its sources arc
M. of lake Umbagog. Its courw^ is southerly till
it approaches near to the White niountains, from
which it receives Moose and I'eabody rivers. It
then turns to the e. and then to the j. e. in whicli

I I

,.-^

kvPs isliind,
il tlic nioiitli
r'ui opposite
^nii county,

ailed Holy
miignitudc,
il in almost
nds. They
upwards ot
passage be-
at Joulter'fi
, navigation,
Is, therefore,
I, should go
ds, over tnc
er, will '"iot
feet. There
hough very
particularly
Oreck keys,
is the most
nV. Oa the
cuL'sideraole
n. point of
ut 10 or 11
No/ Provi*
st i. part of
a. end of the
abitants now
island, there
bfer, almost
th<; Bahama
he sea by a
ut-bottomcd
ris o»" timber
iallowi:'Css of
getting my
remain un*
extends to
na i;'mk, in
oe, towards
1788 An-
red inhabi-
us to May
)wn, to the
ise of culti-

G IN River,
the main
sources are
jutherly till
tains, from
rivers, it
r. in which

A N E

course it passes within two miles of tiie sea-coast,
and then turning n. runs over IVjt'pskacg falls
into Merry-Meeling bay, where it torms a junction
with the KennelK'ck, 'JO miles from the sea. For-
merly, from this buy lo the sea, the confluent
stream was called Sag.iduliock. The lands on this
river are very '^ood.

ANKAV, I'ort of the, on the w. coast of the
island of Newfoundland andgulpli ofSl. Lawrence,
between cape ilayc and the bay ot Anguila.

ANKCl'lLCt), a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the <!istiict of Tctcl/.ingo, and alcnldiu
»*ay»/of Countia, in Niieva L'spana. It contains
20 families of Indians, and at a little more than a
league's distance there is the estate .<■ Mapaztlan ;
in the vicinity of which is u ramfuiiii, consisting
of 'iiJ families of Mulattoes and A/usttts, who have
near to this place another estate, in which they
grind silver-metals, and which is of the real
of the mines of Coautla. It is one league s, K, of
its head settlement.

ANECJAIJA, a small island of the N. sea, one
of the Antillas, situate to the r. of that of Puer-
torico. It is burren, without water, and desert,
[is dependent on Virgin Gorda. It is about six
Feagues long, is low, and almost covered by water
nt nigh tides. On the s. side is Treasure Point.
J/at. 18' 4(i' w. Long. 6-t° ^2'-2' w.]

.\>iE(;AnA, also a bay of the coast of the straits
of iVlagellan. It is large and capacious, and lies
bctweeti that of 8au Maiias and the cape of San
Andres.

.\.vi:iiAnA, a small island near the coast
of Vera Cruz, in the bay or gulph of Mexico,
Itetween the Arrcciil* del Palo, and the island of
( 'abezas.

A.Nir.AnA, a point of land of the .«. coast of
tlic straits of Magellan, close lo the cape of Orange,
and opposite ilie bay of La Posesion.

Anicaiia, another bay of the coast of the
Patagones, which lies bitween ihe river of La Plata
und liie strait ol' Magellan.

ANtCADITOS, a settlement of the island of
Cuba, on thi^ v. c o.isl, between port Trinidad and
the island Cocliinos.

ANIX.'ADIZOS, Uiver of the, in the province
and ijovcrinnent ot (Ihon), of the kingdom of
Ticrra 1 inne. It runs almost directly trom e. to
u>. into till' S. sea, near the poinl of Salinas.

A.m:(JAI)I/.os, .Sknas uk i,os, the name of three
muuiitiins, which are upon the coast of the S. sea,
in thi: saiiw province <u(U government as the tbrmer
rivi'i.

AN KM HI, a river of the province and govern-
liieut 01 I'araguay in Piru.

A N G

c:i

AlJGACniLLA, a river of the district of (;ua-
dalul)quen, in the kindoni of Cliile. It runs u'.
and enters the Vuldivia neartiiis city.

AN(i.\(jl .V, SA.NTiACio III., a settlement of
the head v-'ttlenuiit of the district of IJruapan,
and ulraldia imtijor ^A' Valladoliil, in the province
and bishopric of Meclioaciui . situate in the in-
terior of tlic saraHlu. It contains 'J2 families ot
Indians, und is distant 10 leagues to the s. of it>
hea.' .settlement, and 16 from the capital.

.\X(».\MAKCA. a settlement of the province
and corretr'tinkiitu of J^atacunga in the new king-
dom of Quito.

ANGAMOCIJTIHO, Han Fuancisco u- , a
scltknietil of the head settlement of the district of
Puruaiuliro, ami alcatdia 'i^ai/or ot Valladolid, in
the provitice and bishopric of .Mcchuacan ; sitnatt;
on tlie top of a hill, in the e. part of its capital ;
is of a warm and dry temperature ; contains 4j
families of Spaniards, Afusties, und .Mulattoes,
and lot) of Indians. Twenty-five leagues e. ot its
capital Pasquaro.

A.Nd'.VRAKS, a province and rorrfg/MijVH/o of
Peru, bounded on the u. by the province of Jauja,
on the w. by the Andes, and joins the province of
Castro- Virreyna to the s. ; to the e. it is bounded by
the island of Tayacaja, of the province ol lluanta :
'il leagues in length from e. to w. and 13 in width,
having a very irregular figure. Its temperature js
for the most part cohl, except in one or two
hollow uneven parts, which are somewhat tempe-
rate ; but there is nevertheless no scarcity in
wheat, maize, ami other seeds. In the temperate
parts are cultivated the sugar-cane, some fruits
and herbs, and a kind of hay called ic/tit, servitig
as fuel for the ovens in which they extract the
quicksilver, from which gr«at emofument is de-
rivitl, sine «• the miners buy this article at a great
price. Il abounds in cattle of every kind, and in
native sheep, wliich serve to carry the metals to
the ovens. There are also found in this province
variduscolouicil riuthsfor painting, such as umber,
which they call guaiicalir/ica, oropimetilc, one
nliimgrt, vennillion, and others of jlilferent hues.
It is watered by the river Sangtiiaco, which dividrs
it from the island of Tayacaja, Ixtlonging to ilie
province of lluanta, the river Vilcabamba, which
also dirhles it trom the province otTauxa, and
Ihe rivers Licay and La Sal, all of which run into
the Maranon. It has six curacies or parishes of
Indians, and .'JO other settlements, dependent npoii,
or annexed to tiiese. Its npaiiimitiilo was 3{),A'J'^
dollars, of which it paid I4.il) of ulaaatii in five
years. The capital is (iuancavelica, and the .set-
tlements of its jurisdiction uie,

T^iff^

iif

.1..

€4

San Antonio,

S;in S('li;i>ifi;iii,

Santa Ann,

Simla IJiiibara,

AcoharnlKi,

Acoriii,

('oimica,

Mrcny,

•hilcuininrcn,

^Aularpanca,

lltinillas,

iliinncahuancn,

(^ongallo,

San Cliri.sloval,

Asuncion,

Sacsaniarca,

TlnailMzucliii,

Cliarllatacana,

A N O

Andabni'tUi,

Paucaia,

Iliilinca,

N'cciiiiilluiailla'i.

lluaclioculii)*,

Pala,

linando,

Palca,

Ailanoisi,

I'allalla,

('liarapi,

Iscucliiu;,',

Cnonca,

Moya,

Vilcabainba,

Incalniasi,

Acobanibiila,

C'allanniarca,

Aclion"a.

I'lspiritu Oaja,

Todos Saiilos,
ANCJASMAjU, a rivor of llie province and
jiovciiunt'n) ol' Popajan, in tlio valli-y of J^os
!Ma-(('lcs. It runs from c. lo :e>. and, altrr collccl-
injjf llic waters of tiic Tnanambi'i and the d'uiiitara,
enters the P.-'tia on (lie ,v. t,'(i ', which thus be-
comes im^reased by its stream. Jl llien divides tlic
Jiirisdidioii of Quito from thai of Popayatt, and
is (lie mariv of tiie boundary of the inquisition of
Limn, and (he point from whence liia( of (^ar(a-
};cna lu-jjins. I(s nioutli is in Lat. 2"' i' n. Long.

A.N(;ASAIAIIC'A, a scttiernentof (lie province
and t^overmnent of Tarma in Peru, amiexcd to the
curacy of Parianchacra.

A x; ASM A lu A, anotlier, of the province and cor-
rcj'-innrnto of llnamacliuco, also in Peru.

Ancasm AIM A, a riverof the same province and
roiidii'iiioilo. il rJM's (o tlie .v. of tlie capital,
aM;l enters liie river Santa,

A.\(li;i-, S\N, a ,vf///i)»o.7 of the head .-.cttle-
iiMiil oliiie district ami iihalilia inni/or oi' Voyo;\VA\\\
ill Niicva Kspana, of an ai;reeab'e and deliglitfiil
leinperatuiv, and well slocked with houses, gar-
dens, and oreliaicls, which "-crve as places of rc-
cnaiion to (he people of Mexico. There is a
CDUVcnt of mo dis of the order ol" St. Francis,
a'ul another mairnilicent convent of the bare-tooled
Carmelites, which is a college of sludies. Il lias
some commerce iu cloths and bai/es, wronght in
iN niainitaclories; is distant somewhat more ihaii
a cjnai ler of a league from tlie r»'. of its capital.

A.sGii, S\N, another sctt/m.ciil in the head
selllemenl of the «listricl and tilcdUliii vini/or n\'
Periban in the same Iviiigdom. It contains Slj
Jamilicsof Indian^, and hi.\ of Mtiskcs, v,ho oh-

A N G

taiua liveliliood in making shoes and snd(llc<;, nn
its territory lia» no protluci ions whatever. It has
a convent of the order of St. Francis, and Ik six
leagues to the c, of ils capital.

ANcii!,, San, another, of the kingdom of Chile,
which is a place of encampment, and a. trontier of
the Arucanian Indians, near the river Biobio.

A.Nfip.f,, San, another, of the province and
corie3;iiiiic>U() ni Pasto in the king(lom ol (^uito,
situate in the road which leads tlown from Po-
payaii.

ANfiF.r,, Sav, aiiother, of the province and
government of Sonora in Nucva I'^spana, on the
shore of a river which enters into (hat of Gila, to
till" u". of the garrison of llorcaisitas.

Anc.i.i,, Sa.v, another, of (he mi^sions held by
the Jesuits, in the province and government of
Buenos Ayres, on {lie shore of the river Yui.
Here the Portuguese, commanded by (Mmiez
Freirede Andrade, held their head-quarters, in tho
year I rr)(j, when the lieutenant-goneral Don Pcilro
(Jevallos, with the Marcjiui of V'ahlelirios, was
sent over to treal for an exchange of i)risoners
between the setthnnent of Paraguay and tlie crown
of Portugal, fit was founded in the vear 1707,
in Lat. 'iS' 17' 19' n. J.oiig. 5i° 52' u\}

ANCiF.r-, Sax, another, of the province and
coj/rg/WcH/o of Ibarra in the kingdom of Quito,
sitnaie at the source of the river of its name.

Angki,, San, a large island of tlic gulph of
Calil'ornia, or ited sea of Cortes, situate in the
most interi )r part of it, at a small distance Iroia
the coast.

.Anci;!,, Sax, a river of (lie province and cor-
rrs;ii>iiciilo of Ibarra in the kingdom of Quito,
wliich rises from the desert of Angel, runs ,v. s, e.
and enters the Mira, a little belore (he bridj^.,
which is across (he lader, in La(. 27" 7' w.

ANd'LLLS, Pi;i;iu.A \n: i.os, a capi(al city
of (he province of 'J'laxcala in Nneva Kspaila,
louiuled in l.o'J.'J by the bishop Uoii Sebastian
Bamirez de Fiienleal ; is of a warm and iliy
temperature, and one of the most beautiful cities
of America, being inferior to none iu Nueva
L'spafia, save its capital. Its temples are sump-
(nous, ils streets wide, and diawii i:i a slraiirht
line fiom e. to lo. and from >/. to v. : the public
s(|Mare» are large and' handsome ; and the ancient
edifices of proportionate architecture. The ca-
th(;dral is extremely ricii, ornamental, and well
endowed ; to this is uiiiied (he magnificent cliapt;!
oj' Sagrario, with two curacies ami (()ur assisting
parisii chapels, xvhich are, (he ciiapel (if (!ie Iii-
tlians, that of Los Dolores, at (he bridne of San
Francibco, (hat of Los ('ozos, and another, als«

'if .

• ■1

., ^^:

ANGELES.

siicKllcs, nn
vcr. Jt has
, iind ifi bix

om of CIiHp,
a frontier of
Hiol)io.
rovinre ami
im ot (jiiito,
ni from l*o-

roviiico and
yiu\:\, oil tiiR
, of Gila, to

iioiis licld by
)V('riiiiKMit of

rivor Vui.

by (ioinez
iirtt'rs, ill the
il Don Peilro
IcHiios, was
(if prisoners
lid t Ik: crown
leyoiir 1707,

iroviiice and
)in of Quito,
s name,
die ffidpli of
situate iu the
listaiicu from

ncc and ror-

ni of Quito,

runs ,?. ,?, e.

the bridge

a|)ital city

va I'lspafia,

Jii Selwhtian

rm and «iiy

utiful cities

ill Niieva

s are siiiiip-

I a &trai>rht

the public

(lie ancient

'I' he ca-

I, and well

cent cliapid

lur a>si,slini^

of the lii-

ridn'c of San

mother, als«

having the name of Los Dolores, contitruous to
the convent of Betlilemitcs, and that of San Mar-
cos, as suffragan : besides these, it lias four other
parishes; that of San .Joseph, with five pi^ js of
visitation, which are those of the Indians, San
Pablo, Santa Ana, San Antonio, and NucstraSc-
uora dc Loreto ; also the parisii of Santa Cruz,
witli four other places of visitation, namely, of
Santiago, San Miguel, San Matias, and Guada-
lupe; the parisli of Santo Angel Ci stodio with
two ; Los Uemedios, and San Baltasar, and that of
Santa Cruz with three ; namely, of San Juan del
llio. El Santo Christo de Xonacaltepec, and Mise-
ricord ia. It contains the three following convents :
St. Domingo, a large building ; the royal college
of San Luis, with public itudies and the convent for
recluses of San Pablo : and in its vicinity two
large chapels, one of IIk' Mistecos Indians, and
another of the order of Penitence, to which is an-
nexed that of La Santa Escucla. It has also a
convent of the religious order of St. Frsncis, and
some independent chapels of the order Terrera of
Indians ; and without the walls of the city, other
cliurchcs and hospitals. It lias also the college which
was t'ormerly of the .Jesuits, and contiguous to that,
the church of San Miguel, of Indiani; and of San
Udefonso, of barefooted Carmelites, which is a house
for novices and for studies : two colleges of San .Juan
de Dios, one for novices and the other a hospital,
called San Pedro ; the college of San Hipolitodc la
Caridad, and the convent of Bethlemites, of the
La Convalescence, with schools for children :, the
church of the Oratorio de San Felipe Neri, and that
of the congregation of the ecclesiastics of St. Peter,
for the practising of ministers in the duties of the
pulpit and the confessional. Its monasteries an-
those of Concepcion, San (ieronimo, Saiitisima
Trinidad, Santa Calalinn, of Dominican nuns ;
Santa Ines de Monte Policiano, of the same order ;
of Santa Hosade Maria, of barefooted Carmelites ;
of Simla Monica, of the Recoletan Agustincs, Ca-
puchins, and St. Claire. The colleges which
adorn this city are, San Pedro and San .Juan, in
Avhich is included the Tridentine seminary, where
the collegians are taught grammar, the graver
sciences, and the Mexican tongue ; also the great
college of San Pedro and San Pablo, for studying
theology and philosophy ; of San C.'eroniino, for
teaching grammar ; and of San Ignaeio, for the
graver studies. Here is a college for children,
with the title of La Caridad : ;>.nodier enlii. ly Tor
married women and widows ; that of Jesus M;iri,i,
contiguous to that of San (I'eronimo ; and another
ft male convent, with a niagnificent temjile and de-
vout sanctuary of the miraculous image ol Niie^tra

VOL. I.

Senora dc la Soledad. Besides tliesc aforesaid
temples, there are, without the walls of the city,
various chapels and hermitages in tlic wards of
the Indians which encompass it ; and with those
who inhabit these wards, and those within the
city, the numbers of families amount to 3S00 of
Mexican Indians, and 15,000 Spaniards, Mnstres,
and Mulattoes. The commerce which they main-
tain, although it has been upon the decline troiii
the beginning of the present century, with regard
to what it was before, consists of cloths and fruits
of Spain and of the country, and some cloths
from (Miina, besides various effects which find
their way hither from the other provinces. It
also tratlics in soap of various qualities, rot'ou
manufactures, fine earthen ware, resembling that
of Talavera, and ail kinds of iron and steel work,
as plough-shares, chopping-knives, table-knives,
spurs, and stirrups; and, what arc held in particular
estimation, the white arms, renowned for a singular
temper, and not inferior to those of Toledo. It
is the .seat of the bishop suffragan to tiic arch-
bishop of Mexico, established in the year 1526, in
the oity of Tlaxcala, and translated to this in
1550. Its mitre has had the glory of having
adorned the head of the venerable Scfior Don Frau
Juan de Palafox, whose canonization is no small
subject of discussion at the present day. This
famed person was the author of many sacred and
piofound works, and .among the rest, those of the
turbulent disputes which he maintained with the
extinguished society of the .lesuils.

[La Pucbia de los Aageles, the capital of the
intcndancy of itsname, is more populous than Lima,
Quito, Santa Fe, and Caracas ; and after Mexico,
Guanaxuato, and the Ilavannah, the most consider-
able city of the Spanish colonies of the new conti-
nent. La Piiebia is one of tlie small number of Ame-
rican towns founded by European colonists; Ibriii
the plain nfAcaxete, or Cuitlaxcoapan, onthcspot
where the capital of the proviice how stands,
there were only in the beginning of \\\v Ifjlh cen-
tury n few huts, inhabited by Indians of Cholula.
The privilege of the town of Paebi.i is di'ted 2Htli
Sept. I.jSI. The consumption of t lie /iihabitants,
in 1802, amounted to 5^2,5^51 cargtis (of 300 pounds
each) of wheaten flour, and ^0,000 coif^as of
maize. Height of the ground at tiie Plaza Mayor,
7,'J8l feet; population, according to Hiiinbo'dl,
()7,S00. This city is 22 leagues to the e. of
McNico. Long. 98^:>'. Lat.'l9\]

Catalogue of the Bishops of La Pitebla de los
Angeles.

I. Don /Vrt/y Julian (iarces, native of Aragon,
a Domincan, preacher to the Emperor Charles V

) 1

1 1

ANGELES.

oU-ctcd bislinp of Tlnxcah iti 1527 ; lie died iii
1549.

9. Don Frai/ I'ahlo de Tiihvpra, iiiitive oftlie
tinfu of Niiviilinarqueiute ; elected iii 1543; died
in F545.

:i. Don F»w/ M.iitin Snrniienlo, native of Ojn-
rnstro, a I'raneiscan monk, eoniiiiissary-^enenil uf
India; e'ected in 1546; dieil in 1557.

4. Don Iternardo de Villa (luinez ; elected in
lYi9 ; died in 1570.

5. Don An(oiiio de Ruiz de Morales y Molina,
niitive of Cordova ; elected in 1572; lie dietl in
l,)7f).

G. Don Diego de Romann, a native of Valla-
dolid, canon of Granada, inquisitor, founder of
tlie eolleije of the Jesuits of his country ; elected
in IS7S; he died in 160().

7. Don Alonso 'i,» la Mola y l-'scobar, native of
Mexico, dean of ti.it metroI)oli1^n chiiroh ; he
founch'd the college of San lldetiinso, of the
Jesuits of this city, endowed it with provisions for
25 nuns : .md under his direction and influence,
were founded tin; convents of Santa Teresa un(l

•ta Ines.

A 'so, Don Juan de Santo Matia Saenz de Ma-
liosca, bishop of Cuba, removed to this, but dicnl
before he took possession of it.

8. Don Gutierre Bernardo dc Quiros, native of
Tinco in Asturias, inquisitor of Toledo and Mex<
ico ; elected in IG'SC) ; he died in I63S.

9. Don .luan de Palafox y Mendoza, native of
Ariza in .\ragon, treasurer of Tarazona; elected
in 1639 ; promoted to the archbishopric of Mexico
in I.55G.

10. Don Diego Osorio d«' Kscobar v Llamas, na-
tive of Coruna, canon of Toledo ; elected in 1556,
founder of the c<mvent of La Santissima Trinidad,
of monks of Concepcion ; promoted to the arch-
bishopric of Mexico in 1667.

II. Don Manuel Fernandez dc Santa Cruz, na-
tive of Lii Valencia, mayor collegian of Cuenca,
nirtar's/rfl/ canon of Segovia, bishop of Chiapa and
of Guadalaxara; promoted in 1667; he founded
the colleges of San Pedro and San Pablo, of St.
Domingo, that of San Joseph de Gracia, for
children, and that of Santa Monica ; he finished
the beautiful tower of the church, erected two
gates of marbles, put up the statues, and finished
the exchange, which fronts the mart ; he was pro-
inoteil to the bishopric of Mexico in 1703, presented
to this in 1676; he did not accept ofthe promotion of
the bishopric or vice-royalty of Mexico, to which
he was invitetl ; he died in the year 16^)9.

Dim Fray Ignacio de Urbina, ofthe order of
St. Gerome, archbishop of Santa Fe, in the Nuevo

Reyno dc Giantidii ; lie mis lieforc presented to
this in nO^i, but dn lini'd it.

h?. Don (iarciii Lcf^asjii Altnniirnno, native of
Mexico, archdeacon of that metropolis ; us bishop
of this chnrcli, promoted in the year 1703, of
which h<- took possession the following year, und
in a short time died.

13. Don Pedro Ntigales D;'ivil;i, native of Za-
lamea in ICstremadura, of the order of Alciintarn,
inquisitor of Logrofio; he was elected in 1708,
and died with the reputation of sanctity in I7S1.

14. Don if uan Antonio de Fiardiz-aval v Elorza,
native of Segiira in fJnipuzcoa, iiniyor collegian of
San Bartohmit^, nmghtral canon of Salamanca,
and professor of sciences in that university ; he
was electetl in 1722, and was offered the arch-
bishopric of Mexico in 1735 ; this however he de-
clined accepting, and died in 1733.

15. Don Benito Crespo, a knight of the order
of Santiago, native of Estremadiira, dean of
Oaxaca, bishop of Dnrango ; promoted to La
Puebia in 1734, and died in 1737.

16. Don Pedro Gonzalez Garcia, native ofTor-
delaguna ; he was delaying three years and an
half in the port of Santa Maria, without daring to
embark on (v;count of the war, when he was pro-
moted to the bishopric of .4lvila in Spain, ia
1743.

17. Don Domingo Pantaleon Alvarez dc Abreu,
native of Canaria, archl)ishop of St. Domingo ;
promoted to this of La Puebia in 1743; he en-
couraged the foundation of the convent of Santa
Rosa, and dcnlicatcd the church of Nuestrn Seitora
del Refugio, in the sr^all settlement of Las Calcras ;
he dieil in 1763.

18. Do" r'rancisco Xavier Fabian y Fiiero,
native of Terzaga, bishop of Siguenga, of which
he was magistral collegian in the; grand college of
Santa Cruz, canon and abbot of Santa Leocadia
in the church of Toli do ; elected in 1764, and
promoted to the archbishopric of Valencia in
1774.

19. Don Victoriano Lopez Gonzalo, vicar-
general of the church of Lu Puebia ; elected in
1774.

[Anoeles, Puebi-a de LOS, Intendancy of.
This intendancy, which has only a coast of 26
leagues towards the great ocean, extends from Id'
57' to 20^ 40' of n, latitude, and is consequently
wholly situated in the torrid zone. It is hounded
on the H. r. by the intendancy of Vera ('riiz, on
tiie e. by the intcndatuy of Oaxaca, on the s. by
the ocean, and on the w. by the intendancy of
Mexico. Us greatest length, from the month of
the Huall river Tecoyamc to near Mcxitlaii, is 1 IS

•afe

ANGELES.

c prcscnfcJ to

1110, nativo of
lis ; as liislio])
■CAT 1703, of

"o y*'*'"i ""^

iiiUivc of Za-
(it° A Icuiitan,
c(c(J ill 1708,
iity'm 1 72 1,
aval V Elorza,
or collegian of
}f Salamanca,
nii'ersily ; he
'red tlic arch-
owever he do-
it of the order
lira, dean of
iinoted to La

native of Tor-
years and an
liont daring to
fii lie was pro-
in Spain, ia

arez dc Abrcu,

St. Domingo ;

1743 ; he cn-

nvent of Santa

ucstra Seftora

Las Culeros ;

nan y Fiiero,
ncfi, of which
and college of
inta lieocadia
in I76i, and
Valencia in

nzalo, vicar-
clectcd ill

ntcndancy of.

a coast of 2(5
ends from J()'

ctHiseqiieiitly
It is bounded
Vera ('rnz, on
on tlie v. by
iiitcTidaiicy ui

the month of
;\itlan, is US

[leasiies; and its greatest breadth, from Techuacan
to Mccamccn, is 50 leagues.

The greater part of the iiitendancy of PuebIa is
traversed by the high cordilleras of Anahuac.
Beyond the 18th degree of latitude the whole
country is a plain eminently fertile in wheat,
maize, agave, and fruit trees. This plain is from
1800 to 2000 metres, or 5905 to 65()1 feet, above
the level of the ocean. In this intendancy is also
the most elevated mountain of all New Spain, the
Popocateiietl. This volcano, first measured by
HumboUU, is continually burning ; but for these
several centuries it !ias thrown nothing up fruii«. its
crater but smoke and ashes. This mountain is
600 metres, or 19()8 feet, higher than the most
elevated summit of the old continent. From the
isthmus of Panama to Bering's straits, which
separate Asia from America, we know only of
one mountain, Mont St. £lie, higher than the
great volcano of Pueblr .

The population of this intendancy is still more
unequally distributed than that of the intendancy
of Mexico. It is concentrated on the plain which
extends from the eastern declivity of the snowy
mountains to the environs of Perote, especially on
the high and beautiful plains between Ciiolula, La
PuebIa, and TIascala. Almost the whole country,
from the central table-land towards San Luis and
Ygualapa, ne;ir the S. sea coast, is desert, though
well adapted for the cultivation of sugar, cotton,
and the other precious priHluctions of the tropics.

The tuble-land of La PuebIa exhibits remark-
able vestiges of ancient Mexican civilization. The
fortifications of TIazcalu are of a construction
posterior to that of the great pyramid of Cholula,
a curious monument, of which lluinboldt promises
iucivca minute description in the historical account
of his travels in the interior of the new continent. It
is suiFicicnt to state here, that thispyniniid, uti the
top of which lie made a great number of aslroiiu-
mical observations, consists of tour stage- ; that in
its present stale the perpendicular elcvi.tioii is only
St metres, or 177 feet ; and the horizontal breadth
of the Ime, 4.S9 metres, or I42J feet : thai its
sides are very exactly in the direction ol (lie meri-
dians and par lids ; and that it is constructed (if
we may jiidgc; from, the perforation muilc a lew
>eai-s ago in tliew. side) of alteinale strata ol brick
and clay. These ilata are sulliiieiit foi otii iccug-
nisiiiif in the coiihlriiction of this tdiliic llie .s;iine
iixMlel observed in the form of iIk; jnraini'Js
of 'rtiitiliuiicaii, vhicli tiiat anilior iil>o de-
scribes 'I'hcy siiliice also to prove the great
analoiry between these brick niomiiiients, creel-
ed by llie most anci(ttit inhabitants of Anahuac,

the temple of Belus at Babylon, arid the pyra*
mids ot Menscbich-Dasbour, near Sakhara in

The platform of the truncated pyramid of Cho-
lula has a surface of 4300 square metres, or 45,208
square feet English. In the midst of it there is a
church dedicated to Nuestra Senora de los Ileme-
dios, surrounded with cypress, in which mass is
celebrated every morning by an ecclesiastic of In-
dian extraction, whose tiabitiial abode is the sum-
mit of this monument. It is from this platform
that we enjoy the delicious and majestic view
of the Volcan de la PuebIa, the Pic d'Orizabn,
and the small cordillera of Matlacueye, which
formerly separateil the territory of the Cholulans
from that ot the Tlaxcaltcc republicans.

The pyramid, or teocalli ot Cholula, is exactly
of the same height as the Tonatiuh Itzaqual of
Teotiuhacan, already adveiied to ; and it is three
metres, or 9.8 fed, higher than the Mycerinus, or
the third of the great Egyptian pyramids of the
group of Cihize. As to tlie apparent length of its
base, it exceeds that of all the edifices of the same
description hitherto found by travellers in the old
continent, and is almost the double of the great
pyramid known by the name of Cheops. Those who
wish to form a clear idea of the great mass of this
Mexican monument, from a comparison with objects
more generally known, may imagine a square, ibur
times the dimensions of the Place Vendome, co-
vered with a heap of bricks of twice the elevation
of the Louvre ! The whole of the interior of the
pyramid of Cholula is not, perhaps, composed of
brick. These bricks, as was suspected by a cele-
brated antiquary at liome, M. Zoega, probably
formed merely an incrustation of a lieapof stones and
lime, like many of (he pyniinids of Sakhara, visited
by Pocok, and more recently by M. (irobert. Yet
the road from Piicbla t» Mecameca, carried across
a part of the first f tagc of the teocalli, does not
agree v.ith this supposition. We know not the
ancient height ol tins extraordinary monimieiit.
In its present slate, the length of its base is
to its iK'ryx'ndicular height as eight to one, while
in the three great pyramids of Cihize, this propor-
tion i;i as one and six-tenlhs and one and seveii-
tentlis to one, or nearly as eight to five.

The iiiteiKlaiicy of Pueblu gratifies the curiosity
of (he travellei also with one of tlie most ancient
moMunicnls of veijctation, ihe famous ahaliuetc,
(ciipre.vsiis (listiclia. — lAnn.), or cypress of the
village of Adixco, whicli is 7G.4 feet English in
circunifereiue, iniasined init riorly (for i<s trunk
is hollow) ; (he diameter is l(j feet English. This
cyprcis ofAllixco is, (herefore, to within a lew
K 2

■J

68 A N G E L K S

[feet of tlin same (hicknc«fl m the baohnh (andan- till 1710 with I'cni, in Iiiils and delft wnrc, haa en-

sonia diiritatn) of tlie Sene£»nl. tirclv censed. Hut (li(3 ^'lealest obstacle to tin;

Tiie district of the old republic of TImcala, in- public prosperity arises Ironi four-fitllis of the

habited by Indians jealous of their privileces, und whole property (fiiim) Iiclon|jin!f to inort-main

▼ery much inclined to civil dissensions, has for i\ proprietors ; that is to say, to communities of

lon^ time formed a particular government. It is monks, to chapters, eorporntions, and hospitals,

indicated in the general map of New Spain as The iiifendaney of I'ucbla has very considerable

still belon<;in^ to tli(> intendancy of I'liebla; but salt-works near Cliila, Xicotlan, and Ocotlan, in

bv a recent clian^c in the fmanciul administration, the district of (.'liiautia, as also near Zupotitlan.

'^laxcala and Guautlade las Ilamilpas were united The beautiful marble, known by the name of

to the intendancy of Mexico and TIapa, and Puebla marble, which is preferable to that of Hiz.!-

Ypfualapa separated from it. ron and the Real del Doctor, is procured in the

There were, in 1793, in tlw; intendancy of Pue- (piarries of Totamehuacnn and Tecali, at two and

bin, without including the four districts of Tlax- seven leagues distance from the capital of the in-

cala, Guautla, Vgualapa, and TIapa : tendancy. The carbonate of lime of Tecali is

liulinn S^'''<^s -.187,531 souls. transparent, likc the gypsous alabaster of Volterra,

inuians, ii.>,nales 186,221 a^d the Phcngites of the ancients. * '

Spaniards ^ Males 25,617 The indigenous of this province speak three

or Whites, ^ Females 29,363 languages totally difl'erent from one another, the

Mi» I T SM'iles 37,318 Mexican, Totonac, and Tlapanec. The first is

raixea race, ^ Y^,^^^^^^., 40,590 peculiar to the inhabitants of Puebla, Cliolula, and

Secular ecclesiastics 585 Plascala; the second, to the inhabitants of Za-

Monks 446 catlan ; and the third is preserved in the environs

Nuns ' 427 of Tlapa. W hatever may Ix' the depopulation of

■ the intendancy of Puebla, its relative population is

Result of the total enumeration, 508,028 souls, still four times greater than that of the kingdom of

distributed into six cities, 133 parishes, 607 vil- Sweden, ami nearly equal to that of the king-

lagcs, 425 farms (haciendas), 886 solitary houses, dom of Aragon. The industry of the inhabi-

iranchos), and 33 convents, two>thirds of which tants of this province is not much directed to

are for monks. the working of gold and silver mines. Those

The government of TIaxcala contained, in 1793, of Yxtacmaztitlan, Temeztla, and Alatluuquitepic,

a population of 59,177 souls, whereof 21,849 in the Partido de San Juan de los Llanos, of

were male, and 21,029 female Indians. The La Canada, near Tetela dc Xonotla, and of San

boasted privileges of the citizens of TIaxcala are Miguel Tenango, near Zacatlan, are almost aban-

reducible to the thre« following |)oint8 : 1. The doned, or at least very remissly worked,

town is governed by a cacique and four Indian The most remarkable towns of the intendancy of

alcaldes, who represent the ancient heads of the Puebla are, the capital of this name, Tlascalla,

four quarters, still called Tecpectipac, Ocotelolco, Cholula, Atlixco, Tehuacan de las Granadas,

Quiahutztlan, and Tizallan ; these alcaldes are Tepeaca or Tepeyacac, Iluljocingo or Iluexot-

under the dependence of an Indian governor, w lio zinco. Population in 4803, 813,300. Extent of

is hinuself subject to the Spanish intendanl : 2. surface in s(juare leagues, 2696. Number of

The whites have no seat in the municipality, in inhabitants to the square league, 301.]

virtue of a royal cedula, of the IGth April 1385 : Anci.i.es, Pi;j;ula uf, i,os, with the dedicatory

and, 3. The cacique, or Indian governor, enjoys title of Nuestra Sefiora, a town of tlic province

the honours of an alfercz real. The progress and government of Popp.yan, founded in I5C5 by

of the industry and prosperity of this province the captain Domingo Lozano. It w;us large and

has been extremely slow, notwithstanding the well peo|)led ; but it is at present reduced to ii

active zeal of an intcndant equally enlightened miserable state, by the repeated ravages committed

and respectal)le, Don Manuel de Flon, who lately in it by the infidel liulians of the tVontier. Twenty

iidierited the title of Count de la Cadena. The leagues from Tocaima, and nine Irom the town of

tlour trade, formerly very flourishing, lias sut- Neiva.

fered much from the enormous price of car- Angeles, Puebla or, i.os, another settlement,
riage from the Mexican table-land to the Ila- > with the sirname of Angeles de Uoamainas, a ce-
vannah, and especially from the want of beasts of duccion of the missions whicii belonged to the rc-
burdeu. The commerce which Puebla carried on gulars of the company of Jesuit j; in the province

I ware, hfu cii-
bstaclc io llic
r-fifths of tlic

to inort-main
immiinUics of
itnd liospitnls.
•y coiisidcraljlo
ul Ocotluii, ill
ar Zupotitlan.

tlic imnio of
o that of lliza-
>rocured in tlic
ali, at two and
pital of the in-
5 of Tecali is
:cr of Voltcrra,

:c s^icak three
lie nnotfacr, the
. The first is
, Cholula, and
bitaiits of Za-
iu tlic environs
li'population of
e population is
he kingdom of
i of the king<
3f tlie inhabi-
ch directed to
tiiine.s. Those
latUiuquitepic,

OS Llanos, oi'

, and of San
c almost aban-
rkcd.

intciulancy of
Inie, Tlascalla,

as Granadas,

;o or Iluexot-

)0. Extent ol"

Number of

the dodicatory
tlu' province
cd ill I5C5 by
was largo and
reduced to a
£!;( s comniitled
iilicr. Twenty
m the town of

iirscttlomcnt,

imainas, a re-

sU'd to the rc-

tho province

A N G

and govermncnt of Mainas, of the kingdom of
Qiiiio, situate on the shore of the river Napo ;
foiiiuli'd by the father Lucas Maxaito in 1059,
from a nation of Indians of its nanu;.

Angei.ih, I'ukhi.a he lor, another, with the
dedicatory title of Simla Maria, in the province
and government of Cumana, of the kingdom of
Tierra Firnie, situate in the middle of the scrrania.
It is one of those of the mission which is under the
care of the ( 'apuchin Catalanian fathers.

Angelks, Puebi-a de LOS, another, with the
dedicatory title of Nuestra Hcilora, in the district
of Chiriqui, of the province and government of
Veragua, kingdom of Tierra Firme.

Angeles, ruEBi.A de los, with the same de-
dicatory title, a reduccion of the missions in Ori-
noco, iicld by the regulars of the extinguished
order of Jesuits, of the province of the new king-
dom of Granada, situate on the shore of that river.
It is composed of Indians of (he nation of Saliva.
In 1733 it was destroyed and burnt by the Caribes
Indians, who could not, with all their strength,
destroy the cross that was in it.

Angi;m.s, Puebla he i.os, another, of the pro-
vince and government of La Scnora in Nueva Es-
pana ; situate on the shore of the river of this name.

Angeles, Puebla nii los, another, of the
district and rorregimiento of Bogota in the new
kingdom of Granada, near tJic capital of Santa Fe.

Angeles, Puebla oc los, a bay on the coai>t
of thegulph of California, or Red sea of Cortes, in
the most interior part of it, behind the island of
the Angel dc la Guardia.

Angeles Puebla uf, i.os, a port (m the coast
of the province and alca/dia mat/or of Tecoantepec
in Nueva Espana, and in the S. sea. It is the
mouth of the river Cayola, Ix'tween that of La
Galera and the settlement of Tanglotaiigo.

ANGLOIS, CuL DE Sac, a port of the x. e.
coast of the island of jVfartiiiica, very convenient,
secure, and well shclterec!. It is between the cape
Ferre, and the bay of the same name.

Ancjlois, Cul nE Sac, another port on the
ti. coast of the river Lawrence in New France,
to (he s. of St. Pancras.

ANGOGAHD, a settlement of New France, or
Canada, situate on the sIiok; of the river St. Law-
rence, at a small distance from the city of
Quebec.

ANGOIACO, a river of the province and cor-
Tcnimicnto of Angaraes in Peru. It is the same
that afterwards takes the name of the Ancient Ma-
ranon ; some call it Sangolaco.

ANGOL, a city of the kingdom of Chile,
founded by Pedro de Valdivia, with the;iame of

A N G

«9

lios ('onfincs. It was afterwards changed by Don
d'arcia llurtado de Mendowi to a more open ami
leviil spot, eight leagues from the ronlH/crn, and
SO from La Concr^icion, in a soil aliouiuliiig in
fruits, seeds, and vines ; asalso in raisins, figs, and
other dried fruits. It is surrounded liy Cyprus,
and is bounded by the river Miobir* on the ,v. and
by another small stream on the w. wliirh, running
rapidly, might encourage the building of mills
npon it. Tins cily was destr(»y<'d by the .Vraiica-
nos Indians, who set fire to it in ItiOl, putting to
death a great number of its inhabitants. It has
never yet liecn rebuilt ; and the ruins of it alone
remain a mournful witness of its melancholy catas-
trophe.

A.NGOSTO, Port, of the strait of Magellan,
discovered by Pedro Sarmiento on the 7tli of
February 1.580. It is one of the parts jvhich this
admiral took possession of for the crown of Spain,
putting up a cross, when in the night he saw a
globe ol lire rising from the earth, which afterwards
became elongate(' in the air, so as to represent a
lance ; it then took the figure of a half moon,
being of a bright red and whitish colour. This
port has a clear Iwttom at ^22 fathoms depth, and
is three leagues from the point of San Ildefonso.

AN(;OSTUUA, a strait of the river Paraguay,
in the province and government of this name, in
that part which is entered by the Pilccmiayo, nnd
where a redoubt has been thrown up for the defence
of that pass.

Angostuha, another, in the river Orinoco; it
becomes narrowest in the province and govern-
ment ofGuayana, where was lately built the city
of Guayana.

ANGUA DE LOS Reyes, a city of the pro-
vince and captainship oi the Rio Janeiro in Urazil,
situate upon the coast of a small bay, so called,
and which gives it its name : it has two churches,
a monastery of nuns, and it is garrisoned by a
detiichmcnt of 30 men. Its fisheries are the only
means of its commerce ; it is 36 miles from the
river Janeiro. Lot. 23° 4' s. Long. 44" 1 1' w.

ANGUALASTA, a settlement of Indians of the
province and government of Tuciiindn, and juris-
diction of the city of Rioja, in Peru.

ANGUASSETCOK; a settlement of the Eng-
lish, in the province and colony of New Hamp-
shire.

ANGUILA, or Snake Island, in the N. sea,
one of the ^ lall Antilles, inhabited by the English,
is 10 leagu '» length, and three in width, and
takes its naiiK from its figure. Its productions are
tobacco, much esteemed for excellent quality,
maize, and some sugar. It abounds in cattlV.

. ^

.1.,
i

'■;i

A N 1

which have multiplied in a wild state in the woods ;
has only one port or bay of any convenience. It
waH in tlic possession of the l!]n);lisli from the
year 1650, when it was but badly peopled ; has
been at different times riivaged by (he French ;
but in (he year I74.i these were caused to retire
with great loss. N. of the island of San \far(in,
and >. e. of La Anecada, in lat. J8^ ]'2' n. and
long. 63^ 10' w. [It is included amongst (he
Virgin islands, and of (he government of tiie go-
vernor general of the Leeward islands. |

Anquii.a, another, a small island or rock of
the coast of the island of Onba, close to (hat of
Los Roques, between that island and that of Sun
Andres, one of the Lucayas.

[ANGUILLE, ("ape, a point of land in New-
foundland island, on the w. side, in the gulf of
St. Lawrence, G leagues n. from cape Ray, the
f. w. extremity of the island, in lat. 47'' ST n.]

[AnciVim.f,, a bay on the n. n. e. side of the
island of St. John's, in the gulf of St. Lawrence,
opposite Magdalen isles, and having St. Peter's
harbour on the s. e. and Port Chimene on the n. w.]

Am; villi:, a point or strip of land of the same
coast, and near the former !my.

ANGUSTIAS, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Tunja in the new kingdom of
(iranada, situate in the district of the city of
Pamplona, and valley of Los Locos, on the shore
of the river Macio.

ANHEIMBAS, a small river of the province
and government of Paraguay. It runs e. and enters
the Paran&.

ANIBA, a small river of the province and
country of Las Amnzonas, in the Portuguese pos-
sessions, and in the territory of the Urubaquis
Indians. It runs from n. io s. and enters the p<N)ls
there formed by the Marailon, which, according
to the description of Mr. Beliin, are a lake CdUeu
Sarava.

ANI BALIS, a barbarous nation of Indians,
descended from the Betoyes, in ihc llanos of Casa-
nare and Meta, of the new kingdom of Ciranada :
they are very numerous, and of a gendc nature, re-
duced to the Catholic faith by the missionaries of
the aliolished society of Jesuits in the year 1733.

AN I CAN, small islands of the S. sea, near
thoseof Mai vinas, or of Falkland, discovered by
Monsieur de Bougainville, when he eslablLslied
himself here with the French.

ANIL, a river of the province and captainship
of Maraf on in Brazil.

ANILORE, a river of the province and country
of Las Amazonas. It rises in the Cacao moun-
tains of the Oreguatos Indians, runs many leagues

ANN

from t. to M. and enters the river Madera, in the
tcrriory of the Unuriaos Indians.

ANlMAS, n river of the province and govern-
ment of Florida. It runs s. and enters (lie rivers
Jordan and St. Philip, and then runs n.

Animas, a small island of the gulnh of Cali-
fornia, or Red sea of the Cortes. Ihc interior
part is very close uiMtn the shore. It is one of
those which is calliHl De Salsiuedes.

Animas, another, of the river of Valdivia, in
the kingdom of Chile, and district of Guadalub-
qiicn, opiiosite the city.

ANl\i K, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of San Juan dc los Llanos in the new
kingdom of Granada, situate near the river Arinri.

[ANN ARUNDEL County, in Maryland, lies
between Patapsco and Patuxcnt rivers, and has
Chcsapeak bay s, e, Annamlis is the chief town.
This county contains 3i?,598 inhabitants, of whom
10,131 are slaves.]

[Ann, Fort, in the state of New York, lies at
the head of battesux navigation, on Wood creek,
which fulls into S. bay, lake Champlain, near
Skenesboroiigh. It lies six miles and three quar-
ters s. w. by .<t. from Skenesborough Fort, 10 e. s. e,
from Fort George, and 12 n. e. by «. from Ft)rt
£<lward on llucison river. Such was the savage
state of this part of the country ; and it was so cover-
ed with trees laid lengthwise and across, and so
broken with creeks anu marshes, that general Bur*
goyne's arniy^ in J uly 1777, coidd scarcely advance
above a mile in a day on the raid to Fort Edward.
They had no fewer than 40 bridges to construct,
one of which was of log work two miles in length ;
circumstances which in ailer ages will appear
hardly credible. Lat. 43° 22' «. Long. 73" 27' aJ.]

[Ann, St. a lake in Upper Canada, n. from
lake Superior, which sends its waters n.e. into
James's bay through Albany river.]

[Ann, St. is the chief town of the province of
Parana, in the e. division of Paraguay, S. America.]

[Ann's, St. a port on the e. side of Cape Bre-
ton island, where fishing vessels often put in. It
lies on the n. w. side of the entrance into Labrador
lake.]

[Ann's, St. is a small town on the river St.
Jofn's, province of New Brunswick, about 80
miles from St. John's. It is at present the seat of
govTrnmeiit.]

ANNA, of the North, a river of the pro-
vince and colony of Virginia, which runs e. uad
enters the Rnualiaiiock.

Anna, called, of the South, to distinguish it
from that of the same province and colony. It also
runs e. and enters the Paraunkey.

Il\- '

[era, in the

ind jjovern-

ra tlic rivers

nil of Ciili-

Ihc interior

t iti one of

Viitdivia, in
[' Guadalub«

ince and go-
ii) the new
river Ariari.
arylnnd, lies
'crs, and ha*
u chief town,
iits, of whom

^'ork, lies at
Wood creek,
mplain, near
[I three quar-
ort, 10 e. s. e,
II. from Fort
as the savage
was so covcr-
icross, and so
. general Bur«
krcely advance
Fort Ddward.
to constrnct,
es in length ;
will appear
^ 73^ 27' a). J
lada, n. from
ers n.e. into

province of
S.America.]
" Cape Brc-

put in. It
nto Labrador

river St.
, about 80
nt the seat of

of the pro-
runs e. acd

istingnisli it
Quy. It also

ANN

Anna, arouiity of (he provinre nnd co!f>iiy of
!^larylniul, one of "(he 10 ol whi« h it is- couiposikl.

Anna, an itilandof Niw Fraiur, in lake Suiie-
rior, l)ctwcon the i.iland ol I'ont Chatrain and the
t, roasl.

Anna, a cane or point of land of the coast of
N«'\v Krij;lanil, m the province and colony of Mas-
Racliusctl.s. 1( runs many leagues into (lie M-a, Iw-
twccn the river I'ennycook anil Port IjNMoh. [\l
forms the m. side of" Massachusetts bay, as ca|»e
Cotl does the f. side. J-a(. 42' 40" M. Long. 70^
38'a). SeeGi.ouci.sTKH. This cape was so nameil
in honour of Anne, consort of king James the

.4nna, St. another cape of the *. coast of the
river St. liawreuce, in the province of .Acadia or
Nova Scot ia.

A N N A , St. a settlement and establishment of the
Freiicli, called l.a Crique de St. Anne, in the part
wliieli Ihey possess in (luayana.

ANNACIOIS, or Annacous, a barbarous na-
tion of Indians, in the kingdom of Brazil, and pro-
vince and caplainship of Puerto Seguro. They
inhabit th>^ wucxis and mountains to the to. near the
rivers (irande and Yuearu. They are constantly
in a state of warfare, night and day, and arc irre-
concilable enemies of the Portuguese, whose colo-
nies and cultivated lands they continually infest,
and which they destroyed in l(i87.

ANNAPOLIS, Real, a city and bay of the
province and colony of Nova Scotia. It was the
capital until this was translated to Halifax, since
it was but small and badly fortified. It was found-
ed, with the name of Severn, by the relics of an
army established here in the time of Queen Anne of
England, on the shore of an excellent bay towards
the n. 'I'hc French established Ihemsolvcs here in
the yea' 1605, under the conmiand of Mr. Poinlis,
who came from the island of Sunta Cruz with a
certain nunilK>r of colonists, lie gave it the name
of Port Royal ; but the English, heailed by co-
lonel Nicholson, drove them from the jmrl. This
port, besides txsing covered with the thickest clouds,
IS of difficult ingress and egress. Ships can make
it only at one certain period of the year, and then
but with great precaution ; the currents here being
so rapid, as generally lo drive them stern foremost ;
but indeed, if it were not for this, it would l)e one
of the best ports in the world. It is two leagues in
length, and has u small island, called the island of
(■oats, almost opposite the middle of the quay. It is
ofagooddepth,und well sheltered from every wind.
When it belonged to the French, the ships employed
in the whale fisheries used to put in here ; hut this
commerce is at present wanting, since the Liiglisli

ANN

rather prefer Port Hretoii. The city, aliliongli
small, has some Ix-aiitiful edifices, but ol inodrr.ilu
height. The English <lestn>yed the old forlifiea-
tion, nnd ciinstructed another of a regular form,
with four bastioiuH, a deep dit( h, a cover«Hl way, a
counterscarp, a li:ilf<ni<N)n, and other exterior
works detached from the bcNly of the linlilied
|>lace, all of which excite in the Indians reveren-
tial awe. It has also diiierenl batteries conveniently
placed to re|)el the attacks of an enemy, who can
only hope to carry it by bombardment. This
fortified place ap|M'ars to Ih; the battery of New
England, and is the last to impede tlie invasion of
the French or Indians on the e. as well by sea ai
land. Not far from the port is a point of land,
lying l)etween two rivers, where the tide fulls 10
or li^ feet, and all around are beautiful meadows,
which are thronged with all kinds of birds. Us
principal commerce consists in skins, which they
exchange with the Indians for European manufac-
turesk It is the residence of a governor, and is
garrisoned by 500 men. At (he Mginning of this
century it was, amongst the French, the very Dun-
kirk of America, serving as an asylum for pirates
and cruisers, to the ruin of commerce and the
fislieries. [The harbour is two leagues in length
and one in breadth, and the small island, before
referred (o, is almost in the middle of the basin,
which is said to be large enough to contain
several hundred ships. Its depth of water is no
where h-ss than four or five fathoms ; it being
six or seven on one side of the island, and on the
other 16 or 18. The town is not large, but has
some ver^ handsom* buildings. It u fortified;
nor can it lie easily attacked but by a bombard-
ment. The fort is capable of containing about
100 men in its present state.] Long. 65" 23'.
Lat. H^ 49' n.

Annapolis, Risal, a capital city of the coun-
ty of Ann Arundel, in the province and colony of
Maryland, at the mouth of the Severn, and was, by
an act of the Assembly in 1694, declared a murilinie
city, it being ordained that it should be the resi-
dence of a collector and commandant of the ma-
rine ; from which time it began to take the name of
Annapolis. Hither also was transferred the tribu-
nal of the countv, together with all the state
papers, acts, ancf other important documents:
the parish church was crccteu ia 1699, and a pub-
lic school was founded agreeably lo an act of the
Assembly, having the archbishop tor its cliancel-
lor. Procurators, visitors, and governors were
also appointed to preside in this city, though this
establisnment failed to answer the wise pur|>o»es
of its creation. The albresaid tribunal meets, in

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

1.0

I.I

i;^ 1 2.8

1^ 1 1.4

2.5

1.6

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

■^

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

'<l.

?5%. I

I. .11'

'X.

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A N O

ffi. from Wilmington

.:, aim iji s. zo. {tom I'hiliulcl-

1691 it was made a port town. It is

ordi.iary, 011 ilie secoiul Tuesday in September,
November, January, March, and May. This
city consists of more than 40 houses, but has
not arrived at that pitch of grandeur that was
expected, on account of its planters and mer-
cliants having been always at variance, as are
those of Virginia ; and from this it is judged,
that it can never "hope to rise at a greater elevation
of dignity or fortune, [It stands at the mouth of
the Severn, SO miles s. of Baltimore, 32 e. by n.
from the Federal city, 72 .?,
in Delaware state, and 132
phia. In

situated on a peninsula formed by the river and
two small creeks, and affords a beautiful f.rospect
of Cliesapeak bay, and the e. shore beyond il . This
city is ot little note in tlie commercial world, but
is t!ie wealthiest town of its size in the United
Slates. The iiouses, about 300 in number, are
spacious and elegant, indicative of great wealth.
The state house is the noblest building of the kind
in the Union. It stands in the centre of the city,
from 'x'hich point the streets diverge in every
direction like radii. Lat. 39° 2' «. Long. 76"
40' w.}

[Annapohs River, in Nova Scotia, is of small
size. It rises in the e. near the head waters of the
small rivers which fill into the basin of Minas.
Annapolis river parses into the bay of Fundy
tlirough the basin of its own name ; on the *. side
of which, at the month of iLe river, stands the
town and fori of Annapolis Royal. It is navi-
gable for ships of any burden 10 miles ; for those of
100 tons, 15 miles ; and is passable for boats within
20 miles of Ilorton. The tide flows up 30 miles.]

[ArNAPoi.is, a county on the above river, ad-
joining to King's county, having five townships,
viz. Wilmot, Granville, Annapolis; the chief
(owns, Clare and Monckton. It is chiefly inha-
bited by Acadians, Irish, and New Englanders.]

ANNOTO, a river ot the island and govern-
ment of Jamaica. It runs n, and enters the sea
on the coast lying in this point, and between the
livers Blowing and Palmito.

[ANNA TOM, one of the New Hebrides cluster
of islands. 1

ANO, NrEVA, a port of the N. sea, of the
coast of California, or Red sea of Cortes ; disco-
vered in 1613, on the first of January, on which
account this name was given it.

ANOANAPA, a small river of the province and
government of Ciuayana, or Nueva Andalucia. It
rises in the country of the Amacotas Indians, runs
from s. In w. and enters that of Aicaropa.

ANOLAIMA, a settlement of the jurisdiction

ANT

of Tocaima ami government of Mariquita, in llie
new kingdom of Gronada. li is of a hot tempe-
rature, abounding in fruits peculiar to the climate,
such as maize, plaintains, yuca%^ and quantities oi
sugar-cane, of which sugar and preserves are made
in an infinite variety of mills ; and in this consists
the commerce of the natives, These may amount
to somewhat more than 100, exclusive of some In-
dians. Eight leagues from Santa Fe.

ANOPE, a '^"ttlement of the province and go-
vernment of Pastos in the kingdom of Quito.

ANOURAMA, a river of the province and
captainship of Para in Brazil. It runs e. and joins
the Marafion between the rivers Urupi and Mara-
capucu.

ANOURIAIII, a settlement of the province
and captainship of Para in Brazil, situate on the
shore of the river Xingu.

ANOZONOI, a settlement of the province and
government of Popayan in the kingdom of Quito.

ANSERMA, Santa Ana de, a city of the
province and government of Popayan, in the dis-
trict and jurisdiction of the audience of Quito,
founded in 1532 by the field-officer Jorge Roblcde,
upon a hill seven leagues distant from the river
Cauca. It is of a very hot temperature ; tlie
earth abounds in gold mines and in salt, from w hich
it took the name of the Vozanser, which, in the
idiom of the Indians of this country, signifies salt.
Its productions are rare, and it is very subject to
tempests, when balls of fire and !"glitning oflen
cause serious mischief. It was at first called Santa
Ana de los Caballeros, on account of the number
of the knights who assembled at its foundation. In
its vicinity dwelt the Tapuyas, Guaticas, Quin-
chias, Supias, and other Indians, who are now no
longer heard of here. Fifty leagues n. c. of Po-
payan.

Anserma, a settlement of the same name, with
the addition of Vieja, of the same province and
government, situate between two rivers.

[ANSON, an interior county of N. Carolina, in
Fiiyette district, having Mecklinburgh cimnty 71.
and Bladen and Cumberland counties on the e. It
contains 5133 inhabitants, including S?8 slaves.

ANTA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimciil'j of Abancai in Peru.

Anta, a province of the kingdom of Quito, but
little known, to tlie "f. of the city of Jaen, covered
with impcn(!trable forests, lakes, rivers, and pools.
It is unknown whether it be inhabited by infidel
Indians.

Anta, a river of the province and captainship
of Rey in Brazil. It runs s.s.w. and enters the
river Curucay.

a, in the
»t tempe-
! climate,
mtitios ol"
are made
is consbts
y amount
some In-

go-

• and

nito.
incc and
and joins

md Mara-

provincc
ate on the

jvince and
of Quito.
city of the
in the dis-
of Quito,
e lloblcde,
n tlie river
ature ; the
from ^vhicll
ich, in the
Tnifies salt.
f subject to

ning often
ailed Santa

he number
lidation. In
icas, Quin-
|arc now no
e. of Po-

|name, with
■ovincc and

parolina, in
county V.
In the e. it

slaves,
le and cor-

I Quito, but

n, covered

I and pools.

by infidel

captainship
enters the

ANT

AN'J'ABAMBA, a settlement of the province
and rorrrp;iwienlo of AynvMncs in Pern.

ANTALIS, a barbarous and warlike nation of
Indians of the kingdom of Chile, to the w. of Co-
quiiiibo, Ijounded by the province of Putunu-
niicasi. 'J hey vaioronsiy opposed the progress
of Inca Ytipanqui, compellinif him to end his
oiKiuests on the o*'icr side of the river Maule, the
last botindary of Peru.

ANTAPALPA, a settlement of the province
and corregimicnto of (^hilques and Masques in
Peru, annexed to the curacy of Omacho.

ANTARPANGO, a settlement of the province
and correginiiento of Angaraes in Pern, annexed
to the curacy of Yulcarmaca.

ANTECiO. Sec Antigua.

ANTJ^QU K]{A, [now called Oaxaca,] a ca-
jiilal city of the provuice and alcaldia maijor of
Oaxaca in Nueva Espana, founded in a beauti-
ful and spacious valley of this name, in 1528, by
Juan Nunez df^l Mercado. It is a large and fine
settlement, of an extensive vicinity and great com-
merce, as well fro)n the fertility of its soil, and
from the <ihundance of its fruits, as from its being
in the direct road to tlie piovinccs of Guatemala.
It has, besides the curacy of the Sagrario of its
cathedral, the assisting parish chapels of La San-
gre do Christo, Nueslra Sefiora de las Nicvcs,
Nuestra Seiiora de la Ccisolacion, San Joseph,
the hospital of San Cosme and SanDamian, and an
hermitage of La Santisirna Trinidad ; elglit con-
vents of monks, which arc, twoofS^".to Domingo,
one called Elgrande, a sumptuous fabric, and the
other San Pablo ; one of Dezcalzos of San Fran-
cisco, that of San Augnstin of Nuestra Seiiora de
la Merced, of Carmclitas Dezcalzos ; a college
which belonged to the abolished society of the re-
ffular order of the Jesuits, with a house for stu-
dents ; two hospitals, one of San Juan de Dios,
and another of Bethiemites; two colleges, deno-
minated Santa Cruz and San Bavtolome, for the
education of children ; thirteen monasteries of
nuns, amongst which, are that of Santa Monica de
Augustinas, the church, which is of magnificent
structure, and the gate of most exquisite archi-
tecture, dedicated to Nuestra Sefiora de la Soledad
(to \\ hose image, it being very beautiful and mi-
raculous, thai city pays singular devotion);
another of La Concepcion, another of Santa Cata-
lina de Sena, another of Capnchinas ; and a col-
lege for the education of children. The city is
one of those most conspicuous for the beautiful
symmetry of its streets, for its public places and
edifices, which would have been still finer, had
tiiey not suflered by earthquakes. The tcmpera-

VOL. I.

A N r

tiirc, altliongli somewhat hot, fs nevertheless
healthy, its eastern ])art is situated upon the
long-continued fo|) of a hill. It abounds in ex-
quisite fruits, su;h as pears of various kinds,
appi s, /tnpalaf, ])omegraii;i(e<, melons, pines,
dotes, limes, cedars, lemons, pilalitij/as, nuts,
and sonic grapes. Its wheat is scanty, and of bad
quality. The principal productions in which it
pays its duties to tin; King, are carao of Soco-
nusco, ready-made chocolate, and powders of
Oaxaca, justly esteemed and celebrated forgiving
a delicate flavonr to chocolate. It also fabricates
black sealing- Avax and some rosaries, tuc beads of
which arc made of the kernel of a fruit called te-
ppxi/ole, on which they write Avith wonderfid
skill some versicies of the ma^tii/icaf, and jiaint
upon them images with a nicety that makes them
much esteemed. In the cathedral, wliich is beau-
tiful and amply large, (having three naves), as
well as in the chapels, is reverenced an arm of
San JuanCiirisostomo, with other precious relics;
and in one of its chapels, a cross about a yard in
length, made from a part of that wonderful cross
ofGuatulco, brought thither by the bishop Don
Juan de Ccrbantes. The inhabitants of this illus-
trious city, which has San Marcial for its patron,
ar^ composed of 6000 families ; and in the year
17('G, through the benign influence of the pa-
troi;, the number of souls amounted to S0,000.
It is 85 leagues to tlie e. s. e. of Mexico. Lond^.
277° 10'. Lat. 18° 2'.

[ANTERIM, a township in Hillsborough coun-
ty. New Hampshire, having 528 inhabitants,
incorporated in 1777, 75 miles jy. of Portsmouth,
aird about the same distance n. w. of Boston. 1

[ANTHONY'S Falls, St. in the river Mis-
sissippi, lie about 10 miles n. w. of the mouth
of St. Pierre river, which joins the Mississippi
from the m. and are situated in about lat. 44° 50'
ti. and were so named by father Louis Hennipin,
who travelled into those parts about the year I(j80,
and was the first European ever seen by the na-
tives there. The whole river, 950 yards wide,
falls perpendicularly above 30 feet, and forms a
most pleasing cataract. TIic rapids below, in the
space of 300 yards, render the descent consider-
ably greater ; so that when viewed at a distance,
they appear to be much higher than they really
arc. Ill the middle of the talis is a small island,
about 40 feet broad, and somewhat longer, on
which grow a few hemlock and s|«rncc trees ; and
about half-way between this island and the eastern
shore, is a rock, lying at the very edge of (he tall,
in an oblique position, five or six feet broad, ancl
'JO or 40 long. Tlit'se falls are peculiarly situated,
I.

n^T^r

,m:*

'1^

111

l! ^

•^!' ill

II'

III.

'^^■i!

A ^ T

as they are approachable williout *he least obstruc-
tion from any intervening bill or precipice ; which
cannot be said, perhaps, of any other considerable
fall in the worla. The scene around is exceed-
ingly beautiful. It is not an uninterupted plain,
where the eye finds no relief, but composed of
many gentle ascents, which, in the spring and
summer, are covered with verdure, and interspers-
ed with little groves, that give a pleasing variety
to the prospect.

At a little distance below the falls is a small
island, about one acre and an half, on which grow
a great number of oak trees, all the branches of
which, able to bear the weight, are in the pro-

5er season of the 3-car loaded with eagle's nests,
'heir instinctive wisdom has taught them m
choose this placC) as it is secure, on account of
the rapids above, from the attacks either o( man
or beast.]

[Anthony's Kill, a western water of Hudson
river. Its mouth is seven miles above that of
Mohawk river, with which likewise it communis
cates at the e. end of Long lakt..^

[Anthony's Nose, a point W land in the
highlands on Hudson river, in the state of New
York, from which to Fort Montgomery on the
opposite side, a large boom and chain was ex-
tended in the late war, which cost not less than
70,000/. sterling. It was partly destroyed, and
partly carried away, by General Sir Henry Clin-
ton, in October 1777. Also the name given to
the point of a mountain on the n. bank of Mohawk
river, about SO miles above Schenectady. Around
this point runs the stage road.]

[ANTICOSTI, a barren, uninhabited island,
in the mouth of St. Lawrence river. It is, how-
ever, of very considerable size, being 120 miles
long, and 30 broad. The French formerly had a
settlement on this island, but at present it is unin-
habited ; nor can it ever become of much im-
portance, as it does not possess a single harbour
where a vessel can riae in safety. The wood
which grows upon it is small, and the soil <« rec-
koned unfruitful ; which, added to the severity of
the winter, will ever prove serious obstacles to its
colonization.]

[ANTIE'IAM Creek, in Maryland, rises by
several branches in Pennsylvania, and empties into
Potowmack river, three miles *. *. c. from Sharps-
burgh. Elizabeth and Funk's Towns stand on tills
creek. It has a number of mills and forges.]

ANTIGOA, PuNTA DE LA, ail extremity and
cape of the island of Guadalupe, which runs into
the sea, facing the n.

AJNTIGONA, a settlement of the province and

ANT

government of Tarma in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Ondores.

ANTIGOSTI, a large island of the gulph of
St. Lawrence, at the entrance of the river of this
nnme, in Canada.

ANTIGUA, an island of the N. sea, one of the
Small Antillas, called by the English, who possess
it, Antego. It is six or seven leagues long, and
nearly the same broad. It is of difficult access
for vessels, on account of the currents and shallows
with which it abounds. It was first thought un-
inhabitable from a supposed want of water ; but
the English, who established themselves in it,
discovered some fountains, and the inhabitants,
'.vho may amount to about 900 persons, have
made many wells and cisterns for preserving the
rain water. It abounds in every kind offish, and
one of a peculiar sort, which they call perro de
mar, or sea-dog, from its devouring the otlier fish,
and even the fishermen, on which account the
bathing here is very dangerous. It has some very
good ports and bays, such as the bays of St. John
and Willoughby, and the ports English and Fal-
mouth. It has also a species of sea woodcock,
which has a beak similar to that bird, the upper
part of which is muck larger than the lower ; it
moves either jaw with equal ease ; and some have
been seen four feet long, and 12 inches wide to-
wards the head ; they have two fins on each side,
and a large one upon the belly, rising like the
crest of a cock, and extending from the head t»
the tail : but what is most extraordinary, is the
hard beak with two sharp and black horns, nearly
an inch and an half each, which the creature has
the power of withdrawing with pleasure into its
belly, this serving as a scabbard ; it iias no
scales, but a black and rough skin upon its back.
This island abounds also with a variety of birds ;
and that which is the most common, is peculiarly
beautiful to behold, having the upper part of the
wings and belly of a golden colour, the other half
and the back of sky-blue, the tail and long fea-
thers of the wings of a mixture of a very bright
red and blue, and studded with other feathers of
gold ; but the most singular feature is its head,
which is covered with a sort of dark bonnet, fring-
ed with green, yellow, and clear blue; it lias
also a variegated beak ; there is a ring of white
round the eyes, and the pupil is of a beautiful yel-
low and red, having the appearance, of a ruby set
in gold ; and upon the head is a plume of fcatlieia,
of the colour of vermiilion, and others of the co-
lour of pearls. This bird is about the size of a
pheaiiunt. — The climafc is hot, urisalutary, and
is very subject to hurricanes, similar to that

. ' !

ANTIGUA.

ced to the

ic gulph of
iver of Ihis

, otic of tlic
vho possess
8 long, and
3ult access
id shallows
lought un-
water ; but
Ives in it,
inhabitants,
sons, have
serving the
offish, and
all neno de
e otuer fish,
[ccount the
s some very
of St. John
ih and Fal-
woodcock,
, the upper
e lower ; it
I some have
hes wide to-
I each side,
ig like the
he head to-
ary, is the
orns, nearly
:reaturc has
lire into its

it has no
on its back,
y of birds j

peculiarly
oart of the

other half
1 long fea-
fcry bright

feathers of
is its head,
nnet, fring-
iie; it lias
of white
autiful yel-
' a ruby set

of feathcia,

of the co-
size of a

utary, and
ilar to that

dreadful one ^\luch happened in '707. It is not
di'ficient in cattle, and ils wild vvax is similar to
that of Mainas. This island was first discovered,
about the year 1623, by Sir Thomas Warner,
and the English established themselves in it in
1636. The king of England granted it, in 1663,
to William Willoughby, whosentto it, in 1666, a
numerous colony to people it. It wis the same
year attacked and ravaged by the French, from
whom it was retaken,' in 1690, by Christopher
Codrington. In 1736, three Indians, by name
Court, Tonibay, and Hcculcs, entered into a
conspiracy to put some gunpowder in a situation
that it might explode and blow up a saloon in
which the governor was giving a ball and enter-
tainment ; but it was timely discovered, and the
conspirators met with the punishment they de-
served*

[Antigua lies between lat. 17° and 17° 12' n.
and between long. 61° 38' and 61° 33' w. ; is situate
about 20 leagues to the e. of St. Christopher's ;
and was discovered at the same time with that
island by Columbus himself, who named it from
a church in Seville, Santa Maria de la Antigua.
We are informed by Ferdinand Columbus, that
that the Indian name was Jamaica. It is a singu-
lar circumstance, that this word, which in the
languageof the larger islands signified a country
abounding in springs, should, in the dialect of
the Charibbes, have been applied to an island
that has not a single spring or rivulet of fresh
water in it, notwithstanding what Alcedo asserts.

This inconvenience, without doubt, as it ren-
dered the country uninhabitable to the Charibbes,
deterred for some time the European adventurers
in the neighbouring islands from attempting a
permanent establishment in Antigua ; but nature
presents few obstacles which the avarice or indus-
try of civilized man will not endeavour to sur-
mount. The lands were found to be fertile, and
it was discovered that the water preserved in the
cisterns was wonderfully light, pure, and whole-
some. So early as 1632, a few English families
took up lands there, and began the cultivation of
tobacco.

But the settlement was nearly straiigU-d in its
infancy. The attack by the French, in 1666, has
been already mentioned. It was then that the
island was invaded and ravaged with fire and
sword. All the Ncirroes lh:it could be found
were taken away ; and the iidi.ibitants, after be-
holding tht'ir houses and estates i:i flames, were
plundered • ven to theclollieB on their barks and the
shoes on their leot, without roifard to sex or ai'e.

Its recovery from this calamity was owin»
chiefly to the enterprising spirit and extensive
viewsof colonel (Codrington of Barbadoes. This
gentleman removing to Antigua about the year
1674, applied his knowledge in sugar-plandng
with such good effect and success, that others,
animated by his example, and assisted by his ad-
vice and encouragement, adventured in the same
line of cultivation. Mr. Codrington was some
years afterwards nominated captain-general and
commandei -in-chief of all the Leeward Charibbeau
islands ; and deriving from the appointment tin?
power of giving greater energy to his benevolent
purposes, had soon the happiness of beholding
the good eflects of his humanity and wisdom, in
ihe flourishing condition of the several islands un-
der his government.

The prosperity of Antigua was manifested in
its extensive population; for when, in the year
1690, general Codrington commanded on the ex-
pedition against thr French inhabitants of St.
Christopher's, Antigu^i furnished towards it no
less than 800 eflective men : a quota which gives
room to estimate the whole number of its white
inhabitants, at that time, at upwards of 5000.

About 34,000 acres of land in this island are
appropriated to the growth of sugar, and pastur-
age annexed ; its other principal staples are cot-
ton-wool, ginger, and tobacco ; and they raise
in favourable j'cars great quantities of provisions.

This island contains two different kinds of soil :
the one a black mould on a substratum of clay,
which is naturally rich, and when not checked by
excessive droughts, to which Antigua is particu-
larly subject, very productive ; the other is a
stiff clay on a substratum of marl ; it is much less
fertile than the former, and abounds with an
''rradicable kind of grass, in such a manner, that
many estates, consisting of that kind of soil, which
Avcre once very profitable, are now so impoverish-
ed and overgrown with this sort of grass, as either
to be converted into pasture land, or to become
entirely abandoned. Exclusive of such deserted
land, and a small part of the country that is alto-
gether unimprovable, every part of the island may
be said to be under cultivation.

The island is divided into six parishes and J I
districts. The parishes are, St. John's, tst. Mary's,
St. George, St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Philip.
It has six towns and villages : St. John's, (the
capital), Parham, Falmouth, Willoughby-buy,
Old-bay, Old-road, and James-fort ; the t\w>
first of which arc legal ports of entry. Wo island
in this part of the Wci>t indies can boast of koI
h 2

ANTIGUA.

[iimiy excellent liarhoiirs ; of tlicse the principal
are I'^iisjlisli harljmir iiiiil St. iloliu'.s, bolli well
ii itKiiii ; and at the Tornier arc a royal navy yard
anil arsrnal, with conveniences for careeninjj s>iiips
of war. i'he military eslai)lisliinent <i:('ncrally
consists of two r(!giineiits of iniiiiitry, and (wo of
foot militia. There are likewise a sqnadion of
drai^oons, and a l)altalion of artillery, Ijotii raised
in the islaTid ; and tlie rei^ulars receive additional
pay, as in .lamuica. The governor or captain-
general of the Ijecwanl i;harii)l)ean isiaiuls j;ene-
rally re.sidos in Anlii^-iia, but visits occasionally
each Lsland witiiin his <fovernineiit ; and in hear-
in<f and determining causes from the oilier islands,
presides alone, lie is chancellor of each island by
his office ; but in causes arisini^ in Antis^ua, he is
assisted by his eonneil, after the practice of Har-
badoes ; and the president, togetlier with a cer-
tain number of the council, miiy determine
chancery causes during the absence of the go-

vernor-general. The other courts of this island
are, a court of king's bench, a court of conmion
pleas, and a court of exchequer. The church of
tiie United Urethnwi has been very successful ii»
converting to (-"hristianity many of the Negro
slaves of ill is and the other islands.

It is diliicult to furnish an average; return of ilie
crops of this island, which vary to so great a de-
gree, that the quantity of sugar ex|)orte(l in dif-
ferent years has been from 2500 to 18,000 hogs-
heads. Thus, in 1779, were shipped JJ8i hogs-
heads and 57U tierces; in 17S'i, tlie crop wus
J j, 10!^ hogsheads and IbO.'J tierces; and in the
years 1770, 1773, and 1778, there were no crops
of any kind ; all the canes b -iiig destroyed by a
long continuance of dry weather, and when the
whole body of Negroes would have been in danger
of perishing for want of food, if American vessels
with corn and Hour bad been at that time denied
admittance.

•. f-

» ■

,.l , ,

it ll' It. t %

Account of the number of vessels, &c. that have cleared outwards from Antigua, between 5th January
1787, and the 5ih January 1788, which was esteemed a favouriible year, together with an account
of their cargoes, and the value thereof.

Whilticr Gouud.

k«liip)jiii{.

Sugar.

Rum.

.Mo'hi*

Galls.
3,510

1,700
700

lbs
26

2i;

Cottitn.

Dyeing woodi, id
value.

Miscellaiifous
arlicles, luvaluj.

Toul.

Orcat Britain -
Ii'cluiul - - -
American States
Iti'it.Col. Ill Aiiie'".
l-'oitign W. Iiiclle,*

Total tVoni Antigua

\o.
65

16
71
31
47

233

13,806

i,yo9
a,28i

2,127
2,540

.Men.
901
1.59
552
177
259

Cw[. qr.lbs.
254,.575 1 18

22,21'5

6,779

844

Gallons.

128,936

97,400

.375,1.W

109,320

5,740

lb..

131,010

29,500

L. t. <1.

1,742 6 6
2,400

L. .. d.

46,466 18 3
43

407 g —

14 r —

1,075

L. i. d.

484,183 19 6

50,763 16 8

44,679 19 2

11,031 15 4

1,632 5 —

20,663

2,048

284,526 1 18

716,546

,),910

160,510

4,142 6 6

48,006 10 3

592,596 15 8

In the report of the privy council on the slave
trade, in 1788, the British property vested here
is estimated at 69,277 taxed acres of patented
estates, and the Negroes are computed at ()0,000,
valued at 30/. each Negro. In the same report,
a general appraisement of liritish property, vested
in the Uritish colonies makes the land, buildings,
and stock, double the value of the Negroes, and
tlie towns, stores, and shipping about ^'^- of the
land.

JIds.
3,900
19,500
3,900

In 1783, Antigua produced, of sugar,
J787, profluced and exported,
1792, tour years' average, only
It is thought that 17,000 hogsheads of sugar, of
Kicict. may be reckoned a good crop ; but the es-
timate of the sugar produced iu Antigua cannot
exceed an average of 9000 hogsheads, of 13 cid.
at the king's beam.

By return to the house of commons, 1806, the
hogsheads of sugar, at 13 czet. exported, were
In 1789, - - - 12,500
1799, . - - 8,300
1805, - - - 3,200
The official value of the imports and exports of
Antigua were, iu

Imports. Exports.

1809, - ^198,121 ^216,000

1810, - .€285,158 .€182,392

And the quantities of the principal articles ex-
ported into Great Britain were, in

CoH'ue,

Sugar.

Rum,

Cotton
wool.

Brit. Plant.

I'or. Plant.

Cwt.

3,'.lci3
2,164

Brit. Plant

Tor. Pliinl

Cwt.

lUOy ;)09
1810 40

Cwr.

106,1,'JO
18!t,799

Cwt.

629
3,821

Galls.
14.i,223
7 7,092

1I).S.

112,01t
;!9,81i0

tliii! islaiul
)f common
cliurcli of
cccsst'iil ill
the Ncgm

'\urn oftlitf
;rc!it !i (lij-
itfd in (lif-
^,000 hogs-
3j8i lioirs-
! crop WHS
iiiid in the
•re no crops
(royed by ii
li when the
•n in ilanu:er
lean vessels
time denied

5th January
I an account

ToUl.

14,183

i0,763

4,679

1,031

1,632

—

2,596

s, 1806, the
W, were

u exports of

)orts,
6,000

articles ex-

?nm.

Cotton
wool.

lulls.

■3,2'i3

7,09!2

11)9.

U'J.Ott
.■!9,880

ANT

[The island abounds in black cattle, lioffs, fowls,
and most of the animals common in the other
islands. Hv returns to jrovernment in 1771, llie
wiiitc inhabitants amounted to iJ.VJO, and I lie
shu PS to 37, SOS; but the latter were estimated in
1787 at 60,000, as above mentioned.

Tho import of slaves into Aiitis^na, by report of
priv^ council 17H8, at a medium of tour years,
and by a return to house of toiniiions in 1805,
on a medium of two years, from 1803, were,
in

ANT

AvcniL^c of four
years to 17H7
Two ycais to lUO j

Imports.

Kc-CX|ini'l».

Kel;iiiiO(l.

761i
434

100
lUO

6113
3.i4

ANTIGU.VSI, a settlement of the province
and government of Tnciiman in Peru, and of the
district and jurisdiction of the city of Cordova.

ANTILLA, a settlement of the province and
co)vo'//»/V«<oof Abancai in Peru.

A.NTiLi.A, another, of the province and conr-
gimienlo of Angaraes in the same kingdom, an-
nexed to the curacy of Sabayno.

ANTILLAS, or Antilles, islands of the N.
sen, discovered by Christopher Columbus in his
first voyage, in 1492, situate between 18" and 2-1^
n. iat. extending themselves in the ibrm of a bow
from the coast of Florida to the n. to the coast of
Brazil to the s. They are divided into the Wind-
ward and Leeward islands, and into Greater and
Less. Of the Greater arc Cuba, Tlispaiiiola or
St. Doming(», Jamaica, and Puertorico ; of the
Smaller the principal arc 28.

Belonging to the English.

Virgines, Nevis,

Anguila, Antigua,

St. Christopher's, Monserrat.

Barbadoes,

Belonging to the French.

S. Bartholomew, Deseada,

[Ceded to Sweden Los Santos,
m 1785. J Martiiiica,

Guadalupe, Granada.

Mariegalante,
Belonging to the I'Vench and Dutch.

San Martin.

Belonging to the Dutch.

San Eustaquio, Bonaire,

Avcs,

Curazao.

Belonging to the Spanish.

Margarita, Trinidad.

Belonging to the Danes.
St. Thomas, Santa Cruz.

Charibbes.
Doininic.i, Hecoya.

San V'incente,

Desert.
Tabngo, Santa liUria.

Almost all enjoy a Ix'uign t('ni[ier:iliirc. anil the
cold of winter is unknown to them. The fichU
preserve an everlasting verdure, ami the soil is
i'erlilc in every kind of produclii n, |);irtieul:Miy
in sugar, brandy, cotton, <rin;;;rr, iiidiiio, loti'cc,
and tobacco; these being the principal briiiche^
of commerce, liesides the id)ove-menfi(>ntrd isliniK-,
are those of Anegadii, Soml)rero, Siln, (I'l.mi-
dilla, and others much smaller, which are, more
properly speaking, little isles or rocks. At the
timeof their discovery they were peo|)led by In-
dian ChariblK's, who are cannibals of a very (ieice
nature; a few of wlioin still keep possession of
some of the smaller isles. The l']iiropeans esta-
blished themselves in them in 162"), alter that the
Spaniards had kept in their possession .some of the
principal of them from the time they were first
discovered. They have since been colonized by
the English, French, Dutch, and Danish, and
numbers of Negroes have been brought from the
coast of Africa to labour in them ; these latter
forming the greater part of their population.
Although the vine has been brought hither, tho
wine produced from it is not found to keep.
These islands are extremely subject to violent
hurricanes, and it is seldom that five years elapse
without some deplorable calamity taking place.

[The whole of the lesser islands, with the ex-
ception of St. Bartholomew, which still belongs to
Sweden, and Margarita to Spain, have fallen into
the hands of the English. See Wesj Indies,
also each island undi'r its respective head.]

ANTINGO, a settlement of- the province and
government of Tucuman in Peru, of the jurisdic-
tion of the city of Rioja, situate to the «. of the
same.

ANTIOQIJIA, the province and government
of the new kingdom of Granada, one of those which
are called Equinocciales, from their being close
upon the Mne, bounded n. by the province of Car-
lagei!n, i)y Piniayan, c. by the jurisdiction of
Santa I'e, and ct;. by the government of Choco.
It was called, in the time of the Indians, Ilebcx-
ico, and was discovered and conquered in 1541
by the brigadier George Robletlo. It is of a
benign and mild temperature, abounding in pro-
ductions and in gold mines, from which it derives
its source of commerce. It has also some mines
of hyacinths, granite, and rock-crystal ; but they
arc iitflc wrought, from the scarcity of workmen.

I I

.4!

t!' t • •

■I"

I'l

ii'.:' ^'

'ifh'

ANT

Tlie country is moiinfainons, and wafcrcd by
various rivers, ulthougii it is not ^\itliout some
large tracts of level ground. The capital is Sanla
Fe.

ANTIOSA, Valle be, in the province and
conrcJ»J!>H/() of Chilclias and Tnrija in Peru.

[ANTIQUERA, a seaport town in the pro-
vince of Oiixaca in Mexico. See Antequera.J

r\NTiQUERA, a town in New Spain, province
of Oaxaca, 75 miles s. of the city of Oaxaca. See
Anteqiiera.]

ANTISANA, Paramo de, a very lofty
mountain covered with snow, in the kingdom of
Quito, towards the e. From it the rivers Quixos
and Caranga take their source ; some believe that
it is a volcano. It is eluvatcd 3016 feet above the
level of the sea. It belongs, with its district, to
the house of the marquises of OrcUana, who have
also given to it a title, calling it Vizcondes dc An>
tisana.

[The above is a porpbyritic mountain of the
Andes, in the vicinity of Quito, which was as-
certained by Humbolut, in 1802, to have rising
from it a crater, in the midst of perpetual snow,
to an elevation of 19,150 feet above the level of the
sea.]

[Antisana, a hamlet in the Andes of the
kingdom of Quito, elevated, according to Hum-
boldt, 3800 feet above the celebrated plain of
Quito, and 13,500 above the sea, and said to be
unquestionably the highest inhabited spot on the
surface of our globe.]

ANTOFAGASTA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and correg-tjn/cwto of Atacama in Peru, be-
longing to the archbishopric of Charcas, annexed
to the curacy of its capital.

ANTOINE, S. Cape of, on the e. coast of
the island of Newfiiuncfland, between the bay of
Pistolet and that of Luvres.

ANTOGO, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Coquimbo in tlie kingdom of
Chile, situate on the shore of the river Mamas.

ANToCfO, a volcano of the mountains of the
Cordillera of the same kingdom.

ANTON, a settlement of the alcaldia mayor of
Pcnonome, in the province and kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate near the coast of the S. sea, be-
tween the two rivers Chiru and Colorado, of a
warm temperature. It abounds in cattle of the
swine kind, in maize and other seeds, in which
its commerce consists, and with which it supplies
the city of Panama, and the vessels which sail
from its port for the provinces of Peru. Eighteen
leagues to the j. tf. of its capital.

Anton, another^ in the province and caplain"

ANT

ship of Paralba in Brazil, situate on the coast
and shore of the river C'ainaratuba.

A.\To\, another, of the province and captain-
ship of Pcrnambiico, in the same kingdom, on the
shore of the river Tapicura.

ANTONA, IjAguna de, a port of the coast of
the island of St. Domingo.

ANTONIO, San, a settlement of the head
setllcnient of Toliinun, and alcaldia mat/or of
Qnorclaro, in Nucva Espafia, with 32 families of
Indians.

Antonio, San, another, of the'head settlement
of Tampolonion niul alcaldia of Vallcs, in the same
kingdom ; iinnexcd to the curacy of its head set-
tlement. It is of a hot and moist temperature, pro-
duces difl'crcii! s(jits of grain and seeds, as do the
other sdllomcnts of its juris(iiction, and much
sugar-cane, of which the natives make sugar for
their commerce. It contains 128 families of Gnas-
tecos Indians, and is 17 leagues to the s. of its
capital, and four to the e. of its head settlement.

Antonio, San, another, of the head settlement
and alcaldia mayor of Toluca. It contains 51
families of Indians, and is at a little distance to
the a'f of its capita!.

Antonio, San, another, the head settlement
of t lie alcaldia mayor of Metepec. It comprehends
261 families of Indians.

A .TONio, San, another, of the head settlement
of Ahuacatlan, and alcaldia mayor ofZacatlan;
three leagues from its head settlement.

Antonio, San, another, of the head settlement
of Coronango, and alcaldia mayor of Cholula. It
contains 44 families of Indians, and lies a league
and a half ». of its capital.

Antonio, San, another, a small settlement or
ward of the alcaldia mayor of Guauchinango,
annexed to the curacy of rantepec.

Antonio, San, another, of the head settlement
of Iluchuellan, nml alcaldia mayor ofCuscatlan,
situate in an umbrageous valley. It contains 140
families of Indians, Avho employ themselves in
preparing, and in the commerce of, saltpetre, and
in spinning cotton. It lies to the s. of its head
settlement.

A ntonio, San, another, of the head settlement of
Chapala, and alcaldia wwiyor of Zayula, on the shore
of the great lake or sea of Chapala. It contains 27
families of Indians, who employ themselves in
fishing, and in the culture of various seeds and
fruits, which the fertility and luxuriance of the
soil produces; and with these they traffic with tlie
neighbouring settlements, by means of canoes. One
league a?, of its head settlement.

Antonio, San, another, of the government of

the coast

id captnin-
luni, oil the

tlic coast of

f the liead

majjor of

} families of

:1 settlement
in the same
Is liead set«
ratuvo, pro-
^, as do the
and mucli
e sugar for
ics of Giias-
lie s. of its
Itlcment.
d settlement
contains 51
! distance to

I settlement
omprchends

J settlement
)f Zacatlan;

] gcttlement
]holula. It
es a league

;ttlement or
luchinango,

settlement
Ciiscatlan,
jntains 140
;mselves in
tpetre, and
of its head

ettlemcnt of
on the shore
contains 27
msclves in

seeds and
mce of the

c with the
tnoes. One

crnmcnt of

ANT

Neiljft in the new kmgdom of Granada, annexed
(o the curacy of the town of La Purificacion,
situate on the snot which they call del Pdrnmo.
It contains bOO housekeepers; and at a very little
distance is a convent of Agustine Rocolccts.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
rorregitniento of Angaraes in Peru.

Antonio, San, another, in the kingdom of
Quito, of the corrrgimienlo of the district of Las
Cinco Leguas de la capital.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
government of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito.

Antonio, San, another, in the province of Tc-
pcguana, and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya, situated
130 leagues to the «. w. of the real of Guanacebi,
in the vicinity of which If a large uninhabited spot,
called Tinaja.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
government of Cuman& in the kingdom of Tierra
Firrao, situate in the middle of the setranin. It is
a rediKcion of Indians, and one of tliose iiild under
the care of the Arragonese Capuchin fathers.

Antonio, San, another, which is the parish of
the ancient Barinas, situate in tlie serrania and
table plain of Moronioy, where that city was. In
its district arc some small estates of cacao and
sugar-cane, and some very rich modern establish-
ments of indigo.

Antonio, San, another, with the addition of
Las Cocuisas, in the province of Barinas, situate
near to the river Apure. Its district abounds in
tiie larger cattle.

Antonio, San, another, with the addition of
Los Altos, situate in the vicinity of the city of
Caracas. Its mountains abound in excellent woods
and in maize.

Antonio, San, a town of the province and
government of Guayana in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate on the shore of the river Paragua.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
government of Maracaibo in the kingdom of
Tierra Firme, and district of the city of San Chris-
tobal ; situate in the road which leads down to
the Nuevo Ileyno.

Antonio, San, another, of the same province
and government as the former, situate in the district
of the city of Pedraza.

Antonio, San, another, of the same province
and, government, on the shore of the river Paragua,
near its source, between the cities of Pedraza and
Barinas Yieja.

Antonio, San, another settlement and asiento
of the mines of the province and government of
Chucuito in Peru, near the volcano of Ornate.

ANT

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
captainship of the bay of Todos Santos in Brazil,
situate on the shore of the river Paraguaca, near
the bay.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
captainship of Sergipc in the same kingdom, situ*
ate on the coast, and at the mouth of the large
rivcrof San Francisco, at the same point.

Antonio, San, another, of the same province
and captainship, situate at the source of the river
Sirugipa.

Antonio, San, another settlement and real of
tlie silver mines in the province and bishopric
of Guadalaxara in Nueva Espaiin.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
rnrregimiento of Colchagua in the kingdom of
Chile, on the coast, and at the mouth of the river
Rapel.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
corregimienlo of Aconcagua in the same king-
dom.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
government of Tucuman, in the jurisdiction of
Cordova, to the w. of this city.

Antonio, San, another, of the same province
and government as the former, situate between the
settlements of Soto and Tororal.

Antonio, San, another, of the pro\ince and
corregimiento of Coquimbo in the kingdom of
Chile, on the shore of the river Mamas.

Antonio, San, another, in the province and
captainship of Pernambuco in Brazil, distinct from
the other of the same name, which is found in it.
It lies upon the coast, and at the mouth of the river
of San Angelo.

Antonio, San, another, of the same captainship
and kingdom, on the shore of the river Tapi-
cura.

Antonio, San, another, of the captainship of
Para in the same kingdom, on the snore of tlie
river of the Amazonas, andw. of the capital.

Antokio, San, another, of the province and
corregimiento of Ibarra in the kingdom of Quito,
situate to the s. s. e. of the capital.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
government of Popayan in the new kingdom of
Granada.

Antonio, San, another, of the missions held
there by the regulars of the company of Jesuits, in
the province of Gaira, of the government of Para-
guay. It is destroj'ed, and the ruins of it alone
are visible upon the shore of the river Guabay,
from the time that it was razed by the Portuguese
ofSan Pablo, in 1680.

miim

■!ii

•■ 1^

I''

i!'

fr,^''f

• ' '

■'1

\ ■: V

-1

t r

U-

ANT

Amomo, San, iiiiotlicr, ol llx* province niul
•rovrriimcnl of Uiiciios Ayirs, situiite upon the
shore oftlie river ll)iguiiy.

Antonk), San, aiiolfier, in (lie country and
province of liUs Ainnzonas, and territory of Muta
jrroho, l)et\veen tlie river Itenes and lliat of
Srnere, to tlie zo. of the town of S. Francisco
Xavier.

Aktonio, San, another, with the surname of
Al)!i(l, ill the province and government of Carta-
gena, of the district of Sinn, situate on the bank of
tlie stream Ingles ; one of those lately formed in
J77G by the governor Don Juan Pimienta.

Antonio, San, another, in the province and
captdina/iip ol' Los llheos in Ilrazil; situate near
the sea coast, and at the source of river Santa
Cruz.

Antonio, San, another, in the province and
tnptnhishlp of Paraiba in lirazil, on the shore of
the river Camaratuba.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
raptuinsfiip of Pernambuco in Brazil, on tlie coast
of the river Ciranhaya.

Antonio, San, another, of the missions, who
maintained the religion of S. Francisco, in Nuevo
Mexico,

Antonio S\n, another, of the head settlement
of Teutalpan, and alcnldia mayor of Zacatlan, in
Niieva Kspana ; one league distant from its head
settlement.

Antonio, San, another, called El Cerro del
Antonio, in the province and government of Car-
tai^ena, situate o\\ the sea shore, on the «. coast,
and also to the n, o( thereat De la Cruz.

Antonio, San, a crtp;W town of the province
Bnd alcaldia mayor of Zuchitepec in the kingdom
of Guatemala.

Antonio, San, a village in the province and
captainship of Todos Santos in Brazil.

Antonio, San, a town of the province and
taplainship of the bay of Todos Santos in Brazil.

[Antonio, San, a town in New Mexico, on the
K'. side of Rio Bravo river, below St. Gregoria.
Also the name of a town on the river Hondo,
which falls into the gulf of Mexico, w, e. of Rio
de Bravo, and on the eastern side of the river, s.
by TO. from Texas.]

[Antonio, San, another town in the province
of Navarre in N. America, on a river which runs
5. w. in the gulf of California. ]

Antonio, San, a bay on the coast of the S. sea,
of the province and government of Choco, close
io that of San Francisco Solano.

[AjfTONio, San, de i.os Cues, a very popu-

A N T

loiis place of the iiitcndancy of Oaxncn, on t)ie
road from ()ri/al)a to Oaxaca, celebrated for the
remains of ancient Mexican fortificiitioiis. |

Antonio, San, a port of the «. coast oftlie
island of Jamaica, lietwecn Cold bay and the
river Grande.

Antonio, San, 'another, of the coast of the
kingdom of Chile, in the S. sea, and of the pro-
vincc and correirimieiilo of Melipilla. Lat. aS*
39' x. Long. 71^41' rr.

Antonio, San, a cape or point of land of the
river Mississippi, opposite the Isla (irandc.

Antonio, San, another, on the coast of the
province ami government of Buenos Ayrcs, one of
the two which form the entrance of tlie mouth of
the river of La Plata.

Antonio, San, another, which is the w. extre-
mity oftlie island of Cuba, opposite that cS Coto-
clie, ofthe province of Yucatan, from whence it
is four leagues distant. Long. 81° 56'. Lat.
2P 54'.

Antonio, San, another, on the coast of the
province and captainship of Todos Santos in Brazil,
close to tlie cape of S. Salvador ; there is a castle
in it of the same name, and a settlement, in which
excellent sugar is made. Long. ^8° 37' w. Lat.
13° s.

Antonio, San, a small island of the coast of
Brazil, between this and that of Santa Catalina, in
the captainship of Rey: the Portuguese have a
fort in it of the same name.

Antonio, San, a small river ofthe same king-
dom ; it rises in the sierra of Los Corigcs, runs e.
and enters the Tocantines on the w. side.

Antonio, San, another small river of the
province and government of Buenos Ayrcs, which
runs IB. iind enters the Parana, between those of
Anna Maria and Bernardo de Arcos.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
captainship of Rey in Brazil, which runs e. and
enters the great lake of Los Patos, in the territory
ofthe Tages Indians.

Antonio, San, a large river of the province
and frt/)<rt/H.?/»)j of Pernambuco in Brazil ; it enters
the sea, upon the coast between that of Camaraibi,
and that of Antonio Pequefio, so called to distin-
guish it from this river ; also called Antonio
Grande.

Antonio, San, another, called Antonio Peque-
I'lo, to distinguish it from the former; in the same
province or captainship. It runs into the sea
between that river and the lake Del Norte.

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
government of Texas in NuevaEspafia.

J t

iff'.

>ca, on tlie
ile<l for the

HIS.]

:oabt of (lie
ly and tlic

oast of (lie

of (lie pro-

Lat. aS'

'land of the
ndc.

:oast of (Le
vrcs, one of
c mouth of

le w. extrc-

at cf Coto<

1 whence it

50'. Lat.

:oast of the
OS in Brazil,
u is a castle
it, in which
7' w. Lai.

the coast of
Catalina, ia
lese have a

same king-

gcs, runs e.

ver of the

^rcs, which

en those of

ovince and
tins e. and
le territory

province
it enters
Camaraibi,

to distin-
d Antonio

nio Pcque-
n the same
the sea
te.
)vince and

A N Z

Antonio, San, another, of the province and
government of Costarica, in (he kingdom of Gua-
teiiiaia ; it runs into the N. sen, between the rivers
Conception and Talamancas.

Anto.M), Sav, aiiotlier, of the province and
govcrntnent of Paraguay ; it runs n. and enters the
Grande dc Curituba.

Antonio, Sa.v, a point of land on the coast of
the strait of Magellan, between the bay of Arenas
and the bny of Sunta (3atalina. At this point
Pedro Snrniiento took possession of that country
for the crown of Spain.

Antonio, San, another, on the coast of the

frovince and correi^imiento of Melipilla in the
ingdom of Chile, between those points which
form the port of the same name.

Antonio, San, some shallows or rocks on the
coast of Rrazil, of the province and captainship
of Los Ilheos, at the entrance or mouth of (he
river of Santa Cruz.

Antonio, San, a canal, running from tiie
river of Magdalena, which enters the swamp of
Santa Marta, of the province and government of
this name.

Antonio, San, a fort of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres, on the banks, and at
the source oi the river Sala, built as a defence
against the Pampas Indians ; it lying directly in
tue road which leads to Tucuman,

Antonio, San, another fort and garrison of the
province and government of Buenos Ayres.

[ANTRIVENTRIA, a subdivision of Tierra
Firme, lying to (he .?. of Cartagena.]

ANUNCTaCION,Nu:stra Senora de la,
a settlement of the province and government of
Mainas in the kingdom of Quito, situate at the
source of the river Santa Maria.

[ANVILLE, - Miller's Town, in Dauphine
county, Pennsylvania, at the head of Tulphe-
liocken creek. When the canal between the
Susqnehi'iinah and Schuylkill, along these creeks,
is coinpK i((l, this town will probably rise to some
consequenec. It lies 18 miles n.e, by e. from Har-
risburgh, and 05 n. vs. from Philadelphia.]

[ANZFRMA. SeeANscRMA.]

ANZUELOS, a river of the province and
governnuint of Costarica in the kingdom of Gua-
temala ; it rises near the coast, runs e, and enters
the sea between the rivers San Juan de ?^icaragua
and Mntina, in the province of Veragua.

ANZUEROS, or Anzures, a river of the
province and government of Quijos and Marcas
in the kingdom of Qnito ; it runs nearly due i.
and enters the Putumayo.

VOL. I.

A P A

APABOTA, a river of (he province and govern-
ment of Guayana, or Nueva Andalucia ; it rises
in the country of the ferocious Charibbec Indians,
and enters the Ami, on the n. side, a little before
that of the Apagiiata.

APACEO

San Juan Battista de, a head
settlement of' (he district of the almfdia luai/or
of Zelaya, in the province and bishopric of Me-
choacan; it contains 135 families of Indians, and
2()0of Spaniartis, I\Jiistecs, and Mulattoes, as well
as a convent of Franciscan monk- . The territory
of its JHiisdiction is very fertile and j)leasant ; it
is renowned for its abundant crops ol grain and
delicate fruits, especiail}' thegiape, which is held
in high estimation for the superiority of its fla-
vour. Four leagues to the 5. of its head sellle-
inent.

Ahacto, another settlement, with the dedica-
tory title of Santa Maria, in the head settlement of
tlu; district of Zitaguaro, and nhaldia mayor of
Maravatio, in the bishopric of Mechoacun ; it
contains 2\ families of Indians, and is three
Icnornes to the s. of its head settlement.

Apache, u settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Chancay in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Paccho.

[APAIJHIERA, an audience and province of
New Mexico, whose capital is St. Fe.J

APACUATA, a small river of the province
and government of Guayana, or Nueva Anda-
lucia. It rises in the country of the ferocious
Charibbec Indians, and enters on the n, side into
the Arni.

APAGO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito ; it rises
in the cordilkra, runs «. and enters the Marauon,
forming first some lakes by it* waters.

APALACIIES, a nation of Indians of Florida,
in the territory of its name ; dwelling on the side
ofa chain of rugged mountains. They are very
fierce, and so valorous, that it has never been pos-
sible to subject them from the time that they were
first discovered by the Governor Hernando de
Sota, in 1539. They have for tiieir dwellings
certain edifices of an oblong square figure, tnc
extremities of wl.ich universally point due n. and
*. so (hat they iiie little niolesteil by these winds,
which, indeed, arc here the most prevalent. The
pavement is simple and elegant ; being made of
calcined shells, and of a sort of sand of a gold
colour, which they collect from the mountains,
forming from it a paste, which, being spread upon
the ground, and becoming dry, emits a colour as
brilliant as though it were a plate of gold. The

Ul^

li. i'i

■i

1,, -

: i

J •»

A P A

Ijihl^

cli)t!iin<r and liniisHiold fiiriiidirc ortlioso Indians
coiisisl.sofilic skins of (he iK-iists of the iiiountuins :
altlioiigh they liiive »biiii(liiiicc of vines, they are
very sober, from their ii^noriince in what inaiuier
• (» make uscof tiieni, and commonly drink nothing
J)iil water: they arc accnstomed to frivc their
male ehildteu tlie names of the enemies they have
<:ouqu(Ted, or of some hoitile settlement which
they have plundered and bnrnt : they maintain
the strictest faith in war-, nor arc they excited to
this by a slight pretext, neither (hroni^h a spirit of
avarice or of conqnest, bnt only when they are
«>l>lif:ed for (heir own <lt fence, or for the just satis-
J'aclion of injuries received. 'I'liese Indians liave
nevi.T known the barbarous method uf poisoning
their arrows; they treat their prisoners with hu-
manity, and their wives and children in the same
manner as their si-rvanfs: some assert tli;it they
are very long-lived, and liiat it is couunon lor
tliem to reach a century : they adore the sun, to
Avliich they sing hynms every morning and even-
ing ; but at present they have a religion, which is
n Miixtureot their own with the catholic and some

I)rotestant sects. [The Aj)alaches are emigrant
ndians from West Florida, from off the river
whose name tlu-y bear ; came over to Red river
about the same time the Uoluxas did, and have
ever since lived on the river, above Bayau
Hapide. No nation has been more highly esteem-
ed by the French inhabitant!', no complaints
against them are ever beard. There are only 14
men remaining, who have their own language, but
speak French and Mobilian.]

Apalaciies, a bay on the coast of this pro-
vince, discovered by the Governor Hernando de
Soto, in 1535, from whence the Spaniards after-
wards formed a settlement called San Marcos,
which was inmiediately reduced to a miserable
village of Indians : before its cession, together
with the province, to die English in the peace of
Versailles, in lliVJ, it had a fort maimed by a
detachment of the garrison of San Agustin. Seven-
ty- ibur leagues from (he bay of Carlos.

Apalacuics, a settlement of Indians of the pro-
vince and government of Louisiana ; situate on
the shore of the river Movila.

[AeALACHKs, or St. Mark's River, rises in the
country of the Seminole Indians, in E. Florida, near
the ».w. source of (ireat Satilla river; runs s. a.
through the Apalachy country into the bay of
Apalachy, in the gulf of Mexico, about 15 miles
below St. Mark's. It runs about 135 miles, and
falls into the bay near the mouth of Apalachicolu
river. J

A P A

rAPAT.AniiAN Mountains, n pari of the rang«
called sometimes by this name, but ccnerally
Alleghany mountains. In this part of the great
chain of mountains, in the Cherokee country, iho
river Apalachieolii has its source!

AI'AIjACHU;OI,A, atown o( the province and
colony of Georgia, in which the Knglisli had ii
fort, on the shore of the river Savannah, now
abandoned.

[Apai.achicoi.a is likewise (he name of the
mother town or capital of the Creek or Musco-
gulgc confederacy, called Apalachncia by Ber-
tram. It is, says he, sacred to peace ; no cap-
tives arc put to death, or human blood spilt here ;
and when a general peace is proposed, deputies
from all (he towns in (he confederacy meet here to
deliberate. On the other hand, the (ireat Coweta
Town, 12 miles higher up (he (3hata-Uchc river,
is called the Bloody Town, where the Micos chiefs
and warriors assemble when a general war is pro-
posed ; and there captives and state malefactors
arc put to death. Apalachicola is situated a mile
and an half above the ancient town of that name,
which was situated on a peninsula formed by the
doubling of the river, but deserted on account of
inundations. The town is about three days jour-
ney from Tallassee, a (own on the Tallapooso
river, a branch of the Mobile river. See Coweta
and Tam-assei;.]

Apalachicola, a river running between E.
and VV. Florida, [and having itssourceinthe Apa-
achian mountains, in the Cherokee country, with-
in 10 miles of Tnguloo, the upper branch of Savan-
i>ah river. From its source to the mouth of
Flint river, a distance of 300 miles, it is called
Chata-Uche, or Chatahooche river. F'lint river
falls into it from the n. e. below the Lower Creek
towns, in ». lat. 31. From thence it runs near
80 miles, and falls into the bay of Apalachy, or
Apalachicola, in the gulf of Mexico, at cape
Blaize. From its source to the 33d (leg. of w.
lat. its course is s. w.; from thence to its mouth
it runs nearly s. See Chata-Ucha and Flint
Rivers.]

[APAliA(;!IIY Country extends across Flint
and A|)alaclies rivers, in E. Flori^'.i, having the
Seminole country on the n. e. A palachy, or Apa-
lachny, is by some writers applied to a town and
harbour in Florida, 90 miles e. of Pensacola, and
the same distance w. from Del Spiritu Santo
river. The tribes of the Apalachian Indians lie
around it.]

[APALOUSA, Indians of N. America. It is
said the word Apalousa, in the Indian language.

I'i'l'J

n i

he rancfa
jrci\('iully
the giciit
iitry, llio

v'wivc. and
isli had li
iiuh, now

ine of Iho
ir Miisco-
i by Bor-
j nil cap-
pilt licro ;
, deputies
i:ct here to
!at Coweta
chc river,
icos chiefs
tar is pro-
iiulcfactors
tied a milo
lliat name,
ned by the
account of
days jour-
Tallapooso
L* Coweta

«twccn E.
n the A pa-
try, witli-
of Savan-
moutb of
is called
Flint river
wcr Creek
runs near
laluchy, or
at cape
desf. of n.
its mouth
nd Flint

ross Flint
laving the
■, or "a pa-
town and
icola, and
litu Santo
Indians lie

lica. It is
I language,

A V A

sncatis black head, or l)lnck skull. They arc
Bbori<;iiies of the district «.al!cd by tlieir narue.
Their vili.-.i^e is aljout I,") iiiili'b w. rroin tlie Apa-
loiisa chur(;h ; have about 45 men. Their native
latiguaife tbll'ers from all other; they understand
Adakapa, and speak French, plant corn, have
callic and iioirs. )

AI'ANIIO, S.w FiiANC SCO nr, a settlement
orHielu'ud sttllcDifut of (lie district and nica/dia
wifl//oi' of Tixllan in Nneva Es|mria, ol a hot tem-
jierature. its population, including its wards,
may amount to 3!)^2 families ot Indians. Three
lea;ifiies m. of its cajiital.

Al'ANtid, a head settlement of tlu^ district and
«/t«Wi« w/rt//or of Zay Ilia in Nueva i'spana, with
140 families of Indians; five letigues s. of its
capital.

Al'ANI, a river of the province and country of
the Amazmias. It rises in the territory ofthe Aspc-
ras Indin'.s, runs n.n.w, and enters the Madera.
AI'ANTOS, a barbarous nation ot Indians,
who inhabit (he woods lyini; w. of the province of
Guayaquil, and n. of the Marauon ; bounded on
the w. by the province of tht Curies Indians,
with whom they live in union and friendship.
They arc inimical to the Tupinambos, use bows
and arrows for weapons, and a certain kind of
short darts, which are very heavy. They go en-
tirely naked, both men and women ; the latter
accompany (heir husbands to battle, and assist
them by carrying and serving out to them their
arrows. They live by the chase, and worship a
demon, which, according to some, appears in
hide(»us forms tu their priests, who pass for won-
derful sorcerers, and are very skilful at banquets
in mingling poison in the cups ofthe guests.

AI'AliCELADOS, Cabo, a cape on the coast
ofthe Fatagones, which lies between the straits of
Magellan and the river La Plata.

APARIA, an imaginary and fabulous province,
which some geograpTiers maintain to he situated to
the n. ofthe river Curarary, and that ofthe Mnra-
non, where there is, in tact, no other province than
that of Los Qiiijos.

APAIUCION, a settlement ofthe pfovincc and
government of V^eneziiela, situate on the shore of
the small river whicii runs into the Giiachc. It lies
n. ofthe town of A ran re, and e. of Truxillo.

APAIIU, a river of the kingdom of Brazil,
which rises in tiie sarania, to tlie s, of the town.
Boa ; runs a. and enters (he Madera.

APASTEPEC, a settlement of tbc province and
olcaldia mai/or of San Salvador, in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

A P I

APA TO, ft settlement of the province and cor-
rfgiiiiiriilo ofXanjasin Peru.

APATllNOMA, a river of the district of Mar-
cas, and governnunt of this name, in the king-
dom of Quito. It rises in the (onlillrrn, near
the settlement of the liica, and enters the Ma-
rnfiori.

APAXOO, a settlement of the head «f///fw/f«/
ofthe district of Atitalaquia, t\m\ ulcaklki moijor of
Tepetango, in Nueva Espaim. It coiitaiiis 145
families of Indians.

APAZINGAN, a settlement of tlie head scUl,-
moil ofthe district and ahaldin tuaj/or of Tanzi-
taro in Nueva Espana. It contains 31 families of
Spaniards, 48 of Aluslees and Mulattoes, and 'i'i
of Indians, and in the rancos of iU district 47
others; all of whom are employed in cultiva-
ting the land, in breeding the largi r cattle, and in
collecting bees-wax and honey. Its temperature
is sultry ; its territory is fertile, agreeable, and
abounding in fruits, and lies 11 leagues to the s.
of its capital.

APENA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito. It
rises in the interior of its mountains, is navigable
for small vessels and canoes, and runs almost di-
rectly from s. to n. turns to the e. and enters the
Guallaga on the e. side ; forming, about half-way
in its course, a lake called Mahuati.

APERAS, a bart>aroiis nation of Indians, who
inhabit the forests bordering on the river Marafion,
towards the *. They arc divided into various
trilx-'s or companies, meeting for the purposes of
labour, and wandering through the woods. They
occupy a space of unknown country, of upwards
of 40 leagues, beyond the river Cayari.

APEIIE, a river of the province nud govern-
ment of Mojos in the kingdom of Quito.

APERIIOES, a barbarous nation of Indians,
of the province of Paraguay, to the m. e. J to the
e. ot the city of La Asuncion. These Indians arc
idle, proud, and restless, continually molesting
the other nations. The few that have remained
are reduced into s.miething like a settlement.

APETIJOS, a barbarous nation of Indians, of
the kingdom of Brazil, in the province and
captainship of Puerto Scguro. They live in the
woods towards the s. and in tlie vicinity of rivers
and lakes, that they may be able to occupy
themselves in fishing, which is their princi-
pal means of subsistence. They are but little
known.

A PI AG A, a small river of the province and'
government of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito.
M 3

^j|^

\\\A

0- ^

t .

»l

\fm

iJi •

If'

84 A P O

It rises in tbe sierra which dividpi (hi» province
from that ot° Quixos and Miircns, runs nearly due
J. and enters the Morona.

APIAl, a settlement of Ihe province and go-
vernment of S, Juan rte I..os Llanos in the Ntievo
Reyno de Granada, annexed to the curacy of the
city of S. Martin del Puerto. It is poor and
wretclied, of a very scorching temperature, and,
as such, produces only maizt, yucas, and plan-
tains. Inimediately by it, the regul-irs of the
abolished company of Jesuits had a iiobh: and rich
estate. In its district is found abunda.ice of the
herb escorzoncza (viper's grass).

APICHIQUI, a barbarous natiou of hidians,
of the kingdom of Quito, on the coast of the S.
sea, and to the s. c. of that city. It is compre-
hended in the government of Mainas, and was sub-
jected and united to the empire of Peru by the Inca
Huainacapiic, thirteenth Emperor.

API0CHA^1A, a large and rapid river of the
kingdom of Peru. It runs to the «. of the city
of La Paz, and after running 22 leagues from *. w.
to M. e. it enters the a. side of the river Beni.

A PI SSI NIT AS, a small river f New France,
or Canada, which runs s. w. between those of
Moncpieux and Dc Pic, and enters the lake Supe-
rior.

APLAO, a settlement of the province and cot'
reginu'ento of Cuinana in Peru, situate iu the fer-
tile valley of Mages, close upon a river.

APO, San Martin de, a settlement of the
head settlement of the district of Uruapan, and
nlcaldia mayor of Yalladolid, in the province and
bishopric of Mechoacan. It contains 30 families
of Indians, and is distant 15 leagues to the e. of
its bead settlement, and 27 from the capital.

APOLAHAMBA, a province of Peru, bounded
by the province of Moxos to the <• . and Carabaya
to the w. It extends about 80 leagues from i. w.
to n. e. and in this space are situate the settlements
consisting of the missions of Apolabamba, founded
and governed by the monks of San Francisco, of
the province of San Antonio de Charcas. Of these
settlements there arj eight, and the number of their
inliabitants, including both sexes and all ages,
may amount to 3000. The country in moantain-
ous, intersectet' with h.ils, rocks, and precipices ;
the road, consequently is very rugged from the
settlement of Buenavifta to the pleasant valley ; in
going to which, are three descents, called, from
steepness, the Attempts, (las Tcntaciones), the last
being the most difficult. This territory has many
rivers, the most considerable ot which is the Tui-
cb:. Many idioms ore spoken in the aforesaid

APO

provinces, the inhabitants being a mixture of difie*
rent nations, namely, the Uchupiamonas, Lecos,
Yubamonas, and Poromonas. The fruits which
they cultivate are yucus, rice, maize, camotes,
mniii, and i lantains, which are the common ali-
ment of all the settlements : they likewise cul-
tivate cotton, of which they make body linen for
themselves ; they collect some wax, which the
bees de|)osit in the trunks of trees ; and in the
pampas or l/anos of Isllamas, some cacao, which
is p*'o(luced without any other troui)le or culturo
than such as nature may afford. The trees here
arc very numerous ; of these are tiie guat/acaneSy
cedars, marias, &c. It it be not put a stop to
soon, these woods will be filled with monkeys ol'
every tribe ; these animals are very mischievous,
and, in order to grai'fy tiieir appetites, pick off
all the buds from tbe trees. On the moun-
tains are several wild beasts and venomous animals,
insects, and grubs. In every settlement, two a/«
caldes are appointed by the missions, for its poli-
tical government, and these appointments are
confirnied \y the viceroy of Peru. The produc-
tions that hut'c been before stated as peculiar to it,
are carried for sale tc La Paz, and to othi-r

Earts, the products of which, whether they may
ave been sold or exchanged, are sufficient for the
necessary subsistence of the Indians, and of the
missionaries and the churches. Tbe larger cattle,
the flesh of which alone is here tasted, are provid-
ed from the provinces of Lampa and Asangaro ;
and with the two settlements of Thumapasa and
Isllamas, the last of the pro^ ince of Moxos, it
barters cacao for other goods. The entrance to
this province is through the settlement of Pelecbu«
CO, from that of Larecaxa.

The settlements of this jurisdiction are,
San Juan de Sahagun, San Antonio de Aten,

S. Joseph de Uchupia-
monas,
Trinida I de lariapu,
S. Antonio de Isllamas.

S. Juan de Buenavista,

Santo Cruz de Valle
Ameno,

Concepcion de Apola-
bamba,
Apolakamua, a settlement of this province and

corrcgimienlo, situate on the shore of the river

Santa Hosa, one of those which are composed of

the missions.

APOMARCA, a settlement of the province and

corregimiento of Cotabambas in Peru, annexed to

the curacy of Pitu.
APOMATOX, a river of the province and

colony of Virginia, which runs e. and turning

towards the s. afterwards takes its forncr direction,

until it enters the river James.

reofdiffe-
is, LecoSf
[its which
, canwteSf
nmon ali>
wise cul-
Y linen for
vliicli the
nd in the
ao, which
or cultnro
trees here
uat/acaneSf

a stop to
noiikeys ol"
ischievous,
i, pick oft'
the moun-
us animals,
it, two al-
>r its poli-
inents are
he produc-
:uliar to it,
1 to other

they may
liciit for the
and of the
rger cattle,
are provid-
Asangaro ;
napasa and

Moxos, it
entrance to
>f Pelechu-

«>

de Aten,

Uchupia*

ariapu,
LsUamas.

r>vince and
the river
tnposed of

ovince nnd
annexed to

vince and
turning
direction,

A P O

APONGARA, a small river of the province
and colony of Surinam, or part of Guayana be-
longing to the Dutch. It enters into another river,
which is nameless, and where many rivers unite to
Ciiter the Cuyuni.

APONGO, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Vilcas Huaman in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of Canaria.

APONIA, a scttlenient or alcaJdiu mayor oi the
Portuguese, in tlie province and country of the
Amazonas, situate on the shore of the river of its
name, a little Iwforc it enters the Madera.

Ai'OMA, a river of the same province, which
runs from w. to e. and enters thi^t of the Madera,
opposite that of Tucumarc.

[APOQUENEMY Creek falls into Delaware
bay, from Middlctown in Newcastle county,
Delaware, a mile and an half below Ueedy island.
A canal is proposed to extend from the s. branch
of this creek, at about four miles from Middle-
town, to the head of Hohemia river, nearly eight
miles distant, which will form a water communi-
Ciition between Delaware bay and that of Chesa-
peak, tlirough Elk river.]

APOROMA, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Carabaya in Peru, situate on the
frontier of the Chunchos Indians, on the shore of
tlie river Inambari. It has a celebrated mine of
gold of the finest quality.

APOSOL, a settlement of the head settlement
of the district and alcaldia mat/or of Juchipila
in Nueva Espana, situate five leagues to the s. of
tliat head settlement.

APOSTOLES, a settlement of the missions
which belonged to the regulars of the abolished
company of Jesuits, in the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay, situate between the rivers Pa-
Tana and Uruguay, to the s. of the settlement
of S. Joseph.

[Apostoles, a settlement of Indians, of the
province and ffovernment of Buenos Ayrcs, found-
ed by the Jesuits in 1632, in the mountains of
Tape. Lat. 27° 54' 43" s. Long. 55» 49' 19" w.]

Apostolus, some islands of the strait of Ma-
gellan, which lie at its entrance into the S. sea,
close to the cape Deseado. They are 12 in num-
ber, from which circumstance this name was given
to them. They are all small, barren, and desert ;
their shores, although they aboujid with good
shell-fish, are very dangerous, from being rocky.
Lat. 5"^ 34' s. Long. 75° 6' a;.

Apostoi.i.s, another island, of lake Superior,
of New France, or Canada, situate near the s.
coast.

\POTOS, a barbarous nation of Indians, of the

A P U

province and country of Las Amazonas, who inha-
bit the shores of the river Cunuris, bounded on the
n. by tlie nation of the Tagaris, and s. by that of
the (jtninrl.j.

APOZO, Sam Lucas nr;, a settlement of the
head settlement of the district of Irumpo, and al-
caldia mayor of Maravatio, in the bishopric of Me-
choitcan. It contains 15 families of Indians, and
is a league and a half e. *. e. of its head settle^.ient.

APP.\, a settlement and the capital of the alcal'
dia mayor of this name, in Nueva Espana. Some
call it App.mi. It contains 200 families of In-*
dians : and its jurisdiction, which is very much re-
duced, comprehends only two other head settlements
of the district. It lies on the boundary dividing
the archbishopric of Mexico from the bishopric of
La Puebia, and it has itself some territory in ihe
latter. Its inhabitants employ themselves in tilling
the ground. In the two aforesaid settlements, in>
eluding those of its rancherios and estates, the inha-
bitants amount from 35 to 30 families of Spaniards,
Miistees, and Mulattoes, who are equally employea
in the cultivation of maize, barley, beans, and
other seeds, and in the breed of swine, for which
the country is well adapted.

[APPLE Island, a small uninhabited island in
St. Lawrence river, in Canada, on the s. side of
the river, between Basque and Green ishmds. It
is surrounded by rocks, which renders the naviga-
tion dangerous.]

[AppbE Town, an Indian village on the e. side
of Seneca lake, in New York, between the town-
ships of Ovid on thes. and Ronmlus on the n.]

[APPOMATOX is the name of a j. branch of
James river, in Virginia. It may be navigated
as far as Broadways, eight or ten miles from Ber-
muda Hundred, by any vessel which has crossed
Harrison's bar in James river. It has eight or
nine feet water, a mile or two farther up to Fisher's
bar, and four feet on that and upwards to Peters-
burgh, where all navigation ceases.]

APROBAGUE, or Aphoback, a river of the
province and govennnent of Cayenne, belonging
to the French, in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.
Its source is in the interior of the mountains, and it
Cillers the sea near cape Orange.

ApnoBAGUK, a point or cape of the coast of
the .same province. It is one of those which fonu
llie entrance or mouth of the river mentioned in
the above article.

APU.ALA, a .settlement and head settlement of
the district of the alcaldia mayor of Tepozcolula
in Nueva Espana ; situate in tlie most woody jiart
of the road leading to the coast. In its territory
are found two-beaded eagi -, On • of these, which

.li<

!i^^

hi f

n:i

f 'I

1 '5

1 «' •'

«F''

r:fe;:

■'*

* i^

•("if

86 A P U

ha«l bcrn lulled, was presented by ilin curate lo liie
Manjiies de Valeio, viceroy of tluit kiiigdo.;i ; and
tlie viceroy sent it to Spain.

AiM'Ai.A, another settlcmrnt in the nkn^dia
mayor of Yangiiitlan, witli 85 families of Indians,
who employ themselves in the cultivation of seeds
and fruits of different sotts. Six leagues ». of its
capital.

APUCARA, an ancient province of Peru, «. of
Cuzco. In past times it was well peopled by In-
dians. It was conquered by YupanquI, fifth Em-
peror of the Incas, and united to the empire of
Capac.

APUJ, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Guayana, or Nueva Andalucia. It
rises in the country of the ferocious Charibbee In-
dians, runs nearly due e. and enters the Arvi.

APUIAS, a barbarous nation of Indians, of the
kingdom of Brazil, in the province and captains flip
of the Rio Janeiro. Tney inhabit the loftiest
mountains towards the w. and extend themselves
to the n. for many leagues. These Indians are
cruel and treacherous, and are continually at war
Avith the bordering nations and with the Portuguese,
to whom they do infinite mischief, from the nightly
sallies that they are accustomed to niake. The
women, as well as the men, go entirely nake>.'.
They are given to drunkenness and luxury, re-
specting neither age nor affinity the most close,
and render themselves a terror even to their friends
and allies. They live upon the flesh of their ene-
mies, or upon fish. They are accustomed to treat
their prisoners well, that they may get fat, and
make them, for this reason, partake of their horrid
banquets. If there should be among the captives
an unfortunate female, she becomes the victun of
their brutal lust, and uniformly perishes under
their repeated and siiccessivi' acts of violation, and
is thus abused till she literally breathes her last.
These Indians could never be subjected either by
the Portuguese or by the missionaries ; for these
have always fallen a victim lo their cruelty.

APUIDO. a settlement of the prov incc of Venc-
fuela and government of Maracaibo; situate in
the Punta Colorada of the coast.

APUILAILAUAXARE, a river of the pro-
vince and country of Las Amaionas, in the
Portuguese possessions. It rises in the territory of
the Andirases Indians, runs from *. to w. and
turning its course a little to the n. e. enters the
river Abacachis, which is a canal or arm of tiic
Madera.

APULCO, a selllfinrnt and head settlement of
the akaldin mai/nr of Cuquio in Nueva Espana.
Three leagues e. of its capital.

A P U

[API UK, San Feunamjo nr, a ^ettl^mcnt
formed on the rit lit shore ol the celebrated river of
this tuirne, by some of the inhabitants of the town
of Guanare, of the province and government of
Venezuela. Allured by the fertility of the soil, they
soon obtained for (heir little village the title and
honours of a city. Their property consists chielly
in oxen and mules, and they are given much
rather lo grazing than to agriculture. Their city,
witlioilt being large, is pretty well built, and the
only church it has, though not a grand buihiing,
is neat and well endowed, i'opulatic about (itiOO
souls.]

Apuue, a large river of the Nucvo Reyno
de Granada; it rises in the .ve/ranJrts of Pamplona,
and takes the name of Uru, collecting in its chan-
nel the Maters of several other streams ; namely,
that of Chilaga, which rises in the same sierra,
those of St. Domingo, Masparro, and La Portu-
guesa, in ihe jurisdiction of Barinas, and that of
Guarico in Caracas. Being formed of all these,
it takes the name of the A^)ure for upwards of 300
leagues through the extensive //wwos of San Juan,
ami, overwhelmed by the weight of its waters,
rushes through a forest, and empties itself into the
Aguarico, which flows in a small stream from the
province cf Caracas, and is not navigable until it
receives these additional waters : it then, in an un-
restrained course, rims 20 leagues further, and
enters, by very ra|)id streams and by three mouths,
into the Orinoco. Its rush is indeed so violent,
that, although it be there a league in width, the
Orinoco resigns its current entirely to the, influence
of the waters of the Apure for upwards of a league,
when the fury of this river being somewhat abated
by dreadful whirlpools, (at which even the dex-
terous and crafty Indian has been known to shud-
der), it runs for the space of three leagues more
amicably with the Orinoco ; its waters, however,
being yet distinguisli;ible, from their bright and
crystal appearance, until, being further commixed
by tiie locks of the current of Aguarico, they be-
come at length inseparably confounded with tho
sombre stream of the Orinoco. On its shores are
four settlements of the missions which were held
there by regulars of the order of the Jesuits and
others, consisting of some reduccions of Indians,
established by the monks of St. Dominic. Near
the city of Pamplona is a very large bridge. On
the H. part thisriver receives, besides those already
mentioned, those of Caparo, Surii)a, Canagua,
Paguli, CanodeGuachi-quin,and Y uca ; and on
the J. the Guaritico, v'Jauo de los Sctenta, and
others of little consideration, such as the Mati-
yure. In the part called La ilorqueta de Apure,

f Mhil

';i ;.i

^ctllllncrlt
It'll river ol'
of tlie (own
vernmcnt of
lie soil, tlicy
ilie title anil
sists ch it'll jf
^ivcii much

Tlicir city,
jilt, and the
id buihlinsr,

about (JUOO

icvo Reyno
f Pamplona,
in its chan-
iis ; namely,
iumc sicrtdf
d La Portu-
, and that of
of all these,
wards of 300
if San Juan,
its waters,
itielf into the
■am from the
^ablc until it
icn, in an un-
further, and
;hree mouths,
■d so violent,
in width, the
the, influence
of a league,
cwhat abated
en the dcx-
wn to shud-
■agues more
s, however,
ir bright iuiil
r eoui mixed
CO, they be-
ded with thu
ts shores are
ch were lield
Jesuits and
of Indians,
ninic. Near
bridge. On
those'alrcady
Canagua,
uca ; ami on
Sctenta, and
as the Mati-
tii de A pure,

A P U

opposite the scltlem.ent of San A Mtonio do Cocuisns,
and on the s. side, this river tlirows out an arm,
which is called ApurKo, ihroua:h which it dis-
charges nearly a fourtii pari oi" its wiitcrs ; and
thus separating itself from the mother stream, it
traverses a great pari of (hose llanos, sometimes in
the main branch, and at others divided into various
lesser streams, forming sundry islands ; and these
again uniting, receive (he waters of the Arauca,
which flows down from the llanos of Cazanare,
and enters the Orinoco. The main body of the
Apure, after receiving the river Portugnesa,
throws out an arm to the n. which runs to unite it-
self with the Guarico, in the province of V^enezuela,
and then enrjpties itself into the Orinoco. The re-
gulars of the company of the Jesuits did not find
any settlements of missionaries on the shore of this
river, as, in fact, all the settlements that were
bunded by Ihem were at some distance from it.
The Apure (observes Depons) rises in the ueigh-
jouring mountains of St. Christopher, belonging
to the kingdom of Santa Fe ; its length is 170
leagues, of which 40 are from n. e. to s. e. and the
remainder from w. to e. it then takes its course to
the s. to join the Orinoco. It is navigable for
more than 60 leagues, and in its course increases
the volume of its waters by a number of other rivers,
of which some are also navigable, and the more
useful, because, after having irrigated a great part
of Venezuela, they serve for the conveyance of the
produce which springs from the luxuriance they
afford to the soil, 'f liese rivers are the Tinaco,
San Carlos, Cojeda, Aguablanca, Acarigua, Are,
Yaruo, Hospina, Abaria, Portuguesa, Guanare,
Tucupido, Bocono, Masparro, La Yuca, St. Do-
mingo, Paguey, Tisnados, &c. These succes-
sively confound (heir waters in (he immense plains
of Venezuela. Almost the whole of them are
united above Santiago, and form a considerable
volume of water, which, at twelve leagues below
that place falls into the Apure, 20 leagues n. of the
Orinoco. This quantity of water being too much
for the bed of the Apure to contain, is forced into a
division of many branches, and so lUlls by several
mouths into the Orinoco. The cattle bred upon
the banks of the Apure, and of the other rivers
which lose their names in joining its waters, consist
of numerous droves, and are liighly esteemed.
They are principally oxen, liorses, and mules, but
chiefly the latter. Their exportation is naturally
by Guayana, through the accommodation of the
pastures in that route uj) to the Orinoco. All
the part of Venezuela, forming the new province
of Barinas, and even all its s. part, are invited by
the lijcility of the transport to send their coflfee,

A Q i;

cotton, rjnd indi;;o, to Guayann, instead of carry-
ing tlifin on mules \\\ Caracas or Puerto C;iballo,
over ahiiiiclrod li'auucs, on roads almost impracti-
cable, and crossed l)y rivers nearly imbonnded.]

APIjHIMAC, a iiirije river of (he province of
Al)iinc:!y in Pern ; it ris''s in it, and following a n.
« nnis •, pusses (hrotigh Cuzro, uniting itself alter-
wards with thoseof Santiago and Pachachaca, and
after running ISO leagues through (he mountains
of the Andes, it enters the Maranon with the name
of Ucayale, in such an augmented stream that it is
difficult io ascertain which is the tributary one ; it
then, by the force of its waters alone, is obliged to
change the direction of its course. Some have
maintained that this river is truly the Maranon,
founding their opinion on its remote origin. It
traverses the hij;h road which leads (rom Lima
to Juzco, and other provinces of the sierra. It
is crossed by a bridge, made of thongs or cords,
of 80 yards long and three wide, at which there
is paid a toll of four reals for every parcel of goods
of the country, and 13 reals for such as are of Spain.
Some bagres are caught in this river.

[AQUAFORT, a settlement on the e. sidcof the
s. e. extremity of Newfoundland island. Lat. 47"
5' n. Long. 52° 33' a;.]

AQUAQUATl, a river of the province anil

fovernment of Portobelo in the kingdom ofTierra
'irme ; it rises in the mountains on the n. and
enters the sea at the bay of Mandinga, opposite
the small island of Broquel.

AQUATZAGANE, u settlement oflndians,
of the province and colony of Pennsylvania.

[AQUEDOCHTON, the outlet of lake Wimi.
piseogee, in New Hampshire, whose waters pass
through several smaller ones in a s. v:. course, and
empty into Merrimack river, between the towns of
Sanburn and Canterbury.]

AQUEPEZPALA, a settlement of the province
and alcaldia mayor of Comitlan in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

AQUETI, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito. It rises
in tlie country of the Guallagas Indians, enters the
river of this name, and that of Ucayale, runs w.
and e. forming a curve, and enters the latter.

AQUI, a river of the province and government
of San Juan de los Llanos in the Nuevo Revno de
(•ranada. It runs e. and enters the Rio Negro,
where (he Maranon joins the Orinoco.

AQIJIA, a settlement of th<' province and cor-
re^imindo of Caxatambo ic Peru, annexed (o (he
curacy of Chiquian.

AQ.UlACUliCO, a river of (he province and
gOTcrnraeut of Vera Cruz, in Nucva Espana. It

( i

A Q U

'■ ",

'1 t

' 1

runs n. nnd enters tlie se.i to the w, of the Alvarado,
opposite l/ii lloca Partida. ij

AQl'lCHA, a settlement of lhc^/province and
corrtginiinito of ^'aiiyos in Peru, annexed to the
curaev of its capital.]

[AQlilDNKl.'K, the ancient Indian name of
Rhode ishuid, in the sitate of Khode island.

AQUIGUIMKS, ii biirI)arou.s nation of Indians,
of tlie kinjfdoiu of Bray.il, very numerous and
valorous ; they irdiabit tlie woods ami mountains
towards the zc. nnd make frequent sallies upon the
PortufTucse establishments of the cnplainship of
Espiritu Santo, and »)ften do great miscliief. Their
customs are similar to those of the other barbarous
tribes in Brazil.

AQUILA, Santa !Maria de, a settlement of
the head settlement of the district of Maltrata, and
alcaldia mayor of Orizaba, in Nueva Espana. It
contains 70 families of Indians, and is half a
league distant from its head settlement, and lies
lour and a hidf w. of the capital.

AQUIMURU, a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva Espana,
situate at the source of a river, near the settlement
of Busanis.

AQUINABIS, a settlement of the missions
held by the Portuguese Carmelite fathers, in the
country of the Amazoiias, situate on the shore of
the Rio Negro.

AQUIRA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Cotabambas in Peru ; near to which
is a spring of water, forming a stream abounding in
trout, which, although small, are nevertheless well
tasted, and much esteemed, especially in the time
of Lent.

AQUIRE, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayana in Nueva Andalucia. It rises in
the sierras of Itamaca, and enters in a very large
stream into the Orinoco, where this runs into
the sea, at its widest mouth called De Navios.

A(juiRE, a port of the coast of the kingdom
of Tierra Firme, in the province and government
of Cuman4.

AQUISMON, a settlement and head settlement
of the district of the alcaldia mayor of Valles in
Nueva Espaiia, situate on the skirts of the sierra
Mad re. It is commonly the residence of the
alcaldia mayor, and a Franciscan convent that it
has is the abode of the grand ecclesiastical super-
visor of the jurisdiction, from the conveniency of
its central situation, for providing against any un-
toward circumstances that might happen upon the
frontiers, and for a check upon the bordering In-
dians. It contains 240 families of Indians, 25 of
Spaniards, and as many others of Mustees and

A R A

Mulatlocs. At three leagues distance, upon the
skirt of the sierra^ it has two rancherias of Pames
and Guastecos Indians. Twelve leagues «. of its
capital.

AUAAIBAIBAS. See Gitauavos.

ARABANATE, a large lake of the province
and government of Mainas in the kmgdoin of
Quito, to the s. of the river Marafion, aboiinding
in tortoises. It enters through a canal into the river
Guallaga, on the e. side. It is three leagues dis-
tant from the settlement of the lake, which is the
principal of the missions of Mainas, and four
from the settlement of Chamicuros, to the n. n. w.

ARABATE, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Yamparaes in Peru, of th«
bishopric of Ciiarcas.

ARABIBIBA, a small river of the province
and captainship of Todos Santos in Brazil. It rises
at the foot of the sierra of Mongavcira, runs e.
and afterwards shaping its course s. enters the
bay.

ARACA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimienlo of Cicasica in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of that of Lurubay. It has in its district
a gold mine, though the same is worked with
little success.

ARACAI, a river of the province and captain-
ship of Paraiba in Brazil. It rises in the territory
or country of the Petiguares Indians, runs e. and
then shaping its course to s. s. e, enters the sea,
between the river of Monganagappe and the port
of Jorge Pinto.

ARACARI, a setdement of the missions held
by the Portuguese Carmelite fathers, in the province
and country of Las Amazonas ; situate on the
shore of the Rio Negro.

Aracari, a river in this province, in the part
belonging to the Portuguese. It runs e. and
forms a large lake before it enters the Rio Negro.

ARACAS, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Cumana, which rises close to the set-
tlement of Iguana, runs «. and enters the Orinoco,
opposite the Ciudad Real.

ARACOA, Cano de, an arm of the river
Orinoco, communicating with the channel of Ma-
nano, and the grand river Desparramadero.

ARACORI, a settlement of the province and
captainship of Rey in Brazil, situate in the island
Bepitanga.

ARACUYES, a barbarous nation of Indians, of
the kingdom of Brazil, but little known : they live
in the woods of the captainship of Pernambuco, and
all that is known of them is, that they are nume-
rous, and feed with a rare zest upon tigers : they
go naked, and carry suspended to their ears, lips,

ce, upon tlie
nas oi Pomes
igucs s. of its

the province
kingdom of
n, abounding
into the river
! leagues dis-
'wiiich is thu
IS, and four
3 tlie ». n. w.
province and
i;ru, of th«

Ihe province
razil. It rises
eira, runs e.
s. enters the

ince and cof'
nexed to the
in its district
worked with

and captaiti'

the territory

, runs e. and

iters the sea,

and the port

nissions held
the province
tuate on the

in the part
runs e. and
Rio Negro,
rince and go-
)se to the set-
thc Orinoco^

jf the river
nnel of Ma«
dero.

rovince and
in the island

' Indians, of
they live
ambuco, and
are nume-
tigers : they
ir ears, lips,

A R A

And prepuces, small tablets of an oval form, for
ornament : they paint their bodies all over red
ai'd yellow, and to their heads, arms, and legs,
they attach the feathers of the birds of the most
beautiful colours : their weapons arc bows, arrows,
and clubs of heavy wood.

AUAGANA-CUERA, a lake of the province
and country of the Ainazonas, in the territory pos-
sessed by the Portuguese. It is an overflowing or
pool of the river Marauon, opposite the island
Cuchibara.

ARAGANATUBA, a settlement of the province
and coiuitry of the Amazonas, in the part pos-
sessed by the Portuguese ; situate on the shore of
that river.

ARAGUA, a town of the province of Barcelona,
in the government of Cuman4, founded in 1744 by
some Mustees sthd Negroes, who established them-
selves there. The territory, although level, is
only fit for breeding cattle, for which purpose there
are S4 estates. Its inhabitants may amount to
150. The above estates, with some plantations
which yield wretchedly, together with the indo-
lence of the natives, concur in making it alto-
gether but a desolate spot. Twenty leagues from
Its capital.

AnAGUA, some valleys in the province and
government of Venezuela, where there are five set-
tlements of Spaniards and some Indians, called
La Victoria, S. Mateo, Cagua, Turmero, and
Maracay, near the lake of Valencia ; in the dis-
tricts of WL'icb are many estates of indigo, some
sugar-mills, and abundance of tobacco, with
which article they supply the government.

Aragua, 1 river of the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay, which runs w. and enters the
Moretes.

ARAGUAIA, a large river of the province and
captains/lip of Para in Brazil. It rises in the
sierra of the Coriges, runs «. ». e, and afterwards
turning n. enters the Tocantines, in the territory of
the Parainabas Indians.

ARAGUITA, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela, in the district of which
there are many good cacao estates. It belongs to
the curacy and parish of Caucngua.

Ahaguita, Santo Domingo de, a settlement
of the province and government of Cumana in
Nueva Andulucia, founded in the year 16flO, on
the shore of the river Nivcii, by the father Alonso
iloranias, a monk of the order of St. Francis,
near a rocky piece of ground, in which is a spring
of fine water, and from which this place took
its name. It is close to a lofty and pleasant moun-
tain. Its territory is fertile in cacao, sugar-cane,

vol.. 1.

A R A

caisavl, maize, plaintains, and other fruits of that
country. It contains 250 souls, and is three
leagues s. e. of Nueva Barcelona.

AllAHUAl, a settlement of the province and
government of Canta in Peru.

ARAlPAIiGA, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Chilques y Masques in Peru, an-
nexed to the curacy of Golcha.

ARAMANCHE, a small river of the province
and colony of N. Carolina, which runs s. e. and
enters the Saxnpnhan.

ARANCAl, a town of the province and corrc'
gimiento of Huamnlies in Peru.

ARANCAGUA, a large river of the kingdom
of Chile, in the territory of Coquimbo, in the n,
part. It rises in the mountains of the Andes, and
running from e. to w. washes and fertilizes the
beautiful plains of Curimon, Aconcagua, Quillota,
and Concon, and empties itself in an abundant
stream into the S. sea.

ARANDA, a settlement of the province and
government of Popayan in the Nuevo Reyno do
Granada.

ARANJUEZ, a town of the province and
alcaldia mayor of Nicoya in the kingdom of
Guatemala, thus culled from the resemblance that
this delightful country has to the royal scat of
this name in Spain. It has nevertheless a very
scanty population of Indians, and is five leagues
from the city of Nicoya.

ARANTAC, a port of the S. sea, on the coast of
the province and corregiirienlo of Arequipa in
Peru. It wants both security and convenience,
and is only frequented by a vessel now and then
driven to it in distress.

ARANTZAN, San Grronimo de, a settfe-
meiit and head settlement of the district and acaldia
mayor of Valladolid, in the province and bishopric
ofMechoaciin; the jurisdiction of which consists
of nine settlements. It is of a cold temperature,
and is but scantily inhabited, having been almost
entirely depopulated by an epidemic disorder,
called here matlaxahua. Twelve leagues w, of its
capital.

ARAPA, a settlement of the province and cor»
regimiento of Asangaro in Peru.

ARAPARIPUCU, a town of the province and
captainship of Para in Brazil, situate on the bank
of the arm of the river Maranon, or Amazonas,
which forms the island of Marajo.

ARAPECUMA, a river of the province of
Guayuna, in the territory of the Portuguese : it
rises in the country of the Apamas Indians, runs
*. and enters the Marailon near the strait of
Pauxis.

. :. i

A R A

ARAPIJO, a spttlement of Uie province and
captainship of Pard in llrazil, on tlic shore of the
river of f -as Amuzonas, near tlio Curupa.

ARAPIJOS, a settlement of the same cnplitin-
ship and kingdom as the former ; situate on the
.T. shore of that river, between the settlements of
Maraques and Comaru.

AKAPUCU, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Guayana, in the Portuguese posses-
sions. It runs s. s. e. between those of Carapana-
tuba and Macuacuari, entering tlic Marauon at its
moutli, or wliere this river disembogues itself.

ARAllANA, a lake of the province and coun-
try of Las Araazonus, in the territory of the Por-
tuguese. It is a large pool of water formed by
various canals or arms of the Maranon.

ARARANGUA, a small river of the province
and captainship of llcy in Brazil. It runs e, and
enters the sea near the Morros of Santa Marta.

ARARAPIRA, a settlement of the province
and captainship of San Vincente in Brazil ; situate
in tlie island Bepitanga.

[ARARAT, Mount, or the Stone Head, a short
range of mountains on the n. frontier of N. Caro-
lina, in a n. e, direction from Ararat river ; an.w.
branch of Yadkin river.]

ARARAZ, a settlement of the captainship of
San Vincente in Brazil, on the shore of the river
Turmuy.

ARARt, an abundant river of the province and
captainship of Para in Brazil. It rises from the
mountains to the ze, of Tamaraca. The woods
that are immediately on its shore are inhabited by
some barbarian Inilians, the Tapuyes. It runs s.
and enters the sea, opposite the great island Ta-
maraca.

ARARICyV, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay. It runs e. and enters the
prand river San Pedro, in the captainship of San
Vincente in Brazil.

ARASAGIL, a river of the province and cap-
tainship of Marailham in Brazil.

ARASAPI, a small river of the province and
govermnent of Guayana, in the Dutch territory.
It enters the L'scquibe, or Escjuibo.

A RASAS, a barbarous nation descended from
the Semij';aes, inhabiting the woods which lie be-
tween the rivers Tigrc and Curaray.

ARASPAHA, a city of the province and colony
of New V'ork, immded by the Dutch in itiOS. 1)
lias a good fort, and was taken by tlie English, un-
der the command of Robert Carr, in 16'40. They
have since been in possession of it.

ARATAI. SeoTAUAciNi.

[ARATllAPESCO VV, an Indian tribe inhabit-

A R A

ing (he shores of the lake and river of that name,
in the n.rc. part of N. America, between the lati-
tudes of 37'' and 59^ ». North of this nation's
abode, and near the Arctic circle, is lake Ediande,
around which live the Dog-ribbed Indians, j

ARATIdU, a river of the province and cap-
lainship of Para in Brazil, which runs n. between
the rivers Jacunda and Tcvantines, and empties it-
self into the mouth of the river Amazonas.

ARAIJ AGIA, a river of the province and conn-
try of Las Amazonas. It rises in the territory of
the Curanaris Indians, runs n. and enters, after a
short course, that of the Mataura.

ARAUARI, a river of the province and go-
vernmcnt of Cayena in the kingdom of Tierra
Eirme. It has its rise in the mountains, and enters
the sea between cape Orange and the bay of Vi-
cente Pinzon.

ARAUCA, a grand river of the Nuevo Reyno
de Granada, which flows from the mountains of
Bogota, and passes through the llanos of Cazanare
and Meta. Its shores are inhabited by the China-
tos, Jiraras, and other biirbarous nations of In-
dians.

[/VRAUCAI, a river of the province of draco
in Peru. It is an arm of the Pilcomayo.]

ARAUCANOS, a barbarous nation of Indians,
of the kingdom of Chile, who inhabit the country
lying s. of the river Biobio, in the mountains of
the Andes, extending also over the plains. They
are the imp cable enemies of the Spaniards, who
have never b en able to reduce or subject them.
On the contrary, whenever their country has been
invaded, they have manfully resisted their ene-
mies, committing the most terrible sLuigliler and
execution amongst them, destroying their cities and
forts, laying waste their lands, and never snaring
the life of a Spaniard. The women, indee<:l. they
reserve for their own use, as happened in the years
1599 and 1720. They are faithless and traitorous,
but of incredible valour and resolution. The first
peace which was made with them, from an idea
that it was impossible to reduce them to subjec-
tion, took place in 1C41; Don Francisco dc Tn-
niga. Marques de Baydes, Conde del Pedroso, be-
ing president, governor, and captain-general of the
kingdom. In 1650 a peace was concluded for
the second time, but which was broken a short time
after, like the first. Before the rebellion of ITiPO,
the missionaries of the Jesuits had formed, with
inconceivable trouble and dangers, five large set-
tlements of these Indians ; but every thing was
lost by this revolution, and a third peace was after-
wards established in 1721. This lasted till 17f)7,
when it was also broken. These Indians were ac-
2

' tliat name,
[?en tlie lati-
liis nutioii'ii
ke J:]diatule,
iuiis. I

CO and cnp'
IS «. between
d empties it-
otias.

ce and coun-
(' teriifoiy of
iters, alter a

iicc and go-
m of Tiena
IS, and enters
e bay of VU

f nevo Rcyno
mountains of
; of Cazanare
>y the C/liina-
ations of In-

nee of CIraco

n ot Indians,
t the country
mountains of
lains. Tlicy
)aniards, who
subject thcni.
ntiy has been
?(l their cne-
bughter and
leir cities and
never snaring
indee<i J they
d in the years
nd traitorous,
The first
an idea
ni to subjec-
icisco do Tu-
Pedroso, be-
gcneral of the
oncludcd for
la short time
ilionof JTii'O,
formed, with
five large sct-
y thing was
c was after-
led till I7(i7,
iaus wctc ac-

)n.
om

A R A

customed to carry on a trade with the Spaniards,
exchanging their manufactures of wool, and their
horses, not'^inferior to those of the famous Audalu-
ciaii breed, for wine, leatlier, and earthen ware.
They have no diief or liead to govern them : all
military authority rests in their elders, to whom
they pay the same respect as though tiny were the
lathers of the country, and from them, in times of
war, they select a general dr comrt)"nder, whom
tiiey call toqitil, and he is the arbiter botli of
war and of peace. His armies are formed from
tile vikrious tribes, and meet tog'ithcr with the ut-
most quietness ; they arc composed of cavalry and
infantry; theirfirst attack is terrible, especially that
of the foremost ranks ; they have some few lire
arms and swords, but the principal and most «om-
mon weapon is a long and thick lance, which they
manage with great dexterity. They arc robust,
handsome, and liberal, but much addicted to ine-
briety and sensuality ; nevertheless the men, as
well as the women, live honestly after their fashion.
The Spaniards, to defend then- olvcs against their
invasions, have built some forts upon the confines,
furnished with men and artillery ; and in its dis-
trif-^ is celebrated, once a year, a kind of fair, at
which a meeting is made between the president of
Chile and the ancients of these Indians, to ratify
the treaties of peace ; and the former makes, in
the name of the king, various presents of leather,
wine, and cloths of different colours. The num-
ber of inhabitants is very considerable, as well
through the polygamy that prevails here, as that
the climate contributes to propagation. In its dis-
trict are mines of gold ot excellent quality, but
they are not worked. [In the s. provinces of the
Araucanos, between the nrer Biobioand the Archi-
pelago of Cliiloe, several very rich mines of gold
wore formerly discovered, which yielded immense
sum.? ; hut since the expulsion of the Spaniards
from those p.ovinces by the Araucanos, these
mines hare been in the possession of that warlike
people, who have prohibited the opening them
anew by any one under pain of death. In the
territory of these Indians is the Quila rush, of
which they make excellent lances; also a shrub
producing honey, and the boighe tree, which they
have, from time immemorial, considered sacred,
carrying its branches in their hands on the cunclii-
sion of a peace, as the ancient iiations of Europe
did those of the olive. See a complete history of
tfuir manners, SiX. in article Ciiii.K.]

ARAUCO, a settlement of the province and go-
ver mient of Tucumaii, in the district of the city of
ii'wj-, it is fertile in wine of excellent quality,

A R A

but in every thing besides very poor ; lor which
reason they petitioned (he King, as arbitrator in
their cause, to provide lor this unproductive nos of
hoil by encouraging their mines, and, for this pur-
pose, allowing liiein to avail themselves of the mule
trade carriecl on between the jurisdiction of Cor-
dova and Peru.

AiiAuco, a fort in the kingdom of Chile, on
the shores of the river Tucapel, built for (he \>m-
pose of restraining the invasions of the infidel In-
dians. Close to it there was a college belonging
to the regulars of the abolished ordtM- of .lesuits.

ARAUiJA, a sttdeinent of the island of Trini-
dad, in the kingdom of Tierra Firme, situate on
the e. coast behind the point of Los Arracifcs.

ARAUJO, a settlement of the province anil go-
vernment of Santa Marta in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate at the mouth of the river Magda-
leiiu.

ARAUNA-PURU, a river of the country of
Las Amazonas, in tiie territory of the Portuguese.
It runs n. n. w. and enters the Oumaypi.

ARALJRK, a city of the province and govern-
ment of Venezuela in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It is on the shore of the river Acarigua,
and n. n. e. of the city of Truxillo. [The city of
Araure is one of the happy results of the labours of
the first Capuchin missionaries of Andalucia, who,
by persuasion and mildness, effected that which
was thought impossible to Ijc accomplished but bjr
force of arms ; namely, the bringing to a civilize<l
life its savage and idolatrous race of Indians. The
situation of Araure is tine, agreeable, and adtan-
tageous. Three rivers water its territory, which is
fertile, but of which the inhabitants are far from
making every advantage. Their principal and
almost sole occupation is the rearing of cattle.
They cultivate only some cotton and a little coffee.
'I'he ground of the city is regular and agreeable.
The streets are straight. It has a handsome square.
The houses arc well built ; but the only tiling
worthy of note is t'lc church, which is superb,
a id famed for the image of our Lady of Cortexa,
who enjoycs the public veneration, not only of all
the faithful of the city, but also of all those in the
surrounding villages, although the fume of her
potver and miracles are not equal to those ascribed
to our Lady of Comorotn.j

ARAUllO, a celebrated gold mine in the pro-
vince and curre^imiento of Condesuyos of Aie-
quipa in Peru. It is of metal of the best quality,
but little worked, both on account of (he hardneb«
of the stone and of its depth, which makes the la-
bour of it very expensive,
>2

yim

.J#'

mn^^f

{W:

n A R B

AUAWART, a settlement of the province of
Gnay.ana, in tlie I'ortuguesc possessions, situate on
the coast.

AnAWABi, nrivcrof til is province and territory,
which runs in an abundant stream to the e. and
enters the sea opposite the island of Penitencia.

ARAXl, u rapid and violent river of the king-
dom of Brazil, in the province and captainship of
Paraiba. It flows down from the mountains lying
to the ze, passes through some extensive forests, and
enters the Mongaguaba.

AKAYA, Santiago DE, n point of land on the
coast of Nucva Andalucia, and government of Cu-
niana, where there were some famous salt pits ; and
for the defence of these, a castle was built, forming
a square, with good bastions, and mounting heavy
artillery, which, however, was ultimately destroy-
ed, from the salt pits having become useless, inas-
much as, owing to some n. winds, they had been
filled with more than six fathoms of water. Lat. 10°

3(i' n. Tiong. 64° 20' w.

ARAZA, a large river of Peru, It rises in the
Cordillera of the Andes of Cuchoa, in the province
and corregimiento of Pomabamba, runs «. and then
e. making various windings until it enters, through
different mouths, the abundant waters of the Ma-
rafion. Some will have it to be the same as the
Cuchivero, through the origin which is given to
it by Don Cosme Bueno, geographer of Peru, in
his description of the province of Cuzco.

ARBl, Vax.i r, de, in the province and govern-
ment of Cartngcna, of the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, near the river Cauca, where formerly was
founded the town of Antioquia, the ruins of which
(as it has been translated to another spot) are still
to be seen here.

ARBOL, Aruovo hel, a small stream of the
province and government of Buenos Ayres. It
runs .9. and enters the (lil.

ARBOLEDAS, a scanty and mean settlement
of the province and government of Pamplona, in
the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, of a hot temFjera-
ture, and Iving in a very craggy and rocky spot.
It produce's sugar-cane, j/ucas, plaintains, and
other frui'.s of that climate ; is 16 leagues n. e. of
Pamplona, and divided from thence by many
rivers, wliich are passed over by bridges made of
cane.

ARBOLES-SECOS, Cabode, apointofland
on the co(st of Brazil, and province and captain-
ship of Maranon, between the island of Santa Ana
and the sand bank of Pireyras.

ARBOLETES, Cienf.ga de los, a port of
the coast of the N. sea, in the province and go-

A R C

veniment of Cartagena, and kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It is a recess at on<'e beautiful, capacious,
and quiet ; covered with trees, sheltered from
every wind, and irrigated with a small river of
delicious water. It is £i leagues from the river
mu.

ARBOREDA del Norte, an island on the
coast, and in the province and captainship of Rey,
of the kingdom of Brazil, to the w. of the island
Santa Catalina.

Arbohrda, another island in the same province
and captainship, called Del Sur, (of the south),
to distinguish it from the former, as it lies in the
same direction, as does also that of Santa Catalina.

ARCAHAI, a settlement and parish of the
French, in their possessions in St. Domingo, situ-
ate on the w. coast, between the river Lixlos and
the bay of Flamencos.

ARCAI, a settlement of the province and corre-
gimiento of Quillota in the kingdom of Chile, si-
tuate in the valley of Colina.

ARCANGELES, a settlement of the missions
held by the regulars of the abolished company of
Jesuits, in the province of Gaira and government
of Paraguay. Its ruins alone are visible at the
source of the river Pegueri or Itazu, since that
they were destroyed by the Portuguese Paulistas,
or followers of St. Paul.

ARCARDINS, Islands of, near thew. coast
of the isl uid of St. Domingo, in the French pos-
sessions, between that of Goanava and that of
Cayo learn ier.

ARCAS, a river of the province and captainship
of Para in Brazil. It rises in its mountains, and
runs to rtiscmbogue itself into the mouth of the
river De las Amazonas, opposite the island of Joa-
nes, or De Marajo.

Arc AS, some small islands or rocks near the
coast of "V'ucatan, in the bay or gulph of Mexico.
[Lat. 20° 12'. Long. 92° 24' a;.]

ARC ATA, a settlement and seat of the silver
mines of the province and corregimiento of Con-
desuyos de Arequipa in Peru. They were formerly
very rich, and produced much metal, but they are
at present in great decay for want of labourers.

[ARCH Spring. See Bald Eagle Valley.]
ARCHIDIPISCO, San Sebastian de, a set-
tkmenl of the head settlement of the district of Xa-
capistla, and alcaldiamaj/or of Cuonavaca, in Nu-
eva Espaiia.

ARCHIDONA, a city of the province and go-
vernment of Quijos and Marcas in the kingdom of
Quito. It is very small and poor, from the incur-
sions that it has continually sufiered from the bur-

in of Tieria
, capncious,
jllered from
mil river of
)m the river

Innd on tlic
Mp of Rejr,
)f the island

me province
Fthe south),
it lies in the
ta Catalina.
rish of the
initigo, situ-
r Lodos and

:c and corre-
if Chile, si-

the missions
company of
government
isible at the
, since that
e Paulistas,

the w. coast
F^rench pos-
md that of

I captainship
intains, and
louth of the
and of Joa-

cs near the
of Mexico.

f the silver
nto of Con-
re formerly
)ut they are
bourers.
V'alley,]
DE, a sel'
trict of Xa-
ica, in Nu-

ice and go-
kingdom of
I the incur-
in the bur-

A R E

barons Indians. I(s inlinbitanls, wiionioy amount
to liUlc more Ihiin IfiO, cultivate niuize and plain-
tains ; tliesp, with the food (hey procnre by the
chase, ix-itig (heir subsistence. It produces no-
thing besides, although its soil is very fertile, and
its teinpiTiiture mild.

AliCllIIIUKNlJ, a small river of the province
and conejrimicnto of Quilluta in the kingdom of
Chile. It runs s, s. w. nud joins the Lihuay to en-
ter the LonfjoniilliJ,

[ARCHIPELAd'O, I)ANor:nors, the name
given by Bougainville, in Feb. 1708, to a cluster
of islands in the Pacific ocean, in the neighbour-
hood of Otalieite, situate between 10"^ and 18° *.
lat. and betwecri 142^ and 145° w. long, fro'"" Pa-
ris. The islands which compose (his Archipv.i.igo,
he named Qii. tre Facardins, the Laiiciers, and La
Ilarpe : (here are other islands forming two groups,
to which he gave no names. In April 176^), Capt.
Cook fell in with these same islands, and named
them Lagoon island, Thrum Cap, Bow island,
and the Two Groups.!

[Ancmpi'.LAGo of tlie Great Cyclades, a cluster
of islands in the Pacific ocean, lying between 14°
and 20° s. lat. and between 166° and 170° e. long.
Discovered by Bougainville, 22d of May 1768.
This is (he same cluster of islands discovered by
Quiros 1606, and by him called Tier a a AusrnAL
DEL Esi'iRiTU Santo, which see. Captain Cook

Bassed these islands in 1774, and called them New
[ebrides.]

ARCOS, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Parinacochas in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Chambi.

ARDAS, a barbarous nation of Indians, who in-
habit the s. of the river Napo, and the n. of the
MaraiVii, in the provice of Quijos and kingdom of
Quito. They occupy the thickest forests, and are
bounded by the Maisamaes.

[ARDOIS, a mountain in Nova Scotia, between
Windsor and Halifax, 13 miles n.w. from the lat-
ter. It is deemed (he highest land in Nova Scotia,
and aflbrds an extensive prospect of all the high
and low lands about Windsor and Falmouth, and
the distant country bordering the basin of Mi-
nas.]

AilEAS, a small river of the province and cap-
tainship of Para in Brazil. It runs n. and enters
that of Las Aniazonas near the town of Cu-
TUpa.

AREBATO, a small river of the province and
government of Guayana, or Nueva Andalucia. It
rises in the country of the Carinacas Indians, and
enters the Cayora.

AIIEBICO, a town of the island and govern-

A R E

men! of San Juan de Pucrtorico, 30 leagues dis-
tant from its rn|)ital.

ARECIIONA, a marsh of the province and
government of San Juan dc los Llanos in (he Nii-
evo Rcyno de Granada. It is formed by dilTeront
arms of the rivers Sarare and Apiire, and comm\i-
iiicates itself with another, called De Cascus, at the
foot of the mountain desert of Chisgas.

ARECO, a small settlement of the province and
government of Buc^nos Ayrcs, situate on the sliore
of the river of its name. It has large breeds of
cattle, especially of the mule kind, in which it car-
ries on a great commerce. Its families may amount
to 60, and is 24 leagues from its capital. [It is situ-
a(e on a small river near the Parana. Lat. 34'
14' 2' s. Long. 59° 47' aJ.]

Areco, a small river of (he same province and
government, which runs from s.w. to n.e, entering
that of La Plata between thoscofLujan and Arrecile.

[ARE(iUAY, a settlement of Indians of the
province and government of Paraguay, situate on
a small river four leagues f. of Assuncion. Lat.
23° 18' s. Long. 37° 26' 42" w.']

AREGIJE, a settlcme'-i of tlie province and
government of Venezuela, in the kingdom of Tierni
Firme, situate on the shore of the river Tucuyo,
to the II. f. \ to the e, of the city of Carrora.

AREITO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Cumand. It rises «. of the table-land of
Guanipn, runs s. and enters the Guarapiche.

AREN , a river of the province and government
of Cumanu. It rises at the foot of the mountains
of Bcr^antin, runs e. and enters the Guarapiche.

ARENA, Baiiia de la, on the s. coast of the
island of Jamaica, close to the point of Morante.

ARENAL, a point on the coast of the island of
Margarita. It is the extremity looking to the w,
and opposite to the point Tortuga.

ARENAS, Bahia de, a bay on the coast of
the strait of Magellan, between the bay of Agua-
buena and the point of San Antonio de Padua.

Arenas, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Tiicumdn, situate between the rivers
Tala and Del Rosario.

Arenas, another, of the province and govern-
ment of Cumana in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.
It is situate on the shore of a river near to Cuma-
nagota, to the n. \ \o w. w.

Arenas, a point oii the coast of the province
and government of Marac iiI)o.

Arkn as, another, which looks to the e. of the
island of La Puna, in the province and govern-
ment of Guayaquil.

Arenas, another, likewise called DeSan Sebas-
tian, in the coast of the Tiena del Fuego, one of

ARE

;'l

:(*

fliosc wluoh form (ho rntraiice of <Iic canal of Sua
ISebiisliuti, ill ilio strait of Magellan.

Am NA!4, an island of the coast of the kingdom
of TierrA Firme, in the province and government
of (>ar(agcna, opposite the Morru ilornioso.

AiiivNAs, ft shoal of the sound of Cum[)oche,
near the coast of this province and government.

AiiF.NAs, some viedunos, or mountains of siind,
of tlie coast of Pern, in tlie province and corregi-
mu'iito of I'iura, near the point of Negrillo.

AnKNA', two islands between those of Caicos,
to the n. of the island of St. Domingo. The one
is Ix'tncen tlie Cayo Frances and the Cayo Cirandc,
and the other further distant to llie s.

Arenas, another, called Arenas Gordus. See

CoiiaiKNTKS.

ARENI IjLAS, a settlement of the province and
rotregimiento of Aconcagua in the kingdom of
(/hile, situate on the shore of the river liigua.

ARKNOSA, a small island near to the n. coast
of the island of St. Domingo, between the iK)rts of
Caracol and of Delfin.

ARENTAPAQIJA, a settlement of the a fcaldia
maj/iirot' Valladolid, in the province and bi<:hopric
of Mechoacan. It contains ^i families of Indians,
and is a league and a half distant from its head set-
tlement.

ARDPUCO, a settlement of the province and
government of G nay ana, situate on the shore of the
river Orinoco, to the s. of the city of San Tomas.

AREQUIPA, a province and government of
Peru, bounded on the n. by that of Collaguas, e.
by that of Ijampa, s. by that of Mcquehua and
that of Arica, w. by the S. sea, am', n. w. by the
province of Cumauu. It is 16 leagues in length
from M. w. to s.€. and 12 in width at the most. On
its coast is a port, which is insecure, and two creeks.
Its productions, and in which it carries on a com-
merce with the other provinces, arc reduced to
wine, of which 500,000 jars, containing each 22
flasks, are made annually in the valleys of Arequi-
pa, Moquegua, Locumba, Victor, Tacar, Liguas
Mages, &c. It abounds also in wheat, sugar,
maize, and potatoes, but not in meats ; and there-
fore il is obliged 1o brhig these hither from other
parts. Its jurisdiction contains only II settlements;
and it is watered by the river Tambo, which gives
its name to a very fertile valley, through which it
passes ; and by the (^hile, which is formed from
the water which distils from a cavity of a great
rock, which, on the outside, is extremely dry.

The capital is the city properly called Arequi-
pay, which means to say, "It is well, remain ;"
because, in one of the conquests of the Incas, the
victorious army passing through these parts, many

of the captains, ftttractcd by the beauly of ihccoun*
try, asked permission to i'orm a sctilcment here,
when they received for answer, "Arequipay." The
Spaniards founded this city by order of Irancisco
I'izarro, in J3J6, in the valley of Quiica, at 20
leagues distance from the S. sea, on the skirt of
the mountain called Ornate, which is lollier than
the others of the mountains of the aierva which
surround it. This mountain, although always
covered with snow, vomited fie at the time of tlic
conquest. The chronologer Antonio de ilerrerii
says, thut tins city was founded in I6ci4, and Don
Antonio dc Ulloa, in \'}'J9 ; but «)iic and the other
have erred, and we follow the friar Antonio Ca-
lancha, who aflirms tlie first mentioned date by
original documents. Its temperature, notwith-
standing its continual rains, is notoriously dry,
and very benign and salutary. Its edifices are
handsome, and built of stone ; the dwelling-houses
being somewhat like arched vaults, and having no
upper stories, so as to be prepared against the
eflects of earthquakes. It is watered by the river
Chih', which is let off by sluices to irrigate the en-
virons, and to enrich the fields. It was subjected
to the bishopric of Cuzco till the year 1577, when
Gregory XV. erected it into a cathedral, its first
bishop being Don Francisco Antonio dc Ervia, of
the order of St. Domingo. This authority was
innncdiately extinguished, and then it became sub«
jcct to its former dependency until the year 1609,
when it again became the head seat of a bishopric,
the influence of which extends as far as the pro>
vinccs of its name, and of those of Cumana, Oon-
desuyos, Cailloma, Moquega, and Arica. The
Emperor Charles ^ . gave it the title of city, on the
15th May 1541, granting it for arms, in J 549, a
volcano vomiting fire from a mountain surrounded
by a river. It has a beautiful fountain of brass in
the Plaza Mayor, or chief square, and a bridge of
magnificent arches upon the river ; three parishes,
and convents of San Francisco, San Domingo, San
Augustin, La Merced, and Snn Juande Dios ; a
college which belonged to the regulars of the com-
pany of Jesuits, of Recoletos de San Francisco,
on the other side of the river ; an hospital o ^ Ago-
nizantes, and a college for the instruction of youth ;
monasteries of nuns of Santa Catalina, Santa Te-
resa, and Santa Rosa ; a house of correction for
women, a religious house (heaterio) of Indians,
and two houses of labour, both tor men and wo-
men, lately founded. In the ..ity is preserved,
among its archives, a precious monum(>nt of some
royal letters patent, in which Philip 11. returned
thanks to this city tor its having, in times of neces-
sity, supplied to the crown abundant relief, and

A R E Q r 1 P A.

•of tliccoun*
Icmcnl lierc,
ima^." Tli«
jf I'raiiciscd
luilca, ntaO
1 tlic skirt of
!) loi'tier timii
sierra whicli
>U!<li always
e time of tlic
I (le Ilerrem
1^4, and Don
irul the other
Antonio Cu-
jiicd (late by
re, notwitli-
)riou8ly dry,
I edifices are
tiUing-hoiiscs
nd having no
1 against the
I by the river
rigate the en-
ivas subjected
r 1577, when
dral, its first
I dc Ervia, of
utbority waa
became sub-
le year 1609,
f a bishopric,
r as tlie pro*
umana, Con-
iVrica. The
city, on the
in Jj49, a
surrounded
I of brass in
a bi'idge of
ree parislies,
lomingo, Sun
dc Dios ; a
of the corn-
Francisco,
)ital o" Ago-
on of youth ;
Santa Te-
orrection for
of Indians,
nen and wo-
preservetl,
cut of some
1. returned
ncs of neces-
relief, and

from its inhabitants having volunteered all Ihrir
jewels and ornaments for that purpose. Amongst
its illustrious children, we may reckon Don Alonso
dc I'eralta, inquisitor of Mexico, and archbishop
of Ciiarcns, niul Doctor Dofi I'rancisco Xarava,
collegiate of the royal colic ge of San Martin in
Lima, and Oitlor of Panama. This city has been
sundry times dcstroved by earthquakes, in the
years 15S2, IGOO, liiOl, l()S7, 1*25, 17.'J2, and
J738. It is yl7 leairiies s.c. of Lima, GO from
Cuzco, and 50 m. ol Arica. Long. 71" 58'. Lat.
ItP 16' s. It rains here only in the months of
December, January and February. Its scliie-
iiienls, which are in its vicinity or suburbs, arc,
('hiuliata, Paucarpata,

Yanahuuya, Vallede Victor,

Cliaracoto, 'J'iabuyn,

Caima, V'alle de Jambo.

The names of the bishops who have presided in
Arpquina.

1. Don Fray Christobal Rodriguez, a Domi-
nican monk, native of Salamanca; he was masttr
and prior of the convent of Alcalii, visitor of the
convents of Indians; elected archbishop of St.
Domingo, and promoted to be lirst bishop of
Arequipa, on 17th October 1611 ; he died in the
town of Cuniana, before he took possession, in
1612.

2. Don Fray Pedro dc Perea, of the order of
Augustin ; he wasqualificator of the inquisition,
and elected bishop in 1612; lie died in 1621.

3. Don Augustin de Ugart; and Caravia, who
was elected in 1621, and promoted to the bishop-
ric of Quito in 1630.

4. Don Pedro de Villagomez Vivanco, native
of (Jastroverdc del Campo, canon of Sevilla,
visitor of the convents of monks of this city,
judge of tite inquisition, visitor of the royal au-
dience and university of Lima, elected bishop
in 1631, nad promoted afterwards to the arch-
bishopric of I-iina in 1640.

5. Don Pedro <!»• Orlega Sotomayor, native of
Lima, m'k re lie stud! d in the royal university ;
and having been iliere 19 years, he put up for,
and gained the title of Professor of Arts, after-
wards that (. evening lecturer, and was a professor
of theology ; the fornser o'.ciipyiiig his stutlics six
years, and tlif> latter 1.5: lic was mn<yhlral canon
of that cliiirrli, school-master, archdeacon and
bishop of 1 lie cliurcli of Truxillo, from whence he
was proii.i ted to tliis in 1647, and from "' is to
that of Cuzco in 1651.

6. Don /»Y/y(i'aspar de Yillarroel, of the order
of Augustin, native of Quito ; he took the habit
iu the convent of Callao, was leclurer of arts and

prior in various convents ; lie vifx\i over <o Spain,
where he was made preacher to the king; and
having acquitted himself with great credit, he
was elected bishop of Arequipa in 1551, where
he remained till 1658.

7. Don Frai/ iluan de Almoguera, a monk of
the order of I-a Sanlisima Trinidad Calzada; he
was born in Cordova, studied philosophy and
theology in his native place, and in Sevilla ; was
|>rovincial minister of the province of Andalucia,
visitor of it, and nominated for its general ; he was
!•'•) preacher to king Feli|)e IV. presented to this
oishopric, of which he 'ooW possession in 1661 ;
primioted to the archbishopric of Lima in 1674.

8. Don Fray Jiian de la Culle y Hertdia, of
the order of N' iiestra Sefiora de las Mercedes, pro-
moted from the church of Truxillo to this in
1678.

9. Don .Antonio de T-eou, promoted from the-
church of Truxillo in 1678; he died in 1684.

10. Don Juan de Otaioia, minister of the
royal and supreme council of tiie Indies, elected
bishop to this church in 17J'l. but at which
place he did not arrive; and to his situation was
nominated,

Don Fray Juan de Arguelles, an Augustin
monk, promoted from the bishopric of Panama,
and who, though elected to Arequipa, died before
he coidd take ])ossession.

11. Don Fray Ignacio Carrotc, of the order
of Preachers, elected bishop of this church in
1725, and remained so until 1742, when he
died.

12. Don Juan Bravo del Rivero, native of
Lima, treasurer of the cinirch of i-a Plata, elected
bishop of Santiago of Chile in J734, and promot-
ed to this in 1742.

13. Don Juan Gonzalez Melgarejo, who was
bishop of Santiago of Chile, and dean of Para-
guay, promoted to Arequipa. and being elected in
1742, and remaining till 1755.

14. Don Jacinto Aguado y Chacos, of Cadiz,
bishop of Cartagena of the Indies, promoted to
Arequipa, elected in 1755, and remained in
otfice until 1761, when liedied.

15. Don Diego Salguero, who was elected in
1760, and governed fill 1771.

16. Don Manuel Abad y de Liana, elected in
1771, and who reigned till 1782.

17. Don Fray Miguel de Pamplona, native of
•Ids city in Navarra, a (Japnchin monk, avIio was
( )Ionel of the regiment of infantry of Murcia,
<o»jfwrffl</or of Obreria in the order of Santiago,
and Avho, having disengaged himself from the
world, embraced a religious life, working wilk

,«
■"I

%
.ff.

<X)

A R I

! i

Sri'nt Iul)oiir in flio missions of tlie Niiovo Rcyno
<r (iiEiiiiuIn, uiid, in spite of his resistiincc, wns
fl<;ctt'(l l)islio|)oflliiscliiircli, in 178i?, until 178(),
wlicn hf renouna'd its functions.

IM. Don Pedro Clmveti de In Rosn, lecturer of
('onlol)n, elected bishop of Arcquipu, from the
renunciation of this bishopric, in the year I78G.

This city experience(l mi enrtiiquakc, which
ruined the greater part of its edifices and temples,
in 1785, but they were rebuilt in a short time.
Among the illustrious perbons it has produced,
slioulu lie added.

The Doctor Don Pedro Duran;), archdeacon of
liis holy church, bishop elect of Paraguay.

Don .luan Rautisiu de Taborga, dean of his
church, and bishop elect of Panama.

Don Fray Joseph Palavisino, a monk of the
order of St. Francis, bishop of Paraguay and of
Truxillo.

Don Francisco Joseph dc Maran, canon of
Cuzco, bishop of La Concepcion in Chile.

Don Fernando Perez de Oblitas, treasurer of
the church of Cuzco, bishop of Paraguay, and of
Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

Don Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peraltc, arch-
deacon of the holy church of his native place,
coadjutor of that bishopric, promoted to Tucu-
man, and from thence to Cuzco.

Don CIcmente Durana, oidor of Chuquisaca.

Don Matias de Peraita, oidor of the royal au-
dience of Mexico, and provisional captain-gene-
ral of that kingdom.

Don Agustin Butron y Muxica, a very fine
scholar.

[ARGYLE, atownsliip in Washington county.
New York, on the e. bank of Hudson river, con-
taining S341 inhabitants, inclusive of 14 slaves.
[n the state census of 1796, (here appears to be
401 electors.]

[AuriYi.E, a township in Shclburne county,
Nova Scotia, settled by Acadians and Scotch.]

AllIACUACA, a settlement of the province
and country of Las Amazonas, in the Portuguese

Cosscssions, situate on the shore of the river
Irubi'i.

ARIARI, a large river of the province and
government of San Junn de los Llanos in the
Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It rises in the moun-
tains of Neiva, runs from a', to e. for a long course,
and makes several windings, until it enters the
Orinoco. SccGuabiahe, or Guayaukko

ARIAS, Domingo, a settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Popayan in the Nuevo
Heyno de Granada, on the shore of the river
Vaguara, ajid in the road which leads from Neiva

A R I

to Popayan, at a small distance from the city of
La Plata.

AniAA, a river of the province and government
of Tucuman, the head of the Pasagc and Salado.
It rises to the to. of liie city of Salta.

Am AS, another, a small river of the province
and government of Uiienos Ayres. It runs nearly
n. w. and enters tin; Plata.

ARIHA, a settlement of the missions lielonging
to the Portuguese Carmelite fathers, in the pro-
vince and countrv of Las Amazonas, situate on
the shore of the ilio Negro.

ARIUACIII, a settlement of the province ami
government of La Sonora in Nueva EspaiSa,
situate to the w. of that of Cocomorachi.

ARIBETICIII, a seltloment of the province of
Ostimuri in Nueva EspaAa. It is 30 leagues n. e.
of the rmlot' Rio Chico.

ARICA, a province and rorregimiento of Peru ^
bounded on the n. by that of Moquehua, n.w. by
the jurisdiction of Arcquipa, w. by the S. sea, s.
by the province of Atacamas, s. e. by that of
Lipcs, and e. by that of Pecajes. it is in length
83 leagues n. w. s. e. and 16 in width r. w. it
is composed, as are the other provinces on the
coast, of valleys, which begin in the uneven
grounds and windings of the Cordillera, and
which, for the most part, terminate on the shore
of the S. sea. The parts lying between the val-
leys in this province are dry and unfruitful, and
only serve for pastures in those months in which
the gently sprinkling rain falls which is called

{<;arua, from May to September. In those val-
cys, which are, generally speaking, fertile, since
they do not suUcr from drought, is grown a suf-
ficient supply of wheat, maize, and other seeds;
also much Guiney pepper is cultivated, with
which a commerce is carried on with tiie other
provinces of the sierra, and a good quantity of
cotton, olives, and sugar. In the 17th ccnturvi
the aforesaid pepper grown on this jirovincc might
be reckoned to produce the yearly value of
200,000 dollars. It does not want for wines or
brandies ; and of the vine plant, the most celebrated
is that of the valley of Locuniba, on account of its
flavour. In the mountains towards the cordillera,
cattle of the larger and smaller sort are bred, also
native sheep, it has the fruits peculiar to its
temperature, such as papas and some wheat, es-
pecially in the curacy of llabaya, by which the
adjoining town of Moquehua finds a regular sup-
ply. In order to render the land fertile, the
fiusbandmen make use of huano, which is the
dung of birds called huanaes, and is brought
from an island close upon the coast, called Iqueinc.

'!■ !

A R E

A R I

ti the city of

government
and Salado.

he provincft
runs nearlj

n% l>cIonging
ill thu i>ro-
, situate on

)rovince ami

iva Espafia,

hi.

! province of

leagues n. e,

entoofPeru,
lua, n.w. by
he S. sea, s.
by (hat of
t is in length
Jth r. w. it
iiiccs on the
the uneven
^dillera, and
on tlic shore
een the vaU
fruitful, and
ths in which
ich is called
those vaU
fertile, since
rown a suf«
other seeds ;
vatcd, with
ith the other
quantity of
''th century,
>vincc might
value of
or wines or
st celebrated
ccount of its
ic Cordillera,
bred, also
uliar to its
le wheat, es-
which the
regular sup-
fertile, the
lich is the
is brought
led Iqueme".

This provinre hns vrry few rivi-r^, niid oiily (wf>
of any consideration, «»nc in (hi- v.illi'y i>l' l,oa,
whi'K! llic pnivincc is bonlcntl \iy ihiit of Atacii-
iiiii, ami .iniilhcr «liii:h Hows down lliroiisjli tin*
vall(>y of .',()cnml)a, and is coniposi'd ot Iwo urcnt
striMin*, wliicli (low in directions nearly contrary
to each odier, and (orm a very deep lake of loin
lea<rursand an half in width, al (he end of wliicn i.
adeep favi(y, from which issues, wKli an immense
(orce, '.he stream t()rming the river of l.ocumba,
uliich continues running with an ecpially abun-
dant supply. This province has (o th(> r. a vol-
cano in a very lofty mountain, from (he skirts of
which spring forth sonic fetiil hot >va(ers; but
what are most worthy of note are its mines. In
the mountains of (he curacy of I'ica, arc veins of
gold, afidofthe (inest cop|)er, iieKher of which
are worked, on account of (he hardness of their
temper. In (he part upon (he coassl are two
mountains, namely, of Chanavaya and of Ilniiii-
tajaya, two leagues, more or lesM, from the sea,
and sonic others ; all of which arc very rich in
metals, which arc nevertheless not worked, owing
to the scarcity of water experienced in (his ter-
ritory for many leagues. The socond of these
mountains is supposed to liave been dug in ^'niner
times ; the attempt has been repeated in the pre-
sent age, but without method ; it being imagined
that there were no regular veins of metal in it, but
merely some lumps, since some of these had b(>eii
found lying detached in different parts. Oflnte,
however, some strata of metal have been discover-
ed, and it is seen that the lumps which were first
picked out, were only the forerunners or indica-
tors of better fortune. From hence there has been
a regular establishment of labourers, and much
riches have been, and still continue to be, extracted
from this mine ; and were it not that, owing to the
want of water, the labourers are obliged to carry
the metals to be worked at a great distance, and
through unpeopled parts, the masters would be
much enriched, the kingdom would be benefited,
and the demand for workmen much larger. This
province comprehends 46 settlements and various
ports. Its reparUinimlo used (o amount to
i:80,900 dollars. 'J'lie settlements of this juris-
diction are.

The Capital, Putre,

Caplira, Sora,

Matilla, Tarala,

Camsana, Mauie,

Satoca, Jiocumba,

Minuni, Tnciia,

Pachica, Toquella,

Saesania, Uuatacondo,

VOL. I.

M.iMiirht,

Paelinnia,

Moclia,

('lio(|ueliinpr,

I'isaeiia,

l.ihilia,

r's(|iiinal,

Clia^paya,

ilelllni,

N 1 iliava,

I'aiiir.cotn,

P.dlai'ua,

l'o( oMclii'e,

I'ica,

1 icaco,

lliiaviil 1,

Sama,

Cibaya,

VIo,

('aiiiina,

Pacliia,

Copta,

J'isticjue,

Tignabuar,

TaiapacH,
Y'qiiique,

Sitcoroma,

lliiayaquiri,

Pachica,

I niagata.

Sipisa,

Tariicarlii,

Taiiiiir,

("andarab''.

The ca|)ital is

founded in a beautilul and plea

sant valley, and is alwut a league in lengili, and
on the si.'n shore, with a por( in the middle, mIucIi
is much frequented by vessels. It is very fertile,
and abiiiituls in |)roductions, from which it derives
great roinmerce, especially in /fgi pepper, and in

(flass, which it maniifictiires. It was anciently a
arge and renowned settlement, but at present it
is reduced to a scanty population, since the time
(hat it was destroyed by an earthquake, in 1()05,
and sacked by (he Knglish pira(e, ,fohn (iiiarin,
in iOKO, when the greater part of its inhabitand
passed over into the settlement ofTacna, which ia
\2 leagues from hence. It has three convents,
one of the order of San I'^rancisco, one of La
Merced, and ajiother of San Juan dc Dios, all
very poor and badly served. It is DO leagues
n.w. of Atacames. Long. 70° 18'. Lat. 18'
W s.

AnRQuiPA, a setdement of Indians of Louisiana,
in which the I'rencli had a iiirt and establishment,
on the shore of the river Mi.'isouri.

AiiKQiiiPA, a mountain, called (he Morro dc
Arica, on (he const of the S. sea, of (he province
and correginiiailo of i(s name.

Aui:<juiPA, a port in the above jiroviiicc and
corre^imienlo, which wants both security and
convenience, but which is nevertheless frequented
from its situation : here are to be seen the ruins of
the city which was the capital of the province,
and which Mas translated from this spot.

AUUMd'A, a pleasani, long, and fcrdle A-al-
ley of (he province antl governmen( of Maracaibo,
and jurisdicdon of (he city of INlerida, in the dis-
tric( of which are many Indians, who are called
Ciros, and some Mustres and Whites, established
in various messuages. They have .some small
churches, do injury (o no one ; and should a
o

I
!

^ J^

^1 1

A R 1

ftricst be seen passing through their neighbour-
looJ, they oblige liim (o say mass, and regale him
very bountit'itily. Tliey have gold mines, but do
not work them, and their country abounds in
honey, bees-wax, and otlier productions.

Ahicagua, a settk'inent of the province and
government of Cumanii, very neiir the city of
Cumanagoto.

AnicAGUA, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela, situate on the shore of
the river Buga, to the c. | to the s. of the city of
Core.

ARICAN, a settlement of tlie province and
M7)/fl/«,v/»/) of Para ill Brazil, situate on the shore
of the river of Las Amazonas, and at the mouth
of that ofXingu.

AIliCARA, a settlement of the province and
captainship of Para in Brazil, situate on the shore
of the river Xing a.

ARICARETES, a barbarous nation of Indians
of Guayana, divided into two parties or tribes,
one oriental, which inhabits the vicinity of the
river Aricari, and gives its name to the whole na-
tion, and the other occidental, in the neighbour-
hood of the river Yapoco. It is a very reduced
population, and they manifest a very docile and
pacific nature.

ARICARI, a large river of the province and
country of Las Amazonas. It rises m the moun>
tains of Guayana, to the s. of the fabulous pro-
vince of Dorado, and after washing the unknown
countries of the infidel Indians, it runs e. and
enters the Orinoco, and not into the sea, as some
have thought. From it the Aricaretis Indians de-
rive their name.

ARICAPANA, a settlement of the province
and government of Venezuela, situate on the sliore
of the river Guarico, to the n. of the sierra of
Carrizal.

[ARICHAT, a town in Cape Breton island.]

ARICORIA, a small river of the province and
country of Las Amazonas. It rises in the territory
of the Guarinumas Indians, runs n. n. w. and
enter" the Madera.

ARICORIS, or Ahicores, a barbarous na-
tion of Indians of Guayana, to the s. w. and n. of
the river Marafion. They are of the same origin
as the Yaos, and are bounded on the e. by the
Abacas, n, by the Charibbes, and s. by the Mayos :
they have a poor spirit, though they are revenge-
ful : they go naked, both men and women : tliey
believe in the immortality of the soul, and make
great feasts and honours for their dead, sometimes
killing the slave, in order that he may accompany
an(l serve his master in the other world : they

A R I

worship the sun and nioon, the latter of which they
look upon as t';<;ir mother, .iiid believe them to he
animated bo<lies : they ninintain that the large
stars are the daughters of the him and moon, and
the lesser their servants : their priests and sor-
cerers make them believe that they hold converse
with the great spirit, which they call Valipa,
which is the devil, who is said to appear to them
in various forms : they traverse the forests in
troops, carrying with ilicirt their wives and chil-
dren, and maintain themselves by the chase, and
by wild fruits ; their numbers increase astonish-
ingly, not only since they practise polygamy, but
since they believe that in getting many children
they do a work calculated more than any other in
the world to render themselves great and merito-
rious in the eyes of the Ffl/i/jo ; they are happy
also in the idea of increasing their nation, so as
the more easily to overcome their enemies.

ARICUPA, a settlement of the province and
captainship of Pard in Brazil ; situate in an island
which lies at the mouth of the river De dos
Bocas.

[ARIES Kill, a small creek which runs n.
into Mohawk river, two miles and a half w. from
Schoharie river, in New York.]

ARIGUANATUBA, a large island of the river
of Las Amasonas ; one of those which fi-rm the
arms of the river Coquets before they enter it. It
is the largest of the islands inhabited by the in«
fidel Indians.

ARIMNABA, Islands of, in the river Orinoco,
opposite the lake Mamo, and to the to. of the island
of Trinidad.

ARINES, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Yucatan, which runs e. and enters the
sea between Campeche and the Punta Desco-
nocida.

ARINOS, a river of the kingdom of Brazil,
which rises in the territory of the Pareses Indians,
runs n. w. many leagues, in so large a stream as to
be navigable for canoes, and enters the Topayos.

ARib, a small settlement of the head settlement
of the district of Xacona, and alcaldia mayor of
Zamora, in Nueva Espana. It contains 23 fami-
lies of Indians, who traffic in skins, fruits, and
seeds ; aud is two leagues s. of its head settle-
ment.

ARIPANUM, a river of the jirovince and
colony of Surinam, in the part of Guayana pos-
sessed by the Dutch. It rises between the rivers
Mazarroni and Esquibo ; runs n. and enters the
latter on the to. side.

ARIPORO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of San Juan de los Llanos iu the Nucvo

of wliiclithcjr
ve them to be
ml the larjre
lid moon, mid
L>s<s niid iior-
hold coiivoisc
cnll Valipa,
ppear to them
lie forests in
ives and chil-
he chase, and
Mse astonish-
olygamy, but
nany cliildren
n any other in
at and merito-
!y are happy
r nation, so as
jmies.

province and
6 in an island
river De dos

bich runs n.
i half w. from

nd of the river
liich firm the
ey enter it. It
ited by tlie in-

river Orinoco,
), of the island

e and govern-
and enters the
'unta Desco-

om of Brazil,
treses Indians,
a stream as to
le Topayos.
ead settlement
ifdia mayor of
tains 22 fami-
, fruits, and
head settle-

irovince and
Gunyana pos-
een the rivers
md enters the

;e and govern-
iu the NuGVO

A R I

Jteyno de Granada. It rises near tlic city of Pore,
and enters the Meta.

AKIPUANA, a large river of the province and
country of Las Aniazonas ; it is an arm of iiic
Madera, which runs in an abundant stream ; and
forining diflercnt pools, in which are many islands,
it returns to enter the said river throng!; many
mouths.

AniPUANA, a settlement of the a'MJVC province
and country, situate on the shore of llie foinier
river, in flie territory of the Urubringuas Indians.

AlllPUCO, a settlement of the province of
Guayan. and government of Cumana ; one of the
missions vvhicJi are held by the Catalauian Capu-
chin fathers.

A KIRAPUA, a settlement and asienfo of the
mines of the province and correginiicnto of Con-
dcsuyos de Arequij:.". 1.; Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Salamanca. Its gold is of the finest
quality, but it is not extracted at the present day
in the same quantity as heretofore.

AllISMEND], Santiago »k, a settlement of
the head settlement of the district of Texupiico,
and rtfrtf/rf/fl wetyorofZultepec, in NuevaEspafia ;
annexed to the curacy of its head settlement ;
situate on tlie plain of a deep ravine. It is of a
cold and mciii temperature, contains 15 families
of Indians, and is five 'pagues to the s. of its
liead settlement.

ARISPE, a settlement of the province and go-
vcrnmont of Sonora in Nueva Espaiia ; situate on
the shore of the river of its name, between the
settlements of Chiiiapa and Guapiquc. TPersons
who accompanied M. Galvez in his expedition to
Sonora aftirm, that the mission of Ures near Pitic
would have answered much better than Arispe for
the capital of the intendancy. Population 7600
souls.]

ARITAGUA, a river of the Nuevo Rejno de
Granada, which runs through the llanos of Caza-
iiare and Meta, and dcscmbogues itself into a river
which has the name of the former, 60 leagues
from the port of San Salvador. It abounds in
fish, and its forests are inhabited by some barba-
rian Indians of the Achagua nation.

ARIUI, a settlement of the province of Bar-
celona, and government of Cumana, in the king-
dom of Tierra Firme ; one of those •.vhicii are under
the religious observers of San rranci-<co, in the
missions of Piritu.

Aniui, a river of the abovj province and go-
vernment, which rises to the '.of the town of San
Fernando, runs from the foot of the sierra of Pa-
riagua to the e. making many windings, turns to
the s, and enters the Orinoco.

ARK

[ARIZIBO, one of the principal places in
Portorico island, in the West Indies. It lias
few inhabitants, and little trade but smuggrmg.J

AUJONA, a settlement of the province and
governmeiil of Cartagena in Tierra Firme, one of
tiiose wliieh was re- united and formed of dflier
small settlements in 177() by the Ciovernor Don
Juan Piuiieiita. It is six leagues «. of its ca-
pital.

[ARKANSAS, or Aukensas, nn.uK branch
of Mississippi river, of a very lengthy course,
which falls in by two mouths, and forms an ishind.
Thirty-five miles long, and ten broad. The branch
on the )i.e. side of tiic island receives White river,
about 21 miles from its inoulli. The course of the
river Arkansas, with its meanders. Major Pike
computes at 1981 miles, from its juiietion with the
Mississippi (or rather the Missouri) to the moun-
tains ; and from thence to its source 192; the
total K'ngtii l)eing 2173 miles : the former portion
to the mountains may be navigated. It also re-
ceives several rivers, which are navigable for
more than 100 mWo'. The banks of the Arkansas
swarm with buHaloes, elks, and deer, in numbers
which seem inexhaustible by the hunting tribes.
Near the sources of this river is a prodigious
mountain, well known by the savages lor many
hundred miles around, 'fhe altitude was observed
on a base of a mile, and found to be 10,581 feet
above the Prairie ; and admitting the Prairie to be
8000 feet above the sea, the height of this peak
would be 18,581 feet. But when our author
on this occasion mentions the peak of TenerifFe,
he forgets the authentic observations of La Crcnne,
and other astronomers employed by the French
king, v.!".o have sufficiently ascertained that the
height of the peak of Teneriftcis only 1742 toiscs,
or 10,452 French feet, above the level of the sea.
It is the detached and insular situation which makes
this peak appear higher thai; it really is. If it
approached nearly to the height of Mont Blanc,
15,500 feet, the difficulty of the ascei.l would b«
such, that four days would not be mure than siiffi-
cicnt to go and return ; whereas there is no hint of
any such circumstance. But it is almost neces-
sary to apologize for any such observations on the
work of our enterprising traveller. One man can-
not unite every quality ; and a scientific traveller
might have perished amidst the difficulties which
were surmounted by his courage and perseverance.
The distresses sulfered by him and his companions,
amidst those mountains covered with eternal snow,
were terrible ; famine daily staring them in the
face ; while their clothing was exhausted, the
blood started from under tiic bandages of t.'icir
o2

""'llSltP

WPI^

T '^

M V

,.),

if^"j :

1^.:

4 !■'•

* I

1 00

A R M

snow-sliocs, nnd sonio of tlie men cycii lost their
feet by tlic severity of the frost.

[AiiKANSAS, arclnclians wholiveon the Arkaiisa
river, s. side, in three villap;es, al)Oiit 12 miles
nbt)ve llie post or station. Tlic name of the first
village is Tawanima, second Onfotu, and the third
Ocapa ; in all, it is believed, they do not at pre-
sent exceed 100 men, and arc diminishiriij. '1 hey
arc at war with tlni Osai^es, but friendly with all
oi!ier people, white and red ; are the original pro-
prietors of the country on the river, all whicli
they claim, for about ^00 miles above tliem, to
the junction of the river Cadwa witii Arkansas ;
above this fo'k theOsii^es claim. Their language
is Osage. They generally raise corn to sell ; are
called lionest and friendly people.]

Altldyr, a settlement and parish of tlic Fjcnch
in the island of Martinique, it is a curacy cf the
Capuchin fathers, situate on the coast which looks
totiie re. and lias this ii'i.ne from two bay,, one of
which is larjjer tli;in the >ther, and wl'ich are at
the extremity ol the island.

Ari,et, a pointer cape if this island, on the
«. «. re. coast.

[AKLINGTON, a township in Bennington
county, \^ermont, 12 miles n. from Hennington.
It has 991 inhabitants.]

ARM.V, SANTiAfio r)E, a city of the province
and government of Antioqnia, in the Nucvo
Reyno tie (uanada, founded by Sebastian de Be-
nalcazur in 1512, and peopled by Captain Miguel
Munoz: it was a little time after removed to a
^hort distance, and the ruins of it arc still to be
seen on the shore of the river Canca. it is of a
very hot temperature, but abounding in gold
mines : it is fertile in seeds, and in the prod net ions
of the country, but barren in those of iMirope.
It is memorable by the unjust death which the
Marshal George Robledo experienced under the
hands of its founder ; that unhappy person having
sulfered decapitation. The natives, the Indians,
used still to cat human llesh, notwithstanding the
settlements the Spaniards had mad(! amongst tliem.
Fifty leagues n. e. of Popayan, and 16 from An-
serma. Lat. 5° 33' n. houg. 15" 36' w.

Arm A, another settlement of the same pro-
viiice and correginiiento of Castro- Vi re} na in
Peru, and annexed to its curacy ; near to it
are two large estates, called Iluanca and II u-
anupisca.

ARMADILLO, Santa Isabel oei-, a settle-
ment and head settlement of the district of the
alcaldia vuiyor of S. Luis de Potosi in Nueva
Espana. in its vicinity, and in that of the estates
of its district, arc counted 675 families of Spaniards,

A R O

Musters, and Mulattoes. Six leagues to the c. of
its capilal.

AKMKNT.Af'O, a river of the province and
govennnent of Frencli (i'ii.i>ana, wliich runs r.
and enters the Oyajioco.

.Ali.MlitA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of D.irieu, and kingdom of Tierra l''irme,
wiiieii rises in the mountains towards the ». and
runs into the sea by the side of cape iMburon.

AllMIROS, a i)arbarous nation of liulians of
Paraguay, descendants of the (Juaranies ; they
inhabit a fertile and pleasant country, and w<!re
first discovered by Alvar Nunez Cabezade Vacu
in l.>4l.

ARVIUClCI'lSES, or Ahmouciiiquois, a bar-
barous nation of lndian>, of the province of New
France, or Canada.

ARNl!:i)0. See Ciiancay.

AROA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of V^eneziala in Tierra Firme. it rises in
the sierra to the w, of ti.e town of S. Felipe, runs
e, and enters the sea beyond the bay of Burbu-
ruta, opposite to some islands whicii are called
los Cayos de San Juan, to the s. of tJie point of
Tucaca. It is formed from the watertalls of the
scrrania of the cities of San Felipe and of Bari-
quismcto. in its ourse it fertilizes a large val-
ley, in which there is a settlement, as also some
fine cacao estates.

AROCOBA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of French Guayana.

AROl, a river of the province and govcrnraent of
Guayana, which rises in the centre of Ihisprovlnce,
from the lake Casipa, in some very rugged moun-
tains ; runs ». re. and enters the Orinoco in an
abundant stream, its shores are inhabited by the
Charibbes, the Aruacas, and the Araris Indians,
who lead a wandering life.

AROIAU, a small river of the province and
country of Amazonas, in the Portuguese posses-
sions. It is an arm communicating itself with the
Paranamini.

AliOQUOlI*!, Cano de, an arm of the river
Orinoco, which communicates itself with the
Aracoa, and which with it forms the island of
Faxarado.

AKOUARI, a river of the province of Guayana,
in the Portuguese possessions. By these people a
fort was built upon the shore in 16S8, but it
was destroyed by an overflow of the river in
1691.

AROUENS, an island of the river Maranon
or Amazonas. It is just at the entrance of this
river, and is inhabited by many infidel or gentile
Indians.

.^i

s to tlie e. of

jrovinco niul
liich runs r.

'■ aiul govcrii-
'icTiu I'iinic,
Is the ;;. uiul
i'ibiiroii.
i)f liiiliiuis of
rallies ; they
ry, and w(!re
ibczii de Vacu

ii'ois, a bar-
i^iiice of New

and govern-
!. It rises in
. Felipe, runs
lay of Burbu-
cli are called
f the point of
terfails of the
and of Bari-
s a large val-
, as also sonic

fiucc and go-

ovcrnment of

this province,

gged nioun-

rinoco in an

abiled by the

iris Indians,

province and

•nesc posscs-
tself with the

of the river

f with tiic

tlie island of

ofGuayana,
hesc people a
1G88, but it
the river ia

ver Marauon
ranee of this
del or gentile

A R II

AROUKAOUA, a river of the province of
Giinvaiiu, ill tin- French possessions.

AUOUUA, a sidloniont and parish of the
French, in their possessions in Giiayana, situate
on <Iie slioreof the river Oiiya.

Altl'ONFS, i\N(!ii) i)ii i.os, a settlement of
Indians, or ill. •/. coast of the proviiue and a;o.
vernmentof l);i."en, between the island of La La-
gnna and the point of Mosquilos.

AKQl !■;, a scitlemeiit of tlie province and cor'
regii)ii(tito of Oochabaniba in Peru.

AllQU'l AIM, a river of the province and /jjn-
vernnieiit of I3arien, and of llie kingdom of 'I'ierra
l'"inne. It ris.s in the niountaiiib of its interior,
runs s. c. and ;?. k\ and enters the Chiicunaqui.
I'AIlWACIFFi:. SeeAniiKiiF.]
ARRAlAly, a (own of the Fortu2;uese, in the
province anil couiiliy of the Aiuazorias; it is on
the shore of the river Madern, beiween the two
grwU lakes or |)ools of water formed i^y this river,
one of which is called the Salto (jrande.

AIlRASTUADFliO, a bay of the coast of the
S. sea, ill tli(! province and government of Esnie-
raldas, on the side of the port Palmar.

[AMRAYALde Pouati:, a town in Brazil,
situated on the w. side of Para river, below the
junction of its two great branches. See Paua.]

ARRECIBO, a seitlement of the island and
governmcfit of San Juan de Puertorico, situate
near the coast, on the shore of the river of its
name. This river has its rise in the mountains
towards the ?/. and runs into the sea.

AURFCil'E, or Capili-a dei, Senor, a small
settlement of the j)rovince and Jiovernmcnt of
Buenos Ayres, in the road which leads from Lima
to this city, where there is a chapel, in which
nviss is pel I'onued on festivals by the curate of
the settlement of Baradcro, which is 14 leagues
distant. It is situate on the banks of a river of
its name, ami is 31 leagues Iroin its capital. [Lat.
oi° y UV K. Long. (j()° "27' 10' w.j

The river above-mentioned runs from j. w. to
«. c. and e'llei-. 'he river La Plata, between that of
Arcco and th;it of Tres Tlermanas.

Anui;( in-,, (sometiines called Olinda), acity in
the kingdom of Brazil, in tli<' province and captain-
sfiip of Perna»buco. It has a gootl fort, well j^arri-
soned, and a commodious and capacious port ; the
cntranccofwhichissrnalland rendered stillraorediffi-
cultof acces- from having a goo«ltbtt. Tliecitywas
taken by thei:ii<rlisii, in I'iiflj, under the command of
James Lancaster, [who entered the port with seven
English vessels. iHc staid inth" ' / a month, and
carried off immense plunder; but since that time
the Portuguese have made it almost inaccessible to

A R R

lot

enemies.] Its commerce is triflifig, am' its climate
iiot, but the air is healthy. It is the residence of
a Portugnes(> governor, and is in Lat. S° IJ' *.
Long. ,'j3^ ')' ik.\

Aiiuicii'K, an island of the coast of the same
kingdom, in the [)rovince and government of Ma-
ra non ; situate at the i\:onth of the river Para-
guas, between the Jcarasi'i and the Piinta (j'orda.

ARRECIFES, Cano ni; los, an arm of the
river Orinoco, near its entrance into the sea,
through the large mouth called De Navios, (of
ships) : it forms a curve, and so runs back into this
river, leavin^ :i large island in the middle of its
course.

Aiiitr.f iFi.s, a point or extremity of land on
the e. coast of the island of Trinidad, which faces
that of Tabago.

Anuiiciiis, some shoals on the coast of Brazil,
of the province and aiptai/is/iip of Srara, between
the hikes L'jiiensand Cun'i.

AniiETA, a small river of the province and cap-
Itiins/iip of Para in Brazil ; it runs ti. w. to. towards
the mouth of the river Amazonas, and to the arm
of this river which tlirms the island of Marajo.

ARRENON, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Guayana ; it runs s. s. w. and
enters the Orinoco between those of Caralaiia and
Winikine.

ARRIANICOSIES, a barbarous nation of In-
dians, of thr; province and government of Para-
guay, who inhabit the country near to the Ilio de
la Plata. They are much reduced, and asi/et but
little is known of them.

ARRICARI, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Guayana, in the French possessions.
ARRIETA, a settlement of the province and
government of Cartagena in the kingdom of Ticrra
Firmc ; situate to t!ie u. of the town oi San Benito
A bad.

ARROUSICK, an island of the N. sea, near
the coast of the province of Sagadahoc, at the
mouth or entrance of the river Kenebcc.

[ARROWSIKE, an island in the district of
Maine, parted from Parker's island by a small
strait. It is within the limits of George Town,
and contains nearly ^ of its inhabitants, and has a
church. It contains about 20,000 acres of land,
including a large quantity of salt marsh. See
Geouoe Town and Pakkeu's Island.]

[ARROYO DE LA China, a town of the pro-
vince and government of Buenos Ayres, situate on
the w. side of the Uruguay, in Lat. 32^ 29' 18".
Long. 58° 14' w.]

[ARROYOS, a parish of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay, situate between two small

jffl

■':■>«■,.

A R U

f 5

^h:

i.i|: :

;5il

'1^

rivers, at tlie foot of tlio mountains which separate
tlie rivers running into the Parana and Parai^iiay.
Seventeen h;agues e. of Assunipcion. Lat. 26^
'if/ Sd" s. Lonjr. 5(i° 47' k'. |

[AltSAGIDtS, tlic Islands of the, the name
/j;iven by M. de Surville, in 17G9, to Solomon's
islands, on account of the barbarous chaincter of
their inhabitants, particularly at Port Pnislin.
These islands were visited by Mr. Shortland in
1788, and by liim called New Georgia. See So-
lomon's Isles and Pout Prasmn.]

[ARTTIUR-KULL, or Newark Bay, on the
coast of New .Jersey, is formed by ilie union of
Passaic and ITackinsack rivers.]

ARTIBONITO, a large and abundant river of
the island of St. Domingo. It rises in the moun-
tains of the mines ofCiboo, runs nearly due z^.
making many circumvolutions, and enters the sea
in the <d. head of the island, between the bay of
Gran Pierre and the Morro del Diablo. Various
projects have at different times ')een entertained for
the forming of canals which might irrigate large
territories; but they have not, on account of the
want of workmen, been put into execution. Its
proper name is Hatibonico, but by corruption it is
universally called Artibonito.

AuTiBOMTO, a small river of the above island,
rising in the valley of Inojuelo, runs s. s. w. and
enters the former.

AiiTiBONiTo, a settlement of the above island,
belonging to the French, and situate on the shore
of the first mentioned river.

AiiTiBONiTo. a port of the island of Cuba, on
the s. coast, between the port of Guantanamo and
the island of Auriga-Grande.

ARTIGONICHE, a river of the province and
colony of Nova Scotia. It rises in a lake near the
e, coast and the strait of Canso, runs n. e. and
enters tlie sea.

AiiTiGoMCHF-, a settlement of Indians of this
province and colony, situate on the shore of the
former river.

jiRTLEBURGH, a township of the county of
Bristol, in the province and colony of New Eng-
land. It is noted for the great increase of houses
which arose in a few years from its commerce, having
been till lately nothing better than a mean village.
[This township, properly called Attleborough, is"32
miles s. from Boston, and nine from Providence.]

ARUACAS, a barbarous nation of Indians who
inhabit the s. e. of the river Orinoco, descendants
of the Charibbes. They are very numerous, and in-
habit the country between the river Berbice and
the mountains of Gnayana : they have no fixed
habitations, aud therefore wander about those

A R U

mountains : they are the friends and allies of the
Dutch of the colonies of Berbice, Esquibo, and
Surinam.

ARUARA, a small river of the province and
colony of SMrinaiii, or part of Guayana in the
Dutch possessions. It runs from .v. ton. and en-
ters the ("usguni on (lie s. side.

[ARUB.V, one of the LiUle Antille ishnds in the
West Indies, is subject to the Dutch. It is uninha-
bited, lies near Tierra Firinc, 14 leagues si'.ofCura-
coa, and produces little else besides corn and wood.
Lat. 12-yO'w. Long, (i?"^ 35' M. SeeOauuA.]

ARU(^\li.\, a lowiisliip of the Portuguese, of
the province and (aplamship of Para in Brazil, si-
tuate at the mouth of the river (Juanapu.

ARLJG, a river of lh<! province and government
of Chocf) in the kingdom of Tierra Firnie ; it rises
in the mountains of Abide, runs w. and enters the
Paganagandi.

aRUI, a large river of the province of Gua-
yana and government of Cumanii. It has its origin
from a border or line of seru »ia, lying 14
leagues from the mouth at which it enters the Ori-
noco. It is navigable in canoes as far as a violent
current or waterfall, caused by aheap of stones,
and which makes the water to rush with such a
noise in the winter time as to be heard at two
leagues distance. In its mid course it receives on
the w. the river Cai mrica, which runs between the
port and fortificatioii of Muitacu and the settlement
of Guazaiparo, of the religious observers of St,
Francis of Piritu. Its shores arc inhabited by Cha-
ribbes Indians.

Akui, a small river of the island and govern-
ment of Trinidad, which runs s. and enters the bi»y
of Chaguaramas by the point of La Galcra.

ARUNI, an ancient province of Cuzco in Peru,
hounded by the province of CoUaguas on the tc.
and 5, by the Uaiiuras or plains of Arequipa. It
was conquered and united to the empire by Malta
Capac, fourth Emperor.

ARIJNDEL, a county of the province and co-
lony of Maryland. See Ana.

AuuNOKL, a settlement of the island of Barba-
does, in the district and parish of Santiago, on the
vo. coast.

[AiuiNniiij, a township in York county, dis-
trict of Maine, containing 145 inhabitants. It lies
between cape Porpoise and Biddeford, on the n. e.
on Saco river, 21 miles n. c. from York, and dd
n. e. from Boston.]

ARUPORECAS, a barbarous nation of Indians,
lately discovered to the «. w. of the provitice of the
Chiquitos ; though of them as yet but little is
known.

'^'liii

I *, ,

I' ' :ili

''MAI

allies of the
squibo, and

irovince and
yana in the
to M. and en-

isliiids in the
It is uninha-
es w.of Cura-
iriiiuid wood,
ec OiiUBA.]
Drliiiiucse, of
in Brazil, si-
ipi'i.

1 iiovernmcnt
irine ; it rises
ind enters the

ince of Gua-

has its origin

ia, lying 14

ntcis the Ori-

ir as a violent

;ap of stones,

with such a

heard at two

I it receives on

lis between the

the settlement

lervers of St.

bited by Cha-

and govcrn-
enters\he bay

jralcra.

uzco in Peru,

;is on the K.

requipa. It
[lire by Maita

vince and co-

nd of Barba-
ntiago, on the

county, dis-
ants. It lies

, on the w. e.
'ork, and 96

on of Indians,
roviiice of the
but little is

A S C

ASANCOTO, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Chimbo in the kingdom of Quito.
It is of a cold toinperatn.e, inhabited by Indians
and MttsUeit, who are fjrthe most part muleteers,
and who carry to the neighbouring jjrovinccs
flour, seeds, baizes, uid other productions, and
take in exchange wiuf, brandy, sal(,col(on, fish,
and oil ; thib traffic being carried on only in the
sur liner.

ASANGARO, a province and corregimiento
of the kingdom of Peru, bounded n.e. and e. by the
province of Carabaya ; s. e. and s. by that of
Larecaxa ; s. ts. by that of Paucarcolla and the
lake Cliucuito ; by the w. and «. w. by the pro-
vince of Lampa. It is of very small extent, being
only 20 leagues in length, and as many in breadth.
Its figure is very irregular, its temperature is very
cold, and consequently produces little else than
potatoes. \\ lien these are destroyed by frost, as
is the case sonic years, the Indians endure great
privations, and are forced to seek food in the
province of Larecaxa. This province abounds
greatly in cattle, from the hides and fat of whii li,
as well as from some herds of swine, it derives its
principal source of commerce. There is in its
district a fine fresh water lake, from whence it is
provided with salt. The riv».'r of the greatest con-
sideration is that which bears its name, and which
empties itself into the lake Chucuito. The inha-
bitants amount barely to 3000 ; they are divided
into II settlements ; and the ..mount of its reparii-
mienlo was reputed at 1 14,500 dollars.

The names of the 15 settlements of this juris-
diction are,

The Capital, Arapa,

Asillo, Saman,

Cominaca, Putina,

Munani, Ananea,

Santiago de Papuja, Betanzos,

Achaya, Taraco,

Chupa, Pusi.

Poto,
The capital settlement is situate on the shore of
the lake Chucuito on the ». part, and at the mouth
of the river of its f ame. The above river rises
close to the settlement of Sayani, on the e. part,
and runs 4-. till it enters the above-mentioned lake.
ASCATLAN, a settlement of the head settlement
of the district and alcaldia mayor of Tepactitlan
in the kingdom and bishopric of Nueva Galicia,
situate eight leacues to the s. of its capital.

ASCENSION, NuESTBA Senora de la, a
capital city of the island and government of Mar-
garita, founded by Martin Villalobos in 1525.
Although small, it was formerly of much con-

A S H

lOS

sideration, on account of its fine pearl fisheries,
from which it carried on a great commerce, but
which are now entirely abandoned. It has a very
good parish church, convents of monks of St.
Francis and St. Dominic, an hospital, and two her-
mitages. Two leagues distant from the coast. It
is called Ascencion, in honour of the virgin, who is
its patron. It was invaded by the French in the
war at the close of the past century, when they
destroyed and burnt the uospital and hermitage of
Santa Lucia, and of which the walls alone were to
be seen in 1762. It has, contiguous to the convent
of St. Francis, a chapel, with the title of Nuestra
Senora de la Soledad, and the two hermitJiges
with the titles of Nuestra Senora de la Consolation
and of San Pedro Martyr.

Ascension, a settlement of tlie province and
corregimienlo of Cuyo in the kingdom of Chile to
the s. e. of the city of '"'.in Juan de la Frontera.

Ascension, another, a small settlement or ward
of the head settlement of the district of Zumpa-
huacan, and alcaldia mai/or of Marinalco, in Nueva
Espana,

Ascension, a small island of the Atlantic sea,
near the coast of Brazil, in the province and cap-
tainship of Espiritu Santo, also called De la Trini-
dad. It is somewhat to the w. of the island of
Martin Vaez, and io the n. a;. \ to the ay. of that
of Dos Picos. It is half a league long from s. to
». and at that point it takes the form of a small
mountain, in the figure of a truncated cone. All
its coast is surrounded by cliffs and bidden rocks,
against which the sea beats with fury. It abounds
in fresh water, which runs from various fountains.
Although it belongs to the Portuguese, it is not
inhabited ; its situation is in Lat. 20°30'». Long.
29'> 9' to.

Ascension, a bay on the coast of the proTince
and government of Louisiana, between the N.
cape and the river Missisippi.

Ascension, another very large, beautiful, and
convenient bay, on the coast of the province and
government of Yucatan, opposite the shoal of
Quita Suenos.

AscE.NsioN, a river of the kingdom of Nucvo
Mexico, which runs from n. to s. and is of little
note.

ASCHEPOU, a river of the province and colony
of Georgia. It runs e. then turns to the s. and
enters the sea between the rivers Chia and Pom-
pon.

[ASHBURNHAM, formerly Dorchester Cana-
da, lies in Worcester county, Massachusetts, 30
miles w. of Worcester, and 54 from Boston; was
incorporated in 1765, and contains 951 inhabitants.

■i$:

wfum^m

101'

A S I

'!■

■ 'I
II

It stands upon tlic height of land e. of Connocticut
rivor, antl to. of Merrimack, on tlic baniis of J^ittlc
Naiiivli('.'i<r. Ill this township is viiitc siin<),
ecjiial in fineness to thiil at cape Ann, unci wliicii,
it is in{ic:e<1, would make fine j^lass.]

[ASIIIJV, a township in iMiddlescx coniily,
Massachusetts, 50 n)ilcs n. w. from IJoston, con-
tairiini>' 751 inhabitants. {

[;\S1ICUTNI':V, or AsAcuTNEY, a mountain
hi Vermont, biin;; partly in the townshijis of
Windsor and \\ falhersfieUI, and opposite Clarc-
inoiit on Sui^nr river, in New Hampshire state.
It is '2031 feet above tlie sea, and 1732 above hish
water in Connecticut river, which glides by its c.
side.j

['ASIIFrELD,a township in Hampshire county,
Massachii^:o(ts, about 15 miles «. m. of North-
ampton, and 117 to. from Boston, containing 1459
inhabitants.]

[ASHFOIID, a township in Windham county,
Connecticut, settled from Marlboroiiirh in Massa-
chusetts, and was incorporated in 1710, It lies
about 38 miles h. e. from Hartford, and 7G 5. w.
from Boston,]

[AsHFOHD, New, a township in Berkshire
county, Massachusetts, 155 miles w. from Boston,
containing 4bO inliabitants.j

ASIILKV, a river of the province and colony
of Georgia. It rises from pools formed by certain
springs, runs s. e. and enters the sea.

ASilLY, a large and abundant river of Mie
province and colony of Carolina. It is divided
into two arms ; the one towards the s. preserves
its name, and that towards the n. takes the name
of Copper.

[ASH MOT, the principal harbour in isle
Madame, which is dependent on Cape Breton. See
BUKTON, Cai'e.J

[ASIIUELOT, or AsiiwiM,ET, a small river,
having a number of branches, whose most distant
source is at the w. end of the Sunapec mountains
in New Hampshire. It runs s. w. through part of
Cheshire county. Below Winchester it runs xs.
by n. and empties into Connecticut river at Ilins-
dule.J

AhlA, a settlement of the province and cor-
resriniienlo of Cafiete in Peru, situate on tiie sea
coast.

Asia, an island of this province and corregi-
jniento, neartiie coast.

Asi A, a point of laiul or extremity of the coast,
also of the said province.

ASIENTOS, a settlement of Indians of the
kinirdom of Nncva d'alicia.

[ASPOTAGOLIN Mountain. This high land

ASS

lies on the promontory tliat separates Mahone
from Margaret's bay, on the coast of Nova Scotia.
It is seen at a great distance from the offing, and
is the land genendiy made by the ships bound
from Europe nud the West Indies to Halifax.
The summit is about 500 feet above the level of
the sea.]

ASSA , a unall river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayana, or Nuevu Andalucia. It rises
IVoiii two streams in the country of the ferocious
Charibbee Indians, and enters Ami on the w. side.

[ASSABET, a rivulet which rises in (iratlon,
Worcester county, Massachusetts, and runs «. e,
into Merrimack river.]

ASSAPAUA, a small island formed by the
river Aropa, at its month, by which it enters the
Orinoco on the n. side. It is not so large as
Walter describes it, since it is a little less than a
mile in length, and its widest part does not
exceed 180 feet. It is somewhat elevated and
covered with branching trees, but uninhabited.

ASSEMPOLI, a large lake of N. America,
abounding in whales. Some believe that it has a
communication with the sea. | There is no such
name in the modern maps. It is probably the
same as Winnepeg lake. ]

ASSERIIADORES, a. settlement of the island
of Cuba, on the s. coast, and near a tolerably
good port.

AssKKRADORHs, aiiothet settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Nicaragua in the king-
dom of Guatemala, situate on the coast of the S.
sea, and close upon the port of Posesiones.

AssETEAcr, a small river of the province and
colony of Maryland. It runs e. and enters the
sea.

ASSILIiO, a settlement of the province and
corregi luiento of Asangaro in Peru. It has a very
abundant lead mine, by which it has a great com-
merce with the other provinces. It is situate on
the shore of the great lake Chucuito, on the ti.
part.

ASSINAIS, a settlement of the missions which
belonged to the order of St. Francis, in the pro-
vince of Texas in Nueva Espana. It is situate
on the shore ofthe river Trinidad.

[ASSINIBOILS, or AssiNinoELs, a river and
lake in the n. w. part of N. America, spoken
of by some geographers, though not found in
modern maps. It is j)robably the same as Win-
nepeg.]

ASSINIBOJ.ESES, a nation of barbarous
Indians who inhabit the forests and wilds of Ca-
nada, whose customs are but little known.

ASSOUIA, a small river of the province and

^11

atps Malione
Nova Scotia,
le ofRnj?, and
ships bouiul
I to Ilalilnx.
L' the level of

c and govern-
icia. It rises
the ferocious
)ii the ». side.
•s in (J ration,
and runs «. e,

)rmcd by the
;li it enters the
)t so large as
lie less than a
part does ?iot
elevated and
ninhabited.
' N. America,
c that it has a
icTC is no such
i probably the

rit of the island
;ar a tolerably

ent of the pro-
a in the kins-
coast of the S.
siones.
province and
and enters the

province and
It has a very
as a great coni-
is situate on
nita, on the «.

missions which
cis, in the pro-
It is situate

i,s

a river and
lAierica, spoken
not found in
same as Win-

of barbarous
id wilds of (^'u'
Lnown.
e province and

A S U

country of Las Amazonas, in the Portuguese pos-
sessions. It rises in the territory of the Naunas
Indians, runs «. and enters the Maranon, close to
the Iraato, and opposite the mouth of the (uun
Caquctfi.

ASSUMPCION, or Assumption. Sec Asun-
cion.

[ASSUMPTION I?iver, in New York, fulls
in from the e. into lake Ontario, after a n. w. and
w. course of about 28 miles, 5 miles s. e. from

[ASTCHIKOUNIPI, a vast lake in New Bri-
tain, abounding with whales, and supiioscil to
communicate \9^t\i the N. sea.]

ASTILLANO, a settlement of the province
and government of Maracaibo, situate on the tv.
shore of the lake of this name.

ASTILLERO, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Itata in the kingdom of Chile ;
situate at the mouth of the river Maule.

ASTOBAMBAS, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Caxatambo in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of its capital.

ASTORES. See the article Santa Lucia.

ASTOUGA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of liancugua in the kingdom of
Chile, near the large lake Pcpeta.

ASUAI, Paramo DE, a snowy mountain of the
Cordillera of the kingdom of Quito ; one of those
which form the Cordillera in the road to Cuenca.
When it is coverwl with snow, its cold renders it
impervious, and this season is called " de paramo,"
(desert), since then there is a constant fall of snow,
or small sleet, accompanied with a sharp wind.
Its skirts abound in marshes, which render the
road very dangerous to travellers, obliging them to
wait for the time when it may be passed with
safety, lest they should, as has hap])cncd to some
adventurers, perish in the attempt. In its vicinity
is an estate called La Capilla de Asuai.

ASUNCION DEL Paraguay, a capital city
of the province and government of this name,
founded in 1535 by Juan de Salazar y Espinoza,
by order of Don Pedro de Mendoza, adelantado
and governor of the province, on the c. shore of
the river Paraguay, and upon a commodious and
beautiful spot. It is the head scat of a bishopric,
erected in 1647, its first bishop having Ijccn Don
Fray Juan de los Barros, of the order of St. Fran-
cis. It has a beautiful cathedral church, three
parish churolieji, one thi^ mother cimrcli, anotiier
with the title of NiiestraSenora de la Anunciacion,
and the third culled De San Bias, for the Indians ;
four convents of monks of St. Dominic, St. Francis,

VOL. I.

A S U

105

of Ilccoletiins, and of the order of La Merced. It
had aN > a college of the .lesuits, and a monastery
of nuns of La Enseiianza. It is of a mihl and
salutary temperature ; its inhabitants, although
they do not amount to more than 400, form a
l)art of more than GOOO who live out of the city.
Ill fact, the whole of the. province is peopled by
messuages or small estates, some of which arc
called estaticias, in which, there being large tracts
of pasture land, arc bred cattle of all borls, as
cows, sheep, goats, horses, mules, and asses ; others
are called chacras, and in these is cultivated an
abundance of wheat,maizc, sugar, tobacco, cotton,
1/ucas, nuindicoca, potatoes and other vegetables,
and garden herbs. The greater part of the in-
habitants dwell in these estates; and in the valleys
of Pircbebuy and Carajwgua arc two parishes;
also in some more civilized valleys, are diflerent
chapels of ease, in which the inhabitants hear mass,
but on the particular festivals they go to the city.
It was nearly totally dcstoyeil by fire in 1543, the
greater part of its houses liaving been built of
wood, and many of its inhabitants perished in its
ashes. In its district are the nations of the Gua-
tatacs, Mogolues, and Guananaquaes Indians, all
of whom are Christians ; also the celebrated mis-
sions that were held and formed here by the regu-
lars of the abolished society of Jesuits. Long.
57° 37'. Lat. 25°16'*.

Asuncion, a settlement of the head settlement
of the district of TIapacoya, and alcnldia mayor of
Quatro Villas, in Nucva Espana. It contains 15
families of Indians, who occupy themselves in the
culture and commerce of certain grain, seeds, and
fruits, and in cutting wood. Two leagues to the w,
of its head settlement,

Asuncion, another, with the dedicatory title of
Santa Maria, in the head settlement of the district
and alcaldia mayor of Izucar in the saiiic king-
dom. It contains 147 families of Indians, includ-
ing those of a ward in its vicinity : it is one league
n. of its head settlement.

Asuncion, another, of the provinc and cor-
regimienlo of Angaraes in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of San Sebastian.

Asuncion, anoth* , of tlie province and corre-
gimiento of Caximarca in tl<o sa.no kingiioni.

Asuncion, an<ther, • f the niibsions which be-
longed io the J iuiis, situate on the shore of (lie
CasanaiP.

AsuNcii .', aaotiier, a small fettlcmcnt united
io that of T' quistiaii, of the alcaldia mayor of
Thcotii.uacan in Nueva Espana.

AsuNCIo^, another, with the surname of Tetcl-

jT'

106

ATA

. I

macin^o, in the head settlement of the district of
Huitepcc, and alcaldia mayor of Cuenavaca, in
the same kingdom, with 19 families of Indians.

AsiTNCioN, another, of the head settlement of
the district of Zumpahuacnn, and alcaldia mnyor
of Marinalco, in the same kingdom.

Asuncion, another, which is the rca/oftlio
gold mines in Brazil, situate on tiie shore of the
river Tocantines, opposite the mouth of the Para-
tinga.

Asuncion, an islandof thegnlfof St. Lawrence,
in Canada or New France, at the entrance of tliat
river; very full of woods. The French possessed
it from the peace of Utrecht, when it was ceded
by the English, until the year 1757, at which
time these returned, and made themselves masters
of it.

AsuK'ciov, a bay and port of the N. sea, on the
coast of Florida ; it is small and ill-adapted to
large vessels, on which account it is abandoned, or
at least only inhabited by some Indians. It lies
between cape Lodo and the bay of Espiritu
Santo.

Asuncion, a small island of the N. sea, on the
coast of California, and at a small distance from
the same.

Asuncion, a river of New France or Canada,
which runs s. e. then turns s. and enters the St.
Lawrence, opposite the island of Montreal.

Asuncion, another, of the province of the Apa-
ches in Nuevo Mexico. It rises in the mountains
of the sierra erandcj runs from «. to s. and enters
the river Salado, before this joins the Gila.

Asuncion, another, a very abundant stream of
the province and government of La Sonora.

ASUS, a river of the province and captainship
of Espiritu Santo in Brazil. It rises in the sierra
of the Carajes Indians, runs nearly due e. and
enters the river of Las Esmcraldas, just after form-
ing a large cataract.

ATA, a small river of the province and govern-
ment of Cumana. It rises at the foot of the sierra
of Imataca, runs 5. and enters the Cuyuni on the
71. side.

ATABACA, a small river of the same province
and government as the former. It rises n. of the
Orinoco, opposite the canal and fort of Limones,
runs s. and enters the canal of Aracoa.

ATABAPU, a large river of the province and

fovernment of Guayana in the kingdom of Tierra
'irme. It rises in the centre of this province,
between the rivers Negro and Orinoco, takes an
e. course, receiving the waters of many others,
and then turning n. enters with a most abundant
ettcam into the Orinoco.

ATA

ATACAMA, a province and corregimiento of
Peru, l)oundcd w. by the province of Arica ; w. e.
by Lipes ; e, and s.e. by the territory, of Salta
and jurisdiction of Tncnmun ; s. where there is an
unpeopled waste ns far as C'opiupo, by »'..• king,
doni ot Chile ; and zci. by the S. sea. It is divided
into High and Low. The (irst is of a cold tempera-
ture, abounding in fruits of the sierra, in .seeds
and potatoes. In the cordi/frra arc numerous flocks
of ostriches and r/fKr/tt.f, which the Indians hunt,
selling their skins and eating their flesh, which is
tender and well-tasted. The bezoar-stone is also
found here. Although the aforesaid animals arc
extremely nimble, they are nevertheless hunted
with great ease ; and it is performed in thi" as well
as in other provinces by simply fixing upright, by
means of stones, some small sticks of about two
yards long, in a narrow pass ; and attaching to
each a thread or cord, they tie at small distances
pieces of coloured wool, wliicli is moved about by
the wind. The trap being thus prepared, the
hunters endeavour to frighten the victoias from
different parts into this valley, where, as soon as
they arrive, being completely overcome with
terror at the bits of woil, the whole of the troop
remain prisoners, this trifling barrier forming an
insurmountable obstacle to their escape. The
hunters then make use of a cord, somewhat more
thin a yard long, having a stone attached to the
f ..tremity, which they sling round the feet of the
vicunas, which being thus fast entangled, are ea-
sily taken. If, by accident, an huauaco is found
amongst the troop, the whole are lost, for he im-
mediately darts through the barrier, and the rest
follow him. This province is not without its gold
and silver mines ; but they are not regularly work-
ed. It has many springs of warm water, and a
lake called Blanca, abounding in salt, another
called Agul, a league and an half long, which is
as salt as the sea. The low province contains some
ports on its coast, where some go to fish for con-
gers, to sell in the sierra. In the mountain named
Conche, of the parish of Santa Barbara, and in
other parts, are mines of copper, which they
work and form into hammers, to be carried io Po-
tosi, or other parts where minerals are worked.
Here are found veins of crystal of various colours,
of jasper, talc, and copper, blue vitriol, and
alum. This province is much in want of water.
The most considerable river is that which runs
down into the sea through the valley of Loa,
serving there as a limit to this province and to
that of Arr;a. Its inhabitants amount only to
2500. The capital is the settlement of S. Fran-

eeimknlo of
Arica ; w. e.
lory, of Salta
n- there is an
by »'..' Wing.
It isdiviilcil
;<)U1 tempera-
rra, in seeds
meroiis flocks
Indians hunt,
I'sh, which is
•-stone is also
iiniinals arc
leless hunted
ill lhi« as well
;nprii?ht, by
of about two
attaching to
nail distances
IV ed about by
prepared, the
vicunas from
re, as soon as
irercome with
Ic of the troop
dT forming an
scape. The
imewhat more
It ached to the
the feet of the
igled, arc ea-
iiiaco is found
ist, for he im-
, and the rest
ithout its gold
gularly work-
water, and a
sail, another
ong, which is
contains some
fish for con-
luntain named
bara, and in
Avhich they
;arricd to Po-
are worked,
rious colours,
; vitriol, and
ant of water,
wliich runs
ley of Loa,
ivince and io
aunt only to
it of S. Fran-

A T A

Cisco de Alacama ; and the otber settlements are,
Toconao, ('hiuchiu, Iliqnmii,

Antoliigasta, Cobixa, Peine,

Calama, Socairc, Caspana.

Sonco.
The desert of this province is a large unpeopled
tract, dividing the kingdoms of Peru and Chile.
It is a barren and sandy waste, upon wliich many
Spaniards perished for want of water when it was
first discovered.

At AC AM A, a port of this profince, on the coast
oftlic S. sea. It is small, but well frequented bv
lesser vessels employed in fishing for loUo, wliicli
abounds here, and which is a species of cod-fish.

ATACAMES, a settlement of the province and
government of Esmcraldas in the kingdom of
Quito, with a good port in the S. sea. it is si-
tuated on a large barren spot, surrounded by
lofty mountains, where the cold is so intense as to
freeze people to death. It is near the tropic of
Capricorn, and was once the capital of the pro-
vince.

ATACAPAS, a barbarous nation of Indians of
Louisiana, who inhabit the sea-coast to the is.
They arc thus called because they are Cliariblies,
and in their own language their name signifies can-
nibals. Although they treat and have commu-
nications with the Spanish, these are nererfhcless
ignorant of their customs. The French have,
however, persuaded them to leave off the barba-
rous custom of eating their fellow-creatures. [Tlie
district they live in is called after them. Their
village is about 25 miles to the westward of the
Attakapa church, towards Quclqueshoe. Their
number of men is about 50 ; but some Tunicas and
Humas, who have; married in their nation, and
live with them, make them altogether aboiit 80.
They are peaceable and friendly to every body ;
labour occasionally for the white inhabitants;
raise their own corn ; have cattle and hogs. Their
language and the Carankouas is the same. They
dwelt near where they now live, when that
part of the country was first discovered by the
French.]

ATACHEO, a settlement of the head settlement
of the district and alcaldia mayor of Tlaxsasnlca
in Nueva Espaila. It contains 26 families of In-
dians, and in seven small settlements of its dis-
trict, 157 of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mulattoes,
•who trade in the productions of its estates. Four
leagues to the e, s. c. of its capital.

ATACO, a settlement of the corregimiento of
Coyaima in the Nuevo Rcyno de Granada. It
is of a hot temperature, aboundiog in cacao, sugar-

ATA

107

cane, maize, yucas, plantains, and neat-caltle,
as also in mines and washing places (laraderos) of
gold, in which specie the tributes of the natives
is paid. These should amount 1o 100 Indians,
who go and collect only just as much as will de-
fray tlie tribute required. They are much given
to inebriety, and this is no doubt the cause of their
being so wretchcil'y poor.

ATALAYA, S". Miguel de la, a settlement
of the province and government of Veragua in
the kingdom of Tierra Firme, situate two leagues
from the capital.

Atalava, S. MiGUF.ii Di: LA, another sftttc-
ment of the province and governuunt oC Itiienos
Aj'res in Peru, situate on the shore of the Ilio de
la Plata, near its entrance.

Atalava, S. MiGur.L DP LA, another, of the
province and government of Tucimian in the
same kingdom, between the rivers Tala and Del
Rosario. "

Atalava,S. MiGt'EL DE LA, anotlitT, which
is the asknlo of the silver mines of the alrcfdia
mayor of Guanajuato, and the bishopric of Mecho-
acan,in Nueva Espana.

ATALAYAS, Santiago de las, a capital
city of the province and government of San J wan
de los Llanos in the Nuevo Rcyno do Granada.
It was founded by Gonzalo Ximencs de Qucsada,
when, from an eminence, he discovered those ex-
tensive Uamtras in loll, as he was returning from
the search after the imaginary province of Dorado.
It was quickly depopulatetl, and was afterwards
founded by the Governor Ancizo on the banks of
of the river calkd Agua-Mcna; on tho fertile
plains of which grow many trees of exquisite fruits,
and among the rest, the lechc-iniel, which is like a
large grape, divided into two jiarts by a slender
film ; in the one is included a juice similar to milk
(leche), and in the other a juice similar to very
delicate honey (miel). It is somewhat of an un-
healthy and hot temperature, abounding in fruits
peculiar to the climate. It contains 400 house-
keepers, and is nine leagues from the city of Pore.

A TANARl, San Joaquin de, a settlement of
the missions which belonged to the regulars of the
company of Jesuits, in the Nuevo Reyno de Gra-
nada, founded by the Indians of the Achagua na-
tion in 1666, but abandoned three years after-
wards, on account of the invasions which it re-
peatedly experienced from the Charibbee Indians.

Atanari, San Joaquin de, a large and
navigable river of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada,
which enters the Mota, Its shores are inhabited
by Indians of the nation of Achagua.
. r S

-I

' 1^

'<$

• ■

\ ' '1

ii'

I',

^'i

^il'i'l'i

ii^i

'^1
1*1

103

ATE

ATANCAMA, a scltlenuiit of (he province
iitn\ anrriritnicnto oi Mnuirnez in Peru, annexed
<o tlic ( utacv ot Lainbraina.

ATA I'ALC), a fMfdk-meiit ot i\w head sclllempnt
of ihe ilibtrict and alcnlJia vuii/or of Tiiiguindin
in Nneva L'spana. It contains '2.'i I'anulies of In-
dians, well skilled in the sowinuf of wheat and
nirii/e, and in the cnltivationof many frnits of that
reyiiin. Fonr leas;ui!S lo the it), of its capital.

A TA FA U A N . See M a z a u u o n i .

ATAIMHIIIE, a setliement of tiie province of
Uarcelona, and government of ('nmana, in the
kintrdoiu of Tierra Firine, one of the missions
which lK'lon;,'ed to the order of St. Francis de Piri-
li'i, and lounded in 1749. Aithonijh it belongs to
lilt! albresaid province, it is in the province of
Cinnvana.

A/rAPSI, a s«'ttlement of the province and go-
vernment of TiK'uman, in the jurisdiction of the
city of Saha, and annexed to the curacy of Chi-
quiana.

A'l'ARA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of ('hoco in the kingdom of Tierra I'irnie.
It runs,?, then w. and cnlers the Cauca.

ATASIS, a settlement of Indians of the pro-
vince and colony of Cieorgia, situate on the shore
of the river Apalache.

ATAVILLOS, a nation of Indians of Peru,
converted to (he Catholic faith. It was discovered
and subjected by Don Francisco Pizarro, who was
allowed" the title of Marquis de los Atavillos by
the Emperor Charles V. These Indians dwell in
the province of Janja, and work with nicety all
kinds of woollen manufactures. They are of a
lively and docile disposition, and the whole of the
above province is peopled by them.

Atavim.os, a settlement of the province and
r.orrea;imie.nto of Canta in Peru, with the deno-
mination of Atavillos Altos, to distinguish it from
the other in the same province, and which is call-
ed Atavillos Baxos.

["ATCHI KouNiPi, a lake in Labrador,
which sends its waters s. into St. I^awrence river,
through a connected chain of small lakes.]

A TEMANICA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district and akaldia wnyor of Juchi-
pela. It has a considerable population of Spaniards,
but the greater part consists in Mustecs and In-
dians, some of wnom reside in the large estates in
its district, such as those of Milpillas, Caxas, Es-
tanzuela, Bacz, Teresa, and Totolotalco, which
abound in vegetable productions and in cattle. It
is seveu leagues from the real of the mines of Mes-
quital.

ATE

ATEMAXAQIJE, a spttlement of the head set-
tlement of the tlistrict of Amaqueca, and alvaldia
mayor of Znyula, in Nueva i:s|)iinii, shuate on the
skirt of a mountain. It is of a cold temperature,
and contains 1 12 families of Indians, who trade in
the bark of treei. Six leagues from its head set-
tlement.

ATEMPyV, a settlement of the nlcaldia mai/or
of Tenzitlan in Nueva Espana. it contains "iilK
families of Indians, and is nine leagues to the s.vo.
of its capital.

Atempa, another settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district and nlcaldia mayor oi Zochi-
roatlan in the same kingdom, situate in a hollow,
and surroundeil by very rugged mountains. It
contains 4J famUies of Indians, and is 14 leagues
to the w. of its capital.

ATEN, Sax Antonio di:, a settlement of the
missions belonging to the monks of St. Francis,
in the province ot Aj)ol;il)umlui in Peru.

ATENGO, San Sai.vauoh ui;, a settlement
of the head settlement of the district and alcnldia
viayor oi Tczcuco in Nueva Espana, situate on
the shore of the lake of Mexico. It contains 196
families of Indians, who trade in salt, wool, maize.

fruits, and seetls. \i

half a league to the ».

its capital.

Ati:ngo, another, with the dedicatory title of
Si\nta Maria, in the head settlement of the district
of Mizquiagnala, and alcaldia xmyor of Tepetan-
go, in the same kingdom. It contains 18 families
of Indians.

Atkngo, another, with the dedicatory title of
San Mateo. It is the head settlement of the dis-
trict of the (dcaldla ntai/or of Metepec in the same
kingdom, and contains 280 families of Indians.

Atknuo, another, a head sett hnncnt of the dis-
trict of the alcaldia mayor of Chilapa in the same
kingdom. It contains 70 families of Indians, and
is distant five leagues from the settlement of Toli-
man.

Atengo, another, of the head settlement of the
district and rt/caWw ???«//()»• of A utlan in the same
kingdom, with 3^ families of Indians, who gather
seeds and fruits in abundance. It is 39 leagues io
the s. with an inclination to the w. of its head set-
tlement.

ATENfJUILLO, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district and o/c«/i/jrt »J«^or of Hua-
chinango in Nueva Espana, situate in the «. part
of that district.

ATTEPEC^,, San Juan de, a settlement of the
head setUement of .ae district and alcaldia mayor
of Teocuilco iu JNueva Espana. It is oi a mild

'm\

1 1

lie head sct<
iiid alcaldin
luate on the
I'lnperntiire,
vho trade in
ts head set-

ild'ia mayor
.•oiitiiiiis )l\H
i to till- s.w.

head sdtle-
ir ot" Zoclii-
II a holhjw,
luntaius. It
is 14 leagues

cment of the
St. Francis,
ii.

a settlement
and alciddia
I, situate on
contains 196
wool, maize,
le to the ». of

atory title of
f the district
■ of Tepetan-
is 18 families

lory title of
lit of tlje dis-
z in tlie same

liuliaiis.
lit of tlic dis-
i ill the same

ndiaiis, and
icut of Toli-

ciiient of the
ill the same
, who gatlier
;3<J leagues to
its head sct-

» head settle-
\i/or of Hua-
II the s. part

eraont of the
caldia mayor
oi a mild

A T 1

nnd somewhat moist temperature, contains 88 fi*-
milics of I iidians, and is three leagues directly s. e.
of its capiliil.

ATKQIJAIU), a stillement of the «/(■«/<//« wrtVKr
of Valladolid in Niievii r^spiina, near its capital.

ATF/CAIM), San Jian- nt, a settlement of
the head settlenicnl of the district of San Francisco
del Valle, and nlruldia inai/or of Zidtepcc, in Nu-
eva i''spann, situate on a spacious plain. It con-
tains .00 families of Indians, and is six leagues
to (he e. nf its capital.

[ATflA!»I;:S(;OW Lake. See AnATiiAPES-
cow and Slave Lakes.]

[ATHKNS, a township in Windham county,
Vermont, 3'i miles »i. e. from Bennington, and
about six xi\ from Connecticut river, having 4r)0
inhabitants. Sextons river, which rises in London-
derry passes, s. e. by Athens into the township of
Westminster to Connecticut river.]

[ATIIOL, a townsliip in Worcester county,
Massachusetts, containing 16,000 acres of land,
very rocky and uneven, but well Avatered with
rivers and streams. On these stand 4 grist-mills,
six saw-mills, a fulling-mill, aiid a trip-hammer.
It contains S48 inhabitants, is 35 miles n. xo. from
Worcester, and 72 from Boston. A medicinal
spring, famed for its many virtues, issues out of a
high bank on Miller's river, 20 feet above the sur-
face of the river.]

ATICO, VAi.f-r; de, a settlement of the pro-
vince and corrcgimicnlo of Cumana in Peru, an-
nexed to the curacy of Caraveli.

Atico, MoRito oe, a mountain on the coast of
Peru, of the same province.

ATK^OUANTINES, a nation of Indians of
New France in N. America, towards the 44° of
Int. In their dwellings many families live toge-
ther, and tlie continual tires which they are obliged
to make produre such a quantity of smoke that
they are univcisjiUy blind in old age. Their
extravagiint mode of living is similar to that of
the other liuliiuis, excepting that in their repasts,
these give a deci(led preference to the eye of tlieir
victims, which they pluck out with the greatest
avidity, avowing it to be a most precious morsel.
After human flesh, they esteem most that of dogs.
Their method of curing infirmity is not less pecu-
liar, and every one of them may practise as a phy-
sician, since the s-ime nnuedy is observed as is
given in Europe for the treatment of the bite of
the tarantula, namely, the endeavouring to divert
the patient by means'of music and songs. It is not
known that these Indians worship any deity, but
through an impulse of terror they own a certain
respect for the devil. They nevertheless believe

A T K

100

in the immortality of the sonl, and prnmixe them-
selves a |)la('e of jiiliilee and mcrriiiient in the
other world, persuaded also that they shall there
be united to their friends.

ATIMIJFN-CI'DIAHA, a lake of the country
of Las Amazonns, in the territory of I In; Portu-
guese, on the shore of the river Maranon, and
formed by a channel of this river.

ATINGl'I, a small river of the province and
government of Paraguay ; it rises to the <t. of the
settlement of Niiestra Senora de Fe, runs s. and
enters the Parana near the settlement of Santiago.

ATIPAC, a settlement of the head settlement
of the district of Tepexpan, and a/caldia maj/or of
Theotihi'ican, in Nueva Lspana. It is of a cold
temperature.

ATIQIIIPA, a settlement of the province and
corrcgimienlo of Cumana in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Cholcr. In its district are large fertile
hills of the same name, abounding in pastures,
which feed numbers of large and small cattle, as
well as mules and asses, which are its articles of
commerce. It is near the sea, and has a small
port or creek, in which abundance of fish arc
caught. Also a mountain called Mono de Ale-
quipn.

ATIRA, a settlement of the province nnd go-
vernment of Paraguay, situate on the shore of the
river of its name, opposite the city of Asuncion.

[Atiua, a settlement of Indians, of the pro-
vince and government of Paraguay, about seven
leagues r. of Asuncion. Lat. 25° 16' 45" s.
Long. HT 14' K).]

ATITALAQUIA, a head settlement of the
district of the akaldia mayor of Tetcpaiigo in
Nueva Espana. It is of a pleasant temperature,
but ill provided with water. Its territory is
jjeopled by estates and ranchos, in which are
grown wheat, maize, seeds, and fruits ; but it is
particularly famous for the breeding of small cattle
lor slaughter. Its natives are 200 families of
Othomies Indians, and SO of Spaniards, Mulattoes,
and Mustces. Twenty-one leagues to the n. of
Mexico.

ATITAN, a head settlement of the district of
the alcaldU mayor of Solola in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

ATITLAN, a head settlement of the district of
the alcaldia mayor of Villalta in Nueva Espana
It is of a hot temperature, contains 171 families
of Indians, and is 15 leagues to the c. of its
capital.

[ATKINSON, a township in Rockingham
county, N. Hampshire, which was incorporated in
1767, and in 1775 contained 575 inhabitants, in

■1,1 IF • •■

1i!

t' *

ii j^ *'

J *

It' i?

1 j

' "i

': i't H V

.jfll

' \ m

ilil

^^"'i|

A T L

1790 only 47f). It is distant 30 miles from Ports-
inoiitli, nml lias nn nciulfiiiy wliicli was founded in
1789 l)y (lie iioii. N, Pmbody, who endowed it
with 1000 ncres of land. In tliis township is a
large meadow, wherein is an island of six or seven
acres, which was tbrmcrly loaded with valunl)!*;
pine timber and other forest wood. When llin
meadow is overflowed hy means of an artitical
dam, this island rises with the water, which is
sometimes six feet. In a pond in tlu; middle of
the island there have been fish, which, when (he
meadow has been overflowed, have appeared there
when the water has been drawn off, and (he island
settled t(» its usual place. The pond is now aU
most covered with verdure. In it a pole 50 feet
long has disappeared without finding a bot-
tom.]

A TLA, a small settlement or ward of the akaU
dia mayor of Guauchinango in Nucva £spana,
annexed to the curacy of ^laupan.

Atla, another settlement of the same alcaldia
mayor, annexed to the curacy of Pahuatlan.

ATLACA, San Jtan dk, a settlement of the
Lead settlement of the district and alcaldia mat/or
of Orizaba in Nuova Espafla, situate between two
lofty hills. It is of a cold temperature, and con-
tains 28 families of Indians, whose trade consists
in fattening herds of swine. Seven leagues to the
5. s. e, of its capital.

ATLACAHLaLOIA, a settlement of the bead
settlement of the district of Xonacatepec, and al-
caldia mayor of Cuernavaca, in Nucva Espana.

ATLACrilCHILCO, San Augustin de, a
head settlement of the district of the alcaldia mayor
of GuaiacocotIa in Nueva Espaiia. It contains
400 families of Indians, including those within the
wards of its district j and they are employed in
the cultivation of the soil.

ATLACO, a head settlement of the district and
alcaldia mayor of Zayula in Nueva Espana, situ-
ate on the top of a hill, and of a cold tempe-
rature. It contains 60 families of Indians, and a
convent or hospital of the order of St. Francis. Six
leagues to the w. of its head settlement.

ATLAHUILCO, San Martin de, a settle-
ment of the head settlement of the district of Thc-
quilan, and alcaldia mayor of Orizaba, in Nueva
Espana. It contauis itO families of Indians, who
trade in seeds, tobacco, small cattle, and swine ;
is six leagues from its head settlement, and situate
at the foot of the sierra.

ATLAMAJACINGO, a settlement of the head
settlement of the district of Atlistac, and alcaldia
mayor of TIapa, in Nueva Espaiia. It contams
421amiliesof Indians, whose only trade consists

A T L

in the barter of some maize and fruits. It is two
leagues to the ti}. x. to. of its head settlement.

ATI-AMAXACZINGO nii, Moxrr., a seU
(Innciit ot the alcaldia mayor of TIapa in Nueva
Esnana. It contains 85 families of TIapenecos
Inuiaiis, and is four leagues and a half to the s. of
its capital.

ATLAMAZUQUE, a settlement of the alcal.
dia iiinyor of TIapa in Nucva Espana. It conltiiiis
45 faniiiies of Indians, and is one league to the e,
of its capital.

ATLAMULCO, Santa Maiiia de, a settle-
ment of the district of the alcaldia mat/or of Mete-
pec in Nucva Espaila. It contains 1335 families
of Indians, including those of the wards of its
district.

[ATLANTIC Ocean, The, separates America
from Europe and Africa. See Sra.]

ATLAPANALA, a small settlement or ward
of the alcaldia mayor of Guauchinango in Nucva
i^spana, annexed io (he curacy of Tlaola.

ATLAPULCO, San Pi DUO »E,ahead se tic-
ment of the district of the tlcaldia mayor of Mcte-
pec in Nueva Espana. It contains 290 families
of Indians, and is five leagues to the w. s.w. of its
capital. It is the head of its curacy, to which are
annexed many other settlements.

ATLATLAUCA, an alcaldia mayor of "Sucva
Espana, in the province and bishopric of Oaxaca.
It IS the smallest population and jurisdiction of any
district in this province, consisting only of two
head settlements at a small distance from each other.
It is at the same time the most barren in produc-
tions and commerce ; on which account it is the
last in reputation in the kingdom, and is thought
but little of, since it yields scarcely sufficient to sup-
ply its own necessities. The capital has the same
name. This is situate in a hot temperature, and
contains 78 families of Zapotccas Indians. The
abundant stream of the Cuicatlan passes through
its vicinity ; but such is the sterility of the soil,
that no advantage can be derived from its waters.
It, in short, produces nothing but a moderate
quantity of maize. It is 70 leagues s.e. of
Mexico.

AtLATi-At'cA, with the dedicatory title of San
Estevcn, another head settlement of the district of
the alcaldia mayor of Tepozcolula in the same
kingdom, situate upon a mountain covered with
lofty trees ; and from these the inhabitants, who
consist of 108 families of Indians, cut tablets and
planks, which, with seeds and some cotton manu-
factures, constitute their commerce. Eight leagues
s,w. of its capital.

Atlatlauca, a head settlement of the district

illt'
i>ii'jiM

^iT

8. It is two

I'lnent.

XTi:, a sel-
la in Niiova
' Tliip«'ncco»
f to the s. of

nf the alral-
i. It contains
ijue to the e.

DE, a settlc-
ii/or of Mete-
335 families
wards of its

■ales America

lent or ward
!(o in Nucvii
laola.

a head sc tic*
t/or of Mctc-
290 families
w.s.w, of its
, to wiiich are

ijor of Nucva
c of Oaxaca.
liclion of any

only of two
m each other.
n in proiluc-
lunt it is llic
nd is tliought
licicnl to sup-
has the same
jerature, and
iidiaris. The
issos throu^li

of the soil,

im its waters.

a moderate

gues s.c. of

y title of San
he district of
in the same
covered with
\bitiints, who
t tablets and
cotton manu-
ilighl leagues

f the district

A T O

of tlie nlcaldia mayor of TenansfO del Valle in the
same kingdom. It contains J65 fumilics of In-
dians.

ATLATITLA, San MuiVEL nr, a head set-
ticmcnt of the district of the alcaldia mayor of
C'halco in Niieva L'Kpana. It contains 181 fami-
lies, and a convent of monks of St. Dominic. It
is five leagues to the s. \ to the s. rf . of its capi-
tal.

ATLATONGO, Santiago up,, a settlement
of the head sctllrment of the district and alcaldia
mayor ai Tezcoco in Nueva L^panll, annexed to
thalof Acolman, from whence it lies a quarter of
a h-ague to the w. It contains 1 1 1 families of In-
dians, and four of Spaniards.

ATLlJHOilOUGH, an JMiglish settlement in
the province and colony of Massachusselts, at the
mouth of tlie river Patnckel.

ATLIACAN, a seltlenienl of (he head settle-
ment of the district of Tixtlan in Nueva Espana.
It contains 180 tamilies of Indians, and lies three
Icngues and a half from its capital.

ATLlSTAt;, a head settlement of the district
and iilcaldia mayor of Tlapa in Nueva Espana.
It has a convent of Agustin monks, and Gti fami-
lies of Indians, whose principal commerce con-
sists in cotton, which it yields m abundance, and
in tlie fabricating of blankets, cloths, huapiles,
and other vestments. It is six leagues io the to.
of its capital.

[ATLIXCO, a town of the intendancy of
Puebia, in the kingdom of Nueva Espaila, justly
celebrated for the fineness of its climate, great
fertility, and savoury fruits with which it abounds,
especially the ununa cfieremolia, Lin. (chilimoya),
and several sorts of passiflures (parchas) produced
in the enviroiisj

ATOCHA, Lake of, in the province and cap-
tainship of Hey in Brazil. It is at the extremity
of the coast formed by the Riodc la Plata.

ATOGUl, a river of the province and cap-
iaiiiship of Seara in Brazil, which runs «. and
enters the Parana.

ATOKAS, a small river of New France, or
Canada. Jt runs w. and enters lake Superior, be-
tween the rivers Probavie and de Fond.

ATOLE, a large lake of the province and go-
vernment of Maracaibo, formed by dillerent rivers,
and principally by the Pampaiio and Olaga. It
afleiwards joins the grand lake Maracaibo.
through a narrow mouth called De las Piraguas ;
in it iire many small islands.

ATOLUA, a settlement of the alcaldia mayor
of Teazitlan in Nueva Espaua. It contains 47

A T O

111

familict of Indians, and is half a league ». of its
capital.

ATONTAQIJI, a lettlement of the province
and corrci'iimicnto of Otavolo in the kingdom of
(jiiito.

ATOTONILCAO, a head selflement of the
district of the a/roldia mayor of 'I'ulan/.ingo in
Nueva JNpana. It has u convent of Agustin
monks, i^()5 families of Indians, and some Spa-
niards, Mnlattoes, and A/uslecf, who occupy
themselves in tilling niid cultivating the land for
fruits and seeds. Seven leagues n. e. of its capi-
tal.

Atotonhxao, another settlement, in the head
settlement of the district of Atitalaquia, and alcaU
dia mayor of Tepetango, in the same kingdom,
containing 150 tamilies of Indians.

Atotonilcao, another, of the head settlement
of the district of XonacateiKc, and alcaldia mayor
of Cuernavaca, in the same kingdom. There
still remains here a bath which was built by the
order of Herman Cortes, which is raised on arches,
and with such ingenuity that the water can be
made deep or shallow at will. The water is
crystalline and pure, and a cure for many infir-
mities.

ATOTONiTiCAo, another, of the same head set-
tlement of the district and alcaldia mayor as the
former.

Atotonilcao, another, of the head settlement
of the district and rf/cfl/<//a mayor of Tlaxomulco
in the same jiingdom. It contains a couvc;;t cf
monks of St. Francis.

Atotoniix'Ao, another, of the head settlement
of the tlistrict and fl/crt/<//a w/ayor of La Barca in
the kingdom of Nueva Galicia. It has a large
population of Indians, Mustees, and Mulattoes,
who breed large and small cattle, and cultivate
wheat and other grain. In its district are many
estates, as San Andres la Cienega, Milpillas, Sa-
pole, and Aio. It is 13 leagues to the n. e. of its
capital.

Atotonii.cao, another, of the head settlement
ofthe district of Amaqiieca, and alcaldia mayor
of Zayula, in the same kingdom. It contains
ISO families of Indians, and lies four leagues n. of
its head settlement.

Atotonii.cao, another, of the missions belong-
ing to the monks of St. Francis, in the province
of'IVpeguajia, and kingdom of Nueva Vizcoya.
It is five leagues from tue real of the mines and
the settlement of Parral.

ATOVAQUE, a settlement ofthe head settlc-
racnt of the district of the alcaldia mayor of Za-

ji,

; I I

!*■

" .^

112

A T R

iji;

'Iff' '?'■

n'M

jula in Nueva Espnna, situate in a valley of an
agreeable temperature. It contau.". 50 families of
Spaiiianls, Alustees, and Mulattocs, 150 of In-
dians, aiul a convent of monks of St. Francis.
Four leagues to tlic e. of its capital.

Atovaqie, anotiier, with tlic dedicatory title
of La Concepcion, the head settlement of the dis-
trict of tlic w/cfl/rf/rt ??iayor of Tepozcolula, in the
province and bishopric of Oaxaca in the same
kingdom. It is of a hot temperature, situate near
the large river of its name, wliich fertilizes the
greater part of the territory, and in it, at certain
seasons, trout are caught and carried to be sold
in the capital of ihc province, where they nif^
held hi high estimation, their price varying in
proportion to their scarcity. It produces an infi-
nite quantity of cotton, the manufacture of which
id the principal source of commerce to the natives,
who consist of 29 families of Indians. Fifteen
leagues to the s. with a slight inclination to the w.
of its capital.

AtoYaoue, another, formerly called Maxal-
tcpec, of the head settlement of the district and
alcaldia mayor o[ 'Zac&ivAn. It contains 175 fami-
lies of Indians, including those of the wards of its
district.

Atoyaque, another, ahead settlement of the
district oi the alcaldia mayor of Xicayau in the
same kingdom. It contains 172 families of In-
dians, who trade in cotton and seeds. Nine
leagues v. w. of its capital.

fAroYAQUE, a deep and large riyer in Mexico,
or New Spain. On it is the famous natural bridge,
called Ponti di Dio, 100 miles s. e. of Mexico,
over which coaches and carriages conveniently
passj

ATOYAQUILLO, a head settlement of the
district of the alcaldia mayor of Tepozcolula in
Nueva Espaiia, of the province and bi:>hopric of
Oaxaca. It is of a hot temperature, r.ad contains
70 families of Indians, %vho trade in woven cotton
manufactures, bartering them for salt toirl on
the coast of Xicayan. Twenty-four leagues s. a).
of its capital.

ATRATO, a large and abundant liverofthe
province and government of Darien in the king-
dom of Tierra Firme. It has its origin and source
in th ; mountains of the province ofChocci, from
two lakes which form the rivers Quito and San
Pablo, which latter become immediately united.
It runs nearly straight from s. to n, for more than
95 leagues, and empties itself into the N. sea ;
collecting in its course the waters of the Tigrc,
Torren, and Pcquest, the waters of the lake

A T It

Luina, and severiil other streams of such magni-
tude as to cause it to form a mouth upwards of
five leagues broad, in the great bay or gulph
called Darien, near the limits which divide the
two governments and jurisdictions of Cartagena
and Pamanii. This river, which in that country
is also known by the names of Darien and Choco,
is navigable for many leagues ; but its navigation
is prohibited on pain of death, Avithout any ex-
ception whatever, in order to avoid any prejudice
which might arise to the provinces of the Nuovo
lieyno, by means of the facility with which this
kingdom might be thus entered. Ncverthless the
viceroy of that kingdom, Don Manuel Guiriol,
proposed that this passage should be free and op(;n,
though with the proper precautions against any
probable miscliiet. Its sands abound with gold.
Just at its entrance into the sea, arc 17 small
islands lying in two lines. Its mouth is in lat. b^

ATRIS, a very fertile valley of the province
and government of Quito, belonging to the juris-
diction of Pasto, and where this city was founded.
It is of a cold temperature, and is washed by the
river Pascamayu on the e. : it abounds in pasturek
and cattle.

ATPISCO, or CAnuioN, a capital town ol
the alcaldia mayor and jurisdiction of its name
in Nueva Espana. It is very beautiful and large,
abounding in streams, which irrigate the whole
of its district and render it agreeable both in
appearance and fertility. If has two parishes,
one for the Spaniards and another for the Indians ;
five convents of the religious orders of St. Fran-
ciscans, La Merced, San Juan de Dios, in which
there is a good hospital and building for coii-
vulesccnts, of barelboted Carmelites, and of the
nuns of Santa Clara ; ditferent chapels and her-
mitages in the wards, which are peopled by In-
dians, and of which tlie most extensive is that
called De los Solares, a small population living in
orchards and gardens which are filled with flowers,
fruits, and vegetables ; the same charming snot
being rendered fertile by different streams encom-
passing it on all sides, and affording refresh-
ment and recreation to the inhabitants of the ca-
pital, who amount to 400 families of Spaniards,
Mustcc", and Mulattocs, (from whom three com-
panies o^ militia have been formed), ami also to
1250 families of Mexican Indians. The valley
of Atrisco, celebrated for its beauty anil fertility,
has cultivated estates which produce immense
abundance of wheat, maize, barley, and other
grains, by which other provinces are supplied,

■ (

' such magni-
h upwards of
tay or gulpli
:b divide 4 ho
of Cartagena
t that country
n and Clioco,
its navigation
hout any ex-
any prejudice
i of the Nucvo
th which this
everthh'ss the
muel Guiriol,
free and open,
s against any
id with gold.
, are 17 small
ith is in lat. b^

the province
» to the juris-
r wasfonndod.
vashed by tiu'
lids in pastui'ck

pital town ol

n of its Manii"

Jful and large,

;ate the whole

:able both ia

two parishes,

r the Indians ;

of St. Fran-

3ios, in which

ding for con-

, and of the

pels and her-

oplod by In-

ensivc is that

ition living in

1 with flowers,

iharming snot

reams eiicom-

ding refresh-

nts of the ca-

of Spaniards,

m throe com-

and al^i) to

The valley

and fertility,

uce inmKMise

yr, and other

ire supplied,

)

A T U

theso bcin^ tlh pincipal sources of trade in thi»
provina; ; aiiil allliongli it is not williout a siilH-
cieiit quantity of (lax a.ul iiemp, yit ofdiese little
is made ; nor iiuiicil docs tlic Miiall attention
wliich is paiil totiieir cultivation, ^s.■uraIlt tiie ex-
pectation of any coiisiilciahle euiolumcut to be
ilerivcd fiom (licin. .in tlic i'st;ilos arc JaO families
of Spaniards, ami iuiuimciablf parlies of Indians,
who assist in (lifir cultivation. It abounds also
iu l:\ri;e and small cattle, and its woods in hares,
rabbits, partrid^rs, and oilier birds. It is water-
ed by several lar^ri- rivers, froui \vhich not only
the estates, but also all (lie gardens of the greater
pari of (liesettleineiils of i(s"dis(ric(, derive great
bcnelit. The iiulians are much given to the cul-
tivation of ccittou, of which they make particu-
larly line garments, and indeed ti.ey are natu-
rally very iiitlusrious. Thirty leagues s. c. of
Mexico.
Tiie st((lements of this jurisdiction are,
Zoyatlitlanapa, Amecaque,

Tianguisuiaiialco, SanAmlresdeCalpa.

(luaqiiecliula.
At 111 SCO, another (own of tlic same name, in
the kiiii;ihMn of Mexico.

.VTliOl'lCIlE, a small river of the province
and government of CfUayana, or Nneva Andalu-
cia. It runs from *. (o ti. and enters (he Orinoco,
on (he side of (he new ci(y of San Gabriel do
Guayaiia.

[ATTAKAPAS. See Atacapas.]
rATTLi;ilOU()U(i!l. See Ann rntiucii.]
ATlJMCyAMAH, a settlement of (he province
and corregii/iivnto of Cuenca in (lie kingdom of
Quito. It is of an agreeable and healthy (empe-
ra(ure, abounding in producdons, especially in
sugar-canes and cocliineal. In the time of the
liicas of Pern, it was a very wealthy population,
having a temple dedicated to the sun, a palace
and a fort, of which (he ruins still remain, at
(lie dislance of two leagues towards the «. and
which is the most regular, capacious, and well
constructed of any in thai kingdom. At the
entrance of tliia (brt, and i:i the front, is a small
river, which runs close np (o its walls ; and on (he
opposite side it is leruiiiiated by a moderately lofty
Lill, and hemmed in by a siroiig wall. Nearly in
the centre is a turret of an oval figure, which rises
on the interior of the wall (o about the height
of (uo (oises, and to six or eight on the exterior.
In (lie middle of it is a scjiiare i-ulosed by walls,
whieli, (owards the |)ar( which h>oks into (he
couuliy, has all i(s angles (ollcllill^• the circniu-
Ihence of the oval, without leaving any pass ; and
there is, inilecd, nothing left on the other side

VOL. i.

A T U

lid

.save a very narrow way. In the middle of the
square is a division forming (wo small apartments,
which iiav:; no comiuunicalion with each other ;
and they are . nterec' by a door i)Iaced at the side
o])posite the division. Jn the sides which frontthe
country are small holes, which served as a watch-
ing place, and where, (o all appearance, a guard
used to be mounted. Close upon the exterior of
this oval rui:s the wall, to the extent of 40 toises on
the left hand, i.nd 25 on (he right. This wall
afterwards becomes doubled, ibrming dillercnt
irregular angles, and including a large space.
Close lo the rocky place from which the river has
its source, is a gate or entrance, and near (o this
runs a narrow pass, where two persons only can
go abreast ; and this pass, when i( comes to the
opposite wall, turns about and leads (o the tower,
being still of (lie same bieaihh. It alterwards
inclines rather towards the .ocky place, but at
length widening, forms an half pbin before the
same tower. Jnthis narrow pass, at the distance
of three feet from each other, are disposed niches,
formed in the solid wall like sentry boxes, and in
another part of the wall are two gates, which are
capable of admitting very large stores and accorn-
modadoiis for (he lodging of the troops. The
interior s|)n.ce is )()rined into various coinparlments,
and from (lie height of the walls, the gales, and the
nice economy which prevails, (he whole fabric
seems evidendy to have been the habitation of
.some prince. All the walls are full of holes, and
(here ar<? many small s(ones of six or eight inches
long, and t\\ivv or (bur broad, jetting out from (heir
sides, and which no doubt served as p<'gs, upon
which the .soldiers might hang up their arms.
The whole of the wall is very thick, having a fine
parapet and a deep ditch without, and a very
capacious terrace within ; and although there is a
way entirely round the top, it has only one en-
trance, namely, by means of a stair'.ase close to
(he oval tower, which, after rising some steps,
ibriiis the main s( lirca.'v for the to^\er itself. Tiie
structure, as vnU ol" 'he walls as of the interior
buildings, is entirely c t unequal .stones of irregular
tigure; but (lies;" are so iK-a(ly and so tirmly put
together, that it is scarcely possible to perceive
where (hey are joined. OpposKe this settlement,
the JncaAtahualpa conquered his brother Huascar,
and put (o ihe sword (jO,00() of his vassals. In
its district towards the e. is an estate called Bue-
ran.

ATl'NCOMiA, a settlement of the province

aiidco»7<'g///)/p//<oof Lampa in Pern, at one league's

ilistance iVimr the great lake Titicaca, in wiiich

there is un isluud tour leagues in circumference,

\>miv 'T

I' ., 11

"**»„.

114

A T Z

.. . J

; ;

niid ^vllcrc nre (o he, seen vpsligcs of <lie pnlacc of
(lie (I'rcat C.'ollii. It is of a tiiangiiliir ligure, and
b\iiit of iiiisli;ij)C(l sloiicSj .siiniliir to the fort of
Ctizco. T!iis o(Ji(ite Mas (Icslmyed by the liiiiids
of soiv.c avaricious persons, who found in it con-
siderable hidden treasure. It was aneientlj tiic
court of the aforesaid (jreut Colla, btil it is at \m'-
senl (lie most wretched population of any in ihc
province.

ATUNJAUXA, a settlement of (he province
and ronrs^imieiito of tfauxa in Peru.

ATi:N(iLJJ]J-.\C.\S, a seKlemcntofthe pro-
\\\\cc and corrrr^/Diiriilo of Paria in IVru.

ATUXQUIXOS, a setdcnient of (he province
and ijoverrnnent of {^uixos and Macas ia the king-
dom of Quito,

ATLIlll']S, a sedlenient of (he missions vhich
belonged to the; Jesuits in the Orinoco, It is at pre-
sent under the care of the (^apuchin monks.

Axi'ms, tlieTorrentsofthe'riireeWatcr-fallsof.
These are very tremendous, and at a small distance
from each other, in the river Orinoco. They
check the navigation here, and make it requisite
for vesMjls to l)e carried on men's shoulders by
land. These falls arc 3o leagues from the mouth
of (he rivcT.

[AT WOOD'S Key, one of (lie nnitdiabitcd Ba-
hama islands, situate in the Atlantic orean, aliout
oiiilit or ten leagues in a ii.c. direction fromC'rooked
island, and about 'J.) due e. from the middle part of
Long island. See Ijauamas.]

AT/ALA, San Matias de, a settlement of
(lie head settlement of the dis(rict and alcaldia
«iff?/or of (iuejoziniro. It con(ains 21 families of
Indians, and is situate (o the e, of its caj)ital.

ATZAL.MV, a head settlement of the «/<«/(//«
tnaijor of Xalapa in Nueva Espana, This dis-
trict is bounded by that of Tlacolula, of the same
jurisdict'on ; s. to, by that of Thepa^ahualco, to
vhich belongs the extensive Icrrilory of Perote ;
nnd from its being situated lower than this moun-
tain, its (empera(ure is not so cold, although i( is
very subject to fogs and dews. It abounds in
fruits, seeds, tobacco, and (i.-Ii called hobos, which
are found in two rivers which run immediately by
the settlement. Its population amonnfs to 70
families of Spaniards, including those of the wards
of iMuita Maria TIapacoya, which, for the most
part, ar<! under the care ot Don Telipe M<jteguma.
'l"h" name of (lis settleme/it, which in the Mexican
langua<ve signifies, " a |)opida(ion between two
rivers," is derivoil frfnu tlii- aforesaid rivers, the
largest of w liich runs to the >■. of it. it is a league
and an half,?, f. of Xalacingo.

ATZOi-A, a licad seUlcnicnt of the district oC

A U A

the alcaldia mayor of Chicapa in Nueva Espaila,
of the province and bishopric of Oaxaca. It m
of a mild temperature, and abounds greatly in
cochineal and seeds. If is inhabited by'j85 fami-
lies of Indians, comprehending those of the wards
of its district. Twelve leagues to the s. s. e. of it»
ca])ilal.

ATZOMPA , a se(tl(>ment of the alcaldia viai/or
of 'riapa i;i Xueva JCspaila. It contains 'f ifi
families of Alex ienn Indians, including those of a
ward in its vicinity, who are very much given to
tlie cidlun; of the soil, which produces in abun-
dance seeds, fruits, garden Iierbs, cochineal, and
cotton. Seven leagm-s from (he real of (he mines
of silver in the district of yVlcozauca.

Atzomi'A, another se((lcment of (he same name,
wi(h (he declicatory (itic of San(a Maria, in (he
head sedlementof the district of Cuilaya, and «/«</-
din wf/yor of Quatro V illas, in the same kingdom.
It contains 14i! fimiilies of Indians, who arc cm-
ployed in (he commerce of cochineal, seeds, fruifs,
coal, and bark of (rees. It is little more than a
league w. ci^-, of its head settlement,

ATZOPAN, San Agustin de, a settlement of
the head settlement of (he dis(rict and alcald'ui
maijor o( (juejocingo in Nueva Espana. 't con-
tains 'i7 fanulies of Indians, and lies s. of its
ca])it;d.

AL'ACA, a small river of the province tmd
government of Guayana in the kingdom of Tierra
J'irme, It rises in the sierra of the country of the
Macirinabis Indians, runs nearly due e. and enters
the Cauca,

AUALOS, a sctdemcnt of the province and
government of Tucuman, in the Jurisdiction oftho
city of Cordova, and kingdom of Peru. It lies
ujion a narrow strip of land or peninsula, formed
by the river Primero,

AUANA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayana, or Nueva Andalucia, in the king-
dom of Tierra Firme. It rises s. of the settlenieat
of San .Joseph de Mapoyes, runs s. iuid enters the
Sipapu.

ALIANDA, a se((lement of the Portugncie,
being a rcdineion of Indians of (he missions of (lie
Carmeli(e monks of (hat nation, in the province
imd country of the Amazonas, It is on the shore
of the river Negro, at the same mouth by which
this is entered by the Nuisi. Mr. Bellin, in Lis
maps, calls it the Aravida.

AL AWA, a small river of the i)roviiicc and
county of (he Amazonas. 1( runs from u:'. (o e.
for a small space, and eniers the river Aladera,
above (he Varid)a,

AUAUl, u mvA\\ river of the province and

A U E

AUG

115

fiicva Espana,
iixiicn. It i*
lis jrrcally iii
1 by j85 liiiiii-
of tlie wiirds
e s. s. e. of iU

nlcaldia mai/or
contains 1 16
iiiig tliose of a
nmcli given to
luces in iibiui-
:ocliiMcnl, and
/ of llie mines

same name,
the

lu!

Maria, in
laya,andrt/f«^
amo kingdom,
who arc cm-
1, seeds, fruits,
Ic more tiian a

a settlement of
t and ukaldut
)ana. 't con-
lies s. ot its

province and
doni of Tierra

country of the
10 e. and cntersi

province and
isdiction of the
" Peru. It lies
insula, formed

cc and govern-
ia,in tiie king-
tlie setllemciit
and enters the

le Portngueio,
missions of the

the province
is on the shore
nth by which

liellin, in hisi

province and

from 'd\ to e,

river Madcni,

province and

government of Gnayana, or Nucva Andalucia, ia
the ki.igdom of lierra Firme. It rises in the
serrmn:i of I'arime, runs c. forming a curve, and
enters liie river I'lirime or Pariuna, near its source.

•il'lJIN, a snail island of the N. sea, close to
the coa^t o( the island of MarUiiique, on (he «. e.
part, betWiCn the small river Salado and fort
Trinidad.

AUCAIAMA, a settlement of tlic province and
cotrr^^iniieitlo of Chancay in i'ern, fiiunch-d in
J551 ; in which is venerated a miiac\ili)us image of
the Virgin del Kosario, winch, with ornaments
corresponding to it, were sent liither by tlie Empe-
ror Charles V.

AECAMPJ, a settlement of the province and
corregiitiienio of Yauyos in Peru, lirinexed to the
curacy of its capital.

AliCIIIAPAja settlement of the head selllemcnt
of (he district and akaldiu mayor of Tlapa in
Nucva Espana. It contains 42 famUies of Indians,
and is three leagues .x. of its ca|)ital.

AUCO, a settlement of the province and corre-
gimiento of Yauyos in Peru, anuexcd tothc curacy
of its capital.

AUEdllCA, a settlement of the province of
Guayana, and government of Cumana,one of tiie
missions held here by the Catalanian Capuchin
fathers ; situate on the shore of the rivei Cuiuni.

AUI^NAllAC, a setilcment of the province and
government of Tucnman, in the jurisdiction of the
city of Santiago del Estero, and kingdom of Peru,
situate on the shore of the river Choromoros.

AUENDANO, Lacivnas ok, lakes in the
province and district of Itata, of tiie kingdom of
('hile. They are nine in number, great and small,
and are situate bitvveen the rivers itata and Laxa.

AUEiNKJO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of t^iiixos and Macas in (lie kingdom of
Quito. It rises close to the settlement ot Vubal,
runs from ic. to e. and enters the Marafion.

AIJES, an island of the N. sea, one of the
Antilles, hitnite v. c. of IJonaire, ]() leagues from
the coast of Venezuela, in thegidphTriste,orCoro.
It is a li'a'j,ne and a half loiii;-, and verv narrow,
having liefoii! it some rocks, lying in the shape of
a half-moon, on which, in the year 1078, (he
wliol(! of the French s(|Utidron, conmiandtti by
Count d'iistros, was wrecked. It Jias a large and
convenicnl bay, and is called the island of liirds,
(Isla (le Ave,), frojn its abmiiiditig with an infinite
variyly of (hem, and, as it were", destitute of in-
habitants, these consisting only of a few Dutch
fisherme,!. Close to it is another very small island
of (lie same name, and they are distinguished bv
4he one being called Large aud the other Small, la

this there are some orange and lemon trees, but it
is otherwise barren, ami of a sandy and desert soil.
Its circumference is about three leagues, and it
alsobeloncs to the Dutch. Thoy are in long. 16%
and lat. I P. ")«'«.

AIJGARAS, a barbarous nation of Indians of
the kingdom of IJrazil, who inhabit the woods and
mountains which lie to the w. of the cnptninship
of Puerto Seguro, of whom but little is known,,
and rare ficcounts been received.

AlJfiUSTA, a iort and establishment of the
English, in the province and colony of Georgia, on
the shore of the river .Savannah ; it is the place of
commerce whereto those residing in this province
and that of Carolina resort, to carry on the trafHc
with the Indians, by ine;ms of the river, which
is navigable in canoes. It is 'J30 miles dislant
from the monlli of lliiil river, and Ii;is a good road
which leads to (he town ol" CIteroke", peopled by
Indians of (his nation. [Augiis(a, in the upper
district of (ieorgia, was till lately (he seal of go-
verii'iient. It is situated on a t'tuc plain in Rich-
mond county, on the s. k\ bank of Savannah
river, \vh(Me il is near 500 yards broad, at a
bend of the river ; 127 miles w. w. from Savan-
nah ; from \\ ashington *. e. by r. and from
liouisville g. <r. .^)0 miles; and fljl miles s. w.
from Philadelphia. At the first settlement of
the colony. General Oglethorpe erected a fort
here for pro(e(;(ing the Indian trade, and hold-
ing treaties with the natives. In 17,'Jf) about GOO
people separated themselves from the maritime sct-
tlcnuMits, and removed (o its neighl)onrho(Kl, to
carry on a peltry trade with the Italians. There
Y.erc, however, but three or four houses in the (own
ofAugns(ain 1780, and in 1787 it contained 200.
The country round it has an excellent soil, which,
with its central situation, between (he upper and
lower coun(ries, will bring it fast inio importance.
Lat. S'l" 19' n. Long. 8(j° 46' w.']

AuGtrsTA, a coun(y of the province and colony
of Virginia, silii (e between the mountains which
divide it on the i. from Albemarle; bounded w.
by the territory of Lord Fairfax, and s. w. by the
mountains. It is watered by different rivers,
which pass across the high road leading from Vir-
ginia to Maryland, f't'he soil is fertile, and (he
county contains 10,886 irdiabitants, including
1567 slaves. Here is a remarkable cascade, called
the Falling spring. It is a branch of the dames,
where it is called Jackson's river, rising in the
mountains 20 miles s. te. from the Warm sprinir,
or Hot spring, which lies in lat. 38° 13' ;/. long.
80" w. At the Falling spring, (he water fails
200 feet, which is about 50 feet higher than th«
ft 2

;i;;»

i^m-

-9

ill

' W'

I ■

ii -. 1

JIG

A U T

fall of Nin<»ara. FJctween llic sliect of Wiilor ;ui(l
tiic rock below, a innii mny wiilk across dry. 'I'lio
sIio(!t of wafer is only }'j or IT) t'cH \vi do above,
and soin(Mvli:it wider b.low : it is broken in lis
bre;i(!(!i in two or tlnvo places Imt not at all in ils
liciiriit.]

AUGIJSTINF, Cape St. Sec Agi'stiv, San.

Ai'Gi.sTi.Ni;, St. capital ol' E. Florida. Si-e
Agi'stin.

[A it; (stink's, St. a port and river on tlie
coasi of Labrado,-, near tlie straits ol IJellisle and
opposite S(. .John's bay, Newroundland. There
are (wo small islands in the harbour, and about
two miles s. w. runs a chain of iii'.K' islands, called
St. Aui^ustinc's chain ; the oulcniiost of which is
u remarkable smooth rock. Jt is about '2j miles
from Great Mecatiiia island. Lat. jl li' n. Lon
58' .OS' 10.]

[A i;(ii'sTi.\i;'s Square, St. a number of small
isliinds on the coast of Labrador, in (he gulph of
St. Lawrence, the larjrest of which are from She-
oatica bay on the n. c. to Outer islarul ,?. u^'. ; viz.
Larffe, Siuidy, and Outer islands. These are near
the mouth of the St. fjawrencc.]

ALILA nr, i.os Cofams, a city of the ])ro-
viuce and irovennueul ol" Qiiixos y l\iacas in the
kingdom of Quito. Its temperature is n\ild, and its
soil fertile, but its natives cultivate only j/ucas,
plantains, aiul maize, upon which they live. Its
popidation is very scanty, and it scarcely deserves
the uame of one, owing to the invasions of the in-
iidel Indians, by whom it has been destroyed. It
is on the shore of the river Suno, which enters the
-Sapo, in lat. ^S^" s.

Ai'ii.A, a mountain of the .wrraw/fl, which lies
between the city of Caracas and the port offJuaira.
It serves as a mark for pilots to kmnv the jiort,
since it is discernible at a great disttiice. It is
called by the sailors the Ensillada do t'aracas,
Irom a fi'^sure it has in it of the form of a saddle.

Al'lKAMAS, a settlement of the province and
government of Popaytin in the kingdom of Quito.

AUISADO, a settlement of the proTince and
cnrreghiikiilo of Chachapoyas in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Soritor.

AUITAliUA, a very lofty mountain of the pro-
vince of Canclos in the kingdom of Quito, to the
s. of Llanganate, and n. of the river Pasta/.a.
I'romits top run the rivers Alpayacu,Ziuua, Chiu-
loava, and Otalluc, which run from?/, to i'. and
enter the Pastaza, in lat. l-" 2J' *•.

AUIUPO, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Guayana, or Nueva Aiidalucia, situate
on the shore of the river Caura, in the couutry of
tlio Paudiicotu:* ludiaus.

is not very numerous, nor is it much

A U R

AL'LLACiAS, a settlement of the province and
conr^iiiiiiento of f'haynnta in Peru.

AnM.A(iAs, a large lake of Peru, which is nin(!
leaguesdistant fromlhatof Polosi, and yS from Char-
cas. It is (woleagucsloug,andl'ouraiulahalt incir-
cumference ; has no fish in it whatever ; and in its
environs dwell the .Aullngas Indians, from ^vhom it
takes its nanu'. J''rom this lake is formed the river
Pesau-uadcro, which enters immediately into the
lake (Jiiauacachi'.

AuLi,A(iAS, the nation of Indians aforesaid, who
iidiabit the shorj-s of the rivers Desaguadero and
Tigrc. It "
known.

A I'NA LOS, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito. It rises
in (he territory which lies between (he rivers
Chambira and Tigre, runs e. forming an angle,
and enters the latter, in lat. 2^ 6' s.

AUOYELLS, an island of the river Colorado,
in the province aiul government of Louisiana,
ticar its entrance into the Mississippi, from (he
mouth of wiiich it is i>i,l miles distant.

AdoviCLEs, a nation ol Indians Avho inhabit (he
same province and government, on the shores of
the river Colorado. Tiiey supply the province
of Nuevo iViexico with nudes, horses, and oxen,
in such abundance, that they arc commonly sold for
the trifling sum of 20 pesetas (40 reals of silver)
each.

AUQIJILLA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of V'ilcas lluaman in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of Chuschi.

AUQUIMARCA, a settlement of the province
and correghiiicnto of Chancay in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of Paccho.

A URA, a town of the province and government
of Marat \ibo in the kingdom of Tierra Firmc,
situate to the s. of the city of Truxillo, where the
river Bocono has its so>irce.

ALIliAJIRA, a settlement of the head settlement
of the district of Tiripitio, and alcaldia maijoroi
Valladolid, ia the province and bishopric of Me-
choacan. It contains 22 families of Indians, and
two of Spaniards ; and in two estates of its district
27 of Spaniards, three of Mulattocs, and 17 of
Indians. Two leagues to the w. of its head set-
tlement.

AUIII), a river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayana; one of those which enter the
A pure.

[AUREAN Academy, a respectable seminary
of learning in A.muerst, New Hampshire, which
see.]

AUREG'A, a large river of the island of Cuba.

A^HJ

iruviace and

ivliich is nine
WCromClKii-
lalialt iricir-
r ; anil in its
Vom ulioMi it
net! the river
toly into the

foresaid, who
guatlcro and
jr is it much

3 and grovern-
lito. it rises
n the rivers
ing an angh-,

rer Colorado,
i" Louisiana,
ipi, from the

ho inhabit the
the shores of
the province
ics, and oxen,
monly soUl for
cals of silver)

province and
•eru, annexed

■ the province
eru, annexed

d government
icrra Firme,
lo, where the

ead settlement
hlia maijoroi
opiic of Me-
Indians, and
of its district
!s, aii.d 17 of
f its head set-

and govern-
lich enter the

able seminary
pshire, which

and of Cuba.

A U T

Jt rises in (he .t'VrrflJ of liie ,v. coast, rniis ?. and
enters ilie sea between tlie river Artilioiiilo, and
another of its own name : (he hitter is distinguished
by (lie surname of Fiittle; il has the same origin and
course as (he other, and runs into the sea between
it and the eilv of Sa..:iag<).

'"AtiiiEI-ilJS, a military township in New
York, Ononilnrro county, onOwasco lake, having
the (Jayunca lleservalioii lands w. and Marcellns
e. ; and nine miles r. of (lie ferry on (^ayuaga
hike. IJy the state census of 1790, '21 J of the
inhiibitan'ls arc electors. See Mimtaiiy Town-
ships. I

[AlUOliA, an island belonging to the A rclii-
pelau,<)oftlie r»reat ("yclades. \m\. My"- s. liOng.
JtiS^yt) c. from Paris, discovered hy Hongainville,
May ^'2, 17GS. It is about 20 leagues long and
two broad. Its eastern shore is steep, and covered
with wood.]

AISTIIIA, San Fhi-ipk de, orCAniAco, a
city of the province and government of Cumana,
siliii'.le )ipon a ])lain on the skirt of the scrraniu,
and which is called the valley of Cariaco, and is
about eiaht or ten leagues in circumference. It is
very fertile, especial'.y in maize and yncn'- wliich
the natives cultivate : of the former t!.cy usually
collect from ^0 to 24,000 bushels, which is carried
bv the gulph to Cumana, and other parts of the
province. This valley has 1 1 fflc«o estates, which
belong to the inhabitants of the city, and which
never produce more than 100 bushels: they are,
however, held in high estimation ; and when there
is a deficiency in the crops of maize, great priva-
tions are felt throughout the settlements on the
coast; for this valley is the granary of the pro-
vince. The population of (his cit^ is composed of
gat families ; and it is J6 leagues from (Jumana.
Lat. 10= 31' n. Long. (iS"- 4 1' cO.

Austria, another city, (with (he dedicatory
title of San Carlos), in the same province and go-
vernment, founded in some lofty and cold desert
mountains, from whence, on account of the inva-
sions it continually experienced from the (!haribbee
Inilians, it was afterwards removed to a warmer
spot. It produces much cattle and honey, which
is made by various sorts of bees; also many and
exquisite kinds of wood, as Mrazil wood, ebony,
pomegranates, zarza])arilla, caiinfi-lofa, tobacco,
and agreatquantity of oil of Canime. I'oiirleagues
i, n'. of Cumana.

AIJTIS, a barbarous nation of Indians of Peru,
who inhabit the mountains of the province and go-
vernment of Tarnin, in the e. part, and who are
confederates and allies of the Chujichos Indians,
through the Jiarmony of their luanncrs.

A V A

117

AUTLAN, an iihnlilia uiai/nr of Niiova Ks-
pafia, i'l (lie province and bi-ijiopric of liintl;'-
laxara, of the kingdom of JNiiev.i (iislieia, bounded
on the e, by that of Z:iytila, v, iici.; ii lenninales in
a pleasant valley, wliicli is live leagues long ;
II. I)y the proviiici! of (jiiacliiuango ; and just be-
fore the line o\' division is the lofty mountain of
Amcca, abounding in minerals of gold of a supe-
rior quality, which is only worked at intervals, a
great number of po;)r people being einphiyed, who
with a very little labour earn all they wish, (liat is
fo say, enough to maintain themselves. It is also
bounderl s. by (he province of Agualulco, The
country is very fertile in productions, and abounds
in canes, from whicii sugar is manufactured in
several mills. The capital bears the sa;ne name :
it is of a warm temperature, situate 30 leaii-ues fidin
the coast of the S. sea: it is often tilled with
country sliop-keejiers, and is a jilace of meeiing
for the natives and traders of other juris, lictions to
merchandize in salt, which is its principal article
of commerce. All this part, as far as the sea, is
guarded by a militia of (he settlement, whenever
notice is given of pirates being off the coast, or
when the China tleet is expected in tlie months of
January and February, it has a convent of monks
of St. Francis. Its poj^ulation consists of 400
families of Spaniards, Miistres-, and Mulattoes, and
of a very few Indians. In its precincts are various
raiic/wn and sugar-mills. They have a method of
making up some of their grains in small round
cakes, and they cultivate largely maize and French
beans. One hundred and seventy-five leagues w.
of Mexico. Its jurisdiction consists of the follow-
ing settlements :

Zacapala, E\'utla,

Tecolotlan, Tenamaztlan,

Zoyatlan, Aynthi,

Miipii, \xllahuacan,

Ziicliitlan, Atengo,

Tepantia, Ameca.

AliYAMAS, a river of the jirovince and go-
vernment of Santa .Marta in the kingdom of Tien*
Firme,: it is very abundant, rises in (he snowy
sinra, traver.-^ing in a rai)id course tin; vailej' of
L'par, and after running 72 leagues, it enters thee,
side of the river Magdalena.

AV'Al.OX, a ])iovinre and colony of the Eng-
lish, in the island of .Ni^wfonndland, founded In
l()23 by (ieorge Calvert, secretary of i,tnU', and
lord of IJaltiniore ; to w horn was ceded by the
king of lOngland a certiiiu portion of land in these
parts, wh^re he establisiied a setliemenl ; building
a house and fort, which was the residince of A'r!
Baltimore and his fitmily, and which after his

M-

>'.'

;, «!

»v r

■i"

-4

'|f f|'

ii ' ^M

118

A X A

(Icndi (Ic'cnulid to his (liililrcii and licirs. Tfiis
cdIom}' is a pciiiiisiiln, uniting itscU' to tliiit island
by a niiiKt.v itslmms ot l.ind, wliicli lies s. ofllic
h.iy ol 'i'rinily, and «, of lliat of Plasoncia. In
tlie (iistiiil),inci-s ut' tli« l']ni,disli, it was taiicn pos-
session of hy David Willi, l)nt afterwards It'll into
tbo linni'Is of its tbiiner "iiastcMs, wlu'ii tlio kina;
rrdrtssfd and repaired all (he mischiefs and
damages it had siilieied. [The e. part of this pen-
insula is entompnssed hy the (ireat bank, and has,
Ix'sides (he (mo )b iiier bays, the bay of ("onccption
on the w, and (he bay of St. Afary and 'l're|);issy
bay on (he .v. It con(ains several excdient har-
bours, bay<, and capes, anionij which are St. Ma-
ry's, I'ine, IJace, liallard, St. Trancis, tftcj

[A V A .\(' V, a jiirisdiclion subject (o the bishop
of Ciisco, and lies four leagues «. e. of (hat city.
See AnA\f Av.]

[A\'EI{IL, a township in Essex county, Ver-
mont, tbrnierly in that of Orange. It joins Ha-
miltoa on (he ;/. w. Canaan on (he ?/. e. and its //.
corner is the (ytiiiada line.]

[AV'ES, or Bird's Island, in the West In-
dies, sUu!>(ed in lat. 15° 50' w. long. GJ" [5' w.
named so from the great number of birds (hat breed
there, yet is widiont a tree, which obliges them to
lay their eggs in the sand. There is another island
of this naii:e among the Little Antilles, between the
coast of St. lago de Leon in Tierra Eirme, and the
island of IJonaire.j

[A VINO LA PANEA, a town in the zi\ part
of (he kingdom of Leon in North America, be-
tween two of (he head branches of NaS'sas river.]

AVOCAT, a bay of the province and colony
of Nova Scotia, within (he gren( bay of Eiindy.

[AVON, a rivei of Nova Seoti.i, which em])lies
into (he Atlantic ocean, a liUle eas( ward of Mali-
fax. I( is navigable as far as Eort Edwaril tor ves-
sels of 400 ('JUS, anil for vessels of (JO tons (wo
miles higher. A river called St. Croix runs iido
(he Avon, whose source is in lakes and springs,
about seven miles IVom its entrance, where it is
crossed by a bridge o\\ (he road leading to ^Vind-
jor. It is navigable for vcsmU of (lO tons three
mill's, and for large boats seven miles. ]

AWI'XiEN, a settlement of Indians of Penn-
Mlvania, sitmite on the shore, anil at (he source of
the c. arm of tlie river Snsqiu'liamiali.

AXACALA, a settlement of (!•,; head h-UU--
mciit oCllie district of Acatian, and ubdhiin iiuuj-
nr ol'Seii(ip:ie, in Nueva I'^spai'ia. It contains 'o8

families of Indians, and u

seven leagues

w. of its

capital.

AXACUHA, a settlement of the head setdc-
Hicut of the district of Huipuxtia, aiul alcaldiu

A Y A

///r/yo/" of Tepetango, in Nueva Espuna. It con-
tains 7G families ot Indians.

AXAPISCO, a settlement of the ukakiia
vinijor oi ()[\\m\r,\ in Nueva Espana. It contains
90 families of Indians, and is half a league n. of
its capital.

[ANAS, a town in the interior part of New
All)ion. See QuiviiiA.]

AXiXlQUE, a head settlement of the district
of (he alctddia wni/oT of viayula in Nueva l''s|)ana,
situate near the sliorc of the sea of (Ihnpala. It
contiiins a convent of monks of St. Francis, and
is composed of l.")() families of liidiuns. Twenty
leagues h. p. of its cajntal.

AxixiQUi:, another, a settlement in the heal
settlement of the district and a'culi/i(t nitij/or of
Caxititlan, also s tnate on (he shore of the grand
lake or sea of C'lapala, in a vallt>y altogether
fertile, and abounding in every kind of seed which
is cultivated here, namely, wheat, maize, and
French beans, with various fruits and pulse.

AXOfJI, a small river of the kingdom of Bra-
zil, which rnws n.ti.w. and enters on the s. side
of the grand river of Parana.

AXUCMITLAN, a settlement of the olcaldia
THrtyor of Tula in Nueva Espana, annexed to the
curacy of its capital, from whence it lies three
(piarters of a league n. w. Jt contains 51 families
of Indians.

AxucinTT,A\, another, a small seKlement or
ward in the head settlement of the district of Santa
Ana, and aladdiit luoj/or of Znhepuc, in (he same
kingdom. It is muted to that of Tetcohnaloya,
from whence it lies three leagues to the s. It con-
tains 20 families of Indians.

AVACORES, a barbarous nation of Indians,
who inhabit the country lying between the river
Curaray to the n. and the Tigre to the s. ; on the
ti.n.io. it is boimded by the nation of the .Semi-
gaes, and s. by that of (he Iquitos ; also on the e. it
is close to the Paranos, and on the,». to the Vetes.
Some of its tribes live in the forests upon the bor-
ders of the river Manay.

AYAHUACAS, a Ijiubivrons nation of Indians,
which were formerly in Peru, but now extiimnish-
ed. it made great resistance to the I nca Tupac
Yupanqni, twellth Em|)eror, by whom itwas sub-
jected and maile (ribidary.

AV'Al'lliiS, or AvAviRirs, a barbarous na-
(iim of Imlians of Peru, who inhabiled the moim-
tains to the n. e. of Cuzco. They were very
valorous, ami resiste.l for a long time Lloquc
Yupangi, third Emperor of (he Incas, by whom
tliey were at last conquered, and so became united
to his monarchy. At the present day nothing of

• . !

'^S;

ia. If coti-

lie ukitldia
II cuii(ains

Jilg'UO /I. of

art of Nt'W

niu'distriit
c'va I'lspana,
liapala. It.
''raiH.'is, mill
IS. Twenlv

ill the licai!
it nitii/or of
of the grand
Y altogotlirr

seed whicli
maize, and

pulse.

cloin of Bra-
il the s. side

the alcnhlia

[lexed to the

it lies tlirce

i 51 families

eltlement or
rict of Santa
, in the same
itcolmaloya,
e s. It cou-

of Indians,
en tlie river
le s. ; on the
)f the Semi,
o on the e. it
to the Votes,
mil the bor-

of Indians,

extiimnisli-

iica Tupac

m itwassub-

ibarous na-
il the IIIUIll!-

were very
time Lloquc
s, by \vliora
;camc united
nothing of

A Z E

lliem ih left lint their nanv, from tlieir liavinc; be-
come mixed and dispersed amongst llie inlinite
natiotis of Indians whicli are in IVru.

.\\1;MS, a nation of barliartiiis Indians wiio
inhabit Florida, of whose customs but little is
known.

[ AVIIUSTOWN, or AvRSTowN, in Flnrlinsr-
lon county, New Jersey, lies on the mid(l!e branch
of Ancociis creek, l(i miles from the mouth oftiie
creek in the Delaware, and 1^ s. c. from Hiir-
linj^ton. 1

AY'U'L'NU, a river of the province of Qiiixos
ill tiie kinirdom of Quito. It runs from s. i^. to
M. c. and runs to disembogue itself into the Napo,
at its .?. side, in lat. P S' s.

v\Z.\CAN(;0, a settlement of the head settle-
meiit of the district of Atengo, and alcaUlin muiyor
of ('halapa, in Nucva I'lspana. It contains 24
families of Indians, and is three leagues to the ti.
of its head settlement,

AZAJO, Santiago df., a settlement of the
liead settlement of the district of Tirindaro, and
(i/cftldia iniiijor of V^illadolid, in the province and
bisliopric of Mechoacan in Nueva l']sp!u'ia, situ-
ate ill a sierra crowded with pines. \i is of a cold
temperature, aiioiiiidiiig in salutary waters, and
inhabited by 125 families of Indians. Two leagues
*. of its head settlement.

AZALAN, Santiago de, a settlnment of the
head settlement of the district of Cliietlan, and
akaldiiimnijor oilzwcar, in Nueva Espana.

AZAQUALXllA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of Zitlala, and alca/dia mai/nr of Chilapa,
in Nueva Es|iana. It contains 108 (amilies of
Indians, and is two leagues to the w. of its head
settlement.

AZAIIOMA, a settlement of the province and
corregiiiiiento of (Jarabaya in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Ayapata.

A Z ATI AN, a river of the province and a/rw/-
(1/(1 of Te' oaiitepec in the kingdom of Ciuatemala.
It ruie. lO the S. Mca, to the i:-. of the river Cor
late.

AZIlIT!';, Sir.uuAS dki,, mountains of the
])rovince anil government of Santa Maria in the
LingJom ofTierra Firme, near the sea-coast.

AZEl^riAS, a settlement of the government
an, I jurisdiction of Therida in the .N'uevo Iteyno
de (iianada, of a mild and healthy temperaf'-re,
almunding in wheat, maize, truflie>, beans,
vetches, caobages, and other iiroductions of its
climate. Its inhabitants amount to about 100 In.
(liansand 5t) poor hoiibe-keepers ; but its breeds
of cattle are lu'vertlieless very lar^e. It is very
■♦far ill capital.

A Z T

119

AZITI.A, San Simon I)k, a settlement ofthe
head settlement and a/ni/din iiim/nr of (I'liejociiu*)
in Nucva Fspana. It contams "0 families cf
Indians, and is situate to the c. of its capital.

AZ()(ji;i:S, a large settlement, ferlile an I
abundant in pri)diiclio is, of the province and cni-
risiiiiioiti) o\' ('ueuca in the kingdom oftiuilo,
situate in the celebrated valley of V'uniMiilfi,
which is so fertile that it is Mauling in nothing
which can contribute to the pleasures and coiivi -
niences of life, on which accmmt this curacy i»
rated at- 1000 dollars ; and whosoever may be
happy enough to be appointed to it, seldom
wishes to be promoted (o any other benelice. It
has mines of quicksilver, which were formerly
worked, and from wiiich it look its name. Lately
.some mines of silver were discovered. In the
middle of it runs a stream, in the sands of which
are found most exquisite rubies.

AZONTAMATLAN, San Ihancisco oe, a
head settlement of the district of the alcnlaia vim/-
or of (iiiayaeocotla in Nueva Espana. It coii.
tains 'JIG ihmilies of Indians, including those wli*
inhabit the wards ot its district.

AZORES, small islands of the N. sen, lying 7t.
of St. Domingo, and i.e. of the slioal of Plata.
They arc many aiul very dangerous, and ujkiii
them great numbers of vessels have been wrecke«l.

AZOTZI, a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva Espana. It
is on the shore of Ihe river of this name, between
the settlements Rarbiacora and Guspaca.

AZOZAECO, a head settlement of the district
of the alca/dia tiiaj/or and jurisdiction of Tasco
in Nueva Espana. It contains 40 families of In-
dians, and is three leagues s. s. e. of i's capital.

AZTACAIiCO, Santa M.sniA ni:, a settle-
meiitof tiie alcaldia inai/or of Mcalepec in Nueva
Esjiana. It contains 277 families of Indians.

AZTAIIIJACAN, Santa Ma hi a nr, a set-
tleinent of the district and (dcaldia niai/or of
Mexilcalzingo in Nueva Espana, with 105 fami-
lies of Indians.

AZT.\TL.\, Santiago di', a head settlement
of the district of the alcahUn nitii/nr of liinim iiiU
in Nueva Espana, siliiale at the distanie ol'onw
league from the S. sea, on the skirt of a lolly
mountain plain. It is of a hot temperature, and
contains ^0 families of Indians. In its vicinity
runs a river, which in the wet season is very abun.
ilant. Tills river niiitcs itself with the iliiiiiiie-
hila, and these, thus incorporated, run into the sea ;
first fertilizing Ihe arable lands and estates which
lie upon tlieir banks. At a small distance is a
lake, abounding in fish, and around it the cro])s

m]l^ 9}

1 'ii

.V!

ii^

!^^

120

A Z U

of'Mvds and t'riiKs aro rciiuirkaljly liiii.'. Alonjjf
tlic toast, at IlKMlislaruH' of toiir lcai>'ius, tlicreis
aiKillicr lake, iiiiicli (Icejx'r than tin; fornu'r, and
inilccd (iiif of tlio larijcst (o bo Idiiiid on tlio.sc
coasis : this coiiimuiiicalcs its watt'is by a natural
cliaimcl with tliose of tlu; lako of f/is !?aliiias,
which nt certain limes of tlie year de|n)sils a
white salt, from which n;real emoliiuieiit is derived,
a.s well as from tiie ti>h found in il ; iinion^st otiicr
stnts are shrimps, in siillieient (|nanlities to su|)|)!y
all this jurisdiction, and even those bordering-
ujjon it. Two leajijues .v. of its caj)ital.

AZ'rii.A, Santa Catai.ina ni;, a settlement
of the head settlement of the district of Coxcatlan,
imd alcuhliu moj/or oi Valles, in Nueva Mspafia,
situate I'pou the shores of the larc;c river (ioaclii-
goayati, where quantities of extremely fine fish
arc caufjht. It is of a Iiot and moist temperature,
unnexed to the curacy of its head settlenent, aiul
has a mairniticent parish churcli. It contains SOO
families of Indians, wlio gain their livelihood hy
the culture and traliic of tobacco. Twenty leagues
from its caj)ital.

AZU, JosKPH DE, a settlement of the pro-
vince and cuplaimhip of Fara in Brazil, situate on
the shore of the river Tocanliues, near the settle-
ment of Carambava.

AZUA, or AzucA, a town of the island and
governmentof St. Domingo, settled by the Ade-
Umlado Velazquez in 1504. It was called Com-

{)ostela from the Comendador Gallego, who had
icre an inhcrittince. This name, however, it
afterwards lost, and took that of Azua, which it
had held in the time of the Indians. It is very
fertile in sugar-canes, from which much sugar is
made. In this district arc also some mines of
gold, which were formerly worked, but are at
present abandoned. It has a very good port on
the S. sea, and is 24 leagues from the capital of
St. Domingo.

AZUCAK, Pan de, a mountain of the pro-
vince and captainship of Espiritu Santo in Brazil,
on the S. side of the town of llha.

A Z U

AZl'C'IHTI/AN, a head settlement and caj)!.
lal of the «/c(/Wirt /wrtyor of this nanur in N.i'va
Espana. It is of an exc<' sively w;inii aii,l dry
teninerature. its coinMUTce is in lar.;v .-nd snuiil
cattle, in crops of maize, I'rencli ij(>a.is, cotton,
and some fruits peculiar to the country. Its po-
puiation consists of 17 families of Sj,iini:u(is, 'i(j
o[' Minhts, IMof Mulattoes, and 2Sii ol Mi-xi-
can Indians. Jl is situate in'twcen two large rivers,
ijas Bal/as, which runs »'. and lias Tritchas,
which runs s. ; and to they/, of it, at the distance
of two leagues, it has a mine called De San (ire-
gorio, of (juicUsilver and copper. This was for-
merly worked on the account of tlie king, but it
is at preserjt th'stroycd and lies waste. ThehcUle-
ment is.'iO leagues to Ilit; x€. of Mexico.

AZUEl, Lake of, in the island of St. Do-
mingo, near the coast, and in the i£\ head by the
great lake of Emiqnillo, in the line which divides
the possessions of the Irench and Spaniards.

AZLELA, a large river of the province and
government of Qiiixos and Macas in the kingdom
of Quito. It rises in the vicinity ol the town of
San iVIiguel de Ibarra, and enters the Marailon.

AZU^FREKA, Motmtain of, in the island of
St. Domingo, and in the Fn iich possessions,
where there is a mineral of sulphur. It is on the
w. shore of the river Montroni.

AZUL, a large river of the province of the
Apaches in Nuevo Mexico. It runs from n. to s.
and enters the large river Gila, opposite the
town of San Felipe.

iVzuL, a sierra or cordillera of mountains in the
province and government of La Sonora.

AZLILEMA, a settlement of the province and
government of Antioquia in the Nuevo Reyno de
Granada, situate near the source of the river
Cauca.

AZl'T/ES, ^i?,\i\i\s, Cordilleras of mountains of
the island of Jamaica, in the centre of the c. head.
They are thus called from appearing at sea of a
blue colour.

i' . I

BAB

121

nml capi-
ill >iiii'va
111 ail. I dry
,' riiil small
,is, riitloii,
,-. lis |)0-
iiii;inis, 'it)
) ol Mcxi-
iirgc rivers,
s Triicluis,
he (iihtitiicc
)c Sun ( I re-
ins was t'or-
kiii>;, but it
TliCbCttle-

of St. Uo-
icad by the
licli divides
iiiards.
roviiicc and
lie kingdom

the town ot"
Marafion.
le island of

possessions,
It is on the

i^ince of the
from 71. to 5.
opposite the

ntains in the

rovince and

Reyno de

the rivet

mountains of
tlie e. head,
at sea of a

^Bf

Baa L's River and Bay, in \V. Greenland, lie
between Bear sound on the *. e. and Delft's point
on th« n. w. and opposite the mouth of Hudson's
strait.

BABA, a district of the province and govern-
ment of Guayaquil in the kingdom of Quito, one
of the seven which compose tne same, and one of
the largest, extending 22 leagues from the nioutli
of the river of its name to the skirt of the moun-
tain Zamborondon, bounded by the Colarados
Indians, in the heights of the asiento and province
of Tacunga. Its territory is low, being com-
pletely inundated in the winter, and it then Ik-
comes necessary to take their cattle and their other
productions into what they style winter-quarters,
namely, to the very summits of the mountains ;
but in the summer it is fertile, and produces quan-
tities of pasture ; and so great is the increase of its
herds ot cattle, that the natives arc taught to con-
sider these, inundations as one of their greatest
benefits, since hereby much cattle is carried off
and destroyed, which would otherwise overstock
the country. It is equally fertile in cacao, in
which consists its principal commerce, since it
regularly gathers to the amount of 32,000 mea-
sures of 81 pound weight each ; also in canoes
which are made of one entire trunk, and often so
large as to be capable of holding 60 bushels of salt ;
in different woods; in soap, colts, horses, and
some cainil/a, and butter of cacao. In this district
grows the tree called matapalo, which destroys
every plant that may be near it, and whicli has
been seen of the immense size of 20 geometrical
lect in circumference. The inhabitants may
amount to about 4000, and the capital of the dis-
trict has the same name. It was situated on the
shores of the river, which, although it still exists,
has changed its course, running at present through
a distant plain, seven le.igues from the town, and
leaving the inhabitants in some distress for a
means of watering their cacao plantations, and for
this reason, the productions became much dimi-
nishe<l. Twenty leagues from the capital of the
province.

Bab.\, a large river of this district, rising in
the mountains of Zamborondon in the province
ofLatacunga. It riuis 32 leagues till it empties
itself into the river of Guayaquil, at its mouth.

UAIJAllOVO, a district of the province and

VOL. I.

government of Guayaquil in the kingdom of
Quito, one of the seven which compose the same ;
bounded by the provinces of Chimbo and Rio-
bamba. It is a tract of country so level and so
low that it is commonly the first to be inundated
by the swelling of the rivers in the winter, which,
as they subside in the summer, leave the ground
covered with a tall, rank, and thick grass called
gania/ole. It is very fertile, and abounding in
cattle of every kind; in rice, cotton, soap, to-
bacco, cacao, honey, and fruits, with which it
carries on a great commerce, by means of its river,
with the other provinces ; so that this district is, as
it were, a continual fair, and is one of the richest
districts of the province.

Bad Alio Yo, a capital settlement of the above dis-
trict, situate on the shore of the river whicli bears
the same name, where are the custom-houses and
royal arsenals, which are called bodegas, and in
which are deposited, for the supply of the pro-
vinces of the siena, both its own and the produc-
tions of the ultra-marine provinces * if Peru, Chile,
Tierra Firme, Guatemala, and .Nicaragua, as
also what is brought by the mule.eers who come
down from Quito, Latacunga, A nbato, Chimbo,
and Riobamba ; so that a conti'iual fair is held
for the space of six months, the same being a ge-
neral sale of the productions of the above pro-
vince. Lai. 1° 47' s,

Babauoyo, a large river of the same district,
formed by the Jilca and Caluma, which rise in
the mountains of Chimbo and Riobamba, anJ join
in the strand from whence this river takes its
name. It then runs 24 leagues, until it empties
itself into the Guayaquil. It is by means ot^ this
that the traflic of the whole district is carried on,
and unladed in the custom-houses or royal
arsenals. The embarkations are, for the most part,
cfl'ectcd by rafts, which are made as follows :
Upon a plain of thick and tolerably stout timbers,
consisting of . I wood very limber and as light as
cork, (corcho), from whence they take their de-
nomination, and which are united by strong pli-
able reeds, they raise some large joists of cedar,
crossing each other and forming squares, at the
extremities of which are fixed uprights of the
same for forming the walls, roofs. Sec ; these they
cover and interweave with split cane, leaving
holes for the doors and windows ; then the roof

i'j 'i-

i/M'

111,

^y'

122

B A C

liciiiii; covered witli a stout, cotton awiiincf, wliich
is iinpreiriiitted with pitcli, in ordei' to resist tlic
Sim 1111(1 rnin, tlu; wiiole becomes n perfect flont-
iiii; li(iiis(<, ^vitil all its corresponding oftices and
coiivenieneics. Others arc niiido in a less perfect
manner, and with less acconimoilation, altliouifh
stronger, for the purpose of carrying victuals, cat-
tle, and fruits ; for fading and unladiniT ships and
other vessels which enter here to he repaired. This
river, somewhat below the bodegas, and attcr Ijc-
ing increased by the waters which it collects in the
strranias of Alausi anil Riobinnba, is joined by
(heCaracol.

HA HI A COR A, n settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva Espaiia, on
the shore of the river of this name, between the
settlements of Urcs and Azotzi.

DABILLA, a settlement of the province and
government of Santa Marta in the kingdom of
*rierra Firmc, situate on the sljore of the river
Magdalena.

BAUILLO, a river of the province and Nucvo
Reyno do Granada. It springs from three grand
lakes, and waters the valley of Upar : it afterwards
enters the (^esar or Prmpatao, and terminates its
course in the Magdalci a. its waters are of an ob-
scure green colour, anci abound in excellent fish,
fja Matiniere, mistaking .c, calls it Badillo.

BABONOIBA, asettlementof the mission which
belonged to the religious order of St. Francis, in the
province of Taraumara and kingdom of Nueva
Vizcaya, situate II leagues to the s. of the rta/ of
San Felipe of Chiguagua.

tBABOPAS, a town in the interior part of New
ion, e. of the long range of mountains which
extend «. from the head of the peninsula of Cali-
fornia. SeeQuiviRA.]

BABORKjAME, a settlement and reduccion of
Indians, of the missions which where held by
the Jesuits, in the province and government of La
Sonora in Nueva Espai'ia.

BABORIGAMES, a settlement of the missions
which belonged to the regulars of the company of
Jesuits, in the province of TcpeguauA and king-
dom of Nueva Vizcaya.

BABOROCO, a port of the province and go-
vernment of La Sonora.

BAC, a town belonging to the French, in New
France or Canada, situate on the shore of the St.
Lawrence,and at the mouth of tliat of TI'.iceRi vieres.

Bac, a settlement, with the dedicatory title of
San Francisco Xavier, one of those of the missions,
and of the redurciones of the Indians, belonging to
the Jesuits, in the province and government of La
Sonora in Nueva Espana,

BAC

BACA, itn island tif the N. sea, one of tlir
Smaller Antilles, near the island of St. Domingo,
on the n. coast, 45 leagues from the point of La
Beata. Long. 301° 40'. Lat. 17°2'. [Our best
mmlern maps make no mention of this island. J

Baca, a settlement of the missions held by the
Jesuits, in the province and government of Cina-
16a.

BACA BOB A, a mountain of the const of
Brazil, in the province and captainship of Seara,
between the rivers Acuracu and M ordahu.

BACAOE, a town of the province and govern-
ment of La Sonora in Nueva Espafia.

BACALAK, Plaza oe, a large and beautiful
plain on the coast and in the province of the go-
vernment of Yucatan.

BACALLAOS Islands, situate opposite the
coast of Newfoundland, and surrounding the Great
bank. They arc small and numerous : discovered
by Sebastian Gabot. He gave them this name from
the abundance of cod-fisu cauglit on their coasts.
This fishery has employed yearly upwards of
400 vessels of diflerent nations, and it is effected
by angling. The fish is accustomed to bite im-
mediately that the Look is dropped into the water,
and being hauled upon the ship's deck, a person
stands ready to chop off its head ; another takes
out its intestines and bones it, after which it is salt-
ed and barrelled, and senttoall parts of the world.
This fishery can be carried on only in the day, as
the fish will not bite in the dark. It is also pecu-
liar to the spring season, and ends in September,
since in the winter these fish like the bottom of the
sea. Sometimes their abundance is wonderful,
and it has been said that a certain person, of the
name of Juan Poon, once caught 100 in the space
of an hour. These islands are 70 miles distant
from Tierra Firme. ,

BACANGA, a river of the province and cap-
tainship of Maraflon in Brazil.

BACA NORA, a settlement of the province and
government of Ostimuri in Nueva Espaiia.

BACAN UCH I, a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva Espaiia, situ-
ate at the head of the river of this name.

BACAPA, San Luis de, a settlement of the
province and government of La Sonora in Nueva
Espana, situate between those of Batcque and San
Antonio de Uquitoa.

BACAREAU, Pasagc ug, a passage between
the coast of Acadia and the island of Cap de Sa-
gle. It is very narrow, and only passable for small
craft, and for these not without a skilful pilot.
Mr. Chabert, of the academy of sciences of Paris,
made here, in 1750, several astronomical obser-

^\.

one of the
t. Domingo,
point of La
, [Our best
1 islitnd.]
licUl by the
cntof Cina-

bc const of

ip of Scara,

hu.

and govern-

•

find beautiful
;e of the go-
opposite tlie
ing the Great
: discovered
lis name from
I their coasts,
upwards of
it is effcctrd
1 to bite im-
jto the water,
eck, n person
another takes
hich it is salt-
of the world,
(n the day, as
is also jwcu-
in September,
bottom of the
is wonderful,
person, of the
in the space
miles distant

nee and cap-

province and
spana.

province and

!ispana, situ-
ime.

ement of the
ora in Nueva
tcque and San

ssage between
}f tap dc Sa-
sable for small
skilful pilot,
nces of Paris,
omical obser-

B A E

vationi, and likewise laid down its longitude at

Bacapeau, a point or cape of the same coast.

BACAS, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Bncnos Ayres in Peru. It runs w.
and enters the Plata. „ , . .

BACCALOONS, a settlement of the English, m
the province and country of the Iroquees Indians,
and Dounded by the province and colonjr of Penn-
sylvania, situate on the shore of the Ohio.

BAG HE, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Popaydn in the kingdom of Quito. It
runs e. and enters the river Magdalena.

BACHILLER, Rio del, or Del gran Vnllc,
a river in the strait of Magellan. It runs a), and
enters the sea at the bay of San Isabel.

BACHOUANAN, a small river of Canada. It
runs *. w. and enters lake Superior, in the bay of
its name.

Bachouanan, a bay in the e. part of lake Su-
perior.

[BACK River. Sec BAiTiMonE County.]

BACOBERTO, a settlement of the province
and government of Cinaloa in Nueva Espai^a.

BACUACHI, a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva Espana, situ-
jile at the source of the river of its name, near the
Dacanuchi.

BACUN, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Cinaloa in Nueva Efspaiin, situate on
the shore of the river Hiaqui. It is one of tlie
rtducciones, and belongs to the missions held there
of the Jesuits, between the settlements of Torin
and Cocorin.

BADILLO, a settlement of the province and
government of Cartagena, situate on the shore of
the river Magdalena. It is six leagues from the
city of Zimiti. '

BADIRAGUATO, a settlement of the province
and akaldiajuajyor of Copala in the kingdom of
Nueva Vizcaya, situate to the e. of the real of
the mines of Cliarcas.

Badiraguato, another settlement, in the pro-
vince of Topia, one of those belonging to the mis-
sions which were held here by the regulars of the
company of Jesuits.

BAEZA, a city of the province and govern-
ment of Quixosy Macas in the kingdom of Quito,
founded by Gil Ramirez Davalos in J559. It was
;i large population, and numerous and rich in
Ibrnier times, and capital of the province ; but the
continual irruptions of the infidels have so destroyed
and reduced it to such a state, that it scarcely now
contains above SO families, and has been united to
ilie curacy of the settlement of Pomallacta. It is

BAG

193

of the mildest leiiii)erntiire of any scttlrmenl in the
province, and the territory is fertile, though only
in cotton, which its natives manufacture. The
roads which h!ad to it are ver^ rugged and difli-
cult, and are notto be passed without great labour.
Lat-'it)".*.

BAFFEN, a settlement of the island of Barba-
docs, in the Jurisdiction of the city of Bridgetown.

[BAFFIN'S Bay is the largest and most «.
gulf or bay that has yet been discovered in N.
America, and lies between 70'' and 80^ of «. lal.
It opens' into the Atlantic ocean tlirough Ba(liir«
and Davis's straits, between cape Chidley on the
Labrador coast, and cape Farewell on that of W.
Greenland, both of which are in about 60° of «.
lat. it abounds witli whales, and on the s. w. side
of Davis's straits has a communication witit Hud-
son's bay, through a cluster of islands. It was dis-
covered by the navigator whose name it bears, in
the year 1662. Some maps shew a communication
with Hudson's bay in 70° n. lat. and in 70° w.
long.]

[BAGADUCE Point, a headland within Pc-
nobscot bay, in the district of Maine.]

BAGANIQUE, an ancient and large settlement
of the nation of the Moscas Indians, in the Nuevo
Reyno de Granada, founded in the llanura of the
same name, now called the valley of Venegas, to
the e. of Santa F*;. It was discoverd by Captain
Juan de San Martin in 1537.

BxVGMA, an island of the river of Las Ainazo-
nas, opposite Ivari.

BAGNALS, PuNTA de, a point on the a-,
coast of the island of Barbadoes, between Indian
river and the bay of Carlisle.

BAGORES, a river of the province and cap-
tainship of the Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It runs
s.s.e. and enters the sea between the rivers Ostras
and .Salvador, near cape Frio.

BAGOUACHE,asmall river of Canada, which
rises in the v. mountains on tiie side of lake Supe-
rior, runs s. and enters the Mississippi.

BAGRE, a settlement of t!ie province and go-
vernment of Antioquia in the Nuevo Reyno dc
Granada, situate on tiie shore of the river Nechi.
In its vicinity are the gold waslu ,<y places, labade-
roSf of Peneme, San Pedro, San l-'edrito, Chilona,
and Olaya.

BAGRES, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Maracaibo in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It rises at the side of the lake Atole, runs
e. and enters the great lake Maracaibo.

BAG UA, or Onda, a settlement of tiie pro-
vince and corregimienlo of Luya and Chillaos in
Peru, annexed to the curacy of Ron.
R 2

1*1

I' li

' ;?!!

i
1

'v|i:

124

BAH

UAGUACIIICA, a .seUlciiinit of llie province
and fiuvcrninent of Jain dc Uracuiituru!i in the
kinsruoni uf Quito.

liAIIAlHK, a settlement ol' the province and

fovernnient uf Curtugenci in the kingduni uf
'ierni Firme. It wan in the time of the Indians
a very populnus city, containing- upwards of
200,000 soiiU. It was conquered with great ditli-
cuitv bv Pedro de Herediu.

[BAIIAMA, Great Island of, one of the Bu-
hamns, of great extent, situate on the s. side of
the Little Bahama bank, and extending itom the
J'lorida stream almost to the island of Abaco. It
contains a great quantity of fine timber, but which
is dillicuit of access. It is totally uninhabited.
See Bahamas.]

[Bahama Cliannel, or Gulph of Florida, is the
passage between the island of Bahama and the
continent. Its navigation is dangerous, and it has
been very erroneously set down in most of the best
maps. See the Bahama!).]

Bahama, New, a port of the island of Cuba,
on the n. coast, between those of J^a Ciudad del
Principe and Manati.

BAHAMAS, Islands of the N. sea, situate to
the e. of, and opposite to Florida. They are of the
J^ucayos, and were discovered by Columbus, in
his first voyage, in 1404. From tliera the fine
channel of Bahama takes its name, the same being
formed by the above coast, the principal of these
islands, and a long sand-bank of the same name,
to then, of the island of Cuba, and bein^ 16 leagues
wide and 45 long. The currents in the gulph
are most violent, and in it numbers of ves-
sels have been wrecked. It is the direct pass into
the open sea, and for the route to Europe. It was
first attempted by the celebrated pilot Anton de
Alaminos, who risked its navigation with inmii-
nent hazard, when he went to Spain with the
agents of Hernan Cortes, to give account to the
Lmperor Charles V. of the progress of the con-
quest of Mexico. The principal island is 13
leagues lung and eight wide ; is very fertile, of
an agreeable climate, and full of streams and
rivulets. It formerly produced much sassafras,
zarzaparrilla, and red wood ; but its present
productions are principally maize, birds, and a
kind of rabbit ; and it procures for itself other ne-
cessaries from Carolina. Its principal commerce
consists in supplying provisions to ships which
come here for convenience. Although these
islands arc near 500, many of them are nothing
but clifis or rocks.

^General Description, Climate, Sfc. — The Baha-
ma islands, called liitfaj/os by the Spaniards, com.

R A II

prehend, under that dmomination, all that chaui
of West India islands lying to the n. of Cuba and
St. Duminiro, and situate between the 21" and
2S' of R. lat. and the 71" and SI" of w. long.
These islands have never been regularly surveyed,
nor tli(*ir inimbcrs at all ascertained. Those most
worthy of attention are ns follows ; and a more
particular description of ea(;h will Ik: found under
Us proper head.

Abaco,
Acklin's island,
Andros island,
Atwootl's key,
(ireat Bahama,
Berry islands,
Biminis,
(Jaicos,
Castle island.
Cat island, or St. Sal-
vador,
Crooked island,
Eleuthera,
l!)xumas,
I'rench keys,
Guanahani, or St. Sal-

llog island.
Hog key,
Harbour island,
Heneaguas,
Little island,
Long island,
Long key,
Mayaguana,
Ilaggcd island,
Ruse island,
Uoyal island.
Rum key,
Russel island,
St. Salvador,
Turk's islanils,
NVatling's island.

vailor.
The Bahama islands have never been correctly

the maps or

if them are

nk, others

others out of

They stretch

set down or delineated in an
charts of the West Indies,
situated upon the Great Balia
upon the Little Bahama bank, a.,
soundings, in the Atlantic ocean,
from Turk's islands (which are nt no great dis-
tance from St. Domingo) in a n. w. direction to
the n. end of the Great Bahama bank, near the
coast of Florida. The climate is in general salu-
brious. The more n. of the islands during the
winter months are rendered cool and agreeable by
the ». w. breezes from the continent of America.
At New Providence the thermometer, (Farenheit),
in the shade, varies from about 85*^ or 00° in sum-
mer to 60° or 65° in winter. The more .«. islands,
however, are hotter throughout the year ; but
tliesc enjoy the cooling sea breezes that blow in the
West Indies within the tropics, and which do not
extend to several of the mostn. of the Bahamas.

There is but little variety of soil throughout the
Bahama islands. They are almost ail low, flat,
barren, and rocky. They are well provided with
natural woods, generally however of a small
growth. The soil is mostly either light and sandy,
or very rocky and broken, wiih partial spots of
good land. The rock is of a soft and porous na-
ture, but hard, and gencrjiUy irregular on the sur-
face. The Bahamas are but ill supplied with]

M; ■ I

11 that cliaiii
olCubiinml
the J^l^uiui
of w. loiiK>
•\y surveyi'd,
TlioiiC most
niul a more
found under

md,

ir ivlniid,

uas,

ilaiul,

land,

;oy,

iianu,

i island,

land,

island,

island,
vudor,
islands,
lif's island.

been correctly
the maps or
it' them are
nk, others
ulheris out of
They stretch
no jjreat dis-
, direcUon to
ank, near the
general salu-
i during the
aijreeable by
of America.
(I'^arenlieit),
ir 90° in sum-
lore .(. islands,
le year ; but
it blow in the
vhich do not
Bahamas,
roughout the
|all low, flat,
rovided with
of a small
and sandy,
ial spots of
id porous na-
ou the sur-
iplied with]

B A H A M A S.

195

[fresh watrr; it i* fouwd however by digging
wells in the rocks, to the depth of the sen level,
and ali>o very often by making holes in the sanjl
along the coasts, a few feet from the surface. In
several of the islatuls arc Bmall natural fresh.watcr
pondx, proilnccd by the rain collectcil from the
rocks ; Init there is not sup|)osed to exist, through-
out tiie nulmmas, u single spring of fresh water
or rivulet.

Crmrttl History. — One of the Bahama islands
(the ancient Indian name of which is stated to \tc
Guanahani) has been generally fixed upon by
historians and geographers as the spot where the
first discovery of the new worhl took plac(*, l)y
Columbus, upon the llth of October 115)2. The
island was named by bini St. Salvador, by
which appellation, as also that of Cat island, it
is now generally known. There appears, how-
ever, to exist some doubt with respect to the point
of land first actually discovered by Columbus in
the new world. The accounts of his first voytTgc
to America generally state that his squadrm kept
almost n due xe. course from the Canary it-lands
(the last land from which he took his departure)
across the Atlantic ; and that, for two or three
days before land was disco veretl, he found himself
in soundings. It is also stateii that he lat led at
n secure and spacious harbour, and (hat the
inland (St. Salvador) had verdant fields, watered
with many rivulets. If these accounts were true,
and if the island now known by that name was ac-
tually the land first discovered by Columbus, it
may be concluded that some great change or con-
vulsion must have taken place in that quarter of
the world since its discovery. At present there
are no soundings to the e, of St. Salvador ; and
along tlie whole of the e. coast of that island, is a
reef which would prevent any landing on lliat
side. There is no harbour but a small one round
thes. end of the island, facing the s.w. in one of
the shallow Bahama banks. No verdant fields can
now be found upon the island of St. Salvador,
which is barren and rocky, like the rest of the
Bahama islands ; throughout the whole of which,
as was before observed, no rivulet of any descrip-
tion has been discovered. There can be no d.ubt,
however, that one of the Bahama islands was the
first land discovered by Columbus. The island of
Abaco is situated nearer the latitude of theCanaries,
and there is a good harbour on the e. side of that
island ; but there are no soundings at any distance
from the shore on that side. It is perhaps more
likely that Abaco (or one of the other most n. of
the Bahama islands) was the first point of disco-
very, particularly if it be true what is staled, that

a few ilnys after he discovered land he touched at
New Providence and Andros island (which it is
said he named Fermndiiia and Isabcllu) in his
way to Cuba ; and il is extremely improliable tliat
he would touch at those islands in his way to
Cuba from St. Salvador.

The Bahaiuii islands, when discoven d by Co-
lumbus, are stated to have been inhnbileif by n
numerous race of Indians, of a mild and (leace-
ahle disposition, indolent in their habits, ami little,
if at all, accustomed to the cultivation of tlie soil.
They are descril)rd as bcii'g of n da/k and din^y
hue, with long black hair, and with their bodies
pnintcd with diflerent colours. Many thousands
of these iinforlunate people arc stated to have been
carried over by the Spaniards, in their subsequent
settlements, and com|M>lled to work in (he mines of
S. America. The early accounts of the Bahama
islands, after their discovery, are, however, ex-
tremely obscure. There appears scarcely any
trace of the original Indian innabitants. The ear-
liest settlement of Europeans which took place in the
Bahama islands, was under a patent of Charles
II. (1668), which granted those islands to certain
proprietary lords. Shortly after that period, someat*
tempts nppcartohavc Ix^en made to cultivate several
of the islands ; but, about the beginning of the last
century, they were again without inhabitants.
Some time afterwards, however, they became the
resort of numerous pirates, Bucaiiiers, and free-
booters ; the situation of these islands, from the
difficulties of the navigation, and their being near
the passages through which the v;i!i. .ble vessels
returned to Europe, being weli-ac^'jiUd for plun-
der and concealment. Among these pirates was
the noted Captain Teach, knowu by the name of
Blackbeard, who Jiad the suprciiiC command over
them, and of whom, as well as of Captain Vune,
and others who resorted to the Bahamas, a curi-
ous account may be found in Johnson's Lives of
the Pirates, and in the History of the Bucaniers
of America.

For the purpose of protecting the trade, and
destroying these nests of free-booters, Captain
Woods Rogers was sent out from England as go-
vernor to the Bahamas, in the year 1718, and the
seat of government was fixed at New Providence,
upon ^Nhich island Fort Nassau was built. From
that period, a regular colonial administration ap-
pears to have taken place ; but for a considerable
time, little cultivation or improvement seems io
have occurred at the Bahamas.

The island of New Providence was taken pos-
session of in the Anerican war by an Ame-
rican captain. It was shortly afterwards, how-]

ii;

'■"rTTJ'

^1 i

•: ii

•iJil

■ 1i Si

i' '

iJi ifc^

«■».

■M:

f'l

'■j

1S6

BAHAMAS.

frv'T, abandoned by its new jwssessor. In 1781
the Balinma islands wore surrendered to Ihc
Spaniards, and restored lo the British by treaty tit
the end of tlie war. Previous, however, lo the
notification of the treaty, Ne*v Providence and its
forts were recovered by means of a very gallant
and well-conducted enterprise, under the com-
mand of Lieutenant-colonel Deveaux of the S.
Carolina militia. After the termination of the
American war, many of the Britisli loyalists, and
other planters, repaired to the Baliamas, cliiefly
from the s. states of N. America, from which pe-
riod most of the principal islands began to b« re-
gularly settled and inhabited.

Productions. — The chief r 'xle which has been
cultivated in this colony is cotton ; and for several
years with verv considerable success, though for
some time pasi thitt success das greatly dimmish-
ed, owing probably to the natural barrenness of
the soil, and perhaps to the rains being less frc-
^uentfromthc woods, firommanypartsof tiiese liv-
ing t-**en much cut down. Tlie cultivation of sugar
has been attemptetl, (particularly on the Caicos),
but with little success. Coffee has been raised on
several of the islands. Provisions, such as Gui-
nea and Indian com, yams, sweet potatoes, plan-
tains, cassava, Indian and pigeon peas, grow in
abundance. Most of the tropical fruits arc found
here; oranges, lemons, limes, shaddocks, pine-
apple's, <^ocoa nuts, &c. &o. &c. Cattle and
snecp thrive on most of the islands ; and the shores
and creeks of all the Bahamas abound in turtle,
and excclh'nt fish of various sorts. Wild ducks,
snipes, pelicans, gualdings, wild pigeons, flamin-
goes, and a variety of other birds, abound among
the islands ; and among the woods arc found wild
hogs, agoutis, guanas, land crabs, &c. Am-
bergris IS frequently found cast ashore upon the
coast. Various sorts of timber and dye woods
are found growing in the Bahamas, such as maho-
gany, (generally of a small and very hard sort,
commonly called Madeira and horse-flesh maho-
gany), brazilletto, fustick, lignum-vitse, Spanish
oak, or black gregory, tamarind, lana wood, iron
wood, wild cinnamon, pimento, or naked wood,
yellow Saunders, satin wood, pines, cedars, and
many others adapted for building small vessels,
and well calculated for the purposes of the mecha-
nic and cabinet-ir.akei .

The principal and most valuable article which
has, |)crhaps, of late years been exported from
die Bnhnmus, is salt. In many of the islands
there are - aluablc natural salt-pond^, to which the

attention of the inhabitants has been much direct-
ed, and for the subdivision and management of
which, legislative and colonial regulations have
bLcn enacted. In dry and favourable seasons great
quantities of salt are produced from these ponds,
and exported by the Americans to the United
States.

Many of the small vessels of the Bahamas are
not only employed as drogging (or carrying) ves-
sels among the difl'ercnt islands, and in catching
turtle, but also among the numerous passages,
(particularly towards the Florida stream), in watch-
ing for wrecked vessels. They are licenced tor
this purpose by the governor of the Bahamas.
Many valuable lives are saved by (he exertions of
these vessels, and much property secured for the
owners and insurers of the ships employed in the
West India trade, and those bound from Vera
Cruz and the Havanah to Europe.

Government and Statistics. — The colonial esta-
blishment of the Bahamas is similar to that of the
other West India islands, consisting of a governor,
a lieutenant-governor, a council, and a legislative
assembly. The following islands send represen-
tatives to the house of assembly : New providence,
and the town of Nassau, eight;; Harbour island,
three; Eleuthera, three; Abaco, three; St. Sal-
vador, one ; Long island, two ; Exuma, three ;
Andros island, two ; Crooked island, one ;
Watling's island, one; Caicos, one; Turk's
island, two. The courts of justice arc similar also
to thoee established in the rest of the West India
colonies. There are four regular ports of entry
in the Bahamas, viz. at New Providence, dreat
Exuma, at the Caicos, and at Turk's islands.
Besides the usual garrison at New Providence,
there is a militia established in several of the islands.
Previous to May 1803, lands were granted by the
crown in the whole of the Bahnmas, to the amount
of 265,38 1 acres, for the purpose of cultivation.
The population at that time amounted to about
14,318, including 11,395 blacks and people of
colour; and it appears by a return to the house of
commons in 1S05, at a medium of two years to
1803, the number of slaves iinj)orled amounted to
252S, of whom 2230 were exported ; leaving a
remainder of only 293 for the us( of the colony.

The official value of the imports and exports of
the Bahamas were, in

Imports. Exports.

1809 ^133,515 jPSOJjSti?

1810 jeI08,485 jff481,372]

much direct-
inagement of
ilations have
; seasons great
these ponds,
) the United

Bahamas are
carrying) ves-
d in catching
>us passages,
iin),inwatch-
c licenced for
he Bahamas.
ic exertions of
jcnred for the
iployed in the
id from Vera

colonial esta-

' to that of the

of a governor,

d a legislative

>end represen-

!w providence,

arbour island,

:hree ; St. Sal-

Lxuma, three ;

island, one ;

one ; Turk's

ire similar also

le West India

ports of eiiU V

ridenci;, (ircnt

urk's islands.

V Providence,

of the islands.

rranted by the

to the amount

)f cultivation.

ited to about

ind people of

to the house of

f two years to

J amounted to

cd ; leaving a

the colony.

B A I B A L W

[And the quantities of the principal articles imported into Great Britain were, in

ind exports of

Exports.
£504,567
f481,372]

Coffcp.

.Sugar.

Rum.

Pimento.

Cotton wool.

Brit. Plant.

For. I'lant.

Brit. Plant.

For. Plant.

Cwt.

1809, —

1810, —

Cwt.
9U:i
434,i

Cwt.
130

Cwt.

12,884
(>,413

Galls.
11

Ib8.

IS'.'H

lbs.

1,139793
l,.-i48,a28

See New Phovide.nce.I

BAHIA, Honda, a large, well sheltered, and
convenient port of the island of Cuba, on then,
side, mucli frequented by vessels which carry on
an illicit commerce. [The hay has 15 and 10
fatlionis water, the entrance into the harbour
eight, and anchorage in four and five fathoms.]
Long. 83° 6'. Lat.22"58'.

[Bahia, or Bay, sometimes applied to St.
Salvador, tlie capital of Brazil, and to the bay
of All Saints, in which captainship it is situated.
See Santos.]

[Bahia, oe CHrruMEL, called by the British
Hanover bay, lies on the e. side of the peninsula
of Yucatan in the sea of Honduras, and into which
falls Honda river. It has the logwood country on
the s. ; at its moiit'i are two large islaTids and a
number of islets. 1 ne largest island is Amber-
grisc key, which runs along the mouth of the
bay, and is 70 miles long.]

BAHIAGA, a river of the island of St. Domin-
go, in the territory possessed by the French. It
rises near the coast lowards the n. and enters the
sea in the bay of Manzanillo.

BAHIAS, Cabo »e dos, a cape on the coast,
which lies between the Rio de la Plata and the
straits of Magellan, one of the two which form the
bay of Cama rones.

BAILADORES, Nuestra Senoka de la
CjtNDEEARiA Di: f.os, a Settlement of the Juris-
diction of La Grita in the government of Mara-
caibo. It is a mild and healthy country, abound-
ing ill good waler, and in all the productions of u
warm climate, as cacao, sugar-cane, tobacco,
maize, yucaSy and other productions and fruits.
It is situate at the slope of n mountain, in the way
which li'.'ds from La Grita to Merida, being some-
what more that eight leagues distant from (he
former. It contains 100 housekeepers, anil has
also the denomination of Bailadores, (Dancers),
from the partiality exhibited by its natives for
this sort of amusement in the time of its gentllism.

Bailadouer, a river of this proviicc and
government, which rises in the city of La Grita,
and runs from s. to n. until it enters the iuke of
Maracaibo, through two mouths which form an
island.

Bailadores, a bay on i\\cs, coastof the island
of Cuba.

BAILIF, a small river of the island of Gua«
dalupc, which rises in the mountains, run:^ id.
and enters the sea in the bay of (iros Francois.
On its shores, and at its mouth, there is a good
castle for defending the bay.

BAINE, a river of the province and govern-
ment of La Guayana, rising in the serrania of
Imataca, and running into the sea by the e. coast.

[BAmUSTOVV]Sf,orBnARn8TowN, in Nelson
coiinty, Kentucky, is a flourishing town, of 316
inhabitants, situated on the head waters of Salt
river, 50 miles s. e. from Louisville, and nearly i'ii(*
same distance s. w. from Danville.]

BAITA, a settlement of the mission.s of the
order of St. Francis, in the province of Culiacan,
and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya, situate on the
shores of the river Elota. It produces maize and
French beans in great abundance, as also honey
and wax, of which its commerce consists.

BAJO, a cape on the coast of the province and
government of Florida, between the mouth of the
river Mississippi and the bay of La Ascencioii.

Bajo, with the additional title of Nucvo, an
island of the N. sea.

BAJU, a small river of the province and go*
vernment of Paraguay, which runs n. n, w. and
enters the Uruguay, close to that of Jiupa.

BAKER, a bay on the e. coastof the island of
Barbadors, between the points Bell and Ragged.

[BAKERSFIELD, a newly scitled township
in rrankliu county, Vermont, formerly in Chit-
tenden county. In 1790 it had only IS inha-
bitants.]

[BAKERSTOWN, in
dihtrict of Minne, contains
miles «, 1. \\ov\ Uoston.]

IIALANDUaN, Cavo de la, a small island
of the coast of the island of St. Domingo, at the
entrance of the great bay of Samana, close to the
islet of Levantados.

BA LAO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayaquil in the kingdom of Quito, it
runs into the sea at the gulf of that name, opposite
the island of La Puiia .

Cuml>crlaud county,
1276 inhabitants ; 162

'■M I':

128

B A L

II !

'i i

h ■

■ (f

:S nito;.

BALBANEDA, a small settlement oFth(; king-
dom of Quito, in the jurisdiction of Riobamba, to
the s. of this town, and n. of the great lake of
Colta. It is called also Nuestra Scfiora de Balba-
neda, from its having a sacred shrine of the image
of our Ladj of this title, which was much revered
in times past. It is a population consisting of
Puruayes Indians.

BALBUENA, San Juan Baptista df., a
settlement of the province and government of
Tucum&n, in the district of Cbaco. Its popula-
tion consists of the Ixistinieses and Toquistincses
Indians, who are a reduccion made by the missions
which were hdd here by the regulars of the com-
pany of the Jesuits, and at the present day are
under the care of the order of St. Francis.

Balbueha, a fort of the same province nnd
government, founded on the shore of the river
Salado, to restrain the incursions of the infidel
Indians.

Balcalar, Laauna oe, a lake olf the pro-
vince and government of Yucatan. It is large
and broad, and lies on the sea shore, between the
bay of La Ascencion and the island of Cozumel.

[BALCOUTHA, a setUement in the e. part of
Kentucky, on the to. side of Big Sandy river.
Near this is Clay Lick, and about a mile s. e.
stands Vancouver's fort, on the point of land
formed by the fork of the Big Sandy.]

BALCHO, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Luya and Chilloas in Peru.

[BALD EAGLE or Warrior Mountains, lie
about 300 miles zo. of Philadelphia, in Bedford
county, Pennsylvania, and form the w. boundary
of Bald Eagle valley.]

[Bald Eagle is likewise the name of a river
which runs an. e. course 44 miles, and falls into the
w. branch of Susquehanna river. The head water
of Huron river, which falls into lake Erie, is called
Bald Eagle creek.]

SBald Eagle Valley, or, as it is commonly
ed, Sinking Spring Va)ley,lies upon the fron-
tiers of Bedford county In Pennsylvania, about
200 miles w. from Philadelphia. It has on the
e. a chain of high, rugged mountains, called the
Canoe Kidge, and on the w. the Balil Eagle or
Warrior mountains. This is a pleasant vale, of
limestone bottom, five miles in extent where widest;
and iu the vicinity are great quantities of lead ore.
It contained, in 1779, about 60 or 70 families,
living in log-houses, who formed, in the space of
seven or eight years, several valuable plantations,
some of which are remarkably agreeable on ac-
count of their situation. During the late war with
Great Britain, lead was much wanted, and very

B A L I

difficult to be procured, which induced a com-

Eany, under the patronage of the state, to settle
ere, and establish a regular set of works. A fort
of logs was erected for the protection ol' the miners ;
and a considerable quantity of ore was produced,
from which lead enough was made to give a
comjietent idea of the real value of the mines in
general. The danger of the situation, however,
while an Indian war continued, occasioned the
failure of the undertaking. The lead ore was of
many kinds ; some in broad flakes, and others of
the steely texture. Several regular shafts were
sunk to a considerable depth ; one of which was
on the hill upon which the fort was erected, and
from which many large masses of ore were pro-
cured ; but not forming a regular vein, it was dis-
continued, and another opened about a mile from
the fort, nearer to Frank's Town. Here the
miners continued until they finally relinquished
the business. When they first began, they found
in the upper surface or vegetable earth several
hundred v. eight of cubic lead ore, clean and un-
mixed with any substance whatever, which con-
tinued as a clue, leading them down through the
different strata of earth, marl, &c. until they uame
to the rock, which is here in general of the lime-
stone kind. Among other curiosities of this place,
is that called the Swallows, which absorb several of
the largest streams of the valley, and after convey-
ing them several miles under ground, in a sub-
terrananeous course, return them again upon the
surface. These subterraneous passages have given
rise to the name Sinking Spring valley. Of <liese
the most remarkable is called the Arch springs,
and run close upon the road from the town to the
fort. It is a deep hollow formed in the limestone
rock, about 30 feet wide, with a rude natural stone
arch li<-inging over it, forming a passage for the
water, which it throws out witli some degree of
violence, and in such plenty as to form a fine
stream, which at length buries itself again in the
bowels of the earth. Some of these pits arc near
300 feet deep ; the water at the boltom seems in
rapid motion, and is apparently as black as ink,
though it is as pure as the finest springs can pro-
duce. Many of tlu^sc pits are placed along the
course of this subterraneous river, which soon
after Uikes an opportunity of an opening at a
declivity of the ground, and keeps along tne sur-
face among the rocky hills for a few rods, then
enters the mouth of a large cave, whose exterior
aperture would be sufficient to admit a shallop
with her sails full spread. In the inside it keeps
from 18 to 20 feet wide. The roof declines as yon
advance, and a ledge of loose rugged rocks extends

M >

iced a com-
ite, to settle
>rks. A fort
I' the miners ;
as produced,
Ic to give a
he mines in
jn, however,
casioncd the
1 ore was of
md others of
• :;hafts were
)f which was
erected, and
»re were pro.
n, it was dis'
a mile from
1. Here the
relinquished
n, they found
earth several
clean and un-
r, which con-
through the
itil they came
[ of the lime-
I of this place,
;orb several of
after convey-
id, in a sub-
ain upon the
;es have given
Of these
^rcli springs,
town to the
le limestone
natural stone
sage for the
me degree of
form a fine
again in the
lits arc near
om seems in
black as ink,
ings can pro-
ed along the
which soon
pening at a
long the sur-

rods, then

hose exterior
lit a shallop
side it keeps
clincs as you
ocks extends

B A L

in lolrrable order on one side, affording ms to
scramble along. In the midst of this ' . ;e is
much timber, bodies of trees, branches, &c. which
being lodged up to the roof of this passage, shews
that the vfnicr is swelled up to the very top during
freshets. This opening in the hill continues about
400 yards, when tlie cave widens, after you have
jrnt round a sudden (nrnitig, (which prevents its
being discovered till you are within it), into a spa-
cious room, at the bottom of which is a vortex ;
the water that falls into it whirling round with
amazin,^ force : sticks, or even pieces of timber, are
immcdi.iicly absorbed, and carried out of sight,
the water boiling up wilii excessive violence,
and subsiding byjdcgrees, and at certaii'. inter-
vals. From the top of the Bald Eagle moun-
tains is a fine prospect of those of the Alleghany,
stretching along until they seem to meet the clouds.
IMuch slate is tbund here, with strong signs of pit
coal. Such as visit these parts must cross the
Juniata river three or four times, from Standing
Stone or Huntingdon to the fort, travelling a dis-
tance of about 22 miles.]

[Bald Mountains. See Tknessee.]

rB.\t,n Head, at the mouth of cape Fear river,
N. Carolina, is at the s. w. end of Smith's island,
and with Oak island forms the main entrance
into the river. The light-house, which was erect-
ed here in Dec. 1794, bears w. ti. w. from the
j)oiiit of cape Fear, and is 24 miles n. w. by «.
from the extremity of the Frying Pan shoal.]

fBALD Head makes the ,f. u.\ part of wnat is
called Wells bay, in the district of Maine. Between
cape Neddie harbour on the s. s. to. and Well's
bay, are several coves, where small vessels in a
imooth time, and with a k. wind, haul ashore,
and are loaded with wood in the course of a tide,
witii case a ml safety.]

[BALOIVIA. SeeVAr.niviA.]

BALDWIN, an Fnglish settlement in the
island of Barbadocs, and in the district of the
parish of vSan Juan.

BALINA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Yucatan. It runs into the sea at the e.
coast of the gulfof Honduras.

BALIS, Bio dk, a river in the province and
government of Yucatan, which runs into the sea
upon the same coast, near the strand of Bacalar,
and into tlie buy which is formed by that strand
and Long island.

BALISA, a port of the coast of Lousiana, by
some called Balija.

BALISCAN, a French settlement in Canada,
situate on (he shore of the river of St. Lawrence,
in llie month of that of Batiscan.

vol,. 1.

B A L

BALISES Bay, a settlement of the island of
Barbadoes, in the district of tlic parisli of San
Juan.

[BALIZE, a fort at the mouth of Mississippi
river.]

BALLENA, Ponta de la, a cape or extre-
mity of land of the island of Margarita, which
faces the e.

BaLLENA, PaOMONTORIO 6 PUNTA DV, hA,

a promontory or point in the kingtlom of Quito,
and on the shore of the Pacific or S, sea, to the
s. s. e. of the cape of Los Borrachos, and n. n. e.
of that of Piilmar. On its n. side, and very close
to it, the river Jama runs into the sea ; the soil is
sandy and level, but of little depth.

Bali.ena, another point or promontory, on the
coast of the province and correghniento of Quillota
in the kingdom of Chile, between the river and the
Quebrada de Chcoapa.

Ballpna, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Florida, which runs e. and enters the sea
between the river San Juan and the island of
Sapala.

Bat.lena, a canal formed between the islands
Lucaya and Bahama.

BALLENAS, Punta de t,as, a point on the
coast, and in the w. head of the island of St.
Domingo, and in the territory of the French. It
lies Ix'twecn point Irois and cape Dona Maria.

Ballenas, a canal or narrow pass of the gulf
of California, or Mar Roxo de Cortes, formed in
the most interior part of the same. It is by
the coast and the island of the Angel de la
Guarda.

BALLESTA, Punta de la, a point on the
coast of the ])rovince and government of Guaya-
quil in the kingdom of Quito.

[BALLEZl^, Balmzk, or Wallls, a river
in the peninsula of Yucatan, New Spain, which
runs «. e. above 200 miles, and empties into the
bay of Honduras, opposite the «. end of Turnelf
island. By the treaty of jjeace in 1783, it is
agreed that British subjects shall have the right of
cutting and carrying away logwood in the district
lying between this river and that of llio Hondo,
on tlie w. which falls into Hanover bay. The
course of the rivers are to be the unalterable
boundaries.]

[BA LLl O \^ N, a township in Saratoga county,
New York, formerly in Albjmy county, ami con-
tained in I ?!:(>, 7,'JJ3 inhabitants, including 69
slaves. By the state census in 17W), there appears
to be 2()() electors in this township. It lies 36
miles 11. of Albany, has a presbylcriau meeting-
house, and is in a thriving state. The medicinal
s

I'V^mr ■^^

ISO

B A L

■1!.^ m,

'(If

ill ^'i;

!'■

/if, I

Hi if

vaters Ciillcd Balltown sprin2;s, from their hoinn;
loiiiid witliiii (lie liniils of this (own, are of great
ce!t'l)rity, both on account of their licaliii!!: virtue
and tile snperior acconunotialion fonnd near (Item
i'or valciuiiinariaris. Tlie.y are siluaU-d about J 2
miles to. of Still water, 14 from that part of the
banks of the Hudson famous for the victory of
f Jcneral (iates over General Burgoyne, 3(i n. of
Albany, 'iO s. of lake (icorge, and lOO above (he
city of New York. The springs are found in the
bottom of a valley, or excavation, forming a kind
of basin, of about 60 acres in extent. In (liis
Fiollow gr«)\v lofty pines, which are overtopped by
others, and rise at a greater or less distance above
the brim of (his basin. The woods are pretty well
cleared near (he springs. There is a large housf!
(or entertainment, with neat bathing-iiouses and
shower-balhs for (lie convenience of invalids.
These, as also (lie grea(est part of (he valley, be-
long to an eminent merchant of New York ; the
largest spring, however, belongs to the public.
Sir William Jolinson made this observation when
he sold this tract of land to private individuals :
" In tracing the history of these medicinal springs,
1 could only learn that an Indian chief discovered
them to a sick French officer in the early part of
their wars with the English : but whether they
were these very springs in this basin, or those at
(en miles distance, properly called the Saratoga
springs, I know not." The soil for half a dozen
miles round this place is poor and sandy, producing
little else than pine trees, shrub-oaks, fern, and
mnllen. In (he hills in the vicinity ores have been
accid<'ntidly found, especially iron and copper, or
rather what the mineralogists call /tTn<g/wo«s and
cuprtoiis pyrites. The valley of Balitown and
its environs may be made an enchantingspof , equal,
nay superior, in some respects, to any of the water-
ing places in Europe. The Kayaderassoras river,
^^hich is about 10 yards wide, gives several hints
to the man of taste, to turn its waters to the use
and fjeauty of the future town, which (hese medi-
cinal springs will one day raise in this place. The
medicinal waters which have made this spot so
famous of late are remarkably limpid, cou'^idering
they c(m(aiii iron, a mineral alkali, common sail,
and lime. Tliey are brisk and sparkling like cham-
paigne. In drinking they affect (hen()s(>;iMd palate
iiive bottled beer, and slightly alfeci the liead of
some people by their inebriating ((iiaiily. They
derive this exhilaratiiig qualiiy from wha( Dr.
i'riestley calls //,ir(/«/r, and is that animating some-
thins which gives activity to yeast, and life lo
malt lifpiors. It is used, in the neighbourhood of
tiie springs, instead of yeust in making bread ; and

B A L

makes it rise more speedily and cflectually thari
any other ferment in ordinary us<'. Horses drink
these waters with avidity. The ignorant countrv
people see, with astonishment, tliiit a candle \\ ill
not burn near the surface; of these waters. Eisli
and frogs arc killed in a few minutes, and geese
and ducks can only ssvim in them a liw minute'^
before they expire. TIicm- waters arc ajit to burst
bottles when corked in xcry warm weather, espe-
cially during a thunder storm ; but with care may
be transported in botdes (o any disianee. They
boil with a very moderate degree of heat ; they
arc nevertheless remarkably cold ; for when the
mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at Sfi" in
(he open air, and 79*^ in the brook runnhig near
the spring, it stood in one of these mineral springs
at tO'-', and in the other at 51" : the first was con-
stautly excluded from the rays of the sun, the last
always exposed without a covering. Physicians
seldom direct their patients to drink more than
three quarts of these waters in twelve hours ; but
some drink tire enormous quantity of three gallons,
and even more, in a day. Cold as they are, (hey
may be drank wi(h safety in the hottest weather.
They increase every natural evacuation, nay, they
arc cathartic, diuretic, and sudorific, at the same
time. On (he first trial (hey are apt to disagree
with many people ; they create uneasiness in the
stomach and bowels, and cause a heat in the glands
of the throat, until they begin to pass off freely by
the kidneys ; (hey then become p1easan(, and
operate agreeably. They blacken the teeth and
also the alvine fjpces : they are deemed a specific
in loss of appetite and indigestion : they are liighly
serviceable in hypochondriac cases, in obstructions,
and in the stone and gravel, and cutaneous dis-
orders : their credit is not so well established in
(he gout or rheumatism : they arc hurtful in in-
flammatory disorders and consumptions : their use
occasions heat in the glands of (he throal, and sdll'-
ness of (he neck ; and in such as are subject to (lie
(oodi-aclie, an aggravadon of the pain : they are
a powerful and precious remedy in the hands of the
judicious, but ought never to be used without the
advice of a skillid physician.]

[BALLSTOWN, or Bah,town, a township
in Lincoln county, district of Maine, contnin-
ing 1072 inhabitants. One hundred and ninety-
five miles w. e. from Boston.]

BALSAMO, Bah I A ni;, a bay on (he n. const
of the island of St. Domingo, between cape La
I'ena and tin; point of ?dacuri.

JLVLSAQUILLO, an extensive n.nd beantiliil
valley of the alcaldia mayor of Jja I'uebla de los
Angeles ia Nueva Espafidj so fertile as to have no

I-

: , /»!

>\ <f

lii

I*''-

cliially ffian
lldrscsiliiiilv
riiii< coiintrv
[i caiulle will
.•itlcr.s. I'isli
I's, mid <^('os{'

lew ininntc*
• apl ti) burst
ciillicr, cspt"-
il!i care may
aiicc. They
if heat ; they
for when tin.'
stood at Sb" in

riiiiniiig near
iiicral springs
first was co'i-

sun, the last
. Pliysiciaiis
Ilk more than
/c hours ; but
'three gallons,
they are, they
ottcsl weather,
ion, nay, they
ic, at the same
jpt to disagree
easiness in the
at in the glands
ss off freely by
pleasant, and

the teeth and
onied a specific

hey are highly
ill obstrnctioiLs,

cutaneous dis-
stablished in

hnrttul in in-

ons : their use

roat, and still-
subject to tin;

pain : they are
hands of the

ied without the

f, a townsliip
aine, coiitain-
I'd and iiiiuty-

on the n. coast
Iwccn cape La

arid beautiful
a Piiebla de los
c as to have no

B A L

less than BG estates and country scats. It is half a
league from its eapital.

1}.\ I ,SA l{, a settlement of the district of Daulc,
in the province and government of (juayaqiiil, of
the kin.irdom of Quito, very fertile, and abound-
ing in cacao, tobacco, cotton, and sugar-cane. It
is 20 leagues from the capital, on the shore of the
river Oaiile.

BALSAS, Sax Ciiimstobai, dr i-as, a settle-
ment of the province and correginiknlo of Chacha-
poyas in Peru, situate on the e. shore of the Ma-
rafion : through it lies the road to Cajamarca.
l,at.G^16'.

JJai.sas, another settlement in the same province
and corregiiiiiento as the former.

Balsas, another, in the province and govern-
ment of Cartagena in the same kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate on the bank of the dike which
communicates the sea with the river Magdalena.

Balsas, a lake thus called, in (he province of
Guayaquil and kingdom of Quito ; it is between
the river Perdomo to the s. ; n. of the river Ma-
chala, and at one league's distance from the settle-
ment of its name.

BALSO, a river of the kingdom of Quito,
which flows down from the mountain called Sucha-
Iiuaca-urca ; and after washing those forests, run-
ning irom w. to s. it enters the liobonasa.

BALTASAR, San, a settlement of the pro-
vince and alcaldia mayor of Zacatlan in Nueva
Espafia, Five leagues from its capital.

Baltasap, San, another settlement, in the head
settlement and alcaldia mayor of Nexapa in the
same kingdom, situated at the foot of an elevated
mountain. It contains 34 families of Indians, and
is four leagues to the «, e. of its capital.

[BALTIMORE County, in Maryland, lies be-
tween Patapsco and Gunpowder rivers, the former
dividing it from Ann Arundel county on the s. and
s. a-. ; Gunpowder and Little Gunpowder separat-
ing it from Ilarford county on the c. and n. e. It
has Frederick county, on the w. and n. w. Penn-
sylvania on the n. and (Jiicsapeak bay on the s. e.
Besides the rivers which bound it, and their
branches, this county has Back and Middle rivers
between the two former, but they are rather arms
of Chcsapcak bay than rivers. Back river, four or
five miles e. of Piitapsco, receives two small
streams; the north-westernmost is called Herring
Run. Middle river has little or no supply of fresh
water. There are numerous iron works in this
county ; and it contains 25, I'M inhabitants, includ-
ing 587 slaves. Its chief town is Baltimore.]

[IJaltimoiie, the chief town in the above
county, is the largest in the state of Maryland.

B A L

Idl

In size it is the fonrtli, and in commerce the fifth
in rank in the United Slates. It is situated on the
n. side ot Patapsco river, at a small distance from
its junction witli the ("hesapcak : the entrance of
tile liarl)()iiris(!itl!i(led by VVhetstone fort, hardly
a pistol-shot across, aiul of course may easily be
(leli'nded aijainst naval force. From the head of
E\W river, at the head of the bay to Baltimore, is
about 6t) miles. The town is built around what is
called the basin, reckoned one of the finest har-
bours in America: the water rises five or six feet
at common tides : it is divided into what is calle<l
the Town and Fell's jjoint, by a creek, over which
are tw(» bridges, but the houses extend in an irre-
gular manner from the one to the other. At Fell's
point the water is deep enough for ships of burden,
but small vessels only go up to the town. The
situation is low, and was formerly thought un-
healthy ; but by its rapid increase, improvements
have taken place which have corrected the damp-
ness of the air, and it is now judged to be tole-
rably healthy. In 1787 it contained 1955 dwelling-
houses, of which 1200 were in the town, and the
rest at Fell's point. It then contained 152 store-
houses. The number of the inhabitants of the town
and precincts, in 1791, were 13,503, including 1255
slaves. The number of bouses and inhabitants
have been greatly increased since. Before the
emigration of the French people from cape Fran-
cois, and other islands, the nouses had increased to
SSOO. Those unfortunate people, flying from their
merciless countrymen, who had burned and pillag-
ed their cities and towns, and murdered their rela-
tions and friends, found here an hospitable asylurrt,
after sufferings hardly paralleled in the annals of
history. Here are nine places of public worship,
which belong to Roman Catholics, German Calvi-
nists and Jjutherans, Episcopalians, Presbyterians,
Baptists, Methodists, Quakers, and Nicolites, or
New Quakers, who all live together in peace. !t
is inhabited by people from most parts of Europe.
The principal street is Market Street, which runs
nearly e. and Xi\ a mile in length, parallel with the
water : this is crossed by a number of other streets,
which run from the water, a number of which,
particularly Calvert and (Jay streets, are well
built. N. and e. of the town the land rises, and
j)rescnts a noble view of the town and bay. In
1790, this city owned 27 ships, 1 snow, .'Jl bri-
gantines, 31 schooners, and 9 sloops, total 102;
tonnage 13,564. The exports in the same year
amounted to 2,027,770, and the imports to
1,949,899 dollars. The exports in July, August,
and Septemljcr, in 1790, amounted only to 34y,58-i
dollars; but in these months in 1795, they amount-
s2

H<1

!|!

yr^^

.If !<

'Lki':l

;''N

r 1 ' 111

■ ^^.

l-t

138

BAN

to 1,075,748 dollars. Tlic nfTuirs of the town are
luitiicigcd by a Iwarcl of town commissioners, a
boarii of special commissioners, and a board of
wardens; the (irst board fills i(s own vacancies,
and is perpetual; the two last arc appointed by
electors, chosen every fifth year by the citizens.
It is 53 miles v. jo. ironi Elktown, J76 ». e. from
Richmond in V'irijinia, 50 n. e. from the city of
Washiniiloii, and 103 n. w. from I'liiladeluhia.
Lnt. 39' 19' H. Lon^v. 7(j' 44' a;.]

JiAMliA, a small river of the province and co?*-
regimicnto of ("axanuirca la Grande. It rises
in the valley of Condebamba, and enters the Ma-
ra ilon.

IJAMBAMAUCA, a settlement of the province
and corregintiento of Caxamarquilla in Peru, an-
nexed to the cnracy of the capital.

BAMOA, a settlement of the missions which
were held here by the rci^ulars of the company of
the Jesuitsj in the province and government of
Cinaloa.

BANAHATU, a small river of the province
and government of San Juan de los Llanos in the
Nuevo Reyno de Granada ; it rises between the
rivers Cinuruco and Cantanapalo, runs e. and
enters the Orinoco on the w. side, between the
mouths of those two rivers.

BANAICHI, or Banamiciii, a settlement of
the province and government of La Sonora in
Nueva Espana, on t?ie shore of a river of this
name, between the settlements of Guspaca and
..Gnopique.

BANANA, a small settlement of the province
and government of Darien ; it consists of gentile
Indians, and is situate on the shore of the gulph
of this name, or Uraba.

BANANIERES, Gisand, a river of the island
of Guadalupe ; it rises in the mountains towards
the e. runs e. and enters the sea between the rivers
Trou, Au, (-"hat, and Orange.

BANAIIE, Marif:, a river of the province of
La Guayana, in the Erench possessions.

BANASIA, SiEHiiA OE, a chain of mountains
of the island of St. Domingo, in the French pos-
sessions ; they are near the n. coast, at the w. head,
and run froiri n. to e. for many leagues.

BANCHEKAU, a cape or poin* of land on the
coast of Acadia.

BANCO, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Santa Marta in the kingdom of Tierra
Firnie, situate on the shore of the river Magdalcna,
at llic mouth tormed by the river Cosarc.

Banco ke Piuhomo, a sand bank, just appear-
ing above the water, in the gulph of Guayaquil,
opposite to the coast of Machaia, (from whence it

BAN

is one league distant), and to the Punta de Arenas
of the island of La Puna. It extends upwards of
three leagues from n. | to n. e. to .v. | to s. e.

BANCOS, small islands or rocks of the N. sea,
near the coast of the province and government of
Honduras, close to tiie cape of Camaron.

BANDITS, a small river of Canada, which runs
s. xe. and enters lake Superior.

BANEGAS, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela, sitiiat(^ on the shore of
the river Guarico, at the mouth where this river is
entered by that of Los Aceytes.

[BANGOR, u township in Ilancoek county,
district of Maine, on the w. side of Penobscot
river, ?5 miles from its mouth at Belfast bay, Ga
71. w. by to. from Machias, 63 n. e. from Hal-
lowell, and 280 ». e. from Boston.]

BAN I, a large and beautiful valley of the island
of St. Domingo, on the s. coast.

Bani, a river of the same island, rising in the
mountains of the coast. It runs s. crosses the
aforesaid valley, and enteis the sea I)etween the
point of La Salina and the bay of Ocoa.

BANICA, a settlement of Hispaniola, or St.
Domingo, founded by Diego Velasqucs in 1504,
in a valley of the same name, near the river Arti-
bonito. It has a guard of 40 men, on account of
its bordering upon the limits of the French ; and
is seven leagues from the town of Azua, or Com-
postela.

Bamica, a valley of the island, in which is the
former settlement. It is arge, fertile, and beauti-
ful, surrounded on all sides by the rivers of the
Indians, the Artibonito, and the Nciba.

Ban 10 A, a small river of the same island,
which rises at the foot of two mountains near the
n. coast, runs 5. e. and enters the Libo".

[BANKS, Port, a harbour on the «. w. coast of
America, s. e. from cape Edgecombe, and «. w,
from Sea Otter sound. J

[BANN, a township in York county, Penn-
sylvania.]

BANNISTER, asmall river of Virginia, which
runs s. e. and enters the Ilicotimos.

BANNOS, a settlement of the province and
cortei>iiiiiento of Himialies in Peru. In its neigh-
bourhood arc the vestiges of a stone road, which
art? al.-o found in the immediate provinces of Con-
chucos, Tarma, and others : its direction is from
Caxamarca towards the ,v. The Incas used to
travel along this road, and it is .said to have ex-
tended as far as Quito ; its remains shew it to have
been a sumptuous work. Not far from hence are
other monuments of antiquity, such as a palace
for buthiug, in which the stones of the building

■f

\>^

la de Arenas
I iipwiirds of
to a. e.
■ the N. sea,
vernmcnt of
on.
I, which runs

province and

the shore of

i this river is

cock county,
of Penobscot
Ifiist bay, (ia
e. from Hal-

yr of the island

rising in the
t, crosses the
a l)etween the
coa.

iniola, or St.
<ques in 1504,
the river Arti-
on account of
I French ; and
zua, or Com-

b ■which is the
e, andbeauti-
\c rivers of the
ba.

same island,
tains near the
bo".

; n. w. coast of
be, and n. w.

county, Penn-

irginia, whicli

province and

In its ncigh-

ic road, which

inces of Con-

rcclion is from

ncas useil to

id (o have cx-

hew it to have

rom lience are

I as a palace

the building

linage of our

B A Q

were fitted together with such m'ccfy that it is
almost impossible to discover where they were
joined; the ruins of a temple and a fort, at the
summit of a mountain, which has its sideAvatercd
by tlie Maranoii ; and another fort nt a little dis-
tance. Lat. 10^ 10' s.

Bannos, another settlement, of t lie as/Vw/o and
jurisdiction of Ambato, in the corregimieiito of
Riobamba and kingdom of Quito ; situate at the
skirts of the mountain of 'riini;ura^ua. Tiierc
are some baths here which were much frequented,
and the settlement was consecrated to the religious
of the order of St. Dominic, and in its church
was held in high veneration the
Lady.

Bannos, another, of the province and govern-
ment of Canta in Peru, annexed to the curacy of
Atavillos Altos.

Bannos, another, in the province and confgi-
miento of Ciienca in the kingdom of Quito, in the
vicinity of whicli there is at the top of the moun-
tain a spring of mineral wa'eis, sprouting lhrou;,-h
several holes of about four or five inches in diame-
ter : they come out boiling, so that they will
harden an egg in a very lew minutes. Froni ihese
waters flows a stream of very beneficial properties,
which deposits on its banks a yellow colour. 'J he
Incas bad thtir baths here, and vestiges of
these are still to be seen. Two leagues from its
capital, in lat. 2' 36' s.

Bannos, another, in the province and corregi-
miento of Uancngua in the kingdom of Chile.

Bannos, a river of the province am\ cotrrgi-
mienlo of Cuenca in the kingdom of Quito. It
rises in the mountainous deserts of the cordillera,
takes its name from the settlement thus called, and
passes at a quarter of a league's distance from the
city of Cuenca. ^

BA NOMAS, a barbarous nation of Indians,
who inhabit the forests of the river Maranon, in the
province of Quito. They were bounded by the
Omaguas and Aysuares, and were reduced to the
Catholic lailh, and brought to live in settlements,
by the celebrated Jesuit and mathematician, Samuel
Frit, in I6>3.

BANTAN, RocHKR de, a shoal or small rocky
isle, of the s. coa^t of Nova Scotia, between the
capes Negre and Sable.

BAN L'RV. See Braintree.

BAQUERIA nil. Mar, a territory of the
province and captainship of Key in Brazil, and in
the country of the Gnanoas Indians.

Bauuekia, another, an extensive territory of
the province and government of Paraguay, between
the rivers Alboaploni and Yucas.

BAR

133

BAR, a small river of Nova Scotia, which
runs s. and enters the sea in the bay of Fundy.

BARA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate on the sea coast, near the river
Guaiqiie.

[BAIiACOA, a sea-port town in the n. e. part of
the island of Cuba in the West Indies ; 50 miles
«. e. of St. Jago de Cuba. Lat. 21° n. Long.
76^ 10' ti\]

Baracoa, a port of the missions belonging to
the Portuguese Carmelite fathers, in the country of
lias Amazonas, situate on the shores of the Rio
Negro.

BARADEHO, Sa\ Franciso Regis del, a
settlement of the province and government of
Mainas in the kingdom of Quito, one of those be-
longing to the Jesuits.

Baradeuo, Santiago de, another settle-
ment, of the province and government of Buenos
Ayres, situate to the w. of its capital, at a small
distance from the river La Plata.

Baraueko, a bay of the coast of Brazil, in the
captainship of Key, between the lake of Los De-
fuiitos, and the small island of Castillos Chicos.

B/.ILIlDEROS, a port of the coast of the pro-
vince and government of Yucatan, near the river
Champoton.

Baraderos, a bay on the n. coast of the u*.
head of the island of St. Uomingo, in the French
possessions, between the Bee de Marsowin and tlie
Petit Trou.

[BAJiADERO, a settlement of Indians, of the
province and government of Buenos Ayres, found-
ed in 1580 by the Giiaranos, in Lat. 34° 46' 35".
Long. 59° 46' 30" ai.]

BARA(tUA, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate on the shore of the river Tucuj'O,
and to the n. of the city of Bariquisimelo.

BAKANOA, a settlement of the province and
government of Cartagena in the kingtfom of Tierra
Firme, situate on the banks of a stream which
runs from the swamp of Turbaco into the sea.

BARAONA, a settlement of the province and
government of Quixos and Macas in the king-
dom of Quito.

BARARAIJA, a setllement of the Portuguese
in the province and country of the Amazonas,
situate on the shore of the river Negro.

BARBA, Punta de, a cape on the coast of
Tierra Firme, in the province and government of
Santiago de Vcragua, in the the S. sea, one of
those which form the bay of La Soledad.

BARBACOA, an island of the N. sea, in the

i
1

1 '

'"i

* ^

; 1;

' {

•if ■

BAR

I-

'..1

> :''•

'.'(■

' a

province nnd trovornmcnt of Darirn, sitnalo williiii
tliojTiilpli olllic same iianic, near the. coast, atiil
in front of the montli of tli« river f'lioco.

Baiiiiacoa, a jioiiit of land on t)i(! coast of tlic
province and sf>vprnnicnt of Carinpcna, between
the month of Tialiinaand tlie ishind of narn.

llAiinACOA, a settlement of the islimd of St.
Domingo, situate on the e. head, and on the shore
of the bay of its name,

BAriBACOAS, n city of the province and go-
vernment of RsmeraJdas in the kinscdom of Quito,
situate between the rivers Pati and Guaxi, near
the coast of the S. sea, is also called Nnestra Se-
I'lora del Puerto del Nuevo Toledo. Its soil is
warm and moist, and the houses, iililioui^h built of
wood and a certain cane called guadua, and cover-
ed in with larije dried leaves instead of tiles, are
nevertheless very commodious and of a decent
construction, lis iuiiabitants arc docile, amiable,
and courteous, and of sin<;ulnr jyenius. It has
many families of distinction, who possess gold
mines which arc worked by the Negro slaves.
The gold is of the best quality, and is carried to
be coined at the mint of Popayan. Victuals and
clothing arc very dear, since they are brought
from Pasto, Popayan, the town of Ibarra, and
from Quito : it is governed by a vice-governor and
two nl( aides., who arc elected yearly. Here is an
official real and a commissary of the inquisition;
and with regard to its ecclesiastical concerns, it is
governed by a vicar belonging to the bishopric
of Quito. The first person who found his way
amongst these mountains, for the sake of convert-
ing the nation ofBarbacoas, of whom but few are
now remaining, wfas Father Lucas de la Cueva,
of the abolished company of the Jesuits, in IMO.
It has four dependent settlements, and lies between
the river Iluachi to the w. and the Telembi to the
n. e. in Lat. 1° 42' s. Long. 78° 8' w.

Baruacoas, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela, lying to the *. of the
city of Caroa at the source of the river Tucuyo.

Bauracoas, a bay of then, coast of the island of
.St. Domingo, formed by the cape of Frances Vicjo
and that of Samand, is very large and capacious.

BAnBAcoAs, another settlement of the province
and government of Venezuela, on the shore of the
lake of Maracaibo.

BARBADOES, an island of the N. sea, one of
the licsscr Antillas, situate to the «. of that of St.
Vincent, and to the s. of Martinica ; is eight
leagues long and five wide, and is of an oval
shape. It was discovered by William Courteen
in 1625, in the reign of James 1. king of JCngland,
who was returning from Pcrnambuco in Brazil,

BAR

and was driven liitiier by a tempest, wlien ho
went on shore to rcronnoitrc, and found the island
was crowded with wood ; indeed it was supposed
that there was not a clear spot of ground upon it,
and it seemed allogethcr deserl, and uninhabited
even by savages. There were neither ])itstures,
grain, or herbs to be found upon if ; but as the
climate was giiod, and the soil appeared to be fer-
tile, it was settled by some English of small for-
tunes, who, after intinile pains and difficulty, suc-
ceeded iti clearing away some of the timber with
which it was so covered : the first crops were of
course but scanty, but this, however, did not
cause these new colonists to give up their enter-
prise ; and they were atlerwarils kept in counte-
nance and joined by some of their brethren who
fled hither on account of the English civil wars.
It was then granted by the king as a property to
his favourite the Earl of Carlisle, and it thus
so far increased in population, that in 20 years
afterwards, namely in IG50, it contained 50,000
whites, and a greater number of Negro slaves.
The king created 13 barons in this colony, who,
ill I67(), had upwards of 1000 Negroes, and em-
ployed more than 400 vessels, from 50 to 100 tons
burthen, in their commerce of sugar, indigo, cot-
ton, ginger, and other productions. The in-
crease of the English colonies in the other islands
caused the extraordinary elevation of fortune and
dignity then prevalent in this, in some degree, to
subside ; and what did not in a less degree con-
tribute to its downtal, was the terrible plague
which broke out here in 1692, and continued fur
some years. It is by nature very strong, and
completely surrounded by rocks, so that it is
thoroughly sheltered to the windward ; io the
leeward it has many good bays, and the whole
coast is defended by a line of small forts. The
country has the most beautiful appearance, being
a series of valleys and mountains, cultivated in all
parts, and full of plantations of sugar-cane,
oranges, lemons, citrons, limes, guavas^ papas,
aloes, and many other kinds of delicious fruits,
and interspersed with country villas and dwell-
ings : one of the principal branches of its com-
merce is rum, which is esteemed of the finest qua-
lity ; it abounds in fish and birds, and has many
great caves or caverns, some of which are large
enough to contain 5(H) men, and are used as hid-
ing places by the Negroes who run away from
their masters. Its temperature is very hot, espe-
cially in the eight summer months, and the hent
would indeed be intolerable, were it not for the
w. e. breeze which springs up about sun-rise, and
lasts as long as this luuiiuary is above the horizon.

B A R B A D E S.

135

st, wlion lin
lul tlic island
t-as supposed
uiid upon i(,
I iiiiiiiliabilcd
icr jjustiin's,
; but as the
red to he f'cr-
I of small tor-
ifficidty, SMC
; timber with
;rops were of
;ver, did not
) tlioir ditor.
|)l ill couiitc-
brctliren who
ill civil wars,
a property to
, und it thus
it in 20 years
lained 30,000
Negro slaves,
colony, wlio,
;roos, and em-
fJO to 100 tons
r, indigo, coi-
ns. The in-
e other islands
of fortune and
)me degree, to
bs degree coii-
erribic plague
continued for
y strong, and
so that it is
ward ; to the
ind the whole
ill forts. TIic
learance, bcincj
ndtivated in all
Df sugar-cane,
ruavas^ paprtSy
elicious fruits,
las and dwcll-
les of its com-
the finest qua-
and has many
ivliich are large
ire used as liid-
run away from
ery hot, cspe-
, and the heat
; it not for the
it sun-rise, and
ive the horizon.

It lins only one river, called 'i'liigh, the waters o
wliicli arc covered l>y a lluiil siinilar to oil, and
wliic.li is used for lamps. The island is divideil
info II |)ari8hes, uliicli contain II churches and
chapels. The names of the parislnis of this island
are, to the ii. St. Lucy's, St. Peter's, and St. An-
drew's ; to the s. St. IMicliael's, (Jiirist ('liurcli,
mid St. Philip's; and in the centre, St. .lames's,
St. Thomas's, St. Joseph's, St. CJeorge's, and
St. .John's, whiih arc diviiled inio five districts :
mid it contains (bur towns, called Uridge Town,
the capital, Si. James's, formerly called the Hole,
Speight's Town, and O.stin's, or Cliailes Town.

[liarbadoes, noiwithstani'ing wli.it Alcedo re-
marks, was proUibly first discovered by the Por-
tuguese in their voyages from Krazil, and from
them it received the name which it still retains.
It is said not to have been noticed in any sea-
chart bolore the year ItiOO. It is usually ranked
amongst the windward division of the Charibbes,
being a day or two's sail from Surinam. From
its being the first discovered of any of these islands,
it is called the Mother of the Sugar (Jolonks. It
was found without occupants or claimants. The
Charibbes, (or reasons altogether unknown to us,
had deserted it, and the Portuguese, satisfied
with the splendid regions they had acquired on
the continent, seem to have considered it as of
little value. Having furnished it with a breed of
swine for the benelit of such of (heir countrymen
as might navigate the same track, they left the
island in all other respects as they found it. Of
the Eniilisli, the first who are known to have land-
ed ill this island, were the crew of a ship called
the Olive Blossom, bonr.a from London to Suri-
nam in 1005, and fitted out at the expeiice of Sir
Olive Leigh. Some years after this, a ship of
Sir William Cour(een's, a mevcliant of London,
returning from ISrazil, was (liiveii l)y stress of
weather into this island, and finding refreshments
on it, (he master and se mien, on (heir arrival in
l^ngland, made so (avourable a report of the
beanty and fertility o( the country, that liOrd
Ley (afterwards Eurl of Marlborough, and lord
high treasurer) immediately ob(aiiied from Kiii<r
James i. a grant of the island (o himself
and his heirs in perpetuity. .Vocordingly Wil-
liam Dean, with vJO settlers, under the instiga-
tion of Courteen, urrived here safe in the latter
end of the year 16'ii, and laid the foundations of
a town, which, in the honour of the sovereign,
they denominated James Town ; and thus began
the first English settlement in the islanil of Uar-
badot>s. In 1627 it was iiiaile over by patent to
the Earl of Carlisle, afterwards to V\ illiain, Earl

f of Pembroke, in (rust for fouifrrn, and again

restored by other letters to (he l^irl of Civ'isic
The lalK-r peis'tn, in order coinpledly to ruin all
the in(eies(.s in (lie colony of his co;npi'(i((ir, jiro-
ceeded to dis(ribu(e the' lands (o such persons as
chose to receive grants at his hands on (he terms
proposed to them. A siiciefy oi Lcnulon mer-
chants accepted 10,000 acres, on conditions w Iiieli
promised grea( advaidage to the proprietor; but
they were allowed the liberty of seiidin;!; out a |ier-
son to preside over their concerns in (he rdloiiy,
and they made choice for this purpose of (.'liarles
WooUbrstone, who repaired to the isliiiiil, accom-
panied with (ii persons, earli of whom was au-
thorised to take up ICO acres of land. These
people landed on the ."jtli of July 16'^S, at which
time Courteeii's settlement was in a very promis-
ing condition ; but W'oolferstoiie declared it an
encroachment and usurpation, and being sup-
ported by the arrival of Sir William Tulton, who
was sent out as chief governor by Lord (Jarlisle,
in 1629, with a force sulhcient for the mninte-
naiicc of his pR'tensions, he compeUed the friends
of Courteen to submit; and the interests of the
latter were thenceforth swallowed up and forgo((eii.
Owing to a civil war in iMigliiml, many jieople of
peaceable tempers and dispositions, chiefly royal-
ists, took refuge in this island ; and (he conse-
quent ruin of the king's affairs induced a still
greater number, many of whom had been ollicers
of rank in his service, to follow (heir example.
The emigration from the mother-country to this
island was indeed so great during the coinniotioiis
in England, that in 1650 it was computed there
were 20,000 white men in Barbadoes, half of them
able to bear arms, and furnishing even a regiment of
horseto the number of 1000. "These adventurers,"
says Lord Clarendon, " planted themselves with-
out any body's leave, and without being opposed
or contradicted by any botly." The colony, left
to its own eflbrts, and enjoying an unlimited free-
doom of trade, nourished beyond example. la
the year 1616, however, the then Eurl of Car-
lisle, who was son and heir of the pitentce, stimu-
lated by the renown of its wealth and prosperity,
Iwgan to revive his claims as hereditary proprie-
tor : and entering into a treaty with Lord Wil-
loiighby of Parhuin, conveyed to that iiol)lemaii
all his rights by lease for 91 years, on conililion of
receiving one half the profits in the mean (inse ;
but ju.sfly apprehending that the resident planters
might dispute his pretensions, he very readily
concurred with Lord Willoughby in soliciting a
commission for the latter, as chief governor, un-
der the sanction of regal authority. Soon i<lter- 1

I I

t. 1

i »

I 1

1,-

r '

1 P' '

'ii

■If

^* ,0(

? ' I

H^ W' ' .

I i:

ill

< l

I3G

n A R R A D E S.

[«ar(l>i I he wliolc ihland became the possession of
tlie crown, nnd inaiiy indeed were the distiirb-
nnies that succeeded respcctinff the riyht of pro-
prietorslilp, until (he asscnihiv passed an net, on
the I'illi Septeiiiher ICili.'j, entilled, " Am Act
for settling llio Impost on the Cominoditiou of the
Growth of this Island."

The earliesit planters of Bnrbadoeti were some-
times reproached with the/^uilt of forciajj or de-
coying into slavery the Indians of the neigh-
bouring continent. The history of Inklc and
Yarico, which (he Spectator has recorded for
the detestation of mnnliind, took its rise in (his
island ; but happily (liis species of slavery was
soon abolished. The Barbadoes tar (the oil allud-
ed to by Alcedo) is a particidar production of (his
island. It rises out •)f the earth, and swims on the
surface of the water. I i is of great use in the dry
belly-ach, and in diseases of the breast. The
form of the ijovernmenl of this island so very
nearly resembles that of Jamaica, whicl> may l>c
found described under that article, that it is un-
necessary (o enter into defail, except to observe
that the council is composed of lii members, and
(he a.ssemby oi'^2'2. The most important variadon
respects (he court of chancery, which in Barba-
does is constituted of the governor and council,
whereas in .Famaica the governor is sole chancel-
lor. On the otiier hand, in Barbadocs the go-
vernor sits in council, even when the latter are
acting in a legislative capacity. This, in Jamai-
ca, would be considere(l improper and unconsti-
tutional. 1 1 may also be observed, that the courts
of grand sessions, common pleas, and exchequer,
in Barbadoes, are distinct from each other, and
not, as in Jamaica, united and blended in one
supreme court of judicature. Here is a college
founded by Colonel Codrington, the only institu-
tion of the kind in the W. Indies ; but it has not
answered the intention of (he Ibundcr. The houses
of tlie planters are very thickly sown all along the
country, which, with the luxuriant productions of
the soil, and the gently swelling hills, form a de-
lightful scene. That the dreadful succession of
hurricanes, with which this and the other West
Indian islands have been infested, has contributed
to the great defalcation of its revenues, cannot l)C
doub(ed. The capital of this island was scarce
risen from the ashes to which it had been reduced
by two dreadful fires, when it was torn from its
foundations, and the whole country made a scene
of desolation, by (hes(orm of (he 10th of October
1780, in which no less than i3'26 of the inhabi-
tants (blacks and whites) miserably perished ;
fuid the dainage to the country was computed at

j£l,."20,M4, !.').». sterling. Moreover, (he trade
of (his and sonic others of the islands, suffers con.
hiderably by a (lu'y ofijper cen(. on expor(e(l
produce ; out of which, however, (he governor's
salary, j^'iOOO a-year, is paid. The crown ae-
quiroil this revenue in (he reign of Charles II.
which (he plan((<rs agreed to, in order to secure
possessions to which they had uncertain titles.

Barbadoes is about 21 miles in length from High
point, its northern extremity, to Houth point;
and llinbreaihh, from (he ('hair near Kitridgc
hay, e. to V alianl Royalist fort, tc. ; and con-
tains 106,470 acres of land, most of which is un-
der cultivation. It lies 20 leagues e. from St.
Vincent, which may be seen in a clear day, 25
from St. Lucia, 28 s, e. from Martinico, GO «. c,
from Trinidad, and 100 s.e. from St. Christo-
pher's. The soil in the low lands is black, stfnie-
what reddish in the shallow parts, on the hills of
a chalky marl, and near the sea generally sandy.
Of this variety of soil, the black mould is best
suited for the cultivation of the cane, and, with
the aid of manure, has given as grt.U returns of
sugar, in favourable seasons, as any in the West
Indies, the prime lands of St. Kitt's excepted.
We are assured, that about the year 1670, Bar-
badoes could boast of 50,0(X) white, and upwards
of 100,000 black inhabitants, whose labours, it ii
said, gave employment to 60,000 tons of ship-
ping. This account is supposed to be much ex-
aggerated. It cannot however be doubted, that
the inhabitants of this island have decreased with
a rapidity seldom known in any other country.
According to the most authentic returns of the
number of whites in 1724, and of i(s Negroes in
1753, the (brmer consisted of no more than
18,295, the la((er of 69,870. In 1786 the num-
bers were I6,I()7 whiles, 838 free people of co-
lour, and 62,115 Negroes. It appears *oo timt
the annual j)roduce of this island (particularly
sugar) has decreased in a much greater propor-
tion than in any other of the West Indian colo-
nies. Postlethwayte states the crop of sugar, in
1736, at 22,769 hogsheads of IScwt. which is
equal to 19,800 of 15 cwt. ; and the author of the
European Settlements, published in 1761, cal-
culates the average crop at 25,000 hogsheads.
As the author first quoted gives a precise num-
ber, it is probable his statement was grounded on
good autuority. If so, the island has fallen oH'
nearly one half in the annual growth of its princi-
pal staple. On an average of eight years (from
1740 to 1748) the exports were, 13,948 hogsheads
of sugar, of 15 cwt. 12,884 puncheons of rum, ol
100 gallons, 60 hogsheads of molasses, 4667 bags]

lit

BARBADOES.

137

r, the. trndc
suffers con-
Mi exported
: governor's
! crown nc-
Cimrlcs II.
er to secure
lain titles.
Ii from Higli
oudi point ;
lar Kitridgc
; nnd con-
vliich is (111-
e. from S(.
car <iay, SJS
lico, CO II. c.
St. Cliristo-
black, stfnie-
II the liills of
erally sandy.
louUl is best
c, and, with
;,U returns of
in the West
t's excepted,
r 1670, Uar-
and upwards
1 labours, it it
tons of ship-
I be much cx-
loubted, that
ccrcascd with
ler country,
■turns of the
Negroes in
more than
86 the num-
)cople of co-
»cars ^00 that
(particularly
eater proper-
Indian colo-
of sugar, in
fft. which is
author of tiic
1761, cal-
) hogsheads,
jrecise nuin-
grounded on
lias fallen oft'
I of its princi-
|t years (from
18 hogsliends
Ills of rum, ol'
1, 4667 bags]

■^
.^

it'

[of ginger, 600 1)ag«of cotton, and 397 gourds of
nloch. The exports, on an average of 1784, 1785,
and 1786, had fallen to 9554 hogsheads of sugar,
6448 puncheons of mm, 6320 bags of ginger,
8331 oags of cotton ; exclusive ot some smaller
Articles, as aloes, sweetmeats. See. of which the
qiKiiiiities arc not ascertained. The variation in
thi' lirodiice of sugar is from (iOOO to 13,000
liogslicads ; whilst (Jrenada, St. Vincent's, nnd
Tobngo, vary only as from 12,000 to 16,000
hogsheads.

By report of privy council, 1788, the Hritish
properly vested here is estimated at 106,470 taxed
acres of patcntetl estates ; and the Negroes are com-
puted at 60,000, at 50/. each Negro. The same
report, in a general appraisement of British pro-

fierty vested in the British colonics, makes the
[ind, buildings, and stock, double the value of
the Ne-roes ; and the towns, stores, and siiip-
ing, alx>ut ono twenty-seobnd part of the lands.

Produce of the island of Barbadoes exported, for seven yean, from 1786 io 1792, both inclusive.

A.D.
1786

Sii^ar.

Mclasjea.

Rum.

Oinger.

Aloes.

Cotlou.

Hits. Trcn. Barlj.

Hds. Trees.

UiU. Trcf s. Harls.

BagHuid Barli.

HUs. Trees. Gourds.

Hagn. lbs.

8,659 82 .3419

114 —

•)I99 39 693

8070

1 409

8,864 —

1787

11,929 183 2415

87 37

,'J872 27 6(4

6095

1 I 688

10,511 —

178S

10,309 63 3674

— _ —

3386 — 607

5364

— — 303

— 1,894,365

1789

9,021 96 4520

_. _

3172 — 397

5180

— — 372

— 1,327,840

1790

9,998 123 29^5

— _ — —

2331 — 261

4565

— — 475

— 1,287,088

1791

11,3S3 60 2346

30 —

3008 — 411

3735

— — 770

— 1,163,157

1792

17,073 125 2608

188 —

5064 — 612

3046

— — 515

— 974,178

From this great increase in the export of sugar,
and decrease in that of the minor staples, it seems
probable that the advanced price of that article in
Europe in the year 1792, had encouraged the cul-
tit .tion of that article on plantations which had
formerly-been abandoned or appropriated to a dif«
fcrent line of culture.

To the year 1736 this island returned,

on vearly average, of sugar, - -

To 176 f, on average crops, . - - -

To 1787, only

To 1805, only

lids.
22,769
25,000
12,21 1

9,554

The ofEcial value nf the Imports and Exports of Bnrbadoes were, in

1809, imports j£288,41S, exports .i£450,7C0.

1810, 311,400, 271,597.

And the quantities of the principal articles imported into Great Britain were, in

Coffee.

Sugar.

Rum.

Cotton Wool.

Brit. Plant.

Foro. Plant.

Brit. Plant.

For*. Plant.

Cwt.

1809, 3471

1810, 308

Cwf.

1345

Cwt.

139,717
181,440

Cwt.
S

O Ills.

19,764
7,909

Lbs.
1,359,823

1,453,738

The above statements will, it is conceived, give
a good general view of the commercial relations of
Bardadoes from the earliest perio<l ; and il will be
found that its produce for the European market
has been regularly on the decline, though some-
what uniform, since 1787 to the present year. In-
dependently ot'all political circumstjinces, to which
the cause might possibly be traced, we shall con-
tent ourselves in quoting the physical causes as-
cribed by Sii Charles Young. <' As this decrease

YOL. I.

(he observes) " has been constant and progressive,
it is to be apprehended that the cause is of certain
and continued effect ; namely, diminished and di-
minishing fertility, if not from exhausted soil, yet
from the country lieing over-cleared and deprived
of woods, and therewith deprive<l of moisture, un-
der their shade and covert, to form reservoirs for
rivulets ; and deprived too of the attraction to
clouds and rain, which, in the tropical climates,
are indiBpensaUe to fertility , and which the wooded]

:^l

■■i

r'.fi'

;;'1

1 lil'^''^

J ' ;

iJ ,' Ii

II ,'•!

■ ^

1.08

BAR

[liillfl of itlumts constantly nflbnl, and nta in etc
ninplo of." To the uhovr cunsps of the ileclinc of
the exuorLs, uc moiiUI hiivu our readers lx>ni in
mind tlie drendfid snceeNsioii of hurric;ines which
took place in 1784. The Alate of the population of
this island at different periods, will be seen by tlic
following authentic documents.

Account of the number of Negroes in Bnrbndocg,
und amount of the Public Ta.xes for seven
years, from 1786 to 17^2, both inclusive. —
(Extracted from Bryan Eduards.)

A.D.

No, of .Slave

Do. iinpurlud.

Amount of Tuxes,

1786

62,115

511

jtlO,I38 14 2{

1787

02,712

5'i8

13,528 15 111

1788

6,., 557

1585

8,382 12 4ii

1789

63,870

556

5,5.54 18 3

1790

64,068

131

13,482 19

1701

63,250

426

6,203 2 lU

1792

64,330

744

9,443 19 3

BAR

The taxM thus levied on the public consist
of a capitation tax on Negroes ; a tax on sugar*
mills, (Iwclling-liouscs, and carrin^res ; togctlior
with an cxci.se, &o. on wines imported, liesidcs
all which, (here is a parochial tux on land,
amounting, on average througliout the island, to
about two shillings jwr acre, und an assessment in
lalxnir for the repair of the highways. Tlic whole
is altogether exclusive of the heavy duty of 4| {Kt
cent, to the crown.

By report of privy council, 1788, and by subsc<
quent estimates, the population amounted to

1787
1805

Whites.

People of
Colour.

SUVMi

16,127
15,000

2229
2130

64,405
60,000

By return to the house of commons, Marcii 18th, 1790, tlie following was the Slave Trade fronj
Africa to this island in the underinentioneii years.

Arrivals from Africa.

Negroes exported.

Years.

Number of
Vessels.

Tonnage.

Total number
of Negroes im-
ported.

To Foreign West

Indies, in Rritish

Bottoms.

To the
States of
America.

Total
Exported.

Negroes re-
tained for
cultivation.

1787
1788

7
8

831
801

713
1099

356

85
3G2

628
737

And the Import of Slaves into llarbadocs, by re-
port of privy council, 1788, at a medium of
four years, and by a return to house of com-
mons in 1805, on a medium of two years from
1803, were.

Average of

Four years to 1787
Two years to 1803

Imports.

Re-exports.

Retained.

367
1050

362
1022

Barbadoes is situate in 13° 10' n. lat. and in
69° w. long.]

BARBARA, Santa, a settlement of Indians,
of the missions belonging to the religion of St. Do-
raiogo, in the jurisdiction ofthc townof SanChris-
tobal in the Nuevo Reyno dc Granada. It con-
sists of 100 Indians, is of a hot temperature, and
lies oa the shore of tbe river Apure.

Bahbara, another settlement of the alcahUa
mayor of Coautitlan in Nueva Espana, annexed
to the ciintcy of its capital. It contains 218 fami-
lies of Indians, and is a little more than a quarter
of a league distant from its capital.

Bakisara, another, of the head settlement and
alcaldia mnuor oi Marinalco in the same kingdom,
is of a colu and moist temperature, iidiabilcd bj
nine families of Spaniards and Alustees, and 69 ut'
Indians, who arc accustomed to make pulque,
(a liquor prepared of a species of aloes), and (o
sow some seeds and fruits wnicli are peculiar to llic
climate. Close to this settlement is an estate in
which dwell 10 families of S|)aniards and 1,'3 ot
Indians. It is somewhat more tkaii two leagues
distant from its head settlement.

Barbara, Santa, another, of the head selili-
mcnt of Ahuacatlan, and afialdia maj/or of Znail-
Ian, in the same kingdom. One league from iti
kead lettlcmciit.

ihlic cotiMsl
ax uii sugar*
!8 ; togetlicr
i;il. liesulcs
ux oil laiul,
he island, to
assessment in
. The whole
uty of 41 per

ind by subsc*
ntetl to

Slaves)

64,405
60,000

e Trade fioiu

igrocs re-
ined for
Itivation.

628
737

of the alcalilia

pafm, annexed

itains2l8riinii-

tlmii a quarter

settlement and

same kingdom,

iidiabilcd hy

stees, and 69 of

make pulque,

'aloes), ami to

peculiar to tlic

is an estate in

iards and ]'3 ut

an two leagues

the head selilc-
laj/or of Zacul-
euguc from lit

BAR

DARBAnA, San, another, of the hcnd ictifc*
incnt niui ahnldia maj/or of Cliolida in the same
kingdom, contains 'M families of Indian*), and is
a ciuarter of a league n. of its capitid.

IIariiaua, Han, another, of the province and
corves^imitnto of Angaries in Peru.

IUrhara, San, another, of the province and
corrtgimiento of Barbucous in the kii\f^oni of
Quito.

Baruara, San, another, of the missions which
helonge<l to the regulars of the company of Jesuits,
in the province of Te])eguana and kingdom of
Nueva Vizcaya, situate on the shores of the river
Florido; is six leagues to the. t. of the settlement
and garrison of the valley of San Bnrtolome.

Bahbara, San, another, of the island ofCu-
ra^oii, situate on then, coast, «)ppo!tite the island of
TierraFirme, and near to the e. extremity.

Barbaha, San, another, in the above island,
Bituiite on the x. coast.

Barbaua, San, another, of the missions which
yine held by the regulars of the company of .Te-
suits, in the province and goTernment of Mainas,
of the kingdom of Quito, and in the country of
Ibe Ardas Indians.

Barbaua, San, another, of the missions which
were held by the same regulars of the compiuiy of
Jesuits in brinoro, is composed of Indians of the
aation of Saruca, having been founded between the
rivers Sinaruco and Mcta in 1739.

Barbara, San, another, of the province and
government of Maracaibo, situate on the shore of
the river Puribn.

Barbara, San, another settlement and rca/ of
tlie mines of the province of Tepeguanaand king-
dom of Nueva Vizcaya, situate close on the s. e,
side of the settlement of Parrnl. [in its vicinity
are very rich silver mines. It lies 500 miles n. w.
of the city of Mexico.]

Barbara, San, another, of the province of
Barcelona and government of Cumana in the king-
dom of Tierra I-'irinc ; one of those which are un-
der the care of the religious observers of St. Fran-
cis, of the missions ofPiritu; situate in the j^rra-
»/a, on the shore and at the source of the river
Unarc.

Baubaiia, San, another, of the province and
government of Sierra Gorda, in the bay of Mexi-
co and kiiig:'nm of Nueva Espana ; founded in
the year 1 750 by the Count Siena Gorda, Don Jo-
•cpli de Llscunilon, colonel of the militia of Que-
rataro.

Bai bara, San, a town of the i^^land of Laxa,
in tlie kingdom of Chile, situate on the shore of the
river Biobio, aear its source, with a fort of the

BAR

1S9

same name to restrain (he Indians. It was found-
by the president Don Josenli de Hozas, Count de
Poblaciones, who thus called it, out ot resuect to
the qui><Mi Dona Maria Barbara of Portugal, who
rciirncd at that time.

Barbara, San, another town, of the provinco
and government of Valparaiso^ in the same king-
dom of Chile, amitotnee. ol (hecapit^il.

Bauuaiia, San, a chaimel in the strait of Ma-
gellan, by which this communicates itself with
the S. sea, from the island of Luis el Grande, on
the w. side of the Tierra del Fuego.

Baruara, San, a fort of the province and
government of Tucumun.

Barraha, San, another fort, in the province
and government of Gunyana, of the kingdom of
Tierra Firnie ; situate on the shore of the Orinoco.

BAKBE, San rn, a small island of the e. coast
of Newfoundland, opposite d'reen bay.

Bahbr, Santi:, a bay on the w. coast of the
same island of Newfoundland, at the entrance of
the strnit of Bellisle.

BAKHON, a to\t n of the province and govern*
ment of (iiiiiyana in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.

BAIIHOSA, an island of (he coast of Tierra
Firme, in the government of Maracaibo and pro-
vince of Venezuela, is of a triangular form, and
situate opposite to the mouth of the lake of Mara-
caibo.

BAIlliUDA, an i&land of the N. sea, one of the
Lesser Antilles, in the English possessions, and situ-
tuatc n. of Antigua, or Antego, is five leagues
lon^r, and of a fertile soil, abounding in cattle and
fruits, esp(;cially in cocoa-uee^, which are here
extremely fine. It also yields cotton, pepper,
tobacco, indigo, ginger, nnd sugar-cane ; not to
mention the other fine protluctions of exquisite
woods, herbs, and roots, with which it is plenti-
fully stocked. The English, however, derive but
little advantfige from it, from the frequent attacks
made against them by the Charibbcc Indians ; and
by these they arc frequently put to death. Here
grows the sensitive plant, which withers as soon as
touched. It abounds in difierent kinds of snakes ;
and amongst these there is a certain species which
is of a yellow and red colour, and having a flat
head, the bite of which produces certain death,
if recourse be not had to immediate remedy. It is
12 leagues to the n. e. of Antigua, and 24 to the
n. n. e. of St. Christopher's. It lielongs to the fa-
mily of Codrington, to which it is worth upwards
of 5000/. per annum. It aliounds in swine, sheep,
and in birds; and its natives employ themselves in
the breeding of the former. The inhabitants should
amount to 1200, and they merchandize to the
t8

;

^^ - ,;

' i^n

;.H

140

BAR

[They liave since increased
Lat. 17= 3G' ». Long. 61°

neighbourinnr parts,
(o upwards of 1500.
40' te-l

BAltBUDO, a settlement ol the Nucvo Reyno
(1e Granada, founded by Francisco llenriquez, on
the slioreof the river of La Magdalena, in 1541, in
tlie province of the Malebncyes : it was a large
papulation, and I'oh in gold mines ; these arc
close in its vicinity, but iire not worked at (he pre-
sent day, uiran wliicli account it has fallen into the
utmost state of misery and decay.

BARRUDOK, a barbarous nation of Indians,
who inhabit tlie Moods to the s, of the river Marp.-
uon, and to the e, of the Guallaga. They are ene-
mies of the Aguanos an^ jf the Cocamas ; but they
are at present for the most part united, and re-
duced to a settled population by the missionaries,
the Jesuits of Mainas.

BAUBUKES, a barbarous nation oftheNuevo
Heyno dc Granada, iidiabiting the mountains close
to the city of Pimplona. They are descendants
of the Chitarero!), but arc at present very few in
number, and .irv<; but little known.

BAKBUE, a river of Canada. It rises from a
lake, runs w, between the rivers Raisin and Mara-
meg, and enters the lake Nichigan. [Its mouth,
60 yards wide, lies 73 miles n. by tf. from fort
St. Joseph.]

[BAnnuE, the name of a river which empties
into lake Erie, from the n. by ;. 40 miles w. n. w.
from the extremity of Long pomt in that lake, and
22 e. bv s. 1-ora Tonty river.]

BAltCA, a setdcmcnt of the province and for-
regimienlo of J'aria in Peru, annexed to the cura-
cy of Toledo.

The settlements of the jurisdiction arc,

San Pedro, Quisco,

Ocatlan, Totan,

Ponzitlan, San Luis,

Atotonilco, Sula.

Zspotlan,
BARCAS, the alcaldia mayor of the kingdom
of Nueva Galicin, but of the bishopric of Meclio-
acan. Its capital, which bears the same name, is a
large town, having a numerous population of
Spaniards, Mustees^ and Mulattoes. Its vicinity
also is well stocked with inhabitants, and near it
are many countrj'-houses, estates, farm-houses,
and grazing lands for cattle of the large and small
sort. It is very pleasant and fertile, and in its
confines runs the large river of Guadalaxara, from
whence it lies 25 leagues to the e. s. e.

BAIU'ELLOS, or San Cayetano, a city of
the province and country of the Amazoiias, in the
Portuguese possessions, is on the shore of the

BAR

abundant river Negro, opposite the second deep
chasm of Varaca, the same forming one of tli<^
arms by which this river is entered by that of Pa.
ravii'ianas, or Parimc.

BAR(3EL()NA, a province of the government
of Cumana, one of the three which compose Ihat
government; bounded on the w. by Cumuoa, e. by
Caracas, and s. by the river Orinoco, which also
divides it from Guayana. All the front looking to
the n. is a part of the serrania, which commences
at the Punta dc Pnria, and runs as far is Santa
Marta. At the distance of nine leagues to the
back of this province, begin the extensive llanos,
which bear its name, and which, uniting with those
of Caracas, run s. as far as the Orino^^o ; but these
llanos are nothing more than barren wastes, pro-
ducing no herbs, tnough tliey are nevertheless well
stocked with cattle, which bree<l here in great
abundance, and which derive their food from the
rank herbage which grows upon the banks of the
rivers; and when these suflfcr from drought, the fa-
tality amongst these poor creatures is, of course, ter-
rible. The temperature here is the same as that of
Cumana, though not so unhealthy. This province
produces nothmg but maize, ^uca;, plantains, and
such other fruits as are found mthe above-ment. jn-
ed province, and even these in nogreat abundance.
It IS however noted for its cattle ; and the inhabi-
tants have a mctho<l of salting down meats, wliich
they call Insajo, and which they export to the
islands of Margarita, Trinidad, and to other parts.
With regard to the skins, a third part of them are
sent to St. Domingo and Puertorico, and the rest
are exported by the Dutch ; and it is calculated
that not leis than from 8 to 9000 head of cattle
are killed here annually. Its coast abounds in fish,
but they are neither so plentiful, nor of so fine a fla-
vour, as upon the coast of Cumana. ft has four
small salt-pits, of which the natives make free use,
and this without any other trouble than that of
merely extracting the salt. Its principal rivers are
those of Barcelona and Unare, both of which run
n. A species of palm is very common throughout
the whole province ; it resembles the dute-tree,
which is called here nionVAr, producing every
year a rivulet of water, and many of them toge-
ther a very tolerable stream, from a tendency
which has lieen discovered in this plant io ab-
sorb the moisture from the earth. '1 his province
contains 33 settlements, viz. three head-towns, tlie
capital of its name, Aragua, and Concepcion de
Pao, 15 consecrated villages, and 17 of missions
or reducdones of Indians, which are as follows :
Pozuelos, ('larines,

San Miguel f Caigua,

;

BARCELONA.

141

'cond deep
one of lli'^
tlmt of Pa.

jovcrnment
impose that
ni>DU,«. by
which also
, looking to
commences
far 18 Santa
;ues to the
isive llanos^
r with tiiose
i; but these
wastes, prO"
rtheless well
re in great
>d from the
mnks of the
ght, the fa>
course, ter-
le as that of
lis province
mtains, and
ve-ment,jn-
abundance.
I the inhabit
neats, which
Kport to the
I other parts,
of them are
md the rest
is calculated
ad of cattle
unds in fish,
so fine a fla-
It has four
ikc free use,
than that of
al rivers are
f which run
throughout
; dute-tree,
cing every
them togc-
a tendency
lant to ab-
lis province
•towns, tlie
icepcion de
of inissiona
follows :

San Bernardino, Pilar,

Piritu, Tocuyo,

San Francisco, San Pablo,

San Lorenzo, Purey.

And of the missions,
Quiamare, Platanar,

Cary, Santa Barbara,

Candelaria, Unarc,

Micurcs, Santa Rosa,

Santa Ana, Alapirirc,

Ciuazaiparo, Cacliiiio,

Margarita, Arivi,

Chamariapa, San Joaquin.

Santa Clara,
[The above province, on or before the 7tli De-
cember 1811, had declared for independence.
See Venezuela.]

The capital was founded in 1634 by Don .'jan
dc Urpin, on a level upon the shores of the river of
its name, at h&lf a league's distance from the sea.
Its soil is very uneven ; and as it is not paved, it
becomes in the winter extremely rugged and incon-
venient, through the rains, as also dusty and dis-
agreeable in the summer, on account of the dust,
which flies about in all directions, if the wind blow
ever so mildly. It is an open town, without any
fortification, small, and containing 500 house-
keepers, who are masters of 150 smsdl estates, some
of which are of cacao, situate in tlic yalley of
Cupira, in the province of Caracas, and from
whance the productions are not allowed to be ex-
ported. The other estates are of the larger cattle,
in which are counted upwards of 40,^X) head,
which would be suiTicient completely to enrich
any other country where they might not be rated
at so low a price ; for it is common for one head
to bring no more than two dollars and a half, if
paid in real money, and ibur if in effects ; and
this may be consid(>red the cause why this place is
so poor, notwithstnnditig that its natives arc the
most industrious of any in the province. It con-
tains, besides the parish church, which is not yet
finished, another, with a hospital for the religious
FranciNcansofthe missions ol'PiritD. Twelve leagues
from the capital, Cumaim ; but thisdistance, on ac-
count of the badness of the roads, and uncvenncss
of the country, sliould bo estimated at no less than
'JO. [Its population, according to Depons, is
14,000 souls, and it has only one parisli church,
and an hospital for the Franciscans, who bear the
ex{)cncc of the missions to thfse parts. The great
nuiiiljcr of hogs that are bred here cause in the city
infectious sewers, which corrupt tiiu air and en-
gender diseases. The cahildo, whose principal
oflice is to watch over the salubrity oi'the inhabi-

tants, leave them indifferently exposed to all the
malignity of the infectious eflluvia, the danger of
which they themselves partake. However, towards
the end of 1803, M. Cagigal, the commander of
the place, took some wise measures to rid the city
of an infection which could not but be fatal to per-
sons staying there. This city was originally
peopled by inhabitants from St. Christophe dc Cu-
managoto, for which it has licen in some manner
substituted. Agriculture is much neglected in
Barcelona and the environs. The most cultivated
valleys are those of Capirimal and Briganiin.
There are others as fertile,which have never receiT-
ed tlie plough-share. Depons asserts, that ther
do not yield above 3000 quintals of cacao, witti
some little cotton ; and IlumlxUlt admits, at an
average of four years, from I7f)9 to 1803, the
quantity of cacao exported from hence to have
amountod to 5000 fanegas. This part of the
country is almost without slaves ; they computa
but 8000 on a surface which would employ 600,000,
and one half of the iiKXX) are occupied in domestic
services. Besides the horned cattle that they sold
for the use of the country, or for exportation, the
irihabitants killed a prodigious quantity, which
tiiev salted and sold in the neighbouring islands,
and at the Havannab, at a profit of cent, per cent.
The tallow and hides were also a considerable
article of traffic. At present this resource is great-
ly diminished, without being destroyed. The
robbers, who, since 1807, commit with impunity
their devastations on the herds, have reduced this

Erovince to such a scarcity in animals, that they
ave hardly enough for their butchers' shops.
The population of Barcelona is composed of
one half whites and the other people of colour.
The latter arc as useless in agriculture here as every
where else. Among the whites there aresomc Cata-
lonians, who arc entirely mcrcliants, whose specu-
lations are in prohibitcil as well as in lawful goods.
By t'-"ir frequent voy.iges to the ports of Trinidad,
tlicy .ring in return only contraband goods, for
which Barcelona is the cm|K>rium, and which af-
terwards arc diffused throughout the provinces,
as well by sea as by land. It is computed that
400,000 piastres fortes arc annually exported from
Barcelona for this clandestine trade. The city
lies in Lat. 10^ 10'. Long. 64" 47' u).]

Barcelona, a river of the above province and
kingdom. It rises in the loftiest part of the trr-
rania of Cunianii, and collecting the waters of
smaller rivers, which descend from the tiible>land
of finunipas, takes a course from n. t«)j-. and en-
ters the sea close to the city of its name. In the
winter it is accu.stomed to prodigious oversows.

t;«;i

I'' ,18" ■ '

1 . i:^'

' '.I •
if '.h

•I iH'

■l*

fy^

,'>

.1 't \:'

5 , :. H

142

BAR

ill

and in tbe summer it is deep enoL^h to be navt«

Sated by bilanders ; but neither at one time nor
le other is it accessible except for small craft, on
account of the sand bank wliich lies at its cn>
trance.

BARCO, Pena del, a point of the s. coast,
in the w. head of the island of S. Domingo, in the
territory of the French, between the bay of Judio
and that of Los CoUados.

BARECIES, a barbarous nation immedijitely
xjpon the shores of the river Paraguay, at no great
distance from the lake of Los Xareyes.

BARICIIARA, San Lohknzo dk, a settle-
ment of the jurisdiction of the town of San Gil and
corregimieiito of Tunja, in the Nuevo Reyno de
Granaila. It was annexed to tlie curacy of the
above town, and was scpariited from it in 17!>1;
is of a hot though healthy ti-mperature, but very
subject to strong currents of air. It produces
sugar-cane, cotton, plantains, rice, and a mo-
derate quantity ot tobacco. From tliese, and from
the making of cotton garments, the inhabitants
derive their principal source of commerce ; and
they should amount to 700. It is nearly upon the
shore of the river of the Mochuelo, two leagues
from the town of San Gil.

BARIMA, a small river of the province and

fovcrnmcnt of Cumana in the kingoom of Tierra
'irme ; it rises in the middle of the sierra of Ima-
taca, runs n. and enters the sea at the same mouth
of the Orinoco, which, on account of its size, is
called De Navios.

Barima, a point or strip of land of the same
province and goveiimient ; it is one of those which
form the principal mouth of the river Orinoco,
and is on tiic left side.

BARINAS, a city of the government of Mara-
caibo, founded in 1576 by Juan Varela, on the
shore and at the source of the river of St. Domin-
go, is famous for the tobacco which it produces,
and which is esteemed the very best ; is of an ex-
tremely hot temperature, but very fertile, and
abounds in the above article and cacao, both of
which nre carried to Caracas, and sold at tlie rate
of 20 dollars a f argrt. It abounds in neat cattle,
and in some of its estates are upwards of ,'JO or
40,000 head, and an equal number of horses and
mules of an excellent quality ; also in sugar-cane :
and it hns many mills for the manufactures of tiiis
article and brandy. There are quantities ot maize,
plantains, i/iicas, iij/anias, potatoes, ct4ras, iind
waw/M, which latter is a species of root liive (ruf-
fles, grows spontaneously, and comes to snt li a
size as to be of a pound weight : it is, consequent-
ly, the custom to cut away parts of it tor use, with*

BAR

out pulling up the whole root at once ; of the^w-
cas is made cazave, which is the common bread,
la the level plains arc found a remarkable number
of pines, water melons, which are ca\ki\ palil/as ,-
other melons, aimonas, tucuraguas, of a very fine
smell, and which have the property of causing fe-
vers ; and plaintains of many sorts. In the moun-
tains are woods of cacao trees, which grow witli-
out being sown, the nuts of which are small. Tliere
are also found groves of limes and oranges, exten-
sive mountains of exquisite woods, some of de-
licious fragrance and aromatic j^ums, others of an
excessive hardness and durability, such as cedars,
granadilfos, red and black, here called cam-
guale^nnd many herbs, fruits, and medicinal roots ;
the espongilla fruit, which being infused in water,
is an excellent and certain purgative ; the pasalla
root, and the xarzaparilla. This territory lias
many navigable rivers, and in them an abundance
of excellent fish, trout, tortoises, morroroyex, sea-
calves, and alligators. The parish church is good,
but the city is reduced, owing to its inhabitants,
who amount to about ^00 house-keepers, having
agreed, for the most part, to remove themselves to a
spot at some distance, and to their having already
in a great measure put their design into execution.
In its jurisdiction, and in the jurisdiction of the
town of Pedraza, are eight settlements of missions
or reducciones of Indians, which are under the care
of monks of St. Dominic. Notwithstanding all the
advantages this city enjoys, it is much infested
with swarms of mosquitoes of various sorts, spi-
ders, snake' !ice, and various other sorts of
noxious and filthy vermin. Its heat also is ex-
cessively troublesome. This city had formerly the
name of Altamira de Cdceres, from the governor
Francisco de Caceres ; and at bis order it was
founded by Juan Varela, at the top of a sierra,
which served it as a wall. It had only two en-
trances, the one leading out to the llanos to the s. e.
and the other to the n. w. which facilitated the
communication with the cities of M6rida and Triix-
illo. After some years, when the infidel Indians
retired from its territory, the inhabitants removed
the settlement to the s. side of the river St. Do-
mingo, upon a spacious table-land theretofore
called Moromy, but afterwards Uarinas, this be-
ing the name of that territorj'. There it remained
until the year 1616, when some of the religious
order of St. Dominic, having pacified the Indians
who remained, estsiblislud dili'erent estates, and
founded various sotlltiiients, uiider (he attsistancc
of iiii escort of troops. Aiiain the Captain Miguel
lie Ocliagavia, native of this city, in H)34, having
diicovcred the noTigation of the rivers Apure and

•'*■■

!il

of ihej/u-
ion broad.
)Ie nunibcr
d palUlus ;
a very fim:
causing fe-
llic mouii-
grow witli-
lall. There
igcs, exten-
ome of de-
ttbers of un
li as cedars,
died cttTut'
icinal roots ;
hI ill water,
llie pasalla
L'rritory has
1 nbunduncc
ocoyes, sea-
rch is good,
inhabitants,
[)ers, having
smselves to a
ving already
lo execution,
liction of the
s of missions
nder the care
inding all the
uch infested
IS sorts, spi-
ler sorts of
t also is ex-
formerly the
the governor
order it was
I of a iierra,
only two en-
9$ to the n. e.
cilitatcd the
Ja and Triix-
fidel Indians
ant', removed
river St. Do-
thereloforc
las, this be-
it remained
the religious
i the Indians
estates, and
le uiisistancc
)tirm Miguel
b34, having
Apuie and

BAR

Orinoco as far as Guayana and the island of Tri-
nidad ; tlic inhabitants, as well to deliver them-
selves from the plagues of the venomous serpents,
ants, mosquitoes, and other insects, agreed to be-
take themselves to a certain level plain, and actu-
ally departed in 1752, under the permission of Don
Joseph de Solis, viceroy of Santa Fe. The city
was then founded on a spacious plot of ground, of
an healthy temperature, of a pure air and atmos-
])licre, at the distance of a quarter of a league from
the river of 2li Domingo, which runs to the n, of
the city, the king approving this translation in the
Utters patent of 1760. In" the old city there was
a house of entertainment belonging to the monks
of St. Augustine, which was broken up in 1776,
and two hermitages^ called £1 Calvario and San
Pedro, which were ruined by an earthquake in
1740. At the present day it has only, in addition
to the parish church, one hcrmitiige, with the de-
dicatory title of Santa llarbara ; being however
authorised to build another, with the title of Nues-
tra Seuora del Carmen. In the former year, 1783,
the king thought it worthy to be erected into a
province and government, independent of, and
situate from, that of Muracaibo, subject to the in-
tendancy and captainship-general of Venezuela,
and in its ecclesiastic concerns, to the bishopric
newly erected in iMerida. Its district abounds in
neat cattle, mules, and horses ; also in sugar, to-
bacco, cotton, and some crrcaoy and, for some little
time past, there have been here some rich establish-
ments of indigo, which, for its quality, is highly
esteemed in all parts. Its missions have always
been of the religious order of St. Dominic, of the
province of Santa Fe, Sixteen leagues to the e. of
Merida. [The chief bflicer at Barinas has but the
title of political commander, although his functions
in his district arc the same, in civil, military, and
religious matters, as those of other governors.
His salary is also the same as theirs, 40(X) piastres
fortes. The increase, of late years, of this part of
the province, open to invasion by the navigable
rivers which flow into the Orinoco, was iho reason
of the establishment of this government ; and for
its better defence, a militiii was formed in 1803, and
the city was furnished with a garrison consisting of
a com|Kiny of troops of the line newly raised, and
conipossd of 77 men. The city of IJarinas has
been long Known in the European markets lor its
tobuc.co, which, from prejudice, is considered su-
pci ior to nil other, but, in reality, it is inli^rior in
every respect to that cultivated in other places,
and particularly in (^umanacoa in the province of
(^imiana. The pre|)ossession in its liivour is never-
tlieless so gxuAtf that at Amsterdam or Hamburgh,

BAR

tobacco of any other descri|)tion, whjitever may l)c
its quality, sells for 20 or 25 per cent. less. Tlie
Spaniards being aware of this, nil l<)l)acco, from
whatever province it may be produced, is shipped
by them under this rccommendatoiy title, and the
J'iUiopean purchaser experiences no loss from the
deception. It is observed of late, that the tobacco
of Barinas is more subject to spoil than any other.
Hardly is the last process of preparation tinished
when a destructive worm gets into the heart of the
plant, corrodes the interior of it, and converts it
into a powder ; the surface appears but slightly in-
jured, and the injury is therefore more diiUcult to
discover. The inhabitants, for a long time intent
solely on the cultivation of tobacco, conceived that
the country was not capable of yielding any thing
else, but at present they grow, or endeavour to
grow, every tiling. The produce is transported in
a great degree by water to the Guayana : the place
of loading is on the Portuguese river, five leagues
below the city, and is called Torunos. The air of
the city is very pure, although Reaumur's thermo-
meter is seldom below 24^. The inhabitants are
computed at 10,000. Barinas lies 100 leagues
s. s. e. of Caracas. Lat. 7^35' n. Lone. 70° 15' a).]
Barinas, with the additional title of Nueva,
another city of the same province and government^
founded on the shore of the river of St. Domingo,
as is also the other, but lower down than the
former.

BARIQUISIMETO, or Nuuva Segovia, a
city of the province and government of Venezuela
in the kingdom of Tierra Firme, founded in 1552
by Captain J uan de Villegas on the shores of the
river Buria, vith the name of Nueva Segovia, in
the vicinity of the gold mines which are in the val-
ley of Nirua, to the e. of Tucuyo ; but its bad
climate and scarcity of every iiecrssary induced
the Governor Villacinda to remove it two leagues
from Tiicuyo ; from whence it was again removed
by Pablo Collado to a spot lying between the rivers
Turbio and C'laro ; and a third time, by the Cio-
ternor Manzancda, to where it still remains, on
some lofty Uanuras. These are very open, and
abound in all tin; fruits peculiar to Castille, in ex-
cellent wheat, which is gaihercd in the valley of
Quibon. The soil of this valley is extremely hot,
but pleasantly irrigated by a stream ihnving from a
chasm or cletl in the xerrania, wlurc the natives
often betake themselves during the summer nights
to repose, on account of its refreshing coolness^ It
has a very good parish church, in which there is a
very fine and miraculous image of our Savioiii
crucified, and to which singular respect is paid :
also a convent of Franciscan monks. This citv

1 1 1 '!

*:■■

' V' '

144

BAR

is notorious, from being the place where Lope de
Agdirre met with his death, and where he put »
period to his cruelties ; for bein^ the country of
Don Frai/ Gasper dc Villarocl, the very learned
Archbishop of Cbarcas in Peru. Lut. 9° 40' n.
fi0n<r. 69" 38' w. Sec Barquisimeto.

I HARKADAIiES, the nameof a partofthelog.
wolkI country, on the e. side of the peninsula of
Yucatan, through which the river Balize runs in*
to the se of Honduras. It has Hicks keys on the
s. and S. Las:oon on the n.1

[liARKtlAMSTEAD, a township in the n.

fnri of Connecticut, in Litchfield county, having
laartland on the n. and Granby e. About 25
miles w. of Hartford.]

BAFILOVENTO, Laguna de, a lake of the
kingdom of Cliile, in the province and corregimi'
ento of Copinpo, between the settlement and the
mountain of this name.

BARMA, PiTNTA DE, a point on the coast of
the province and government of Cumana in the
kingdom of Tierra Firme, one of those which form
the mouths of tlic Orinoco, and that which runs
furthest into the sea.

BARNABY, St. a settlement of Nova Scotia,
or Acadia, situate on the shore of the river St.
Lawrence.

[BARNARD, a township in Windsor county,
Vermont, containing 073 inhabitants. It has Stock-
bridge w. and gives rise to the n. branch of Water-
queciic river, and is 65 miles n. - of Bennington.

BARNAVVELUT, or S. Beunauoo, a small
island, which is barren and uninhabited, on the.f.
of the Tierra del Fuego, and n. of the island of
Diego Ramirez. It was discovered by the Dutch,
under the command of Captain Henry Brun, in
1616; they built upon it a small fort, which they
immediately abandoned.

BARNEGAT, Old, an island of the coast of
New Jersey, between that of Beach and the port
of Little Egg.

[Baknegat Inlet, called in some maps New In-
let, is the passage from the sea into Flat bay
sound, oji the s. e. coust of New .lersey, 68 miles
n.e. from cape May. L:it. 3f)'43'n. Barnegat
lx;;tch lies below this inlet, between it and Little
Egw harbour, 16 miles distant s. a).]

[Ua It NIG at, the nameof a small village of eight
or ten houses on thee, bank of Hiidsem river, live
miles s. of Pousrhkeepsie, and Ih n.of vew Vork.
The sole business of the few inhabitants of this place
iti burning lime, from the vast qnantilies of lime-
stone which .'ire found here. Their lime is market-
ed in New Vork, \\ hither they carry it in great
quantities annually.]

BAR

[BARNET,a lownshipin Caledonia connty,Ver-
monl, formerly in Orange county, containing 477
inhabitants, and 112 raues n. e. from Bennington.
The lower bar of the Fifleen-Mile falls in Connecticut
river is situated at the n. e. corner of this town-
ship. Into that river it sends Stephens river,
which rises in Pcachum, the adjoinging town on
the Q>.]

BARNSTABLE Bay, a large and bcauli-
ful bay of New England, in the colony and pro-
vince of Massachussetts, which gives its name to a
county and capital city, situate at the n. extremity,
near the cape and the shore of the river Tloyenas.
[Barnstable, the Mattachecsc, or Mattaclieesct,
of the ancie it Indians, is a port of entry and post
town, and is the shire town of Barnstable county.
It extends across the peninsula, and is washed by
the sea on the n. and s. having Sandwich, and the
district called Marshpee or Mashpee, on the xd, :
is about five miles broad and nine long : 67 miles
$. e. from Boston. Sandy Neck, on the ». shore,
runs e. almost the length of the town, and forms
the harbour, embosoming a large body of salt
marsh. The harbour is about a mile wide and 4
long, in which the tide rises from eight to fourteen
feet. It has a bar running oif /t. e. from the Neck
several miles, which prevents the entrance of large
ships, but small vessels may pass any part of it
at nigh water ; and where it is commonly crossed,
it seldom has less than six or seven feet at low
water. There is another harbour on the s. called
Lewis's bay ; its entrance is within Barnstable, and
it extends almost two miles into Yarmouth. It is
commodious and safe, and is completely landlock-
ed, and has five feet water at a middling tide. A
mile or two to the a;, and near the entrance of
Lewis's bay, lies Hyanis road ; it is formed prin-
cipallyby an island joined by abeach to Yarmouth,
which together make the outside of the bay before
mentioned. The s. head of this island is called
point Gammon. Oyster bay, near the s. w. limit
of the town, admits small vessels, and which, with
Lewis's bay, has in years past proiluced excellent
oysters in great quantities,though they are now much
reduced. There are about 20 or 30 ponds in Barn-
stable. The land here produces about 35 bushels
of Indian corn io an acre, and rye and other grain
in proportion. Wheat and flax are cultivated,
the latter with success. From 12 to 18,000 bushels
of otiions are raised tor the supply of the neigh-
bouring towns. Upwards of 100 men are employ-
ed in the fishery, which is yearly increasing.

VVhali-s seldom come into Massachusetts bay now,
and that fishery is discontinued. No quarrels
with the aacient natives of the country arc recorded

iUl;

lining 477
ennington.
onnecticut
this town*
ens river,
g town on

id bcauti-
y and pro-
I name to a
extremity,
Tioyenas.
ttachcesct,
y and post
lie county,
nrashed by
if and the
n the tc.i
: 67 miles
c ». shore,
and forms
i\y of salt
wide and 4
to fourteen
1 the Neck
ice of large
Y part of it
ily crossed,
eet at low
he;, called
^stable, and
uth. It is
r hndlock-
g tide. A
entrance of
rmed prin>
Yarmouth,
liay before

is culled

s. zo. limit

rhich, with

excellent
* now much
(Is in nnrn<
35 bushels
other grain
cultivated,
KX) bushels
the neigh-
re employ-
increasing*
s bay now,
1) qiiiirrels
c recorded

■^
1

BAR

ill the accounts of this town, where the English
Kcdicrs of New England first landed, Nov. 11,
1G'20. The people, §610 in numl)er, arc generally
licitltliy, and many iiislnnccs of loiigeviCy are to
be met witli. Numbers of the farmers are occa-
sionally scniiicn ; and this town has aflbrdcd, and
continues <o furnish, many masters of vessels and
mariners who sail from other ports. Lat. 4i"4i>'n.
Long. 70' 13' a?.]

[Barnstarle County lies u [Kin the peninsula,
the point of which is cape Cud, the s. e. point of
Massachusetts bay, opposite cape Ann. Cape
Cod gives name to the whole peninsula, which is
surruii ruled by water on all sides, except the to.
where it is bounded by Plymouth county.
It is 65 miles long, as the road runs, from the
isthnins, between B:iriistablc and Bu/zard's bays
to Race point; and its breadth for 30 miles not
more than three, and abovo half the remainder
from six to nine miles. It contains 11 townships
and the plantation of Marshpee, having 2343
houses, and 17,354 inhabitants. Barnstable was
made a shire in 1685. See Capk Con]

[BAIINSTEAD, atownship inStraflbrd county.
New Hampshire, containing 807 inhabitants ; 32
miles n. to. of Portsmouth, and 16 e. by s. from
Canterbury, on Connecticut river.]

BARN WEL, a tbrt of N. Carolina, 20 miles
«. w. of New Bern, in the county of Craven.

BARQUE, a small river of the province and
government of Louisiana. It runs s. w, lx;tween
those of Sioux and Sureau, Ltd enters the Missouri.

Bauque, a bay of the island of Guadalupe,
on the w. coast, between the rivers Pottel and
Petit village.

Barqut, another b:iy of the same island,
distinct from the former, on the s. coast, opposite
the island of Marigalaiit<^, between i^os dos Dia-
mantes, and the Piierta I)c los Castillos.

BARQUISIMETO or BAUiQiisiMtTo. This
city was (according to Depons) founded 15 years
before t he city of Caracas: it lies on a plain of such
an elevatioi, as to allow it (lie enjoyment of every
refreshing bn-ezethat blows ; and owing to this for-
tunate situa'ii'n, the excessive heat experienced here
becomes supportable. Tiie thermometer of Reau-
mur rises to 28" or 20^ whenever the rays of the
sun do not meet, in the attiiosphero, any thing to
moderate their heat. Tlie most pievaicnt wind is
the ;/. e. The inhabitants find in the plains, tiic
valleys, and on the hills Ibrming the environs of
the city, the means of exercising, according to
tlieir iiiciinution, their industry and application.
The excellcirt pasture in the plains renders the
rearing ot ait sorls of animals for commerce easy.

\0L. 1.

B A R

A great many people prefer this kind of specu-
lation, and fimi it to their advantage; they also,
culliv'tte the sugar-cane and wheat. The valleys 4
by their verdure, preserved to them by means of I
canals, produce abuiidnntiy the best cacao, and
(lie hills hiive for some time pa^t been planted with
coflee, which, to be excellent, only requires a more
carclul preparation. To consider merely the vast
quantity of fertile land in the neighbourhood of
Barquisimeto, which cnii be watered and which
remains uncultivated, one would Ijc inclined to
accuse the inhabitants "f indolence : but in ex-
tending our views to the plantations of all sorts of
produce, and to the animals spread over the plains;
in contemplating too the great dilficiilty in the
carriage of merchandize to thesea-]iorts,the nearest
and most frequented of which is at a distance of
50 leagues, one is rather inclined to think favour-
ably of their industry. The city consists of 3300
persons, who live very comfortably; the houses
arc well built, the streets in parallel lines, and wide
enough for the free circulation of air. The paro-
chial church is handsome, and the duty is per-
formed by two curates. A cabildo and a lieute-
nant of the governor perform the functions of the
poiice, and of the administration of justice. It is
80 leagues w.s.w. of Caracas, 150 leagues n.n.r.
of Santa F6, and 13 leagues n. e. of Tocuyo.]
See Bakiquisimcto.

BARRA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Maracaibo, in the kingdom of Ticrra
Firme, in the island Pajara, at the mouth of the
great lake.

BARR.\GAN, a settlement of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres in Peru, situate by
the bay of its name, at the mouth of the river
La Plata.

Baruagan, a small river of the same province
and government, which runs n. and enters the
river La Plata, (brming a bay or port, serving as
a place to take in water for vessels, and likewise
to give advice of their arrival. It has on its
shore a watch-tower.

BARRAGUAN, a very lofty mountnin of (he
province and government of Guayana,or Nueva
Andalucia. It is upon the shore of the Orinoco,
close to the sottleincnt which belonged to the mis-
sionaries, the regulars of the company of St,
Joseph (leOtomacos. It is said, that after the name
of this niountain, the Orinoco was anciently called.

BARRANCA dk Matpo, a settlement of the
province and government of Santa Maria in (he
kingdom of Tierra Firme, founded on (he shore;)
of the grand river of the Magdalena ; is the port
where are embarked all the goods which uiq
u

i fi ■

. ,1

'!>

/ 1,

»>i.i:

■*'•!'

1 1

!)l

V !■ ' 1

I4G

BAR

broufifht to anil rarrifd from tlie Niicvo Rcyno de
fiiiiiiatla. It is JO loiiijtics n. e. of Cartugtiiiu,
20 t'roiti S.iiilii Miirdi, and six from the sea.

liAitriANcx, another settlornt-iil of the province
nui\ corresi 1)1 irnto of ('\\i\\\Ci\y in Peru.

JiARRA.NcA, another, called Barranca Nueva,
in (hn same proviiu c and ;;overnnient, situate near
tiie sea sliore on the s. side.

liARitANCA, another, called Barranca V'i(>jn,
in the same province and government, situate
very near tiie former, between that and the Bnr-
raiieaof Vucal.

Bauiianca, nnotlier, or chasm caused by mouu*
tain Hoods, called Del il<'y, in the same province
and fri'Venmunt, on the shore of the river of J^a
Mafi:d ilon:i, where (here is a port and ladinjj
place for •;oo(ls, which are gent in great quantities
to theNuevo lleynode Granada.

Bauiia.nca, another, also of the same pro-
vince and i{overn:i;ent, situate in the road which
leads down to the river of La Mairdalena.

Baiiuanca, a river of the province and corrc'
g:iiiikiit(i of ('liancay in Peru. It rises in the pro-
vince of Caxatambo, and runs into the sea close to
thesetllement of I'ativilcn.

BAllUANt/'AS, NiF.srnA Sinora di; Ciii-
QUiNQLMRA i)i; I, AS, a settlement of the province
and government of Barinas, situate on the side of
a chasm which give^ it its name, between the
rivers Vuca and Masparro. In its district arc
many cultivated csliites atid forests, which abound
in cedar and other estei'uied woods, some cacao
estates, some of indigo and sug.ir-cane, and jjar-
ticularly tobacco, to the cultivistion of which the
natives are much inclined.

Bauu A.NCAs, atiother settlement, with the dedi-
catory title of San Joseph, in the province of Ve-
nezuela, situate on the shore of the river 'I'l/nado.

BAURANC'C), a setlleineut of the province and
captainship of ilie Rio (Irande in Brazil, situate
on the sliorc of the river Caxabatang.

BARRANQLILLA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Cartagena in the king-
dom of Tierra Tirme, situate on the shore of the
river Magdalena.

BARiiANyiMMA, another, with the dedicatory
title of San Nicolas, in the same province and
government.

BARBAZO, Vaua: un, a valley of (he pro-
vince find rnrreisiiiiici.lo of Coquimlx) in liie king-
dom of Chile, on the shore of (he river Limary.

[BARBI], a township in Worcester county,
Massachusetts, containing 16\3 inhabitants^ 2i
tniies II. Zl\ of Worcester, and 66 w. of Boston,
deriving i(s uame from Col. Barre, a distinguished

BAR

member of the British house of commons. 1'liis
town has good pastures, and here are fatted mid-
titudes of cattle, and it is supposed more butter
and cheese is carried from Itence to the market
annually, than from any other town of the same
size in the state.]

[Barur, a township in Huntingdon county,
Pennsylvania.]

[BARilLIiLi's Souiul, on the «. re. coast of
America, called by the natives Conget-hoi-foi,
is situated about six leagues from the sontherti
extremity of Washington or Charlotte islands, in
a n. io. direction. It has two inlets, one on the e.
the other on the w. side of the island ; the latter is
the best, the other is dangerous. Tlie shores are
of a craggy black rock; the banl;s lined with
trees of various kinds, as pines, spruce, hemUx.k,
alder, &c. Mr. Iloskins, in the summer of 1791,
measured one of these trees, which was 10 fathoms
in circumference. On one side of it a hole had
been cut, large enough to admit a man; within
was a spacious and convenient room, which had
apparently i)een dug and burnt out with much
labour. Mr. Iloskins concludeil that it must
have been occasionally inhabited by the natives,
as he found in it^a box, fire-works, dried wood,
and several domestic utensils. This sound was
named aflck oseph Barrell, Esq. of Charlcstown,
Massachusetts, and was first visited by Capt. Grey,
in the Washington, in 17S9.]

[BARREN Creek rises in the ». w. corner of
Delaware state, runs about nine miles s. zo. and
empties into Nanticokc river. A triangular tract
of land in the m. part of Somerset county, Mary-
land, is enclosed between this creek on the s. ;
Delaware state, e. ; and Nanticoke river on the w.
and n. w.j

[Bauiu-n River. Both Big and Little Barren
rivers are 5. r. branches of Green river, in Ken-
tucky. Blue Spring lies betwtvu these rivers,
which see.]

[BmvUi;n islafid,a small isle in (Miesnpeak bay,
w. c. I'wm the moudi of Pnuxent river, which
is separated from Hooper's island by a nariow
channel on the c.J

BARKKILVS, ('a no n:: tas, a cape on the
C(i:!s(, which lies Iw-twd-n llie river La Phita
and the straits oi Magellan, lutween the bay of San
Julian and the port of Santii Cruz, in 50°;. hit.

15am ir itA», a settlt-menl nl (In* province and
captains/lip ol fiio de .laneiro in Brazil ; situate
upon (lie coas(, between (he rivers Irutiba and
Tapraiiii.

UARRl^iiOS, a river of the province and cap-
tainship of Espiritu Saato in Brazil. It is small,

!il

IS. This
tied miil-
>rc butliT
ic nuirki't
the suiiie

\ countj',

const of
t't-hoi-toi,
' boiithcrri
shuids, in
: on the e.
10 latter is
shores nrc
iiied with

hemlock,
crofnOi,
10 futhoms
I hole liad
iin; within
which had
vith much
it it must
he natives,
ried wood,
sound was
harlestown,
Jopt. Grcj',

p. corner of
s s. zc. and
^uhir tract
ity, Mary-
on the s. ;
r on the zc.

(tie Barren
r, in Ken-
icbc rivers,

npoak bay,
iT, which
a nariow

)e on the
La Plata
bay «»f San
0° s. hit.
)vince and
il ; situate
rutiba and

e and cap'
t is small,

BAR

rix'H near the coast, runs e. and enters the sea
betwi-en (lie island Tiburgo, or Tibuion, and the
rslitid Dti I{(i)oso.

»AKIli:TKltOS, San Simon de los, a settle-
ment of the alcalJitt mayor and real of the mines
of Teniascallepcc in Nueva Espani. , contains 19
families of Indians, who work the mines widi
small crOws or bars of iron ; it is annexed to the
curacy of its capital, and in its vicinity are two
cultivated estates, containing 11 families of Spa-
niards and AJustces ; is one league zc. of its head
isettlement.

BAKIILTO, a settlement of the province and
government of Tucuman, situate on the shore of
the river Dulcc.

Uarricto, another settlement of the province
and captaimhii) of Pariba in the kingdom of
JJrazil, on the sliore of the river .Aracay.

[JJARllETSTOWN, a plantation in Hancock
county, district of Maine, having 173 inhabit-
ants.]

BAIUlliNGTON, a township in Queen's county,
Nova Scotia, on the j. side of the bay of Fundy,
settled by Quakers from Nantucket island.]

[UAnni.NGTON,a township in Strafibrd county,
N. llanips!iire, about '22 miles n. zo. from Ports-
mouth, incorporated in 1722, containing 3470 inha-
bitants. Alum is found here ; and the first ridge
of the first hills, one of the three inferior summits
of Agamenticus, is continued through this town.
Its situation is very healthy ; and 14 of the first
settlers in 1732 were alive in 1785, who were
between 80 and 90 years old.]

[BARRiNfiTON, a township in Bristol county,
Rhode Island, on the s. zo. side of the ». r^. branch
of Warren river, little more than two miles and a
half «. K). of Warren, and about seven miles s. e.
from Fox point, in the town of Providence. It
contains (JS3 inhabitants, including 12 slaves.]

[IJaukington, Grcat, is the second town-
ship in rank in Herkshire county, Massachusetts.
It contains 1373 inhabitants, and lies 110 miles
ro. from Boston, and *. of Stockbridgc, adjoining.]

BARllOSA, a lake of ihe province and govern-
ment of Tucuman, in the jurisdiction of the city of
Cordova, close to Ihe lakes of Los Porangos.

[BARROW Harbour is an extensive bay in
lliat of Boiiavista, Newionndland island, divided
by Keel's head on the c. from the port of Bona-
vista, and from Bloody bay on the :i'. by a large
peninsula, joined to the island by a narrow isthmus,
which forms Newman's sound ; which, as well as

R A R

I'liide sound, are within Barrow harbour.]
1 IJA RT, a port on Ihe s. coast of Nclva Scotia.

[Bart, a township in Lancaster county, Pcrni^
sylvania.J

BAR'niOI.O, a setllement of the province
and n)mg//«i(w/f> of Porco in Peru, eight leagues
from Poloii.

Baktiioi-o, another settlement, of the province
and rorrfgiititenlo of Cuenca in the kingdom of
Quito, is on the shores of the river Paute, near
its source, and in the zi\ part of its district. It has
an estate called La Borma.

BARTIIOLOMF, San, a setllement of the
head settlement untl alca/dia mayor of Toluca in
Nueva Lspnna. It contains 89 families of In-
dians, and lies at a small distance to the s. of its
head settlement.

BARTiior.oMK, San, another settlement of th«r
heail settleinentand a'catdia hja yor of Tepcaca in Ihe
same kingdom, five leagues distant from its capital.

Bartiioi.omk, San, another, of the head settle-
ment of lluatuzca, ii'id alcatdia mayor of Cordova,
in the same kingdom. It contains fi6 families of
Indians, and is 12 leagues to the n. n. e. of its
capital.

Bautiiot.omk, Sav, another, of the head settle-
ment of Toxtejicc, and akaldia mayor of Tecali, in
the same kingdom. It contains 54 families of
Indians.

BAiiTiior.oMF., San, another, of the head settle-
ment of Taximara, and akaldia mayor of Mara-
vatio, in the same kingdom, and of the bishopric of
Mechoacan. It contains 1 If) families of Indians,
and is three leagues to the s. of its head settlement.

Bartholomk, San, another, of the head settle-
ment of the i?/nco»,and n/ra/c/ianinyor of Mara vatio,
in the same kingdom, and of the bishopric of
Mechoacan, to the r. of its head settlement.

Barthoi.omf,, San, another, of the missions
which were held by the regulars of the company of
•lesnils, in the province and government of Mainas
of the kingdom of Quito, on tl'c shore of the river
Napo.

Bartholomk, S* N, another, of ihe provinceand
government of Antio()uia in the Nuevo Reynode
Granada, on the sliore of the grand river of La
Magdalena.

Ba i'.t . i o i.oM F,, S A N , another, of the province and
corre^hmenlo of Tiinja, in the same kingdom.

Badtiioi.omi , San, an«Aher, of the province
and ulraldUi mat/or of Zacapula in the kingdom of
(iuatemala.

Bartiioiome, San, an island of the N. sea, one

of the Antilles, inhabited by the French, who c«-

t>iblislied themselves here in 1G4S. It is «!ight

leagues in circumference, very fertile in si.<jar.

.11

TT^r-

[i .1

' !] m

f !

■il^'i

148

BAR

cotton, tolmcco, rriziive, niul imlii^'o ; is s. of (lie
isl.-Hul of Sf, Martin, imd w. of that nl' St. Chris-
topher, lis trees of the liiafhcst estimation are the
soap or (I'oc, (lie cilefmc.k, the cwutpia, Iroin whicii
a ^iim of excellent cathartic qualities is extracted,
and the /jrtw/rt/iC, the branches of which growiiiij
downwards, nttcrwards ttirn up, thus causing an
impenetrable barrier or defence to any one at-
tacked. The coast is full of other trees, whicli
tire called marine trees, tiic branches of whicli
eiitanirle themselves one amongst the other. In this
island breeds the star of the sea, (estrel/adelm/ir),
and tile \hh' of (he sea, (abeja del mar), and a
great variety ofbinis. There is also found here a
species of lime-stone, which is carried into the
other islands. [They have plenty of ligiium-vitio
and iron wood, its shores are dangerous, and the
approaching them requires a good pilot ; but it has
an excellent harbour, in which sliips of any size
arc sheltered from all winds. Half its inhabitants
arc Irisli Uomnii Catholics, whose predecessors
settled here in 1660 ; the others are French, to
whom the island lately belonged. It was ceded
by France to the crown of Swe(len in 1785. They
depend on the skies for wat. r, which they keep in
cisterns. It was a nest for privateers when in the
hands of the French, and at one time had 50
liritish prizes in its harbour. It was for a short
time possessed bv the English, having been taken
by two privateers of that nation in 1746, but was
restored to the French by the treaty of Aix-la-Clia-
pelle. Lat. 17°53'n. Long. 0!^^ 51' .t.J

Baiitiioiomp;, San, a settlement, with the sur-
name of Yallede, a garrison of the province of Tc-
peguana and kingdom of Niieva Vizcaya, in which
reside a captain, lieutenant, ensign, and 27 soldiers.
Its situation is in a pleasant valley, which gives it
its name. It is inhabited by more than 5()0 fami-
lies of Spaniards, Mnstcex, and Mulattocs, who
are agriculturists, and masters of some very con-
siderable and luxuriant estates, in which, by help
of irrigation, they grow vast crops of wheat,
maize, &c. In their gardens they have abundance
of gaiilen herbs, fruit trees of America and of
(! istille, and also vines, of whicli they make much
wine, in other estates there are considerable herds
of I irge and small cnttle, and of swine. This
valley was anciently infested by the extortions,
murders, and robberies of the infidel Indians, the
C^ocoyoines ; but this race having been rooted out,
it enjoys at present a state of tranquillity. Long.
lOt JH'. Lat. 'i7'' 7'.

Baiitiiolomi;, S.a.n, a river of the province and
government of Antiofiuia in the Nuevo Reyno dc

HAS

Granada ; it rises near the valley of Corpus
Christi, runs n. and turning e. enters the iVlag-
dalena.

Hautiioi.ome, San, another river, of the pro-
vinceand government of Venezuela ; it rises in the
province of Ciimana, and enters the lak • Caicara.

Haiitholom!;, San, amonntain of the province
ami alcn/dia »j«yo/- of TIaxcala in Niieva i^spailu.

Bauthoi.omi;, San, a large island ol the S. sen,
discovered in Ui^2j by Alfonzo de Salazar. [Lat.
15°l5'»j. Long. 164" e. SccNew IIebhides.]

[BARTHOLOMEW, Sr. a parish in Charles-
town district, S.Carolina, containing 31,'i8 persons.
By the census of 1790, it contained 12,606 inha-
biiants, of whom 10,338 were slaves. It sends
three representatives and one senator to the state
legislature. Amount of taxes, 1566/. 10*'. 4rf.
sterling.]

[BAUTJioi.oMEw,Cape, St. is the southernmost
point of Staten Laud in Lc Maire straits, at the s.
end of S. America, and far surpasses Terra del
Fiiego in ifs horrible appearance.]

[BARTLET, a plantation in Hillsborough
couii(y, New Hampshire, having 348 inhabitants.]

[BARTON, u township in Orleans county,
Vermont, formerly in that of Orange, lies s. w. of
Brownington, six miles s. tc. by w. from Wil-
loughby lake, and 140 w. e. from Bennington.]

BARTRAN, a port of the s. coast of the island
of Newfoundbnd, between the two bays of De-
spair and Fortune.

BARU, San Beiinardo de, a large island of
the N. sea, in the province and government of
Cartagena, and kingdom of Tierra Firme. It
formr a bay which serves as a wateririij 'place to
foreign vessels, from the convenience of its port,
and from its vicinity to Cartagena. It is well
peopled, and abounds in fruits and herbs, which
are carried to supply the city. The water is scarce,
but wholesome. It is the residence of a curat<^
and a lieutenant-governor.

BARL'CO, SiEtiiiAS DE, a chain of very lofty
and rugged mountains of the island of S(. Do-
mingo, on the s. c^oast, on a long slip or point ol
land, which runs into the sea in this direction.

HARUTA, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela, famous for its rich gol.I
mines ; these have yielded immensely, but are
now destroyed. It is three leagues distant from
Caracas.

I5AS-CHATEAU, a settlement of the EnglisI ,
in the province and colony of New York, situate
on the shore of the river Schoharie.

IJASILIO, San, n settlement of the province

ii:

. -^ i

-f

l>l

r!f

B A S

BAT

149

ilibtunt from

nml govprnmont of Cartaiijcnn in the kingdom of
Ticrrn Firme, situate in the tnonntnins of tlie (lis<
frict of Mariu, nenr tlio cliunnrl of the ilikc (cti7io
del dique). It is (»iie of the new scdli'itirnls
which were founded in I77(j hy the CJovernor
])oi) Junn de Pimienta.

[BASIN OF Mii*As is a body of water of con-
sid(!rnble extent imd irreiyidiir form, situated in
Mova Scot in, ut the e. end of tlie hny of rundy,
antl connected with its «. e. branch Uy a short and
narrow strait. The country on ils b:iiiks is gene-
rally a rich soil, an<l is watered liv many small
livers. The sprin'i: tides rise iiere 40 tect.]

[BASKlNRIDnR, in Somerset county, New
ilerscy, lies on the zo. side of a it. zc, branch of
Passaic river, nearly six niilci ;?. r. from Pluc-
kemin, and seven s. s. w. from Morristown, It
was here that Colonel Harcoiirt surprised Jind nuide
a prisoner of General i/ee, J)cccmbir IJ, i7'6.]

BASOCIIUCA, a settlement and rml of mine.,
of the province and government of La Sonora in
Nucva Espaiia.

BASON, a small river of the land or country
of Labrador. It runs s. and enters the river St.
Lawrence.

[Bason Harbour lies on the e. side of lake
Champlain, in the township of Ferrisbura:h, Ver-
mont, four miles and a lialf s. zc. from the month
of Otter creek.]

BASQUE,^ a bay on the n. coast of Royal
island, or Cape Breton, between tiio bay of Idiot
and the river Salmon.

BASQIIKS, llio ni:, a river in the province
and government of Costa-rica in the kingdom of
Guatemala. It rises near tiie coast of the N. sea,
runs zit). and enters the sea between the rivers A n«
zuelos and Mntina.

[BASS Ilarlwur, district of Maine, a harbour of
Massachusetts, Desert island, seven miles from
Soil cove.]

[BASSE-TERRE, the chief town in the island
of St. Christopher's in the West Indies, situated iit
the 5. c. end of the island. It consists of a long
street along the sea shore ; is a place of consider-
able trade, the seat of government, and is defended
hy three batt«ries. Lat. H" 17' h.
4()' w.\

B.\s<sF,-TKnnE, Four df. i.a, a castle of the
inland of Guadalupe, situate on the i^i. coast, on
the slion; of the bay of Gallion, and of the river
llerbes. [This is also the name of a part of the
s;ime island, between a point of which, called Grosse
Morne, to that of Antigua hi the Grande Terre,
I'.vO basin called the Great Cul dc Sac is five or

Long. ()2°

six leagues in length, wherein is safe riding tor
ships of nil rates. J

BASSEVILLK, a settlement of (he province
and colony of N. ('arolit a, situate on (lie shore of
the river Chio.

BASTIMENTOS, a port formed by some
islands of the coast of Tierra Firme, by the side
of that of Portovelo. It ^Mves as a watering place
for vessels carrying on an illicit commerce. 'Phese
islands are very near the coast, beincj not further
oft' than 500j)aces. They are two of them large,
and (he other so small ns indeed rather t(» deserve
the name of a rock : inasmuch as llioy are barren
they are not inli«l)it :?d, but they nevertheless ai'tonl
convenient shelter to vessels in dialress, as hap-
pened in the case of the English Admiral Jlosier,
with his sqnadron, and to rrui-ers in the time
of war. [It is a very unhealthy station, and proved
I'atal to (he greater part of (lie crewsof Adiiiiral
Hosier's tleet.J The bottom ot (he straitslying be-
tween these islands and the shore is extremely
level and good, and the islands abound in fine
timber,

JJASVILf.E, a city of Ilispaniola, or St. Do-
mingo, in the French possessions. It has a con>
venient ami capacious port.

BAT, a settlement of the province and colony of
N. Carolina, in the district and upon the shore of
the river Pnmticoc.

[BATABANO, a town on the s. side of th«
island of (Juba in the West Iiulies, situated on the
side of a large bay, opposite Pinos isles, and about
50 miles ,v. ^'. from the Havannah.]

BATACAO, a settlement of tlie province and
government of Merida in the JNuevo Reyno,
situate in the r<md Avhich leads down io Maracaibo.

BATACOSA , a settlement of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of Jesu-
its, in the province of Cinnloa in Nueva Espana.

BATAiNI), a cape of the s. coast of the island
of Newfoundland. It is the extremity which
looks to the zc. close to Rtice cape.

BATAVANO, a port of the island of Cuba, on
the s. side, suit< d only for small vessels, for the de-
I'cucc of which it has a battery manned by a guard
which is sent trom the Havannah, from wiience it
is 14 leagues distant, being separated by a plain
and beautiful road, made at tl)(> cxpence ot tli?
commercial company of that city, and covered
with lime trees.

[BATA\IA, a settlement in New Y(uk, at the
head of Schoharie creek, Jtbuut ^9 miles (rom its
mouth, and 38 s. tc, from Albany, and as far //. r. .
of Esopiis. I

i iSbl

iH 'V

I i ll...i

1^ . ':i ^'

!■■'

150

BAT

MATCIlorEN, a simill island oMlio toast of
Hie river SI. J.awrence, in Hie country of Labra-
dor, opposite the ialaiKt St. .Anlicosli, and U-tween
that o( (I'cnivove and the point of Dbijuinnux.

UATDCA, a settlement of the itovernnicnt and
jiiiisdii'tion of Pamplona in the Nuevo Uevno di-
(I'ranada. It i, also called Vallede las A njjustias,
and commonly l>e Ins l,oeos. Itssiluatio'i is in a
hollow : the country is mild, pleasant, and tertile,
alxtiindintr in suirar-cane, maize, cotton, plnntaini),
and in mounts ot orarij^es and other fruits. In its
church is venerated an imajje of the V'irj;in, paint-
ed on linen ; and the tradition iroes that it renews
its colours, whenever they tiulc, in a miraculous

manner

and on account of this image the settle-

ment is frequently visited by foreijrniirs and reli-
gious devotees. It is la lea<rues to the e. of Pam-
plona; the road all arouuil it is very bad, butthere
IS nevertheless a short cut to it through a rocky
pass.

HATEPITO, n scttlrment of the province and
jjovernnient of l,a Sonora in Nucva Kspana.

liATI'ltjll, a sitllenient of the province and
f>'overjMnent of J.a Sonora in Nneva tspafiu,
situate near the coast of the gulph of ('alif»nnia, or
Mar Roxo de ('ortes, opposite the large island of
the Angel de la CJuarda.

IJATMIIOS, a settlement of the provinc<' and
joverinnent of Aniioquia in the Nuevo Ileyno de
(Jrana<la, situate between two mountains.

[IJATII, a township of Tiincoln ccmnty, district
ol Maine, containing 049 inhabitants, li lies on
the te. side of Keiniebeck river, aliout 13 miles'
from Wiscasstt, GO n.i: from Portland, 3^ from
Ilallowell, J3 from Pownalborough, ami 1()5 M. c.
from Boston. J.at. 43" f/i' ii.]

I Ha Til, a county of Virginia, about 60 miles in
length, and 50 in brcadlli ; bounded c. by the
county of Augusta. It is noted for itj medicinal
springs, called the llotaiul Warm springs, near the
foot of .Jackson's Mountain, which see.J

[Uatii, a thriving town in Berkley county, Vi -
giniii, situated at the foot of the Warm Spring
mountain. The springs in the neighbourhood of
this town, although less eflicacious than the Warnj
springs in liath county, draw u])wards of 1000
|K:opJe here during summer from various jwrts of
the United States. The water is little more than
milk-warm, and weakly impregnated with minerals.
The country in the environs is agreeably diversi-
fied with hills and valleys ; the soil rich and in
good cultivation. Twenty-five miles from Mar-
tinsburgh, and y()9 miles s. u\ from Philadel-
phia, j

BAT

I Uatii. a township in (irafloii county, New
Hampshire, cmitaining 493 inhabitants, ft lies on
the f. bank of (?onne<'ticut river. Thirty-five
miles //. r. by ir, from Dartmouth college, and 97
n. w. from Portsmouth.]

[i{ATii,or Pour Da I II, an ancient town in Hyde
county, N. ('arulinri, on the w. side of Tar river,
ab(Hil )2l miles from Pamplico stnind, Gl s, by :,}.
of Kdenton, and in the port of entry on Tar river.
It contains about 1^2 houses, and is rather de-
clining.]

[Bath, a village in the e. parish of St. Tho-
miis, in the island of Jamaica in the West In-
dies. It has its rise and name from a famous hot
spring in its vicinity, said to be highly eflicacious
ill curing the dry Iwlly-ache. The water is sul-
phurecms, and flows out of a rocky mountain about
one mile distant, and is too hot to admit a hand be-
ing held in it. J

[Bath, a village in the county of Rcnssalaer,
New York, ])leasanlly situated on the e. bank of
Hudson's river, nearly opposite tliecity of Albany,
at the head of sloop navigation. A mineral spring-
has been discovered here, said to possess valuable
qualities ; and a comir.odious bathing-house has
been erected, at a ccmsiderable expcnce, contain-
ill*; hot, cohl, and shower baths.]

[Bath, a thriving po.st town in New York,
Steuben county, of about 50 houses, situate oii
the />. bank of (3onhocton creek, a ». head-water
of Tioga river; 42 miles s. e. from Williams-
burg, on Chenessc river, 18 n. ay. from the Painted
jjost, J20 from Niagara, 59 w. from Geneva,
and 2:^1 ze. of Hudson city. La(. 42^ 13' m.
Long, ir 28' a-.l

BATH'IOWN, a small settlement of the coun-
ty of (Graven in N. t.'aroliiia, situate on the shore
of the river Pantejo, in hit. 35° SO' h. and long.
Id'^ 10' zi\

BATISCAN, a river of Canada. It runs from
the lake of Santa Cruz, in the country of the Al-
gonovins Indians, runs s. and enters the river St.
Lawrence.

[BATOBV, a town of the province and go-
meiit of Buenos Ayres, situate in Lai. 30^ 3(i'.
Long. 54^ 4G' 24" u\]

BATOPILALS, a settlement of the province
and government of Nueva Vizcaya in Nueva
Lspana.

[BATOPILAS, San Peubo dk, a settlement
of the inlcndaiicy of Durango in the kingdom of
Nueva Lspana, formerly celebrated for the great
wealth of its mines, to the id. of the liio de Con-
chos. Us population is bOOO souls.]

I i

B A X

BAY

151

BATSO, n srtllcmcnt of the Knglisli in (lie
ishitui of niirI);ul(K's, of Ihf jiiriiidiction of the city
of Mriiliji'lown.

(BATTEN Kill, a imall river which rises in
Vermont, niul ufler rtinninsf ». nnd ;/. w, about
'JO miles, falls into llndsoii, near Saratofrn.]

[BATTLl'] River, in New Soiilii Wales, runs
n. c. into Saskniiawen river, ». c. from Mnnclies*
ter house. Its course is short. J

BATIJBA, a river of llie |)rovincc and cap'
/a/»«///uof MariiMan in Brazil.

BATUCO, a settlement of the province and
government of fja Sonora in Niieva Kspiua.

[BAL'^il;^t^S Kill, a western water of Hudson
river, eiirhtiuileK and a half below Albany.]

BAl'KKS, a river of the province and ifovern-
menl of Moxos in the kin<r(lom of Quito It rises
w. of the mountain Tiririco, runsw. many leagues,
nnd then turnini; a little to the m. h. id. enters with
a large sitream into the Itenes, and in the midst
of its course forms a lake.

BAIJIIKJAMM, a settlement of the missions
which were held by the rej^ulars of the company
of Jesuits, in the province of Topia, of the king-
dom of Nueva Vizcaya,

BAUROS, a barbarous nation, anciently can-
nibals, of the province of Moxos, to the e. n. r. of
San'a Cruz de la Sierra, dwellinjj on some large
plains, which have the rivers Ciiiazimire to thee,
nnd Iraibi to the u\ These plains are very fertile,
though, on account of their dampness, unhealthy.
This nation wasdiscoveretl by the Father ('ipriano
Harrera, of the company of .)esnils, in 1701,
when he lost his life at their hands. Tlie missio/i-
nrics, however, continued their labours here until
the year I7()7.

BAIJUIJM, or Baiuuma, a river of the pro-
vince and government of (inayaua. It rises in
the «errft/>iV< of I niataca, and enters the sea on the
f. coast.

UAl'Y'A, San Antonio Bi;caiii:m ok i.a,
n settlement and garrison of the province of (^oa-
guila, established by the viceroy of Nueva Es-
pana, Don Antonio iiucareli, who gave it his
name in 1776.

BAXA, P' NTA, a point on the v. coast of the
stra.t of Magellan, at (he entrance of (he second
narrow pass called La Barranca de S. ISinion.

[BAXADA, a town of the province and go-
vernment of Buenos Ayres, liituate on tiie Parana
near Sante Fe, on the opposite side of ihe river,
in Lat. 31° 44' 1.V'. J.ong. (JO^ 44' 30" a).]

BAXANES, or Ba\a as, a port of the island
of Cuba, on the n. coast, l)etween the bay of
Xavnra and the river of Las Pulinas.

[BAXOS on Babiua. SeeAnnojo*.]

[BAY OF Fri'.sii Watkii, in the n. part of
the gnlpli of Mexico, lies ,<. of Asrensicm bay.]

[Bav of Funov washes the shores of the
British provinces of New Brunswick on the ii,
and Nova Scotia on the e. nnd .t. This bay is \'i
leagues across, from the gut of Amiaimlis to St.
John's, the principal town of New Brunswick.
The tides arc very rapid in this bay, and rise at
Annapolis basin about 30 feet; nt the basin of
Minas, which may be termed tin* n. arm of this
bay, 40 feet ; aiulat the head of (Jhignecto chan-
nel, an arm of this bay, the spring tides rise GO
feet. See F I' NOV. J

[Bav pk Kociii; Fr.NOi; lies on the r,', side of
lake Champlain, nnd in the state of New York,
17 miles nlM)ve C'rown point.]

Bay ok |si,A\ns lies on the «>. side of New-
foundland island, in the gulph of St. Lawrence.
Tills bay is very extensive, having three arms, by
which several rivers emj)ty into it. It has several
islands, the chief of which are called Harbour,
Pearl, and Tweed.]

[Bav or Sr. Louis, on the Labrador coast,
has cape St. liouis on the n. and cape Charles on
.«. It has many small islands, the largest of which
is Battle island, in the mouth of the bay.]

BAYACONI, a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva Lspailu.

BAYA(;OL'LAS, a setllemert of Indians of
the province and government of Louisiana, situate
on the shore of the river Mississippi, between this
and Ihe lake Ovarhas.

BAYAG'UANA, a settlement of the island of
St. IJoniingo, situate at the source of tlie river
Mncoris, and in the middle of thee, head of the
island.

BAYALA, a river of the island of St. Domingo.
It rises near the ». coast, and the settlement of
Dondon, in the limits of the French possessions
in that part ; it runs ,«. \. v. iinti enters the
Neiva. t)n its shores are established two botlie..
of guards, who are called De la Angostura, and
Del Pie «lel Indio, as a warning to the Freuch
not io penetrate farther in that part.

BAYAMO, a town of the island of Cuba,
founded by Diego Velasques. It is of a goml
temperature, and abounds in vegetable prmluctions,
especially tobacco. It has a large and handsome
;:hurch, a convent of monks of St. Francis, an
hospital, with the title ol I. a Misericordia, and a
school for studies, foimded by l''rancis(() I'araila.
Twenty-five leagues from Santiago de('Uba.

[Bav A MO, a town in the e. part of the
i&laud of Cuba, having the town of Almo k. and

■ii;

'il.

mm^

' (■■■

■:1

M .»

\.,.i

152

U A Z

St. nuiharii on the .». h. lies on llie <?. •.iJe of
Khtcru liver, aliout '20 miles tVoin the %cn,\

[DvvAMo (Jhuniiel, in liie isliiiid of Culm,
runs l)el ween the niiineroiis small ihiaiiiis and rocks
called .lardin dc la lieynn, on liie n. w. and the
hlioaU and rocL^ which line the eoa.st on the s. e,
side ol' it, from the hold point cailid ('al)o do
(Iriiz. This channel leads to the bay of Kstero,
which receives (wo rivers; (lie southernmost of
which leads to (he (oun ol liaynmo. ]

liA^'AiN/\, a small port of the island of Cuba,
on the ;/.;>. r. coast, and in the p. head, !)ct».een
those of Selmsos and 'rara>rMa.

1JA\'AN(), a Iar:;e river of the kinpdor.i of
Tierrft Kirme, in the province iiiil irovernment of
PananiH. it rises in (he province of Darien, and
runs 2(j leau'Ues from r. (o Xi\ nderwards to ;/. n. w.
inul then s. emptyinjr itself into the sea, omiositc
the islanil of Chepillo, 8 leatjncs from tlic bay of
J'anama ; and pitherin^ in its cojirsc the waters
of many olher rivers, it is thereby at length navi-
/jable by hirge vessels. It takes its name from a
fugitive Xcirro slave, wtio hovin;* fled to the
mountains, was joined by a number of unhappy
creatures who were in (he some condition (»f lile us
himself. These in time l)ef^an to treat the Spa-
niards so cruelly, whenever, in their rencounters,
they hapi'.encd to meet with (hem, that the Mar-
quis dc Cai'iete, viceroy of Peru, was under (he
necessily of giving orders, wi(h the sanction of the
court, to Captain Pedro dc Ursua, to destroy and
chastise these enemies ; which orders were com-
j)letely executed, after a tedious and dillicult
campaign in I5j.); and the memory of this suc-
cess is |)cr|:etuated by (he name of the river. Its
mouth is in Long. 78^ 55'. Lut. 9° 3'.

HAY AS, a settlement and a.v/(V><o of the mines
of the ahttklia niaj/or of Guanajuato in Nueva
Kspafia, of the province and bishopric of Me-
cboaean.

BAYE, (I'uANO, a large bay of the island o*"
(lUadalupe, on the ti. coast, between the island
of Coch(m and that of Los Diamantes.

BA YO, tt small river of the province ond go-
vernment of Buenos Ayrcs, which runs s. and
eaters the Tepuongi.

[Baynkt, a town and bay on the x. side of the
island of St. Domingo, 4| leagues from Petit
(ioave, on the n. side of the island. It is about
eight leagues K'. of Jackmel. Lat. 18" 17' h.]

BAZAKACA, a settlement of the misions
which were held by the rej ulars of the company
of Jesuits, in the province and government of Lii
Sonora in Nueva Espann.

B E A

REACff, n small island of tho province and
colony of New Jersey.

[Bf.acii Fork, a branch of Salt river, wliich
rises in Nelson county, Kentucky. A fine clay
is found on this river, which might, it is thuuglK,
be manutiictured iiHogood porcelain.]

BEACON, a point on the «. coast of the island
of ilamaica, between the point or cape ^'aliali
und Port Uoyal.

[BEA I.SBLUKi, a small town in Nelson county,
Kentucky, on the r. bank of Boiling I'ork, which
contains ^0 houses, as also a (obucco warehouse.
It is 15 miles tc.s.tv. of Bairdslown, 50 s.tu. of
Trankfort, and 89() from Philadelphia.]

BI^AR, usmnll river of the province und colony
of Nova Scotia. It runs n. and enters the sea m
th(! port of Annapolis real.

[Meah Cove lies on the e. side of the *. r.
corner of Newfoundland island, at the head of which
is the settlement of Formore, which see. Re-
iieau's rocks lie between Bear cove and Fresh
Water bay on the «. S2 miles n. from cape
Raco.J

[Bkar (irass Creek, a small creek on the c.
side of Ohio river, a (ew hundred yards n. of the
town of Louisville in Kentucky. 'Ihis is the spot
where the intended canal is proposed to be cut to
the upper side of the Rapids, From the mouth
of the creek to the upper side of the Rapids, is
not quite two miles. This would render the
navigation of the Ohio safe and easy. Tlie coun-
try on the sides of this creek, between Salt river
and Kentucky river, is beautiful and rich. See
Rai'ius of tub Ohio.]

[Brah Lake, Guf.at, in the n. to. part of N,
.\merica, lies near the Arctic circle, and sends a
river a u\ s. w. course.]

[Meau Tiake, Black, in Now South Wales,
lies in lat. 55° 50' n. long. 105" 40' w. It lies
«. K!. from Cumberland House.]

[Bear Lake, Wiiiti:, lies due to. from an-
other snuill lake called Bear lake, both in lut. Ali'
yS' n. and the long, of the former is 96" k\ These
are said to give rise to the Mississippi river.]

[BiAuTown, in Caroline county, Maryland,
lies about seven miles ti. fr«>m Grccnsburgh, ami
about 15 s. e. from Chester town.]

[Bea II Creek, a water of Tennessee river. See

OCCOCIIAPHO.]

[BEARDSTOWN. See Baibdstown.]
BEATA, ("aho de i.a, a point of the island of
St. Domingo, on (he s. coast, and running a great
way into the sea. It is 85 leagues from the city
of St. Domingo. Lo.ig. 71^ 18'. Lat. 17" 4i.".

•f

vinco ami

'cr, wliicli
fiiiu clay

Si tllUllgllt,

(III* ixlaiul
pe Vallali

on county,
>rk, wliicli
wiirelioiihf.
lO *. te. ol'

und colony
the sea 111

r the *. r.
idoi'whicli

sec. Re-
and Fresli

from cape

( on the f.

dit ». of the

I is the spot

[o be cut to

I the moutli

Kaplds, \s

render the

1 The coiin-

Salt river

rich. See

part of N.
iiid sends a

nth Wales,
w. It lies

from nn-
in lut. 46'

■zc. These

river.]

Miiryland,

jurgh, ami

river.

See

B E A

He AT A, a river of the province and govcrn-
niciit of MaracuilKi. It rises w. of the city of
Ciiiiriiltur, runs u\ und enters the (ireal lake.

Hi'.ATA, n sniitll island chMC to the s. coast ni
the island of S(. Domingo, and opposite the point
of its nanit*.

HKAUCIIKSN'i:, a desert island of the sea
of Magcllun, which took its name from a French
captain, »lii> arrived here in the ^car 1701.
Some 1)1 licve it to lx> one of the Malvin isles. It
lies s, of the Sibaldes isles, almost in front of the
e. innutli of the strait of Magellan, from which it
is I.OS leagues distant.

K1:]AIJT'J{, an island of tlic lake Michigan in
New France, or Canada, opposite the Grand
bay.

JJKAl'FnUT; a city of the island of Port
Hovul, in the county of Granville, of the provin(;e
niid colony of Carolina, is small, but pleasantly
situate, fertile, and rich. The English, after the
separation of llieir colonies, made this the capital
of the province, from the convenience of its poit,
and owing to its afl'ording un harbour for tiieir
squadrons. It is ^0 miles from Purrisburg, and
43 from ('liarlestown, to the s. w. [The courts
Avliich were formerly held here, are now removed
to the town of Coosawhatchie, on the river. It is
a little pleasant town of about 60 houses, and ^200
inhabitants, who are distinguished for their hos-
pitality and politeness. It has a fine harbour,
and bids liiir to become a coiisideriible town,
and is noted for its healthy situation. Lat. li?'
30' II. Long, m 4G' w'.]

IJkaufoiit, a sotdenient of Georgia, situate on
an island at the mouth of the river Consiihatche,
or Porl Uoyal.

[Bi;aufort, a sea-port town in Carteret county,
(mlhe». e. side of (ore sound, and district of
New Bern, N. Carolina. It contains about 20
houses, a court-house and j;oal, and the county
courts are held here. It is 53 miles s. by r. of
Niw Hern, and ahmit 27 from cape Lookout.]

[IIkauioiit District, in the lower country of
S. Carolina, lies on the ,sea-coast, between Com-
bnliec and Savannah rivers. It is (iU miles in
length, and ^7 in breadth, and is divided into
linir parishes, viz. St. Helena, St. Luke, Prince
William, and St. Peter, which contain 18,75J
inliahilaiils, of whom only 434G are whites. The
northern part of this district abounds with large
forests of cypress ; the lands, however, are tit lor
raising rice, indigo, &c. It sends \)i representa-
tives and four senators to the slate legislature ;
each parish sending an equal number. Amount
of taxes, 3022/. 2s/llc/. sterling.]

VOL. I.

B E B

rss

BKAUGENDUr:, a river of the island of
Guadalupe. It ri.ses in tl.e w, mountains of La
Basse Terre, runs :•.<. and enters tlr> »ea between
the rivers Polel and ha Alice de la Barque.

BKAUIIAUNOIS, a jwrt of Canada, in lake
Superior.

BLAUMONT, a settlement of Canada, situate
on the shore of (he river St. Laurence, 10 league*
from the cai)ilal ot (Quebec.

BLAlSlMDl It, a settlement and fortof tho
English in iN'ova Scotia, (m the shore of the most
interior part of (he hay of Fundy.

[BKA V KB. ('re( k runs inm lake Erie at iti
f. end, about seven mils v. e. (roin fort Erie.]

[Bi:av III ('reek, Bic, falls into the Alleghany
river, after haviiiir n ceived several branches from
the n.f. alniiit 2H miles ii, Xi:. from Pittsburg.
It rises in (he .«. runs n. about six miles, thence
;/. c. 12 more to the Sail lick (own, then past
the Mahoning town and Salt springs, 34 miles
s, c. to the Kisliknsh town, from which to
its mouth is 22 miles a, : in all alxmt 74
miles.]

[Bi:avi:r Dam, a townsliin in Pennsylvania,
on the tc. side ofSusqiiehannah river. See N<<ii-

TIMIMUIMll.ANU ('oUllly.]

[Bi.Avi:ii Kill is a s.e. arm of (he Popachton
brunch of tho Delaware. Its inoiith is 17 j miles
r. from the Cook house, and 21 j n. is. troni Kush-
ichton tails.]

[Bi.AVLU Lake, in New South Wales, lies in
about lat. Hi" 30' u. anil Itnig. 102^ 10' ic. A
little n. e. from it is the source of Cliurchill river ;
s. e, from it is Cumberland house, on (trass river,
which has c(Mumunication by lakes with Nelson
river; »-. w. of it isSasknshawcn river, on which,
towards its head, are a number of houses belong-
ing to the Hudson's buy coumany.]

[Bi;.\VEu's Town, at Tuskarawas, lies be-
tween Margaret's creek, an upper «. a. branch of
Muskingum river, and the n. branch of that river;
at tho head of which n. branch there is only ii
mile's portage to C'ayahoga river. Beaver's («iwii
lies aljout 83 miles n. ;<'. irom Pitt.sburg. A little
below this, :i fort was erected in l7(iLJ

[BEAZA, the chief town of the district of
Quixos, in the province of Quito in Peru, und
the residence of the governor. It was built in
I'jjO by Don Ilameirod'Avilos. The chief ma-
nufacture here is cotton cloth. |

BEBARA, San Antonio be, a settlement of
the province and government of (3hoco in the
kingdom of Tierra Firme, situate on the shore of
the river of its name.

BcisAUA, the river which rises in the great

'f:^

iir

{■'

'«\

H r

■r ',

154

BED

sf'trm? of (he same pioviiico, runs ti). anil enters
tilt' Atrafo.

UKCAl'AS, a barbarous nation inlinbilin<; (lie
forest'^ (i) (lie t.\ oftlu; river Ajjuarico. 1( is verj
niitneroiis, and is condniially at >var m itii (be Lin-
caijeiiados.

nK(MIAI,a small river of (lie province and go-
veriiineii(<it" I'arai^iiay. Il nnis s. aiu'. enters the
Uruirnay, iM't^ecii (lie rivers Igan and Ibicuy.

I |{|](."KI']'r. a (()\Misliii) in Ucrksbire counl^',
I\I. ssaclniscds, l()ll(ailliIl^: TJl iiiliabilah(s. Ills
10 miles r. 1)1 ShxMiridge, 17 irom J^enox, anil
1^0 ;.;. (Vom iiosd)!). {

UK(J()\.\, a river of (be province mid s^o-
verniiicn( of Mainas in Ibe kin<rdoin of (jni(o.
It runs nearly iliic .«. from n. parallel to (bat of
Caiiiboya, ami tnleis (lie Napo.

ItncovA, an isiiiiid of (he N. sea. I( is one
of (be Lesser Andllas, si(iia(e (o (be «. of (ira-
nnda.

I IM^DI] P()iii( is (be eastern cajie at (be mon(b
of Cook's river, on (lie ;/. to, coast of N. Ame-
rica. J

|{|;i)i;(', a se((lemen( of (bo isbuid of Si.
tlobii, in (be piovinee and colony of Nova Scotia,
sidiale on (be :v. coas(, and in (be s(rai( formeil
uidi (lia( coast.

Ill^^OrOltl), a province and county of Vir-
ffinia. | It is separa(ed from (ba( of Amberst on
(be w. I)v .lames river ; lias Campbell c. Holctoiirt
ri^'. and IVrnklin comity on (be s. It is .'Jl miles
loiiij, y.) broad, and conlains l(),;V]l inbabitants,
inclndiiii;' y7.5t slaves. !( bas a itocmI soil, and is
Uijrteably diversified wi(!i bills and valleys. h\
some parts clialk and irypsuni have been discover-
ed. Its ciiicftowii is New JiOiidon. ]

[|}r.t)roui», a(o\vnsir;p in llillsboroui^b coun(y,
New llainpsliiic, wbicli was iiici)rpora(ed in 1730,
and coiUains S!).s iM'':il)i(aii(s. I( lies on (be .v.
bank ol Merrimaciv river, bli miles a', of l*orts-
moiilb.J

[Hi.i)i(HM), a (ownsliip in Miibllesex county,
Massaclinsetts, cd!! Miiiiiir 5yj inbabitants, l.'j
miles ;/. from IJi '

I IJkdfiiiio, N
lirisiol eoimly in i
inli:il)ila.ils, j8 n.iii's

. is n flourisbinir town in
'-aim? state, coiitaiiiimj; .'JJI.'j

.V.

of Hoston. ll lies at
(be lieail of navii^aliim on Accusbnet river. I,a(.

4o^;j.yw.j

I |}i;iiKoiii), a (ownsbip in W. Cbeter county,
New \'ork, i-iiii(aiiiiiiif ^470 inbabitants, iiicliul-
ing .'J8 slaves. I( lie;, coiilii;iioiis (o (."oimeeli<'ul,
I^ miles II. from liOn^j island sound, ami .'Jj from
(lie city of New Vork. In (be state census of
179(>, (here appears to be 30^2 electors. ]

BEG

[nr.Dronn, a town on tlic u"^: end of Lonn;
island, New Vork, four miles u. to. from Jamaica
bay, and six e. from (he city of New > ork.J

[liKOFoitn, a village near (be Cicorgiii side ot
Savannah river, four miles al>ove Aiiirusta.]

[iicDFono County, in Pennsylvania, lies on
Juniatta river; has part of (be state of Mnrylind
on (be s. and Huntingdon county n. and n. e. It
contains 13,121 inbabitan(s, including IG slaves;
and has one half of i(s lands settled, and is divided
into nine iownsbips. lis chief (omii, licdfiird,
lies on the.?, side ot Kaystowii branch of the same
river, '21 miles e. of Uertin, and 210 «>. of
Fbiladrlpbia. It is regularly laid ou(, and (he
iiiliabilants, who live in 41 log bousca iind nine of
stone, have valer conveyd in wooden pipes (o
a reservoir in the middle of (be (own. Tliey have
a s(o]ie giol ; (he market-house, court-boiise, and
reeord-ollice, are built of brick. i]edtord was
incorporated in 1793, and their cbirter is similar
(o (ha( of Chester. Lat. 40 n. Long. 78^ 32'

[Bi:i)l nS. These arc Imlians of N. America,
dwelling on (be Trinity river, about GO iniiis
to (be .«. of Nacogdoches ; biive 100 men, are
good himters for deer, which are very large,
and plenty about (hem ; plan(, and make good
crops of corn; their language differs iVom all
oilier, bid (bey speak (Jaddo ; area peaceable,
quie( people, and have an excellent character for
their honest v and punctuality.]

[IJr;DMINS'ri':i{, in Somerset county, Now
.lersey, is a township con(aiuing 1 197 inhabitan(s,
including l()9 slaves.]

fIJKKr Island, one of (be Smaller Virgin
islands in (be \V. Indies, si(ua(ed be(ween Dog
island on (be tc. and Tmtida on (he r. It is about
five miles long and one broad, in Sir Francis
Drake's l)ay.J

H1]KKF, a se((lement of the island ofUarln-
does, ill the parish and district of St. (icorge,
near the f. coas(, and at the s. extremity of i lie
same.

[UI;|;KMAN, a considerable township in
Diicliess county. New Wnk, containing .Ti'l?
iiiliabilaiil^. including !()(» slaves. In the stale
censux (it 1790, tliere ap]Kiirs (o be jO'J electors in
this towiisliip. {

lii;i;TI,i;,'asettlemeiil of the iMaiid oflJiMlvi-
does, in (lie parish and district of Si. (icorge, sidi-
all' iii)on tlie (,'. coast.

Ui;i lilX, a settlement of the piovinee and
riimixiinii >ili) of -\rica in I'e'U, aiiiiexiul to liic
curacy ol'Copta.

ISIXjA, a settlement ol the province atui :j,o-

nd of LoiiiT
roin Jntnaica
Vork.J
ur^^ia Hulc ul
jiisln.]
mill, lies on
of Marylind
and ti.e. It
a; \(i slavi's ;
lui is (lividi'il
n, iiedford,
I of < lie same

210 zc. of
nut, and tlu;
^ .irul iiiiii' of
Icii |iip<'s (u

'I'liey liave
t-hiiiiM', ami
lied fun I \>:is
cr is siniiliir
)iig. 78^ 3^'

N. America,
)iit 60 inilts

00 men, are
very lari^e,

1 niiiixe jifood

ers from all

a peat'cabli",

liaraclcr for

onnty, Now
r irdmbitants,

aller Viririti

lehvecMJ Doir

It is about.

Sir Tranci*

id of Bariri-

St. (i'cor<;^e,

Miiily of tlie

lowiisliip ill
laiiiiiifj .T)'I7
In tlic stale
fi'J electors ill

lid 1)1' 1J;>il':i-
[jeori^e, sidi-

jroviiice and
lexeil to tlif^

lice and gn-

B E J

vernment of V'cn-zuola in (he kingdom of Ticrra
rirmc, sitnatc near the coast, in tin- district of
Caracas, from wiiencc it is distant six leagues to
tlie s. \ to the s. ic.

»E(i'()\, a lake of Canada, formed by the
drains of those of St. Peter and Miskoniiikanc, in
the country of the f hemonchovanistes Indian'*.

[Bt:ilUIN(J'S Bay, on the w. ic. coast of N.
America, is sep.iratetl from Admiralty bay on
the //. by a point of land, and liis n. Jt>. from
Cross sound. See Ai)Mii!Ai,rY I5ay. J

[!}i;niii.\o's Straits, si'|)ara(e Amu from Ame-
rica, are so called from the UusMaii navijjator.
Captain Behrin'', wiio, wiih 'IMiirikow, sailed
from Kamptschatka in Silx'ria, on the Asiatic
coast, in <|iiest of tlie new world, in a quarter
wheie it had pi'ilnps never been approached.
Tiiey botli iliscoveri'ii land \>iiliiri a teu- dey;rees
of the ;;. u-. coast of America. But tiie more re-
cent discovi ries of (.'aptiiin Cook, and his succes-
sor, l^lirke, hive coiiliriiKcl tlic near approxima-
tion of the two continents. C^ipe Prince ol ^V ales
is the most wextnly point of the Anieri<:iii conti-
nent hitherto known. It is situated in hit. (j.'>
4(j' M. lon<r. ItiS l.V c. and is .Sf) mihs distant
from the r. coast of Asia. The sea, troni the
s, of Bchring's straits, to tin- crescent of isles be-
tween Asia and Ameriei, is very shallow. It
deepens troin these straits (as the Brii is'i seaNdo from
Dover) till soundings are lost in llie I'.icilic ocean,
but that does not take place lint to the \. of the
isles. Between tliiMii and the straits is an increase
from I2to Jt fathoms, except only off St. Thad-
deus Noss, where then- is a cliantiel ot ::iie:iter
dej)tli. I'roni the volcanic disposition, it lia^ been
jiuljjed probable, not only that there was a ;.e|)ara-
tion of the continents at these straits, but t!ia! the
whole space from the isles to that small opeiiinjr
had once been dry land ; and lliat the tiiiy ol the
waiery eleiuent, actuated l;y ill t of lire, h, id, in
V(Ty remote times, subverted and oviwhelmed
■:is tract, and it ft lli>' isliiiids to serve as iiionuinen-
tal fi.'iginents. I'lie I'aiiioiis .lapmcvi' map |)laces
some islands <-eeaiin^ly wiiliin these stiaits, on
Mhiih Is l».sto\\»d the title of Va Zne, or the
Kiiii.loii) of till' Dwail's. 'rhisjriv<'s ^oiiie reason
to Mipiiost! that Anurica was n<it ii ikmnui to the
.Fapance : iiul lliat llii'y had, :is is leentioiicd by
Ka'i'ipler iiinl Cliaiicvoix, made voyanes of dis-
co— 'r_\ : and, .iccmdiii"' to the last, actually
wimered upon tj"- coiit ni'iit, where probably
mceliiiii wiiii t'lc l']s'|iiiinanx, they ininlit, in
cunipar.^iiii of llieiii»ei\e-, and justly, distiniiuish
tlieiii bv the nn uf ()l'ii\>.iils. J

BLJliiHQUJ", u tculc»ucut of the province

BEL

JD.")

nnd jvovcrnnipnt of Cartagena, situate on one of
the islands Aviiich are formed by the river Cnuca.
it is four leagues ;/. n. zo. of the city of Zimiti.

BKJUCAL, a small city, but beautifully and
well situate in the island of Cuba, is of ti good
tem|)erature, fertile, and almundinir in fruits and
cattle, particulaily in tobacco, of which it has
considerable crops. Ft belongs to the domain and
lordship of the Nlaripiises oi S m Felipe and San-
tiago, who reside in the llavannali, from wlience
it is divided by a level and agreeable road, and is
seven leajrues distant.

[BIlKfA, or Br(orvA, or Bomno, a small
British island among the (iranadillas, i)j miles
M. c. of (/ranada, and ii'i leairnes from Barbadoes.
It was called i.ittle Martinico by the I-'rench, and
has a safe harbour from all winds, but no tresli
water. It is only frequented by those who catch
turtle. The soil produces wild cotton, and plenty
of water melons, j

BKJiA l)l']li(), I'lM A 1)1.1., a ])oint on the
roast ol" ('artagena, of the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, near Santa .Vlarti, wli; re there is a small
fort and a watch-tower, for the |)iirpo'>(? of ifivinir
notice when vessels appear, and this is doiu; by
striking a bell li.xeil there lor tin- jmrpo^e

[ BI'il.CMKK, a township in Hampshire coun-
ty, MassMihii.Mtts, coniaining I Is.) inhabitants,
who subsist chielly by liirming. It lies I'i miles c.
ofll.idlev. and S.j e^'. of BmsIoii.]

BI'il.l'iN, a Kettlemcnl of the province and cor'
>rg////fVw/()of Caraiigas in l'eru,oftlic archbishoiiric
of Chaic;is, annexed to the curacy of that ol
Andamarca.

B. i.i:n, another, in the province and mrren-i-
Diif/ifo of I'orco, also of thi! ar(libisho|)ric of
Cliarcas and kiiiirdom of I'erii. It has a celebrat
ed sanctuary, whither numbers of people repair in
October.

Bi.i.i N, another, of the province and roorg/-
iiiioi/o ot' laicanas in the same kingdom, annex-
ed to tile curacy of ('ahuaiici.

B' I.I.N, anotlier, of the province and corr<i(i-
niirnio of Paria in the same kingdom, annexed to
the curacy of Toledo.

Bi.m;n, anolher, of the province and alrnliiia
w/'/yo/' ol Ostiniuri in iNiieva l.'.p.uVi, sitaale at
the month of the river liiiujiii, and at the point
ol i.olios, ill the gulf ol Calitoriiia.

Bpi.'n, another, ol the province and rcjrrfg/-
v:icnto of Oiiiasuyos in Pern, auna^ed to ilie
curacy of Acliaca< he.

Bi.M.N, a town, with the dedicatory title of
Niiestra Sefiora, in the proviixc and govr incut
of Paraguay, on the shore of I'le nvcrofthi'. naiiic,

X 'J

(ll

j;|

i' ' f-

156

BEL

at the moulli ortlic rivor I|nnr-gitazu, [in I,at. 23°

BKI^KNO, a river of (Ik; province of Mans In
the kinj^doin of Quito. It risosat the foot oftlie
Piiramo of Sim^rjiy, rwns from w. to e, and enters
the ('uraray, or r' ; her chanj^es its name here before
it enters (h(> Naiic

[BKIj|']Z, a city of New Grenada, Tierra Firme,
S. America. J

[IIIOLKAST, a town hi|) and hay in Hancock
county, dislriel of Maine, both sitnatetl in what is
called the VN'aldo p>tent, at the montli of Penol)-
scot river and on its lo. side ; j8 miles w. e. by e.
from llallowell, and 24(5 w. c. from lioston. The
town contain,' yf5 iidiabitants. The bay, on the
n. TO, part of which the town statids, runs up into
the land by three short arms. Isleborough island lies
in the middle of it, and forms two channels leading
to the month of Peiiobscot river.

[B1']L(;UAI)E, a township in Lincoln county,
district of Maine, incorporated in Feb. 1796. It
was formerly called Washington plantation. It
lies w. of Sidney, and between Androscoggin and
Kennelx'ck rivers.]

[BKliHAV^EN, the former name of Alexan-
dria, in Faiiikax County, Virginia, which see. U
lies H nules n. ei, of Colchester, 86 s, w. of Win-
chester, ."0 w. of Aimapolis, and 21-t s. w. of Phi-
ladelphia.]

BELIIil/E, a settlement of (he province and
forreg//«jVw<o of C/humbivilcas in Peru, situate on
the siTore of the river Apurimac.

[BELIM, or Paha, a town in Brazil. See
Paha.]

BELL, a point on the e. coast of the island
of Barl>ad(H-s, between the point of Conscts and
Baker bay.

Bet.t,, a settlemiMit of the same island, in the
parish and district of St. George.

BELLA, Poni.Aciov, a settlement of the pro-
vince and captains/lip of Jjos llhcos in Brazil, on
th<' se.i-shore, and close to the port called Bello,
which is formed by the mouth of the river Dulcc.

BEIiLAt^O, AiinoYo, a small river of the
province an<l government of Buenos Ayres. ft
runs TO. and enters the Uruguay, between the
rivers Neirro and Si'ila Hosa.

BEFiLACON, a small river of the proriricc
and .op'ain^hip of Rey in Brazil. It rn:;oi. and
enters th(; .I^icnaro't.

[BEI-L.\1IIE, ii post-town near the centre of
Hariiord county, \',ii land, and the chief of the
county. Ii contain>> court-house and gaol, and is
thijily inhabited ; 't. int from Harford 6 milcH

BEL

n. UK 99 M. e. from Baltimore, and 86 w. s. w.
from Philadelphia.]

BELLA VISTA, SanJosfph nr, a settlenunt
of the jirovince and corrrg/»/(jV,'(<rt of Cerc;ulo in
Peru; founded near the sea by the Count of Su-
perunda, viceroy of (he kingdom, in 1747, aquar-
(cr of a league from the spot wh' re Callao stood.
It has a good cxstle, called Stin Fernandt), with a
sufficient garrison for the defence and security of
(he biy. This is covered on (lie s. w. by a barren
isl:ind, called S ui Loren/o, where all (h" vessels
cominij from llie v. ports of America, as ',/ell as
from Europe, casi anchor. It is two leagues from
Lima.

B'T.T.AVisTA, a river of the Kingdom of Brazil,
which runs w. ti. c, and enttrs that of Tocantines
on (he xi\ side.

BELLEAII, PrriiTo np,, a port in (he strait
of Magellan, and in (he (bird narrow pass, calh-d
Ell Pasa^re, or the Passage.

[BELLE Dune, La, or Handsome Dow.n,
a long, projecdng, barren point on the s. side of
Chalcur bay, about 8 leagues «.«. zb. of Nipisi-
guit, where (en\porary cod and her-ing fisheries
are carried on by different people; there being ao
established trader at the place.]

[BELLGllOVE, in B,rgcu county, N. Jersiy,
on the road (o Albany, lies within half a mi!(! of
the line which separates New York from New Jer-
sey, \\!iich extends from L.;lawarc river to that of
Hudson. It is three miles n. from Brabant, and
24 n. by ro. from New Yotk ci(y.]

BELLICHASSE, a seti'ement of Canada, situ-
ate on the shore of the river St. Lawrence, not inr
distant from Quebec.

Belliciiassk, a rive' of the above country,
which rises to the e. of the bay of Saguinam, runs
s, e. in a serpentine course, and enters lake Huron,
at the month where this communicates itself with
the lake Erie.

[BELLINGHA^'', a small fsmiing township
in Norfolk count}-, Massachusetts, containing 735
inhabitants, 120 miles w. from Providence, and
34 s. from Boston.]

Bl'iLLINGA, a settlement of the province and
corre<fi miento of PariiKicocha.s in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of Salamanca, in the province of
Condesnyos de Arequipa.

[BEIjLISLE, an island at the mouth of the
straits of this name, lx>twecn the country of the
Esquimaux, or New Britain, [\m{ the n. end of
Newfoundland island, which straits leid into the
gulf of St. Lawrence from the n. e. Tiie i.slan(l is
about seven leagues in circumference, and lies 16

)ass, called

ice, notinr

main, runs

BEL

miles fiom <he ncaroht land on <lic const of Lnljia-
iliir, or New Britain. On llio «. 70, hide it lias n
limlutur for fisiiiiip Vfssds, or small craH, and on
tlice. point it lias a cove \>Iii(!i will admit slial-
iops. ].al. -jP .W >i. }Amtr. .1^,^ 15' ic]

I IJi i.i.is! r,, !m island ol" fix c. side ot' (lie m.
ji.irl ()t'N<'>vlb\indland island, r. of Canada licad.]

|}t.i,i.isr,i;, anollicr island ol tlwr. coast of t lie tl
isl.ind of Ncwibiinilland., distinct Iroin (lie others,
bctwcon (he islands of Cirois and ('asrou^r,

Ui.m.Isij:, !i strait formed by (lie roast of tin-
comity of Labrador, :inu iiic i^!and of iSowliiuiiil-
land. It runs from s. w. (o n. e.

BKLIiO, Krai., a settlemeid of (he province
and captainship of Uio .laneiro in Brazil, on the
shore of llie river of Los Miier(es.

[BKL l/SMii,r, a settlement in N. Carolina, near
(he Moravian settlements, at the source of Deep river,
(he noith- ves(ernmos( branch of the n. w. branch of
rape Fear, and abou( 50 miles a), of Hillsborough.]

BKLTiUDA Siena, a chain of mountain;; of
(lie kiiijjdom of ('idle, in (he territory of (he infi-
dels. It runs nearly due s. from n. in (he country
of (he l*ehncnches Indians, from the se((lcmcn( of
Piiren to (he volcano of Callaqui.

[JJEIil'IlE, a post-town and small settlement
in (he (crrKory n. w. of (he Ohio, on (he w. w.
bank of Ohio river, bc(\veen (he Ilockhocking and
Muskiiii^um rivers, and op|)osi(e (he mouth of the
Little Kaidiaway, abou( 14 miles below Marietta,
and 'IMO s. w. by w. Irom Philadelphia.]

BELSAMITI;), a river of Canada. It rises
from differen( lakes in (he coun(ry of the Papina-
chois Indians, runs 5. e. between tlic rivers Mis-
sipinac and Outardes, and meets (he river S(.
Lawrence a( i(.s mouth or entrance into (he sea.

IJELSAMONT, a se((lement of (he couii(ry
iind land of Labrador, situa(ed on the coast, at the
'■.loiith of (he s(raitof Bellisle.

BELTRAN, a settlement of the jurisdiction of
Tocaima, and government of Mariquita, in the
Niievo lleynode Granada, situated on the shores
of (he Rio (Jraiide de la Mairdalena, annexed (o
the curacy of Ambolaynia ; is of a very hot (em-
peiature, and much infested with mosqiiitoe-, lice,
and other insec(s. l(s ]iopula(ion isscaniy, and con-
sis(s of only 80 houseke<'pers ; its produc(ions are
merely sugar-canes, j/uras, maize, and plantains.
It is 14 leagues (o the s. :<'. of Santa Fe.

[BELVIDERE, a new township in Franklin
oounty, Vermont. Also a village in New Jersey,
in Sussex c(nin(y, situated on Delaware river, iit
the mouth of l*e<iuest river, and 11 miles abore
Eastoii in Pennsylvania.]

BEN

Ibt

RUN DISH, a settlement of the islmd of Bar-
bailoe.,, ill till! «!istrir( of tliejjarish ol'Saii Felijjc.

f BENEDlt' l',ii 1..UI1 in Charles county, Mary-
land, on I'alnxent river, opposite Mackall's ferry,
re. from port Tolmcro Mi miles, as the road runs
tliiongh llyranlowii ; .'JO s. r. from (he Feileral
ciiy, and '■20 lioin Uruiii's point, a( the mouth of
(lie river. )

Bi;.M^iiI.-<SA, a river of (he province and
c-overiimeiil oi'Jnixos y Macas indie kiii>rd<im <if
(jiiito, and o| the district of tin- .second. It runs
iVoni the ». n. u. to s. s. c. and enters the river
Santiago.

BENET, or Bainf.t, a (own of the French, in
(heir possessions in the island of S(. Domingo,
situa(e on the s. shore of (he river of i(s name.
'I'his river rises near (he s. coast of (he same island ;
i( runs s. and enters the sea lietween the cape of
its name and (he |ioitit of Moral. The alwve cape
is also on (he siime ». coast, lietween the former
river and the cajieof Tres Latanniers.

BE.Nl, a large and navigable river of (he pro-
vince and rorre^imic/ifo of C'uzco in (he kingdom
of Peru. It rises near (he se((lcinen( of Los l{eyei
in the cordillrrn^ and runs from r. to w, until it
enters the I'cayale. According (o (]ruz, it rises
from (he river Chinquiavo, or De la Paz, and runs
conlinually m. collectingthc waters of several other
rivers, when in a very large body it enters the
IJcayale. It is also called De la Serpicnte, and
Mr. D'Anville names it Amarumayu,(o agree with
the Inca Garcilasco, who maintains that it was ex-
plored by order of the luca Yupanqui, for (he
discovery and conquest of (he province of Musu,
or De los Moxos. On i(s shores are many reduc-
riones or sc(tlemen(s ma<le by the missions of the
Moxos.

BENITEZ, Juan, a river of the province
and government of Maracaibo in the kingdom of
Tierra Firme. It rises in the mountains which
lie between the coast and the lake of Maracaibo,
runs s. and enters (his lake at the side of the
month or entrance of (he same.

BENITO, San, a settlement of (he cnrrcgimi-
ento of the jurisdiction of Velez in the Nuevo
Reyno. It is of a healthy but very hot tempera-
ture, producing fruits peculiar to the same. I(
contains 2(X) housekeepers, and somewhat fewer
families of Indians. Annexed to its curacy is a
cha|)el, called De las Juntas, where there is a small
neighbourhood.

B; NiTo, another settlement, of the province
and corrrf^imienlo of Cajamarca iu Peru, aiinexed
to the curacy of Cluzmanga.

,.. ^i*'

.• *■' 'f

i ! (^

• 11

158

BEN

BuNiTo, nnnthcr, of the province and povcrn-
mniitdl Ciirfii^t-'Miiinllie kinn;(loni of Tierm Firme,
sitiialu in (he road whicli leads down to the riv<'r of
La Magdalena, between this and the city of Car-
(ii'rena.

Mi;mto, another (own, with (lie suniiimc of
-A had, in (he same province an(! t^overnnietit ;
silniile near oik; of tlie arms olthe river ( auca.

IIe.nito, aiiodier scideinent ol (he province and
capttiinship of Pernainlxico in IJrazil ; sidir.fe on
(he coa>(, between (he river Piradinunga and (he
port (.'alvo.

J{i;Mro, anolher, of (he missions which were
heUI by (hi- rei-iiliirs of (he company of (he .lesuits,
ill (he proviiite of (Jinidoa in Niieva KVpana.

Bknik;, a riv<Tof(he kincfhmi of Hrazil. It
is small, runs n. and enters iliat of Preto, or La
Paltiia, opposite (he month of (lie river Claro.

HENNirrs, a small river of (lie jjrovirice and
colony of Virginia; it rinis s. and enters (he
('howan.

Br'.NMvrf;, a point or rape of the coast, in (he
provinn- and colony of Marylii.-d and bay of
Chesapeak.

[UF;.\NINr;TON, a coMn(y in the s. re.
cornel of Vermont, having \\ indliam comity
on (he e. and the s(ati' of New V'ork on (lie .v. ;
in(o which s(ate it semis lladen kill and Iloosack
rivers, which bo(h rise hen-, and fall in(o Hudson
river, ii miles apart. Hiidaiid county lies on
(lie n. and the s(a(e of Massachuseds on the ,«.
It contains If) townships, of which Penninglon
and Manchester are the chief. It has l'2,'i.')4 in-
habitiints, includiiiir Ki slaves. The mountains
here furnish iron ore in abnndanre, and employ
alnady a furnace atid two I'orgis.

[i{i:N MVf.TON, the sliire town of the above
county, ami the l;ira;cst town in the state of Ver-
mont, Ii.iving about KiO houses in the compact
part (I 111 • town, is situated a( (he fixit of (he f>;rea(
.moiMlain near the .v. ic. corner of the state,
9', miles c. from the junct on of niilson and
Mohaviv rivers, and iiboii( .Vi IVom the .«. end of
!;»!><• t'hamplaiii, at the confluence of the c. and s.
■bays ; and lies .'Jj miles from Uiitlaml, W2 miles
«. r. from New ^'ork, and .'j()(l in the same
direction from Philadelphia. La(. 4'i' b'i' w.
Louir. T.P 4' kC. Hcnninu'ton has several elegant
biiil limrs. Its public editices are a coitsfreiriitioiid
chii ell, state-lioiise, and gaol. It is llie oldc'-t
tovMi ill the state, having be.n first settled in ITtil,
•11(1 is in a noiirishiii;:; eonditidu, conlaining '210)
inh ibit.eit-. Within (In- township is mount An-
thony, which riM's very high in a conical f()rm.
Two actions were fought in or near this twii in

B E R

one day, Aug. IC, 1777, in which (he British suf-
fered a considerable loss. This disaster contri-
butod in a great measure (o (he subsecjiient sur-
render of General Burgoyne's army.

[BENSdN, (he iior(h-wes(eri'mos( (ownship in
Hutland county, Vermont, is situiited on the r.
side jf lake Chainplain, 57 miles n. n. ;.'. of Ben-
nington, and has ()5S inhabitants, ilnbberton
river passes (h rough Benson in i(s way to J'Jast
bay. Cockburne's creikj which h'eds the saiiu)
bay, rises here.

BEPITA\(;A, an island of (he coast of Brazil,
in (he province and captuhisliij) of liey.

BEQUIA, an island of the N. sea, one of the
Lesser Antilh's, between the islands of Sl.V inceiite
and (.'ranada. It is I'i leagues in eircumterenee,
and has a good bay, frequented only Ity the ('lia-
ril)be(! Indians, who inhabit (Ids island, and by the
English of the island ol St. Vincente, who come
iiillier (o fish for tor(oises. It |)roduee8 wild co(-
(o» (rees, and abounds in wa(er melons ; but it
is ill supplied with water, and is filh'il with vipers,
snakes, and venomous insects. Lat. I.'3' '2' n.

[BERABZAN is a long lake in New North
\\ ales, lying w. and s. and narrows gradually
from its m. end, till it mixes with the waters ot
Shechary lake at (he >■. end, where these wa(ers
form Seal river, which empdes into Hudson's bay
a( ('hurchill for(. 'L'!<e middle of Berabzan lies
in lat. ()(F 10' H. and in long. 97" zr. See Siio
ciiAiiv l,ake, a/id t'ln Hciiii.i. Hiver. J

BI';Ulll("i;, a river of the province and govern-
ment of (iuayana, or Nueva Andalucia, in the
Dutch possessions, this being the only river in this
country. It lio,vever renders the land very fer-
tile, and ciiises it to pro;! nee cotton in abundance.
I( rises in the ."icira of TMnnunnqui', runs from
s. tow. and enters the seaal)()iil a league in breadth.
The territory upon its shores lies h)W, and is
covered with groves. Its mouth is divided into
two iirms by an island, which is called by (lie
Duteh Krabben ; and (liroiigh that of the r. side
in(> (ler.ile-si/( d vessels only can pass, ns the water
does not ex< I'd two or lliree yards in depth. A
little beyond ''le :»foiis;iid islind the waters of (he
small riser cnse j )iii (iii^ river, increasing its
(ie\)lh to (iv yar Is, w' '• > it becomes navigable
as lar np as the fort of N iss;mi, which is situate
upon t!u' i\ shore, at the 'I'-lance of 10 leiigues
trom the river's ni '!;li ; ill ingh by water, owing
(o (li(> river's winili'ig course, the distance' is at
least yO leaifues, Tiie shores on both sides arc
covered >»il'i lioiisrs and piintations belonging to
(he Diileli, lor upu ir.ls of 'JO leagues. 1( enters
Ihc scii in lut. 0" -J «■

B E R

B £ II

159

ITu.O (lie Xojfro slaves inailc an iiisuirocliori horc,
hut this was suppn'sstnl in tiie Ibliowiiig year.
['I'liis sctllciiiriil, with tli(3 otiicr adjoining uncs of
.^itiinaiii anti Lssiquihu, surrciidctccl to the Bri-
tisli 111 ll'Jij.

Bp.nnicn, tlic capital of (be Dulr!i colony,
(akin^r tli<i name of the former river, by which it
is waslia!. It is forti(icil, and is the rcsidLMCc i.
the ji;ovcrnor, wlw) mainlains Iieie a loieraljle gar-
rison. The <owM is rcdurod and was biuliy buih.
Us principal commerce i.s in cotton and sn;rar. In

The ofliciid valun of (he Imjiorts and Exports of Bcrhice were, in
I80<), imports rflttS.fifU, exports .^flO.Oti'ii.
. 1810, 191,550, 31,785.

And the fiuantilies of the principal articles imported into Great Britain were, in

CoA

Biit. I'laiit.

I'C.

I'lir. Plant.

Sugar.
Brit. Plant. \ For. Plant.

Kiini.

Cottun wuiil.

Cwl.
1UI)9, 17,665
111 10, 2V,A i

Cwt.

Cwl. ! Cwf.

7 7 1,0 1

;i8-.'7 1 —

(iaIU

20,.Jj.')
(i,lM:i

i.l)*.
i,u7t,iy(i
1 ,r.,>(",,o.'>r

BERENGUEIiA, 8a n Juan nv, a settlement
anil mil of (he mines of silver, which were for-
merly worked in (he province and rorrcgiinirnlo
ot I'acajes in iVrn. 'J iiey were (lie richest and
most renowned of any in the kiiiirdom, havintf
700 veins; and from the vcsdj^es which apjiear
here a( the present day, there must have been no
inconsiderable jv)pnlation of Spaniards.

lir.RKNc.ui.i.A, another setll(;men( of the pro-
vince and ri>ncgiiiiiciil() of Cochabiunba in the
bume kiiii^d.'im.

BKROAjNS, an island of the s. coast of New-
Coundland, at the entrance of the j;nlf of St.
l>awren."e.

|{El{(iANTIN,(3i-,niins nr.r, mountains of the
proviiK^e of Uarcelona, and jfovermneiii ot (3ii-
iiKiiia. They rnn nearly in a stiiiiu'lit line from
s. to M. for (he spa( c of many leainies.

IJElUilvN, a cily and (:onii(y ot (he province
and coi'iny <.(" New .lersi-y, above the river lliid-
■^nn, ojjposile New lOiK. Il was the (iistspot <hi
wliicli plantations were made. The uri'ater part
ot' i(s inhabitanls are Dutcii. Three miles from
ilu! city of -New ^'e;k.

I Mi'.iuirN Coiiiity, in New Jersey, on H(i(!son
riviT, lies opposite New \ ork, on thee, and was

Sec SuniNAM.]

ronE;li, and hilly county, 30 miles long, and
'J."> broad, it forms part of the e. and n. end
of the state; and its ». rt). extremity meets the
)i. V. part of Sussex county ; so that these two
(U)unties embosom Morris and Essex counties, ex-
cept on the v. re. and form the whole breadth of
the state in that quarter.

|Bi:it(.i',N Neck is the southern extremity of
tin; above township. J

BERITO, a small river of the island of St. Do-
mingo. It rises near the n. coast, in the valley of
Inojiielo, runs ( . and enters the Balalu.

[UKUKHEMSTEAD, or Baukhemsteau, a
township in Litcidield county, Connecticut, hav-
ing llartland m. and New Hartford v.]

[IJEHKLEV, a township in Bristol county,
Massiciinsetls, cuiilaining 850 inhabitants; 50
miles .V. of IJoston. J

Bi;iiKi,p,v, a county and city of S. Carolina,
situate n. of the county of Colleton, near the rivers
('ooper and .Ashley : io the n. it has aiioiher small
river, called IJowal, which (orms an island in the
middle ot a small bay. Opposite th'^ coast arc
other i>lan(ls, calli'd Casia and Stiiiivan, and be-
'ween this and the river Umval is a chain oi'motin-
(ain>*, called Sandy. The river Wanda washes

»irs( plaii(ed by the Dutch (Voni New Y'ork. li (li- )i.xt\ part of iliis <'onnty, and afterHar(l.< en-
oiilains six townships of which the chief are teis (he Cowper, both ol these joining the Aslili 7

lii

in
Cal

•"•en am

I llackiiisai k, and l'J,()OI inhabitants, in ("liarii stown. I In (he census ot I7f)l, it

wa.<

eluding '.'.'jOI s!avi"H. Here aie seven Dutch called St. .iohn's j)arish in Berkley county, am'.

VIMI>i1 C

linrcl

les.

1 (wo of Dutch Eudier- con(ained T.>i tree persons and ."> I TO slave

ji.s. Tlien^ is a copper mini' here, which, when f IJi;i;ki.i.\- County, in Virginia, lies u\ of (he

worked by the Sclinyhrs (to whom it licloiitccd) iJlue Ividge. y/. of l'"rei!erick count v, and s.-parated

ivas coiiiiderably pnuluetive ; but it has Ixrn (roni (lie stale ol Mai viand, on the 11. and r. hr

'legUcled lor many \e.iis. It is a mounlaiiiou*; Potowinack river. Tliis Icrtile county, about 4^

!1 fi

[',.'«

If'"'' ■

lif :< •

.V*!'

»,i .

'^ ^^

ICO

B E R

miles lonsr and 20 broad, has 16,781 free iidiubi-
tiints and "2932 slaves. iVIiirliiisburgh is its cliicf
town. J

[IJERKt.Ev's Sound, on the «. w. coast of N.
America, lies on the e. side of Quadras isiles.
The land on its e. side is opposite cape Flat-
tery, and forms tlie ti. side of the straits de Fuca.

[BERK'S County, in Pennsylvania, has North-
ampton county on the n. e. Nortlminberland on
the ti. TO. part of Luzern on the n. Di'upliin
iiiid liaiicaster counties s. zc. ».nd Chester and
iMonturomery .». e. It is wat( re(i by Schuylkill
river, and is 53 miles long and near S9 broad, con-
taining 1,()J0,400 acres. Here iron ore and coal
arc fuunil in plenty, which supply several iron
works. The ». parts arc rough and hilly. Berks
contains 30,179 inhabitants, of whom 65 only
arc slaves. It has 29 townships, of which Heading'
is the chief.]

[Bi:nKRiiinp. County, in Massachusetts, is
bounded w. by New York state, s. by the state
of Connecticut, e. by Hampshire county, and n.
by the stale of Vermont. It thus runs the whole
extent of the slate from n. to s. and contains 26
townships ; the chief of which are Stockbridge,
Lenox, Great Barrington, Wiiliamstown, and
I'itlsfield ; and the number of mhabitants 30,291.
VV hite and clouded marble is foutul in several
towns in the rough and hilly parts of this country.
In February i79f>, the legislature passed an act
to establish a college in VVilliamsiuwn, by the
name of Williams College.]

("BiniKMiiKE, a newly settled township in
Franklin county, Vermont.]

HEKLIN, a neat ami flourishing town of
York county, Pennsylvania, containing about 100
houses, it is regularly laid out, on the s. ze. side
ol (^onewaiio creek, 13 n'ilis ze. of ^ orktown, and
101 M. of Philadelphia. \ Ait. 39^ 56' n.

[Bhui.in, a townsliij) in Orange county, Ver-
mont, on Dog river, a branch of ()nion river from
the 5. ; which la^t separates Berlin from Montpe-
lier on the ti.n.w. Berlin contains iJl inhabi-
tants, and is about 94 miles ». e. from Ben-
nington.]

[BiiiLiN, a township in Hartford county,
Coimectieirt, 12 miles j. s. w. of Hartford, 42
«. u". of New London ; and 26 n. n. e. of New
Haven.]

jBciii.iN, a township in Worcester county,
Massachusetts, containing 512 inhabilants ; 'Ji
miles !.;. of IJoston, and 15 ii. e. of Worcester.
Hojjs have been cultivateil here lately, and pro-
mise to be a valuable article of husbamlry.

1 Bi;nLi.v, in Somerset county, formerly iu that

B E R

of Bedford, Pennsylvania, lies on a branch of
Stoney creek, a *. water of ('onemau<rh river, on
the ze. side ol^ the Alleghimy mountain ; 2") niih's
a>. of Bedford, 23 n. u\ of fort Cnmb riand in
Virginia, and 200 zc. of Philadelphia. Stone creek,
the chief source of Kiskemiiiitas river, rises ti.n.e
of Berlin. Lat. 39^ Hi' ,i.

BKUMEJA, La, a shallow of the bay of
Canmeche, near the coast.

BI:)liMEO, a settlement of the province and
(orrrgiiiiiento of Chichas and Tarrija in Peru.
It is of the district of the former, annexed to the
curacy of Tarija.

BliU.VlUDA, a city of the province and colony
of Virginia.

[BKiiMonA Hundred, or Citv Point, as it i«
sometimes called, is a port of entry and post-town
in Chesterfield county, Virginia, situated on the
point of the peninsula formed by the confluence
of the Appamattox with James nver, 36 miles u.
from Williamsburg, 64 fron> point Comfort in
Chesapeak bay, and 315 s. iv. by s. from Philadel-
phia. City Point, from which it is nan\ed, lies on
the 5. bank of James river, four miles s. s. a.
from this town. The exports from this place,
chiefly collected at Richmond, 20 miles above it,
amounted in 1794 to the value of 773,549 dollars;
and from the first of October to the first ol' De-
cember 1795 were as follows:— 15 kegs of butter,
678bbls. S. fine flour, 101 half do. 789 fine do.
393li)s. iiuligo, 10 tons piir iron, 100 lbs. sassn-
fras, 80,:>20 hhil. staves, 66,300 bbl. staves, 1819

hluls. tobacco, and 3 kegs manufactured do

Total exports, fX),859 dollars, 45 cenl«. There
are about 40 houses hei'., i^icluding some ware-
houses. Ittrades chiefly with iheVVest Indies, and
the diflerent stales. Cilv I'ntil, in James river,
lies in Lat. 37' iO' «. Long. 77" 31't r^-,] Sec
HuiiMONn.

BiKMi'iiAs islands of N. America, in the X.
sea ; thus calird from having been discovered by
Juan Bernmdcz in 1522. Tiiey are more than
400 in nnmlier, and for the most part desert and
uninhabited. The largest is S. George, which is
five leagues long and one broad ; and it is on ac-
count of its comparative consequence that this
ah)ne is treated of. The English who inhabit it
(•;ill it also 8ommers, on account of Sir Georga
Soinmers having been shipwrecked upon it soon
alter its tliscovery. It has dilfcrent ports, ami
two castles, called Down- and Warwick ; but so
surrounded are I hey by rocks, and so delended by
nature, that it is with ililliculty that a vessel of 10
tons burthen e:ui enkr the roads, or at least with-
out considciablc caution and assistance. The

BERMUDAS.

ICI

See

t.MiiprrAlure is so ,!?()oJ, iliul It is spring nearly tin?
wlioli* yciir roiiiul, the lieltls and trees beini; cliul
ill cli-rnal green ; hut the tempests of thunder and
liijhtniiiff, t<itrcther with the hurricanes, nre at
tiiiu's (reiiicmloiis. They are, however, antici-
pated by tile inhabitants, who cairtell their ap-
nriacli liy watching the circle of the inixin. These
I'.l iiids arc $u iertilc that U is usual to gallier in
two crops or harvests in each year. They pro-
duce niiich amber, jiearls, oocnineal, and abun-
dance of turtles, the llesh df which is a 'real deli-
cacy among tiie f^ngli^h. This island abounds
in swine, and in birds of different species ; among
tlicse is that which, among naturalists, is called the
crane, being a marine bird, and building .s nest
in the holes of the earth. The climate is so
healthy, that scarcely any one is observed to die
except through ohi age. In these islanils are
Ibund no sixtcies whatever of venomous animals ;
ami they abound with n sort of cedar, of which are
built brigs and other small craft, which arc much
prized in America ; and thiti wood forms one part
of its conimcrce. The l:!nglish established them-
selves here in l(il^2, and torined a colony, which
was enlarged by ('aptain Tiirquer in lilt), he
being the first who planted in il tobacco and
wheat. From this time the prmiM-rily of it in-
creased daily ; and shortly after, a fresh supply of
.000 men arrived under the direction ofCnptaiii
Itutler, who divided the island into counties and
parishes. Its population, however, was at the
liighcst during the civil wars of I'jiglaiid, when it
large portion of the J'inglish nobility betook them-
selves to America, and among the n-st, the poet
Waller to this island, who afterwards wrote u de-
scription of il in a bciiiitifnl IJiigliNli poem, its
iiihabitanls may amount to about 3lW0. I'orinerly
it carried on a great trutlic in the article of hats
maile of palm-trees, and which were much
esteemed by the ladies in all parts; but this has
greatly fallen to decay. [ Tlit^y lie in the form of
a shepherd's crook, and arc distant from the Land's
llnd in England 1500 leagues, from the IVIadei-
rns 1200, from liispaniola 400, and 200 from cape;
llatteras in ('aroliiia, which last is the nearest land
to them. 'I'he islands are walled with rocks ; and
by reason f,f these, tom-ther with shoals, are diili-
nilt to approach. 'Ihe entrances into the har-
Ikmii's and clianiu'ls are narrow as well as shoally,
aiui are more dangerous by reason of the strong
viirrent which sets to the w. r. from the gulf of
I lorid:.. The Merinudians are chiefly sea-faring
wen, ami tin; Negroes are very expert mariners.
J II (lie late war there were at one time between 1.5

-vol,. I.

and *) privateers filled out from hence, which
were maimed l)y .Negro slaves, who Ixdiaved irre.
pioatlialily ; and such is (he stale of slavery here,
and so nnieh arc they attacheil to tiieir ma.sters,
that such as were captured always returned when
it was in their power; a singular instance of which
occurred in the state of .Massachusetts. The.slii|)
Regulator, a privateer, was carricil into lioslon,
and had 70 slaves on board : GO of them returned
in a flag of truce, returned by way of New
\'ork, one only was miss'ng, who died. The
government is conducted under a governor, named
by tlie Hritish crown, a council, and a general as-
sembly. There are nine clunches, of which three
clergymen have the charge ; and there is one
l'resl)ylerian church. These islands contain from
1'^ to 1,1},000 acres of poor land, of whicfi nine
parts in ten arc either uncultivated, or reserved iu
woods, which coll^ist chiefly of cedar, for the
supply of ship-biiilding. There nre about ii()0
acres laid out in cotton. The main island is about
Id miles long, and from one to two in breadth.
The parish of St. (Jeorgc is an island to the r. of
the main land, in which stands the town of St.
(iporg<''s, containing about .OtK) houses. Contigu-
ous to that is St. I)avid's island, which supplies
the town with pnivisioiis. The air is healthy, and
a continual s])ring prevails ; and most of the pro-
ductions of the West Indies might be cultivated
here. Tlie houses are built of a sot) stone, which
is sawn like timber, but being washed with lime,
it becomes hard ; these st(mcs arc greatly in request
throughout the West Indies for filtrating water.
The houses are white as snow, which, beheld from
an eminence, contrasted with the greenness of the
cedars and pasture ground, and the multitude of
islitnds full iu view, realize what the poets have
feigned of the I'^lysian field.s. In the present war
the ileriiiHdas have been the i sual winter station
of the iiritish naval force in the American seas ;
and eveii ships of H guns ha"c lately been car-
ried into and out of the harbour, notwithstanding
the extreme narrowness of the entrance. The
climate is delightful in winter, but very hot in
summer. Some accounts say that these islaudft
contain froin l.'j to 'i(),0(H) inhabitants ; but Mr.
JOdwanls says the number of white people is
.")KW, of blacks 49 IM. Old writers observe that
there were JfK)i) JMiglish in these islands iu
Ibiii'j. — Three or lour hundred go animally to
Turk's island to rake salt, which is carried to
America for provisions, or sold to such as may
call tor it tlicie for cash. Lai. Jii' W n. Long.
(ji'W u.'.\

'^i

!■ S ,;i: \

IG2

B E R

: 1

''V

■i It

:.!!?'f

\i\ ^

II' I

[I'hc oflicial valucof thc'lmpoHs and Exports
of Ecrmiulos were, in

1800, imports ^11,648, exports ^34,379.
1810, 1,137, 36,613.

And the quantities of the principal articles im*
ported into Great Britain were, in

Coffee.

Cotton Wool.

Diit. Plant.

For. Plant.

Cwr.

1809, 8

1810, —

Cwt.

988

Ll<!l.

21,656
9,095

BERN A, New, a settlement of N. Carolina,
in the tlistrict of Craven, on the shore of the river
Pamplico6, or Paiitego, in lat. 35° 18' n. and
long. 77" 17' w. and near to tlie month of that
river.

BERNABE, .S. a scltlcment of the province
and alcaldia mm/or of Capannbastali in tlic king-
dom (if Guatemala.

Be UNA HE, S. another of the province and corre-
gimiento of Loxa in the kingdom of Quito, situate
on the skirt of a mountain to the to. of its capital.

Bf.rnade, S. another, which is a village of the

Erovincc and captainship of the Rio Janeiro in
trazil.

BEHNAnF,S. a bay on the coast of the province
of California, at the back of the cnpe of San
Lucas, anil opposite the coast of Nueva Espaim.
It is here that the vessels coming from Felipinas,
or Philippines, touch to take in water and pro-
visions.

Bernabe, S. a point on the s, coast of the strait
of Magellan, which looks to the w. of the island
of Luis el Grande.

Beunabi:, S. a small island of the gulf of Cali-
fornia, or Mar Roxn de Cortes, situate in the in-
nermost part of that gulf, near the coast.

BRRNALILLO, Rancho de, a small settle-
ment hclringiii^ to the religious of St. Francis, in
Nui'vo Mexico.

Bi itNAi.ii i,o, a river of the same kingdom.

Bi:UNARl)lNO, S. a settlement of ihe mis-
Mons lu'ld by the religious order of St. E.ancis,
in the province of Taraumara, of the kingdom of
Nueva Vizcaya : lying six leagues to the s. of
San Andres.

Br.iiN AHDiNo, S. another settlement of the pro-
vince of Barcelona, and iiovernment of Ciimana,
in the kingdom of Tierra I'irmc, situate by the

' B E R

side of the settlement of Pilar, and to the s, of the
city of Barcelona.

BERNAani.No, S. another, of the head settlement
of Santa Isabel, and alcaldia mat/nr of (>liolula,
in Nueva Espaha. It contains 40 families of In-
dians, and is two leagues to the w. of its head
settlement.

BERNARDO, San Abao, a settlement of the
province and government of (Jartagena ; one of the
new settlements which were founded in 1776 bjr
Don Juan Piniienta. It is near the sea-coast, be-
tween the points of Picdras and Vcnndos.

Bern A auo, San Abah, another, of the province
and government of Nicaragua in the kingdom of
Guatemala, situate on the shore of the lake.

Bernardo, San .\BAn, another, with the sur-
name of Arcos, in the province and government of
Buenos Ay res, on the shore of the river Feliciuno,
and at the mouth where it enters the Parana.

Bernardo, San Auad, a bay on the coast of
the province of Texas, in the bay or gulf of Mexico.
[The passage into it, l>ctwccn several islands, is
called Paso dc Cavallo.J

Bernardo, San Auad, a point in the coast of
the province and government of Cartagena, oppo-
site the islands of the same name. It forms one of
the extremities of the bay ofTolu.

Bernardo, San Abao, some islands in the N.
sea, of the province and governmetit of Carta<
gena, situate near the point of this name. They
are many in number, and lie at the outer part
of the bay of Tolu, at the ilistiince of five leagues.
They are inhabited by some poor fatnilies.

[BliRNARDSTOVVN, in Somerset county,
New Jersey, contiiins :^J77 inhabitants, including
93 slaves.]

[Bernardstown, also the name of a township
in Hampshire county, Massachusetts, containing
691 inhabitants; distant 110 miles ui. from Boston.

[BERNE, a township in Ailwny county. New
York. By the stale census of 1796, it appears
there are 477 of the inliabita>its who arc electors. |

BERRACOS, PuNTA »e, a point on the >.
coast of the island of Cuba, between the port ot'
this city and that of Guantanamo.

BERRERISS\,ariverortheprovinceofQuito.
It runs amongst tlie woods inhabited by the nutiun
of the Kilwros, in a direction from n. to «. and
enters the rivi'r of San .Income on the h. side.

[BERRY Islands, a cluster of small islands
among the Haliainas, situate to tiie n. w. of Now
Providence, and upon tiie ,?. side of the channel
comnmnicating with the Florida stream. See li.v-

IIAMAS.J

'.m

BET

DERSCHOOR, a port on the w. coast of the
isliuid ofMnire, between the cape of St. Vincciite
niiJ tlint of Diego.

[BLIl'l'IE, a maritime county in N. Carolina,
in Kdenton ilistrict, with the Roanoke its s. boiin«
(lary, and Albemarle sound on the e. In it is
situatcil the ancient Indian tower of Tuscarora.
It contains l'i,GO<) souk, of which number 5141
are shves.]

[BERWICK, or Abdotstown, a neat town in
York county, Pennsylvania, at the lieml of Cune<
wago Creek, 13 inil<-s a;, of York, '2(i s, s. w. of
Harrisbureh, and 103 w. by s. of Philadelphia.
The town is regularly laid out, and contains about
J0<) houses, a German Lutheran, and Calvinist
church. Lat. 39°52'nJ

[Bkrwick, or New Berwick, a small town of
Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, on (he n.
w. side of the e. branch of Susquehannah river,
opposite Ncscopeck falls and Nescopeck creek,
32{ miles n. e. from Northuml)erland and Sunbnry,
at the junction of the e. with the iv. branch of Sus-
quehannah, and 160 n. w. of Philadelphia. Lut.
41° 4' ».]

rBEitwiCK, a township in York county, district
of Maine, containing 3894 inhabitants. It has an
incorporated academy, and lies on the e. side of
Salmon fall river, 7 miles n. w. of York, and 8(i
e. of n. from Boston.]

BETA, CieNR(i A oe, a large lake formed by the
waters of the river Cauca, the river Peries, and
many other streams. It is also called La Rayn.

Beta, a settlement and real of mines of the
alcaldia mat/or of Frcsnillo, and of llie province of
Zacatccas, in Nueva Espana. It is two leagues
from the real of Zacatecas.

BETANCOUR, a settlement of Canada, situnted
on the shore of the river St. Lawrence, near the
lake of St. Pierre.

BETANZl, MoNTANAS de, mountains in the
province and government of Car(a,g«*na : (hey run
from n. to s. between (ho rivers of Sinn and Cauca.
Betan'/.i, an arm of the river Sinn, in Ihe
siinie province and government, which lias no
place of disemboguenicnt, and Ibrms a large puul
or lake.

BLTANZOS, a settlement of (lie province and
rorregimvnto of Asangaro in Peru, annexed to tiie
curacy of Arapa.

BETAS, a settlement and real of mines of the
Nuevo Reyno de Grnimdn, in the territory of the
i^overnnicnt of Pamplona, and of the jurisdiction
111 the nlcuhlc mayor of the mines, who resides in
liocaneme. Tlic mines of this sctllemcnt have lx*en
ilI<)^t rich uiul abundant, but they arcutprciicnt de-

sertcil, on account of their immense depth, and of
the consequrnt expeiice and labour of working
them. Its temiK'rature is very cold.

Betas, a port of the const of the kingdom of
Chile, in the district of the province awl evrregi'
niienio of ('opiapo. liat. 23' ^3' v.

BETAZA, a settlement and head settlement of
thii alealdia mai/or of Villalla in Nueva Espann.
It is of a hot temperature, and contains ?()5 fiimiliei
of Indians ; is lour leagues to the s. of its cnpital.
At three leagues distance there is another settle-
ment, in which dwell \'i2 families, who exercise
themselves in (he cultivation of maize.

BETEITIVA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno
de Granada. It is of a moderately cold temiK'ra-
ture, producing fruits natural to such a climate ;
contains 150 hoiisekeei)ers, and a very few Indians.
Fourteen leagues ». ot its capital.

BETEO, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Meri<ia in the Nuevo Reyno de Gra-
nada. It runs from w, to e. and enters the Apure
close to it4 source.

[BETMABARA, the first settlement of the Mn-
ravians in the lands of Wachovia in N. Carolina,
bcirun in 1753; 6 miles n. of Salem, and 183 w.
of lialifax, in lat. 36° & n. It is situated on the
w. side of Grafl'y creek, which unites with the
(iargalcs and several others, and falls into the
Yadkin. It contains a church of tht United Bre-
thren, and about 50 dwelling houses.

[BETHANY, or Bbthania, a Moravian set-
tlement and post town in the lands of Wachovia
in N. Carolina, begun in 1760 ; 9 miles n. ve. of
Salem, 4 n. w. of Bethabara, and 568 s. w. by «.
«)f Pliihidelphia. It contains about 60 houses and
a churcii built on n regular plan. Sec Wa-
chovia.!

BETIfE, San Luis de, a settlement of the
province ami crovcrnment of Darien in the king-
dom of Tierra l''irmc, situate at the mouth of the
river of its iinme, and on the shore of the Atrato.

Bi;tuk, a riv(!r of the same province and go-
vcrnmuiit, rises in the mountains of Clioco, runs
from e. to ii\ and enters the Atrato.

[BETIII'jL, a small Moravian settlement on
vSwctara river, in Pennsylvania, 12 miles from
Mount Joy. — y\ township in Dauphin county.]

[BcTiii:i.,a townhip in Windsor county, Ver-
mont, containing 47.S inhabitants ; n. n. w. of, and
bounded by Stockbr l<re, and about 67 miles ». n.
e. of Bennington. ^vcs rise to a small branch
of White river.]

Bethei., a township in Delaware county, Fcnn.
sylvania.

'1|:i'

XTi

: *

; i

I I

1«4

BET

BETIIf.EM, a scttlcmpiit of tlie provitioo nn»l
govfriimriil of Tuciiiiu'iii, niul ut' tito jurisdiction
of tlie city of Bioxi, in the kinirclom of IVru.

iiKTiii.i'.M, II vnllcy of lh«' s:im<> |iroviiice and
govornnient, bounded by. the kin(>;doni of Chile.

liF.Tiii.RM, another setllcnuvit of the province
and distriut sf Catnmarca. It is 80 leagues from
thut phice, Aud in its district are tour small settle-
ments of Indians towards the vallej of Calchacjui ;
also some very ahiindunt salt mines.

Br.Tiii^EM, another settlement of tlie missions
which were held by the rrirulars of ilio company
of Jesuits, ill the province uf Cinalou iu xNuevu
l:is|)ana.

11 BT II I. CM, another settlement of the proviMce of
Ostimuri in the same kinfrdont of Nneva Kspai'iii,

fUF/niTiEilKM, a town ii» Albany county,
New York, very fruitful in pastures, and has large
quantities of excellent butter, lly the state cen-
8US of 171)0, 388 of (he inhabitants are electors.]

[l{(.Tiii.Kiii.M, a township in iterkshire county,
Massachusetts, iiaviiig SGI inhabitants. It lies
nliout 10 miles s, of e. from Slockbridge, 10 from
JiCnox, aiu! 130 from Boston. It Iwrders on Ty-
ringham and Jjoudon,

[Uetiii.eiicm, a township iu Hunterdon county,
iS'cw Jersey, situated at the head ot the .«. branch
of llaritoa river. It contains 1J33 inh.ibilants,
including 31 slaves. Turf for firing is found here.]

[Bi::tiii,uiigm, a township in I.itcldield county,
Connecticut, joins Litchfichl on the/;, and Wood-,
bury on the s.J

[Bgthlkiium, n post iown in Xortliauiptoii
county, Pennsylvania, is u celebrated seltlenK nt
of the Mt>ravians, or I'nited Brelhren, of (he Pro-
testant Episcopal church, as tln>y term tlicniselves.
It is situated on Leigh river, a western bniHch of
tlic Delaware, .53 miles n. from Philailrlpliin, and
12 s. from the Wind (Jap. The (t)wri stands |)artly
on the lower banks of the Maiiakes, a (iiic creek,
which affords trout and other tisli. The situalioi^
is healthful and plirasant, and in summer is Irc-
r|ucnted by gentry Irom dtfi'iTont part.-.. In I7S7
there w^ire (iiO duelling lutuses of stone, well built,
and 600 inhabitants, ilesif'es the meetiii<:-k(iuse,
are three olhiir public build iiiiis, large and sjia-
cious; one tor the single brethren, one lor the
fiiigle sisters, and tiK' other lor the widows, 'i'hi;
literary estiiblishments^ as well .".s (lie religious re-
giilatioris here, deserve notice, in a Loiiso adjoin-
ing (o (lie church is a school for tenales ; and siuvo
1787, a boarding stiiool was built tor young latlies;>
w ho are sent here from diOeient part>, and are in-
structed in reading .ind writing, (in (he l-^iigiisli and
German tongues), grammar, arithmetic. geography.

B E U

nccdie-'work, music, &c. The minister of the place
has the direction of this us well as of the wiys'
scluNil, which is kept in a sepanite house, where
I lK!y are initiated in the funuamenlal branches oi
literature. These sch(M>ls, cs(M>cial!y that fur
the young ladies^ are ileservedly in very high n--
|)ute; and scholars, more than can be accommo-
dale(i, are offered from nil. fiarts of the United
8t;i(es. There is nt the lower' part of the town-
a machine, of simple construction, which raises
the water from a spring into a reservoir, to the
Iteight of ItX) fe<<l ; whence it is conducted by
pipes into tin: several streets of the town. There
i.H a genteel tavern nt the n. end of the town,
(ho profit arising from which lielongs to the
society. There is also a store, with u general as-
sortment of gootls, an apothecary's shop, a large
tini-yard^ a currier's nnd a dyer's shop, a grist-
mill, )i fulling-mill, an oil-mill, and a saw-mill,
and on the banks of the Loigh a brewery. J.at.
40° 37' w. Long. 73° 23' tc]

BKT01i:s,n settlement of Indians of this na-
tion in the Nuevo Keyno de (iranada ; reduced
and formed by the regulars of the company of .Je>
suits, in the iH'ginmag'Of this century, in 1717, on
theshoresof the large riri'r of Cosanare ; i.H very
numerous, but pays no tribute whatever to the
king. It produces wheat, maize, nnd many other
productions; is in the limits of the province of
Caracas, ami one of the six which compose this
mission, which is at present under the care of the
religious of St. Domingo.

BlOTON.V, it division ctr small district of the
province and government of Haiitn Marta in the
iS'uevo Ueyno de (i.ranada. K aUmnds in all (he
fruits peculiar either to l']uro[)c or America, and
is not without some mines of the very finest gold,
e<>pper,and emeralds : but none of them are worked,'
from the scarcity of labounirs, the territory being
almost de|)opulated.

ISKI'I'di, a small river of (lie island of New-
foundland, in the s. part. It runs w. and i liters
(he sea between the bay of St. (iunevieve ami the
port V ieiix-a-clioix.

li'i'iMi, another rivr of Canada, which rises
ill a small lake (o the .v. of lake Mrie, runs s. and
enters (he sea.

lii'.ri:R, another, of the province and colony of
Peiiiisylvaiiia, which runs troiii s. (o u?. and enters
UA' Oiilo.

I lll^rr, HiviEur. .\r,einp(iese. into MLssi.ssippi
river, about 4S miles, by the course of the riverj
above the mouth of the Illinois, aud 7 miles;. I'roie.
lliviere Oalialia. )

[lltL'l', ISilALL Ll'. Soe Le BoEl'l''.]

\-v\\

>Jv

B 1 C

rnrvr.in.T, nlownsliip and jio<t town in I>srx
counly^ MusMuliusrlts, coiiluiiiinjj y'i'K) inh.-ibi-
iW\tt*f is s('p:iri\tc»l from Sulein l)y h lifiiidsomo
iiri(l"<', nrul is iilmul 20 miles r. (»f ». oflioston,
ami '''i'i <• '"• of NfwlmryporJ. It hiis (wo pii-
risliivs. ill (lie pnrisii ncxi (In* hmboiir, arc a iitim-
IhT of Imndsome lioiiscs, i-xliibitiiiij tli«' rliccring
rcunrils of cntcrprisR iitid imliistry. iitid (he iidin-
bil!\n(.«. arcdcvolfd (o the fishery aiul olherhnriirhcs
of iiavi'^ition. In iho other part of (he town,
whieh is chiefly agricultural, is a cotlon manu-
fiictory. The brid;^c mentioned before is l.jOO feet
ill len<,'(h, erected in 17SH, and conneel this town
with Sulem. It has a draw for vessels. )

[!{• vEur.v's Manor, or I'niiii Tkact, in V'ir-
giniti, is a tract of land, in lat. 'JS" 10' m. at the
head of Masannten's river, a «'. branch of (he
Shenandoah, which rises here by three braiieiies,
viz. Middle river, Lewis and Christian creeks.
It licslietwecn the Illue and the North ridtye. The
road from Yadkin river, throuirli \'irginiii to Phi-
ladelphia, passes through here. J

UKXAR, S. Antomo I)i , ii jrarrison and ca-
pital settlement of the provintx; of los Texas, or
Nucvas Felipinas. It is of a mild temperature,
and is (he residence of a captain, lieutenant, and
ensign, with aserjeatit and 47 soldiers, to restrain
the infidel Indians. It is \'ii leagues distant from
Ln Monclova, and SCO «. w. e. of Mexico.

ULZANI, a settlement and garrison of the pro-
vince and government of La Sonora, situate at the
source of the river of its name.

Bi/.ANi. This river rises in (he Primeria Alta,
rnns s. and enters the sea in the gulf of Cali-
fornia.

BLZANT, a scttlemenl of the English in the
island of Uarbado-o, of tlie district' and parish of
St. Thomas.

BIAIJOMA, a river of the province of IVIara-
finn. It runs from e. s. e. to .v. n. lo, in the woods
which lie s. of the river Marauon^ ami on its r.
side enters thnt of the lliiallaga.

IJIRIUICF, a large river of the kingdom of
Flnizil, ill the province and cdptainsfiip of Periiam-
buco. It runs- from u". to r. and enters the sea near
Olinda.

lUBLIAN, a settlement ofthe provirweaiul cor-
rfgiiiiicitto of Cuenta in the kingdom of'Quitoj
situate v. of the /7fl»a?w» of Hurgay.

HlBOKll.LAS, a sellleinent of the mission
■which belonged to the' regulars of the company of
Jesuits, of tire province oi IVpeguana, and king-
dom ofNueva Vizcaya.
illC, a small river of Nova ScoHa, or Acadia.

B I E

It runs from n. to w, and enters (liat of St. Law-
reiice.

MK'AN, a settlement of (he province of Osti-
iiiuri in Niieva Kspana, situate on the shore
of the river lliaqui, Ix-twciii the settlem'nts of Po-
lan and Turin.

UICIIADAS, a large river of the province and
government of San iluan de los Llanos in (he
.\uevoUeynode(»ranaila. It risesinthc.(errr>N/V»of
Tuiija, and after, in its extended course, receiving'
into its bed the tributary streams of very many
other rivers, enters (ho Orinoco. Its shores are
peopled by the ChariblH^e Indians. In the la.stcen-
lury ( 17th) the missiims of the regulars of the com-
l>any of Jesuits established (hemselves here, but
(hej^ were cut off by these infidels, when (he fol-
lowing suffered martyrdom, viz. Ignacio Fiol,
fJaspar Hec, and Ignucio Teobasf, I'rancisco I'i-
gueroa, f'rancisco C'astan, and Vicente Loberzu,
with (he Cajitaiii Don J.orenzode Medina.

HK'HL', u very small island of the N. seo,
situate wiihin tlM^ bay of the Gran Cul dc Sac, in
the island of (Hiadaloupe.

mCllKS, Isi.A i)K, un island of the coast of
Ci'uayana, anti in the I''rench possessions, at the en-
trance (»f the river ()yc7poco.

IIKMIlJQlM'iN-, a river ofthe province and cor-
re^riniiento of Itata in the kingdom of Chile, be-
tween the port of La Navidad'and the point of
Tacopalma.

HI UA IK, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Texas, situate in the country of tli«
Cenis Indians, on the shore of the river 'I'rinidad.
[IJIDDKroKD, a port of entry and post town
in Vork county, district' of Maine, on the s. it,
>ide of Hiico river, on the sea coast, J4 miles s. w.
from Portland, 24 n. e. . from York, and 105 from
Boston. It contains lOIS inhabitants; and here
the county courts are held, as likewise at York.
Lat. 'ly^SS'n.]

[MIDDLES, a settlement on n branch of Lick-
ing river, in Bourbon county, Kentucky, about 6
mih's w. n\ from iMiilers, on the n. e. side of the
sainebrancli,;.nd y'imiies n. n. e. from Ix^xiugton.]
[BIl'JQUE, a small island of the N. sea, one of
the l.ucayas, situate close to the port of Puertorico.j
[IJioi'i: Ishind, or Bditiut)F..v, or Cuab:*
Isle, one of life Vinri.i isles, 2 leagues from
Porto Rico, G hagitrs long and 2 broad. The
English settled here (wice, and have Inrn driven
away by the Spaniards, whose interest it is to let
it remain desolate. It has a rich soil, and n
good road on its s. side. Lat. 18" 7' n. Iionff.
b,>''2]'a'.].

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716)872-4503

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166

B 1 G

UIEZMES, orALGono.v, a seltlcnicnl of tlic
province and corregiiniento of Caxainarquilla iii
Peru.

[BIG Bone Creek, in Woodford counly,
Kentucky, falls into the Ohio from the e. in about
lat. 38^ 29' M. h)iig. 84'' 33' a'. It is very small in
size, and has three brandies ; the nortii-wcstori'.-
most interlocks with Bank Lick creek, which fulls
into Licking river. It is only noticeable for the
large bones and salt licks m^ar it.]

[Big Bone Licks, The. lie on each side of (lie
abovementioned creek, a little below the junction
of the two e. branches, abjut 8 miles from the
mouth of the creek. These, as also tiio other salt
springs in the zo. country an; culk'il Ik/cs, because
the earth about them is furrowed up in a most cu-
rious manner by the buffaloes and deer which lick
the earth, on account of the saline particles with
which it is impregnated. A stream of brackish
water runs through these licks, (he soil of which
is a soft clay. The targe bones found here, and in
several otlier places near Salt licks, and in low soft
grounds, thought to belong to the mammoth, still
puzzle the most learned naturalists to determine to
what animal (hey have belonged. A thigh-bone
found here by Gen. Parsons measured 49 inches
in length. A tooth of this animal is deposited in
Yale college. Bones of a similar kind have been
found in other parts of America. A skeleton,
nearly complete, and above II feet high, which
was found near Hudson's river, was brought to
England some years ago ; and another of nearly
the same size is preserved in the college of New
Jersey. Of this animal the natives have no tra-
dition, but what is so fabulous that no conjecture
can be aided by it, except that the animal was
carnivorous ; and this is the general opinion, and
was admitted by the late Dr. Hunter of London,
from an examination of the tusks, &c.]

[BIG HiLT> Creek runs©, into Kaskaskias ri-
ver, 25 miles below Beaver creek, 17 above
Blind creek, and 26 n. from the mouth of Kas-
kaskias.]

[BIG Rock, a large rock on the s. e. bank of
Au Vaze river, about three miles «. e. from its
mouth in the Missisippi, and about eight miles
,v. e. from cape St. Antonio on that river.]

[BIG Rock Branch, (he w. e. head-branch of
Alleghany river. The branch called Big Hole
Town joins it, and forms the Alleghany, 85 miles
u. e. from and above Venango fort.]

[BIG Salt Lick, a garrison m the state of
Te.iessee, near the Salt lick, on Cumberland river ;
J 15 miles from Knoxville, 80 from South-west

B I O

point on Clinch river, 32 from Bledsoe lick, and
(i8 troin Nashville.]

[BIG Sandv River,orToTTF-uvy, has its source
near that of Cumberland river, and separating Vir-
ginia from Kentucky, empties into the Ohio, op-
po.sito the French purchase of Galiopolis, in about
11. lat. 38" 30'. Vancouver's and Harmar's forts
stand on this river. On its banks are several salt
'icks and springs. Little Sandy is a short small
river, which (alls into the Ohio, about 20 miles w.
of Itig Sandy river, in Mason county, Kentucky.]
[BKiGIiV Swamp. See San tee River.]
[BILLEKICA, a township in Middlesex county,
Massachusetts, incorjwrated in 1655. It has 1200
inhabitants ; nor has there been much variation in
the number for half a century. It lies 20 miles n.
of Boston, and is watered by Concord and Shaw-
sheen rivers, which run n. e. into Merrimack
river,]

[BILLJNGSPORT, on Delaware river, lies
12 miles below Philadelphia, was fortified in the
late war for the defence of the channel. Opposite
(his fort, several large frames of timber, headed
with iron spikes, called chevauX'de-frizes, were
sunk to prevent the British ships from passing.
Since the peace, a curious mactiine has been in-
vented in Philadelphia to raise them.]
[BILLET. SeeHATBORouGH.J
[BILLYMEAD, in Caledonia county, in Ver-
mont.]

iilLOCI, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Louisiana, situate on the coast, to
the p. of the mouth of the river Pascagoula.

BIMINI, a small island of the N. sea, one of
the Lucayas, situate opposite the coast of Florida,
and one of those which tnrm the mouth of the canal
of Bahama. It is five leagues in length, covered
with beautiful groves, and inhabited by savage In-
dians. Its coasts are very dangerous for vessels,
on account of the numerous rocks with which they
are surrounded. [The Biminis are more properly
a cluster of small uninhabited islands, situated on
the Florida stream, and near the m. w. extremity of
tlie Great Bahama bank. See Bahamas.]

BINAPA, a settlement of the province of Cu-
liacaii, and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya, one of
those of the missions which were held there by the
religious order of St. Francis, situate on the shores
of the river Elota. It produces maize, beans, and
abundance of honey and wax.

BINNEI, a settlement of the English in the
island of Barbadocs, in the parish and district of
St. d'eorge.
BIOBIO, a large river of the kingdom of

B L A

Cliilo ; it rises in the cordillera of i]\c Andes, nnd
enters Ibo S. sea two leagues from the bsiy of Con-
cepcion, passing through minerals of^gold and
xarza, upon which account its wiilers are very
salutiiry. it is celebrated for having been con-
tinucUy the theatre of war between the Spaniards
and Araucanians, whose numerous feats of valour
and prowess have been exhibited on either side of
its banljs : it is the line or boundary of the country
possessed by cither party, and is so acknowledged
by the latter. The Spaniards have several forts
built upon its banks, called San Rafael, Purcn,
and Santa Barbara ; and near its mouth, or en-
trance into the sea, those of San Pedro and Cal-
cura, between which two a famous battle was
fought by the Spaniards and the Aiaucanians.
[On the shores of this river are found quantities of
nne cedar, fit for building.}

BiOBio, Tp,ta8 de, two mountains of the same
kingdom near the coast, at the entrance of the
fornici river.

BIPOS, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Tucuman in Peru, situate on the shore
of the river of its name.

Bipos. This rivers runs s. s. e. and enters the
Choromoros.

[BIRD Fort, on Monongahela river, 4^ miles
J. of fort Pitt.l

[BIRDS' Keys, a rock or island am'^ng the
Virgin isles in the West Indies : it is roui'.l, and
lies about two leagues s. of St. John's. It has
its name from the quanti. cs of birds which resort
there.]

[BIRU, a town 10 leagues from Truxilla, in
the S. sea, in tho empire of Peru, inhabited by
about 80 Indians, Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Miis-
tees. It is very fertile, and well watered by canals
cut from the river, and so conveyed to great dis-
tances, as at Truxilla. Lat. 8° 35' .v.]

BISCAS, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Canta in Peru, annexed to the curacy
of Aiahuay.
[BISCAY. See Vise AY.]
BISSI, Tour on, an island or shoal situtite
close to the n. coast of the Malvine or Falkland
isles.

[BLACK Lick lies in Westmoreland county,
Pennsylvania, about 36 miles e. of Pittsburgh.]

Black I^og, a town of the province and co-
lony of Pennsylvania, on the s>hore of the river
Juniata.

Black Log, a river of N. Carolina, which runs
in a very abundant stream from s.c. and then turn-
ing s. enters the river of cape Fear, near its en-
trance into the sen.

B L A

167

[Black Point, and Blue Point, are capes
witliin those of Elizabeth and Porpoise, in the dis-
trict of Maine.]

[Black River. There are two small rivers of
this name in Vermont ; one falls into Connecticut
river at Springfield, the other runs n. into lake
Memphremagog. ]

[Black River, in New York, interlocks witli
Canada creek, and runs n. a', into Iroquois river,
boatablc 60 miles. Also a long river which rises
in V^irginia, and passes s. e. into Nottaway river,
in N. Carolina.]

[Black River, a British settlement at the mouth
of T into river, ^0 leagues to thee, of cape Hon-
duras, the only harbour on the coast of Tierni
Firme from the island of Rattan tocapefiracias-a-
Dios, and was for more .ban 60 years the refuge
of the logwood-cutters, when the Spaniards drove
them from the forests of East Yucatan, which oc-
casioned adventurers of difl'erent kinds to settle
here, where the coast is sandy, low, and swampy :
higher up, near the rivers and lagoons, which are
full of fish, the soil is more fertile, and produces
plantains, cacao trees, maize, yams, potatoes, and
a variety of vegetables ; and the passion for drink-
ing spirits made them plant sugar-canes. The
forests are full of deer, Mexican swine, and game^
The shores abound with turtle, and the woods with
mahogany, zebra-wood, sarsaparilla, &c. ; and in-
deed the whole settlement flourishes spontaneously
without cultivation. See Honduras.]

[Black River, in the island ot Jamaica,
passes through a level country, is the deepest and
largest in the island, and will admit flat-bottomed
boats and canoes for about 30 miles.]

Black-Rock, a ciiy of the island of Barba-
does.

Black-Watfr, a river of the province and
colony of Virginia: it runs s. e. and afterwards
turning s. enters the sea in Albemarle st\ aits.

[BLACKSrONE, a small river which has its
source in Ramshorn pond, in Sutton, Massachu-
setts, and after passing through Providence, empties
into Narragansct bay, at Bristol, receiving in its
course a number of tributary streams.]

BLACKIiMNGO, a river of S. Carolina, in
the county of Craven. It runs s. e. and enters the
Pedi.

[BLADEN, a county of N. Carolina, in Wil-
mington district. It has 50S4 inhabitants, includ-
ing 1676 slaves.]

BLADENSBURGH, a settlement of the pro-
vince and colony of Maryland, in the county of
Frederick, on the shore and at the liead of the e.
arm of the river Patowmack. [It is nine miles

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from its moutli at ilie Federal city, S8 s. w. from
Baltimore, and 12 n.e, from Alexniidria in Vir*
jriiiia. It contains about 150 iiouses, and a ware-
house for tlie inspection of tobacco.]

BLADWEIi, MoNTAGNR Df-, a mountain of
tlie island of Cayenne, on the skirts of wliicii Ibc
French have an estaljlisbmcnt.

[ULAIZE, ('ape, on the coast of West Florida,
in the gulf of Mexico, is a promontory which
separates the bay of A palachc on the e, from that
of St. Joseph ; into which last it turns in the
ihapcof a shepherd's crook.]

JJLANC, Cape, of the cmst of Nova Scotia,
one of those which form tlie Lny of Tor.

BLANCA, an island of ti.e N. sea, near the
coast of Tierra Firnie, and ii. of J^a Margarita.
It is five leagues in circumference, and aboimds in
lizards and turtles. It is desert, and iiiliabited
only by some fishermen. Long. 313°. Lat. 11°
56'.

Br.ANCA, a small island, close to the coast,
which lies betwc. the Rio de la Plata and the
straits of Magellan, at the entrance of port Dc-
& 'ado.

[BriAvcA, a river in the province of Chiapa, in
the audience of Mexico iti New Spain, North
America. Its water is said to have a petrifying
quality, yet is clear, and docs no harm to man or
beast that drinks of it.]

Br.ANCA, a piece of land of the coast of the
uhaldia mayor of Tampico in Nueva Espafia, be-
tween the river Nauta and the bay of Pieuras.

BiiANCA, a point of the coast of tiie S. sen, of
the province and government of Veragua in the
kingdom of Tierra Firme, between the point of
Mcrcaloand the settlement of Siin Pablo.

Bt.anca, an island, also called De lobos Marinos,
or of Marine W<}lves, in the S. sea, near the coast
of Peru, in the province and cor?ca-/?H/c«;o of Ca-
fietc, opposite the port of Sangalb.

Blanc A, a sierra, or chain of mountains, of
the province and corregimiento of Cuyo in the
kingdom of Chile. They run from «. a", to jf. e. ;
and upon their skirts arc the estates of Kiuichiilos,
Piramidalcs, Estancia de Salinas, and Arbol del
Melon.

BLANCHE, a small river of New France. It
irises near the lake Erie and the fori of Sandoski,
runs s. and enters the Ohio.

Bi.ANCHh, another river of the same province,
which rises from the lake Ostandckert, runs n. and
enters ths great lake of Erie, or Oswego.

|{r*NriiE, a bny on the r. coast of the island
of Newfoundland, ()ctwern the capes Argenteand
Den.

Ti L A

ni.A.vciir, a point or cape of the r. coMt (If
Nova Scotia, one of tliose wliich form the entrance
of the strait oi' C'anseau, or Canso.

Blanch li, another point of the *. coast, in the
same province, !)etwcen the two bays of Paspu and
Sante Marguerite.

Bi.Axciir, another smiiU river of New France,
whicli runs w. between the bay of Saguinam and
the lake Michigan, the latter of which it enters.

BLANCHES, islands of the s. coast of Nova
Scotia: they are various, all of them small, and
lie between the port of Castors and the islands of
Liscomb.

Br>ANcuES, with the additional title of Femracs,
a settlement of Indians, of New France, situate on
the shore of the river of its name.

BLANCO, Cayo, a small island of the N. sea,
situate s. of the island of Cuba, opposite the bay of
Ca&ildu.

liLANco, Cavo, a cape or point of land, on the
coast of the province and govermnent of Costarrica,
oftlteN. sea, in the kingdom of Guatemala, op-
posite the island of Santa Catalina.

Blanco, Cavo, another cape, of the coast ofthc
S. sea, and province and corrrginiknto of Piura in
Pern, one of tliose which form the great bay and
gulf of Tumbc'z. [It is 120 miles w. of Guaya-
quil. Lat. 4° 18' s. Long. 81° G' ».]

Blanco, Cavo, a river of the province and go-
vernment of (inayana in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It rises near the lake Pilola, and enters
that of Las Amazonas.

IJlanco, Cayo, a settlement of the province and
government of Alacames, or Esmeraldas, in the
kingdom of Quito, situate on the shore of a small
river.

Blanco, Cavo, a settlement of the province
and government of Mariquita in the kingdom
of Granada, situate on the shore of the river
Cauca.

Blanco, Cayo, a small river of the province
and governnien> of Tucuman in Peru. It runs e.
and enters the Salado, between those of Guachipi
and Piedras.

Blanco, Cayo, nnothr small river of the pro-
vince and corregimiento of Chicas and Tarija in
Pern.

Blanco, Cayo, another river of the pro-
vince and governnunt of Tucuman in Peru, of
the district of Xuxuy. It runs t. and enters the
Salado.

Blanco, Cayo, another river ofthc same pro-
vince and kingdom, in the jurisdiction of Salta.
It runs e. and enters the Pasage, between those ol
Piodras and Guachipa.

r. co!»4t (it
ci-nlraiitc

>as(, in (lie
Faspc aiul

w France,
[linam and
enters.
it of Nova
imall, and
islands of

f Femmcs,
situate on

llie N. sea,
the bay of

nd, on the
Costarricii,
uniala, op-
coast of the
of Piura in
it bay and
of Guaya-

icc and go-

1 of Tierra

and enters

ovince and

las, in the

of a small

province
kingdom
the river

le provnice
It runs (T.
Guachipi

af the pro-
d Tarija ia

the pro-
ri Peru, ol
enters the

same pro-
n of Saltii.
en thohu ot

B L A

BrANCo, Cayo, anciher river of the province
of Yapizlaga, or liK.nos de Manso, in Peru. It
runs e. and enters the Puraguaj', below the port of
San Fernando.

IJlanco, Cayo, another river of the province
and government of Louisiiina. it rises in the
conntry of the Ossagcs Indians, runs s. and enters
the Mississippi.

BiiANCO, Cayo, a raj/o, or small island, near
die ti. coast of tlic island of Cuba, between tlie
bay of Nicolas and (he selUcmient of Paredoiics.

Blanco, Cayo, a large river of the conntry of
Las Amazonas. It rises in llie mountains of
(luayana, near the line, runs il\ and turning *.
enters the Rio Negro.

Blanco, Cayo, a small river of the island of
St. Domingo. It rises in the e, head, in the
mountains of Ciboo, runs e. and then turning n.
enters the Yuna, near where this joins the sea.

Blanco, Cayo, a cape or point of land on the
coast of Brazil, and captainship of Parayba, be-
tween the capital of this name and cape Leda.

Blanco, Cayo, mother cape on the coast of
Tierra Firme, in the pro .^ince and government of
Venezuela, close to cape S. Roman.

[Blanco, Cayo, another, on the n. to. point of
the bay of Salinas, in lat. lO*^ n. ; and in some
maps called the w. ay. point of the gulf of
Nicoya.]

[Blanco, Cavo, another lajie on the coast of
California, at tiie broadest par', of the peninsula.]

[Blanco, Cayo, another cape on the n. w.
coast of America, in New Albion, s. of the mouth
of what has been called the River of the West.]

[Blanco, Cayo, another cape in the S. ocean,
on the e. side of Patagonia, s. e. of Julian bay,
m lat. 47" 15' s. Eight leagues xa. of Pepys's
island.]

[BLANDFORD, a township in Lunenburg
county, on Mahou bay, Nova Scotia, settled by a
few families.]

[Blandjoud, a township in Hampshire county,
Massachusetts, xid. of Connecticut river, about 23
miles s. w. of Northampton, and 116 w. of Bos-
ton. It has 233 houses and 1416 inhabitants.]

[liLANDFonD, atown in Prince George county,
Virginia, about four miles «. e. from Petersburg!!,
nnd is within its jurisdiction. It contains 200
houses and 1200 inhabitants, and is pleasantly
situated on a plain, on the e. branch of Appamat-
tox river. Here are many large stores, ami three
tol)acco warehouses, which receive annually 6 or
7000 hogsheads. It is a thriving place, and the
marshes in its vicjiity being nov. drained, the air

VOL, I.

B L E

169

of this town, and that of Petersburgb, is much
meliorated ]

BLANQUILLA, a small island of the N. sea,
near the coast of Vera Cruz and the river Alva-
rado, close to the island of Sacrificios.

BLANQUIZALES, a settlement of the island
and government of Trinidad, on the e. coast.

BLAS, Cape St. a cape on the coast of the
province and government of Florida, one of those
which form the bay of San .Joseph.

Blas, a province and alcaUtia mat/or of Nvieva
Espafia, Avhich is very much reduced, and of a
very limited jurisdiction.

Blas, a settlement of the missions which were
held by the monks of St. Francis, of the al-
caldia mayor of Acaponeta, and k'ngdora of
Nueva Galicia ; situate 20 leagues e. of its ca-
pital.

Blas, a point or cape of the coast of Darien in
the kingdom of Tierra Firme, which runs two
leagues iiil the sea, and is very dangerous whilst
the hrcza wind prevails ; indeed many vessels
Jiave been wrecked here in their voyage from Car-
tagena to Portobelo. It is 18 leagues distant from
the latter place, and 62 from the former.

[BLAS, Sa N , a port in the intendancy of Gua-
dalaxara in the kingdom of Nueva Espaiia. It is
llie residence of the deparUmiento de marina^
(marine department), at the mouth of the Rio de
Santiago. The otiicial people (ojficiales reales)
remain at Tepee, a small town, of which the
climate is not so hot, and more salubrious. With-
in these few years the question has been discussed,
if it would be useful to transfer the dock-yards,
magazines, and the whole marine department from
San Bias to Acapulco. This last port wants wood
for ship-building. The air there is also equally
unhealthy as at San Bias, but the projectetl
change, by favouring the concentration of the
naval force, would give the government a greater
facility in knowing the wants of the marine, and
the means of supplying them. Lat. 21'' 32' «.
Long. 103° 20' m.]

BLAZA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Darien in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate between two rivers, on a point of
land which enters the grand river of Tuira.

[BLKDSOE Lick, in the state of Tenessce,
lies 32 miles from Big Salt lick garrison, and 36
from Nashville.]

BLENFIELD, Punta nr, a point of land in
the province and government of Niearaijua, of
the kingdom of Guatemala, and of the coast of tL«
N. sea.

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[BLENflEIM, a new town of New York, in
Schoharie county, incorporated in 1797.J

BLEU, a small river of the province and j;o-
vernment of Louisiana, which runs nearly due
31. and enters the Missouri.

BLITAS, Lab, a settlement of the province
{ind government of Nicarapfua in the kingdom of
Guatemala, situate upon an island within the lake
of Nicaranfua.

[BLOCK Island, called by the Indians 3Ia-
nisses, lies about 21 miles s. s.w. of Newport, and
is in Newport county, state of Rhode island. It
was erected into a township, n-imed New Sliorc-
bam, in 1673. This island is 4(j miles in length,
and its extreme breadth is 3S miles. It has G82
inhabitants, including 47 slaves. It is famous for
cattle and sheep, butter and cheese : round the
edges of the island considerable quantities of cod
fish are caught. The s. part of it is in lat. 4P
8'w.]

Block, a river of the province and colony of
New Hampshire ; it runs e. and enters the Con-
necticut.

[BLOCKLEY, a township in Philadelphia
county, Pctmsylvania.]

BLONDEL, Cavos de, islands situated be-
tween the Caicos, to the j). of the Turks islands, in
the N. sea.

[BLOOMFIELD, a township in Ontario coun-
ty, New York. By the slate census of 179G, 151
of the inhabitants were electors.]

[BLOOMING Vale, a tract of land in the
township of Manlius, New York state, on But-
ternut creek.l

BLOUING, Punta dr, a point on the ».
coast of the island of Jamaica, opposite the island
of Cuba.

[BLOUNT, a new county in the state of Te-

[BLOUNTSVILLE, in N. Carolina, is on
the post road from Halifax to Plymouth, 49 miles
from Plymouth, and 55 from \V illiamstown.J

[BLUE FiKLDs Buy, lies s. e. of Savannah-
la-mar, in the island of Jamaica, having good
anchorage for large vessels. Lat. l&^ iO[' m.
Long. 78° jw.]

[Blue Hii.r,, a township in Hancock coimty,
district of Maine, on the ze. side of Union river,
y44 miles «. e. of Boston, and 13 c. of Penobscot ;
having 274 inhabitants.]

[Bluk Hill Bay is formed by Naskeag
point on the w. atid mount Desert island on the e.
It extends u. up to a mountain on the e. of Penob-
scot river, which, from its appearance at sea, is

IJ O A

called Blue hill. Union river empties info this
bay.]

li\A!F. hills, a range of mountains in New
England, whose (irst riilge in New Hampshire
passes through Rochester, Barrington, and Not-
tingham.]

[Blue Mountains, in Northampton county,
Peiuisylvania, extend from s. rt). to n. e. and a
short way across the Delaware. Also a range of
mountains which run from .?. e, to n. w. through
Surry county, in the island of Jamaica.]

[Blui; Ridge. The first ridijc of the Alleghany
mountains in Pennsylvania and V'irginia is called
the Blue Ridge, and is about 130 mites from the
Atlantic. It is about 4')00 feet high, measuring
from its base, and between it and the North moim-
tain is a large fertile vale. The passage of the Potow-
mack through this ridge is one of the most stu-
pendous scenes in nature. See Alleghany
Mountains and Potowmack River.]

[Blue Licks, on the main brancti of Lickin*
river m Kentucky, are situated about eight miles
a. Jrom the Upper Blue licks. Both are on the
n. e. side of the river ; the latter is about 15 miles
n. e. of Millers.]

[Bui'-, Spring lies between Big Barren and
Little Barren river, s. branches of CJreen river, in
Mercer's county, Kentucky : about 22 miles s. w,
from Sulphur spring, and 13 *. of Craig's fort, on
the n. side of Green river.]

[Blue Stonl Creek, a small w. branch of
the Great Kanliaway.]

BOAVIS TA, a settlement of the province and
captainship of Para in Brazil, situate on the shore
ot the river of Las Amazonas, near the town of
Curupa.

BOAVITA, a settlement of the province and
rorrcgimienlo of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de
Granada. It is of a hot temperature, tolerablr
fertile, and abounding in wheal, well-tasted maize,
and much sugar-cane, fiom which is made the
best sugar in the kinirdom, and in exquisite pre-
serves. In the gardens are m^ny date trees, as
also a tree called estoratjue, the resin of which is
very fragrant and universally esteemed ; here it is
used in the churches instead of incense. There
is a place close by, where t'le road is so bad that
it has obtained the name of iii/ierno, or infernal.
Its inhrbitants, who may amount to 800 whites,
and laO liidiaiLs, are much subject to the epi-
demic disorder called cotos, which is a morbid
swelling of the glands of the throat, and which
causes a very unsightly appearance. It is 30
leagues //. of Tunja, and close to the scttleivieiit

:ii

M-

B O C

171

of Siiata, being dividcil by the river Chicamocho,
or Soi^niiiDso,

liOBANAZA, a settlement of tlic provinco
and jrovernniciit of Qiiixos and Macas in tiu; kinj^-
don\ of Quito, situate on the sliorc of the river of
its iKime, with a good port. L; its district there
are trees of cinnamon, from whir;Ii some have
given it the name of San Josepli dc los Canelos.

BouANAZA,the river, upon the shores of wliich
is the former settlement. It is large and navi-
gable, and runs in a very crooked course till it enters
the Pastaza ; is eiitert'd on the s. coast Ijy the
rivers Pabayacutinguiza, Capaguari, Aulapi,
Caspiyacu, Palmito, Cliambira, nnd Pungidla-
yacu, and on the ti. by those of Umuc, Halso,
Sarayacu, Butuno, Piijayacu, and otliers of less
note. It washes the country of the ancient Gaycs
and Iiiuris, which is fdled with woods.

BOHAllE, a settlement of the province nnd
government of Venezuela, situate to the w. of the
city of Barquisimeto, and on the shore of the
river Tucuyo.

BOBUHES, a nation of Indians, of the pro-
vince and government of Venezuela, to the n. of
the lake of Maracaibo, and s. of (he city of Me-
rida. They have never been subjected, and even
now frequently make incursions upon the neigli-
bouring countries. The part which they inhabit
is by no means the healtiiiest, since it lays ex-
tremely low, and is very moist.

[BOBY, a parish of the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay, situate on a branch of the river
Aguapcy, in Lat. 26° 31' id". Long. 56° 18' 49"
a'.]

BOCA DEI- Pr.RRo, a settlement of the island
of Cuba, on the ,?. coast.

BOCA, GiiANKK, a moutli of a river of the
province and government of Nicaragua in the
kingdom of Guatemala, namely, of the river Su-
crte, between the rivers Anzuelos and Portete.

Boca Chica, a river of the province and
government of Texas in Nneva I'^spafia, It runs
*. hetwcen those of La Trinidad and La Maj^da-
lena, and enters the sea.

BiK A CiiicA, a strait or narrow and hnial)
mouth of the entrance to (he port of Cartaffon
It is Cornied Ity the island of liai\i on the s. a. id
by the Tierra-boinba on he n. ; on the right hand
it has the castle of San Josepli, and on (he left
that of San Fernando, bulk by the iiieulcnant-
general Don I^iiacio Sala, to replace those which
were destroyed by Admiral Vernon in 1741.
Vessels can only enter by means «f the canal,
since in the otiier parts tlicie is not sutlicient depth
of water. 1( is thus called in contradislinctiou to

the other, named Grande. For somelitUe time
it has l)cen open to the sea, and it has been assi-
duously ii((emp(ed (o close it up, not only on ac-
count of the danger which (hrea(cnr, the walls and
liouscs, but for the sake of impelling the entrance
of an enemy, who can now conic up within gun-
shot of the city, rendering the defence of the lbrt«
nnd of the port entirely nselets. [See Carta-

CEN A.J

[Boca »ki. Diiago, a strait between the island
of Trinidad and Andalusia, in the province of
Tierra Firme, S. America.]

Boca Nukva, one of the entrances of the
lake of Termiiios, iu the province of Tobasco,
formed by the isl.inds otTris.

Boca de Pan, a river of the province of
Tunibez in Peru, which receives the title from the
gulf ot" (Guayaquil, and runs to (IiebayofTum-
b( z, taking a course; from s. U). to n. e,

IJOCACA, a rape or point of laud in the
island ol Puna, ol (he province and government
of Guayaquil. The island is low and sandy.
This cape looks to the e. of (he district of Macha-
lay, and to the s. ii\ of the pointer cape of Man.
dinga, in lat. a= 26' .v.

BOCANEMK, a mean settlement of the go-
vcrmneiit of Mariquitain (he Nuevo Ileynode Gra-
nada. It is of a hot (empera(ure, and its pro-
ductions are few iu proportion to the scarcity of
its inhabitants, who consist of Indians. It is,
however, noted for its rich gold mines.

BOCAS, Las, a settlement of the missionswhich
were held by the regulars of the company of Je-
suits, in the province of Tepeguana, and king-
dom of Nucva Vizcaya, situate on the shore of
the river Florido, and lying 15 leagues *. of the
settlement and gariison of the valley of San Bar-
tolonie.

BncAs, a small island of the river of Las Ama-
zonas, opposite the mouth or entrance of that of
Tocantines.

Bocas, a river called Dc dos Bocas, in the
country of (he Amazonas, and of the territory of
the Portuguese. It is very abundant, rising in
(he country of the Bacuris and Cariputangas In-
dians, running many leagues n. and entering the
Mnranon, a little before (his joins (he sea.

Bocas, a se(tli;meiit ofthu province and ca/j-
tniiisliip of Parii in Brazil, situate on the shore of
the river Jacuiida.

Bocas, ano( her settlement of (he samo capiat rt'
ship and kingdom, on the shore of the river
Tapera, near its month or entrance in(o (he sea.

Boc As,ariverofthe province and alcaldia muyof
of Tobasco, which runs into the >ca in the bay of
L 2

• H»:",

172

BOD

r(^^

i J

'■ 1 1 ^'

:ii rj

Tllifc'h*'

Mexico^ between tlic rivers of Santa Aoa and
('uj)licos.

uocAs, nnotlicr river of the province and al-
ca/</(a of Suchitepec in the kin<rdom of Guatcnmlu.
It runs r^. and enters tlie sea opposite the barra or
sand bank of Istapa.

Hoc AS, a settlement of the province and corre-
_£;-{mien/o of Coqnimbo in tiic kingdom of Chile,
at the mouth of the river Choiipa.

BOCAUERITO, ii settlement of the missions
which were held by the roguhirs of the compuny
of Jesuits, in the province of Cinalon.

BOCHALEMA, Coiiazon nr. Jisis nr,, a
settlement of the jjovernmciit and juiisdiclioii of
Pamjilona in the Nncvo Iteyno de (.iranada, is of
a hot tempo. atnre, and produces onnes, planhiiiis,
and other fruits peculiar to its clii;iate. It con-
tains 1 50 very poor inhabitants, and is 12 leagues
«. e. of Pamplona.

BOCOABRI, a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva Espafia,
situate to he e. of that of Lcs Hemedios, at the
head of a .iver.

BOCON, a settlement of the province of Osti-
muri in Nueva Espana.

BOCONO, a settlement of the province and
Cfovernment of Caracas in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, situate at the source of a river of its name.
It lias the dedicatory title of San JaneirCj and
was founded by the Capuchin fathers of the pro-
vince of Venezuela , in the royal road which leads
from the city of Guanare to that of Barinas.

BocoNo, the river which rises in the same
province and kingdom, at the side of the moun-
tains of the city of Truxillo. Alter leaving the
narrow defile througii Aviiich it runs in the ser-
ran!a, it begins to serve as a lijie of demarcation
to the provinces of Haiiiias and Venezuela ; and
then passing through some levels, where it irrigiites
some estates of cacao, indigo, and sugar-cane,
established upon its tortile ])lains, it enlers liie
G'uanarc near the settlement of San Juan Bautista
del Mijagual, of the province of Barinas.

BODEGA, a settlement of the province and
government of Cartagena, situate on the sea-shore,
at the entrance of Boca Chica.

BODEGAS, a settlement of the province and
government of Guayaquil.

BoDi.GAS, another settlement of the province
and government of Honduras, situate on the
shore of the Eolso Dulce.

BODEGON, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Cumana in Peru, situate on the
sea-coast.

BODIGUAS, a barbarous and ferocious nation

BOG

of the province and government of Santa IVfarta
in the JSuevo lleyno, to the n. ic. These Indians,
united with the Bondas and Jeribocas, had many
desperate struggles with the first conquerors. They
inhabit the mountains and woods without any fixed
residence.

BODINGA, a settlement of the province and
government of Santa Marta in the kingdom of
Tierra Eirme ; it was first found<'d by the Spaniards
in I52f), alter \\lii(h the first followers of the reli-
gion otSt. Domingo established ihemselves here for
the |)nrpose of converting and reducing to (he faith
all the Indians of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.

[BOD WELL'S Falls, in Mcrrimac kriver, lie
between Andover and IVIethuen, about five miles
below Hatucket falls. A company was incorpo-
rated in Feb. 17f^./, for building a bridge near this
spot, between the two states of Massachusetts and
IS'ew Hampshire.]

[BOEUF, Li., a pliicc in the w. aw. corner of
Pennsylvania, at the head of tl d «. branch of
French creek, and 50 miles from fort Franklin,
Avhere this creek joins the Alleghany, measuring
the distance by water. The French fort of Lc
13oeuf, from which the place has its name, lies
about two miles e. from Small lake, which is on
the w. branch of French creek ; and from Lc
Boeuf there is a portage of 14 miles n. io Prcsque
isle, in lake Erie, where the French had another
tort. From Lc Boeuf to Prcsque isle is a con-
tinued chesnut-bottom swamp (except for about
one mile from the former, and two from the latter);
and the road between these two places, for nine
miles, 13 years ago, was made with logs laid upon
the swamp. Lat. 4P56' m. Long. 80° j».]

BOfiUE, small islands near the coast of S.
Carolina.

BOGOTA, a settlement and capital of the
conrgimicuto of this name, also called La Sabana,
in tiie Nuevo lleyno de Granada ; situate on a
beautiful and agreeable plain, on the shores of a
river which bears the same name, and in which
there are quantities of fine fish, especially a sort
called capilan, which is of a delicious flavour,
and highly esteemed. It is of a cold tempera-
ture, and abounds in the seeds and fruits corres-
ponding with its climate. Jt was formerly a great
and rich population, as well as having been the
court of the native kings or zipas ; is at present
reduced to a miserable settlement. It had once
for its curate the /Vffy Juan de Labrador, of the
order of St. Domingo, afterwards bishop of Car-
tagena. Its jurisdiction comprehends seven other
settlements, and is two leagues vs. of Santa Fe.
[Lat. -r 35' «. Long. 7i° S' w. Sec Venezuela.]

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in wliich

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UELA.]

B O I

Bogota, a large river of the same kingdom,
which rises near to Santa Fo, in tlic paramo of
Alljarracin, between the above city ami that of
Tunja, and after fertilizing a level space, precipi-
tates itself with a thundering noise down an iin-
niciisc cataract, called Teqnendania ; it then tra-
vers^es the province to whicli it gives its name,
afterwarils the province of Los Panches, where it
is known to the Indians by the title Qf Eunzha,
tuid at last enters the Magdalona.

Bogota, another river of the province and
government of Atacames, or Esmcraldas, in the
kingdom of Quito. It runs from c. to w. for more
tlian 30 leagues, receiving on the e. the waters of
tiic Dnrango and Tululvi, and those of Cachavi.
On the zi). it irrigates many uncultivated lands
of (he nation of the Malaguas, and unites itself
with the rivers of Santiago and San Miguel,
before it enters the S. sea, where it t'otws the port
of Limones.

[BOHEMIA, a broad, navigable river, 10
miles long, which runs zo. n. xv. into Elk river, in
Maryland, 11 miles below Elktown,]
[BoHio. a river of Chile in S. America.]
BOIA, a settlement of the island of St. Domln-
i,3, situate in the centre of the e. head, on the
shore of a river.

BOICAGES, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Veragua in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.
It runs n. n. e. and enters the N. sea, between
the rivers Culel)ras and Talamancas.

BOIERUCA, Lag UNAS on, or Dc Boieraco,
as some will have it, lakes in the province and
corregimiento of Itata in the kingdom of Chile.
They are upon the coast, and run out into the
sea between the qticbrada (ravine) of Lora, and
the mouth of the nver Mataquino.

BOIPENA, a town of the province and cup'
tahishin of Ilheos in Brazil.

BOINHAY, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay in Peru. It runsH. through
some plains and very fertile lands, and enters the
Paraguay.

BOIS, a point on the coast of the country of
Labrador, and in the strait of Bcllisli*.

Bois, a small river of Lousiana, which runs e.
and enters the Mississippi, between the rivers Ecors
and San Pedro.

Bois, an island in the lake Huron of Canada,
at the mouth of the strait of Michillimakinac.

Bois, another island of the coast of the pro*
vincc of Connecticut, one of those of New England,
at the mouth of the river Pigwaket.
Bui8, a small river of the country and land of

Labiajlc

B O L

173

iiador. It runs s. between that of Forchue,
and enters the sea in the stniit of Bellisle.

Boi«, a lake of New France, of an oval (ii^nre,
containing many islands, and communicating with
Long lake.

BOLA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Atacanas in the kingdom ot Quito,
situate on the shore of a small river, which enters
that of Guaillabambn.

[IJOLAN(3LA, one of the Society Isles,
which see.]

BOLAiNOS, Cnuz de, a settlement of the mig-
sions which were he'd by the regulars of the com-
pany of Jesuit." in the province of Par.nguny. It
was destroyed at tlie close of the last century by
the Infidel Indians, and the ruins of it arc now
alone to be seen near the river Nandui-Ciazu.

Boi.ANos, another settlement and real of mines
of the akuldia ma^or of Colotlan in Nueva Espana,
where tiiere is a convent of monks of St. Francis ;
14 leagues k'. of its head settlement, Tlaltenango.

BOLAS, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Gua}..quil, in the district of Machala.
It runs from e. to w. through some uncultivated
and desert countries, and empties itself in the gulf
of Guayaquil, nearly opposite tiie point of Bocona,
of the island of Puna.

BOLIIIA, a settlement of the province and
government of Cartagena, and of the district of
Sinn, situate on the coast.

[BOLINBROKE, a town in Talbot county,
e. shore of Maryland, and five miles e. of Oxford.
It lies on the h. w. point of Choptank river.]

BOLLEllA, a lake of the province and govern-
ment of Maracaibo, on the shore of the grand
river of this name, between (he rivers Sulia and
Chama.

BOI/OS, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Guayaquil. It nms uito (he sea
through the gulf of that name, opposite the island
of La Puna.

[BOLTON, a township in Ch''itcndv>n county,
Vermont, on Onion river, about 104 miles n. n. e.
from Bennington, having 88 iidiabitants.]

[Bolton, a township in Tolland county, Con-
necticut, incorporated in 1720, and was settled
from Weathersfield, Hartford, and Windsor ; 14
miles e. from Hartford.]

[Bolton, a townsliip in Worcester county,
Massachusetts, 18 miles n. e. from Worcester, and
34 w. from Boston. It contains 861 inhabitants.
There is a fine bed of limestone in this town, from
which considerable quantities of good lime ai«
made yearly.]

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BOMBAI, a settlement of tlic province and

{jovcrninciit of Maracaibo, situate in the way wliicli
eads from Gibraltar to Merida, tlirouirh tlie
Nnevo fteyno to the n, n. e, of this 'ast city.
[BOMHAilDE, a fort ami vill'jrc on the n.

1)enin.sula of St. Domincro island, about three
nacfucs H. of Lii Plate Forme ; six s. e. of the
Mole, and '2'2 from Port dc Paix, as the road runs.
Here it was intended by the French go\ernmeiit
to erect a fortress ot great strenj^th ; but the >vorks
to Hie sea only were completed Mlien the revolu-
tion broke out.l

BOMIJSICA.IO, a river of the province of
Loxa in the kinjrdom of Quito. It Hows down
from the mountains of San Lucas, runs from n.
to 5. and joins the Savanilla, whicii enters the
Zainora.

J'BOMHAV Hook, an island at the mouth of
Delaware river, about ciiiht miles lonj^ and two
liroad, formed by the Delaware on the e. side, and
Duck creek and Liltle Duck creek on (he Mary-
land side ; these are nniled toi^ether by a natural
canal. It is proposed to comiect Delaware river
■witli Chesiipeuk bay, by a canid from Duck creek
to that buy, Ihrongh Chester river. See Chistkii
River. The ?/. w. end of Bombay Hook is about
47 miles from capes llenlopen and May ; from the
Hook to Reedy island is nine miles. J

[BOM IIAZINE Kapids, on a river in Lincoln
county, district of Maine, are naviirable for boats
with some lading, at a middling pitch of water.
Ihey took their name from Bombazine, an Indian
warrior, who was slain by the English in attempt-
ing to cross them.j

[BosiBAZiNE, a lake, seven or eight miles long,
in the township of Castletown, Rutland county,
Vermont.]

BOMBE, a capital settlement and establish-
ment of the missions which were held by the regu-
lars of the company of Jesuits, in the province of
of Ciuayana, and in the part possessed by the
French.

BOMBOLAN, a settlement of the province and
government of Tucum;i i, in the district of the
jurisdiction of Salta, annexed to the curacy of
iChiquinna.

BOM BON Tnou, a small port of |he island
of St. Domingo, on the w. roast of the ri'. head,
and in the territory of the French. It is between
port Jeremias and the point of Abricots or Alba-
ricoqnes.

BONA, a small island of the S. ^ea, in the bay
or gulf of Panama, situate near, and a little to s. e.
of that of Otacjue.

BON

BONAIRE, or Bo en Avnr, an island of the
N. SL'a, situate near Tierra Firme, in the province
and government of Cumanii, to the «. r. of the
isIancF of Cura9oa, and n. to. of Margarita. It
abounds in salt-mines, is renowned for a peculiar
sort offish, called alcatracea, of a very large size,
and is inhabited by the Dutch. It has a good
port, with a small settlement, but the anchorage in
bad, the bottom being very rocky. The chief
settlement, which is about a mile from the port, ik
nevertheless immediately on the sea-shore, and is
the residence of the Dutch lieutenant, who is
dependent upon the governor of Cura(;oa. 1'his
island abounds in cattle, and besides the Dutch it
has also some Indians. Ninoden leagues from the
coast, and 10 from Cura^oa, in Lat. 12^ VJ' it.
Lonjr. 68'" 10'.

[BONAMV's Point, on the s. side of Chalcur
bay, is at the w. w. extremity of Eel river cov,
and forms the s, limit of the mouth of Ristigouche
river.]

[BONAVENTURA. Sec BurNAvrNTuiiA.]

[BONA VENTURE, on the«. side of Chaleur
bay, lies about three leagues from New Carlihle,
which is now called Hamilton. It was a place of
considerable commerce, but is now declined.]

BoNAVENTUUK, a smixU island of the gulf of
St. Lawrence, on the coast of Nova Scotia, or
Acadia, close to the cape of Espoir.

BoNAVENTunn, a cape or point of the e. coast
of the island of NewfoundlancI, at the entrance of
the bay of Trinite.

[BONA VISTA, Cape and Bay of, lie on the e.
side of Newfoundland island. The cape lies in
lat. 4S°52'w. long.SS'^SS'icJ. and was discovered
by John Cabot and his son Sebastian in I4.j7, in
the service of Henry VII. king of England. I'lie
bay is formed by this cape and that of cape
Freels, 15 leagues apart.]

BOND, a settlement of the inland of Barbadoes,
in the district of the parish of St. Cieorge.

BONDA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Santa Marta, situate on the c. side of
its capital.

B()NDAS, a nation of Indians of the province
and governmtiit of Santa Marta. At the time of
the conquest it was united with the nations of the
Bodiguas and Jeribocas, in order the better to
counteract the power of the Spaniards. At pre-
sent some tamilies of it only are remaining.

[BONHAMTOWN, in Middlesex county,
N. Jersey, lies about six miles n. e. from New
Brunswick.]

BONIFACIO, San, a settlement of the pro-

B O Q

vincc and pcvernment of Sonoia in Nueva Espafia,
siUrit<t nil tliu shore of u sniull river, ^vhicll enter!*
that of (iila.

HoNiiAcio, MoRRO nF, a mountain of the
roast of the kingdom of Chile, in the district of
'Jnadalaiiquen, h('tv>e<'n tlie point Del Anchi and
the mouth of the river Megnin.

IJONiNECIIEIlli, a river oftlie province of
the North Iroquees. It runs », e. and enters tiie
Ulaway.

BONZA, a settlement of the Nuevo Ileynodc
Granada. It is famous for the battle and victory
which was gained by fionzalo Ximinez de Que-
sada against the army of Tundama, prince of
Tunia, in I53H, and for the imprisonment and death
of Zacrezazipa, the last king of Bogota. 'I'hc
territory is pleasant and fertile, and irrigated by
the river Sogamoso.

BONZE, Caho he, an extremity and point of
the s. coast, which looks to the s. of the island of
Cuba, between the point of Maizi and the river
Guatapori.

BOON, a small island of the coast of New
England, in the district of the province of Con-
necticut, lying between the main coast and Jeffry's
bank.

[BOONE Bay lies on the a', side of New-
foundland island, 22 leagues n.by e. of St. George's
harbour. Lat. 49^33' w.]

[BOONE TON, a small post-town in Sussex
courfy. New Jersey, on the posl-road between
llockaway and Sussex court-house, IIG miles
from Philadelphia.]

[BOONSiJOIiOUGH, in Maddison county,
Kentucky, lies on thes. side of Kentucky river, at
the mouth of Otter creek, SO miles s. e. of Lex-
ington, and the same distance n. e. from Danville.
hid. S"'" W n.]

[BO",.<'s Creek, a small n. branch of Ken -
tiih.I.y river.]

[BOOTH Bay, a town and bay on the coast
of Jiincoln county, district of Maine, in n. lat.
43' 4'ii' about two miles w. of Pemaquid point.
Tiio bay stretclics witiiin tlie land about 12 miles,
and receives two, s'nall streams. On it is a town,
havin/f 997 inhabitants.]

[BOPQUAM or M'Qi am Bay, on the e.
side of lake Champlain, is situated hi Swantown,
Vermont, and has Hog isUiud on tlie n. at the
mouth of Michiscoui river.]

BOQUERON, V^F.NTA m:, an entrance or open-
ing formed by the mountains, in the road which
leads from Portov<'l to Panama, in the kingdom of
Tierra Firme. It is an indispensable pass, and
there is here a house or inn, commonly the rcsi-

B O R

17;

dencc of a strong guard, for the detecting the
contraband trade.

BotiuKnoN, A small island of tlie N. sia, on
the coast and in (lie province of Cartagena, situate
in the bny of Toli'i. it is one of those which
form (his bay.

BogrnnoN, a point on the e. coast of the strait*
of Magellan, between cape San Valentin and that
of Monmouth.

BoQUKRON, an inlet or small bay on (he samo
coast, close to the point of the same name.

BOQUEIIONES, Caho dk, an extremity and

Eoint of the coast of the proviiue of Darien,
ctween port Ada and the island of Pinos.

[BOQUET River passes tliroudi the town of
VVnisborough, in Clinton county. New York, and
is navigable (or boats about two miles, and is tiiere
interrupted by falls, on which are mills. At this
place are the remains of an cutrcachment thrown
up liy Genera! Burgoyne.]

BOQUETA, an entrance made liy the sea, in
Iho province and government of Cartagena, on the
side of this city, where there is a guard for the
discovery of contrabands, and for noting down
the small trading vcssils which come to supply
this city.

BOltANTE, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela. It runs near the city of
Nueva Segovia, abounds in very excellent fish,
and (he lands which it irrigates arc fertile, and
produce mucii maize.

BOllBON, Rbat, df;, a town of the province
and government of Sierra Gorda, in the bay of
Mexico, and the kingdom of Nueva Espana,
(bunded in 1748 by JJon Joseph dc Escandott,
Count of Sk na Gorda, and the Colonel of the
Militia of Qucretaro.

[B0IID1:NT0\VN, a pleasant town in Bur-
lington county. New Jersey, is situated at the
mouth of Crosswick's creek, on the c. bank of a
great lx>nd of Delaware river, six miles below
Trenton, nine w. e. from Burlington by water,
and 15 by land, and 24 miles' «. c. from Phila-
delphia ; and through this town, which contain^i
about 100 houses, a line of stages passes from New
York to Philadelphia. The second division of
Hessians was placed in this town, in December
1776, and by the road leading to i(, (jOO men of
that nation escaped, when Gen. Washington sur-

Ijriscd and niiide prisoners of 8b6 privates, and 25
icssian oflicers, at Trenton.]

BOllDET, Tiior, a settlement and parish of
the French, in tho island of St. Domingo, situate
in the w. bead, on the side of a i>ma.l port, which
give"! it iti name.

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BORDONES, n sclllompnt of tlic province ami

fovcrniiu'iit of (Jiimanu. It is conipuHcd of (lie
iidiiins of Pirilii, foiiiuied in I()88 l)y the Colonel
and (I'ovrrnor Don Mateo (luspar dcAcoslii.

HOWCiNK, a lake of the province and govern-
ment of Louisiana. It is formed by a canal of
water wJiich enters the bay of St. Luis, and is
near the c, coast of New Orleans.

Hour. NT, an island of the river of St. Lawrence
in New Trance, or country of the Outacas Indians.
It is formed by an arm of that river which runsi
from, and then returns to enter the mother bed.

[HoacNi;, Ld, a town on the «. side of tlic
n. peninsid.i of the island of St. Domingo, three
leajrueste. I)y n. of Port Marmot, and eight e. by s.
of Port de Paix.]

BOUIOA, A small island, situate near tlie coast
of Tie! ra Firme, in tlie province and government
of Venezuela, and at the entrance of the lake of
Maracaiho.

BOUILOS, a barbarous nation of Indians who
dwell to the e. of the (Jhiquitos, and tu of the
Purasicns, in Peru. It was discovered by the mis-
sionaries of the order of Jesuits of the province of
Lima, in 1718, who succeeded in making converts
to the faith until the year I7C7.

BOUIQIJEN, a point on the w. of the island of
San Juan dc Puerto-rico, lietween the river of
Guaxayaca, and the port of Apuada, opposite the
cape Engano, of the island of St. Domingo. It is
one of those which form the port.

BoniQUEN. SeeBiEQUK.

tHoRiQUEN, or Craus Island. Sei Bii:Qun.]
lORJA, San Fiiancisco ns, a capital city of
the province and trovernment o"' .Mainas in the
kingdom of Quito, fotmded in 1619 by Captain
Diego Vaca de Vega, with the name of Nuestra
Sefiora de la CoJicepcion, on the e. shore of the
river Marafion, four leagues from Santiago de las
Montailas, at the time that these parts were visited
by the regulars of the company of Jesuits, with
views of making discoveries, and of extending
their missions. It was afterwards, in 1534, re-
moved totliespotwhereitat present stands, near tlie
source of tlie river Pastnza, and opposite the month
of that of Caliuapanas, upon an eminence near to
a stagnant pool of the Maranon, after the narrow
strait or channel of the Pongo- This name was
given it out of compliment to Don Francisco de
Borja, Prince of Esquilache, Viceroy of Pern,
to whom it capitulated at its conquest. Its in-
habitants are for the most part Indians ; its climate
is warm and moist; it is the residence of the
lieutenant-governor of the province, and of a
curate who belonged to the company of Jesuits,

R O R

until the year 1767. Its tirst inliabitants wore the
coiKincrors of all the baibaroiis nations of the
Maranon. I.al. 4 WS'.v. I,)ng. 7(i' iJt' ?£).

lion.iA, a settlement of the missions which were
maintained by the regulars ol the company of
Jesuits, in the province of Taraumara in tin' king-
dom of Nneva Vizcaya ; distant 'il leagues a. t.'. \
to the e. of the rati of tin; mines and town of San
Felipe de Chignagua.

Bon.iA, nnolher, (»f the missions which were
held by the same regulars of the company of
Jesuits, in llie province and government ot Buenos
Ayres, situate on the shore it tlie river Uruguay,
[in Lat. 28= 39' b\'. Lr.ng. 57^ ju' ?^'.J

BoitJA, another, in the province and govern-
ment of Mox(»s, of the kingdom of (juito, founded
on the shore of the river Manique.

BOIIOA, a district and province of the king-
dom of ('Idle.

BOltOJO, a settlement of the province and
government of Maracaibo, situate on the coast, at
the mouth of the river of its name; opposite the
great lake, and on the s. side of it.

Bo no JO, a river of the same province and
government, which rises near the coast, and enters
the sea opposite the former settlement.

BOKO \l BON, San, a settlement of the pro-
vincc and government of Buenos Ayres, situate
near the const and bay of its name, on the side
opposite to the colony of Sacramento.

BoaoMBo.N, n bay of the former province and
government, near the mouth of tlie river La Plata,
and the capital.

BOKONOTA, a large settlement of the Niievo
Beyno de (iraiiada, and government of Santa
Marta ; fouialod in the plains, or l/tiniiras, which
lie towards tin; n. Its natives arc of the Guaranos
and Guaxiros nations. It is governed by acazique,
and belongs to the missions of the Catalanian Ca-
puchin fathers.

BOROS, a barbarous nation of Peru, to the e.
of the province of the Chiquitos, which extends
itself through those woods and phiins as far as
the river Paragiiav. It is but little known.

BOROTARi;,"^ a settlement of the province
and govermnent of S:;iid Marta, situate on the
shore of a river v'lich runs to empty itself into
the lake of Mar?.caibo.

BORQl lEr,r:S, islands or rocks of the N.
sea, by the coast of the province aiul government
of Darien ; they are two, and lie at the w. raouth
or entrance of the port of Arboleles.

BORRACMOS, Pinta j>f:, a point on the
coast of the province and government ol' Guaya-
quil iu the kingdom of Peru.

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BOMRACNA, nn islam! of thr N. sen, very
iiciir th(^ coast otTieira liniH?, in the provinct; of
JJuciloMU unci povcrnmeiit of Cuniaiu'i, between
ihc cities of these names.

I3()I!1'(;AS, San Ijdiiknzo of., a town of (he
province anil f,'(»vermiieiit of Cosla-rica in tiie
Kiti'^iioii'. ot Ciiiatcmula, situate on the coast ol tlie
S. :,ea.

U()lll''''.\, Caho nr, a cape on the coast of
the province and jrovernment of Veriij^ua ami
kiiii^doiii of Tierra I'irme, between ilie gulf
Diilcc, and lite port of JiUs ('aravelas (iiaiides.

[UOSJCAWKN, a township in llilishoroHi^h
coiinly, New llampshire, on the a', ijanii of
Merrimack river, above ("(mcord ; 4y mih's w. rr.
of Exeter, and 'JSs. e. of Dartmouth collide, hav-
itin; MOH inhabitants, lloscaw en hills arc in this
iieia;hbourhood. j

IJOSTON, a lart^e and opulent city, the me-
tropolis of New Ji)ngland, and of the county of
Sullblk, in N. America. In the year 1771, its
port was prohibited by an act of parliament of
Great Britain, and it was shortly a Her entered i)y
the king's troops, who destroyed many edifices,
and caused considerable havoc. It was at that
time the largest and most considerable city of any
of New England, having been founded in 16^0,
by the English colonists who came to it from
(Uiarlcstown, in ti peninsula of nearly four miles
in circinnference, and 44 from the bay of Massa-
chusetts. It suffered much from an earthquake
which took place on the yf)th October 17^7. It is
the best situated for commerce of auy city in
America ; on the ti. side of it arc two small islands
called Brewster, to one of which is also given the
name of Noddle. The only entrance to the bn y is
(Inough a channel so narrow, from the number of
islands, as scarcely to admit three ships a-bicast.
Tliiire are, however, marks and buoys placed so
iu to ensure a safe entrance, and the bay itsc^lf
is capable of containing 500 vessels, in a sufiicient
jlepth of water, where they might formerly lie
defended by the cannon of a regular fordcss, but
this was destroyed in the said war. At the ex-
tremity of the bay is a quay 2000 fool in length,
which on the h. part has a set of regular mngu-
/ir.es, beginning from the principid stnvt in the
city : this street, as well as ail the others, is spa-
cious and straight. The town from the bay has a
beautiful appearance ; it is in the form of an ani-
pliitheatre, with a house for the nuigistrate, in
which are the tribunals, and a change, which is a
very fine piece of architecture, surrounded by
(jiiuiy libraries, well provided, and giving work
for iive printing houses. It contains 19 churches,

\\c-\r\y (iOno houses, and ."0.000 inhabilants. To
l()rm some judgment of ( her' i'Ik soft his capital, it is
sullicient to know, that from (Christmas in the year
1747 to the following, IT IS, no less than .WO
vessels left its port, and that IL'O entered it, not
to mention tin? (isliitig vessels and coasters, die
number of which alone amimnted to at least IO(K).
It suirered nuich in I77.'J by a terrible tenipcil.
The commerce of this city is very great, not only
on account of its own proluctions, but with re-
gard to the produclions of other parts, since its
iidiabitants are, as it were, (he factors ol all the
other colonies of N, Ami;rica, the l], Indies,
and of souK^ parts of Europe. Its principil ar-
ticles or eU'ects are (rees and ship-masts, (ish, (ar,
(urpendne, planks, suKed niea(s, as well pork ag
beef, bu(ter, clieese, luMses, large ca((le, wheat,
cider, honey, and (lax ; and although it trades
also in skins, yet these (orm no considerable j)art
of its commerce. On its coast arc large whale-
fisheries, in which a great number of its inhabi-
tants are employed ; and it is computed thai .'30,000
f ui?i! all ol' o'\\ are annually sent to Italy, Spain,
England, and (he islands of America, as also
20,000 more to the Negroes of the W . Indies.
The excessive quantity of licpiors distilled in Bos-
ton from molasses, received in exchange or barter
from the W. Indies, is such as to cause then! to
be sold for two shillings a barrel, and with (hem
are supplied all the colonies of N. America. They
are also sullicient for the traflic with the Indians,
lor thai of the fisheries of Nifwfoundland, and for
a great jiart of the trade to Africa. The rum is its
much renowned for its p.lentifulncES and cheap-
ness as f()r its quality. This may be looked upon
as almost the only colony that has manufacturc#
equal (oils consumption. TJie cloths made here
are strong and (;lose wove : these manufactories
were established by some Irish Presbyterians,
who fled from ; ersccation, and through allinity of
religion, s'Hled here, introducing the manufac-
ture of linens of a very delicate (ex(ure ; thu.i
having highly increased the commercial creilil
and n^pululion of tlic colony. They likewise
make excellent hats here, and these, allhougli
contraband, are a great article of exjiortation to th«
other colonies. The vessels built here, through
the commission of its dock, and Avhich are after-
wards sold with their cargo in the ports of Spain,
France, and I'ortugal, formed the principal source
of its citmmerce. There used to be a light-hou.so
on a rock for the direction of vessels in the night,
the which was destroyed with the fortifications in
the late war. This war originated in this capital
ia 1771, wheji the inhabitants burnt the tea wliicli

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178

BOSTON.

came from England, bcinjj unwilling lo pny Hie
lioavy (Uitit's imposed on that article. The result
of the struitple was, that tliey ileclared tiicmseives
independent of (he English crown, together with
the oilier colonies, as may be seen in the article
United Stati-s. All sects are tolerated in this
city, and in it are ten churches.

[Boston, the capital of tiie stale of Massachu-
setts, th-j largest town in New FMigland, is now the
third in size and rank in the United States, and
lies in lat. i'l' 18' 1.")" ii. and long. TO" 5L' M" zi\
This (own, with the towns of llingham, Chelsea,
and Hull, const i(nte ihe county of Sutlolk, 17(3
miles J. li'. of W'iscasset, 61 s. by ii\ of I'orls-
mouth, 1C4 n. e. of New Haven, 'i52 w. e. of
New York, 317 w. r. of Philadelphia, and 500
«. e. of the city of Washington. Boston is built
upon a jjeninsuia of irregular form at the bottom
of Massachusetts bay, and is joined to the main
land by an isthmus on the s. end of the town, lead-
ing to Jtoxbury. It is two miles long, but is of
unequal breadth ; the broadest i)art is 72G yards.
The peninsula contains about 700 acre", (other ac
counts say 1000), c* which are ^316 dwelling
liouses. The number of iidiabitants in 1790 was
18,038, but the increase has been very consider-
able since. The town is intersected by fl7 streets,
36 lanes, and 26 alleys, besides 18 courts, &c. ;
most of these are irregular, and not very conve-
nient. State street, Con)mon street, and a few
others, are exceptions to this general character ;
the former is very spacious, and being on a line
with Long wlinrf, where strangers usually land,
exhibits a ilattering idea of the town, llerc are
19 edifices for public worship, of which nine
are for Congregationalists, three (or l^j)iscopalians,
and two for liaptists ; the Friends, Jioman Ca-
tholics, Methodists, Sandemanians, and Cniv!T-
salists, have one each. Most of these are orna-
mented with beautiful spires, with clocks and bells.
The other public buildings are the state-house,
court-house, two theatres, concert-hall, faneuil-
liall, gaol, an alms-house, a work-house, a bride-
well, and powder-magaiinc. I'lanklin ])lace,
a('joinin Federal street theatre, is a great orna-
ment to I'c town ; it coniains a monument of Dr.
Fraiikliii, from whom it takes its name, and is
I'ticompised on two sides with buildings, which,
in poll t of elegance, are nut exceeded perhaps in
the United. States. Here are keiit in capacious
rooms, given and fitted up for the purpose, the
Boston library, imuI the valuable collections of the
historical society. Most of the public buildings
are liaih'.some, and some of them are ( legaiit. A

luiigiiiticent ttatc-house is now erecting in Boston,

on the s. side of Beacon hill, fronting (he Mally
(he corner-stone of \>hich was laid wi(h great
formality and parade on the Ith of ilnly i7}),"»,
and which overtops the nionument on Beacon hill.
The market-place, in which the fanenil-hall is situ-
ated, is supplied with all kinds of provisions which
the conntiyaftbrds. The fish marke(, in particu-
lar, by (he bounteous supplies of (he ocean and
rivers, not only furnishes the rich with the rarest
pro<luctioiis, but often provides the poor with a
cheap and grateful repast. Boston harbour is
formed by point Alderton on (he s. and by Nahant
point on the w. It is variegated with about forty
islands, of which fifteen only can be properly
called so ; the others being small rocks or banks
of sand, slightly covered with verdure. These
islands allitnl excellent pastiiriige, hay, and grain,
and fnrnisii agreeable places of resort in summer
to parties of pleasure. Castle island isaboiil three
miles from th(> town; its forliiications, formerly
c:illed Castle William, defend the entrance of the
harbour. It is garrisoned by about 50 soldiers,
who serve as a guard tor the convicts, who are
sent here to haril labour. The convicts are
chiefly employed in making naiis. The light-
house stands on u small island on the n. entrance
of the channel, (point Alderton and Nantasket
heights being on the \.), and is about 65 feet high.
To steer for it from cape (Jod, the course is .v. ii. u\
when within one league of the cape ; from cape
Cod to the light-house is about 16 leagues; froii>
cape Ann the course is s. !t\ distant tiii leagues.
A cannon is h dged and mounted at the iirht-
house to answer signals. Only seven of the islands
in the buy are within the jurisdiction of the Iovm;,
and taxed with it, viz. Noddle's, Hog, l-ong,
Deer, Spectacle, (iovernor's, and Apple isfimls.
The wharfs and quays in Boston are about SO
in number, and very convenient for vessel,
liong wharf, or Boston i)ier, in particular, ex-
tends from the bottjin of Slate street I713 feet into
the harbour in a straight line. The breaddi is
101 feet. At the end are 17 feet of water at ebb
tide. Adjoining (o this v.liarf «m the w. is a con-
venient wharf called iMinol'sT, from the ?:>mc
of its former proprietor and its form. Vessels are
supplied here will* fresh Mater from a well sur-
rounded by salt water, which has been dug at a
great ex pence. l,ong wharf in every respect ex-
cee«ls any thing of tlie kind in the Uniteil Stales.
In IVbrnary I7n(j, a comi)aiiy was incorporated
to cut a canal between this harbour and Boxbury,
which is neaily con. ;>le(<'il. Charles river and
West Boston bridges are liiglil, useful and orna-
meiilal to Boston; and both are on Charles river. 1

Hii^i*!:''!

'i I .s

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BOS

[wliicli minsjlps its waters willi fliosc of Mystic
river, in Hostoii harbour. Clrarles river bridge
connects Uoston witii C/lmrlehfowii in Middlesex
county, and is 1503 feet lonjj, i'2 feet broacJ,
btMidsoa 75 piers, and cost the snl)scribcrs 50,000
dollars. It was opened June 19, 1787.

Fret lovs;.
West Hoston bridj^e stands on 180 piers, is JISJ
Uridgc over the po^N ' ^ piers, ... i>75
Abutment, Boston side, ...... 87 [

Causeway, ...---.^.. 334
Distance from the end of the causeway to

Cambridge meeting-house, - - - - 7810
AVidth of the bridgt, 40

This beautiful bridge exceeds the other as mueli
ill elegance as in length, and cost the subscribers
76,700 dollars. Both bridges have draws for the
admission of vessels, and lamps for the benefit of
evening passengers. Seven free schools are sup.
ported here at the ])ublic expence, in which the
children of every class of citizens may freely asso-
ciate together. 'I'lie numi)er of sciiolars is comput-
ed at about I'OO, of which I(jO arc taught l^atin,
&c. There are besides these many private schools.
The principal societies in the conimonwcallh hoKl
their meetings in this town, and arc, the marine
society, American academy of arts and sciences,
Massiichiiselts agricultural society, Massachusetts
charitable society, Boston Kpi'copai charitable
society, Massachusetts historical society, society
for propagating the gospel, Massnchuselts congre-
gational society, medical society, hiiniaiie st)ciely,
Boston library society, Uoston mechanic associa-
tion, society for tiie aid of emigrants, charitable
fire society, and seven respectable lodges of tree
and accepted masons. The toreign and domestic
trade of Bc^iton is very consideraljle, to sujiport
which there arc three banks, viz. the branch ol the
Tnited Stat«-s bank, the Union, and the Massa.
cluisetts bank ; the latter consists of SOO shares of
.WO dollars, equal to lOC^OOO; the capital of the
Union bank is 1, 200,(100 dollars, 4()(),0C()()t which
are the property of I lie stale. In I7S4 liie entries
of foreign and coasting vessels were 'i7'?, and the
clearances 450. In 17^)4 the entrii-s liom loreign
ports were 5G7. In 175)5 these entries amounted
to 7tij, of which the ships were y(j, barques 3,
snows J), polacrc I, brigs 185, (logger I, schooners
Sti'i, shallop I, and sloops ()5. To the principal
inanulactures, above enumerated, we may add
loaf-sugar, Ijeer, sail-cloth, lordage, wool, and
cotton cards, iilaying cards, pot and pearl ashes,
paper han<rings, pl;i(e, glass, tobacco, and cho-
colate. There are .')0 «listilleri('s, two breweries,
eight sugar-houtes, and eleven rope-walks.

T O N.'

17?

lOight years ago, the intercourse with the country
barely requiri-d two stages and twelve liorx.s, on
the great road between this and New Haven, dis-
tant l()4 miles; whereas there are now 'iO car-
riages and 100 horses employed. T"he number
of the didi'ient stages thiit run through the week
from this town i» upwards of ii'O ; about 10 years
ago there were only three. Attempts have been
made to change the government o*' the town from
its present form to that of a city, but this mea-
sure, not according with the democratic spirit of
the people, has as yii tailed. At an annual meet-
ing in March, nine select men arc chosen for the
government of the town; at the same time are
chosen a town-clerk, a treasurer, 1"^ overseers ol
the poor. 21 tire wards, 12 clerks of the market,
12 scavengers, 12 constables, besides a number
of other oflicers. If the inhabitants do not ruiip
all the advantages they have a right to expect from
their numerous ollicers, it is said that it is not t()r
want of wholesome laws for the regulation of the
weights, measures, and quality of piovisi(ms, or
other branches of police, but because the laws
are not put in execution. Besides those called
trained bands, there are four other military com-
jianies in Boston, viz. the ancient and honourable
artillery company, the cadets, fusileers, and
artillery. The ancient and honourable artillery
company was incorporated in l(i38, and the elec-
tion of a captain and ollicers oi it for the year is on
the first Monday ill .hine annually, which is ob-
served hennas a day of festivity. Several ollicers
in the American army, who signalized themselves
in the late war, received tlu;ir first knowledge of
tactics in this military school. Boston was called
Shaiimut by tlie Indians; Trimountain by the
settlers in Cliarlestown, Iroin the view of its three
hills ; and liatl its present name in t(it.( n of respe«:t
t(» the Hev. Mr. ('otton, a minister of Moston in
iaiglaiul, and afterwards minister of the first
church here. Boston has suffered severely by
numerous fires, the houses being mostly built of
wood. The last large fire happened July 30,
1794, and consumed 9(j houses, rope-walks, Sec.
and theiiccoMiit of losses given in by tin; sufli'rers
amounted to 2('Jl,S(jl d<»llars. liostoii fids a
pride in having given birth to Benjnmin I'ranklin,
and a number otOthcr patii'ts, who were among
the most active and iiilluential characters in eft'ect-
iiig the r<"volntio!i. )

[Boston Corner, a tract of land adjoiniui^
mount Washington, Berkshire county, Massachu-
setts, rontaining 07 inl.a')il:in(s.]

[Boston, iS'r.w, a lownship in Hillsborough
county, New 'lainpshire, containii g i',02 iiilia-

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BOW

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bitants, 12 miles s. to. by w. from Amuskceg falls,
60 miles w. of Portsmouth, and a like dibtance n. w.
of Boslori.]

BOTEN Creek, a small river of the province and
government of Giiayana, in the Dutch possessions.
[BOTETOURT, a county in Virginia, on the
Blue ridge, j». of which are the Sweet springs,
about 43 miles from the Warm springs, its cliief
town is Fincastle.]

BOTIN, a settlement of tlie kingdom of Nueva
Espafiii, and province of Culiacan, near the capi*
tal town of tliis name.

BOTONN, a settlement of the island of Bar-
badoi's.

[BOTTLEHILL, avillasein Somerset county,
New Jersey, two miles n. zo. liom Ciiatliam, and
15 n. ffi. of Elizabeth town.]

BOUCAN-BIIOU, Rio dkl, a river in the island
of St. Domingo, in the French possessions. 1 1 is
small, rises in the w. coast, and runs by a zc. course
into the sea, bcitween the river of Los Naranjos
and the bay of Los Flamencos.

BOUCASIN, a mountain of the islnnd of St.
Domingo, in the French possessions, near the coast
of the to. head of the point of Arjicahv.

BOUKFUKA, a settlement of Indians of S.
Carolina, situate at the source of the river of
Pearls,
mercial establishment.

BOUCHERUILLE, a fort of the French, in
the province and country of the Iroquecs Indians,
on tlie shore of the river St. Lawrence, opposite
the island of Montreal.

[BOUDOIR, Lf, a small island in the Pacific
ocean, Int. 17° 52' s. long, from Paris, 15° 'J5' w.
discovered, April 2, 17(j8, by Bougainville. This
island, the year before, had been discovered by
'Wa'li'!, and named Osnabnrg. The natives call
it Maiten, according to tlie n port of Captain
Cook, who visited il in 1769. (^niris discovered
this island in 1606, and called it La Dczuna. Sec
OsNAifunoii.]

BOU(tA I NEVILLE, llio de, a river in the
ix.ilvine or Falkland islands. It was discovered
and thus named by a n.aval captain, Don Luis de
Bougainville, in 1763. It runs into the sea througli
a bay in the largest of th'^se islands.

[BouciAiNviM.ii's Straits are at the « zo. end
of the isles of Solomon.]

[BOUGIE Inlet, on the coast of N. Carolina,
between Core sound and Litile inli t.]

BOUKHOUiMA, a small river ot the jirovince
and government of Louisiana, \Wiich runs s. be-
tween the rivers of Pearls and l^stapacha, and
enters the sea in the bay of St. Louis.

The English have in it a fort and a com-

BOULANGER, two small islands of the N.
sea, situate within the bay and port of the great
Culde Sac in the island of Guadalupe.

BotLANGER, a small river of the island of
Guadaiup-*, whic;. runs n. e. and enters the sea
in the '-ay and port of the great Cul de Sac, on
the w. si(le of that island.

[BOUNDBROOK, avillage in Somerset coun-
iy, New Jersey, on the n. bank of Rariton
river.]

BOUQUETS, Croix Dr:s, a settlement and
parish of the French, in Iheir possessions in the
island of St. Domingo, and of the jurisdiction of
cape Franres.

[BOURBON, a county laid out and orga-
nized in the year J 785 by the state of Geoi-gia,
in the s. w. corner ol tlu; state, on the Mississippi,
inf'uding the Natchez country. The laws of
Ge rgia were never carried into effect in this
country, and it has been under the jurisdiction of
the Spaniards since their conquest of this part of
the country in J780, till it was given up to the
UnKed States by the treaty of 1795. The law of
Georgia, establishing the county of Bourbon, is
now in force. See Louisiana.]

[BouKBON Fort, in the island of Martinico in
the West Indies.]

[Bourbon (/ounty, in Kentucky, between
Licking and Kentucky rivers, contains 1B?1 iuha*
bitants, including 908 slaves.]

[Bouubon, a i)«>st-town and capital of the
above county, stands on a point ol land formed by
two of the *. branches of Lickmg river; 22
miles w. e. of Lexington, 21 f. of Lebanon,
and 749 w. s. zc. from Philadelphia, and contains
about 60 houses, a Baptist church, a court-house,
and gaol. There are several valuable mills in its
vicinity]

BOURSAUL, a river of the island of Guada-
lupe. It rises in the s. e. mountains, runs j. e.
and enters the sea between the rivers of the Goy-
aves and the Petite Pluine.

BOW, a township of the English in the pro-
vince of Hampshire, situate on the shore of the
river Pennycook, opposite the mouth of that of
Contocook.

[Bow is a township in Rockingham county,
New Hampshire, on the ii\ bank of Merrimack
river, a little s. of Concord, b'3 miles from
Portsmouth. It contuins 56** irdiab tants.]

[IJOWDOIN', a Unvnship in Lincoln county,
district of Maine, on the n. e bank of Andro-coggin
river, di taut from York n. e. 36 miles, anti from
the monlli of Kennebeck river 6 miles, ;ind Itid
/{. e. of Boston. It coatuins 98J inhabita;it.s.]

• ^'

county,
'irimack
from

BOY

[BOWDOINIIAM, a (ownsliip in Lincoln
county, district of Maine, separated from Powrial-
liorough e. and Woolwich s. e. by Kenncbock
river. It 1^8 455 inhabitants, and ties 171 miles
u. e. from Uostoii]

[BOWMNG Green, a villagjc in Virginia,
on the post -mad, 22 niilfs s, of Fredericksburg',
48 ». ol Kichmond, and 23 n. of Hanover court-
house.]

JiOXACA, a settlement of the corresrimiento
of Bogota in the Nucvo Reyno de Granada. It
is of an extremely cold temperature, produces
wheat, maize, barley, papas-, and other fruits
of a cold climate: contains 200 housekeepers and
170 Indians, and is six leagues to the s. e, of
Santa Fe.

[BUXB JROUCH, a township in Mi.ldlesex
county, M.)ssachusi((s, containing4l2 inhai 'lants,
SO miles n. zi\ from Biislon.]

[BOX FORD, a small township in Essex coun-
ty, Massachusetts, having 925 inhabitants. It
lies on the s. e. hide of Merrimack river, seven
miles a), of Ni wb\iry port. In the southeriunost
of its two parishes is a blomary.]

BOXOLEO, a river o( the province and go-
vernment of Popa^ an. It is in the ,». part, runs
from e. to w. and is passed by a fori! ;it the route
which leads from Pasto to Popayiin. It unites
itself with Esmita, and these together enter the
Quilca.se.

BOVACA, a settlement of the province and
rorns;ini enio of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de
Graniida. It is of a cold tenipeniture, jirodnces
in moderation wheat, maize, vetches, and ;ipples,
and with the latter of which the place abounds ;
butiis principal traffic is in lime, wliich is made
in abundance for the whole province, and (or
Santa Fe, being the best that can be made. It
contains somewhat more than 25 housekeepers
and 80 Indians, whose glory it is that their an-
cestors alone, in the obscurity of gentilism, had
any notion of a Supreme Being, the author of all
ere ited, one in essence and three in person. Thus
it was that they adored a htiman image with three
heads. It is distant an ho\ir and an half's journey
*. of Tunja. It was taken and sacked by (iouzalo
Ximinez de Qucsada in 1537.

[BOYLSrON, a township in Worcester
county, Massachusetts, having 839 inhabitants,
10 miles n. c. of Worcester, and 45 u. :o. of Bos-
ton. It was incorporated in 178(), having l)een a
parish of Shrewsbury since 1742, and contains by
survey 14,390 acres of land, well watered, and of
a rich soil.]

BRA

Ifl

BOZA, a settlement and head settlement of the
corre^imiento of this name in the Nuevo Reyno de
(I'ranada. It is of a cold temperature, but healthy
aiid delightfully pleasant, from whence it was
chosen, at certain seasons, as a place of recrea-
tion by the viceroy of that kingdom, Don Joseph
de Soils, who was fond of duck-hunting; in
which fowl it aliounded, as well as in all the pro-
ductions of a cold climate. It has some very
good pastures for cattle, contains upwards of lOO
housekeepers, and as many Indians, and its juris*
diction compreheruls six other settlements. It it
three leagues ,^. of Santa Fe.

BozA, another settlement of the island of Ciiba,
on the w. coast, Iwtwcen the settlement of Maza
and the bay of Nipe.

BOZAIRU, a village and settlement of the
Portuguese, in the prt-vince and captainship of
Pernambuco in Brazil, situate near the sea-coast.

fBO/RA, a town in New London county,
Connecticut, formerly a parish in the town of
Norwich, 36 miles e. from Hartford.]

BRAtJUAFNDA, a river of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres. It nms w. and en-
ters the Uruguay between the rivers Yacui and
Cavayama.

[BItADDOCK'SField, the place where Gen.
Braddock, with the first division of his army,
consisting of 1400 men, fell into an ambuscade of
400 men, chiefly Indians, by whom he was de-
feated and mortally wounded, July 9, 1755. The
American militia, who were disdainfuly turned
in the rear, continued unbroken, and served as a
rear-guard, and, under Col. Washington, the late
president of the United States of America, pre-
served the regulars from being entirely cut off.
It is yituate on Turtle creek, on the n. e. bank of
ISTonongahela river, six miles e. *. e. from Pitts-
burg.]

[BiiADnocK's Bay, on the s. side of lake On-
tario, 42 miles w. from Great Sodus, and 65 e. from
fort Niagara.]

BilADFORD, East and Wi st, are townships
in Chester county, Pennsylvania.]

BiiADFonD, a township in Essex county, Mas-
sachusetts, situate on tl.e s. side of Merrimack
river, opposite Haverhill, and 10 miles a', of New-
bury port. It has two parishes, and 1371 inha-
bitants. Quantities of leather shoes are made here
for exportation ; and in the lower parish some ves-
sels are built. Several streams fall into the Merri-
mack tVoin this town, which support a number of
mills ot various kinds.

[BftADfoiiD, a towLohip in Hillsborough

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. II

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182

BRA

inM

county, New Iliimpshirc, containing ^17 inliabi<
taats, incorporutcd in 1760; 20 miles e. ot'CIiurles-
town.j

[BiiADFORD, a township in Orange county,
Vermont, on the w. bank of Connecticut rirer,
about 20 miles above Dartmouth coUejjc, havinjir
65i inhabitants. There is a remarkable ledge of
rocki; in this township, as much as 200 feet high.
It appears to hang over, and threaten the traveller
as he passes. The space between this ledge and
Connecticut river is scarcely wide enough for a
road.]

[BRAG A, Ha, now For; Dauphin, in the
island of Cuba.]

JJIIAGADO, a small river of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres, which runs s. and
enters the Parana to the s, of the city of Santu Fe.

[BltAINTKEl!), a township in Orange county,
Vermont, lies 75 miles ??. e. of Bennington. It
johis Kingston r^;. Uandolpli on the e. and con-
tains 221 inhabitants.]

[BiiAiNTaEEjOne of the most ancient townships
in Norfolk county, in the state of Massachusetts,
was settled in 1G25, and then called Mount Woo-
laston, from the name of its foumici. It lies on a
bay, eight mi!cs e. of s. from JJoslon, and con-
tained, before its division, 400 houses and 2771 in-
habitants. Great quantities of granite stones are
sent to Boston from tliis town for sale. The bay
abounds with ti^h and sea fowl, and particularly
brants. This town is noted for having produced,
in former and latter times, the first cliaracters both
in church and slate ; and in distant ages will de-
rive no small degree of fame, for having given
birth to John Adanis, the first vice-preshlent, and
the second president of the United States of Ame-
rica; a man highly distinguished for his patriot-
ism as a citizen ; his justice, integrity, and ta-
lents, as a lawyer ; his profound and extensive
erudition as a writer ; and his disccrmncnt, firm-
ness, and success, as a foreign minister and states-
man.]

BliAMADOR, Cicano, a mountain of the pro-
vince and corrcgimieiito of Coquinibo in the king-
dom of Chile, to the v. of the town of Copiapo.

BRANCO, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Guayana, in the Portuguese pos-
sessions.

[IJRVNCO Di; Malamiso, a town in the
provinci' «)/ St. Murta in Tiorra Firme, S. Ame-
rica. It IS a place of great (rade, and seated on
the river Magdalena, 75 miles ti. of Cartagena,
and is a bishop's see. It has a good harbour.
Lat. 1 1" 40' n. LoDsr. 75' ^0' «. I

BRA

[BRANDY Pots, arc isles, so called, in tht
river St. Lawrence, 40 leagues below Qucliec.]

Branbv Wink, a large and convenient port
of the province of Pennsylvania.

Bkandy Wine, a small river of the same pro-
vince and colony, which runs s. s. e.and enters Iho
Delaware.

[BuANDY Wine Creek falls into Christiana
creek from the n. at Wilmington, in Delaware
state, about 25 miles from its n. and n. w. sources,
which both rise in Chester c(mnty, Pennsylvania.
This creek is famous for a bloody battle, fought
Sept. II, 1777, between the British and Ameri-
cans, which lasted nearly the whole diiy, and the
latter were defeated with considerable loss ; but it
was far from being of that decisive kind which
people had been led to expect, in the event of a
meeting between the hostile armies on nearly
equitl terms, both as to numbers and the nature
of the ground on which each army was situated.
It was ifought at Chadd's ford, and in the neigh-
bourhood of, and on, the strong grounds at Bir-
mingham church. Sec Di;lawaiik, for an ac-
count of the celebrated mills on this creek.]

[Branoy Wine, a township inChcstcr county,
Pcimsylvanii.]

BRANFOltD, a township of the English in the
province of Connecticut, one of the four of New
Jingland, situate on the side of the strait of Long
island. This township is in New Haven comity,
considerable for its iron works. It lies on the s.
side of a river of the same name, which runs into
Long island sound, 10 miles e. from New Haven,
and 40.?. of Hartford.

fIJRASS d'Oh, called also Labrador, a lake
which forms into arms and branches, in the island
of Cape lireton, or Sydney, and opens an easy
communication with all parts of the island. See
IJitETON, Cape.]

[Brass Island, one of the smaller Virgin islands,
situated near the «. w, end of St. Thomas's island,
on which it is dependent.]

[Brass Town, in the state of Teimessee, is situ-
ated on the head waters of Hiwassee river, about
100 miles s. from Knoxville. Two miles s. from
this town is the Enchanted mountahi, much famed
for the curiosities on its rocks. See Enchanted
Monntain.]

[IJRA rTLEBOROUGH, a considerable town-
ship and post-town in Windham coiuity, Ver-
mont, having 1589 inhabitants ; on the w. bank
of Connecticut river, about 28 miles e. of Ben-
nington, (il ». of Springfield in Massachusetts, and
3li fiom Philadelphia. Lat. 42^ 52' n.

. , , !!

BRA

183

fousht

islands,
island,

is si(n-
ubout
s. from
;h famed

[ANTED

f. lown-
Vor-

BK.VVA, Punt A, an extremity of (lie island of
Triiiidful, wliicli lies in the ji'. front of the itmer
bay of liie ijulf Triste, in the province and go-
veriinicnt of Cumana.

iJ'iAVA, a point or cape of the island of Cuba.

Hrava, 11 lake of the province and jroverii-
niont of Buenos Ayres, on the shore of the river
Saladiilo.

HIiAVO, ii large and abundant river of (lie
kingdom of Nneva Espufia, which rises in 40^
20' M. hit. and runs s. til! it enters the sea in
the bay of Mexico, in 25'' 55'. [Under the 10^
of latitude, the sources of the Rio del Norte, or
liio liravo, are Oidy si.'paratcd from the sour<;csof
(he Rio Colorado by a mountainous tract of from
1'2 to 13 leagues of l)readth. This tract is the
continuation of the cordiUcru of the Cranes, which
stretches towards (he sierra Verde and the lake of
'J'impanoijos, celebrated in (lie Mexican history.
The Rio S. Rafael and the Rio S. Xavier are the
principal sources of (he river Zaguananas, which,
witli the Rio dc Nabajoa, forms the Rio Colorado :
tlic latter has its embouchure in the gulf of Cali-
fornia. These regions, abounding in rock-salt,
were examined in 1777 by two travellers lidl of
zeal and intrepidity, monks of the order of St.
Francis, Father F^scalantc and Father Antonio
\'e!ez. Rut however interesting the Rio Zagua-
nanas and the Rio del Norte may one day become
tor the internal conmierce of this w. part of New
Spain, and however easy the carriage may be
across the mountains, no connnunication will ever,
i; is thought, result frmn it, comparable to that
opi'ned directly from sea to sea.

UiiAVo, another river in the province and go-
vc;nment of Maracaibo. it is one of the arms of
the (yatacumbo, which enters in a large body into
the great lake.

Ijuavo, anotlier, of the alcahlia jw^yor of Tam-
pico in Nueva Espa-Ja, it rises in the mountains
of that jurisdiction, ami runs into the sea.

RiiAVo, a lake of (lie ])rovince and government
of liucnos Ayres, which is a pool formed by the
river Tandil, near the coast of the I'atagones.

iJUAZlL, a kingdom of S. America, situate in
the torrid zone, extcniling from (he mouth of (he
large river Maranon, or Amazonas, to that of lia
Plata, from 2"^ rt. to 35"^ s. of (he equinoctial line,
it is of a triangular figure, two of its sides, (lie n.
and f. being bounded by the sea, and the tliird,
which is the greater, istlie line of demarcation be-
tween this kingdom, which belongs to the crown of
I'ortugal, and the dominions of tlie king of Spain,
'i'liis country was iliscovered by Vincente \ afiez
Pinzon in J 1U8 ; afterwards by Diego Lopez in 1500 ;

by Americo Vcspuoio in 1501 ; and by Pedro Al-
varez Caliral in 1502, who was by chance sailing
for the \u. Indies, lie gave it the name of Santa
Cruz, in nienmry of the day on which it was dis-
covered ; this, however, it did not retain, and it
has Ijeen called continually Brazil, from the
al)undaiice of fine wood of this name ibiind in it.
On the death of the king Don Sebastian, (his king-
dom, as forming a part of the dominion of Portu-
gal, came to Philip ill. by inheritance, as belong-
ing to the crown of Cast ille. The Dutch, under
the command of the prince of Nassau, made them-
selves masters of the greater part of it ; but this
loss was again recovered by the Spanisii and Por-
tuguese, after a bloody war of many years dura-
tion, when it was restored to the dominion of tiie
latter by a treaty of general ])cace. it is divided
into 14 proviiic(!s or captainships, which are, Rio
Janeiro, Todos Santos, Ilheos, Parayba, Para,
Marailan, Espiritu Santo, itamaraca, Seara,
Puerto Seguro, I'ernambuco, Sergipe del Rej',
San Vincente, and Rio Grande; and in these arc
12 cities, 67 towns, and an infinite number of
small settlements and villages, divided into four
bishoprics, suffragan to an archbishop ; and be-
sides these there is the district of San Pablo de los
Mamclucos, which is governed after the manner
of a republic, with some subordination to the
crown of Portugal. Also there are the districts of
Dele and l*etaguey, which being in the centre of
the captainship of Seara, belong to the barbarians,
and to some Portuguese who are independent «)f
tiie jurisdiction of Rey. The French, in 158i,
established them.>>elves in l*aray ba, the Rio Grande,
and (^"anabata, from whence they were driven out
by (he Portuguese in IGOO. In 1012, however,
they returned to construct a fortress in the island
of Maranon, with the name of San Luis, which
was taken by tiie Dutch, and afterwards by the
Portuguese in Iblti. I'rom that time this king-
dom hiis belonged to the crown of Portugal, and
has given title to the heir a|)parent, who is called
Prince of Brazil, it has many fine rivers, and
many huge, safe, and convenient ports ; but tlie.se
are dilHcnlt to be entered, on account of the rocks
and (juicksands which abound on (he coast. The
interior of this kingdom is uncultivated, full of
woods, mountains, and lakes; inhabited by wan-
dering nations, for the most j)art savage, and who
kept up a continual warfare Avith the Portuguese ;
some, however, have been civilized by the missions
that have been established among them by the
venerable leather .)osei>h de Ancheta, of the com-
pany of Jesuits, who has been called the VV/wwrt-
turs^o [the word alluding to a saint of the fourth

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18i

BRA Z I L.

century, called Gregory Tliaiiinatiirgus, from the
miracles he is said (o ijcrforinj of Jirazil, mid by
Father Antonio de Vieira, a celebrated orator.
Tliese savage Indians feast upon the bodies of
those whom they take in battle, fancying that they
thereby revenge tlie deaths of their parents or re-
lations who may have fallen under the hands of tlie
enemy. They enjoy a long life, not only from the
salubrity of the climate, but Irom the temperance
which is usual amongst them. They are poly-
gamists, and all of them, men as well as women,
go naked. They believe in the creation of the
world and the deluge ; and llicy think that there
is a par" disc beyond their mountains, where tiiey
live for ever in sensual enjoyments, such as sing-
ing, dancing, &c. They have a very great terror
of the devil, who, they aflirm, appears to them in
an horrible shape, and whom they call in tiicir
language agnian. They have neither king nor
prince, and in liicir ailUirs of state the decision
always rests with the clderj, who are universally
reverenced and esteemed amongst (hem. Their
weapons arc bows and arrow s, and cimeters, or, as
they call them, inacanas. When they move from
one quarter to another, the wife carries the amis,
and the children the hanmioc, which is a net
made of the baik of plants, wliicli, being tied to
two trees at its extremities, serves them for house
and bed in their travels. They niaiiitain them-
selves by tl' 3 chase and by fishing, 'llie greater
part of them are of a fierce aspect, which tlicy in-
crease by adorning themselves with the teeth and
bones of monkeys, and with black and reil paint,
which they smear over their (aces and botlies.
They are of a lofty stature, robust, well made, and
of an extraordinary agility in running. The tem-
perature of this country is very unequal ; for to-
wards the w. it is very warm and unhealthy. The
soil is extremely fertile, and when cultivated yields
every thing for the convenience and luxury of life.
After the fine gold and diamond mines wilh which
this country abounds were discovered, the natives
gave themselves up entirely to the working of them,
despising the culture of the land, and looking for
the necessary supplies of food from other parts.
Its principal productions may be reduced to sugar,
maize, cotton, tobacco, indigo, ipecacuana, balsam
of copaive, and Brazil-wood ; of this last consists
the principal branch of its connnerce, as well with
the English as the Dutch, and to the coast of
Africa as well as Europe. From the latter three
fleets set out annually, one for Pernambuco, an-
other for Rio Janeiro, and a third for the bay of
Todos Santos ; from whence, upon their return, they
join and make for Portugal, loaded wilh immejise

treasures. [Thescfleds liave ceased to make th( ir
voyages.] After the expulsion of the Dutch, (his
country was, as it were, for atimc disregard«'d by
its possessors ; for they had not as yet ascertained
or discovered its rich mines ; ai least not before the
year 1685. The niinistcr of Portugal was well
aware of the utility that would be derived to his
country by the territories of this kingdom being
well alloKed andcullivated, and that by establish-
ing the capital in the bay of Todos Santos, it
would be extremely convenient and centrical for
the purposes of commerce; but the rigour and
cruelty with which the first founders treated the
poor Indians, were a sullicient obstr.cle against his
bringing about his laudable designs. The Mi/s.
tecs, who are the descendants of the Spaniards and
the natives, having kept on good terms with both
])arties, were the means by which all things were
brought to a mutual reconciliation. The govern-
ment was then vested in some priests of acknow-
ledged virtue : these immcdiatley scattered (hem-
selves over the whole coast, foundiiigsettlemcnts,and
penetrating into the interior; they first discovered
the different gold mines, which have been since
worked (o such prodigious emolument; as also
tlu; mines of diamonds, topazes, and other precious
slones. This kingdom abounds in birdi>, exqui-
site t\ot less for the beauty of their plumage than
for the sweetness of their note; in many kinds of
rare animals, in vipers ar.d venomous insects, and
•1 an incredible number of tigers ami monkeys of
a 1 sorts. It abounds also in every kind of pulse
and fruit; and amongst these, the pine is most
exquisite. This kingdom is governed by a vice-
roy appointed by the king of Portugal, and who
is always one of the head of the nobility of that
kingdom ; his residence being in the city of St.
Salvador, which is the capital. [The trade of
Hrazil is very great, and incicasos every year.
They imjjort as many as 40,000 Negroes annually.
The cx|)orts of Hrazil are diamonds, gold, sugar,
tobacco, hides, drugs, and medicines ; and they
receive in return woollen goods of all kinds,
linens, laces, silks, hats, lead, tin, pewter, copper,
iron, beef, and cheese. They also receive from
Madeira a great quantify of wine, vinegar, and
brandy ; and from the Azores 25,000/. worth of
other liquors. The gold and diamond mines arc
but a recent discovery ; they were first opened in
IfiSl, and have since yielded above five millions
sterling annually, of which a fifth part belongs to
the crown. These, with the sugar plantations,
occupy so many hands, that agriculture lies ne-
glected, and Brazil depends upon Europe lor U>
daily bread; although before the discovery otj

BRAZIL.

tlicsc mines, the soil was found very sufllcicnt for
siibsistinir tlie inliubitniits. The diaiiiotids hcrt*
an* ikmIIi'T so hard nor so clcnr as (liusuoftlic
East Indies, neitlier do tliey sparkle so inucli, but
(Iiey arc wJiiler ; tlic Jirnzilian dinnionds arc sold
JO perceiil. cheaper tlian (he oriental ones, sup-
posing (he wciijbt.s to be equal. The crown rcve-
juie arising from (his colony amoun(s annually (u
two millions sterling in f o'.I, i( some la(c writers
arc (o be credited, besides (lie duties and customs
on m(!rchandi/e imported Irom that quarter. This
indeed is more than a fidh of the precious metal
produced by (he mines; bu(, every other conse-
quent advantage considered, it probably does not
ranch exceed (he truth. Tlie Portug\iesc here live
in (lie i,H)s( efi'eminatc hixnry. When people ap-

1)Ciir al.oad, (hey are carried in a kind of coKon
lanimo'-s, called serpcndnes, which are borne on
Ney roes' shoulders, ^inular (o palanquins in India.
Tl;e |jor(rait drawn of the manners, customs, and
morals of (hat nation in America, by judicious tra-
vcl'crs, is very far frou being favourable. For a
detailed his(oiy of (his couniij', see the end of the
following ca(a!ngiie ]

Catalogue of (he barbarous Nadons and principal
Places of the kingdom of Rrazil.
Barbarous Nations. Vaimorcs,

Amacaches,

Amixocores,

Annaci,oris, "

Apotons,

Apnyes,

Aqniguircs,

Aracurcs,

Arapes,

Arycs,

Angaras,

fjiuns(acasios,

Margajates,

I\Iaribuces,

Mariquites,

Obacatiaras,

I'etianares,

Quirignjes,

Siguarcs,

Tapuycs,

I ibuares,

Tobaxares,

Tocandnes,

Toniomimes,

Toparos,

Topinambos,

Tiipi(|ues,

\ iiyanabasones,

VOL. I.

Viatanis.

Cities,
An^ra,
Arracife,
C'omuta,
(j!«)yana,
Ciran Para,
llheos,
Janeiro,
Ma(agroso,
Paraiba,

Per/ianibuco Qlinda,
Puerto Seguro,
San T/uis del Maranan,
San Pablo,
San Salvador,
San Vicente,
Seregipe,
Siara,

Espiiilu Santo,
Todos Santos.

Jikers.
Alagoa,
Aniembi,
Arari,
Araxay,
Aruguaya,

Bibirice,
Camuri,
Capi,
Cirigi,

Contas,

Cunhao,

Cururui,

Dulcc,

De los Uhcos,

Duiia,

Galiolo,

(Jrnnde,

G'uaraiguazu,

Ipoche,

.Faneiro,

J-agnaribe,

Maracu,

Martin,

Meari,

Mongaguaba,

Meni,

Muju,

Ovaquezupi,

Paranaiba,

Parapinzingaa,

Parashui,

Paraiba,

Padpc,

Pa(ipinga,

Paxaca,

Periperi,

Pinare,

Ponica,

Poyuca,

Rio Real,

San I'rancisco, .

San Miguel,

Tapados,

Tapocuru,

Tocantines,

Trcmbi,

Varirin,

Vazubazas,

Vermcllas, or Ipcnin,

Yari,

Inny-i,

l(apenieri,

Yucaru.

flfiiies.

Oeracs, gold,
Cuayaz, diamond,
]VIa(o-gros, gold,
Picurn, silver.

Promontories.
Blanco,
i.'orso,
Frio,
Ledo,
Po(ocalmo,
San Iloque,
San Agustin,
Sousa.

Ports.
Cayvo,
Itio . Janeiro,
Para,

San Luis dc Marnnan,
San Salvador, or La Ba-
li ia de Todos Santos,
Seregipe,
Taniaraca,
Tojuqua.

Islands.
Asuncion,
Cananea,
Cadierina, .
Del Ciallo,
Dc los llheos,
(j'oare,
Grande,
Machiann,
Mangnau,
Marayo,
Maricana,
Martin Vas,
Norona,
Picos,

.San Salvador,
Santa Ana,
San An(oiiio,
Santa Barbara,
Sipotnba,
Espiritu Santo,
Taparica,
Tati|)ara,
Trinidad,
I'lpaya,
Ygarapotoe.

Cnvaba, diamond,

iiisliops who have presided in Brazil up io (he
3'ear 1722 ; [also the names of some who have '
governed since (hat period.]
1. Don Caspar Barata de Mciidoza, elected firit

B K

i i

fiK

;■('■

t'4

f : ><■

y\f ;

I ■

i1..'''='

'• i-i

il5

■ : '',1 ■ • » I

' f .'

1.1 ■ «

I fihkul t;'- K'

if', 'ii^ ^: li

186

BRAZIL.

archbisliop in 1677 : lie took possession of his np-
pointmeiit through his procurator only, for lie died
before he reached it.

2. Don Fr. J uan Do la Madre de Dios, of the order
of St. Francis; a provincial in that order, preacher
to the king, and examiner of the military orders ;
noted as i)eing one of the most pleasing and elo-
quent orators of his time: he took possession of
tlie archbishopric in 1()83, and governed only tiirce
years, since he died in a plague which tlien pre-
vailed, in 1686.

3. Don Fr. Manuel de la Resurrcccion, colle-
gian of San Pedro, doctor in canons and laws,
canon of the holy church of Laniego, and de-
puty of the holy office of the inquisition : disen-
gaging himself from the world, lie quitted these
dignities, and entered the convent of Varatojo,
where the fame of his virtues caused him to be
elected archbishop of La Haliia. He entered his
office in 1688, and died in 1691.

4. Don Juan Franco de Olivcira, promoted to
the archbishopric of Angola : he was adorned with
this metropolitan mitre for eight years, from
1692 to 1700, when he returned to Portugal to
take that of the diocese of Miranda.

5. Don Sebastian Montciro de Vide, "who had
belonged to the company of Jesuits, but who, be-
ing expelled from the same, gave himself up to a
military life, and became captain of infantry : be-
ing disgusted with this, he ajiplied himself to study
in the university of Coimbra, ami again embraced
an ecclesiastical state. In this he held diflcrcnt
commissions, and he was at last prior of Santa
Marina, and vicar-general of the arclibishoprir
of Lisbon, from whence he was elected to be tlie
archbishop of La Bahia in 1702, where he go-
verned with great address for the space of 20
years, notwithstanding tlie afflicting and severe
disorder which confined him nearly the whole of
this time to his chamber, and of which he died ia
1722.

[Don Luis Alz de Figueredo. in 1795.
Don Joseph Fialho.
Don Joseph Botello de Matos.
Don Joaquin Borges de Figueroa.
Don Antonio Corrca.
Governors, Viceroys, and Captains-general, who
have presided in Brazil till the year 1722 ;
[also the names of some who have since go-
verned.!
1. Tome de Sousa, a subject of Portugal, of
noble birth, mIio had served with great renown in
the expeditions of Africi and Asia : he was elected
lijthc king, Don Juan IlL to establish the govern-

ment in Brazil, in 1549 ; and this he effected wilh
great skill, unti!, in 1553, he was recalled to Lis-
bon, and proi'.ioted to the office of master of the
horse to the voyal family.

2. Don Duarte de Costa, chief armourer of the
king : he entered his office in 1553, and governed
until 1558, when he was succeeded by,

3. Mcndo de Sa, an illustrious branch of the
house of the Marquises of Abrantcs : he was elected
on account of his singular attainments, learning,
and military prowess ; though even these were ex-
ceeded by the happy establishments, the founda-
tions of settlements, and the brilliance of con-
quests to which he was accessary in Brazil during
the 14 years of bis reign ; he died in 1572, at
Bahia, universally regretted.

4. Don Luis de Vasconcelos : he died at sea,
and before he could reach his destined situation,
owing to the misfortunes and long voyage of the
ill-omened fleet in which he had embarked.

5. Luis Brito de Almeida, in whose time the
mines of diamonds and topazes were first disco-
vered and dug: he governed live years, until
1578, when he was succeeded by,

6. Lorenzo de Vega, who, being at a very ad-
vanced age, governed for three years only, and
died in 1681. A vacancy for two years then en-
sued, and the government was administered by the
council of Camara, and the eldest of the oidores,
Don Cosine llangel de Macedo, until the right
governor came, who was,

7. Manuel Telloz Barreto, nominated by PJiilip
II. king of Spain, who, in 1583, inherited the
iirown of Portugal. Although he was also much
advanced in years, the government sufl'ered no-
thing on this account during the four years of his
power ; he died in 1587. In the vacancy, the
government was held by the bishop, Don Antonio
Barieiros, and the purveyor-general of the royal re-
venues, Christobal de Barros, who exercised it for
four 3'ears, until the year 1591.

8. Francisco Giraldes, senor proprietor of the cap-
tainship ofLosIlheos, which title bad been purchas-
ed by his father of Geroiiimo Figueredo : he was
nominated governor, and having embarked at Lis-
bon, was driven back twice by distress, when,
augurini^ badly from this misfortune, he gave up
his appointment, and in his stead was nominated,

9. Don Francisco de Sousa, who entered La Bahia
in 1594 : he was first marquis of the mines, by
favour of the king, who promised him this title,
should he recover those mines which, according
to some, had been already discovered by Robcrio
Diaz ; he was renowned for his skill and his good

B R A Z 1 1.

]&7

tfid willi
1 lo Lis-
r of tiic

r of tlu;
;overned

h of the
IS elected
leuriiing,
were ex-

I founda-
of con-

II diirii)!;
1572, at

:1 at sen,
situation,
ge of the
A.

time the
rst disco*
ars, until

, very ad-
only, and
s then en-
rcd by tlio
le oidoret,
tlie riglit

by Philip
crited the
also mucli
fered no-
ars of his
;ancy, the
n Antonio
c royal re-
;ised it for

of the cap-

apurchas-

: he was

;ed at Lis-

ss, when,

; gave up

minaled,

La Bidiia

nines, by

tliis title,

accordiiiij

' Robcrio

his good

dispositions, and was remoyed from the jrovern-
inent, alter having held it for 11 years, till 1G02.

10. Dit'jo BolcUio, the first governor that was
nominated by Piiilip III. : he governed five years,
from 1602 to 1()07.

1 1. Don Diego de Mencses, who arrived at La
Bahia in 1608, Aid governed till 1613, when he
was sncceedctl by,

19. Gaspar de Sousa, who entered tlio govern-
ment in the above year, renileritig it lamons by
the expulsion of the Frencli, who had established
themselves in the island of San Luis de Maranan:
Le visited all llie provinces of the kingdom, from
whence arose gieat advantages to the dilfercnt set-
tlements, as likewise an increase of the revenues
during the short period of his s y, which was
four years, till 1617.

13'. Don JiUis de Sousa, who entered in the above
year to succeed the former; and who, having re-
mained in tlie government for four other years,
namely to 1631, resigned it in favour of,

li. Diego ue Meiuloza linrtado, who entered in
the year 162^, at which period the Dutch had in-
vaded Brazil : La Bahia was then besieged by
them, and he was made prisoner, after having va-
liantly defended himself with only 18 men ; he
was carried in triumph to ifolland in 1624.

15. Matias de Albuquerque, who was govern-
ing at Pcrna>nbuco when he was called to be nomi-
nated to his government, which, in the interim,
was administered by the fnlhersof the company of
Jesuits ; but as he was at least 150 leagues oft",
and as the country was beset with enemies, it
was thought expedient to promote, by way of
an iiiter-regnum, the auditor-geiieral, Anton Mez-
quita de Oliveira, who, owing to his age and want
of military science, so necessary under such circum-
stances," ceded the government to the Colonels Don
Lorenzo Cavalcaiiti de Albnrqucrquc, and Don
.Inan de Barros Cardoso, who also ceded it to the
bishop, Don Marcos Texeiru, and he delivered the
weighty concern to Francisco IViiAez Marinho de
Eza, sent out as the right governor from Pernam-
buco; but before this person could arrive, there
was nominated as successor,

]!)'. Don Francisco de Moura Rolim, native of
Pcrnambuco, who luivl followed a military career
Willi great credit in l*;ily and Flanders, and who
gained no less apphiU-c iluiing his government
here, and in the period of Iho war till lii^^ii.

17. Dun Die;;o Luis de Oliveira, a genlleman
ofiiigh chanicferand csiimation, acquired amongst
tlie troops in Fliiiiders : he was, in coiisecjuence,
M'nt for lo Brazil to oppose t!:!- progress which the

object for which he was chosen, until, in the year
16ci'l, he was destined to drive the Dutch from the
island of Curazao, delivering the government to,

18. Pedro deSilva, who took possession in 1635:
but n rivalship having arisen between hhn and the

ireneral uf the troops, Condc Banholo ; he, with
leroic disinterestedness, ceded to him the govern-
ment and all the faculties ; admonishing him, how-
ever, strongly to mind the public weal. This ac-
tion was rewarded by the king, who immediately
gave him the title of Count of San Lorenzo, and
nominated him as successor lo the government.

19. Don Fernando Mascarenas, Count of La
Torre, a person of the highest consequence in
Portugal, on account of his birth, virtues, perso-
nal qualities, and military tactics : he entered La
Bahia in 16^9, and taking the command of the
army against the Dutch, ceded the political go-
vernment to,

20. Don Vasco Mascarenas, Count of Ovidos,
Avho exercised it until the year 1640, when the
king nominated,

21. Don .Jorge Mascarenas, Marquis ofMont-
alvari, the first who had the title of viceroy, but
who, being immersed in ruinous litigations, was
deposed and sent to Lisbon, in 1641, by the bishop,
Don Pedro deSilva, the commander, Luis Becerra,
and the chief overseer, Lorenzo do Brito Correa :
these took to themselves the government, though
tJieir conduct was disapproved by the new king,
Don Juan IV. formerly Duke of Braganza.

22. Antonio Tellez de Meneses, Count of Villa
Pouca, of high blood and of great merits, acquired
in India : he governed with address until the
year 1652.

23. Juan Rodriguez de Vasconcelos, Count of
Castelmayor, illustrious for his birth, and for the
unjust imprisonment which he suffered in Carta-
gena : lie was commander of the armies of Portu-
gal in the provinces of Entre Douro y Miuo and
of Alentejo ; from whence he passed over to Bra-
zil in Uij'J.

24. Don .Jeionimo de Ataide, Count of Afognia,
who, both in the court and in the field, bad filled
the highest situations with great credit and ad-
dress : he was governor of the province of Tres
Monies at the time of his being called to this ;
here also his rectitude and afl'ability have perpe-
tuated the memory of his government; he conti-
nued in oHice until the year 1657.

25. Francisco Barreto de Meneses, nominated
by the Queen Regent of Portugal, as a reward
for Ilia prowess and valour exhibited in the re-
covery of Pernanibuco, where he was brigadier

Dutch wire making ; he conii;lcteiy fullilled the general ; he however testified a certain haughti-

u B 2

I I'

1 '• ,

ifir

1^-

'if'

III I

\A I !

183

BRAZIL.

ness of disposition in somf private dissensions, and
a successor was nominated in,

2(j. Don Vasco MascanM'isis, Count of Ovidos,
governor of tlic arinios and provinco of AlcMitcjo,
who liad InJCMi viceroy of India, of <Ii(! council of
slate, and second viceroy oi' the kingdom ol IJra-
7il: lie entered in the year I(j()4, and owin<f to
the skill he had obtained from liaviiii^ been brii^a-
dicr and general of the artillery, lie governed with
great address five years, until 1()C8.

27. Aiexandro dc Soiisa Freyre, who, after n
very meritorious career, was 2;ov(Tni)r of the fort of
Mazagan in Africa: he was removed to this go-
vernment, wlierchc remained until I(j71.

28. Alonso Tlinrtado de Mendoza, esteemed
equally for liis noble birth as for his heroic valour ;
lie being renowned amongst the greatest warriors
of Ills age. Disappointment in his attempts to
discover some mines caused his death in IG7.5 ; but
lie had nominated, as governor for the interim,
tfie chancellor, Angustin Acevcdo Montero, the
eldest brigadier, Alvaro de Aeevedo, and the eldest
judge, Antonio Guedes dc Urilo ; these governed
f<)r upwards of two years, until 1C78, when the
right sncressor arrived, viz.

29. lioque dc Acosta Uarreto, a person whose
good qualities had secured the liivonr of the court,
and had obtained for him employments equid to
liis pretensions : he was inajor-general intlieiiro-
vince of IJrazil at the timetliat lie was nominated go-
vernor and cantain-geiier.il ot IJrazil ; nnd the ai>-

fjlause whicli lie descrve<l iiy his virtues warranted
lis election ; for the kingdom had to reckon him
amongst the best of its governors ; here he conti-
nued until the ye^.r U>82.

30. Antonio de Soiisa INTeneses, a niiin of great
merits : he had lost an anii, which wiis replaced
by one of silver ; he had grown old in government
and in various employs, and indeed he was at this
lime rather siipeiaiiiiuiited ; the consequence was,
tliat great dissensions and co:nmotioiis iiiarked tlic
period of his govcrniiient, wiiicli lasted until Hj82,
wlion arrived,

31. Don Antonio Luis de Sousa, Tello de Me-
neses. Marquis of Las Minas : he was found exer-
cising the government of J, as Armas, and province of
l')ntre Douro and Mino, from whence he was with-
drawn, on account of his well-established fame, to
settle the disturbances prevailing in Brazil; tothese
he leiii his most serious attention : he was also ser-
viceable in rendering succour and assistance to
the natives during the t<'rril)le contagion whicli thej'
sudered during liis government: this lasted until
l(i87, when soliciting his return to Lisbon, a suc-
iticcessor was appointed in the person of,

."JS. Malias dc A cuna, commissary-general of thr
cavalry ofMontejo, brigadier of the .'id regimentof
the Armada, and governor of tin; Uio .Janeiro, and
afterwards of the province of Entre Douro y Mino :
Iierc he displayed miu h talent and justice ; but died
in a short time, in lt)88, nominating, in the interim,
with tlie approbation of all, a "successor in the
archbishop, Don Jr. Manuel de la Jlesurreccion,
who kept the reins of government until the
year ItJOO.

:):). Antonio Luis (iionzalez de ('iimara Coti-
tinho, who was at that time governor of the pro-
vince of Pernambueo, and was elected to the cap-
/«/w.s7//'y)-general of Urazil, of which he took posses-
sion in itjOO, and which he exercised until IC9L

31. John of i,ancaster, of the royal family of
Kngland, who began his military career at a very
early age, and being captain of horse, distinguished
liimselfin the battle of the (,'anal : he was after-
wards brigadier-geiwral ot tiie 3d regiment of the
Armada, governor and captain-general of Angola,
general of the horse of Alentejo, and, lastly, cap-
tain-general of ISrazil, of which dignity he took
possession in I()9t ; and during a much longer
government than was usually enjoyed, lie gave
evident proofs of the extent of his abilities, by the
excellence of his plans for the public emolument,
and for the beneficence he shewed to those around
liiin ; he was succeeded in 1732 by,

Sn. Don Hodrigo de (/osta, who, by his birth
and merits, had been the favourite of the monarchy
and governors of the island of Madeira: he was
made captain-general of IJrazil, and from thence
promo' :"(! to the viceroyalty of India in 170j; he
was succeeded by,

36. Luis Cesar de Meneses, chief ensign of the
kingdom of Portugal, a descendant of the renowned
Vasco Fernandez, and known alike tor his happy
government in the Uio .Janeiro, and in the king-
(lom of Angola, as for that of the city of Ebora,
in the war of the succession of Philip V. king of
Spain: he came over to Brazil in 1703, and re-
mained with singular credit until 1710, when ar-
rived his successor,

37. Don Lorenzo de Almada, who was received
with some degree of discontent ; a true presage of
the ills and disturbances which marked his go-
vernment, and of the disputes which arose with
tlie government of Pernambueo: all these made
him very willing to esign his post, which he did
in the following year, 171), in tiivour of his
successor,

38. Don Pedro dc Vasconcelos y Sousa, es-
teemed tor his valour and conduct during the war:
he Mas brigadier-general at the time tliat he wai

i ■»;

Kb)'

BRAZIL

ISD

Bjipointcd to llic govcrnmrnt of Brazil, wlierc Uic
memory of his pix'dcccsbor ririd grnndnillicr, tliu
('omit of Castl(!iiiiiyor, ciuiswl him to b(> received
Tvilh fjroat cx|)cctatioiis; but thc^o wore soon frtis-
trated by the disturbances at lVriiami)ui;o, the in<
vnsion ol Jtio Janeiro by the Fp'och, and the (ak-
iiiiif of Hahia; \vtiich unluciiy circumstances made
him earnest in his entreaties to the kinir lo appoint
u successor : his request was comjilied witli.

Ij[). Don Pedro Antonio de Norofia, Marcpiis of
Auijeja, counsellor of state, and inspcctor-geueral
of the royal estates : he had from u ver-, early
ai,'e an eye to the viccroyally of lulia ; and ac-
tually entered it with the title of viceroy, in 1711 ;
his government was marked by the most prudent
regulations, and lasted until 17 IS.

40. Don Sancho de Faro, Count of Vimeiro, of
the royal house of Hraganza, by the; male line:
lie served in the wars of this country, anil was
master of the horse to her most serene liisjliness
the Queen Maria Ana of Austria ; was <i;o-
vcrnor of Mazagau and of the province of iMifio,
when he was nominated caiJlaiii-cfeiKMiil of JJrazil
in 1718; where he however siiewed more zeid
than fortune in his undcitakiiigs, nnd in lillle more
than a year terminated his carct^r, leaving; tlie <^o-
vernmenttothe charije of tin; archbishop, Don Se-
bastian Monteiro da Vide, to the brigadiei-<;;ene-
ral, Don Juan de Araujo y Accevedo, and to tlie
clidor, J)on Cayelaiio lirilo de I'itrueredo, who
conjointly jfoverned until the year 1120, when ar-
rived the right successor,

41. Don Vasco iVrnandez Cesar de Meiieses,
son of Don I<iiis Vasco Cesar de .Vlciicscs, and
nephew of John of Lancaster, both of whom had
governed in Urazil : he was distiniiuished by his
conduct in war, and was lliouglit deservinj; of be-
ing appointed by the king to the viceroyalty of
India, and was destined to govern iJrazil in 17'iO ;
when, by his nice (liscernment and well-regulated
plans, he nearly eclipsed all those who hiid gone
before him, and governed until 1721. The suc-
ceeding governors were as follows :

Don Andresde Mello y Castro, Count of Cidveas.

The Count of Aiitoguia.

The Count of Los Arcos.

The Marquis of Lnbradio, the father.

The Count Bobadela, who died before he arrived
to take possession.

The Count of Asamhiija.

The Marquis of Labradio, th last so i of those
\>l!o enjoyed (he title of viceroy

The Count of Povolide, (he first who, with the
title of goverrior and captain-general, established
himself in the Rio Janeiro.

Don Manuel de Acuili Moncses.
The Manjiiis of Valencia.
Don iiodrigo Joseph de Meiieses.
[INDDX TO riir, .midition ai. ,>iATTF.n nrsprrr-

IN(i Tin; IIISTOIIY ANIl MTATK Ol IHIAZII..

CiiAi*. J. I>idiidi)i<f llir pnitid hfUi'mn the yean
ri9Srtw/ i.y/j.

I . Dhcovcri/.—^. PosfKssion Inkcn fur the eroi^n
of Poilii(i;<'l-—3- 'J he eouiilrij ohluins the tuvne
of litn-:il. — \, (riiniuiils sent lo sene tlierr.'—
f). linrJ/ divided into enptahieies.— I), JSIorliin /If-
fousnde Sousa.—l. I'irst sugar-emus planled.—'
8. St. Aniai o and Tainaraca,-"^). Paraiha,— 10.
The (roeiy'acozew"- 1 1 . Eipiritu Santo.— 'V2. 7 he
J'apanazes. — l'J. Puerto Scguro.— li. The
Tupini(iui>is.— \^. The llheos.— Hi. Jiahia.—
17. Revolutions in the 7teeoneave.—lS. Kvpul-
.siau of Couliuho.—19. Pcrnamburo.—^O. The
(ahefes.—'il. The Tol>aj/aies.—'22. biege of
Ciaraza.

CiiAi'. II. Jucludiag the period between the years
][)'}'-Jand 159.5.

1. A f^orcrnor-genenU appointed.— '2. The first
Jesuits.— 3, fi'uaroni and Tupi languages —
4 Tupi priests. '—b. The Maudioc the eominon
food and drink.— 6. Marriages.— -7. Condi-
tion of zcnvien among them.---H, Other eu$'
tovis of the Tupi tribes.— U. The ir treatment of
strangers.— \0. Triatment of the siek, S^r.— ll.
The fust bishop.— V2. Brazil dividid into two
governments.— \'3. Intercourse of the English
icilli Jirazil. — H. Their expidili'ons.

CiiAi'. III. Including the period betvscen the
years loi)o and Uil2.

1. Maranan and Para formed into a stale indepen-
dot of llrazil.—'i. A Dutch eompuny formed.
—3.'lVnricHhthe Dutch.— \. n'an't 'of colo^

iiisls.—5. The Jews,—fi. The

savages.— 7.

])i.leh missionarics.S. Force of the j)uteh.—
9, Their sueecsses.— 10. Teals of Count Mau-
rire.— 1 1 . King John 1 F.— 19. Jiefvied policy
if the Portuguese.— -}3. The Count recalled li>
Europe.

Cii.M'. IV. Including the pniod hettecen theyears
\iii2and.\bll.

1, Impolitic conduct of the Dutch JFcst India
company.— '2, Conspiracy of Viera.—o. Admi-
ral Bunaiidcs O'tIvcs zdth a fleet.— i. But is
allocked and beaten by Admiral Lieht hart.- -j.
Open rupture between llollaud. and Pcrlugul.
— (}. Ij.xpedilion of Admiral IJilte IVUlizen.—
7. Evacuation of the Dutch.— H. S^^lale of Brazil
at that lime.— 9. Treaty of UiCl.— IP. Variance
<md reconcilintion bctrcicn the Spanish /nid Por-
tuguese.— II. Interference of Old Spain.— h>.\

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190

BRAZIL.

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[Ttfnlie.t of 1777 and 1778.— 13. State of com-
virrce, ntimn, Sec,
Chap. V. Conttrining an account of the division
of liiasil.'—Civil and ecclesiastical government.
—'Slave trade.— Present condition of the native
Brazilians^ Sfc,

Chap. 1.

I . Discoteri/. — Tn e coast of Brnzij,ns lias been be-
fore observed, was (irstdiscovercd l)y Viticcnfe Yartez
Pirizon. lie had sailed with Columbus in U98,
on liis first voyajfc, as commander and master of
the Nina. Seven years aflerwards he and his ne-
phew Arias oiitained a commission to tro in search
of new coimtries, and trade in any which Colum-
bus had not previously appropriated. The Pin-
zons were weaitliy njen, and tlie former voyajje
had added to their wealth ; they fitted out four
caravels at their own cost, and set sail from I'alos
in December 1 499, made the cape de Venis, then
steered to the s. w. and were the first Spaniards
who crossed the line and lost sigiit of the «. star.
Alter suflerincf intolerable lieat, and storms which
drove them on their way, they saw land on Ja-
nuary 2G, 1500, in lat. 8p.«. to wliich Viiiccnte
gavethc name of cape Consolation ; but which is
now called cape St. Auijustines. Tliey landed,
cut the names of the ships, and the date of the
year and day upon tiie trees and rocks, and took pos-
session of the country for the crown of Caslille.

Tlic coast wliich Pinzon had discovered lay
within the Portuguese limits of demarcation ; and
before he reached Europe, in 1500, it had been
taken possession of by the nation to whom it was
allotted. As soon as Vasco da Gama had returned
from the discovery of India, Kincr Emanuel fitted
out a second and far more powerful expedition, to
the command of which ho appointed the Fidalgo
Pedro Alvarez Cabral.

2. Possession taken for the crown of Porti/gal. —
The Portuguese ships of discovery had hitherto
taken out stone pillars, with the arms of Portui!;al
enj^raved thereon, to set up in the lands which
they mififlit find, and by this act secure them for
King Em;uiucl. Cabral, upon his landing at
Puerto Seguro, was not provided with these pil-
lars, because his destination was to follow the track
of Gama ; possession had been taken all the way
which he was to steer, and no discovery of new
countries was expected from him. Me erected a
stone cross instead, and look possession of the
whole province for the crown of Portugal, naming
it Santa Cruz, or the Land of the Holy Cross.

3. The rouiitri/ ohiaiiis (he name of firaul.—-
But the honour of having funned the firbt settle-

ment in this country, is due to AmeiI(jfo Vespucci
in 1504. It does not appear that any farther atten-
tion was at this time paid to it. No gold had been
found, and it produced no articles of commerce
which could Im: thought worthy the notice of a go-
vernment whoso coffers were overflowing with
the produce of the spice trade, and the riches of
the African mines. Unt the cargo of Brazil which
Vespucci had brought home, tempted private ad-
venturers, who were content with peaceful gains,
to trade thither for that valuable wood ; and tiiis
trade became so well known, that in consequence
the coast and the whole country obtained the name
of Hra/.il, notwithstanding lite holier appellation
which \ 'abral had given it.

4. f'rimi'iuh sctit to serve there. —It was the sys-
tem of the Portuguese government to make its cri-
minals of some use to the state, and this system was
extended to Brazil ; for the first Europeans who
were led ashore tiiere were two convicts.

3. liruzil divided into captaincies. — It was not
until thirty years alter its discovery, that the coun-
try a|)|iears to have become of sufficient import-
ance to have obtained any consideration at court ;
and in oitler to forward its colonization, the same
plan was adopted which had succeeded well in
Madeira and in the Azores, that of dividing it into
hereditary captaincies, and granting them to such
persons as were willing to embark adequate means
in the adventure, with powers of jurisdiction, both
civil and criminal, soexttMisive as to l)e in fact un-
limited. This method was thought to be the ea-
siest and least ex|>ensive to government. The
difference between desert islands and n jieopled
continent had not been considered. The captains
of lh(! islands might easily settle lands in which
there could be no oi',pf)>iti()ii, anti easily at any
time assist e;icii otiicr willi supplies : if their means
failed, tiiey could even l)orrow from Portugal, those
places iK'i'ig so near that they were regardetl almost
as things witiiin the country. But when .Joam
divided the coast of Bra^.i! into great captaincies,
each extending along 50 leagues of coast, large
tribes of savages were in possession of the coun-
try, Portugal was far distant, and the settlements
so far asunder, that one could not possibly afford
assistance to anotlier.

6. Martini yJffonw de Sousa.—lL\\e first person
who took possession of one of these captaincies
wasMaitiin Afl'onso de Soiisa, wliosc name fre-
quently occurs in the history of Portuguese India,
where he was iifterwards govornor, aiid who is I'l-
inous in Catholic history for having carritil out
St. Francisco Zavier to tiic e;tst. He aiui iiis
brother, Pero Lopes de Seusa, having each obluinedj

it ]it'rson
ptiiiricies
line Irc-

s(> India,

ll.) is I'l-

rritd out
n.iiii iiis
jbtuiiK'ilj

n R A Z t L.

[ugruiil, fitted out A consi(Iorul)l(f arninmcnt, niid
went to explore the country, and form their setth'-
iiKiit in person. He Ix'^iui to survey tlie const
Kmiiwhere about Ilio de Janeiro, to which he pave
thill naiiio, Ijccausc he ('<i8covcred it on the first of
Juiiiiary ; and he proceeded ,». as far as tlie Plata,
iiiiiiiiii^ tlie places which he surveyed on the way,
(Vom tlie days on which the severa. discoveries
weri! made, llnvini; well examined the coast, he
tixed iitioiioiieof these isliiiids tor his settlement,
wliicli, [ik(;Cioa, arc separated from the main land
l)y an elbow of (he sea; hut this spot, which had
bi'en chosen for the new town, was not found con-
venient, and the colonists round rcmov<;d to the ad-
joining isle of St. Vinccnte, from which the cap-
taincy derives its name.

7. The first sugar-canes planted. — About the
year 1531, Martim Aftbnso made an unsuccessful
e.\|)edition southward into the interior, in search of
mines, from which he returned with the loss of 80
Kuroixians. In all other respects his colony was
fortunate. Here the first sugar-canes were planted,
which were brought from Madeira; here the
first cattle were reared ; and here the other cap-
taincies stocked themselves with both. Whether
the honour of having introduced them into Brazil
be due to the founder of the colony is not stated :
a battle or a massacre would have been recorded.
The king, after some time, recalled Martini
Alfonso, and sent him to India; but when he re-
turned to Portugal, he watched over tlie welfare of
his captaincy, sending out supplies and settlers ;
and it descended in a flourishing condition to his
son. W he.it and barley were little used here, be-
cause the food of the country was liked so well ;
what little wheat was raised was tor delicacies, and
for the wafer. Marmalade was made here, and sold
to the other captiiincies. Oysters of such a size
are found here, that their shells arc used for
dishes ; and once, when a bishop of iJahia visited
thi- province, they washed his feet in one, as in a
basin. The whole coast abounds with shell-fish,
wliicli the natives came down from the interior to
catcli at certain seasons : they built their huts upon
some dry spot amid the mango groves, fed upon
fish while the fishery lasted, and dried then: to
carry home. So long had this practice been ccii-
tinued, that hills had accumulated of the shells,
soil collected on them, and trees taken root there
and grown to maturity. These hills, which arc
ciilled ostreiras, Iiavc supplied all the lime that has
been used in the captaincy, from its foundation to
the j.rcsent day. In some of them the shells are
tornieil into limc-stone; in others they are un-

hanged

tools and broken pottery of the Indians

are frccpienlly found in them, and bones of the
dead ; lor they whotlied during the fishing S'msoii,
were laid on ihese lieaj's, and covered over with
shells.

8. St. /Inutro and Taniaraco. — I'tro Lopes ile
Koiisa was less fortunate than his brother. Ha
chose to have his 50 leagues of coaxt in two nlhit-
mciils. The one, which oljlained the name of St.
Aniaro, adjoined St. Vincente, and bordereil so
close upon the main settlement, the towns being
only three leagues asunder, that if they had not
iM^longed to two brother.*, the settlers would have
but ill agreed. As long as this was the case, the
neighbourhood was advantageous io both ; but
when the property devolved to other possessors,
between wliom there were not the same ties, it be-
came an endless cause of litigation. Tamaraca,
the other division, lay between Pernambuco and
Paraiba, many degrees nearer the line. Here he
had some hard conflicts with the Pitiguarcs, who
besieged him in his town ; but he succeeded at
length in driving them from the neighbourhood.
Soon afterwards he perished by shipwreck.

y. Paraiba. — A fidalgo, by name Pedro de
Goes, had l)cen one of the companions of Pero
Lopes, and had suffered shipwreck with him in
the Plata ; but neither this, nor the disastrous fatd
of his friend, disheartened him. He became fond
of tira7.il, and auked for a captaincy when the king;
was disposing of them in such prodieal granU.
It seems that he had no great interest at court, fur
his grant was restricted to 30 leuguos of coast, be-
tween the captaincies of St. Vincente and Kspiritu
Sanlo ; if the space between thcin did not extend
to so much, he was to take it such as it waa.
(ioes embarked the whole of his property upon the
adventure, and many thousand crowns were ad-
vanced by a certain Martim Ferreira, who pro-
posed to liuvc sugar-works established there upon
their joint account. The expedition sailed to the
river Paraiba, and there Goes fortified himself, and
remained two years at peace witii tlie Gaeytacazes.
Alter that time war broke out between them, and
continued five years, to his great loss : peace v/tm
made, and soon broken by the savages. There is an
reason to suspect the Portuguese of being the iig-
gressois in this in:><ance, it was too much their in-
terest to keep the treaty. The colonists were weak
and uiterly dispirited : they became clamorous (o
quit the unlucky settlement, and Goes was obliged
to yield to their clamours, and evacuate it. Vcs-
sels were obtained from £spintu Santo to bring
them away.

10. The Goei/t(tca-xs. — The tribe which ex-
pelled Goes were probably of the same slock as the]

t Ik

i\\

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192

BRAZIL.

1^^

M i,.

. i I

'iii

'' tvi

[(ioayiinzc!!, and like <liom did not devour their
lirisoiicrs. Tlioy were fiiirer than tlic other s;ivajj' s,
iiiid their laiiguai^e, it is said, more l)arl)aron.s,
wliieh ni!*}' be understood to mean tlutt some of its
soiuids were more diflicuU. Tliey were a braver
race, and fought not in woods and ambushes, but
in open field. They would swim off shore with a
short slick iii the hand, sliarp at botli ends ; Avith
tliis they would attack a shark, thrust it into ids
open mouth and <Tag liiin, (hen drown him, dra<);
hiw ashore, eat the flesh, and bead (heir arrows
widi his teeth.

11. Espirilii f^rnto. — The captaincy of Espiritu
Santo w:is at this time nex( to St. Amaro; lor Ilio
de Janeiro was not settled till a later period. This
was asked and obtained by V^asco I'ernandes Cou-
tinlio, .1 fulal^o, A\ho haviuj^ spent the best y(;ars of
liis life in India, and amassed a fortune there, ven-
tured and lost the whole in tliis scheme of coloni-
zation. His limits were to be:;in where (hose of
I'uerto Seguro ended on the .«. lie fitted out a great
expedition, in whieli not less than GO fidalgos and
men of the royal household embarked. DonSimam
de Castcllo-Branco, antf Don Jorge de Menezes,
were sent with him as dtgradudos^ that is to say,
banished men. Of all shocking tyrannies, tliat of
the Portuguese in the Spice islands stands among the
tbrcmosl in atrocity, and Don Jorge de Menezes,
in the first rank of their tyrants for diabolical
cruelty, indeed in an age when die cruelties of
V^asco da Gama, and the great Albuquerque, were
recorded without one word of reprehension, as
t'oubtless they were without one feeling of huma-
nity, it may well be su]>])osed, when anian of fanuly
and fortune was banished for such ulfences to
lira/il, what the measure of (hose oflcnces must
have been. They had a prosperous voyage (o
their place of destination, and began a to.vn, to
which they gave the name of Our Lady of Vic-
tory, before the battle had been fought. The title
wfts for a wiiile sulliciently verified, and the
(joaynazcs, (he first enemies with .lom they hiid
to deal, were defeated in homeoftue first engage-
ments. The building went on with spirit ; Ci iies
were planted, four sugar-works established, and
Coutinho, seeing every thing thus prosperous,
Avent io Lisbon to collect more colonists, and pro-
cure stores and implements for an expedition into
the country, in searcli of mines.

l!2. The Popaiiazes, — The coast of this ami (he
next captaincy had been possi-ssed by the Papa-
nazes, but tlity were now driven baek by (he (ioay-
tacazes and the Tupiniqtuns. The language of the
Papanazes was scarcely understood by these ene-
mies, notwithstanding tlieir long wars. They

Avcre hunters and fishers, and slept upon the ground
on leaves. If one of (hem killed another, he was
delivered up (o the relations of the dead, and in (Iik
presence of all the kindred of both parties, inime~
iliately strangled and interred. All parties lamented
loudly at the execution ; they then feasted and
tlrank together for many days, and no enmity re-
mained, i'j-;?" if tlie deed was accidental, the
punishment was the same. Should the oflender
have escaped, his son, his daughter, or the nearest
of his blood, was given up in his stead ; but the
substitute, instead of sutlering death, renuiined a
slave to the nearest rrlation of the slain.

I. 'J. Puerto Ses;uro. — The adjoining captaincy
of Puerto Seguro was allotted to Pedro de Campo
Tonrinho, a native of V'iana da FozdeLima, of
noble family, and an excellent navigator He sold
all (hat he possessed iu Portugnl toenibark it in
this expedition, and set sail with his wite ami
fanuly, and a large body of colonists. They
landed iu the harbour where C'ubral had taken pos-
session of Brazil, and there fortified themselves
upon a spot which retains the name of Puerto
Seguro, given it by that discoverer, and which
still remains (he capital of the captaincy.

14. T/ie Tupim/nitis. — The Tupiniquins made
some opposition at first. They pixssessed the coun-
try from the river Cannimu to the river (arcare, an
extent of nearly five degrees ; and the first settlers
in t his and I he twoadjoining captaincies had to main-
tain their ground against them. Peace however
was soon nuule, and the Tupiniquins observed
it faithfidly. They were sometimes at war with
the Tupinaes ; but these tribes, being of (he same
stock, did not regard each other as regidarly and
naturally enemies, and their quarrels were con-
sidered as mere accidental circumstances, which
Averc to leaA'e no haired behind : the two tribes
blended at last into one. Of all the Brazilians,
these are said to have been the most domestic ancl
(he most faithful, indefatigable, and excellently
brave. Their manners and language resembled
(hose of the Tupiuambas ; but it was so long since
(hey had branched apart, that all memory of (he
eomiiion stock Avas lost, and (here was a deadly
emni(y between them. The Tnpinr.mbas Avere (he
nu)st powerful ; pressed by (hem on the one side, by
the dreadful Aymnres on the other, and profiting
less by the friendship of the Portuguese than they
suffered from their tyranny, they grade.ally forsook
(he country, (iootl men were never wanting who
lifted >ip (heir voices against this tyranny and op-
pression ; but (he guilt was so general that it has
become a national imputation. Touritilio is wnt
implicated in (his guilt j he had influence enough J

■' iH

BRAZIL.

rfls

[over Uie natives to collect many of (hem into vil-
r:)i;os, and this is proof tlint he dealt towards them
veil iind Misely. Siitrnr-works were e^tablislled,
willi such success that llu-y produced n consider-
ai)le quantity for exportation to the mother coiin-
ti V. No kine c(i»d<l he kept in this colony, he-
citiise of an herb wliich is said to .lave occasioned
haiiiorrlioidsy whereof tlicy dh^l ; yet horses,
asses, and goats, were F.ot a fleeted by it. The
disease was probaltly imputed to a wroiij; c;\nse.

15. T/ie llht'os. — The captaincy of (he isles
owes its inapplicable name to the liio dos lllieos, u
river so called iMcause there are three islands just
at ils bar. Jorge de Fiirueiredo ("orrea, i'Jscrivam
da I'axiMula to Joam 111. was the first donatory.
The oDice which he held prevented him from iroinij
himself to take possession of his grant ; he there-
fore depui. li a ('astillian knight, by name Fran-
cisco Itomeiro. liomeiro anchored in the harbour
of Tinhare, and b<>gan his new town on (he li<-ight
or Morro de St. Paulo, from whence however he
found it expedientto remove it (oils present situation.
It was first railed St, .Iorg<', in compliment to the
loui of (he laiul ; but the same iniprop<>r appella-
tion which had been given to (Ik^ ci'ptaincy ex-
triuled to its capital. 'I'he Tupiniquins soon ntade
pe.iee wilh the settlers, and being of all the Bra-
liiiim tribes Ih. niost tractable, lived wilh them <m
such friendly terms that (he colony soon became
prosperous. I'he son of the original proprietor
sold (he captaincy (o Lucas Giraldes : he rxpemhd
considerable wealth in improving it, and it flourished
so well that (here were in a short time eight or nine
sugir- works established.

It), liahia. — The coast from the great Rio de
S. Francisco to tin- Ponla da Padram de Bahia,
w;is given to Iranciseo Pereira Coutinho, a tidalgo
whohul distinguished himself in Irulia; and the
bay itself, with all its cre«'ks, was afterwards
added to (lie grant. Fie fixed his settlement in the
biy, at (he place now called Villa Velha, which
was Caramuru's dwelling place ; two of his com-
panions, who wer<' men of noble liii.iily, married
two of Caramuru'.s daughters, and as (he natives
were for his sake \»eil aliee(ed (owards (he Portu-
frueze, every thing went on well tor a lime, liahia
de T(m1os OS Santos, or All Sain(s bay, wherein (he
e:i|)ital of Brazil was a'(erwards elected, is un-
questionably one of (lie 'inest harbours in the world.
Here, us well as at Hio de Janeiro tipon the sanu'
const, (he seu seem*' (o have broken in upon the
lani ; or more pn.oably some huge lake has borne
down its barrier, and made way (o the ocean. The
entrance, which is nearly three leagues witle, is
from the s. having the couiiuent on the right hand,

VOL. I.

and the long island of Itaparica on the left. You
are then in a bay, extenning to the n. and zc. n
whole ilegree, and brnuehing iiilaiul in every di-
rection, with deep water every where, hiuI many
navigable rivers discharging (hemselves iiiJo i(.
This li((le Mediterranean is spotted wiiii abuv un
hundred islands.

17. Jhvohilhiif in the Iircfl'irinr. — Th<> old
natives preserved (he memory of llii>e revolutions
in tliis Heconcave, as (he bay wilh all its cieeks
and coves is deiioniinated. As tar back an (ho
memory of man among savages «ouhl reach, the
Tajmyas possessed it ; but as tliis pait of Brazil is
in every res|)ect one of (he most highly favoured
])iaces under heaven, it was too desirable a lanil to
Im; peaceably enjoyed, when there was no other
law (hail (hat of (he s(r()nges(. The Tupinaes
exrv'llet! (hem, and for many years r«>(aineil pos-
session, .'•til! i.'cping u|) war on (he side of the in-
terior with lliose whom (Iny had driven (here. At
lengdi (lu; Tiipinambiis from the other side of the
river San Francisto migrated here, and in like
manner thrust out the Tupinaes, who fell back
upon (he Tapuyas, and drove (hem again Ix'fore
them. These last conquerors were masters of the
country when the P(»ilugu(»c arrived; but they
had quarrelled amoiiij themselves. Those who
dwelt between the river San Francisco and the Bio
Ueal, or Koyal river, were at mortal enmity with
those nearer the bay, and the inhabitants of one
side the bay, with (hose on the other ; they carried
on hostilities both by land and water, and all par-
ties devoured their prisoners. A fresh feud broke
out among those who dwelt on the r. side; th«s
eause was that which, in barbarous and heroic, or
semi-barbarous ages, has furnisheil so much matter
for history and soi.g. The daughter of a chief had
been carried of again.st her lather's consent ; the
ravisher retu^e.l to restore her ; the father, not l)e-
ing powcrlid enough to compel him, retired with
all his clan to Cie island of haparica ; (he hordes
upon (he ri.er Paragiiazu eoah'sced wi(li (he secc-
ders, and a deadly war Ixgan Ixtween the two par-
ties. The llha do Medo, or I shuul of F'ear, de-
rives its name from the irc(|iieiil ambushes and
conflicts ol which it was (hen made (he scene.
Thfseceders muldplied and spread along (he coast
of (he llheos, and the (cud in all i(s rancour was
perpe(iia(ed.

IS. I'!.rf)iihio?i of Cotitinfio, — This was the st.nte
of theTiipinanibasin Bidiia, when Coutinho formed
his establisliiiieiit among (hem. That fidalgo iiad
served in India, and India was not a scliool where
humanity or political wisdom was to be learnt. A
sou of one of the native chiefs was slain by the]
c c

V K

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II ,'

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194

BRAZIL.

[Portuguese ; tlie circumstances are not recorded,
but it is admitted that the deed was done wrong-
fully. Conlinho paid dearly for his offence.
These fierce savages, then the most formidable of
all the Urazilian tribes, burnt down his su^ar-
works, destroyed his plantations, killed his bas-
tard son, and after more than a seven years war,
compclJL-d him, atid the wreck of his colony, to
abandon the Heconcave. Caramuru followed tlie
fate of Ills countrymen, and retired with them to
the adjoining captaincy of the Ilheos. When
they were gone, the Tiipinambus began to feel the
v...iit of those articles which they were now accus-
tomed to receive in tradic, and which from being
luxuries, thf-y had suftercd to be 'ome, wants. A
treaty was opened, the difTereiice wis adjusted, and
Coutinho embarked turcUun in one caravel, and
Caramuru in inother. They werj wrecked within
the bar, on the slioals of the iy'.and Itaparica ; all
got to shore, ifid there lie and his people were
treacherously skin by the islanders. Caramuru
and the crew of his vessel were spared ; a proof
liow wisely he had ever demeaned himsch towards
the natives. He returned to his old abode in the
bay. The wife and children of Coutinho did not
perish v,i(h him ; they had probably been left at
Ilheos: but he had expended the whole of his
Indian spoils and of his jjroperty : they w(;re
left destitute, and came to (he hospital for support.

19. Pcrnamhuco. — One other captaincy was es-
tablished about the same time as these others, that
of Pernambuco. A factory had previously been
settled there, which a ship from Marseilles took,
and left 70 men in it, thinking to maintain posses-
sion ; but the ship was captured on her return,
and intelligence being thus early obtained at Lis-
bon, immediate measures were taken for the re-
covery of the place. The donatory, Duarte Coelho
Pereira, asked it as the reward of his services in
India. The line of coast between the Rio tic
S. Francisco and the Rio de J uraza was granted
him ; he came himself, with his wife and children,
and ninny of his kinsmen, to begin the colony, and
landed in the port of Pcrnanibuco ; — the entrance
is through an opening in a long stone reef, and this
the native name implies. O, que lindn situacam
pnra se fnnilar himia villa ! (O, how fine a situ-
ation for Ibnnding a town !) Duarte Coelho is saiti
to have exclainuul on beholding it ; and hence the
town was called Olinda.

20. Tlie (ulteles. — This coast was possessed by
the Cahetes, a tribe remarkable for using l)oats, the
fabric of which was something between thatch and
wicker-work, being of a long and strong kind of
straw knit to the timbers. These they made large

enough to carry 10 or 12 persons. They are said
to have been more brutal than the other tribes, in»
asmuch as there was little natural affection to be
perceived in them. An instance is related of one
who was a slave to the PortuguL*se, and threw his
child into the river because she cried. The single
fact would prove nothing more than individual
brutality ", but it is mentioned as an example of
their general unfeeling nature. From these people
Duarte Coelho had to gain by inches, says kocha
Pitta, what was granted him by leagues. The/
attacked and besieged him in his new town. The
French, who now (about the year 1540) were
trading to that coast, led them on ; their numbers
were very great, and had he l)een less experienced,
or less able in war, his colony would probably
have lieen rooted out. He was wounded during
the siege, many of his people slain, and the place
reduced to extremity ; nevertheless they bejit off
the enemy, and having made an alliance with the
Tobayares, had strength and spirit enough to fol-
low up their success.

21. The Tobayares. — The Tobayares were the
first Brazilian tribe who le.<)gucd with the Portu-
guese. One of their leaders, named Tabyra, pos-
sessed gre-ii talents for war, and was the scourge of
the hostile savages : he went among them himself
to spy out their camps, and listen to their projects :
these tribes therefore must have been of one stock,
and have spoken the same dialect. He laid am-
bushes, led on assaults in the night, and harassed
them with incessant alarms. At length they as-
sembled their whole force, came upon him and sur-
rounded him : Tabyra sallied forth ; an arrow
pierced his eye, he plucked it out, and the eye-
ball on it, and turnmg to his followers, said, he
could see to beat his enemies with one ; and ac-
cordingly he gave them a pomplete overthrow, not-
withstanding their numbers. Itagybe, the arm of
iron, was another of these Tobayares, who dis-
tinguished himself on the same side; and Piragybe,
the arm of the fish, (if the name be rightly trans-
lated by this unimaginable meaning), rendered
such services to the Portuguese, that he was re-
warded with the order of Christ and a ])ension.
Some years of peace and prosperity ensued : then
again (iibont the year 1548) a war broke out,
which was occasioned, as usual, by the miscon-
duel of the settlers. This is the first war between
the Portuguese and the savages, of which any de-
tail has been preserved ; and the detail is curious :
it is related by Hans Stade, the first person who
wrote any account of Brazil. Hans was the son
of a good man at Homberg in the Hessian terri-
tory. He was minded to seek bis fortune in India,]

' )

^ %

itt ■ '

)j arc said
tribes, in*
ction to be
ted of one
til raw his
The single
iiidividuul
example of
lese people
•>ays Roclm
les. Thej
jwn. The
.540) were
:ir numbers
cperienceil,
(1 probably
ded durin<;
d the place
ley beat ofF
ice witli the
)ugh to foU

es were the
I the Portu-
abyra, pos«
! scourge of
lem himself
ir projects :
f one stock,
He laid am-
id harassed
»th they as-
limandsur-
; an arrow
md the eye-
;rs, said, he
le ; and ac*
rthrow, not-
the arm of
•s, who dis*
d Piragybe,
ghtly trans-
rendert'd
he was ro-
a pension,
isued : then
broke out,
the niiscon-
war between
ich any dc-
is curious :
jerson who
was the sou
essian terri-
lein ludiii,]

BRAZIL.

195

[and with that intent sailed from Holland in a fleet
of merchantmen iroiiig to Setubal for salt ; but
when be reached Portugal the Indian ships were
gone, so he accepted the post of gunner in a vessel
bound fc- Brazil on a irnd'mti voyage, and car-
ryinsf o' . convicts to Pernanibuco. There was a
smaller s lip in company : they were well provided
with all kiiids of warlike stores, and had orders to
attack all Frenchmen whom they might find trad-
ing in those parts. They made cape St. Augus-
tiiies in 88 days, on the !S8th Jan. 1548, and en-
tered the port of Pernambuco. Here the captain
delivered his convicts to Cocllio, meaning to pro-
ceed and traffic wherever it might be found most
convenient: it happened, however, that just at this
time the natives rose against the Portuguese, and
were about to besiege the settlement of Garazu,
which was not far distant : Coelho could spare
them no support, because he expected to be at-
tacked himself; he therefore requested these ships
to assist him, and Hans was sent with 40 men in a
boat to their succour.

22. Siege of Garazu. — Garnzu was built in the
woods, upon a creek which ran about two miles in-
land ; its garrison, including this reinforcement,
consisted of 90 J^uropeans and SO slaves, some of
whom were Negroes, others natives. The force
which attacked (hem was computed at 8000, pro-
bably an exaggerated number. There were no
other fortifications than tiie palisade, which the
Portuguese had adopted from the Brazilians. The
besiegers piled up two rude bulwarks of trees,
within which they retired at night for security
against any sudden attack : they dug pits, in which
they were safe from shot by day, and from which
they frequently started at different times, and
rushed on, hoping to win the place by surprise.
When they saw the guns aimed at them they fell
upon the ground. Sometimes they Ji,n)roaclied the
palisade, and threw their javelins ov» ', for the
ciiance there was that some wound mignt be in-
llicii*'' by their fall ; they shot fire arrows, headed
with waxed cotton, at the houses ; and whenever
they drew nigh, it was with h)nd threats that they
would devour their enemies. The Portuguese soon
began lo want food, because it was ilie ( ustoui to
dig the mandioc, of which their bread w.is made,
every day, or at farthest on the alternate days ;
and I )w they were blockaded, and could not go
out to perform this necessary work. Two boats
tiere sent for food to the island of Itamnraca,
which is at the entranc ~ the creek, and where
there was another settlement ; and Hans was of the
party. The creek is narrow in one place, and
there the savages endeavoured to obstruct the na-

vigation by laying great tree? ""cross : this obstacle
the Portuguese removed by main force; but while
they were thus delayed the tide was ebbing, and
before the boats could reach Itainaracu they were
left dry. Instead of attacking fh(!tn, the savages
raised a heap of dry wood between the boats and
the shore, set fire to it, and threw into the flames a
species of pepper which grows there abundantly,
and produces a i^ungetit smoke, by which they
thought to suflbcate, or otherwise annoy them. A
breatli of wind from theop|)osi(e quarter would have
defeated this artifice, tliough it failed intliisinstaiico
becaust. die vjod did not burn ; and whiMi the fide
floated them, the Portuguese proceed to I(ar araca,
and were there supplied witli what they snughf.
Meantime the savages cut two large trees nearly
through, which g.ew beside the narrowest part of
the creek, and fastened to them the long and lim-
ber shoots of a plant which they called sippo;
these shoofs resemble the hop plant, except that
they are thicker. When they in the boais drew
nigh and perceived this, they called out io their
fellows in the fort to come and help them, for the
place was within hearing, though the wood con-

cealed it from sight

the savages knew what this

meant, and as soon as they began to shout, shouted
also, and efl'ectually drowned their words: all,
therefore, that the Portuguese could do was, for
one part of them to endeavour to confuse the ene-
mies' attention, while the rowers pulled up for their
lives : this succeeded, one of the trees went down
in a slant direction on the bank, the other fell be-
hind one oil the boats, and brushed it in its fall.
The siege had already lasted a month ; the savages
saw themselves thus disappointed in the hope of
reducing Garazu by famine ; their perseverance
was exhausted, and they made <«cace and broke up.
The Portuguese had not lost a single man, and the
besiegers not many. After this easy war the colony
continued to prosper during the remainder of
Duarte Coelho's lifi;.

23. Expeditions up to 1559. — Amongst the most
notable of the Portuguese expeditions to Brazil, up
to the middle of the 16th century, wc have to
mention that of Aires da Cunha to Maranan ; that
of Sebastian Cabot, that of Diego Garcia, that of
1). P. de Mendoza, whose force consisted of il
ships and 800 men, and who laid the foundation of
the city of Nueclra Seiiora de Buenos Ayres ; that
of Alonso de Cabrera, sent out to the reinforce-
ment of the former ; the attempt of Gonzalo ¥i-
zarro to find the Dorado ; the voyage of Orellana,.
and ,thc cx|}edition of Hernando de Bibera, in quest
of the Amazons : but as a narration of them wouhl
not suit the plan of this work^ we refer the reader]
cc3

. 'Ji

'■(

Ift; >

J-!.

I i

■iK

y^\f ■iii.iuj.i

I. *^

196

BRAZIL.

■Ml

m-in-

ni;

[who may wish to know the various success with
wliich these were carried on, to Southey's History
of Jirazil, vol. I. chapters iii. iv. v. vi. vii.

Chap. If,
IIat.f n centnry had now elapsed since the dis-
covery of Brazil, and so much capital in tlie course
of that time had been vested there, that tl)ese colo-
nies l)egan to be regarded as possessions of consi-
derable importance. Tlie evils of the present sys-
tem of government were very great : the governor
of every captaincy exercise,! uncontrolled authority,
and consequently abused it ; the property and ho-
nour and lives of the coloni^fs were at the mercy
of these lords ; and the people groaned under
their intoleraWe o|)prcssion. Their complaints
reached the king; he took into consideration the
advantages which the country promised, espe-
cially from the cultivation of sugar, and the danger
then; was, lest tlu French should succeed in es-
tablishing tlienisclves there, and in winning the
natives to their party ; and he resolved to revoke
the powers of the several captains, leaving them in
possession of their grants, and to a, point a gover-
nor-general, with full autliority, civil juid cri-
uiinal.

1. A irovernor-general appointed. — The person
appointed to this high station was Thome de Sousa,
a fidalgo, though a bastard, who had been tried
and a|)proved in the African and Indian wars.

2. The first Jesuits.—-ln the same year the Je-
suit >, who have borne so greata jmrt in the history
of 5. America, first made their appearance. The
names of these primary adventurers were. Father
Juan de i^spilcneta, Father Anionio Pires, Father
Leonardo Nunes, and the lay brethren, Vinceiite
Rodriguez and Diogo Jacome. The following in-
stances of the barbarous customs of the natives
will give an idea of the ignorance of the minds
they had to cuUivate. We are informed, that
whilst preparations were making for the deatli of a
captive, a woman was appointed to watch him, ajul
to cohabit with him, the captor not scrupling thus
to bestow his sister or his daughter. If she be-
came pregnant this was wluit they wished. It was
their opinion that the child proceeded wholly
from the father, nnieiving nutrition, indeed, and
birth from the mother, but nothing more. This
opinion produced a horrible consequence ; theotl-
spiing of a captive was suffered to grow up, the
cir<;ii istanc«'s of his birth-place and up-growing
occH-ioned no human feelings towards him ; it was
alwfiys remembered that he was of the blood and
ficsh of their enemies, and when they thought him
in the tKst condition they killed and devoured him ;

the noarcst kinsman to the mother ohiciatcd as
slaughterer, and the first mouthful was given to
the mother herself. But human nature partakes
too much of that goodness from which it hath pro-
ceeded, ever to become totally perverted. The
women often took drugs to cause abortion, that
they mi(?ht be spared the misery of seeing their off.
spring butchered ; and they often assisted these
husbands to escape, laid food tor them iu the woods,
and sometimes fled with them. This happened
frequently to the Portuguese ])risoners ; the urazi«
lians held it dishonourable to fly, and could not
always l)e persuaded to save themselves. A mother
also was sometimes found who resolutely defended
her child, till ha was able to make his way to bis
father's tribe. Hut the native Brazilians were not
all cannibals. The Tupi race seem to have brought
this custom from the interior^ and it is found in all
the branches of that stock.

3. Gimrani and Tupi languages, — The Tupis
of Brazil, the Guararis of Paraguay, and the
Omaguas of Peru, (between whom and the nearest
Guaranis there intervenes, as Hervas says, a chaos
of nations), speak dialects of the same tongue,
traces of which are found through an extent of 70
degrees. The Guarani is the parent language, be-
ing the most artificial ; as the Greek is more so
than t) c Latin, the Latin than all the modern
dialects which have grown out of its ruins. It
bears the marks of a primitive tongue, for it
abounds with monosyllables ; one word, as in the
Chinese, serves for various meanings, as it \%
variously accented ; and every word is said to ex-
plain itself, which probably means that many are
imitative sounds, and that all composites and deri-
vatives are regularly formed. Yet from the variety
of its accentuation-;, it is the most difficult of all
the American languages. The Tupi is spoken
along the whole coast of iirazil, and far into the in-
terior, probably extending over a wider surface
than any other of the native American languages.
Their names for the numerals were very barbarous,
and extended only as far as five ; all beyond was
expressed by helj) of the fingers. Tupa is their
word for father, for the Supreme Being, and for
thunder ; it past by an easy procees from the first
of these meanings to the last, and the barbarous
vanity of some tribes compounded from it a name
for themselves. In these words their whole theology
is at once comprised and explained.

4. Tupi pi tests. — Their pflyes, or priests, lived
alone in dark huts, the doors of w liicli were very
small, and into which no one dared enter. What-
ever they wanted was given them. '1 In^y taught
that it was an abominable sin for any one to refuse]

iciatcd as
I given to
; partakes
liath pro-
ed. The
tion, that
r their oft-
sted these
,he woods,
happened
the Brazi<
could not
A mother
r defended
way to his
s were not
ire brought
)und in all

rhe Tupii
, and the
the nearest
ys, a chaos
le tongue,
xtentofTO
iguage, be-
is more so
he modern
ruins. It
rue, for it
as in the
as it 'vi
aid to ex-
many are
and deri-
tlie variety
Kcult of all
is spoken
into the iri-
er surface
anguages.
jarbarous,
)cyond wai
la is their
ig, and for
om the first
barbarous
it a name
e theology

riests, lived
\vcre very
r. Whnt-
ln.'y taught

e to refuse]

BRAZIL.

107

[tlicm Ills daugLter, or any ibing else which they
chose to ask ; and few ventured to incur the sin,
for if tliey predicted the death of one who had
oti'cnded them, the wretch took to his hammoc
instantly, in such fidi exiiectation of dying, that
he would neither eat nor drink, and the predic-
tion was a Lcntence which faith effectually execu-
ted. Their mode of quackery was that which is
common to most savage conjurers ; they sucked
the part affected, and then produced a piece of
wood, bone, or other extraneous substance, as what
they had extracted by the operation.

5. The mandioc the common food and drink. —
The native mode of cultivating the mandioc was
rude and summary ; they cut down the trees, let
them lie till they were dry enough to burn, and
then planted them anew between the stumps. They
ate the dry flour in a manner which baffled all
attempts at imitation ; for, taking it between their
fingers, they tossed <t into their mouths so neatly
that not a single graii. fell beside. No European
ever tried to perform this feat without powdering
his face or< his clothes, to the amusement of the
savages. When the mandioc failed, what they
called stick-flour ( in Portuguese farinha de pao)
was made from the wood of the urucuri-iba,
which they cut in pieces and bruised ; and this
being less liable to corrupt than the mandioc, is
now generally used in the Brazilian si.ips. The
mandioc supplied them also with their banqeting
drink. They prepared it by a curious process,
which savage man has often beei\ ingenious enough
to invent, and never cleanly enough to reject.
The roots were sliced, boiled till they became soft,
and set aside to cool. The young women then
chewed them, after which they were rcturneil into
the vessel, which was filled with water, and once
more boiled, being stirred the whole time. When
this had been continued suihciently long, the un-
strained contents were poured into earthen jars of
great size, which were buried up to the middle in
the floor of the house ;, these were closely stopt,
and in the course of two days fermentation took
place. They had an odd superstition, that if it
was made by men it would be good for nothing.
They never ate at their <lrinking parlies, nor ever
desisted from drinking while one drop of liquor
remained ; but having exhausted all in one house,
removed to the next, and so on till they had drank
out all in the town. Fond as the native Brazilians
were of fermented liquors, they were as nice in
the choice of water as we are respecting wine, and
wondered at the imprudence or ignorance of the
Europeans in seeming to be indifl'erent concerning
the quality of what they drank. They preferred

the sweetest, lightest, and such as deposited no
sediment, and they kept it in vessels of porous pot-
tery, so that it was kept cool by constant transu-
dation. Pure water exposed to the morning dew,
and to the air, was a favourite remedy both with
the native and Portuguese empirics ; the air and
dew were supposed to temper it, and lo separate
its terrestrial from its aerial parts. It is subject of
speculation, whether the philosophy of this quack-
ery could have been of savage growtli ?

6. Marriages. — No man married till he had
taken an enemy, nor was suffered to partake of the
drinking-feast while he remained single. As soon
as a girl became marriageable, her hair was cut
offr.nd her back scarified, and she wore a neck-
lace of the teeth of beasts till the hair had grown
again. The scars thus made were considered
honourable ornaments. Cotton cords were tied
round hi.'r waist and round the fleshy part of both
arr.is ; they denoted a state of maidenhood, and if
any but a maiden wore them, they were persuaded
that the anhanga would fetch her away. This
seems to have oeen a gratuitous superstition ; it
cannot have been invented for the purpose of keep-
ing the women cliaste till marriage, for these bands
were broken without fear, and incontinence was
not regarded as an offence. Chastity, like com-
passion, is one of the virtues of civilization ; th«
seeds are in us, but will not grow up without culture.
Their custom of herding together in large and
undivided dormitories produced an obvious and
pernicious effect : all decency was destroyed by it ;
universal lewdness was the consequence ; and this
in its turn led to the most loathsome of all out-
rages against human nature. If a man was tired
of a wife he gave her away, and he took as many
as he pleased. The first had some privileges ; she
had a separate birth in the dormitory, and a field
which she cultivated for her own use. These
privileges however did not prevent her from being
envious of those who supplanted her ; and tha
wives who found themselves neglected, consoled
themselves by initiating the boys in debauchery.
The husbands seem to have known nothing cf
jealousy ; it cannot perhaps exist without love*
and love also is a refinement. There prevailed
among them the Jewish custom, that the brother
or nearest kinsman of the deceased took his widov
to wife.

7. Condition of toomen among them. — The mor«
brutal (he tribe, the worse always is the treatment
of the women. The Tupinambas were in many
respects an improved race ; their wives had soine-
thing more than their due share of labour, but
they were not treated wth brutality, and their]

1 1'

.( -:

!Hl

r 3

F t I

198

BRAZIL.

ii ''X

': i

'':%

^4'i.

¥ ■

P • ii '

[condition was on the wliolc happy. They set
and dii<r the niiindinc ; they sowed and gathered
the inaiEe. An odd superstition prevailed, that it'
a sort of earth-almond, which the Portuguese call
amendoens, was planted by men, it would not grow.
The Tnpinanibus were fond of acting upon a
physical theory ; and it is probable, that in this
allolinciit of agricultural labours, they proceeded
upon the same hypothesis as the more barbarous
savages of the Orinoco, who explained it to Gumilla
'when he rcmontrated against it. Father, said
they, you do not understand our custom, and that
is the reason why you do not like it. Women
know how to bring forth, which is a thing that
we do not know. When they sow and plant, the
itiilk of maize produces two or three heads, the
root of inandioc two or three baskets full, and
every thing multiplies in like manner from their
hands. Spinning and weaving, for they had a
sort of loom, were properly the women's work.
Having taken the cotton from the pod, they pulled
it abroad; no distaff was used; the spindle was
about a foot long and a finger thick ; it was passed
through a little ball, and the thread fastened to
the top ; this they twirled between the hands, and
tent spinning into the air : they could do it as they
walketl. In this manner they made cords strong
enough for their hammocs, and likewise so fine a
thread, tluit a waistcoat woven of it, which De
l.rry took to France, was mistaken there for silk.
When their hammoc was dirty, as it must soon
have been soiled by the smoke of their everlasting
fires, they bleached it by means of a sort of gourd,
which, when cut in pieces, boiled, and stured,
raised a lather, and being used as soap, made the
eottrtn white as snow. The women were skilful
potters. They dried their vessels in the sun, then
inverted them, and covered them with dry bark, to
which they set fire, and thus baked them sutlicient-
ly. Many of the American tribes carried this
art to great perfection ; there are some who bury
their dead in jars large enough to receive them
erect. The Tupinanibas, by means of some white
liquid, glazed the inside of their utensils so well,
that it is said the potters in France could not do it
beti!;r. The outside was generally tinishcd with
less care ; those however in which they kept their
food were frequently painted in scrolls and ilou-
rishes, intricately intertwisted and nicely execu-
ted, but after no pattern; nor could they copy
what they had once produced. This earthen
ware was in common use, and De Lery ob-
serves, that in this respect the savages were
better furnished than those persons in his own
country who fed from trenchers and wooden bowls.

They made baskets both of wicker-work and of
straw.

8. Other customs of the Tupi tribes. — The men
were not deficient in ingenuity. They cut the
trunk of the Goayambira, a tree which is about
the girth of a man's leg, in lengths often or twelve
palms, and slipt tite bark off whole ; this served
them as a case for their bows and arrows. Bark
canoes they made whole. The tree which was
used for this purpose is called by Stade i/ga-
vaiera ; they took off the bark in one piece, then
Keeping the middle straight and stretched by mean*
of thwarts, they curved and contracted the two
ends by fire, and the boat was made. The bark
was alx)ut an inch in thickness; the canoe com-
monly four feet wide, and some 40 in length ; some
would carry thirty persons. They seldom went
more than half a league from the coast, and if the
weather was bad, they landed and carried the
canoe on shore. Their modes of fishing evinced
much dexterity ; yet it is remarkable that they
had not applied the net to this purpose, as their
hammocs were of net-work. They pierced the
fish with arrows, and if a larger one carried the
arrow down, would diveto the depth of sixfathoms
in pursuit. Such was their power in the water that
they caught fish by the hand, and did not fear to
attack tWe great water-snake in its own element.
Another method was by beating the water, while
some of the party were ready with gourds, scooped
like a bowl, to slip under the smaller fry, as
they rose, stunned or stupified, to the sur-
face. For angling they usal a thorn, till hooks
were introduced among them ; these were what
the children were particularly desirous of ob-
taining frojn the Europeans. When they went
on the water to angle, it was upon a raft
composed of five or six lengths of wood, about
arm thick, fastened together with withes, just
long and wide enough to support them ; on this
they sat with their legs extended, and paddled out
to sen. Sometimes tiiey dammed a stream and
poisoned the water. This art, though generally
known among the American Indiiins, seems no
where to have been generally used ; partly per-
haps becaase they had discovered that it was de-
structive to the young fry, and also because it
requires no exertion of skill, and affords none of
the plciisure and uncertainty of pursuit. They pre-
served fish by drying it on the boucan, (a method
which preserves it from becoming putrid, and
from worms, but not from a species of^mite, which
is very destructive), and then reducing it to pow-
der. In catching monkeys for their Eurojwan
customers they were less ingenious ; they had no]

c fry, as

tlic sur-

lill hooks

vero wliijt

of ob-

ley went

BRAZIL.

199

[better device than to brinjr; the animal down with
an arrow, and then heal the wound. They were
fond of taming birds and of teaching (larrots lo
tallc. Some ot these birds were at perfect liberty,
and flew whither they would, yet were so familiar
witli those who fed and fondled them, that they
would come from the woods at a call. IJzards
were suffered to live in their houses ; so also was
a large species of harmless snake. Dogs were soon
obtained from the Portuguese, and in less than half
a century after the discovery of tiie new world,
European poultry were domesticated among half
the tribes of South America. The Tupinambas
hnd a method of dyin^ their feathers with Brazil
wood : they kept them m large hollow canes, which
were closed with wax, to preserve them from a
mischievous species of moth, called arauers; these
insects made quick work with leather ; cuirasses and
bucklers were soon skinned by them ; and if the car-
case of a beast was left uncovered for a single night,
they woidd make the bones clean by the morning.

9. 7 heir treatment of strangers. — As soon as a
guesl arrived at one of their villager, he went, if
lie was a stranger, to the dwelling of the chief, at
the entrance of whose birth a hammoc was swung
for him. The chief then came and questioned
him, while the others sat round and listened in
silence. The elders afterwards consulted apart
concerning him, whether he were an enemy who
was come to spy out their weakness : an enemy
had little chance of escaping their penetration, and
if he ^.ere detected he was put to death. But if
the new-comer had formerly been a guest, he went
to the same family which he had before visited,
and whose privilege it was to exercise the rights of
hospitality towards him for ever after : if he be-
took himself to another host, it was an affront to
them. The master of the family resigned to him
his own hammoc, and the wife brought him food
before they asked any questions. Then the women
came round, and seated themselves on the floor,
hid their faces with their hands, and began to
lament, he also joining in the lamentation, and not
unfVcquently shedding real tears. This custom
prevails extensively among the Indians, and is
more natural than may perhaps immediately be
perceived : for the feeling which first rises is of
the lapse of time since their last meeting, of the
friends whom they have lost during that interval,
and of the changes and chances of human life.
It is remarkable that they had no propensity to
thieving. On Dc Lery's first visit to them, one
took his hat and put it on ; another girded on his
sword to his naked side ; a third dressed himself in
his doublet. He was a little alarmed at being thus

undressed, but it was their custom, and every thing
was soon restored. They wore a grateful race, and
rememlwred that they bad received gifts after the
giver had forgotten it. They were liiieral, us ready
to bestow as to ask ; whatever the iiouse contained
was at the guest's service, ami any one might par-
take their food. They were willing, and even
watchful to oblige; if an European, wiiom they
liked, was weary when travelling in their com-
pany, they would clnerfnlly carry him.

10. Treatment of the sick, Six: — It is among the
worst parts of their character, that they were un-
fiseling to the sick, and when they thought tlie case
hopeless, neglected to give them fixMl, so that
many died rather of want than of disease. In their
burials they tied fast the limbs of the dead man,
that he might not l)e able to get up, and infest his
friends with his visits: and whoever hap|jcned to
have any thing which had belonged to the dead,
produced it, that it might be buried witii him, lost
he should come and claim it. The nearest rela-
tion dug the grave : Avhcn the wife died it was the
husband's oflice, and he assisted to lay her there.
One cause which retarded the improvement of the
Tupi tribe was the practice of frequently remov-
ing their habitations. They never remained longer
in one place tlian the palm thatch of their houses
lasted : as soon as that rotted and let in the rain,
instead of repairing it, they migrated. This was
not because the adjoining soil had been exhausted,
but from a perstmsion that change of abode was
essential to health ; and a superstition, that if they
departed from the custom of their forefathers, they
should be destroyed. When they removed, the
women were the Ijeasts of burthen, and carried the
hammocs, pots, wooden pestles and mortars, and
all other household stock. The husband only
took his wea^rons, and the wife, says MarcgrafT,
is loaded like a mule. She swings a great basket
behind her by a band which passes over the fore-
head, carries another on her head, and has several
empty gjurds, which are for drinking vessels,
hanging at her side ; one of these serves as a saddle
for the «;hild, who .sits astride it, and holds on.
Being f hus equipped, she carries the parrot in one
hand, and leads (he dog with the other. If it
rained while they were on their way, they fixed
two stakes in the ground, and made a thatch with
pain leaves, suOicient against wind and weather
for the service of the night.

11, The first bishop. — We shall here resume
the thread of our history : The number of Jesuits
soon began to increase, and in the year 1553 there
arrived in Brazil I). Pedro Fernandes Sardinha,
as bishop of Brazil ; bringing with him priests,]

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[canons, nnd ilip^nitarics, and clinrcli ornaments of
every kind for his cnthedral : he had studied and
prradiiuted at Paris, hud held the office of vicar«geue«
rul in India, and, uidiappily for himself, was now
sent to liahia. At this time no better colonists
could be sent out than the clergy, for none were
employed upon this mission except such as were
selected for tiieir ]M;culiar fitness for the service.
From the time of its earliest discovery, the French
had frequented the coasts of Brazil, though the
first regidar attempt at establishin<r themselves was
in the Rio de Janeiro, under Nicholas Durand de
Villegagnon, in 1.558. The wars of the Portuguese
with the French Ijcing a subject of little interest, wc
pass onto the period when the kingdom wasdivided
into two governments, which was in the year 1572.

12. Brazil divided into two governments. —Ht,
Sebastian's was the seat of the new one, which
began with the captaincy of Puerto Seguro, and
included every thing south of it. The French,
driven as they had repeatedly been from Brazil,
whenever they attempted to form even a factory
there, would not abandon the trade of that coun-
try. They indeed made a stand at Paraiba in
1583, but even here they were dislodged.

13. Intercourse of the English with Brazil. — It
was about the same time that the subjection of Por-
tugal to Spain had involved Brazil in hostilities
with the English, who till now had never ap-
peared there as enemies, though they had traded
with the Indians before the foundation ol 61. Sal-
vador. Be it observed, that Englishmen were
hated by all the Spaniards in America, and were
considered as pirates.

14. Their expeditions. -r-The first act of hos-
tility which the English committed in Brazil was
under Fenton, and in this they were not the ag-
gressors ; but Brazil was now liecome a Spanish
colony, and therefore exposed to the depre(iations
of every freebooter. Three years after Fenton's
return, in 1586, another expedition was destined
for the S. sea, and its instructions were not equally
pacific. The Earl of Cumberland was at the
charge of this adventure, of which Rol)ert With-
rington had the command ; it was joined by two
other privateers, one of which was fiited out by
Raleigh. After this expedition followed two others,
one under Cavendish in 1592, the other tinder
Lancaster in 1594, both inconsiderable alike in
their means and intent.

Chap. III.
1. Maranan and Para formed into a state inde-
pendent of Brazil. — The wars between the French
and tU^ ^Qrtugu«s9 vp tp tl)« year \Q2^ ar« also

IL.

little worthy of note ; but tho consequence of theia
was, that MaraAan and Para were separated from
the general government of Brazil with tlie title
of esladoot state, and Francisco Coelho de Car-
valho was apirainted the first governor. The evil
days however of Brazil were no*, drawing oil; and
the Purtuguese, instead of extending their settle-
ments in that country, were on the point of losing
all that they possessed there.

2. A Dutch company formed. — In 1G23 a Dutch
company was formed, full powers bei:ig given
them, and all other subjects oftlie United SUites
being proliibited during a term of 24 years from
trading to America, or to the opposite coast of
Africa, between the cape of (lood Hope and the
tropic of Cancer. The coinpa"y were to render
an account of their proceedings every sixth year.
A fleet sailed iu December under the couimainl of
Jacob Willekeus; his admiral being the famous
Piefer Ileyne, who from being a common sailor
had risen to that rank. The fleet made for St.
Salvador, and this capital was taken with com-
paratively no resistance. The Portuguese were
aware oft he value of their colonies; 100,000 crowns
were gjven by the city of Lisbon towards the
cxpences of .government for the deliverance of St.
Salvador ; the Duke of Braganza made a volun-
tary contribution of 20,0U0, the Duke of Caminha
of 16,500. The nobles, perceiving that f<»- the
first time the court of Madrid was zealous tur the
welfare of Portugal, and flattered in that the
\vag had written io them with his own hand request-
ing their exertions, offered with unexampled rea-
diness their persons and property to the public
service. Men who had held the highest oiKces
emliiirkcd as volunteers, among others Afibnso de
Noronha, who had been viceroy in India; nor
was there a noble family in Portugal but had some
of its sons in this armament. Tlie capitulation of
the Dutch was the natural consequence.

3. fVar with the Dutch.— U\ 1629 a Dutch
fleet, consisting of more than fifty sail, under Hen-
rick Loncq, as general in chief, arrived at Brazil ;
Pieter Adrian was admiral ; colonel NVardenburg
commanded the troops. They sailed from Hol-
land in small divisions; eight ships, with the
general on board, fell in with the Spanish fleet
off Tcneriffe, and, interior as they were in num-
bers, beat it off. They reached the cape de Vcrds
in September, but the forces under Wardenburg
did not sail from the Texel till late in the succeed-
ing month. The whole expedition consisted of
about 7000 men, half of whom were soldiers. In
1634 the Dutch commissioners, who had been dis-
patcbbed to Sarope foi reiufoKementSj returned |

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BRAZIL.

201

firith SSflOmen; and itiswortliy of observation,
Omtthe force wliicli llollniid sent out to conquer
Brazil, exceeded wliat Sp;iin would send to pro-
U'ci it ill nionr lluiu tlie proportion of ten to one.
F'^'iryens aftcrwiirds, not witlmut several remon-
strances oil till' part of (lie Jliaziliaiis, the trade
was t'irowii open, reservinj; to the company the
traltic in slavey, in inbtrnineiits of war, and in Bra-
zilian woods. But all persons high in olHce were
prohibited from tradiiijr altop(.'ll)er, lest they should
abuse (heir power for the sake of profit. One of
the senators retnriiiiig to Hulland about this time,
laid before the West India company a detailed
account of the state of their conquests. They
were now in possession of six provinces, extending
from Screijfipe to Heara. The first of these had
been utterly laid waste by Giesseliii and Scho|)pe
when they conquered it ; the latter had only a
single fort garrisoned by forty men, but it sup-
plied the Dutch sometimes with allies, and with
such articles as tli(! natives collected for tralbc.
Pernanibuco, the most important of these captain-
cies, contained five towns, Garazii or Iguara^u,
Oiiiida, Recife, Bella Pojiica, and Serinluu-iu ; it
had also several villages which were equal to small
towns in size. Before the Dutch invasion, there
had been 121 sngar- works, each itself a village;
but 31 of these were now deserted. In Itamaraca
14 works were still employed, of 23 which flourish-
ed before the conquest, raraiba had suffered less ;
18 were at work, and only two had been destroyed.
Rio Grande had originally but two, and one was
ruined. In the whole of the Dutcli captaincies
120 were going on ; 4G had b(;en stopt. The
tenths of (heir protluce were leased at the follow-
ing rates; (ho>cof PLVnanibiico for 148,500 florins;
Itamaraca and Gojanafbr 19,000; Paraiba 54,000.
A tax called ihe pensam, npon the Pernambuco
sugar-works, was leased for 26,000. The small
tenths, as they were called, made the whole amount
to 280,900 florins.

4. fVaiil ofculonisls. — The country had severely
suffered from the Dutch invasion ; large tracts
were devastated, and more inhabitants had been
cut off, than would in many long years be sup-

Elied b_y the slow course of nature. The city of
x'cife had thriven ; it was the seat of govern-
ment, <lie chief mililuiy and naval post, and the
great commercial mart, and houses were crowded
there whercvc room could be found to jilace them.
There were Dntchm<'ii who looked on in hope to
the days when Recite wouUl be another Tyre ; Jind
could these men have inspired their countrymen
with their own generous and enterprising spirit,
that anticipation would have been realized. They
vol.. I.

cried aloud for colonists; send over to lis, they
said, your handicrafts, whijse utmost industry at
home can scarcely supply for thiMii the absolute
wants of life ; here they may speedily enrich them-
selves. Three, four, and six florins a <lay, were
the wages for builders and carpenters ; that kind
of mechanical work which the sugar-eng'nes re-
quired, was still more highly paid. Tiiree sorts
of men, they said, were want«'d in Brazil : men of
capital, who would speculate in sugar-works, ar-
tificers, and persons in the employ of the com-
pany, wlio, when they retired from their offices,
would betake themselves to agriculture, and settle
themselves as quietly as upon their native soil.
With such men the country would soon be as
flourishing as (he Dutch had found it.

5. The Jeics, — The Portuguese were held ia
subjection only by fear ; but many Portuguese
Jews from Holland had taken their abode in a
country where they could speak their own lan-
guage as well as enjoy their own religion. These
were excellent subjects ; they exercised the cha-
racteristic industry of their original nation, secure
of enjoying its fruits under a free government.
Some of the Portuguese Brazilians also, gladly
throwing off the mask which they hud so long
been compelled to wear, joined their brethren of
the synagogue. The open joy with which they
now celebrated their ceremonies attracted ion
much notice ; it cxcif(;d horror in the Catholics,
and even the Dutch themselves, less liberal than
their own laws, pretended that the toleration of
Holland did not extend to Brazil ; the senate con-
ceded to, and perhaps partook of the popular feel-
ing, and hence arose the edict by which the .lews
were ordered to perform their rites more in private.

6. The savages.— T\\c native savages, whose
numbers from the Lagoas to (he Potengi were esti-
mated now ai less than 2000 fighting men, had little
reason to rejoice in their change of masters. No-
thing but the desire of obtaining Eurojiean com-
modities could induce them to work at all, and
these commodities were now more easily attainable :
yet more work was required from them, because
Negroes were scarcer and dearer than they had
formerly been, some having faiilitully followed
kind masters in their emigration, others having
gone over to the Dutch to obtain their freedom,
others again more wisely joining their brethren
at the Palmares. The article in most estimation
among them was Osnaburgh linen, — with that
which was manufactured at iiouen and at Stein-
furt they had been overstocked. The savage*
never could be persuaded to hire themselves for a
longer term than twenty days ; a Dutch overseer j

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BRAZIL.

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f icsUIed in every vilUge lo keep tlicm to their task,
juid sec tliat their e.'iiployt'rs paid tlictn fairly ;
I)cfore the time cxjjirod they geriernlly deiiitindcd
tlieir wages with n suspiciuus feeling, for which
there was pn)l)ahly ciiuiigli reason ; niid wlieii
they were paid tilery not Miilrequeiitlytied from tlie
unfinished joli. ^^l^yenlpioynlenls which used to
lie I'xerciscd by Ncgrois, were now required from
them, and (licy otten took to fliglit in consequence.

7. Diilch inissionarirs. — A tew Dutcii mission-
aries laboured to teach them a liutlieran instead of
u Popish creed ; but did not succeed in making
any proselytes.

«. Force of (he Dutch. — The military force of
the Dutch in IJraril amonnlcd oidy toO'lSO men,
to whom it was supposed 1000 Indians might be
nddcd. This whole force was required for uar-
tisons ; there was none to s|)are for pursuing their
successes, nor even for delending the country
Rgainst the marauding parties of the Portuguese.
Under any minister but Olivares, Spain would
liave extirpated tbein in one campaign. The
Dutch senator confessed in his memorial, that
they owed their safety more to the negligence of
tliu enemy than to their own strength.

9. 'J'heir successes.— li is true, that in the
course of about ly years, the company had fitted
out 800 ships, which cost fiO,000,t)00 of livres,
3,750,000/. In this space of time they captured
bin vessels belonging to their enemies, which,
with the cargoes, sold for 180,000,000 of livres,
7,500,000/. The dividend had never been below
20 per cent, and had often risen to 50. They had,
by taking advantage of the delay* and misconduct
of their opponents, subjugated, in the s|)ace of
seven years, the captainships of Pernanibuco,
Tamaraca, Paraiba, and liio Grande. In short,
their eft'orts were attended with such astonishing
success in this and other parts of America, that
from the time of the consolidation of the West
India company in l()2l to 16^7, they had destroy-
ed and taken from the Spaniards and Portuguese
money and merchandize of various kinds, to the
value of 45,000,000 of (lorins, or 4, -00,000/. of our
money; and out of 800 ships fitted out against
tliein by the crown of Spain, they took or des-
troyed 547.

10. Feats of Count Maurice— VA-AicA with the ac-
quisition of this weahh, which flowed into Ani.stcr-
dam insleail of Lisbon, the company had resolved
to attempt the conquest of the wlioleofthe Brazils,
aiul had entrusted this enterprise to Maurice of
Nassau, a near relation of the Prince of Orange,
and who had already greatly distinguished hnn-
sclf ill the service of the states. The Count, after

a very obstinate resistance, defeated the Portu-
guese, and forced their camp nt Porto (!abelo,
though strongly entrenched. After this he laid
siege to the fortress of Povacaon, and forced its
garrison, of (iOO men, to surrender. Count Mau.
rice next took the town of Opetieda, on the river
of St. Francis, where he erected a fort, as well as
another at the mouth of the river, by which he
elfectually covered his new conquests, after which
he relumed to Olinda. During his stay in this
city, he was sedulously occupied in organizing the
civil and military government, and in filting out
two fleets. One of these, under the command of
Admiral Lichthart, was ordered to attack the *.
coast of Brazil, while the other, commanded by
Commodore llanskins, was de.stincd to a service
of .still greater importance, that of securing a sta-
ti(»n on the opposite shore of Africa. With this
view, it was resolved to attack the Portuguese
castle of St. (ioirge de la Mina, on the coast of
(iuinea, in the neighbourhood of which the Dutch

Eossessed a strong settlement. Commodore Hans-
ins therefore joined the Dutch governor of this
place on the SJtIi of .Inly, when, attacking the
above-mentioned castle, which was then deemed
one of the most formidable in that part of the
worhl, they obliged it, after a siege of some length,
to surreii«Ier. Having thus succeeded in his enter-
prise, the commodore returned to Olinda, where
he was received by Count Maurice with all that
distinction which the achievement merited. Tiic
campaign of 1638 was equally glorious and suc-
cessful on the part of the Dutch; for in that year
the Count took the capital of tlie captainship of
Segerippa, and reduced the whole province under
the subjection of the Dutch. These splendid sue-
cesses induced the natives of Scara, one of the
71. captainships, to declare in their favour, and to
ofl'er, as the price of their restoration to liberty,
to assist them against the Portuguese ; on which,
a body of troops being serit to join them, these
united forces soon reduced tlie whole district.
Count Maurice now determined to attack St. Salva-
dor, in the bay of All Saints, which was in some
measure considered as the capitidof all Brazil ; and
with this view he embarked all the troops he
could spare for this exjK'ditiou at Olinda, and
landed ttiem in the bay, expecting by the prompt-
ness of his measures to take the Portuguese by sur-
prise. He succeeded, indeed, and without m^ich
resistance, in making himself master of the strong
fort of Albert, of that of St. Bartholomew, and of
the t <ebrated castle of St. Philip; and encouraged
by this success, he erected two batteries, with the
view of attacking furt Uoscs, which covered the]

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BRAZIL.

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c Portii-
ChIm-Io,
s In; laid
breed i(s
[int IVTiiu-
tlic river
us well as
tvliicli lie
ter wliicli
y in (his
i)iziii(^tlic

ittiiii?

out
ininaiKl ul'
ick tlic s.
landed by
a service
insf a s<a-
With this
'ortiigiiese
ic coast of
(lie Dutch
lore Hans-
lor of this
eking tlie
en deemed
art of ll«c
ine length,
I his enter-
da, where
th all that
itcd. Tlic
s and sue-
that year
:ainsliip of
ince under
ndid sue-
ine of the
)ur, and to
to liberty,
nn which,
lem, these
district.
St. Salva-
is in some
Irazil ; and
troops he
inda, and
le proinpt-
esc by siir-
lout imicii
the strong
ew, and of
nconraged
_ with the
ivcred the]

[city on one side, and a liorn-work on the other.
Jlctwccn these lay a piece of gnnind covered with
sliriibs and bushes, where the Portuguese governor
had posted himself with 4(X) men. Thisdispo-
bilion was attended with the most serious con-
sequences to the Dutch; for, after nn obstinate
engagement, ntlcinpting to retire by that way, they
were attacked in tiie rear, and lost four ollicers of
distinction, liesides their principal engineer, and
SOO of their b«'st men ; on which Count Maurice,
abandoning the post he had taken, raised the
siege with great precipitation. In the mean
time the S|)anish government sent out, in the
beginning of J64(), Count de las Torres with
a (ieet of large and small vessels, amounting
to 93 sail, having WjOOO men on board. Count
Maurice awaited his approach, with 41 men of
war, within tour miles of the coast of (llinda.
This last fleet was commanded, under the Count,
by Admiral l/oos, a man of the most determined
courage and bravory. Tlies(- hostile fleets met
and engaged, on the ISth of January, near the
island of Tamaraca, and atler a contest which
lasted four days, the Dutch gained a complete
victory. But an event at this time occurred in
Durope, which completely changed the state of
ttfTairs in Brazil.

The Portuguese had never Ijcen thoroughly sa-
tisfied with their situation, nor enjoyed much pros-
perity since their subjugation to the Spanish yoke
in 1581. Philip II. it should appear, had deemed
it better to reigu over nn enslaved nation than one
owing its allegiance to the affection and good-will
of the people; and in almost every instance did
Le sacrifice the glory of the Portuguese name to
those narrow and mistaken ideas of policy. This
prince had, however, the address to conceal his
real intentions under the most specious and honour-
able pretexts ; but liis son, who pursued the same
pernicious maxims of government, suflered the
Portuguese to be deprived of a niunber of con-
quests which had been acquired at the expence of
much blood and treasure, aud had proved to them
a source of glory, power, and riches. Tlic suc-
cessor of this weak monarch, possessing still less
unilerstanding than even his father, openly at-
tacked the administration, the laws, and privi-
leges of the Potuguese people ; and to this impoli-
tic conduct he is said to have been instigated by
the advice of Olivares, with a view to provoke a
revolt, that he might obtain over them the rights
of a conqueror.

II. King John IV. — A short time however
evinced how unwise had lieen his plans for these
repeated outrages ; fur a conspiracy, which dur-

ing three yenrs had been orgnnizin|r with uncom<
roon secrecy, and had united in one interest all the
Portuguese whom Spain had laboured to divide,
burst out with incredible fury in December IfilO,
when Philip IV. was ignominiously expelled from
Portugal, and the Duke of Bragan/.a, by title of
John IV. placed on the throne of his ancestors.
The example of the capital was soon followed by
the rest of the kingdom, as well as by what re-
mained of the colonies, settled under happier aus-
fices ill Asia, Africa, and America. The new
ing hail scarcely ascended the throne before he
united his interest and resentments with those of
the Knglish, the French, and, in short, with all
the enemies of Spain. On the S?'jd of June Ifiii,
'.e concluded an offensive and defensive alliance
with (he United Provinces for Europe, and a 10
years truce for the East an<l West indies. Prince
ftlaurice, who had foreseen that such nn e\cfit
would naturally result from the changes which I ad
take place in Portugal, resolved to embrace the
present opportunity of regaining the captainship
of Segerippa, which had been wrested from him by
the Portugues(;, He also reduced the island of
J^oanda, on the coast of Conga, and that of St.
Thomas, which lies directly under the equinoctial
line; after which he dispatched Admiral Lich«
thar. and Coii'.modore Ilanskins with six men of
war and an equal number of frigates, in order to
reduce the island of Marafian and the town of St.
Lewis. Having effected this service, the rest of
the districts submitted of course, so that towards
the conclusion of the year 1641 the Dutch pos-
sessed seven out of the 14 cajitainships into which
Brazil was divided. As most of these successes were
obtained after the publication of the truce above-
mentioned, a remonstrance was addressed to the
states-general by the Portuguese ambassador, re-
presenting in strong terms the unjustifiable nature
of such proceedings. Some of the places in qucs
tion they refused, under one specious pretence or
another, (o relinquish ; and (hough orders were
sent out for the delivering up others, these injunc-
tions were drawn up in such a vague manner, that
most of the Dutch governors in JBrazil refused to.
comply with them.

1*2. Ihjined -policy of the Portuguese. — While
these unjustifiable proceedings rendered the Portu-
guese more anxious than ever to expel the Dptch
wholly from Brazil, they had recourso to a most
wise and refined piece of policy, in order to for-
Avard the accomplishment of their designs. They
magnified the wisdom of the Dutch government^
apparently confided in their promises, and readily
acquiesced in the validity of the excuses whichj
DOS

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BRAZIL.

f tlicy offered for llieir non-pcrformnnoc. Thrown
off' (licir gtiurc), by wliat they supposed llic friendly
disiMMitionit of their neij^rhbonrs, Count Maurice
und the directors of the VVest Indiii connmny con-
ceived they liad nothing; now to dread, either from
the nntivex or the Portmruese ; hut even these arts
-of their riviils would not probably have led to
tiieir final overthrow, had it not been for the nar-
row nnd illiberal views of the company itself.
I'nlly confident that the Dutch had seeured a
firm and permanent settlement in Brazil, they dis-
patched orders to Count Maurice to iulopt such
measures as woidd iiu^ment tluir revenue, by for-
warciin^ vast cargoes ol'siiijar, and the other com-
inodilies of the country: they particularly en-
joined him not to receive the debts of the com-
pany in small sums, but to enforce payment all at
onc(;. Coimt Maurice remonstrateu against these
ordws, and representt'd to the company the incon-
veniences and distress which would attend their
execution. He represented to them, that the
country had only enjoyed a short statcof tranquil-
lity, alter a long-protracted and expensive war;
that most of the company's debtors were Portu-
guese, who had settled in their territories, and hi-
therto acted in the most honourable manner, and
therefore ought to be treated with liberality, and
not urged to extremities ; but the company were
deaf to his arguments. They knew that Brazil
was a rich country ; and indulging a truly mer-
cantile spirit, they could sec no reason why ail that
it produced should not be instantly shipped for
Holland. Other parts of Count Maurice's con-
duct likewise afforded them a subject of discon-
tent. Opposite to the Receiffe is situated a com-
modious island, upon which he ordered a town io
btt built, and well fortified, chiefly out of the ruins
of Olinda. This town, to which he gave the
name of Mauriceburgh, in a short time became so
extensive, that he united it to the Receiffe, which
was become the centre of the Dutch commerce, by
means of a stone bridge. These improvements,
which were undeitaken for the public benefit, and
with a view of securing the company's capital from
accidents, were not relished by the proprietors, as
the evpeiice attending them amounted to above
40,000/. ; but what created in their minds still
greater discontent, was the splendid palace built
by Count Maurice for his own use. This magni-
ficent edifice was erected in such a situation as to
command an extensive prospect both by sea and
land ; it was surrounded by gardens, elegantly
laid out, and planted with citrons, lemons, figs,
and other fruit-trees. In its front was a marble
battery, riling gradually from the river*side, upon

which were mounted 10 pieces of cannon. Tin
Count also possessed a lar<;e villa at a short dis-
tance in the country, encompassed by fine gardens
adorned with fish-ponds, iiiid protected by strong
walls ; the whoh' Iwing so «lisposed as to serve at
ou(e for the purposes of pleasure nnd the tict'ence
of the city, which it covered on that siile as a
tort. Within the fortifications were also laid out
ext<'nsive parks and meadows, which, by judiciou*
management, Ix-came capabh; of producing every
thing necessary for the Mibsisfcncc of the garrison,
and in the disposition of which, utility and beauty
were ccpially combined.

13. T/ic Count recalMfo Europe— Tlim did
Coimt Maurice expend the treasures, which were
the fruits of his con'jnests and victories, in the iui-

[)rovement of the colony, which an individual of
ess generosity woulil have appropriated to hit
own private advantage. But this disinterested
and public-spirited conduct, which orglit to have
ensured to him the anplause and gratitude of his
country, appears to nave produced a contrary ef-
fect ; for while thus employed, it was finally re-
solved to recal liim, as the only means of drawing
from the colony such a revenue as would be pro-
portional to the expectations of the company. In
consequence of this order, the Count sailed tor Eu-
rope with a fleet of 13 large ships, and near 3000
sold iers on board ; while, in conformity with the
instructions he had received, and with the econo<
mical scheme of goverimient to be pursued in fu«
ture, only 18 companies were left for the defence
of the whole of the Dutch settlements.

Chap. IV.

AFTF.n the recal of Count Maurice, the govern-
ment of the Dutch possessions in Brazil was bo-
stowed on Hamel, a merchant of Amsterdam ;
Bassis, n goldsmith of Haerlem ; and Bullestraat,
a carpenter of Middlebiirgh. To this council iba
decision of all commercial affairs was in future to
be confined.

These successors to the illustrious warrior and
statesman who had hitherto ruled the colony, were
men of unimpeachable integrity and solid good
sense, but with narrow minds, and wiiolly unac-
quainted with the science of government. Under
their administration the face of affairs bccailie for a
short time changed ; every department of com-
merce seemed to be animated with new life and
vigour ; and in the year following, a greater quan-
tity of sugar and other commodities was sent home
to Europe than had ever been received in the
same space of time before.

1. Impolitic conduct of the Dutch ffat India com-]

1 ■,

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BRAZIL

if)»

[«flf»y. — Thin dawn of nrospfrily prorwl howover
Bitoffctlicr illusory. Tlipy Imd si'nt to ilollaiid
tilt' very produce of flic liiiids wliicli Coiiiit Man-
ri('i> liiid assiirtu'd tor nmindiining the fortiliciitioiiK
in a proper slnlo of dcrcncc, Ity whicli means ihey
were suH'ered to full inlo rum. They even sold
the arms and ammunition, and granted passports
on the most easy terms to every soldier who was
(IcNiroiiH of returnini; to the niotiier connfry.
They compelle<| the Porlujyuesc, who lived under
(heir jurisdiction, to li(piidate their dehts to the
company all at once, whicli rendered many of
them insolvent; aiul in other cases they forced
the cultivators to resisyn the entire price of their
productions, till their demaiuls should Ix; fully sa«
tislied. Hy this ccmduct the public sirenirlli was
nniiihilated, niul the Portuguese bei;aii to entertain
Jioues that they mijctht free themselves from the
gallins: boiidajre of n Ibreign yoke. The last sti-
piilation, which deprived them of those conitbrts
and convenieacies to which they hud been accus-
tomed, above all stimulated them to attempt the
recovery of their just rights.

2. Conspiracy of Vina. — At the head of this
conspiracy was Juan Fernandez Viera, a Portu-
guese of obscure birth, who, from being a page to
one of the magistrates of Olinda, had risen to \m
an agent, and afterwards an opulent merchant.
His inflexible integrity had gained him universal
tsteem, and the generosity of his character had at-
tached to him many warm and sincere friends.
It was the intention of Viera and his associates to
put their designs in execution on the 34th of June
1645, in the midst of the capital of Pernambuco,
at an entertainment \o be given at Viera's house,
in honour of his marriage with one of the daugh-
ters of Antonio Cavalcantc, who was himself a
warm adherent to the cause. To this festival were
invited most of the officers and principal people
in the service of the company, whom the conspi-
rators intended to seize, and then immediately at-
tack the people, who would be wholly unprepared
for their defence. The plot, however, was dis-
covered at the moment of its execution ; but such
was the consfernation of the Dutch at this disco-
very, that Viera and his associates succeeded in
escaping into the neighbouring woods, where they
formed themselves into a body, and immediately
took up arms. Viera now assumed the character
of general and commander in chief. His name,
his virtues, and the popularity of his pro!<>cts, soon
collected round bim the Brazilians, the Portuguese
soldiers, and even the colonists. Assisted by Co-
lonel Diaz, witli a few Portuguese troops, and the
Brazilian, Cameron, the idol of bis people, with a

numerous body of nnfivM, he fixed his In-ad-
quarfers at Pojug, a town between ihe Rereift'c
and cape St. Angus! ine ; so that he commenced
the war in (he very heart of the Duleh doniiiiioim.
Alarmed al these liostile iirocecdings, (he counril
issucil a proclamation, promising pardon (o nil
those who would return to (heir <ln(y, with (lie
fxc'pfion of Viera, CiivHlciuid', and Aragoiisji.
They gave tlii' ((uninand of a few ill-np|)i)inted
troops to lliiys, on uliom they eonferred flic t'll«
of ueneral ; and dispatched two captains (o tne
Portuguese viceroy, at the hay of All Saints, to
remonsfrafe against (hio infraction of (he truce.

The viceroy received these irendenien with all
the politeness and courtesy wliioli (heir rank »!e.
manded, and n'plied to them, with muc!< r ,Mng
frankness, that he was uncpicstioMably ai. • 'liblc
for the conduct of the iidiai)i(an(M of that part of
Brazil under the dominion of Portugal; and it (hey
had broken the truce, he would give the Dutch
every satisfaction they could reasonably desire;
but if the Portuguese settled in the Dutch (errito-
ries had been induced by oppression or any other
cause to take up arms, he did not conceive himself
amenable for their conduct. Notwi(hs(andiiigthia
declaration, it is affirmed that he clandestinely en-
couraged those who hud begun hostilities ; and
that even on the present occasion he had secretlj
prevailed on Captain Hoogstrate, one of the gentle-
men charged with this iicgociation, to deliver up
the important post of St. Augustine, of which he
was the governor.

3. Admiral Bonavides arrives u^iik a Jfeet. —
While this negociation was going forward. Gene-
ral Huys, attacking Colonel Cameron, was de<
feated with the loss of 100 men. Abon', the same
time Admiral Salvador Corrca dc Honavides ap-
peared with a formidable fleet on the coast, on
which Admiral Lichthart, though he had with
him at the time only five men of war, oficred him
battle. The Portuguese commander, however,
declined the combat, alleging that he had no or-
ders to act against the Dutch, but only to land a
body of men on his .sovereign's dominions. Hut
these troops were no sooner landed than they en-
tered the Dutch territories in a hostile manner,
making themselves masters of every place which
fell in their way ; on which G'cncrul Huys wa« or-
dered by the council to retreat, but having waited
for an officer whom he had dis|)atched to bring olF
some valuable cflects, and escort a party of ludicc
(o a place of safety, he was surrounded by the
Portuguese, who made him and his whole armj
prisoners.

4. Bonavides aUacked and beaien bjf /idmiral}

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BRAZIL.

[ /,/(7///mr/.— OnltTS wt-" now dispntclieil 1o Admi-
nil Liclilhar< lo nUack (lie Pordiguoso ships* wlu-ic-
e%Tr he could (ind <hciii, and in conscquenri! of
Ihcsc oriU'rs he had soon an «)pportuiiily of »'x-
Iiibitiiii; a frrsh proof of his skill and courai^e; fior
\\\tU four ships, a frii;atc, and a bark, lu* atlnckal
a l*()i(u!;uc.st' tl(Yt of 17 sail, caplnri'd (hret* of the
larii:i'st ships, together with the admiral, burnt and
sunk most ot the rest, and killed 700 men. On
the news of this victory, tlio hoj^s of the conncil
began to revive, when they received information
that l[(K)gstratc had yielded up the post of St. Au-
gustine. This officer, with thepricjcof his trea-
chery, raised €i regiment of 650 lira/IMans, of
whom he was made colonel by the Portuguese,
and app aring at their head against his country-
men, behaved with great resolution and fidelity in
the service of his new masters, in a short time
the Portuguese, owing to the great superiority of
their force, made themselves masters of all the
strong places in Pernarabiido, and at length
blocked up the Ueceill'e, theonl> remaining strong-
bold of the Dutch.

5. Opiit riiplure belxseen Holland and Purttif^al.
—As soon as the news of these transactions reacli"d
Holland, the Portuguese ambassador endeavoured
to allay tlie irritation they had produced, by re-
presenting that his iMost faithful Majesty had no
concern in them whatever. Mofwithslandingthesi!
representations, however, the Dutch govermnenl
fitted out a fleet of 5'i men of war, under the com-
mand of Admiral lilankert, whom tliKy nominated
admiral of Brazil, ( I uinea, and Angola. ]le was
accompanied on this expedition by Colonels
8huppcn and Henderson, who had acquired much
celebrity in tlvc service of Count Maurice: and
thus ai> open rupture commenced between llol-
lantl and Portugal.

The delays and disasters encountered' by this
fleet on its passage were so great, that it ditl not
arrive at the Iteceiffe, till the garrison, reduced to
the utmost extremity, was on ihe point of sur-
rendering. The reinforcements, however, brought
by this fleet, enabled the Dutch to protract the
war a short time longer, and even to olilain a tew
trifling advantages, itut at the commencament
of 1647 the Portuguese again blocked up the
Receitfe, where the whole Dutch forces, amounting
to only 1800 men, were concentratcil. This hand-
ful of troops made a gallant defence, but at length
sallying out to attack the enemy in the open field,
they were overpowered by numbers, and defeatetl
with the loss of 1100 men, most of their ollicers,
and all their artillery and amuiiition.

The progress of tlic Portuguese about thiB

period became so rapid as to threaten the total
ruin of the Dutch affairs in that part of the world ;
but the-e misfortunes, instead ot stimulating them
to greater exertions, produced a national despon.
den(\v that tended to accelerate the destruction
which was become inevitable. The province of
Zealand recalled Admiral HIaiikert, who was ac-
companied on his return by most of the officers
who had served under him ; hut similar hardships
to those tliey had experienced in the passage out
befel them on their return; so that the admiral,
as well as several of his ollicers, died before the
fleet arrived in Holland.

6. F.J mUtion of Adniirnl Jf'Hfe Jf'itlezcn. —
Sieur Shuk, an agent from the governors of Bra-
zil, who came over at the same time, drew such
an aflecting picture of aflairs in that country, as
induced the Stales to resolve lo make a vigorous
effort for the preservation oi" so valuable a sc^ltle-
ment. With tliis view they issued orders for fit-
ting out a fleet of 50 large men of war, and for
the embarkation of GOOO troops. The command
of this expedition was given to Admiral Wilfe
Wittezen, who was esteemed one of the ablest
oHicers in the Dutch service ; and it was also re-
solved to send after him an additional supply of
5or(i000 more troops. The admiral sailed to-
wards the end of the year 1650; and after en-
countering very stormy weather on the j)assage,
he at length arrived on the coast of Pernambuco;
but instead of a colony he found only an hospital
of sick, maimed, ai.d infirm; and in place of the
fortresses he was sent to succour, clinrch-yardj
filled with the bmlies of those brave men who had
preceded him, and found their graves in the new
world.

Such being the posiurc of affairs, the admiral
resolved, notwilhstai ding his orders, to return
home witho'<» tlelay ; and this resolution he put
immediately into practice, leaving the c<>'i<)ny in
a worse situation, if possible, than he ioiiiid it ;
for which conduct he was called to account by the
States (leiieral, though he found njwins to justify
himself to their satisfaction. In short, ilUtbrlunc
still continued to ]mrsuu the Dutch : and towards
tlie conclusion of the year IGj'J, the Portimnese
government, who now avowedly assisted \ iera,
sent a fleet of 16 large men of war to attack the
Receiffc by sea, which so dismayed the garrison,
that they absolutely refused to fight ; and in the
following year the lew remaining republicans who
had escaped famine and the sword evacuated Bra-
zil, in consequence of a capitulation signed the
ijythof January 11)51.

7. Evacuation of the Dutch,— '1\\\k did the]

W \ . li;

BRAZIL.

207

I'!.

("Dnlcli, by an ill-judged parsimony, joined to ;i
ruiinlKT of unfortunate and unforcst-cn circum-
stances, rolinquisli a conquest wliicli, tiniler n
more liberal policy, luigbt have become one of
the richest and most flourish imr of the European
colonies iu the new world. The sensation crealetl
in tlie mother country by the news of this untoward
event, and the fury with which they demand«xl
justice against G'eneral Sigismund Schuppen, mIio
Jiad commanded in chief many years iu Brazil,
and was governor of the Receill'e at the time of its
surrender, is jwrfectly inconceivable. The Stat<s,
in order to protect him and his ollicers from the
resentment of an enraged populace, found it i.t>
ccssary to send them to prison. In this situation
the geu'^ral earnestly entreated to be suH'ered to
make a public defence ; and in this he recapilu>
lated with so nmch clearness his own long and
fiiilhful services, and the spltMidid successes he
Lad obtained under the administration of ('ouut
Maurice, while at the same time he drew such a
faithful picture of the misfortunes and hardships
which lie and his brafe companiotis in arms had
lately sustained, that the autliencc dissolved into
tours, and his judges honourably acquitted him.

8. Stale of Brazil at that time. — To conclude :
when count Maurice, after residing eight years in
Brazil, relinquished the government, he left seven
captainships, one city, 30 large towns, 45 regular
tbitresses, 90 sail of ships, 3000 regular troops,
20,000 Dutch, 00,000 Negroes, and'^ about twice
the number of native Brazilians : but, after the
expenditure of several millions of money, and the
destruction of several thousands of lives, there re-
turned to Holland, in 1655, only between 6 and
700 individuals, and these wholly destitute of
property.

1 he peace which was a short time before this

E;riod concluded between England and the United
rovinces, seemed to leave the latter at liberty
to attempt the recovery of this valuable settle-
ment.

9. Trea/i/ of \G6l. — But the general expecta-
tion, whicli anticipated this event, was disap-
f)uinted by the treaty, which put an end to the
loslilities l)etwcen the two powers in 1G6I, and by
wliich the Brazils were secured to the crown of
Portugal, in consideration of 8,000,000 of livres,
(3^3,333/. 6s, ()(/.)> which that govermuent <mi-
gag«;d to pay, either iu money or goods, to the
United l*iovinces.

Since the above periwl, the Portuguese have
remained in quiet possession of this extensive
country. The treaty, which delivered themtrom
the presence of au enemy by whom they hud been

so often humbled, was no sooirer execuf<'d, than
the court of Lisbon iH-gan to consider the best
means of securing the future tramitiillily, and iu-
civ'asing the riches, of their povsishions.

The Portuguese visited the river Plata sh(utly
after ihe Spaniards; but whatever niiglit be tlicir
views ill this excursion, it diH's not appear that
they endeavoured to form any setllement on it till
'iV)3, at which period tliey proceeded as fir
as iJ'."'nos Ayres, and took possession of tiie rt.
coast of the Spanish provinces in that quarter.
This transaction seems to have been overlookeil
by the Spanish government, fill the court of Lis-
bon procee<le<l, in IdOO, to found the colony of St.
Sacrament, at the extremity of the territory hither-
to claimed by Spain. Hence arose a new source
of jeahmsy and animosity, which gave rise to the
most violent contests between these rival powers,
and eventually stained the river Plata with blood.
10. Varinnre and rccomiliitlion Ixtivern the
Spanish and Poitn<iUrsr. — Spiiiii contended that
the new colony was planted in tlw spactr allotted
to her by the Popes, a truth which the Portuguese
attempted not to deny, but they maintained that
this tract was yieliled up to them by later agree-
ments, anil particularly by the treaty of ItJtiS.
At'ter various acts of hostilities, in which the rising
tvalls of the colon V had been destroyed, and tlio
Portuguese expelled, it Mas agreed, in 16SI, that
they should be re-instated in possession of the
post they had been compelled to abandon, but that
the inhabit^mts of Buenos Ayres should have an
equal right with themselves to the enjoyment of
the disputed territory.

This provisional treaty was however abrogated
during the war which broke out between the two
crowns at the commencement of tin; last cen'ury ;
in consequence of which, the Portuguese, in 1705,
were again expelled from St. Sacrament. It wai
once nu)re, however, ceded to tlu-ni by the treaty
of Utrecht, as well as the exclusive possession of
the whole te'Tit,)ry in dispute.

No sooner had hostilities c«'ased between these
rival crowi s, than the inhabitants of St. Sacra-
ment, and lliose of Buenos Ayres, impelled by
their mutual wants and convcMiiences, ent(>red into
a considerable contraband traile with each other,
in which it appears that all parts of Brazil and of
Peru, and even some merchants of the mother
conutrits, were more or less engaged.

II. Inleifirmre of old Spain, — The Spanish
governiiient, unetisy at perceiving the treasures of
the new wo/hl diverted into any titlier channel,
with that short-sighted policy which marked alt
its councils iu rcs[)ecl to itii South Aiucricim ih)s-]

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BRAZIL.

[sessions, endeavoured as far as possible to limit
these (iiiautborised conncrtioiis. Asserting that
the Portuguese had no rigiit to advance beyond
cannon-shot (roni their own walls, orders were
given to occupy the n. I)anks of the Plata,
from its mouth to St. S;icrament, with flocks and
lierds of cattle. The viilajrcs of Maldonndo and
Montevideo were biiiil, and every other measure
adopted to socuro the possession of this interme<
diate (iomaiii.

These unexpected and oflTensive proceedings on
the part of . Spain quickly revived those iends and
animo-iiies which had l)cen suspended by tiieir
comnuMcial intercourse witli the Portuguese, and
■which in a little time would have been wholly
forgotten. A clandestine war, to whicli the peo-
ple were stimulated by the agents of their res|)ec-
tive governments, was carried on for some time,
and tlie two nations were on the brink of an open
ru|.ture, when a treaty was ])roposed, in 1750,
that appeared well calculated to terminate the
differences between these monarchies. By this
treaty the PortUiruesc agreed to exchange the
colony of St. Sacrament, and the territory annex-
ed to it, for the seven missions established by
Spain on the e. coast of tlie Uruguay. Consi-
siderable opposition was, however, expected to
the execution of this treaty in America. "The
Jesuits," says the Abbe Haynal, " who from their
earliest origin had opened to themselves a secret
load to dominion, might have objected to the
dismembering of an empire which owed its ex-
istence to their labours. Independent o( this ffreat
interest, they might have thought themselves
responsible for the prosperity of a docile set of
people, who, by throwing themselves into their
arms, had entrusted them with the care of their
fnture well'arc. These tribes had not, besides,
been conquered, and therefore when they sub-
mitted to Spain, they did not give to that crown
the viglit of alienating them from its domini<m.
Without havirig reflected on the incontestible
rights of nations, they might imagine that it be-
longed to them alone to (lctern;ine what was con-
ducive to their happiness. The horror they were
well known to entertain for the Port uguese yoke,
was equally capable of leading tiiem a^tiay, or
of ( nliijiiciiing them." Whatever may be thought
of tlies( speculation^, whctlnir the above, or what-
ever oIIk r motives operated on the seven ceded
ixovinces, it is certain that they prepared to repel
)y I'orce the united armies of Spain and Portugal,
which had been si iit from Europe to enlitrce the
execution of the treaty. 1 Infbrtunat( l_y, how-
ever, their military skill and conduct did not

equal their love of independence ; for instead of
harassing the enemy, and cutting off their sup-
plies, which they were obliired to procure from a
great distance, they imprudently waited for them
in the open field. IJciiig dcteatod in a pitched
batll(! with considerable slaughter, which discon-
certed their measures, they abandoned their ter-
ritory witliout another ellbrt.

In consequence of this event, the Spaniards
conc<;ived themselves Avarranted to take posses-
sion of the colony of St. Sacrament, which Wcts,
however, resisted by the Portuguese, on the pre«
tence that the inhabitants of the Uruguay were
only dispersed, and would, in all probability,
endeavour to re>;ain a territory from which they
had been forcibly expelled. Tliese difficulties re-
tarded the conclusion of the treaty, which was at
length finally broken off in 1761.

12. Treaties of 1777 and 1778.— From that period
these deserts once more became the theatre of war
and bloodshed, till Portugal, deprived of the
assistance of her most powerful allies, was at lensrth
forced to submit. By the treaties of 1777 and
1778, she relinquished for ever the ce tony of St.
Sacrament, but received in exchang'j the terri-
tory of the river St. Peter, of which she had been
formerly deprived.

While these enterprises were going forward
on the Amazon and the Plata, the more peaceful
and iiulustriuus citizens on the coast of Brazil
were endeavouring to increai>3 the useful produc-
tions of the colony, and to give respectability
and permanency to her commercial undertak-
ing'*.

13. State of commerce, mine.i, ^c. —-Since
the prince regent dime to the Brazils, the trade
has increased greatly. Ilelbre this period it was
carried on with Europe in large ihips, similar to
our East Indiamea ; but it is of course now thrown
open to all nations.

Mr. Humboldt, who takes for his authority
the work of Correa de Serra, makes the annual
prodi'ce of the mines of this kinsrchmi amount to
i?9,fl00 Spanish nuirks of ])wre tro.d, \h': value of
which, in dollars, is 4,360,000, at 145/^% dollars
to the Spanish mark. This estimate we strongly
suspect to b<^ exaggerated, as 16 years Jigo Bra-
zil did not furnish i?0,t)()0 marks annually, and
as many years preceding, the supply from it
had been diminishing every year.

Chap. V.
The 14 provinces or captainships have been al-
ready enumerated by Alce<lo. Each of these pro-
vinces is under the government of a separate rum- 1

' \

B R A Z I E.

200

fmanilcr ; biitlliougli (liesp governors are cxpcxtud
(0 conform to the geiicnil regulations cnaclcti by
the viceroy, they arc Mliolly indcpeiulint of his
authority, since Ihey receive Ihcir instructions di-
rectly from (he Portuguese government, and arc
Iwtuid to Irnnsinit fo Lisbon an account of the busi-
ness transacletl in their several departments. They
nre only appointed for three y<!ar.s, but their com-
mission is usually extended beyond that period.
They are prohibited by law from marrying in the
country under their jurisdiction, from being con-
cerned in any branch of trade, from accepting
any present whatsoever, from receiving any
emoluments for the functions of liieir ollice ; and
these regulations Jiave been very rigorously ad-
hered to lor several years past. Individuals who
voluntarily resign their oflice, or who arc recalled
by the government, are obliged to give an account
of their conduct to commissioners appointed by the
mother country; and the citizens, whatever may
be their rank, arc competent to impeach them. Jf
they Iiappcn to die while in oflice, the bishop, in
conjunction with the commanding oflicer and the
chief magistrate, immediately assume the reins of
government till the arrival. of a successor.

The jurisprudence in Brazil is the same as that
of the mother country. A judge residtis in each
district, from whose decision an appeal lies to the
superior tribunals of Hahia, Uio de Janeiro, and
even to those of Jnsbon, if it be a question of great
importance. Jn the districts of Para and Mat inan,
they are allowed, however, to appeal directly to
the mother cf)untry, ^^itllout being obligi'd to ap-
pear before the two intermediate tribui: 'Is already
mentioned. ]n criminal cases a different practice
is followed. 'J'he judge belonging to each parti-
cular district is empowered to punish |)etty misde-
meanours ; while more enormous oHences arc
judged by the governor, assisted by a certain num-
ber of assessors appointed for this purpose. In
every proviiu-e thcr*' is also established an especial
tribunal, in order to take cognizance of thoM- lega-
cies bequ(?athed to persons residing beyond llie
seas. They have no fixed salary, but are allowed
to deduct five per cent, from s\i<'h capitals, the
remainder being transmitted jo Portugal, and de-
posited in an ollice appropriated to the [xirpose.

The finances of each province are administered
by the eommandiint and tour ma<ristrates ; and
their accounts are annually forwarded to the royal
treasury at Lisbon, where (hey undergo a most
minute inspection. The military establishment is
here on the same footing as in Portugal and other
Kuropcan countries. The troops are at tlie dis«

VOL. I,

posal of the governor for the time being, v.ho is
entrusted with the nomination of all the oflieers
under the rank of captain. The militia is in like
manner pliced under his controul, Jt is com-
posed of all (he citizens indiscriminately, except
the Indulge, or highest order of nobility, who are
exempted from every kind of personal service.
This body of men funiish their own uniforms ; in
the interior parts of the country they arc oidy as-
sembled in cases of absolute necessity ; but at
Pcrnamhuco, Haliia, and other parts on the coast,
they are exercis',u one month every year, «luring
which tiiey receive pay from the government.
The Negroes and Mnlattoes are embodied by them-
selves, but the Indians are incorporated along with
the colotiists. The regular troops generally
amount to about 8000 men, and the militia to
upwards of 50,001).

The king, as grand-master of the order of
Christ, has the .sole right to the tithes, as well
as to the produce of the crusade ; nevertheless,
six bishoprics have been established at different
times, whi(h are all subordinate to (he arch-
bishopric of Jiahia, or Todos Santos, founded in
\5b'2. The prelates, who fill those sees, arc all of
them JJiiropeans, \\\n\ their s.ilaries, which are
paid by the irovcrnment, vary from, 1200 to
j'0,000"livres (from bOI. to I2.5()/.)

None of (he inferior clergy are paid by the go-
vernment, except the missionaries ; but, exclusive
of an annual trihute which they receive from every
family, they are paid 10 sols (J.v. 8(/.) for every
birth, marriage, aud burial ; and in the districts
of l!i(.' itiiiies this emolument is more than doubled.
No regular convents are established by law in
IJra/.ii ; but in a few of the districts, such as
IJaliia, and at liio de Janeiro, .some establish-
ments have been endowed lor female devotees.
There are, however, more than 20 monasteries
belonging to dilFerent religious orders, tin; two
richest of which are occupied by Bcnedietine
mcrnks. In the gold provinces these institutions
an" prohibited bylaw ; though, while in the pleni-
tuile of their power, (he Jesniis had suDicient in-
fluence to evade this salutary regulation ; but
since (he perioil of their expulsion, no other re-
t>ular orilers have been permitted to setde in (hose
regions.

Though the ])r(ifessed motive for (he conquest"
of (his country was that of converting (Ik; natives
to Christianity, and liberal provision has been
made for maintaining friars to preach the gospel
to the Indians, yet of late years not one of these
fathers have engaged in (his dangerous and per- 1

K E

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2i0

BRAZIL,

[haps liopclcss undcrfiiliinir. At the poriod Sir
(ieori^e Slauritoii visifcil this couiiliy, a fow Ita-
lian missioimrics icsidiiiaf at liio, lie inroniis lis,
tooli sonic pains to scud among tlu; Imliaiis such
of their tribe wiio frequonlcil this city, as they
wore ciialjled to gain over to their faith by pii'-
seiits, as well as by persuasion, in onFcr hy that
means to endeavour to convert the Indians scat-
tered througiiout the country.

No inquisition, or tribunal of tiie holy onico,
was ever legally established in the Brazils ; never-
theless the colonists are not wholly independent of
the power of that institution.

In the whole of the IJrazils, it is computed
that there are at least 000,000 slaves, who have
either been born in Africa, or descended fnnn
those originally brought from that country. No
particular ordinance exists respecting these slaves,
though it is generally understood tliat they ought
to be tried by the connnon law. About 20,000
are annually imported to keep up the number.
The average price is about 30/. sterling each.
Before l)eing shipjied from Africji, a duty of 10
rcis ])er head used to be paid to the queen of
Portugal's agent in that country, and which in the
whole amoimted to about (i(),000/. a year. This
sum went to her own private purse, and was not
considered as a part of the public revenue. Thf^sc
ill-fated lieings are clothed and fed by their mas-
ters ; and a small portion of ground being al-
lotted to each, which they are allowed two days
out of the seven to cultivate for their own emolu-
ment, those among them who are laimrious are
sometimes by this means enabled to |)urchase their
freedom, and which they have a right to demand
at a fixed price, whenevei- they find themselves
oppressed. To this circumstance it may perhaps
be owing that there are few fugitive Negroes in
Brazil, and those few are chiefly to be found in
the vicinity of the mines, where they subsist o/i
the productions of the fields. This condition in
Brazil is hereditary through the mother, and is
not confined to co'our, many of them exhibiting
every different shade from black to white, 'J'liose
lielonging to the crown are cliiefly employed in
tli(! diamond mines, and other public works ; seve-
ral are also attachetl to the convents. The Bene-
dictines alone have more than 1000 on their dif-
ferent plantations. Tiiese fathers are of o|)inion
that the Mulaltoes, or the ofi'spring between blacks
and whites, are generally endowed wilh much in-
telligence and ingenuity. Some of these children
tiiey have educated and ii!structed wilh much care
and success; and one of the friars, with great tri-

umph, mentione<l to Sir George Stannfon, during
his stay in Jirazil, that a person of a mixed breed
had been lately promoted to a learned professor-
ship at Lisbon.

Such of the Negroes, as well as the Rlulattoes,
who have purchas<'d their liberty, enjoy all tlio
rights of citizens, but they are excluded frcmi the
priesthood, and from any civil employment under
government, nor can they hold a commission in
the army, except in their own battalions. The
colonists seldom or never marry a Negro woman,
confining themselves merely to forming with tlicm
illicit cotmections, which are sanctioned by the
manners of the country.

Had the Portuguese, instead of introducing
Negro slavery, and all its attendant tmin of evils,
into their new possessions, endeavoured, by a wise
antl enlightened policy, to conciliate the good will
of the natives ; had they endeavoured to overcomo
their natural indolence, by introducing among
them a taste tor the conveniences of civilized life;
had they, i.r short, endeavoured to render them
and the colonists but as one people, then would
their presence have proved p. blessing to one of the
finest portions of the globe. But such was the in-
humanity and impolicy of these conquepors of th«
new world, that no sooner had they gained a se-
cure footing in Brazil, than they seized upon the
Indians, whom they sold in the public markets,
and compelled to work like slaves on the different
plantations.

In 1510, Sebastian prohibited any Brazilian
from being subjected to slavery, except those who
w<'re taken prisoners in a just war ; but this wise
regulation was evaded by the Portuguese, who
were too indolent to till the lands themselves, and
who had, besides, attached some idea of disgrace
to this species of labour ; and at this period a suf-
ficient number of Africans had not been imported
to answer the demand for cultivators.

An edict of Philip 11. in 1595, which con-
firmed the above orders, and likewise reduced
the term of slavery, in the case of prisoners, to 10
years, was equally disregarded by the colonists.

In lfJ05 and HiOO, orders were again sent from
JMirope, which declared the freedom of the In-
dians ; and Piiilip III. having some time alter
learned that this law had been in a great measure
disregarded, issued an edict, by which those who
infring(;d it in future should be subjected to heavy
penalties. But as tiiese edicts were not more
respected than the Ibrmer, the mis-sionarics be-
came h)ud in their complaints respecting the op-
pression to which the Indian converts were sub-]

If' 1.

disgrace

BRE

[jeded. These remonstrances indnced the new
court of Lisbon, in lGi7, once more to renew tlieir
orders ascainst Brazilian slavery. The internal
stale of the colony, however, iwul a risinir spirit
of independence which Iieuaii to pervade all ranks
amonif t!"' co'onists, indnci'd that weak power to
compromise their just decrees, and permit those
individuals who were born of a N<'irro mother and
an Indian father, (o t)c rdaiiied in slavery. Tired
at last witli the lanjjnid labours oftlie unfortunate
natives, tlie colonists gradually beffan to supply
their place with African slaves, except in a few of
the i)oorer captainships, wliere they were inca-
pable of purchasin:>- them; and notwilhstandiiiij va-
rious edicts of llie ij^overnment, issued durinir the
caily part of the l.ist century, this remnant of bar-
barism continued to prevail in these districts till
ITj.*), at which period the Indians without excep-
tion were declared citizens. The same road -ivas
opened to them as to ttieir conquerors for the ex-
ercise of their tah'nts, and they were suflered to
aspire to the highest offices ami dignities in the
colony. Various circumstances, however, pre-
vented or retarded the good effects which luiiiht
have been expected to result from tliis political
amelioration of their coudi'Ion ; but the most
powerful of these is, perhaps, the want of a tree
intercourse between them and the Portuguese.
Most of tlie Indians live in separate villages, over
which an European presides, who is invested with
the power of directing all their concerns, and of
punishing or rewarding tliem according \o their
deserts. Fie, in pursuance of the plan that had
been laid down by the Je^uits, but certainly with
less regard to the spiritual welfare of these poor
creatures, superintends the sale of all commodilies
in behalf of the community, delivers to tlie go-
vernment agents the tentii ]iart of the territorial
Croducts, and appoints the portion of labour to
e performed by those who have fidlen into a state
of vassalage; and these agents act under the di-
rection of a chief, to whom is delegated still more
extensive authority. See each captainship, as enu-
ineratcd at tiie beginning of this arti<le.]

Bi(A/i I , Or.D, a ridg" of rocks of the s. coast of
Nova Seolia, between capes Sable and Negre.

HUAZOS, Thimuai) »e los, a scttleiiu-iit of
the province and government of Antioqnia in the
Nui'vo lievMio »le Gram. da ; situate on the shore
of a river, and at a little distance from the real
of miiK s of San Geronimo de Novita.

B1U:AD, a settiemcnt of the island of Bar-
badoes, in the district and parish of Santiago.

BREAK, Cape, a point of the w. coast of the

B RI

Sir

island of Newfoundland, on the side of the point
of Toryland.

BRENAS, a settlement of the province and
government of V^enezuela, situate near the; coast
of fiolfete, between the city of Coro and the lake
of Maracaibo.

BRENTFORD, a city of New England, in
the county of New flaven, or New Port, cele-
brated for its beautiful iron manufactures.

BRirrON, Cape, an extremity of the e. coast
of Royal island, Breton being also the name of the
island itself. fSce Syon!;y,]

BRETONES, Isi.a uh, an island on the coast
of I'lorida, between iJalisa and Candelaria.

[BREW'Ell, a strait in the Magellanic sea.
Imunded in part by the island called Staten Tiand,
which parts it from the straits Le Maire. it was
discovered by the Dutch navigator JJrewer, about
the year l(ii:j.]

[Bi(i;wi; u's Maven, a good harbour, at the
M. end of the island of Ciiiloe, on the coast of
Chile, in S. .America, and in the S. Sca.l

[BREWINGTON l-ort lies in the township
of Mexico, New York, and at the to. end of lake
Oneida, aI)out 94 miles s.e. from fort Oswego.]

["iJRlAR Crrck, a water of Savannah river,
in Georgia. Its mouth is about 50 miles s. e. by
s. from Auffusta, and 55 7i.w. from Savannah.
Here Gen. Prevost defeated a party of 2000 Ame-
ricans, under Gen. Ash, May 3, 1779 ; they had
above SCO killed and taken, besides a great num-
ber drowned in the river and swamps. The
whole artillery, bagirage, and stores were taken.")

BRIDGE-TOWN, a capital city of the island
of Barbadoes, one of the Antilles; situate on the
zc. coast of the parish of San Miguel, in the
interior part of the bay of Carlis!?, which is one
league in length, and a league and an half in
breadth ; capable of containing 500 vessels. The
shores in its vicinity lie extremely low, so that
they were formerly inundated ; but they are now,
for the most part, left dry. The city is at the en-
trance of the valley of St. George; it contains
about 1200 houses, built nearly all of brick, and
is esteemed the tiiiest city in all the islands : the
streets are wide, the houses lofty, and one of thfl
streets has much the appearance of Cheapside in
London, the rents being here equally as dear as
they are there. It has very convenient wharfs for
lading and unlading of merchandize, wit!) some
strong (orts and castles for their defence ; but it is
much exposed to hnrricanes ; and, as (he wind is
generally in the e. or w. e. point, the p. part oftlie
city is called the windward. The citadel, or
E E 2

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21 S

BRI

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fortress, wliicli brars (lie name of S(. AniiP, was
ail ex[)('iicc of 180,000 dollars; (Iiis lias on tlic f.
side a small fori, nioiinled with (.-ii^lit pieces of can-
non, wlierc are preserved, under the care of ii
jjood lyuard, the mai^itzines of the ammunition and
provisidii. 'riw! city is jrairisoned by I-OO mca,
wiio are called 'ho royal rei^imeiit of the infantry
jifuards ; it is the seal of tiu; i;<)v<'rnor, the coun-
cil, assembly, and court of chancery. At tlie dis-
lanc(-' of a mile to the n. c. of il tlie <joveriior lias
a beautiful house, which was biiih, by tlie assem-
bly, called Pilgrims, aKhoiinli his ordinary resi-
deiire is in l'oiital)le : the other forts are to the ic.
namely Si. James\, close to the inlet of Steward,
Avitli IS cannon; N\'illou!>liby, with 'iO; and three
batteries, lyinsf between the latter and tort Need-
liam, with '20 cannon. The church is as larj^e as
a ijood-siz 'd cathedral, Iiaviiiij a line oiijan, a set of
bells, iind a clock. This city has sounr good inns
and houses of refreshment ; also a post-otlice, at
vhich monthly foreign maik have been lately
Chfablished. Its shops and magazines are filled
with all kinds of Kiintpean ])nuiuctions, ami it is
filled with Englishmen and other fiireigners, who
come lien; to merchandize. The air is somewhat
('amp and unsalutary, owing to the neighbouring
lakes; but, nevertheless^ the inhabitants, born here,
maintain a vigorous and healthy ap])earance. ( This
city was burnt down April IS. l(j()S. It snifered
also greatly by fires on IVb. 8, I7")G, May U.
17()(), and Dec. 27. 1707, at which limes the
greatest part of tlu^ town was destroyed : before
these fires it had I.WO houses, mostly brick, very
degant, and said to be the finest and largest in all
the ("har'bbee islands : the town has since been re-
built. Il has a college, founded and liberally en-
dowed by Vn\. Codrington, the only iiistitntion of
tile kind in the West Indies ; but it does not ap-
pear that its success has answered the designs of
the Ibunder. Tiiis was the state of the capital of
Uarbadoes in the simimer of I7b0. It had scarcely
risen from the ashes to which it had been reduced
by the dreadful fires already menti\)ned, when it
Avas torn from its foundations, and the wholi; coun-
try made a scene of desolation, by the storm of the
J()lhof October 17S0, in which above 4000 of the
inliabitiints miserably perished ; the force of the
wind was then so great, as not only to blow down
the strongest walls, but ev mi lifted s<mu' pieces of
cannon off the ramparts, and carried them some
yards ilistauce; and the damage to the country in
general wius estimated at 1 ,,'3'iO,r)0 1/. \bs. sterling,
and it is se ircely yet restored to its former splen-
ilour. [^ce BAiiuAuots.j

RRI

rUninr.R-Towv, in Cumberland county, district
of Maine, having Ilebron on the w. to. ami IJakers-
town (on the za. side of Androscoggin river) on the
s. e. which three settlements lie on the n. side of
Little Androscoggin river. It contains 359 inha-
bitants, and lies 'ii miles m. by u.to. from Port-
land, and l.'JIi ii, r. from Boston. Bridge-town
consists of large hills and valleys ; the high land
nd'ords red oak, which are often three feet, and
sometimes limr, in diameter, and GO or 70 feet
without any branches. The valleys are covered
with rock-maple, bass, ash, birch, pine, and hem-
lock. There is a curiosity to be seen in Long
pond, which lies mostly in IJridge-town, which
may a. 'lord matter of speculation to the natural
philoso;)her. On the e. side of the pond is a cove
which extends about 100 rods farther e. tl'in the
general course of the shore ; the bottom is clay,
and so shoal that a man may wnde .50 rods into the
pond. On the bottom of this cove arc stones of
various sizes, which it is evident, from various
circumstances, have an annual motion towards the
shore : the proof of this is the mark or track left
behind them, and the bodies of clay driven up
before them. Some of these stones arc two or
three tons weight, and have left a track of several
rods IxOiind them ; having, at least, a common cart-
load of clay before them. The shore of the oove
is lined with these stones, which, it would seem,
have crawled out of the water. Sac Sebago
Pond.]

[Ijiud(;e-Tow'n, the chief town of Cumberland
county, New Jersey, and near the centre of it.
It is 50 miles v. s. e. of Philadelphia, i-O s. by e.
of Trenton, and 145 s. «'• of New York.]

[BuinGi;-TowN, a post-town in Queen Anne's
county, Maryland, lies on the v:. side of Tuckahoe
creek, eight miles e. from Centreville, as far s.r.
from Church hill, and 05 x. to. from Philadelphia.
Also the name of a town in Kent county, in the
same state, situated on the n. bank of Chester
river, (which separates this county from that of
Ann), seven miles $. c. from Cross Roads, and lour
s, from Newmarket.]

j^BiiiDra;-Tov* N, in the island of Antigua. See
^V J ' i.oi.ciiiuv Bav.]

[BRIIKiLVVAfER, a township iu Oraftou
county, New Hampshire, incorporated in I7(i9,
and contains 281 inhabitants, j

[B 'iOGr:wATrR, a township in Somgrset coun-
ty. New Jersey, which contains 257b inhabitants,
including 357 slaves.]

[BiMDGEWATnii, a considerable township in
Plymouth county, Massachusetts, containing; l!i7«

■M \

( .

See

BRI

it'.Iiabllnnts ; five miles n. e. from llayiiliam ; about
'JO mili's c. of s, from Uoston, in wliirli hrgc
(liiantilies of hard ware, nails, &c. are nianu-
facdirctKj

[IJuii)CiKWATi:n,alowns1iii)inWiii(lsorcoun(y,
Vernioiil, about .W mil<'.s ii. t. !)f Ucnniiigtoii, con-
taining 29.'J inhabitants. I

[P.iMDPOllT, a townsliij) in A(hlis<m county,
Vermont, on the- <•. shore of laiie (■hani])lain ;
aljont 72 miles n. n. w. from Jieniiiiii^ton. It has
449 inhabitants.}

JiiUDLINCiTO-V. See BijRr.iNGXov.

BRIG, a small island of the coast of New .ler-
sey, between the island of Absccon and tlio port
of (ireat Kgjj.

[IJltlGAiNTINE Inlet, on the -joast of Xew
Jersey, between Great and Little Ki^sj harbour.]

IjIUGGES, a settlement of the island of Uar-
bailoes, in the district and parish of Ht. (Jeorge.

Jilll(»MDA, Santa. See Santa lsAni;t,.

[HIllMFIKLU, a township in Hampshire
county, Massachusets, situated e. of Connecticut
river; having 1:211 inhabitants; 31 miles s.e. of
Northampton, and 7.j ii\ of Boston.]

BlllON, a small island of the gulf of St.
J,awrence, one of those of Magdalene, and that
wiiich lies most to the n.

BllISANS, some sand-banks near the e. coast
of the island of Gnadalonpe ; they are two, and
are situate opposite the l)ay of Goave : between
tliem and the small island Mobile is formed the
channel called Pasago del Homme.

BllISANS, a small island, or some rocks close to
the n. w. coast of the same island, between the
two bays called Grandes Anccs du N. \V.

BlllSEUAL, Punt A »e, a point on the w.
coast of the island of St. Domingo, between that
of Isal)elica and port Caballo.

RlilSTOL, a city of the province and colony
of Pennsylvania, in the county of Bucks, on the
shore of the river Delaware ; 20 miles from Phila-
delphia, II s.s.e. from Newtown, and opposite
Burlington : it has no more than 100 houses, but
a rumiber of mills of various sorts. Long. 74:^
56' w. Lat. 40^5'm.

BuisTOL, a township in Piiiladelphia county.]
Bristol, a smalltown in (Jharles county, Ma-
ryland.]

[Bristol, a township in Addison county, Ver-
mont, e. of Vcrgermes, having 211 inhabitants.]

[Bristol Bay, on the m. to. coast of N. Ame-
rica, is formed by the peninsula of Alaska on the
s. and s. e. and by cape Newnham on the n. and
is very broad and capacious, A riv«r of the same
Rituic runs into it from the e.~\

RRI

215

[BiusTOL, II new town of Mew York, in Scho-
harie coimty, incorporated in 1797.]

BitisToi,, liiTTi.r, ill the island of Barbad(M»s,
wJiicli was formerly called Spriglit bay, situatfe
on llie shon; of a ri^id very convenient for vessels,
by which it is much IVequ 'iited, on account of iki
great traffic and conunerce. It is well jicopled
and d('fi;iided by two caslks. It is four leagues
distant from its capital.

[BiiisTOL, a township in Lincoln county, dis-
trict of Maine, having 17IS inhabitants; distant
201- miles m. e. from Boston, and 8 jj. of Pema-
quid point.]

[Bristol, a county in the s. part of Mas-
sachusetts, e. of a part of the state of Rliodr
island. It has 15 townships, of which Taunton
is the chief, and 31,709 inhabitants. The great
Sachem Philip resided here (see Ray n ham); and
it was called by the Indians Pawkunnawkutt, from
wliich the nation derived the name, but were
sometimes styled the Wamponoags.]

[BiiiSTOL County, in Rhode island state, con-
tains the township of Bristol, Warren, and Bar-
rington ; having 3211 inhabitants, inclusive of 98
shivfes. It has JJristol county, in Massachusetts, on
the n. e. and Mount Hope bay c]

[Bristol, a sea-port town, and chief of the
above county, lies on the z». side of the pen-
insula called Bristol neck, and on the e. side oi'
Bristol bay, including Popasquash neck, and all
the n. and e. parts of Bristol neck, to War-
ren, M. and to Mount Hope bay, e. It is about
three miles from Rhode island ; the ferry from tho
s. end of the township being included, which ik
little more than half a mile broad ; 13 miles n.
from Newport, 24 s. e. from Providence, and 63
from Boston. Bristol suffered greatly by the ra-
vages of tlie late war ; but it is now in a very flou-
rishing state, having 1406 inhabitants, inclusive
of 64 slaves. It is beautiful lor situation, a healthy
climate, rich soil, and a commodious safe har-
bour. Onions, in considerable quantities, and a
variety of provisions and garden stuff, arc raised
here for exportation. Lat. 4F 35' h.]

[Bristol, a township in Hartford county, Con-
necticut, 16 miles to. of the city of Ilartlbrd.]

[BRITAIN, Ni.w. The country lying round
Hudson's bay, or the country of the Esquimaux,
comprehending Labrador, New North and South
SValcs, has obtained the general name of New Bri-
tain, and is attached to the governmenl of Lower
Canada. A suiu-rintendantof trade, appouited by
the governor-general of the four British provinces,
«nd resjwnsibie to him, resides at Labrador. The
principal rivers which water this country are the

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BRITAIN.

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rWngcr, Monk, Seal, Pockorckcsko, Churcliill,
Nelson, ilnvcs, New Sevorii, AIIkhij', and Moose
rivers, all wliich empty into Hudson and James's
bay from (he ii\ and s. The moiilhsof all llie
rivers are flUed willi slioals, except Cluuchili's,
in wliitli the larijest ships may lie ; but 10 miles
biijher the channel is ol)striicted by si»nd banks.
All the rivers, as fiir as they have been explored,
are full of rapids and cataracts, from 10 to 60 feet
])erpcndicular. Down these rivers the Indian
traders find a quick passage ; but their return is a
laljourol ninny monllis. Copper-mine and M'Ken-
zie's rivers fdl into flu* N. sea. As far inland as
the f iud.voti'sbay company have settlements, Hhicli
is (iOO miles to the zc. tort of Churchill, at a i)lace
called Hudson's house, ht. 5J". long. 106" isJT' w.
from f-oiidon, is flat country : nor is it known how
far to titer, the great chain, seen by navigators
from the Piicific ocean, branches off. rroiu
Moose river, or the bottom of the bay, to capo
Churchill, (he land is flat, marshy, and wooded
■with pines, birch, larch, and willows. Froni cape
Churchill to VVagrr's river the coasts are high
and rocky to the very sea, and woodless, except
the mouths of Pockerekesko and Seal rivers. The
hills on their back are naked, nor are there any
trees for a great distance inland. The e. coast
is barren, past the efforts of cultivation. The
surface is every where uneven, and covered willi
masses of stone of an amazing size. It is a
country of fruitless valleys and frightful mountains,
some of an astonishing height. The valleys are
fidl of lakes, formed not of springs, but rain and
snow, so chilly as to be productive of a few small
trout only. , 'I'lie mountains have here and there a
blighted shrub, or a little moss. The valleys are
ful! of crooked stinted trees, pines, fir, birch, and
cedars, or rather a species of the juniper. In lat.
60°, on this coast, vegetation ceases. The whole
shore, like that on the w. is faced with islands at
some distance from land. The laudable zeal of the
Moravian clergy induced them, in the year 1752,
(o send missionaries from Greenland to this coun-
try. They fixed on Nesbit's harbour f<)r their set-
tlement; but of tlie first party, some of them were
killed, and the others driven away. In 1 7()4, un-
der the protection of the IJritish government,
another attempt was made. The missionaries were
well received by the Esquimaux, and the mission
goes on witii success. The knowledge of these
». seas and countries was owing to a project
started in England tor the discovery of a w. w.
passage to China and the E. Indies, as early as
the year l')7G : since then it lias been frequently
dropped and as often revived, but never yet com-

pleted. Frobiilier, about tlic year 1376, disco-
vered the main of INew Britain, or Terra de La-
brador, and those straits to which be has given
his name. in 1583, John Davis sailed from
Portsmouth, and viewed that and the more n.
coasts, but he seems never to have entered the bay.
Hudson made three voyages on the same adventure,
the first in 1607, the second in 160^, and his third
and last in 1610. This bold and judicious navi-
gator entered the straits that had into the bay
known by his name, coasted a great part of it, and

t)ene(rr.ted to eighty degrees and a half into (he
leart of (he frozen zone. His ardour for the dis-
covery not being abated by tliedilliculties he strug-
gled with in this empire of winter, and world of
frost and snow, he stuid here until the ensuing
spring, and pre pa red, in the beginning of 1611,
to pursue his (iiscoveriLS ; but his crew, who suf-
tered equal hardships, without the same spirit to
support them, mutinied, seized upon him and
seven of those who were most faithful to him, and
committed them to the tury of the icy seas in an
open boat. Hudson and his companions were ei-
ihei swallowed up by the waves, or, gaining the
inho-pitable coast, were destroyed by the savages;
but the ship and the rest of the men returned home.
Though the adventurers failed in the original pur-
pose for which they navigated Hudson's bay, yet
the project, even in its failure, has been of great
advantage to England. The vast countries which
surround Hudson's bay abound with animals,
whose fur and skins arc excellent. In 1670, a
charter was granlel to the Hudson's bay company,
which dot s not consist of above nine or ten per-
sons, for the exclusive trade of this bay, and
they have acted under it ever since, with great be-
nefit to the individuals who compose the company,
though comparatively with little advantage to Bri-
tain. The company employ four ships and 1 jO sea-
men. They have several lorts, viz. Prince of
Wales fort, (!hurchill river, Nelson, New Severn,
Albany, on the zv. side of the bay, and are gar-
risoned by 186 men. The IVencli, in May 1782,
took and destroyed these forts, and thcsettlenienls,
&c. said to amount to the value of 300,000/.
They export counnoilities to the value of 1(),000/.
and carry home returns to (he value of )29,3iOf.
which yield to the revenue ^7^-1/. This includes
the fishery in Hudson's bay. The only attempt to
trade to that part which is called Labrador, has
been directed towards the fishery. Tlie annual
produce of the fishery amounts to u])wards
of 49,000/. See Esquimaux and Canada.
The whole of the settlements in New Bri-
tain, including such as have been lucntioued, |

:?'"'!

H »/ I

B R I

tre as follow, which sec nndnr their respective
iioads : Abitibbi, Frederick, East Main and
Hiunswick houses; Moose fort; Honly, Glou-
cester, and Osnaburg houses ; and a house on
AVinnipejj hike; Severn, or New Severn ; York
fort, or iNelson ; ChurcliiU's fort, or l*rince of
Wales fort; South Itranch, Hudson's, Manches-
ter, and Huckinghain Iioiises : the hist is the
westernmost setthinient, and hitely erected. J

[IJRITISII Ami.iu(;a. Under the f,'eneral
iianieof Uritish Aniericra, we compreliend tiie vast
extent of country, bounded s. by tlie United States
of America and the Atliintic ocean; c. by the
same ocean and Davis's straits, which divide it
from (ireenland; extendinar n. to the m. limits
of Hudson bay cliarter, and w. indefinitely ;
lyinfT between Iat.42^y0' and 70° «.; and long. 50^
and 96^ i:'. from (Greenwich. Rritish America is
divided into four provinces, viz. I. Upper Ca-
na(hi ; 2. Lower Canada, to wliich are annexed
New Uritain, or tiie country lying round Hudson
bay, Jind the ishiiid of Cape Breton, which i&land,
in 1784, was formed into a separate govermnent,
by the name of Sydney ; 3. New Brunswick ;
4. Nova Scotia, to which is annexed the island of
St. John's. Besides these, thc.c is the island of
Newfoundland, which is governed by the admiral
for the time being, and two lieutenant-governors,
who reside at Placentia and St. John's. The troops
stationed at Newfoundland, however, are subject to
tlie orders of the governor-general of the four
British provinces. The number of people in the
whole of the n. British colonies, is estimated
by Morse at about 160,000 or 180,000 ; but has,
from the time he wrote, most rapidly increased.
Since the four provinces have been put under a
gci\eral governor, the governor of each is styled
lieutenant-governor. The residence of the general
governor is at Quebec. The following informa-
mation, from Edwards's History of the West In-
dies, respecting the trade and resources of British
America, is insci ted under this Iiead. The river
St. Lawrence remains usually locked tip one half
of the year; and alihough, in 1784, it was con-
fidently said, that the British jirovinccs woidt' be
able in three years to supply all the W^est Indies
with lumber and provisions, yet it was found ne-
cessary to import lumber and provisions into Nova
Scotia from the United States. Thus, in 1790,
there were shipped from the J'nitcil States to
Nova Scotia alone, 540,000 slaves and heading,
921,980 feet of boards, 285,000 shingles, and
l(),000 hoops, 40,000 bills, of broad and ilour, and
80,000 bushels of grain.

Newfoundland furnished the British West

B R O

JIJ

Indies with 806,459 quintals of fish, on an ave.
rage of four years ending wilii 17S(). The only
provisions exported to Jamaica from Canada,
Nova Scotia, and St. Jolin's, between 3d of April
1783, and 26th of October 1784, were 180 bushels
of |)()tatoes, anil 751 lihds, and about 500 bbls. of
salted fish. Of lumlier, the quantity was 510,088
feet, 20 bunillcs of hoops iind 301,324 shing'.'s ;
and on an average of five years, from 1708 to
1772, the whole exports to Jamaica from ('anada.
Nova Scotia, and St. John's, were only 33 bbls. of
flour, 7 hhds. of fish, 8 !)bis. of oil, 3 bbls. of tar,
pilch, and turpentine, 30,000 shingles and staves,
and 27,235 leet of lumber. I'rom the custom-house
returns it appears, that of 1208 cargoes of lumber
and provisions intported from North Americi to the
British sugar-colonies in 1772, only seven of those
cargoes were from Canada and Nova Scotia ; and
thatof 701 top-sail vessels, and 1()8I sloops, which
badcleared outwards from .North America lotheBri-
tisli and foreign West Indies, only two of the top-
sail vessels, and 11 of the sloojis, were from fhe.so
provinces; and it has been proved, that in the
years 1779, 1780, 1781, and 1782, the scarcity in
Canada had been such as to occasion the export of
all bread, wheat, and flour, to be prohibited by
authority ; and in 1784, when a parliamentary
inquiry took place concerning what supplies the
AVest Indies might cxpe(t from Canada and Nova
Scotia, ii ship in the r-ver Thames was actually
loading with flour for Quebec]

[BliOADALBlN, t township in Montgomcrj
county. New York, '.hich, by the state census of
1796, contained 277 mhabitants, who are electors.]

[BROAD Bay, in the district of Maine, lid
on the line of Lincoln and Hancock comities,
bounded by Pemaquiil point on the w. and Plea-
sant point on the e. On the shore of this bay was
an ancient Dutch settlement.]

[BnoAD River is an arm of the sea, which ex-
tends along the a.\ and n. zo. sides of Beaufort or
Port Royal island, on the coast of S. Carolina, and
receives Coosa from the h. w, Coosa river may
iik(!wise be called an arm of the sea ; its waters extend
n. TO. and meet tiiosc of Broad river round u small
island at the mouth of Coosa Hatchee river. These
two arms embrace all the ishinds between Com-
bahee river and Dawfuskee sound, with which
also Broad river communicates. Channels be-
tween Broad river and Coosa form the islands. The
entrance through Inroad river to Beaufort har-
bour, one of the liest in the state, is between Hil-
ton's head and St. Philip's point.]

[Bkoad River, or Clierakec-haw, a water of Sa-
vannah river, from the Georgia side. It cmiHiea

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iiilo llic Suvnnniili at IVlcrslMirfrli. At fi Iriflinj
oxpciicc, i( misrlit l)c iiiuilf l>();it;il)lo '2,j or yO miles
tliroii::!! llic brstscnIciiK'iils in Wilkes county.]

fUitoM) Uivcr, ill S. (Jmolin;!, rises by tliree
bnnelies (roni the ;/. ?.;. viz. tli(! Ilmiorec, 'I'iser,
mid riieKolet, wliicli iinile iil)i)iit 10 miles iiliovc
tlu! hWHilli of SyJiuJ!! river, wliieii, with llroad
river, Imms (;()ni,'iii-ec river. IJroail river miiy be
renthri'd ii!ivi!,'nl)le uO miles in N. Curolind.J

flJIiOKIIN Aiiiiov,, (u- Ci,Av-(;.\rsiiA,
IiKliiiu toMii in the Creek country, iu West I'lo-
ridii, on (he ?;-. side of Chiita-Udie river; 12
miles below (he ('ussilidi and Coweta (ovyis, where
the river is Ibrdable. Sec Cow i;r a and Flint
liver.]

HiioKiN Point, on the island of FJarbadoes,
and on tlie. t; coast, between the settlements of
lieellcand Howe.

UJiOI/Ll'] (Ijipe, a cajie on the Jt;. coast of the
island of Ncwfoumlland, on the side of tlie point
of Foreland.

[BUO.NfLEY, a townsliip in Bcnnini^ton coun-
ty, V^erinont, about J'J miles /j. f. from Benning-
ton. It has 71 inhabitants.]

[BiioMi.KV, a town in Soticrset county, New
Jersey.]

[BROOK VI Eij)^ i„ (,,c j_ a,_ pjjjt of Wor-
cester county, Massachusets, is amontr the first
towns as to age, wealth, and numbers, iu the
county ; containing 3100 inhabitants. The great
post-road from Boston to New York runs tlirough
it. It is ()4 miles w. of Boston, and 27 to. of Wor-
cester. 'I'lie Indian name of tliis town was Qua-
boag. The river, which still retains the name,
passes throngli it ; and, like its other streams and
ponds, abounds with various kinds of lish. Here
is iron ore, and large quantities of stone, which
yit'ld copperas, and have a strong vitriolic quality.
This town was settled by people from Ipswich in
1()(J0, and was incorporated iu 1073.]

[BuooKKiEin, a township in Orange county,
Vermont, has 421 inhabitants, and lies 80 miles ?/.
from Bennington.]

[BuooKiiKi.r), a township in Lincoln county,
district of Maine, II miles above Noiridgewalk on
Keimebeck river, and was formerly called Seven-
mile Brook.]

[BiiooKFiEi.D, a town in Montgomery county,
New York. By the state census of 179G, 160 of
its inhabitants are electors.]

[BiiooKi ir.i.o, a town'/tiip iu Fairfield county,
Connecticut, six miles n. n. e. from Danbury.]

[BROOKIIAVEN, a township in Su(Ii)lk
•ounly, Long island, New ^'ork, containing 3224

B R O

inhabitants. Of these, 233 arc slaves ; nud by the
stale census of 179(), 535 only are electors. The
compact part of the town contains about 40 houses,
an Episcopalian, and a Presbyterian church. It
is (iO miles r. of Nt;w York.]

[BROOKLYN, a pleasant (own of Norfolk
county, Massachusetts, of about (iO or 70 families,
between Cambridge and Roxbury, and separated
from Boston on the e. by a narrow bay, which sets
np.«. from Charles river, and peniusulates Boston.
Large quantities of fruits, roots, and other vege-
tables, arc produced in this town tor the Boston
market, it is u place where gentlemen of fortune
and information, retiring from public tile, may
enjoy a dignifictl retreat.]

[BuooKiiYN, a township in King's county.
New York, on the w. end of Long island, having
1603 inhabitants ; of these, 405 are slaves, and 224
are electors, by the state census of 1790. Here are
a Presbyterian church, a Dutch reformed church,
n powder magazine, and some elegant houses,
which lie cliiefly in oiu; street. East river, near
a mile broad, separates the town from New York.]

[BiiooKi-YN, a township in Wyndham county,
Connecticut, about 20 miles «. of Norwich.]

BROQL'EL, a small island of the N. sea, on
the coast of the province and government of Da-
rieu, within the bay of Mandinga.

BROTAS, San Amauo das, a town of the pro-
vince and captainship of Seregipe iu Brazil.

[BROTIIERTON, an Indian village adjoin-
ing New Stockbridge, New Y'ork, inhabited by
about 150 Indians, who migrated from difl'erent
parts of Connecticut, under the care of the Rev.
Mr. Occom. These Indians receive an annuity of
2l(j0 dollars, which sum is partly approprinted to
the purpose of maintaining a school, and partly to
compensate a superintendant to tran>act their busi-
ness, and todisposeof the remainder of their money
for their benefit.]

[BROlJ(;HTON Island lies at the month of
Ahitanudia river in Georgia, and belonged to the
late Henry Laurens, J']s(i. The s. cliannel, after
its separation from the n. descends gently, wind-
ing by M'Intosh and Broughton islands, in its
way to the ocean through .St. Simon's sound.]

BROVVERS, a strait which some Englishmen
thought they had discovered in 1643, in lat. 55° s.
to the s. e. of the strait of Maire : 'J'hcrc is no
land to the s. wliicii can bear the above title : they
therefore attached the name to a piece of land lying
to the c. n. e. of the island of the Straits, dis-
covend by Henry William Browers, an English-
mauj in 1665. Its situation is only known by rein-

I . \

B R U

\in

, ill its
rui.]

glisilimcn
iat. 5d° s.
;vc is no
tic : they
and lyini;
aits, dis-

EngUsli-

tivc mcnsnromcnf, being tlicrel)/ placed in Int.
.O'i" ll's.

HHO\V<\, a settlement of the islnnd of IJar-
hadocs, situiite near the v. coil^t, on (he v. side.

IliiowN, II sand-bank on the t. const of Nova
Scotia. It is hirtre, and extenils itself troin cape
.Sal)le to tliat of Sambro.

[IJROWN'S Sonnd is situated on tlio u. w.
coast of N. .America. It wasthns named i)y Cap-
tain Ciray, in 1791, in honour of Samuel llrown,
ilsq. of Boston. The lands on the c. side of this
sound are tolerably level, but rise near t he tiJ. moun-
tains, whose summits out-top the clouds, and whose
wintry ftarb gives Iheiu a dreary aspect. The land
is well timbered with various sorts of pines. Th«
unimals in the vicinity are deer, wolves, sea-otters,
and seals ; the fish, salmon, halibut, and a species
of cod, &c. Ducks, brants, shags, &c. are here
in plenty in summer.]

[BIlONyNFlELIJ, a small settlement in York
county, di^trict of Maine, which, together with
Suncook, contains 250 inhabitants.]

[BROWNSVILLE, or RKosTONcOr.n Fonx,
is a flourishing post-town in Fayette county, Penn-
sylvania, on the f. c. bank of Monongahela river,
between Dunlap and Redstone creeks ; and next to
Pittsburg is the most considerable town in the w,
parts of the state. The town is regularly laid out,
contains about 100 houses, an Episcopalian and
Roman Catholic church, a brewery and distillery.
It is connected with Bridgeport, a small village on
the opposite side of Duidn|) creek, by a bridge 260
feet long. Within a few miles of the town are four
Friends' meeting-houses, 24 grist, saw, oil, and
fulling mills. The trade and emigration to Ken-
tucky employ boat-builders here very profitably ;
above 100 boats of 20 tons each are built annually.
Byrd's fort formerly stood here on the s. side of
the mouth of Redstone creek, in Iat. 40° 2' «.
long. 79° 55' w. ; 37 miles *. from Pittsburgli,
13 s. by e. of Washington, and 34J w. of Phila-
delphia.]

[BROVIiE, a harbour, cape, and settlement on
the c. side of Newfoundland island ; 15 miles n. e.
from the settlement of Aquafort, and ii'O s. w. irom
St. John's, the capital,]

BIIL'LE Isle, a very small island of the island
of Newfoundland, situate at the mouth of the bay
of La I'ortune.

[URUNS\VICK,amarilimecounty in Wilming-
ton district, N. Carolina, containing 3071 iu-
liabilants, of whom 1511 are slaves. It is the most
soutiierly county of the state, having S. Carolina
on the s. to. and bounded by cape Fear river on
the e. JSmithville is the scat of justice.]

vol,. I.

iBuu.NswUK, tlie chief town in the abov(^
county, situated on the .v side of cape Fear river;
il was tinineily the best built in the whole sliilc,
and carried oli the most extensive trade. It lies
.'iO miles above the capes, about 9 miles u. of fort
.loiiiison, 17 s. rr. of Wilmington, and was lor-
n\erly the scat of irovernnieiit. In I7S0 it was
I. unit down by the British, and has now oidy three
or four houses and an elegant church in ruins, j

I BiiiiNsw K'K, a townshij) in Kssex county, V er-
mont, on the w. bank of ('onnecticut river, oppo-
site Stratford in New Hamoihire.]

I BMi'N»wirK, n(;ily in Middle.sex county, New
Jersey, is situated on (he s. k'. bank of Riiri(<m
river, in a low situation; the most of the houses
being built under a hill which rises ic. of the town.
It has between 200 and .'jOO houses, and about 2.j(H)
inhabitants, one half of wlom are Dutch. Qnecn's
college was in this city, but is now extinct as ii
place of instruction, 'i'here is a coiisiderabi(! in-
land trade carried on here. One of tiie niosl
elegant and expensive bridges in America has been
built over the river opposite this city. Brunswick
is 18 miles n. e. of Princetown, CO «. e. from Phi-
ladelphia, and 35 s. w, from New York. Lat. 40*
SO' H. Long. 74° .'JO' w.}

[BiiUNSMicK, in Cumbcrluid county, district
of Maine, contains 1337 inhabitants, and lies n.c.
of Portland 30 miles, and of Boston 151. It is
in lat. 43° 52' «. on the s. side of Merry Meeting
bay, and partly on the s. w. side of Androscoggin
river. Bowdoin college is to be established in
this town.]

[BiiuNswicK, the chief town of Glynn county,
Georgia, is situated at the mouth of Turtle river,
where it empties into St. Simon's sound. Jjat. 31*
10' w. It has a safe harbour, and sulliciently ca-
pacious to contain a large fleet. Although there
is a bar at the entrance of the harbour, it has deptli
of water lor the largest ship that swims. The
town is regularly laiil out, but not yet built. From
its advantageous situation, and from the fertility of
the back country, it promises to be one of the most
commercial and flourishing places in the state. It
lies 19 miles s, of Darien, (JO s. s. w, from Savan-
nah, and 1 10 s. e. from Louisville.]

[BatiNswicK Hon ^, one of the Hudson bay
company's settlcmerits, iiitualeon Moose river, half
way from its mouth ; s. w, from James's bay, and
H. e. from lake Superior. Lat. 50*^ 15' w. J^ong.
82° 46' TO.}

[Brunswick, New, one of the four British
provinces in N. America, is bounded on the s. by
the w. shores of the bay of Fu dy, and by the
river Missiquash to its source, and from thence by

1' V

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B R U

a due e. line to Vcrlc bay ; nrul on (lie w. by a
line tu rnn due n. Croni (lie niikiii source of St.
('roix river in i*a»(i:iiiiiK|uod(ly, to tlielii^h liimU
^vliicii divide the slreaiiis that Dill into the river
St. liawrencc and the bay of I'lindy ; and from
tlieiicc by the s. boundary of the colony of (Quebec,
until it tonchc» the hca-shore nt the o). extremity
of the bay of Chaleiir ; then followinj^ the course
of tlie .sra shore to tlie bay of Verte, (in the straits
of NorllminlKrIand), until it meets the termina-
tion of the r. liii.!, produced from the source of
(he iMi.ssi(jn:i.sli above-ineiitioned, including' all the
islands within the said limits. The chief (owns
ore St. .lohn's, the capital, Fredericktowii,Sl, An-
drew's, and St. Ann, the pre^.■nt seal of irovern-
meiit. The principal rivers are St. .Joiin's, Maijc-
padavick, or Ivistern river, IJicliwaasct, St. (.'loix,
Merrimichi, Pctitcodiac, and Meniraiucook ; all,
the three last <;xcepted, empty iiilol*assam;t(|uod(ly
bay. St. John's riv< r opens a vast exieiit of line
country, on which are rich imcrvales and meadow
lands; most of which are seltlert and under improve-
ment. The upland is in jfcneial well timb<'reil.
The trees are pine and spruce, hemlock and hard
wood, principally Im^ccIi, birch, maple, and some ash.
The pines on St. .lohn's river are the larjrest to be
met with in Uritish America, and alibrd a con-
siderable supply of masts tor the royal navy. The
rivers which fall into Passainaquoddy buy have
intervales and meadows on their banks, and must
formerly have Iven covtfred with a larj^e growth of
tindjcr, as the remains of Inrjje trunks are yet to be
seen. A raifiiiij fire passed throufjh Ihiit country,
in u very dry season, accordiiiirio Indian accounts,
about 50 yiars ai^o, and sjiread destriiclioii to an
imniciise extent. For other particulars respecting
this province, see the articles sep irately, anil
Nova Scotia, Bairisii AMr.nirA, iStcJ

[liiiuvswicii (bounty, in Virginia, lies between
Nottaway and Melierrin rivers, and is alxmt 3i^
miles lo:i<r and 35 broad, and contains l'i,h27 in-
habitants, including ()77() slaves.]

UUIJHHV, MoNTAGNEs Di:, mountains in S.
Carolina, at the source of the river Sapona.

[IJIUJTUS, a military township in New Vork,
throui^h which runs Seneca river. Here (he river
receives the waters of Owasco lake, trom (he s. e.
throiit^h the towns of Aurelius and Scipio. Brutus
lies 1 1 miles n. e. from the w. end of Cayuga lake,
and 19 s. s. e. from lake Ontario.]

BRUXAS, a point or cape of the isthmus of
Darien, in the N. sea, between the mouth of the
river Chagre to the j. and Portovcio to the r.; it
runs far into the sea, and the land lies so low that
it forms dilTcrent saud-banks, level with the sur-

n u c

face of the water, which render the navigation ex>
tremcly dangerous for vessels coming from (.liagre
and Portovcio.

[Bin; ^'NS WICK, a plantation in Ulster coun-
ty, New Vork. J

I BK\°AiN, u county inCieorgia, adjoining Cha-
tham count v on the ic. and t. tc,\

[BU\ ANT'S J.ick, a s.e. brunch of Green
river, the iiioudi ot which is about '^7 miles r. of
Craig's fort, and 10 f. ol Sulphur spring, in Mer-
cer's counly, iventucky. |

BU V A U, a river of S. Curoliim ; it runs e, and
cntcis (he Savannah.

BUADI'. Sec MisisAOAiv.

BL'C Bay, in the island of Martinique, one ot
the Aniilles. It is large and capacious, on the s. e.
coast, behind (he point ofCliaiix.

BI'(;AJ<Iv\IU, a small valley of the kingdom
ot Chile, remarkable tor a tbuntiin touad in it,
which rises in an uneven stony ground, at a league's
dibtance from the sea, and gushes out of tlie sniid
as if it was boiling. 'I'he ettects which it has upon
the stomach lor promoting digestion are udmiruble,
and, indeed, it has been proved by expcr ence tu
be a tine thing for dispelling all crude humours,
and prciterving the body in constant health. Close
to it the regul.irs of the company of Jesuits had a
church an.l a house for novices. [In its neigh-
bourhood is tound al)i lance of line salt. J

Bi cali:mi', u se nt of the pioviiice and

ci))r< giinimto of R a in the same kiiigdoin,

situate in the lormer vuiiey.

[BLiCAKALLl I'oint, on the «. w. coast of
N. America, lies in lat. 5j^ ii' ri. and long. Vd'd^
29' w. and tor. as ih" n. e. side of IJixoa's entrance :
Washington or Queen Charlotte's islands lorm
its *. ffi. side. J

liUCJAitAMANCJA, a settlement and real of
gold miiiCA, ot ilie jurisdicii.iii and government of
Fumpl >iia in die Nugvo Reyno de Granada, it is
the rciidtnce ol the ukaldta mayor ^ and has a se-
parate and distinct jurisdiction, including the
mines of Las lietas and Moiituosa B.uu. it is of
a hut temperature, aboiinding in sugar-cane, to-
Ixicco, cotton, cacao, niai/c, and many other pro-
ductions. It contains upwards of 150 house-
keepers, and is one league tu liic //. of the city of
Giron.

BUCARANAO, a great plain of the island of
Cuba, witii a lurlihed tower, near the plaza of the
liabana, where the Knglish disembarked >Wienthey
l>csiege(l tint place in iHi'i, under ih<; cuinmand of
Admiral Pocock and the Llurl of Albemarle.

Buc\HANAo, a river of the same ishuid^ which
runs uilu the gca iu the ubuve plain.

BUD

nUCIIAliEMA, n uptllemrnt of (lie provJnc*
ami corrnrimitnto of Tuiijii in the Nucvo Ucyno
tic (irnniidii, NJtiiatu in tlic serratiia.

[MUCK llarlKiur, in lliiiicock county, dis-
trict of Maine, lies w. of Mucliius, and cuntnins
Gl inliai>itnn(H.]

[Ui;cK Island, one of tlic IjCsser Vir/jin isK's,
situated on the r. of Si. Thomas, in St. .laiiiCK's
mssaee. Lat. 18^ ir)' h. Lonif. C,r .'JO' k-. |

IJUCKINCiHAM County, one of tliostMUiinh
compose the colony and province oflViinsylvanin,
and the most northern ; 20 miles distant from Plii-
ludelpliia, and bounded liy Canada.

[Duck IN (ill AM ilouste, in New S. Wales, lies
n. u). from Hudson house, and stands on tiie n. side
of Siiskashawcn river, near its source, and is the
westernmost «)f hII the Hudson bay compan^^'s set-
tlements. Lat. 53" 48' n. Lonp. 1 10° 40' ».]

[ AUCKLAND, a township in Hampshirecounly,
Massachusetts, containing 718 inhabitants ; I'iO
miles w. from Boston.]

[UUCKLESTOWN, in Berkley county, Vir-
pinia, i« a village eight miles distant from Martius-
huTff, and 250 from Philadelph i.^

BUCKS, n county and jurisdiction of the co-
lony and province of Pennsylvania, one of the
six which compose the same. [It lies s, w. of
Philadelphia, and is separated iMim Jersey by De-
laware river, on the s. e. and n. e. and has North-
ampton county on the n.vs. It contains 2a,40I
inhabitants, including 114 slaves. Bucks is a well
cultivated county, containing 411,900 acres of
land, and is divided into 27 townships, the chief
of which is Newtown. It almunds with lime-
stone, and in some places arc found iron and lead
ore. There is a remarkable hill in the n. end of
the county, called Haycock, in the township of the
same name. It is 15 miles in circumference, hav-
ing a gradual ascent, and from its summit is a de-
lightful prospect. The waters of Tohickon creek
wash it on all sides except the ro.]

rBUCKSTOVVN, in Hancock county, district
of Maine, on the e. side of Penobscot river, con-
tains 316 inhabitants, and lies 260 miles n. e.
from Boston.]

[BUCKTOWN, in Dorchester county, Mary-
land, lies between Blackwuter and Transquacking
creeks, 12 miles from their mouths at Fishing bay,
and 8| miles s. e. from Cambridge.]

I DucKTOwN, a township in Cumberland county,
district of Maine, near Portland, containing 453
iiihiihitiints.]

[ BUDD' S Valley, a place in Morris county. New
'lei'sey, situated on the ucail waters of Rariton.]

n u E

21^

BUDI, A river of the district «nd jurisdietioii
of Tollen Biixo in the kingdom of Chile, uliieU
runs u\ and enters the sea ix-lween the rivers Chile
and lm|>erial.

Bl'IJ, an island of the N. nen, o|)|)osite the
coast, in the bay or tjulf of Campeelie. It is seven
leaiiiies long and tliree wide, is very fertile, and
abounds in fruils and caKlc Near it are tw(» other
Niiuill islands, and these aUogetli<T form a bay or
port.

I IMKN-AlIU', one of the f/ceward isles in
the >V. Indies. Il is small, lies r. ol CiiriK.oa,
anil belotiirs to the Dutch.]

Ml KN-CONSKJO, iNrnsTRA Sfnoiia oki,,
a settlement of the province and iidvernment of
Tiicunmn, in the division (lrdi^tri^t ol Chaeo. it
is a rcdiircion of tlie missions wliicli were held by
the regulars of the company of Jesuits, iind
which are at present under the prol<ctioii of (lie
Franciscans.

MUI'IN-SUCMSO, a bay on the ii\ roasi of llm
strait of Mnire, between the bay of .S.ui V'alciizin
and ciipe San (ioiizrdo, nearly in front of the island
of Staten-Iand. It is large and convenient, but
exposed to the j. winds.

MuKN-siTF.so, a river which runs c. and enters
the sea through the former bay.

JiU KNA-FSPFIIA N/ A, a city of the provinca
and government of Paraguay, in the ancient pro-
vince of Timbues. It was founded l)y Pedro dc
Mendoza in 1537, on the j. shore of the river La
Plata ; but nothing remains of it save the name and
a small settlement of Indians.

MuF,NA-ESPERAN7.A, a fort of tlic kingdom of
Chile, built upon the shore of the river Biobio, in
the territory of the infidel Indians, who htirnt and
destroyed it in the war of the year I60I. In its
vicinity was a college, which belonged to the re-
gulars of the company of Jesuits, and which shared
the same fate.

BUFNA-VENTURA, S. a sefllement of the
missions, and arcdiiccioti of infidel Indians belong-
ing to the religious order of St. Francis, on tlid
hhore of the river Ciuallaga, in the province of Cax-
aniarquilla in Pern.

BuKs A-vENTiTuA, S. anotlicf settlement, of the
head setdeiiient and alcaldia mayor of Toluca in
JNueva Fsiiafia, where (here are 46 families of In-
dians. It is at a little distance to the w. of it«
capital.

lJiiKNA-vrNTtiiiA,S. another, of the head settle,
ment and a/raklia mayor of Tceali in the same
kingdom. It contains 12 families of Indianx, au<i
is situate to the s, of its capital.

F F 8

,'1 4'hI

I ■ 1 '' ' 'I

It J -^ l<

! 4.

M(.

,H jitifi't

2S0

HUE

BuENA-VKWiuiiA, S. anotlicr, of the province
and corrcgiiiiiciUo of ('aula in I'eru.

BiiENA-vKMUrtA, S. anotlior, of t!ic lunulseUlc-
incnt and akalilia mm/or i;f ('uicco in \uova Es-
pafii ; il contains ()7 families of ln«lians, who
employ (iii'niselvos in handicraft, in buiidiriii; villas,
and in uiaidtii; blankets and cotton rrarnirnts, in
which consists the coniniercc of die place. In its
district also are some ?YJwc/jf>vV/.s, consisting of (ij
families of Spaniards, Musttts, and Mulatloes, who
ai>ply them.ielves to the breeding of large cattle
and nudes, in sowing seeds, and in weaving cotton.
Five leagnes; . of its capital.

IJi UNA vniTiinA, S. another, of the missions be-
longing to tl.c rel'^-ions of St. Francis, in the pro-
vince of ("oagnila in Niieva Espafia. It lies eight
leagues from the town of Monclova.

P, KNA-VKNTD II A, S. another, ofthe province and
covernment of Caliloinia, situate on the sea shore,
in the interior of the gulf, or Mar Koxo dc Cortes ;
and it is the nearest <<f any to tiie month of the
river Colorado, or Del Norte.

BuicNA-VKNTi'iiAi S. another, of the kingdom of
Nueva Vizcaya, situate to the s. of the garrison of
.hinos. It has in it a regular detachment, which
has been lately established for the defence of the
frontier bordering upon the inlidol Indians.

BuENA-VENTURA, S. anotluT, of the province of
Los Apaches, situate in a valley of its name.

1Jui;na-vkn ruRA, S. a port of the sierra of Los
Apaches, in this province.

Bx: r;N a-v enti;r .\ , S. another, of the S. sea, in the
district of the province and government of ("hoco,
where there is a small settlement, snbsistingonly by
means of the vessels which arrive at it ; since it is
of a very bad temperature, and dillicult to be en-
tered, and since the road to the city of Cali is so
rough, as to be passed only upon men's shoulders ;
a circumstance arising from the inaccessible moun-
tains which lie in the route. It is '3(i leagues from
Cali, and is the staj)le port of this place, Popavan,
,S;>nta Fe, i^c. Lat. :r 51' ». Lmig. Ki" 4H' w.

IJiiNA-viN Tt'itA, S. a small island of the N.
jca, situate opposite the entrance of the port of Por-
tobelo, on the side where the/-rtwc//e77'«,or meeting
of laboniers, is established.

BDIliNA-N'l.'sTA, San Sicbartian he, a city
ol the piovi :'.e and government of Cartagena,
fonndi"! towards the u'. by Aloiiso de Ojetia, in
1509, near the gulf of I raba or Darieii. It was
tiansteried i)y Alonso de Ileredia, in I.Wt, to
anotlicr situation, within half a league's distance of
the sea, by the same gulf, and of it nothing but
the ruins and some iiuts are now to be seen.

B U E

IJ(jr\A-visTA, San Skhastian de, arother
town, with the dedicatory title of San Joseph, also
called Ciirico, in the jjroviiice ami corres^iniicnto
of Maule in the kingdom of ('Idle; founded in the
year 174^ by the Count Siiperniula, who was pre-
sident of that kingdoin. It has a convent of Ue-
colects, or strict observers of St. Francis.

HiTKN A-visTA, Sav Skhastian dk, another,
with the dedicatory title of San (leroiiimo, of tlio
province and government of Cartagena, in the dis-
trict of 'I'olu ; founded in I77(i by the (iovernor
I), if uaii Pimienta,on the shore of the river Magda-
lena, at four leagues distance from the town of Maria.
HuENA-visTA, San Si.HAsriAN ui;, another
settlement of the province and governincnt of Santa
Malta.

Hi'ENA-viSTA, San SEnAsriAN de, another, of
the province and government of Sonora in Nueva
Lspana, where there is a garrison for the defence
of the frontier.

BuENA-visTA, San Skhastian pe, another,
with the dedicatory title of San Joseph, called also
De los des Posorios, in the province and govern-
ment of Santa Cruz dc la Sierrn, in Peru ; founded
by the regulars of the company of .lesuits, with
some recruits from the Indians of the nation of the
('hiqnitos. It was under the care and administra-
tion of the former until the time of their expulsion.
It lies to the n. of the capital.

UuENA-visTA, San Skhastian dk, another,
with the dedicatory title of San Pedro, in the pro-
vince and correghnierilo of Cliayanta or (.'harcas
in Peru.

BiiENA-visTA, San Sehastian de, a bay of
the te. coast of the island of Newfoundland, where
the Fnglisli have an establislm>(>nt.

HiiENA-visTA, San Sebastian de, another
settlement, with the dedicatory title of San Miguel,
of the heatl settlement and alcnld'ta niin/or of f/agos
in Nueva Fspana, in the kingdom and bisho|)ric
of Nueva (iaiicia, annexed to the curacy of its
capital, to wliich it is very close.

Btena-' isTA, San Sebastian de, another, of
the island and government of Trinidad, situate near
the II. coast.

BiiKNA-visTA, San Skhastian- de, another,
with the dedicatory t tie of San Juan Hautista, ami
of La I'lata, of the province and mission of Apo-
labamba in Peru.

BiiENA-visTA, San Sebastian de, another, of
the government of Mariquita in the Nuevo Ueyno
de (iiauada; annexed to the curacy of the city ot
Los Ilemedios. It isofahotaiid very unhealtliy
temperature, situate in a rough uneven country,

BUENOS A \ R E S.

2211

KTuI one nboundiiii; in sln^ant wiitors ; but it Ins
Uiuulernx or \vniiliiii<T places (if s^olil, and its cli-
niiitc nbotiiids in various prudiiclions.

JJUENAS C(»sti;mijui;s, Nuistiia Si.noiia
UKi., a settlement of (lie proviiue and iiovernniont
of Tiicnmaii, sitiiiito on tint shore ol the river ISalado.

UUKNOS Avni;s, a province and jjovern-
incnt of Per»i, aHerwards erected into a vi(;erovalt y
in 1777 ; bonnd«'il n. hy tiie province of Para-
(raaj, u\ by (hat ol 'rncutnan and (lie lands of
tiran Ciiaeo ; on (he s. il ex(ends as far as (he
ttrails of Ma<;ellan, conipreheiidinu; a laru;e part of
the (errilory lyinj; u\ of tin; cordillira ; and on (Ik;
e. by (lie sea. This province lorinerly app( i-
taiiied (o that of Parairnay, until (he year l(j"il,
when it was fornu-d into a sp|iar;'.te s^overnnient,
taking the name of (he iiio (h; la IMata ; its first
governor havinu; been Don Diego de (ioiiiiora. It
was disci»vered in loOl) by (he pilot Juan Die/ de
Solis. 'I'he temperatnre is for the nios( part mild,
and (he sod unconnnoidy terdle; producing in
abundance wheat, seetls, herbs, and lruits,especially
j)eathes, which an* e.\(remely <lelieions. 'i'here
are sue'" quan(i(ies of horned catde, (hat (heir (lesh
is cons 'ered a thing of no value ; aiul it is cn>((»-
mary to kill them merely liir their hides, these
foriring a principal brand) of connnerce. Morses
also are in such quan(i(ies as to cost nothing more
than the trouble of catching them. 'J'herc is in
tliis province a great varie(y of rare aiii nals and
exquisitely fine birds : among (he former niiiy be
reckoned tigers, larger than any found elsewhere
in America: (he ant-ea(er, an animal sul)sisling
entirely upon aii(s, and winch, to get a( these
insects, is providetl with a very long and pointed
.'^aoul, an<l (he chinchilla, about (he size of a lap-
liog, covered wi(h a wool of a lightgrey colour, and
finer than the best silk. 'I'iiis province is, at the
))resen( day, v<ry rich ami nourishing, f'-r since
(he galleons have ctuised going (o Tierra I'irme,
(liis has become (he port for all (he connnerce of
(lie several provinces of I Vmu. This commerce is
(ondiicted on land by means of small waggons
(liawn by oxen; large companies bring Ibrmed
(or (lu! luder defending themselves against the at-
tacks of the infidel liidi >iis, who inhabit the ex-
tensive llunos or plains called pampas, which are
\v.itered by several rivers. All of tliest' rivers are tri-
butary (o ( lie ri ver of i/i Plata, one ot( he tour largest
rivers in all Ameri(;a. The capital is (he ci(y of
J. a Trinidail dc Mueiios Ayres, founded on the
shore of die river La IMa(a by Don Pedro de
Mendo7.;i. In the year I.W.'i, it was twice aban-
doned for a time, owing to tin; invasions of (he in-
fidel Indians, the Jaric!;, and the Cliarrua^, when so

great was the misery experienced by (he inhabi(an(s
f()r want of necessary supplies, (Int they were re-
duced to the iie(;essi(y of eating hninaii (lesli. If
was first resforckl by the licenliale \ aca de Castro,
governor of Peru, in (lie year IVI'i; and a second
time in I.JSl, when it was settled, at (he coninnnd
of Philip II. by Don .loan Orliz de Zarale, i;o-
vernor of Paraginy, (o the inrisdii (ion of which it
(hen belonged. Its situation is very beautiful, for
on the//. si<le, looking towards (he river, (here is,
(o all aiipearance, a complete sea, without a |)()s-
sibility of discerning (lie opposite shore, whilsi (he
country around it is ileliglid'nl, consis(iiig of ex-
(ensive fields covered wi(li perpetual verdure, and
beilecked with an iiilinile number of coiinfry houses
and villas, which form an agreeabh- retreat (<«• the
inhabitants. 'I'he temperature is healthy, anil the
air pure : The w inter is ("resh and healthy, and com-
mences in .liine. Tiie rains, which are ai)undaii(,ar(^
acconipaiiietl wi(li such 'violen( s(orms of lightning
and thunder, that nothing but a familiarity with
(hem can allay the (error (hey are calculated (o in-
spire. The liea( of (he sun in ilie summer is
modera(ed by (he breezes wliicli ristr at mid-day.
I( is very fruitful, and abounds in all the produc-
tions which convenience or liisury can require.
The fruit most common is the peach, the timber
of which serves for fuel for tlu! kitchens and ovens,
and this article is sometimes brought from a dis-
tance of 2 (o yOO leagues. Vines were once culti-
vated here. It is the head of (he archbishopric of
C'harcas, erec(ed in ICj'iO. Its first bishop was
1). I'r. Pedro dc (^arranza, of (he order of the
(.'arinen. It was (he residence of (lie (ribunal of
(he royal audience, founded in IGU'i; and which
having been abolished a short time alter, was re-
established ill I7S.'J. The bniUlings, although of
brick, may vi(; with any of Euro|)e. It has a
good cathedral church and lour parishes, which
are, La Concepcion, San Nicolas, Monserrat, and
La Piedad ; six convents, tw(» of FraiKMscans, one
of the Observers, and another of (he Uecolects or
Strict Observers, another of St. Dominic, anolher of
Jja Meicetl, and a house of en(er(ainnient of IJeth-
leinites ; (wo monasteries of \uns, one of Capu-
chins, ami the odier of St. C'a(hariiie ; a house for
'"male orphans, and another for (he: correclion of
women ; a college ; and it once had twx» others,
belonging to thi! .Iesui(s. it Ins a beautiful
marke(-[)lace, which is imnroved and set ofl" by
(he houses of (he ci(y ; and on the side towards
(he river is a fort, in which the governor ami |)ub-
lie olhcers leside : (his is well defended by ar(il-
lery, and by '■IX inilKia companies of cavalry, each
company consisting of 50 men; also by 9 cuni«

L!i *

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-PJJ'^T'l^

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1!: ■ 4

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■ I'll!

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I I

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) 1

\U\ h' '

222

BUENOS AYRES.

panics of infantry, of 77 men each. The streets
arc drawn in a straight line, but are impassable fur
carts in the wet season : there are battlements or
projections on either side of them for the conve-
nience of foot-passengers. It may at the present
dny be looked upon as the first conimercinl city in
all Spanish An-.crica. Its inhabitants nniouiit to
3000 housekeepers. It is 70 leagues from the
mouth of the river La Plata.

[INDEX TO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CON-
CKRNING BuflNOS AyHES.

1. General description. — 2. Imports and exports.

3. Coinage. — 1. Table of the population. — 5.

Present slate.

I. General description. — [Buenos Avhes is
one of the most considerable towns in South Ame-
rica, and the only place of traftic to the s. of
Brazil. It is in (he &. division and province of
La Plata, is well fortified, and defended by a
numerous artillery. It has an elegant cathedral, a
small Indian church, and aboit 4000 houses. The
liouses are generally two stories high, some built
of chalk, and others of brick ; most of these are
tiled. Buenos Ayres has its name on account of
the excellence of the air, and is Lituated on the s.
side of the river La Plata, where it is seven leagues
broad, 50 leagues from the sea. The ships got to
it by sailing up a river that wants depth, is full of
islands, shoals, and rocks ; and where storms are
more frequent and dreadful than on the ocean. It
is necessary to anchor every night at the spot where
they come to ; and on the most moderate days a

Eilot must go to sound the way (or the ship. After
aving reached within three leagues of the city,
the ships are obliged to put their goods on board
some light vessel, and to go to refit and wait for
their cargoes at Icunado dc Barragan, situated
seven or eight leagues below. Here we meet with
the merchants of Europe and Peru ; but no regular
fleet comes here, as to the other parts of Spanish
America; two, or at most three, register ships,
make the whole of their regular intercourse with
Europe. The returns are chiefly gold and silver
of Chile and Peru, sugar, and hides. Those who
Jiave now and then carried on a contraband trade
to this city, have found it more advantageous than
any other whatever. The benefit of this contra-
band has been of late wholly in the hands of the
Portuguese, who keep magazines for tlir* purpose
in such parts of Brazil as lie near this country.
The most valuable commodities come here to be
exchanged for European goods, such as Vigona
wool from Peru, copper from Coquimbo, gold from
C^hile, and silver from Potosi. From the towns of
Corientes mid Paraguay, the former 350, the latter

500 leagues from Buenos Ayres, are bronght hither
the flnest tobacco, sugars, cotton, thread, yellow
wax, and cotton cloth ; and from Paraguay, the
herb so called, and so highly valued, being a kind
of tea drank all over S. America by the better sort ;
which one branch is computed to amount to
1,000,000 of pieces of eight annually, all paid in
goods, no money being allowed t» pass here.
Azara asserts, that the wheat here produces lb for
1, at Monte Video 13, and at Paraquay 4. Tha
wheat is considerably smaller than that of Spain ;
but the bread extremely gooi'. The average quan-
tity produced h'2\*i,m6jancgas of Castile, 70,000
of which are consumed in the country, and the rest
exported to the llavanah, Paraguay, Brazils, and
tiie island of St. Maurice. Bread is, however, by
no means the staff of life in this country: meat,
and the great variety of roots and other grains with
which the country abounds, afford to the poor in-
habitants an equally healthy and even more nutri-
tious sustenance. Mendoza, situated at the foot of
die Andes of Chile, annually furnishes S313 bar-
rels of wine, and St. John's 7942 of brandy, to
Buenos Ayres and Monte Video ; but the low lands
of Peru, particularly the valley of Pisco, possesses
the best vine and olive grounds that are to bo
found in the s. continent. The commerce be-
tween Peru and Buenos Ayres is chiefly for cattle
and mules, to an immense value. When tlie Eng-
lish had the advantage of the asiento contract,
N«'gro slaves were brought hither by factors, anil
sold to the Spaniards. CJomls are conveyed in
carts over the pampas of Buenos Ayres to Mendozit
in one month. l'>om thence they cross over the
Cordilleras of Chile on mules to San Jago, a dis-
tance of 80 leagues, and thence in carts to Valpa-
raiso, 30 leagues, which journey is jierfiirmeu in
15 days. The climate is here hraltliy, provisions
and cattle abundant ; and when the projected rond
is established through Viliarica to the portofTaU
cahuano in the S. seas, the conveyance will be
shortened one-third, and the precarious passage of
the Cordilleras, which can only be made during the
summer months, in consequence of the snows, will
be avoided. Buenos Ayres is therefore a good na-
tural deposit for Chile, Peru, and Potosi.

Buenos Ayres, previous to the war, has afforded
1,000,000 of hides ainiually, and the meat of
350,000 oxen, suthcing for the consumption of its
inhabitants and its exports ; the remainder was of
consequence lost, tor besides the tallow, the toiiguo
was the only part cured. We are glad to find
that the enterprise of some individuals has induced
them to salt some of this waste beef, and that the
British governnicnt, in case of need, may here per- ]

M \

<U^}\

BUEJ^OS AYRES.

223

["ceivc the favourable mea: "^ suppljing their
navy, and even the West In'. - ^huuls.

Paraaruay furnishes to the interior trade of Chile
3,750,000 ibs. of Para^nay tea, and 60,000 mules,
in exchange for wine and brandies, and 150,000
ponchos, &c. Piraaruay also furnishes Buenos
Ay res with 4,900,00(Hbs. of tea, tobacco, woods,
gums, &o. ill txchaniie for European luxuries.
It is, however, extremely dilhcuH to establish the
precise amount oi the inferior trade of a country
wherein the dulios of a cabala, the >ily sure means
ol'a^ctrlaiiiinij it, are farmed out to individuals, and
wlierc tlie imports and exports are often landed and
sliipp<'d in a clandestine manner.

2. Jii'ports and exports. — -Ai Buenos Ayres, the
anninl importation of N'irroes, from 179's; to 1796,
anoiiiited (o 1338; a;id the number has been pro-
baMy increasing ever since. About 500 are intro-
d'l.ed annually into Peru, and about 100 into
Mexico.

The progress of Buenos Ayres and other Spanish
settlements on the river Plata, since they were
placed under a .separate viceroy of their own, has
been most unequivocal. The fate of those pro-
vinces, for the two preceding centuries, had been
singularly hard. f)(barrcd from a free intercourse
with Euro|ie, lest the free importation of goods by
the river 1 lata should injure the trade of the gal-
leons, they had no market for (heir surplus pro-
duce, nor means of supplying themselves with fo-
reign conunodities, except by vessels occas'onally
permilted to trade with the-n under license, or by
the contraband commerce which, as In-fore ob-
served, they maintained with the Portuguese.
Under the influence of this narrow am! oppressive
system, they l<inguish<>d in poverty and obsctirity
till 1778, when, alter the erection of Buenos Ayres
into th<> capital of a new viceroyulty, the former
restrictions on its commerce were removed.

The following table, extracted from authentic
ilocuincutS) wiil Khow the vulue of its exports du-

ring the four years preceding the rupture with Eng-
land in 1796.

Exports from the river Plata.

Value in dollars.

In 1793,
1794,
1795,
1796,

•

3,570,690f
5,564,704*
4,782,3 1.5|

5,058,9S'.?i

Total,

18,976,693

Annual

average,

4,744,173*

Annual average from 1748 to 1753, 1,677,250

A<;cordiT)g to Humboldt, the dollars imported
into Buenos Ayres, in 1803, amounted to3,500,000,
nnd'the exports consisted of produce to the value
of 2,000,000 dollars, besides 5,000,000 dollars in
specie.

3. Coinare. — In the upper provinces of the
viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, are situated many
valuable mines o>" gold and silver, of which the
celebrated mine ol Potosi is the best known in Eu-
rope, thoutrh it has long ceased to merit the repu-
tation which it once enjoyed, of being the richest
and most abundant mine of (he new world. The
qiumtity of the precious metals obtained from these
mities, may be estimated by the coinage of (he
mint of Potosi ; and from the following statements,
founded upon the best iittainable authorities, it
would seem that (he amount of their produce has
been of late years rapidly increasing.

Coinage of Potosi.

GOLD.
Value in Dollars. Reals.

Annual average from

1780 to 1790, 257,247 1

Coinage of 1791, - 257,5^6

Coinage of 1801, - 481,278

RILVBR.
Dollan. Keals.

3,960,010 7
4,.S65,175
7,700,448 e

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234 B U E N S A Y R E S.

Table of the Population of the Government of Buenos Ayrcs, according to the Woilc

of AzARA, published in 1809.

p h

If!'!'

N. b. Tliu letter c. iudicutes city; t. town; p, parish; s. settlement of Indians; ,/'. militury fort;

anil d. sii'iiilics doiibtfiii.

Names of (be cities, towns, settlements,
and parishes.

.*''

S. Josef, s. . .

S. Carlos, s. .

Apostclcs, s. . .

Conccpcion, s. .

S. Maria la Major,

Martires, s. . .

S. Xavior, s. . .

S. Nicolas, s. .

S. Luis, s. . .

S. Lozenzo, *. .

S. Miguel, s, . .

S. Juan, s. . .

S. Angel, s. . .

Yapoyu, s. , .

La Cruz, s. . .

S. Tome, s. . .

S. Borjn, *. . .

Cjuacaras, f . .

Ytaty, s. . . .

S. Lucia, s. . .

Garzas, s.

S. Geroninio, s, .

Ynispin, or Jesus Nazareno,

S. Pedro, .v. . .

S. Xavier, s. . .

Caiasta, s. . .

Baradero, s. . .

Guilines, s. .

S. Domingo Soriano,

Buenos Ayres, c.

Mag(lalena,p. .

S. Viiicentc, p. .

Moron, p. . .

S. Ysidro, p. . .

Conchas, /J. .

Lusan, t. . . ,

Pilar, p. . . .

Cruz, p. . . ,

Areco, /. . . .

S. Pedro, p. . .

j^rrecifc, /. . .

Porgamino, /.

S. Nicolas, /.

Years of

their
tbundation.

1633

1031

16J'2

1G20

1626

1633

J 629

1627

1632

1691

1632

1698

1707

1626

1629

1632

1690

1588

1770

1748

1795

1765

1743

1749

1580

1677

1650

1535

1730

17")9

1730

1772

17-

1780

1730

1780

1749

Latitude south.

27 45 52

27 44 3G

27 54 43

27 58 44

27 53 44

27 47 37

Longitude west
from London.

Number of
souls.

55 48 57

55 57 1'2

55 49 19

55 37 13

55 26 4

55 20 2

Carried forward . .

1352

1280

1821

2104

911

937

1379

S667

3500

1275

1973

2388

1986

5500

2500

1500

1800

712

192

218

482

600

643

1308

900

800

d 1700

4OOOO

3000

1750

1100

2000

1500

2058

1772

2300

,/ 600

■ 1728

1200

4220

109783

H t

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111'

BUENOS AYRES.

225

Names of the cities, towns, settlements,
and parishes.

Years of

their
foundation.

Brought forward

CIio.scumus,y.

Runclios, /. . . . ; . .

Monte, /.

Liijaii, f,

Salto,/.

Roxas, /:

Meliiiciie, p .

Montevideo, c

Piedras, p

Canelon, t

$. Lucia, /

S. Josef, t

CoUa, s

Colonia, t

Real Carlos, j7. . . . . .

Vivoras, p

Espinillo, p

Mercedes, or Capilla Nucva, p.

Martin (iarcia, p

Arroyo do la China, t. . . .

Gualegaichu,^

Giialeguay, t

Pnndo, p

Maldonado, c

S. Carlos, t

Minas, t

Rocha, t

S. Teresa,/.

S. Miguel,/.

Melo, t

S. Tecla,/.

Batol)y, t

Corrientes, c

("aacaty, p

Buriicuya, /?

A Indus, p

S. Roquc, p

Santa Fe, c

Baxada, t

Novoya, p

Coronda, /

Rosario, t
Kioncyro, t.
Maluinas, p.

1724

17'/8
1781
1781
1780
1679
1680
1680
1680
1791

1780
1780
1780
d. 1782
1730
1778
1783
1800
1762
1733
1795
1773
1800
1588
1780
1780
1780
1781
1.073
1730
1393
1768
1730
1781

Latitude south.

35
35
35
34
34
34
.^3
34
34
34
■34
34
34
34
34
33
33
33
34
32
32
33
34
34
34
34
34
33
33
32
31
30
27
(1.27
rf.27
28
28
31
31
32
31
32
40
51

33 40

30 30

55 40
39 30
)8 45

11 30

44 30
54 36

45 24
35 23
SO 35
22 17
19 39
26 10
25 8

56 20
33 SO

12 30
11 5
29 18
59 15

8 19

41 18

53 12

44 45

21 30

22
58 5
44 44

23 14

16
36

8
1

27 21

57 50
15 20
33 33
40 29
44 15
17 43

58 47
56 4
50

Longitude west
from London.

Number ol
souls.

109783

o / H

58 2 15

58 16 14

59 50 54

59 44 50
GO 34 40

60 59 50

61 49 56
56 10 42
56 12 4
56 14 55

56 20 41
5Cy 53 22

57 21 43
57 49 15

57 49 56

58 II 30
58 12 15

57 57 40

58 13 40
58 13 55

58 27 8

59 28
55 49
54 47 44

54 44 4

55 5 34
54 12 58
53 34 15

53 35 30

54 17 44

54 14 24

55 46 24
58 46
58 1
58 15 25
58 SO 20
58 37 30

60 52 30
60 44 SO
60 4 34
60 1 50
60 51 20

62 23 30
57 37 30

10
4

Total .

1000
800
750
2000
750
740
400
15245
800
3500
460
S50
300
d. 300
d. 200
rf. 1500
d.1300
d- 850
d' 200
d. 3.500
rf-2000
<^. 1600
d. 300
«-2000
d' 400
450
S50
d. 120
40
820
130
948
4500
d. 600
356
rf. 1200
1390
4000
3000
d. 1500
2000
3500
d. 300
d. 600

176832

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BUENOS AYRES.

fTlie popiilalioii in Azaia's l;ible of Paingiiay,
ol" llio above dale, is cruinicradHl at 97,180 souls ;
and the (otal po|)iil!i(iori ot (lie vice-royally of La
Plata, ISOy, a|)|)eais, from tlu; uutlioiity of tlio
same author, and of Alvcnr th; Ponce, to have
amounted to «)7'i,000 souls.

5. Present state. — In .lunc lSOG,a British expe-
dition entered the waters of (he Plata, and took
j)ossession of the capital on the !27th of (lie sam(!
month. The circumstances atlendiufif it are so Iresli
in the minds of the pni)lic that it is unnecessary
forustodwell upon (item fur:lii'r than to record,
that it i;ave ri'^e to the famous trial ot (renerat
Whitelock. The suceeedinir history of (his place
will be found und.r (he article La Plata: sutlice
it to observe for tiie present, that IJuenos Ayres is
a city, of all odiers in America, risiui;; i-ito notice ;
and that it is tlaily (he scene of great waifare and
discpjiet, owing (o (he sep'rate in(erests of theold
iTijinie, or Spanish government, ; lul ot the provin-
cial junta, iiistalletl on (111 ^(Jth August 1808, and,
as it is said, amidst (lie general aeclama(ion of the
inhabtants. I ,ong. aS"^ 26'. La(. Si"^ :><).]

IJisliops who have presidetl in Buenos Ayres.

1. Don /•'/■. Pedro Carranza, of the order of
Nuestra Sefiora del (.'armen, born in Seville,
where, attheagcof Ij years, he took the habit,
studied, and read arts and theology ; obtained a
degree of mas(er of arts in the university of Osuna,
and dedicated himself to the pulpit with great a|)-
plause : was prior of the convents of Antequera,
Ecija, Jaen, ami (iranada, difmidor of his pro-
vince, provincial and consultor of the holy oliiee,
and assisted at two general chapters : present-
ed to the bishopric of La Plata in lti27 ; he
died in 163'2.

2. Don /v. Christobal de Aresti, of the religious
of the Benedictine order, native of Valladolid,
took the habit in the royal nu)iias(ery of San Ju-
lian dc Samos, in (Jalicia, in 158."); was lecturer
of arts in San Vincente de Oviedo, abbot of Cor-
neliana, public professor of wriling, twice abbot
of Sanios, and difmidor genei il : elected bishop
of Paraguay, and promoted to this in 1G35 ; he
died in 1640.

3. Don. Fr. ('Iirist/)bal de la Maiuha y Ve-
lasco, a monk of the order of St. Dominie, native
of Luna, who was lecturer in theoloiry in (lie con-
vent of ('uzco, 12 year- a (eaclier in various set-
tlements, an eminen( theologist and prenelier, eali'
/(ffwAjrof (he supreme cnuncil of the inepiisition,
procurator-general of his province to t'le courts of
Madrid and Rome : he r» turned to the Indies with
the commission of visiting the churciics of the

kingdom of Chile, and was elected bishop of Bue-
nos Ayres in 16+1 ; he jlied in 1658.

4. t)on Antonio de A zcona de Imbcrto, elected
in 1660: be died in 1681.

3. Don Fr. .Iiian Bautista Sicardo, a monk of
the order of Si. Augustin; elecled in 1704: he
died ill JTOS,

6. Do!i /•'/•. i'edio I'axardo, of the order of the
most Holy Trinity; elected in 1708: lie died
in I7,j0.

7. Douilunn de Arregui, elected in 1731 : he
died in I7.'j1.

8. Don /■)•. Joseph de Peralla, of the order of
St. J)ominic; elected in 1740 : he died in 1746.

f). Don (3ayetano Paciioco de Cardenas, cLckhI
in 174i : he renounced his place, and in his stead
was elected,

10. Don Ca^'etano ^larcellano y Agramont, in
1747 : promoted to the archbishopric of Charcas
in 1758.

11. Don Joseph .Vntonio Basurlo y Ilerrcra,
elected in I.VjS: he died in 1762.

12. Don Manuel de la Torre, elected in 1763:
he <lied in 1778.

13. Don Fr. Sebastian Malbar, of the order of
S(. Francis; ch-cted in 1779, and promoted totlie
archbi liopric of Santiago, in Spain, in I7S4.

14. Don Manuel Azanior y Ramirez, elected
in 1785.

Governors of Buenos Ayres and the llio de La
Plata.
I.Don Pedro de Mendoza ; who, after having
.served with great renown in the armies of the \um-
l)eior Charles V. distiniruishing himself in the tak-
ing and sacking of Rome, obtained of his MajeMy
]>ermission to undertake the coucpiest of the Rio
de la IMata ; wiii(iier he set out with a power-
ful armament, 15.35; he died at .sea, Oii his re-
turn (o Spain, in 1537.

2. Don Juan de .\yoIas, who took the govern-
ment upon (he decease of the ])re(Iecessor ; and
who, upon the news having reached S; ain, had
iminedialely a lumiination sent over to him in
1.538; he was killed by the Payaguus Indians
in 1530.

3. Alvnr Xunez Cabeza dc Vaca, well-known
on account of his ship-wrecks in I lorida, aiii 'lis
travels as fur as Mexico: he was elected to this
government, for which he emli;tr!»ed in 1.510 : xit
being perse(Mi(ed with calamities and misJbrluncs,
he returned to Spain in 1545, where, being ac-
quiOed by the (!onncil of the Inilies, he was drs-
tined by (he kinij to the oflice of oidor of the loya!
audience of Seville.

^um

BUENOS AYRES.

227

4. Don Domingo Martinez tic Ir;\la, who was
ill tbc infprim governor, namely, ihiring the ab-
gciici! of tlio prciK-ccssor, and remained in ollice
till 1758, when lie died.

5. Don Gonzalo de Mciidoza, nominated provi-
sionally : lie governed nntil he was deposed, in
1565, by the royal andieiice of Lima ; and in (he
interim was nominated,

C. Don Juan Ortiz dc Zarate, an oflicer of
mucli credit, whose appointment was confirmed
by the Emperor in 1573: he governed until 1581,
when he died, leaving as governor in the interim
his nephew,

7. Don Diego de Mendicta, who entered upon
Ihe government immediately after the deaOi of his
uncle ; but he was so much disliked, and caused
such disturbances, that he was obliged to throw it
up, and to send back his credentials to Spain ; but
endeavouring to secrete himself as he was proceed-
ing home from a tour, he was killed by some In-
dians in 15f)6.

8. Hernando Arias de Saavetlra ; in v/hose time
the regulars of the company were estnbluhed in
the city of Buenos Ayres : he entered in 1598,
and governed with such address, and so much with
the good will of all parties, that he held the oi?icc
five successive times, and exercised it until 1609.

9. Don Diego Martin Negroni, who entered in
the above year, and governed until 1020.

11. Don Diego de Gongora ; in whose lime the
government of Buenos Ayres and Paraguay were
divided into two governments, there being regular
limits to their respective jurisdictions : he entered
in the above-mentioned year, 1020.

12. Don Luis deCespedes; who had governed
in Paraguay, and entered this government in 1626,
where he remained until 1635.

i3. Don Pedro Estevan de Avila ; who governed
from the above year until 1614, when arrived his
successor,

14. Don Jacinto dc Laris, knight of the order
of Sniitiago, until the year 1652.

15. Don Pedro Baigorri, until 1663.

J 6. Don Alonso Mercado dc Villacortn, knight
of (he order of Santiago ; promoted from the go-
vernment of Tucumaii to this, which he exercised
until 1664, when he Wiis commanded, by the king
to leave it, and resume his former ollice : he was
succeeded by,

17. Don Junn Martinez de Salazar, who took
possession in 1665, and governed until 1068.

18. Don Joseph de (Jarro, who entered in
1669 : in his time the establishment of the Portu-
giicbc took place in the coluny of Sacramento;

from whence he dislodged them by order of thft
king in KiSO ; and in the same year the govern-
ment was d(!livered up to his successor,

19. Don Andres de Rohles, colonel of infantry ;
in whose time (he Portuguese returned to re-
establish and people the colony : he governed
until 170J.

20. Don Juan Alfonso de Valdes Inclan, colo-
nel of militia : he entered in the above ye ir, with
fresh orders to dislodge the Portuguese from the
colony, Avhich he executed, having sent for this
purpose the serjeaiit-mnjor, Don Baltasar Garica
J{os, in 1705; he governed until 1710.

21. Don Manuel de Velasco, until 1715,

22. Don Bruno Manricio de Zavala, briaradier
of the royal armies, an officer of distinguished
merit: he was captain of grenadiers of the regi-
ment of Spanish guards, when he was sent for on
account of the revolutions that were taking place
in Paraguay, between Joseph de A ntequera, provi-
sional governor, and the regulars of the company ;
in this business he manifested talent, prudence, and
military knowledge : he was governor until the
year 17J4, when he dird, having first, how-
ever, been promoted to the presidency of Chile,
and to the rank of field-marshal.

23. Don Miguel de Salcedo, brigadier in the
royal armies : he was appointed liere in 1735,
and governed until 1738, when arrived his suc-
cessor,

21. Don Domingo Ortiz de Rozas, who was
colonel of a regiment of infantry in Spain, also a
brijradier, and exalted to the rank of tield-mar-
sliai in this government, which he held until 1746.

25. Don Joseph de Andonaegni, brigadier in
the royal armies : he took possession in 1746,
and governed until 1756, when, from the resist-
ance made by (he Indian settlements ceded to the
crown of Portugal, in change for the colony of
Sacremento, there was nominated for his suc-
cessor,

2(r D(m Pedro Ceballos, lieutenant-general in
the royal armies, comendador of Sagr-i and Senet,
in the order of Santiago, and military command-
ant of the body of invalids of Madrid : he passed
over with a thousand regular troops to oblige the
Indians to surrender ; but not being able to ac-
complish his])tirpose, returned to Spain in 1756,
ami delivered the government to,

27. Don Francisco BucareUand Ursua, licutc-
nnnt-!,'eneral in the royal armies, comendidor of
Almcndralejo, of the order of Santiago : he entered
Buenos Ayres in the aforesaid year, 1756, at which
time the banishment of the regulars of the com-
c c 2

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B U F

pany of Jesuits took place : lie returned to Spain
111 1770, and the government was delivered to,

28. Don Juan Joseph de Vertiz, field-marshal
of the rojal armies, coniendatlor of Puerto Llano,
of tlic order ofCalatrava, captain of fjrenadiers
in file re^'iment of Spanish jruards, and elected for
liis acknowledtjed merit ; renowned no less in the
In(e >v:ir than in the rebellion of the Indians. In
Jiis time the covernment was raised into a vice-
royalty, and he was connnissioned to niiike the di-
vision of the provinces, having been the first who
held this important olHcc with the raidi of lieute-
nant-general : herclurned to Spain in 1784.

2.9. Don Nicolas del Cami)o, marquis of Loreto,
a brigadier, who had served as a colonel in a mi-
litia regiment in the provinces of Seville: he was
second viceroy, and took possession of his ollice in
J784.

Kij'EY, Salto nr.r,, a river of the province
and correoimicnto of Piura in Peru. It runs into
the sea at the bay of Tumbcz.

lilJFADfiRO, a port of the island of Marga-
rita, in the h. coast, and to the c. of the port of
Tnnar.

Bi'i-AD':no, another port of the S. sea, on the
coast of the province and corregiiiiktilo of Trux-
illo in Pern.

[BUFFALO K Lake, in British America, is
•ar Copper-mine river. Jiat. (J7^ 12' n. Long.

from Greenwich 111° w. The Copper-mine Li-
dians inhabit this country.]

fUuprALor: Lick. See Cheat Ridge.]

[BuiiAT.oi: Creek, in New York, is a water of
Niagara river from the c. into whicli it empties,
near its mouth, opposite lake Erie. The Se-
neca Indians have a town five miles from its
mouth, which is able to furnish 80 warriors.]

[IJrFi-Ai.oi;, a township w. of Susquehanna ri-
ver, in Pennsylvania. See Nohtiiumbeki.ano
County.]

[BuFFAi.oK llivcr, in the Tcnncsseegovcrnment,
runs s. li), into Tennessee river.] ,

[BuFFAr.oE River, a water of the Ohio, which
it enters at the s. bank, GO miles above the mouth
of the Wabash.]

[RiJFFAi,on Low-lands, a tract of land in Nor-
thumberland county, Pennsylvania, about 88 miles
s. e. from Presquc isle.]

[BiFFAi-oE Swamp, in Pennsylvania. See
GnKAT Swamp.] •

BUFFLE-NOIR, a river of S. Carolina: it
runs e, and enters the Chicachas.

BUFFLES, a river of Louisiana, which runs
s. and enters the Chicachas.

B U J

UuFFLCs, a small river of V^irginia, which
runs H. it. and enters the Ohio, between the rivers
Conhaway, Large and Little.

BIJGA, Guahai.axara »k, a small city of the
province and government of Popayiin. It is of a
hot wid moist temjM'rature, situate in a beautiful
valley, whicli is watered and fertilized by several
small rivulets ; from whence it abounds in every
kind of production : it is smal', modeniti'ly
peopled, and not without comnu'rce : it was
founded by Captain Domingo Lozano in I jSS ;
is inhabited by some noble families, and has a con-
vent of St. Francis, another of St. Augustin, ami
a college, which belonged to the regulars of tlic
company of Jesuits. It sufl'ered much by an
earthquake in 1766. It is washed on (he w. side
by the river Canca, this being scarcely at a league's
distance from the city. It is 15 leagues to the n. e.
of its capital. J^at. 2^ 58' «.

BUGAVA, San Joseph de, a settlement of
the district of Chiriqui, in the province and go-
vermnent of Vcragua, and kingdom of Ticrra
Firme. It is two leagues from its head settlement,
in the royal road which leads to the province
of Costa-rica.

BUIA, a settlement of the missions belonging to
the religious order of St. Francis, in the province of
Culiacan, and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya, situate
between the rivers Elota and lalaba. It produces
maize, French beans, honey, and wax, in abund-
ance.

BUISACO, a large and rapid rfverof the king-
dom of Quito, in the province of Pasto : it runs
from e, to w. leaving this city, and then turning
its course 7i. enters on the s. side the river
Juanainbu.

BuisACo, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Pastos, in the jurisdiction and district
of the presidency of Quito. It is situate on the
shore ot the large river of Juanambu, which is
passed en taravita, where every person \mys a
silver real ; the same being the toll for a horse,
bundle, coffer, chest, &c. It is submitted to the
care of the Indians of this settlement to keep this
river clear, and its passage free. This parish is
the last of the bishopric of Quito,

BUISAQUILLO, a settlement of the province
and government of Popayan, in the correghuktito
of Pastos.

BUJIJRURI^, a settlement of the captainship
and province of Rey in Brazil, situate on ihi;
coast Ijctween this province and the large lake of
Los Pastos, to the », of the Poblacion Nucva, or
New Settlement.

N->.

Ii;a<

BUR

229

BULDIBUIO, a settlement of the province
and corrrs;imiC)ilo of Cnjnninrqiiillii in Peru, an-
nexed to the curacy of Chilia.

[IJULFlNCirS Harbour, so named by Cnpt.
Inirrnliaru, on tlic n. w. coast of N. America.]

BL'LKIjKY, a settlement of tlie island of JJar-
badors, in the<listrict of the parish of St. Cieorj^e.

BULL, a small island on the coast of Cieorirja,
between that of Long island and the bay of
Sewy.

Bi'M,, a small river of the same province; it
rises to the s. and rnns into the sea at Port Roval.

[BULLIT'S Lick lies on Salt river, in Ken-
tucky, from which salt spring the river takes its
name. It lies '20 miles from the rapids of the Ohio,
near Saltsburgh ; and is the first that was worked
in the country.]

[BuhL Island, one of the three islands which
form the n. part of Charlcstown harbour, S. Cu.
rolina,]

[BULLOCK, a new county in Georgia.]

[Bullock's Point and Neck, on the e. side
of Providence river, Rhode island.]

fBUJiL'S Bay, or Baboui- Bay, a noted bay
in Newfoundland island, a little to the s. of St.
John's harbour, on the e. side of that island, it
has 14 fathoms water, and is very safe, being
land-locked. The oidy danger is a rock, SO yards
from Bread-and-cheesc point, ofi' Mogotty cove.
Lat. 47° gp H.]

[Bull's island, a small isle n. of Charlestown
har1)our. See S. Carolina.]

[BULLSKIN, a township in Fayette county,
Pennsylvania ]

BUMBO, a port of the coast of the province
and colony of New Jersey, within the bay of De-
laware.

[FJUNCOMB, the largest and most w. county
of ^. Carolina, and perhaps the most mountain-
ous and hilly in the United States. It is in Mor-
gan district, bounded to. by the state of Tennesstfe,
and s. by the state of S. Carolina. The Blue
iidge passes through Buncomb, and gives rise to
many large rivers, as Catabaw, ^Vateree, Broad
river, and Pacolet.]

BUONO, a considerable river of the kingdom
of Chile ; 18 leagues to the s. of ValladoliJ. It
runs from e. to w. collecting the waters of six other
smaller rivers, and enters the Pacific ocean in lat.
40° 37' s.

BURAIS, a barbarous nation on the s. shore of
the river Maranon, at a small ('i<tance from the
mouth of Cayari; bounded w. by the nation of
the (iusmagis, and c. by that of Los Punovis. It
is but Utile known.

BURARI, a river which enters the Orinoco on
the «. side. In the woods which are in its vicinity
dwells the barbarous nation of the Seruras Iiidiaiih>.

BURAURE, an ancient province of the govern-
ment of Venezuela, in the jurisdiction of Coro ;
discovered by fieorgeSpira in I^Jj. It is situate
in a beautiful and ferlilc terrilor^', although tin-
climate is hot. It is neatly desert.

BURBL'RATA, a scltlenient of tlic province
and government of Vcne/.uela, situate un <l\<- coast
and by the bay of this name, between port Cabcllo
and the viorro or mountain of Ocumare. The
French privateers sacked it in 1511. It was
formerly very populous and rich, and in its vici-
nity are many gooi( salines. It is 5:2 leagues to
the to. of Coro.

Bu lint' a ATA, a number of very small islands of
the province of \ enezuela, opposite the former
port and settlement.

BURDKNS, a settlement of the province and
colony of New ilersey, in the county of New Bur-
lington, on the shore of the river Delaware.

BUREAU, a river of the island of Laxa, in the
kingdom of (^hile. It runs n. n, v). and enters the
Biobio, opposite the mouth of the river Duqueco.
On its banks are the estates of Cupayan, Dunatil,
Mulchen, Ancamen, and Chumulco.

BURGADOS, Punt A nr, los, an extremity of
the w. head of the island of St. Domingo, in the
French possessions. It is one of those which,
with the cape of this name, form the bay of
Tiburon.

BURGAI, Pauamo de, a very lofty moun-
tain covered with snow, in the province and ror-
regimiento ofCuenca, of the kingdom of Quito.
At the foot of it are the estates of Surampaltc
and Namurete.

[BURGEO Isles lie in White Bear bay. New-
foundland island. Great Burgco, or Eclipse island,
lies in lat 47° 35' «.]

BURGO, a town of the province and colony of
Surinam, in that part of Guayana possessed by the
Dutch. It is situate on the coast, at the mouth
of the rivers Cuyuni and Esquivo, and opposite
the island formed by these rivers at their em-
bouchure.

BuRGO, another settlement, in the same pro-
vince and colony, situate on the shore of the
river Esquivo.

BURGOS, a city of the. province and govern-
ment of the Sierra Gorda, in the bay of Mexico,
and kingdom of Nueva Espana, founded in 1750
by the Count Sierra Gorda, Don Joseph de Escan-
don, colonel of the militia of Qneretaro.

BURGUILLOS, a settlement of the ■ rovince

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BUR

niid corirn:!i)ii(/itii of Paria in Peru, nnn^x^d (o
(lie ciiiric* ol! 'Iiiillncolla.

JJl^Rfi'UfN, a city of llii' province and colony
of Ni'w ili'iscy.

|}( iMA, a sdllcmcnf of (lie province nnil po-
viriiiiiciil of Wnc/iu'Ia ; siliialo on llic shore of the
river Sararre, avIiltc (Iiis unites Avitli that of San
Juan.

BIJIMNS, a point of the s. const of the island
of Ni'wfouiidland, at tlie rntrance of the bay of
Plaisanrc.

JJL'RITIC.A, a town of llic province and go*
vormiient of AMtioquia in the Niicvo Reynodc
Ciranada, situate in a valley of the same name, and
near a mountain abounding iir gold mines, disco-
vered by tli.an (iadilio in 1537, but at llie present
day is scarcely ^vorkcd at all. Twenty leagues
from its capital.

[BURKK ('ounty, in Morgan district, N. Caro-
lina, lias 81 IS inhabitants, including 595 slaves.
Its capital is Morgan town.]

[BtHiKE County, in the lower district of
Georgia, contains 9467 inhabitants, including 595
slaves. Its chief towns are Louisville and Way-
nesborough.]

[Burke, a township in Caledonia county, in
Vermont ; distant from Bennington 13>' miles
n. p.]

BUKLINCTON, a capital city of \V. Jersey,
situate in an island in llie middle of the river Dela-
ware, opposite Philadelphia : it is regularly built,
and Uie streets are wide. It is the residence of the
tribunals, and here are celebrated the assemblies or
meetings of the province. It was founded in 1688,
and has been improving ever since. Its situation,
and the circumstance of its being contiguous to
some small bays, have naturally turned the minds
of the inhabitants to fishing. The territory abounds
in every kind of grain and provisions, especially in
flour, pigs, and white pease, which are carried to
the markets at New York to be forwarded to the
islands. It carries on a great commerce in hides,
whale-bone, oil, and fish. It fomierly gave name
to a county ; has a large town-house, an excellent
exchange for merchants,and two very good bridges,
the one called London and the other York. Its
convenient communication with Philadelphia makes
it a place of great commerce by the liver Salem,
wluth empties itself into the bay of Delaware, in
Lat. 40" 4' w. Long. 74" 55' a).

[BuHLiNGTON, a township in Otsego county,
New York, was divided into two towns in 1797
by an act of the legislature.]

[Burlington is a pleasant township, the chief
in Chitteudoa county, Vermont, situated on the

BUR

.«. side of Onion river, on the e. bank of lake
Champlain. It has 3H2 inhabitants. It is in tills
healthy and agreeable situation that the governor
and patrons of the college of V^ermont intend to
foumi a seminary of learning, where youth of all
denominations may receive an education. In
digging a well, about 15 rods from the bank of the
river, frogs have been found, at the depth of i^.j
feet, where no cavities or conimuni(Nition wilh the
water appeared, through which they might have
passed ; and when exposed to the heat of the sun,
they became full of life and activity. Here stumps
of trees arc Ibund 40 feet deep. It is conjectured
that these animals nuist have beeti covered up some
hundred years ago, by some inundation of tiie river.
Burlington is 22 miles n. of Vergennes, 122 from
Bennington, and 332 in the same direction from
New York city.]

[BuRMNGTONorOriNESKEA Bay, on thep. side
of lake Champlain, about 34 miles n. by e. from
Crown point, 69 s. e. from lake St. Francis
in St. Lawrence river, and 70 s. from St.
John's.]

[BunMNOTON County, in New Jersey, extends
across from the Atlantic ocean on the s.e. to Delaware
river, and part of Huntingdon county, on the ti. w.
in lenffth auout60 miles. A great proportion of it

is barren ; about |ths of it, however, is under good
cultivation, and is generally level, and pretty well
watered. It has 18,095 inhabitants, incmding 2t?7
slaves.]

[BtiuLiNGTON, a township on tJie e. side of
Unadilla river, in Otsego county. New York, is
1 1 miles U). of Cooper's to'vn. By the state census
of 1796, 43iB of its inhabitants are electors.]

[BURNT-COAT Island. See Penobscot

BDRNET'S-FIELD, a settlement of the En-
glish, in the province and co;'ntry of the Iro-
miees Indians, and on the shore of the river
Mohawks, on the confines of Pennsylvania.

BUROS, a small island of the lake of Mara-
caibo, in the province and government of this
name, situate on the e. side of the channel of its
entrance.

BURRERO, a settlement of the province and
government of Maracaibo, situate on the shore of
the river Matazan, to the a>. of the city of Trux-
illo.

BURTON, a settlement of the island of Bar-
badoes, on the w. coast, and in the district and
parish of Santiago.

[BiTUTON, a small township in Grafton county.
New Hampshire, which was incorporated in 1766,
and contains 141 inhabitants.]

^i^m

BUS

fBtrnTON, a townsliip in the Uritisli province
of m>w Brunswick, situated in Sunbury county,
on the river 8f. John.]

[BIJRUCUYA, n parish of the province and
{government of Buenos Ayrcs, situate u little l)el(nv
tile mouth of the Parana and Paraguay, in Lat.
'ir .57' 50". Long. 58° 15' 25" tv.']

BURURU, a settlement of the captainship and
provinc(! of Parii in Brazil, situate on the s. shore
of the river Aniazonas.

BUSANIO, a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva Kspaila, situale
ut the source of a river, near the settlcnient of
Aquimuri.

Bl'SBANZA, a settlement of the province and
conef^imiento of Tunja in the Nuevo Beyiio de
Granada. It is of a cold temperature, situate on
a plain producing wheat, maize, barley, and other
productions of a cold climate. It is poor and
mean, though its inhabitantii may amount to 100
Indians, and a few whites ; annexed to the curacy
of Tobasin. It i» renowned in antiquity, as hav-
ing been the court of the second elector o\' the
kingdom of Tunja, and it stood in the province of
Sogamosa. At the present day nothing remains of
its greatness save its name. Kight leagues n. of
Tunja.

BL'SCIES, a small river of Canada, which
runs li). near the Oulamanti, and enters lake Mi>
chigaii.

[BU.SEY Town, in the i,.laiid of St. Domingo,
lies near Port an Prince, and has a tort.]

BUSH, a town of the colony of New En-
gland, at the extremity and ic. cape of Long
inland.

BcsH, a small river of the province and colony
of Virginia, in the county of Amelia. It runs n.
and enters the Appomatos.

Btsii, another small river of the province and
colofiy of Maryland. It runs v. e. and enters the
bay of Chesa|)cak.

[ Brsn Town. Sec IIaiuord, Maryland.]

[BL SIIW ICK, a small but pleasant town, in
King's county, Long island, New York. The in-
habitants, 540 in number, are chiefly of Dutch ex-
traction ; 99 of these are electors.]

JJLSHY Run, a «. e. branch of Sow ickly creek,
near the head of which is General Boquet's field.
The creek runs s. xc, into Yougliioijeny river, 20
miles s, e. from Pittsburg in Pennsylvania.]

BUSIOS, a small island of the coast ot Brazil,
in the province and captainship of St. Vinccnle,
between tlie island of Puercos anil the great ishmd
ol San Sebastian.

BL SONGOTE, the most celebrated fortress

^ V z

2.] I

that belonged to Ihc Zipas or king* ol Bc^'ola, in
the ancient j)rovince of Caxica, near tin- liver
Fiinza. It was taken by (innzalu Ximiiiez i\<'
Quesada, in I5.'J7, after the victory lie iriiined
against the I'zaqiiez. It is at pn sent desdoyed.
and nothing but (he memory of it remains.

[BUSTARD Biver, in I'pper Canada, runs
into St. Lawrence river, s. xu. of Black river, in
a bay of its own naiiie. It runs a great way in-
land, and has communication willi several laiu's ;
and at its month lie the Osiers islaiuls.]

BUTCIIEUS, a small river of x\. Carolina. Il
runs X. and enters the Conhaway.

[BCTLER'STown, onthe&y. side of the head-
waters (if the Ohio.]

ri{lTTEKrii:i;D, a settlement in Cumberland
county, district of Maine, having iW) inhabitants.
It lies about 4J miles n. from i'almoiith, on Casco
bay ; having Butterfield slip on the n. and Buck-
town on the s.]

rMIJTTEBim.L, a high round hill, on the to.
bank of Hudson river, at the ;/. entrance of the
highlands, in passing this hill, ascending the
river, the passenger is j)re,sented with a charniing
view of New Windsor and Newburgh.]

[BITTON'S Bay, in the xv. part of Hudson
bay, M. of, and near to, Churchill river. SirTlio-
mas Button lost his ship here, and came back in a
shxip built in the country. Button's isles lie on
the s, side of Hudson straits, at the entrance of
cape Chidley.l

BUTURUNE, a settlement of the province and
captainship of San Vincente in Brazil ; situate on
the shore of the river Tiete, and at the mouth of
the Capil)aci.

[BuXALOONS, an Indian town on the w. w.
bank of Alleghany river, nearly 25 miles from fort
Franklin, at its mouth.]

[BUXTON, a township in York county, dis-
trict of Maine, situated on Saco rivtr .: 10 miles
M. xi). from Pepperelborough, at the mouth of that
river, and 118 miles 71. e. of Boston ; containing
13(54 inhabitants.]

BUZOS, Rio de r.os, a river of the province
and captainship of the Jtio Grande in Brazil. It
rises near the coast, runs e, and enters the sea, be-
tween the rivers Pirang and S. Juan.

[BUZZARD'S Bay, in Massadiusetts^ to-
gether with Barnstable bay, on the » c. form the
peninsula whose extremity is called cnj)c Cod. It
lies between lat. 4F 25' and 4 1° 42' h. long. TO"*
SS' and 7 J "^ 5P. from (ireenwich, riiiining into the
land about 30 miles n. e. by w. and its breadth nt
an average is about seven miles. Its cut ranee has Sea-
konct point and rocks le, and the Sow and Pigi

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232

CAB

nft'llio .V. te end orCuttaliiink, one of the F.lizal)etli
iBlnn(I», (HI (lie c.\

[UVHIiURY, a township in Philaddpliia
coiiiitv, Pciinsylvaniii. |

[llvEFIIilLl), a I'mrish in Newbury, Essex
cniinty, MasNaclni'trUs. In a quarry ot'linneRtonc
Iiorc is found tin- as/ieslos, or incorruptible cotton, an
it in sometimes called. Henutil'uUy variegated
innrble, wliicli admit)! a good |)olisli, liaa likewise
been found in tlu; same vicinity. Here is also a
flourishing woollen manufactory, established on u
Iil)eral scale, and machinery for cutting nails.]

rUYRAM River is a small stream, only notice-
able as forming part of the w. boundary ot Conncc-

CAB

ticut. It falls into Long island sound, opposite
Captain's islands.]

[UYRAN Town, in Charles county, Mary,
land, is about nine miles n. e. from port Tobacco,
and S4 s. e, from the Federal city.]

[BYRD Fort lies on the e. bank of Mononga-
heta river, on the s. side of the mouth of Red-stone
creek ; 3!} miles s. from Pittsburg, and about 39
n. w. from Ohiopylc (iills. On or near this spot
stands the compact part of the town of Brownsville.
See MnoWNHViM.i:.]

[MYRON'S Bay, on the n. e. coast of La-
brador.]

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i^C-'AACATY, a parish of the province and go-
vernment of Buenos v\yres, situate on the Parana,
to the ;/. of Corrientes, in Lat. 27^ 31' s. Long.
58° I' w.]

[CAACUPE, a parish of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay, situate on n small river,
10 leagues e. of Assimcion, in Lat. 25° 2t' 21".
Long. 57° 9' 21" te.']

[CAAPUCII, a parish of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay, situate on a branch of the
river Tebiquari Guazu, in Lat. 2()° 11' 21". Long.
.57° I5'2,'j"a>.1

[(.'AAZAPA, a settlement of Indians of the
province and government of Paraguay, situate on
a branch of the river Tebiquari Guazu, in Lat.
Sf»° 1 1' 18". Long. 56" 29' 49" tc.]

Cy\BA, a river of the province and country of
the Amazonas, uhich rutis from ti. to s, s. w. and
enters the Rio Negro.

CABABURI, or Caburi, a very abundant
stream of the province and country of the Ama-
zonas, in that part which is possessed by the Por-
tuguese. It runs from n. to s. receiving the waters
of many others, and enters the Rio Negro.

CABATjLA, a port on the coast of Peru, in the
S. sea, in the province and district of lea. Tt is
small and little frequented, from its want of shelter
and safety. Two leagues distant from that of
Pisco.

CAUALtA, MoRKo Dfj jx mountain of the same
coast and district, at the entrance of this port.

CABANA, a settlement of the province and dis-
trict of Lucanas in Pent.

Cabana, another, of the province and govern-
ment of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the same king-
dom ; situate on the shore of the Rio Grande, Ik-
tweeu this river and the mountain.

Cabana, a settlement of the province and
district of Lampa in Peru.

('auana, a bay on the n. coast of the island
of Cuba, between Babia Honda and La Domi-
nica,

Cabana, a river of the same island, on the n.
const, which enters the sea to the e, of the bay ot
Mntan/as.

CABANILLA, a settlement of the province
and district of Lampa in Peru.

('ABARI, a settlement of the province and dis-
trict of Sicasica in Peru.

CABA RITAS, a bay of the s. coast of the
island of Jamaica.

[CABARRUS, a new county in the district of
Salisbury, North Carolina.]

CABASSON, or Capirv, ariver of the coun-
try of Guayana, in the part possessed by the
French.

[CABELA, or Cabei.la, a cape on the const
of Tierra Firme, in S.America. Lat. 10°3'«.J

CABELO Di; Vklha, a bay of the coast of
Brazil, in the captainshipoi Maranan, between the
cape of Cuma and the isle of Pari.

CABELLO, a port and settlement ofthepro-
vinceof Venezuela in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.
It is very ccmvcnient, although small, frequented
by*tbrcigu vessels, who come to take in cargoes of
tallow and hides, cattle being very numerous.

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c A n

Tl Ims « poll roi" <!'« sccuril y and »Iefi;nrc of vos-
scU, iinti II goo<l j)i('r built by (lie company of
(iiiipit'zconnii, In llio yc.ir 174^ il wiis iiHackrd
|)V Atliiiinil ('liiul(*H KiiowIcK, with 17 sliips luid
\'<2 l)iliiii(lt;is, iis Ik; wiift retiiriiiiii; (Voin the attack
oftlic port ot liiktiiiiiini, in wliicli hi! railc(l,o\vin!r
to the nolilr (Ifli-nri' iiHuh' by tlu' uoviTiior of ( u-
riu'iiM, Doll (labriii i\{i Zuh)ii£ra, ('oiirit di; Tor-
riaita. Iln wus m littU; MicctWid in the nllnck of
(his |)ort. [Its popuhttion, uccordiii|{ to Dc|M)ns,
ih 7()"() souls. J

('AUI'J/A, Hay of, on thr n. coast of the inland
of Jamaica.

(^Alii'^/AS, a small itilc of the N. sea, near the
roast of Vera Cru/, almost nt the mouth of the
river Alvarndo.

(;A Ml A III, a river of the province and govcrn-
Dicat of Pamplona in the new kingdom of Granada.
It is an arm of the A pure, and afterwards enters it
Ixlore lliis joins the (Orinoco.

(;AinKi{l%S, a river of the country of tlie mis-
sions of the (Jran Pailite. It rises in the corilillera
of the V'uncas Indians, to the n. of (he Sicasica,
from two small streams ; runs to the n. ; and in-
clinint; afterwards to n. r. divides itself to enter
into the Marmor^ by two arms, which take (he
name of Snn Xavicr and La Travesiu, in (he pro-
vince and government of the Moxos.

[CABIN Point, a small post-town in Surry
county, Virginia; situated on Upper Chipuak creek,
26 mdes e.s.e. of Petcrsburgh, 87 Irom Ports-
month, and 3S9 s. s. w. of Philadelphia.]

CABIRE, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela in the kingdom of
Ticrra Firme; situate to the e. of that of Bari-
quisimcto.

('ABO, a settlement of the province and district
ofCucnca in the kingdom of Quito.

Cabo, another, with thd surname of Largo, in
lliu province and captainship of Hey in Brazil ;
iituate at the source of the river Curutuba.

Caro, a river of Carolina, which runs to the s.
and enters into the Albania.

[Cauo nr. (/iiuz, a bold point of land on the s,
side of (he island of Cuba. I-at. 19^ IS' n.]

[Capo dr St. Juan, the n. easternmost point
of tlie island of Porto Rioo. Lat. 18° 24' «. J

CAIIORCA, a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora in >Jneva lispafia;
situate on the side of a river, at a little distance
from the coast of the gulf of California, or Mar
iJoxo de (Jortes.

Cauo RCA, a river in the same province and
J»in<rdoni.

(CABOT, a (ownship in Caledonia coiinly,

VOK. I.

CAT

uss

Vermont. It is situated on tlie li.iglit ofland Ik--
twcen lake ChaMipiaiii and Coiincclii ul river*
about 17 miles troia the liftn'ii.nule Tails in the
above named river; and rontiiiiis hJOiiiiliabilcints.]

("A BRA, a small rivrr of liia/il, in (he t( rrilory
of (lie(iiiaiazas Indians. It runs to (lie ».». c, and
enters into the Tocantines nt its source, and just
Ijefore (he toll-house of the river ot Jias Almas,

('AB|{1']RA, a river of the new kiM>rdoni of
(iranada, in (he province and government of
Neiba.

C.VBRILLOS, Lake of, on the coast of (he
province and government of Buenos Ayres, near
(he cape i>f Lobos.

CABRITO, a small river of (he isle of S(.
Christopher, one of the Antilles, on the n. r. coast;
it runs mto the sea near to fort Louis.

[CABRON Cape, the n.c, point of Presqn-
isle de .Samana, in the island ot .St. Domingo, 'i'?
leagues s. r. by e. of old cape I'raiirois. Liit. !'/
S3'«.|

CABUIA, a river of the province and country
of the .Vma/onas. It rises in (h. (errilory of the
I'lncabellados Indians, runs to the n. and enters into
the Putumaio.

CABUUTA, a settlement of the province and
government of Caracas in the kingdom ofTierra
Firme; situate on the shores of the river Orinoco.
It is a strip of land formed by (his and the river
(iuarico.

CACACUAL, a small settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Carliigcnn, in the divi-
sion of Zinu ; situate on the side of the river of
this name.

CAt'AGUAIV, a large river of the province
and government of .San Juan de los Llunos in the
new kingdom of (iranada. It rises near to the .f.
of the city of Caguan, and running many league*
in an c. course, it inclines to the s. and being
mucli enlarged, enters the Caqueta ; atter which
il goes also by (he name of Tames.

CACAGUANA, with the dedicatory title of
La (Joncepcion, a settlement of the above govern-
ment, which takes its name from the river, on
the banks of which it is situate.

CACAUUATFPKC, a small settlement of the
head settlement of Amuzgos, and u/rafdia mayor
of Xicaian, in Nueva Fspana. Here are eight fa-
milies of Spaniards, \\ oi Almtra and Mulattoes,
and 48 of Indians. It is IS leagues (o (he tc>. of
its capital.

(JArAiiDATr.PEc, another, of the j<irisdiction

and government of Acapiiico in the same kingdom,

situate on the side of the river Papagaios. It belongs,

in as much as relates to its spiritual jurisdiction, to

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Ihe hisiiopric of Ihc Pucbla do los Angeles, it
consists of IJl fiimilies of Indians, and is seven
l(.^^^:l^■s fo flic ic, of 'recaxlcpcc.

C VCAI.OTiiFEC', Santa Mauia oe, aseltle-
nvjnt olllic liciid scttlenient ofXicula, and alcaldia
maj/or of Nixnpa ; situate in an nrea upon an clc«
vatiun so lofty, tliat the access to it is a journey of
two It <!^iies. It is cxtrcmelv cold, and constantly
covcnxl Mitli clouds. It consists of 112 families
of Indians, wlio trade in nothirj^ but cotton.

rACAT orrpi.c, Santa Makia ok, another, of
the head seltltnieiit and alcaldia »/; nyor of Villalla.
L consists of 11^5 fuiuilies of Indiiuis, and lies 11
leagues (o tlie ic. of its capital.

CAcAi.oT;ii»F.c, Santa Maria de, another
town of the alcaldia mai/or of Guajuapa in the
.same kingdom. It consists of 98 families of In>
dians.

CACULOTEPEQUE, S. Antoniodr, a small
si^ttloment of the head settlement of S. Andres de
riiciula, and alcaldia mat/or of this name, in
Nne/a Espnfia. It contains 5S families of In-
dians, and is distant somewhat more than a league
from its capital,

CACA LUTLA, a village of the principal town
nnA alcaldia mat/or of Ostotipnquillo. Its climate
is very warm, and it contains 35 families of Indians,
who make large quan ities of sugar and honey from
the sugar-cane, w'lich abounds in these parti, and
which is tiic only source of their commerce ; eight
leagues to the n. ic. of its capital.

CACAMOLOATLAN, a small settlement of the
head settlement and alcaldia met/or of Toluca in
Nueva Espina. It consists of 7^ families of In.
dians, and lies at a small distimce to the w. of its
capital.

CACAPEIION, Summit of, a village of Vir-
ginia, situate on the bank of the river called South-
ern Branch.

fCAt'APEHON, a river of Virginia, which
runs about 70 miles n.e. along the ic. side of the
North ridge, and empties into Potowmack river,
^0 miles ». from Frederick's town.]

CACAS, a small settlement of the province and
dii'trict of Tarina in Peru, annexed to the curacy
of lleyes.

CACATEAPA, a small settlement of the head
settlement of Amatlan, and alcaldia maijor of
Guauchinango, in Nueva Espana.

CACIIA, San Pebuo ni;, a settlement of the
province and district of Canes and Canches in
Peru, near to which, at a place called Raches, are
the ruins of an ancient and noble edifice with
nine gates. The walls, as high as the first stories,
arc inatie of carved stone, and the up^ier parts of

C A C

earth. Here nrc also five stone galleries, which
form, as it were, so many other walls, it is said
\o be the famous temple of Viracoclia, and to have
belonged to the Indians in the times of their pa-
ganism. At a small distance there is un artificial
lake, which is always kept at one height by means
of aqueducts. This lake is upon a mountain of black
stone, about two leagues in circumference i «nd not
far from hence are vestiges of a large town. There
is likewise found here a mineral earth, of which
pitchers and vessels are m<^de, and which are
taken to be sold in the neighbouring provincei.
Twenty-three leagues from Cuzco.

CACHAGUAKA(;£. a tribe of Indians of the

Erovince and ciMuitry Af the Iroquees, dwelling
etween two lakes, to tlio j. of the lake Ontario,
and near the river Seneca. The English have a
fort and establishment in it.

CACllAL, a settlement of the province and
alcaldia mayor of Zacupula in the kingdom of
Guatemala.'

CACHAPOAL, a large river of the kingdom
of (]hile, memorable for the number of persons who
have been drowned in it. It has a bridge made of
ropes, and at some distance below its source is
joined by the Tinguiririca ; after which it takes
the name of liapel, until it runs into the sea. It is
navigated by boats and rallN.

CACHI, a setllemeiit of the province and dis-
trict of Andahuailas in Peru.

Caciii, another, of the province and district of
Vilcas lluaman in the same kingdom.

Caciii, another, of the province and govern-
ment of TuciiinAn in the same kingdom, of the dis-
trict and jurisdiction of Salta; annexed to the cu-
racy of Chiquianas.

CACIIICAMO, a river of the province and go-
vernment of ('umanu, which rises near to the xi\
of the city of San Fernando, runs s. and enters the
Orinoco on the n. side.

Caciiicamo, Mksa or, a mountain or table-
land of the province and government of Muracaibo.
It lies in tlie valley of Chaina, to the ». of the
Great lake, and nearly to the n. w. of the city of
Merida.

CACIIILLACTA, a settlement, of the goverii-
mciit of Ataciimes, in the province of Quito.

CACUliMAlO, a large river of the kingdom
of Peru. It ri.ses in the province of Churcas, runs
two leagues distant from the city of La Plata, and
ent<*rs the Pilcomaio, in the territory of Santa Cm/
de la Sierra.

CACHIN, a settlement of the province and dis-
trict of Galea and Lares iu Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Lares.

C A C

il5

irovincei.

irctis, runs

Caohiit, another, of the province and district
of Caxamarca in 4lic same kingdom, annexed to
tlie curacy t>f Huambos.

CACHIPAMPA, a plain of the district of
Cuzco in Peru, ccl<'bralcd for the lialllc of the Sa-
linas, which look place here between the (roops of
the two parties of Pizarro and Almagro, two leagues
from the city.

CACIIIPO, a settlement of the province of
Karcelonn, and government ofCumana, in theking<
dom of Tierra Firmer one of tliosi; under tlie care
of the religious of the order of San Francisco, mis«
lionaries of Peru.

CACHIPOUll, a river of the province and
country of Cayenne. It is but small, runs from «.
to n. and enters the sea on the side of the cape of
Orange, between this and the bay of Vinccntc
Pinzon.

CACHIR, a settlement of the province of Bar-
celona, and government of Cumanri ; situate on the
«horu of the river of its name.

Caciiik, a river of the same province and go-
vernment, which enters that of the Hucre near its
source.

CACIIIRA, a river of the province nn.I govern-
ment of Santa Marta. It rises near the city of
San Fnustino, and enters the river Lebrija.

CAClllUl, Cataract of, formed by the river
OyiytocOf in the province of Guayana, and terri-
tory possessed by the French.

CACHIYACO, a settlement of the province
and government of Tucum&n, in the district of
its capital, and situate to the s.s. e. of the same.

CACHIVACU, a small river of the province
and district of Lamas in Peru. It rises in the
serrania which divides it from Cliachapoias ; runs
from the w. to s. s. e. and enters the Guallaga.

CACHOEIRA, NiTKSTRA Senora oei. Ro-
lARio UP., a settlement of the province and cap-
taiiKhip of the bay of Todos Santos in Brazil.

CACIIORA, a small settlement of the pri ince
and district of Abancni in Peru.

('ACHCRRO, a river of the province and fop-
tahisfiip of Maranan in Brazil.

CAGdUI, a small settlement of the province
and district of Yaucos in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Pampas.

CACHULA, a small settlement of the province
and alcaldin mayor of Los Zoqucs in the kingdom
of (luatemnla.

CACIIUPANAS, a small sedlcment of the pro-
vince and government of Mainas in the kingilom
oftjuito; situate on the banks of the river Chu-

{VIIIU.

CACL.\, a small settlement of the province and

district of Castro Vireyna of Poru, annexed to the
curacy of Vinac, in Yauyos:

CACO, a small river of the province and colony
of Surinam, in the part of Guayana ])()ssosscd by
the Dutch. It runs from vs. to c. and enters the
Mazarron at the beginning of its source.

CACOIOt ', a small setllcni«'iitof tlie head settle-
ment of Tctelzingo, and akaldia t;i<f yor of Coautla,
in Nueva Dspana. It is com|)oscd of 3:2 fainilica
of Indians, five of Spaniards, seven of Mustces^
and four of Mulattoes, two leagues v. n. w. of ilt
head settlement.

CAtiORK, a small settlement of the provmce
and government of Santa Marta ; situate on the
banks of the river Mngdalenn, at a smaK distance
from the city of Tc'icritle.

CACOTA DP. SoHATA, a small settlement of
the government and jurisdiction of Pamplona in
the new kingdom of Ciranada, near to the reul of
the mines of Bucnramanga. It is of a mild air,
al)ounding in wheat and otticr fruits, of a warm
soil ; situate in a pleasant -uid luxuriant valley,
and consists of 50 houses.

Cacota, another small settlcMnent of the same
name, distinguished by the sirnamc of Velasco,
in the same government and jurisdiction. It is of
a cold temperature, abounding in Indian corn,
wheat, papas, and other fruits {leculiar to this cli-
mate. It is delightfully situate on the high road,
by the side of a hill. Its inhabitants consist of
100 housekeepers, and an equal numlier of Indians,
and many others dispersed on the mountains
bordering on the river Gliitaga, which is very deep
and rocky ; this river has a Tiandsome bridirc with
a gate and lock, at which toll is taken. This river
is the head of the A pure, one of the most cele-
brated on the plains of Cazanare, which enters th*
Orinoco. The above village is distant two league*
to the s. of Pamplona.

CAGRILLO, a village of the province and
district of Gastro Vireyna of Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Arnia.

GACUAR, n settlcnicnt of the province and

fovernment of Cumiin& in the kingdom of Tierra
'irmc, situate in the middle of the serrania.
It is one of those which belong to the missionaries
of the Capuchins of A ragon.

CACULA, a head settlement of the district of
the nlcaldia tnai/or of Zaynla. It is situate on an
extensive plain, and l>eing of a warm and ok ist
temperature. It contains .'iOO families, consist iig
of Spaniards, Afuslccs, and Mulattoes, and 2U0
litmilies of Indians, who carry on a commerce in
soap, which they make, and in lanued hides, nf
which they manufacture shoes, boots, and sad-
u H 9

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dies, for oflirr n;u<s. Tlic pnrisli cliiircli is the
convent of St. I'riiticisco. Just out of the town
is a |)leiisanl v.illcy, extending tour leagues in
lenglli and (wo in breadth, iti which are various
pastures, wilil cattle, and otiicr cultivated lands,
wliich cause tlie coainiercc to be very considerable.
Seventeen leagues to the «. ui. of its ca|)ital.

(lADAJA, a lake of the country of the Ainazo-
nas, liear to the river Puru, or Cuchivara.

CADAUOSJIS, a lake of the province of New
York, near the river Hudson, and the fort of Sa-
ratoga.

[CAODOQrrS. SceCADonAOnrs.]

('Al)l!;Ki!;ri'A, a capital town of the alcaldia
mm/or and jiirisdictioi) of this name in Nueva
Kspafia, founded in the year WSI, by order of
the viceroy, Marquis of ("adereita, who called it
alter iiis title. It is situate on tlie skirt of the
Sierra (jorda, on (he mountains and in (he hollows
ofwhicli the fames Indians live retired. These
Iiave never embraced the (Jalliolic religion, not-
withstanding the endeavours of the religious order
of San Francisco. These barbarous infidels, who
are increasing in nund)ers daily, keep this district
ill a continual slate of warl'are, having possession
of the craggy descents and egresses of the sierra.
They are much reduced, and consist oidy ofaome
hordes andscntlered families; and thus both these,
its well as the inhabilaiits of the capital, amounting
to about 7()0 lamilies of Spaniards, Mulattocs, and
J\ fustics, gain their livelihood by working at the
mines of silver which are found in this district, as
well as in (he sierra. 'J'hesc mines are not very
prodnclive or advantageous, on account of (he
jioverty ol'the neighbonriiood, and (he great ex-
pence of lalxnir. The (own is situate in (he val-
ley of St. Juan, in a small island formed by two
rivers, (he one called Silla, which descends from
(he siirrn, and tlie other tiiking its riser from some
ypriuii'i (il w Iter, known by the name t»f Santa
JjUcia. it lias a very good parish church, and
convi"!!( (il'SiM I'lancisco. Its situation is cheer-
ful, asid its soil very feriiie. It is supplied with
water lioni I'le rivir at smne distance by nieans of
a ihw iir|i!"(!:!!i. Much w'ical, maize, J'Vench
beans, aiu! pul'-e, grow in iis loiritory, and it is
famous {\'V ihi' breed of mules and horses. I'\»r(y-
live leaL'th's /,■. of Mexico. ; Long. 99'' 'J'J'. Lat.

(' Aiir.ii! rr \, with llie dedicalory (ith" of San
•luan, another sctllemeiil of the "cw kingdom of
liCon, tbiinilcil bv the same viceroy as the (iirmer.
Its (lislrict abounds in cattle, b.ilh oftlie larsrer and
finaller kind ; l)iil il is badly provided with grain
and fruits. Many iiindcl Indians dwell about the

CAD

suburbs, though without any communicnlion with
(he town. Here is a convent of the order of San
Francisco, Nine leagues s. r. of its capital.

CADIZ, a capital city of (he isle of Cub^u^nn,
founded in the year 1517 by lacome Castclloii.
Its commerce was formerly very considerable,
owing to i(9 jK-arl fisheries ; but when these were
no longer carried on, it declined greatly.

Caoiz, a village in the island of Cuba, situate
on (he n. coas(, between Caragayas and La Crux
del Principe. [1( is near IGO miles e. of llavainiah,
and .50 «. froni Spirilu Santo.]

CADODAQIJES, a small settlement of In-
dians of Louisiana, situate on (he shore of tlie
river Rouge, or lloxo. [These Indians live about
35 miles w. of the main branch of the Red river,
on a bat/an or creek, called by them Sodo, which
is navigable for peroqiies only within about six
nules of their village, and that only in the rainy
season. They are distant from Natchitoches
about 120 miles, the nearest route by land, and
in nearly a «. w. directiMi. They have lived
where they now do only five years. The first
year they moved there the siimll-pox got amongst
them^ and destroyed nearly one half of (hem ; it
was in the win(er season, and they practised plung-
ing into the creek on the first apjicarance of the
eruption, and died in a few hours. Some few
years ago they had the measles, of which several
more of them died. They formerly lived on the
5. bank of (he river, by the course of the river 375
miles higher up, at a beautiful prnire, which has
a .ear lake of good water in the middle of it, sur-
rounded by a pleasant and fertile country, which
had been (he residence of their ancestors from time
immemorial. They have a traditionary (ale
which not only (he Caddos, I)U( half a dozen other
smaller nations believe in, who claim (he hoiuiiir
ofbeingdescendanlsof (he same family : flicy say,
when all (lie world was drowned by a flooci t!ia(
inumlated the whole country, (he i:r''at s[)ii;!
placed on an eminence, near this lake, one family
of Caddocjues, who alone were save<i : fro'u tliat
family all the liiiliaiis originated. The I'rench,
for many years before Louisiana was (ransffrrcd
to Spain, had at (liis place a (i)rt and some
soldiers; several i'l'eiicli families were likewisf"
settled in the vicinity, where (hey had erecletl a
good liuur mill with burr stones brought froiu
{•"ranee. These I'rench families continued (henr
(ill alxmt 'ifj years ago, when (hey moved down
and se((!ed at (' niip(i, on (he Red river, about "JO
miles a'ove Naieltitoclies, where they now live;
and (he Indians Int it about 14 years ago, on ac-
count of a dreadful sickness that visited them.

'i'M »

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C A E

C A H

237

on ac'

Tlicj settled on tlie river nearly opposite wiiere
llicy now live, on a low ])lace, but were driven
thence on account of its oTcrtlowitiiy, occasioned
by a nuiss ot" timber eliokini; the river at a point
below them. Tlic whole imn!l)er of what they
call warriors of (he ancient Ciuldo nation is now-
reduced to almut JOO, who arc looked upon some-
what like knights of Malta, or some distin<;nished
military order. They are brave, despise danger
or death, and Iwasl that they have never shed
will- man's blood. Besides these, (hero are of old
men and strangers who live amonji' them, nearly
the same number, but there are 40 or 50 more
women than men. This nation has great intluence
over the Yattassees, JVandakocs, Nabadaclies,
Iniesor Vachics, Nagogdoches, Kcythies, Adaize,
and Natchitoches, who all speak f lie Caddo lan-
guage, look up to them us (heir fathers, vi>it and
intermarry among them^and join them in all their
wars. The Caddoques complain of tlie (^'hoclaws
encroaching upon their country ; call them lazy,
thievish, Sec. There has been u misunderstanding
between them for several years, and small hunting
parties kill one another when (hey nu-et. 'I'he
('addos raise corn, beans, pumpkins, &c. but the
land on which they now live is prairie, ot a white
clay soil, very Hat: their crops are subject to in-
jury, either by too wet or too dry a season. They
have horses, b"t few of any other domestic
animals, except dogs ; most ol them have guns,
and some have rifli\s ; they, and all other Indians
that we have jimv knowlediie of, are at war with
the Osages. The country, generally, round the
('addos is iiiliy ami not vrry rich : it is well cover-
ed with oak, hicluny, and pine, interspersed with
jmtirics, wliicii arc, for the most part, very rich,
and lit tor cnltivat^nii. There are here a good
nuuiher of creeks and springs of fresh water, j

[CAMN, the chief city «)f Cayenne, in French
Cjiiiana, in S. America, ^'ee C \vi;nni;.J

fCAi:iL\AI{\().\, a township in Lancaster
comity, IVniisylvania.j

[C'.llSAIilA Uiver, or Coiiansik (reek, in
New .leisey, empties into Delaware bay, alter a
,v. :j. course of about 30 miles-. It is navigable for
vessels of 100 Ions as tar as Uridgetowii, "20 miles
from its month. {

CAI'lTK, a city oftlie province and </ii)tiiiiis/iii)
ofl'aiii in Hia/il, situate cm llie shore o( the sea,
just a( the point which is foiinetl by the montli of
tlie river of the Amazoiias.

CAinr., a small river of the province and vtip-
tfiiiis/iip of I'm-ito Segiiro in the same king(h)iii.
1 1 rises at the loot of the C«.rro del Trio, runs to

the n.n.e. and enters the Piedras, between the
Palmital and the Infierno.

('AEUA, a small river of tlie province nitd
government of (iuayana, or Nueva Andalucia.
It rises in the serrania of Parime, runs n. and en-
ters the Aredato.

^ CAFAIATE, a settlement of the province and
government of Tucuman, in the jurisdiction of
Salta^ annexed to the curacy of Chicpiiana.

CACjASSA, a celebrated goUl mine oftlie pro-
vince and government of Jaeii de Kracamoros in
the kinifdom of (juito.

f(;A(jill>iE\\AGA, a tribe of Indians in
Jiower Canada, some of whom inhabit near Mont-
real.]

[(Jaghnkwaga, (he name of a small village
or parish on the n, side of Mohawk river, in the
townshipof Johnstown, about 'il miles u). of Sche-
nectady. It is not improbable that the tribe of
Indians in<-iitioned in the pr(;ceding article for-
merly inhabited this place. See .Ioiinstown.]

CA(iLA, asetllementof the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela, in the district of the city
of (,'aracas, situate to the e, of the lake Tacarigua,
and ii'. of the settlement of Victoria, not liir from it.

(yAfiUAN, a small settleuient of the govern-
ment of Neivu in the new kingdom of (Jraimda,
tbuiuled on the shores of the large river Magda-
lena, by Juan Lopez de llerrera, in the year la5y.
It abounds in gold, maize, cacao, i/ucas, plan-
tains, sugar-cane, and various kinds of cattle.
The climate is warm; in its church there is an
image of San Uoqiic, which is held particularly
sacred, and to which pilgrimages are frequently
made by those wh(» dwell in these parts. It is two
leagues distant from Neiva, towards Santa I'e.

CACii.'AN, a river of (his kingdom, running to
tlie.v. c. and entering the Caqueta, opposite the
month oftlie liio Netrro.

CACiL ANA, or (.^aiii'AI'ana, a river of the
province and government of Mainas in the king-
<lom of (^uito. It rises in l\w sjer/« of IJhacha-
poias, runs ii.n.f. ami enters the Marailon.

CAIIAHAI , a river of S. Carolina. It runs
s. and enters the sea.

CAIIAIJON, a settlement of the province and
nlia'dia uitiij.r of Verapaz in the kingdom ot
(inatemala.

CAIIi; I'l;, a small settlement belonging to the
Portuguese, in the province and captai/hhip ol
ihe I'^spiriiu Santo in Urazil, situate on the banks
oftlie small river of Sabara.

Caui ri:, a capital (own of thv> island of this
name, which is ia the river of the Auiuxonas, of

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338

C A I

Ihe province and captainship of Mnrailan in Bra<
zil. Ill it is a good college, which i)elonged to the
Jesuits. This town belongs to the door-keepers
of the king of Portugal.

Caiip.tk, a large islnnd of the river of the
Amazonas, bidonging to the province and ca/i/atn-
ship of Maranan.

[CAriKTKS, Indians of Brazil. Sec addi-
iioiial matter respecting the history, &c. of this
-kingdom.]

CAdl, n river of the province and government
of Paraguay. It rises to the «. of the ruins of
the Cruz de Bolanos.

Cami, nnoUier river of tlic province and cap-
tainship of Roy in Brazil, it runs w. and enters
the Rio Grande.

[CAIiOKIA, a settlement in the n. w. territory,
n. of Kiiskaskins.]

CyVIIOQUl, a tribe of Indians of the province
and colony of Virginia, dwelling at the mouth of
the river of the same name, and on the bunks of
the Mississippi.

Cahouui, a river of the above province, which
runs to the s. s. w. and enters the Mississippi.

CAHUAC, a small settlement of the province
nnd district of lluamalies in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Pachas.

CAHUANCA, a small settlement of the pro-
vince and district of Lucauas in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Condocondo.

CAIIUNG-HAGE, a settlement of Indians of
the province and country of the Iroquees, dwell-
ing on the banks of the lake Oneidos.

CAIAA, a lake of the province and country
of the Amazonas. It is formed by a drain from
the river of Madera, near its banks, and on the
•ide of the Tacoara, in the territory lying between
t&at river and the Cuchibara.

CAIABA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay. It runs s. s. a. anil enters
the Paraguay, changing its name to that of
Ohiane.

CAIABACOA, a small settlement of the juris-
diction of .Santiajjo de las Atalay;is, and govern-
ment of Llanos, in the new kingdom of Granada.
The climate is warm, and it almunds in the pro-
ductions of the other parts of the province.

CAIABOS, a small river of the province and
government of Turuman. It runs e. and joins
another river near the city of San Miguel.

CAIACANCA, a settlement of the province and
captainship of San Vincente in Brazil, situate on
thebmks of the river Yapo.

CAIAGA, a small river of Pennsylvania. It

C A I

runse. and enters tlie arm of (he river Susque-
hanna, which tbllows the above course.

CAIAMBt), a settlement of the province nnd
tlistrict of Otavalo in the kingdom of Quito.
TliecVimntc here is extremely cold, on account of
the desert of Cuyamburo, which lirs just behind
it, in the middle of a plain, which gives its name
to this town. Near it are the mins of an Indian

1)lace of worship, situate upon high ground be-
oiiging to the town. They stand in a circular
figure, 18 Spanish yards diameter, and (iO in cir-
cumference. The walls alone are remaining,
these being from five to six yards in height, and
about two in thickness, and so hard that although
they are only built of clay, they have the con-
sistency of stone. Near it there is a large tract of
land called Cossin.

CAIAMBIJRO, a very lofty nnd steep desert
pliice of the cordilUra, in the kingdom of Quito,
situate on the n. side, and at the distance of II
leagues from the capital. Many rivers have their
source from it ; those of tlic n. and w. side run
to meet the Usmeraldas, though some few the
Mird, to empty themselves in the S. sea ; all those
of the e. run to the Marauon. Upon its skirts there
are symptoms of mines having been worked, and
from them, it is said, the Indians acquired con-
siderable wealth.

GAIAM£, a very abundant stream, and one of
these which enter by the t. into the Amazonas.
It rises in the cordillera of the Andes, in the pro-
vinces of Peru.

CAIAPA, a river of the province and govern-
vernment of Cumand.

CAIAPAS, a scttlementof the province and go-
vernment of Esmeraldas in the kmgdom of Quito,
having a wharf on the side of the river San Mi-

fuel, where goods are embarked for the port of
limones in the S. sea.

CAIAPOS, River of the, in the territory of
the Indians of this name in Brazil. It rises in the
mountains, runs e. and directing its course im-
mediately to n. enters the large river of the Parana.

CAIARIj a small river of the country of the
Amazonas or part of Guayana belonging to the
Portuguese. It runs to the s. s. e. and enters the
Amazonas, near its mouth, or where it empties
itself into the sea, between the rivers Urupiand
Irari.

[CAIASTA, a settlement of Indians of the pro-
vince and government of Buenos Ayres, on the w.
bank of the Parana, about S() leagues n. of Santa
Fe. Lat. 31° 9' 20" s. Long. &r 19' a-.J

CAICAIXIXAIS, a large island of the straits

C A I

239

of Magellan, one of tbosc Tvliich form the s.
coast.

CAICO, Crandr, or of the North, one of
the islanclswhicb lie to the n. of St. Domingo,
and the largest of them all. lis figure is long and
broad, extending itself in the form of u balf-nioon,
which figure is rendered perfect by many others.

CAIC08, the name of a large cluster of islands
in the N. sea, situate on then, of Hispaniola, or St.
Domingo. Uetween them and (be island of Mn-
giiana, or Marignana, there is formed a channel,
called the Okl Passage, which was navigated by
vessels leaving the port of the f lavanna for Europe,
previous to the discovery of the Bahamas by An-
ton de Alaniinos. This passage was abandoned
on account of the navigation through so ninny
•inall islands, which rendered it hazardous. It is
at present frequented solely by small smuggling
vessels. Notwithstanding this, it was entered by
the whole squadron and convoy of Admiral Sir
George Pocock, when he besieged and took the
Uavanna, in the year 1763. [The Caicos islands,
commonly called the C>aucas«s, arc a cluster of
the Bahama islands, situate upon the edge of one of
the Bahama banks. On the fi. side of this bank
are tour or five islands of considerable extent ; the
largest (called the (Jrand Caicos) is slwve sixty
miles long, and two or three broad. It is about
400 miles from New Providence, and due n. from
St. Domingo. There are several good reef-liar«
hours and anchorages, particularly that at St.
George's key, where there is establislied a port
of entry and a smi\\s battery. This harb<nir ad-
niits vessels drawing 14 feet water. Besides cot-
ton and other produce which is common to the
Bahama islands, sonic sugar plantations have
been attempted in the Caicos, but, owing probably
to the want of sufticicnt rain in that climate, or
to the natural sterility of the soil, they have not
succeeded. In 1803 there were about 40 white
inhabitants upon the t'aicos, and nearly 1200
slaves, but many of the latter have been since re-
moved. Previous to May 1803, lamis were grant-
ed by the crown io the amount of 29,093 acres
for the purpose of cuitiv.ition. See Bahamas.]

CAICAI, a settlement of the province and dis-
trict of Paucartnnibo in Peru, situate to the w. of
tiie Cerro do (Jomanti.

CA1CAK.\, a settlement of the province and
.coveriiinent of Ciimani in the kingdom of Ticrrn
Firmc, situate in the serrania. It is one of those
wliich in that province belong to the mission-
aries of the Aragoncse Capuchins.

Caicaua, a lake of the province and go-
vernment of Vcnpiuela. It is formed from the

rivers Manacapra and San Bartolom^, and empties
itself into the Guarico.

CAIENA. Sec Cayenne.

CAIGUA , a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Cuinanii in the kingdom of Tierra
Firnie, situate to the s. of Piritu.

CAIHOCA, a settlement of tlie afcaldia maj/or
of Tabasco in Niieva Espiina; situate on the coast
between the rivers Mizapa and Tonala.

CAIJI, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay. It runs w. and enters thy
Parana between the Ocoy and the large river of
Curitulm.

CAILLOMA, a settlement and asiento of silver
mines of the province of Collahuas in Peru ;
founded on account of the discovery of this mi-
neral in a mountain at two leagues distance. It is
one of the most ancient, and from it has been pro-
duced the greatest riches ; indeed, it has the pros-
pect of yielding these much longer, in as much
as there arc supposed to he many veins of this me-
tal as yet undiscovered. The metah are wrought
in a mill worked by the water of a stream which
rises at four leajrues distance; and in order that
there mny never lie a deficiency, the necessary sup-
ply of water is let upon the mills by means of locks,
from an adjacent lake called Villafro, about a
league in circumference. This is necessary only
in time of drought, which occurs in the months of
Augnst, SeptemlK>r, and October. The locks in
the rainy season are kept shut, in order that the
lake mny fill, and bo ready to yield its supply upon
occasion. This settlement contains two parishes,
one of Spaniards, the other of Indians ; besides u
church, which thoy call Del Hospital, since it
was sii|)ported by the mines when these were in a
flourishing state. The soil about the country is
very barren, and it can never produce herbage for
cattle, beintr situate between two mountains al-
together lucking moisture, and extremely cold. In
the church belonging to the 'Spaniards is reve-
renced a cross, of an opaque or ash-coloured
crystal, extremely perfect, and something ex-
ceeding the size of a palm, \Yhicli, with two
others (the one of which, aernrding to trnditioiij
was carried to Spain, and the oilier lost) were
touiid in n mine on the 2ii of May, on the first
discovery and taking of the metal, at the depth of
40 fathom. They vcre discovered in the form of
a calvary, this olwhich we speak being the largest.

CAILLOU, a small river of the island of (iua-
daloupe, one of the Antilles. It rises in the
mountains of the s.e. coast, runs in this course,
and enters the sea near the town and parish of
Punta Negra, or Black Point.

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240

C A I

CAii.r.ot;, aiiuthcr river of llie province of
Ccori,'ia. ft runs in ti very abiiiulant stream to the
i.w. niid enters the Apiilicliicola.

(3aillo(;, another river, distin^iiishcd by the
siirniime of Litth*, in tlic same province. It runs
t. and enters (he former.

(JAIMA, a selllenient of the province and dis-
trict of Areqiiipa in Pern.

CAIMAN, a settlement of tlie province and 4"0-
vernmen) of Darien, inhabited Ijy j^enlile Indians,
and Ijorch'rinjr on tlie coast of the fjidf.

Caiman, a river oftliis province, ^vhich runs
into the sea in the j;ulf of Traha, by the r. side.
On its sliores is a fort to defend its entrance.

Caiman, another small river of the province
and goviTnment of Buenos Ayres. It runs p. and
enters the Jia Plata bi;t\veeTi the Alcarai and Am-
balsadu.

Caim \n, another river of (he kin<»dom of Cliilc,
in the division of (juadahibqiien. It runs to. be>
twcen the Valdivia and the Callacalla, and Hows
into the former.

Caiman, two small islands, (he one called Large,
the other ISmall, sitpate in the N. sea, nearly iv. of
Janiaicn. They are barren and uncultivated, in-
liubitcd only by some p(M)r I']ri<rlislimen, whose (»c-
cupation consists in (ishiiii; jbr tortoise. They
iervc as a land-mark or siirtial to vessels sailii
lo V^cra Cruz. [SecCAVMANs.]

CAIMAN I^S, a river of the province and coun-
try of the Amazonas. It rises in the territory of
the Mures and Muris Indians, runs ». ;;. r^i. and
enters by two mouths into the Madera, opposite
the mouth of the abundant stream of the Heni,

Caimanes, another river of the province and
jfoverninent of Moxos in the kingdom of Quito.
It has it« source from various small streams, which
unite near to, and on the s. of, the town of Santa
Uosa la Nneva. It begins its course towards the
w. and turning to tlic n. enters the Itenes.

CAIMITC), a settlement of the province and
government of Cartagena, situate near one of the
arms of the river Caucu, to the s. of the town of
San Henito Abail, from whence it is distant eight
leagues.

C'AIMITOS, Ensknada de los, a creek on
the n. coast, and at the n. head, in the ])art pos-
sessed by the l-rench, in the island of St. Domingo,
It is very large and bcautiiul, formed by the: point
or licak of Marccouin.

Caimitos, some islands of the N. sea, situtitc
near the n. coast, at the w. head, and opposite the
former bay, of the island of St. Domingo. They
are two, the one larger than that nearest to the
co;(st.

C A I

CAINA, a settlement of the province and (lis-
liict of Tarnia in P<rru.

('AIO, a settlement of the island of Cuba, situate
on the n. coast.

Caio, with tlie addition of T)e I'rancrs, a
small island, which is one of the Caic!,-::, situate
s. o< th(! Caico (irande, between the island Arciiii
and C'aico Pequeno.

Caio, another, with (he surname of Arena,
lKlwe(!n (hose of Caicos and Pauuelo Quadrado.

t'AlOLA, ajiver of the province and alcatdia
vuujor of Tecoante|)ec in Nneva Espanu. It
runs s. and enters the sea of this name in the port
of Los Angeh's.

CAIOAII Ldl, a settlement of Indians of S.
Carolina, near the river Cousa.

(JAlOiNA, u river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayaua, in the part possessed by the
Dutch.

CAIONl'], a settlement and parish of the island
of St. Chiistopher, one of the Antilles ; situate on
the borders of the n. w. coast, and by the river of
its name.

Caio.nk, a river of the above island, which
rises in the mountains of the interior, runs e. and
enters the sea near the settlement of the same
name, in the ii.io. coast.

CAIOS, The, a settlement of the French, in
their possessions in the island of St. Domingo. It
is on the s. coast, having a good port, lx;twecu
the {loint Margaret and tliat of Uclle Roche.

CAIPI, a settlement of the province and dis*
(rict of Aimaracz in Peru, annexed to the curacy
o( Lambramn.

CAIQUEK, a settlement of the province and
government of Choco, in the division of Barba-
coas, situate on the side of the river Telembi.

CAIRAIXAIISGUA, Island of, in the straits
of Magellan, at the outlet of the third narrow
pass leading to the S. sea, called the Passage. It
is of one entire rock ; and the commander Dyron
gave it the name of cape Providence.

(JAIIIAN, a settlement of the province and
district of lluanuco in Peru, annexed to the cu-
racy of lluacar.

CAIllU, a lake of the province and government
of Huenos Ayres, to the e. of the settlement of
Canada Larga.

Caiuu, a mountain of the same province and
government, situate near to the above lake,

Caiuu, a settlement of the Portuguese, of tlio
province and rap<aiW/;p of I Iheos in lirazil.

CAITAPEItA, or I<icmian, a river of the pro-
vince and captainship of Pura in Brazil. It run^i
«. and enters the sea to the e, of the city of Caetc.

^mi

C A L

CAIUGAES, Bay of, on the s. coast of the lake
Ontario.

CAIUGUA, A small river of the province and
government of Buenos Ayrca. It runs to the n.
und enters the Giiucaruguay.

CAl UZ, a seltleinent of the province and govern-
ment of SuntalVIarta, in the livisiun of Itiodc Macha,
siliiatu on the side and near the port of this river.

CAIZA, a settlement of the province and dis-
trict of Porco in Peru, in its district theie arc
two springs of medicinal waters, the one cold and
the other hot, where they have begun to build
»cn\\c baths. It is situate on the banks of the river
Faspasa, IS leagues from Potosi.

Gaiza, another settlement in the province and
government ofChaco, in the plains of Manso, on
tiic banks of the river Pilcomaio.
fCAJAMAUCA. See Caxamarca.]
CAJAS, u settlement of the province and dis-
trict of Xauza in Peru, annexed to the curacy
of Huancaio.

CAJIARI, a river of the country of the Amazo-
nas, in the ]>art possessed by the Portuguese. It
rises under the line, runs nearly due s. and enters the
river Negro before this is joined by the Gatabuhii.
CAJONE8, San Francisco ue los, a head
settlement of the alcaldia mayor of Villalta. It
is of a cold temperature, and contains 108 Indian
families. Its division consists of five other settle-
ments or villages, and is eight leagues to the 5. of
its capital.

CAJUBABAS, a lake quite in the interior of
the country of the Amazonas, and from whence,
it is affirmed, the river Madera takes its rise.

CAL, San Antonio del, a settlement of the
head settlement of the town of Marquesado, and
alcaldia m/iyor of Quatro Villas, in Nueva Espana.
It contains 50 families of Indians, who occupy
themselves in the cultivation and commerce of co-
chineal, wheat, maize, fruits, wood, coal, salt, and
timber ; and from the revenues arising from these
two last articles the city of Oaxaca derives her
whole subsistence ; one league s. e. of its capital.

CAJ^ABOZO, or Calaboso, n settlement of
the province and government of Venezuela, in the
kingdom of Tierra Firmc ; founded in this cen-
tury (18th), after thce>tablii>hmentof the company
of Ciuipuzcoa, now the Philippines, on the banks
of the river Guarico. [Culaduzo is a city of re-
cent date, having been at first an Indian village,
which was increased by the Spaniards, who have
fixed their residence there, in order to be near at
hand to watch and take care of their flocks. The
company of (jiiipnzcoa arrogate to Ihcmkclves, in

VOL. I.

CAL

841

their memoirs, the merit of having given to Cala-
bozo that degree of increase which was necessary
to its b(Mng inscribed on the list of cities. Its tem-
perature is excessively hot, although very regu-
larly moderated by the n. e. breezes. Tlie soil ia
hardly proper for any thing else but grazing ; and
this is the only use they make of it. The pas-
ture is good, and the horned cattle very numerous ;
but a sort of banditti are constantly over-running
the immense plains from the jurisdiction of (Jalu-
bozo as titr as the borders of Giianipielie, nnd steal
as many oxen and mules as they can, cimvcying
them in safety toGuayana or Trmity. Often, in-
deed, do they kill the ox and skin it on the snot,
merely taking away the hide and tue tuUow. It \a
thought that if prompt and vigorous measures be
not taken, the pens distant from the city (as al-
most all of them are so situate) will be made mere
deserts. The city is situate l)etween two rivers,
the Guarico to the w. and the Orituco to the r,
but much nearer the former than the latter. These
tvro rivers, whose courses are from ji, in s. join
their waters about four or five leagues above Cala-
boso ; then, at a distance of abinit "siO l(>agncs, fall
into the Apure, and increase under this name the
Orinoco. When the rains force these two rivers
from their i>eds, which happens every year, the
inhabitants find themselves extremely distressed.
Their travelling, their work, and every thing else,
is susjiendal. The cattle retire to the heights un-
til the waters quit the plains, and allow them to
return to their pasturage. The streets and houses
form an agreeable prospect ; and the church, with-
out being very handsome, is decent. In 1786,
there were in Calabozo, and (he five villages that
belong to it, 540 houses, ItjSO white people, 1186
free Indians, not tributary, JJOl persons of co-
lour, 943 slaves, 1 16 country houses and pens,
187S mules, and S6,557 oxen and cows. In 1804,
the population of the cityamoimted to 4800 people.
It is situate in lit. 8^ 54', at 53 leagues s. of
Caracas, and nearly as many n. of the Orinoco.]

Calabozo, another settlement of the province
and government of Santa Maria, in the district of
the Rio del llacha, situate on the sea-coast.

CALA-CALA, a settlement of the province and
eorregimienlo of Chayanta or Cliarcas in Peru,
annexed to the curacy of Laimes.

CALA-CALI, a settlement of the kingdom of
Quito, in the eorregimienlo oi the district of Cinco
Leguas de la Ciudad.

CALACOTO, a settlement of the province and
eorregimienlo of Pacages in Peru, situate on the
shore of the river Dcsaguadero.

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242

C A L

CALA!IIJAIA, a settlement of the province and
corrcc^intietito of Gnarochiri in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of its capital.

[CAIiAlSjU township in Caledonia connty, Ver-
mont, 105 niileii n. e. of licnningtoii. It has 45
inhabitant".]

CALAJAU, ariverof tlie province and govern-
ment of La (inayana, wiiich enters the Apurc.

(3AI,AM.V, a settU-nient of the province and
corrrp;imknln of Atacaina in Peru, of the arch-
bisluipric of Charcas, annexed to the curacy of
Chiuchiu : In its (tistrict arc many minerals of
jasper, talc, vitriol, lipes stone, and alum ; and it
has tiiis peculiarity, that no other animals can breed
here except oxen and calves ; horses and mules in-
vari;>i)ly runninp mad, and killing themselves by
dint ot violent exertions.

CAIiAMAii, asettlenxnt of the province and
cortrgiDiicnfo of Lnyaand Chillaos in Peru.

CALAMAltCA, a settlement of the province
and lorref^imienlo of Sicasica in Peru ; 1 J leagues
distant from the capital.

CALAMUUCO, a settlement of the province
and corrrginiieiifo of Pastos in the kingdom of
Quito, situate on the road which leads from Po-
payan.

CALAMUCIIITA, a settlement of the province
and government of Tucuman, in the valley of its
name, and in tlie jurisdiction of the city of Cor-
dova. "

Calamuchita, a valley of the above province
and government, between the rivers Terceroand
Quarto.

CALANDAIMA, a settlement of thcjurisdic-
tioJi of Tocaima, and goverimient of Mariqnita, in
the new kimrdom of (iranada, situate on the side
of the river Bogota. It is of a very warm tempera-
ture, aboimdingin maize, ?/«frt.*, plantains, and par-
ticularly in sugar-canes : It contains somewhat more
than 50 inliabitants, and is a day's iourney from
Santa Fe, and a little less from the city of To-
caima.

CALANGO, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Lampa in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of its capital.

CALAPl'.IA, a settlement of the province and
eorresiimenio of Lampa in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of the capital.

C.ALAliKllA, Bay of the, on the coast of Bra-
zil, aiid iiiihr ctiptains/tip of Rey,lK'tween the island
Ca>tillos (irandes and that of llatones, by the side
of the cape of Santa Maria.

CALBAMUA, a small river of the province and
government of Guanuco ; it rises to the n. of the

C A L

city of Guanuco el Viejo, runs towards this city,
and enters the Guallagua at its head.

CALBUCO, a city of the province and rorre-
gimiento of the island of Chiloe, in the kingdom of
Cliile.

CALCA and Larfs, a province and rorregi.
mt'enlo of Peru ; liouiuJ'"' s, by (juispirauclii,
e. by Paucartandm, .?. t». by the jurisdiction of
('nzco, from whence it lies four leagues ; by
Abancai ; its limits iH'inga long chain of siiow-riad
mountiiins ; and tt. e. and ». by the Cordillera of
the Andes, and mcmntains of the infidel Indians,
The whole of this province is a broken uneven
territory, 30 leagues in length from w. to s. and
from two to five in widlli. Its temperature is mild,
excepting in the heights of (idler side, where if is
very cold. Its productions are those of a warm and
cold climate, namely, .vheat, maize, and oilier grain
in abundance, a variety of fruits, papai, and many
sweet-smelling flowers. Its breed ofcattle is very con-
siderable, (hitiire. it intersects \\\e Cordillera by
twocx tensive valleys, called Qiiillobaiiib land Amai-
bamba,of a warm and moist temperature, verylisr-
tile, and in which there are many plantations of
canes, from which is made the best sugar in the whole
kingdom. There is also in the n. e. part a pass
through the Cordillera by the valleys of Ocabamba
and L ires, abounding in wild fruits, wood, ani-
mals, and insects. The fertility of this province
is so great, that the sugar-canes Wing once planted,
perpetuate tlwinselvcs for several years, and l)c-
come ri|)c in 14 mtmths ; their first produce Ix-ing
extremely fine. There are at present no mines
worked, although formerly much silver was pro-
cured from those which are now abandoned, either
on account of their having filled with water, or
from the baseness of the metal produced. There
are some indeed of saltpetre, which _is carried to
Cuzco for the manufacture of gunpowder. The
princi|)al river which waters it is the Vilcomayo,
which runs through the broken ravine or valley,
and has thrown across it in various parts bridges
formed of vvicker-work. The number of its inha-
bitants is 10,000; its rep«r/»>H/«i/« used to amount
to 63,300 dollars, Jind it paid yearly 508 dollars
f<H- all ah 'In. Its jurisdiction comprehends IS set-
llcmen's, which are.

The capital, of the siime

name,
Pizac,

San Salvador,
Taray,
Coya,
Lures,

Hualla,

Cachin,

Cliii luicancha,

Cliiiichcro,

O laiitastamba,

Silque,

Vilcabamba,

Hi,

II. I

C A L

ata

A. Francisco de la Vic< Ilabitaiites del Vulle

toria, dc Ocubumbu.

Si Juan de Liiima, ylos

CALCAMAIO, ft river of tlie province and cor-
regimifttto of Castro Vircyiia in Peru : it rises from
a small lake near tlie cordilltra, runs e. and
enters the pampas.

CALCAIILIALCO, San SALVAnon dk, a sct-
tlnmcntof tlie head settlement of Yxhiiatlan, and
alcaldia maj/or of Cordoba, in Nucva Ej>pana. It
contains 66 families of Indians, and is nine leagues
71. ». w. of its capital.

CALCAUZO, a settlement of the province and
correginiicnlo of AiInarae^ in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Mollebaniba.

rCALCA YLAllES. See Calca and Lakes.]

CALCIIA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimietito of Chichas and Tarija in Peru.

CALCHAQUI, a settlement of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres, situate at the mouth
of the river Monge, and on the shore of the Parana,
close to the rincon or corner of Gaboto.

Calciiaqui, another settlement of the province
and governiiieiit of Tucuman, situate in the valley
of its name, and in the jurisdiction of Salta.

Calchauui, a large, fertile, and beautiful
valley of the same province.

CALDAS, NuESTRA Si:nora de i.as, a seltlc-
mcnt belonging to the missionaries of the religious
order of San Francisco, in Nuevo Mexico.

CALUmiA, a settlement of the province and
corrfgmiento of Ciienca in the kingdom of Quito,
annexed to the curacy of Paccha.

Caldkra, a river of the alcaldia wjoyor of Nata
in the kingdom of Tierra Firme, and government
of Panama, it rises in the mountains of the s. and
and runs into the Pacific ocean, on the side of the
Puiita Mala.

Caldeka, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Tucuman, in the district of the city of
lujui. It runs e, and enters the Salado between
the liubicriia and the Blanco.

CALDEltON, a settlement of the province and
govcrinnent of Atacames, or Esincraldas, situate at
the junction of tlie rivers Santiago and liagota,
near the coast of tlie S. sea.

[CALDERSHUIIG, a townsliip in (M;ans
county in Vermont, is about 151 miles ti. r. from
lienningloii, and 11 zo. of Connecliciit river.J

CALDEUA, a settlement of the province and
captainship of the Rio Grande in iirazil, situate on
the shore of th(! river Carabatang, near the coast.

CALDUNO, a settlement of the province and
government of Popayiin, in the new kingdom of
Granada.

CALEBASSE, Mohne he t^A, or Monno dr
i,A Calaua/a, a very lolly iiiountain, full of sharp
points, resembling the Monscrrate, in the cenin* of
the island of Martinique, and on the side which looks
to the M. e,

[CALEDONIA County, in Vermont, contains
21 townships, and has Connecticut river s. r. ; Or-
leans and Cli ittenden counties N.u\ ; F^sscx county
n. e. ; and Orange county, of which, until lately,
it formeil a part, s. w.]

[Caf.euonia, a port on the isthmus of Daricn,
in the N. sea,2j leaguesn. w. from the river Atrato.
It was attempted to be established by the Scotch

i)y I
the

nation in 1698, and had at first all the promising
npi)earauce of success ; but the E:iglisli, influenced
by narrow national jirejudices, nut every impedi-
ment in their way, which, joinal to the unhealthi-
ness of the climate, destroyed the infant colony.
Sue Dauien.J

CAJjEGUALA, a settlement and a'irvtn of the
alcaldia »m/yor orToimli'i in Niieva Espiinii.

CALEMAK, a settlement of the provinre and
corrrs;i>nietili> of ('axamarcjniila or Paliiz in Peru,
with a good fori, in the river MarariOn. By means
of this river, commerce is carried or., and facilitated,
with lliianmachuco.

CALES, Point of, on the coast of Peru, of the
province and corre^imieiito of Arica ; one of those
which form {mrt Vio.

CALETA, a creek on the coast of Peru, in the
province and rorrcgiimetito of Santa, close to the
senal or land-mark of Mompon.

CALI, Santiago de, acity oftlie province and
government of Popayan in the kingdom of Quito;
founded in the beautiful plain at the foot of the
sierra, and on the banks of the rich stream Cauca,
by Miguel Munoz, in the year 1557 : it was trans-
ferred from that spot to a place at a small distance,
where it at present is, by Miguel Lopez. It is very
populous, fertile, and abounding in mines, vegetable
productions, and cattle, which is a great article
of commerce: It is of warm temperature ; its ii.i-
tives are esteemed the moht skilful and ingenious
in the province, and its Indians were of so warlike
a nature, that they never would perhaps have b(H;n
brought into subjection, but ihr the persuasions of
the venerable Fr. Augustin of Cornila, bisliop of
Popayan. It is the native place of I'atlier Diego
Caizedo, a singular missionary, and a man of Ex-
traordinary virtues; alsoof Father M iguel of Silva, a
missiftnary in the province of Mainas; both of the
nljolished society of the Jesuits. 'I'wciity-nine
leagues from its capital, and ^8 from thejiort of Bue-
naventura in the S. sea. Long. 76" S^ . Lat. 3" i?!'.

CALIBIO^ a settlement ol the province anil
I I 3

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|, '< ft

I'l '
11

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1 '(

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Mli

244

C A L

Ifovcriiincnt ut' Fu|)uynii in tlic kingdom of
Quito.

CAl/inOCJiiK River iinil Sound, on the coast of
S. (Jnrolina, from the outlet of May and New
rivers.

CALIDONIA, a cnpaciouN, convenient, nnd se-
cure port of the province of Dnrien, and kin^fdoin
ofTierra Firme, on the const of the N. sen. Here
the Scotch founded u colony und eitabliithnient,
l)ut were dislodged Uy order of the king, by tlie
('olonel Don Juan I)iu/. I'iniientu, i^overnor of
Cartagena, in tli«! year 1G9!). Tiie ruins are yet to
be seen of the above colony ; as also of a castle.
The French afterwards established themselves here
in ITGl, but were put to death by the Indians, who
immediately admitted the Kn^lish, who |)osscss u
small compact setllement, called ISew Edinburgh.
In an uneven ground towards the s. there grows a
small plant of two long narrow leaves, each of
them of a distinct green colour. When taken to-
gether, they produce no effect ; but being se-
parated, tiiat of the lighter colour is a most active
and efficacious poison, and produces instant death,
though the other is always an antidote. Of this
herb the Indians make use, applying the fatal secret
to their purposes of vengeance.

CALIFOIINIA, Old, isaii extensive peninsula
of N. America, lying between the tropic of Cancer
and the 33^ n. lat. ; washed on the e. by a gulf
of the same name, and on the w. by the Pacific
ocean, or great S. sea ; lying within the three capes
or limits of cape St. Lucas, the river Colorado and
cape Blanco de San Sebastian, which is called its
w. limit. The gulf which washes it on the
e. called the gulf of California, is an arm of the
Pacific ocean, intercepted between cape Corrientcs
on the one side, iuul cape St. Lucas on the other ;
that is, betw( en Mexico or New Spain on the w. c.
and that of Calitbrnia on the w. It is nearly SOO
leagues in length from the cape of San Lucas to
the last reduced territory towards the n. Its width
is various, for, being at the aforementioned extre-
niit}', 10 leagues, it continues increasing to HO, 30,
and 40 leagues from one sea to the other. The cli-
mate is various, according to the different heights
of the land ; but for the most part it is excessively
hot. The ground is uneven, rough, and luirren,
full of ridges of mountains, stony and sandy places;
lacking moisture, but abounding in mules, horses,
and neat cattle, and all sorts of swine, goats, and
sheep, whicli have multiplied in the same pfopor-
tiou as the dogs and cats introduced by the npn-
niards. There is found in the woods a kind of ani-
mal, which, in the language of the country, is called
taj/ff about the size of a cali' of a year and au Imlf

C A L

old, and very much resembling one; its head and
skin being like to those of a deer, its horns very
thick, and similar to thtise of a ram: its hoof Is
large, round, and cleft like that of an ox ; the tail u
small, and the flesh is well tasted and delicate.
There is also another animal here very like a sheep,
although somewhat larger ; of Ihesi- there are black
and white, l)enring quantities of wool very easy to
be spun, and their flesh is very delicate. Here are
also found deer, hares, rabbits, btrrrndm, and
coj/olesy a species of fox, and called by this name in
Nueva Lspana. Sometimes hopards have been
seen here, nnd a few years since some Indians
killed a wolf, an animal which had never before
been kno»n in these parts. In the scrran'm, or
mountainous parts, there are wild hogs, cats, tigers,
and a species of beaver. This country abounds in
reptiles, us vi|)ers, snakes of different sorts, scor-
pions, spiders, ants, lizards, and tarantulas ; but it
is free from bugs, fleas, and niguas. Of birds, it
produces turtle-doves, herons, quails, pheasants,
partridges, geese, ducks, wild ducks, ring-doves,
and some birds of prey, as sparrow-hawks, vul-
tures, falcons, horned owls, eagles, and also jack-
daws, those too which they call zopilotes in ISuevu
Esuaaa, and others which they call auras, (or West
Indian crows), screech-owls, and different birds
not known in any other parts. This country is ex-
tremely barren of wood ; and only towards the
cape of Sanducas, where the coimtry is most level,
fertile, and temperate, are there any trees to be
found. Here, however, we have that peculiar tree
called the pitajoittf the branches of which arc
fluted, and grow up straight from its i vnk, bear-
ing no leaf; on the same bninch hangs the fruit,
having the rind covered with prickles; so that it
appears to some to be a species of the trintiu (thistle
plant), although the fruit is whiter and more deli-
cate : some |)rodiice fruit of a reddish, and some of
a yellow tint, which is extremely well flavoured,
nnd is either swo-t, or a little acidulous ; the same
is esteemed an excellent medicine in the venereal
disease. From the fruit trees aromatic gums are
gathered in such abundance that they are mixed
with grease for careening the bottoms of ships ;
and from the crude root of the meziules titey com-
pose the drink so called. They have a sort of
aloes, from strips of which they make nets ; and
from other herbs, in a manner which is truly curi-
ous, they niiiqufaclure bowls and cruets to eat and
drink out of. The Indians who inhabit the river
Colorado, fabricate from the same herbs troughs
or trays, which they cnll cotitiis, so large as to con-
tain two himdred weight of maize. In them they
carry Ity water fruits and diO'ercnt articles from one

CALIFORNIA.

249

hhore lo another. They Imvc besides ti»c Blimcn-
(nry licrl) called f/i(cas, the Spniiish potatoc, niid
tiw ffu oma$.— Tl'iis country niodiiccs also olives,
figs, vines, wheal, maize, J'reticli bciins, water
incloiis, nietons, ^niirdN, chickpeas, and all kinds
oi'irarden herbs, for wliirli it is indebted to the Je-
suits, M hu first planti.-d them hero. No mines have
been discoverecl here; but there arc sullicieiit in«
dicatiuns of the existence of every sort of metal.
The quantity of fish and shell fish found on its
coasts is incredible ; it is of every descriutioii, and
amoni^ others, the profusion of pilchards is most
tistonishin^ ; these bein^ at ccrtiiiu seasons left in
■liuiils dry upon the beach. V\' hales are also found
here, and on the exterior coast shells of tlie most
beautiful lustre may lx> collected ; some of these
being more brilliant than the finest mother of pearl,
nml covered with a blue similar to that of tlie most
delicate lapis lazuli. Nor are pearls themselves to
be found in less abundance. It is true that the
Indian formerly used to throw the shell l^^aring
this precious treasure into the fire, in order that he
might extract the oyster for his food ; but now, it
appears, he has learned to hold it in due estimation,
instructed by the Europeans. The pearl fisheries
in these parts are much favoured bv the shallowness
of the water. This country was discovered in the
year ]5S6 by the celebrcted liernan Cort6s, as he
was endeavouring; to find u passage from the N.
to the S. sea. Its conquest from that time had
often been attempted, but without effect, until the
year 1G79, when, pursuant to the king's direction,
it was invaded by Admiral Don isidro Otondo, and
was settled by the missionaries of the extinguished
order of the .Icsuits, under the direction of the Fa-
ther JMisebio Francisco Ktno, who first began to
bring the infidel Indians under subjection, \1any
changes and conquests have since taken place here,
under different officers appointed on the several
occasions ; the relation of which atouUI however,
perhaps unnecessarily, dilate this article beyond its
proper limits. [The peninsula of Old California,
which equals Fnglancl in extent of territory, and
does not contain the population of the small towns
of Ipswich or Deptford, lies imder the same parallel
with Bengal and the Canary islands. The sky is
constantly serene and of a deep blue, and without
a cloud ; and should any clouds appear tor a mo-
ment at the setting of the sun, they display the
most beautiful shades of violet, purple, and i^reen.
All those who had ever been in Old California, pre-
served the recollection of the extraordinary beauty
of this phenomenon, which depends on a particular
state of the vesicular vapour and the purity of the
air in these cliiuutes. No where could un astrono-

mer find a more delightful alxxle than at Cumana,
Coro, the island of Margerila, and the coast of
Calilbrnin. But unfortunately in this peninsula
the sky is more beautiful than the earth. The soil
is sandy aiul arid, like the shores of I'rovenoe ;
vegetation is at a stand ; and rain is very unfre-
qiieiit. A chain of mountains runs through thu
centre of the peninsula, of which the most elevated,
the Cerrodelii (liganta, is from J4tX) to LWO
metres (from 45f)2 to 4920 fiet) in heigiif,
and a|)penrs of volcanic origin. This coriUTltra
is inhabited by animals, the most peculiar of which
have iM-en already enumerated. At the foot of the
mountains of California we discover only sand, or
a stony stratum, on which cylindrical cadi (ar^a'
tios del lumil) shoot up to «'xtraordinary lieig)ils.
We find few springs ; and through a particuhir
fatality, it is remarked that the rock is naked where
the water springs up, while there is no water where
the rock is covered with vegetable earth. Whcre-
ever springs and earth happen to be together, the
fertility of the soil is immense. It was in these
points, of which the number is fiir from great, t-at
the Jesuits established their first missions. The
maize, the jalropfiii, and the dioscorra, vegetate
vigorously ; and the vine yields an excellent grape,
of which the wine resembles that of the Canary
islands. In general, however. Old California, on
account of the arid nature of the soil, and the want
of water and vegetable earth in the interior of the
country, will never be able to maintain a great pu<
pulation any more than the n. part of Sonora,
which is almost equally dry and sandy. Of all
the natural productions of (/alifornia the pearls
have, since the Kith century, l)eeii the chit^f attrac-
tion to navigalors for visiting the coast of this de-
sert country. They nl)oui<d particularly in the
s. part of the peninsula. .Since the ces.sKtion
of the pearl fishery near the island of Margcritu,
opposite the coast of Araya, the gulfs of Panama
and Caiitbriiia are the only quarters in the Spanish
colonies which supply pearls for the commerce of
Kurope. Those of California are of u very Ixiauti*
ful water atid large ; but they arc frequently of an
irregular figure, disagreeable to the eye. The shell
whi<;li prcxlures the ]iearl is particularly to be
found in the bay ofCeralvo, and round the islands
of Santa Cruz and San Jose. The most valuable
pearls in the posst-ssion of the court of Spain were
found in Kil.') and 1605, in the expeditions of Juah
Yturbi and Uernal de Finadero. During the stay
of the Visitador (iaivez in California, in 17()8 and
J769, a privtite soldier in the presidio of Loreto,
Juan Ocio, was made rich in u short time by pearl
fishing on the coast of Cerulvo. Since that. period]

I ' 111

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CALIFORNIA.

lliciiiinil)crHor|H*arl<tur('iiliioriii!il)roiiir|itnniiiiii1ly
to iimrkct is iilnuisl rciJiictHi (o iintliiiit;. Tlin lii<
<liniiH mill Ni'giu(!s, who t'lillow tin' wcio occiipa-
tion of (livi'rN, arc hu poorly pa'ul Ity tiM; wliitcs,
tliiit llic fislu'ry ih coii»Uk'ri'(( iisaliniuloiied. This
hraiich of iiuliistry lanijuiiilivsrroni (hcsniiu* cnii.«i*8
which ill South .Aiiiciini have; raJM-d ihc price; of
(lie I'lTiiviiiii shccp-sliins, llie riioiilr/ioitc, aiul Ihc
Irluifiiiral bark of' the (|iiiiiqiiiiia. In Caliloriiiii
(lie .IcMiils olilaiiicd a complclc victory over the
Koliliciy posted ill the prtsiitiox. Tins court dccich'd
by a mluln tnif, that all thcdclachnHMit of Ijorcto,
oven i\w captain, should he iintlcr the command ot'
(lie father at the head of ihr missi'iiis. The interest-
iu^ voyajres of three .lesuils, J'.'iisebiiis Kiihii,
Maria Salvatierra, and ihian ( triinrte, l)roii<rhl iis
ucqiiaiiitrd \uth the physical sitiiiikion of tlieconn-
Iry. The villaue of J -onto had been alreaiiy
founded, nnder (lie name of Presidio de San l)io-
iiisio, in KiDT. I'nder the reign of Philip V. espe-
cially after the year 1714, the Spanish estnblisli-
Mioiits in Oaliforna lx*came very considerable. 'J'lic
Jesuits displayal there that commercial industry
nnd that activity to wliicli lliey are indebted for so
iiiany successes, and which have exposed them to
so many calumnies in both Indies. In a very few
years ttiey built 16 villages in the interior of (he
peninsula. Since their expulsion in I7G7, Cali-
fornia has been confided to the Dominican monks of
the city of Mexico; and it appears tlia( they have
not been so successful in their establishments of Old
California, as the Franciscans have been on the
coasis of New Calilbrnia. The natives of the pen-
insula who do not live in (he missions, are of all sa-
vages, perhaps, the nearest to what has Ix'cn called
the s(a(c of na(ure. 'lliey pass whole days s(re(clied
out on their Ixillies on the sand, when it is lif:i(ed
by (he reverberadon of the solar rays. Like se-
veral (rilies of (he Orinoco, (hey entertain a great
liorror lor clodiing. " A nionkev dressed up does
not ap])ear so ridiculous (o (he common people in
JMirope," says Father Vcnegas, " a man in
clothes ap])ears to the Indians of California." Not-
withstanding this slate of apparent stupidity, the
first missionaries distinguished difl'erent religious
sects among (he natives. Three divinities, who
carried on a war of extermination against each
other, were objecis of terror among three of the
tribes of California. The Periciies dreaded the power
of Niparaya, and the Menquis and the Vehities
the jjowerof VVacdpiiran and Siimongo. Aoconl-
tng to (he information oh(ained from (he monks
wiio now govern the two Californias, the popu-
lation of Old California has diminished to such a
ticjrce within the last thirty years, that there arc not

more than from 4 to 5000 native cullivatori
( Indion rcdiicidos) in the villages of the missions.
The numlK'r of these missions is als(» reduced to
If). The savages amount to only 4000, and it is
observed that those inhabiting the «. of California
arc somewhat more gentle and civilised (liaii (ho
natives of the *. division. The principal villages
of (his province are Loreto, Santa Ana, and Nim
( Nurvn Cndforninj, It is a long and narrow «x-
ilosepli.

Tin* part of the coast of the great ocean which
extends from the istlimus of OhI California,
or from the bay ofTodoslos S infos (,». from thu
port of San Diego) to cape Mendocino, i)ears on
tin; Spanish mans the name of New California
tent of country, in which for these 40 years the
Mexican government has Nten establishing mis-
sions and military posts. No village or farm is to
be found n. of (he port of Sf. Francis, which is
more than 78 leagues distant from cape Mendu-
ciiH). The province oif New Cali(i)rnia in its present
slate is only 197 lea<rues in length, and from nine
fo ten in breadth. The city of Mexico is the same
dislance in ii straight line from Philadelphia as from
Monterey, which is (he chief place of the mis-
sions of New Calilornio, and of which the lati-
tude is (he same within a few minutes with (hat of
Cadiz. At the (ime of (he expedition of M. G'alvez,
military detachments came from Loreto to flic port
of San Diego. The letter-post still goes from this

[)ort along the n. w. coast to San Francisco. This
ast establishment, the most n. of all the Spa-
nish possessions of the new continent, is almost
under the same parallel with the small town of Taos
ill New Mexico. It is not more than 300 leagues
distant from it ; and though Father (Cscalante, in
his apostolical excursions in 1777, advanced along
flic u\ bank of the river /aguananas towards the
mountains De los (luacaros, no traveller has yet
come from N(;w Mexico to the coast of New Ca-
lifornia.

From the example of the English maps, several
geographers give the name of New Albion to New
California. This denomination is founded on the
inaccurate opinion of the navigator Drake, who
first discovered, in 1578, (he n. w. coast of Ame-
rica between the J8'' and the 48^ of latitude. The
celebrated voyage of Sebastian V'iscaino is no
(hjubt 24 years posterior to the discoveries of
Francis Drake ; but Knox and other historians
seem to forget that Cabiillo had already examined,
in 1.542, the coast of New (California t<»fhe parallel
of 4:3^, the bound'. ry of his navigation, as we may
se<' from a comparison of the old observations of
latitude with those taken hi our own days. Al-|

hii

^.^\'

CALIFORNIA.

!M7

[tliouffU the wliolc uliorc of New rnlilornin was
rnrcCiilly oxiimincd by the gri-ul niiviijniMr S«'bii.s.
tiaii Vihrniiin, (nR in proved by plans dinwii up by
iiiniKcIf ill l()()'^), IIiIr iim* roiintry vinn only, how-
ever, otcimini by llir SpaiiiiinK Ib7 years nncr-
wnnin. Tliff court of MailritI drcatliii^ lc<f>t the
other maritime powerH ot Miirope should roriii
aeltlemeiits on the ».»'. coast of America, wliitli
mighi bocoine dangerous to the Spanish colonic!!,
gave orders to the (Ihevalierde l'roix,the viceroy,
and the Visitathir (lulvez, to tiuind miNsioiis and
prenulins in the ports of San Dir^oand Monterey.
Fortius piiriHWc two nacket-lM».its set ontl'rom the
port ot San iJliis, and anchored at Snn Diego in
the month of Anril I7nj.

The soil of New California is as well wntend
and Icrtile as that of Old Ciililtirnia is arid and
tlony. It is one of the most pii'liinsqne roimtri s
which can be seen. The clinntle is much more
mihl there than in the saiM- latitude on the e.
coait (»f the new continent. The sky is foirL-^y,
but the fre(pient foirs, which render it dillicnlt to
land on th- coast ot Monterey and Sin rrancisi-o,
give viti;our to vefjetation and lertili/.e the soil,
whi<'h is covered with a black and spooiry earth.
In the 18 missions which now exist in New ('ali-
l()rnia, wheat, maize, and haricots (ffynles),
are cultivated in abundance. Hurley, beans, Icn-
tiles, and frtirbanton, urow very well in the lii Ids
in the greatest part of (he province. (■<knI wine
is made in the viila^'CH of San Die^o, San Juan
Ciipistrano, San Gabriel, S'lu Hueiiaventura,
Snntn Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Santa Clara,
and San Jose, and all nlont; the coast, s, and >i.
of Monterey, to beyond the ij?'' of latitude. The
iluroiM'an olive is successfully cultivated near the
canal of Santa Krirbara, especially near San Dieiro,
when.' an oil is made as good as that of the valley
of Mexico, or the oils of Andalucia.

The population of New California, including
only the Indians attached to the soil who have
b«'gun to cultivate their fields, was

in nm, ' - 7,748 souls
in 1801, - - Ja,(>68
and in 1802, - - 15, ba

Tims tilt- numb4>r of inhabitants lias doubled in
]3 years. Since the founilation of these missions,
or Ix'tween 1769 and 180'?, there were in all, ac-
conliiig to the parish rif.i>ters, ;j'>,7i7 liaptisms,
8009 marriages, and l(),yM deaths. We must
notatti'Uipt to deduce from tl ese data the |:ro-
portion lietwecn the biiilis and deaths, l>ecause in
the niimlM'r of baptism* the adult liuliaii. (los
nrqfitus ) arc confounded with the cliihiren. The
cbtiinalion of the produce of the soil, ur the bar>

Oxen.
07,' h'i I

vests, furnishes also \hv. muA convincing proofs of
the increase of industry and pros|M!rity of New
('alifornia. in 1791, according to the tables pub*
lislied by M. (iaiiano, the Indians sowed in the
whole jiniviiue only 871 bushels of wheat, which
yiehied a h.trvest of 1.), 1 97 bushels. The nilti-
valitm donblrd in ISO'J; for the (|uanlity of wheat
sown was '^089 busheN, and the harvest ay,57G
bn.'hels.

'I he lol'owing table contains the number of live
stock in IH)'i.

Slurp. Hogs. Ilorses. I Mules.

107, I7i} 1040 y[.s7 I 877
In 1791 there were only i»4,958 head of back
cattle (ffdnfiifo miii/or) in the whole ol the Indian
villa<;(s. The //. part of California is inhabited by
the i-,u> nations ol the Kumseii and Escelen. They
spiak languages totally ddferent Ironi one another,
and they lorm the population of tUv prrsidio and
(he vdlage of Monterey, In the bay of San Fran-
cisfothe languages of (he difiereiil tribes of (he
Matalaiis, Salsen, and Quirotes, are derived from
a common root. I'ather I asiien observed, that on
an extent of 180 leagues of (he coast of ('alifornia,
from San Diego to San Francisco, no fewer than
17 languages are s|)oken, which can hardly bt^
considered as dialects of a small iiumb«*r of ino>
t'ler langiiaiics. The popidatioa of .New Cali-
fornia w<mld have augmented still more rapidly
if the laws by which the S|)nnish presUHos have
l)een governed forages were not directly opposite
to the true interests of both mother-country and
colonies, liy (he>e laws the soldiers s(a(ioned at
Monterey an- ni)( permi((ed to live out of (heir
barracks and (o 8e(tle as cohmists. The Indians
who inhabit (he villages of New California have
been for some years employed in spinning coarse
woollen slufl's, called frisiiilas ; but their princi-
pal occupation, ot' which the produce might be-
come a very considerable branch of coimnerce, is
the dn'ssing of stag-skins. In (he cordilUra of
small elevation which runs ahnig (he coast, as well
as in the neighljouring stivannfis, there are neither
biiffalos nor elks ; and on (he crcvt of the moun-
tains which are covered with snow in (he inoiilli
of November, (he birrendo-, with small chamois
horns, feed by (hemselves. Mn( all (he forest and
all the plains covereil with foramina, are filled with
(locks of sta<'s ot a most gigantic si/.e, the horns
of which are round and extremely large. Forty
or fitly of them are frequently sien a( a (iine : (hey
are of a brown colour, smoodi, and without spot.
Their horns, which are not palma(eil, are nearly
15decime(re8(4| fce() in leng(h. It is AlTirmcd
by every traveller, that this great stag of New Ca-1

» 1.

|f' '

urn

1 «

.ij)

"W'^

I 1

* !'

J 'n • -

'if

, 1

ih'

I I

•^8

C A L

fiifurnin i»onc of Uk moat IjeniUifiil nniinnls of
Spnnisli Americn. It probuhly diilurs from (lie
7fiewakish oflVf. Ileiirnc, or tlic e/A- of (hu UiiitiHl
States, of which naturalists hiivu vrry impropttrly
ituiilr th«; two 8|M>cira of cvrviis Citiiadcnsis and
ci'rvus Stronerylocvros. The horns of tlieM; sta^ uro
Kiiid to be nine feet lon^, iiiid the aniinul, when
riinninir, throws (i|) its hcud to rest them on its
l):u!i. ■

'I'h.- Spnnisli and Uussian estalilishnients lH-iii!r
hitherto ihe only ones which exist on the n. re.
Ciwst of Ani'^ricrt, it may not Ijc nselesx here to
rnnineriite nil (he missions of New California
whicli have been linnided np to ISOJ. This dc-
liiil is mon! interesting; at lliis period tlian ever,
as the United States have sho»n a desire to ad-
vance towards tlie k\ towards tlie shores of tlie
f^rt'jit ocean, which, opposite to China, ulMunds
Willi IxMutiful furs of sea otter:*.

The missions of Netv ('aliturnia run from f. to
». in th«> order here indicated ;

San Diego, a villn^ founded in I7()0, 15
lca<;nes distant from Ihe most >i. mission of Old
California. Population ii KSOS, I5()().

San I.nis Hvy dc I'Vancia, a village t()unded in
179S, COO.

Sau Juan Capistrnno, a village founded in 1776,
1000.

Sau Gabriel, a village founded in 1771, 1050.

San Fernando, a viliiige (ininded in i7f>7, ()00.

S<ui Ducnavcntura, a village founded in 178!i?,
9.50.

Sanln liarlmra, a village fouiuled in 178(3,
J 100.

La Purissima Conceticion, a village founded in
1787, 1000.

San Luis Obisbo, a village founded in 177^,
700.

San Miguel, a village foundcti in 1797, 600.

Soledad, a vdhige tounded in 1791, .570.

San Antonio de Padua, a village founded in
1771, 1050.

San Carlos de Monterey, capital of New Cali-
fornia, lbund(*d in 1770.

Sr.n Junn Hautista, a village foundc/ in 1797,
960.

Santa Cruz, a village founded in 94, I'lO.

Santa Clara, a v illage fonndcil t.i 1777, l.'300.

San Jose, a village founded in 1797, 630.

San Francisco, a village founded in 1776, with
a fine port. This port is fri'qucntlv contbunded
by geographers with the port of Drake further
71. undeV the 38" 10' of latitude, called by the
S|)aiiiards the Puerto Ue Bodega. Population of
San Fiancisco, 830.

C \ L

The number of whites, Muntcfs^nnd .Mulaltocs,
who live in New California, either in tUc prcsiilios,
ot in the service of the monks of St. Francis,
may be about 1300; for in the two years ot
1801 and 180^, there were in tiie cast of
whites and mixini blood 35 marriages, 182 bap-
tisms, and 8^ deaths. It is only on this part nf
the population that the government can reckon for
th« detoiicc of the coast, in case of any military
attack l)y the maritime powers of L'urope. The
population of the iiitendancy of New (^difornia
was, in 1803, I5,f)fl0. The extent of surface in
square leagues \JIS5, the inhabitants being seveti
to each league.]

('Al.KiAS f,\, a rice of Indians of the |)ro.
vincc and correi^iniu'iito cf Quillota in the king-
dom of Chile, lo the w. of the city of San Juan ik
la I'Vontera.

(JAJilMAlA, a settlement and lir:id settle-
ment of the n/caWta mayor of the Mete|)ec iu
Niieva Kspana. It contains 260 families of In-
dians, an(l is two leagues 5. .t. w. of its civ{)ital.

('.\L1MA, a mountain of the province und go-
▼ernnicnt of Choco in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, on the heights of which there is n watcli-
tower, with a fort connnanding and defending tin;
entrance of the river San Juan.

CALLA-CAliliA, u very abundant stream of
the kingdom of Chile, in the district of (j'nada.
labquen. It rises from the lakes of lluana-
guc, runs w. and enters the V'aldivia near the
city.

CALLA-CALI, a settlement of the province
and corrc^imifiito of Collaquas in Peru.

CALL.i-HL'AIA, a large river of Peru, to the
e, of (Uizco, which desccntls from the Cordillera of
the .\ rides.

C.VLL.VO, a Peruvian city and port of the S,
sea, much frequented, ntul currying on a great
commerce with the other provinces of Americn,
antl with l^iurope. It gained the title of city in
the year 1671. It was well fortified when the
Uiitcli commander Jacques rilermite laid siege to
it for the sp,tce oi five months, in the year 16tJ4 ;
and here, it is said, that owing to his failure in
this enterprise, he died of vexation, [(^ii the ».
side runs the river which waters Lima, on which
side is a small suburb built only of rei>ds. There
is another on the s. side ; they are l)oth called Pi-
tipisti, and inhabited by Indians. To the e. are
extensive plains, ador>-.>-d with beautiful i»rcharils
watered by canals cut from the river. The town,
which is built on n low fiat point of laml, wns
strongly fortified in the reign ot Philip 1 V. ; and
numerous batteries command the port and roail,

^st

C A L

wbich is ihti crcatcsf, finest, nml safl-st in all (lie
S. sea. Tlicrc is aiiclioragf every wlicro in vory
deep water, widiout danj^cr oi' rocks or slioals,
except one, wliicli is three cal)Ii's len<>(li IVoin tlic
shore, alniiit the nii(hlle of tlie ishiml «)rSt. Jiaw-
rcnce, opposite I^a (>ahitea. 'I'he little islant! of
Callao lies just before the town. In the opening
between tliese two ishinils, tlicrc are two small
islets, or rather roeks; llierc is also a third vi-ry
low, but half a leai^ne out .••t sen, s. s. e. from tlie
ji. v.\ pr)inl of the island of Si. Ljiw rente. Near
(he sea-side is the sfovernor's house, which, with
llie viceroy's ])alace, take up twosid<'s of a s(|uare ;
the parish clinrch makes a third ; and a liatlerv of
three pieces of cannon forms the fourth. 'I'hc
churches are built of canes interwoven, and cover-
ed with clay, or painteil white. Here are five
monasteries, and an hospital. The houses are in
general built ofsli>rht nia^eriids; tlie sin^idar cir-
cumstance of its never raining in this country
renders stone houses unnecessary ; and l)esides,
these arc more apt to sutler from eartli(piak<>s,
which are frecpient here. 'I'he most remarkable
liappened in the year I7l(j, which laid i<\\s of
Lima level with the srround, and entirely demo-
lished ('allao; where the destruction was so en-
tire, that only one man, of ^(MlO inhabitants, was
left to record this dreadful calamity. Lat. I '2° 'J'

CAIiliAl'.A, a settlement of the province and
torrrsimUnto of l*ic.ai«rs in l*»ru.

CALLAPAMI'A, a settlement of the province
and corrc^imiviilo of lluarochiri in Peru, annexed
to the curacy of \'auli.

OALIiAQDI, V\>lcano of, in the province and
corrtfjiniunto of Ytata,antl «'ountry ol the IVIIuen-
ches Indians, in the kinirdoin otChile.

(;ALLAU('L'-.IAN,'a lake ol the province of
(^uaniachuco in Peru, from whence rises the liver
of Santa.

('ALLI'i, ft r.e'tlen>ent of the province and r</-
rrgiini(tito of Pnncartambo in Peru, annexed to
the cura<'V of the capital.

( AI-lil'.'.l()N, a settlement of the province and
govenniient'of IJin iios Ayres, situate at (he moulli
of the river Sahultllo, on tlie coast lyi!i<f hel ween
the river I. a I'lata atul llie s'raitsot Miiucll iri.

CAM.il.NMAKCA, i setllemeiit ol the pro-
vince and coneii'iiiii lilt) of Anijaraes in i'<'rn,
aiMicxed (o (lu' eui;icy of Lircas.

[CAI.l.l \(^l^\, ii town and liailii»ur at the
s. ic. eiul of St. Vincent, one of (he Charibiiee
isliiiuls The harbour is the be>l in the island, :inil
draws thither :i i;reiil | art of llie traile, and the
princijial inhabitants of the island. J

VOL, I.

C A L

249

CAlilJQUK, a settlement of the district and
ronrfriiiiinilo of Colclniirua in the kinjjcUmi of
Chile, situate on the shore of the river Nilahu.

('Alil.lHI, n settlement of (he province nnd
roHY ••/////>«/() of Cochabambn in Peru, annexed to
the curacy <»f Carasa.

('.V I.LISECAS, a barbarous and savajje nation
dwelling ». of (he moimtains of (iuanuco in Peru.
They c;irry on u continind warfare with the u\-
tions of (he ('epay.iis and (Jocmonomas.

('A lil.O, a settlement of the province of Quito,
in the district of the co/rctf/m/ew/o of l.asCinco
l,e<ruas.

('ai.i.o, a port of tlie coast of the S. sea, in the
province and jjovernn'cnt ot (inayacpiil.

('ALM A, a small lake of the pr(»vince and
c«/)/«m/;/); ireneral ol Key in Urazil, in the Uin-
con de Tiiioletama.

[(JAliM Point, on the w. ri.\ coast of N. Ame-
rica, lies within Hristol bay, on the ;/. side. J

rAKMi:rrri,.\N, a f.ttlement of the head
settlement ol /itlahi, and ultiililia wu;y»r of I'lii-
lapa, in Nueva l]s|'ana ; two leagues to the s. of
its capital.

[CAI-N, East ami Wist, two townships in
Chester county, Pennsylvania. ]

rAI<(>N(iE, a small island of the large lake
Titicaca, belonging to the province and rorrcgi-
viienlo of Omasnyos in Piru.

rC.\li(^S, a bay (in the tc. coast of the penin-
sula of I']. I'lorida, where are excellent fishing
banks and grounds. Not far Iroin this is a con-
siderable town of Seminole Indians. The Spa-
niards from Cuba lake great (pianlities of fi>h here,
and barter with the. Indians and traders 'hx skins,
furs, Siv. and return with (heir carsroes to Cuba. J

C,\ I.OTA, a ci(y ol (he province "iid govern-
men( of Popayan, loiinded in the place called I)e
la (juebrada,oii the shore of the river Magihdena,
and near its source, by .luaii Moreno, in the year
l.')4J. It i.t of a warm and mtiist teinperntiire,
abounding in ."-iild mines, but very subject to tem-
pests, in whi( li flinnilerbolts are okserved to fall
(reqiiently and in great numbers. The Paces In-
dians, the inhabitanls, in conjunction with the
Pigao-, desliii\eil i(, piiKing (o deaili (lie curate,
in the year I(i4 1 ; and In ing dv-eply incensetl
against the belt ol the ehiiicli, l)ecans<- it used (o
call them lo mass, and to ll'cir insliiiition in re-
ligion, tluy eiide:iv"iiii(<l, by various means, (o
break it (o pieees, wliii li (hey were not able to
elh'ct (ill (hey roiled i( down lioin (he top of a
mountain into a s(oiiy val'ey ; from whicii time, as
lame will liaM- it, this lioll is heard («> sound heru
whenever a tempest i ises, and as olten as it is
ft K

; tl

1 '

■■.•rf

,<: <^

> -x

250

C A L

Pi-

HI ill {

Mit

n,\r'\

heard Uic tempest immediately subsides. Again,
wlien it m;'3 resolved to rebuild the city at ii small
distance, they collected the pieces of this bell, and
from some of them tbrmed another bell, reserving
the remaining pieces as a kiiul of precious relic
or s|v'cilic aganist tciupfsts, keeping them shut up
in a box to which (here au* two keys, one of Hhicli
is kept by the curate, and tlie oilier by the bishop
of Popay^n, who distribule bits of this bell, in
order that they may be wrought up in the 'ongues
of other small ImjIIs ; and indeed, so much are they
esteemed, and so common have they Iwcoine, that
there is not a house in the kingdom but has in it
this relic, as a specific antidote against tempests.

('.\I/l*A, S.^N Anouics di;, the head settle-
ment of the alcaldia viai/or of Atrisco in Nneva
i'lspaila, situate in a spacious and pleasant valley,
with a convent of the religious ortfer of iSan Fran-
cisco, it contains 200 families of Indians, and 50 of
Spaniards, MtinteesjUtv] Mulattoes, whoiivcin the
inanul'ad tiring communities in its district, where
are cultivated hemp and flax. These articles are
used only in the making of rigging and coach-
harness. Tour leagues and a haun. uu of its
capital.

('alpa, an 4her settlement of the province and
cmre^imietito oi't.'axatambo in Peru, annexed to
the curacy ol'Cochamarca.

(ALPA NAPA, a small village or hamlet at-
tached to (.'oehoapa, of the alcaldia miii/cr of
Talpa in Nueva Espaila. It contains 47 litmilies
of Indians.

CAJiPI, a settlement of the province and cor-
re^iiiiictito of Kiobamba in the kingdom of Quito,
in its district there is a large tract of country call-
ed Choquipoglio.

[('ALPOLALPAN, a mountain in New Mex-
ico, which abounds with quarries of jasper and
marble of diderent colours. 1

CALPIJJ.ALPA, San Matko de, the head
settlement of the alcaldia mat/or of Ixtepexi, of the
province and bishopric of Oaxaca in Nueva
I'lspana. It contains 430 families of Indians, with
the people of its district, who einplov themselves
in the cultivation of cochineal una i:i the weaving
of cotton.

CALPIJTILAN, with the deiliiatory title of
San Mateo, in the head settlement and alcaldia
w«//o/- of (iucjozinsro, of the :;;<nie kingdom. It
contains t20 families of Indiins.

(^ALPLTITLAN, a setilement of the head
seltlemfit and alcaldia ))iayor of Toluca in Nueva
J''.spari It contains 125 families of Indians, and
lies at > 'ttle distance lo the s. of its capital.

(M LTA, Point of, on the coast cf the province

CAM

and captainship of Seara in Brazil, between the
rivers Guaman'- and S'^orgovive.

CALTENOO, San Josi:i'u nr., a settlement
of the head settlement and alcaldia niaj/or of Ciier-
navaca in Nueva Espai'm.

(.'ALl'ALCUl, Point of, on the u\ coast of th«
island of Puertcrico, between that of San Fran-
cisco and the port of Afiasco, in front of the island
of Desecho.

('A liUARIO, Mountain of, a settlement of the
^Capuchin missionaries in the province and govern-
ment of Guayana, of the kingdom of Ticrra
Firmc, on the shore of the Orinoco.

CALUAnio, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Venezuela. It rises in the sierra of Car-
rizal, runs ,». and enters the Oritnco.

CAJiUWA, a river of the kingdom of Quito,
which passes through the plains of i^jibu. From
these plains it tftkei its name, which it afterwards
changes into Caracol. It rises in the mountains
of Chimbo, runs from s.te. to n.c. and afterwards
turning from w. e. to s, ic. takes a short turn from
n. to t. and enters the Uabahoyo, near the settle-
ment of this name.

CA LUO, Port, a lar^e ba^ of she province and
captainship of Pernambico in Bri/il ; situate be-
tween the port ot Las PicUras and .he settlement of
San Benito.

CALVERT, a county oi' the province and co-
lony of Maryland, one of the 10 which compose
that province ; bounded by the county of Charles,
and divided tVom the sama by ih: river Paluscent,
iM'ing also in the same manner divided from the
county of Prince George.

CALVEHTOWN, a city of tht province and
corrcsririicnti of Maryland, capital of the county
of Culvert.

CALZON, Island of, one of those !ying to the
ft. «)f St. Domingo, between the j. point of Cacio
Grande and Paniielo tjiiadrado.

[CAM Island; one of the sir.ail Virgin islands in

the \\ est
Kiir

Indies; situate near St. John's, in the

ng\ cliaiMi' I.J

CAMA(iANDI, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Choco. It rises in the mountains, and
runs into tlic sea on the w coast, emptying itself
into the gulf of Tiicuinari or Darien.

CAMAMEU, a small river of tin province and
country of the Amazoiuis, in the part jiossessed ly
the Portuguese. It runs from //. to ,v. in a ser-
pentine course, and enters the Ilio Negro, between
the Jaciiapiri mid the Aniivillana.

CAMAMIJ, a settlemtnt of the province and
cnplairis/i.p of Los llheos in Brazil ; siluaie on the
shore of the river of its name.

CAM

851

Camamt, a rircr of the same province and
kingdom, wliich rises in the sierra Chapudn, runs
to e. and empties itself into the sea, close by the
sand-bank of its name.

Camamu, Sand-bank of, lying at the mouth of
the river of the same name, where there is a fort or
castle, called Nuestra Scilora de Gracia, to d^'fcnd
the entrance of the river.

CAMANA, a province and rorregimiento of
Peru ; bounded m. to. and m. by the province of
Tea, «. e. by that of Lucanas, e. by that of
Parinacochas and Condcsuios, s.e. by that of Col-
lahuas, and k\ by tiie S. sea. It extends in length
25 leagues, from the m. w, to the *. e. extremities,
and in its widest part from e. to i." it is H leagues.
It is composed ol many valleys, which for the most
part terminate on the coast, atid are thus called,
viz. Mages, Caniana, Quiica, Ocona, Atico, Clia-
parra, f 'hala, Yaurii, and Acari. To the s, and
b(;U»re the valley of ISItiges, there lies a valley of
the name of Sihuns, which is ]0 1engu(!s in length.
The five valleys towards the s. ijelong to the tem-
poral jurisdiction of (his province ; but inasinncli
as relates to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, appertain
to the province of (\>llahuas. All these valleys
al)ound in pimenlo, vines, of which they make wine
and brandy; with figs and seeds, particularly in
Mages; with these produelioiis a large commerce
is carried on with the neighbouring provinces.
The temperature here is similar to that of Lima.
Towards the sieiTo, rain is not uiifrequent, and in
that part arc many mines of gold, which, however,
owing to the hardness of the metals, the immense
expences of working, and the great mixture of
alloy, render but little profit. Here are also mines
of copper, and upon a very lofty mountain calltnl
Huantiapa, arc mines of crystal of various colours.
All these valleys arc irrigated by rivulets running
down from the sierra; and many of these swell
prodigiously in the rainy monllis, which are Ja-
nuary, February, and March. The rest of the
year these valleys sutler much Irom <lr<Miglit, with
the exception of those of Mages and Ocona, which
are always well watered with streams abounding
in king-(ish, /isas, and prawns. In the lormer
valley, in particular, is found an aninuil much re-
sembling a cat, which lives upon these king-fish.
This province is poor, anti its iiiliabilants are a
wretchecl race, dispersed over many valleys, and
living upon dried figs instead of bread. There
are various creeks upon the coast, in wiiieli fish
are caught in considerable quantities, and curried
to be sold in the sierra. There are also some small
islands where they go to collect fiufiijro, which is
the dung of a certain bird, and used for inanuiing

the Tftllpys. The reparHmiettlo in this province
formerly amoimted to .')2,6flO dollars, and it paid
yearly 420 for alcavnht. Its population is con-
tained in 14 settlements, which are,

Quiica, Valle de Chaparra,

Aplao, Tocotay,

liuancarqui, Atiquipa,

Ocona, Acari,

Caraveli, Yucata,

Valle de Atico, Yauca,

Chain, Yaqui.

Camana, the capital of the above province, is
situate two leagues from the sea, on a b<*autiful
and delightful spot. It is watered by the Mages,
just before this river enters the sea, where it takes
its course round a most charming grove tenanted
by a variety of birds. The population was for-
merly large, but at present its inhabitants scarcely
anu)unt to the numl)er of 1500 souls, owing (o the
greater part of them having emigrated to Arequipa.
There is a small bay on the coast, of the same
name, where quantities of fish are caught. [Lat.
lt)M7' v.]

CAMANAN, a river of the province and co-
lony of Surinam, in that part of Guayana which is
possessed by the Dutch. It rises at the end of the
serranias of Rinocote, runs e. and enters into the
Mazarroni.

CAMANESTKJOUIA, or Trks Rios, a
fort belonging to the French in (?anada, on the
banks of the lake Sn|M'rior, and at the month at
which it runs into Christinaux.

('AM.VNH-IO, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela^ situate on the shore of
the river Aqnirre, biitween the settlements of Araurc
and San C'arlos, and to the e. of the latter.

GAMANTI, a settlement and asienio of the
mines of the province and corregimienlo of Quispi-
canchi in Peru.

{3a MA NT I, a htfty |ieak or eminence of the
above province, on tlic side of two lakes, being ex-
actly in the line which <livi(les this province from
Paueartambo, v. of the settlement of Marcapata.

('AMAPKTA, a river of the province and ror-
rnj^imiviiin of Pomabaml)ii in Peru. It rises in the
cordil/rrn ol' the Andes of duchou, runs in a ii. n. e.
direction, and enters the rich strmiu of the Beni.

CAMAPOA, or Camahua, a river ofthe ter-
ritory of ('nial)a in lirazil. SeeTA«o\ni.

CAMARA, or Cauajais, a small settlement
belonging to tlie Portuguese, in the province and
by the river ofthe Amazorias ; situate on the shore
ofthe large river Negro, somewhat above the city
of Ii;ircellos.

CA.MAUAG'IBI, or Camurigi, a river of th«
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CAM

captuinship of IVinamhuro in Drnzil. It risps near
tlu! coii.s(, and runs into (lie sea hi'twcfii the An-
tonio (irnnde nnd the Tutiivimanch;i.

C VMAUATUUA, a small river of the captain-
skip of Piiraiba in Brazil. 1( rises near tlie coast,
runs r. anil enters the sea l)cl\vecii the settlements
of .Jorire I'into and (lonzalo.

('AMAKCiiO, a settlement of the proviuc and
c;overimieni ol La Sierra (iorda, in the hay of
Mexico and kinirt'om ot Niieva Mspafin ; fonnded
in the year 1750 i)v the t'ottnt of Sierra fiortla,
Don .losepii de Kscandor., colonel of the militia of
Qiieretaro.

f'AMA|{(i<)S, a setllenirni of the province and
rap/ai.i\fiip of Kspiritn Santo in Uracil.

CAMAKI, a very lofty monnlain of (he |)ro-
vince and i;ovennnent of (iu:\yana, or NiievaAn-
dainciii, on the hank^ of the river Itari.

CAMAUON, a river of the province and co-
lony ol Surinam, in the part of (inayana possessed
by the Dutch, It rises at the erd of the .vrnflw/a
of liinocote, runs towards the c. and enters the
M^ixarroni.

(yAMAiiov, a cape on Mie coast of the province
and fjovernment of ILn. uras, between the river
I'ran" arul thi' Hayanio.

CAMAIIONMS, Uay of, on the coast imme-
diately between the river l.a Plata and the straits
of Maijellaii. It lies 4t"4>' to v. between the
bay of San .lor<;e and port Li'oiies.

l^AMAHONKs, anotln'r port of the coast of the
S.Nca, in tin' province and concgiiiiuiito of Arica.
It is in lat. I«r 1()'.

C'amauonks, a river of the same province and

(AMATA, a settlement of the head settlement
and a/cnUid mui/nr of 'rinijnindin in Nueva
I'lspana. It contains 'JOO families of Indians, jn-
cludins; IlioM" who live within the nei^rlibonrliood
of its district, and is tlii? last of those settlements
under the same Jurisdiction.

(/AMATA, a settlement of tlu' province and ror-
raxiinirnlo of Larecaxa in Pern.

(;AMA\()S, a barbarous nation of Irulians;
\', ho live scattered anu)nji; tlu! woods and on the
Ii.iuks of the lakes formed by the river I cayale to
ilie f. and who mrry on a continual warfare with
their neiirhlxiurs the Cunivos. Discovered in the
year I6*'(i.

CAMIJAI, S\N Mi'iii I, nK,theheadsetth'ment
of the (lUaluia iiiai/oi of Kdotepec in Nueva
I'spana. I( conlams Wjf) familis of Indians, and
is three leaijues to the e. «. e. of its capital.

DAMUAUUAI-A, a settlement of the province
and conrgiiiiieiilo of Coquimbo iu tlu; kiiiifdom

CAM

of riille. In its district tlicre is .1 parish cliurch,
also difliirent mills for the manufacturing of ,nc-
tals, and an apparatus lor tbundiuir them.

(.'AMHAS, a barliarous nation of Indians dwell-
ins^s. of the river IJeayale, and n. of the Puucar-
lambo. They live a wanderinsf lit<" in tlie woods,
and are connected villi the nation of the Piros.

('AMBOIA, a river of tiie province and coun-
try of the Amazoiias, in the territory of the Kn-
caliellados Indians. It runs c. and afterwards
tuniini^ to s. a. e, eaters the Marauon, opposite
the town of Oi a via.

CAMKUIDtJL, the half-shire town of Middle-
sex county, Massaehust'tis, is situate iijxjn the n.
arm of the river Charles, near Charlestown, anJ
seven miles to the n.zc. of IJo>ton. It contains s.^mc
beautiful streets and buildiiiirij ; was tbrinerly called
Nrw-town, and had its name changed to Cam-
bridge. Its university contained, previous to the
reign of (juecn Anne, more than 4000 choice
books. The college consist* of a president, five
crjllejjiates, and one trcisurcr. There was likewise
a college for the Indians ; but not being in.ide use
ol tor this purpose, it was converted into a print-
ing ollice.

[("anibridge is one of tiic largest and .nost respect-
able townships of the county. Its ('iree parishes,
Cambridge, Little ('anibridge, ami Menotomy,
contain three (.'ongregational meeting-houses, one
for Baptists, and another for Episcopalians, a
number of very pleasant seats, and 2115 inhabi-
tants, Tlie elegant bridge which connects this
town with Boston has Inmh described under the
head of Boston. The compact part of the bridge
is pleasantly situated :}\ miles w. of Boston, on the
M. bank of Charles river, over which is a bridge
leatling to l-ittle ('ambridgo. It ccMitains about
100 (htelling houses. Its public buiUlings, be
sides the edilices v ' icli belong to Harvard univer-
sity, are the Kpist lal and ('ongregational meeting
houses, and a handsome court-house. The college
buildings are four in number, and are of brick,
named Harvard, llollis, and Massachusetts halls,
and Holdeii chapel. They stand on a benuliful
green, which sjireads to the ». w. and exhibit a
pleasir>.g view. This university, as to its library,
philosophical apparatus, and professorships, is al
present one of the first literary institutions on that
continent. U takes its date tioin the year KiJS,
seven years alter the first settlement in the town-
ship, then called New-town. Since its establish-
inenf, to .liiiy I7i)l, .'i.'jf)!) students have received
honorary degrees from its successive ollicers. It
has generally from 1 10 to ^00 students. The li-
brary contains upwards of P^,000 volumes. The

CAM

253

c.ll)inct of miacrnts in the museum contains tlio
nion; useful productions of iiaUire; ami excepting
what are called the precious stones, tln^re are very
few substances yet (iiscovered in the i.. ■ ral king-
dom, but what may be found here. The univer-
sity owes (his noble collection of rniinrals, and
several other natural curiosities, to the munificence
of Dr. Iiettsom of I^undon, and to that of the re-
public of France.]

[(yAMiiRinr.n, a post-town of Ninety-six dis-
trict, in the upper cr)nnlry ofS. (^nrolinn, wliere
(he circuit c iir(s are held. It contains about (iO
houses, a court-house, and a brick uaol. The col-
Ifirc, by law instituted here, is no better than a
gninunar-school. (See SoiTii Cauoi.ina.) It is80
miles n.n.w. of Colunii»ia, 50 n. by zi\ of Au-
jfiista in (ieorsjia, 140 h. ti\ of Charlestovvn, and
7t)'i .«. w. of Pliilaii.'lphia. Lat. 3i° 9' «.]

[('amiiuiix. i:, (he chief town of Dorchester
comity, Maryland, is situated on the \. side of
(Jliop(ank river, aliont 13 miles c. v. e. from Cook's
point at its month, nine k'. s.w. from Newmarket,
and 57 s. e. from lialtimore. Its situation is
healthy, and it contains aoout 50 houses and
aclnireh. Lat. 38 ,'Jt' w.J

rtJAMUiiiDni-, in Franklin county, Vermont, is
situated on both sides of \,;\ Moille river, about 20
miles w. of lake Champlain, and has 339 inhabi-
tants.]

fCAMBuiDr.E, a township in Grafton county,
New Hampshire, e. of Androscojfgin, and 5. of
Umbagoij lake.]

[Cam inline i-, a township inWa8liiiij»(on county.
New York. By the census of 1790, it contained
•199() inhabitants, includinij 41 slaves. By the
state census of 179G, it appears there are G23
electors.]

CAMftU, a .small river of the island of Joanes,
or Marajo, on the coast of Brazil. It runs c. antl
outers (he sea at the mouth of liie arm of the river
ot'the Aiiiazoiias.

CA.MIUJTO, a settlement of the province and
:otregiiiiit)i!o of Omasiccos in Peru; situate oii
the e. shore of the lake Tificaea.

CAMDKN County, in IMenton district, North
rarolina, is on the ti, r. corner of (he state. It
lias 40,'J3 inhabitants, incliidiiiif 1038 slaves,
tlonesboiouijh is the chiif (own j

fCvMoiN District, in (he upper country of
S. Cfirolina, has Cheraws (iis(ri(( on (he w. c.
(ieor!je(own dis(ric( on (he s.r. and (he .state of
N. Carolina on (he h. and is divided into the
fdilowin!!; conndes, I'airfield, Hicliliinil. Claren-
don, Clareiiion(, Kershaw, ISiilem, and J,ancaster.
It is 82 miles from //. to «. and (iO from c. to m.

and contnins 58,265 inhabitani.s, inclndinsr 8865
slaves. This district is watered by the Watenre
or Catabaw river, and its branches; the upper
part is variejjated with hills, irencially fertile and
well irrigated. It produces Indian <;orn, wheat,
rye, barley, tobacco, and coKon. The ('atabaw
Indians, tlnnmly tribe which reside in the .st.ite,
live in the n. part of this di.strict. See Ca-
tabaw.]

[Cami»i;n, a post-tinvn, and chief of Cam-
den district, S, Carolina, in Kershaw county,
s(ands (in (he e, side of \Va(eree river, ,35 milea
n. e. of Columl)ia, 55 s. zo. of Cheraw, 120 n. by
w. of ('harlestown, and 643 s. ze. of I'hiladelphin.
It is reirularly laid out, and contains about 120
houses, an Episcopal church, a court-lionse, and
gaol. The navigable river on which (he town
stands, enables the inhabitants to carry on a lively
trade with the back country. Lat. Si'' 20' m.
Long. 80" 42' w. This town, or near it, was the
scene of two battles in the late war, on the ICth
of August 1780, between Gen. (iates and Lord
Cornwallis, in which (he .American general vtas
defeated. The other was a brisk action l)etween
Jjord Kawdon and d'en. Greene, on f he25tli April
1781. Lord Rawdon sallied out of (he town with
800 men, and attacked the American camp, which
was within n mile of the town. The Americans
had I2(i men killed, and 100 taken prisoners, and
the British had about 100 killed. The town was
evacuated the 9th of May, in the same year, after
Lord Rawdon had burned the gaol, mills, many
private houses, and ])art of his own baggage.]

[Camukn County, in the lower district of Geor-
gia, at the s.e. corner of the state, on St. Mary's
river, contains 305 inhabitants, including 70 slaves.
Chief town St. Patrick's.]

fCAMnr, N, a small post-town on the w. side of
Penobscot bay, district of Maine, and (li<! s. east-
ernmost township of iiineoln c<»un(y, having
Thomas (own on (he s. w. 35 miles tt.n.e. from
I'ownalborougli, and 22S miles n. e. from Bos-
(on.l

[Camdkn, a village in Kent county, 8(a(e of De-
lawan; ; about four miles j. to. from Dover, and
five n. ii). from I'rederica.]

CAMll-LE, a inountain of Nova Sco(ia, or
Acadia, on the bank of (he river St. Lawn-nce.

[CAMir.M's, one of the military townships in
New Vork, zv. ni Salt lake, and abtnit 18 mile*
,v, rr. from fort Brew in" ton.]

(LAMINA, a settlement of the jirovincc and
rorrrpiiiiirnfo o\' \>iim!ri\ro in Peru.

C.A.MINDLI, or.lACMA, a small river of the
province and capfaiiiship of Marailan in Brazil.

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254

CAM

> s

It rises near the coast, runs n. between the Olatay
and the Pcrgiucns, and enters the sea at an equal
distance from each.

CA MINOS, Dos, a settlement of the jurisdic-
tion and alca/dia mayor of Tixtlan in Nucva Es-
pana ; situate on the coast called De Cajones. It
contnins 80 families of Indians, who, from their
being at a considerable distanci; trom the capital,
endure many inconveniences and privations : but
barren as the place is, they find means of subsist-
ence, from its being tlie dirrct road for all passen-
gers and carriers, who, either with goods belong-
ing io tlie king, or with private projjcrty, pass
from Mexico to Acapidco, whenever the markets,
owing to the arrival of the China fleet, are open at
that port.

CAMISAS, a settlement of the province and
caplaimhi'p of Rey in Brazil, on the banks of the
river Curucay.

CAMISETA, Torrent of, a strait of the river
Orinoco, where this river passes in a precipitate
course through two channels formed by tremen-
dous ridges of rock.

CAMiTLIPE, a settlement of the capital of
Xocotia, and alcaldia ninijor of TIapa, in Nueva
Espana. It contains 42 iamilios of Indians, who
are employed in the culture of maize, French beans,
cochineal, and various indigenous fruits, in which
consist their commerce. Two leagues n. e. of its
capital.

CAMOA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Cinaloa ; one of those which belonged
io the missionaries of the abolished company of
the Jesuits.

CAMOAES-MERI, a river of the province and
captainship of Rey in Brazil. It is the same
vrliich, a little after its source, takes the name of
Itapeba.

CAMOPI, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Cayenne in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.
It rises in the mountains, and enters the Yacopo
just before this river runs into the sea.

CAMORIN, asmall island ofthe coast of Brazil,
in the province and captainship of Hey. It is
close to (hat of Canamea.

CAMPANA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Daricn in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, which rises in the niountanis of then, coast,
and enters the Bayano.

C' MPASA, a mountain on the coast of Peru,
in the province ami ro)res;imiento of Truxillo, near
the settlement of Manci(;lic.

CAMPAN.VIUO, a sotllement of the province
and government of Cumanaj on the coast, near
port Escondido.

CAM

CAMPANERO, Sierra ori., mountain!^
of the province and captainship of Rey in
Brazil.

[CAMPBELL County, in Virginia, lies e. of
Bedford county, on Staunton river. It is 45 miles
long, and 30 broad, and contains 7685 inhabitant!*,
including 2188 slaves.]

r C A M p BE M.-To w N , a viUagc in Dauphin county,
Pennsylvania, which stands near a water of Quiti-
pihilla creek ; 13 miles e, of Harrisburgb, and 9t)
n. w. of Philadelphia.]

[Campdell-Town, in N. Carolina, is a
large and flourishing town on a branch of cape
Fear river, 100 miles above Wilmington, havini,',
according to Bartram, '« above 100 houses, many
wealthy merchants, respectable public buiUlin<rs,
a vast resort of inhabitants and travellers, and con-
tinual brisk commerce by waggons, from the bad;
settlements, with large trading boats."]

[Camphelt/s Fort, in the state of Tennessee,
stands near the junction of Ilolston river with (lie
Tennessee ; distant 135 miles from Abingdon in
Washinsiftotj county, Virginia, and 445 vo. of
Rie.limond in Virginia.]

[tvAM I' bell's Salines, i.i North Holston, in (he
state of Tennessee, arc the only ones that have yet
been discovered rtn the upper brnnches ofthe Ten-
nessee, (hough great search has lieen made for them.
Large bones, like those found at Big Bone lick,
have been dug up here ; and o her circumstances
render the tract which contains the salines a great
natural curiosi(y. Captain Charles Campbell, one
of the first explorers of the w. country, made
the discovery of this tract in 1745. In 1753 lie
obtained a patent for it from the governor of Vir-
ginia. His son, the late General William Camp-
bell, the same who behaved so gallantly in the years
1780 and 1781, became owner of il on his death.
But it was not till the time of his death, wiien snll
was very scarce and dear, (hat salt water was dis-
covered, and salt made by a poor man. Since
that time it has been improved to a considerable ex-
tent, and many thousands of people are now sup-
I)lied from it with salt of a superior quality, and
at a low price. The tract consists of about 300
acres of salt marsh land, of as rich a soil as can
be imagined. In (his Hat, nits are sunk, in order
to obtain the salt water. Tlie best is found I'mtu
30 to 40 feet deep; alter passing rlirough tiie rich
soil or mud, from six to 10 feet, you come to a
very brittle lime-stone rock, with cracks or chasms,
through which the salt-water i-siics into the |>it>>,
whence it is diawii !>y Imcktt,-. and put into the
boilers, which arc placed in (iirn:)ces adjoining llie
pits. The hills that surround this Hat arc covered

!'!i;'|K,«. 'I

and!}ti

CAM

^vitll fine timber ; and a coal mine has been disco*
vcrt'd not fni- from it.]

CAiVU'ECIIE, San Fhancisco de, a town of
flic jirovince and government of Vucatun in the
Jiiiigilom of (^luatcnmla, founded by the Cnptain
Frnnciscd de Montejo, in the year 1540. It was
oritrin'illy on the bunk of n river, where at present
.staiids tlie M'ttlcnjciit of Tenozic. It was atHcrwnrds
ninov»'i! to (he river Potonchan, more pro|>crly
ciIIihI f'liampoton ; and, lastly, it chanircd its
siluatioM it (he blinks of the river San Fran"i,sco,
beiii^ not.)!)le for (he convenience of it.spor(, which
is one of (he most frequented, and receivin^^ more
nicri-lmndize than any other in (he same gidf. The
city is small, defended by three towers, called La
Tuerza, San Roman, and San Francisco ; and these
are well provided with artillery. It has, besides,
a parish church, a convent of the order of San
FrunC'Sco, another of San Juan de Dios, in which
is (he hospital bearing the title of Nuestra Senora
de los Remedios ; and, outside of the city, another
temple dedicated to St. Roman ; to whom particu-
lar devotions are paid, and who is a patron saint.
In (his temple there is held in reverence an imnire
of our Saviour, with the same tide of San Roman,
which, accordint; to a wonderful tradition, b<><ran,
previous to its bein^ placed here, to effect great
miracles ; accordingly, it is said, that a certain
merchant, named Juan Cano, Iwing commissioned
to buy it in Nueva Espnila, in tlie year J 665,
brought it to this place, having made the voyage
from' the port of Vera Cruz to the port of Cam-
pechc in 94 hours. The devotion and confidence
manifested with regard to this efligy in this district
is truly surprising. There are also two shrines out
of the town, the oneNuestraS^nora de Guadalupe,
and (he odicr El San(o Nombrc de Jesus, wliich
is (he parish church of the Negroes. This town
has carried on a considerable commerce in tliedye-
ing woods of Cnm|)eche, which it used (o ship,
together with other articles, such ns black wax
and cotton ; but this has greatly f.illen off, on ac-
count of the distressing invasions that it has ex-
perienced. The first of these was by (he English,
who (ook and sarked it in the year I6,')n; allcr-
wards by the pirate Lewis Sco((, in Ib'H; and
again by the Mibnsders, in 1685, when (he prin-
cipal fort was burnt and destroyed. It afterwards
became a wood inhabi(ed by birds and animals.
I In (he Maya language, cam signifits serpent,
and peche (he litde insect (acarus), called by the
Spaniards garapula, which penetrates the skin, and
occasions a snuirl pain. Between ('ampeche and
Merida are two very considerable Indian villages,
called Xampolan and Equctchecan. The ex|)or-

C A M

255

tation of wax of Yucatan is one of the most lucra-
tive branches of Irade. The iiabKual popuIa(ioii
of (he town is 6000.J Litt. 'J0\ Long. <KFg5'.

Camhechk, Sunua i>k, a sand-bank of various
soundings, which extends itself round the point of
the province of Yiicat&ii for many leagues ; in the
navigation of which the greatest care is necessary,
as many vessels have been shipwrecked ou it.

CAMPIN, a settlement of (he province and go-
vernment of ^'ucalan and ('ampeche in tlij king-
dom of (lualemalu.

fCAMPO Bki.i (), along and narrow island,
on the e. coast of Washington county, district of
Maine, and the ;;. easternmost of all the islands of
the district. It lies at (he mou(h of a large bay,
in(o which Cob>cook river enipdes, ami has com-
municudon wi(h l'assama(|uod(ly bay on (lie n. bj
two channels ; the one between (he b'. side of Deer
island and (he con(inen(, (he odier in(o the mouth
of Passamaquoddy bay, In'tween Deer island anU
(hen. end of Camno Rello island, which lies in
about lat. 45° ti. The s. «'nil is five miles n. w.
fromCirand Mannan island.]

[CAMPTON, n small township in Grafton
county, New Hampshire, si(ua(ed on (he e. bank
of Pemigewasse(, the m. hea«l water of Merrimack
river ; 3.5 miles «. e. of Dartmouth college, and
67 M. tt'. of Portsmouth. It was incorporated in
1761, and contains 395 inhabitants.]

CAMPIICIIO, Mo II no ok, a mountain of die
province and correoimi, nto of Arica in Peru, on
the sea-coast, near the island of Yqucsquc.

CAMS.\NA, a sedlement of the province and
corrrgimienlo of Arica in Peru, annexed to tho
curacy of Tarrapaca.

CAMSEAU, or CANsr.AtT, a strait formed by
the coast of Nova Scotia and the island of Cape
Breton.

CAMSUARE, a populous province mentioned
in the dictionaric. or Cornelio and La Martinierc,
which accord wit i the Count Pagani, in his de-
scription of the Amazonns ; but neither do the Fa-
thers Acuna, Trifz, and Maquin, or the celebrated
La Condamine, who were intimately acquainted
with that country, make any iioiice of it.

CAMIJ, avery abundant .stream oftlic island of
St. Domingo. It rises in the coidilleia of the
mountains which are to the a', of the city of
La Ve^a, runs n. and passing through the
neighbourli(H)d of that city, turns e. and, after-
wards inclining (o (he j. s. e. en(ers the sea in (he
large bay of Samana, forming various islands at
its mouth.

CAMIJEIP, a small river, also called Saw
Fka.ncuco, id the province and tuplaitiihip of

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«56

CAN

Senra in Brazil. It runs». nmi enters tliesca be-
twcen the (iiinsapiiino und llic settlement of Nties*
trtt Scnorn del Rositrio.

(lAMUI, a river of tlie island of San Juan of
Puertorico. It rises at the foot of a mountain
near the n. const, and enters the sea between the
Arrccilio and (he (juajiiyacu.

CAMUH, a small river of the province and 1,^0-
vernment of (iua^'ana, or Nucva Andalucia. It
rises w. of the cily oi Ileal Corona, and passing;
at no (Treat distance to the n. of the same, enters
the Arni.

('AMUTA, a settlement of the province and
ctipfnins/iij) ol I'ara in Brazil ; situ.ite near the
strait lending to the navigation of the river of the
Ani'i/'tnas, and at (he mouth of the Toeunlines, in
which is (he fort of (inriipa. It is tin; property of
Antonio Alburqiierque, Coelode Carvullo, in Por-
tugal.

CAN A, Santa Cniiz hk, a town and real of
some gold mines of (he i)rovince and government
of Darien, in the kingdom of Tierr.i Kirme, situate
near the coast of (lie N. sea, and at the source of
the river Tareua. It has been famous for th(> quan-
tities of gold ex(rac(cd from it, the same having
been uniformly carrit-d to the royal treasury at I'a-
nnma. For its tlcfence it had a fort, with a de-
tachment of the guard of (he ai)ove city, who
have oneiitinu's put to the sword Indians in the act
of attempting to close the mines.

Cana, a river of the island of St. Domingo,
which rises ne ir the //. coast, runs n. ti. ic. and en-
ters the .laqur, or Santiago, between the Guarobin
and (he finiirabi.

Cana. See San IsiDiio.

[CANAAN', a thriving township in Lincoln
county, district of Maine, situate on Kennebcek
river, about seven miles n. of Hancock, and 2.'JJ
n. by e. of Boston ; incorporated in I7S8, and
contains 454 inhabitants. A plantation in Han-
cock comity is also thus named, having 132 in-
habitants.]

[Canaan, a township in Grafion county. New
Hampshire, 10 miles «■. of Dartmouth college ; in-
corporated in I7()l. In 1775 it contained ()7, and
in 1790, 4S.'J inhabitants.]

[Canaan, a township, in Liichtield coun(y,
Connecticut, e. of llousatonic river, having Mas-
sachusetts on the w. Here is a forge and sliding.
mill, erected on a new construction ; and the iron
used iiere is said to be excellent. In the mountains
of Canaan are found valua!)Ie specimens of mine-
rals, jiartirulirly lead and iron. It lies (jO miles
«, of Newhaven, and40«.tt'. from Hartford.]

[Canaan, a township iu Essex county, Ver-

C A N

mont, is the n. easternmost town in the state.
It stands at the foot of the Upper Great Monad-
nock, and has 19 inhabitants.]

[Canaan, n township in Columbin county,
New York, having Kinderhook on the w. and
Massachusetts e. It has 0693 inhabitants, includ-
ii'g 3b slaves; G63 of tlic free iidiabitauts are
electors.]

CANAOE, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay.

CANABEkl, a river of the province and co-
lony of Nova Scotia, which runs .♦. re. and enters
the San Juan just before this empties itself into the
bay of Fundy.

C.'VN.VDA, or New I-'kance, a province and
colony of N. America, the limits of which arc
esteemed variort^ and have in fact been the
occasion of many disputes and wars between the
French and the English. Some maintain that it
extends from Floriihi to tlie extremity of N. Ame-
rica, or from 33" to 65"^ «. lat. ; but the country
])roperly called Canada is a small part of the
above territory, situate ,». and e. of the river St.
Lawrence. Others atisert that its limits are, on
the ». the land of Labrador or New Britain, on
the e. the N. sea and New England, on the s.
Florida, and on the ui. Nuevo Mexico; according
to which, it would extend i(self from 25'' to .53" n.
lat. and from Id^ lo 93^^ zc. long, but the utmost of
its extent is connnoidy taken from s. to. to it. e.
(hat is, from the province of Padoaii in Nueva
lOspana to cape Charles in the bay of St. Law-
rence, which computes to about 900 l(;agiies. The
Baron of Honlam allows its limits to reach only
from 39" (o 65° of la(. that is, I'nnn the n. part of
lake {uTW to the n. of Hudson's bay, and in
lenglh from the river Mississippi tollacecape in
Newfoundland. According to the late observa-
tions of Mr. Bellin, the province of Louisiana ex-
tends many degrees farther to the re. of the above
river. The climate of ('an:iila is very various:
TIk! whole ol ihe jiart inhabitiil by t!ie l'"reiu'li, (o
the shore of the river S(. Laurence, is exclusively
cold during the winter, alt(H);i<li liol in .sunuucr ;
the other parts, as far as has it present l)een dis-
covered, coiitiiin immense fore-ls, lakes, ."iiiil rivers,
ami (lie cold is there very !;rea(. Neverlliele.ss,
(t'rtile plains are not wauling, wliicli produce all
kinds of grain, fruits, anJ piaiits ; ol the latter the
tobacco pliiiit is most aljundant, and x-i parlicul;iily
cultivated by the I'reiieli. The foiests abound in
deer, (IfUilKs, wild cats, bulls, many kinds ot goals,
wolves, and oili.-r animals; also in a vara-ly of
birds. The plains, which are well iriigated, aii'oiil
excellent pastures, in which breed numerous herds

CANADA.

257

of cattle, both or (lie larger and smaller kind. On
the mountains is tuiuuf pit-coal, and some even
assort tliut there arc also mines of silver and other
metals, thonph to tlic present day wc ]»ave never
heard oi'sncli mines having bi;en worked. In the
uncultivated wastes of an immense extent, are
found beavers, and in the rivers and lakes every
kind of fish. Its principal lakes arc Krie, Miciii-
gan, Huron, Superior, Frontcnac or Ontario,
Nipysing, Tomiscaning, and many other of less
note ; but titc largest of all is lake Suiierior, situ-
ate further n. than the rest ; this is 100 league,
la length, and 70 in breadlli, and in it are various
islands, viz. Royal island, Piiilip, I'ont, Cliartrain,
Maurepas, St. Amu?, St. Ignace, Tison; ami many
smaller ones. All this extensive country is full of
the largest rivers, the enumeration of which would
be tedious : tlie two principal, however, are those
of St. Lawrence and Mississippi: the former uf
these abounds in a profuse variety of excellent fish,
and receives various other rivers in its course.
The entrance of the bay of St. Lawrence is situate
Iwtwcen the cape Retag of the island of i\e\»fouml-
land, and N. cniieof Royal island, or Ca|ie Breton.
The Mississippi, which runs through the greatest
part of the province of Louisiana from n to s. is
called by the rrench the river of St. Louis, ami
by the natives Mischisiii, Mississippi or Mesclia-
gamisii, from its inundating vast tracts of land at
the time of its (lushes. The French established
themselves in this province in the year ]o^.3, under
the coniniarid of Jacob ( /'artier. They also com-
menced u commerce with the Indians, taking of
tlicm hides in excliany:c lor brandy, tobacco, pow-
der and shot, axes, and all kinds of iron tools ; and
for du' proper conducting of this mercantile sys-
(cm, a body of men were established, called run-
ners of the inounlaiii, who, traversing in their
cniioes the widest lakes and largest rivers, carry at
the present day, with incndible inihislry and pa-
tience, e(ll"'t-i to the most distant inland and un-
known parts. These pcojile brought llieir hides to
(he fair of Montreal, which was held in .Inne, when
lari;e feasts were made, iind guards established
uniler the directions and as-sistaiice of the governor,
fiir (he maintenance of older ; a precanlioii most
necessary, when il is considered how many savai^e
n:itions were nssenibleil, some cominif Croni a thou-
find miles distance, A trade is also carried on by
the canal, in as much ns many stop widi (lieir nier-
ch iii(li/e at Albany in New York, where (liov pro-
riire (he desired e(i('e(s with more convenience
(hail at Montreal ; thus avoiding the lalxjur of
a journey of more than 1^)0 miles, and tlic obligation

VOL. I.

of buying at second hand what they thus obtain at
the first. The French likewise find it much more
to (heir advantage to buy their cfli'cts of the Fng-
lish at New York, than to bring tliem from their
colonies, encountering the troublesome navigation
from the mouth of the river St. iiawrence to Mont-
real. The English, under the command of CSeneral
Wolfe, conquered this province at the expence of
much bloodshed, and with the loss of the general
himself. They remained mastersof it by the peace
of the year 17().'J, establishing (in order to avoid
occasions of dis|)ute in future) its limits by a line
drawn through the middle of the river Mississippi
and the lakes Manrepas and Pontchartrain to the
sea ; but it was delivered over to the French in the
peace of 1783. Its capital is Quebec.

[INDEX TO AUUITION.M, IM'OKMATION HE*
SffXTINO ('a.VAI)A.

1. Situutinn and Divisions. — '■>. i'limale.—S. J^a-
linal curiosities.— i. Soil and productions. —I}.
licliiiion.—'G. Population. —7. Manners andcus-
lonis.'—H. (wiernment.'"9. The niilitari/. — 10.
Ldics.-'-ll. J Jst of governors.— la. Itoads and
distances. — 13. Expences of government. — 14.
Commerce.— \b F.xports and imports.—'\Q. Fur
trade.'— \ 7. General history.
1. Situation and Division.— The Hritish provinces
of Upper and Lower C'anadn, constituted by act of
Iiarliament in 1701, comprehend (he territory here-
tofore called Canada. They lie between 61° and
HP zo. long, from London, and between 42^ 30'
and .")2^ n. lat. ; in length about 1 1(K) miles, and
in breadth 500. Rounded n. by New Rritain and
unknown countries; p. by New Rritain and the
gulf of St Lawrence ; s. e. and s. by the province
of New Rrunswick, the district of Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and (he lakes ;
(he ii\ buiimlary is undefined. The province
of Upper Canada is (he same as what has been com-
monly called the Upper Country, it liesn. of (he
great lakes, and is separated from New York by
(lie river S(. Lawrence, here called the Ciitaraqni,
and (he lakes Ontario and I'lrie. Lower Canada
lies on bodi ^ides the river St. Lawrence between
01° and 71° lo. long, from i/ondoii, and },') and
^•2" n. lat. and is boiiridcd .v. i)y New Rrunswick,
Maine, New Hampshire, \ erniont, and New York-
ami ii\ In- U|)|)er (Canada. Tiie line between Up-
per and lower Canada commences at a stone
boundary on the «. bank of lake St. Francis, in
S( Law I re river, at the cove w. of Point au
lioinlel, I ice n. to 0((awas river, and to its source
in lake 'l'omisca>iiri>r, (hence due n. till it strikes
the boundary of Hudson bay, or New Rritain.]

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f Upper Tiuind;! includes all tlic territory In the w.
uikI s. i»rtli<; said line, to the iitmust extent ol (he
country known by tlieniunc ofCnnadii.

tf. Climate. — VVinter continues with such seve-
rity from l)ecenilM;r to April, as (Imt (he !iirpe.s(
rivers nrc f'roz<.'n over, nnd the snow l:es coinniunly
(Voin lour to six twl deep diirini; (he win(er. I)ti(
(he KJr is set serene nnd clenr, nnd the inhabitiinttt so
well defended n(rninH( (he cold, (iia( (his season is
neither unheaKliy nor unpleasan(. The spriiii:r
opens suddenly, and vc^etiition is snrprisinjrly
rajiid. The summer is (leli|>;h(iid, except (hat a part
of i( is ctticniely hot. '1 he climate of Lower ('a-
imila is liuMe to violent extremes of heat and cold ;
(he thermometer is sometimes up to lOJ" of Fahrcn-
hei( in .summer, nnd in winter 'Jli^ Ix'low
0. Thes<^ extremes do not, however, las( al>ove
two or (lirei- days at ii time. The average of sum-
mer heat is, in fjciicral, from 75' (o 80% and
the mean of the; cold in winter about 0. 1( is (lie
{jreneral opinion of (he iidiabitants (hat (he winters
nrc milder, and (ha( less snow falls now (han ior-
nierly ; (ha( the sununers are also hotter. This
might be easily accounted for by (he improved
state of the country. Tin? clcarini; of (he woihIs,
and culliva(ion of (he lands, together with the in-
creased impulation, must naturally have n consi-
derable ellect upon the climate. It has Ix'en ob-
served by some of the religious orders who have
been in the praclirc of keeping meteorological
journals, that the winters are as hard as they were
liirmerly, (hough somewha( shorter, and the sum-
mers rather longer, but not hotter (han (hey used
to be. The winters sometimes diller so materially
from each other, as well ns the sununers, that no
accurate estimate can be formed, snihcient (o as-
certain whethor the changes that take place, are
occasioned by any increaseor diminution of the se-
verity of the climate. It is possible that a very
hot summer, by heatins: the soil beyond the usual
ileptli, can occasion the mildm-ss of the subsequent
■winter. The (Canadians leel the cold more than
iMiropi'ansoii (heir (iist nirivai. 'J'lie constant use
of stoves renders lliein very little iHMler than hot-
Iioiisc |)laiits«luring winter, and in snmiuer tliey arc
« xpiiNed to a burning siin. These thimrs do m»f
aflectthe liiiropcaii constitution for tin- tirst two or
three years, but afterwards il becomes as sensible
lo the heat and cold as tliiit of the Canadians. It
may astonish those who have heard such dreadful
aecoiiiits of a (Jauadiaii winter, but the p('0|de of
(Jreat Mritain sulfer more from the cold than the
people of ('anadii, or at least they are more exposed
to it ; tor tiu!y sekloai make any .material alloralion

in (heir dress, eidiersummer or win(cr ; and, with
(heir open (ire-places, they are burning on one sidp,
nnti freezing on (he other. This, however, hardeni
the constitution of an I'.'nglishinan, while (hes(ovei
and warm clothing ol Canada, which often heat
the IxMly Ix'yiMid what the climate requires, weaken
and debilitote the frames of those who reside in that
country. A proper attention, however, to heat and
cold, is all (ha( is requisite for an J']uro|)ean (o en-
joy (he mos( perfec( health in liower Canada. The
months of March and Aprilnre in general very hot,
and (he sun (hen begins to have grea( |M)wer, which
is coiwidcrnbly heightened by (he reflection of tliu
snow and ice. The inhabitants arc more tanncHl by
the rcHectton of the snow in these moiidis, (han
(hey are a( any odier season of (he year by (he sun.
I( is likewise so very hur(ful (o (he eyes, (ha( (hey
arc obliged (o wear shades of green gauze fas(encd
(o their lia(s. The snow l)ei;ins (u m«lt early in
April, and by the second or third week it. is gene-
rally nil gone; during this period lM»th walking in
town, and travelling in the country, arc very incon-
venient. Th(! streets of Quebec arc inundated with
snow-water, and (he kennels have the appearance
nnd sound of so many little rapids. The ice in the
river is seldom totally gone before the first week in
May. The breaking up of (he ice in (he vicinity
of Quebec is nut attended with any remarkable
noise or appearance ; but at Montreal, and the
upper parts of the river, where it is frozen quite
across, it has a grand appearance, and breaks up
with loud re|M>rls. The lake ice comes down ui
prodigious quantities for several days, bringing
with il the routs and branches of trees which il
tears from the islands and sliores in its progress.
Until this has passed, none of the river vessels can
leave Quebec for Montreal. Vessels, however,
sometimes arrive from I'^urope in the midst of it,
as was the case in 1807. The first vessel that ar-
rived from lOurojie in IS08, came up toQuebec on
the 19th of April, nine days earlier than the pre-
ceding year. The river, however was full of ice,
which floated with the tide in large masses. The
vessel was torctnl ashore on tin; island a few days
before it got up to the town, and was near being
l(»s(. The progress of vegetation, as soon as the
winter is over, is exc(!ediiigly rapid. The trees
obtain their verdant foliage in less than three
weeks; (he fields, which (he audimn before were
apparently burnt up, are now adorned with the
richest verdure. Spring can scarcely be said to
exist before summer is at hand. The prodnclioiis
of the field and tlie gartlcn are brought in (juick
succession to the markets ; and frckh meal, poultry,]

III

CANADA.

259

[ami V(*i;ctiil)lc(, now regale tlie !iilinl>itnn(i, who
lor so nniiv niontliN litid b(H!ii fotifnieil (n tlicir
frozen proviNioii)!. Tlic nioiillis oi' May niid •iiiiie
ore ollt'ii wet, so nrtinics (greatly <o (he ddrinicnt
nriiiikliaiHlry. In (lie Nprini; ot IS07 the vealhcr
was iiniifiiially wet, tro'ii the latter end of April
until the lOth orJiini', when it cleared up, nt) r u
most violent tlinnder-Monn wliicli hap|KMied on the
9th. Durinif May, hcareely a day passed with'jiit
Min, and (he weather wis exee.s>iively change:il»le :
Fahrenheit's (heniiouieter was sninetinies as liii^h
Its 7j, and at other times as low asi^O, in (he eoiirse
of '■Jl hours. The farmers had not finisheil m)u-
ini; l>y the middle of .lime, ihoii<;h they in ifeierul
pet ail their wheat into the jt^r itind l)y the yoih of
May. .S(iin<> people are of opinion, that sowiiij*
lute ansv.ers Ix'st in i'anadi, as the^roiind has then
time to iinhilje (lie heat of the sun al'ier (he snow
hus mel(Lil ; an I (hat wheat sown in .lime is ripe
ns soon ns that sown in May. The practice of (he
('unadi:m farmers is, Inmevcr, rontrnry to this
theory, 'riiiinder and litrldinir do not very often
visi( Canada ; but when they <h), their violence is
j;rcat, and dama;>r(> iri-iH>rnlly ensues. The tiollow-
insjisaioleiahlecorrect slateof Fahrenheit's thermo-
meter in llie shade dunii» ilic summer of IS07:
/>((.v«.«/. Iliahfst.

• 75 continual rain.

- J]() rain the (irst week, aftcr-
warils dry and warm.

- f)() dry and sultry.
DU (ine warm ueather with lit-
tle rain.

7S riiK' mihl weather.
The 8|)rtn<>-, siiunner, and antiimn of Canada,
are all comprised in these five months. The rest
of the year may he said to consi^t wimlly of winter.
One of the jrreatest plagues to which the iidialnlants
ofCanada are subject, are the commcni house-tiies,
^ihich are •■xtreniely inmhlesonie in tlie monlhs of
.lune,Jniy,and Anicnst. The stoves keep ihom alive
in winter, and the sun restores them to their full
vijjdur and powerof annoyiiiiiin (he summer. The
■■liiiiT of the Mins(|nilo, an insect alunindiii!; in all
moivt or .-hidy >il nations, is (rillinir at (irsi, but
llie ne\t (l:!y is extiomely painful, and sonielines
ilanLieroi--, if vi(»ieritly rubiied. The Ih'sI remedy
i> (ii wash ilie part with some powerful acid, such
iis leiiKni-jnice or vincirar. The brnlots or sand-
flies arc M) very .small as to Ix* hanlly perceptible
in their allacks, and your forehead will be stream-
ing' with blo(Rl before yon are senibleof bcini,''
itinonijst them. These arc the only disagree iblcs
that arc attached to a Canadian summer ; were it
free from them, it would be equiU to that of any

May -
■bine -

July -

Au^rUSt

CM -

Sepleml)cr <1G -

other country in (he world ; but as i(, is a biirriinc;
8nn, house-flies, inie^cpiitoSfand sand-llies, certainly
prevent the ti" si uiontliM ol the year Irom tjeing
4'njoyed in full perfection. 'I'hc snmeier ol IHOH
was the lioltcsl (liut has bci'n known iinr sevcrnl
years in Canada. In the monihs of July aiul
.Angnst, the thermoineter was se-. 'al litnesatSM)
and f)5, and one or two days it rrs\ to lO.'i in (hi;
shade, at Montreal and tlic Tiree Uivers. A(
QiicIm'c i( was 101 or lO'J. The fall of th- year
is the most agn-eable se i Jii in t'an idu. Th • sultry
weather is then goiu , n^.! 'itc i.';ht frosts h.ive en-
tirely destroyed the veen i us iiise.'fs, or rendered
(hem torpid.

3. \iiliiirif luriosUhs. i ne face of Lower Ca-
inda is ler arknbly '>oU! i i striking. The noble
river St. Iia.»rence, (lowini' niori; than 40f> niil«*»
between lii^^h lands and \oi\y mountains, somet.meB
divided into channels by largo islands, uid at >)tlier
times intersected by cbis(ers of :...'nll ones; nu-
merous rapid streams, rolling from (he nei<'liboiir-
ing mountains, breaking over steep precipices, and
mingling their wateis with (he giaiul river; its
l)ol(l and rugged shores, lofty emiiicnces, and ship-
ing vaMeys, covered with (he unibii\_'e(nis fol 'i:;eof
immense forests, or interspersed with 'he ctdlivnted
teltlenients of the inhiibitunts, — present nitogether to
the eye of the spectator a suci cssion ol' the most
sublime and picturescpie objects iliat imugiii'tioa
can conceive. iieyond l> e rapids of Uichlieii,
which are situate about 4(M) niih's from the < 'ranee
of the Si. Lawrence, the connlry nssnmes a more
level Il^pect ; (he monntiins retire to iIk? h. and s.
ns fir as the eye can reach, leaving all that put of
Can ida, extending to the $. .v. and w. e. an rdniost
interminable flat. Fro/en oceans, gulfs, and bays :
imm*-nse lakes and wihiernesses, diversified at times
by chains of enormous moiintnins, Ibrin the features
of the remaining pait of the IJritish settlemcnis ia
N. America, which i-xtend frmn the coast of La-
brador to the sea of Kamtschatka and the Pacific
ocean, and to the w. Ix-yrnid the Arctic circle.
The moniilain on which QucIm'c is built, and the
high lands t(>r several miles idongthe St. Lawrence,
coiisis. chiefly of black li'iie slate. .\ (i-'v moun-
tains in the neighbuiirhood are composed of grey
rock stone ; but thev, fiir the most part, stand on a
bed of lime slate. About a yard from the surface
this slate is quite compact, and without any cracks,
so that one cannot perceive it is a slate, its |)nrticlcs
being imperceptible. It lies in strata which vary
from three or Uwx toOt) inches thick, and upwards.
In Quebec the strita lie in some pait> diaironally,
in others almost perpendicular, but none horizon-
tally, and bear every mark of having been violently.]
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Sciences

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33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716 I 872-4503

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CANADA.

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[aijitiUedbj some convulsion of nature, Aviiich must
hiive sliiikeii llie mountain to its very foumliitioti.
Possibly it niijjht have lost its liorizontiil direction
by (heearfliqnalve of 16Gj. In the unpavcd streets
of Quebec this slaty stone strikes out in corners at
tlie surface, and injures the slioes extremely. 'J'iic
narrow crevic(!s between (he shivers, which are very
thin, are coinjuonly filled witli a fibrous white
fjypsum ; the larger cnicks are in particulin- parts
of t!i(; rock filled up with transparent quartz crys*
tals, the largest of wliich arc about two inches in
length, and three or four in circumference; but in
genera! they are extremely small, and many resem-
ble well cut polished diamonds. A sort of black or
grey spar is also frequently met with in the rock.
Most of the old houses are built of the lime slate,
but it shivers into thin pieces on the outside after
being ex|)osed to the air for some time; (he nia-
sons, however, have a particidar maimer of placing
tiie pieces of slen;>, which j)reven(s tiieni from
cricking, except a little on the outside. The new
public buildings, iortifications, and many of the
private houses belonging to the gentry at Quebec,
have of late years been built with the grey rock
stone, which has a li<rht and handsome appearance,
and is of a more durable nature. The mountains
and high lands in the vicinity >f Qut'bec, and for
many miles below, consist of diffevcntsj"'cies of the
lime slate, and of the grey rock or lime stone, more
or less impregnated with grey and black glimmer
and quartz, (ibrous gy|)sum and picrre au calu-
hiet. The latter has received its name from the
J'lench, who, as well as the Indians, frequfiitly use
it for the heads of their »a!umcts or tobacco pi|)cs.
It is a lime stone of rather a soft though compact
'exture, and may be cut with a knife. Iron, cop-
per, and lead ore, are fiuinil in diderent parts of
Lower Canada, though not to any very gn-at ex-
tent. Iron is most abundant, and has been disco-
vered chiefly on (he h. side of (he St. Lawrence,
about Batisean ami Three Rivers. It was formerly
believed that a silver mine existed near St, Paul's
baj', about 51 miles below Quebec, on the w. shore,
several piec(r>, of ore liaving been discovered, which
resembled tliat metal : it has since been found to
consist only ot lead, which lies in veins in a moun-
lain of grey rock stone. i\o very important dis-
coveries have hitherto Iwen made in llu; mineral
world of Lower Canada; though in that, as well
as in every other branch of natural history, there is
sulhcient m that country to occupy the attention of
the philoso|)lier. Some mineral springs have been
discovered in diderent parts of the province; one
or (wo were found in the neighbourhood of Three
stivers, but arc now either lost or rciuain unnoticed.

Another was discovered in the suburb of St. John,
just without the walls of Quebec; this has been
kept open for several years, and belongs to an old
Trench woman, who has a small iiousc adjoining
it. Many of the gentry walk out to this house in
the summer about six o'clock in the morning, and
drink the waters, which are reckoned cxiremelj
salubrious ; they are taste. .jss, but it is necessary
to hold your nose wlien yon drink them, for they
have a very unpleasant sulphureous smell. Several
excellent si)rings of fresh water gush out of varioin
parts of the rock. The inhabi(an(s, however,
chiefly use the river water, though it is not recikoned
very wholesome; id winter. The water is conveyed
in barrels from the river to all parts of the upper
and lower towns by the carters, who charge six-
pence or eiglitpence per barrel according to the dis-
tance. In dilli'rent parts of the country, and par-
ticularly the vicinity of Quebec, pre to be found
rock s(o!ics of various shapes and sizes, lying scat-
tered in the fields, meadows, and plains. Some of
them me isnre nine or \c\\ feet in circumference, and
from three to four feet high ; and some even have
been met with considerably larger. They arc
mostly of a grey colour, round-shaped, and of a
very close and hard substance, impregnateil with
black, red, and white glimmer and spar. Phey
lie upon the soil, having no connection with any
rock or bed of stone ; and a person cannot view
them without asking himself (he quesdon, how, and
in M hat m.mner, such large masses of stone came
there ? It was upon one of thes(> stones that (ieneral
^V'olte is said \o have breathed his last. On the
whole, few na\ural curiosities are to be found in
Jjower (Canada, except inpiils, cascades, and falls.
Amongthelitiler, tlioseof Saguenay, Montmorency,
and Chaiidiere, are the chief; an account of which
may be sen under their proper articles. Tliere
are two smaller rapids near iVIontr(?al, one about
a mileand a half belov thecify, andtlie other about
five miles above: the latter is called ShuK St.
Louis, or (he Kail of St, Louis ; but it is n mere
rapid, similar to those of the Jiichlieu, except thai
the river at St. Louis is dividid into channels by
two or three small isl mils, which form, with the
rapidity of the agitated stream, a very piciuresque
and beautiful view. The cascades, near the boun-
dary line between Upper .and Jvovver Canada, arc
of a dill'eient description to the rapids of Kiclilieu,
St. I/Oiiis, cScc. and seem to present an almost in-
superable bar (o the navigation of the river between
the two provii\ces: this obstacle is however in
some measure removed by the construction of locks
and canals on the a', shore, through wliich
the battcaux and small vessels puss. The cascades]

; t

■'Mr

CANADA.

[are aboui two miles in length, and arc ns violently
.Imitated in tlie calmest weather, as the ocean is in a
gale of wind. The waters appear as if they rushed
into an immense gulf, and were boiled up again by
some subterranean fire. Rafts ot timber, and large
scows, laden with bi'rrels of flour, pot-ash, and pro-
visions, pass through these tremendous rapids every
year with safety ; but smaller vessels cannot attempt
it without imminent danger. About three miles
above the cascades, are the rapids of the Cedars ;
they are less violent than the former, but are infi-
nitely more dangerous than the Uichlieu and St.
Louis; yet the Canadians and Indians are so very
5xpert in the management of their canoes and
biitteaux, that an accident very rarely happens in
passinjT any of the rapids.

4. Soil and Productiom. — Though the climate be
coll!, aiul (lie winter long and tedious, the soil is
in general very good, and in mcr.y parts both plea-
sant and tortile, producing wheat, barley, rye, with
many other sorts of grain, fruits, and vegetables ;
tobneco, in particular, thrives well, and is much
cultivated. The isle of Orleans near Quebec, and
the lands upon the river St. Lawrence, and other
rivers, are remarkable for the richness of the soil.
The meadow grounds in Canada, which are well
watered, yield excellent grass, and feed great num.
bers of great and small cattle. Within the last 20
years, great quantities of wheat have been raised
in Canada, and exported to Great Britain. The
temporary scarcity experienced in England, at
certain ])criods, increased the demand for that
article, and encouraged the Canadians to cidti 7ate it
with more spirit than, till then, they had been ac-
customed to. The fruit of Canada is not remark-
able either for goodness or cheapness, except straw-
birries and raspberries, which arc brought to
nif-ket in greatabundance during the season. They
ai! -vtthered on the plains at the back of Quebec,
ami in the neighbouring woods, where tliey grow
upon the ground, or among the shrubs, in wild
luxuriance. The poor Canadians send their chil-
dren to gather them, and aft( rwards sell them to
the inhabitants at a moderate price. It is an
agreeable sight to view ihe fields covered with
strawberries in blossom or rip(>, and few per-
sons keep them in gardens. The raspberry bushes
are intermingled with the underwood of the forests,
and afford an agreeable treat to those who arc fond
of ramblins;- in tlie woods. That pleasure is, how-
ever, more (ban counterbalanced by (he musquifos
and sand-flies, which never fail, for three or four
inon(hs in the summer, to aimoy those who ven-
ture to penetrate (heir abode. Apples and pears
are procured from Montreal, where they grow in

more abundance and in greater perfection than in
any other part of Lower Canada. They are sold
for much the same price ns in England. The
■ apple which is most prized is what they call (he
pomme gris, a small light-brown ajjple somtiwhat.
resembling tlie russetin in appearance. Mnny p"r-
sons say, that it is superior to any English apple.
Bread is not cheap in Canada, and generally of
very indiflerent quality, though several Scotch
bakers have cmigratid to (hat coniilry. They
complain of (he want of yeast at certain seasons:
their bad bread is perhaps oftencr occasioned by
the indiflerent flour which (h(^y purchase of the
llabitans in the market-place at a low price, and
which they mix with the better sort of flour sup-
plied from the mills of Colonel ('ahlwell, Messrs.
Coltman, and others. The soil of l-ower Canada
is composeil of great varieties, and is more or less
fertile as it approaches to the n. or *. The high
lands, with good management, would yiehl very
tolerjible crops, but the Canadians are miserable
farmers. They seldom or never manure their
land, and plough so very slight and careless, that
they continue year after yiar to turn over the saraa
clods which lie at the surfiice, without penetrating
an inch deeper into the soil. Hence their grounds
Ixjcomc exhausted, verrun with weeds, and yield
but very scanty rroj^s. From Queljec, the capi-
tal, to Montreal, which is about 170 miles, in saiU
■ng up the river St. LaAvrence, the eye is enter-
tained with beautiful landscapes, the banks beinjj
in many places very bold and steep, and shaded
with lolty trees. The farms lie pretty close all the,
way ; several gentlemen's houses, neatly built, shew
themselves at ind-rvals, and there is all (he appear-
ance of a flourishing colony ; but there are few
towns or villages Many beautiful islands are in-
terspersed in the ch uinel of tlie river, which have
an agreeable eflect upon tlu; eye. I'or further
account of the pro;luctions of this country, see

QURUKC.

5. Jieligion, — When CanMda surrendered to the
English, the free exercise or the Woman Calliolic
religion was stipulated for, a;ul -iranted. l(s mi-
nisters were also to be prolccteii and suppor<<'d as
they liad formerly been ; (he .IcMii's and Hccol-
le(s only excepted, whose orders were to remain
as they then were, without receiviuir in fiitine any
augmentation of their numbers. While there ex-
isted an individual of their order, the revenues
and property belonging to it were to be at his
disposal; but at his (h-ath they revelled to (he
king, and (he «rder became extinct. Of (he (liiee
religious male orders at that time in existence, (he
priests alone were allowed to increase their nnm-]

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262

CANADA.

[Irrs, anil to officiate in every respect as they IinJ
))ceri .'iccnstoiTicd to niidcr the French govcrinnent.
Tlie ("emale <mlurs heiniy charitable institutions,
and beneficial to the colony, were also allowed to
exist, and were permitted to fill up their vacancies
and increase tlieir cv.tablishments as they had for-
merly done. Th"y were to be protected in their
persons and property, upon the same footing as
under the i rench government. As many as about
liine-tentiis ofihe inhabitants of these provinces arc
Roman Ciitholics, who enjoy, under the present
government, the same provision, rights, and pri-
vileges, as were granted them in 1774, by the act
of the 14th of George 111. The rest of the people
are Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and a few of al-
most all tlie different sects of Christians.

(). Population.— 'l\w population of Canada has,
in the course of the last 40 years, more than trebled
itself. The first census after the English con-
quered the country, was made by Genera' Mur-
ray in 1765. This estimate falls consiut »bly
short of the population of 1758, as mentioneil by
Mr. lleriot in his recent wo, k. Mr. Ileiiot states,
that " the white inhabitants of Canada amounted
in 1738 to 91,000, exclusive ofthe regular troops,
who were augmented or diminished as the cir-
cumstances or exigencies of the country might re-
quire; that ths domiciliiiled Indians who were
collected into vilkiges in different situations in the
colony were about 1(),000, and the nuinlwr of
French and Canadians resident in Quebec was
nearly 8000." If the Indians and inhabitants of
(Quebec are not included in the first nnmlMjr, and we
suppose the Indians are not, as Mr. lleriot parti-
cularly incntioiis white inhabitants, the total popu-
lation, exclusive of regidar troops, would then be
1 15,000. The province of Canada was not divided
into Upper and Lower till the year 1792 ; the
census', therelore, that were taken antecedent to
that period, included the population of the whole
colony. We are not acquainted with the souice
from whence Mr. lleriot derived his information, but
the census of General Murray, seven years subse-
quent to 1758, stated the entire population of the
province to be, exclusive of the king's troops,
76,275. This uumlwr included the Indians, who
were stated to amount only to 7400. ller(! is n
vast and surprising decrease of the itdiabitants in
the course of sev«'n years ; and upon the supposi-
tion that tlie numbers in 1758 were 115,000, there

is a loss of no less than 38,725 ; but taking it only
at 91,000, still there is a decrease of 14,72> ofthe
colonists and native inhabitants. We niiiy eisily
suppose that a long war, and finally the subjuga-
tion of the country, by a power totally opposite ia
national manners, character, ami principie.s, must
have occasioned a considerable dimimition jf its
))opulation ; for besides those who were lost in
l)attle, numbers no doubt emigrated to Old Fnnce
or t » otlitT countries where they might fi;id a fo-
verr ment more congenial to their habits and ?:enti-
mei.*s. If we look at the number of 'udiaiis whom
Mr. lleriot states to have been domiciliated in fho
provii.ce in 1758, and the number given in by the
census of 1765, we shall there alone find a loss of
8600. It is possible that the ravages of war might
occasion this great loss, for in the course of a Ccun-
paign, the Indians are oltener opposed to enemies
of their own description than to the European ar-
mies, and their mode of fighting occasions agri>ater
slaughter. We have no doubt, therefore, that
this remarkable decrease of the population of Ca-
nada, in the course of so short a period, may Ix;
satisfactorily accounted for, when we consider the
war that preceded the conquest, and the very un-
settled state of the country for a considerable time
after that event. The dissensions between the
army and civil power of tl>e Uritish govein-
ment, and the disgust which the French noblesse,
the clergy, and inhabitants, felt at being subjected
to the will of a foreign people, must have strongly
tended to emigration, and contributed, with the
losses sustained by the war, to thin the population
of tlw! colony, which was far froiri being recruited
by Mritish settlers, who, in ix years after the con-
q\icst, did not amount to mt re than 500 persons.
In no other way, (if Mr. Heriot's statement be
correct), can we account for the difference between
the |)opulation of 1758 and the census of 1765.
In 1783 another census was taken by order of the
Canadian government; since tlien no other has
been made, nor have we any data upon which we
can rely, for the forming a correct estimate ofthe
state of the country and its population at the pre-
sent day. But, by a comparison of the census of
I7(i5 and 1783, we may be enabled to judge ofthe
benefits which Canada has received from its nw
government, and perhaps form some notion of its
progress for the last 20 years ; for this purpose we
shall present them in detail.

Census'!

M ».

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<UVJF

CANADA.

2(i.*t

:ii

CENSUS' OF THE PROVINCE OF CANADA.

Date of the
cunius.

Number of
iuhabitauts.

Arrcs of land
iu cultivation.

liuxlitls of

grain sown

yearly.

Horses.

Oxen, cows,

and yoini);

homed cattle.

Slici^i.

Swine.

1765

1783

76,275
113,012

764,604
1,. 569 ,8 18

194,724}
383,3491

33,757
30,096

50,329
98,591

27,064
84,666

28,976
70,406

Increase in
18 years.

36,737

805,214

188,625

16,339

48,262

57,602

41,490

These statistical accounts are highly satisfactory ;
and exhibit, in a clear and convincing manner, the
benefits that have resulted to the colony under t)ie
excellent constitution of Great Britain. No sooner
was a regular form of government establis!ied, and
tiie minds of (he people tranquillized, than British
subjects were induced to emigrate to Canada, and
embark their property in agricultural or com-
mercial speculations. These enterprising settlers
communicated their spirit, in a certain degree, to
the old inhabitants ; and hence tlie surprising in-
crease of population, commerce, and agriculture,
which took place in the short period of 18 years.
Since the year 1783, the colony has been gradually
advancing in improvement. Its commerce has at
times fluctuated considerably ; but population and
agriculture hrvc rapidly augmented. The number
of inhabitants in Lower Canada, at the present
day, is computed by Mr. Heriot at 250,000 ; btit
we think this estimate is much exaggerated, for if
we calculate the population agreeably to the ratio

of its increase from 1765 to 1783, during which
period of 18 years it augmented nearly one-half,
we shall find that in 25 years, from 1783 to I80S,
the total amount will not exceed 200,000 ; and thii.-
number, we are of opinion, is nearest the truth.
Upper Canada is stated by Mr. Heriot to liav«
80,000 inhabitants : this number may possibly Iw
correct; but we prefertlie authorities wh ;h compute
it at only 60,000; truth, however, may perhaps
be fomid in tlie medium between the two. There
is every reason to suppose that no diminution
whatever has t iken place in any part of those de-
tails ; but that the augmentation which occurred
between 1765 and 1783 has continued, with little
variation, in the same regular manner, for the last
25 years. Upon this hypothesis we shall oiler the
following statistical statement for the year 1808.
Iu the absence of official documents, it may afford
some idea of the resources of Lower Canada at tlie
present day.

1808.

Population.

Fffective mili
tia.

Acres of land
in cultivation.

Bushel* ut'

grain sown

yearly.

Horses.

Oxtj, cows,

and youag

horned cattle.

Shfcp.

Svrine.

200,000

60,000

3,760,000

920,000

79,000

236,000

286,000

212,000

Of the inhabitants of Lower Canada not more
than one-tenth are British, or American settlers
from the United States. In Upper Canada the
population is almost entirely composed of the lat-
ter, and of British subjects who have emigrated
from various parts of the united kingdom. Very
few French people reside in that province ; and it
is a remarkable circumstance, that among all the
British residents in the two colonies, not 200
Knglishmen perhaps can be found. Wj are
told that at Quel)ec thei'; are not more than
\'2 or 14 oftluit countiy; the rest are cither Jrish

or Scotch, though the former bear no proportion
to the latter, who are distributed from one end of
the Canadas to the other. The Irish emigrate
more to the United States than to Canada, and no
less than 30,0(:0 aiesaid to have emigrated thither
in 1801. Being discontented with their own go-
vci'nment, they endeavour to seek relief under a fo-
reign one, whose virtues have been so grealiy ex-
aggerated, and whose excellent projierfies have
been extolled to the skies. A few months, how-
ever, convince them of their error, and those who
arc not sold to their American masters generally]

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264

CANADA.

ffiiu! their way info Upper Canada. Of all the
British crnigrants the Scotch are the most in-
dcfiitigablc and persevering. In poverty they
leave tiieir native liome ; yet bcldom return to
it witiioiit a handsome coapctency. Their pa-
tient diligence and submission in (he pursuit of
riches, togetlicr with tiieir general knowledge and
jrood sense, render tliein hi;;h]y beneficial to the
mother country ; while their natural i)artiality for
tiieir nnciciit soil secures their steady attachment
and adlierence to the [Jrilish goveriinieiit.

7. /ii'ii?u}f7s mid Ciislims.—TUi.' houses of the
lla!)itans arc cum|}oscd of logs slightly smoothed
with the axe, laid upon ciicli other, and dove-
liiiled at the corners. Sometimes a frame-work is
first constructed, and (he logs laid upon each other
between two grooves. The interstices arc tilled with
clay or mud, and tiic sides of the building washed
outside and in, with lime dissolved in water. This,
they say, lias the property of preserving the wood
better than paint from the elli'c.ts of the weather
and vermine ; at all events, it has the property of
being cheaper, which is a coisideration of more im-
portance to them than weather or vermine. The
chimney is built in the centre of the house ; and
the room which contiins the iire-place is the
kitchen. The rest are bed-rooms, for it matters not
how many apartments a house consists of; they are
seldom without one or two b<'ds in each, according
to the size of the family. This indispensable piece
of furniture, which is always placed in one corner
of the room, is a sort of four-post bedstead without
the pillars, and raised three or four feet from the
ground. At the iiead there is generally a canopy
or tester fixed against the wall, under which tlie
bed stands ; upon the bedstead is placed a feather or
straw bed, with the usual clothes, and covered with
a patcii work counterpane, or green stufl" quilt. In
winter, the men frequently lay (iiemselvcs along the
hearth, or by the stove, wrapped up in abii ffalorobe.
In the middle of the night they willget up, stir tiie
fire, smoke their pipe, and lie down again till morn-
ing. The furniture is plain and simple, and most
commonly of their own workmanship. A few
wooden chair?, with twig or rush bottoms, and
two or three deal tables, are placed in each room,
and are seldom very ornamental ; they, however,
Eullice, with a proper number of wooden bowls,
trenchers, and spoons, ("or the use of the family at
meals. A press and two or three large chests con-
tain their wearing apparel, and other property.
A budet in one corner contains their small dis-
play of cups, saucers, glasses, and tea-pots, while
a few broken sets may perhaps grace the mantle-
piece. A large clock is often found iu their best

apartment, and the sides of the room nrc oriia-
mcnted with little pictures, or waxen images of
saints and crucifixes, of the holy virgin atid her
son. An iron stove is generally placed in the
largest apartment, with a pipe passing through
the others into the chimney. The kitchen dis.
plays very little more than kettles of soup, tureens
of milk, a fable, a dresser, and a few chairs.

The children of the llabitans are generally
pretty when young, but from sitting over tlie
stoves in winter, and labouring in the fields in
summer, their complexion becomes swarthy, and
their features ordinary and coarse. The boys
adopt the pernicious habit of smoking, almost as
soon as they have strength to hold a pipe in their
mouth : this must insensibly injure the constitu-
tion, though from the mildness of their tobacco,
its effects must be less deleterious than that used in
the United States or British West Indies. The
girls, from manual labour, become strong-boned
and masculine ; and after .SO vears of age, have
every appearance of early decrepitude ; yet their
constitutions frequently remain robust and healthy,
and some few live to a consideraDie a^e. Tlie
women are prolific, and fat chubby children may
be seen at every Habitan's door. We have never
heard, however, that the St. Lawrence possesses
such properties as are ascribed to the waters of flic
Mississippi, which are said to (icilitate procrea-
tion in the Louisianian females. It is even said,
that women who, in other parts of tlie work!
could never breed, have become pregnant in a
year after their arrival in Louisiana. The man-
ners of the Iliibitans <ire easy and polite. Their
behaviour to strangers is never influenced by the
cut of a (Wit or a fine perrivvig. It is civil and
rcspeetrul to all, without distinction of persons.
They treat tl'. ir superiors with that polite defe-
rence whiih neither debases the one, nor exalts
(lie oiI;cr. They are never rude to their inferiors
bee uisc flu y are poor, tor if they do not relieve
poverty, they will not insult it. Their carriage
and depoitinint aro easy and unrestrained ; and
they have the air of men who have lived all (heir
days in a toun nilier than in the country. They
live on goo.l terms wilh eaeli other; parents and
cliildr<Mi to the rdird 'j;e:ieralion residing frequently
in o:ie house. The faini h divided as long as
there is an acre to divide; and their desire of
liviuij together is a proof that they live happy,
otherwise they would be anxious to part. They
are fond of cclibriling their marriages with great
pomp ; and those- who live in the towns, and are
married in tlie morning, often parade the streets
with their friends iu the afternoon. The carriages J

urn t>

CANADA.

265

[made use of in Canada, are ciilashcs for the sum*
nier, and cariolcs and bcrlins for the ivinter. The
calash is in general use all over the cciuntry, and
is used alike by the gentry and llabitans ; only
that those belonpi'ig to the former arc of a superior
description. The caiash is a sort of one*l>orse-
cliaise, capable of holding two persons ixisides
(he driver, who sits in front upon a low scat, with
Ills feet resting upon ti.e shafts. The harness is
sometimes very heavy, and studded with a great
number of brass nails, but that is now nearly ex-
ploded, and has given place to a much lighter
and simpler caparison, it is used as well for carts
as for the calash, and is several pounds lighter
than the cumbersome English collar and harness.
Plated harness is used for the best calashes, though
made in the same simple form, and requires merely
a ring and a bolt, which, fastened to each shaft,
secures the horse in the cart [or calash, the sleigh
or the cariole. The carioles nearly resemble the
body of a one-horse-chaise, placed upon two
runners, like the irons of a pair of skates. They
arc painted, varnished, and lined like the better
sort of calashes. The driver generally stands up
in front, though there is a scat for liim similar to
that in the calash. Between him and the horse,
there is a high pannel, which reaches up to his
breast, and prevents the splashes from being
thrown into the cariole. The body of the vehicle
is sometimes placed on high runners of iron,
though in general the low wooden runners are pre-
ferred, as they are not so liable to be upset as the
others. Seldom more than one horse is driven in
the cariole, but the dashing youths in the army,
the government service, or among the merchants,
are fond of displaying their scientific management
of the whip in the tandem style. There is hardly
a Habitant in Canada who docs not keep his horse
and cart, calash, and berlin. Carters arc also
numerous in the towns, and calashes or carioles,
fic. may be hired of them at a moderate price.
They stand in the market-places, both winter and
summer, looking out for employment. Their
horses are generally in good condition, though
their labour is hard, and their treatment severe.
Tlic French Canadians are remarkably civil to
each other, and bow and scrape as they pass along
the streets. The carmen or peasants ure used to
meet cap in hand, with bodies bent to each other ;
sometimes the men kiss each other on the cheek,
but the practice is not in general use. They are
extremely civil and polite to strangers, and take
off their tap to every person, indifferently, whom
they pass on the road. They seldom quarrel but
wlien intoxicated ; at other times they are good

VOL. I.

humoured, peaceable, and friendly. Thoy arc
fond of dancing and cntcrldiiniiciits at particular
seasons and festivals, r-.i which occasions tliey
eat, drink, and danjc in constant succession.
When their long fiiFl in L.mt is concluded, tliey
have their " jours grus," or days of feasting.
Tiien it is thut every production of their farm is
presented for the gratification of their appetites;
iinmcnse turkey-pics ; huge joints of pork, beef,
and mutton ; spacious tureens of soup, or thick-
milk ; besides fish, fowl, and a plentiful supply
of fruit-pics, decorule the board. Perhaps 30 or
100 sit down to dinner ; rum is drank by the half
pint, often without water ; the tables groan with
their load, and the room resounds with jollity and
merriment. No sooner, hov'vcr, does the clash
of the knives and finks cease, than the violin
strikes up, and the dances commence. Minuets,
and a sort of reels or jigs, rudely performed to the
discordant scrapings of a couple of vile fiddlers,
conclude the festival. Sec account of the inhabi-
tants of QuBBEC under that article.

8. Government. — The form of government in
Canada is an epitome of the British constitution.
In the Upper province it assimilates itself nearer
to that of the parent country than in Lower Ca-
nada, the laws of which have unavoidably been
obliged to admit of some local alterations, in order
to adapt them to the majority of the people whom
they govern, and who differ in so many respects
from those of Upper Canada. The civil govern-
ment of the province consists of a governor, who
is also a military man, and commander-in-chief
of the forces; a lieutenant-governor, an executive
and legislative council, and house of assembly.
In the absence of the governor and lieutenant-go-
vernor, the president of the executive council
succeeds to the head of affairs, as was exactly
tlic case a few years since ; Mr. Dunn being
then president of the province, in the absence of
general Prescott, the governor, and Sir Robert
Milnes, the lieutenant-governor. On such oc-
casions, the powers of the president are more cir-
cumscribed than those of the governor, and even
the executive council is t'.morous, and reluctant
to take any responsibility j)on itself. The execu-
tive council, like the privy council of ringland,
has the management of the executive part of the
government, and is appointed by his Majesty.
The legislative council, and house of assembly,
form tlic provincial parliament. The governor,
or person administering the government, repre-
sents the sovereign, and opens, prorogues, or
dissolves the assembly ; gives or refuses his as-
sent to bills, or reserves them for his Majesty's]

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CANADA.

[pleasure. The bills to whicli lie nsscnts,'arc put
in force immediately, and true copies transmitted
to tlic British government, for the approl)ation of
the king in council. Certain acts of the provin-
cial parliament, which go to repeal or vary the
laws that were in existence at the time the present
constitution was estahlislied, resjiecting titlies ;
the appropriation of land for tiie support of the
Protestant clergy ; the constituting and endowing
of parsonages and rectories ; the riglit of presenta-
tion to the same ; the enjoyment and exercise of
any mode oi' worship ; tiic imposing of any bur-
thens or disqualitications on account of the same ;
the riglits of the clergy to recover their accustom-
ed dues or emoluments to any ecclesiastics; the
establishment and discipline of the church of
England ; the king's prerogative concerning the
granting of waste lands of the crown witliin the
province ; arc to be laid before the British parlia-
ment before they receive the royal assent. The
acts of the provincial parliament are merely of a
local nature, regulating the interior of the country,
and creating a revenue for the maintenance of the
government. Tho legislative council consists of
J5 members, appointed for life by the governor,
who is invested with powers for that purpose by
his Majesty. No one can be a counsellor who is
not 21 years of age, and a natural Iwrn subject,
or naturalized according to act of parliament.
The house of assembly consists of 50 members,
who are chosen for districts and counties by
those who are possessed of freehold property of
the clear yearly value of 40/. The members for
cities and towns arc chosen by voters, whose pro-
perty consists of a dwelling house and lot of
{[round, of the yearly value of five pounds ster-
ing, or who have resided in the town for 12
months previous to the writ of summons, and shall
have paid one year's rent for a dwelling or lodg-
ing, at the rate of 10/. sterling per annum. No
person is eligible to a seat in the house of assembly
who belongs to the legislative council, or that is
a minister of religion, or not a natural born sub-
ject, or naturalized according to law or conquest ;
nor any person that has I)cen attainted of treason,
or disqualified by any act of the provincial par-
liament. All religions are tolerated in Canada in
the fullest extent, and no disqualification on that
account exists for the purpose of preventing any
person from a seat in the provincial parliamerit.
Catholics, .Jews, and Protestants, have all an
equal right to sit, provided they arc not disquali-
fied from any other cause. The assembly is not
to last longer than four years, but may be dissolved
sooner, and the governor is bound to call it at

least once in each year. The oath of a mem-
ber taking his scat is comprised in a few words.
lIe])romises to bear true allegiance to tlie king,
as lawful sovereign of Great Britain, and the

[irovince of Canada dependent upon it ; to defend
lim against all traitorous conspiracies and at-
tempts against his person, and to make known to
him all such conspiracies and attempts which he
may at anytime be acquainted with : nil which he
promises, without mental evasion, reservation, or
equivocation, at the same time renouncing all par-
dons and dispensations from any person or power
whatsoever. The provincial parliament is held in
the old building called the Bishop's Palace, situate
between the grand battery and Prcscot gate, at the
top of Mountain street. Theassembly remains sitting
for about three months in the winter, and out of 50
members, seldom more than SO attend ; one or other
contrive to elude their duty by pleas of illness or
unavoidable business. The French have a large
majority in the house of assembly, their number
being 36 to 14 British. The speeches are therefore
mostly in French, for the English members fill un-
derstand and speak that language, while very few
ofthe French members have any knowledgeof Eng-
lish. The debates, turning entirely upon questions
of a mere local nature, are seldom interesting.

Previous to the year 1774, the country was go-
verned by the ordinances of the governor alone;
bjit the Quebec bill of that year extended Canada
to its ancient limits ; and its original system of
civil law, the " Custom of Paris," was restored.
A new form of government was introduced, and
the Roman Catholic clergy, except the monks
and Jesuits, were secured in the legal enjoyment
of their estates, and of their tithes, from all who
were of the Romish religion. No person profess-
ing the Protestant religion was to be subject to
the payment of tithes, their clergy being support-
ed by the government. The French laws were
introtluced in civil cases, and the English law,
and trial by jury, in criminal cases. In 1791 a
bill was passed, which repealed the Quebec bill
of 1774, and divided Canada into two separate
provinces, the one called Lower, and the other
Upper Canada. By this bill, the present form
of government was established ; and the Canadians
now enjoy all the advantages of the British con-
stitution. In 1794 an act was passed for divid-
i'lg the province of T^ower Canada into three
districts, and for angiucnting the number of
judges.

9. The military/. — The British government
seems at present disposed to maintain its posses-
sions in Canada upon a respectable footing. Many]

■.mm

ce, situate

CANADA.

267

I'new appointments liavc tukcn place in mat coun-
try, particularly in the military department. Six
inspecting field-officers of militia arc among the
number ; but it is not yet kno^vn upon what plan
the militia is to be organized, or whether it is to be
organized at all. At present there are not 1000
cither in Quebec, Three llivcrs, or Montreal, that
ure armed ; and they have furnished themselves
with clothing and accoutrements at their own
cxpcnce, and are in every respect like our volun-
teers, except that the latter nru superior to them
indiscipline. At the time that n war was expect-
ed, in 1807, between Great Britain and the
United States, the Canadian people universally
ofTered to embody themselves for the defence of
the country. The services of only 5000 wore ac-
cepted, and they were never armed, as the neces-
sity of the case was not very urgent. The alacrity
and zeal with which the Canauians came forward,
were liowever highly hnnuurable to them, and
afforded a strong proof of their good sense, in pro-
perly appreciating the happiness which they enjoy
under a mild and liberal government. The British
and FrenchCanauiansaredividcd into sepn.rate corps
of militia, and officered by their own people ; a
distinction which might as wci'> be dispensed with,
for it is calculated to prevent that union of interest
and sentiment, which ought to prevail between all
classes of his Majesty's subjects in the colony.

10. Lazes. — The laws are now administered by
two chief justices, and six puisne judges, who
are divided equally between Quebec and Mont-
real. The chief justice of Quebec has however
the largest salary, and the title of chief justice of
the province. There is also a provincial judge
for the district of Three Rivers, who resides there,
and is assisted at the two superior terms by the
chief justice of Quebec, and one of the puisne
judges. The chief presides there only in crimi-
nal causes. There is also a judge of the court of
vice-admiralty, who resides at Quebec ; and a
provincial judge for the inferior district of Gaspc,
who resides on that government. Besides the
judges, there is an attorney-general, resident at
Quebec, and a solicitor-general, resident at Mont-
real. Exclusive of the courts of king's bench and
common pleas, there is a court of appeal, which
sits the first Monday in every month, as long as
business requires. This court is composed of the
governor, or person administering the govern-
ment, and five or more members of the executive
council, with those judges wlio have not pre-
viously heard or decided upon the causes which
are appealed. A further appeal may be made to
his Majesty in council. The courts of quarter

sessions of the peace arc held four times a year.
The police of Quebec, Montreal, and Three
Rivers, is in the hands of tlie justices of the
peace : they also regulate the price of bread every
month, and meet once a week to determine petty
causes and offences under ten pounds. Counsel-
lors nttciid, and argue for their clients, who arc
nut to great expence for summonses, fees, &c.
The whole of the business has devolved into the
Jiands of tlic three magistrates, who erected the
edifice for the butchers in the Upper Town mar-
ket-place ; and tliough there are upwards of 30
justices of tlie peace in Quebec, yet few, except
the triumvirate, ever act as such. These magis*
trates decide causes with as much judgment as
they design building:^. 'J'helaws of Lower Canada
are, I. The " Coutumc de Paris," or Custom of
Paris, as it existed in France in the year 1G66, in
which year tiie custom was reformed. II. The
civil or Roman liiw in cases where the custom of
Paris 11. silent. 111. The edicts, declarations, and
ordinances of the French governors of Canada.
IV. The acts of the British parliament made con-
cerning Canada. V. The English criminal law
in tola, and the acts of the provincial parliament.
This complication of French and English laws
is rendered necessary by the two difl'erent com-
munities }vhich exist in Canada, and may be di-
vided into four distinct parts, viz. The criminal,
civil, commercial, and maritime laws. The cri-
minal law is wholly English, and in its adminis-
tration, all are universally subject to its operations
without distinction of persons. The civil law, or
compound of laws regarding property, is taken
from the " Coutumc of Paris," from the civil law
of the Romans, or from such edicts, declarations,
and ordinances concerning property, as have been
made at any time by the French governors of
Canada. To this civil jurisprudence, both the
British and French Canadians, in certain cases,
are subject. These laws embrace a variety of
subjects, particularly the feudal tenures, seignio-
ries, fiefs, and estates held nobly or by villain-
age ; moveable or immoveable property, marriage
dowers, and community of property between man
and wife. The commercial laws relate to mer-
cantile transactions, and are regulated nearly in
the same manner as in England ; except that in
such cases there are no trials by jury, which are
confined only to the criminal law. The maritime
law, or court of vice-admiralty, is wholly Eng-
lish. Law proceet'.ings are carried on both in
English and French. At the first settling of the
colony, extensive lots of land, called seigniories,
many of th^ from one to five hundred square]

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CANADA.

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[miles in size, were t^ranfeil to olliccvs of ihc army
and gentlcmen-ntlveiiturers : These lots were situ-
ated on the borders of tlie river St. Lawrence,
from Knmonraska to several leagues heyorul
Montreal, coiii])rehendirig a distance of more than
300 miles. These great proprietors, who were
generally men of moderate or small fortunes, and
unskilled in agriculture, were unahle lo manage
■uch vast estates : they were, therefore, under the
necessity of making over their lands to soldiers or
planters, on condition that tliey should receive n
quit-rent and certain services for eve". This
was introducing into America a species of tenure
somewhat simitar to that of the feudal government,
which had so long been fatal to Europe. The
superior ceded a portion of land to each of his
vassals, of about three acres in breadth, and from
70 to 80 in depth, commencing from tlie banks of
the river, and running back into the woods ; thus
forming that immense chain of settlements which
now exists along the shores of St. Lawrence. The
vassal, on his part, engaged to work at certain
periods in the seignior's mill, to pay him annu-
ally one or two sols per acre, and a bushel and
half of corn, for the whole grant. This tax, though
but a small one, maintained a considerable num-
ber of idle people, at the expence of the only class
with which the colony onght to have been peo-
pled ; and the truly useful inhabitants, those
engaged in laborious employments, found the bur-
den of maintaining a lazy noblesse increased by
the additional exactions of the clergy. The tithes
were imposed in 1G67, and though this grievous
tax upon industry was reduced to a 35th part of
the produce of the soil, yet even that was an
oppression in an infant colony, and a grievance in
a country where the clergy had property allotted
them suiBcicnt for their maintenance. There
are two kinds of tenure in Lower Canada, viz. the
feudal tenure, and the tenure in free and common
soccage. By the first ail the French Canadians
bold their lands, under certain distinctions. By
free and common soccage arc held those lands
trhich the British settlers have received from the
crown, few of them holding lands under the feudal
tenure. In order to give some idea of the feudal
tenure in this country, it will be necessary to give
a sketch of tlie principal chapters of the '* Custom
of Paris." The first and most difficult chapter
treats of fiefs, the origin of which is uncertain.
Before we come to the definition of the nature
and different kinds of fiefs, it must be observed,
that estates are divided into two kinds in the Cus-
tom of Pari: : First, those held nobly ; and, second-
ly, those held by Tillainagc. The estates held

nobly, arc the fiefs and Franc atcu noble; and
the estates held by villainage, are tliosc held s»ib-
ject io cenn or ccnitivr, ami Franc nleti villaui.
FirJ is an estate held and possessed on condition
of tealty and homage, and certain rights, payable
generally by the new possessor to the lord of
Avhom the fief is held ; these rights are quint and
relirf. The riuint is the fifth part of the purchase
money, and nmst be paid by the purchaser : this
is somewhat similar to the fine of alienation, whicl.,
by the ancient English tenure, was paid to the
lord upon every mutation of the tenant s property.
7?e/»>/ is the revenue of one year, due to the lord
for certain nnitalions, as if a fief comes to a vassal
by succession in the direct line, there is nothing
due to the seignior but fealty and homage ; but
if in the collateral line, then a fine or composition
is paid to the lord upon taking up the estate,
which was lapsed or fallen by the death of the last
tenant. The feudal lord, within 40 days after
the purchase of a fief has been made known to
him, can take it to himself by paying to the
purchaser the price which he gave for it, with all
lawful charges. This privilege, enjoyed by the
feudal lord, (and in Canada by the king), is for
the purpose of preventing frauds in the disposal of
fiefs ; for it has sometimes happened, that by an
understanding between the buyer and seller, the
quint or fifth has been paid upon only one half, or
even a quarter, of the purcnase money, instead
of the whole. By the right, therefore, which the
lord possesses of purchasmg the property himself,
whenever the nominal sum is not equal to the value
of the fief, he immediately ascertains the actual
amount of the purchase money, and either receives
the whole of the fifth share, or takes the property
into his own hands, at a price considerably below
its real value. If the fine is paid immediately,
only one-third of the quint can be demanded.
The succession to fiefs is different from that of
property held en roture^ or by villainage. The
eldest son takes by right the chateau or principal
manor-house, and the yard adjoining to it ; also
an acre of the garden joining to the manor-house.
If there arc any mills, ovens, or presses, within
the seigniory, they belong to the eldest son ; but
the profits arising from the mills, (whether com-
mon or not), and from the ovens and press, if com-
mon, must be equally divided among the heirs.
When then; aro only two heirs coming to the
succession, the eldest son takes, besides the ma-
nor-house, &c. two thirds of the fief; and the
youngest son takes the; other third : but when
there arc more than two heirs, the elder son takes
the one half, and the other heirs take the remain-J

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CANADA.

269

Ting half. When there are only daughters com-
jng lo the succession, the fief is equally divided
among them, the eldest daughter having no birth-
right. In succciisioiis to ncfs in the collateral
li'ie, females do not succeed witli males in the same
degree, if the eldest hon dies, the next does not
succeed to bis liirth-right ; but the estate must be
equally divided among the heirs. Dane a/eu is a
freehold estate, held subject to no seigniorial rights
or duties, iicknowledging no lord but the kmg.
Censke is an estate held in the feudal manner,
charged with a certain animal rent, which is paid
by the possessor of it. It consists of money,
fowl^, or grain. It is thus that most of the Habi<
tans I.'old their farms. The lodt et vetites, or fines
of alienation, are one twelfth part of the purchase
money, and are paid by the purchaser on all mu-
tations of property f « roture (or soccage) to the
seignior, in the same manner as the quint is paid
upon mutations of fiefs. The seignior has also the
same right of purchasing the property within 40
days, in case he suspects that there is any collusion
iKtween the parties to defraud him of his dues.
The succession to estates held en roture is re-
gulated difl'crently from the successions to fiefs,
that is to say, that the heirs all succeed equally to
estates en roture. The seignior, whenever he finds
it neccessary, may cut down timber for the pur-
pose of budding mills and making roads, which
are considered of general benefit to his tenants.
He is also allowed one-tenth of uU the fish caught
on his property, besides an exclusive right to the
profits of his grist-mills, to which all his vassals
are obliged to carry their corn, and pay a 'certain
portion for the grinding it. Some of the rents
paid by the Ilabitans to their seigniors, amount to
10 or 15 shillings per annum ; otl"»rs pay no more
than a sol, a capon, or a bushel oi wheat. But
from the lads et vetites, upon the sale of farms, the
seigniors often derive from 30/. io 200/. or SOOl.
per annum ; even the barren seigniory of Gron-
tlines brought the seignior in one year upwards of
80/. Farms on good land will sell, according to
their size, from 100/. to 500/. The Canadian go-
vernment paid upwards of 300/. for a farm wliich
tbey purchased for a certain individual, thoug)> it
only consisted of 60 acres clear, and 20 acres wood
land. The same was situated on liic seigniory of
Becancour, iit the district of Three Rivers. Mr.
Hart, the seignior, received between 40/. and 50/.
from the government, as his /ods et vehft^s. It will
be perceived, by the practice of dividing the seig-
niories, fiefs, and farms, among the children of their
proprietors, bow much the power of the seigniors
must be reduced, and the people involved in litiga-

tion and disputes. Hence the noblesse are now
nearly reduced to the common mass of the vulgar,
and the Ilabitans make but little progress towards
the acquisition of properly and power.

Witli respect to the division of property in ge-
neral, according to the civil law of Canada, it
consists of moveable and immoveable property.
Moveable property is any thing that can be moved
without fraction. Immoveable property is any
thing that cannot be moved, and is divided into
two kinds, proprcs and acquits (acquisition.)
Propre is an estate which is acquired by succes-
sion in (he direct or collateral line ; and acquU
is an estate or property that is acquired by any
other means. Community of property is the
])artncrship w hich huband and wife contract on
marrying ; but they may stipulate in their mar-
riage-contract, that there shall be no community
of property between them. The doty or dowry,
is all the property which the wife puts into the
community, whether moveable or immoveable.
But immoveable property falling to her in a direct
or collateral line, is a propre or real estate to her,
and docs not fall into the community. The dower
is a certain right given to the wife by law, or by
particular agreement ; it is of two kinds, the cus-
tomary dower, and the stipulated dower. The
former consists of half the property which the
husband was possessed of at the time of their mar-
riage, and half of all property which may come
to him in a direct line. The stipulated dower is a
certain sum of money, or portion of property,
which the husband gives instead of the customary
dower. The widow has only the use of the cus-
tomary dower during her lifetime ; at her death
it falls to the children, who did not accept the
the succession of their father; but her heirs suc-
ceed to the stipidated dow(!r. Hence, by the
community which exists in marriage, no mau
can dispose of any part of his properly without the
consent of his wife ; and some compensation or
present is generally made to the lady on those oc-
casions. A gentleman, it is well known, Avas
once nearly prevented from purchasing a house,
had not the fortunate interference of a quarter-cask
of Madeira, and a piece of fine Russia sheeting,
created a considerable change in the sentiments of
his lady.

The custom of allowing community of property
in mariages has frequently proved injurious to the
survivor. If the wifb died without a will, the
children, when of age, would demand their mo-
ther's share ; and it has often happened that the
father has been obliged to sell c Tall his property,
in order to ascertain its value, and divide it among J

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CANADA.

[the claimants. The \ot» of n good business, or an
estate, has sometimes been the consequence oj* this
law. The parents now i^ct wiser, and make wills
which regulate the disposal of their property agree-
able io the wishes of the survivor. The law of
dowers has also giren rise frequently to fraud.
Some of the Canadians have opened a store with

foods purchased on credit, and made over, pcr-
aps, one-half to the wife as licr dower ; tliey have
then failed, and their creditors have lost their
money. 8ome alterations and improvements have,
however, been introduced of late, whicli render
collusion, in such cases, less practicable. !Vo pro-
perty in Lower Canada is secure to the purchaser,
unless advertised and sold by the sheriff", which
clears it from all incumbrances and after-claims.
Sometimes a written agreement is entered into be-
tween the buyer and seller, in which the latter ex-
onerates the tbrmer from all claims upon the pro-
perty ; but this is fur from being safe, and is rely-
ing wholly upon the honour of another ; for the
buildings, lands, &c. may be seized by the credi-
tors of the estate, even though it might have passed
through 20 private sales since the debts were con-
tracted. The sale of property advertised by the
sheriff, may \k delayed by an opposition put in
for the wife's dower, or on account of an illegal
seizure. The power of arrests in Canada is limited .
If an affidavit is made, that a man is about to leave
the province in debt, for a sum exceeding 10/.
sterhng, the debtor may be arrested, and detained
in prison until the debt is paid. But if he will
swear that he is not worth 10/. sterling, the court
will order the creditor to pay him five shillings
currency per week.

From the foregoing sketch of Canadian juris-
prudence, it may be easily conceived how puz-
zling and intricate some parts of the civil law
must prove, and how much the Habitans are ex-
posed and laid open to oppression from their
seigniors, undjr the feudal tenures. This sub-
ject was formerly canvassed in the provincial as-
sembly by some of the English members, who
were for having proper bounds fixed to the power
of the seigniors, and having all the fines and ser-
vices due from their vassals accurately ascertained,
and made generally known. But the French
members, who had a great majority in the house,
strongly opposed it, and the subject was dropped.
Instances of oppression on the pirt of the seigniors
are, however, fortunately very rare, and the Ha-
bitans enjoy their property quiet and unmolested ;
yet, in case of violent outrage, they can always
come under the protecting power of the British
laws, which will afford them tnat security of which

their own are destitute. The Canadians have no
reason to complain of the change of governinnnt.
Before the conquest, they were ofli-ri unatqiiiiinlcd
with that prolLctton which the laws now uilord
them.

The lawyers who practise in liower Cnnodii
arc nearly all French ; not more tliiin oiic-lil'lh at
most are English. They aw styled iidvocates,
and in the double capacity of coimscllor and at-
torney : formerly they included the profcssiviu of
notary pidilic ; but that is now scpuratcil Iroia tlio
rest, and forms a distinct profession. Jiaw-siiils
are niiincrons, find are daily increasing, as may bo
nscertiunod by the dulii's upon tlicui, for the pur-
pose (A' erecting the new court-house at Quebec.
In 1800 this tax produced 500/. per annum ; and
in 1H07 it hnd increased nearly to 1000/. p(!r
annum. Tht; duty is now discontinued, as the
object for which it was levied is accomplished.
The building cost about 5000/. currency,
1 1 . List of Governors of Cnnadttyfrom the conquest ^
with the date of their appointments.

James Murray, 21st November 1763.

P. M. Irvine, president, 30th .lune 1766.

Guy Carleton, lieutenant-governor and com-
mander in chief, S-ith September 1766.

Ditto, 26th October 17C8.

H.T. Cramah6, president, Sth August 1770.

Guy Carleton, 1 1th October 1774.

F. Ilaldiman, 1778.

H. Hamilton, lieutenant-governor and com-
mander in chief, 1784.

H. Hope, lieutenant-governor and commander
in chief, 1785.

Lord Dorchester, governor-general, 1786.

A. Clarke, lieutenant-governor and commander
in chief, 1791.

Lord Dorchester, 21th September 1793.

Hobert Prescott, 1796.

Sir Robert Milnes, lieutenant-governor, 1799.

Thomas Dunn, president, and superseded by
Sir James Craig, governor and captain-general,
1807.

Sir George Prevost, 1811.
List of the Counties in Lower Canada, the nun:

ber of Representatives in the Provincial '^sssem-

bly, and the number of Parishes.

Parishes. Members.
Gaspe - - 0* 1

Cornwallis - - 11 2

Devon . - 6 2

Hertford - - 7 2

Dorchester - - 4

Carried forward

iiilurd

Members.
1
2
2
2
2

CANADA.

Brouebt forward

tBuckinghanisuire
[iciiclicu
And fur Uic town of Sorul, in d
IJedford
Surrey
Kent

Huntingdon
York

Montreal •

EfTingham

Lcinster

Warwick

St. Maurice

Hampshire

Quebec

Northumberland
Orleans

Parisliea.

itlo

12
7

1
5

7
r,

3
8
4

Membcn.

4
y

2
2
2
2

for town
county

C county

'lirce } o
r ilivers $
2
county 2
town 4
2
1

12. /?0a(/s and Distances in Canada,

From Quebec to Halifax.

From Quebec to point Levi, cross the river

Thence to the portage at riviere du Cap

Theiicc io Timiskuata

Thence to the settlement of Maduaska

Thence to the great falls in river St. John

Thence to Frederick town

Thence to St. John's

Thence to Halifax ...

Miles.

12Ii

180

189|

70S

From Quebec to Michillimakinak, at the entrance

of hike Huron.
To Montreal

To Coteau du Lac - *

To Cornwall

To Matilda

To Augusta

To Kingston ^

To Niagara

To fort Erie

To Detroit

To Michillimakinak

184
225
266
301
3S5
S85
5?5
5C0
790
1107

4698

From Quebec to New York, jy way of Montred.

Milex.

To ca\,e Rouge
To St, Augusfin
To Jacques ('iirtier
To St. Anne's
To Three Rivers

150

To riviere du Loup • - 27

ToUcrthier . - - 22

To Uepentigne - - '32

To Montreal ... 18

To Laprairic • - 9

To St. John's - "^ - 14

To isle an Noix - -14

To Windmill point - - 19

To Savage's point - • (i

To Sandbar - - - 20
To Rurlington, the first post-towa in the

States - • - 14

To Skencsborough - -78

To fort Anne - - 12

To Dumorit ferry - - 24

ToWaterford - - 24

To Albany city - - 12

To Hudson city - - 34

ToRhincbeck - - 31

To Ponghkcepsie - - 17

ToPeckskill - - - 34 '

To Kingsbridgc - - 34 '

To New York - - 15

165

588

The cxpencc of travelling post in Lower Canada
is Is. currency per league.

The American packets on lake Champlain
charge from three to four dollars for the passage
from St. John's to Skencsborough, a distance of
nearly 160 miles.

From Skencsborough the traveller proceeds to
New Y'ork, in a waggon or stage, at the rate of
3d. sterling per mile.

13. Expences of (he Government. — The ex-
pences of the civil government in Lower Canada,
amounted in the year 1807 to 44,410/. os. \{d.
sterling: about three-fourths of this sum arc
defrayed by the province, out of the king's do-
mains, and duties payable on the importation
of certain articles into Lower Canada; the re-
mainder is supplied by Great Britain, who alsoj

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[supports the Protestant clergy, the military, and lowing statement of receipts and expences, upon

ndian establislvmer.ts. In order to aSbrd a clear an avornge of three years, from the time the new

idea of the expences of the gorernment of Lower constitution took place in 1791 to 1803, sincft

Canada, we shall present the reader with the ful- whicli tlie expences have augmented but little.

Table cf Receipts and Expences of the province of Lower Canada since the new constitution.

Receipts from the king's domains.

King's posts - . - - Let

Forges of St. Maurice, at Three Rivers, do.
King's quay at Quebec - - do.

Droit de quint, or fifth on fiefs
Cens ct rentes .....
Lods et ventcs . - - - -

Imposts and Duties.
Duty on sugar, ibreisn wine, coffee, molasses, and

pepper, 6 tieo. II. and 4 and 6 Geo. III.
Ditto on brandy, rum, and licences to rsti>' £rs of

strong liquors, 14 Geo. III. - . -

Duties imposed by the provincial parliamenf.

On wines, act passedf 1793 ....

On rum, molasses, sugars, tobacco, coffee, cards,
salt, licences to publicans and hawkers

On manufactured tobacco ....

On billiaruai ..----

On pilotuge, for improving the navigation of the
river .......

On wananls, law, &c, for replacing the 5000/. ad-
vanced for building the court-house, taken off
in 1807

Fines, penalties, &c. . . - . -

Total receipts
Expences of the Government.
Amount of warrants granted for the payment of the
civil expences, salaries, pensions, and incidental
expences - - - -

Expences of the legislative cou!^ "il and house of as-
sembly .-.--..

Total expences

1794

1798

jB. s. d.
400

4385 18 10
1842 16 6

25 12 1

5854 7 5

22,206 5 8

iS. s.

400

20 16

3828 13 11

11 3
6608 2

2084 18
9220 11

5i
6

4
5

260 14 4

342 8 9

1803.

t6. s. d.

400

850

300

263

4667 7 9

23 5 11

8476 3 I

1781 18

12,518 5 4

638 8 9

87 10

580 6 8

558 14
fib 12

22,780 9 4^1,241 4 10{

26,682 2
1517 15

22,0S 5 8 28,199 18

41,120 19 bi

2099 4 4i

43,220 S 10|

Amons
laid,

ments, .. , „ ,. r^ -a ■ ■

course of eight years, the duty has more than present supplied by Great Britaui.
doubled itself. It is frequentry retailed at 5s. per

Salaries]

Wk) V

^1 i'-i^

i '!?F-

CANADA.

6 8

14
13

lOi

Salaries}

[Salaries of tlic different officers bolontring <o
tliR Ciovcriimciit of liuwer Cuiiadu, in sterling
money.

(jovcrnor-gencral, if absent, 2000/. — rcsitlont 4(H)0
liioutcnant-govfrnor, ditto, 2000/. -ditto 4000
Tiioutcnant-govcrnor of Gaspe - - 400

T!iv; iv.einbers of tlie «'xecutive council, each 1(X)
Chief justice of Quebec and the province 1500
Cbi,.f justice of Montreal - -1100

Seven puisne judges, including their sala-
ries as counsellors, each - - 850
Provincial judge of Three Rivers - 500
Provincial judge of f iaspe - - 20C
Attorney-general, salary 300/. — Government

practice - - - 2000

Solicitor-general, salary 200/.— Ditto - 1500

Judge of the vice-admiralty court ' - 200

Protestant bishop of Canada - - 3500

Twelve Protestant clergymen, each from 200 to 500
Provincial secretary - - - 400
Secretary to the governor, clerk to the crown
in chancery, and clerk io the executive
council ; which three places arc held by
one person ... 800
Assistant secretary ... 200
Clerk in the chaleau-officc - - 120
' French translator to the government - 200
Provincial aide-de-camp - - 200
Adjutant-general of the militia - - 200
Receiver-general ... 400
Superintendant-general of the Indian depart-
ment - - - 1000
Storekeeper-general of the Indian depart-
ment - - - - S50
Inspectors and cultivators of hemp, each - 200
Inspector-general of accounts - - 360
Surveyor-general - - - 300
Deputy surveyor-general - - J 50
Grand voycr of the province - - 500
(irand voyer of Quebec, and superintendant

of post-houses - - - 250
Grand voyer of Montreal, 150/.— Three Ri

275

' 200

- 50

- 3000

R-i^l

vers, 90/. — Ciaspe - - - 50
Inspector-general of forests, and inspector

of police at Quebec - - 300

Inspector of police at Montreal - - 100
Inspector of chimneys at Quebec, CO/. —

Montreal, CO/.— Tliree Rivers - 15

Naval ollicer at Quebec - - 100

lliirbour-mastcr of Quebec - - 100

Interpreters to the Indians, each - 100
Siierilfs at Quebec and Montreal, 100/. eacli,

perquisites ... J ')()()

Sheriff at Three Rivers 50/. — perquikiles - 500

VOL. I.

Sheriff at Gaspe 10/. — perquisites
Coroners at Qu^'bec and Montreal, each
Pensions to various persons;, about

ExcKisivc of the cxpences for the civil establish-
ment of Lower ('anada, whicli are chiefly de-
frayed by the province, the Rrilish governnu'nt
is at considerable expence for the maintenance of
the English clergy, the distribution of presents io
the Indians, and the military force and fortifica-
tions requisite for the security of the colony.
The actual sum expended by Great Rritain ainin-
ally, on account of the two provinces, may be esti-
mated at about 500, f)00/. sterling. It must, how-
ever, Ihj observed, that the expences of the colony
arc alwitys in a fluctuating state, in consequence of
the increase or diminution of the military force,
and the extraordinary repairs of fortifK-ations.
The expences of the civil government in Upi)er
Canada are defrayed by direct taxes ; by duties
upon articles imported frcmi the United States;
and a sum granted by the Lower province out of
certain duties. In Upper Canada, lands, houses,
and mills ; horses, cows, pigs, and olher |)roperty,
are valued, and taxed at the rate of Id, in the pound.
Wood-lands are valued at 1,«. per acre, and culti-
vated lands at 50s. per acre. A house with only
one chimney pays no tax, but with two it is charged
at the rate ot 40/. ])er annum, though it may bo
but a mere hovel. The inhabitants of Lower Ca-
nada pay no direct taxes, except for the repair of
roads, highways, paving streets, &c. and then
they have the choice of working themselves, or
sending one of their labourers with a horse and
cart, &c. The revenue is raised, as stated in the
table of receipts and expences. The French Ca-
nadians are very averse to taxation in a direct way,
and much opposition is always experienced iVoni
the French members of the house of assembly,
whenever any proposition, however Ircnciicial, may
be offered which involves a direct cess. The uti-
lity of turnpikes has often been agitated in the
provincial parliament, and though the country
would be greatly improveil by the o])eniiig of new
roads and communications with distant s(>ttlements,
yet the measure has always been violently opposed
by th(^ French party. The connnunication be-
tween Canada and the United States, by the way
of lake Chaniplain, is extremely difiicnit ; the roads
are execrable, and will never be improved until
turnpikes are established upon them. A very con-
siderable trad(r is carried on between the two conn-

tries, and wouUI increase with the facility of oonr
uiuuication. The ignorance and obstinaij, how-

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CANADA.

fcvor, of scvrriil ol' (lie Froiich mcmbfrs, Jiavc
liidicrto liiiPlfd tlio more oil! irifcdaiul liberal views
of I he IJiitisli iiiercli mis, who arc ever desirous
of .dlonliiiiT tlie utmoMt Ihcility (o trade and coiu-
uicicc. r~

14. (^o ■thercc. — Tlic commerce of Canada, pre-
vious to (lie conquest of tlie country by tlie iMij^lisli,
vastriHiiiL'and unimportant, and the balance of trade
con.si(Ieral)ly aj^ainst the colony. It is only within
the last .VO years that it has become of sufficient
miijnitudeto claim the attention of enterprising in-
dividuals, and to be of political importance to the
mother-coniitry. \t was, jx'rliajis, an unfortunate
circumstance for Canada tiiat it was colonized by
i\\v In-rich, who are a people little qualilied for
agriculture, and less for conmierce. Tiieir flighty
and volatile imaginations having been checked by
tlie disappuiiitii'.eiit ot not discovering gold or
silver mines, by which they had promised them-
selves tlie immediate possession of imme.se riches,
they could ill brook a residence in such a dreary
«;ountiy, where the ground was covered onc-balf
the year w ith snow. Agriculture with them was
a matter of necessity rather than of choice, and it
is possible that they were very ignorant of that art.
The first settlers being cpmposed chiefly of soldiers,
and men of a roving and adventurous spirit, very
steady or regular habits c(»uld not be expected
from them. The chase, therefore, oflvred greater
charms than the slow and tedious process of agri-
, culture; and few could be found who did not
prefer t!ie gun to the plough. The produce of
the chase not only supplied them with provisions,
but also with clothing; and in a short time the
peltry which they procured in iiieir excursions,
came to be csMmated .it its proper value, and af-
forded them a very protitaijle aiiicle for exporta-
tion to the mother-country. The forests, indc-
j)endeiit of their animal productions, abounded
with inexhaustible quantities of valuable timber;
and tJie seas, rivers, and lakes, were equally abun-
dant in every species and .iriety offish. These
articles, with a few other natural productions,
formed the only source of trade in the colony for
nearly a century and a half, and they were far
Irom beini; equivalent to the demands of the colo-
nists, who imported from France more than double
the amoimt of their exports, by which means their
expence. gically exceeded their incomes, and re-
<luced the credit of the colony to a very h)W ebb.
— A variety of expedients were proposed and
adojjted to rcnunly this defect ; among the rest
was tlie issiiii" of paper-money, which in a few
vears acciimut iti d o rapidly, that scarcely any
coin was to be tbuiul in the country. French

sols, consisting of brass and a very small mixture
of silver, which passed for nthcr less thim Irf.
were all that was circulated. Tiic paper-cur-
rency having no stability in itself, ip coiisec^jcnce
of its payment being protracted from year to
year, fell at length into disrepute, and at the
period of the conquest, more than 200,000/, were
Anv to the colony by the French nation, on
account of bills of exchange and paper cur-
rency. 'J'his sum was afterwards liquidated by
France, through the interference of Great Bri-
tain ; but the colonists sustained a very consider-
able los«. An extensive trade is now carried on
between Canada and the United Stiitcs across
lake Champlain. The importations into Lower
Canada consist of various articles of merchan-
dise, oak and pine timber, staves, &c. and pearl
ashes, provisions, &c. ; and amounted in 1807 to
upwards of IGO,(JOO/. sterling. The exports from
Lower Canada to the T'nited States do not amount
to half the value of the imports. They consist
chiefly of peltry and salt: the other articles are
of a trifling nature. The balance is therefore
greatly in favour of the States, which receive
the difference in si>ecie. When the first embargo
law took place, it did not affect those states
bordering on Canada ; but in order to put all \
the states upon a level, the American govern-
ment passed several supplementary acts, strictly
prohibiting all trade and commerce with foreign
places. The impolicy of such a measure, and the
detriment likely to accrue to the newly-settled
states on the confines of Canada, were ably set
forth by the inhabitants of the toivn of Burlington
in Vermont, in their memorial to congress, pray-
ing a repeal of that part of the law which related
to their state.

Several Americans have of late years settled in
Montreal, and carry on a lucrative trade through-
out the country ; nor do the merchants of that
place eye the exertions of the new-comers with
jealousy : on the contrary, the latter have experi-
enced a very h()s[)itable and kind reception from
them. One great cause of the want of spirit and
enterprise among the llabitans, or Canadian land-
holders, who, generally speaking, are possessed of
considerable property, is occasioned by the re-
strictions of their priests, who will not permit
them to put their money out to interest. They
have no other mode of turning their money to
account, but by increasing thi-ir landed property,
or, if in trade, by increasing their slock, Ilence
whatever profits and gains they are able to lay
up must be put into a strong box, if they wish t(»
secure it.]

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CANADA.

[Tlie merchants of Canada are almost wholly Bri-
<isli : they derive their resources from England,
and in general Iiave established themselves upon
small capitals and large credits. This may perhaps,
in some measure, account for the numerous failures
that have taken place amongst them ; and it is posi-
tively asserted as a fact, that since the country has
been in our possession not more than five in
100 have paid their debts, A variety of causes,
no doubt, have contributed to this extraordinary
defalcation : a tedious winter of six months, during
which no business can be carried on with Eu-
rope, while interest upon their European debts
is charged after a certain period, and continues
winter as well as summer, is certainly a great
drawback in mercantile concerns ; thri long credit
also which t\\e Canadian merchants arc obliged
to give the country storekeepers, tends very con-
siderably to impctlc their remittances in duo
season, unless the utmost regularity is main-
tained. The timber and staves, which are brought
into Canada from the stiUes, are cut down in winter
or spring, and collected into large rafts on lake
Ghamplain, from whence they are floated down
the river Richlieu into the St. Lawrence, and de-
posited along the shores of Silleri and Wolfe's
' cove, for an extent of more than fi ve miles. There
they are sorted for the merchants, and then taken
into the ships which lie ofi' the cove, or at the
wharfs at Quebec. Standard-staves of 5| feet
long, l\ inch thick, and 5 inches broad, sell
in Canada usually from 40/. to 50/. the 1200.
The freight is about the same amount. The
rafts when coming down the river exhibit a cu-
rious scene : they have several little sheds or
huts erected witli boards for the accommodation
of the rowers, whose number on large rafts fre-
quently consists of upwards of 100 or 150. The
men employed in this business are chiefly Ameri-
cans from the state of Vermont : they live upon
tlic rafts until they are seimrated for sale, when
they remove their huts to the shore, where they re-
side during the remainder of tlie si-ason ; at flic
end of which they return home. Several raits of
timber, and scows laden with staves, flour, poik,
and pot-ash, arrive annually from Upper C^anada
at Montreiil and Quebec. The trade between the
Upper and Lower provinces has been important
only within a very few years. The rapid in-
crease of population and agriculture in (he new
settlementsof Upper Canada, has produced a lar»e
Mirpius of tlio-e articles tor exportation, and the
demand for them has risen in proportion.

The following is a return ol the productions
tiiat passed the rapids from Cliateaugnay to Munt'

1,460 Bushels
1-27 Barrels
48 Ditto
8 Packs
277,010 Feet
4,300 Ditto
691,200 - -
72,440 - -
985 - -
6,300 - -

real between the 27th of April, and the 28th of
November, 1807, the only period in which the St.
Lawrence is navigable during the year.
19.893 Barrels ^Flour

Wheat

Pot-ash }* in 39 scows.

Pork

Furs

Oak timber

Pine dhto

Staves y in 340 rafts.

Boards and planks*

Masts.

Cords of firc-wood, in 701 cribs.
This statement aftbrds an agreeable presage of
the future prosperity and opulence of the Upper
province. Some lersons consider Upper Canada
as the garden of America, subjected neither to the
tedious freezing winters of Lower (v'anada, nor the
scorching summers of the more south';rn parts of
the continent of N. America. The principal incon-
veniences to which the Upper province is subject,
are the falls and rapids which impede the naviga-
tion of the St. Lawrence between Kingston and
Montreal, and its distance from any commercial or
shipping town from whence its productions may be
exported to Europe. These are, however, in some
measure removed, and a considerable abundance of
the surplus produce of that province is now for-
warded to Montreal and Quebec. If good roads
were made, between the two provinces, regular
waggons might be established as in England, and
goods conveyed up the country with more security
and expedition than they can at present by water :
a more regular communication would be then
opened between the two seats of government, n liich
would be the means of expediting the public busi-
ness, and facilitating the commeice of liolli coun-
tries. The manufactures of Lijwcr (Jan:itla are.
carried on chiefly by individuals lor their own do-
mestic use. A manufactory of iron was established
bv the French at Three Rivers, soon afier the set-
tlement of the country. That goverimient, liow-
over, was never able to make it pay the expences
attending the work, and it fell into the hands of
individuals, who succeeded very little better. Tiic
iron ore was at one time supposed to be ne;irly ex-
hausted, but llrsh veins having been discovered in
tlie vicinity of the (brgcs, the works are now in a
flourishing condition. Another mamiliictory of
iron has l)een established of late in the sc'iiiory of
Uatiscan, about half-way between (^uiljec and
Three Itivers, on the v. shore, Luf^o. sums of
money have been expended in endoavoiiriiig to
bring these works to perfection ; but very Utile]
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CANADA.

[success Las hitherto attended the exertions of the
proprietors, several of whom are considcrabk losers.
The articles manufactured here consist of cast-iron
stove-plates, pots, kettles, and other domestic uten>
sils. Within the lust twenty years, ship-building
has been carried on at Quebec and Montreal to a
very profitable extent every year. There are four
builders at the former place, and one at the latter ;
from six to eigiit vessels arc launched annually :
tliey range between 200 and 500 tons, and are con-
tracted for upon an average at 10/. per ton. The
greateist advantage of this business is, that tiie men
can work at it both winter and summer. The cord-
age and rigging are obtained from England, but
the iron-work is mostly of Canadian manufacture;
nearly 20,000/. is annually circulated in the country
tor ship-building. Upon a review of the preceding
account of the commerce of Canada it appears,
that a very sensible improvement has taken place
within the last twenty years; and that the balance
ef trade, upon tlie whole, is now much in favour of
the colony. It may be also worthy of remark, that
the imports from Great Britain and her colonies,
instead of increasing, have considerably diminished.
For several years past, the £. India and British
manufactured goods imported into Canada annually
from Great Britain, have been estimated at about
330,000/. hterling ; but during the year 1807, they
did not amount to more than 200,000/. : this sur-
prising diminution, while the demands of the co-
lony were increasing with its population, must na-
turally create astonishment, until it is known that
the deficiency is supplied by the United States,
partly by a regular trade, but much more by con-
traband. The articles now furnished chiefly by
the Americans, and which were formerly procured
solely from England, are tea, tobacco, and E. India
manufactured goods. By the liible of iaiports re-
ceived tit the custom-house at St. John's, on lake
Chnmplain, it appears that in 1807, 42,000 lbs. of
tea, 187,887 lbs. of tobacco, and merchandise coti-
sisling of British and E. India goods to the amount
of .iO,000/. were imported from the Uiiitcd Slates
through Uie regular channel; while the qaanliiy ot
tea receiv'd from England was only 4200 lbs. and
tobacco 1.50,000 lbs: that exclusive of tinih'i,
pot-ash, and provisions, the total amount wns ra'-
culated at i00,0nu/. equal to one half the nerchan-
disc received that ^ear from (ireat Britain. KfcUon-
ing even upon this estin)ate, the deficiency of im-
ports from Great Britain appears to be nccoimtcd
for ; but then no allowance is made for the increa-
sing wants of the people, whose number must liuve
greatly increased within the last twenty years ; this,
kowcver, is to be found in the great latitude that is

fivcn to the introduction of goods from the United
tates, without passing through the custom-house at
St. John's. The means of conveying them into
Canada, across the extensive boundary line, which
divides the two countries, are so easy, and require
so little exertion to avoid the Argus ej'es of a cus-
tom-house officer, that every temptation is offered
to introduce articles which arc either proliibited, or
pay any considerable duty. The facilities afforded
to smuggling between Canada and the United
States, nave oeen sufficiently exemplified since the
promulgation of tlje embargo act ; for, in spite of
thearmed militia and custom-house otlirers stationed
along the American side of the lino to enforce the
laws, the timber, pot-ash, provisions, and almost
every other article brougiit into the province in
1808, has more than doubled the quantity received
from thence in 1807. A variety of curious ex-
pedients were resorted to liy the Americans in
smuggling their produce over tlic line ; buildings
were erected ex.ictly upon the Ixiuiidnry line, one
half in Canada, the other half in the States ; the
goods were put in at night, and before morning
were safe in Canada. Additional law*:, however,
put a stop to this proceeding, and the officers were
empowered to seize all property which they sus-
pected was intended to be rnn into Canada ; but
the ingenuity of the Vermontese still evaded even
these rigorous mandates. They constructed a great
number of timber rafts, fastened them together, and
formed immense bodies of floating wood ; one of
them even covered ten acres, and from its size, and
in ridicule of Mr. Jefferson, was called the Mam-
moth raft. These were manned wholly by French
Canadiiius collected for that purpose, and were
rowed within a shorl distance of the line ; when the
cnstoin-house ofhcers, aided by a detachment of
the militia, immediately took possession, and obliged
the people on board to cast anchor ; this was ac-
conliiigly .omplicd with, and for a tt;w days the
rafts rcrtiniiied quietly moored. There were im-
mense quantities of provisions, pot-ash, and staves
on board ; and the people were conveniently lodged
in til! ir wooden huts, which, with the great num-
ber oi men employed to row them, formed a very
exfraordinary spectacle. It was not long, however,
before the whole were soon in action again; for a
violent gale of wind coming on one night, blew the
unweiUily rafts, with all their civil and military
heroes on board, completely over the line. Tiie
American officers and militia no sooner found them-
selves ill Cuiiadn, tliiui fliey hastily took to their
boats aii'l rowed biu k tothe States, sorely chagrined
at losing so many valuable priz's. Strong remon-
strances were made by the commanding olliccrs on]

CANADA.

S77

; were ini-

[tliese expeditions, and information was sent to Mr.
President Jefferson, who at leiigtb was pleased to
issue a procliimation declaring the inhaoitants of
Vermont to be in a state of rebellion and insurrec-
tion ; and ordcrod outre-inforccmcnfsoffhe militia
to quell the disturbances. Tlie Vermontese were
much enraged at Iho idea of being considered and
denounced as reliels, in consequence of a few fra^s
between the cnstotn-Iiousc ollicers and smugglers.
A great and serious inconvenience was felt at this
period by the British s( ttlers in Misiiisqui bay, the
entrance from which into lake Champlain is cut by
the boundary line, and several rafts were thus pre-
vented from passing down the Kiclilieu river into
the Si. Lawrence ; t'ley liaving no outlet but by
way of tile States. The lucraiive trade, which is
carried on between Canntia and tlie adjoining States,
has rendered the Americ ,!is very averse to a war
between the two courilric , as the prosptrify of their
respective States nlmosi entirely depend upon that
opening (or the disposal of tlnir surplus produce.
Greater facility ant! ail vantages ure allorded by the
exportation to Canada than to my of the maiitime
towns in New Ent^land ; nothing, therefore, but
absolute necessity would drive them into a war tvith
tlie British settlements. They also lay a <lu(y of
nearly 13 per cent, on goods from Canada, while
their productions sent iiito that country pay but a
mere ( ifle. The ('anadians are more inclined to
encouiHge the importiition of goods from the States
than iroip Great Britain, b'!cuiii<e they are obtained
at a much cheaper rate, though generally of an in-
ferior quality. The intrinsic worth ol an artich- is,
however, of less consideration to the inhabitants of
Canada than the price ; the best kind are seldom or
never to be procured in that country : the mer-
chants find their own advantage in the vending of
inleiior commodities, upon which they obtain
much larger profits thnn they could procure ufon
the better sort ; and the people are now so arcus-
toinul to tlic use of these gooJs, that they scarcely
know how to appreciate those ot a superior quality.
Mweh divt i:ity of opinion has existed of late in
Canada, tipon the propriety of establishing a bank
in that country : the British merchants of course
are tajjer for the creation of sucli an establishment,
having btlorc their eye tlie example ot (ireat
Brhnin and the United States, where (he biuiking
system is carried on with so much success and ad-
yantuge. Tlte subject was iliseussed in 180S, in the
Louse of assembly, and Mr. Richardson of Mont-
real, one of the members, answered tiie several ob-
jections iliat were urged against the establisluuent
of a bank in Lower Canada. A bill was then
brought into the house ; the following arc its prin-

cipal features : — The stock is not to exceed
350,000/. currency, unless the government of the
province see fit to take an interest (herein, in which
case it may be 30,000/. more. This stock is to
consist of shares of 25/. each. There are to be 21
directors, who are to choose out of their number a
president and vice-president, whereof half are to be
tinr Quebec, and half for Montreal, at which cities
the two superior branches of the bank are to be
held, with a powerof erecting offices of deposit and
discount in otiier parts of the Canadas, when found
advisable. If government take an interest, they
are to appoint two directors. The dividends arc to
be payable half-yearly. A deposit of 10 per cent,
is to be paid down for each share on subscribing,
which will be forefeiteil if the first instahneiit lliere-
af(er of 10 per cent, be not paid in due season.
The shares are put at a low rate, that they may be
more generally dilfuscd over the province. J''o-
reigners may hold shares, but carmot be directors ;
(hey may, however, vote at general meetings bj
proxy, if the proxy be one of his Majesty's subjects.
The votes are endeavoured to lie established on
such a scale ot proportion as shall exclude an over-
bearing preponderance in those who shall hold a
large interest in the concern, and yet assure to pro-
perty therein that influence which it ought to pos-
sess in every well regulated institution. It is pro-
posed that there shall be no other corporate bank in
Canada during the continuance of the contem-
plated one ; but there is a power of revocation
thereof, under certain limitations and formalities, if
found (o be hurtful in practice. The stock of the
bank may be increased when requisite, and its notes
are proposed to be receivable in payujent of duties
imposed on, or to be in)posed by the provincial
legislature. It is doubtful whether the French
party in the htise ot assembly will coincide with
tlie ideas of the British merchants; the old French
paper currency is not yet forgotten, and will na-
turally prejudice a great many of them against the
introduction of a similar medium. The numerous
gangs of forgers who infest the boundary line, and
counterfeit immense quantities of the Cnited States'
paper-money, and the immmerable paltry notes
for a fi;w cents or half-dollars, which are in circu-
lation all over the Northern States, are certainly no
great inducements to create a similar estalilishment
in Canada, which would most likely give rise to
the same evils, in short, it involves considerations
of a very serious nature; Avhat may suit Great
Britain and the United States, may not answer iu
Canada, and the mischievous effects of a paper me-
dium have already been felt in that province ;
though it must be allowed that the colony is at pre- j

! ,

III

I <I

i.'.'l'

I i t f '

I 'I

;,:

. ' ■ ' ■■'

M,.i-'"j

m^i

;,» i^iir-

|dj^

\
1

f '

1378

CANADA.

[sent in a better condition for the establishing of a For a secure place of deposit for the pcople'j
bank than at any former period ; the baUincc of money, which is now locked up in their ciicsts, it
trade upon the aggregate being greatly in its favour, would also be of considerable utility.

15. General view of the Exports and Imports of Canada from 1754 to 1808, in sterling money.

Yrs.

175 J

1760

1786

No. cf

VCSSCI^

Irapts. or
Exports.

Imports

Exports.

Exports

—

Imports

Exports

—

Imports

iU5

Exports

—

Imports

\\ here from
and to.

France
From W. Indies

To France

Ditto

Louitburgh, &c.

From Quebec

From England

From Quebec

From England

Articles.

Merchandise ... £

Wine, rum, brandy, &c.

Furs . . . • •

Oil, ginseng, capillairc, timber, &c.
Fish, oil, iron, vegetables, &c.

Balance against the colony

1769,

Furs and sundries . . «
Oil, fish, &c. from Labrador

Manud. goods and West India produce

balance in favour of the colony.

1786.

From Quebec

From England

Furs and other colonial produce
Fish, lumber, and oils, from LabraO
dor and Gaspe . . • J

Manufactured goods and West India )
produce . • . • )

Balance in favour of the colony

1797.

Furs and other colon-il produce

Wheat, biscuit, and flour

Oak and pine timber, planks and staves

Pot and pearl a^hcs

Fish, lumber, oil, &c. from Labra-\

dor and Gaspe

Factured goods and "West In."|
produce . • • J

Balance in favour of the colony

Separate
Amount.

157,646 5
69,123 7 6

64,570 2 e
7,083 6
3,906" 19 2

345,000
10,000 C

445, 16
45,000

295,063 15
45,445 14
32,144 6
29,866

88,900

General
Amount.

216,769 12 6
75,560 7 8

141,209 5 4

355,000
273,400

81,600

490,116
313,263

146,853

491,419 15
;538j2U

153,205 15

.11^'

III

fi -•!

A y

L<iii

CANADA.

279

Yrs.

1807

1308

No. of
VcsscU

CTO

334

ImptsTot
Exports

Exports

Imports

Exports

Exports
Exports

Imports
Imports

Where from and
to.

From Quebec

To Un. States >

per way of lake f

Ciiainpluin. 3

From England

From Ui). Slate

From Quebec

From Labrador

and Gaspe
To Uii. States!
pcrwayof Irfke
Champlain

From England

Articles.

Furs and other colonial produce

Wheat, biscuit, and flour

Oak and pine timber, planks and staves

I'ot and pt'url ashes

Fish, lumber, and oil frnmLabradofj&c

[■'urs and sundries

Manuf. goods, &c.
West India produce

Merchandise

Onk and pine tini 1

btT, staves, &c. J
Pot and peati ushcs
Tea, tobacco, loa-T

ther, &c. /

200,000
1 06,670 M 4

29,200 17

39,000

29,099 2

63,324

Balance in favour of the colony

1808.

Furs and other colonial produce

Wheat, biscuit, and Hour

Oak and pine timber, staves, masts, Sec.

Pot and pearl ashes .

New ships—3750 tons— 10/. per ton

iFish, lumber, oil, <kc.
Sundries, about

Manufactured goods 200,000
U'pst India produce 130,000

From Un. States

Merchandise, tea,
proviMon^, tobac-
co, &L.

Oak, pine timber,

}

1 00,000

I 70,000
Pot and pearl ashes 110,000

masts, (S:c.

Balance in favour of the colony

Separate
Amount.

240,000

149,558 18

134,344 10

104,329 15

115,655 11

70,112 3

306,670 14

160,6^3 19 9

i50,000

171,200

1 67,360

290,000

37,500

120,000

3O,0C0

330,000

280,000

General
Amount.

813,900 15 4

467,294 13 9

346,606 1 7

1,166,060

610,000 Oi

3465060

Tonnage of Shipping trading to Canada for (hrce years.

1806 .... 33.09()

1807 .... 4.' 103

1808 . . . . 70,276]

:■ I !

>': •

■m

i i

V ■:

m^m

«5' r

280

CANADA.

r ■ f

Mill

r'i'.i' "

#■ ..

[In 1769, and for several years subsequent, the

IHincipal nrliclfs of export consisted of peltry,
umber, oil, and fisb, witb a small quantity of gin-
seng and capillaire : these were sliiiiped from Que-
bec, Labrador, and Gaspe. VVithin the lust
twenty years new staples Iiave arisen, which have
been exported to very largo anionnts, and promise
to enrich the country equally with the fur trade.
These articles are wheat, biscuit, and flour, pot
and pearl ashes; which in 1807 uniounlcd to one-
half the total exports of 1797. It must be allowed,
however, that considerable quantities of pot and
pearl ash arc brought into Canaila by the Americans
irom the United Slates ; yet the' clearing of the
lands in Upper Canada, and the back settlements
of the Lower Province, produce annually a much
greater quantity than what is obtained from the
States, riie I'rcncli Canadians, within these two
or three years, have begun to make ashes ; they
have seen the facility with which their brethren of
the United States clear their lands and pay their
expcnces ; and thougii late, yot are willing to pro-
fit by the example. Their poverty or parsimony
had prevented them from paying 20/. for a pot-ash
kettle, though they might, like the Americans, have
made the salts in smaller quantities, and with little
trouble or expeuce. Hut it requires a scries of
years to effect a change in the sentiments or actions
of the French Ilabitans. The great demand for
wheat which prevailed in (i rent Britain, and ge-
nerally throughout iMirope, in 1793-4 and 5, gave a
sudden stimulus to the cx*m lions of the Canadians,
who during those years exported considerable
quantities of wheat, as well as flour and biscuit.
The increased price given for those articles tempted
tlie inhabitants to continue as large a cultivation of
grain in the subsequent years ; but the demand de-
clining, tliey experienced a sensible reduction in
their exports, and a consequent curtailment of their
incomes. The following statement will exhibit the
fluctuating demand for wheat, biscuit, and flour,
from 17Ji6to 180S.

I7ii6

sioi;
3m'j

r y;*

iiioa

1U07

lUOH

VVlicat— Bushel*
Flour— Barrels
Bwcuit— Cwt.

li'8,870
14,47,>

1,010,03.;

'i8,;!01

ai'.o.-)!

231,.543

20 4ai

'28,017

186,708
4'.',4(i.'
.■!y,.'i87

The unsettled stai e of the market for the above
articles renders it necessary to establish some
other, of a more permanent nature, which might
also be derived from agriculturo, and would be the
means of enriching die mother country as well as
the colony. Theonly article which could cfll-c-
tually supply this want is hemp, and that alone,

if cultivated to a sufficient extent, tvould be more
than adequate to meet the whole expence of the
imports. The quantity of wheat exported in iStii
was unusually great, being 1,010,033 bushels;
but in 1807 it had fallen to less tliiu a fourth of
that quantity, and in 1808 to less than u fifth :
yet the general aggregate of the exports has aiig.
mentcd, as well as the number of ships and seamen.
The exportation of almost every other article in
1808 greatly exceeded that of the preceding year,
in consequenceof the embargo in the United Stales.
riio number of shipping that cleared out from
Quebec in 18(>8 amounted to 334, and were laden
principally with timber, pot-ash, pitch, tar, and
turpentine; Avhcat, flax-seeds, staves, &c. The
tonnage was 70,275, and the number of seainca
3330. Tile greatest part of these vessels were
sent by government, the usual supplies from tlie
Baltic iieing in a great measure cut oft' by the war
with Unssia and Denmark, and the imiM>rtations
from the United States being totally stopped by
the embargo. The advantage, therefore, of Great
Britain deriving her supplies of hemp, as well as
every other description of naval stores, from Ca-
naila, cannot for a moment be doubted. Even
in time of peace, they would encourage and en-
rich the British colonists, and the competition in
the market with the productions of the United
States, and the n. parts of Europe, woidd incvi-
tably tend to lessen the expences of our navy
and commercial marine. The account of the ex-
ports and imports of Canada for the year 1810,
will doubtlessly afford the highest gratification to
our readers, to see the great increase of the trade
of that colony. Amon^at a variety of articles too
numerous to \k here inserted, we have selected
the following :

Exports 1810.— 170,860 bushelsofwheat; 12,519
barrels of flour ; 16,467 quintals of biscuit, 1 121bs.;
18,928 bushels of pease; 866 ditto of oafs ; 8584
ditto of flax-seed ; 33,798 pieces of oak timber,
aboiit 24,000 loads; 69,271 ditto of pine, about
50 000 loads; 137 ditto of walnuf, maple, to;.;
69/7 miists and hand-masts; 678 bowsprits; 3354
spars, principally red pine ; 3,887,306 staves and
heading, 3,000,000 standard ; 47,515 stave-cnds ;
312,423 pine boards and planks ; I3,()23 hand-
spikes ; 30,301 oars ; 167,398 pieces of lath wood ;
130,516 West India hoops; 80,000 shiiiirles; 5,j
butt, 5197 pipe, 1301 half ditto, and 77i one-
quarter ditto, Madeira packs ; 228 tierce packs ;
28,407 barrels of pot and pearl ashes, weiglit
106,581 cwt. ; 30 bales of cotton, 8181 lbs. ; 46'^8
barrels and 2 tierces of pork ; 2979 ditto of beef;
29 puncheons and 1 tierce of hams, 17,0001bs. ;j

M ^

.1 be more
ace of tliR
!(1 in lSO:i
> bnslicLsj
I fourth of
n (I fifth :
s has aiig.
id scaincii.

article in
ding year,
ited States.

out from
were laden
I, tar, and
&c. The
of seamen
ssels were
s from the
by the war
niK>rtations
slopped by
e, of Groat
as well as
, from Ga-
ted. Even
;e and cu-
ipctition in
the United
oidd incvi-

our navy

of the cx-
year 1810,
tificatioii to
)f the trade
articles too
vc selected

eat; 12,519

lit, llSlbs.;

oats ; 8584

ik timber,

)ine, about

pic, &c. ;

jtits; 'J'J5i

staves and

tave-cnds ;

(J23 hand-

utii wood ;

initios ; 55

77 i one-

rce packs ;

cs, weight

lbs.; iii'iS

tto of beef;

,000 lbs.; J

CANADA.

281

[lOTOboxci of soap; 1181 ditto of candles; 422
iirkins and kegs of butter ; 147 barrels, Sec. of
hog's lard ; 7 puncheons and 3 casks of gcnscng,
2344 lbs.
Value of exports from Quebec,

(sterling) ^£942,324 9 3

Ditto of furs, skins, &c. from

ditto, (ditto) 120,503 9 7

Total exports in 1810, (sterling) rfl, 062,827 18 10

Disbursements for provisions a'ld
ships stores for 661 vessels, at
Quebec, in 1810, average about
350/. sterling each . . .

Freights of these vessels, averag-
ing about 216 tons each, or
about 230 load each ship, at 71.
sterling per load 1,064,210

231,350

Total, (sterling) .... ^2,358,387 18 10
In the preceding account, the exports from Ca-
nada to the United States, via St. Joh-.'s, and the
exports from the departments of Gaspe, and the
bay of Chaleurs, arc not included.

Imports, 1810. — Among the articles included un-
dcrthis head,we observe the increasing importations
direct from Spain and Portugal, and other parts of
Europe south of cape Finisterre to Canada. We
trust this new branch of the British North Ame-
rican trade will soon be put under such judicious
regulations as will give the colonics the benefit in-
tended by the legislature in this deviation from the
colonial system. We are, however, sorry to ob-
serve, that every facility which might be afforded
to the export trade of Canada has not yet been
granted. We understand a committee has been
appointed by congress, to ascertain -rthether the
produce of the countries on the boiuers of rivers
and lakes which hare their outlet to the sea by
the river St. Lawrence, and which are extremely
fertile, can be brought down any of the rivers with-
in the United States to their Atlantic ports, for
shipment in American vessels.
Amount of imports into Quebec, in

1810, of articles liable to duty,

about (sterling) .... j£372,837
Ditto of ditto not liable to duty,

estimated at (sterling) . . .600,000

Total imports in 1810, (sterling) ^972,837
Shipping. — The number of ships, principally
belonging to the leading out- ports in Great Britain,
which have entered into the Quebec trade, exceeds
tlie most sanguine expectations which were formed
by persons well and long acquainted with the re-
vol-. I.

sources of that province ; and the ships which have
been engaged in the trade to Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, and their dependencies, have increased
in nearly the same proportion. It may be remark-
cd, that in the furtherance of this trade, no specif
is sent out of the country, the returns being nearly
all made in British produce and manufactures, and
the difference cither left here with the correspond-
ents of the colonists, or invested in the public
funds. The employment which is thus afforded to
British ships and British .seamen, and the advan-
tages which must result to the traders and manu-
facturers of tfie country, and to the various useful
classes connected with ship-building, from such
employment of our own shipping, cannot fail to
excite ( anismcnt in the minds of the most indit-
ferent and inattentive observers, that these colo-
nies should have been so long considered posses-
sions of little value or importance, and that we at
last resorted to them from necessity. Indeed, we
have to thank the northern powers of Europe,
and the government of the United States, for ha-
ving opened our eyes, and directed our attention to
these invaluable appendages of the British ompir«.

Skips. Tons,
Vessels cleared out, which entered

Quebec in 1810 635 138,057

Ditto, new built there .... 26 5,836

Average, 216 tons each Total '661 143,893

The unusual demand for the natural productions
of Canada during 1808 enhanced the price of
every article in proportion ; and in spite of (he
embargo laws, abundance of timber ancf staves, pot
and pearl ashes, and provisions of every descrip-
tion, found their way across the boundary line into
Canada, and were shipped off to Europe, or the
West Indies. The Canadian merchants rejoiced at
the embargo, which enriched them while it made
their neighbours poor indeed. The arrival of Sir
James Craig diffused new life and activity through
the province : the imbecility and irresolution
which before characterised the government, in-
stantly vanished ; large sums of money were cir-
culated by the troops, and the construction of new
works, with the repairs of the old, gave full em-
ployment to the labouring part of the community ;
the price of provisions became proportionately en-
hanced, chiefly at Quebec, where an unusual num-
ber of seamen and soldiers had taken up their resi-
dence : hence the country people were enriched,
and encouraged to greater exertions. The price of
every thing has been nearly trebled within the last
60 years ; but the colony has ri.sen into import-
ance : agriculture and commerce continue to im-]
o o

l:\

1 lu I' *'■ 1

■y,i%

283

CANADA.

.'\ ;! ;

[prove and augment ; ninny of its inlmbitnnts pos-
sess liatidsome fortunes, and nearly nil of them a
raodcrnte independence or income from trade.

16. Fur Trade. — The fur trade has been the
principal source of all the wealth which has for
many years been accumulated in the province.
Tliis branch of commerc<;, which fell into (he
hands of the English after the conquest, was car-
ried on for several years by individuals, on their
own separate account ; but about 27 years ago,
the enterprising and active spirit of a Mr. M*'ia-
vish laia the foundation of that association at
present known under the title of the North-west
Company, for the purpose of extending Ihaf trade
to its utmost limits. This was more likely to be
accomplished by the joint stock of a company than
the small properties of individual merchants, and
the result nas justified the expectations of its au-
thor. Much jealousy and competition was, how-
ever, excited by those north-west traders who did
not associate with Mr. M'Tavish and his friends,
and for several years the greatest animosity sub-
sisted between them. This opposition naturally
gave rise to a second company, consisting of the
individuals opposed to Mr. M'Tavish. Among the
most conspicuous of the second association was
Mr. M'Kenzie, ii(»\v Sir Alexander. The enter-
prising spirit of this gentleman is well known,
since the publication of his Travels across the
North-west Continent lo <lie Parific Ocean. The
concerns of his company were, we find, managed
with as much ability as the other, which made
their opponents seriously wish to combine the two
associations in one; but the high spirit of Mr.
M'Tavish would not allow it : he resolutely with,
stood all attempts at an accommodation, ai.J spared
neither expence nor trouble to crush the exertions
of his rivals. Death, however, which too often
annihilates the fairest hopes of sublunary bliss, put
an end to the contest ; Mr. M'Tavish died, the
companies immediately joined their stocks, and
commenced partnership, in which slate they re-
main at this day; the business being conducted
under the firm of M'Gillivray, Roderick M'Ken-
zie, and Co. though the number of persons who
have shares in the company amount, it is said, to
more than forty. The clerks, voyageiirs, and In-
dians, employed by the north-west company,
amount to upwards of 3000. The clerks are all
adventurous young Scotchmen, who emigrate,
from penury, in the islands of the Hebrides, to
certain hardships and dubious affluence in the
dreary wilds of the north-west. They engage for
a term of five or seven years, alter which they
have a certain yearly allowance, or become part-

ners in the company. The hardships and fatigue
which they undergo, frequently tend to the ener-
vation of their frame, and the ncslruction of their
health ; so that at the period of fifteen or twenty
years, it is not uncommon for them to retire from
the company, with a fortune of 20,000/. and a
broken constitution. Of late years, the profits ot
the company have been considerably diminished
by the restrictions on our commerce on the con-
tinent of Euro|)e, where the chief demand for furs
exists. Considerable quantises are, however, sent
to the United Slates, Irom whence they are ex-
ported to I'iurope under their neutral flag ; an
opening is thus created for the company's peKry,
which would otherwise have been very much con-
tracted during the war. The number of skins ex-
ported to England in 1807 was 460,000, and to
the United States 286,703 ; but the embargo in
1808 must have much lessened the demand from
that quarter. Upwards of 20,000/. is annually paid
in England for the duties on furs from Canada.
The capital employed by the north-west company
must be very extensive, as the returns arcextremey
slow. The trade is now pushed to the very extrc-
mity of the continent, from the coast of Labrador
to the Pacific ocean, extending to the northward
beyond the arctic circle. The goods sent up an-
nually from Montreal, for the barter of furs from
the Indians, arc upwards of four years before they
produce a return. The dan'gcrs'and difficulties at-
tending the transportation of these articles so many
thousand miles across rivers, lokes, and portages,
have been well described by Sir Alexander M'Ken-
zie in hisHistory of theFur-trad»". The same well-
informed writer observes, that the articles necessary
for this trade " are, coarse woollen cloths of dif-
ferent kinds ; milled blankets of difll'rent sizes ;
arms and ammunition ; twist and carrot tobacco ;
Manchester goods ; linens and coarse sheetings ;
tliread, lines, and twine ; common hardware ; cut-
lery and ironmongery of several descriptions ; ket-
tles of brass and copper, and sheet iron ; silk and
cotton handkerchiefs ; hats, shoes, and hose ; cali-
coes and printed cottons, &c. &c. &c. Spirituous
liquors and provisions arc purchased in Canada.
These, and (he expence of transport to and from
the Indian territory, including wages to clerks, in-
terpreters, guides, and canoe-men, with the ex-
pence of making up goods for the market, form
about half the annual amount against the a ven-
ture." The necessary number of canoes being
purchased at about 300 livrcs each, the goods
formed into jiackages, and the lakes and rivers
being free of ice, (which they usually are in tiic
beginning of Muy), they arc then dispatched from]

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CAN

[La Chine, eight miles nbove Montreal, with eight
i)r ten men in each canoe, their bagt^nge, and 65
paciiages of goods, six cwt. of biscuit, two cwt. of
pork, three bushels of pease, for the men's provi-
sion, two oil-cloths to cover the goods, ii sail, &c.
an axe, a towing-line, a kettle, nnd a sponge to
bail out tlic water, with a quantity of gum, bark,
and watape, to repair the vessel. The voyagers
are frequently obliged to unload their canoes, and
curry their goods upon their backs, or rather sus-
pended in slings from their heads ; and this they
call a decharge. In the same case each man's load
is two packages, though some carry three, and the
canoe is <owcd by i strong line. There are some
places wliere the ground will not admit of their
carrying the whole : they then make two trips ;
that is, leave half their lading, and go and land it
at the distance required, and then return for that
which was lefl. In some places both goods and
canoes are transported, and this is denominated a
portage. But there is another association establisli-
ed within these few years, called the South-west
or Michillimakinak Company ; some of the part-
ners in this association have also shares in the
north-west company, but the general concern: is to-
tally separate. The south-west merchants pursue
their trade across the lakes Ontario and Erie, and
down the rivers Illinois, Ohio, and Mississippi,
in the territory of the United States. In conse-
quence of the embargo which has lately taken
])lace in the United States, nnd which it was ap-
prehended would affect the concerns of this com-
pany, one of the partners, Mr. Gillespie, went to
Washington, to procure from the government a
safe conduct for their people and property em-
ployed in the trade. He was assured by Mr. Mad-
dison, that no interruption whatever should take
place in the prosecution of their trade with the In-
dians in the United States territory ; and a clause
was inserted to that effect in the supplementary
embargo act. Upon the return of Mr. Gillespie to
Montreal, the people with the boats, laden with the
j)roperty for trade belonging to the company, were
accordingly sent off on their usual voyage. On
the 21st of May, the first five boats arrived within
the American limits on lake Ontario ; they were
hailed from the shore by order of the commandant
of Niagara ; but having no business at that place,
the boats continued their route, wiiea they were
immediately fired upon by the Americans. Three
of the advanced boats pulled up and escaped ; the
other two wore brought to, and taken by the Ame-
ricans, who, finding there were several more
astern, embarked in an armed boat, went in search
of them, aud captured five more, which they car-

CAN

'2H3

ried fo Niagara. They then sailed after the re-
mainder ; but information bciing given by a gentle-
man, who immediately armed a Iwat, and w«'nl to
inform them of their danger, the brigade put nlxiul
for Kingston, where fhey arrived in safety, having
been chased for two days by the American armed
boats.

17. General History, — This country wasdisco'
vered by the English as early as about 1497, nnd
settled by the French in 1608, who kept possession of
it till 1760, when it was taken by the British arms ;
and at the treaty of Paris in 1763, was ceded by
France *o thcrownof England, to whom it has
ever since Ijclonged. One of the most remarkable
accidents which history records of this country, is
the earthquake in the year 1663, which over-
whelmed a chain of mountains of free-stone more
than 300 miles long, and changed the immense
tract into a })lain. Sec Bkitisii Amp.bica, and
Britain, Nf.w, for further particulars concerning
this country.]

Canada, a settlement of Ihe Englieh in the

Kovincc of Hampshire, one of the four composing
ew England ; situate on the shore, and at i!ie
source of the river Sowhegan, in the limits which
divide this province from Massachusels.

Canada, Santa Ciiuk dk i.a, a small settle-
ment of the kingdom of Nuevo Mexico.

Canada, Santa Ciitjz I)e la, another settle-
ment of the same kingdom, with tbe'&dditionRl title
of Conception.

Canada, with the surname of Largo, in the
province and government of Buenos Ayres; situ-
ate to the », of the lakes of the mountain J'Jstuncia.

[Canada, a bay on the e. side of Newfoundland
island, between White and Hare bays, which last
lies n. of it.]

[Canada Creeks. There arc three creeks whi. h
bear this name : one a water ot Wood creek, wiiich
it meets four or five miles n. w. lo. of fort Stanwix,
or New fort Schuyler. The other two are n.
branches of Mohawk river ; the upper one mingles
its waters with the Mohawk in the township of
Herkemer, on the German flats, 16 miles below Old
fort Schuyler ; over the mouth of it is a sightly and
ingeniously constructed bridge. The other enip-
ties into the Mohawk IS miles below. Both these
arc long, rapid, and unnavigable streams, and
bring a considerable accession of water to the Mo-
hawk. The lands on these creeks are exceedingly
rich and valuable, and fast settling.]

[C -.VADA Svc.A, or SiiNLCA Lake, a hand-
some piece of w .ter from 35 to 40 mijes long, and
about two miles broad, in New York. At the w. w.
corner of the lake stands the town of Geneva ; an<l
oo2

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on (Iio r. side, hetwci'ii it and Caywgn^ are (he
towns of UomiiluB, Ovid, Hector, und IJI^'gses, in
Onundiipo rount^', Now York. Its outlet in Scny>
ace river, wliicli also receives (lie waters of ('ayuffn
lake, niiii! iiiileH v. e. from (iiu mouth of Canndn
Saga, 18 miles below (jencva. On the same side
of the lake stands the Friends' Nettlemen), founded
by Jemima Wilkinson ; there are 80 families in it,
each has a fine farm, und arc quiet, industrious
Iieople.]

CANADIENES, islands of the river Mississippi,
at the distance of 170 miles from its month.

CANAHOGUE, a country of Canada, on the
banks of the lake Erie ; between this lake and the
salt marshes, so famous for having; Lec^i (he theatre
of war lietwecn the English and the French, and
for the fairs for the sale of hides ; as likewise for the
hunting of beavers, which is practised by the Six
Nations of the Ohio.

[CANAJOHARY, a post-town in Montgomery
county, New York, situated on the *. side of Mo-
hawk river, comprehending u very large district of
fine country, 40 miles w. of Schenectady, and 56
miles from Albany. In the state census of 1796,
730 of the inhabitants appear to be electors. A
creek named Canajohary enters the Mohawk in
this town. In this township, on the bank of the
Mohawk, about 50 miles from Schenectady, is In-
dian castle, so railed, the scat of old King Hen-
drick, wlio was killed in Sept. 1755, at lake George,
fighting for the British anu Americans against the
French. Here are now the remains ot a British
fort, built during that war, about 60 paces square.
A gold coin, of the value of about seven dollars,
was found in these ruins in 1793. About a mile
and a half a<. of this fort stands a church, which is
called Brandt's church, which the noted chief of
that name is said to have led with great reluctance.
This was the principal seat of the Mohawk nation
of Indians, and abounds with apple-trees of their
planting, from which is made cider of an excellent
quality.]

CANANCA, a settlement and real of the mines
of the province and government of Sonora in New
Spain.

CAN NEA, a small island of the N. sea, near
the coa, '. of Brazil, in the province and captain-
ship of San Vincente : it extends in the form of a
half-moon in front of the small bay which forms the
mouth of the river Ararapiza ; on the s. shore of
which is situate the town of the same name, and
which serves as a defence for its entrance. Its po-
pulation is very small, and its commerce hardly
any : it is 37 leagues distant from Saa Vincente,
and is in Lat. 25° s. Long. 47" 58' w.

CAN

[CANANDAQUA ,apost-lown, lake, and creek,
in Ontario county, New York. It \* the shire town
of the county, situated on the n. end of the lake of
the same name, at its outlet into Cuuandaqua
creek. The lake is about SO miles long, and three
broad, and sends its waters in a //. c. and e. course
35 iiiilrs to Seneca river. This is the site of an an-
cient Indian town of the same name, and stands on
the road from Albany to Niagara, S3 miles v. from
llartiord in Cienessee river; 16 miles to. ofd'encvn,
and S35 miles n.t^. from New York city, measuring
in n straight line, and 340 by Albany road. Thit
settlement was begun by Messrs. Gorham and
Phelps, and is now in a flourishing state. There
are about 30 or 40 houses, situated on a pleasant
slope from the lake ; and the adjoining farms arc
under good cultivation. By the state census of
1796, it appears there areS91 electors in this town-
ship.]

CANAPOTE, CiENuoA DE,a settlement of the
province and government of Cartagena in the
kingdom of Tierra Firmc : it takes the name of
Ciencga from being situate near a quagmire : it
abounds with fish, with which it provides the ca-
pital : in the time of the Indians its population and
commerce were very considerable. It was disco-
vered by the Governor Don Pedro de Ileredia in
the year 1535, and conquered after a very long and
severe struggle ; it is now reduced to a very mi-
serable village.

[CANAIt Atan, orGnEAT Canah, a village
dependent on the city of Cuenca, under the juris-
diction of the province of Quito in Peru. It is re-
markable for the riches contained in the adjacent
mountains.]

CANARDS, or Patos, a river of Georgia or
Florida : it runs to the *. and enters with a very
abundant stream into the sea, first joining the river
Apalachicola, and then running into tlic bay of
San Marcos. The Spaniards call it De Palos, and
by this name it is known io our geographers.

Canauds, a town of Nova Scotia, situate by
the pool of the Mines, in the bay of Fundy.

Canards, some islands, also bearing the name
of Duck, situate in lake Ontario, Upper Canada,
between Wolf island and point Traverse.

Canarus, another island near the coast of Main,
North America. Lat. 44" 9' n. Long. 68° 8' w.

CANARIA, a small settlement of Peru, in the

Erovincc and toric.'jmiento of Guamanga, ccle-
ratcd for the famous mines of silver which it has
on the mountain called Chumbilla, three leagues
distant from the town.

CANARIS, a province of the kingdom of Qui-
to, situate to the s. of the jurisdiction of Cuenca.

CAN

285

bay of

Canada,

in the

leagues

These Indians nrc the finntt or any inth«! kingdom,
hoinff robust, well mode, laliorious, courteoiii), and
ducilo. The country is deliglitful, fertile, and
watered by many rivulctH ; it alHiundtt in mines of
gold, silver, copper, mercury, lead, and other me*
laU, but they nre scarcely ever worketl. It was
conquered and united to the empire of Peru by the
Inca Tupac Yupanqui. Here are to be seen the
ruins of a palace which belonged to the Incas,
which some nave falsely asserted to have been the
temple of the sun. The principal town is Atun-
cailar. Sec Cannarics.

fCANAS, or TiNTA, a jurisdiction in Peru, S.
America. See Canes and Canciics.]

Canab, a river of the province and government
of Buenos Ayres. It runs e. and enters the Uio
Negro.

Can AS, a settlement of the province and govern-
ment of Valparaiso in the kingdom ot Chile,
situate on the n. of the town of Melipilla.

Canas, a river of the province and government
of Tucum&n, and jurisuiction of Saltn. It runs
e. and enters the passage between the Yctasco and
the Palata.

Canas, a small river of the island of St. Do-
mingo ; it rises in the valley of San Juan, runs n.
afterwards f. and joins the Vallejuelo to enter the
Artibonito.

[CANASERAGA Creek runs w. u\ into Genes-
see river at Williamsburg, in New York state.]

CANATLAN, a settlement belonging to the
missionaries of the religious order of San i rancisco,
in the province of Nueva Vizcaya.

[CANAWISQUE, a w. branch of Tioga river,
rises in Pennsylvania.]

CANAXE, a river of the province and colony
of Bcrbice ; the banks of which are covered with
sugar-cane, cultivated by the Dutch, who make
here large quantities of sugar.

CANAZAS, a river or (he province and go-
vernment of Panama in the kmgdom of Tierra
Firme : it rises in the mountains of Daricn, and
empties itself into the S. sea, in the bay and gulf
of Panamd.

[CANCES arc a very numerous Indian nation of
N. America, consisting of a great many different
tribes, occupying different parts of the country
from the bay of St. Bernard, mthe gulf of Mexico,
across the Kio Grande del Norte, and towards La
Vera Cruz. They are not friendly to the Spa-
niards, and generally kill them when they have an
opportunity. They are attached to the French,
arc good hunters, principally using the bow.
They are very particular in their dress, which is
made of neatly dressed leather ; the women wear a

long loose robe, resembling that of a Franciscan
friar; nothing liut (heir headsand feet are to l)e seen.
The dress of (he men consists of straight leatlier leg.

Sings reseml)lingi)anlalooris, and a leather hunting
lirt or frock. Nu estimate can be made of (lieir
number. Thirty or forty years ago, (lie Spaniards
used (o ni!'''c.!»lave» of them when (liey could take
(hem ; a con^.derahle number of the n were brought
to Nachitoches, and sold to the French inhabi(aii(s
at 40 or 50 dolktrs a head, and a number of (iiem
are still living here, but are now free. About »iO
years ago, an order came from the king of Spain
that no more Indians should be made slaves, and
those that were e>'slaved should be emancipated ;
atler which, some ol'the women who had been ser-
vants in good families, und taught >|M(ining, sew-
ing, &c. as well as managing houseli'il.l ali'airs,
married natives of the country, and became re-
spectable, well-behaved women, and have now
growing up, decent taniilies of children ; have a
language peculiar to themselves, and arc under-
stood, by signs, by all others. 'J'liey arc in amity
with all other Indians except (he Ilietans.]

[CANCHES. SccCan/.s.]

CANCON, a settlement ot the province and
corregimknto of Quillotn in the kingdom of Chile,
situate at the mouth of the river of the same name.

CANDELARIA, Capii t-a dk la, a settlement
of the province and correginiiento of Itata in the
kingdom of Chile ; in the vicinity of which, and
(o tlie w. lie the territories of Tomenclu, Lostitres,
Padineo, Baloas, andCallK' ; ond on the other side
of the river Guanutil, those of Jesus and Monte
Blanco.

Candelauia, a port of the coast of the
straifs of Magellan, also called Do (]uavilca, at
the entrance of the S. sea, discovered by Pedro
Sarmiento do Gamboa, by whom it was taken for
the eightii time, and made subject to the crown
of Castilla.

[CANDULAniA, a settlement of Indians of the
province and government of Paraguay, situate on
the Parana, in Lat. ''2V 2(i' 46". Long, brf 47'
3b" a).]

[CANDIA, a township in Rockingham county,
New Hampshire, n. of Chester, about 3(j miles
w. of Portsmouth. The soil is but indifferent.
It was incorporated in 17()7, and contains 1040
inhabitants.]

[CANDLEMAS Shoals are about two degrees
of latitude duo n. of port Praslin, discovered, nam-
ed, and passed, by Mendans, in 13t»9.]

CANE. See Colorado.

Cam:, a small river of Louisiana. It runs to
the }. e. and enters the sea in the bay of San Ber^

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na.do. On <!ic shore at its mouth the French,
uiulcr Kobort It Sale, made their first establish-
ment in the year l(iS3.

[CANELON, a town of the prvivince and go-
verniiii,nt of Bucuos Ayrcs, situate on a branch of
the river of the same name, about seven leagues
«. of Monte Video. Lat. 3¥"35' US" s. Lonff.
56^ 15' ri'.J .

CANELONES, River of the, in the province
and goveriuiicnt of Buenos Ayrcs. It runs to the
s. and euters the sea on tlie oast of the Rio de hi
Plata, on the side of Monte Video.

CANELOS, a hirge province of the kingdom
of Quito, discovered by Gonzalo Pizarro in the
year 1540, who gave it this name on account of
the quantity of cinnamon trees found in it, which
grow very strong, shedding an odour something
like camphor, and very pungent. Tiiis cinnamon,
which fs crdled raspado, \\, carried to Quito, and
sold at six reals a pound, being made use of in-
stead of the fine cinnamon. A small viper is fre-
quently met with in it of the same colour as the
ciiuuuuon, ai'd extremely venomous. This pro-
vince is uncultivated, full of impenetrable forests
and rivers, and contains only one settlement of the
same name, on the n. shore of the river Bobonaza,
in which is the port ofCanoas, and the residence
of a religious Uominican, who is the curate of
those few miserable Indians. In lat. F 3a' 20" s,

CANES AND Canches, a province and rov'
regimknto of Peru, bounded on the c. by Cara-
baya, towards the town of Mauclnni, on the s. e.
by Lampa in the cordillcra of Villacanota, on
the s. by Cailloma, s. e. by a part of the province
of Condcsuios of Arequipa, w. by Chimibiviica,
being divided by the river Apurimac, and n. w.
by Quispicauciii. It is in length from «. to s.
30 leagues, and 15 in width : Its climate is, for
the greater part, extremely cold, on account of
its being nearly covered with mountains of snow ;
nevertheless they cultivate here barley, maize,
potatoes, cavi, and qtiinoa ; and in the warm parts,
which consist of uneven and broke;, j^t.iunds near
the rivers, some kinds of fruit, though in nt. abun-
dance. Here also arc great quantities of animals
which breed upon the mountains from the luxu-
riance of the pastures ; atul of these are the vigog-
nes, huanacos, and viscacfias, whicij latter are a
species of hare or rabbit ; deer also, and par-
tridges, abound hde. In the rivers are foniul
bagies a foot in length. The principal rivers
which water this province, are the Vilcamayo,
whici) runs from the province of Quispicanchi,
into which runs another flowing down from the
snowy sierras on the e, part called Combapata.

CAN

This river has a stone bridge, and descends from
the heights of Caillrma. This province has many
lakes, which are filled with water-fowl, such as
ducks, widgeons, and others ; these birds arc
found more particularly in lake Lanchug, which is
three leagues long and one and a half broad, and
in it there is also found the load-stone. Linen
cloth is fabricated here. In the (iisLlct of San
Pedro dc Cacha, in a place called Rache, there is
an ancient and grand edifice with nine gates, half
of the walls of which, as high as the first stories,
arc made of carved stone ; the rest of the edifice
licing of earth upon five galleries of stone, forming
as it were so many other walls. This building is
said to have served as a temple in Viracocba in the
time of the gentilism of the Indians. At a small
distance there is an artificial lake with aqueducts
which keep it always at a proper height ; this
lake is situate upon a black mountain, wnich may
be about two leagues in circumference : also in
the same vicinity arc vestiges of a considerable
population, and here is found a mineral earth
from which they fabricate jars, large pitchers, and
other vessels, which arc carried to be sold in the
neighbouring provinces. In this province are
many mines of silver, but they are not worked, on
account of their |l}eing some of them filled with
water, and some of them broken in, with the ex-
ception, however, of thcseofCondoroma, which,
although they have experienced the former ca-
lamity, do not fail to render yearly many marks
of gold, a pretty good testimony of their riches.
Great indeed have been the labour and exi)ence in
the attempts to empty them of the water, but in
this they have not as yet succeeded. Here arc also
tour good su^ar-mills ; and in the jurisdictit)n of
the town of \ auri, are two mines of copper, which
are worked : Some gold mines also arc not wanting,
although tiiey be of little note. In the establisli-
ment of Condoroma it is not uausuat to expe-
rience, •■•• Ihe tempests of thumler and lightning,
a sort r prickly sensation on the hands and feet
and other parts of the body, which they call inos-
COS, or flics, witi:ouf, however, being able to
discover any of these insects ; nnil it should seem
that the effect is to be attriiiuted to the state of tlie
atmospiiere, since the heads' of canes, buckles,
and silver or gold galloons, though during sncii
times highly aflbcted by the electric matter, cease
to be so on the cessation of the tempest. The in-
habitants of this province amount to 18,000 souls,
dwelling in 2t settlements, which are,
Sicunni, Tunganuca,

San Pablo, Yanacoa,

Chucuyupi, Layo,

CAN

Pichihua,
Yaura,
Marangani,
Tinta,
Pitumaiica,
Surimana,
Langui,
Cbeca,

Asicnto dc Coii-
doroina,

Santuariode la V it-
gen de lluoncani,

San Pedro do Cacha,

Cunibapata,

Pueblo Nuevo,

Santuario dc Tan-
gascucal,

Quehue,

Coporaqiie,

Canddariu.

Its repartimiento amounted to 1 12,300 dollars,
and it paid 900 dollars yarly for alcavala. The
capital is Tinta.

CANETK, a province and corregimicnlo of
Peru. Its jurisdiction begins six leagues s. of
Lima, and extends as far as 35, following the
coast of the Pacific ocean. It is bcmMlcd on ihe
n.e. by the province of Iluarochiri, on the f. by
Yauros, on the s. by Yea, on the s. c. by Castro
Vireyna, and on the w. by the sea. It is 31 leagues
in length from n. to s. and from eight to nine in
wi Jth, from e, to w. It is watered by some streams,
of which the most considerable arc the Mala on
the n. which rises from the lake Iluasca-cocha,
in the province of Yauyos, and the Cauetc. On
its coast arc many small ports and bays, though
very insecure and of unequal bottom. It abounds
in wheat, maize, sugar-cane, and all soriL.<; of
fruit. The lands of this province belong for the
most part to noble families at Lima, with which
capital it carries oa a considerable trade in fish,
(brought from the coast), in fruit and vegetables,
salt procured from the salt grounds of Chielca,
and in nitre brought from the town of Mala.
Its corregidor used to have a rrpartimiaito of
124,000 dollars, and it paid 992 yearly for alca-
vala. The settlemonta of this province are,
Canete, San Pedro de

Chilca, Pacaran,

Calango, Almagro,

Chincha, Lunaguana,

Mala,

Zuni

ga.

CAN

287

Tanqui,
Coillo,

Canlte, a river of the same province, which
rises from the lake Tiell-cocha in Yauyos. It
runs to the w. and enters the sea near the llerbae.
At its entrance are to be seen the remains of a for?
Avliich belonged to the Incas of Peru.

Cancti:, some islands near the coast of 'nc
same province.

Canfti:, a port in the same province fre-

diction of Jujuy, situate on the shore of the livcr
Laquiaca.

GANG RF JO, a large settlement of the same
province and government as the former, and of
the same jurisdiction, situate likewise on the shore
of that river.

CAf;JREJOS, Island of the, lies at the en-
tvancc of the river Orinoco, in its principal mouth,
calleil Navios, on the n. side. Mr. Uellin calls
it Cangray. It is small, and inhabited by Caribce
Indians.

CANI, a settlement o*" the province and corve-
gimiento of Iliianuco in Peru, annexed to the cu-
racy of Santa Maria del Valle.

[CANIADERAGO, a lake in Otsego county.
New York, nearly as large as Otsego lake, and
six miles w. of it. A stream called Oaks creek
issues from it, and falls into Susauehannah river,
about five miles below Otsego. The best cheese
in the state is said to be made on this creek.]

CANIBALES, or Caribls, a barbarous na-
tion of Indians, who are, according to their name,
cannibals, inhalnling the islands of the Antilles
before they were taken and conquered by the Spa-
nish, Eugli^h, and French. There arc few of
these Indians at the present day inhabiting those
islands ; the greater part are to be found in Domi-
nica, which is entiicly possessed by them : they
adore a man who they atlirm was uncreated, and
the first of all men, who descended from heaven,
and was called Longiio, from whoso navel were
born other men, and sonic also from his legs, which
he himself cleft open with a hatchet. With the
Manicheans, they l)clieve in the two original causes
of good and evil, and i" the immortality of the
soul ; and whenever any one dies they bury with
him his slaves and servants, thinking they may
bcofusetohim in the othtr ^\orld. They are
polygamists, very cruel, but dexterous in the use
of the bow and arrow; they arc to l)e found also
in other parts of the continent. [See Cahihks.J

[CANirODEO Crak, a s. hk head water of
Tioga river in New York, which interliick.s with
the head waters of (lencssce river, and joins Co-
nesteo creek 2(j miles k". m. w, from tin- Painted
post.]

CANICUAIilS, a barbarous nation of Indians,
who live s( altered in the wooils of Ilio Nc<;ro io
the V. oCMarnnon. It is but lilHc kno\\n.

province and cor-
II, annexed to (he

CANIN, a settlement oflhc

i>,,..

qiiented by small vessels. It is very confined anil
iiibecnre.

C .NGREJILLOS, a settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Tucum^, and juris- curacy of Tillos.

rcghnienlo of Cliancay in
curacy of Canchas.

C'ANIS, a betll»!ir.ent of (he province and cot-

»pgiM//f«/o_of Caxatambo in Peru, annexed to the

288

CAN

^ \.\

l-^

■U!

!'«"

I'i

[CANISSEX, a small river of the district of
Maine]

CAmOUIS, a race of Indians of the province
and government of Louisiana, inhabiting tue shores
of the river Akansas.

[CANNARES, Indians of the province of
Quito in Peru. They are very well made, and
very active ; they wear their hair long, which
they weave and bind about their heads in form of
a crown. Their clothes are made of wool or cot-
ton, and they wear fine fashioned boots. Their
women are handsome and fond of the Spaniards ;
they generally till and manure the ground, whilst
their husbands at home card, spin, and weave
wool and cotton. Their country had many rich
gold mines, now drained by the Spaniards. Tlie
land bears good wheat and barley, and has fine
vineyards. The magnificent palace of Thecma-
bamba was in tlie country of the Cainares. Sec
CanarisJ

[CANNAVERAL Cape, the extreme point of
rocks on the e. side of the peninsula of £. Florida.
It has Mosquitos inlet n.hyw. and a large shoal
5. by e. This was the bounds of Carolina by
charter from Charles II. Lat. S8'' 17' n. Long.
80° 20' a).]

[CANNAYAH, a village on the «. side of
Washington island, on the n. w. coast of N. Ame-
rica.]

CANNES, Island of the, on the s. coast of
Nox'a Scotia, between the islands La Cruz and
La Verde.

CANNESIS, a settlement of the province and
government of Louisiana, situate at the source of
the river Rouge, or Colorado, with a fort built by
the French.

CANO, a settlement of the province and tor-
rtgimiento of Huanta in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of its capital.

CANOA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Esineraldas in the kingdom of Quito.
Canoa, a bay in one of the islands of the Cai-
cos, directly io the w. of that of Caico Grande,
looking immediately in that direction, and near
the point of Mongon.

CANOCOTA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Collahuas in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of Chibay.

CANOE, Islands of, in the river Mississippi,
just opposite to where the river Roche runs
into it.

[Canoe Ridge, a rugged mountain about 200
milos ze>. of Philadelphia, forming the e. boundary
of Bald Eagle valley.]
CANOGANDI, a river of the province and

CAN

fovernment of Chocu in the kingdom of Tierra
'irme. It rises in the sierras of Abide, runs to
the w. and enters the Paganagandi.

CANOMA, or Guarihuma, a river of the
province and country of the Amazonas, in the
part possessed by the Portuguese. It rises in the
territory of the Andirases Indians, and enters a kind
of lake tormed by different branches of the river
Madera.

CANONA, a lake of the province and country
ofthe Amazonas, in the territory of the Portuguese,
and in one of those numerous islands which form
the arms ofthe river Madera, on the side of the
island of Topinambas.

[CANONNICUT Island, in Newport county,
Rhod ; island, lies about three miles w. of New-
port, the *. end of which, (called Beaver Tail,
on which stands the light-house), extends about
as lar s. as the s. end of Rhode island. It extends
r. about seven miles, its average breadth being
about one mile ; the e. shore forming the w. part
of Newport harbour, and the w. shore being about
three miles tic>r> the Narraganset shore. On this
point is Jamestown. It was purchased of the In-
dians in 1657, and in 1678 was incorporated by
the name of Jamestown. The soil is luxuriant,
producing grain and grass in abundance. James- _
town contains 507 inhabitants, including 16 |]
slaves.]

[CA'NONSBURGH, a town in Washington
county, Pennsylvania, on the n. side of the w.
branch of Chartier's creek, which runs n. by e,
into Ohio river, about five miles below Pittsburg.
In its environs are several valuable mills. Here
are about 50 houses and an academy, seven miles
n.e. by e. of Washington, and 15 s. w. of Pitts-

burg.t

CANOS, Blancos, a small river of the pro-
vince and government of Paraguay, which runs
M. and enters the Nanduygazu.

CANOT, a small river of Louisiana ; it runs
*. w. between the rivers Ailcs and Oviscousin, and
enters the Mississippi.

Canot, another river of N. Carolina. It runs
to the ». w, and enters the Cherokccs.

CANOTS, or Canoas, a river ofthe kingdom
of Brazil, in the province and captainship of San
Pablo. It rises near the coast opposite the island
of Santa Catalina, runs to the w. in a serpentine
course, and serves as the source of the large river
Uruguay.

CANSACOTO, a settlement of the kingdom of
Quito, in the corregimiento of the district called
De las Cinco Leguas de su Capital.

CANSEAU, an island of Nova Scotia in N.

na. It runs

(^ A N

America, Lavina; an excellent porf, three leagues
in lenpU), and in whicb there are many other
small islands. On flic adjoining niuinland there
is a river called De Salniom-s, (snhnon), on ac-
count of its abounding >vith these l^ll, of which
indeed great quantities are taken, .s tlicy arc es-
teemed the finest species of lish of a^y in that part
of the world.

Canseau, a small settlc-ment of the same
island, which was burnt by the French in the war
of J 744.

Canseau, a cape of the same island, at the en-
trance of the straits, and also a sand-bank at the
mouth of them.

CANTA, a province and -government of Peru,
hounded on the «. r. and e, by Tarma, on i\\c w.
by Ghancay, partly by the corrcgiitiienio of Cer-
cado, and on the s. by lluarochiri. It is 24
leagues in length u. to s. and 35 in width e. to <i'.
Its territory is gencr;iUy uneven, being in the ror-
dtl/aa. It has some deep j)its or canals, on the
sides of which, and in small spots, they sow and
cultivate vegetables, fruits, and potatoes. The
breed of cattle is by no means inconsiderable here,
and there arc to be found most of the wild animals
which are natives of t!ie sierra, namely, "vicinias,
(wild goats), and sheep peculiar to these countries,
and dillt'ring from those of Europe. In this pro-
vince as well as in nearly all those of the sierra,
tliere is scarcely any wood tor the purposes of
cooking, and this wai't is supplied by the use of
turf, which makes a lively fire, but which is very
apt to smoke. Those parts which arc called c/«e-
bradas, or rugged and uneven, are very sickly,
and are subject to two species of maladies com-
mon to other cold climates in this country ; the
one is that of warts, which not budding in due
time, often become exceedingly troublesome, and
even dangerous ; the other of corrosive sores,
shewing themselves particularly upon the face,
and are dithcult to be cured, and which are attri-
buted to the sting of an instct called ula. Some
mines of silver were formerly worked here, which
were so abundnni, (hat they used to render ^00
jnarks each cajo)>, (an excavatirn of L'O feet square,
more or less), but these, from n»it being reguluriy
worked,, are tilled with water. Here are alto two
/litis o( loadhtone, as also some minerals of alum,
copper, and red lead. The following rivers take
tlicir rise in this province : The Carabaya from tlic
lakes Ta( aiml)al)a and Lorococha, which empty
themselves into the sea on the h. of Lima; an'
the Pasamayo, which runs to the s. ofChancay,
lirst receiving the waters of some hot medicinal
springs,
vol-,

CAN

289

tiiniento of 125,000 dollars, and it paid yearly
1000 foi- ulcuxulu.

The capital is a town of the same name, in lat.
J P 10' s. and its jurisdiction comprehends G^
others, which are,

Carhua,

Obrajillo,

Pursamaria,

Chaqui,

Paniacoclia,

(arhuueayan,

^ iinla,

Pari,

Ij'cliayucarpa,

lluaillai,

lluabichao,

Pacaraos,

Uschaicocha,

Santa ('r.iz,

Sania Catarina,

Chauca,

Rivira,

(.'hupas,

Culli,

Vircay,

Atabillos Altos,

Pasa,

Chisque,

Huauoquin,

Cornio,

Lampian,

Pallas,

San .luan.

Qui pan,

G'uandaro,

San Miguel,

Arahuay,
Anaica,

Qu'by,

Pirca,

Cotoc,

Chaupic,

Pompas,

Riu CO,

liauma,

}i uacos,

Biscas,

Yazu,

Yanga,

Banos,

Carae,

San Agustin,

tluam.intanga,

Sumbirca,

San Buenaventura,

}I uaros,

San Lorenzo,

Mayo,

Alpamarca,

Atabillos Baxos,

lluaicoi,

Puruchucu,

A ma,

San Joseph,

Culluay,

Pampacocha,

Quizi'i.

Its corrtgiilor used to receive a rrpur-

CANTANABALO, a river of the province and
government of San Juan dc los Llanos in the
new kingdom of Granada. It rises between the
Caviusari and the Sinaruco, and running nearly
parallel with them, enters into the Orinoco.

CANTERBURY, a fort of the province of
Hampshire, one of the (our composing the colony
of New England. It is built on the shore of the
river Peimycook, and at the mouth of the water-
course I'or.'.ied by the lake Winnipisiok.e.

[Cantkium uY, a township in Windham
county, Conn, cticut, on the m. side ofQuinna-
baug river, which separates it from Plainfield.
It is seven miles e. by s. of Windham, and about
10 or ]'J //. of Norwidi.]

CANTl- A, a small settlement of the head set-
tlement and aUahlia mayor of (vuquio in Nuexa
EspaTia, situate on the w. of its capital.

j (ANTON, a new township in Norfolk county,
p p

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S90

C A O

Rfassacbnsetts, incorporated in 1707, it being
formerly the n. pari ot Stougliloii.]

CANUARI, a small river of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres. It runs (o the n.
and enters the Rio Grande of the Portuguese, be-
Sween the MI)onqui and tlie Pobitini.

CANUEIRAS, a point of the m. extremity of
tlie isliind of Santa Cutalina, on tlic coaiit of
Brazil.

CANUERALES, a settlement of tlie province
and coiregimieiito of Ciiyo in the kingdom of
Chile, situate near the rivei Piiimaiite.

CANUTO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Venezuela. It rises in the mountain Ta-
cazurnma, runs nearly s. and enters the river of
Jja Portuguesn.

CANXA, a small settlement of the head settle-
ment of Orizava, and alrafdia mayor of Yxmi-
quilpan, in Nneva Espnila.

[CANY Fork, in the state of Tennessee, is a
short navigable river, and runs n. w. into Cum-
berland river, to, of tiie Salt lick, and opposite
Salt Lick creek, 50 miles in a straight line from
Nashville.]

CANZL, a river of tlic colony and govern-
ment of Surinam, in the partof Guayana [Missessed
by the Dutch. It rises between tiie Berbice and
the Corentin, and after a very round-about course,
enters the fornaer, close to its mouth, or where it
runs into the sea.

CAO, Santa Maria Magdam:na de, a
settleirent of tlie province and corregimienlo of
Truxillo in Peru, situate in the valley of Chicama.
It was the capital in the time of the Indians, and
the number of these 200 years ago was 3000 ; but
now it is reduced to a wretched state, and occu-
pies a small spot on the other side of the river,
being nine leagues distant from its capital.

Cao, with the dedicatory title of Santiiigo, to
distinguish it from another settlement of the same
province and "orregimicnto, although they are
both equally poor and reduced. Its inlial)itants
maintain themselves by the cultivation of maize,
wheat, rice, and vegetaWes, which they carry
for sale to the other provinces, so that they are
for the most part a race of carriers, and indeed
possess no inconsiderable droves of mules. It is
six leagues from its capital, just by the sea.

CAOBAS, River of the, in the island of St.
Domingo, in that part possessed by the French.
It rises in the valley of San .luan, runs to the tw.
and afterwards changing its course to the«. v). en-
ters the Artil)oiiili).

CAORA, a river which runs down from the
mountaiui of Guayana to the s. of tlie lake

CAP

Cassipa, into wliicli it enters; and afterwards
running out at the n. side of this lake, it findg
its way through a subterraneous passage, until it
empties itself into the Orinoco, on its s. shore.
The borders of this river are inhabited by a
nation of barbarous Indians, who wander con-
tinually through the forests without any fixed
abode. They are cannibals as well as the other
Indian tribes around them, and with whom they
keep up a continual warfare.

CAPACA, a settlement of the province of Culi-
acan in Nneva Espana ; situate near the head set-
tlement.

CAPACIIICA, a settlement of the province and
corregimieuto of Paucarcolla in Peru ; situate on
the w. shore of the lake Titicaca.

Capachica, a narrow strip of land formed by
the great lake THicac.i. Of these strips t!icre arc
three, and this appears, for the distance of a league,
to be completely divided from any main land.

CA PA lino, a village under the jurisdiction of
the town ot San Christoval, in the new kingdom of
Granada; of a warm temperature; abounding in
sugar-cane, from which much sugar is manufac-
tured, and in cacao; but it is much infested by
the barbarian Indians, called the Motilones (short-
haired), who destroy the plantations. It contains
200 house-keepers, and is 24 leagues n. e, of
Pamplona, in the road which leads to Merida and
liU G'rita, and eight leagues from the city of San
Christoval.

('APACMARCO, a settlement of the province
and corrcs^imiento of Chumbivilcas in Peru.

CAPAIA, a settlement of the province and co>-
reginiienlo of Aimaraez in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Soraica.

Capaia, another settlement in the province of
Barcelona, and governmentof Cumana ; situate on
the coast, on the banks of a river of the same
name.

Capaia, a river of the same province and go-
vernment, which rises in the serrania, and after
making many turnings runs into the sea, near tlm
ca])e ('odera towards the e.

(3APAIAN, a settlement of the province and
government of Tucimian, in the jurisdiction of
the city of Rioja.

CAPAIRE, a settlement of the province of Ve-
nezuela, and government of Maracaibo ; situate
very !iear the coast, at the point Colorada, on the
shore of the river Guepe.

[CAPALITA, a large town of North America,
and in the province of Oaxaca. The country
round abounds with sheep, cattle, and excellent
fruit.]

neur tlic

CAP

CAPANA, a river of the province and country
of the Anazoiias, in the part bolongiiify to the Por-
tiigiK'Rc. It rises in the territory of the Yaveis
Indians, between the rivers Cuchivava and the
Madera ; runs to the s. and turning to the s. s. e,
enters into one of tiic lakes wliich tonus the latter
river.

CAPANATOfAQUE, a small settlement of the
head settlement of Acantepec, and alcafdia mayor
of Tlapa, in Nueva Espana. Its temperature is
warii, Jintl it contains: 90 families of Mexican In-
di:i IS who employ themselves in the cultivating
and dressing of cotton.

CAPANEMA, a settlement of the province and
aiptah'ship of Totlos Santos in Brazil ; situate
on the shore of the river of its name, near tlie bay.

Cai'Aneiia, a river of the same province,
which rises near the coast, runs e. and enters the
sea in the bay.

CAPANERliALTE, a river of the provirne
and auaUlUi mayor of Soconusco, in the king-
dom ot Guatemala. It runs into the S. sea be-
tween the rivers Colate and Gueguctlan,

CAPAKE, an island of the river Orinoco, in the
province and government of Guayana ; situate at
the entmnce, and one of those forming the mouths,
of that river.

CAPARRAPI, a small settlement of the ju-
risdiction of the city of Palma, and corregimiento
of Tunja, in the new kingdom of Granada. Its
temperature is warm ; the number of its inhabi-
tants is much reduced ; they may, '• nvever, still
amount to 40 iiousekeepers : its only |)roductions
are some maize, cotton, ^j/ris, and plantains.

CAPATAHIDA, a settlement ot the province
and government of Maracaibo ; situate on the coast,
at the mouth of the river so called.

Cai'ataiuu.a, the river which rises near the
coast, runs ». and enters the sea.

[CvVPATI. Within a very few years has been
discovered in the gold mine of this place, on the
niouiilaiiis of (Jopiapo, a now immalleabic sort of
metal, of a kind u<ikno\iii to the miners; but Mo-
liiiu imn<rine(l ii io be no other than platina.]

(lAPA! II.Qt !•;, a settlement of llie jirovince
and rorni,/ ''r«^)ot Vamparaes, and archbishopric
of t liareas, m IVru.

[CAPE St. Andueu's, on the coast of Para-
iruay, or la Plata, S.America. Eat. SS^'lS's.
Long. 3S "2 w.']

[Cai St. Antonio, or Antjiomo, is the
poi'il o! land on the s. side of La Plata river in
S. Au'cr o;i. wliich, with cape St. Mary on the n.
for.ns the inonth of that river. Lat. 30° 52' 5.
Long. 50" 43' a\]

CAP

291

[Cape St. Augustine, on the coast of firazil,
S. America, lies *. of Pernambuco. Lat. 8° 39' *.
Long. 35° 8' w.']

[Cape Blow-mi:-down, which is the 5. side of
the entrance from the bay of Fundy into the basin
of Minas, is the easternmost termination of a range
of mountains, extending about 80 or 90 miles to
the gut of Annapolis ; bounded n. by the shores of
the bay of Fundy, and s. by the shores of Anna-
polis river.]

[Cape Cod, anciently called Mallebarro by
the French, is the s.e. point of the bay of Mas-
sachuselt,s, opposite capo Ann. Lat. 42^ 4' n.
Long. 70° 14' 10, from (jfreenwicli. See Barn*
STAPLi, County and PaoviN^TK Town.]

[('ape Elizaii;tii, a head-land and township
in Cuiidjerland county, district of Maine. The
cape lies in n. lat. 45i°33' e. by s. from the centre
of the town nine miles, about 20*. \. of Cape Small
point, and 12 m >. from the Tiouth of Saco river.
The town has Portland on the w.e. and Scarborough
■'s. w. and contains 1355 inhabitants. It was incor-
porated in 1765, and lies 126 miles n. e. of
Boston.]

[Cape Fiar is the ». point of Smith's island,
which forms the mouth of Cape Fear river into two
channels, on the coast of N. Carolina, s.w, of cape
Look-out, and remarkable for a dangerous shoal
called the I'rying-pan, from its form. Near this
cape is Johnson's fort, in Brunswick county, and
district of VVilmiiigton. Lat. 33° 57' m. Long.
77°36'a'.;j

[Capk t EAR River, more properlyCLARENDON,
affords the best navigation in N. Carolina. It
opens to the Atlatitic ocean by two channels.
'Ihe s.w. and largest channel, between the f . zt).
end of Smith's island, at Bald head, where the
light-house stands, and the e. end of Oakcs island
s. w. from fort .lohnston. The new inlet is be-
tween the sea-coast and the n. e. end of Smith'.s
island. It will admit vessels drawing 10 or II
fccty and is about three miles wide at its entrance,
having 18 feet water at full tides over the bar.
It continues its breadth to the flats, and is navi-
gable for large vessels 21 miles from its mouth, and
14 (rom Wilmington ; to which town ves.sels draw-
ing 10 or 12 feet can reach without any risk. As
you ascend this river you h-ave Brunswick on the
left and Wilmilgton on the right. A little above
Wilmington the river divides into n. e. and n. w.
branches. The former is broader than the latter,
but is neither so deep nor so long. The n. w.
branch rises within a few miles of the Virginia
line, and is formed by the junction of Haw and
Deep rivers. Its general course is s. c. Sea ves-
p p 2

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293

CAP

sets can go 25 miles above Wilniins;toii, and large
boats 90~miles, to Fayetteville. The «. e. branch
joins the n. xt. branch a little above Wilmington,
and is navigable by sea vessels 90 miles above that
town, and by large boats to S. Washington, 40
miles further, and by rafts to Sarecto, which is
nearly 70 miles. The whole length of Cape Fear
river is abont 200 miles.]

Cape Gross or Giikat, the point or extremKy
of the e. coast of lake Superior in Canada, where
this begins to run out, in order to empty itself into
lake Huron.

Capk Gross or Great, another point of the
island of St. Christopher, one of the Antilles, in the
i. e. extremity, facing the s. «>. and is one of the
two which form the Grand A nee, or Great bay.

[Cai'e May is the s. westernmost point of the
state of New Jersey, and of the county to whicli it
gives name. Lat. 38° 59' «. Long. 74"" 55' w.
It lies 20 miles w. e. from cape Honlopen, which
forms the s. v). point of the mouth of Delaware bay,
as ciipc May doi^s the n. c]

[Cape May County spreads n. around the cape
of its name, is a healthy sandy tract of country, of
snflicient fertility to give support to 2571 industri-
ous and peaceable inhabitants. The county is
divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower pre-
cincts.]

[CAPERIVACA, a large river in Guayana, S.
America.]

CAPEllU, a river of the province and govern-
ment of (iuayana, which enters theApurc, accord-
ing to Mr. Hellin.

CAPETl, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Uarien, in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.
It rises in the mountains in the interior of this pro-
vince, runs from c to w. and enters the large river
ofTuirn.

CAPI, a settlement of the province and corrC'
giniienlo of Chilques and Masques in Pern.

Cm'i, a small river of the country of th.o Ama-
20!ias, in the territory of the Portuguese, it runs
fro II e. to io. and enters tlie Marauon opposite the
cily of Piua. Don Juan de la Cruz, in his map of
S. America, calls it Cupiu.

CAPiATA, a small settlement of the province
and government of Paraguay ; situate on the shore
of the river of its name, three leagues e. of the city
of Asuncion. [Lat. 25'' 21' -15". Long, 5V 3V
48* ?»■!.]

CA I'IGIII, a river of the province and capfmn-
ship of St. Viucoiit ill Brazil. It runs to the s. s. w.
and r'nfcrs the Mboapiari.

CAPILLA, a settlement of the provineo and
government of TucumAn, in the jurisdiction of

CAP

Santiago del Estcro, on the bank of the river Oho-
romoros.

Capilla Nukva, a parish of the province
and government of Buenos Ayres, mentioned only
by u. Cosme tiueno. [It is situate on the
river Negro. Lat. 3iJM2'30"s. Long. 67° 57'
40" aj.]

CArtLLAS, a settlement of the province and
corresimiento of Castro- Vireyna in Peru, an-
nexed to the curacy of Iluasitara.

CAPILLUCAS, a settlement of the regular
order of the Jesuits, now abolished, in the province
and government of Mainas of the kingdom of
Quito ; situate on the shores of the river of the
Amazonas.

Capillugas, a lake of the same province and
government ; formed from an overflow or channel
of the river Napo, and at no great distance from
the banks of this river.

Capillucas, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Yauyos in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Tauripampa.

CAPI NANS, a settlement of Louisiana ; situate
on the banks of the river Panzacola.

CA PIN ATA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Sicasica in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Cabari.

CAPINOTA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Cochnmbaba in Peru, and of the
arclibishr pric of Charcas ; in which there is, inde-
pendent of the parish-church, a convent of the
order of San Agustiii.

CAPIUA, a settlement of the jurisdiction and
ahnldia mnjo\ of Nata, in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme ; situate on the skirts of a mountain, at a
little distance from the coast of the S. sea.

CAPIRATO, a settlement of the province and
government of Cinaloa in NuevaEspana; situate
on the sea-coast.

CAPITAINE, Okic du, or Barkanco del
Capitan, a small river of Virginia. It runs
to the v. c. and enters the Ohio.

CAPI TANA, I'ointofthe, on the coast of the
island Guaricura ; one of those islands which lie in
the river of tlu^ Amazonas : it looks to the «.

CA PITANEJO, a settlement of the province
an'l corregimiento of Tunja in the new kingdom of
(iranada; situate on the bank of the river Soga-
moso, in the territory called Cabuya de Chica-
nioclia, which is the direct road from Tunja to
Santa I'e. 1( is of a very hot temperature, abound-
ing in sngai-cane, and other productions of a warm
climate. The natives are very subject to an epi-
demic disorder of lumps or swellings under the
chin. Its population consists of 100 housekeepers.

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province
)ncd only
I on the

'. 67° 57'

CAP

It is distant 30 leagues to the n. of Tunja, and
eight from the town of Suata.

CAPITUTU, Banado oe, a river of the pro-
vince and government of Paraguay, It runs to
the TO. and enters the same place. •

CAPIUARI, a small river of the province and
captainship of San Viiicente in Brazil. It rises
in the mountains near tiic coast, runs almost di-
roctly from e. to w. and enters the lluriiiambu or
Tiete, Iretwecn the Piraciacuba and J undiaya.

Caiuuaiii, another river of the province and go-
vernment of the Chiquitos Indians, and in the king-
dom of Peru ; it rises to the s. e. of the settlement
of San Rafael, runs to the «. and enters the Ytenes
with a slight inclination to the n. w,

Capiuari, another, in the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay, which enters the Parana, near
the settlement of La Mision de Jesus.

CAPitiAai, another, in the province and captairi'
ship of Key in Brazil. It rises from a lake near
the coast, runs to the w. and eaters the large river
of Los Patos.

CAPLIRA, a settlement of the province and cor-
re^imienlo of Aricd in Peru ; annexed to the curacy
ofTacna.

CAPLITOILGUA, an island of the N. sea, in
the straits De Magellan, one of those which form the
s. coast, at the mouth of the canal of St. Isidro.

Caplitoilgita, a bay in the former island.

CAPOCUI, a large lake of the province of Quito,
to the M. of the river Napo, emptying itself through
a canal into the river Napo. Lat. 57° s.

CAPOLITA, a river ot the province and akaldia
mnyor of Tecoantepec in Nueva Espaila ; it runs
to the e. and enters the S. sea between the Aguatuico
and the Siinatlan.

CAPON, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayana ; one of those which enter the
Cuium on the n. side.

CAPOT, a small river of the island of Mar-
tinique ; it runs to the n. e, and enters the sea be-
tween the Falaise and the Grand Anee.

Capot, a bay on the coast of the same island,
on its n. w. side, between the town of Carbrt and
the bay of Giraumont.

CAPOTERA, River of, in the kingdom of Bra-
zil ; it rises in the sierra grandi', runs to the w. n, e.
and enters the Tocantines, between the Santa Lucia
and the .A raiiuayn.

CAPO riLLO, River of, in the island of St.
Domingo ; it rises near the n, coast, runs zc. and
turninsc to the n. n.w. enters the sea at port DeWin.

CAPOTIQUI, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Caxamarquilla in Peru.

(DAPUCINS, MouNE DLS, or Mouiio oe los

CAP

293

Capuohk^O!!, a moun(:)iii of the island of Mar.
tinique, at the back of lue city of Fort Ro}ial.

CAPUCUi, a seltlenicnt of the missionaries of
the regular order of the Jesuits, now alwlished.

CAPUl], Ar,To, a town bL-lonjjing to Ihf French,
in the pari which they |h>sscss in tlie isliiiul of St.
Domingo ; it was taken and burnt by the Sp iniards
in the year 1691, after a victory gained by them.

CAi'UUjWith the addidoii of Baxo(Iow), io dis-
tinguish it ; another settlement of the same island
and dominion as the former.

CAPUl, a settlement of the province of Gunyana
and government of Cumaiii ; one of those which
is formed by the missions there established by the
Catalanians.

Capui, asmall river of the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay ; it runs to the ». and enters the
Parana between the Cafuguanipii and the Qnendi.
CAPUIO, a small settlement of the head settle-
ment of Etuquaro, and akaldia mayor of Vallado-
lid, in the province and bishopric of Mcchoacan ;
in which district there are some cultivated lands,
and in these, ns well as in the settlement, reside
some Spanish families, and some of the Muslees
and Indians, who gain their livelihood in tilling the
ground, in making lime, and cutting wood. Four
leagues w. of its capital.

CAPULA, a village of a small settlement of the
head settlement and akaldia mayor of Zultcpec in
Nueva Espana ; situate in the cleft or hollow part
of a mountain covered with trees ; its inhabitants,
who consist of 63 Indian families, make charcoal
and timber, these being the articles of their com-
merce.

CAPULALPA, San Simon de, asmall settle-
ment of the head settlement and akaldia mat/or of
Tezcoco in Nueva Espai^ii, situate on the top of a
hill ; it has a very p;ood convent of Franciscans,
and contains 75 tamilics of Spaniards, Mulattocs,
and MusteeSf and 196 of Indians: its territory is
very fertile, and the most luxuriant of any in the
same jurisdiction ; notwithstanding there is a lack
of moisture, there being no running streams. They
are used to gather most abundant crops of wheat,
maize, barley, vetches, l)eans, and French beans ;
they have large breeds of h(>^;s, botii in the viilngc
and in the (arms and neighbouring fattening stalls,
which they carry t'orsah- (o Mexico, to La Puebia,
and other parts. One leajjuew. ofils capital.

CAPULIJAC, San H'aToi.o.Mi; d ', a head
settlement of the akaldia mit/or of iMttcpec in
Nueva Espana; it contains 6^4 Indian families,
including those who inhabit the wards ol its dis-
trict, and it is two leagues to the s. e. ol its capital.
CAPURE, an arm of the river Orinoco, one of

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C A Q

CAR

those which form i(» {lid'crdit mouths: also the it abounds in the productions of a warm climate,
island of its ninac, inhabited by the Guaranos In- contains more tlian 200 housekocpcrs, and is nine
dians.

CAPUXA, a small settlement of the jurisdiction
and ttlcatdia innyur of Ixmiquilpan, an(l of the ca-
pital ofOrizava, in Nueva Espana.

CAt^UliTA, i\ very large and abundant river
risiiiir in (he province of Hucumbios in the kingdom
of Quito, in the mountains of Mocon, this name
being also given to it : it runs from w. to e. On
the s. it gathers the waters of the San Pedro, Santa
Cruz, and Arcvnio, and on the n. those of the
Lucia, Pato, Tango, Tabaquero, Cascabeles,
Isciifi/.e, and olliers of an inferior description. It
divi'l. : itself into (wo arms, the one of which takes
tlie name of Yupura, and which, running nearly to
the s:<.me point us the Maranon, separates itself into
other branches, which enter into this latter river in
4° of lat. and immediately become as large and
considerable as if tliey were the main stream : the
other arm is also divided into two, the one taking
A n. e. course, and entering the Orinoco, and the
other running *. e. and bearing the name of the Rio
Negro ; by means of which, in the year 1744', some
Portuguese came from Maranon to Orinoco, and

Sroveci the commuiiicatiou of these rivers, which
cfore was doubted : also by one of the arms of the
Vupura, Gonzalo Ximenes de Quesada found his
way to the new kingdom of Granada when he
undertook its conquest. Some maintain that this
river was the Orinoco, and thus has Don Pedro
Maldonado represented it in his map published ia
the year J7oO; but that of the Father Bernado
Rosella, missionary of the ai)olished society of the
Jesuits in Orinoco, made after the notes and in-
structions of tin; I'ather Manuel Roman, attributes
with some confidence another origin to the Orinoco,
and speaks of the Caquetii as one of the rivers wli ich
enter it on the w. side. The Spanish geographer

Cruz, in his General Chart of America, makes no
distinction between the Yupura and the (]aqueta,
and only speaks of one stream, which runs con-
tinually t:) the s. s. c. throupfh the territory of the (^a-

vauris Indians, before it enters the Maranon.

lit

deiiii'utes (he same as throwing out four brandies
to the V). andthree to (he e, all which join the latter
river , and he further states, that before it becomes
thus divided, it forms on its n. side two large lakes
caHi'd Ynabavu andCiimapi; from the whole of
wliK'li may bi easily inferred how great is the
abiifidance of its waters.

CAv^UKZA, a settlement ofthecorrfgiffJ»e»/o of
Ub;i<]u<' in the new kingdom of Granada, situate in
a warm but pleasant and agreeable soil, although
much infested by venomous snakes called iaj/as :

leagues to the s. w. of Santa Fe, in the road which
leads from San Juan de los Llanos to this capital.

CAtJU LV UIRl , a settlement of the province and
corrcginiierito of Pacages in Peru.

CAQUINGOltA, a settlement of the province
and corregimieto of Pacages in Peru.

CARA, an ancient province of the kingdom of
Quito towards the w. It extends itself along the
coast of the Pacific sea from the point of Pajonal to
the bay of Quaquez, lor the space of 19* or 20
leagues ; is watered by the rivers Tiisagiia and
Clionos to the s. and by the Jama to the «. The
whole of the lands lie low, and are uncultivated and
full of wood ; the climate is hot and moist. It is at
present united to the province of Esmeraldas.

Caua, (he capital, which is now destroyed, was
founded by Francisco de Ribas in the year 1562.
It was situate in the bay of Cara, which is formed
by the mouths of the two rivers Tasagua and
Choncs : its ruins are still to be seeti, and from these
was built the settlement of Canoa, at six leagues
distance, which was the residence of the lieutenant
governor. This settlement was in 3V :. lat.

Cara, with the .addition of Bella, a small set-
tlement of the Portuguese in the province andcan-
tuinship of Puerto Seguro in Brazil ; situate at tlie
source of the river Pricto, and in the territory or
country of the I'orics Indians.

CARABAIA, a province and corregvmeido of
Peru, bounded on the c. by Larecaja, to. by Qnis-
picanchi, n. w. and «. by the territories of the
infidel Indians, called Caraiigues, Sumachuniies,
and others, who are separated by the tamoui river
Inambary; s. to. by the province of Canes and
Candies or Tinta, and s. by Lanipa and Asangaro,
and in part by Puno or Paiicarcolla. According to
the nice measurenients which were made ■vvitli re-
gard to this province as well as of the others, it is
said to be 40 leagues from «. to s. and 50 at the
most from e louJ. I(s furtherest limits are o:i!y 14
leagues distiint from Cnzco, ahho'i^h on houeback
it is ni'cessjtry to yo a round ol'liO leagues. Its
cli.nate is various, accoriling to the more or less
elevated situation of the country; so that it is in
some |)iirts very cold, iuid in others mor;' temperate.
The pastures aie gooil, cotiseqnendy there is no
want of oatde, and in the neighbourhood of the
Andes (liey gp'her three or four crops of <:»f« in
the year. In this province is included that called
San Gaban, which -was utiil .1 lo it; many settle-
ments having been at th > sar.ii" time added to the
provinces of Larecaja, Lampa and Asangaro. It
has abounded more in gold than any other province

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mmm'i

CAR

5!05

fti America, and they reckon the ^old it has pro*
(iiiced at 33 millions of dollars, witliout counting
that which has been concealed ; but at present they
scarce procure from it 200 y and weiffht a year,
on account of the increased ciinrgcs of labour, and
the want of energy in the inhabitants. Many lumps
of gold have lieen found here, among which there
is still remembered to have been one of the figure of
a horse, which weighed 100 weight and some o(Ul
poinids, and which was carried to the Emperor
Charles V. ; and likewisu another lump which was
sent to Philip II. bearing a resemblance to the
head of n man, which, however, was lost together
with much other riches in the channel of Bahama.
This latter himp was tbimd in the washing place of
Ynahnaya. Nearly the whole of the territory of this

Erovince is intersporcd with gold. The most celc-
ratcd wasiiing places that it had were called San
Juan del Oro, Paulo Coya, Aiianca, and that which
was suijerior to all, Aporoma. In the year 1713, a
lumpofsilviT also wus discovered in the mountain
of llcuntaya, beinaj of a very solid piece of metal,
and of prodigious value ; in its rivers arc found
sands of goUl, to which at certain times of the year,
the Indians have recourse, iu order to pay their tri-
butes. There arc also other mines of silver and
copper in various parts, and springs of hot water.
It is very liable to earthquakes, and according to
the tradition of the Indians, there was one which
took place before the conquest, so large as to over-
turn mountains, and that, opening the earth, it
swallowed up in an abyss many towns with their
inhabitants. They likewise assert, that in the year
1747, another earthquake, throwing out of the
ground a dirty and muddy water, thereby infected
the rivers to such a (htgree as to cause a dreadful
and general mortality. It has some large rivers
as well as small ; all of which empty themselves
into the Ynnmbari, thus rendering this river ex-
tremely abundant : towards the m. and n. e. which,
as we have observed, is bounded by the infidel In-
dians, there are large tracts of ground covered witJi
coca and rice, with an abundance of mountain
fruits. Ju the aforesaid river they are accustomed
to take shad and large dories by shooting them
with muskets, or by piercing them with arrows or
darts. There are also some lakes, which, although
without fish, abound in ducks, sniiK's, and other
aquatic fowl. The infidel Indians have made va-
rious irruptions into this province: its capital is
.Sandia, and its natives, who amount to 28,000, are
divided into 26 settlements, as follows : The repar-
timietito received by the corregidor used to amount
to 82,800 dollars, and it paid C62 yearly for alcmafa.

Sandia,

('Uiocnio.

Laqueique,

Y nacorcque,

Quencque,

Patambu«:o,

S. Juan del Oro,

Quiaca,

Shin,

Para,

Limbani,

Chejani,

Aporoma,

Coaza,

Cru/ero,

A joiani,

iJsicaios,

I'squena,

('unluquitn,

Ynnm;;''ri,

A^apata,

Y tuata,

Macusani,

Ollachea,

Azaromn,

Corani.

CARABAlJiLO, a river of the province and
corresrimiento of Cercado in Peru. It rises in the
province of Canta from three lakes to then, of the
capital, and continues its course until it join the
sea close to the point of Marques.

Cakabaillo, a settlement of this province and
corrcf*;imiento.

CARABANA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of (iuaynna, which runs to the s. and
enters the Orinoco between the Corquina and the
Arrewow. According to Bellin, in his map of the
course of part of the Orinoco, it is distant from
the other river called Corobana, which also en-
ters the Orinoco on the opposite side.

CA RABATA NG, a river of the province and
captainship of Rio Grande in Brazil. It rises in
the sierra of the Tiguarcs Indians, near the coast,
runs s. s. e. and enters the sea between the Cong
and the Goyana.

CARABELAS, River of the, in the province
and captainship of Puerto Seguro in Brazil. Jt
rises in the coki sierra of the Pories Indians, runs
s.e. and according to Cruz, e. and enters the sea
opposite the bank of the Escollos (hidden rocks).

Carabelas, Grandi^s, a port of the island
of Cuba, on the n. part.

(^AUAHCLAs, CiiicAs, abay in the same island,
and on the same coast, between the settlement of
Guanaio and the Puerto del Ponientc {lo. port.)

CARABERES. See article Giarayos.

CARABUCO, a settlement of the province and
corregiiniento of Omasuyos in Peru ; in the vici-
nity of which arc the ruins of a chapel, which was
dedicated to St. Bartholomew ; and the Indians
have a tradition that the above-mentioned saint ap-
peared Jiere and preached the gospel to them :
thus, in the principal altar of the church, thoy re-
verence a large cross of very strong wood, and
•which ist;elebrated for having wrought many mi-
racles ; splinters of it being anxiously sought alter
by the faitliful, whcrefroni to form small crosses;

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CARACAS.

aiut it is, iiulccd, proKy gciii'ruily beiicvctl tlmt
this cross ■A.'is k-lt here by tlio above apostlr.

CAI{A(% u sdllcnicnl ol' the province and cor-
retjinictito of Caiita in Peru ; annexed to tlie cu-
racy of Lamjiian.

('AUACAIt.A, an ancient and small province of
CliarcDs iti Pern, to tlic .v. of Cuzco, and (he last
of (hose conqiieicd by (lie . sixth Emperor or Inca.

CAH U'ARES, a large lake of (lie province and
yoverimu'iit of Paraguay. It is 2i) leagues in
leiiglli, luid has many fertile islands, inhabited by
barbarian Indians, and empties itself through a
can:il into ilic river Parana on the c, side. It is
in^JOMI'.v. hit.

CAIIACAS, Santiago de Lhon ur., a cnpitnl
city of the province of Venezuela, founded by
Diego Losada in (he year IMt), in a bcaudful and
extensive valley of more than four leagues in
length. It is of a very mild tem|)eratnre, being
ncitlier troubled with excessive heat or cohl. It is
watered by fourrjveis, which fertilize its (errKoiy,
and make i( abound as well in delicate waters as
in exquisite frui(s and flowers: the streets are wide
and straight, the buildings clegani and convenient,
and it is oriumien(ed by (bur marts. It is (he seat
of the bishopric, erected in (he cUyof Coro in
1532, and translated to this spot in 1636. It has
a beautiful cathedral cliurch, besides some parish
chapels, wliich are ISuestra Senora de AKa Ci'ra-
ria ; San Pablo, which is also an hospidil, and
Nucstra Senora de la Candelaria, out of (he walls
of the city. There is also an hospital 7^e la Ca-
ridad (ot charity) for women; a convent of the re-
ligious order of Santo Domingo, in which is held
in high respect the wonilerful image of the V^irgin
of the Rosary, presented by Philip II. There is
another convent of San Francisco, in which is
preserved a piece of (he wood of the cross left by
the Governor Don Martin de Robles Villafanate ;
another of our Lady of /<« Merced; a monastery
•of religious women of La Concepcion ; aiiodier of
tljcCarmeli(esl)escalzas (barefooted) ; a college and
seminary for (he education of youth, with five ca-
thedrals; four hermitages dedicated to San Mau-
ricio, Saii(a Rosalia de Palermo, La Divina Pas-
fora, and La Santisima Trinidad. Charles II,
granted to this city the privilege of allowing its
"«/c«/rff.<( to govern the province in the vacancy of
a govi;riior ; and Philip V. permitted a commer-
cial oonipaiiy of IJiscayans to be established, who
reaped considerable aflluence, especially in (he ar-
tiles of caroa and sugar, the chief sourcC of its re-
venues : bii( this company was abolished in the
rtign ot" (.'liailcs 111. in the year 1778 ; which cir-
.:uiii>t.\ii( (• was ('"'isidered by tlic ci(y and the pro-

vince as a most consideribic privllpge. Theniim-
\xr of inhnbitants amounts to about iOO(), besides
an iiiHnity of people of colour by whom it is in-
liabKed. The natives have shown themselves to
lie of an ingenuous disposition, clever, aftiible, and
courteous. Its arms arc n guy lion rampant in «
field of silver, having between his arms a scollop.
shell of gold, with the cross of Santiago ; and tlic
crest is a crown with five poiii(s of gold. It was
sacked in I56(> by Sir I'rancis Drake, who came
thither in an Lnglish cruiser ; also by the Freiuli
in J()79. it is three leagues distant from the port
of (iuaira. Long. 07" w. La(. 10^ iK)' «.
The bishops who htve presided in (his city,

1. Don liodrigo linstidas, dean of the holy
church of S(. Domingo, the chief of the visitntioij
of the bishopric of Puertorico; elected on the y/lh
October 1535, and who died in t!ii'2.

2. Don Miguel (leronimo Hallesterns, dean u\
the church of Carlageiia of the Indies ; elected
in J, 043.

3. Don Fr. Pedro de Agreda, of (lie order ol
St. Domingo, collegiate of San (iregorio of Val-
ladolid ; presented to this bishopric in 1538, and
taking possession of it 1560, In his time the cit}
was sacKcd by the English : he died in 1580.

4. Don Fr. Juan de Manzanillo, of the order ol
St. Domingo ; presented in the year 1582 : ho ir-
built (he chnrcli, and died in 1593.

5. Don Fr. Diego Salinas, of the order of S'f,
Domingo, native of Medina tiel Campo, colle-
giate ot San firegorio de Valladolid, prior in (lit-
fereiit conven(s, procurator-general in the court,
and elected bishop in the year 1600: in the fol-
lowing year he died.

6. Don Fr. Pedro Martin Pal(»mino, of the order
of St. Domingo; elected in J60J : liedied the same
year.

7. Don Fr. Pedro de Ona, native of Burgos, of
(he order of our Lady of La Merced ; he was even-
ing lecturer in the university of Santiago, elected
bishop in 1601, canonized in the convent of Vai-
ladciid, and before he came to his church, was
promoted (o the bishopric of Gacta, in the king-
dom of Naples, in 1604.

8. Don Fr. Antonio de Alcega, of the order of
St, Francis ; lie was (brmeriy married, and held
the office of accountant to the royal estates in Yu-
catan, when he became a widower, and giving all
he possessed as alms to the poor, he look to a re-
ligious life, and Philip 111. being charmed with
his virtues presented hiin to this bishopric in
1664; he celebrated the synod in Caracas llio
year following, and died in 1609.

9. Don Fr, Juau de Boliorques, native of M's-

^i^vJ:'

CARACAS.

y97

ico, of tlie religious order of St. Dominic; elected
bihliof) ill 1610, mid wns from tbeiicc trniislutcd to
the bishopric of Ouxncn.

10. Don Fr, Gonziilo de Anffiiio, of the order
of St. Francis, niilive of Vuilnuolid ; lie wu.s su-
perior of the convent of Sej^ovin, dijinidor of the
province of Ciistilla, qnuliliciitor of the iiiquisi*
tion ; elected bishop in 1617, visited his bishopric,
wliere he spent more than three years, confirmed
,'](K)0 persons, and founded many granunar-schools :
he died in 1633.

il. Don Juan TiOnez Agurto dc In Mata, na-
tive of the island of Tenerifc, canon of the chiircii
ofthePuebla de los Angeles, prebendary of that
of Mexico, rector of the college, of liOs Santos,
and lecturer in its university ; he was elected bishop
of Pucrtorico in 1630, and promoted to this in
1G34 ; in which time the cath<^dral was removed
for the sake of security : in 1637 he died.

I^. Don Fr. Mauro de Tobar, of the order of
St. Benedict, native of Villaeustin, prior and ab-
bot of the monastery of Vulladolid, and afterwards
of Mqnforte, preacher to Philip W. ; elected to
this bishopric in 1639: immediately upon his tak-
ing possession of it a great earthquake happened,
and destroyed the cathedral, which he was rebuild-
ing, when he was translated to the bishopric of
Ciiiapain 1655.

13. Don Fr. Alonso Briccuo, of the order of La
Merced, of the province and kingdom of Chile;
he entered Caracas in the year 1659, and died
in 1667.

14. Don Fr. Antonio Gonzales dc Acuna, of the
order of St. Dominic, poslulador in the court of
liome ; he was elected bishop in 1676, and died
in 1683.

15. The Doctor Don Diego dc Baiios and Soto-
mayor, native of Santa Fe of Bogota, head colle-
giate of the college of the Ilosario in this city,
honorary chaplain to Charles II. and canon of
Cnenca ; he was promoted to the mitre of Santa
Marta in 1684 ; be founded the Tridentine col-
lege, having endowed the same with professorships
and revenues ; and being removed to the arcli-
bisliopric of Santa Fe, he died in the year 1706.

16. Don Fr. Francisco del Rincon, of the reli-
gious order of the Minims of St. Francis de Paula,
native of Valladolid ; he was promoted to the
archbishopric of Domingo in 1711, and from
Uience to that of Santa Fe in 1717.

17. Don Juan Joseph de Escalona y Calatayud,
was born at Rioja, became doctor of theology at
•Salamanca, canon of (]!aIahorra, and first chap-
lain in the couri of Madrid ; he was elected bishop

TOL. I.

in going over to Ije

of ('arncas, for his rhority to (he poor, in the year
1719, and thence translated to the bishopric of Me-
choacan in 1728.

18. Don Jt)seph Feliz Valverde, native of (Jra-
nada ; he passed his youth at Mexico, where lie
was collegiate of the college of San lidefoiiso, doc-
tor of theology, and of both laws, magistrate and
dean of the church of Oaxaca ; elect(*d bishop in
1731, and promoted to the church of Mechoacan ;
which last appointment he declined : he dieil
in 1741.

19. Don Juan Garcia Pndiano ; who took pos-
session in 1743, and died in 1746.

20. Don Manuel Urelon, doctoral canon of tli«
church of Badajo^ ; he <ti<'d
consecrated at (.'ordova in 1719.

21. Don Manuel Mathado y Luno, honorary
chaplain to his Majesty, and administrator of the
college of Santa Isabel, native of Estrcmadura :
he studied at Salamanc.i, obtained the title of pri-
mate of canons ; reputed for one of the wisest in
ecclesiastical discipline; was made bishop of Ca-
racas in 1750, and died in 1752.

22. Don Francisco Julian Aiitolino, native of
Zaiuora, an eminent theologist, penitentiary ca-
non of Badajoz, and bishop of Caracas in 1753:
he died in 1755.

23. Don Miguel Argiielles, principal theologist,
and curate in tlie archbishopric of Toledo ; elected
bishop in 1756, and immediately after auxiliarj
bishop of Madrid.

24. Don Diego Antonio Diaz Madrofiero, native
of Talarrubias in Estremadura, vicar of the city
of Alcala; he entered upon his functions in 1757,
and died in 1769.

25. Don Mariano Marti, of the principality of
Cataluna, ecclesiastical judge and vicar-gencral
of the archbishopric of I'arragona, doctor in the
university of Cervera ; he was promoted to the
bishopric of Pucrtorico in 1770.

Governors and Captains-General of the province
of Caracas, or Venezuela.

1. Ambrosio de Alfinge ; nominated first gover-
nor, and elected by the VVeltzers : he drew up the
articles of stipulation with the Emperor in the con-

^uest of Venezuela ; was founder of the city of
ioro ; took ])ossession of the government in 1528,
and retained it till 1531, when he was killed by tUo
Indians in satisfaction of the cruelties he had com-
mitted.

2. Juan Alcman, related to the Welzcrs ; he, by
way of precaution, assumed the title of governor
while the place was vacant, and held it until the
arrival of the proper person.

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CARACAS.

3. Ueorffo of Spira, a Cjermnn knight, notnU
nated by tlio WeUzvrs in l!iii3 : lie died in 1540,
Icnvini^ llic title of provisionnl governor to,

4. Cuptain Junndo Viilegas, a title whicli vraa
•njoy(>d but a few days, inasmuch m the audience
of ot. Domingo, immediately upon their hearing of
the death uf Spira, appointed,

5. Don Kodrigo de Bastidns, bishop of that
lioly church ; he governed till the year 1541, and
being promoted to the bishopric of Puertorico,
the government in the mean time devolved upon,

a. Diego lioica, a Portuguese gentleman, a
knight of (he order of Christ ; he was confirmed
in the government by the audience of St. Domingo;
but in a very few days after he was superseded by,

7. Enrique Hcmlwit, a German ; who also go<
verned a very short time, inasmuch as the excesses
that he committed, and the clamours of the inha-
bitants of Toro, obliged the above tribunal to
send out,

8. The Licentiate Frias, fiscal of thot royal
audience ; he entered upon his functions in 164^,
until the royal nomination of,

9. The Licentiate Juan Perez de Tolosa, native
of Segovia ; a very learned and prudent man : he
was chosen by the Emperor to settle the distur-
bances which had arisen from the administration of
the Weltzcrs; for which reason he deprived them
of it : he entered Coro in 154U ; and although he
had not fulfilled the three years of his api^ointment,
he was, on account of his tried abilities, confikined
in his office for another three years, and died
in 1548.

10. Juan de Viilegas, nominated as intermediate
governor by his antecedent, until the arrival of the
proprietor,

11. The Licentiate Yillacinda, nominated by
the Princess Dona J uana, who, in the absence of
her father, the Emperor, held the reins of govern-
ment in Castilla ; this governor took the reins in
1554, and died in 1557, leaving the government
in charge of the alcaldes.

12. Gutierrez de la Pefia, nominated provision-
ally by the audience of St. Doniingo ; he entered
upon iiis functions in 1557, until the year 1559,
when arrived,

13. The Licentiate Pablo Collado, who governed
nntil the year 1562, when, on account of the ap-
peals made against him to the audience of St, Do-
mingo, this court sent out an inquisitorial judge,
who might call him to account, and order him
back to Spain : this was the Licentiate Bernaldes,
whom they called '• Ojode Plata," (Eye of Silver),
he having the defect of one of hiseyei supplied by

this artificial means. He having, therefore, di»>
placed the former |;overnor, took the management
of affairs upon hunself, until the arrival of the
proper person, who was nominated by the king in
J5(iJ.

14. Don AloiizodeManzanedo, who governed a
very short time since ; being of u very advanced
age, he soon fell sick, and died in 1564.

15. The Licentiate BernaUles; who having

{gained a certain reputation for the strictness, allu^
)ilily, and justice, with which he conducted him-
self in his provisional government, was nominated
a second time by the audience of St. Domin,<;o,
with the general acclamation of the province;
he governed until the year following, 15()5, when
arriveil,

IG. Don Pedro Ponce de Leon, a branch of the
illustrious house of the Dukes of Arcos ; lie hnJ
been alcalde of Conil, came to the government in
the aforesaid year, and died in 15()9.

17. Don .'uun do Chaves, n native of Truxillo
in Estremudura ; who was living as a citizen at
St. Domingo at the time that he wrs appointed
as provisional governor by the audience, as soon as
the deulh of the former was known to them : he
entered upon the government the same year, and
held it until the year 1573.

18. Diego Mnziiriego ; who entered Coro in the
above year, and governeil until 1576, when his
successor arrived, who was,

19. Don Juan Pimentel, a branch of the house
of tlie Counts of Keiiav<'nle, knight of the order of
Santiago ; also the first governor who estal>lislicd
his residence in (he city of Santiago, lie wns
called from thence to take the charge of the go-
vernment, which he exercised until the year 1582,
when his successor arrived.

20. Don Luis tie lioxas, native of Madrid ; he
entered i'aracas in 1583, reigned until 1587, when
he was succeeded by,

21. Don Domingo de Osorio, commander of the
galleys, and chief officer of the customs of the island
of St. Domingo ; at which place he was residin^^
when he received advices relative to his succeed-
ing the tbrmer governor : he fille<l his office with
much diligence, and obtained considerable renown,
and in the year 1597 was promoted to the presi-
dency of St. Domingo.

22. Gonzato de Pifta Liduojia, who governed-
until 16(10, when he died of an a])oplectic fit ; and
in the interval the audience o*' St. Domingo ap-
pointed,

23. Alonzo Arias Baca, citizen of Coro, and son
of the renowned Dr. Bernaldes, who had governed

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CARACAS.

2a!»

(wire with to much credit ; lie entered upon the
government in tlio same year.

ii. Sancho de Alquizn, a cnptnin or infantry ;
friiu l)(*gan to fi^ovcrn in the year 1601, and con-
tinued until tlio year IGIO, when lie was succeeded

by,

i>5. Don Martin dc Hobles Villnfufiate, wlio po-
vcrned the province with great credit and prudence
uiilil his dcnth.

S6. Don Francisco de la Hoz Berrio, native of
Sunlii Fe. He entered upon the icroverninent in
IGIO, and governed until tlic year ib^22. He was
drowned returning to Spain in the fleet whicli wns
lust in the fulls of Metacumbc, clos« to the Ila-
vannah.

27. Don Francisco Nufiez Melian, who suc-
ceeded the former, and governed until thcyearl63!2.

28. Don Rui Fernandez dc Fuenmayor, from
the lost-mentioned year to 1638.

29. Don Marcos Cielder dc Calutayud, a knight
oftlic order of Calutrava; he was promoted here
fruni the government of Santa Marta in 1639, and
governed until the year 1644, when he died.

30. Don
SI. Don

32. Don Pedro dc Porras y Toledo, who began
to govern in 1660, and remained in oilicc until
the year 1665.

'J3. Don

34. Don

35. Don

36. Don

37. Don Joseph Francisco dc Caiias, colonel of
infantry, and knight of the order of St. Jago ; he
came over to Caracas under a particular commis-
sion in 1716, and l)ecame provisional successor on
account of the death of the proper governor.

38. Don Francisco de Portales.

39. Don Lope Currillo.

40. Don Sebastian Garcia de la Torre, colonel
of infantry ; from the year 1730 to 1733.

41. Don Martin de Lardizabal, alcalde del cri-
men of the royal audience of A ra^on; who was
sent out with a conimissiun to consider the griev-
ances of the province preferred against the com-
pany of Guipuzcoana.

42. The Brigadier-general Uuri Gabriel de Zu-
longa, Count of Torre-alta, capt:iin of the grena-
diers of the regiment of the royal Spanish guards ;
Lc governed from 1737 to 1742.

43. The Brigadier-general Don Luis dc Castel-
lanos, also captain of the regiment of guards ; to

44. Don Fraj/ Julian de Arriaga y Rigera Bai-

lio, of tlie order of St. Juan ; viccndiniral of th"
royal armada : he governed to 17.02, wlien he wM
promoted to the ollice of prohideiit of trade.

45. Don I'Vlipc RicardoK, lieutenant-general of
the royal arniies.

46. Don Feli|)C Ramirez de Uslciloz, a briga-
dier-general.

47. Don Joseph Solano y Bote, captain in th<»
royal armada ; to the your i77l, when lie was pro-
moted to the presidency of St. Domingo.

48. The Brigadier-general the Marquis of l,%
Torre, knight of the order of Santiago ; he eiitenni
Caracas in the aforesaid year, and governed until
the year 1772, when hi; was promoted to be go-
vernor of the Ilavannah.

49. Don Joseph (Jarlos de Aquiero, knight of
the order of St. Jago ; w ho had served in the war
of Italy as captain of the provincial grenadicrsj
and afterwards in the regiment of Spanish guards :
he then held the government of Nueva Vizcaya,
and afterwards, on account of his singular disiitte-
restedness, nominated to this in 1777 ; but be re-
turned to Spain.

50. Don Luis de llnza^a y Amczaga, colonel
of infantry; in the aforesaid year he left the go-
vernment of Louisiana for this, and exercised it
tiU the year 1784, when he was promoted to the
Ilavannah, being succeeded by,

51. Don Manuel Gonzales, knight of the order
of St. Jago, brigadier of the royal armies ; he wat
nominated as provisional successor.

52. The Colonel Don Juan Guillelmi, who had
served in the corps of artillery ; he was promoted
to the government in 1785.

[INDEX TO AnDITIONAIi INFORMATIOX CON-
CEHNING THE CiTY OF CARACAS.

1. Foundation.— 2. Privileges. —'3. Temperature.
—4. Meteorology/. —5. Vi/anomelricaf observa-
tion. — 6. Oxigen and nitrogen ^as.—7. /'a-
riation of the needle.— S. Indinntton of the dip-
ping needle.— 9, Situation.— 10. Its waters.—
11. Streets.— 12. Public squares.— ]3. Houses.
— 14. Public buildings. —15. Arclibisftopric—
16. Cathedral. — 17. JReligious custotus.— IS.
Religious costumes of the women.— [Q. Fcsti'
tals. — 20. The stag e^ S(c. — 2\. Inhabitants.'—
22. Freed persons or tradesmen.— 23. The uni-
versity,— 2i. Police.--'2b. Communications with
the interior. — 26. Ji'ith Spain. — 27. Geogru'
phical and statisticaUnoiices of the captainship-

feneral of Caracas , and pri. sent h istory.
. Foundation. — This city, situate in 10° SI'
M. lat. and 69° 3' a. long, from the meridian of
Paris, was founded by Diego Losada in 1567, 47]
Q>q3

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300 CARACAS.

[years after Ciimann, SO after Coro, S3 after 6. Oxigen and nitro^ett gas. — Of 100 parts, 28

Utircelonu, and 15 after Barquisimcto. of ox^'s^en and 72 of nitrosren.

2. Its privi/cs^es. — It is tlie capitid, not only of 'Vhe maximum of flic first is 29
the province of Venezuela, but likewise of that The minimum . . . 27|
immense extent of country occu|)ie(l by the go- 7. Variation of the needle.

vernments of Maracaibo, Uarinns, (iunyana, Cu- Sept. 27th, 1709 . . 4° 38' 45*

mana, and the island of Margareta ; since it is the 8. Inclination of t/ie dipping needle. Generally

Stat as well of the captain-generalship, the political 43^^^. Oscillation of the pendulum : in 15 minutes,

and military authority of which extends over nil 1270 oscillations.

these provinces, as of the royal audience, of the 9. Situation. — The city of Caracas is built in a

intendancy, and of the consulate, the jurisdiction valley of four leagues in length, in a direction from

of which extends as far as the captain-general- e. to u\ and between that great chain of mountains

jihip. wl'.icii runs in a line with the sea from Coro to Cu.

3. Temperature.— \is temperature does not at mana. li is, as it were, in a F isin or hollow form-
all correspond with its kUtude ; for, instead of :'d by this chain ; for it has mountains of equal
insupportable heat, which, it would appear, height to the ». and to the s. The city occupies a
ought to reign so near the equator, it, on the space of 2000 square paces; the ground on which
contrary, enjoys an almost perpetual spring. It it stands remains as nature formed it, art Imving
owes (his advantage to its elevation, which is 460 done nothing towards levelling it, or diminishing
lathonis above (lie level of the sea. Thus, al- its irregularities. The declivity is every where
(hough the sun has (he power usual in such a lati- decidedly from the ,v. : the whole of it is 75 fa-
tude, the elevated situation of Caracas counter- thoms periwndicular from (he gate I)c la Pastora
balances its influence. The transitions from heat to the w. unto the river Ouaire, which bounds the
to cold are great and sudden, from whence nunie- city to (he.?.

jrous diseases arise; (he most common of which are iO, Its iCater<t. — It derives its waters from fimr

colds, called by the iSpaniaids f«/rt/To,9. small rivers. The first, which is called (juaire,

4. Meteorologi/.- -Height of Fahrenheit's ther- bounds it entirely on (he *. part widiout penc-
momcler at Caracas. (rating into the city. Although this be scarcely

/;/ the zciiter. considerable enough to deserve the name of a river,

Generally at 6 A. M 58° it is too large to pass by the name of a rivulet. Tlic

2 P. M. • . . .73 second, which bears (he name of Anauco, waters

10 P. M ()8 (he e. side of (ho (own ; and the part where it ap-

Thc maximum .... 76 proaches nearest is called Candelaria, where (here

The minimum .... 52 is buiU a handsome britlsre, facilUating the coni-

In the Slimmer. munication with (he valley of Chacao. The third

Generally at 6A. M 72° is the C'aroata : its course is from ». to s. through

2 P. M 79 all 'he xo. part of (he city, and separates ic from

10 P. M 75 tlie ([iiartercaiUul St.. lohn, which parts are uiited

IMaxituum 85 by a .».( one bridge of a snfficientlj' r.olid construc-

Miniinum (j9 (ion, Imt the regidarity of which does not equal

Humidity, according (o(he liydronie(er of Duluc. (h;ii of the Candelaria. The fourth is named Ca-

(Jeiu'rally 47 (ucno, (o which the city owes the waters of an in-

Maxiniur.i 58 tiiiKe number of public and private fountains; yet

Minimum 'J7 (he inhabitants of Caracas, insensil)le (o its bene-

The mercury, which rises in the most .v. parts (its, sn/r-r it to run in the same cliaimel that time

of Europe, and in the variations of the alnio- has niaiio for it, and amiilst all (he deformides

sphere to 1 1- I2ths of the Paris; inch, ascends only which (ho rains have occasioned; for the tour

2- I2ths in the e. paits of Tierra Fiinie. Tliey ob- bridges of communication w Inch are thrown acros',

serve at Caracas, in all the sea.sons, four small at- it are nit her to be considered the oll'springs of nc-

mospherical variations evM:y 24 hours, two in the cessity (h;in as ol)j(Tts of ornament. These four

day, and two in the night. rivers, alter having served all (he domestic uses of

5. Blucof the skies bij the eyanomeier of Seaas- (he city, run in onesingle channel across (he valley

sure. of Chacao, whieh is covered with fruits, provi-

Gcncrally .... 18 sions, and merchandize ; and, luLving their wa-J

I 1

CARACAS.

301

ftcrj with those of the Tuy, fall under this name
into the ocean, at 12 leagues to the e. of cape Co-
ikra.

11. lis streets. — Th? streets of Caracas, like
those of many moilcrn cities, arc in parallel lines,
about 20 feet broad, paved, and running w. s. e.
and it\ The houses are well built, about 300 leet
I'rom each other.

12. Public squares. — Tiicre are but three public
pquares deserving of the name, and these are not
free from deformities. The great square, called
Plaza Maijor, which ought to be the most regular,
is deformed by booths built to the e. anil w. which
are let to shopkeepers for the profit of tlie city ;
and for the trifling emolument thus derived, is
sacrificed a most delightful prospect. This square
occupies the same space as one of the gardens of
the city, called 'Quadras, {\\c si/.e of which is about
300 square feet. The square is well paved, and in
it is held a market, in which you might procure in
abundance vegetables, fruits, fresh anil salted meat,
fish, poultry, game, bread, paroquets, and monkeys.
The cathedral, which is situate on the f. side of the
square, has no symmetricid connection with it. This
square has on each sii'c t'.vo entrances. The second
square is that of the Candelaria, surrounded very
regularly by arj open palisade of iron upon stone
work of an unequal height. This square, ahhongli
not paved, has a soil of clay mixed with sand, which
is as good as the best |)avement, and altogether
it does not fail to nilbrd an agreeable coup d'ocil.
It owes nothing to the buildings that compose it,
nor is there, indeed, one fit to engage the attentioti,
save tlic church of Candelaria, which, although
nolof perfect geometrical proportion, has a front
which diverts the eye, and is by no means a ilis-
advantage to the square. The third square is that
of St. Paul : its only ornament is a fountain in its
centre. The church of St. I'aul is, indeed, at the
s. r. angle, but has no other symmetrical relation
\iith the square than that it Ibrms a ])art of it.
This .sq\iare is neither paved nor even. The other
squares are. Is/, That of Trinidad, which has
not even the fbrni of a square, and the ground of
which is extrenuiy uneven and neglected : 2(/,
That of St. Hyacinth, containing the convent
of the Dominicans, and bordered on the e.
by the pavement o^ a street, and crossed by an-
ollicr, so -'s to induce a supposition that it was ne-
ver intended for a square : 3il, That of St. La-
zarus, wliich is a sort of inclosure before tlie chnreh
of that name, situ;ile to the s.e, of the city ; it has
the merit of neatness, but so iletached from the town,
that it does not appear to form a part of 'it : Alh,
The square of Pa<tora, which is surrounded by

ruins : f)///. The square of St. John, which is
spacious, but irregular, unpavcd, and bordered
only on the to, side I y a row of houses of mean
construction. It is in tliis s;;nare ti'at the mounted
militia are exercised.

ly. Houses. — The houses of individuals are
handsome and well built. There are a great num-
ber in the interior of the city, which consist of se-
parate stories, and are of a very handsome ap-
pearance. Sduic are of biirk, but the greater
part are of masonry, made nearly after the manner
of the liumans, and on the plan now adopted when
building in marshes or in the sea, itc. according
to the method published by Mr. Tardifl' in 1757.
They make a sort of Iranie without a bottom,
with phmks of five feet long and three iiigli, which
becomes the model of the front of the wall about
to be erected. The ground on which they build
serves as a foumlalion t(» this frame or support, and
the frame is removed as each ti<'r or part is added
U^ complete tlie walls. They cover the walls with
mortar, called in the country tapia. There are
two sorts of this mortar : the first, to which they
give the pompons name of royal tapia, is made of
the sand ot the river mixed with chalk, to which
are frequently added flints, stones, and pebbles ;
the second is composed of common sand with u
very small quantity of chalk. A person easily
distinguishes, by the nnxture of these materials,
that which is the most durable ; yet both acquire,
by means of the pestle, a consistency which braves
for a long time the inclemencies of the seasons and
the eflicts of time. The outside of the houses,
when made rough and \>hitened, appears equal to
free stone. The timber of the roof is formed, as it
were, into a «louble slope. The wood work is well
joined, very elegant, and of an excellent descrip-
tion of wood, which the country furnishes in abun-
dance. The houses of the principal people of the
city, in general, are neatly and even richly fur-
nished : they have handsome glasses, elegant cur-
tains of crimson damask at (he wind-r.vr: and at the
inner d(M)rs ; chairs and sofiis of vood, will) the
seats covered with h-ather or damaik stufietl with
hair, worked in a (lotliie style, but overloaded
with gilding ; beds, with the head-boards raised
very high, exposing to the sight nothing but gold,
covered with handsome damask counter|)anes, anil
several ]iillows of feathers coven'd with muslin
cases ornamented with lace; bat there is seldom
more than one beil of this magnificence in each
house, and this is generally the nuptial bed, (hough
being, in fact, merely kept for show. 'I'he feet of
the tables and the commodes are richly gilt : ele-
gant lustres are suspended iji the principal apart-]

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CARACAS.

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I'lnciils ; tlie yery cornices appear to have been
dipped in gok], whilst superb carpets arc spread
orer the part of the floor whereon tlic seats of ho-
nour are placed ; the furniture is arranged in the
hall in sucli a maiiiior that the sofa, which forms
nn essential part of it, stands at one end with
chairs on the riij^lit and left, and opposite the prin-
cipal bed in the house, which stands at the other
extremity, in a chamber, the <loor of which is kept
open, or is equally exposed to view in an alcove,
lliese apartments, always very elegant and high-
ly ornamented, are in a manner prohibited to those
who inhabit the house : they are only opened, with
a few exceptions, in honour of guests of superior
rank.

14. Public buildings. — The city of Caracas
possesses no other public buildings than such as
are dedicated to religion. The captain-general,
the members of the royal audience, the intcndant,
and all the officers of the tribunal, occupy hired
houses ; even the hospital for the troops is a pri-
vfite house. The contaduria, or treasury, is the
only buikling belonging to the king, and its con-
struction is far from bespeaking the majesty of its
owner. It is not so with tiie barracks ; they are
new, elegantly built, and situate in a spot where the
sight breaks upon the city, and arc two stories
high, in which they can conveniently lodge 2000
men. They are occupied only by the troops of
the line ; the militia having barracks of their own,
consisting of a house, at the opposite part of the
city.

15. Archbishopric. — Caracas is the seat of the
archbishopric of Venezuela, the diocese of which
is very exteiwive, it being bounded on the n. by
the sea, from the river Unare to the jurisdiction of
Coro ; on the e. by the province of Cuniana, on
the s. by the Orinoco, and on the w. by the
bishopric of Merida. Caracas was erected into
an archbishopric in 1803. The annual revenue
of the archbishopric depends on the abundance of
the harvests and the price of commodities, on
which they take the tithes : these tithes are equally
divided between the archbishopric, the chapter,
the king, and the ministers of religion. The
fourth part, belonging to the prelate, amounted on
an average, before the war terminated by the treaty
of Amiens, to 60,000 dollars per annum. The
dcci'^ase of cultivation will tor a long time pre-
vent the episcopal revenues amounting to the
above sum. Indeed the archbishop does not
even enjoy the whole of this fourth part of the
tithes, the king having reserved to himself the
application of the third of this quarter, and charg-
ing upon it certain pensions. The seat of this

archbishopric ^yas established at Cora in 153!?,
and translated to Caracas in KiSfi.

16. Cathedral. — The cathedral church does not
merit a description but from the rank it holds in
tlic hierarchy ; not but that the interior is deco-
rated with hangings and gilding, and that the
sacerdotal robes and sacred vases are sufficiently
splendid, but that its construction, its architec-
ture, its dimensions, and its arrangements, are
void of majesty and regularity. It" is about 250
feet long and 75 broad ; it is low and supported in
(he interior by 24 pillars in four rows, which run
the whole length of (he cathedral. The two centre
rows form the nave of the church, which is 25
feet broad ; the other two rows divide the aisles at
equal distances of I2f feet, so that the nave alone
is of the width of the two aisles, which arc on its
right and left. The chief altar, instead of being,
like the Roman altars, in the centre, is placed
against the wall. The choir occupies one half
of the nave, and the arrangement of the church
is such, that not more than 400 persons can see
the officiating priest at whatever altar he may be
performing the service. The exterior does not
evince any taste or skill in the architect ; the
steeple alone, without having received any em<
bellishment from art, has at "least the merit of a
boldness to which the cathedral has no pretensions.
The only clock in Caracas is in this steeple ; it
strikes the quarters, and keeps time pretty well.
The humble architectu.e of the first church in
Caracas springs from a source highly honourable
to the inhabitants, and which we are therefore
bound to relate : The episcopal chair having been
translated from Coro to Caracas, (as we have be-
fore observed), in 1636, there was no necessity
until this period for a cathedral in this city; and
when they had begun to carry into execution a

1)roject of erecting a magnificent church, there
lappened, on 11th June 1641, a violent earth-
quake, which did great damage in the city. This
was regarded as an admonition of heaven to make
the fabric more capable of resisting this sort of
catastrophe, than of attracting the admiration of
the curious. From this time, therefore, they no
longer thought of, or rather they renounced, all ideas
of magnificence, to give the building nothing but
solidity. But as they have never since expe-
rienced any shock of an earthquake, they have
resumed the project of building a handsome ca-
thedral.

1 7. Religious customs. — The people of Caracas,
like all the Spaniards, are proud of being Chris-
tians, and are very attentive to the duties of re-
ligion, that is to the mass, days of obligation, toj

S.'-, „!.:<..

CARACAS.

303

[sermons and processions ; but it is worthy of re«
mark, thnt <licv do not admit vespers in the num-
ber of religious exercises, agreeably to tlie cus-
tom of Old Spain and other Catholic countries.
It is necessary that the men going to church
sliould wear a cloak or great coat, or that they
be dressed in a long coat ; one of these habits is
indispensable, neither rank nor colour afibrding
an exemption.

18. Religious costumes of the women. — The
dress of the women, whether rich or poor, espe-
cially of the whites, ought to be altogether black.
Tliis dress consists of a petticoat and veil both
black ; the slaves alone are obliged to have a white
veil. The object of this attire was, that by im-
posing on the sex a veil, every kind of gallantry and
coquetry might be banisiieil from tlie place of
worship, and that by establishing uniformity in
dress and colour, the pious might be reminded of
the equality of all in the eyes ofd'cKl. But this
dress, which was intended to Iw tlie same for every
woman, and of a very common stuff, has become
most rare and costly, and the gauze veils which
the ladies wear, expose all th«'ir te.ilures and com-
plexion as far as the eyes. This dress, worn only
HI sacred duties, is now made of silk or velvet,
enriched with handsome lace, which often costs
from 400 to 800 dollars. Such as have no means
of procuring the customary church dress, are
obliged io go to the masses that are said Ijefore
day-break, and which are called missasde madru-
gudu, and are performed at these hours only for
the convenience of those who are destitute of
clothes sufliciently decent to appear at church
during tlie day.

19. Festivals.— The iSpaninrds have no other
festivals but those contained in the Roman calen-
dar. They are so multiplied at Caracas that there
are very few days in the year on which they do
not celebrate the ti-stival of some saint or virgin
in one of tiie churches of the city. What greatly
multiplies the number is, that each festival is pre-
ceded by nine days of devotion consecrated en-
iIHy to prayers, and followed by eight days, in
wiiich the faithful of the neighbourhood, and even
of the whole city, join to prayers, public amuse-
nie .ts, such as fire-works, music, b:ills, &c. ; but
the pleasures of these festivals never extend to the
table. Public feasts, so common among all other
people, are unknown on such occasions among
the Spaniards. These people are sober even in
the delirium of pleasure. The most striking part
of tlieir festivals is the procession of the saint they
celebrate; they perform this always in the after-
Hoon ; the saint, represented by an effigy of human

stature, is richly dressed ; it is borne on a table
handsomely decorated, and followed or preceiled
by some other saint of the same church, dussed
less sumptuously ; a great number of baimers and
crosses open the cavalcade ; the men walk in two
lines ; each of the principal persons holds a wax
taper, then follow the music, the clergy, the
civil oilicers, and at last the women and a file of
bayonets. The followers are always very numer-
ous. All the windows in the streets Ihroiigh
which the procession passes, are ornamented with
floating streamers, which give the whole neigh-
bourhood an air of festivity and rejoici..g. The
windows of the French, in particular, are filled
with ladies, who repair from all parts of the city
to view the agreeable spectacle. But the princi-
pal and almost exclusive devotion of the Spaniards
IS to the holy Virgin ; they have her in every
church under different denomination^, and in
every case she has established herself in a man-
ner more or less miraculous.

20. The Stage. — The sum of the public amuse-
ments at Caracas is the play-house, at which they
perform only on festivals, the price of admission
being a real, nearly sixpence English, a sum
sufhciently indicating the talents of the actors,
and the beauty and convenience of the theatre.
All the plays, bad enough in themselves, are yet
more miserably performed. The performers of
Caracas may l)e compared to strolling players who
live by moving pity rather than by afibrding
amusement ; every body must suppose from this
description, that an exhibition of this sort is alto-
gether deserted, but the reader may be assured
thnt the rich aiid poor, the young and the old, the
nobleman and i)lcbeian, the governor and the go-
verned, all assiduously frequent the theatre. In-
dependently of three tennis-courts, a few billiard-
tables in a bad condition, scattered through the
city, and which are but rarely frequented, com-

flite the catalogue of amusements at Caracas,
ndeed the Spaniards appear averse to all places
of amusement ; they live in their houses as if they
were prisons, they never qnit them but to goto
church, or to fulfil the offices imposed on them
by their stations in society.

21. inhabitants. — The city of Caracas contain-
ed, according to the clerical census of 1802, 31,234
souls, and iii 1806 they exceeded 40,000. This
population is classed into whites, slaves, freed
people, and a very few Indians. The first form
almost n fourth part of the amount, the slaves a
third part, the Indians a twentieth part, and the
freed men the remainder. In the white popula-
tion there are six Castilliim titles, three marquisses,]

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304

CARACAS.

f iiiul I II rcc counts. All the whites pretend to be noble,
and ncurlj one third oftheni are acknowledged to be
so. Thewhitesarcall either planters, merchants, sol-
diers, priests, monks, financiers, or lawyers. A
Spanish white person, especially a Oeoh", however
|)()or he may be, thinks it the greatest disgrace to
labour as a mechanic. The JMiropeaiis in Caracas
form iit least two very distinct classes ; (he first com-
prises those Avho come from Spain with appoint-
ments ; the second those actuated by industry and
a spirit of enterprise, and who emigrate to acquire
wealth ; the greater part of these come from Cata-
lonia and Biscay ; their views are purely mercan-
tile, lioth Catalonians and Biscayans are dis-
tinguished among their fellow-citizens by the good
faith they observe in their business, and by their
punctuality in their payn\en(s. The former class,
the European placemen, are most obnoxious to the
Creoles, and these are in point of ability and edu-
cation almost always the superiors. The Spa-
niards from the Canary islands, who are impelled
by want, r.ither than fired by ambition, to quit
their native soil and to establish themselves at Ca-
racas, import with them the united industry of
the Catalonians and Biscayans. Their genius
assimilates more to that of the latter than to (hat of
the former ; but, in fine, both arc useful citizens,
like alt vho strive by honest means to gain (heir
livelihood, and who arc not ashamed to prove by
example, that man is born io labour. The women
of Caracas are agreeable, sensible, and engjiging ;
fewof them are fair, but they have jet black hair,
with complexions as clear as alabaster ; their eyes
arc large, well set, and lovely, whilst the car-
nation of their lips marks a health and vigour
of constitution. There are a very few, however,
above the middle size, Avhilst there are a grciit
many under ; and their feet too are rarely hand-
some. As they pass a great part of their lives at
their windows, it may be said that they are soli-
ci(ous (o display that in which nature has most
favoured them. There are no female schools here ;
the women therefore learn nothing but what their
parents teach them, which is confined, in many
cases, to praying, reading badly, and writing
worse ; it is difhcidt for any but an inspired lover
to read their scrawl. They have neither dancing,
drawing, nor music masters ; all they learn of
these accomplishments is to play a few airs on the
guitar and pianoforte ; there ore but a very few
who understand the rudimenta of music. But in
spite of this want of education, the ladies of Ca-
racas know very well how (o unite social manners
with politeness, and the art of C(X]uetry with femi-
nine modestj. This is, however, a picture only

of those women vrhose husbands or fathers possess
large fortunes or lucrative ])laceg ; for that part of
the female sex who are doomed to procure their
own liveUliood, seldom know of any other means
of existence than the public prostitution of their
viifue: about 200 of these poor creatures pass
their days in rags and ta((ers m the ground-flours
of houses, and stroll out only at night to procure
(lie pittance for their next day's fare; their dress
is a wiiite petticoat and cloak, with a pm-teboard
bonnet covered with lustring, to which they at-
tach a bunch of artificial flowers and tinsel. The
same dress often serves in one evening for two or
three of these unhappy beings. The class of do-
mestic slaves is considerable at Caracas, since a
person believes himself rich only in proportion to
the number of slaves he has in his house. In ge-
neral, four times more servants arc kept than are ne-
cessary, for this is thought an effectual method of
concealing poverty. Thus a white woman goes to
mass witli two Negro or Mulitto women in her
train, without having an equal value in any other
species of proper(y. Those who arc reputedly
rich, are followed by four or five servants, whilst
as many attend every white person of (he same
family going to another church. Some houses at
Caracas contain 12 or 15 servants, without count-
ing the footmen in attendaiux- on the men.

22. Freed per'jm. — Probably there is not a
city throughout all (he West Indies that has so
great a proportion, with respect to other classes,
of enfranchised persons and their descendants, as
Caracas ; they carry on aU the trades which the
whites disdain. Every carpenter, joiner, mason,
blacksmith, hicksmith, tailor, shoemaker, aiul
goldsmith, &c. is or has been an enfranchised
slave; (hey do not excel in any of these trades,
Ijecause in learning them mechanically they al-
ways err in (he ^)rinciple ; moreover, indolence,
which is so natural to them, extinguishes that
emulation to which the arts owe all their progress.
However, their masonry and their carpentry are
sufficiently correct, but (he joiner's art is yet in
its infancy. They work very little; and what
appears rather contradictory is, that they work
much cheaper than the European artists ; in ge-
neral, burdened with families, they live heaped up
together in poor houses, and in the midst of priva-
tions: In this state of jwverty, to employ them,
you must afford an immediate advance of money.
The blacksmith never has coals nor fire. Tim
tcarpenter is always without wood even for a table ;
even the wants of their families mutt be administer-
ed to by the employer. In fine, the predominant
passion among this dots of people is to consume]

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as, since a

CARACAS.

305

ftlieir lives in the exercises of tIcvolion,and they arc
ibiul of forming tlienisclves info religious societies;
indeed (here are few churclies that have not one or
two of these frati'rnitics, composed enfirelj of en-
franchised slaves. Every one has i(s uniform,
diO'ering from the other only in colour.

23. Cniversitfy. — Tlie etlucaHon ol ihe youth of
Caiiicas and o. ihe whole archbisiiopric is entirely
in a collegi- and an university united together.
Tiic foundation of the college preceded that of the
uiiivcisity by more tiian 6() years. This institu-
lion origiiiafptl in Ihe piely and care of bishop A.
Goiizal'js de Acuna, who died in l(ib2. At first
nothing was taught hrre but Latin, with the ad-
dition ol" scholastic phihjsopliy and theology. It
lias now a reading and a writing scliool ; three Latin
schools, in one of which they profess rhetoric;
two professors of philosopliy,onc of which is a lay
or sccuh-.r priest, and the other a Dominican ; four
proiessors ol theology, two for school divinity, one
forithi-s, ;iiid nnother for positive divinity, the
last of whiili oiiglit always to be a Dominican ; a
proli s.sor ot civil liiw ; a professor of canon law ; a
proft'ssor of medicine. The university and col-
lege ol Caracas have only a capital of ITjT'lS dol-
lars and 6j reals, put out at interest, and produc-
ing aiiniially 2.'^87 dollars, 3\ reals: this sum
pays the 12 prolctsors. All the ranks of bachelor,
licentiate, and doctor, are granted at the univer-
sity. The first is given by the rector, the two
others by the chancellor, who is also endowed with
the quality of schoolmaster. The oath of each
milk is to maintain the immaculate conception, not
to teach nor practise regicide or tyrannicide, and
tu (lotend the doctrine of St. Thomas. In this col-
lege an<l university there were, in 1802, 04 boarders,
and 402 students not boarders, viz.

In the lower classes, comprising rhetoric, 302
Philosophy - - - UO

Theology - - - 36

Canon and civil law - - 55

Physic - . - II

In the school of sacred music - 23

24. Police. — The Spaniards of Caracas, of all
people in the world, stand least in need of a police
to preserve public tranquillity. Their natural so-
briety, and more especially their phlegmatic dis-
position, render quarrels and tiinuills very rare
among them. Here there is never any noise in the
streets ; every body in them is silent, dull, and
grave ; 300 or 400 people coming out of a
church make no more noise than a tortoise moving
along the sand. But if the magistrate has uothing

VOL. I.

to fear from o|)en crimes, he has so much the more
to apprehend from assassinations, thefts, frauds,
and treachery. The Spaniard is far from exempt
from that vindictive spirit, which is the more
dangerous as it seeks its revenge only in the
dark ; and from that rancour which veils itself
with the mask of friendship to |)rocure an oppor-
tunity of gratifying its vi ngeance. A person who
from his station and condition has no chance of
revenging himself, save by his own hands, exhi-
bits very little or no passion when he receives the
ofience ; but from that instant he watches the op-
portunity, which he seldom sufl'ers to escape him,
of plunging a poniard in the heart of his enemy.
The Spaniards from the provinci' of Aiuialucia are
particularly branded with this criminnl habit. We
are assured that these unfortunate events were un-
known here before the year 1778, at which time
the liberty of trading with the province of Vene-
zuela, which was before exclusively granted to the
company of Guipuscoa, was extended to all the
ports of Spain, and drew a number of Spaniards to
Caracas from every province, and particularly
from that of Andalucia. It is true that almost all
assassinations that happen at Caracas are perpe«
trated !;y the Europeans : those that can be laid to
thfc charge of the Creoles are most rare. But all
the thefts are committed by the whites or pre-
tended whites of the country, and the enfranchised
persons. False measures, false weights, changing
of commodities and provisions, arc likewise fre-
quent practices ; because they are looked upon
less as acts of dishonesty than as proofs of an ad-
dress of which they are proud. However great
may be the occupation of the police, it is certain
many things call loudly upon their attention. It
will hardly be believed that the city of Caracas,
the capital of the province, and able to supply
horned cattle to all the foreign possessions in
America, is many days in the year itself in want
of butcher's meat. The residence of a captain-
general, the ceat of an archbisliop, of a royal audi-
ence, and of the princi]iAl tribunals of appeal, with
a population of more than 40,000 souls, and, in
short, with a garrison of 1000 men, experience
famine in the midst of abundance. If filth doc?
not accumulate in the streets, it is owing to tlie
frequency of the rains, and not to the care of tlic
police ; for they are never washed but in lionour
of some procession. Such streets as processioiu
i\o not pass through are covered with an herb
like the weed on ponds, the panicinn dadylum of
Linnaeus. Mendicity, which is in almost ever/
other country the province of the police, appeari
to b« \innoticcd by it in Caracas. The streets are]
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CARACAS.

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[crowdetl with poor of both sexes, who have no
other siibsihtencc tlinii what they derive from alms,
Mild wiio prefer lliese means of living to that of
liibonr. It is feared that the indiscriminate cha<
rity exhibited here is productive of the worst ef-
fects ; that it aflbnls to vice the means of remain-
ing vicious. Tlic police are inder \ acquainted
with these abuses, but cannot repress them without
the imputation of impiety. To form a correct idea
of the number of mendicants that wander in the
streets, it is but necessary to know that the arch-
bishop distributes sjcnerally alms every Saturday ;
that each mendicant receives a half-escalin, or
1-I6th of a dollar; and that at each of these pious
distributions there is given a sum of from 73 or 76
dollars, which shoidd make the number of beggars
at least 1200 : ami in this list are not included those
who are ashamed to beg publicly, and to whom
the wortiiy prelate D. l''rancis d'lbarra, a Creole
of Caracas, distributes certain revenues in secret.
Tlic cahildo, composed of 22 members, and se-
conded by the alcaldes de barrio, who are magis-
trates distributed throughout the wards of the city,
would be more than sufficient to manage the af-
fairs of the police ; but the presence of the higher
authorities, who wish to share the prerogatives of
command, has made a division of all matters of
police between the governor, the lieutenant-go-
vernor, and a member of the audience, who, nncler
the title of judge of the province, exercises its func-
tions in conjunction with the authorities just men-
tioned.

2j. Communiccitiom mith the interior. — Caracas,
the centre of ail the political, judicial, fiscjil, mili-
tary, commercial, and religious concerns of its de-
pendencies, is also naturally that ofallthecom-
munication in the interior. The roads are almost
every where just traced, and nothing more. The
mud and overflowing of the rivers, over which
there are neither bridges nor passage-boats, render
them impracticable in the rainy season ; and in no
part of the year are they convenient, Tliey count
the distance by a day's journey, and not by leagues :
but a fair computation of a day's journey is 10
leagues, of 2000 geometrical paces each. The
orders transmitted by the governor to the several
towns of the interior arrive there by express, and
communications of whatever nature are returned
by the same means. There are no regular coiuik rs
setting out from the capital, excepting for Mara-
caibo, Puerto Cabello, Sante Fe, Cumanii, and
Guayana. All the towns situate on the roads to
these four chief places enjoy (he advantages of a
post. The courier for Maracaibo sets out from
Caracas every Thursday evening at six o'clock ;

it carries the letters of Victoria, Tulmeco, Mara-
cay, Valencia, St. Philip, Puerto Cabello, and
Coro ; it is 10 days going from Caracas to Mjira-
caibo, and arrives front Maracaibo at Caracas o?ily
every 15th day, but from Puerto Cabello every
Tuesday. On the Oth and 22d of each month
a courier sets out from Caracas for Santa Fe ; it
carries the letters of San Carlos, Guanare, Araux,
Tocayo, Barquisimeto, Barinas, Merida, Carta-
gena, Santa Marta, and Peru; and arrives, orou^ht
to arrive, the 4th and 20th of each month ; it is
generally 42 days in going from Caracas to San(a
Fe. The courier of Cumana and Guayana arrives
at Caracas once a month; it proceeds, 'or stops,
according to the state of the roads and rivers.
Five days after its arrival at Caracas it sets out
again. The letters for Guayana go directly from
Barcelona by a courier ; and tiiose tor Cumana and
Margareta by another. This arrives at its pl.ict'
of destinr.tiori in 12 days, and that of Guayana
in SO days.

26. fVilh Spain. — The official letters from Spaia
arrive at Caracas every month. A king's packet
sails on one of the first three days of each montli
from Coruiia, touches at the Canaries to leave
their letters, then sails for the Havanali, and
leaves in it^ way to Pucrtorico the letters addressed
as well for that island as for tlie government of
Caracas. The latter are immediately forwarded
by one of the little vessels kept for this service.
During war t!ie mail from Spain, instead of touch-
ing at Pucrtorico, leaves the letters for Caracas
and its dependencies at Cumana, and those for the
kingdom of Santa Fe at Cartagena, and finally al-
ways proceeds to the Havanah, from whence its
departure for Spain is regidar and periodical.
The answers from Caracas, even those tliat arc of-
ficial, are sent to Spain by the merchant vessels
which sail from Guaira to Cadiz.

27. Geografhiral mid statistical ywliccs of the
captainship-general of Caracas, and present his-
torif. — Depons' Voyage to the e. part of Ticrra
Firme, or the Spanish main, in S. America, com-
prises an ample description of this region ; and is
the principal authority for the anterior and subse-
quent notices. This territory is situate betwren
the 12th degree of «. latitude and the equinoctial.
It comprehends

Venezuela, containing y00,000 inhabitants
Maracaibo, 100,000

Cumana, 80,000

Spanish Guayana, 34,000
Isle of Margareta, 14,000

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CARACAS.

307

["Of the population two tenths are wliites, three
daves, four frccdincn and their descendants, and
tlie rcinaindur Indians. There is scarcely any emi-
gration from Spain to Tierra Firine. The jrovcrn-
ment of Caracas, like that of other parts of JSpanisIi
America, is so constituted as to keep it dependent
on the parent country. The governor or captain-
general represents tlie monarch, and commands the
luilitary force. There are delegated governors,
who have each an assessor : the royal audience of
Caracas consists of a president, who is the captain-
general, a regent, three judges, two liscals, one
for criminal ali'airs, the otiier for the finances, with
a reporter and other ne ;essury officers. It adminis-
ters justice, reguhites the finances, and has otiier
great jircrogatives. '"he naval force of Tierra
Firnie is trifling, and could not resist a single frigate.
Several sea-poils have fortresses. Maracaibo has
a5,(M30 inhabitants, is defended by three forts and
four companies of troops of the line, and a propor-
tion of militia. The haven or port of Coro, called
La Vela de Coro, sixteen leagues f.of Maracaibo,
had at the time of (leneral Miranda's expedition in
ISOfi, two batteries with 15 or 18 pieces of cannon
■of various calibres from six to 18 pounders. Puerto
Cabello, 58 leagues to the e. of Coro, has a strong
fort witii a large and numerous artillery. In time
of war it is supplied with two companies of regular
froops. In case of attack, says Depons, 3000
militia might be collected here in eight days. La
Guaira, the haven of Caracas, 25 leagues to the e.
of Puerto Cabello, is very strongly fortified. Cu-
niana, iOO leagues ei of i^a Guaira, is of difficult
access, has a fort, and might collect a force of 5000
men. The island of Margareta, four leagues «. of
Cumana, has trifling batteries, one company of re-
itular troops, one of artillery, and several of militia.
Thus it appears the strong places are distant from
each other (jO or 100 leagues ; hence it is observed,
A debarkation on the coast might easily be effected
in various ])laces, and the troops proceed into the
coujitry, whilst the ships, by attacking the forts,
would distract Ibe military operations. The mili-
tary force, as stated by Depons, is a regiment of re-
gular troops of 918 men, distributed at Caracas,
La Guaira, and Puerto Cabello: 400 troops of the
line are at Maracaibo, at Ciuuana 150, at Guiana
150, and at Barinas 77. The artillery at the re-
spective places is served by separate companies
besides militia ; the whole r.rnied force of the cap-
tainship-general, regular troops and militiii, is slated
at iy,059. Tiiere is no religion but the Koiuan
Catholic. To be suspected of heresy is dangerous ;
to be convicted, fatal. The tribunals of the in-
quisition are erected at Mexico, Lima, and Carta»-

gena, and are very powerfid. They prohibit bad
books to the numlx^r of 51^0. Hpanisli America
aliounds in priests, who are held in great respect ;
the missionaries arc numerous ; the churches are
(h.'ccnt and often elegant. The tithes are paid, one
tenth part to the king, one fourth to the bishop, on<^
fourth i.o the c!<ciptcr, and remainder to the parish
priests and to other pious uses. The income of the
bishop of Caracas is 40,000 dollars. The produc-
tions of this region are cacao, coffee, sugar, indigo,
and tobucco. Besides the present products, there
is a great variety of others wliich the soil offers to
the inhabitants, without requiring any advance, or
subjecting them to any trouble, but that of collect-
ing and bestowing on them a light and easy pre-
paration. Among these Depons mentions i'<iy«i7/a,
wild cochinsal, dyeing woods and barks, gums,
rosin, and medical oils, herbs, roots and bark fur
medicine. From this country half Europe might
be supplied with wood for its furnilure and cabinet-
work. Commerce might draw much from the ani-
mal kingdom. The neat cattle are cnlciduied at
1,200,000 ; horses and mares 180,000 ; and mules
at 90,000; sheep are innumerable, and deer abun-
dant : notwithstanding this abiindance, agriculture
is at a low ebb in this ccmntry. La Guaira,
Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo, Cumana, Barcelona,
and Margareta, havearight to trade with the mother
country. In 179G the imports from Spain to Ca-
racas were estimated at 3, 1 18,81 ly^^ dollars, and
the exports at 283,310 dollars. There is a limited
trade to the other colonies, which brings about
400,000 dollars into the country. It exports to
foreign West India islands articles of its own pro-
duce, except cacao, in neutral bottoms ; part of the
returns must be in Negroes or in farming or houae-
hold utensils, and the remainder in specie. But
this remainder is principally smuggled in manu-
factured goods. The contraband trade, divided
chiefly between Jamaica, (Jura^ao, and Trinidad,
was estimated at 750,000 dollars annually before
the war of 1796. It has increased greatly since
that period. The whole regular exports of Ca-
racas from 1793 to 1796 are state d at 12,252,415
dollars; from 1797 to 1800, 6,412,318 dollars.
The finances of Caracas are under the direc-
tion of an intendant. Tlie revenue arises prin-
cipally from the customs, a duty of five per cent,
on sales *"rom stamps, licences, and tithes, and
from the produce of the cruzada and of the sale of
tobacco. The two last are destined for the treasury
at home. There is usually a deficit, even in time
of peace; iu 1797 the receipt was 1,147,788 dol-
lars ; expenditure, 1 ,886,363. According to
Humboldt, the dollars imported into Caracas inl
11 II 2

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CAR

[1803 amounted to 5,500,000, and'the exports con-
sistcd of produce to the value of 4,000,000 dollars.
He also states the population in 1808 at 900,000
souls. The receipts of Caracas, Guatemala, and
Chile, are consumed within the country. The
population of some of the chief cities is thus stated ;
Caracas 40,000, La Guaira 6000, Puerto Cabello
7600, Coro 10,000. The harbour, or La Vela de
Coro, as it is commonly called, and its environs, arc
supi)Oscd to contain iMJt K'ss than 2000. In 1797
three state prisoners were sent from Spain to Ca-
racas, on act'onnt of their revolutionary propensi-
ties. Bcinjy treated with great indulgence by the
oflicers and soldiers to whose care they were com-
mittcil, (hey formed the project of a conspiracy
against the government. They engaged a number
of persons, some of them of consequence, in their
])arty. After gaining their first converts, the spirit
did not spread. The coldness and apatiiy of the
people did not admit of the effervescenc they de-
sired. After the plot had been kept a secret for
many montlis it was disclosed to the government.
Some of the ringleaders escaped, and others were
taken. It was found that seventy-two had entered
into the conspiracy ; six were executed. The
rest either escaped, or were sent to the galleys or
banished from the country. F^r an accoutit of the
recent revolution in (Caracas, see Vkniczuela.]

Caracas, some islands of the N. sea near the
coastof the kingdom of Tierra Firme, in the pro-
vince and government of Cumana. They are six
in number, all small and desert, serving as places
of shelter to tlie Dutch traders, who carry on an
illicit commerce on that coast.

Caracas, a small port of the coastof Tierra
Firme, in the province and government of Vene-
zuela, between the capital and cape Codera.

CARACHE, a settlement of the province and
government of Maracaibo, situate n. of the city of
Truxillo, on the shore of a small river which enters
the Malazan.

CARACUIS, San Carlos de, a settlement of
the province and country of the Amazonas ; a re-
ditccion of the missions which belonged to the abo-
lished order of the Jesuits. It is at the mouth of
the river Huerari, where this enters the Maranon.

CAKACOA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Parinacoche in Peru, where there
is a spring of warm medicinal water.

CAIIACOL, Port, on the coast of the S. sea,
and of the province and government of Panama;
it is ncarthe pointof Garnchine, behind mountZapo.

CARACOLI, a port of the coast of the kingdom
of Tierni Firme, and of the province and govern-
ment of Venezuela, to the w. of cape Codera.

CAR

Caracom, a bay ibrmed by the s. coast, in the
provinceand government of Darien, of the kingdom
of Tierra Firme ; it lies at the back of point Gara-
chine.

Caracot.i, a settlement of the province a?<il
government of Cartagena, situate ott the shore of
the Rio Grande de la iMagdalcna, and on the », uf
the town of Marin.

CARACOLLO, a settlement ofthe province and
corremmienlo of Oruro in Peru, eight leagues dis-
tant irom its capital,

CARACJOTO, u settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Lampa in Pern.

Caraco TO, another, in (he province and corregi-
miento of Sicasica in the same kingdom.

CARAGAIAS, a town of the island of Cuba,
situate on the n. coast between Cadiz and Nizao.

CARAGUATAI, a river of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres ; it runs s. s. w, and
enters the Ayum or Yunieri.

CARAGUET, a small river of Nova Scotia or
Acadia ; it runs e. and enters the sea in the gulf
of St. Lawrence, opposite the island of its name.

CARAIIUACRA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Huarochiri in Peru ; uiuicxed
to (he curacy of Vauli.

CARAIBAMIJA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Ainiaraez in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Chalvanca.

CARAIMA Alta, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Quillota in (he kingdom of
Chile ; situate on (he coast between point Caraimilla
and point Pena Blanca.

CARAIMILLA, a settlement on the coast of
(he province and corregimiento aforementioned,
between point Caraima Alta, and the isle of Obispo.

CARAMA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Antioquia in the new kingdom uf
(xranada.

CARAMANTA, a city ofthe province and go-
vernment of Antioquia in the new kingdom of
Granada ; founded by Sebastian de Benalcnzar in
1543, near the river Cauca. I(s (emperature is
hot and unhealtiiy, but it is fertile in maize, vege-
tables, grain, and abounds with herds of swine : near
it arc many small rivers which enter tlie Cauca,
and some salt pits of the whitest salt. On (lie
mountains within its jurisdiction, are some settle-
ments of barbarian Indians very little known. This
city is indifterently peopled, and is 65 leagues dis-
tant (o (he w. c. of Popaydn, and 50 from Antio-
quia. Long. 75° 3,3' a,'. Lat. 5° 58' w.

CARAMATIBA, a settlement of the province
and cap'ni'iship of Rio Grande in Braz'il ; situate
on the shore of the river Carabatang.
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coast, ill the
the kingdom
point GarH>

rovincc apil
the shore <)f
on the ». of

)rovincc and
leagues dis-

)rovince and

and corregi-
I.

tid of Cuba,
md Nizao.
rovince and
s. s. w. uiid

)va Scotia or
[I in the gulf
" its name,
the province
ru; uiwicxed

the province
; annexed to

the province
kingdom of
itCaraimilla

Ihe coast of
reinentioned,
e of Obispo,
ince and go-
kingdom uf

ince and go-
kingdom of
{enaicaznr in
nperature is
maize, vcgc-
swine: near
' the Cauca,
dt. On tiie
some scttle-
Lnown. This
leagues dis-
froin Antio-
I.

he province
i2il : situate

CAR

CARAMBABA, a settlement of the province and
eaptains/lip of Pard in Braiil ; situate at the mouth
01 tlie river Tocnntines.

CARAMPANGUE, a river of the province and
toncgimento of Quillota in the kingdoiu of Ciiile ;
it runs n. n. w. near the coast, anif enter* the son
iwtwcea the rivers Larnquite and Tibid. At its
entiancc tlie Spaniards have the tort of Arauco.

CARAMPOMA, a settlement of the province
and corref;wiiento of Huarocliiri in Peru.

CARANDAITI, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay ; it enters the head of the
Uruguay, between Ihe Pirati and Uruguaypita.

CARANGAS, a province and corieginiienio of
Peru, bounded on the w. by the province of Pa-
cages, e. by Paria, s. by Lipes, and zo. by Arica ;
it IS 36 leagues in length, ». to s. and 30 in width
at the most. Its climate is extremely cold and
subject to winds, so that it produces no other fruits
than such as are found upon the sierra. It lias
considerable breeds of cattle both of the large and
«mall liind, huacanoSf sheep peculiar to the country,
called llamas, and no small quantity of vicunas ;
also in that part which borders upon the province
of Pacages are some herds of swine. Its silver
mines are much worked, and of these the most
esteemed is that called Turco, in which is found
the metal viazizo. Towards the w. are some un-
peopled sandy plains, in which pieces of silver arc
fre<|uently found, commonly caWcd papas ; of these,
lumps have been picked of such a size as to weigh
160 marks. It is watered by some streams, but by
HO considerable rivers : the corregidor used here
to have a repartimiento of 540,526 dollars, and it
used to pay annually 4S6 dollars for alcavala. The
inhabitants, who are almost all Indians, amount
to 1100, and they are divided into 25 settlements.
The capital is Turapaca, and the others are,

CAR

Turco,

Cosapa,

Tiirquiri,

Ghillahua,

Carahuara,

Totora,

Ilunillamarca,

Llanquera,

Cliuquicota,

Chuquichambi,

Undavi,

Corquemar,

Core,

Tunquiri,

Chipaya,

Andamarca,

Orinoca,

Belen,

Huachacalla,

Iscara,

Sabaya,

Asiento de Carangas,

Riberade Todos Santos.

Negrillo.

San Miguel,

Cahangas, Asiento de, belonging to the
bishopric of Charcas, and a settlement of the afore-
said province, having formerly been its capital,
where were kept the royal coffers, and where the

eorregidor used to reside, until they were removed
to Tarapaca, at 30 leagues distance. It thus be*
came reduced io a scanty population of Indians,
annexed to the cunicy of Huachacalla.

CARANGUES, formerly a barbarous nati(»n of
Indians, to the 7(. of the kingdom of Quito; the
district of which at present belongs to the conegi-
miejilo ni the town of Ibarra, where, on a large
plain, are still (o be seen the ruins of a magnificent
palace which belonged tothelncas: in its vici-
nity is a scttlenu'nt called Carangiii, distant 2J
leagues s. of the town of Ibarra.

(Jauanouks, with the dedicatory title of St. An-
tonio, another settlement uf Ihe same province and
corregimiento, situate in the road which leads down
from Popayiin.

CARANIA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of V'auyos in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Laraos.

[CARANKOUAS, Indians of N. America, who
live on an island or peninsula in the bay of St.
Bernard, in length about iO miles, and five in
breadth ; the soil here is extremely rich and plea-
sant ; on one side of which there is a high bluff, or
mountain of coal, which has been on fire for many
yctrs, affording always a light at night, and a
strong thick smoke by day, by which vessels arc
sometimes deceived and lost on the shoally coast,
which shoals are said to extend nearly out of sig it
of land. From this burning coal, there is emitted
a gummy substance the Spaniards call chetUy which
is thrown on the shore by the surf, and collectci by
them in considerable quantities, which the' are
fond of chewing ; it has the appearance and con-
sistence of pitch, of a strong, aromatic, and not
disagreeable smell. These Indians are irreconcile-
able enemies to the Spaniards, always at war with
them, and kill them whenever they can. The
Spaniards call them cannibals, but the French give
tiiein a different character, who have always been
treated kindly by them since Mons. de Salle and
his party were in their neighbourhood. They are
said to be 500 men strong, but we have not been
able to estimate their numbers from any very accu-
rate information. They speak the Attakapo lan-
guage ; are friendly and kind to all other Indians,
and, we presume, are much like all others, notwith-
standing w hat the Spaniards say of them.]

CARANQUE, an ancient province oH the In-
dian';, in the kingdom of Quito, towards then. From
the same race is at the present day composed the
town of St. Miguel de Ibarra. The natives rose
against the Iiica iiuaina Capac, but he succeeded
in reducing them to obedience by force of arms,
causing the authors and accomplices of the insur-

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310

CAR

rectioii to be drowiipd in tlic lake Va<^narcoc1ia,
wliicli from tluMice lakes its iiuriiu, and $i|riiifics the
lake of blond, with which it was quite polluted ;
tlie fiidiuiis stilting, accordiiiir to their traditions,
that no IcKs than yO,(K)0 people were thus sacri-
ficed. Part of this province is at present compre-
hended in that of Ibarra, and part in that of
Otiivalo.

CAIIAP, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of (iuiiyana. It rises between the Aca-
uion and the Agualey, and taking its course be-
tween these two, enters the Caroni on the p. side.

C'AUAPAlCUItA, a small river of the province
and government of (Inmnna. It rises in the ser-
rania of Imataca, runs s. and enters the Cuyuni
on the //. side.

CAUAPANATUBA, a river of the province of
(luayaiia, in tlie part belonging to the Portuguese.
It runs s. s. e. and enters the inoutli of the Mara-
fion before you come to the town and fort of Ma-
capa.

CAJIAPATO, a river of the province and cor-
res^imietilo of Sicasica. It is but small, rises to
the u). of the settlement of Caracoto, runs n. and
enters the (Miuquiavo.

[CARAPI'XilJA Y, a parish of th ■! province and
government of Paraguay, situate ear a small
river, 11 leagues .i.e. of Asuncion. Lat. 25°
45' 31" 5. lioug. bl" 16' 5fi" TO.]

CARAPO, a settlement ofthe province of Guay-
ana, and government of Cumana, one of those be-
longing to the missions of the Catalanian Capuchin
fathers.

Carapo, a river of the province and go-
vernment of San Juan de los Llanos in the new
kingdom of Cirnnada ; it rises in the country of
the Chiricoas Indians, runs 71. and enters the Meta.

GAUAPU, a small river ofthe province and go-
vernment of Guayana ; it rises near the lake
Jeupa, runs from s. to «. and enters the Paragua.

CARAPU(3llO, Monuo ok, a mountain on
the coast of Pern, in the province and corregi-
tiiiento of Carangas.

("ARAQUKS, Hay of, on the S. sea-coast, and
in the province and gwvernment of (iuayaqnil. It
is close to ciqie Pasao, and near the equinoctial
line. There was a settlement here, bearing the same
name, the ruins of which are still visible.

CA RAQUI:T, a small island of the gulf of St.
Lawn in e, 011 llie coast of Nova Scotia or Arca-
dia, b . the Oipiian's bank.

CAKARA, a small river ofthe province and
capfftins/iip of Para in Brazil; it runs «. and en-
ters the sea between the settlement of Seuambocu
»nd the island of San Juan.

CAR

CARARE, a large river of the new kingdom of
(iranada. It rises in the rnlley of Alterez, to tlia
n, of the city of Tunja, runs from s. to n. and join-
ing the Zarbe, enters the large river of Magdalena.
On the e. side, near the narrow pass which formi
its shores, the French have constructed n fort to
guard against invasion from the infidel Indians.

CARARI, a strait ofthe large river Magdalena,
formed by great rocks. There was formerly here
a fort, which has l)een moved to a place at some
little distance. The course of the waters in the
above strait is so rapid as to render it sometimes
impossible for vessels and canoes to pass through it.

CARAS, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimietito of Caxatambo in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Andajes.

C A RASA, a settlement of the province and
correginiienlo of Cochabamba in Peru.

CARASANl, a settlement of the province and
corrrgmiento of Larecaja in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Combaya.

CAKATE, a small island of the S. sea, near the
coast.

CARATES, a river of the province and go-
verimient of Maracaibo. It rises in the mountains
of Lonia, runs s. w. and after many windings,
enters the great lake of Maracail)o.

CARAVELAS, Mouth of the, the entrance of
a bay on the n. coast of the island of Cuba.

CARAUELE, Point of the, an extremity of
the coast looking to the e. in the island of Marti-
nique, one of those two which run into the sea in
the above direction.

Caraiii;i,e, a small island of the N. sea, situate
near the w. e. coast of the island of Martinique,
on the H. side of Carauele point.

CARAUELI, a settlement of the province and
fone^mtew/o of Cumana in Peru.

CARAUELLES, a river of the province and
captainship of Puerto Seguro in Brazil. It rises
at the foot of the sierra Fria, and describing a small
circle, runs j. e. and according to Cruz, e. and
enters the sea opposite the island of Pajaros.

CARAZ, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Huailas in Peru. ■•

CARBET, a settlement ofthe island of Mar-
tinique, one of the Antilles ; situate on the n. k.
coast, witli a good port. It was a curacy of the
regular order of Jesuits, now abolished.

Carblt, two very high mountains ofthe above
island. They are full of sharp points similar to
those on Montserrat in Cutelufia. They are near
the coast, lying towards the n.w, piirt; and the
French call them Pitons de Car!)et.

Caubet, a point on thee, coast of the island

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CAR

Sir

of Ciiailalupc, between the TFircc RivCr» and llic
Agnjcro del Pcrro.

(!aii BKr Point, oil tlic x. coast of lake Superior,
in Nr'w Friince, opposite the i.sliind orPliilipenux.

(jArtULT, II river of the. island of Guaualiipe,
wliifli runs nearly e. and enters the scu between
the (iratide and the Orange.

CARUON, Island of, situate in the middle of
nlnkcoM the const of tiie province and govern-
jiicnt of Uuenos Ayrcs. .

(-'ahbon, MoNTr; dk, a sctllnmcnt of the pro-
vince and corrtf^imiento of Puc.lmcay in the king-
dom of (Jliile; situate upon the coast and on the
shore of the bay of Culunio, neir the mouth of
the river liiobio.

CARKONIEIIE, n sdtlcmei.t of the island of
Newfoundland, situate on tlie e. coast, on the
shore of the bay «f Concepcion.

CAIICAI, a settlement of the province and cnr-
regi»iirnli> of Lucanas in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Soras. It has a hot spring of water of
very medicinal properties, and its heat is so great
that an egg may be boiled in it in an instant.

CAIlCARANAry, a river of the |)rovinccand
government of Buenos Ayres. It rises in the j)ro-
vincc of Tucnman, in tiie nionutains of the city
of Cordoba, runs nearly troin c. to w. with the
name of Tercero, and chanjring it into Carcara-
I'lal, after it becomes united willi the Saladillo, joins
the Plata, and enters thcSuliido and the Tres ller-
manas.

CAllCAZI, a settlement of the government and
jurisdiction of Pamplona in the Nuevo Reyno do
Cranada, situate between two mountains, which
cause its t(!mperaturc to be very moderate. It pro-
duces much wheat and maize ; in its cold parts such
fruns as are peculiar to that climate, and in the
milder parts sugar-cane. Its neighbourhood
abounds Avith flocks of goats ; and the number of
itdiabitants may amount io about 300 Spaniards
and 30 Iii(li:nis. It is situate on the confines which
divide thcjiii dictions of Tunja and Pamplona.

CAIlCHlPOFt, a river of the province and go-
vprument of Cayenne in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It rises in the mountains of the same pro-
vince, and runs into the sea on the side of cape
Orange.

rCAIlDIGAN, about 20 miles e. of Dartmouth
college, New Hampshire. Tlur township of
Orange once bore this name, which see.]

CAHDIN, a settlement of the province of Ve-
nezuela and government of Maracaibo, situate on
the shore of the coast, in the interior of the gulf
Ibrmed by the peninsula of cape San Roman.

CARDINATjES, SoHiniEnos de. Sec article

PlTANOOAS.

(lARUOSO, Rgai. I)f, a settlement and rf«/
of gohl mines in the province and caplaunhii) of
Todos Santos in Brazil ; situate on tiie shore of
the large river of San Francisco, to the n. of the
village of Tapuyas.

CAREHANKU, a small river of Pennsylvania,
which runs xc, and enters the Ohio.

CAREN, a valley or meadow-land of the king-
dom of Chile, renowned tor its pleasantness, beauty,
and extent, being live leagues in length •, also lor
a fountain of very delicate and salutary water,
which, penetrating to the soil in these parts, ren-
ders them so exceedingly porous, that u person tread-
ing somewhat heavily seems to shake the ground
under him. There is an herb found here that keeps
green all the year round: it is'small, resembling
trefoil, and the natives call it carcii: it is of a very
agreeable taste, and gives its name to the valley.

CAltEMlHO, a bay of the coast of the king-
dom of Tierra I''irme in the province and govern-
ment of Venezuela. It is extremely convenient
for careiMiing and repairing shins, and from this
circumstance it takes its name. It lies behind cape
Codera towards the e.

CARET, Anse I)e, a bay of the island of St.
Christopher, one of the Antilles, on the n. e. coast,
and in the part possessed by the French l)efbre
they ceded the island to the Englissh. It is be-
tween the bays of Fontaine and Morne, or Fucnfe
and Morro.

CARETI, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Darien, and kingdom of Tierra Firme.
It rises in the n. mountains, and enters the sea in
the bay of Mandinga.

CAREIJ, a settlement of.the island of Barba-
does, in the district of the parish of Christchnrch.

CARGONACMO, a sefth-nient of the province
and corregimienio of Castro Vireyna in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Philpichaca.

(JARCJUAIRASO, a lofty mountain and vol-
cano of the province and corregimienio of Rio-
bamba in the kingdom of Quito. It is in the dis-
trict of the asicnto of Ambalo, covered with snow
the whole year round. Its skirts are covered with
fine crops of excellent barley. In IGfiS f'is pro-
vince was visited by a terrible earthquake, hich
opened the mountain and let in a river of mud,
formed by the snows which were melted by tlie
fire of the volcano, and by the ashes it threw up.
So (Ireadful were the eli'ects of this revolution that
the whole of the crops were completely spoiled ;
and it was in vain that the cattle endeavoured to

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rx-npo flip destruction which foUowcil them where-
ever the V fled. Slill nrc the vestigoii of this caln-
iiiily to be aeon, and there nrc large quantities of
(his mild or lava, now become hard, scattered on
the s. side of the settlement.

CARIIUA, a settlement of the province and
ronrgimirnlo of Caiita in I'cru ; annexed to the
curacy of its capital.

CA l{H U A( '-A 1 A N, a settlement of the same pro-
vince and correg'iniiento as the (brmcr ; annexed
to the curacy of Pomacochu.

CAUHUAt;AFJ.AN(.A, a settlement of the
province mid cotrefj^imiento of Jaiija in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Choii^os.

(^VIIMUACIJCIK), a settlement of the pro-
vince and rorrrgimienio of Lucanas in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy ol l.arainnte.

(!AUnUAMAl(>, a settlement of the province
and tnrresriniieiito of Turnui in Pern.

CAlMIL'APAMPA, a settlement of the province
and roneginiienio of ilunrochiri in Peru ; an-
nexed to tne curacy of liorenzo dc Quinti.

Cauiiuapampa, another settlement of the pro-
vince and cmrrginiiento of Cajatanibo in the same
kingdom ; annexed to the curacy of Hacas.

CARIIIJAZ, asetllement ot the province and
cone<iimietilo of liiiailas in Peru.

('AKI, a river of the province and government
of Ciimana in the kin,a:dom of Tierra Firme. It
rises in the Mesa (Table-land) de Guanipa, and
runs s. being navigable to the centre of the i)ro-
vince, and enters the Orinoco near the narrow
part.

t'Ani, a settlement of the same province; one
of those under the care of the reli<riou8 order of S.
Francisco, missionnries of Piritii. It is situate
on the shore of the former river,

CAKlAl, a small river of the country of the
Amazonus, in the part possessed by the Portuguese.
It is by no means a considerable stream, runs n.
and enters the Xingu.

CARlAt-'O, a large gulf of the coast of Tierra
Firme, in the province and government of Cnmaiia.
It is also culled, OfCumana, from this cttpitaUxjing
built upon its shores. The bay runs 10 or IS
leagues from w. to e. and is one league broad at
its widest part. It is from 80 to 100 fathoms
deep, and the waters are so quiet as to resemble
rather the waters of a lake than those of the ocean.
It is surrounded by the serranias, or lofty chains
of mountains, which shelter it from all winds ex-
cepting that of the n. e. which, blowing on it as it
were through a straitened and narrow passage,
is accustomed to cause a swell, especially trom I()

CAR .

in the morning until five in the evening, after whicli
all becomes culm. Under the above circumstances,
the larger vessels ply to windward ; and if the
wind be very strong, they come to an anchor on
the one or other roust, and wait till the evening,
when the land breezes spring up from the s. c. In
this gulf there are some gocxl ports and bays, viz.
the hike of Obispo, of .luaiiantar, of Gurintar,
and others.

Cauiaco, a river of the same province and go-
vernment, taking its rise trom many streams and
rivulets which rise in the serranln, and unite be.
fore they How into the valley of the same name.
Alter it has run some distance over the plain, it is
cut off io water some cacao plantations, and then
empties itself into the sen through the foimergiilf.
In the winter great part of the capital, which is
situate upon its banks, is inundated, and the river
is then navigated by small barks or barges ; but in
the summer it beconies so dry that there is scarce-
ly water sutlicient to navigate a canoe.

Cariaco, a small city of the same province,
situate on the shore of the gulf. [This city (ac-
cording to Depons) bears, in the oflicial papers
and in the courts of justice, the name of San Fe-
lipe du Austria. The population is only 6500,
but every one makes such a good use of his time
as to banish misery from the place. Tl'e produc-
tion most natural to the soil is cotton, the bea' •
of which is superior to that of all Tierra Fi
This place alone furnishes annually more
3000 quintals ; and besides cacao they grow a mitti
sugar. Lat. 10° 30* w. Long. 63" 39' w.

[CAUIACOU is the chief of the small isles de-
pendent on G'ranada island in the West Indies ;
situate four leagues from isle Rhoiide, which is a
like distance from the n. end of Granada. It con-
tains 0913 acres of fertile and well cultivated land,
producing ai)out 1,000,000 lbs. of cotton, be-
sides corn, yiims, potatoes, and plaintains for the
Negroes. It has two singular plantations, and a
town called Hillsborough ,^

CARIAMANCr.A, a settlement of the province
and corregimienlo of Loxa in the kingdom of
Quito.

CARIATAPA, a settlement which belonged to
the missions of the regular order of the Jesuits, in
the province of Topia and kingdom of Nucva Viz-
caya ; situate in the middle of the sierra of this
name, and on the shore of the river Piastla.

CARIBABARE, a small settlement which be-
longed to the missions of the regular order of tli<>
Jesuits, in the province and government of San
Juan dc los Llanos of the new kingdom of Granada.

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313

ll was formerly n vrry rich Unct of Innd, si-
Umti' on (lie shore of the river ('iixan.-ire, n stream
which crosses and stops the pass into the conn-
try ; ami for tliis reason (here was a consider-
ahhr establisliment formed here liy persons who
b(*lon^ed to the curacy of Santa Rosa de (Jiiire.
lis temperature is hot, hut it is very fertile, 'u!
abounds in productions, which serve to provide lor
the other settlements In-lonijinir (o (lie same mis-
sions: at present it is umler the care of the reli«
gions onhr of St. Dominjjo.

('A HI HAN A, n hnTje country, at the present
day called (I'uiiynna Maritania, or Nueva Anda-
liicia Austral. It extends from tlu; mouth of the
river Orinoco to (he month of the Maranon ; com-
prehends the Dutch colonies of JJsquilM, Surinam,
and Uorhice, and (he I'reneh colony of ('ayenne.
It lakes its n:imc from the Carihes Indians, who
iiiliabit it, and who are very tierce and cruel,
nltlioii<;h u| on amicable terms with tiie Dutch.
Ne.irly the whole of this province is uncultivated,
full of woods iiiul inouiidiins, but watered by
many rivers, all ofwlii<-h run for the most part
from s. to f. and empty llieiiiselves into the sea ;
although some fh>w tioin s. ton. and enter the Ori-
noco. The climate, though warm and humid, is
healthy; (he productions, and the source of its
commerce, arc sugar-c.ine, some cacao, wild wax,
and incense. The coast, inhabited by ICuropcans,
forms the greater part of this tract »)f country, of
which an account will be found under the respec-
tive articles.

CAKiBA.\A,aport onthe coast of Ticrra Firme,
in the province and government of Daricn, at the
entrane(> of the gulf of IJrabii.

CAUIHJ-;, a small port of the coast of Tierra
Fiime, in the province and government of V^enc-
zuela, to the w. of cape Codern.

CAftini;, Garibbei:, or CiiARAinns, some
islantis close upon the shore of the province and
government of Cumaiia, near (he <;ape of Tres
l'un(as. [The Carii)l)ee islands in the West In-
dies extend in a semicircular form from (he island
of Por(o Kico, (he easternmost of the Antilles, to
the coast of S. America. Tlie sea, thus inclosed
by the main land and the isles, is called the Ca-
ribljeau sea; and its great channel leads n. Ti\ to
the head of the gulf of Mexico through liie sea of
Honduras. The chief of these islands are, Santa
('ruz, Sombuca, Auiruilla, St. Martin, St. IJar-
tholomew, Barbuda, Saba, St. Eustatia, St. Chris-
topher, iSevis, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadalupe,
Dcseada, Mariagalante, Dominica, Martinicii,
St. V^iiicent, Haibadocs, and Grenada. These arc
again classed into Windward and Leeward isles by

vol,. 1.

seamen, with rrgnrd to the usual conrseit of shipx
fnmi Old Spain or (he Canaries (o Cartai^enii
or New Spain and Porto H, •Ho. The gcoirnphi-
caltablesaud majis class them into Grentand l.ililo
Antilles ; and authors vary much concrrning this
last distinction. See Antii.i i s. The Cli;') libes
or Caribbees were the ancient natives of tiie Wiml-
wnrd islands ; hence many ireographers cotitiiie the
term to these isles only. Most ol tlKsc «fre an-
ciently nossessetl by a nation of (•aniiii)als, the (er-
ror ot tlie mild and inoffensive inhabitants of II is-
paniola, who frequently expressed to l^oliimbus
their dread of these fierce invaders. Thus, when
the.se islands were alterwards discovered by that
great man, (hey were denominated (Jharibbean
isles. 'I he insular ('haraibs are supposed to be
immediately descended from the (jalibis Indians,
or Charaibes of S. America. An ingenious and
learned attempt to trace bark (he origin of the Cn-
ribes to some emigrants from the ancient hemis-
phere may be found in Hryaii Edwards ; and it
IS (o (he valuable work of this ntilhor (hat we are
indel ed for (he tbilowing illus(ra(ions of (he man-
ners and cus(oms of (his people. — The Caribcs
are avowedly of a fierce .spirit and warlike dispo-
si(ion. IIis(orians have not failed (o no(ice these
ainomr the most distinguishable of their qualities.
Dr. I. )bertson, in Note XCIII. to the first vol. of
his History of America, quotes from a MS. History
of Ferdinand and Isabella, written by Andrew Her-
naldes, (be co(emporary and friend of Columbus,
the following ins(ance of (he bravery of (he Caribes :
A canoe wi(h four men, (wo women, and a boy, un-
expectedly fell in with Columbus's fleet. A Spanish
bark with '25 men was sent to take them ; and the fleet,
in the mean time, cut olf their communication whh
the shore. Instead of giving way to despair, (he
('ariljes seized (heir arms wi(h undaunted resolu-
tion, and br<! vn the attack, wounding several of
the Spaniards, although they had targets as well
as other defensive armour; and even after the
canoe was overset, it was with no little difhcuUy
and danger that some of them were secured, as
they continued to defend themselves, and to use
their bows with great dexterity while swimming
in the sea. Herrera has recorded the same anec-
dote, llestless, enterprising, and ardent, it would
seem they considered war as the chief end of their
cieation, and the rest of the human race as their
natural prey ; for they devoured, without re-
morse, the bodies of such of their enemies (the
men at leasi) as fell into their hands. Indeed,
there is no circumstance in the history of mankind
better attested than the universal prevalence of
these practices among them. Columbus was not]
' « s

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^mjT

H 'm

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(liiVt^'

31 i

C A R I r E.

'onlj iiiformotl of it by the natives of I'ispaniolii,
Fiut having 'amled himself at (juaihihipc on its
first discovery, he bvheid in st-vcral cottages
the iicad and limbs of the human body recently
separated, and evidently k"pt for occasional re-
jjRsts. lie released at the same time several of
the natives of Porto Rioo, who, having been
bronglit captives from thence, vcre reserved as
victims ibr tlie same horrid purpose. Uut among
themselves tliry were peaceable, and towards each
other faithful, friendly, and ufTec.'ionate. They
considered all strangers indeed as cn>nnies, and of
the jieople of Europe they formed a right estima-
tion. The antipatliy which they uanilesti'd to-
wards the unoftending natives of the larger islands
appears extraordinary, but it is k:m\ to :.;ive de-
scended to (hem from their ancestors of Guiana :
they considered those islanders as a coloi.y of Ar-
rowauks, a nation of Sout.\ America, with whom
the Caribes of that continent are continually at war.
We can assign no cause for such hereditary and
irreconcilable hostility. With regard to the peo-
ple of Europe, :■♦. is allowed, that whenever any
of tlvim had acquired their confidence, ii was
given without reserve. Their friendship Was as
warm as their enmity was implitcablc. The Ca-
ril)es of Ciuiana still fondly cherish the tradition of
lialeigh's alliance, and to this day preserve the
English colours which he left with them at part-
ing. (Bancroft, p. 259.) They painted their faces
and bodies with arnotto so extravagantly, that
their natural complexion, which was nearly that
of a Spanish olive, was not easily to be distinguish-
ed under the surface of crimson. However, as this
mode of paintinjEf themselves was practised by both
sexes, perliaps it was at first introduced as a de-
fence against the venomous insects so common in
tropica? climates, or possibly they consitlered the
brilliancy of the colour as highly ornamental. The
men disiigured their cheeks with deep incisions
and hideous scars, whicli lliey .stained with black,
and they jiainted white and black circles round
their eye.;; some of them pcrtbrated the cartilage
that divides the nostrils, and inserted the bone of
some fish, a parrot s feather, or a fragment of tor-
toise-shell ; a frighttnl custom, practised also by
(he natives ot Mew Holland; and they strung to-
•'ether the teeth of such of their enemies as they
iiad slain in battle, and wore them on their legs
and arms as trophies of sucoessr^l cruelty. To
draw the bow \>ith unerring skill, to wield the
club with dexterity and strength, to swim with
avility and l-.oldness, to catch fish, and to build a
cottag*', we/c acquireirents of indispensable neces-
sity, and the education of their children wab well

suited to the attainment of them. One method of
making their boys skilful, even in infancy, in the
uxerciv; of the bow, was to suspend their lood on
the branch .:''a tree, compelling the hardy niciiins
to pierce it with their arrows Ix'Ibre they could ob-
tain permission to eat. Their arrows were com-
nicMly poisonal, except when they nuidc their mi-
litary excursions iiy night : on those occasions
they converted them into instruments of still greater
mischief; for, by arming the points with pledgets
of cotton dipt int<> oil, und set on fiame, they fired
whole villages of their (Mieniies at a distance. The
poison which they used was a concootion of nox-
ious guius and vegetable juices, and had the pro-
perty of being perfectly innocent when received
into the stomach; but it communicated immediate-
ly to the blood thiotigh the slightest wound, it was
generally mortal. As soon as a male child was
brought into the world, he was sprinkled with
some drops of his father's blood. The ceremonies
used on this occasion were suiTiciently painful to
ihcfiriier, but he sul>initted without emotion or
complaint, fondly believing that the same degree
of courage which he had liimself displayed was
by these means transmitted to his son. As the
boy grew, he was soon made familiar with scenes
of barbarity ; be partook of the horrid reixists of
his nation, and he was frequently anointed with
the fat of a slaughtered Arrowauk : but he was not
allowed to participate in the toils of the warrior,
and to share the glories of conquest, until his for-
titude had been brought to the test. The dawn of
manhood uslicred in the hour of severe trial. He
was now to exchange the name he had received
in his infancy for one more sounding and signifi-
cant; a ceremony of high importance in the lite of a
Caribe, but always accompanied by a scene of fero-
cious festivity and unnatural cruelly. In times of
peace, the Caribes admitted of no su [)remacy but t hat
of nature. Having no laws, they needed no ma-
gistrates. To their old men, indeed, they allowed
son)e kind of authority, but it was at best ill-de-
fined, and must at all times have been insullicicnt
to protect the weak against the .stiong. In war,
experience had taught them that subordination
was as requisite as courage ; tln'y thereiore elected
their captains in their general assemblies vith
great solemnity, but they put their pretensioris to
the proof with circumstances olOutrageous barba-
rity. When success attended tho mea.su res of a
candidate for command, the feast and the triumph
awaited his return. He exchanged his name a se-
cond time; assuming in future that of the most
formidable Arrowauk that had fallen by his ham!.
He wui permitted lu appropriate to himself us many J

C A R I B E.

.'{15

[rtf tf^c captives as he tliouglit fit, and lils country-
men presented to liis choice the most heaiiliCiil of
their (i.-in^hlers in reward of his valour. It was
probably this Inst-nientioned testimony of public
esteem and jirrntitudc that sfave rise in these islands
to the institution of polyjrnmy, which, as hath
been already observed, prevailed universally anionj^
them, and still prevails among the Caribes of S.
America; an institution tin; more excusable, as
their women, from religious motives, carefully
avoided the nuptial intercourse alter pregnancy.
Tliou!fli frequently Iwstowcd as the prize of suc-
cessful courage, the wife, thus hononrabi}' obtain-
ed, was soon considered of as little value as the
captive. Deficient in those qualities which alone
were estimable among the (Jaribes, the females
were treated rather as slaves than companions:
they sustained every species of drudgery; they
ground the maize, prepared the cassavi, gathered
ill (he cotton, and wove the hainmoc; nor were
they allowed even the privilege of eating in pre-
ience of their liusbaiuls. Under these circiim-
slniices, it is not wonderful that they were less pro-
lific than the women of Europe, Katlier Joseph
Guniilla, in his account of the n. ions bordering
on the Orinoco, relates (torn. i. p. ^7. Fr. trans-
lation), that the Caribes of the continent punish
their women caught in adultery like the ancient
Israelites, " by stoning them to death before an
assembly of the iieoplc ;" a fact not recorded by any
other writer. We know but little concerning their
domestic economy, their arts, manufactures, and
agriculture ; their sense of filial and paternal ob-
ligations, their religious rights and hineral cere-
monies. Such further information, however, in
tiiese and other respects, as authorities the least
disputable afford, we have abridged in the follow-
ing detached ob; crvations. Hesides the ornaments
wiiich we have noticed to have lieen worn by both
sexes, the women, on arriving at the age of pu-
berty, were distinguished also l)y a sort of buskin
or half boot made of cotton, which surrounded the
tniall part of the leg. The same sort of brodequin
or buskin is worn by the female Hottentots and
other nations of Africa; a distinction, however, to
which such of their females as had been taken in
the chance of war dared not aspire. In other
respects, both male and female appeared as naked
as our first parents before the fall. lAkc them, as
they knew no guilt, they knew no shame ; nor was
i'lulliing thought necessary to personal ccmilbrt,
VI here the chill blast of winter is ncvr-r felt. Their
hair wasunifiirinlyof a shining black, straight, and
coarse ; but they dressed it with <laily «'are, and
adorned it with great art, the men, iii particular.

decorating their heads wifli feathers of various co-
lours. As their hair thus ronstitufed their chief
prifle, it was an unequivocal proof of the sincerily
of their sorrow, when, on the death of a relation
or friend, they cut it short like their slaves and
captives, to whom the privilege of wearing long
hair was rigorously denied, f.ike most other na-
tions of the new hemisphere, they eradicated, with
great nicety, the incipient beard, and all super-
fluous hairs on their b(Mlies ; a circumstance which
has given rise to the false notion that all (he Abo-
rigines of America were naturally beardless. On
the birth of a child, its (ender and flexible skull
was confined between (wo small pieces of womi,
whicii, applied before and behind, and firmly
bound tocether on each si<le, elevated the fore-
head, and occasioned it and the Iwck part of the
skull to resemble two sides of a square ; a custom
still observed by the miserable remnant of lied ('a-
ribes in the island of St. Vincent. It has been
said by anatomists, that the coronal suture of new
born children in the West Indies is commonly
more open than that of infants born in colder cli-
mates, and the brain more liable to externol in-
jury. Perhaps, therefore, the Indian custom of
depressing theosfrontis and the occiput, was ori-
ginally meant to assist the o|wration of nature in
closing the skull. They resided in villages which
resembled nn European encampment, for their ca-
bins were built of poles fixed circularly in the
ground, and drawn to a point at the top ; (hey
were then covered with leaves of the nalm tree. In
the centre of each village was a builuing of supe-
rior magnitude io the rest: it was formed with
great labour, and served as a public hall or state
house, wherein we are assured that the men (ex-
cluding the women) had their meals in common.
These nails were also the (heat res where (heir youth
were animated to emulation, and (rained (o mar-
(iai en(crprise by (he renown of (heir warriors and
the harangues of their orators. Their arts and ma-
niifiictures, though few, displayed a degnx'of inge-
nuity which one wouhl have scarcely expected to
find amongst a people so little removeil from a
state of mere animal nature as to reject all dress as
superfluous. (yolumbu>-~ --.erved an abundance of
substantial cotton cloth in all the islands which he
visited ; and the natives possessed the art of stain-
ing it with various colours, though the ('.tribes de-
lighted chiefly in red. Of (his clolh (hey made
hammocs, or hanging Iwds, such its are now used
at sea ; for Europe has not only copied the pat-
tern, but preserved also (he original name. ,\ll
(he early Spanish and I'Vench wii(ers expressly as-
scrtf that the original Indian iiainc for their swing-]

H S St

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i'«i ft'',

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316

C A R I B E.

[ing beds was amacA; or hamacky but Dr. John-
son derives the English word haminoc from tlic
Snxon. They possessed likewise the art of mak-
ing vessels of clay for domestic uses, which they
baked in kilns like the potters of Europe. The
ruins of many of these kilns were visible not long
since in Barbadoes, where specimens of the manu-
facture are still frequently dug up; and Mr.
Hughes, the historian of that island, observes,
that they far surpassed the earthen ware made by
the Negroes, in thinness, smoothness, and beauty.
(Nat. Hist, of Kurbadoes, p. 8.) Ligon, who vi-
sited this island in 1647, declares, that some of
thes(! vessels whicii lie saw even surpassed any
earthen ware made in England, " both," to use hio
own Mords, " in finesse of mettle and curiosity of
turniiigc." Besides those, they invented various
other utensils for economical purposes, which are
enumerated by Labat. The baskets which they
composed of the fibres of the palmeto-lcaves weie
singularly elegant ; and we arc told that their bows
and arrows, and other weapons, displayed a neat-
ness and polish which the must skilful European
artist would have found it ditlicult to have excel-
letl, even with European tools. We are told, on
good authority, that among the Caribes of the
continent there was no division of land ; the har-
vests were deposited in public granaries, whence
each tiimily received its proportion of the public
stock. Uochford indeed observes, that all their
interests were in common. Their food, both ve-
getable and anitnal, excepting in the circumstance
of their eating human flesh, seems to have been the
same, in most respects, as that of the natives of
the larger islands. But although their appetites
were voracious, they rejected many of the best
bounties of nature. Of some animals they held the
flesh in abhorrence ; these were the pccary or Me-
xican hog, the manati or sea cow, and the turtle.
Labat observes, that they scrupled likewise to cat
the eel, which the rivers in several of the islands
supply in great plenty. The striking conformity
of these, and some other of their prejudices and
customs, to the practices of the Jews, has not
escaped the notice of historians. On the birth of
his first son, the father retired to his bed, and fast-
ed wiili a strictness that often endangered life.
I.nfitau, observing that the same custom was prac-
tised by tlie Tybarenians of Asia, and the Iberians
or ancirit inhabitants of Spain, and is still in use
among the people of Japan, not only urges this
circun ' tance as a proof, among others, that the
new world was peopled from the old, but pretends
to discover in it also some traces of the doctrine of
original sin : he supposes that the severe penance

thus voluntarily submitted to by the father was at
first instituted in the pious view of protecting his
issue from the contagion of hereditary guilt, avert-
ing the wrath of offended Omnipotence at the
crime of our first parents, and expiating their guilt
by his suflerings. The ancient Tiiracians, as we
are informed by Herodotus, when a male child
was brought into the world, lamented over him in
sad vaticination of his destiny, and they rejoiced
when he was released by death from those miseries
which they considered as his inevitable portion in
life ; but whatever might have been the motives
that first induced the Caribes to do penance on
such occasions, it would seem that grief and dejec-
tion had no great share in them ; for the ceremony
of fasting was inutifKl lately succeeded by rejoic-
ing and triumph, by drunkenness and debauchery.
Their lameniutions for the dead seem to have ari-
sen from the more laudable dictates of genuine na-
ture ; for, unlike the Thracians on these solem-
nities, they not only despoiled their hair, as we
have before related, but when the master of the fa-
mily died, the surviving relations, after burying
the corpse in the centre of his own dwelling, with
many demonstrations of unaflected grief, i\ u ittcd the
house altogether, and erected another in a distant
situation. The dead body they placed in the grave
in a sitting posture, with the knees to the chin. It
is asserted, and we believe with truth, that the ex-
pectation of a future state has prevailed amongst
all mankind in all ages and countries of the world.
It is certain that the idea of a future state prevail-
ed among tire Caribes ; they not only believed that
death was not the final extinction of their being,
but pleased themselves also with the fond conceit,
that their departed relations were secret spectators
of their conduct ; that they still sympathized in
their sufierings, and participated in their welfare.
To these notions they added others of a dreadful
tendency ; for, considering the soul as susceptible
of the same impressions, and possessing the sami;
passions as when allied tc the body, it was thought
a religious duty to their deceased heroes, to sacri-
fice at their funerals some of the captives which hiid
l}een taken in battle. It was their custom to erect
in CfOiy cottage a rustic altar, composed of ba-
nana leaves anil rushes, wlicit on they occasionally
placed the earliest of their fruits and the choicest
of their viands, aslunubk' peace-offerings, through
the mediation of ilieir interior deities, to incensed
Omnipotence : for it is admitted, that their devo-
tions consisted less in the effusions of thankfulness,
than in deprecations of wrath. They not only
believed in the existence of demons and evil spirits,
but oflered to them also, by the hands of their j

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CAR

[bo^es or pretrni^ed magicians, sacrifices and wor-
ship ; wounding themselves on such solemnities
with an iiistrumeni ;;.ade of the teeth of the agouti,
which inflicted horrible gashes ; conceiving, per*
haps, that the malignant powers delighted in
groans and misery, and were to be appeased only
hy human blood. |

Cahiut, a settlement of the same province and
government ; situate t>n the windward coast of the
ca|)e of Tres Puntas. In its district are 26 plan-
tations, 15 of cacaOf and the rest of vines and
maize, which yield but indiflerently, from a want
of water ; allhongh they find means of supplying
this in some degree by the ruin. The community
consists of 1070 souls ; and is five leagues dis<
tani from the settlement of Carupano.

[CARIBEANA, now called Pahia or New
Andalucia, which see.]

CARIBES, a barbarous and ferocious nation of
Indians, who are cannibals, inhabiting the pro-
vince which by them is called Caribana. They
are divided under the titles of the Maritimos and
Mcditerraneos : the former live in plains and upon
the coast of the Atlantic, are contiguous to the
Dutch and French colonies, and follow the laws
and customs of the former, with whom they carry
on a commerce. They are the most cruel of any
that infest the settlements of the missions of the
river Orinoco, and are the same as those called
Galibis. The Mcditerraneos, who inhabit the
s. side of the source of the river Caroni, arc of a
more pacific nature, and began to be reduced to
the faith by the regular order of the abolished so-
ciety of the Jesuits in 1738. The name of Caribes
:s given not only to these and other Indians of the
Antilles, but to all such as are cannibals. See Ca-

RIBE.

[CARIBOU, an island towards the e. end of
lake Superior in N. America, n. w. of Cross cape,
and ». a), of Montreal bay.]

CARICARl, a settlement of the province and
torregimiento of Paria in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Toledo.

Caricari, also called Laguacina, n point of
land on the coast of the province and government
of the Rio del Hacha.

CARICIIANA, a settlement of the province of
Guayana, and government of Ciimana ; one of the
missions of the Rio Meta, which was under the
care of the society of Jesuits, of the province of
Santa Fe. It is situate on the shore of the Ori-
noco, by the torrent of its name ; and is at present
under the care of the religious order of Capuchins.

Caricuana, Torrent of, a strait of tue liver

CAR

S\1

Oi a ), formed by different islands, some covered
by, uiiu some standing out of, the water, so that
the navigation is very difficult and dangerous. It
is near the mouth of the river Mda.

CARIJANA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Larecaja in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Camata.

CARILLON, a fort belonging to the French,
in New France.

[CARIMBATAY, a parish of the province and
government of Paraguay; situate a little to the
n. ze. of the town of Curuguaty. Lat. 24° 33' 35".
Long, b^y" 57' ro.]

C«rimbatay, a river of the above province
and government, which runs w. and enters the
Xexuy near the town of Curuguato.

CARIMU, a small river of the province and
colony of the Dutch, in Surinam ; one of those
which enter the Cuium on the s. side.

CARINIS, a small river of the province and
captainship of Para in Brazil. It rises in the coun-
try of the Aritus Indians, runs e. and enters the
Guiriri.

CARIOCOS, a lake of the country of the Ama-
zonas, in the Portuguese territories, on the shore
of the river. It is formed by the Topinamba-
ranas, which, according to Mr. Bellin, makes this
sheet of water before it enters the former river.

CARIP£, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Cumana in the kingdom of Tierra
P'irme, situate i>i the middle of a serrania; one of
the missions in that province belonging to the
Aragonest! Capuchin fathers.

CARIPORES, a settlement of S. America, to
the n. of Brazil and of the river of Las Amazo-
nas : although of barbarian Indians, it deserves
particular mention, on account of its virtuous and
pacific customs, so different from the brutality and
sloth of the surrounding nations. These Indians
are handsome, lively, bold, valorous, liberal, ho-
nest, and afl'able, and in short the most polished
nation of Indians in all America ; they esteem ho-
nour, justice, and truth; are enemies to deceit, eat
bread made of cazave, which they have a method
of preserving good for three or four years. They
do not scruple to eat the flesh of some ugly snakes
found in their woods, but are not cannibals ; nei-
ther do they revenge upon their prisoners taken
in war the cruelties they experience from their
enemies.

CARIUITOS, a settlement of the province and

fovernment of Venezuela in the kingdom of Tierra
'irme.
[CARIV, a parish of the province aud govern-

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CAR

mcnt of Paraguay ; situate on a small river about
13 leagues e. of Asuncion. Lat. 25* 30' 27".
Long. 56° 52' a).]

CARLlSIiE, a settlement of the island of Ja-
maica ; situate on the s.

[Gaumslk, the chief town of Cumberland
coun(y, Pennsylvania, on the post-road from Phi-
ladelphia to Pittsburg ; is 125 miles w. Ity n. from
the former, and 178 e. from the latter, und 18 s.io.
from Iliirrisburgh. Its situation is pleasant and
healthy, on a plain near the s. Lank of Coriedo<r-
winct creek, a water of the Susquehannah. The
town contains about 400 houses, chicily of stone
and brick, and ubout 1500 inhabitants. The streets
intersect each other at right angles, and the public
buildings arc a college, court-house, and gaol, and
four edifices for public worship. Of these the
Presbyterians, Germans, Episcopalians, and Roman
Catholics, have each one. Dickinson college,
named ailer the celebrated John Dickinson, esq.
author of several valuable tracts, has a principal,
three professors, a philosophical apparatus, and a
library containing near i'OOO volumes. Its re-
venue arises from 4000/. in fimded certificates, and
10,000 acres of land. In 1787 there were 80 stu-
dents, and its reputation is daily increasing.
About 50 years ago this spot was inhabited by In-
dians and wild beasts.]

[CAUMSiiE, a bay on the zi). side of the island
of Barbadoes in the West Indies ; situated be-
tween James and Charles forts, on which sUmds
Bridge-town, the capital of the island.]

CARIjOS, San, a settlement of the province
and captains/lip oi' Rey in Brazil; situate on the
shore. of a small river which enters the head of that
of Curituba.

Carlos, San, another, of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of Je-
suits, in the province and government of Buenos
Ayres ; situate on the shore of a small river near
the river Pargua, about five leagues s. w, of Can-
•delaria. Lat. 27° 44' 36" s. I-ong. 55° 57' 12", zo.
Cari.os, San, another, of the missions of the
province and govcrmucnt of Tucunuin, in the jn-
risdiction of the city of Salta; situate on the shore
of the river of Guachipas.

.Carlos, San, a city of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela ; situate on the shore of the
river Aguirre, to the w. of the city of Nirna. [It
owes its exi.stcnce to the first missionaries of Vene-
zuela, and its increase and beauty to the activity
ofils inhabitants. The greatest part of its popu-
lation is composed of Spaniards from the Canary
islands ; and as these leave their native country

CAR

but to meliorate (heir condition, they arrive with r
willingness to work, and U' courage to undertake
any thing that they think'tvie most proper to an-
swer their views. Their example even inspires a
sort of emulation among the Creoles, productive
of public prosperity. Cattle forms the great mass
of tlie wealth of the iidiabitants. Oxen, horses,
and mules, are very numerous. Agriculture, al-
though not mu'^li followed, is yet not neglected
Indigo and coficc are almost the only things they
grow. The quality of the «oil gives the fruits an
exquisite flavour, but particularly the oranges,
which are famed throughout the province. The
city is large, handsome, and well divided : they
compute the inhabitants at 9500. The parish
church, by its construction and neatness, answers
to tiic industry and piety of the people. The heat
at San Carlos is extreme ; it would be excessive if
tlie n. wind did not moderate the effects of the sun.
It lies in 9° 20' lat. 60 leagues s. a), of Caracas,
24 s. s.e. of St. Valencia, and 20 from St. Philip's.

[Caui.o«, San, a town of the province and go.
vernment of Buenos Ayres ; situate on a small river
about two leagues ». of Maldonado. Lat. 34° 44;'
45" *. Long. 55° 44' a>.]

f Cari.os, San, Ri':AL,a parish of the province
and government of Buenos Ayres ; situate on a
river of the same name, about five leagues n. of
Colonia del Sacramento. Lat 34° S5' 8" s. Long.
57° 50'©.]

[Caklos, San, de Monterey, the capital of
New California, founded in 1770, at the foot of the
cordUlera of Santa Lucia, which is covered with
oaks, pities, (foliis terms)^ and rose bushes. The
village is two leagues distant from the presidio of
the same name. It appears that the bay of Mon>
terey had already been discovered by Cabrillo on
the 15th November 1542, and that he gave it the
name of Babia de los Pinos, on account of the
beautiful pines with which the neighbouring moun-
tains are covered. It received its present name
about 60 years afterwards from Viscaino, in ho-
nour of the viceroy of Mexico, Gaspar dcZunega,
Count de Monterey, an active man, to whom we
are indebted tor considerable maritime expedi-
tions, and who engaged Juan de Onate in the con-
quest of New Mexico. The coasts in the vicinity
of San Carlos produce the famous aurum vierum
(ormkr) of Monterey, in request by the inhabi-
tants of Nootka, and which is employed in the
trade of otter-skins. The population of San Carlos
is 700.]

Cahkos, San, a fort of the province and go.
verument of Guayaaa, situate on the shore of th*

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CAR

Rio Negro, on a great island formed hy lliis river
and that of Pasimoni.

Carlos, San, a bay of the w. coast of Florida,
45 leagues from the soundings of TortuguillH.
Lat.27°10'. Long. 284° 30'.

Carlos, San, a small island of <he gulf of Cali-
fornia, or Mar Uoxo de Cortes, in the interior of
the same, and very close upon the coast.

CaMjOs, San, a river of the island of Gnada-
lupe, which runs nearly due n.e. and enters the
sea in the bay of the Great Cul de Sac.

Carlos, San, a settlement fwith the surname
of Real) of the province and government of Bncnos
Ayres ; situate on the shore of the river La Plata,
near the colony of Sacramento, which belonged to
tlie Portuguese. In its vicinty, on the n. 7i. e. part,
tljere is a lake of very good sweet water.

Carlos, San, an island of the straits of MageU
Ian, between the mountain of the Pan de Azi'icar
and cape Galand of the ». const.

Carlos, San, a valley in the province and go*
vcrnment of Tucumiin, which is very fertile in
vines, wheat, maize, carob-trees, tar, and in birds
and animals of the chase. Its natives are those
who most of all infested the Spaniards when they
conquered this province.

Carlos, San, a settlement and fort of the island
of St. Christopher, one of the Antilles.

Carlos, San, another, of the island of Cuba ;
situate on the n. coast, on the point of land called
the Pan de Mantanzas.

Cahlos, San, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Maracaibo ; situate in the island Pax-
ara, on the shore of the Gran Laguna, or Great
lake.

Carlos, San, another, of the province and
country of Las Amazonas ; a reduccion of the mis-
sions which were held there by the regulars of the
society of Jesuits, It lies between the rivers Ariiu-
caso and Shiquita, in the territory of the Cahu-
mnris Indians.

Carlos, San, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Guatemala ; situate on the shore of
the river of S. Juan, or Del Desaguadero.

Carlos, San, some sierras or mountains, called
De Don Carlos, in the province and captainship of
Key in Brazil. They rim parallel to the sierra of
Los Difuntos, in the extremity of the coast formed
hy the mouth of the river La Plata.

CARLOSAMA, a large settlement of Indians of
the province and corregimiento of Pastos in the
kingdom of Quito, on the s. shore of the river of
its name. Its territory is most fertile, but the cli-
mate k y$ry cold, and the streets almost always

CAR

319

I J

impassable. It is to the ze. ft. w. of the settlement
of Ipialcs, i'.nd e. n. e. of that of Cumbal.

CARLTON, a settlenuiit of the i!,land of Bar-
badocs, in the district and parihh of St. Thomas.

CAItLUTAS, a riv<'r of the province and rap-
taiiiship of Rio Grande in Brazil. It rises near the
coast, runs s, s. e. and enters the sea between the
Gcnibabu and the Rio CJrande.

CARMA, a settlement of the province and cor-
reginiienlo of Porco in Peru ; annexed to tiie cu-
racy of Porco.

[CARMEL, a townsliip in Dutchess county.
New York. By the stat(! census of 1790, 2J7 of
its inhabitants were electors.]

[CARMELO, a river on the coast of New Al-
bion, s. e. of Francisco bay. A little w. from it
is Sir Francis Drake's harbour, where that navi-
gator lay five weeks.]

Carmklo, Sikrras del, a cordiUera of very
lofty mountains of the province of California ; they
run to the sea-shore from the sierra of the t)nfado,
as far as the cape of San Lucas.

CAR MEN, a river of the province and colony of
Surinam, in the part of Guayana possessed by the
Dutch. It rises in the sierra of Rinocote, runs
from w. to e. and gathering the waters of many
others, enters in a large body into the Mazar-
roni.

CARAfGN, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Cartagena ; situate in the district of
the mountains of IVf area, between those of San Ja-
cinto and San Francisco de Asis. It is one of
those new settlements that were founded by the Go-
vernor Don Juan Pimienta in 1776.

Carmen, another settlement, with the addition
of Frayeles de el, which is the village of the pro-
vince and captainship of Todos Santos in Brazil ;
situate between the rivers Runs and Tucumbira.

Carmen, another, in the same kingdom ; situate
near a stream and on the shore of the river Tocan-
tines, on the e. side, and not far from the Arrayal
of San Feliz.

Ca HM EN , a large island of the gulf of California,
or Mar Roxo de Cortes, near the coast, between
the islands of San Ildetbnso and Agua Verde.

Caumen, a town of the province and captain-
ship of Espiritu Santo in Brazil ; situate on the
shore and at the head of a river which gives it this
name.

CARMOT, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Caxamarca la Grande in Peru ;
situate on the shore of the river Chicama.

CARNELAND, Islas de, islands near the
const of the province and government of Honduras,

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close to tlioso of Pcrlas and Mosquitos ; they arc

tbrce in number, sinull and desert.

CARNERO, PuNTA uEh, a point on the coast

of the S. sea, and of the province and j^overnment

of Guayaquil ; one of the two wliich form the

great bay of Tumbcz. It is close to the point of

Santa Elena.

Caunero, Punta det,, another, on the coast

of tlie kingdom of Chile ; it is very low, extend-
ing itself with a gentle slope towards tlie sea. Tlie

e. winds arc prevalent here, rendering it dangerous
to be passed.

Caunkro, Punta del, another point of land
on the coast of tlie same kingdom.

Carni^iio, PiT.NTA UKii, a port of the coast of
the kingdom of Chile, between the mouth of the
river licbo and the |)oint of Runiena.

[CyVRNESVILLE, the chief town of Franklin
county, Georgia, 100 miles n. w. of Augusta. It
contains a court-house, and about 30 dwelling-
houses.]

CAROLINA, a province of N. America, and
part of that extensive country anciently called
Florida, bounded n. by Virginia, s, by the true
Florida, w. by Louisiana, and e, by the Atlantic.
It is divided into N. and S. Carolina. Its ex-
tent is 135 leagues in lengtii, nearly from s. w. to
«. e. and 75 in width from c. to w. from 30°
to 36° 30' of lat. It was discovered by Juan
Ponce de Leon in 1512, though it was not settled
by the Spaniards then, but abandoned until the
reign of Charles IX. king of France, when the
French established themselves in it, under the
command of admiral Chatilon, protector of the
Protestants. He founded a colony and a fort call-
ed Charles fort, and gave the name of Carolina to
the country, in honour to his monarch. This es-
tablishment, however, lasicd but a short time, for
it was destroyed by the Spaniards, who put to
the sword the new colonists, and went away under
the impression that they luuliiow left the country
in a perfectly abandoned slate. But the English,
at this time, were maintaining a footing here, un-
der the command of Sir Walter Raleigh, though
they were not under any formal establishment

C A R

jurisdiction extended from lat. SI° to 96° n. and
they had an absolute authority to form establish*
ments and governments, according to the laws and
statutes laid down by that famous and renowned
philosopher John Locke ; accordingly the govern-
ment partook largely of the despotic, and the
rulers had the power of acknowledging or renounc-
ing laws, of conferring titles, employments, pro-
motions, and dignities, according io their own
caprice. They divided the population into three
classes: The tirst was comjwsed of those entitled
the Baronsj and to these were given 120,000 acres
of land ; the second were two lordships, with the
title o\' Counts, to whom were given 24t),000 acres ;
and the third, who were railed Landgraves, a title
corresponding to Dukes, had a portion of 480,000
acres. This List body formed the high rouncil-
chamber, and the lower was composed of the re-
presentatives of the counties and cities, both of
these together forming the parliament, this lx.'ing
the real title, and not assembly, as in the other
colonies. The first establishment wiis the city of
Charlestown, between two navigable rivers called
Ashley and Cowper ; the same offered an asylum
to the Europeans, who on account of religious
disturbances fled from Europe, and who having
suffered great distresses there, had afterwards to
encounter a very unfriendly reception from the
Indians. Such was the state of affairs until 1728,
when this city was taken under the protection of
the English crown ; a corresponding recorapencc
having been paid to the lords, the proprietors, who
yielding it up, thus made a virtue of necessity ;
the Count Grenville, however, persisted in keep-
ing his eighth share. From that time it was divid-
ed into two parts, called North and South. The cli-
mate differs but little from that of Virginia, al-
though the heat in the summer is rather more
powerful here ; the winter, however, is shorter
and milder ; the temperature is serene and the
air healthy ; tempests and thunder storms are fre-
quent, and this is the only part of this continent
wherein havebeeii experienced hurricanes; although
they are but rare here, and never so violent as in the
islands. The half of March, the whole of April,

until the reign of Charles II. in IGG3, when the May, and the greater part of June, the season is

country was granted as a property to the following
nobility, viz. the Count of Clarendon, Duke of
Albemarle, Count of Craven, John Berkley, John
Ashley, afterwards Count of Shafisbury, (tcorge
Carteret, John Colleton, and William Berkley ;
by these it was divided into as many counties,
and by them names were given to the rivers, settle-
ments, &c. Their privilege of proprietorship and

mild and agreable ; in July, August, and nearly
all September, the heat is intense ; but the winter
is so mild, especially when the n.ro. wind prevails,
that the water is seldom frozen. It is extremely fer-
tile, and abounds in wheat, barley, rice, and all
kinds of pulse, flowers, and fruits of an exquisite
flavour; ami the soil, which is uncultivated, is
covered with all kinds of trees. The principal

CAR

321

emolument which used (o be derived la the Encj-
lifili from the skins of the cnstor, is iit present

S really aliridj^ed from the circuinslanceof llie In-
iaiis invariably destroyin<r this animal ; but the
loss is in a trrcul nieasine miidc up from the great
(rain acquired in the sale of turpentine, fish, and
pitch. Here they cultivate quantities of iiulijfo
of three sorts, much maize, and ir. the lowlands
excellent rice. All this j)rovinei? is a plain W)
miles in len<>th, carrying on a i;reat commerce in
the above productions, and formerly that of rice
was very consideral)lG ; it being computed to have
yielded iJiat artich* to the value of 130,000/. ster-
ling per annum. In its woods are many exqiiisile
kinds of timber, and the country abounds with
rabbits, hares, danlas, deer, pheasants, partridges,
cranes, pigeons, and other birds, and with num-
bers of ravenous and fierce wolves, against the
attacks of which it is diflicult to preserve the
cattle. The European animals have also multi-
plied here astonishingly, so that it is not unusual
lor persons, who at first had not more than three or
four cows, now to possess as many thousands.
These two provinces forming Carolina have 10
navigable rivers, with an infinite number of smaller
note, all abounding in fish ; but they have few
good ports, and tlic best of these is Cape Fear.
N. Carolina is not so rich as is S. Carolina, and
Mcnton was formerly the capital of the former,
but it is at present reduced to a miserable village ;
the capital of both is Charlestown, which since the
last war is independent of tho English, together
with all the country, which now forms one of the 13
provinces composing the United States of America.
[See NonTH Carolina and South Caholina.]

[CAROLINE County, in Virginia, is on the j.
tide of Rappaliannock river, which separates it
from King George's county. It is about 40 miles
sqiiiirc, and contains 17,489 inhabitants, including
J0,'if)2 slaves.]

[Cauomne County, on the e. shore in Mary-
land, borders on Delaware state to the e. and con-
tains 950G inhabitants, including 2057 slaves. Its
chief town Danlon.]

CAUONI, a settlement of the province of
fiuayana, and government of (Jumanj'i ; one of
tlioseof the missions held in that province by the
Ctttalanian Capuchin fathers.

Cauoni, another, in tlic government of Mara-
caibo, and jurisdiction of Varinas. It is very poor
and of a hot temperature, but abounding in fruits
ot maize, ^//frt,9, plaintains, and sugar-canes.

(' A no N I , another, in the government of the Niievo
Ueyno dc ti ninada ; situate on a lofty spot, and
one of (he most pleasant and delightful of any in the

vol,. I.

whole province. It abounds in gold mines, and
is f(-rtil<; in all the fruits peculiar to the climate,
but it is niiuli reduced.

C'auo.m, a large and abundant river of the pro-
vinceof (iuiiyana. It rises in the mountains in-
hal)iti'il by the Mediterranean C'aribes Indi.ins,
runs many leagues, laving the territory of the ('a-
puchin ntissionaries of (iuayana. Its shores are
very delightful, from the variety of trees and birds
found upon ihem. It enters the Orinoco oiUhe,«.
side, eight leagms from the garrison of Guayiina,
ami 7'2 leagues before this river enters tho se.i, b«.*-
ing divided into two arms, which form a small
ifciand. It is very abundant and wide, but it is
not navigable, on account ofihe rapidity of its cur-
nnit, and from its being filled with little islands and
shoals, as likewise on account of a great waterfall
or cafaract, which causes a prodigious noise, and is
close to the mission and settlement of Aguacagiia.
Its waters are ycry clear, uUhough at first sighf
they appear dark and muddy, which effect is pro-
duced fiomthe bed of the river being of a sand of
this colour. Its source, though not accurately
knovn, is alLrmed by the Caribes Indians to w
in the snowy sierra to the m. of the lake of Parime,
that ;»lso being the source by which this lake is
supplied. At its entrance into the Orinoco, it
gushes with such impetuosity as to repel the waters
of this river the distance of a gun's shot, [or, as
Depons observes, half a league. Its course is di-
rectly from s. to n. and its source is more than
loo leagues from its mouth.]

CAliOPI, a river of the island and government
of Trinidad. It runs from e. to w. and enters the
sea in the gulf Triste.

CARORA, S. JvAtf Bautista df.l Por-
Tif^i.o DB, a cil.y of th(! province and government
of Venezuela, founded by Captain John Salamanca
in 1572, and not in 1560, as is asserted by Father
Coleti, in the Siege of Baraquiga. It is situate i/i
the savanas or llanuras ; is of a hot temperaiurp,
but very healthy, although deficient in water,
since the river Morcre, which passes in its vicinity,
aflbrds but a trifling stream in the summer, and is
at times entirely dry. In its tlistrict iire bred all
kinds of cattle, but particularly tlieg()al,aslhequan-
tities of thorns ami (histlcs Ibuiul in this country
render it peculiarly adapted for the nourishment
of this animal. It abounds in very fine grains,
also in aromatic balsams and gums, noted for the
cure of wounds. At present it is reduced to a
miserable population, unworl!iy,of the name of a
city, consisting of Mustrcs, Mulattoes,and some In-
dians; but it still preserves a very good parish
church, tt convent of monks of S(, Francisco, and

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CAR

I i

nn hermitasje dcdicafrd to St. Denis the Areopa-
gite. Jt lies to tlin ,v. of the city of Barquisimoto,
between that of Tiiciiyo and the lake of Maracnibo.
f Carora is 30 leiigucs to the s. of Coro. Its situa-
tion owes nothing to nature but a salubrious air.
Its soil, dry and covered with thorny planis, gives
no other prodnctious bnt sucIj as owe almost en-
(ircly their existence to the principle of heat. They
remark (hero a sort of cochineal iikestrc as fine as
llie riihtcca, which they sutler to perish. The
land is covered with prolific animals, such as
oxen, mules, horses, sheep, goats, &c. ; and the
activity evinced by the inhabitants to make these
advantageous to them, supports the opinion that
there are but few cities in the Spanish West In-
dies where there is so much industry as at (wuora.
'I'lie principal inhabitants live by the produce of
their Hocks, whilst the rest gain their livelihood
by tanning and selling the hides and skins. Al-
though their tanning be bad, the consumer cainiot
reproach the manutacturer, for it is impossililc to
conceive how they can sell the article, whatever
may be its quality, at the moderate price it fetches.
The skins and leather prepared at Carora arc used
in n great degree by the inhabitants themselves
for boots, shoes, saddles, bridles, and strops.
The surplus of the consumption of the place is
used throughout the province, or is sent to Ma-
racaibo, Cartiigena, and Cuba. They also manu-
facture at Carora, from a sort oialoc disthica, very
Excellent hammocs, which form another article of
their trade. These employments occupy and
support a population of 6300 souls, who, with a
sterile soil, have been able to acquire that ease and
comjjetency which it appears to have been the
intention of nature to deny them. The city is well
built ; the streets are wide, running in straight
l)arallel lines. The police and the administration
of justice are in the hands of a lieutenant of the go-
vernor and a cabildo. There is no military au-
thority. Carora lies in lat. 9° 50' m. and is 15
leagues e. of the lake of Maracaibo, ll^ n. of
Tocuyo, 18 «. w. of Barquisimeto, and 90 w. of
Caracas.]

C A Ron A, a great //flrt«<rfl of the same province,
Avhich extends 16 leagues from e. to w, and six
from «. to .<r. It was tliscovered by George Spira
in 1531, abounds greatly in every kind of grain
and fruit, but is of a very hot temperature. Its
population is not larger than that of the former city,
to which it gives its name.

CAROIll, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela ; situate on the shore of the
Chirimichale, in the point of Hicacos.

[CAKOUGE Point, the northernmost extremity

fcA
a large

CAR

of tiie i >land of St. Domingo in the \V. Indies j
25 miles w. from the town of St. Jago.]

CAIIPE, Island of the, in lake Superior of
New l''ranc<;, between the n, const and Ca,)o
Breton.

CARPLNTO, I'lMA »r, a point on the const
of the province and government of the Rio del
llacha.

CARQUIN, a port of the coast ot l»x;ru and
S. sea, in the province and conrg'//nj>M/o of Chan-
cay.

[CARR, a small plantation in Lincoln county,
district of Maine.]

'CARR.VNTASCA Lagoon, or Cautago, is
•ge gulf on the s. side of the bay of Hon-
duras, about 70 miles w. ro. of cape Gracios a
Dios, and nearly as far ;. e, from Brewer's la-
goon.]

CARRASCAL, a settlement of the province
and corrcgimknlo of Cuioin the kingdoin ol'Ciiilc;
situate s. of the city of Mcndoza, and on the shore
of the river ofthis name.

CARRETAS, Pi Earo df, las, a port in the
sierra of its name, in Nueva Espana.

CARRETO, a settlement of the province am!
government of Cartagena ; situate on the shore of
the catio or dike near the sea-coast.

Carrkto, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Darien, and kingdom of Tierra Firmc ; it
rises in the mountains of the n. coast, and enters
the sea behind the bay of Calidonia.

CARRION D". Velazco, a small but beauti-
fid and well peopled city of the kingdom of Peru,
in the pleasant llanura of Guaura ; it is of a mild,
pleasant, and healthy climate, of a fertile and de-
lightful soil, and inhabited by a no small nunibei-
oL distinguished and rich fimiilies.

CARRIZAL, a settlement of tlie province and
government of Venezuela; situate on the coast and
point of Coro, to the w. of this city.

CARniZAL, n. sierra or chain of mountains of
the same pttwince and government, which runs
from e. to ». from the shore of the river Guarico
to the shore of the Guaya.

Carrizai., another settlement of the province
and government of Sonoia in Nueva Espana ; situ-
ate near a river, between the settlements of Bati^gui
and San Marcelo.

Caiirizal, another, of the province and ra»-
regimiento of Rancagua in the kingdom of Chile,
to the s. of the city of Mendoza, and on the shore
of the river of this name.

Carrizal, another, of the province and go-
vernment of the Rio del Hacha, situate on the
coast of tiic country of the Guajiros liidiaus, be-

CAR

hind the cape oF La Vela, wliich is at present
destroyed.

CARniZAf<, .another, of the missions of the pro-
vince of Tarnumarn, and kingdom of Nueva Viz-
caya, to the s. of tlio garrison of Paso.

Caiiimzal, another, with the additional title of
Rancfio, in the missions of Niicvo Mexico.

Caxiiizai., another, with the dedicatory title
of San Fernando, in the liingdom of Nucva Vis-
caya.

CARTAGENA, a province and government
of the kingdom of Tierra Firnic, in the jurisdiction
of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, bounded m. by
the sea, s. by the province of Antioqnia, e. by
the province and government of Santa Marta, from
which it is divided by the Rio Grande dc la Mag-
diilena, and w. by the province of Darien, being
separated by the river San Juan ; it is 100 leagues
long, rimning nearly from n. e. to s. w. and 80
wide, e. to. It was discovered by Rodrigo Bas-
tidas in 15S0, and subdued by the adelantado or
governor Pedro de Heredia, at the expence of
many battles, owing to the valour and warlike dis-
position of the natives. This country is of a very
hot and moist temperature, full of mountains and
woods, and towards the n. part swampy, sandy,
and full of pools of sea-water, from the lowncss of
tiic territory ; but it is at the same time fertile, and
abounds in maize, pulse, and fruits, as also in
cattle, of the hides and fat of which this province
makes a great traffic. Its mountains produce ex-
cellent woods, and the famous dyeing wood, equal
to that ofCampeche, with an abundance of excel-
lent gums, medicinal balsams, and herbs. Hers
are many kinds of rare birds, animals, and snakes
of different species ; amongst the former the most
remarkable are the pericOy of the figure of a cat,
and so heavy that it takes a full hour to move
itself 20 paces ; the mapurito, of the size of a small
lap-dog, ^Yhosc arms and means of defending him-
self from other animals and his pursuers consist
iimply in discharging some wind with such force
and noise as to stupify his enemies, whilst he
quietly makes his retreat to some neighbouring
thicket. Tliis ])roviiice produces also indigo,
tortoise- shell, and cotton, and some cacao oi' an
excellent quality in the Rio de la Magdalena. It
was well jieopled with Indians in the time of its
gentilism, but i(s inhabitants are now reduced to
a very trifling number. It is watered by various
rivers, but those of the most consideration are El
Grande de la Magdalena, and that of San Juan, or
.\tracto, both of which are navigable and well
slocked with alligators, tortoises, and a multitude
ot ri8lK>s. Its district contains 83 setttlements, of

CAR

which there are two cities, seven towns, and 96
settlements or villages, iidmbited by 59,233 whites,
13,993 Indians, and 7770 Negro and Mulatto
slaves, according to the numeration of the fiscal of
the royal audience of Santa 1'6, Don Francisco
Moreno y Escandon, in the year 1770. 'i'lie ca-
pital has the same name, and the otiier settlements

arc

Towns,

Tenerife,

Mompox,

Tamalumeque,

S. Benito Abad,

Zimiti,

Ayapel,

Cazeres.
Settlements,

Tubara,

Boxon,

Usiacuri,

Jalapa,

Barranquilla,

Soled ad,

Malambo,

Pueblo Nuevo,

Sabana Grande,

Santo Tomas,

Palmar de la Can-
delaria,

Santa Catalina,

Santa Rosa,

Sabana Larga,

San Benito,

Guamarc,

San Juan de Saha-
gun,

furbaco,

Zirairiguaco,

San Estanislao,

Manati,

Carreto,

Cerro de S. Anto-
nio,

Real de la Cruz,

Baru,

Barranca Nueva,

Yucal,

Pasa Caballos,

Rocha,

Miijetas,

San Biisilio,

San Cay<'tano,

San Juan Nepomu-
zano,

Ilamenco,

T t2

Jolojolo,
San Jacinto,
Nuestra Sefiora del

Carmen,
San Auguslin de

Playablanca.
Teton,
Zambrano,
San Francisco de

Aais,
Coloso,
Tolu Viejo,
Pichelin,
Tacaloa,
Tacamocho,
Yati,
Pinto,
Santa Ana,
San Fernando,
San Cen6n,
Taiaibua,
Morcbiquejo,
Clulloa,
Guamal,
Pefion,
San Pedro,
Norori,
GuayaJ,
Retiro,

San Sebastian,
Cascajar,
Sto. Tomas Cantu-

ariense,
Tacasaluma,
Sinse,
Moron,

San Cliristoval,
Santiago,
Caimitos,
Sinsilejo,
Sampues,
Chim'i,

S. Antonio Abad,
S Andres,
Pincliorroy,
San Emigdio,
Momil,

n • ,

I't

'1 •.

• •>

.riilr

324

CARTAGENA.

San Nicolas dc In

San Junn de las

Piilniits,
PiicWo Nuevo,
S;int<?ro,
l-orica,
San Nicolas de

Hari,
San l{crni\r(li> A-

bad,
M oralcs,
Jial)illa,
Tablada,

Tiquicio de Aden-

tro,
Tiquicio dc Afu>

era,
Majagua,
Ncchi,
•Sun Marcos,
San Pela_yo,
Zcrctc,

Ziene<ja del Oro,
San Ccirlos do Co-

lusina.
San Guroniinu de

Bncnavista,

Tile capital is a large city adorned with bcatiti-
fiil buildirii^s, founded by Pcdio de Ilereilia in
1 jj'3, on tlie shore of n great and vciy convenient
bay more than two leagues in length. It was call-
ed Calamari in the time oftlic Indians, which sig-
nifies, ill their language, the land of craw-fish, from
the abundance of these found in it. It is situate
on a sandy island, which forming a narrow strait,
gives a comnninication to the part called Tierra
Tiomba ; on tlie left it is entered by a wooden
briilge, having a suburb called Xiximani, which
is anoliier island uniting with the continent by
means of a bridge in the same manner as itself.
It is well fortified, and is the residence of a go-
vernor, with the title of captain-general, depemlent
onthe viceroy of Santa Fe, having been indepen-
dent till the year I7ij9. Besides the precinct and
bastions, it has a lialf-moon, which defends the
entrance or gate; and at a small distance is the
castle of San Felipe de Baraxas, situate on an
eminence, and on the side oftlic bay the castles of
o.in I.uis, Santa Cruz, San Joseph, San Felipe,
and Pastelillo, which were rebuilt in a modern
manner, in 1(J5I, by the Lieutenant-general Don
Ignacio de Sala, with the names of San Fernando,
Sail Joseph, El Angel, and El Pastelillo. The
catiiedral church is magnificent, and ir.cluded in it
is the parish of Sngrario, besides two other pa-
rishes called L;i Trinidad and Sanio Toribo. It
has the convents of monks of St. Francisco, St.
Domingo, St. Angnstin, St. Diego, La Merceil,
and San .liian de Dios, which is an hospital, aiul
situite at the (op of a high mountain without the
walls of tlie city, at a quarter of a league's dis-
tance from the convent ofthc barefooted Augustins,
called Niiostra Senora de la Popa; to this con-
vent vessels are accustomed to of^^r up a salutation
as soon as they discover it at sea. It has also a
college which belonged to the society of Jesuits,
a convent of Santa (Jlaia, one of the Observers
of San Francisco, and another of barefooted Car-

melites. At a small distance without the city is
the hospital of San Lazaro tor lepers, which nm-
lady is epidemical in the country. It has also a
tribunal of the inquisition, established in 1610, of
which there is only three in all .Vincrica, and put-
tingtliis city, in this poiiitof view, onafooting with
the metropolitan cities Lima and Mexico. It is the
head of a bishopric erected in Ui3\ by his liolinebs
Clement VII. The bay abounds in fish of various
kinds, but it i.s infested by mirinc wolves. The
climate of this city is very hot : from May to No-
vember, which are the wiiittT months, thunder,
rain, and tempests are very frequent, but from
this inconvenience they derive an advantage of
filling with water their cisterns, called rt//V6<x, and
which afford them the only supply of this most
necessary article; accordingly every house is fur-
nished with one of these cisterns : from December
to April, which is the summer, the heat is exces-
sive, occasioning continual perspiration, which
debilitates the frame, and causes the inhabitants to
have a pale and unhealthy appearance, altlioui^h
they nevertheless enjoy good health, it being not
unusual to find amongst them persons exceeding
80 years of age. The irregularity of this climate
produces several V(!ry atllicting disorders, as the
black vomit which is most common amongst
strangers and sea-faring people, few of whom have
the luck to escape it, hut no pcrstm ever has it
twice. The inhabitants are likewise much tiou-
bled withtlie h'prosy,ordiseas(M)fSt. Lazarus ; the
cii/ebrilla, which is an insect which breeds under the
skill, and causes a swelling which is accustomed to
terminate in gangrene and spasms or convulsions :
besides these inconveniences, there are ninl(itudi>s
of troul)le.^omc insects which infest the houses,
such as beetles, iiiguas^ scorpions, ccntipeds, and
})torriel(is;os. The largest trees are the caob, the
cedar, the mnria, and balsam; of the first are
made canoes, out of the solid trunk, for fishing and
commerce ; the red cedar is belter than the white,
and the two last, not to mention their utility from
(he compactness of their timber, for their delicious
smell and beautiful colour, are the trees from
whence are procured those admirable distillations
called the oil of Maria and i)als;im of Tolu. Here
are also tamarin<l trees, medlars, sajjolas, papaijas,
cassias, and Indian appU; trees, producing deli-
cate and pleasant fruits ; the fr lit, however, of the
hist mentioneil is poisonous, and many who, de-
ceived by the beauty of these apples, have the
rashness to taste thein, soon repent of (heir folly,
for they iuiinediately swell to a distressing degree :
so if perchance any one should sleep under its
branckes, he will be afflicted in the snuj way.

i^....';

wliu-ii

CARTAGENA.

32&

TIic.Tn<i(1nf(\ liowevcr, is oil taken in abundance
inlcin illy, .iiil applied outwardly. Ni-itlicr wlu-at
nor l)!ulej an; known Ticre, but tlio place abounds
in innizc and rice, of wliicli tlicy make cakes, and
whii'i an; the common bread of the natives, and
mon- j)articularly so that called ctnacf, beini^ a
gorl. of cake made of the root t/iica, mime, or w/n-
nialo. There are also a great number of coUoti
trees. The arms of tills city are a jjrecn cross
upon n gold ground, mIiIi u lion rampant oti
each side. It was sacked in \b9'J bv Robert
Uaal, a pirate ; in 1583, l)y Sir Francis brak(!, 23
years from the time of Its being fortified, and not
from its foundation, as according to Mr. Ia\ Ma-
tiniere; again In li'iO.j, by Mr. Duease, assisted by
the adventurers or (lil)ustlers, who completely pil-
higed it : but a great sensation having been caused
amongst the iidiabltants at the loss of a superb se-
pulchre made of silver, in which it was usual on
a good Friday to deposit the eucllari^t, they had
the good fortune to obtain its restitution through
the interest and favour of Louis XIV^. 'I'liu
Kiiglish, nnder the comnutnd of Admiral Vernon
and Sir Charles Ogle, besieged this city in 1710,
when, although its castles were destroyed, ami
it was completely besieged, it would not surren-
der, Ijeing gloriously defended by the viceroy
Don Sebastian do Kslava, and Don Bias de Lezo,
who caused tlit English to abandon the enterprise
with precipitancy and with great loss. [For this
conduct on the part of the KTiglisli, several reasons
were assigned besides the strength of the place;
namely, the mortality among the troops, want
of skill in the commanders, and certain diflereiices
between the admiral and the general. The forti-
fications which they demolished have since been
re[)aired.] It is the only part of all .\merlca where
there is etfectivc coin of a fourth part of a real in
silver. Its inhiibilants amount to 9I()U souls in
communion. It has been the native place of many
celebrated persoiKs, such are,

Don Augustin Samiento de Sotomayor,of the or-
der of Santiago, viscount of Portillo.

Don Andres de la Vega, professor at Salamanca,
a I'ainons lawyer.

Fraij Carlos de Melgarejo, a religious Domini-
can, an excellent preacher, and a man of unble-
inisliL'd life.

Don (Jaspar de ('uba and Arce, heart collegiate
of San Marcos de Lima, oidor of Chile.

Don Gonzalo de Herrera, Marquis of Villalta,
governor of Antioquia.

Don Gregorio Castellar y Mantilla, governor of
Cumaijfi, and general of the armada of the guard
of the coasts of Cartagena.

Don .losepli de Parrden, captain of infantry,
knight of the order of Santiago.

i'rnij .UKepli I'aeheco, of the order of St. .■\h-
gnstin, master, visitor, and vicar-general in his pro-
vince of the Nuivo Ueyno.

The Father Jonepli de I'rblna, of the extlii-
guislii'd company, rector of the college of Santa
Fe.

Don Junu Fernandez Rosillo, dean of tlu' church
of his country, bishop of Verapez and of Meciio-
acan.

I'rtu/ .luan Pereyra, a religious Dominican.

Don i-ope Duke Fstradu, knight of the order of
Santiago.

It is in long. 7,V 21' and lat. 10"'2ry «. [For
account of the present revolutions, see V'i.;«£-

Zt'll.A.j

liisnops who have presided in Cartagena.

1. Don J'l'iii/ Touias del Toro, a monk nf the
order of St. Domingo, elected the first bishop in
I5j'i; but Ix'ii'g at Talavera, his country, at the
time, ho unlortunately died betbre he was conse-
crated.

2 Don Fray Geronlmo de l^onisa, a Dominican
monk, renowned tor his virtue and talent, nnd for
his cxperieuee in Indian affairs ; he was elected in
the room of the former, was consecrated at Valla-
dolid, and there he erected the church Into a ca-
thedral ill I5.'J8, the sanieyear in which he entered
Cartag<Mia ; from hence he was promoted to tlie
arehbihhopric of Fima in 1542.

3. Don I'mi/ Francisco de Santa Maria y Hijua-
vides, of the order of St. G'erome, of the illnsfrious
family of the Marquises of Fromesta ; serving at
that time the Emperor in i'landers, he took to a
religious lite, and was elected bishop of Cartagena
in 1543. The city, in his time, was plundered by
two pirates, headed by the Spanish pilot Alonso
Vexines, who eouimitted this act out of revenge lor
a fK)gging he had received ; they also ill-treated
the venerabh-prehite, who had the additional griev-
ance, in the year 1551, of witnessing llic city in
flames. In I55t he was pnmwted to the church
of Modonedo in Galicia, and was succeeileil in
Cartagena by,

4. Don /i'«y (I'regorio de Hctela, a Domiiiicnn
monk, brought up in the convent of Salamanca, and
one of the twenty who went to the Nuevo Reyiio
de G'ranada, from whence he passed ov<>r to ^lex-
ico to convert the Indians, and afterwards willi
the same object to the proviin cs of Santa Malta,
Urabi'i, and (Jartagena ; and being teacher ami
curate in one of his settlements, he received the
order of presentation to this bishopric In 1555 ;
although he endeavoured to decline the dignify,

', I

ii'

'ilin

■i-.n

k '■.

\i-t-

\ '■li

h M )

CARTAGENA.

lie wus At lenfrth ponuaded to accept it by tlie nc*
cliinintioiis niid rcinoiistriiiices of all partit's, niid
espcrially of the vicnr-j^erifial of his order: lu!
hc^^'iii lo preside witlioitl briiif; consecrated ; but
Ix'iriij yet full of smiplcs, lie renounced the olHce,
nud Hithoiit permission returned to .Spain : he then
wiMit <o Koine, htit biini; desired by liis holiness to
return to his diocese, he was said to have been so
much alleeted ns mil to havtHjeen able to pn^vail
upon himself to enter the city : he returned, there-
fore, iunnediately t.. the roast, and embarked for
I'lorida, with a view of converting some ol the
infidels ; and with this object he a^ain set off for
Spain, in order to obtain his renunciation ; when
beiriir itt length tired with his wanderintrs, and
>vorn out with age, he died in his convent of To-
ledo in l.'Hiy.

!). Don .Juan de Simancas, native of Cordova,
colie:;ian of >San ('lemente de llolonia; lie entered
in l.j()0, went to be consecrated at Santa Fe, nnd
upon his return, had the mortification to find that
the suburbs of Xixiinaiii had been sackeil by somt;
French pirates ; which disaster was again repeated
in the following year, IMI. This bishop, atller
having governed his church for the space of 10
years, and suil'ering much from the influence of a
hot climate, left the set; without a licence, nnd
returned to his country, ^vhere he died in
J 570.

6. Don Fr. Luis Zapata de Cardenas, of the
order of St. Frau(;is, native of Lleicna in Estre-
inadura, third commissary-general of the Indies ;
elected bishop in 1570, promoted to the archbi-
shopric of Santa Fe before he left Spain, and in hi5
plat c was chosen,

7. Don fr. Juan de Vivero, a monk of the or-
<Ier of St. Augustin, native of V'alladolid ; he
passed over into Americ:i, was prior of the convent
of Lima, t'onntler of llieconvent of Cuzco, elected
bisliop, wliicli he reiionnceil ; nor would he ac-
cept the archbisliojiric of Chacas, to which he was
pnimoteil : he dial ii; Toledo.

S.Don J'r. Ditniisiode los Santos, of the order
of Saiitijifo, prior of the convent of Granada, and
provincial t)f till! pitivince of Andulucia ; elected
m \5'o : he ilietl in 1578.

9. Don /■>. .luaii de Monfalvo, of the same order
of S(. D> lUigo, nitiveof Artivalo ; elected bishop,
Jie tiilere i Cartagena in 1579, passed over to Santa
I't'r to I he synod ct lebrated there by the archbishop ;
ansi in 158.'J hail the mortification of seeing his
ciiy sucked, plundered, and destroyed by Sir
I'lancis Drake; which calamity had such a great
ciret;t npo' h'ln, and well knowing now that he
had no means of relieving the neccssitii.'s of the

pot)r, who wcro dependent upon him, he full tick
anti ditnl the same year.

10. Don Fr. Diego Osorio, uf the same order
of St. Domingo ; he went over as a monk to Cur-
tag(!na, frtnii thence to Lima and Nueva Espnfla,
received the presentation to this bishopric in 1587,
which he would iitU accept, and died in 157U, in
IVJ(^\ict).

11. Don Fr. Anttmio de Ilcrvias, also a Domi-
nican monk, collegian of San Gregorio de Vulla-
dolid, his native place, where he had studied
arts ; he passed over to Peru, and was the first
inorning-ieclurt>r in the university of liimn, ma-
nager of the studies, quulificator of the inquisition,
vicar-general of the province of Quito, and after-
wards presented to the bisht>|>ric of Arequipa,
then to that ol* Verapa/,, and lastly to that of Car-
tagena, where he died in I5(K).

12. Don Fr. Pedro «le Arevalo, monk of the or-
der of St. CJerome ; he was consecrated in Spain,
and renounced the bishopric before he came to
take possession of it.

I'j. Don Fr. Jiian de Ladrnda, a Dominican
monk, native of Granada ; he was curate and re-
ligious instructor in the Indies, in the settlements of
Suesca and Bogota, vicar-general of his religion
in the Niievo Ueyno de Granada, lecturer on the
sacred scriptures and on theology in Santji Fe,
was consecrated bishop of Cartagena in lb9(i : hu
rebuilt the cathedral, established a choir of boys
and chaplains, and made a present of a canopy to
be carried by the priests over the blessed sacra-
ment when in procession ; he assisted at the foun-
dation of the college of tlie regulars of the society
of .Fesiiits, and of that of the fathers called the
barefooted Augustins, on tiic mountain of La
Popa ; he hud the satisfaction of having for his
provisor the celebrated Don Bernardino de Ai-
mansa, a wise nnd virtuous man, who was after-
wards archbishop of Santa V6 ; he frequently
visited his bishopric, and after 'laving governed
17 years, died in 1613.

14. Don Fr. Pedro de Vega, a monk of the
same order of St. Domingo, native of Bubterca
in the kingdom of Aragt)n, professor of theology
nnd of the sacred writings in the universities of
Lerida ami Zaragoza ; he entered Cartagena as
hisht)p in t(ji4, and his short duration disap])iiited
the hopes he had so universally excited, for he
diinl in I61().

15. Dim Diego llamir«7, de Zepeda, friar of f lie
order t)f Santiago, native of Jjima, a renowned
preacher, and consummate theolttgist ; being at
Miidritl, he was elected, and died before he could
reach the bishopric.

rii.

I •

CARTAGENA.

16. Don />. Dioiyo dn Tores Atamnirniio, a
monk of the onirr of Sf. KrnnciH, nntivo of Tiiix*
illd in I.'stri'tnadiira, commissary -general of (Ik?
provinces of Peru ; he received liis consecration iit
J.inin, entered (>nrtngena in J(>20, nnd died in the
following year, Ifi'il.

17. Don /'>•, Francisco de Sotomaynr, of the
order of St. Francis, native of San 'I'ome, in the
bishopric of Toy, fjuardian of the convents in
Montibrte and Salamanca, flifinidur g(!nernl in tlie
chapter which was celebrated (>1 Home; elected to
(he hisliopric of (Jurtugena in 1622, nnd promoted
to that of Quito before he left Madrid, in J(i2.^.

18. Don /v. Luis Ilonnuillode (>'6rdova, oltlie
order of the Snntissima 'Irinidad, native of (Jrn-
nnda, where he rend aits nnd theology, wiis mi-
nister in the convent of Malaga, nnd twice in that of
Seville, provincial and vicar-general of Andalneia ;
he was elected bishop in 1030 : he governed eiglit
yeiirs, and returned to Spain without a licence ;
lie received notice of his promotion to the bisliop-
ric of Truxillo in Pern, which honour he declined,
nnd retired to his convent in Granada, where he
died in 1642.

19. Don Fr. (Tliristoval Perez de Lazarragn, of
(lie order of San Bernardo, native of Madrid,
quidificator of the inquisition ; he took to an eccle-
siastical life when (|tiitc n child, was collegian of
tlic college of Meirii, afterwards of those of Sala-
manca and Akula, professor of philosophy, moral
and theological, abbot of the college of Nuesirn Se-
fiora dc Salamanca, a most learned theologist;
flec'i'd and consecrated bishon of Chiapa, and be-
fore he left the court promoted to the bishopric of
Cartagena, of which he took possession in liilO:
lictiirice visited his bishopric, and after a grievous
illness of 90 days duration, died in 1648.

20. Don Francisco Rodriguez de Zepeda Val-
carcel, native of Zamora ; he studied grammar in
(lie town of (iarcia, jurisprudence in Salamanca,
was professor of laws in V'alladolid, abbot of Ci-
fiicnles, and canonical doctor of the church of
Siijiienza ; elected bishop of (.'arlagcnn, of which
he look ywssession in 16,50; and having governed
only 11 months, he died in the following.

21. Don Diego del Castillo y Arteaga, native of
Tuclela ; he studied in the university of Alcala,
was collegian of Malaga, professor of arts, hav-
ing substituted this title for that of theology, cano-
nical master of the church of Avila; ])resented
to the bishopric of Cartagena in 1Gj2, which he
declined.

22. Don Garcia Martinez Cabezas, native of the
town of Don Benito in Estrcmadurn ; he was pub-

lic professor of the institutes, primntc of canons
in (lie university of Maese iioilrigo de Sevillu,
w !ien he w;is adop(etl as provisnr I'y (he archbishop
of Lima, Don (ionzalu de Ocnmpo, as he passed
(hroiigh that city ; he was doctinl t ;Mon of the
cliuich of Charens, nHerHurds gc 'iil- i,i (er, trea-
sure r, and arrhdencon, from wl.> me li" went to
Lima as iii(|uisitor, nnd was I'leci d litsi.nj) of Car-
tagena, but tlied before he took I'Os-,. sion of his
olfice, in 1653.

2.'J. D(m Antonio Sanz fjozano, native of Cuva-
nilhis, chief collegian in Alcala, public pnitcssoi
of theology, a man of learning and of m .il<' ge-
nius ; being rector of his college, he was | nscnted
by (he king to the bishopric ol Ciitagena, oi which
he look |)ossessioii in 1661, governed with great
skill for 20 years, niid was promoted to the arch-
bishopric of Santa le in I6SI.

21. Vm Antonio de Uciiiivides and Piedrola,
native (»f the city of Andujur, canon of Hadajoz;
elected bishop of Cartagena in I6S! : his govern-
ment being very troublesome, and disturbed by«
cessation of religious rites, occasioned by llie cir-
cumstance of the nuns of Santa Clara, who were
under the care of the religious order of St. Fran-
cis, having been put under the ordinary jurisdic-
tion, he was called to the court, nnd arrived (here
in 1691 ; and not being willing to accept of any
other bishopric in Spu':°, he died in Cadi/.

25. Don I'r. Antonio Maria Casiani, monk of
Hasilio, of the university of Alcala ; elected in
1713.

^. Don Francisco CJomez Calleja, doctornl ca-
non of the church of Zamora ; elected in 1718.

27. Don Manuel Antonio de Silva, dean of Limn,
named through promotion of the former, who not
having accepted of the same, there became a dis-
pute ns to which wns rightly entitled to the bishop-
ric of Cartagena, when it wns declared by the
court in favour of the former, who governed from
1723 till I73().

28. Don Gregorio de Molleda y Clerque, native
of Jjiina, consecrated at Rome with the title of
bishop of Isauria, domestic prelate (o his holiness,
and made bishop of Cartagena in 17'i6, afterwards
promoted io the see of Truxillo in 1710.

29. Don Diego Martinez Garrido, of the order
of Santiago, opponent to the professors in the uni-
versity of Salamanca ; elected in 1740: he died
in 1746.

30. Don Bernardo de Arbiza y Ugarte, native
of Cuzco, in the university of which he studied
and graduated as doctor of both laws ; he was
chief auditor of the royal audience of Panama,

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CARTAGENA,

wlicu lie was promoted to the bishopric of Carta-
S^ena in I7l(>, of which he took possession in the
following year, and governed until 17,)i}, when
lie was promoted to the cluircli of Trnxillo.

3\. I)on Bartoloine Narvaez y Bcrrio, canon of
this holy church of Cartagena, and native of this
count I y ; presented to this bit 'lopric in 175^, and
gDverncii here until he died in 175-1.

32. 'J'lie Doctor Jacinto Aguado y Chacon, ca-
non pi'ttilcnriano of the holy church of Cadiz ;
elected in 1754, i»nd promoted to the bishopric of
Anqnipa belbre he en.barked for this ot Car-
tagena.

33. Don Diego Antonio Val<'"iucla Faxardo,
native of the city of Santa Fc of Bogota; elected
in 175} : he died in 1755.

34. Tiie Doctor Don Manuel dc Sosa Bclancnr,
ai;:luleacon ol the holy church of Caracas; elected
Mi 1755 : he died in 1 765.

35. Don Diego Pereilo, native of the town of
Loon of Mechoacnn ; eletied in 1765, promoted
to the bishopric of Yucatan in \T-22.

3G. Don Angustin dc Alvaradoy Castillo ; pro-
moted to the bisiiopric of Santa Fe in 1774.

37. The Doctor Don IJlas Sobrino y Miiiayo;
elected in 1774, and promoted to the archbishopric
of Quito in 1776.

SS. Don /'V. Joseph Diaz do la Madrid a monk
of the order of St. I'rancis, native of t'lC city of
Quito; elected in 1777.

(Jovernois of Cartagena.

1. Don Pedro de llcredia, Ibunderof the city ;
and its adt Imitado or governor, a native of Madrid,
and a valorous conqueror, in 153'^.

2. 'J"he Licentiate Uadillo, nominated Jucz tie
Residencia ; he exercised the government during
the commission in 1536.

3. Tho Licentiate Santa Cruz, judge of another
second residence, who became rtrfe7«wto/o in 1537.

4. The Licentiate Miguel Diez de Armendariz ;
he entered in I5i5, had for judge of his resi-
dence the Licentiat*' •funn de Montafio, oidor of
f'liita Fe, whom he sent to Spain.

5. Don Pedro de lleredi;;, who for the second
time «as provisional governor until the year 155<),
when he »lied, being drowned in the fleet which
was wrecki'd in the (lordas sands.

6. The Doctor Juan de Maldonado, ^iffl/of the
audience of Sania id in 1556.

7. Jorge (l<; (^uintanilla, provisionally nomi-
nated by (he audience of Santa Fe.

8. 'file iJriiradit'r Don fjonzalo Xiiviinez de
(Jucsada ; nominated by the audience as residen-
tiary to the three Ibrmer, in the same year, 1556.

9. Antonio dc Castro; provisidiialfy nominated.

10. Juan de Bustos Villegas, nominated by ibe
king; he entered in 1557, and was promotc<I (o
the presidency of Panama in 1563.

11. Anton Davalos de Luna, a fiehl-ofllicer ; ha
entered in 1563, and governed till 1567, when
he died.

12. Don Lope dc Orozcoj as provisional gover-
nor in the same year.

13. Francisco Bahamonde y Lugo; he entered
in '572, and died in 1573.

14. liernan Suarez de Villalobos, nominated
provisonally by the audience of Santa Fe in 1574.

15. Petlro Fernandez del Busto, who entered iti
the above year, and was promoted to the govern-
ment of Popayan in 1577.

16. Don Pedro de iiodena, in 1593.

17. Don Pedro de Acui'm, knight of the order
of San Juan, tield-ollicer, in 1601 ; he had the title
of president of the Philippines, and died the same
year.

18. Don Geronimo Suazo Casasola, of the habit
of Santiago; he died in 1605.

19. Don Francisco Sarmiemode Sotomayor, no-
minated in the interim, in 1606.

20. Don Diego Fernandez de Valazco, in 1608.

21. Don Diego de .\cuna, in 1614.

22. Don Garcia Girou de Loaysa, who governed
until 1620.

23. Don Diego de Escobar, knight of the order
of Santiago, whodicd whilst exercising the govern-
nient.

24. Don Francisco de Bcrrio, nominated in the
in the interim, in 1638.

25. Don Francisco de Murga, knight of the or-
der of Santiago, a (ield-otlicer, and celebrated
engineer ; appointed to fortify the Plaza, beiii;
at the time governor of Marmora in Africa : liu
died in 1634.

26. l3on Nicolas de Larraspuru, nominated in
the interim, in 1636.

27. Don Gonzalo dc Ilerrera, Marquis of Vil-
lalta, nominated in the interim, in 1637, on account
of the tbrmer not having iicceptetl tlie office.

28. Don Vincente de los Reyes Vilhdobos, pro-
vivional governor in the same year, 1637, being tlie
govi'rnor of Moxos.

29. Don Melchor dc .Aguflera, a field-oilicer;
he entered in 163S, was suspended and called to
account by Don Bernard'no dc Prado, oidor ot
Santa Fe.

30. Don Ortuno de Aldape ; being governor of
Muzo, he was nominated in the interim, in 1641.

31. Don Luis Fernandez dc Cordova, of the or-

CARTAGENA.

32D

of the bnbit

natcd in the

lominatccl in

der ot Santiago, a commander of the galleons ; he
wits deposed and sent to Spnin for having married
without a licence ; and in his place the audience of
Sunta F^ nominated ns provisional governor,

32. Don Francisco Rexe Corbalan, until arrived
the right owner in,

S3. Don CIcmcnte Soriano, colonel of militia,
in 164G ; he died in the following year.

34. Don Pedro Zapata, colonel of militia, of the
order of Santiago ; nominated as governor jio
tempore in l(i48.

35. Don I'^ernando de la Riva A^iiero, of the
order of Santiago, a field-oflicer, bemg governor
of Puertorico ; he entered Cartagena in 1649, and
was promoted to the presidency of Panama in
1()54.

36. Don Pedro Zapata, twice nominated as pro-
prietor in tlic aforesaid year ; but dying, bis place
was filled pro tempore by,

37. Don Francisco Rexe Gorbalan.

38. Don Juan Perez de Guzman, of the habit
uf Santiago, a field-officer, and governor of An-
tioquia ; nominated provisionally, and afterwards
appointed to the government of Puertorico.

39. Don Diego de Portugal, colonel of militia,
knight of the order of Alcantara; nominated in
1()59, through the circumstance of Don Fernando
Agiiero being appointed governor of Cartagena in
Cadiz.

40. The Licentiate Don Manuel Martin de Pa<
lomeque, nominated by the king; he afterwards
became oidor of St. Domingo.

4 1 . Don J uan Perez de Guzman, the second time
nominated as proprietor; he entered in 1661, and
was removed to the presidency of Panama in 1664.

4S. Don Benito oe Figueroa Barrantes, of the
habit of Alcantara, a field-oilicer ; he went as go-
vernor of Larache in Africa in 1665, and from
thence to be president of Panama.

43. Don Joseph Sanchez Ximenez, who was
governor of the island of Santa Catalina, nomi-
nated to this government, which he did not exer-
cise, having been found poniarded and killed in
bis bed.

44. Don Antonio de Vergara Azcaratc, knight
of the order of Santiago, nominated previously
in 1668.

45. Don Pedro de Ulloa Ribadeneyra, of the
uriler of Santiago ; nominated in 1669.

46. Don Joseph Daza, general of the artillery.

47. Don Rafni'l Caspir y Sanz, colonel of mi-
litia, native of Tortosn, nominated in 1678 ; in
whose time happened those weighty disputes with
the bishop Don Antonio dc fiknaYides; be was
succeeded by,

vol.. u

48. Don Juan dc Pnndo y Estradn, a (Icld-of-
ficer; who took possession in 1684.

49. Don Martin de Ceballos y la Cerd.i, in 1686.

50. Don Diego de los Rios, a ficKUofiiccr ; in
his time happened the sacking and taking of Car-
tagena by tne French, in 1695.

51. Don Juan Diaz Pimienta, knight of the
order of Caltrava, a field-officer, gentleman of the
chamber to the Emperor Leopold, of the house of
the Marquises of Villareal, noted for his valour
and military conduct in the siege of Buda, where
he was wounded ; u.)minated as governor to con-
sole the afflicted natives of Cartagena, taking with
him a certain number of Spansin troops from the
kingdom of Galicia ; he entered in 1696, died
in 1706.

53. Don Joseph de Zufiiga y la Cerda, of no
less ct dit than the former; he was governor of
Florida at the time that he was elected to this, in
1712, and which be exercised until 1718, when
he returned to Spain in the unlucky fleet of Anto-
nio Ubil'a, which was lost in the channel of Baha-
ma, the frigate in which he sailed being the onlj
vessel saved.

53. Don Alberto dc Bertodano, a renowned bri*
gadier in Flanders, where he had lost an arm in
action ; be was nominated in 1720, and exercised
tb.'; government until his death, in 1722.

54. Don Luis de Aponte, colonel of the regi-
ment of the crown, afterwards brigadier, an officer
of the greatest skill and renown of any in the
army ; lie was nominated in 1723, and exercised
the government until his death.

5.^. Don Juan Joseph de Andia, Marquis of
Villahermosa, brigadier-general; nominated through
the death of the general : he entered Cartagena m
17 IS, and governed till 1730, when be was pro-
moted to the presidency of Panama.

56. Don Antonio de Salos, who had been colo-
nel of the regimen*, of infantry of Saboya ; he en-
tered in 1731, and ^cd in 1735.

57. Don P<xlro Fidalgo, brigadier and captain
of the royal Spanish guards ; promoted to this go-
vernment in 1736 ; he died in 1739.

58. Don Mclchor de Navarrcte, who was king's
lieutenant ; he entereil as provisional governor
through the death of the proprietor : in his time
the (own was b(»ieged by the English until the ar-
rival of the right owner,

59. Don Basilio de Gante ; who had risen to the
rank of brigadier, at that time king's lieutenant
of the fortified town of Centa, when he was pro-
moted to the government of this, in 1742 : he ex-
ercised it till 1739, when he returned to Spain.

60. Don Ignacio de Sala, lieutenant-general, na-

u u

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.11 ' '.

330

CAR

tivc of Barcelona, a celebrated engincecr ; also re-
nowned in the constructing of the land-gate or en-
trance to Cadiz : he was promoted to this govern-
ment fur the purpose of ins|)ecting and repairing
the towers which had been destroyed Iw Admiral
Vernon, which commission, after he had executed,
he returned to Spain in 1755, and died director-
general of the body of engineers.

61. Don Fernando Morillo Velarde, knight of
the order of Alcantara, colonel of infantry, at that
time king's lieutenant, when he received the go-
vernment on account of the proprietor having gone
to fortify the town of Portobelo.

62. Don Diego Tabares, knight of the order of
Santiago, brigadier-general ; promoted to thLi go-
vernment from that of Camana in 1755, and go-
verned till 1761, when arrived his successor,

63. Don Joseph de Sobreraonte, Marquis of this
name, a brigadier, who was captain of the regiment
of Spanish guards when he was nominated : ne go-
verned till 1770, when he died.

64. Don Gregorio de Sierra, also captain of gre-
nadiers of the express regiment of Spanish guards ;
he entered Cartagena in 1771, and died in 1774.

65. Don Juan Piinienta, colonel of the regi-
ment of the infantry of Zamora, in rank a briga-
dier, and knight of the distinguished order of
Charles III. ; lie entered into the possession of the
government in 1774, and died in 1781.

66. Don Roque du Quiroga, king's lieutenant of
the fortified town, ur Plaza ; promoted as provincial
governor through tlie death of his antecessor, un-
til arrived, under the king's appointment, thu pro-
prietor,

67. Don Joseph de Carrion y Andrade, a bri-
gadier, who before had been governor of the
Plaza of Manilla, and had renikred himself re-
nowned when it was liesieged by the Emperor of
Marruecos, being nominated to this government in
1774 : he died in 1785.

Cartagkna, a river of fhc province and go-
vernment of Choco : it rises in the mountains of
this province nenrthe settlement of Noanatua, and
enters the sea immediately at the cape of Corri-
entes.

Cahtagrna, a plain of the province and cor-
regiiiiiento of Maule in the kingdom of Chile,
closH to (he port of San Antonio.

CARTAGO, a city of the province and go-
vernment of Popayan, founded by the Brigadier
George liobledo in 1540, who gave it this nnnic,
wifii the dedicatory litlu of San Juan, his patron;
the greater pnrt of (he military in it having come
from the city of Cartagena in Europe. It did lie
between the rivers Otun and Quiuuio; but the

CAR

continual invasions it hns exticrienccd from tlie
Pijaos and Pimaes Indians, who are a bold and
warlike people, determined its inhabitants to re-
move it at the end of the 17tb century to the spot
where it now stands ; liavint; bought for that pur-
pose some land of Tomasa Izquierdo, on the bank
of an arm of the river of La Viejii, which is a
large stream, and navigable for canoes and rafls,
and which is at the distance of rather lM'(t(T than
a quarter of a mile from the large river Caiica,
into which the above river enters, forming Ijeforc
the city an island, which abounds in animals of the
chase, and in cattle, and having on its banks ex-
cellent fishing. This city is of a dry and healthy
climate; and although hot, the atmosphere is al-
ways clear and serene. It is situate upon a level
and somewhat elevated plain, of beautiful ap|)ear-
ance ; the streets are spacious, wide and straight.
It has a very large grand square. Its buildmgs
are solid and of good structure, and universally
roofed over with straw, having, however, the walls
of solid stone from the top to the bottom ; other^
arc built of brick, and others with rafters of wood,
the walls being of clay, (which they call im'mlidos^
or inlaid), so solid as to lesis' .he force of the most
violent earthquakes, as was experienced in one
that happeneu in 1785. At a small distance from
the city are various lakes or pools of water, which
they call rienegas, formed by nature, assisted by
art. It is the residence of the lieutenant-gover-
nor of the government of Popayan, of two ordi-
nary alcaldes, two of La Hermandod, two members
of an inferior court, a recorder, a procurator-gene-
ral, a major domo de piopios^ and six rr-gidors,
the cabildo enjoying (he privilege of electing and
confirming these officers yearly. It has also a bat-
talion of city militia, and two disciplined c»tinpa-
nies ; also some royal coffers, which were brought
from the city of Anserma. licsides the churcli of
!Ma(riz, in which is vonerattnl, as the patroness, (lie
Holy Virgin, under the image of Nucstra Senora
de la Paz, (this being the pious gift of Philip
III.) it has five parishes, viz. Santa Ana, Santa
Barbara, LInno do Buga, Naranjn, Micos, and
Pueblo (le los Cerritos. The territory is extremely
fertile and pleasant, abounding as well in fruits
and pulse as in birds of various sorts ; and in no
part whatever are plant ins so various, or of so
fine a quality. The coffee is good, and the cacaoy
which is of'^two sorts, is excellent, and is called
yellow and purple bayiia. Of no less estimation
is the tobacco, with which a great traffic was
furinrily Cinried on at Chnro. The district of (his
city abounds in trees, medicinal herbs and fruits,
and IB an exquisite variety of cocao plaats; also

y ■ i,

CAR

331

ra Seiiora
ot Pliilip
tia, Santa
icus, and
extremely

ill truits
and in no

or of so
tbe cacaot

is called
estimation
raflic was
rict oftliis

nd fruits,
aatsi also

in beautiful singing birds ; and in its rivers are
many sorts of fisli of a fine flavour, particularly the
palato. It is not without mines of gold, and faha-
dtros or washinaf places, but these are not worketl,
save by a few day-labourers. In the church of the
monks of San Francisco is venerated an imaec of the
most Holy Mary, with <Ii<! titU; of Iju Probeza^
jminted on a piece of cotton-stuff, adorned with two
fine pieces of silv«'r, the natives paying great de-
votion to this superb wo-V, from the wonderful
tilings that have been said to have been effected
through the prayers ofl'ered up to her of whom this
is the semblance. This city has been the native
place of,

Don Melchor de Salazar, governor of Choco,
and founder of the city Toro.

Of the Doctor Don Francisco Martinez Bueno,
presbyter and visitor of the bishopric of Popaydn ;
a man of great literature.

Of the Doctor Don Manuel dc Castro y Rada; a
most exeniplary curate.

Of the Father Joseph VicuiSa, who, after having
been a celebrated Jesuit, became a monk in the
college of missions for propagating the faith in Po-

fayan, and died whilst preaching to the Andaqnics
ndians.

Of the Father Estevan de Rivas, who, after hav-
ing filled the title of jurist with great credit, be-
came a Franciscan monk, and di«I an exemplary
penitent in bis convent at Cartagena.

Of the Doctor Don Francisco Felipe del Campo,
professor de prima of canons in the university of
Santa V6 ; a celebrated orator.

Of the Doctor Don Geronimo de Rivas, trca-
surer and dignitary of the holy church of Popayan,
provisor and ecclesiastical governor of that bishop-
ric.

Of the Doctor Don Joseph de Renteria, assessor
of the viceroyalties of Santa F6 and Lima, honorary
oidor of the audience of Charcas : all of whom
have borne testimony to the clearness and acutencss
of their UHdcrstandings and excellence of their dis-
positions. But for all the information on these
subjects, we have tu thank Don Maiuiel del Cam-
po, the son of the last mentioned, who resides in
this court, and to whom the merits thus severally
apniietl, unitedly belong.

The arms of this city are three imperial crowns
with a sun, and its inhabitants amoimt to about 5000
or 6000 : 25 leagues «. e. of Popayan, in ■4'' IG'
n. Int.

Cabtaco, another capital city, of the provinci^
of Costa Rica, in the kingdom of (ruatemalii,
situate 10 leagues from the coast of the N. sea, and
17 from that of the S. in each of which it has a

good port : it was formerly rich and flourishing, on
account of its commerce with Punaniu, Carttigcna,
Portobclo, and the llavannh ; but it is at the prusent
day reduced to a miserable vilhigc of very few in-
habitants, and without any commerce. Jt has, he-
sides the parish church, a convent of monks of St.
Francis, and is in 9° 42' « . Int.

Cartago, a river of the same province and go-
vernment as is the former city : it runs le. and en-
ters the S. sea, in the port of JiU llerradura.

Cartaoo, a bay in the province and govern-
ment of Honduras, inhabited by the infidel Mos-
quitos Indians.

CARTAMA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Antioquia : it rises in the mountains of
Choco, traverses the valley to which it gives its
name, and running e. enters the Cauca.

CARTEL, a port of the coast of the province
and government of Florida, opposite tbe castle of
St. Aiigustin.

[CARTER, a new county in the state of Tennes-
see, formed of a part of the county of Washing-
ton.]

[CARTERET, a maritime county of New Bern
district, N. Carolina, on Core and Pamlico sounds.
It contains 3733 inhabitants, including 713 slaves.
Beaufort is the chief town.]

Cakterbt, a district and jurisdiction of S. Caro-
lina, on the sea-coast.

Cauteret, a cape or extremity of the coast of
the same province, and one of those which form
Long bay. See Roman.

[CARTERSVILLE, a town in Powhatan
county, Virginia, on the s. :idc of James river, 40
miles above Richmond.]

CARUALLEDA, Nuestra Senora de, a,
city of the province and government of Venezuela,
in the kingdom of Tierra Firme ; foundcil by
Francis Faxardo in 15G8, and not in 1560, as ac-
cording to Coleti : it has a small but insecure port.
The town is also a miserable place, having suncred
much injury, a short time after its foundation, by
the violent disturbances caused in its heighbour-
hood by the Governor Don Luis dc Roxus : 80
leagues e. of Coro.

CARUALLO, a settlement of tlie province and
captainship of Paraiba in Brazil, situate near the
sea-coast, and on the shore of the river Camara-
tuba.

CARUGAMPU, a small river of the province
and government of Paraguay : it runs w. and en-
ters the Parana between the rivers Caj)iiy and
Paranny.

CARUJAL, PuNTA DE, a point on the coast of
the province and government of Cartugenii, called
u u 2

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332

CAS

also T)c Picdras : at its top is, according lothc ac-
count of Don Juan de la Cruc, the Bugio del
Goto, which nervrs as a watch-tower, which others
maintain is situate upon the point Caiioa, just by
ita side.

CARUMAS, a settlement of the province and
correpniieiilo of Mosquchua in Peru.

CARUPANO, a settlement of the province and

f)vernmentof Cuman& in the kingdom of Ticrra
irme, on the sea-shore, at the cape of Tres Pun*
tas : thorc are in its district 25 small estates of
cacaoy 3ii of sii^ar-cane, a few of yucas and other
fruits ; some or them belonging to its inhabitants,
and others to the inliabitants of Margareta and
Cumnn&.

CARUPARABAS, a nation of Indians but little
known, who iniinbit the woods and shores of the
rivers which run into the Negro.

[CARVEL OF St. Thomas, a rock between the
Virgin isles e. and Porto Rico on the w. : nt a small
distance it appears like a sail, as it is white and
lias two points. Between it and St. Thomas, passes
Sir Francis Drake's channel.]

[CARVER, a township m Pljinouth county,
Massachussctts. Here is a pond with such plenty
of iron ore, that 500 tons have Ikcii dragged out of
the clear water in a year. They have a furnace
upon a stream which runs from the pond ; and the
iron made of tl)is ore is better than that made out
of bog ore, and some is almost as goo(* us refined
ironj

[Caiiveb's River, a branch of St. Peter's river,
tvhirh empties into the Mississippi. See St. Pierre
or Peter's River.]

CASA, a settlement of the island of Joanes or
Marnjo, on the coast of Brazil, near the mouth of
the great arm of the river Amazonas, on ther. coast.

CASABAMBA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Andahuailas iu Peru; annexed
to tlie curacy of Chincheros.

CASABLANCA, San Gabhiei. de, a settle-
ment of the head settlement of Tcutitlan, and
alcaldia mqyor uf Cuicatlan, in Nueva Espaiiu:
it contains 34 families of Indians, who live oy the
commerce of salt from some5a/t/i«; which they have
in their district, at about a league's distance from
this settlement ; here are also some crops of maize :
it is of a hot tem|icrature, and lies two leagues from
its head settlement.

Casabi>a>(;a, also with the dedicatory title of
Santa Barl)iirii, a town of tlj^* province and cor-
regiuiiento of Qiiillot.i in the kingdom of Chile,
siluate on the cDast : it formerly l«'longed to the
jiirisdictiuii of Viilpuraiso, from which it was sc«
panilcd.

CAS

CASACACHA, a settlement of the province and
corrcgfm/ento of P&ria in,Peru; annexed tothe curacy
of Condocondo.

rCASAGORES, a lakein Paraguay or La Plata
in S. America, about 100 miles long.]

CASA-GRANDE, a town of the province and
government of Sonora in Nueva Espafia ; situate in
the country of the Apaches Indians, on the shore of
the large river of Gila.

CASAGULA, a snowy mountain or paramo of
the province and corregimiento of Amboto in the
kingdom of Quito.

CASANAFiE, a large river of the province and
government of San Juan de los Llanos in the NVievo
Keyno de Granada ; on the shores of which arc
various settlements of the missions, which under
this name were held at the expence of the regulars
of the society of Jesuits, and which are at present
under the care of the monte of St. Domingo : it
rises in the paramos or mountain-deserts of Chita,
of the district of the city of Pamplona, and after
running many leagues, divides itself into two
branches : the one, named the Uruhi, enters the
Mcta ; and the other, named the Sirapuco, enters
the Orinoco, first receiving those of Purare and
Tacoragua. To the w. of this river are the reduc'
Clones oi the Pautos Indians, and io the ». those of
the Pautes ; to the e. and upon a plain, is the river
San Salvador, aflbrding an nandy port for commu-
nication with the Metaand the Orinoco : it is atler-
wards entered by the river Tame, which pours into
it in a large stream from the same sierras, and has
upon its banks the two numerous nations, the rediic-
Clones oftheGiraras and Botoyes Indians.

Casanark, some very extensive llaniiras or
plains which lie between the rivers Orinoco, Siiin-
rucn, and Meta.

Casanahe, asettlement of Indians, of the reduc-
denes which were made by the regulars of the
society of Jesuits, in the same province and govern-
ment as the former river : it coni^i!>ts of the Achagnns
Indians, licing situate on the shore of that river,
with a good and well-frequented port: it is fertile,
and abounds in maize, j/ucas, and above all in
cattle : its natives, who are very numetous, employ
themselves in making little trunks of cane iienliy
painted of various colours, and mats and sicvcf^,
which they call manares: here are also some wliito
inhabitants, and the reduccion is now under the core
of the religion of St. Domingo.

CASANAV, a settlement of the province ard
government of CiimanA in the kingdom of Ticrra
Firme, situate near the coast and the city of (yii-
riaco.

CASAPA, a settlement of the missions wliicli
2

UJi

CAS

333

were held by (he Jesuits, in tiie province and go<
Tcrnincnt of Paraguay ; situate almost to the «. of
Villa Rica.

CASA*P1£DRA, Isla de, an island of the
coast and kingdom of Brazil, and province and
captainship of the Rio Janeiro, close to Cnytc Frio.
CASA-riEniiA, a settlement of this province and
kingdom y situate neiur the coast and upon the shore
of a river thus called.

CasvPi>''»RA, a river which runs s. s. e. in this
province, and joins the sea very near Cape Frio.

CASAPOEIRA, Bahia uk, or UKBAnuEnAS
Bermejas, a bay on the coast and in the captain-
ship of Maranon, and kingdom of Brazil, between
the islands Ygirapa and Sipatuba.

CASARA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Andahuailas in Peru; annexed to
the curacy of Chincheros.

Casaiia, another settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Vilcas Huaman, also of Peru ;
annexed to the curacy of Hualla.

CASARANI, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Condesuyos du Areciuipa in
Peru.

CASARlDA,a settlement of the province and
government of Maraoaibo ; situate on the coast, at
the mouth of the river of its name.

Casarida. This river rises near the coast, runs
n. and enters the sea.

CASAS-GIUNDES, an extensive and beautiful
valley of the province of Los Apaches in Nueva
£s|)aiia.

CASAUATAI, a river of the province and
country of the Amazonas : it rises from the lake of
the Gran Cocama, in 6° 48' s. lat. runs to the s. of
the Maranon, and following its course towards the
R. for more than 25 leagues, runs e. to enter the
Ucayale on its e. side, and afterwards to receive
the waters of the Zapote.

CASCABA^IBA, a settlement of the province
and corrtgimunto of Andahuailas in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Talavera.

CASCAB£mS, a river of the province and
corregimiento of Pastos in the kingdom of Quito :
it rises near the ruins of the city of Simancas, and
enters the river Caqueta, where are also the ruins
of the city of Mocoa.

CASCADE, a small river of country and land
of Labrador : it runs s. between the rivers Bois and
San Francisco, and enters the sea in the strait of
ficllisle.

CASCAJAL, a river of the province and king-
dom of Tierra Firme : it rises in the mountains of
Portovelo, and runs into the sea through the bay of
this city.

Cascajat., a settlement of the province and go*
vernnient of Cartagena ; situate on the sliore of the
river Cauca, in the district and jurisdiction of the
town of Moinpox.

CASCAJO, IsfwA DEL, an island of the coast of
the provinoMind government of Cartagena, close to
the island of Arcniis.

Cascajo, a point of the s. coast of the island of
Santo Doniin<ro, in the French possessions : it lies
between port Nonet and port Salnd.

CASCAKA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Parinacochas in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Lanipa.

CASCAS, a settlement of the province and cor-
rcgiiiiii nlo of Cnxainarca in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Contnmaza ; in the district of which
there is, at three leagues distance, a large piece of .
hewn stone of 13 yards long and tiiree quarters of a
yard wide on every face, particularly rough and
unpolished.

Cascas, a large swamp of the province and go-
vernment of San Juan de los JJanos, which is
formed from ditierent arms of the rivers Sarare and
Apurc, and comnninicates itself with the lake of
Arechona ; both of these lakes being near the last
river, and at the skirt of the paramo or mountain de«
sert of Chisgas.

CASCAY, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Paucartambo in Peru.

C ASCA Y U M C A , an ancient province of Peru, to
the n. e. of Cuzco, conquered by Tupac Yupanqui,
twelfth Emperor.

[CASCO Bay, in the district of Maine, spreads
n. w. between caj)e Elizabeth on the s. lO. and cape
Small Point on the n. e. Within these points,
which are about 40 miles apart, arc about 300 small
iiilands, some of which are inhabited, and nearly
all more or less cultivated. The land on these
islands, and on the opposite coast on the main, is
the best for agriculture of any on tiie sea-coast of
this country. Casco includes several bays. Maquoit
bay lays about 20 miles n. of cape Elizabeth. The
waters of Casco extend several arms or creeks of
salt water into the country. The waters go up
Meadow's river, where vessels of a considerable
size are carried by the tide, and where it flows
within one mile of the waters of Kennebeck. On
the t. side of cape Elizabeth is the arm of the sea
called Stroudwater. P'arther e. is Presumpscot
river, formerly called Presumpca,or Presumpkeag,
which rises in Seliago Pond. This river opens to
the waters of Casco bay on the e. of Portland ; its
extent is not great, but it has several valuable mills
upon it. luiyal's river, called by the natives
Wcstecustego, falls into the bay six miles from

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334

CAS

I'rcsiitnpcot river. It has a good harbour at its
mouth lor small vessels, niid has several mills upon
it ; two miles higher a fall ol)structs the navigation.
Ri>tween it and Kennel)<>ck there are no rivers ;
some creeks and hai^iurs of Casco bay throw them-
selves into the main land, aiiordtng harbours for
small vessels, anil intersecting the country in various
lonns.J

GASCON A, a settlement of the province and
government of Anti(K)uiii ; situate at the mouth of
the river Nare, at its entrance into fhe Mag-
dalena.

(^ ASCII I':M BEC, a small Wand of Nova Scotia,
chtst; to the n. point of tlic Island of San Juan.

CASIBANI, a river ot'the province and country
of the Amazoniii : it rises tn the Cordillera of the
Mochovos and Pichambios Indians, runs in a ser«
pentiuc course to the n. then inclining for many
leagues tothec. e. enters the Maraiion or Amazonas,
near the settlement of Nuestra Seiiora dc Guada-
lupe.

CASIDI, a river of the province and government
of (juayana: it enters the Orinoco, according to
Bcllin, but which is afterwards contradicted by his
own map, since it is there represented as having its
source to the e. of the city of Pamplona, and as
running into the river A pure.

CASIGUA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Maracaibo ; situate on the coast, and
near the entrance or mouth of the great lake.

CASILDA, Ensknada de, a bay on the;, coast
of the island of Cuba.

CASI MBLJCO, a settlement of the protrince and
corrcsinriento of Chayanta or Charcas in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Pocoata.

CASIMENA, a settlement of the jurisdiction of
the city of Santiago de los Atalayas, in the govern-
ment of San Juan de los Llanos, of the Nuevo
Reyno de Granada : it is '^f a very hot temperature,
and abounds in fruits of a similar climate. Its na-
tives, who are numerous and consist of the Neolitos
Indians, arc very industrious, docile, and of good
dispositions, having been retluced to the faith by
the missionaries of the extinguished society of Je-
suits. The settlement is at present in the charge of
the barefo(»t(Hl order of St. Francis, and lies tliree
I'.^agut's from the settlement of Surimcna, on the
shore of the large river Meta.

CASIPA, a large lake of the province of Nucva
Andiilucia Austral or South, to the w. of the Vaca-
ronisi Indians : it is 30 leagues in length from n. to s.
and ^4 in width fror.; e, to w. Four large rivers
flow from it, the principal of which are Arous or Aroi
and Caroa, the which enter the Orinoco on its c.
side. Its woods are inhabited by some barbarous

CAS

nations of Caribes Indians, such as arc tlic Canuris
to the n. the Esparagois to the c. the .Aravis to \\w
s. and the Chaguas and i^asipagotes to \\wxi\ In
this lake tortoises and alligators aimund ;, its wafers
are hurtful, and the climate here is unhealthy :
hurricanes are frequent here, from the winds which
blow from the neighbouring monntnins.

CASIPOLItE, a river of the province of
Guayana, in the i''rench possessions : it runs from
w. to e. and enters the sea, its mouth Iwing half a
lei^ue wide, near cape Orange, in 5° S7'.

Casifoitre, a cape or point of the coast op^jositc
the side of cape Orange.

CASlQUlN, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito, which
runs many leagues, and enters the Maranon.

CASIlll, a settlement of the province and coT'
regimiento of Parinacocha in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of its capital : in its vicinity is an elevated
mountain, in wnich great Indian wealth is said to
be secreted.

CASIRIAQUI, Cano he, a large and copious
arm of the river Negro, by which this communi-
cates with the Orinoco, and through that with the
Maranon or Las Amazonas ; which communication,
however, has been frequently doubted and con-
troverted since the short time of its having been
discovered.

CASIROUGE, a small island of the e. coast of
Newfoundland, between Bellisle and the port
Gobos.

CASIRRUENTI, a large and copious river
abounding in fine fish, of the province and govern-
ment of San Juan de los Llanos : it passes tlirough
the llanuras of Cazanare and Meta, and, near the
settlement of San Joaquin de Atanari, enters Ifae
Meta.

CASIUINDO, a settlement of the province and
government of Tucuman, in the jurisdiction of the
city of Xuxuy ; annexed to the curacy of Cochino-
ca : it has two hermitages, which serve as chapels
of ease, with the dedicatory title of Rinconada and
Rio de San Juan. The natives fabricate powder
of excellent quality, and in its district are gold
mines, which are not worked.

CASMA, At^ta, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Santa in Peru ; situate on the
coast of the S. sea, with a moderately good port.
It was sacked in 158() by Edward David, an Eng-
lish pirate.

Casma, Ar.TA, another settlement of this pro-
vince, called, for distinction's sake, Casma Raxa,

CASMAL, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Chachapoyas in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of 011erc«.

an liliig-

CAS

CASONA, a river of the province efGuajana :
it runs e. and enters the Esquivo.

CASPANA, a sctttemcitt of tlic province and
eorrreimiento of Atacama, and of (he urclibisliopric
of cTiarcift, in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of
Cl'iucliiu.

[CaSI'EAN, or Beaiitifui., a small lake u
Grecuslrarough, Vermont. It has Ilozeii block-
house on its w. side. It is a head water of La
Moille river."]

CASPIYACU, a small river of the province
and government of Mainas in the kingdom of Qui-
to : it runs from s. s. r, to n. n. w, and enters the
Yana at its ssonrccs.

[CASQl'lPIBIAC.a river on the w. sideofCha-
lenr bay, alM>ut a league from Black cape, n. w.
by ». in the bottom of Ciisquipil)iac cove, at the
distance of atiout one league from which is the
great river of Casq<!ipil)iac. It lies about w. from
the former, and uflbrds a small cod and salmon
fishery.!

[CASSITAH, an Indian town in the t». part of
Georgia ; which, as well as the Coueta town, is
60 iTiilt's below the Horse ford, on Chattahousee
river.]

CASTA, San P»Dno df,, a settlement of the
province and corrrgimimto of Cocfuimbo in the
kingdom of Chile : it runs n. n. e. and enters the
Mames near the sea-coast.

[CASIWHANA, Indians of N. America, who
resemble the Dotamcs, except that they trade
principally with the Crow Indians, and that they
would most probably prefer vi»'i(ing an estiiblish-
mont on the Yellow Stone river, or at its mouth on
the Missouri.!

CASTEKNS, a small river of the province of
Sagadohook : it runs s. and enters the sea in the
bay of Penobscot. On its shore and at its month is
a settlement of Indians, where the English have a
fort and an establishment.

CAS I'ELA, a large and navigable river of the
province and government of Moxos in (he king-
dom of Quito, being formed from those of (he Beni
and Paravari ; it allerwards unites itself with that
of the Ytenes, and changes its name to Madera,
which joins the Maranou on the s. side, in lat. 3°
13' 18" s.

CA STELLA NOS, Pueiito, a port in the large
island of San Sebastian, and near tlie const of Bra-
zil, and province and captainship of San Vin-
ccnte.

CASTILLA, Santo Tom as de, a settlement
of the province and government of Honduras in the
kingdom of Guatemala. Its port is good, and well
frequented with vessels.

CAS

335

CASTILLA 0F.r Ono. See Tieriia Fibme'

CASTILLO, a river of the province and district
of Quillota in the kingdom of Chile : it runs w
and joins the Perquilabquien to enter the Lon-
gamilla.

Castillo, a port of the coast, in the same pro-
vince and kingdom, between the former river and
the port Valparaiso.

Castillo, a settlement of the province and
government of Tncuman, in the jurisdiction of the
city of Cordova ; situate on the shores of the river
Tercrro, near the mouth where this enters the Sa-
ladillo.

CASTILLOS Ghandrs, an island of the pro-
vince and rapfainship of lley in Brazil. It is very
near the roast, between the cape Santa Maria of
the river La Plata and the cape of Las Yncas ;
the Portuguese have a tort in it.

Castillos Ghanoks, anotber island, with
the addition of Chicos, to distinguish it from the
other in the same province and kingdom, and at
a little distance from the above island.

Castillos (ihanues, a point of land or ex-
tremity of the island of Guadalupe, opposite those
of Deseada and of Marignlante. It is thus called
from two castles which it has in it.

[CASTINE, the shire town of Hancock county,
district of Maine, is situate on Penobscot bay. It
was taken from the town of Penobscot, and incor-
porated in Feb. 1796. It is named after a French
gentleman who resided here 130 years ago, as
also]

[Castine River, which is about 14 miles
long, is navigable for six miles, and has several
mills at the head of it. It empties into Penobscot
bay.]

[(ASTLE Island. See Crooked Island.]

[CASTLETOWN, a township in Richmond
county, Staten island, New York, which contains
80.5 inhabitants, including 1 14 slaves ; 1 14 of its
inhabitants are electors.]

[CASTLETON, a township and river in Rut-
land county, Vermont, 20 miles s, e. of mount In-
dependence at Ticonderoga. Lake Bombazon is
chiefly in this town, and sends its waters into Cas-
tleton river, which, rising in Pittsford, passes
through this to\^n in a 5. westcrley course, and falls
into Puhney river in (he town of Fuirhaven, a little
below Colonel Lyon's iron works. Fort War-
ner stands in this town. InhabiUmts 805.]

[('ASTOR'S River, in Newfoundland island,
empties in (he harbour of St. John's. Its size is
considerable for 15 miles from the sea.]

[Castoh, Estanque DEI., a lake of the pro-
vince and colony of Virginia, on the shore ol the

i : .1"

yt.

il*

( ■ I

336

CAS

Ohio, and Ijetwecn the rircrs of Great and Little
Matice.]

Castoha, a port on tlicf. coast of Nova Scotin,
bet wren (he Wnitc isles and the port of Tangier.

CASTRO, a capital city of the province and
goveriinirnt of Cliilo^ in the kin/i^dom of Chile ;
poopicil by the order of Don Lopt; (lurcia de Cas-
tro, (Tovenior of Peru, who gave it his name in
1560: it lies between two small rivers, and has a
goiHl port ; is inhabited by some good and opu-
lent families, and enjoys a pleasant and healthy
temperature. It is also called Chiloe, and is of a
regular and beautiful form ; has, lN>side8 the pa-
rish church, a convent of monks of St. Francis,
and a bishop auxiliary to that of Santiago. It was
sacked by tne Dutch in 1643; is 4^ leagues 5. of
the city of Osorno, in lat. 42^ 40' s.

Cast HO, another capital city of the province and
governmcntof Esmcraidasor Atacames in the king-
dom of Quito ; founded in the valley of Fill by
Francisco Quiirtero, in 1386.

Castro, another settlement of the province and
corrf-gtmfen/o of Chilian in the kingdom of Chile;
situate in the island of Maule, on the shore of the
river Longomilla.

CA8TKo-ViREYNA,aprovinceandcorrp^iwjicwto
of Peru, bounded ». w. by the province of Canete,
«. by that of Yauyos, n.e. by that of Angaraes,
and partly by the jurisdiction of Hnamanga and
Huanta, tp. by that of Vilcas Iluaman, s. a. by
that of Lucanas, and s. s. w. and to. by that of
Yea. It is uneven and barren, and its inhabit
tants, on this account, amount scarcely to 6900,
althougli it is 22 leagues in length from e. to w.
and 35 in width n. to s. No mines have been dis-
covered here, nor are there any other roads to it
than merely such as arc opened through passes in
the snow, or where no obstruction is oaercd b^
the copiojis streams which every where precipi-
tate themselves down from the mountauis, and
which are particularly large in the rainy season,
which is from October to March. Its productions
arc wheat, maize, and potatoes; and in some
glens, where the cold is not so great, fruits and
cattle are e.vtremely plentiful. Here are also lla-
mas, vicunas, and huanacos, tlie wool of which
they turn to some profit. This province is wa-
tered by rivers, some of which descend from the
provinces of the«oast of the S. sea, and others
from the further side of the cordillera, running
towards the e. and entering the Maraiion ; it is
also watered by the Cailete, which rises from the
(>hicha, and collects other streams in this province ;
by the Pi!>co, which rises from a lave called
Oracocba ; by the Yea, from the lake Choclo-

CAT

cocha ; and b^ the Calcamayo, which enters the
province of Vdcas Iluaman. In all the waters uf
this province, notwithstanding tlic^ are very abun-
dant, there is a great scarcity of nsli, and without
doubt this arises from the cold which prevails
here. This province is but thinly peopled, ant* its
inhabitants are poor : they do not, wehaveheani,
amount to more than 7000 souls. It consists of six
curacies, to which there are '2.9 other settlemenis
annexed. Its yearly reparliiniento amounted to
86,4(X) dollars, and it paid an alcavala equal to
691 dollars. The capital is of the same name : this
is a small and poor town, situate on a lofly spot,
where the cold is most intense : close to it runs a
river, which is made use of for working the mills
of the silver mines ; which, although they pro-
duce this metal of a good quality, they are by no
nK'ans well stocked with it. The town has a con-
vent of monks of St. Francis, and two lar^e estates
called Huallanto and Huallanga, in which there
are churches annexed to this curacy : is 14 leagues
from Huancablica, 86 from Pisco, and t>0 Irora
Lima. Long. 74° 44'. Lat. 13° 49' s. The other
settlements of the province are.

Sacsaquero,

Cinto,

Huacahuaca,

Pilpichaca,

Cargonacho,

Santa Ana,

Acostainbo,

Cordova,

Ocobamba,

Ayamarca,

Ocozo,

Laroan,

Piicomarca,

Querco,

Laramanca,

Quisahoara,

Huaitara,

Tambillo,

Azavi,

Tambo,

Capillas,

Sangaiaicoy

Andaiinarca,

Santiago,

Huachosi

Chiris,

Cotas,

Cocas,

Arma,

Huanactambo,

Huanac,

Cadrillo,

Yanac,

Tancara.

CASUHATI, a mountain of the province and
government of Ituenos Ayrcs, on the shore of the
river Hueque Lcnori.

CASURO, a river of the province and coun-
try of Las Amazonas, in the Portuguese pos-
sessions: it runs t, s. e. and enters the Trom-
betas.

[CASWELL County, in Hillsborough district,
N. Carolina, borders on Virginia, n : it contains
10,096 inhabitants, of whom 8736 are slaves.
Leesbuiv is the chief town.]

[CAT Island, orGuANAHANi, one of the Ba-
hama islands, see St. Salvador.]

CATA, a settlement of the province andgovcrn-

; M »

i\y

CAT

337

mcnt of VenozQcla ; situate upon (lie coajit ncnr
cnpe Blunco.
rCATABAW River. SccWatkree.J
[Catauaw lNuiAN8,asiuiill tribe who have one
town culled ('utuhaw, situate on tlic river of that
name, lat. 44^^ S9' n. on the boundary line between
N. and S. Carolina, and contains about 450 inha-
))itants, of which about 150 are fighting men.
They i)rc the only tribe which resides in the state ;
144,000 acres of land were granted them by the
proprietary government. These are the remains of
a formidable nation, the bravest and most generous
enemy the Six Nations had, but they have dcgenera-
t(Mi since (hey have been surrounded by the whites.]

CATABUHU, a river of (he province and
country of Las Amazonas : it rises near (he equi-
uoctial line, runs s. e. and enters the Uio Negro.

CATAt'AClII, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Caxamarca in J'eru ; annexed to
the curacy of Santa Cruz, in which there is a
stream of water which distils from some crevices,
and deposits in its bed a sort of white stone or
crystalline substance, which they call catachiy and
which being dissolved in water, is accounted a spe*
cific in the (lux.

CATACAOS, a settlement of the province and
corrr^imienlo of Piura in Peru.

CATACOCdA, a settlement of the province and
correeimiento of Loxa in the kingdom of Quito.

CATACUMBO, a river of the province and
government of Maracaibo, which rises to the e. of
thecity ofLas Palmas, and runs e. increasing its
stream by many others which flow into it, until it
aniites itself with the Sulia, to enter the lake of
Maracaibo ; where, at its mouth, it extends itself
and forms a large pool of water called La Lagu*
neta.

CATAGANE, a settlement of Canada, situate
on the side of lake Superior, close to the point of
Chagovamigon, [or more properly called Camanis*
tigovan.]

CATAGUAR, a settlement of the province and
government of Cumana ; situate to the e. of the
city of Cariaco.

CATALANA, an island of the gulf of Califor-
nia, or Mar Roxo de Cortes ; situate near the
coast, between the islands of Monserrat and Santa
Cruz.

CATALINA, Santa, a settlement of tlic head
settlement and alcald'ta maynr of Tezcoco in Nuc-
va Espafia ; annexed to tiic settlement of Nuestra
Hefiora de la Puriticacion. It contains 13& fami>
lies of Indians.

Catalina, another settlement iu the head settle-

VOB. I.

mentand district of Tcpaxtlan, and akalJiu mayor
of Cuercavacu, in Nueva lilspana.

("atamna, Santa, another settlement of tlir
head settlemetit and alcaldia vint/oro( Tepeiicii in
the same kingttom.

Catamna, Santa, another, with the distin-
guishing title of Martyr, in the bead settlement and
aUaldia mat/or of Zacatlan in the same kingdom.

('ATAM.NA, Santa, another settlement of (he
head settlement of Teutalpan, and alcaldia mayor
of Zacatlan, in the same kingdom.

Catalina, Santa, a small settlement of the
head settlement and alcaldia mnyor of Juxtlahua-
ca in the same kingdom.

Catamna, Santa, another, of the head atA'
tiement of Tantoyuca, and alcaldia mayor of
Tampico, in the same kingdom : it is of a hot tem-
perature, and contains 80 families of Indians, wh»
apply themselves to the culture of the soil ; is iO
leagues to the e. of its head settlement.

Catamna, Santa, another, of the province
and corregimiento of Omasuyos in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Iluaicho.

Catalina, SANrA, another settlement of the
province and corregimiento of Cauta in Pern ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Pari : it has some hot me*
dicinal baths.

Catalina, Santa, a small settlement of the
district and jurisdiction of Valladolid in the pro-
vince aud bishopric of Mcchoacan of Nueva
Espana. .

Catalina, Santa, another, of the bead set-
tlement of Mistepeque, and alcaldia mayor of No-
japa, in Nueva bspaila: it is of a cold temperature,
situate at the foot of a mountiiin, with (iO familicc
of Indians, and is 4 leagues from its head settle-
ment.

Catalina, Santa, another, of the bead set*
tiement of Quiatoni,and alcaldia mayor of Teutit-
lan, in Nueva Espaiia, with SO families of Indians;
and is one league n. of its head settlement.

Catalina, Santa, another settlement of the
missions which were held by the regulars of the
company of Jesuits, in the province of Tepeguana
and kingdom of Nueva Viscaya, on the shore of
the river L:is Nasas ; is 30 leagues to the n. w. of
its capital

Catamna, Santa, another settlement, with
the addition of Sera, of the province and govern-
ment of Maracaibo, in the district of the city of
Pedraza ; situate on the shore of the river Pariva ;
is one of (hi; missions which are held in Barinas by
(he religion of St. Domingo.

Catalina, Santa, another, of the same pro-

i'^

'ii.

!.;..!!*

> ifl

rd-

• 1-1

■i -t

!' i' i

^>. V ..

339

CAT

if 'II''-

vince and goTernment, on ihe shore of the river
Masparru, between the cities of New and Old Ua>

linntf.

Catalina, Samta, another settlement of the
proyince and government of Vcneiucln, on the
shore of the river MosquitoS) near where this rircr
enters the Orituco.

Catalina, Santa, another settlement of the

Jrovince and government of Cartagena, in the
ingdom of Tierra Firme.
Catalina> Santa, another settlement of the

Sirovince and government of La Sunora in Nueva
Dspafia ; situate in the countrj of the Sobaipnris
Indians, on the shore of a river which enters tiie
Gila, between the settlements of San Cosme ojid
San Angelo.

Catalina, Santa, another settlement of the

province and government of Tucumdn, in the

jurisdiction of the city of Xuxuy, with four cha>

pels of case.

Catamna, Santa, another settlement of the

frovince and alealdia maj/or of Los Zoques in the
ii^dom of Guatemala.

Catamna, Santa, another, of 'the province
and alealdia mayor of Chiapa in the same king-
dom.

Catalina, Santa, another settlement of the
island of Barbadoes, in the parish and district of S.
George.

Catalina, Santa, another settlement of the
island of Jamaica, which is a parish of the Eng-
lish, situate in the s. part,

Catalina, Santa, some jrVrrnt or mountains
of the coast of Brazil, in the province and captaiti'
ship of Rev, opposite the island of Santa Catalina,
from which they take their name.

Catalina, Santa, n cape or point of land on
the coast of the province and government of Cos-
tarica and kingdom of Guatemala, between the
port of Las Yclas and the town of Nicaragua.

Catalina, Santa, a small island close to the
5. coast of the island of St. Domingo, between La
Saona and the bay of Caballo.

Catalina, Santa, another island of the coast
of Florida to the ». of Georgia.

Catalina, Santa, anotlier island of the coast
of Georgia, between the islands Sapola and As-
sabaw.

Catamna, Santa, a bay on the coast of the
striiits of Magellan, between point St. Silveslre and
point St. Antonio de Padua.

Catalina, Santa, a bay of the e. coast of the
islnnd of Newfoundland, between the Saint's cape
and New cape.

CAT

Catalina, Santa, n rirtr of the province and
colony oT Maryland, in the county oi Talbut. It
runs J. and enters the sea in the bay of Chesapeak.

Catalina, Santa, an island of the N. sea,
near the coast of Tierra Firme, opposite the Ugcu-
du de Veroguas. It is of a good temperature, fer-
tile, and abounding in cattle and fruits. It liad in
it a settlement defended by two castles, calleil San-
tiago and Santa Teresa ; which, together with the
town, were destroyed by an En^lisn iiiratc, Jolin
Morgan, who took the island in ImH ; and al-
though it was recovered in the same year by the
president of Panama and Colonel Don Juan Perez
do (luzman, it remained abandoned and desert.

Catalina, Santa, another small island near
the coast of Brazil. See St. Catherine.

Catalina, Santa, a small island, situate to
the f . of St. Domingo, and close to it in the front
of the settlement of Higucy.

Catalina, Santa, a valley, in which there is
also a small settlement, in the Nuevo Revno dc
Leon ; annexed to the curacy of its capital, from
whence it lies three leagues to the to. It contains
SO families in its neighbourhood, and produces
only some sorts of pulse and some goats.

Catalina, Santa, another valley of the pro-
vince and conrgimiento of Moquehua in Peru,
bounded by a river and by the cordillera.

Catalina, Santa, a bay on the s. coast of
Nova Scotia, between the port Carnero and that
of Ours or Oso.

CATAMAIU, n large and rapid river of the
province and government of Loxa in the kingduiu
of Quito, also called Chira, at the part where it
enters the sea. It rises in the paramo or desert
mountain of Sabanilln ; and collecting the waters
of several smaller rivers, runs from *. to n.
until it unites itself with the Gonzanama, which
enters it on the s. side, in lat. 3° 47' s. ; it then
turns its course to the u<. and afterwards to the
*. w. and receives the tributary streams of the
rivers Quiros, Macara, and Pelingara ; all of
which enter it on the s. side. Being swelled with
these, it lakes liie name of Amotape, from the settle-
ment of this name, sit«iate on its shore. Near its
mouth this river is called Colan, and it empties it-
self into the sea in tiie corre^im:ento and province
ofPiura. The countries which it laves arc fertile
and beautiful, and its banks arc covered with or-
cliards and plantations of sugar-canes of the terri-
tory of Loxa. The climate here is very hot, and
in the valleys formed by this river the inhabitants
.-ire nmch afflicted with the tertian fever ; its wa-
ters arc generally very cold and unwholesome.

ftt

I ' !

CAT

339

CATAMARCA, S. Fernando be, a city of
the province and government oFTucum&n, found-
ed Uy Juan Gomez Zuritii, in 1558, in the fertile
and extensive valley of Conando. It lins a fort to
repress the encroachments of the Indians. The
name of CnActc was given it in honour to the vice-
roy who then coinmaiid(Hi in Peru ; this was after-
wards clian^cd lo London, in honour to the queen
of England, wife of Philip II. king of Spain. The
iaquietudes caused amon^t the inliabitants by the
inndel Indians induced Don (jeronimo Luis dc
Cabrera, son of n governor of that province, in
1663, to remove it to another not less fertile val-
ley, and lo give it the name of Sun Juan dc la Ri-
vcro ; and lastly, by the permission of the king,
in 1683, it was transferred to a spot in the valley
of Cutamarca ; where it still remains, under the
same title, at 80 leagues distance from its first sta-
tion. It has, besides the parish church, a convent
of the Recoletos monks of St. Francis, with the
dedicatory title of San Pedro de Alc&ntara ; an
hospital of Merced ; and a house of residence,
which formerly belonged to the regulars of the
company of Jesuits. On the w. side of the val-
ley IS a mountain in which there arc gold mines ;
and on the w. also from n. to *. runs a serrania, the
skirts of which are for many Icogucs covered with
estates and cultivated grounds, and filled, from
the abundance of fine pastures, with logeand small
cattle and with mules. A tolerably large river
runs through the valley in the rainy season, and
terminates in some lakes which are formed by it
about 30 leagues s. of the city. The commerce of
this city is very small, so that there is no coin cur-
rent ; and even the payments of the royal duties
are paid in effects, and in the productions of the
country, such as cotton, linens, pepper, brandy,
and wheat. Lat. 27° s.

Catamauca, a settlement of the same province
and government ; situate in the district of this
city.

CATAMBUCU, a settlement of the province
and government of Popay&n in the kingdom of
Quito.

CATAN, San Fhancisco dk, a settlement of
the province and corregimienlo of Caxamarca in
Peru ; annexed to tL •: curacy of Chctu.

CATAN ERA, au ancient province of Peru, in
lliat of Condesiiyos, in which dwelt the nation of
the Quechuas. It was subjected to the empire by
the Inca Capac Yupanqui, fifth Emperor.

CATANIAPU, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Giiaynna or Nueva Andalncia. It
rises to tlie s. of the settlement of San Joseph dc

Mapoyes^ ;una w. and enters the Orinoco close to
the torrent of lios Atures.

CATAPUIN, San Juan df, a setllement of
the province and government of Quixos y Macas
in the kingdom of Quito.

CATARAQUA, or Catarakui, n copious
river of the province and country of the Irmiuccs
Indians. It rises from the lake Ontario, runs n. e.
and continues its course as far as Quebi>c, from
whence it takes the name of St. Lawrence, and
then enters the sen.

Cataraoi'A, a iMy on the n. coast of lake
Ontario, in New France or Canada.

CATARUBEN, a settlement of the missions of
San Juan delos Llanos in the Nuevo Reyno de
Granada ; one of the seven which were held by
the regulars of the company of Jesuits, and be*
longing to the nation of the Salivas Indians. The
Caribcs burnt and destroyed it in 1684.

CATAKOSI, a settlement of the province and
correghniento of Aymaraez .in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Pamuamarca.

CATAS-ALTAS, a settlement or village of the
Portuguese, in the province and captainship of
Espiritu Santo, and kingdom of Brazil ; situate ou
the shore of the river Uocc or Dulcc.

CATAUBA, a river of Virginia, which runi
n. e. and enters the Thames.

Catauba. another river in S. Carolina, which
runs s. r. and enters the Watery.

[CATA WESSY, a township inNorthumberland
county, Pennsylvania ; situate on the s. e, bank
of the e. branch of Susquehannah river, opposite
the mouth of P'ishing creek, and about 20 miles
N. e. of Sunbury.]

CATCA, a settlement of the province and eorr0-
giiniento of Paucartambo in Peru.

CATCH, or Boutin, a port of the coast of
Nova Scotia, between the bay of Cheboucto and
the island of Samborough.

CATEMU, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Quillota in the kingdom of Chile,
on the shore of the river Quillota.

[C.\THANCE, or Cathant.s, a s^jnall river in
Lincoln county, Maine, whicii rises lH Topsham,
and empties into Merry Meeting bay, and has se-
veral mills upon it.]

[CATFIERINE'^S Isle, St, a small island in
(he captainship of St. Vincent's in Brazil, be-
longing to the Portuguese, 47 leagues s. of Cana-
nea island. It is about 25 miles from n. to s'. in-
habitiHl by Indians, whu assist the Portugues«
against their enemies, the natives of Brazil. Lat.

i^i^

tl!

liik

^^7'' 10' s. I/on2r.

15' ».]
xx2

'(!?

840

C A U

■> vl

[(^ATiiBRiMi 'm hie, H pIcnsAiit iMlaml on the
hnibnur of Suiibiiry, in the state of Gcur|^in.J

[CATiii:niNL'H Isli', n Hmall productive ishiiul
on the .1. coant ot St. Domingo, tiO leagues e. o(
the town of St. i)omin;;o. |

[Catii r. It I N k's Town, in Ontario county. New
York, lies three miles s. of the t. end ot !!>eiiecn
nke.]

Oatimna, n Imy of the r. const of thr inland of
Newfouiidlniid, between the citpcit SiintoH niid

NllCVO.

[CATO, a militnry township in New York state,
IS miles .t. e. of luke Ontiuio, and about ^JO s. oi
Oswrirofort.]

CATOA, a river of the province and rountry of
Lns Ainaztnins. It rises in the moiintiiiiis of the
Aiidefl, runs n. and enters the Miiranon on the s.
•Ide, lietween the rivers Conri and Covaine.

[IJATORCK, or La Pchissima Conci pcion
DK Alamos dk Catoiice, one of the richest mint's
of New Spain, and in the intendancy of San Luis
Potosi. The tral de Catorce, however, hns only
been in existence since 1773, when Don Sebastian
Coronado and J3on Bernnrbe Antonio de Zepcda
discovered these celebrated seams, which yi<>lu an-
nually the value of more than from 18 to 20 mil-
lions of francs, or from 730,460/. to 8y3,500/,

Bterlinff.l

[CA'rr/

AHUNK, one of the Elizabeth isles, in
the state of Massachusetts. See Buzzauu's
Bay.]

CATUAUO, n settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Cumanii in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme ; situate near to and ». of the city of Ca-
riaco.

CAIIACUAN, a river of the province and cap'
to/mA/p of Uey in Brazil. It runs e. and enters
the Uruguay, between the rivers Ipau and Pi-
ricaya.

CAIJAIAMA, a small river of the province and
government of JJueiios Ayres. It runs e. and en-
ters the Uruguay, between the rivers Guarey and
Bracuaenda.

CAUAILLON, a settlement and parish of the
French, in their possessions in St. Domingo ; situ-
ate on the coast and at the w. head, near the bay
of its name, between the settlements of 'J'orbec uiid
Los Cayos.

(^ALJAIU, a small river of the same province
and government as the Ibrmer. It runs w. and
enters tlie Parana, betweer- the rivers Verde antl
Yocare-mini.

Cauaiu, a bay of the same iiilaud, opposite the
Isla Vaca or Cow island.

C A U

CAUALA , a settlement of the province and ra;;-
laimhip of LNpiritii Saiitu in Brazil ; situate n. of
Villarica.

C;AU-ALLFIIIZAS, a settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Ynguarsongo in the king-
dom of ( juilu.

('Al'ANA, a settlement of the province and
corrreimirnlo of Conchiicos in Peru.

(JAl'ASAN, San Fiianc'sco Xavmr ok, a
(own of the province of ( 'opala, and kingdom of
Nneva Vizeaya ; situate in the midst of the sirrra
of Topin, on the coatl of the S. sea, on the shore
of tlitf river Plastiu. It has a small port lor leaser
vfssels, which has oftentimes been invaded by
enemies. It is a curacy administered by the cler*

Sry, anci to which (wo small settlements of Mexicuu
ndiansnre annexed.

('AUtIA, n lar^c and copious river of the pro-
vince and government of Popay&n, which rises
in the mountains of the government of Mariqnilii,
and running 160 leagues from i. ion. in which
course it collects (he waters of many other rivers,
it passes near the cities of Popayun, Biiira, Cali,
and Anserma ; from whence it is navigable until it
enters the large river of the Mngdalena. It is very
narrow where it passes through the cities of Po-
pay&n and AntiiKjuia, and forms the letter S, tak-
mg its course through rocks, which render its na-
vigation very dangerous. The Indians, however,
are so dexterous in guarding their canoes from
running against the rocks by paddles, that it is
very seldom indeed tlir>t any accident occurs to
them. They call this strait Las Mamas do Carn-
roanta, from a city which was here of this name.
Many make this navigation (or the pnr|K)se of
avoiding a ronnd-aboiit journey of many days, aiul
in a bad road through the mountains ; and it iV
snid that some have Iiad the good fortune to dis'
cover a route by water free from all ditficiilties,
and that this was actually inaile by the pontificate
of the bishop of Popayun, Don Diego de Men.
toy.

('auca, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela. It runs n. and enters
the sea at the month of the (iulfcte or Jjittle
gulf.

CAUCAQUA, a settlement of the province and
government of Venezuela ; situate near the river
Tuy, opposite the cape of Cmlera.

CAUCHUPIL, a river of the kingdom of Chile;
it runs to the s. s. e. and then turning s. enters the
Lebo.

CAUIAN, a settlement of the province and
caplainship of Para in Brazil ; situate on tlir

C A U

•linre of (he rivrr Marnflon, iicur the port of Cii*
riitm.

(lAl.'I.WA, an island of (lie N. sea j Mdinto in
(lie iniclillc of (lie iiioitdi of (lie large river Mn-
rui'ioii.

CAIJIJA, a lake of (lie iiinvince and coverii-
nieii( of (iiiayana or Niieva Aiidaliicin. It In n.
of (liat of ipava, from whence, according (o some,
(lie river Orinoco takes its rise.

OAl'INAS, an ancient and harburotis na(ion of
the |)roviiice of Cliarcas in Pern, wliicli was
bounded by the na(ion of (he CanclieN ; here was
a superb palace belonging (o (he Incas, built
upon (he (op of an high mountain, the remains of
wtiicb are yvt (o be seen near (he se((Iement of
Vrcos, and (hose of Querquesanaand Quiquijann,
these being nbuid nine miles dis(ant from (be afore-
said palace.

CAUirSARI, a river of ihc province and go-
vcrHmcn( of San Juan de Ics Llanos in (he Niievo
Reyiio de (Jranada. It rises in (he moun(ains of
the country of (he Guames Indians, runs e. for
many leagues, and eiUers (he A pure.

CAUJIJL, a se((lement of (he province and cor-
regiinknlo of Caxa(amlM) in Peru j annexed (o (he
curacy of Andajes.

('AUMAREis, a barbarous na( ion inhabiting (he
woods which lie upon (he banks of the river Ma-
ranon towards (he m. Some of (hem were reduced
to (he faith by (he missionaries of (he e.\(inguislied
company of JestiKs of (he pwvince ofMainas, and
formed part of (he popuhidon of (he set(lemeii( of
San Ignacio de Pcvas.

CAUN, a se(tlcmen( of the missions which were
held by (he regulars of the company of (he Jesuits,
in (he province of Cinalon.

CAUO, or Corvo, a river of the province and
governmcii( of (inayana. It runs (owards the e.
and enters the sea, at (he distance of '■i\ leagues
from the mouth of the river Aprovaca : its banks
on the p. side are inhabited l)y some barbarous In-
dians of the Yans nation.

OAUOS, a barbarous nation of Indians who in'
habit (he woods (o the ic. of the river Piituinayo.
Tliey are thought to be a branch or tribe of the
Abives, and are but little known.

CAUQUE, a settlement of the kingdom and
presidency of Guatemala.

CAUQL'ENES, a river of the kingdom and
^vernment of Chile. It rises in the mountains of
its cordillfra, and enters the Maiile.

CAUQUICURA, an ancient and large province
of the kingdom of Peru, to the s. of Cuzco. It
was conquered and united to the monarchy by
Mayta Capac, fourth Emperor.

C A V

CAIJQUIS, A nation ol liidiaiis of the kingdom
of Chile, and one of I he most warlike and valorous,
who resisted and put a check to the conquests of
Yiipaiiqui, eleventh Emperor of Peru, obliging
him ('< retreat with hiii army to ('or|iiiMilH».

(// (IRA, a large and ropious river of the prit*
viiicc of (jiiayana, and government of (!nman/i.
It rises in some very lofty sierras, and its sliorcs
arc inhabited by many Indians, who retren( hither
when pursued by the Caiibes, who are accustomed
(0 kill (he adults, and to keep as prisoners th*;
women and children, in order to sell them to the
Dutch. This river is (he larges( of (he kingdom
of Tierra Firinc ever discovered since (ha( oi (he
Orinoco. It riinn GO leagues Ix^fore it enters into this
la((er river, (liroiigh chains of rocks, which so im-
pede its navigation as to render it unsafe for any
fiut very smallcraft. On its shores are two forts,
one at the mouth, where it enters the Orinoco; ami
the other at its mid-course. The Maranoii and
the Orinoco also communicate with it by au arm
which is very considerable, and is called the Rio
Negro.

(JAURA,a settlement of the jurisdiction of the
town of San Gil, in the Nuevo Reyno de Gra-
nada.

CAURANTA, a settlement of the province and
government of Ctimaiia ; situate on the coast and at
the point of Parid.

CAURE, a small river of the province and gO"
cevnment of Sail Juan de los Liinos in the Nuevo
Reyno de Granada. It rises opp itc that city, to-
wards the .V. and (hen enters (he Ariari.

('AURI, a settlement of (he province and cor-
reginn'rnfo ot Tarma in Peru ; annexed to the cu-
racy of Cayna.

(JAI'RIMPO, a settlement of the province and
government ofCinaloa; situate lietwcen the forts
Rio and Mayo. It is a rediiccion of the missions
which were held liy the regulars of the company of
Jesuits.

C.Vl;'S.\N, a river of the province and colony
of (leorgia, is the same as that of the name of
Combahi. It inns till it enters the sea.

('ALTE, a small river of the island of Cuba,
which runs xo. and enters the sea.

CAUTEN, a large river of the kingdom of
Chile, in the district and province of Repocura.
It rises in the district of Maquegiia, runs continu-
ally from c. to to. collecting the waters of many
other rivers, in such a gentle and mild course, (hot
it has also acquired the name of Las Uamas. It
passes before (he Ciudad Imperial,, and en(ers (ho
S. sea. I( is 300 toises broad at its mouth, and of
lutlicient depth to admit of a ship of the line ; at

r 'H

i:!

ril

S42

C A V

/?^ \

5 ^fl'li

> ■<

■f (

certnin seasons of the year il is so filled willi
fisli, for seven lengiics from i(s moiitli, (hat the
Indians arc accustomed to harpoon thum from the
shores.

Cauten, n po'nt of land, or cape, which is one
of those which form the entrance of the former
river.

CAUTO, a settlement of the s. const of (lie island
of Cuba ; nituute on the shore of a river which
bears the same name.

CAUX, Montana* op- mountains in (he pro-
vinc^ and eo^ crnmcnt oi French (juinen, which
run along^ the shore of a river of the same name, be-
tween the rivers Orapu and Aprovaque.

[CAVALLO, as some erroneously spell it, a
sea-port town in the province of Venezuela, in
Tierra Firme. Lat. 10° 28'. I.oii<. G8^ 8'. See
Cabkli.o Puerto and Cavbi.lo i'uicuTo.]

[CAVAILLON, a town on the t. side of the
s. peninsula of the island of St. Doniingo, nbout
three leagues n. e. of Lcs C:)ye?, and five w. by s.
of St. Louis. Lat. 18° 18' m.I

[CAVELLO, PuEiiTo, Kokburata. One
lcag;ue e. of Puerto Cavello, was originally (he oiily
resort of vessels trading (o (his p:ir( of Venezuela.
Puer(o Cavello was merely froqiien(cd by smugglers,
fishermen, and the outcasts of (he interior. The
old town is surrounded by the sea, excepting a
space of a few fathoms to the tt. ; through which
Jlncy have now cut a canni communicating to the
sea on the n. of the town to (hat on the s. ; thus
forming an island, the egress being l.'y a bridge
with a gate which is shut every rvenikig, and at
which IS placed the princi|)al guard, 'fliis island
being too small for the increasing |)opula(ion,
houses were built on a tongue of land (o the to. of
the town, which was the only part frcv from inun-
dation ; and this has now become (he residence of
the merchan($, and the princi|ml place. The to(al
popula(ion of Puerto Cavello is 7600, of wliicli,
excepting (he military and the ofliccrs of govern-
ment, none are of tlie nobility. The whites arc
;j^nei-aily employed in trade and navigation ; tlie
chiei correspontfence being with (lie ports of the
continent or (he neighlwuring colonies ; for, nf-
( hough the port has been o;>en from 1798 (o the
trade of the metropolis, there is ns yet but little
communication with it. Of ulH>nt 60 vesst'Is trad-
ing to this place, SO at least are from •Jamaica, and
20 from Curafoa, whilst only tour or five are from
Spain. According to the custom-houM; books, the
cargoes of these veesels are of little value ; but (he
revenue is defrauded, and the vessels discharge (heir
lading on the coast before entering the |H)rt. This
place supplies all the ;e. part of Venezuela,

C A V

and the jurisdiction of Valencia, Sun Carlos, Unri-
(luisiiueto, San l<'eli|)c, and a part of the valleys of
Aragoa. About 1^ iuiiopcuns engross the whole
trade. All vessels trading to the neighbourhood
resort here for repairs, and nothing out tlie uii-
wliols«>meness of (he air preven(s Puerto Cavello
becoming the most inniortant poit in America.
This insalubrity arises from the exhalations from
the rain water that accumulates in a clayi*y marsh
to the i. of the city. It is particularly fu(al to
those who are not seasoned to the climate, in
1793 a Spanish squadron anchored nt Puerto Ca-
vello ; but in six months of its stay, it lost one-third
of the crew; and in 1803 a French squadron in
SO days lost 161 officers and men. It has been
computed that 20,000 piastres fortes would be suf-
ficient to drain this fatal marsii. T^7 inhabitants
are suppliiui by conduits with water from a river
that runs into the sea one-fourth of a league w. of
the town. A military commander is also at the
head of the iwlice, and is likewise (he adniinis(ra-
tor of justice, his decisions being subject to an ap-
peal to the royal audience. The people have de-
manded the establishment of a cabildo, but without
success. They ol>tained in 1800 a single alcalde,
who is appointed annually ; but great inconveni-
ences have been found to arise from this arrange-
ment.

There is no convent, and but one church, in
Puerto Cavello. The foundation of anrther church
was begun, hut for want of funds it has not been
comjileted. There is n military hospital, and an-
other for the poor. The garrison consists of a
company of the regiment of Caracas i(f time of
peace ; but during war it is reinforced from the
militia and troops of the line. There arc from 300
(o 400 galley-slaves always employed on (he public
works.

Puer(o Cavello is 30 leagues from Caracas,
in embarking for La Giinira, and 48 leagues
in (he direciion of Valencia, Maracay, Tiilmero,
La Vic(oria, and San Pedro. Keaumur's thcrmo-
iiirter is generally in August at 26'^, and in Janu-
ary from 18=^ to 19°. Lat. 10°20'n. Long. 70»
30* w. of Paris. Sec Puluto Cadem.o,]

[CAVENDISH, a township in Windsor cputity,
Vermont, w. of Weuthersfiold, on Black rivt-r,
having 491 inhabitants. Upon tliis river, and
widiiii (his (ownsliip, (he channel has bcoii worn
down 100 feet, and rocks of very large dinicnsioim
have lieen undermined and thrown down one upon
nnotluT. Holes are wrought in the rocks ol va-
rious dimensions and forms ; some cylindrical,
from one to cijrht feet in diameter, and from one to
15 feet in deptli ; others arc of a spherical form,

C A X

343

from six to 30 feet diumctcr, worn nlinost pcrft'ctly
sninutli, into tlio solid body ot'ii rock. J

[(vAVlANA, an island in S. America, towards
tlic ». w. side of Amazon river. J. at. SO' n.]

[CAVOGLIEUO, a bay on the ». sido of tlic
island of St. Domingo, at the mouth of the river
Koniainc, ^i lea^rues e. of St. Dominfsfo.J

(IWAIIAMBA, a settlement of (lie province
and corregmiento of Uiobamba in the kingdom of
Qnito.

Caxahamra, another settlement of the province
and corregimiento of lluamachiico in Pern.

CAXACAI, a settlement of the province and
rorrrgimirnto of Caxatnmbo in Peru.

CAXAMAIICA, a province and rorrepmiento
of Peru, in the bishopric of Trnxillo ; bounded
s, c. by the province of Caxamarquilla, e. by that
nf Ckachupoyas, ti. w. by that of Luya and Chii-
laos : all these three bein<r situate nt that part ui'
(lie Marailon which terves us a limit to this pro-
vince of Caxamarca. It is bounded n. by the pro-
vince of flaen, n.io. by that of Piura, w. by that
of Saila and by a part of Truxillo, and s. by that
of iluumachuco. It is in length 40 leni];ues from
s. e. ton. w. ; and in breadth, or across, .% leagues.
To enter it through the province of Truxillo, which
is the grand road, it is necessary to pass the cordil-
Itra, which is not here so lofty ns in the .v. pro-
vinces. This province, however, abounds with
niiinences which are branches of the cordillera;
and on account of the height and situation of
(liesc, u great variety of temperature is experienced,
5ome parts being subject to an intense heat, and
others to a severe coUl. Thus it partakes of the
nature of the sierra, and its uneven figure no less
corresponds with it : but it is for the most part of a
i;(mkI temperature, particularly in the capital. The
{irovince abounds greatly in all kinds of fruits and
cutde : in it arc fabricated cloths, baizes, blankets,
cnnvus for sails of ships, and cotton garmf^iits of n
very fine nnd excellent quality. Formerly its prin-
cipal commi'iiL ' was in swine; at present it is not,
though these animals still abound in some ]>art.s.
it is watered by many rivers, of which those rising
oil (he tc. side of the Cordillera, as the Sana, Laiii-
bayrque, and those passing through the province
of Trnxillo, all enter the S. sea. The others,
amongst which that of the Crixneius is tlic largest,
iiicoporate themselves with the Maranon. On its
sliores are lav leros, or washing^placos of gold;
and i(s rivers in general abound in very good and
Hlu)!eM)me fish. Besides the fruits and (he pro-
ductions of every kind found in this province, it
lias (o boast many gold and silver mines, some of
»liich arc woikcd. There u'c also some of copper,

very fine lead, brimstone, and alcaparrosa. To-
wards the n. part, where it touches tlie province of
.liaen, are found some bark-trees, the production of
which, although not equal to the trees of J^oxa, is
of (he colour of heated copper, and possesses all
the virtues of the common bark. Here arc also
many medicinal herbs, and amongst them the cele-
brated calaguala. In the time ofthe Indians, and
before the conquest, it was so well |)eopled that its
natives formed upwards of 500 settlements. At
present they amount to 'IG,0(X), being divided into
4() settlements. The capital bears the same title,
nnd the repartitniento of the corregidor usetl (u
amount to 80,000 dollars, and it paid an alcavala
of (liO dollars per annum.
The settlements are.

Caxamarca, the ca-
pital,

Santa Catalinaj

San Pedro,

San Joseph,

Cherillo,

Jesus,

Asuncion,

Contumaza,

C'ascas,

(luzmnnga,

Sun Itenito,

Trinidad du Chetu,

S. Francisco jI'j
Cayaii,

Santa Cruz,

Pion,

Santn ('atalina de
Cliugod,

San Pablo de Cha-
lique,

S. Luis de Tutnba-
din,

S. Bernard ino dc
Nice,

S. Juan de Llallan,

Nepos,

Tinguis,

Son Miguel de Pal-

laqucs,
Oledin,
Sorocucho,
San Marcos,
("atacachi,
Amarcuclio,
Ichocun,
San Juan de Huam-

bos,
Cochabamba,
Llama,
Cach6n,
Cutervo,
Queracoto,
Chachopin,
Tocmocoa,
JCocota,
Todos Santos de

Chota,

Tacabambn,

Yauyucan.

The capital is large and handsome ; its figure is
irregular, and it is situate upon a level plain. The
houses are of clay, and the streets are wide and
straight. The parish church, which has three
naves, is of finely worked stone, nnd the building
exneiices of it were jlefrayed by King CharU*s 11.
in tlie time o( the viceroy the Duke of La Palatn,
ill !()H?. It has a (mrish of Spaniards, called
Santa Cafaiina ; two of Indians, which nre San
Pedro and San Joseph ; two convents of the onler
of St. i'rancis, one of (lie Observers, nnd another
ot (lie l{ecole(aiis ; nn hospital anil a convent of
netl';lemi(es, n monastery of nuns of La Concepcion,
an house of ciitertuinment of Nuestra Scilora de

i'l

t !:

344

C A X

* '

' ; ''i'i

- (

1,n<i Mercedes, nnd nii hospital for women. It
(Uintains more (liaii SOOO inliubitaiits, and amonest
Oicse many illnstriotis ramilics, descended from (tic
first conqiiorors. Tlie Indians here are accounted
tlie most industrious of any in '!ic kingdom. The
t«*inpcralure is mild, and it abounds ni fruits and
pastures : hcrcaro also inir 'jsof various mrtals. Leru
it was that Atahunlpa was put to dratli by the
Spanish, being the last Inca and Emperor of
Peru ; and there is still to Ix; seen a stone, of a
yard nnd an half long and two-thirds wide, which
serves as the foundation to the altar of the chapel
wiieie he met liis fate. Of this palace, which was
for the most part built of mud, but which was very
liir/je, and was afterwards converted into the prison,
tiio (liapel, and house of the lorregidor^ called De.
Ctihi/do, nothing has In-cn left save a piece of wall
of about 13 yards long nnd eight wide. It has
not long been fojgotlen to what point the Emperor
waved his hand, to signify wiicrc his pursuers
might find the treasure which might secure to him
his lilicrty. At a league's distance, to the e, of the
city, arc seen the tanias, ftr baths, as they arc
railed, of the Inca ; the waters of which are not
so plentiful as they were formerly, although so hot
as to boil an egg ; but the vgg, although it ap-
jiears completely done, will, if put on a common
fire to boil; lake just as much time as an egg which
is perfectly cold ; if kept a day or more it breaks,
and the smell nnd flavour of it, when eaten, is like
mud ; but if it be not eaten until it be cold, then
its flavour is similar to that ol' any other egg. On
the banks of the stream from whence these waters
flow, and in the {X)oIs ibrmed by them, there is
found a multitude of animalcule, which looked at
through a microscope ap^Kar like shrimps. Lat.
6° 54' s.

CAXAMARQUILLA v Com.aos, a pro-
vince and correghiiiento of Peru, called also Pa-
taz ; bounded c. by the mountains of the infidel
Indians, ti.e. and «. by the province of Cha-
chapoyas, tt. w. by that of Caxamarca, the river
Maranon flowing iKMwei^n the two, k". by part of
the province of (.'(mchucos, and s. by that oi lluai-
inalies. It is 26 leagues long from n. to s. and six
wide, where it extends itself farthest along the e.
.shore of the river Maranon, which divides this
])rovince from those of Concliucos and Iluama-
cliuco. Its temperature is various : in the hol-
lows and uneven places it is mild ; in the p<trts
lying upon the above river it is hot, and in the
very lofty parts it is cold, '"he territory is rugged
i\m\ uneven, and a level sp of ground, or llanura^
is scarcely to be seen throughout the whole. On
(he e. side it is ua it v/cre walled in by vcjy

C A X

loHy and craggv mount iiins, increasing in height
until they gradually reach tlic loftiest stuminit:
but these are the provident sources of streams
which flow down from them into the Ma ration, and
which, (ogetlicr wilii the rains, fertilize several spots
of land, producing maize, wheat, potatoes, ■oca;,
bark, French beans, herbs, and sugar-cane, for the
working of which there are mills on the spot.
Every kind of cattle is found here in moderation,
and the Maranon abounds in fish. Almost all the
mountainsof this province have in them veins of
silver and gold ore : but these are very deceitful,
and as well upon this account as from the want of
hands, they are for the most part abandoned. The
gold mines, however, have always been worked,
though the silver mines not more than 80 years
back up to now, in which tin.'> some riches have
been discovereil ; and even at the present day the
gold mines would produce 600 marks, and those of
silver SOOO. The trade of the mines is certainly
the i)rincipal commerce of the place, and it is faci-
{itated by four ports in the Maranon, which aflbrd
a convenient opening and communication with the
t)ther provinces. The inhabitants of this place
scarcely amount to 8000, who live in 17 settle-
ments. Its repartimiento used to amount tu
50,000 dollars, and its alcavala to 400 dollars
{)er annum.

The se(tlcm: ras are,

^axar .irquilla, tiie BuMibuvo,

capii. *, Santa Magda Ica

Bambamarca, d<* Huayo,

(/undarmarca, Pat«z,

('alemaii, La Soledad,

Asiento de Saru« Porjos,

milla, Ch.dlas,

Chilin, Tayabamba;,

Santa Isabel de Uchos,

Pins, Uchumarca.

Quero,
The settlfment, the capital of this province, i. of
the same name. Lat. 7" 36' s.

Caxamahquilla, another ;^ettlement of th«

f>rovi"rc and corregimitnto of Caxatambu in
•eru.

Caxamaiiqiiii.t.a, a:iother, with the surnam«
of (I'ongor, in the same province and conudi'
tniaiU) as the former; and thus called to d\>-
tingiiish it, lieing annexed to the cuacy of
Congor.

Caxamahquimm, another, of the province
and corregiiiiiento of Iluailas in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Pampas.

Caxamauouili.a, another, of the provirica
and conegimkiUo of Tarma ih the tauiu king-

!,•'

U,^i'

ov inre, :« oi

nent of tli<
xutanibu in

C A X

dom ; annexed to tlic curacy of Pasco ; in wliicli
vi the celebrated mountain and mine of liniiri-
ccclia.

C'XAMAUii'jiM.A Y CoLi^Aos, (lic tcmJory of
tl'iC missions wliicli forms part of the former pro-
vince, and which is a reduccion of the infidel moun-
tain Indians, who have been converted by the
monks of St. Francis: these Indians arc main>
tiiined by a portion paid by the kind's procurator
out of the royal cofl'ers at Lima. They dwell to
the e. of the province, and are reduced to four
settlements ; two of the Ibita, and two of the Cho-
lona nation. It is now .90 years since their foun-
dation, and the number of Indians may at present
amount to 3000. Tiiesc settlements are situate
upon mountains covered with trees and thick
woods ; from whence the natives procure incense,
cacao, resinous gums, oil of Maria, dragon's blood,
the reed called bejuco, dried fisli, honey, wax,
monkeys, parrots, and macaws, which are the
branches or its commerce ; though not less so is
the coca plant, which tliey pack up in measures of
four bushelseach, and carry in abundancetodiflerent
parts, for the consumption of the whole prpvince.
JMie missionaries of the above order have made
various attempts, and have spared neither pains
nor labour in penetrating into the interior parts of
(he mountains ; having rep(;atcdly discovered other
biirbarous nations, whom they would fain have re-
duced to the divine knowledge of the gospel.

The aforesaid settlements are,
.1':,/us de Sion, San Buenaventura,

Jesus de Ochonache, Pisano.

CAXATAMHO, a province and cotregimienio
of Peru, boandi d ». by that of llnailas, ti. c. by
'Jiat of Conchuios, e. by that of Ilnamalies, s. e.
by that of Tarma, s. by the part of Cliancay called
Cliccras, s. e. by tlie low part of Chancay, and »/.
u; by that of Santa. It is ni length .'3i leagues ». e.
s. ?t'. iiiiii 32 in width w. k. s, e. ; ti\ii greater
part of it is situate in a serrania. Its temperatuie
IS co'isequently cold, except in the broken and un-
even spots and in tlie low lands, licsides the pro-
ductions peculiar to the serrania, this pnjvince
abounds in all sorts of seeds and iVnits; in all
species of cattle, especially of the sheep kind, from
the fleece of which its iiduibitants ninnuthcture
nuich cloth peculiar to the country ; this being
ilic priiicipul source of its commerce. It produces
some grain and cochineal, used for dyes : nnd it tiiis
latter article were cultivated, it would bring great
profit. Amongst the niounluins of tliis provii'io
there is one called llnihigirca of line Hint, and \\\o
mines of sulphur anil dlcaparrosa, articles employed
in the colouring uf >\uolb, not only in tliis province,

VUI,. I.

C A X

Sib

but in those of Iluanuco, Huamalies, and Jauja :
It has also mines of jrood t/cso or gypsum. The
principal rivers by which it is irrigaleil, are two
which rise in (he same soil, and both of which enter
the S. sea, after having laved the contiguous pro-
vinces : in former limes there were fine silver mines,
which arc still worked, but for some roiison or other,
to very little proht. On the «. e. part, on some emi-
nences, is a spot called Las Tres Cruces, (The Three
Crosses), there being as many of these fixed up here
to determine its boundaries, and that of the pro-
vince of Santa Huailas. Its population consists oi
tlieGO following settlements : its rcpartimiento us«J
to amount to 1SU,U00 dollars, and the alcaxala to
lOl'i dollars per annum.

Caxatambo, th>' ra-
pilal, -^

Astobambas.

Uicas,

Mangas,

Pnequiun,

Copa,

(iorgorillo,

Paellon,

Chamas,

Niinis,

Cbiquian,

llunsta,

Acquia,

Matara,

Ticllos,

Hoca,

Corpiinqui,

Llaclla,

('anis,

Caxamarquilla,

Rajaii,

ilacas,

Carhuapanipa,

Piraachi,

Machaca,

'Jhilcas,

Ocros,

Choquc,

Coiigay,

(^op;i,

Caxaciiy,

Iluailhicayaii,

N'amor,

Kaclla,

(.'oUjuios,

Coclias,

iluanchai,

(iorgor,

liuncahon,

Pa I pay,

(/hingos,

OaxtiuKxrquilla df

(j'orgor,
(Jhurin,
lluauho,
(juray,
Tancur,
A cay a,
Rapas ,
Pachangara,
Palpas, distuictfrou

tiie other,
Naba,
Oyon,
Tinta, ■
Mallay,
\ ndajes,
Chimb,!,
Can'is,
liurchu,
Mani,
Calpa,
Canjul,
i\al).in,
Conch ai,
Ayndeo,
Ambnr,
{■ociiainarca,
\ arocalla,
lluaca,
Quintal

C.Ax ATAMKO, a selliemcnt and the capital ol the
former province. Lat, 10" S7' ,v.

('AXI1L'.V(!A.\, S. Jmianiisco ..r, a .srltlo-
ment of the Lead bcttlcmenl of Tcutalp-iin, aud al-

I ■

r- ■..'

. i

^ *

I •'

; 1

346

CAY

lii' i
I' >

■;M'

WW "■

ni'i/in mat/or of j<iacatlan, in Nueva Espafin, five

liiiiTiK's from its head tsettlcincnt.

CAXIUARI, a scttloinciit of (lie province aisd
• aptninship of Itnmaraca in Brazil, situate near tlie
t. side of the town of Ln Concepcion.

CAXICA, or Bi'soNooTF, a settlement of the
corrfsrimienlo of Zi[Mquira in the Nucvo '{eyno
de Granada, is of a moderately cold temi)eratiir<',
beini^ agreeable and healthy, and producintr much
wheat, maize, barley, and other productions inci-
dental to a cold climate. Its popidution amoiints
to 1.50 families, and as many tiunilies of Indians,
^vho had in it a capital fortress, in which the Zipa
or kinpr of liotrota shut himself up in order to de-
fend tlie entrance into his kingdom •n^aiiist the
Spaniards : he was, however, routed and taken by
(ionxalo Ximcnez dc (juesada in 1337. is five
leatfues to the m. oI Santa Fe.

CA KIT IT LAN, the alcaldta mai/or and dis-
trict or jurisdiction of the kini^dom of Nueva Ga-
licia, and bishopric of Guadidaxara : in its district
is a laro:e, fertile valley, abouiidins^ in every kind of
seed, iis maize, wheat, French l)e;i:is, and various
sorts of puis*' : is of a mild temperature, anr the
<listrict of its jurisdiction coiisists of six settlci. • its :
in it is the threat lake er sea of ('liapala : it is seven
leajrues s. e. ol Guadalaxara. Long. 102° 4 j'. Lat.
iiO' 35'.

San Luis, Istalmacan,

Cnyalan, Santa ('luz,

(loscomatitlaii, Axixiqui.

CAXITLAN, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of AlmoSoloyan, and alciildia mat/or of Colina,
in Nueva Espafia : it contains .'JO fainilies of Spa-
niards, 20 of AfuslrcK^ and five ol' IMuIattocs : in
its district are various estates of pjiims of Cocus..
f pa/mits lit- Corns), and some iurdsof lar.To cattle:
is seven leasrues to the ic. of its liead bettlemenl.

[(]A YA1IA(; A, or Cavi (;a, sometimes called
the Great Hi v.T, empties in at the j. hank <;f Like
Erie, 40 miles r. of the month nl Huron ; haviiiir
an Indian town ol the siiiiie nanii' oti its l)anks. it
is navisfable for boats; and its nioutli is wide, and
tieep enough to receive lar^e sloops lium the hike.
Neir tliis are the eelel)rated rocks which jirojict
over the lake. They are several miles in l('n.;th,
and rise 40 or M tcet jierpendicidar out ol llie
water. So'ue parts of them consist o( several strata
ot dilli.reiit colours, lyitiir ni a horizontal ilirectioii,
ami so exactly parallel, that they resemble the
work of art. The view Irom the land is £>ranil,
but the wairr presents the most magnificent pros-
pect of this sublime work of nature ; it is attiiuled,
however, with gre.it danger ; for if the least storm
arites, the force of the surf is such that tic vessel

CAY

can escape being duslied to pieces against tho rocks.
(Colonel Uroadshcad sutlered sh'pwreck here in the
late war, and lost a number ot his men, when a
strong wind arose, so that the hist caiiotr narrowly
escaped. The heathen Indians, when they |)ass
this impending danger, offer a Micrifice of tobacco
to (he water. Part of the boundary line between
the United States of America and the Indians
begins at the mouth of C'ayahaga, and runs up the
same to the portage Iwtween that and the Tuscarawa
branch of the Muskingum. The (yayuga nation,
eonsi&lingof 500 Indians, 40 of whom reside in the
( nited States, (he rest in (Canada, receive of the
s(a(e of New York an annuity of i.^300 dollars, he-
sides 50 dollars granted to one of their chiefs, as a
consideration for lands sold by them to the state,
and 500 dollars from the United States, agreeably
to the treaty of 1794. See Six Nations,]

CAYENNE, a large island of the province and
government of Guaynna : it is six leagues in length
from n. to x, and three quarters of a league in its
broadest part. On the n. side it ha? the ^ea, on
the w. the river Cayenne, on thee, the Ouyn, and
on the s. an arm which is formed by this and the
Orapu. The soil is excellent, fertile, and irrigated
by many streams. That part which looks to the
n. is the most pleasant and healthy ; and in it are
many mountains well cultivateil and covered with
country seats. The jMirt facing the s. is much
low<'r, and abounds in meadows, called sali(infi<:,
ami ^vliieh are inundate.! in the rainy scasnnv
The |)()int of the island formed by the mouth ot
the river (Cayenne, is called Ca|)eroux, where there
is a fortress with a French garrison, and Ijelow tins
a convenient and large port, capable of containing
in security 1(K) ships. The French established
themselves in this island in the year I()2."j, ami
abandoned it in W:A, when the Eiiglish enteird
it, and wer« routed by Mr.de la Uarre, in they<ar
l(j()i. The Dutch had their revenge in 167G: but
the year following it was recovered by the I'leiteli.
under the command of D'llstrees, on whom the ce-
lebrated .Icsuit Carlos de la Hue made the lollowin;'
inscription :

Jnnntii

Comiti r.slrceo

Vice Amanlii}

Cauunn. Tabaro

yi. Captis

lialuvorttin

Americana classe

dt'fetf

Coionii. e.rcisis.
[The capitulation of Cayenne to the Etiylisli
arms, in conjunction with the Portujjucsc, ti"'i»

n li ." ; ;

1 1 '

■vm

CAY

plar" on the I2th of January 1809 ; the English
in this brave contest having been commanded by
Lieutenant-colonel Marques, and Captain Yeo.]
Besides the capital tliere are in this island the
towns of Vrmire, inhabited by Jews, as likewise
those of ./latuiri, Matahuri, Courrou, and Cona-
naina, iidiabitcd by French, Negroes, Musiees, and
Mulattoes ; but few by Indians, these living for the
most part retired in the mountains and woods to
tlic s. Tiicse towns wore converted to the faith by
the society of tlie Jesuits, who had h 'reestablished
a mission, whicli afterwards fell to decay.

[The province of Cayenne is bounded on the ».
by tlie Dutch colony of Surinam ; w. by the woods
aid mountains inhabited by barbarians, and s. by
the country of the Portuguese on the borders of the
Maranon.1 The principal rivers which water it,
and which empty themselves into the Atlantic
ocean, are the Cabo, Apurvaca, Cayenne, Vuya,
and iiarcn. Its chief commerce is in sugar, which
is manufactured in various mills by the Negroes,
fin 1752 the exports of the colony were 260,541 lbs.
of arnotto, 80,365 lbs. sugar, 17,919 lbs. cotton,
^(),8Si lbs. .JolFee, 9 1, 916 lbs. cacao, beside timber
and plank'.]

Cave* nc, the capital of the above island, is
small, well built, and populous. It is at tlie u.

foint of the island, at the foot of the castle of Sail
iuis, and defended by two other redoubts, the one
culled Courrow, and the oti:er Sinarari, with u
handsome, convenient, and large port ; the greater
part of the houses, which amountto about 200, are
built of wootl. Besides the parish call«l San Sal-
vador, there is a tine one which belonged to the Je-
suits, as also an e ccellent house for the governor.
The form of the city is an irregular hexagon, well
foiJified , ill Lat. b" n. hong. 52° 16' w.

Ca n.mf., a riverof the above province, [which
rises u, Ihe mountains near the lake of Parime, runs
llirongh the country of the Galibis, a nation of
C.iribc Indians, and is 100 leagues long; the
inland which itcnvironsljciiig ISIfugnesiii circuit.]
f t;A Y J'lS, J.Es, a sea-port town on »lie v. side of
tlie s. peninsula of the island v<f St. Domingo, 1,'i
liMiTurs zi'. by «. of St. Louis. Lat. 18" 12' «. J

t'.\ VlsT.\N(),S AN, a setdcnifMl of the province
and government of Cailagoiia in (he kiiigdoin i>l"
Tifiia Firiiic ; situate on the nuniiitain ol the di-
risioii of iMaria ; six leagues to the w. ;;, r. oNlie
swamp wliirh takes (he nanii; of (liis (own. It is
one of those new establishments fonndiil in (lie year
1776 by (he d'overnor Don Juan I'imienla.

Cavi.tano San, another seltlonirnt ol'tlie pio-T
viiue ami government of La Soiiora in .\iiov:i
Lspafia ; situate in ilir countrvof the Sobaipiiris

C A Z

34T

Indians, on the banks of a river between the settle-
ments of San Louis, and Pan Francisco Xavier.

Cavptano San, another settlement of the pro-
vince ai'.u captainship of Vicy in Brazil ; situate on
the shore of the Rio Grande.

[CAYLOMA, a jurisdiction under the bishop of
Arequipa, 32 leagues e, of that city, in S. America,
in Pern, famous lor the silver mines in the moun-
tains of the same name, which arc very rich,
tl aiigh they have been worked for a long time.
The country round it is cold and barren. There
is an office here for receiving the king's fifths ami
vending quicksilver. See ('au.loma.]

fCAYM.VNS, three small islands, 55 leagues
n. N. w. of the island of Jamaica, in the West Indies ;
the most s. of which is called the Great Caymans,
which is i.ihabited by 160 people, who are descend-
ants of the old Buccaniers. It ha> no harbour for
ships of bunlen, only a tolerable anchoring place
on the .T. w. The climate and soil are singularly
salubrious, and the peo|)le are vigorous, and com^
inonly live to a great age. They raise all kinds ol
produce for their own use and to spare. Theii
chief employment is to pilot vessels to the adjacent
islands, and to fish for turtle ; with which last they

in great quan-
19' IV n. Long.

supply Port |{<»yal and other places
titles, (jreat Caymans lies in Lat. 19

81 .'JJ'

[C.-VVMITF, Grandi:, an island on the n.side
of the v. pciiiiisuhi of the island of St. Domingo,
two leagues long and one l)road. ]

[CAYLtx.V, a beautiful lake in Onondaga
county, New York, from .'>j to tO milt.s long,
alHint two miles wide, in seme places three, ami
abounds with siilmon, bass, ca(-(isli, eels, &c. It
lies between Seneca and Owaseo lake, and at the n.
end empties into Scayacc river, wliicli is the .«. c.
part of Seneca river, whose waters run to lake On-
tario. On each side of the lake is a ferry-lioiise,
where good attendance is given. Tin; reservation
lands of the Cayuga Indians lie oa both sides of the
lake, at its ;/. end. I

C.\Z;\PE, 01 C.v.Ai'A, a settlement of (Ire pro-
vince ami governnient of Paraguay ; siiiiaie to the
s. of the (own of Kspiritn Snnto.

I ('.\Z;VH KS, a town of Mexico. .*^ee A ng i;i,o.]

C.VZAlJTA.S, a settlement of (he i)roviiice and
£:ovcinnient of Antio(|nia ; situate in the sirrn:
iMoreiia, on the shore of an arm of the liver San
Jnig<'.

[('.VZI'^NOVIA, a new and thriving township
in llcrkemcr coiiitly, New York, 40 milrs.v. of
Whitestown. By the state census of 1790, 271 of

its inhabitants aie electors.]
("AZ1']I{LS,San AuGusTiNur,

;' V>

■i

or S A N M A u r i n

V V 2

I . « •

I, 'I

''! i.

1 •\

i 1

}

iir ■ '

■I' ."

1 , ■

ir ;

; 1

348

C E D

DKi. Purnro, a city of (lie province and go-
vernment of Antioqnia in tin* Nikjvo Kcyno do
(irnimdii ; founded by Ci'iisnar du Uodus, on the
spotof tlic Matiinzii of Vuldivia, in 1576. it has
clinnm'd its place several times, on aijcount of the
badness of its tcmperatnre : and, lastly, in the year
158y, it was removed by Francisco Kcdundo <o
(he spot where it now stands : is one league from
the river Cauca, on a very sleep declivity, which
is also of an niiheulthy temperature, although
flboundiiig greatly in gold mines, which are,
however, but little worked. Jt is the native
place of,

/>•. Mdrcos Vetancur, provincial of St. Domingo
in Santa Fe :

/>•. Lorenzo de Figueroa, of the province of
San I'rancisco :

Don Andres de Vetancur, elected bishop of
La Concepcion in Chile:

ft: Diego de Figueroa,provincial of San Angus-
tin in Santa Fe : and

Don Jiiiihdc Vetancur, />»rrf'«/or of Quito, in-
quisitor of Lima, and i)isiiop-elect of I'opayan :
nil brothers, and men of singular virtue and
leiirning.

(jL' A PA, a settlement of the province and cor'
regimiento of Chilqucs and Marques in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Pampacucho.

CFUACO, a settlement of the province and
akaldia maijor of Matagalpa in the kingdom of
(juatemala.

CtlClL, a county, being one of the ten which
compose the colony and province of Maryland.

[Oi.cii', a township in Washiiigtou county,
Pennsylvania."]

CIICILIA, OoNA, a seltleinent of the province
and government of Santa Marta in the kingdom
of 'iierra Firme ; ttituate on the shore of (he large
river Magdalena, opposite the lake Zapatosa, three
leajfiics from tlie town of Mompox.

(MICONTKPEC, a settlement of the province
and ti/raldlii vmi/or of San Salvador in the king-
dom of (inntemala.

[CED.\ il Point, a port of entry in Charles
county, Miirvliind, on (he r. side ofPotowmac
river, about V2 miles below port Tobacco, and 9(3
.«. by .V. of JJaltiniore. Its exports are chiefly (o-
biicco and Indian corn, and in 1794 amounted in
value to 1 8,.j9.'j dollars.]

fCioAii Point, a cape on the tc. side of Dela-
ware bay, in St. Mary's county, Maryland.]

[Ci;i)Aii liiclv, a salt spring in the state of Ten-
nessee, If) miles from Nashville, four from Big
spring, and six from Little spring.]

(,'»:i)Aii, a river of the province and colony of

C E N

Pennsylvania, which traverses New Jersey, and
enters the sea,

Cedah, another small river of the province and
colony of Delaware, which runs <f. and enters ilie
sen in the bay of its name.

C^.o'.R, asinall island of South Carolina; suiiate
withi.i (he strait of Pampdcoe.

Cr:UA!{, another island of the province and co-
lony of Maryland, between that of Chinguteag
and that of Little Matompkin.

C£D.\Z()S, a settlement of the head settlement
and alcafdia mayor of Zapopan in Nueva lu-
pana, in which dwell some Muslees, Mula((oes,
and Indians, who live by cuUivating seeds.

CLDUOS, a settlement of the province and
corregiiniento of Paiicartambo in Peru ; annexed
to (he curacy of Challabamba.

Ceunos, another settlement in the province and
government of Cinaloa ; situate on the shore of the
river Mayo, on the conHnes of the province of
Astimnri.

Ci:uiiO!i, a river of New France or (^anada.
Il ruiiK s. c. and enters (he lake Erie near the
mouth of the strait of Misigagucs.

CFfiUEHUE, a small river of the province
and government of Quijos y Macas in the king-
dom of Quito. It enters, a little way from its
source, into the Azuela.

CFLAVA, a town of the intendancy of Gua-
naxuato in the kingdom of Nucva Espana.
Sumptuous edifices have been recently constructed
here, as also at Qiieretaro and (} uanaxuato. The
church of the (Carmelites of Celaya has a tine
appearance; it is adorned with Corinthian and
Ionic columns. Its height is 1SJ3 metres, or (it) IS
feet.

CFLEDIN, a settlement of the province and
corregitmtnlu of Caxamarca in Pern.

(,'lvLLACACA, a setthnienl of the province
and corregimitnto of Cliielias and Tarija in Peru.

CENDliE, a cape or point of land of the const
of Acadia.

CENEGlJANfiA, a sct(lemcn( of the province
anc'. •rovernmenl of Santa Marta in the kingdom of
Tierra Firme; situate on the coast near the river
Piedias.

CENEGUETAS, a settlement of (he province
and government ot Cinayaquil in the kingdom of
Quito.

CENGUYO, San Pi;dro di:, asetilement of
the head settlement of V'rimbo, and aknldia mujjor
of Maravatio, in the bisiiopric of Mechoacan,
and kingdom of Nueva Esjjafia. It contains (JO
families of Indians, and is two leagues to the n. u'.
of its head sedlcineut.

C E Q

CKNEWINI, a port of llie river Poumaion, in
the part of the province and jifovciiir-KHtot' Ciimy-
anii in (lie possession ol'tliu IJutcli.

CENIS, a settlement of Indians of the province
ami s^overnmenl of Louisiuna, situate in the road
which leads to Mexico, it has a fort which was
built by tlio French when they had possession of
the province.

GENOMANAS, n Iwrbarous n'ltioti of Indians,
descended from tiic Naunas, who live in the woods,
and without any fixed abode, along the banks of
the great river Mairdalena.

CENOS, a barbarous nation of Indians, to tiic
n. of the river Maranon, who irduibit the woutis
near the river Aguarico. They are at continual
war with that of the EnCabollados.

(3ENTA, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Tucuman. It runs from ihittn.toe.
and enters the Bcrmejo. The l-'athers Antonio Sa-
linis and Pedro Ortiz dc /arate, of the extin-
guished company, sufl'ered martyrdom upon itt,
fchorcs whilst preaching to the barbarian Indians.

CENTEIIVILLE, the chief town of (J^ieen
Anne's county, and on the e. side of Che$a])eak
bay, in Maryland. It lies between the forks
of Corsica creek, which runs into ("hester river,
and has been lately laid out; 18 miles s. of (.'lies>
ter, 34 s, e. by e. of Ualtimorc, and 95 s. tc. by s,
of Philadelphia. Lat. 39^ C w.]

CEPEE, a small river of Nova Scotia, which
runs s. and enters the ^f iainis.

CEPEROl'Xja Erench fort, called also San
Eoiiis, in Cayenne ; situate at the mouth of the
river, and on a lolty spot commanding the en-
trince of lliesatne. It «;!-> taken by the Dutch in
l()7(j ; and in the following year it was recovered
by the I'rencli ; which date has been mistauen by
Moiis. !\lartiniere, who mentions it as having been
l().^t the year preceding.

(^EPITA. a small settlement of the |)rovincc
and corregimiento of Charcas in Peru, above the
channel ot the great lake Titicaca, mar the fa-
mous bridge that was builC by the Emperor ('apac
Vupanqui over the channel, and wliich is IGO
y;irds in lengtli. The Indians i»f this settlement
are diligent ill keeping this bridge in repair, and
assist in lielpingand directingthe cavalcades which
are continu:illy passing it.

t'EQUEIl, a small settlement of the jirovince
and corregimietito of Pastos in the kingdom of
Quito, to the ;/. of this city, and on the shore of
the river Telembi. Its temperature is cold, and it
is the direct road tor such as are going to the pro-
vince of liarbacous.

CEQL'IN, a mountain of the province of Los

C E R

349

Canelos in the kingdom of Quito. Its skirts are
washed by the river Puyuc, and im the olhrr side
by (Ik; Holionasa : from it rise the rivers Tiiiguisa
and Paba-yaeii, wliieli run from k. to f. until they
enter the Uobonasa. It is entirely covered with
thick woods, save upon the top, where there is
m itiier tree nor plant.

(/'ElUyADtJ, a province and roireginihnlo of
Peru, bounded //. by that of Chancay, n.e. by
tlrii of ('anta, e. by that of Huarochiri, ,». by
that of (^anete, andri'. by the S. sea; is I'i leagues
long ;/. .«. and eight wi<le at the widest part : is of
a very mild and kind temperature, but somewhat
sickly ; and is neither subject to tempests nor high
winds, although it is often visited by eaithqiiakes.
It only rains in the winter, and this is a species
of small sprinkling shower which they call saim^
so that they have no necessity for houses with roofs,
and they are covered only with clay or mortar.
The whole of its territory is fertile, and abounds
in seeds and fruits. The herb alfafj'a, which is
good forage tor horses, is particularly cultivated,
there being a great demand for it at Lima. Here
are many estates of sugar-cane, fnmi which sugar
is manutactured, as well as honey, and a kind of
drink calleil guarape. C/iica is also made here;
this being the common drink of the Indians
throughout the whole kingdom. It is irrigated by
the rivers Rinac and Lurin, which run down
from the province of (iuarocbiri, and by the Car-
rabayllo, which runs from the province of Canta :
all three of them are small ; but in the months of
l)cceml)er, .lannary and February, which is the
rainy season in the xierrUf they swell greatly. Its
population consists of seven parochial settlements,
and as many others tiiereunto annexed. Its repur-
timiciito used to amount to 10,000 dollars, and it
paid an alcaxala of 80 dollars per annum. The
capital is of the same name, and the other 14 set-
tlements are,

Luriti, Huachipa,

Pachacamac, Jjate,

Siirco, Rinconada,

Chorrillos, Carabfiyllo,

iMagdaleiia, Laiicon,

IVf iraflores, San .loseph dc Bel-

Eurigancho, lavista.

CicucADo, San CnisrovAi- Die, a settlement
to the 5. of the city of Lima, to whicb it is as a
suburb. It is inhabited only by Indians, who are
governed by a cazicpie ; and until 177(j, it was a
cure of the regulars of the company of Jesuits,
who had in it a college.

t'EKCELLES, a river of the island of (iua-
dalupc. It rises in the mountains, runs c and sn-

l/j'i

i; , ■>''

If.

,'. i

l> ll

350

C E R

tcrs tlic sea bdween the river Romx unil tlie settle-
ment niid Hitrisli of Cul dc Sue.

CEIIK'LJNCUA, a bay of the coast of Brazil,
ill (he pi'oviiioe nnd captainsHp of Seara, I^etwecii
tlie port of 'I'ortuga and the bctllcmeiil of Niicstra
Senora del Rusiirio.

(U'llllNZ.A, a sollleincnt of the rorirghiiienlo of
Tnnja in the Nucvo Rryno do Graiuuia, is of a
cold temperature, and abounds in cattle and the
productions peculiar to the climate. It contains
300 fainili(;s, and lies in a valley, from which it
takes its name.

CEliMl'lX, a settlement of the province and
goveriinient of , Venezuela; situate on the side of
(he town of San Felipe, towards the r. between
this town and the settlement of Agmi Culebras, on
the shore of the river Iraqui.

CEllRALUO, a town and presidency of the
Niievo llcyiio de Leon, garrisoned by a squadron
of hi soldiers and a captain, who is governor of
this district, for the purpose of restraining the bor-
dering infidel Indians. Between the e. and ». is
tlie large river of this name; and from this begins a
tract of extensive country, inhabited by barba-
rous nations, who impede the communicsition and
commerce with regard to this part and the pro-
vinces of IVjas and Nuevus Felipinus. Is 35
leagues to the e. of its capital.

Ckruamjo, a buy of the coast and gulf of Ca-
lifornia, or I\lar Koxo de Cortes, opposite an island
which is also thus called ; the one and theothcr hav-
ing been named out ofcompliment to the Marquis of
Cerraluo, viceroy of Nueva Espaila. The afore-
said island is large, and lies between the tbrmcr
l)ay and the coast of Nueva Cs|)ann.

CMIillirO, aseUlement of the island and go-
vernment of Trinidad, near the n. coast, and to the
e. of the capital of San Joseph dc Oruna.

("i:iiKiTo V^iiii)!:, an open and insecure port in
the bay of La ("oMcepcion, of the kingdom of
Chile, and Pacific sea.

Ci.KiuTo, another, with the surname of Santa
Ana. Sc<! Giiavaqimi,.

('KRIil'l'OS, a siuall seuloincnt of the jurisdic-
tion of Orizava, and alaihUa nui^or of Ixmicjuil-
pan, iu Nueva llspafia.

("khuitds, another setlltMncnl in the provinre
and gov<'rnn«'nt of Popayan.

t"i;i{R(), a settlement of the province and cor-
resc'iiniciilu of Angaraes in Peru.

Ckuik), aiKjilicr, in the province and corregi-
mienio of Porco in the same kingdom.

('cuiio, anotlier, with the surname of Negro,
in (ho proviiu c and corre^iniivnlo of Rede, and king-
dom of Chile; situateatthcsoiuceof the river itan.

C E S

Cerro, anotlier, called San Miguel de Ccrro
Gordo, which is a garrison of the province of Te-
|)cgnanu in the kingdom of N ueva Vizcaya. Its
situation is similar to the r(Mid which leads to i',
namely, a plain level siirtlice ; although, indeed,
it is divided by a declivity, in which there is a
pool of water, and by which passengers usually
pass. This garrison is the residence of a captain,
a Serjeant , and t^S soldiers, who arc appointed to
suppress the sallies of the infidel Indians. In its
vicinity is a cultivated estate, having a beautiful
orchard, abounding in fruit-trees and in zepas,
which also pro<luce fruit of a delicious flavour.
The garrison lies 50 leagues n. w. of the capital
Guauiana.

Ceiuios, San Felipe df. i.o^, a settlement of
the head settlement of Uruapa, and alcaldla mayor
of Valladolid, in the province and bishopric of
Mechoacan. It contains Sti families of Indians,
and lies eight leagues to the e. of its head settle-
ment, and iO from the capital.

Cerros, another, in the province aniX corregi-
ntioifo of Castro- Vircyna in Peru.

CKSAR.'V, a large and copious river of the
Nuevo Reyiio dc (iranada, which was called by
the Indians Poinpatao, meaning in their idiom,
" the lord of all rivers," is formed of several
small rivers, which flow down from (he snowy
sierras of Santa Marta. It runs s. leaving the ex-
tensive llanvras of Upar until it reaches the lake
Zai'atosa, from whence it!, issues, divided into four
arms, which afterwards unite, and so, following a
course of 70 leagues to the ze. enters the INlagda-
iena on the e. side, and to the 5. of the little settle-
ment called Banco.

CESARCS, a barbarous nation of Indians of
the kingdom of Chile towards tlic s. Of them
are told many fabulous accounts, although tiiey
are, in fact, but little known. Some believe thein
to be formctl of Spaniards and Indians, being those
who were lost in the straits of Magellan, and be-
longed to the armada which, at the beginning ot
the conquest of .Vmerica, was sent by the bishop ot
Placencia to discover the Malncns. Others pn-
tend that the Arucaiios, after (hey had destroyed
the city of Osorno, in lafW, took away witli liicin
the Spanish woi\>e"i ; and that it was from the pro-
duction of these women and the Indians that i1h<
nation of the Cesarcs arose. Certain it is, that thoy
are of an agreeable colour, of a pleasing aspcd,
and of good dispositions. Tli<'y have some li^lit
of Christianity, live withont any fixed ahode ; and
some have alHrineil that tluy iiave heard tin- sound
of bells in (heir territory. It was attempted in
1(358, by the governor of Tucuman, Don (I'eroiiini"

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I.uis (le Cabrera, to make tin cfltchial (lisr«»vfry
nC tliif) nnlioi), but lir diil imt suocced. In l(](W
llic iiiiiurmust part of this country was p(fiietratL'(l
by Father Cfcroiiiiiiu Montfinavor, of tlic oxtiii-
s;iiiiilied coiiinaiiy of Jesuits. Ilu discovered n
nation of Inuiniis, wbosi; inaniicrs corresponded
with this ; but lie did nut succeed in establishing
missions, for want of labourers, and from other ob-
stacles which arosi*.

CI'H'AD.AS, n settlement of the provinee nnd
rorre^hnknlo of Itiobainba in the kinjE^doui of
Quito. (Jn its n, side is u hirn;u estate called
Zeon;un.

('euaua!', » very abundant river of the same
province and kih<rdoni, from wiiich the above set-
dement borrowed its title. It rises from the lake of
('oraycocha, which is in the desert mountain or
pi'iramo of Tiolonia. It runs n. and ])nssing by
the former settlement, becomes united with another
river, formed by two streams flowing down from the
parnnio of J^alaii<ruso, nnd from the waste waters
of the lake ('olta ; it then passes through the set-
tlement of Pungala, its course inclining sligl^Iy (o
tiie e, and at a league's distance from the settlement
of Puni, is entered by the Kiobamba near (he Cu-
bigies, another river which flows down from tlie
mountain of ChimboraKo, and following its course
to then, for some distance, turns to the e.as soon as
it reaches the w. of the mountain of Tungnragua,
and at Inst emptif*s itself into the Marailon : when
it passes tbroueh the settlement of Penipe, it flows
in so large a body that it can be passed only by
means of a bridge, which is built there of reeds ;
and before it reaches the haiins or baths, it col-
lects thrt waters of the Tacunga, Ambato, and other
rivers, vhich flowing down from the one aiul the
other lordillera^ have their rise in the s. summit
of Elinisa, and in the s. part of Ruminambi and
Cotopasci.

CEUALLOS, Monno de i.os, iin island of
the river Taquari, formed by this dividing itself
into two arms (o enter the river Paraguay, in the
province nnd government of this name.

CEUICO, a small river ofihe island of St.
Domingo. It rises in the mountains of the e. head,
luiis M. H. e. nnd enters tliegrand iiv(
before it runs into the sea.

CliAHA(X)iM)E, a settlement of the province
and corrcirimienlo of Callahuas in Peru.

[CIIAlJAQlJlDDICK Isle belongs to Duke's
county, Massachusetts. It lies near to, and extends
across the e. end of Martha's Vineyard island.]

CIIABIN, a river of the province and corregi-
'/«'f«/o of Valdivia in the kingdom of Chile, ll

r.luna, a little

C H A

351

runs from u. tor. lM*ing navigable by small vessels
till it enters the iS. sen.

C1IAUU('(), a settlement of the province nnd
cnrrrs^imirnto of Valdivia in the kingdom of Chile.

("11 ACAIAM, a settlement of the province and
corrcgiiiiienio of Tnrma in Peni.

CIJACAICO, a settlement of Indians of the
island of Laxa in the kingdom of Chile ; situate at
the source nnd on the shore of (he river Renayco.

CHACALTANGUIS, a settlement and head
settlement of the district of the akaldia maj/or of
Cozamaloapan in Nueva Ksnaila, is of a moist
temperature, and situa(e on the shore of the large
river Al varado. It contains seven families of Spa-
niards, 18 of Mulaltoes and Negroes, and 76 of
Popoliicos Indians. Within its district are 19 en-
gines or mills for making refined sugar ; and its
t<>rritory produces maize and cotton iii abundance ;
is three leagues to (he e, of its capital.

CnACAITONCiO,N.»Tivi»A»i)r,asettlement
nnd head settlement of the district of the akaldia
vinmr of Tepozcolula, is of a cold temperature,
and surrounded by eight wards within its district ;
in all of which there are 160 families of Indians,
who cultivate much maize and wheat ; is seven
leagues between the e. and s. of its capital.

CIIACANORA, a settlement of the province
nnd corregimieulo of Caxamarca in tlic same
kingdom.

CHACAO, a city of the island of Chiloc in the
kingdom of Chile. It is the residence of the go-
vernor, is garrisoned with a small guard, and has
the best port in the island. Lat. 41° 50' s.

CMAC.APA, a settlement of the province and
fo>>Yg'»w/>«/o of Larecaja in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Challana.

CiiACAPA, another settlement of the province
and coiTcffiniknto of Chicas and Tarija, in the dis-
trict of the former; annexed to the curacy of
Tupisa.

CHACAPAI.APA, a settlement of the head set-
tlement and aka/dia mnyor of Ygunlapa in Nueva
I'^spana, is three leagues to the ». of that place.

CHACAPALPA," a settlement of the province
and conegiiitirnto of Guarochiri in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of .^anta Olaya.

fCHACAP(WAS. See CiiACHArovAS.]

CilACARACl'IAN, a settlement of the pro-
province and goverfinieiit of Cumanii in the
Kingdom of Tii'rra Firme ; situate in the n»id-
dle of (lie sdiaiiin of timt province. It is
under the care of the Catalanian Capuchin fa-
thers ; and, according to Cru/, on the coast of
(he sea of Paria.

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CIIACARMARCA, a srtllciiicnt of tlie pro-
viiicu and corregimiinto of Vilcas IJiminuii in
Peru.

CIIACARO, n sctncmcnt of tlic provinoo and
lonrgi I icnto of Cotalmiiilms in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy af TnnilNthainbn.

('IIACAS, a settlement of the province and cor-
reghuiinln of ('oiichncos in I'crn.

('HAtvA YA(UJ, n river of the province of
Qnixos in the kingdom of Quito. It runs from
e. to w. then turns its course to .v. w. and sluirtly
af^cr, |Missing througli the settlement of I<ore(o,
enters the river Suno on its i^. shore.

CHAt'ClJMAS, a settlement of South Caro-
linn, situate on the shore of a small river. The
l'!n;i;lisli have a fort and establishment in it.

(niArilAGLJI. See Tamuo Pintado;

('llACIIAP(JlAS,a province and coire^hnienlo
of Peru; bounded c. and.t. by the mountains of
(he infidel Indians, n. w. by the provinces of
liuya and Chillaos, and to. by ('uxamarca. Its
greatest length is 38 leagues from «. «'. to 5. e. and
its breadth is nearly us great. Its temporatusc is
for the most part mild, Uiough in some places ex-
ceedingly hot, and in others equally cold, since u
branch of t'lc cordillera intersects it. Upon this
account nlso it abounds greatly in all productions,
such as wheat, maize, and other seeds, and in ail
kinds of herbs and fruits. It produces a good pro>
portion of sugar ; but the principal sources of its
connnercc arc cotton and tobacco ; these produc-
tions belonging peculiarly to the district ot Mayo-
bamba, three leagues distant to the s. e. and btnng
held in great estimation. The women spin cot-
ton, of which they manufacture canvass for the
sails of ships, also for bags : they spin likewise
another sort of delicate thread, of which they
make linen for garments ; the men employing
themselves in the looms and in the cultivation of
cotton and tobacco: of this they used to gather
yearly (iOO measures, consisting of 200 mazos or
»•(•'/«.« each, each mazo being valued at one real.
At present less is cultivated, from the prohibition
of coinmeree, so that the settlement has become
much poorer, and the price of the cotton for mak-
i!ig s'lils is now at two reals per lb. ; though that
wiiich is very line, at a dollar. As there is no cur-
rent coin, tlu! inhabitants make barters in kind for
the necessaries they want. Thus also they pay their
tributes, duties, and taxes ; and the treaties amongst
them for canvass and linen cloths are consequently
vi.'sy large, ihe prices being regulated amongst
thcjuselves. Tliey cnltivatt! coca, and with this
they supply some of the neiglibouring provinces.

C 11 A

Tlipy breed cattle of every sort, horses, sheen, and

cows ; of whose hides, when tanned and dried by

the fire, they manufacture trunks, saddles, chests*,

&u. It has but a few mines, nnd of these, one

only is gold, and a few of salt are worked. It is

watered by several rivers ; but the principal are

the Moyobamba and the (Jcciibamba. Its inhn<

bitants amount to 10,000, and nrc divided into i:j

settlenn>nts. Its repartiiiiii-nto amounted to S'i,OUO

dollars ; and it paid nearly V5fi for alcavala.

San Juan de In Fron- Nixaque,
tera,

Santa Ana,

San Liizaro,

ElSantuChristode Bur-
gos.

Sun Christoval dc las
Halzas,

(/liuqisibamba,

San Pedro dc Utac,

Santo Tomus de Guillai,

San lldefonso,

Tingp,

PonSVa,

Tia Magdalcna,

Taupa,

Yurmancu,

Quinjalcii,

Coellcho,

Vilaga,

Moyobamba, city,

Yrinari,

(.'orobatnba,

Pomacocha,

Quispis,

Santo Tomas,

Chiscjuilla,

Junvdia,

Tinta,

Mitmns,

Yambrasbamba,

(vhiria,

Yapa,

Chiliquin,

(loncliu,

San Miguel de los ON
leros,

Diosan,

Yambajalca,

Tauli,

Casmal,

Palanca.

Thoe,
Yantala, Iluambo.

Avi.sada,

CiiACiiAPoiAs, a river of the above province,
which runs »/. w. and enters the Marafion.

CIIA('AS, a settlement of the piovincc and
cotrcgimiailo of Coiulesuyos of Arequipa in
Peru.

(MIACMICHILCO, a settlement of the head
settlement of Aytitlan, and alcaldin mayor of
Amola, in Nueva Kspana. It has very few inha>
bitunts, and lies 1 1 leagues to the xa. of its head
settlement.

CHACIIOPO, a small settlement of the g«.
vernment and jurisdictiim of Maracaibo, is of a
mild tem|)crature, anil produces wheat, maize,
impm, and fruits peculiar to the climate.

(MIACIIL/APA, a settlement and head settle-
ment of the district of the alcaldin mayor of
Nochiztlan in Nuevn I'Jspana. It contains 7H
families of Indians, and is one league w. to. of its
capital.

CIIACILATACANA, San FnA.>«cisco \n.\.

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C II A

Brocal dk i.a Mina de, a scUlcinent of the
province and corrcgimiento of An^ariies in I'crii ;
iiiinpxnl to the curacy ofSunIa Barbara.

CIIACLAIA, asctUcinvnt of the province ami
coiregiinkn:o of Jjnrccaja in Peru ; annexed to tlie
curacy of Ambunii.

CIIACLIA, a settlement of the province ond
(orrvgimiinto uf nnnrochiri in the same kingdom ;
aiiiioxcd to the curacy of Santa Olayn.

CHA(-"MA, or CiiAMACA, a vafloy of the pro-
vince of Ctizco and kingdom ol Peru, near the
coast of the S. wn. It was well peo|)h!d in former
times, and abounds now in sugar-cane, from vhirh
Riigin is made. \i was conquered and nnitc<l to
the einnire l>ylluaina Capac, ihirteenth Empen»r.

(;HA<^'NA, a settlement of the province and
corregitnicnlo of A imnracz in Peru ; aiuiexcd to
the curacy of Colcabuinba.

ClIAC'O, a province of tlie kingdom of Peru,
cnlli'd the (iraii (hiU'o, is an extensive country;
having us i(s Ixniidiiry to the e. the river Para-
gu:iy, and l)einir bauiuK'd on the j'n.p. by the pro-
vince of the ChujiiitoK Indians ; on the m. by that
of SiWita'Cruz de ia Siertn ; on the lo, it touches
upon the provinces of Mizque, Tomina, Poma-
baniba, I'ilaya, Paspaya, Tarijn, and Tucum&n.
On the s. it extends as liir as the jurisdiction of the
govcinment of Buenos Ayres, which is its farthest
limits. Towards the ». it is 150 leagues wide
from e, to w. and 250 leagues long from n. to s. ;
biit to make these distances, it requires many
months, owing to the unevetmess and roughness of
the territory. It is called (Jliaco, or, with more
propriety, Chacu, which, in the Qucchuan Inn-
guage, signifies junta, or company, from (he cir-
cumstance of its having been (brmed of Indians of
several countries, who had (led frotn the conquer-
in<r arms of the Incas, ami afterwards from those
of the Spaniards. Towards the u\ it has some
senanias, whiih arc branches of the n.rdilkru ;
where, on account of tlioir immense height, the
cold is very great ; but in the low grounds, which
are lor the most part plains, the temperature is hot.
It is full of thick woods, and in maiiy parts is
swampy and wet ; particularly in the part lying
towards the e. on the rouil to Paraguay. In the
wet season, which lasts from the month of Novem-
l)cr (o April, the rivers have their beds and form
varicms lakes, some of which dry up, mid s<Mnc
remain. This province has some rivers of note;
such are the Salado anil the Bermejo ; is one of tiie
most fi-rtile provinces in America, and wouUI, if
it were cultivated, afford, in the greatest abun-
dance, those proiliictions wnich are now thrown
away upou the iniiuitc number of barbarous nu-

VOL. I.

C H A

^.W

tions who iidiabit it. It pro<hicH n great variety
uf fine wo<hIs and fruit-trees; such as walnuts and
nuts, although different from those of Enrope, but
which are extremely well tasted ; brautiful cetlars ;
qtifbrochn), thus called on account of their hard-
ness ; giiai/acanex, carob-trees, balsams, mnrins,
[)alms, some of which arc more than SO yards in
leight; almonds, rarao5, ccibiis, which are very
large trees, b<>aring in the pods a remarkable sott
W(N)I, used tor quilts, since it cannot he spun ; cot-
ton-trees, iiiistolrs, of the heart of which the In-
dians make darts and cimeters ; myrrh, sarzafraz-
trees, bark, and others, which have the interior
bark so delicate and white as occasionally to serve
instead of writing paper; others there are, which,
at one or two yiirds no their stems, form a kind of
barrel or pip<', and l)eiiig of a very tough bark,
are accustomed to be ripped open by the Indians,
and thus serve as vessels, in which these keep their
liquor called chirfia ; it is from this that they
whimsically call this plant palo bornir/iOj or
drunken tree. In this province are found also
canes for walking sticks, as fine as those of Asia ;
and in the trunks of trees, in holes of the rocki
and below the ground, are quantities of honev and
wax wrought by Ijees, of which there arc reckoned
to be more than 13 sorts : some of the wax, besides
being transparent, is extremely fragrant and deli-
cious to the taste, whilst some is so sour as to re-
semble the juice of boiled lemons. One sort of
these bees hibricate, with great skill, excellent
hives of mud upon the branches of trees, and of
the shape of u decanter, which are so hard that
they will not break in tailing down upon tho
ground ; they, morever, are tilled with exquisite
wax and well-flavoured honey. The fruit-trees
which this province produces, are oranges, cedars,
lemons, apples, pears, melocoloneny (or peaches en-
grafled on quinces), figs, nuts, prunes, and olives,
also passion-flowers ; all of which have been
brought hither from the city of Santiago de Gua-
dalcazar. Here are palms which have cups con-
taining 25 kernels each, differing only sliirhtly
from the palms of Europe by having a flavour of
the cocoa, and being somewhat larger. Here is
also n plant called chahuar, having prickles like
the savine, of which are made threads similar to
hemp, for the luaiiufactiire of nets, bags, and some
sorts of coarse garments : its root serves as food for
the Indians, as do also^i/rat, potatoes, and others.
It has an innumerable quantity of birds, namely,
wild pigeons, ducks, herons, mountain-peacocks,
pheasants, crows, condors, partridges, fiilcons,
swans, pnicrtianaa, ostriches, parrots, and one
kind of bird which exactly imitates an organ, and
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another wliosc note resembles atrumpet. It abounds
in quadrupeds, as mules, horses, and cattle of the
large and small kind, the antaSf whicli is called
here graw Aes'm, (great beast), huanacos, vicurms,
llamas, or native sheep, stags, bears, ant-catei-s,
wild bears, otters, tigers, mountain cats, viscu'
cliai, (or large hares), large and small foxes, tor-
toises, hisuanos, and others; all of which afford
food to tlie voracious Indians. In this province
Are also found many insects, sucli as scorpions,
vipers, snakes of several kinds, some of two heads,
and some with rattles, squirrels, mocamucas, am-
paldbas, or what are called in other conntries owls,
which are extremely deformed, and attract snial'.
animals to tlicm by tlieir screeching, quiriquinchos
of various sorts, glow-worms, a great variety of
flics and spiders, and of these a large kind very
venomous, silk-worms, which., if taken care of,
would yield an abundance ofsilk^ locusts, which
are eatenbythelndians both dryandfresh ; also ants,
the beds of which are so deep as to render the road
dangerous for men and for horses to pass, these
insects being of such an undaunted and trouble-
some nature as often to attack a viper or locust in.
large bodies, and in some settlements to enter a
house like a plundering army, devouring every in-
sect and worm in their way, not leaving a single
eatable thing untouched ; sc&rcely shall these have
fmished their operations, but they arc iucceeded by
another band, and indeed it is very hazardous to
disturb them, since they bite very fiercely and
cau.se mnch pain. This province has no mine»,
although it is said that formerly some were worked
by the Indians ; some little time since, however,
one of iron was discovered, when it was thought to
have been of gold. This extensive and pleasant
country is inhabited by a multitude of infidel In-
dians, of dincrcnl nations and of various barbarous
customs. It was casually discovered in 1580 by
.luan d(! IJaiuts, a native of Chuquisaca, a factor
oftlie .seUlcnient of Vala; he had an Indian slave
who used frequently to run away from his master
for a time and return again, and who being asked
once Avhitlier he went, replied to Chacu ; this it
was tiiat led to its discovery and to the snbse-
<|uent attempts at several times made to conquer
it ; first by Martin de Ledesina, afterwards by
.Iiiiin Manso, Don Pedro Lasarte, and lastly by
D )ii Christdval de Saiiabri, all of which were in-
t^dectual. Siin Francisco Soliiiio entend the coun-
try, and succeeded in reducing some ol'tlie natives
to the (Christian faith ; these, however, soon re-
tnrn(!d to their idolatry. The regulars of the com-
j)any of iFcsnits likewise engaged themselves in the
reduction of this country in 1587; liic first of their

C H A

preachers here being Father Alonzo Barzana,
called the apostle of Peru ; they continued here
for a number of years, and during their stay
founded seven settlements. The imiabitants of
the whole province are computed at 100,000.
Catalogue of the nations which inhabit Chaco.

Chiriguanas,

Churumutas,

Mataguayos,

Tobas,

Macobies,

Aquilotes,

Malbalaes,

Agoyas,

Amulalaes,

Palomos,

Lules,

Toconotes,

ToquistineseSj

Tanuycs,

Chunipies,

Bilvlas,

Yxisfineses,

Oristinoses,

Guamalcas,

Zapitalaguas,

Ojotaes,

Chichas,

Orejones,

Guaicurucs,

Callagacs,

Calchaquies,

AbiponeSj

Teutas,

Palalis,

Tluarpas,
Tanos,

Mogosna.s,

Choroties,
Naparus,

Guanas,

[CuAco, a large plain of the above province,
in whicli Azara noticed a singular phenomenon,
which he calls a large piece of pure iron, flexible
and malleable in the forge, but at the same time
so hard as not to be cut, though obedient to the
file. It contains about 46S cubic feet, and lies
on the surface of the large plain of Chnco, on which
not a single stone excepting this is to be found ;
and what is still more curious, there is no volcano
within 300 leagues, nor any iron mine to be heard
of in that part of the country.]

niACOCH l'>, a settlement of the province and
cortrgiwicnto of Ainiaracz in Peru ; annexed (a
the curacy of Sirca.

Abayas,

Yapayaes,

Niguaraas,

Ivirayaras,

Socondues,

Marapanos,

Cipores,

Ayusequetcres,

Corometcs,

Taparunas,

Bayatuis,

Layanos,

Payaguas,

Po;eromos,

Chilacutiquies,

Chiquinos,

Gortonos,

flumayonoSf

Tainuyes,

Tracanos,

TobotionoS|

Pildoris

Cararaais,

Perequanos,

Cucrojenos,

Bocaracanas,

Xolotas,

Ctiretes,

Upionos,

Morionos,

Bocoos,

Motitis,

Corotono*,

Chiribionos.

Ut;

C H A

CHACOS, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Tarma in Peru ; annexed to tlie
curacy of Huariaca.

CHACOTA,a settlement of tlie province and
corregimiento ot Arica in Peru , situate close to the
Quebrada de Victor.

CHACRALLA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Lucanas in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of AbucarJi.

CHACKAPAMPA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Andaliuailas in Peru ; annex-
ed to the curacy of Huayama.

CIIACTAIIATCHE, a river of S. Carolina,
TV'hich runs .9. and enters tlie Chicachas.

CM ACTA W, a settlement and capital of the
Indian district of this name in Louisiana, in which
the French had a fort and establishment. [The
Chactaws, or Flat-heads, are a powerful, hardy,
subtle, and intrepid race of Indians, who inhabit
n very fine and extensive tract of hilly country,
with large and fertile plains intervening, between
the Alabama and Mississippi rivers, and in the ro.
part of the state of Georgia. This nation had,
rot many years ago, 43 towns and villages, in
three divisions, containing 12,123 souls, of which
4041 were fighting men. They are called by the
traders Flat-heads, all the males havin<>- the fore
and hind part of their skulls artificially flattened
when young. These men, unlike the Muscogui-
ges, are slovenly and ncgligefit in every part cf
their dress, but otherwise are said to be ingenious,
sensible, and virtuous men, bold and intrepid, yet
quiet and neaceable. Some late travellers, how-
ever, liavt observed that they pay little attention
to the most necessary rules of moral conduct, at
least that unnatural crimes '.vcrc too frequent among
them. iJitlcrent from most of the Indian nations
bordering on the United States, they have large
plantations or country farms, where they employ
much of their time in agricultural improvements,
after the manner ot the wiiitc people. Although
their territories are not one-fourth so large as those
ofthc Muscogulge confedracy, the number of in-
habitants is greater. The (Jhacfaws and Creeks
arc inveterate enemies to each other. There arc
a considerable number of these Indians on the xl\
side of the Mississippi, who have not l)cen home
for several years. About 12 miles above the post
at Oacheta on that river, there is a small village
of them of about .'JO men, who have lived there for
several years, and made corn ; and likewise on
Bayau Chico, in the n. part of the tlistrict of
Appalousa, there is another village of them of
al)out fifty men, who have been there for about
nine years, and say they have the governor of

C II A

355

Louisiana's permission to settle there. Besides
these, there arc rambling hunting parties of them
to be met with all over Lower Louisiana. They
are at war with the Caddoques, and liked by
neither red nor white people.]

[CuACTAw Hills, in the n. w. corner of Georgia
river.)

[CFIACTOOS, Indians of N. America, who
live on Bayau Bccuf, about 10 miles to the a. of
Bayau Rapide, on lied river, townrds Appalou a -,
a small, honest pco|)le ; are aborigines of the
country where they live ; of men about 30 ; di-
Hiinishing : have their own peculiar tongue;
speak Mobilian. The lands they claim on Biiyau
lioeuf arc inferior to no part of Louisiana in depth
and richness of soil, growth of timber, pleasant-
ness of surface, and goodness of water. The
Bayau Boeuf falls iniothe Chafleli, and discharges
through Appalousa and Attakapa into \'ermilion
bay.]'

CflACUIill'lS, a settlement of the jurisdiction
of the city of Pcdragn, in the Nuevo Reyno de
Granada, is of the missions which were held ther**
of the order of St. Domingo. It is but small, and
its climate is hot.

fCIIADBOLRNE'S River, district of Maine,
called by some Great Works river, about 30 miles
from the month of the Bonnebeag pond, from
which it flows. It is said to have taken its latter
name from a mill Avith 18 saws, moved by one
wheel, erected by one Lodors. But the project
was soon laid aside. The tbrnicr name is derived
from Mr. Chadbourne, one of the first settlers,
who purchased the land on the mouth of it, of the
natives, and whose posterity possess itat this day.]

CIlAGONAMltiON, a point on the i. coast
of lake Superior, in New France.

ClIAGKL, a large and navigable river of the
province and government of Panauui in the king-
dom of Tierra Firme, has its origin and sourco
in the mountains near the valley of Pacora, and
takes its course in various directions, making
many windings, which are called /•«//(/«/{.?, until it
enters the N. sc". It is navigated by large vessels
cMct\ cfiutax, (having no keels), upas far as the
settlement of ("rucrs, wiiere is the wharf lor un-
lading, and the royal custom-housjs; the greater
part of the commerce being conducted by this
means, to avoid the oi)stacles occurring from a bad
aiul rocky road from Portobcloto Paiuuna. It has
difl'crent i'orls for the defence of its entrance; the
first is the castle of its name, at the entrance or
mouth : the second is that of Gatun, situate ui)om
a long strip of land formed by a river of this name j
and the third (s that of Trinidad, situate in u simir
I I 2

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lar way by a river of ils name. It. abounds in
large alliijiUors and nioscjiiilocs, wbich render its
navijjalion very troiiblcsomo. Its slioies are co-
vered with heautirul trees, whioli are inliabited by
a variety ol'birdsand apes of several species, which
make an incredible chattering and noise. It was
by this rivei that the pirate tlohn Morgan came
when li^ took and sacked Pananifi in 1670. It
was discovered by Hernando ih* la Serma in 15^7,
.vhcn lie called it the river of hagartos, but its
month was before discovered by Lope de Olano
in ir)JO, Here are found, at certain seasons, a
yery small lish of the size of a pin, called titles;
and tiiesc! are so abundant, that putting into the
water a large basket, it is certain to be drawn out
full ; they arc fried, and make very savoury-
fritters.

(-HAG HE, with the dedicatory title of San Lo-
renzo, a settlement of the same province and king-
dom ; situate ujjon the top of a moun'^'u at tlic
entrance or mouth of the former river, h has for
its detiiuf e a strong castle, which was built by the
order of Philip II. by tj<> famous engineer . I nan
IJautista Antoneli This was taken by the pirate
John Morgan, after having made a glorious de-
fence, in 1668, when the settlement was burnt and
sacked ; and in 1710 it was taken by the English,
commanded by Admiral V^ernon, who entirely
destroyed it ; ils loss in tliat war being supplied by
two strong batteries, which hindered the English
from making a breach, for the third time, when
they came with three frigates of war : but they
were driven back by Captain Don Juan de Iler-
mida, who was formerly captain of the regiment
of Granada. In 1752 this castle was rebuilt, in the
most perfect maimer, by the lieutenant-general
and engineer Don Ignafio de Sala, governor of
Cartagena, who came hither for this purpose by
order of the king. In this fortress .several per-
sonages of distinction have been held prisoners,
anil amongst others tlie Marquis of La Mina,
president, governor, and captain-general of the
kingdom in 1691. Is 1^ leagues from Porto-
bclo.

CflACiUANES, an islandof the river Orinoco,
I'urmed at its entrance into the sea by various
canals or arms, is large and inhabited by Indians
of the Mariussa nation.

CIl A(iUAI{AMA, a settlement of the province
and govenmient of Venezuela, situate on the con-
fines of the province of Cumana, near the river
Manapire.

CiiAouAUAMA, a bay on the const of the pro-
vince of Cumana, on the n. e. side ; being formed
hy the island of Trinidad, and by the mouths of

C H A

the channel of the Orinoco as far as the eulf
1 riste.

CIIAGUAREM, a small river of the province
and government of Venezuela, which runs s. and
enters that of Los .\ cey tes.

ClIAlIl ALTEPEQUE, Santiago de, asel-
tlement of the district and alcaldia mayor of Mex-
ilcaltzingo in Nucva Espaiia. It contains 138
families of Indians, and is three leagues from its
capital.

CIIAIIUANTLA, a small settlement or ward
of the alcaldia wayor of Guauchinango in Nucva
Espana ; annexed to the curacy of Naupan.

CIIALiLA, a settlement of the province and
corregimicnto of Chayanta or Charcas in Peru ;
annexed to the curacy of Pocoata.

CHAILLON, Cabo or:, a cape on the e. coast
of lake Superior, in New France.

CHAINAR, a settlement of the province and
government of Tucuman ; situate on the shore of
the river San Miguel.

CHAIPI, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Parinacochas in Peru, annexed to
the curacy of the corrtgimienlo of PuUo ; in which
was venerated, ever since the time of the conquest,
a beautiful image of the Virgen del Rosario, which,
with the temple, was burnt a few years since, and
the parishioners being much afflicted at their loss,
the Marquis of Selva Alegre, president of Quito,
sent them another equal to the first : at the cele-
bration of the festival people assemble from all the
neighbouring districts.

CIIAIUIN, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Valdivia in the kingdom of Chile, which
runs s. e. and enters Valdivia near its entrance into
the sea.

CIIALA, a settlement of the province and cor'
regimiento of Curaanti in Peru.

CiiALA, with the distinction of Alta, another
settlement of the province and eorregimieiito of
S.ina in the same kingdom ; situate on the shore of
the river Chicama.

CiiAT.A, another, with the addition of Baxa,
in the same kingdom and province; situate near
the former.

Ch ALA, a large and beautiful valley on the sea
shore, in the province and corrcgimiento of Cu-
mana.

Chai.a, a small port, frequented only by fisher-
men, in the same province and corregimirnlo.

CHALACOS, a settlement and asienlo of the
silver mines of the province and corrcgimiento of
Piura in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of Huan-
cabamba.

CHALALA, a large river of the NucvoReyno

„ili, I

o DE, aset-

C H A

de Granada, rises in the valley of Ccrinza, ruiiS
)i. iind passing tliroiigh the city of San Gil, turns
to llic u). and enters the Suarez or Sabandija.

CHALCAXINGO, a settlement of tlie head
settlement of Xonacatepec, and akalaia mai/or of
(.'uernavaca, in Nneva Espafia.

CHALCHILGUITES, a settlement of the pro-
vincc and government of Nueva Vizcaya ; situate
close to that of Sombrercte.

CHALCIllTLAN, a settlement of the province
and akaldia mfiyor of Capanabastla in the king-
dom of Guatemiila.

CHALCO, Hamanalco, a district and ahaU
dta mai/or of Nueva Espana ; situate between tlie
M. and s. of the city of Mexico, at eight leagues
distance ; is very fertile, and abounds in produc-
tions and the necessaries of life, especially in wheat
and maize; the crops of theformcrusually amount to
30,000 rargas (a measure containing four bushels)
yearly, ana of the latter to 25,000. Besides this
it produces great quantities of seeds, woods, sugar,
Iioney, and the fruits of a hot climate, all of
which are carried to Mexico, as well by l»nd car-
riage as by the lake, which is so favourable to its
commerce. In the sierra of the volcano of this
jurisdiction, there are silver mines, but they are
not worked, on account of the great expence. The
population consists of 46 settlements, of which 16
arc head settlements of districts, and in 15 of these
there are parish churches. The capital is of the
same name, and it is situate on the shore of a lake
enjoying a mild temperature, and well known
from the fair which it celebrates every Friday
throughout the year, to which flock a great num-
ber of people from the neighbouring provinces
with merchandize ; some even coming from the
most distant parts in canoes by the lake, or with
(hovcs of mules on land. It lies between the rivers
I'lamanalco and Tenango, which run into the
lake, and the waters of this serve, when it is ne-
cessary, to replenish the lake of Mexico, for
which purpose there arc proper siluice . provided.
It contains 350 families of Indians, and some
Spaniards and ]\fuslvcs ; is seven leagues from
Alexico. The other settlements arc,
I'ianianaico, Atlautla,

San Pedro de Ecazingo, Ayapango,
I'epozozolco, Ixtapalucan,

San Juan Tenango, Ayozingo,

Amecaineca, Mexquique,

Zentlalpan, Ilahuac,

t'liimalhiiacan, Themamatla,

IVpctuxpan, Ozuniba.

CuAixo, with the dedicatory title of San
Airnstin, another scttloincnt of the head scttlc-

C H A

35?

ment ofCoxcotlan, and the alcalilia mayor o{ Ynl-
les, in the same kingdom ; annexed to the curacy
of Aquismon ; is of an extremely hot and moist
temperature, on account of which it has l>een
abandoned by several Indian families who resided
in it formerly ; 12 of these families only arc now
remaining ; is 23 leagues from its capital.

CuALco, another, of the head settlement and
ulcaldia mayor of Zochicoatlan ; situate in the
plain of a deep break or hole made by mountain
ilofHls ; is of a hot tcmperat<irc, and contains 35
families of Indians ; lies 13 leagues to the n. of its
ca])ital.

[Chai-co Lake. See Mexico.]

CHALiJOS, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Lucanas in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Cahuanca.

CHALEUAPAN, a settlement of the province
and government of Nicaragua in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

CIIALEURS, a bay on the coast of the pro-
vince of Nova Scotia or Acadia, and gulf of St.
Lawrence. It is large and convenient.

CiiALEuns, another bay on the 5. coast of the
island of Newfoundland, near the point which
looks to the xo.

[CuALEuns, a deep and broad bay on the t».
side uf the gulf of St. Lawrence. From this bay
to that of Vertc, on the s, in the s. e. corner of the
gulf, is the n. e. sea line of the British province
of New Brunswick.]

CHALINGA, a settlement of Indians of the
province and corregimiento oi Coquimbo in the
kingdom of Chile.

CHALIQUE, San Pablo de, a settlement of
the province and corrcgimenlo of Caxamarca in
Peru.

ClIALLABAMBA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and corregimiento of Paucartambo in Peru.

(JUALLACaTA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Paria in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Garu Mendoza.

CHALLACOLLO, a settlement of the same
province and corregimiento as the former, belong-
ing to the rrchbishopric of Charcas. It has a con-
vent of monks of the order of St. Augustin.

CHALLAHIACHO, a river of the province
and corregimiento of Chilques y Masques in Peru.
It rises near the settlement of Capi, runs in a ser-
]i(;ntine course to the «, n. w. and enters the Apu-
rimac.

CIIALLAN.A, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Larecaja in Peru.

(JllAljLAPAMPA, an ancient province of
Peru, of small extent, and to the e. of Cuzco. It

t .:! I

\l\i>

358

C H A

1 i

■ i»

J.?

i. !

It ■wns cniifjiiored and united to the empire by
Inca Horn, the sixth Emperor.

CIIA LLAPATA, a settlement of the province
and rorrcs^lniiento of Paria in Pern.

C^llALLAfS, a sctlh'ment of the province and
ro>>ri;'i//«'fw/o of Caxamarquilla or Pataz in Pern,
in tlic district of which is an estate called Hiiasil-
las, where tliere is a lioiisc of entertainment be-
loni^inffto tlie religion of St. Franci.^, in whicli
reside the missionaries who assist in the conversion
of the infuiel Indians of the mountains.

CIlAliOlJPES, PiriuTo i)E LAS, a port in
(he island of Guadalupe, and on the n. coast, is
«mal], and lies between the Punla Antigua (Old
Poinl) and the Mole bay.

("IIALUANCA, a settlement of the province
and corrcs;hnicnto of Amaraez in Peru ; situate om
the shore of the river Pacliachaca.

CIIALUANl, a settlement of the same province
and corres:ime)ilo as the former ; annexed to the
curacy of Sirca.

C'HAMA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Maracaibo. It rises at the foot of the
«nowy sierra, runs, making the ibrni of two SS, to
the e. and to. and passing by to the s. of the city
of Merida, returns;?, and enters the great lake of
Maracaibo at the side opposite its month.

CiiAMA, a large and fertile valley of the same
province and government, to the s. of the lake.

CMAMACA, a settlement of the province and
corregimioilo of Ghumbivilcas in Peru.

CllAMACON, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Daricn in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme ; it rises in the mountains of the e, coast,
and runs from s. e. to n. to. until it enters the large
river Atrato near its mouth.

(MIAMACIJERO, Sa\ FnANCisco de, a set-
tlement and head settlement of the district of the
alcaldia mm/or of Zelaya in the province and bi-
shopric of \leehoacan. It contains 690 families of
Indians, and more than SO of Spaniards, 3/ustees,
and Mulattoes, with a convent of the order of St.
Francis ; is five leagues to Ihe n. of its capital.

CllAMAL, a settlement of Indians of the Chi-
chimeca nation, in l!iehead settlement of the dis-
trictof Tamazuncliale,and (ikaldia mayor of Valles,
ia Nueva '''spafia ; situate in a valley of the same
name. Its inhabitants having been reduced at
the beginning of t'le 18th century, and having re-
quested a priest, one was sent them of the religion
of St. Francis ; but no sooner did he arrive amongst
them tlian they put him to death, eating his body,
and at the s;\me time destroying the settlement.
'I'hey were, however, afterwards reduced to the
faitli, rather through the hostilities practised against

C II A

Ihcm by their neighbours tliaji a desire of embrac-
ing it. It is live leagues from iN'uestra Senora
de la Soledad .

ClIA.\lAN(j'UE, a rivtr of the province nnrl
government of Quixos y Miuas in tin- kingdom of
Quito, ll runs through tiie territory of the city of
Avila from ?j. w. to s. r. and enters the river Coca,
on the zs. side, in lat. 4G^ s.

('HAMARI, a small river of the province .and
country of the .Vnuizonas, which runs *•. s. c. and
enters the river Madera opposite that of Guayapa-
ranna.

CFIAMAUIAPA, a settlement of the province
of Barcelona, and government of Cumana, in the
kingdom of Tierra l-'irme ; one of (hose which are
luuier the care of (he reiigious observers of St.
Francis, the missionaries of Piritu. It is to tlic
ic. of the tnesa (table land) of Guanipa.

CHAM AS, a settlement of the province and cor-
reghuiento of Caxatambo in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Mangas.

CHAMAYA, a settlement of the province ami
government of Jaen de Bracamoros in the kingdom
of Quito ; situate on the shore of the river IMa-
ranon.

CHAMBA, a river of the province and corrrgi-
niiciilo of Loxa in the kingdom of Quito, towards
the s. It runs from e. to ii). passes near the settle-
ment of Vilcabamba, and thta enters the river Ma-
lacatos.

[CUAAIIiERSBURG, a post town inPcnnsyl-
vania, and the ciiief of Franklin county. It
is situated on the e. branch of Conogociieague
creek, a water of Potowmac river, in a rich and
highly cultivated country and healthy situation.
Here are about 200 houses, two Presbyterian
churches, a stone gaol, a handsome ccuirt-iintihc
built of brick, a paper and merchant mill. It is
58 miles e. by s. of Bedford, 1 1 >i. tc. of Shippc;!s-
burg, and 157 w. of Philadelphia. Lat. oD^ 57
«. Long. 77° 40' ii\]

CIIA MBIHA, a settlement of tlie province nnd
govcrtnuent of Maynas in the kingdom of Quito ;
sitiuile at (he source of the river of its iiaiiic. Jt
rises to the e. of the settlement of Pinciics, briwceri
(he rivers Tigre and Pastaza, and runs nearly pa-
rallel to the former, where it enters, with a much
increased body, into the Maranon,

[CHAMBLEE River, orSoiir.r.i, a water ol
the Si. Lawrence, issuing from lake Cliamplain,
300 yards wide when lowest. It is shoal in dry
seasons, but of sufficient breadtli for rafting lumbiir,
itc. spring and fall. It was called botii .Sorcll and
llichlieu when the French held Canada.]

CHAMBLI, a French fort in the province and

V Hi 'it
Jt-

s of cmbrsc-
cstni .Suilora

)rovince and

kingdom nf

jt'tlic city oi

c river Coca,

iroviiicc and

i'. s. c. and

of G'liaynpa-

llie province
manu, in tlie
so whicli are
•rvers of St.
It is to tiie
Da.

nee and roj-
ncxed to the

rovince and

the kingdom

river Ma-

aud conrgi-
ito, tovranls
ir tbe sotdc-
le river Ma-

I inPennsyl-
?oiinty. It

logoclicaguc
a rich and

y situation.
Presijytcriiin
cdiirt-iin'ibc
mill, it is
)f Sliippcr.s-
Lat. :jf)' ,37

rovince nnd
n of Quilo ;

> illlHiC. Jt

ics, b(>(\vcc:i
3 nearly p;i-

itha

iniicii

a water "[
Ciiarnplain,
loat in dry
ing liimbi.T,
1 Horcil and

•]. ,

roviace and

C H A

[country of the Iroquees Indians. It is handsome
Bnd well built, on tlie margin of the river of the
same name, about hi or 15 miles s, w. from Mont-
real, and n. of St. John's fort. It was taken by
tlie Americans, Oct. 20, 1775, and retaken by the
British, Jan. 18, 1 Hd. Lat. 45'' 26' w.]

CHAMBO, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Ilio'jamba in the kingdom of
Quito.

CiiAMBo, a very large river, which rises near
the former settlement, nnd runs with such rapidity
tliat it cannot be ford?d ; is consequently passed
over by means of various bridges made of osiers.

CHAME, a settlement of tlie alcaldia mayor
of Nata in the province and kingdom of Ticrra
Firme ; situate near a river, and two leagues from
the coast of the S. sea. It produces maize, plan-
tains, and other fruits ; swine, fowl, turkeys, and
otiier birds, with which it supplies, by means of
canoes, the markets of the city of Panama, from
whence it is nine leagues distant.

CHAMELUCON, or CuAMAiiETo.v, a river of
the province and government cf Honduras. It
runs n. and enters the sea in the gulf of this name,
betwee La Caldcra and the river Ulua.

CHAMETLA, a settlement of the alcaldia
mayor of Guajuaha in Nueva Espaila. It con-
tains 150 families of Indians.

CIIAIVIETLAN, a province and alcaldia mayor
of Nueva Espana, also called Del Rosario ; bound-
ed n. by the province of Culiacan, s. by that of Xa-
lisco or Sentipac, e. and n. e. by that of Zacate-
cas atui Nueva Galicia, and w. by the S. sea ; is
30 leagues long from e. to w. and 25 wide ji. s. ;
is of a very hot temperature, and the greater part
of it is a mountainous and rugged country, abound-
ing in noxious animals and insects, and on this
account uninhabitable in the summer and in the
rainy season. It was conquered by Don Juan de
Ibarra in 1554, has many mines of silver and gold,
which were formerly worked, but which at present
are all abandoned, as well from their having filled
with water, as from the scantiness of the means of
the inhabitants to work them. The royal mines,
however, are productive of some emolument, and
are ia tact the support of the place. It produces
some maize, and much tobac^co and cotton, to
which article the soil is exactly suited, though not
so to wheat, which yields here but sparingly. On
the banks of the lakes formed by the sea, is left a
thiok incrustation of salt in the month of April ;
and although the inhabitants sjjare nopauis to col-
lect tl is valuable commodity, yet abundance of it
is lost from the want of hands to collect it ere the
heats come on, when it very quickly dis-appears.

C H A

Some large cattle are bred here. It is very badly
peopled, or, to speak more truly, it is as it were
desert, having only three settlements ami some
estates. It is irrigated by a river which flows
down from the sierra Madre, and passes through
the capital, the waters of which are made useful
for the working of the mines. The same river enters
the sea two leagues from the settlement of Chamct-
lan, and has abundance of fish, which are caught
with ease, as well upon its shores as in marshes
which it ibrms. The capital, which rs the resi-
dence of the alcalde mayor, is the real del Ro-
sario.

Ch AMETi.Aii, a settlement of the former alcaldia
mayor; from thence taking its name. It contains
only five or six Indians, auJsomc Spaniards, Afus-
tees, nnd Mulattoes, who, the greater part of the
year, live in the estates which they liavc for the
breeding of large cattle, and on the farms for the
cultivation of maize and coiton.

CHAMESA, a settlement of the province and
correg'viiento of Tunja in the Nuevo Rcyno de
(I'ranada ; annexed to the curacy of Nopsa. It
is of a cold temperature, and produces the fruits
corresponding io such a climate, particularly
wheat, which is of the best quality. It contains
100 white inhabitants, and as many Indians, and
is a little more than eight leagues from its ca-
pital.

CilAMI, San Juan nr, a settlement of the
province ami government of Choco ; situate in the
district of Thatama, near the ruins of the city of
San J uan de Rodas, to the w. of the city of San-
tiago de Arma.

CIIAIMIANOS, a settlement of the province
and government of Mainas in the kingdom of
Quito ; situate on the shore of the river Gual-
laga.

'^ClIAMICUROS, S. Fkakcisco Xavieii de»
a settlement of the missions which were held by the
regulars of the company of Jesuits, in the province
and government of ^Iainas, of the kingdom of
Quito ; founded ia l(i70 by the Father Lorenzo
Lucero.

CHAlVIlIiPA, San ^jOUknzo nc^ a settlement
of the head scttlemen u-ul akaldia mayor of Cuer«
navaca in Nueva Espaila.

CIIAMPANCIIIN, .SiF.aRA dp., a chain of
mountains in the province and government of Tu-
cuman, running s. s. c. on the shore of the river
Quarto.

[CIIAMPl,AlN,a township, the most;/, in Clin-
ton county. New York, which takes its name from
the lake on which it lies. It vas <ii;iiiled to some
Canadian and Nova Scoli>» rdugccs, who were

,'t

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'i;*-'

■ ,i!.

Ii.|i

^l %

360

C H A

\'v> :v'l

either in the service of the United States iluriiig
the war, or fled to tlieni for protection. The in-
digence or ill habits of these people occat>ioned the
breakirit^ up of the settlement, and a better sort of
inhabitants have now taken their place. The lands
are fertile, and two rivers run through it, well
stored with fish. It has 575 inhabitants, and three
slaves. By the state census of 1796, 7(i of the in-
habitants are electors.]

CiiAMPLAiN, a lake of the same province, of
more than iiO leagues in length, and from 10 to
12 in width, abounding in excellent fish. It was
discovered in 1C09 by a French gentleman of the
name of Champlain, who gave it his name, which
it still retains. It communicates with a smaller
lake called Sacrament, and the canal passing from
one side to the other of these is extremely rapid and
dangerous, from the incqu.ility of its bottom. At
the distance of 25 leagues to thft s. are some very
lofty mountains, which arc covered with snow, and
in which are found castors and a variety of ani-
mals of the chase ; and between uese mountains
and the aforesaid lake are some beautiful level
meadows or llanuras, which, when first discover-
ed, were well peopled with Iroquees Indians ; but
these have greatly diminished in numbers, through
the continual wars with the French and English.
[This lake is next in size to lake Ontario, and lies
p. M. e, from it, forming a part of the dividing line
between the states of New York and Vermont. It
took its name from a French governor, who was
drowned in it; it was before called Corlacr's lake.
Reckoning its length from Fairhaven to St. John's,
a course nearly n. it is about 200 miles ; its breadth
is from one to 18 miles, being very different in diffe-
rent places ; the mean width is about fivemiles,and
it occupies about 500,000 acres : its depth is suf-
ficient for the largest vessels. There are in it above
sixty islands of different sizes: the most consider-
able are North and South Hero and Motte island.
North Hero, or Grand isle, is 24 miles long, and
from two to four wide. It receives at Ticonderoga
the waters of lake George from the s. s. w. which
is said to be 100 feet higher than the waters of this
lake. Half the rivers and streams Avhich rise in
Vermont fall into it. There are several which come
to it from New York state, and some from Cana-
da ; to which last it sends its own waters a ».
course, through Soreil or Chamblee river, into the
St. Lawrence. This lake is well stored with fish,
particularly salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, and
pickerel, and the land on its borders, and on the
banks of its rivers, is good. The rocks in several
places appear to be marked and stained Avith the
former surface of the lake, many feet higher than

C H A

it has been since its discovery in 160S. The wa-
ters generally rise from about the 20th of April to
the i^th of June, from four to six feet ; the great-
est variation is not more than eight feet. It is sc].
dom entirely shut up with ice until the middle of
January. Between the (jth and 15th of April the
ice generally goes off', and it is not uncommon foi
many square miles of it to disappear in one day.]

CIIAMPLE, a large unpeopled tract of tlic
province of Taraumara, and kingdom of Nucva
Vi7:caya, in which there is a mountain abounding
greatly in silver mines. Here is also a mission
which was established by the regidars of the com-
pany for the reduction of the natives: is 12
leagues n. e. of the town of Santa Eulalia.

CHAMPOTON, a river of the province and
government of Jucatan. It runs into the sea near
the lake of Terminos.

CHAMUINA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Costarica in the kingdom of Gniito-
mala. It empties itself into the S. sea near the li-
mits of this jurisdiction, and of that of Chiriqiii in
the kingdom of Tierra Firme.

CHAMULA, a settlement of the province and
akaldla maj/or of Cbiapa in the kingdom of Gua-
temala.

CHANAR.PUGIO, a settlement of the province
and government of Tucuman, in the district and
jurisdiction of the city of Santiago del Estero, and
eight leagues from the same.

CHAiS'CAlLLO, a small port of the S. sea, in
the province and corretfimiento of Chancay, to
the n. of l,ima ; little frequented, from lying ex-
posed, and being insecure. In lat. 12° 3' ».

CHANCAY, a province and coneaimieuto of
the kingdom of Peru ; bounded n. by that of Siui-
ta ; n. e. and «. by that of Caxatambo; e. by tlwit
of Cauta; and s. by the corregimiento of Cercado,
It is 27 leagues in length from n. to 5, and the
same in width e. to. and has on its coast some ports
and creeks not remarkable for their security. It
comprehends in its district two territories, one of
a cold temperature towards tiie cordillera, called
De los Checras; and asiother of a warm tempera-
ture, lying in the valleys towards the sea, called
De Chaucay. It is irrigated by two rivers, one
on the s. side, called Pasamayo, and the otiier
lluama, on the n. Tlie latter ha» an arched bridge,
which was built in the time of the viceroy, the
Marquis de Montes (^laros, the buttresses of'which
are two rocks, through which the river passes.
On the c. and in the cold part of this province,
are found the productions peculiar to the cli-
mate, hacli as papas, ocas, and some wheat and
maize. Here are also cattle, of the fleeces uf which

■' >

II ^ II

S. sea, iti
lancaj, to
lying ex-
3' s.

imieuto of
at of Siui-
e. hy X\v\i
Cercado.
and the
ome ports
urity. \t
one of
called

C H A

the natives make friezes. The low part, looking
upon the coast, enjoys a temperature equal in
mildness to that of t^ima. It is very fertile, and
in the many estates wliicli are in it maize grows in
great quantities, and it, besides serving as food for
the labourers, and independent of that which is dc<
voured by the wil \ pigeons with wliich those fields
arc filled, serves to fatten numbers of pigs, which arc
carried to supply the markets of Lima ; those ani>
mals, one year with another, amounting to 22,000
head, and producing an emolument of 300,000
dollars to the proprietors of the estates. Here are
also some estates of sugar«cane, and others of
French beans and wheat, of which the crops were
formerly very great, and used, together with the
vines, to be reckoned amongst the chief produc-
tions of this country, though they have now made
room for a more general cultivation of maize.
What conduces much to render the soil fertile, is
what the Indians call huano^ and which, in their
language, signifies dung, this being brought from
some small islands at a little distance from the
coast towards the n. It is thought to be the excre-
ment of some birds called huanaes^ who have been
accustomed to deposit it in the above places from
time immemorial. Some ot it has also been found
ui various other islands of the coast of Canete,
Arica, and others. Of this it is certain, that a
handful being put at the root of a plant of maize,
it becomes so invigorated as to produce upwards
of 200 for one, and that not less than 90,000
bushels of this valuable manure is used yearly.
In the centre of the province, and upon the coast,
are some fine salines^ which supply some of the
neighbouring districts ; and amongst the rest, those
ofCanta, Tarma, Caxatambo, Huamalies, Hua-
nnco, Conchuco, and Huailas, are the most noted.
The salt is not only used in the working of the me-
tals, but for preserving the cattle from a. venomous
insect called a//a{ya,wTiich preys upon their entrails
until it destroys them. The population consists of
37 settlements ; the capital of which is the town of
Arnedo or Chancay. Its repartimtenlo amounted
to 122,000 dollars, and its alcavala to 976 dol-

lars per annum.
Arnedo or Chancay,
S. Juan de Iluaral,
Iluaura,
Mazo,
Vegueta,
Muacho,
Barraste,
Auccayama,
Sayan,
Tapaya,

VOL. I.

Cauchaz or Maraz,

Vurayaco,

Piooy,

Parquin,

Yucul,

Canin,

Mollobamba,

Pafiun,

Turpay,

Tongot,

i II A

.%!

Ohiuchiu, Anqnimarca,

Paccho, Ygiiari,

Ayaranga, Yancay,

Huacar, Otequct,

Muca, Iluachinga,

Yacsanga, Yunqui,

Apache, Acotama,

Santa Cruz, Huaycho.

Iluanangui,

Chancay, the capital of the above province,
founded in a beautiful and very healthy valley, at
a league and a half's distance from the river Pasa-
mayo, by order of the viceroy Count of Nieva, in
1563; who destined it for the honour of ',>eing an
university, at which however it never attained. It
has a tolerable port, frequented by trading vessels,
a convent of n-,onks of the order of St. Francis, and
a good hospital. It is well peopled, and its inha-
bitants consist of several noble and rich families.
On~ league from the sea, and 15 from Lima. Lat.
irjO's.

[CHANCEFC -ID, a township in York county,
Pennsylvania.]

CIlANCHAMAl U, a settlement of the province
and government of Tarma in Peru, with a fort upon
the river Tapo, in the part washed by this river,
called El lialseadero de Chanchamaiu. The
Chunchos Indians of this province took possession
of it in 1742, and abandoned it in 1743.

Ch ANcii AMAHT, a river of the province of Caxa-
niarquil'i. It rises in the province of Tarma, to
the M. of the capital, runs n. and enters the large
river Perene, in the country of the Cainpas In-
dians.

CHANCO, Capii-la de, a settlement of the
province and correghuienlo of Itata in the king-
dom of Chile ; situate near the coast.

CHANDUI, a settlement of the district of Santa
Elena in the province and government of Gnaj a-
quil ; situate on the sea-shore, with a port which
is frequented by vessels only in stress ; it having
some extensive shoals which lie just at its entrance.
Here it was that the admiral's ship of the Arniada
del Sur foundered and was wrecked in 1654, as it
was dropping down to Panama, for the purpose of
dispatching the galleons under the charge of the
Marquis de Villarubia ; although, through the op-
portune assistance of the viceroy of Peru, Count
de Salvatierra, and of the president of Quito, Don
Pedro Vazquez de Velasco, tlic greater part of the
property on board was saved. Likewise, in 17^1,
another ship was lost here, carrying the salaries tu
the Plaza of Panama, without a single thing on
board being saved ; until, in 1728, a furious wind
from the s. w. blew ashore several fragments of the
S A

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'■!♦,.■;■

362

C H A

'f%

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wreck, nnd amongst tlicso many valuables of gold
and silver, wliicli had grown quite discoloured, to
the amount of 40,000 dollars. Lai. 2' 21' s.

CHAN IJi, some islands near the coast of the
country of Labrador, in the gulf of St. Lawrence.
Tlicy are numerous and very small, one of Ihcm
being very long and narrow ; forming a channel
with the coast, and gi'-ing its name to the rest.

CHANIlSES, a barbarous nation of Indians, of
the province and government of Paraguay ; dwell-
ing to the M. of the Rio de la Plata, and bounded
by the Xaraycs and Xacoces. They have their
houses near tiie lakes, and maintain Ihei.isclves by
fishing.

CHANGAME, some small islands of the S. sea,
and of the bay of Panama, in the province and go-
vernment of Tierra Firme. They are two in num-
ber, being situate near the coast, and having be-
tween them a shallow or quicksand, by which they
are communicated. They abound in a species of
birds, from which they take their name.

CHAN'"jrO, a settlement of the province and
conegimiento of Tarma in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Chacayan.

cnANQUI, or Achanqui, a promontory or
cape of the province and corregimiento of Valdivia
in the kingdom of Chile ; being eight leagues to
the s. of San Marcclo. It forms and covers the
mouth or entrance of the gulf of Los Coronados,
with the other cape, which is to the 5. called De la
Ballena.

CHANTACO, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Loxa in the kingdom of Quito,
to the zc. of Chuquri-bamba, and to the s. of San
Pedro, consists entirely of Indians, and lies upon
the bank of a small river, being of an excellent
climate.

CHANTALl, a settlement of the province and
government of Jaen de Bracamoros in the king-
dom of Quito ; situate on the shore of the river of
its name.

CHANUSSI, a river of the country of Las Ama-
zonas, which runs from e. to w. through the woods
lying towards the v). and enters the Guallaga o.i
its € side

CHANXEWATER, an English settleraent in
the province and colony of New York ; situate
near the e. arm of the river Delaware.
^ CHAO, Fauai.lones de, two small islands of
the S. sea, near the coast of the province and cor.
regimiento of Truxillo in Peru.

Chao, Morro de, a mountain of the coast of
Ihe same corregimiento.

CHAPA. Puerto de, a settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Tucuman, in the juris-

diction of the city of Cordoba ; situate near the
rivers Scgundo and Tercero, at the foot of the
Montana Nevada, or Snowy niountain.

CHAPACOTO, a settl'ment of the province
and corregimoito o\' ("himbo in the kingdom of
Quito; situate at the skirt of the Gran Cucsta, or
mountain ot San Antonio. Through it passes a
small river, which runs down from tliis mountain,
and empties itself in the river of ChiiDbo ; is of a
very cold temperature, and lies in tiie middle of a
wood. Lat. i''40's.

CIlAPADA, SiiamA, mountains of the king-
doni of Brazil, in the province and captainship
of Todos Santos. They run from e. to w. until
they reach nearly as far as the coast.

CHAPALA, a settlement of the head settlement
of the district and alcaldia mayor of Caxititlan ia
Nueva Espaiia ; situate on the shore of the great
lake or sea of this name ; has a good convent of
the monks of St. Francis, and in its valley, which
is very fertile, there is an abundance of all kinds of
seed, as wheat, maize, French beans, and many de-
licious fruits.

CiiAPALA, another settlement of the alcaldia
mai/or of Zaiula in the same kingdom ; situate in
a plain of a mild temperature. It contains 42 fa-
milies of Indians, who trade in seeds and other
fruits, since its district abounds in garden grounds.
It has a convent of the religious of St. Francis ;
lies 22 leagues between the e. and n. of its capital.

CiiAPAi.A, a great lake of the kingdom of
Nueva Galicia, called Mar de Chapala, on ac-
count of its size, is navigated by many vessels,
and is extremely well stocked with fish ; from
which the inhabitants of the immediate settlements
derive their source of commerce.

CriAPAMARCA, a settlement of the province

kingdom

and corregimiento of Loxa, in the
Quito; situate to thes. of the capital.

CIIAPANCIIICA. See Maduigal.

CHAPARE, or Parati, a river of the province
and government of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, it
rises in the serrania of the Altos or Lofts of Inti-
nuyo, from two small rivers which unite ; runs in
an inclined course to the e. and enters the Mar-
more Grande, forming a good port.

CMAPARIPARI, a fiver of the province and
government of Cumana, runs e. and enters the
sea in the gulf of Triste.

CIIAPARRA, Valle de, a valley of the pro-
vince and corregimiento of Cumana in Peru ; in
the vicinity of which is a mine abounding in a
metal called chumillo,

CHAPARRAL, a small settlement of the cor-
regimiento of Coyaima in the Nucvo Reyno de

C II A

Granada ; situate in a bcnutifdl and deligliirul
country. Its temperature is hot, it abounds in
cacnn, mai e, j/ucas, and plantains, and has some
ncnt cattle and gold mines. The irdiabitants
amount to 100 families, and it is annexed to the
curacy of its capital .

[CHAPEL IliTX, a post-town in Orange
county, N. Carolina ; situated on a branch of New-
hope creek, which empties into tiie ti.ze. branch of
Cape Fear river. This is the spot chosen for the
scat of the university of N. Carolina. Few houses
arc as yet erected ; but a part of the public build-
ings were in such forwardness, that students were
admitted, and education commenced, in January
1796. The beautiful and elevated site of this
town commands a pleasing and extensive view of
tlie surrounding country t J2 miles s. by e. of
Hillsborough, and 47S s.w. of Philaclelphia.
Lat. 35" 5G' n. Long. 79° 2' w.'j

CHAPEU, Monno del, or Dei, Sombero, a
mountain of the kii)gdoni of Brazil, between the
rivers Preto and Tocantincs, close to the gold
mines of La Navidad.

CHAPIGANA, a fort of the province and go-
vernment of Daricn, and kingdom of Tierra Firme,

land, or point, formed
There is also a small
fort of the same name in a little gulf, and nearly
closed at the entrance, behind the tort of San Mi-
guel, in the S. sea.

CHAPIMAIICA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Aimaraez in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Ancobamba.

CHAPUAKE, a river of the province and go-
vernment of M oxos in the kingdom of Quito, rises
in the mountains of Cacao, which arc upon the
shore of the river Madera ; runs w. forming a
curve, and enters the latter ri-"*r- just where the
Ytenes and Marmore also become ..aited.

CHAPULTENANGO, a settlement of the
province and alcaldia mayor of Los Zoques in
the kingdom of Guatemala.

CHAPULTEPEC, a settlement of the alcaldia
ninyor of Corjoacan in Nueva Espafia ; situate on
the skirt of a mountainous eminence, on which are
the castle and palace which were the rcsidt^ncc of
the viceroys until they made their public entries
into Mexico. Hero are beautiful saloons and
charming gardens, bedecked with all sorts of deli-
cate flowers ; also a wood of branching savins,
which was fdled with stags and rabbits, and an
abundant supply of water to render the soil fertile ;
although, independently of a large and deep pool,
it is also intersected by several streams, which,
through canals, are carried to supply the s. part of

built upon a long strip of la
by the great river of Tuira.

C II A

3(33

the city of Mexico. Its inhabitants amount to 40
families of Indians, in the district of the ])arish of
a convent of St. Francis, with certain families of
Spaniards and Mushes^ oml)0(li(>d with the parish
ot Vera Cruz of Mexico ; from whence (his is dis-
tant one league to (he w. s. w.

(jHAPultepi-c, with the dr<licatory title of San
Ji: .1, another settlement of the district and head
settlement of Tlacohica, and alcaldia mayor of
Xalapa, in the same kingdom; founded between
four mountains, the skirts of which form a circle
round it. It contains 100 families of Indians, in-
cluding Uiosc of the settlement of Paztepec, close
to it. Although its population was formsrljr
thought to amount to 500 families, no cause cpn
be assigned for the present diminution ; notwith-
standing the elder people affirm, that this is a judg-
ment of God for (heir having caused so many sor-
rows and anxieties to the poor curate, who had
laboured so hard and with such zeal to convert
them from their idolatry : certain it is, they arc
now extremely humble and docile. It is two leagues
n. f. of i mpital.

Cii.' TEPEc, another, with the same dedica-
tory title '..'San Juan, in the head settlement of the
town of Marquesado, and alcaldia fmiyor of Quatro
Villas. It contains 35 families of Indians, who
occupy themselves in the cultivation of cochineal,
wheat, maize, fruits, woods, coal, lirae-stone, and
timber. It is a little more than a mile to the s. w.
of its capital.

CiiAPULTEPEC, another, with the dedicatory
title of San Miguel, in the head settlement and
alfaldia mayor of Cuernavaca.

Chapultepec, another, with the same dedica-
tory title as the former, in the head settlement and
alcaldia mayor of Metcpec. It contains 168 fami-
lies of Indians.

CHAPULUACAN, a settlement of the jurisdic-
tion and alcaldia mayor of Valles in Nueva Es-
pafia; situate on the skirt of a very lofty sierra;
IS of a mild temperature, and produces maize, cot-
ton, bees-wax, and honey, and large cattle. It is
annexed to the curiicy of Tainzunchale, contains
58 families of Indians, and lies 38 leagues from its
capital.

CiiAPiTLUACAy, another settli.'iiient of the head
settlement of Colotlaii,and alcaldia inai/or ol'Mex-
titlan, in Nueva Espafia, contains 140 families of
Indians, and is two leagues from its head settlement.

CHAQUl, a settlement of the province and tor'
nif //«/>«<(; of Canta in Peru ; annexed to the curacy
of' its capital.

CiiAQUi, another settlement of tlie province and
corrcsimienlo of Porco in the same kingilom.
3 A 2

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364

C II A

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ni AQUIMINAS, fi seltlcnient of tli<! province
niul forrcif/wiVrt/o of .Asnngaro in IVrii ; nnnexcd
to \\\n ciiracy of Hundia in the province of Ca-
rabii v'l .

('MAR.VBAYK, n settlement of the province
ntui ifovi-rnnient of Venezuela ; situate on the sliorc
of a river in the district of the city of Caracas, and
to the e. of the town of Victoria.

CIIARACATO, a settlement of the province
and corregimierUo of Arequipa in Peru. In its
church is a miraculous image of Nnestra Sen )r«
dc lit Puriticacion or Candclaria, to which singular
devotion is paid.

CHARAl, a settlement of the province and
afcaldia mayor of Cinaloa ; situate on the shore of
a river of the fort which lies between the settle-
ments of Ziribijoa and Mochicauchi.

[CHARAIBES. See Caribe.]

CHARALA, a settlement of the Jurisdiction of
the town of San Gil, in the Nnevo Reyno dc Gra-
nada, is, at it were, a suburb to the settlement of
Mongui, and it is (being very poor and reduced)
annexed to tue curacy of the same. Its tempera-
ture is mild, and abounds in pure good water, and
in the productions of a hot climate.

CHARANDO, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of G uimeo, and alcaldia mayor of Cirandaro,
in Nueva Espafia ; annexed to the curacy of Turi-
cato.

CHARAPA, a settlement of the head settlement
and alcaldia mayor of Pcriban in Nueva Espafia ;
situate in the loftiest part of tiie sierra, from
whence its temperature is so cold that it is seldom
any crops can be gathered from the seeds that are
sown. It contains 209 families of Indians, 80 in
the wards of its district, and a convent of the reli-
gious order of St. Francis : lies e. of its head settle-
ment.

CHARAPE, a settlement of the province and
corregimknlo of Jaen de Bracamoros in the king-
dom of Quito.

CHARAPOTO, a settlement of the district of
Puerto Viejo, and government of Guayaquil, in the
kingdom of Quito, at a small distance from the
sea-coast and bay of its name ; this title being
also applied to the point which forms the same
bay.

CHARAZANI, a settlement of the province
and correeimiento of Larecaja in Peru.

CHARBON, Rio del, a river of N. Carolina,
which runs 7i. and enters the Conhaway. The
whole of it abounds in cataracts, and its waters
throw up immense quantities of coal; which was
the cause of its being thus named.
CHARCA, a settlement of the province and
6

C II A

corrff^imicnto of Chayanta in Peru ; nnnexeil to
the curacy of Sacaca.

CM ARCANA, a settlement of the province and
correffimietUo of Parinacochas in Peru.

CHARCAS, an extensive province of the king,
dom of Peru, composed of various others. Its ju-
risdiction comprehends the district of this royal
audience, which liegins at Vilcanota, of the cor-
rrgimiento of Lampa and bishopric of Cuzco, and
extends as far as Buenos Ayrcs to the s. It k
bounded on the c. by Brazil, the meridian serving
as a limit ; and reaching w. as far as the corngi-
miento of Atacama, which is of its district, and
forms the most n. part of this province in that di-
rection, and being closed in on its other sides by
the kingdom of Chile : is 300 leagues in lengtii, in-
cluding the degrees of latitude from 20° to 28" s. :
is in many parts very thinly peopled, and covered
with large desert tracts, and rugged and impene-
trable mountains, and again by the elevated cordiU
leras of the Andes, and the spacious llamtras or
pampas y which serve to mark its size and the relative
distances of its territories. Its temperature through-
out is extremely cold, although there are not want-
ing parts which enjoy a moderate warmth. At tlic
time that this province was in the possession of the
Indians, and previous to the entrance of the Spa-
niards, many well-inhabited provinces went jointly
under the name of Charcas ; and the conquest of
these was first undertaken by Capac Yupanqui,
fifth Emperor ; but he was not able to pass the ter-
ritory of the Tutiras Indians and of Cbaqui. Here
it was that his conquests terminated : nor did the
subjection of these parts extend farther than Col-
laysuyo until after his death, when he was suc-
ceeded hy his son the Inca Roca, sixth Emperor,
who carried on still farther the victories which had
been already gained, conquering all the nations as
far on as that of Chuc|uisaca, where he afterwards
founded the city of this name, called also LaPlata.
After that the Spaniards had reduced that part of
Peru, extending from Tumbez to Cuzco, and that
the civil wars and dissensions which existed be-
tween these were at an end, they endeavoured to
follow up their enterprise by making a conquest of
the most distant nations. To this end, in lj'S6,
Gonzalo Pizarro sallied forth with a grcat force,
and attacking the Charcas and the darangues,
found in them such a spirited opposition, that after
several battles he was brought to think this object
was nearly impracticable : this idea was strengtii-
ened by the reception he had met with from the
Chuquisacas, who in many conflicts had given him
convincing proofs of their valour and warlike
spirit; indeed it is thought, that had he not just

f[ M !

C 11 ARC A S.

96ft

lit (liat critical n>oinent received fresit succours,
llint were sent fruiu Cuzco by liis brother the Miir-
quis Don Francisco Pizarro, he would have fnllcn
a sacrifice, with the whole of the Spanish army, to
that undertaking : but being invigorated by this
assistance, lie succeeded in routing the Indians,
and in obliging them to surrender to the Spanish
government. In 1539 tlie Marquis Don Fran<
cisco Pizarro, seeing the importance of making an
establishment here, resolved upon building of a
town, giving a commission to Captain Pedro Au-
zures to execute the same. This person actually
put into eficct the plan suggcstecl, founding the
town in exactly the same spot in which formerly
stood the settlement uf Chuquisaca. Here many
of its conq^uerors settled and became citizens, and
they gave it the name of La Plata, or Silver, from
some mines of this metal which arc found in the
mountain of Porco, which lies at a small distance
from this city, and from w lich the Inca Emperors
were accustomed to extract immense emolument.
Notwithstanding this name it has never lost its
original title, Chuquisaca, although indeed it is
badly pronounced by the Spaniards ; since the In-
dians, and with great propriety, will have it Cho-
quczaca, Choquechaca, or Choquisacha; all of
which,however pronounced, signify ,thefirst,moun-
tains of gold ; the second, cunchos of gold, or
fields of brambles with yellow twigs ; and tlie third,
bridges of gold. Although this province is exten-
sive, it is composed of various others, which we
shall notice under their proper heads. This keeps
its present name, from bemg the one of all tne
others the most abounding in minerals, seeds, and
cattle ; as well as being the one best peopled with
Indians. It is watered by many large rivers; and
the whole of it composes an archbishopric, to
which are suffragan the bishoprics of La Paz,
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Tucuman, Paraguay,
and Buenos Ayres. It belongs to the viceroyalty
of this latter place since the time that this was
erected, and that the government was entrusted to
the royal audience established in 1559. The afore-
said district comprehends in its jurisdiction all
the following provinces and corregimienlos :
Tomino, Cochabamba,

Porco, Chayanta,

Tarija, Paria,

Lipes, Carangas,

Amparaez, Cicasica,

Oruro, Atacama :

Pilaya,
In which are contained 188 settlements and cura-
cies, in which tiiere were in 1651 about 100,000
Indians. The capital of the whole jurisdiction is

the aforesaid city of Chuquisaca or La Plata. —
[Ciiarcas joined the new government of Miiciioh
Ayres in 1810. See La Plata.]
Those who have been Presid(?nts in the Royal
Audience of Ciiarcas.

I. The Licentiate Pedro Ramirez dc Quiilones,
first president, in 1559.

S. The Licentiat« Juan de Matienzo, a cele-
brated jurisconsult, in 1580.

3. 'I he Licentiate ZeiMKia, in 1588.

4. The Licentiate Alonso Maldonado dc Torres,
in 1606.

5. Don Juan de Lizarazu, knight of the order
of Santiago ; he passed over to the presidency of
Quito in 1613.

6. Don Diego de Portugal, in 16U.

7. Don Alonzo Perez dc Salazar, who was pre-
sident of Quito, and was promoted to this, where
he governed until the year 1620.

8. Don Juan de Caravajal y Sande, promoted
in 1333.

9. Don Dionisio Perez Manrique, knight of
the order of Santiago, collegiate in the college
of lios Manriques de Alcala, rector of the uni-
versity there, oidor of Lima, and president of
Quito, from whence he was removed to be pre-
sident of this audience of Charcas in 1646; whence,
having exercised it till 1654, he was removed to
that of Santa Fe.

10. Don Petiro Vazquez de Vclasco, who pre-
sided until the year 1661.

II. Don Bartolome Gonzalez de Poveda, pro-
moted in 1678; he was made archbishop of the
holy church of Charcas, remaining in the presi-
dency until 1688.

12. Don Diego Mesia, native of Lima, oidor of
its royal audience, and formerly of that of Quito ;
he was promoted to the presidency of Charcas in
1688.

13. Don Jorge Manrique dc Lara, who was
oidor of Panama, afterwards of Charcas, as also
president.

14. Don Gabriel Antonio Matienzo, president in
1723.

15. Don Francisco de Herboso, who was ap-
pointed in 1735, and presided until 1733.

16. Don Agustin de Jauregui, knight of the
order of Santiago, and native of Lima.

17. Don Juan Francisco Pestaiia, adjutant-
major of the regiment of Spanish guards ; he was
nominated in 1753, and presided until 1769.

18. Don Ambrosio de Benavides, who entered
in the above year, and presided until 1777.

19. Don Agustin de Pinedo, who succeeded
the former, and governed until 1782.

'' I

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j^ r

'<"•

1' I

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t ;

I: . , 1

i ■ ■ '!

I 1

Hi. .1

■' Jfe

fell

6. '\ ..

366

C H A

20. Don Ignacio de Flores, native of Quits,
who had servH ns captnia of cavalry in the ri'gi-
mi'iit of the voluiitoers of Aragon, and who was go-
vernor of the provinct! of Moxos, being of the rank
of colonel ; he was nominated as president by way
of reward for his services, in having been instni-
mental to the pacification of the Indians of Pern,
and to the succouring of the city of lia I'az, whicli
was besieged by reljols : he i;overned until J 786,
when he was rei.^oved from the presidency.

CiiAur.vs, a ferocious and barbarous nation of
Indians of Pern, to the s.;c. of the lakes of Aul-
laga and of Paria ; conquered by Mayta C.ipac,
fourth monarch of the Incas. At present they
are reduced to the Christian faith in the govern-
ment of Chuquisaca or La Plata.

Chaucas, a settlement, with the dedicatory title
of Santa Maria, being the real of the mines of the
kingdom of Nueva Gar.;ia, in which are marked
the boundaries of its jurisdiction, and those of
Nueva Espana, the last district of tlie bishopric of
Mecboacan. It contains a convent of the religi-
ous order of St. Francis, and 50 families o*^' Spa-
niards, A/«s/cf 5, and Mulattoes, as also many of In-
dians dispersed in the rancherias and the estates
of its district: is 130 leagues to the u. \ to the
n. a), oi Mexico, 73 from Guadalaxera, and 18 to
the n. e. of tlio sierra of Pinos. Lat. 22° 55'.
Long. 100° 40'.

CiiAUCAs, another settlement and rcaf of tli3
mines of the province of Copala, and kingdom of
Nueva V izcaya ; situate two leagues from the
capital. In its vicinity are the estates of Panuco,
in which they work with quicksilver the metals of
the mines. To its curacy, which is admiuftered
by one of the Ca.'holic i;lergy, are annexed two
small settlements of Scirnnos Indians, auongstwhom
are found some few of the Tepeguana nation.

CL ARIMIZA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito.
It rises in the cordillaa towards the s. and enters
the Maranon.

[CHARLEMONT, a township in Hampshire
county, Massachusets, 16 milc' to. of Dcerfiehl,
having 663 inhabitants.]

[CiiAHLF.s, a cape on the s. ., part of the strait
entering into Hudson's bay. Lat, 62° 40' n.
Long. 75° 15' a>.]

Charms, a small lake rf New France, to the
71. of the city of Quebec, which empties itself into
the river St. LaAvrence.

Charles, another cape or point of liiC coast of
the count'./ of Labrador ; one of those which form
the w. cntr incc or mouth of the strait of Uelle-
isle.

C H A

[CiiAHLES River, in Massachusetts, called an*
ciently Quinobequin, is a considerable stream,
the principal branch of which rises from a pond
bordering on Hopkinton. It passes through ilollis-
ton and Bellingliam, and divides Medway troni
Medtield, Wrentham, and Franklin, and tliericc
into Dedliam, where, by a curious bend, it forms a
peninsula of 900 acres of land. A stream called
Mother brook runs out of this river in this town,
and falls into Neponsit river, forming a natural
canal, unitint; the two rivers, and aQording a num-
ber of exceileiit mill-scats. From Dedliam the
course of the river is ii. dividing Newton from
Needham, Vv'eston, and Waltham, passing over
romantic falls ; it then bends to the m. e. and e.
through Waterlown and Cambridge, and passing
into Boston harbour, mingles with the waters of
Mystic river, at the point of the pcnuisula of
Charlestowii. It is navigable for boats to W'ater-
town, seven miles. The most remarkable bridges
on this river are those wliicli connect Boston with
Charlestown and Cambridge. See Boston. Thereare
seven paper mills on Ifs river, besides other mills.]

[Charles County, on the w. shore of Maryland,
lies between Potowmack and Fituxent rivers. Its
chief town is port Tobacco, on the river of that
name. Its extreme length is 28 miles, its breadth
24, and it contains 20,613 inhabitJints, including
10,085 slaves. The country has few hills, is gene-
rally low and sandy, and produces tobacco, Indian
corn, sweet potatoes, &c.]

[Chaulks City County,in Virgin ia,lies bet ween
Chickahominy and James rivers. I' contained
formerly i)art of what now forms Prince George's
county. It has 55S8 inhabitants, including 3141
slaves.]

[Charles, a cape ofVirginia, in about lat. 37°
15' w. It is on the n. side of the mouth of Chesa-
peak bay, having cape Henry opposite to it.]

CiiARLr*, a promontory in IM. America, men-
tioned by the F^nglish captain Thomas James, in
his voyage published 1663, which was made for
the sake of discovering a pass to 5. America.

CHARLES. See Carlos, San.

CHARLES TON, a capital cify of S. Carolina,
is one of the best of N. America, excelling in
beauty, grandeur, and commerce. It Is situate
upon a long strip of land between two navigable
rivers, which are Ashley and ("owner, and the
greater part of it upon the latter. This forms in
the city two small bays, the one to the m, and the
other to the s. The town is of a regular coii'truc-
tion, and well fortified both by nature anJ :;ft,
having six Ixistions and a line of entrenchment : on
the side of the river Cowpcr it has the bastions of

W >

C H A

Black, Granville, Craven, and a Jialf-moon; on
the «. a line, and in front of tiio river Ashley tiie
hnstion of CoUiton, and the covered balf-inoon of
Johnson, with a draw-bridge to pass the linCj and
another to ppss the Iialf-moon. Besides these works
of regular fortification, it has a fort erected upon
» noint of land at the entrance of the river Ashley,
which commands the clianncl and the vessels : but
th - bastions, the palisade, and the ditch on the
land-side, having suffered much damage in an
hurricane, and it being thought by the Governor
Nicholson, that they were of too great an extent to
defend themselves, they were by his command de-
stroyed. This city is, as it were, a continual fa.r,
being the market for the fruits of the whole pro-
vince : the streets are well projected, and the edi-
fices arc grand and of fine architecture, especially
the church, which is magnificent, spacious, and
one of the best in all N. America : tliere are several
other chu:ches belonging to difl'erent sects, and the
French protcstants have a very tine one in the prin-
cipal street. The town consists of 800 houses
built of wood as to the greater part, although there
arc sonic of stone; all of them having glass win-
dows, and manifesting a degree of elegan( e and or-
nament in tlicir structure : is the residence of the
governor of the province, and in it is held the ge-
neral assembly and the tribunal of judicature.
Here are many rich nobles and opulent merchants,
and almost all its inhabitants exhibit a costly ap-
pearance, and live in a state of consummate luxury,
it has a public library, which owes its establishment
to Doctor Thomas Hray. The liberty of con-
science enjoyed in this city, and which was granted
to its inhabitants a short time after its foundation,
cansed it to become very populous. This efl'ect
was further heightened by the extensive commerce
it enjoyed : and thus has it, with many other qua-
lities of pre-eminence, become one cf the finest set-
tlements in America.

[Charleston, the metropolis of S. Carolina,
is tiie most considerable town in the state ; situate
in the district of the same name, and on the tongue
of land formed by thf* confluent streams of Ashley
and C owper, which are short rivers, but large and
navigable. These waters unite immediately below
the city, and form a spacious and convenient har-
bour, which communicates with the ocean just be-
low Sullivan's island, which it leaves on the //. seven
miles .V, e. of Charlesion. In tliese rivers tiie tidt;
rises in common about six feet and a half; but iini-
t'ornily rises 10 or I'i inches more iluring a night
tide. The fact is certain ; the cause unknown.
The continual agitation which the tides ocrasioii
m the wrttcrs wliicb almost surround Ch:>.rlcston,

C H A

367

the refreshing sea-breezes which are regularly felt,
and th« smoke arising from so many chimneys,
render this city more healthy than any part of the
low country in the s. states. On this account it is
the resort of great numbers of gentlemen invalids
from the W. India islands, and of the rich planters
from the country, who come here to spend the
sickly months, as they arc called, inquest ol health
and of the social enjoyments which the city allbrds ;
and in no part of America are the social blessings
cnjoyetl more rationally and liberally than here.
The following statement exhibits the greatest and
least height of Fahrenheit's thermometer tor several
years past in Charleston.

jVcais.

Higliost.

Lowest.

Vt'ai!<.

Hiulu'st.

l/OWot.

1750

1759

1751

1791

f)0

175a

101

3^2

1792

1753

«8

179J

'oO

175t

o<2

1791

1755

'26

1795

2f)

1756

\~96

1757

1797

1758

1798

State of the weather for 1807, ending Decem-
ber 31.

Thermometer, highest

92^ 30'

Ditto lowest

24"

Ditto mean

CtH" W

IJarometer

0' 1' to 30° 77'

Hv urometer

i '0 131

Fall of rain

42 inches 1|

Prevailing winds

N.E. S.W.

Days of rain

Do. of thunder

Do. of snow

ITnaffected hospitality — affability — ease of man-
ners and address — and a disposition to make tlii^ir
guests welcome, easy, and plea&?d with themselves,
are charactoriitirs of the respectable people of
Charleston. In speaking of the capital, it ought
(o be observed, for the iiononr of the people of
Carolina in general, that when, in common with the
other colonies, in the contest with Britain, they re-
solved against the use of certain luxuries, and even
necessaries of life, those articles which improve the
mind, enlarge the understanding, and correct the
taste, were excepted ; the importation of books
was permitted as formerly. 'I'lic land on Avhich
the town is built is flat and low, and the water
brackish and unwholesome. The streets are pretty
regularly cut, and open beautiful prospects, and
have subterrancaudrains to carry off fill's and keep]

\.;\

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868

C H A

f the city clean and healthy ; but are too narrow for
so large a place and so warm a climate. Their
general breadth is from 35 to 66 feet. The houses
which have been lately built are brick with tiled
roofs. The buildings in general are elegant, and
most of them are neat, airy, and well furnished.
The public buildings are, an exchange, a state-
house, an armoury, a poor-house, and an orphan's
liouse. Here are several respectable academies.
Part of the old barracks has been handsomely fitted
up, and converted into a college, and there are
a number of students ; but it can only be called as
yet a respectsble academy. Here are two banks ;
a branch of the national bank, and the S. Carolina
bank, established in 1792. The houses for public
worship arc, two Episcopal churches, two for In-
dependents, one for Scotch Presbyterians, one for
Baptists, one for German Lutherans, two for Me-
thodists, one for French Protestants, a meeting-
house for Quakers, a Roman Catholic chapel, and
a Jewish synagogue. Little attention is paid to
the public markets ; a great proportion of the most
wealthy inhabitants having plantations, from which
they receive supplies of almost every article of
living. The country abounds witli poultry and
wild ducks. Their beef, mutton, find veal arc not
generally of the best kind ; and few fisli arc found
in the market. In 1787 it was computed that there
were 1600 houses in this city, and 15,000 inhabi-
tants, including 5400 slaves ; and what evinces
the healthiness of the place, upwards of 200 of the
white inhabitants were above 60 years of age. In
1791 there were 16,359 inhabitants, of whom 7684
were slaves. This city has often suffered much
by tire ; the last and most destructive happened as
late as June 1796. Charleston was incorporated
in 1783, and divided into lincc wards, which choose
as many wardens, from among whom the citizens
elect an intendant of the city. The intendant and
wardens form the city-council, who have power to
make and enforce bye-laws for the regulation of
the city. The value o^ exports from this pori, in
the year ending November 1787, amounted to
505,279/. 19*. 5d. sterling. The number of vessels
cleared from the custom-house the same year was
947, measuring 62,118 tons; 735 of these, mea-
suring 41,531 tons, were American ; the others be-
long^ to Great Britain, Ireland, Spain, France, and
thelJniied Netherlands. In the year 1794 the value
of exports amounted to 3,846,392 dollars. It is 60
miles *. w. by s. of Georgetown, 150 e. by s. of
Augusta, 497 s. by ©. of Richmond, 630 s. w. by
s. of Washington city ; 763 s. w. by *. of Philadel-

fhia, and 1 1 10 s. w, of Boston. Lat. 32° 48'.
iong. 80° 2' w. Knoxville, (he capital of the state

C H A

of Tennessee, is much irearer to this than to any
sea-port town in theAtlaiitic ocean. A waggon
road of only 15 miles is wanted to open the com-
munication ; and the plan is ibout to b- executed
by the state.]

Ch A RLESToir, another capital city of the county
of Middlesex in Ntw England; situate on the
bank of the river Charles. It is well peopled and
of a good construction, occupying the whole of the
space which lies between tne aforesaid river and
that of Mystic, the former river dividing the r'ty
from Boston, in the same manner as the Thames
divides London from Southwark. It has a raft for
the traffic of the river instead cf a bridge, the fare
or produce of which belongs to the college of Nor-
wood in the cit^ of Cambridge, which is close by :
this city is as it were the half of Boston, and its
situation, as being upon a )>eninsula, is very ad-
vantageous. At certain times it has fairs, and is
the meeting place for the assembly of the county.
It has a very large and handsome church, and a
market place, ornamentally and conveniently situate
on the river side, at which there are sold all kinds
of flesh, fish, and other necessaries: it has two
large streets leading to it. The river is navigable,
and rt'us through the country for many leagues. Is
in Lat. 42° 24' n. Long. 71° 6' w.

[CHARLESTOWN, the principal town in
Middlesex county, Massachusetts, called Mislia-
wun by the aboriginal inhabitants, lies n. of Boston,
with which it is now connected by Charles river
bridge. The town, properly so called, is built on
a peninsula formed by Mystic river on the e. and
a bay setting up from Charles river on the w. It
is very advantageously situated for health, naviga-
tion, trade, and manufactures of almost all the va-
rious kinds. A dam across the mouth of the bay,
wliich sets up from Charles river, would afford a
great number of mill-seats for manufactures. Bun-
ker's, Breed's, and Cobble (now Barrell's) hills,
are celebrated in the history of the American revo-
lution. The second hill has upon its summit a
monument erected to the memory of Major-general
Warren, near the spot where he fell, among the
first sacrifices to American liberty. The brow of
the hill begins to be ornamented with elegant
houses. All these hills afford elegant and delight-
ful prospects of Boston, and its charmingly varie-
gated harbour, of Cambridge and its colleges, and
of an extensive tract of highly cultivated country.
It contains within the neck or parish about 350
houses, and about 2000 inhabitants. The only
public buildings of consequence are, a handsome
Congregational church, with an elegant steeple
and clock, and an alms-house, very commodious

C II A

(' H V

.sr.',>

in to any

waggon

the com*

executed

le county
te on the
spied and
tola of the
rirer and
g the r"ty
e Thames
s a raft for
e, the fare
jc of Nor-
close by :
tn, and its
s very ad-
airs, and is
lie county,
rch, and a
ntly situate
id all kinds
it has two
navigable,
eagues. Is

I town in
led Misha-
of Boston,
harles river
is built on
the e. and
the w. It
th, naviga-
11 the va-
of the bay,
d aflford a
ures. Bun-
rell's) hills,
;rican revo-
summit a
or-general
imong the
"he brow of
ith elegant
ind delight-
"ngly varie-
olleges, and
ed country,
about 250
The only
, handsome
ant steeple
oramodioiis

niid iilcn^i^nily siliialcd. Before tlii' (lo^fnir'inn of
IhJK town l)y llic UvMisli in 177.), several hritiiches
ot' m;iiiiiliic'lnrc.s were; cairifil onto ijreat Jidvaii-
laffe, snii\(' of whicli have been siiicH! rcviNcil : par-
lieiilarly llie iiuiiuil!Rliire ot" pot and jseail ashes,
sliip-ljiiildiii!^, rmn, liMtlier in all its hranclies,
silver, tin, hras^, and pewter, 'fliree rope-walks
Imvc' lately I'ecii erected in this (own, and the in-
crease of its houses, popidution, trade, and navip";'-
tion, have heen very yreat vvitliin a few years jiast.
Tills town is a port of entry in conjnnction with
Boston. Al the iiead of the ni'ck there is a ijridjre
over iMysticriver, whicii connects Charlestowii with
Maiden. 1

t'liAiti-nsTowN, another oil}' of the island of
Nevis, one ol'theCarihi's, in the An'illes ; in whieii
(!ier<NUc beautilnl houses and shops well provided
willi every thini'- ; is deli-nded by a fort called
('harles. It has a market every Saturday, heirin-
niiiir at iun-rise and (inisliini^ at mid-day, whither
t!ie \e<iroes brinij maize, tiames, £rarden-l)','rbs,
fruits, &c. in (he parish of San Juan is a piece
ol sulphureous lanil, in the iijjpcr extremity of an
openinij- of. the land, called Solfatara, or Sulphur
i.Mit, whicli is so hot as to ho lelt through the soles
ol the shoes when beiiii; trodden upon. At the
fool of the declivity of this same part of the city,
is a small hot stream, called the J{a(h, which bcinif
Mil)pose(l to rise from the aforesaid spot, loses itself
faliortiy in the sand. Tov/ards the side lying next
the sea arc two fountains, one of hot water, the
odier of cold, and of these two arc formed the lake
ot Blackrock, the waters of which are of a moderate
warmth, and which lies to the », of tim city, being
nearly a quarter ol a ni'le's distance from (he |)lacc
where are caught eels and silver-lish, resembling
the cod and slimgut in llavour, the latter of which
lias a head disproporlioned to its body. [A prodi-
i^ioiis piece ol iVevis mountain falling down in an
eaithquake several years ago, left a large vacuity,
which is still to be seen. The altitude of (Imk
mountain, taken by a quadrant from Charlestown
hay, is said (o be a mile and a half perpendicular ;
and from (he said bay \yi the top, four miles. The
ileclivily from this mountain to the town is very
stee|) half-way, but aiterwards easy of ascent.] In
Lat. 1 7^ S' H. and long, m' 40' ic.

(^ii/Viii,Esrow .%,• another city of (he island of
IJarbadoes ; (he si(ua(ioii of whicli is (wo leagues
Irom that of San Miguel. It has a good port de-
leiided by two caslles ; (he one beyond (he odier,
and both commanding (he city and (he road: in
llKMniddleof (hem is a |ila(form. The inhabi(ants
carry on a great trade wi(li the olher islands.

rCnARi,E»row>, a township in Montgomery

VOT-. I.

county, \ew ^'ork, on (ho .v. >-idc of Mchaw'k river,
about ,"'i miles xc. of Schenectady, l-y the stale
census of I7W), 45(1 of the inhabilants are elec-
tors.]

[('iiAiiM'srow's, a (inviiship in T^fason <-(Mr'ty,
Kentucky; situate on t'le Ohio, at (lie iiionlh ol
l/uiren's «;reek. It contains but ft'w houses, jind
is six mihs n. of Washinglon, and (iO n. c. of Lex-
ington, J,a(. 38'' 58' //.J

I'Cii Ani.r.sTow .v,a (osviishipin fluster couiil}',
Pennsylvania.]

( ("iiAiu,i;sT<)WN,a post (own inCheshireconnty,
New Hampshire, on (he e. side of Connec(icut
river, 3l» miles s. of Dardiioiith collcire, upwardsof
70 M, of Northampton, I 16 if. of :<-, ollJoston, I'iO
tv, by n. of Portsmouth, and ['J\ ti. w. e. of Phila-
delphia. It^^i•. incorporated in I7;j3, and con-
tains fJO or 100 houses, a (.'ongrt'ga1i(»niil church,
a court-house, and an academy. T'he road from
lloslon to (Quebec jiasses through this town. Lat.
4,'J' Ki' II, Long, 7'i "-ij' ic. A .small internal
trade is carried on here. J

[("uAiii.i'STowN, a post (own in Cecil cfuinly,
Maryland, near (he head of Chesapeak bay : six
miles e. n. v. from (he mouth of Susqueliannah
river, 10 xo. v. ic. from I'lklown, and 50 s. ze. by r.:,
from Philadelphia. Here are about yO houses,
chielly inhabited bv (ishermen employed in (he
herring (Ishrry. La(. 39^ 36' w.J

[(Jii viti.rsrow N, a diis(ric( in (he lower comitrj
of S. Carolina, subdivided into 14 parishes. This
large district, ot" which the city of Charleston is the
chief town, lies between Santeo and Combahee
rivers. It pays yi, 473/. 14,'!, (Ul. sterling, (axes, it
sends (o (he s(ale legislalure 48 representadves and
13 senators, and one member to congress. It con-
tains C(),f)8ti iniiabitants, of whom only lt»,352are
l"ree.]

[Lhaiii,i:stown, a village in HcrLley county,
Virginia; situate on the great road leading from
Philadelphia to Winchester; eight miles from
Shepherdstown, and 20 from NVinchester.]

fCuA;if,EsT<iwN, a township in Washington
C(mnty, Rhode Island stad", having (he .Vtlantic
ocean on the s. and separated from Kichmoiid on the
71, by Charles river, a water of Pawcaluck. Some of
its ponds empty iii(o Pawcadick river, others into
(he sea. I( is 19 mil(;s u. u\ of Ne^vporl, and
contai:isy0'22 inhabitants, including 12 slaves. A
lew years ago (here were abon( 5(M) Indians in (he
slate ; (he greater part of (hem resided in this (own-
ship. They are peaceable and well disposed to
government, and speak (he l^iglish language. J

CliAULI/rON, an island situate "near the r.
coast of the country of Labrador, in the part of N.

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C H A

America called Now South Wales. Its territory
consists of €i white dry sand, and it is coTcred with
small trees and shrubs. This island hasaboauli-
ful a|)[K>arance in the spring to those who discover
it after a voyage of three or four months, and after
Laving seen nothing but a multitude of mountains
covered with frost, which lie in the bay, and in the
strait of Hudson, and which are rocks petrified
with eternal ice. This island appears at that sea*
son as though it were one heap of verdure. The
air at the bottom of the bay, although in 51° of hit.
and nearer to the sun than London, is excessively
cold for nine months, and extremely hot the remain-
ing three, save when the n. w. wind prevails. The
sod on the e. as well as on the to. side produces all
kinds of grain and fruits of fine qualities, which
are cultivated on the shore of the river Rupert.
Lat. 52° 12' «. Long. 80° a).

CHAUNACOCIIA, a settlement of the pro-
viiice and cotregimiento of Pilaya and Paspaya in
Peru.

CIIARO, MATi.AziNno, the alcaldiu vmyor
of the ])rovince and bishopric of Mechoaciin in
Nueva Espana, of a mild and dry temperature,
being the extremity of the stcrra of Otzumatlan ;
t?ie heights of which are intersected with many
veins of metals, which manitcst themselves very
plainly, although they have never yet been dug
out ; and in the wet seasons the clay or mud pits
rentier the roads impassable. It is watered by the
river which rises in the pool or lake of Valladolid,
and by which the crops of wheat, maize, lentils, and
the fruits peculiar to the place, are rendered fertile
and productive. This reduced jurisdiction belongs
to the Marquises of Valle, and is subject to the
Dukes of Terranova. Its population is reduced to
some ranchos, or meetings tor the purpose of labour,
and to the capital, which has the same name, and
which contains a convent of the religious order of
St. Augnstin, this being one of the first ^temples
built by the Spaniards in this kingdom, the present
dilapidated state of it bearing amjjic testimony to
its great antiquity. \i contains 430 families of
Pirindas Indians, employed in labour and in the
cultivation of the land, and in making bread, which
is carried for the supply of Valladolid, the neigh-
bouring ranchos and estates. It should also have
45 or 5() families of Spaniards, A/jijt/fcs, and Mulat-
tocs. Is 50 leagues to the w. of Mexico, and two
to the c. of Valladolid. Long. 100'' 44'. Lat.
i9°34'.

CHARON, a small river of Canada, which runs
f. and enters the lake Superior in the bay of Beau-
barnois.

CIlARPENTIliP., FoM) di , a bay of the n. e.

C II A

coast of the island of Martinique, between the towa
and parish of Marigot and the Pan dc Azucar.

('harpentikh, a small river of the same island,
wliicii runs ». e. and enters the sea in the ibrmer
bay.

CILIRQUEDA, a lake of the province and
captainship of Rcy in Brazil, near the coast which
lies between this lake and that of Los Patos.

CIIARRUAS, a barbarous nation of Indians of
Paraguay, who inhabit the parts lying between the
rivers Parana and Uruguay. These Indians are
the most idle of any in America, and it has been
attempted in vain to reduce them to auy thing like
a civilized state.

Charrims, a settlement of this province and
government.

CiiARuuAs, a river of the same province, which
runs s. s. w. and enters the Parana.

CHARTIER, Uahia ue, a bay on the s. coast
of the straits of Magellan, between the bay of San
Simon and the point of Tnnquichisgua.

Chartieu, a settlement of Indians of the pro-
vince and colony of Virginia ; situate on the shore
of a river of the same name. It runs s. and enters
the sea in the county of Hampshire.

[CiiAUTiKR, a township iu Washington county,
Pennsj'lvania.j

[Chartier's Creek. Sec Canonsburg and

Mo.lGANZA.]

[CHARTRES, a fort which was built by
the Freud), on the e. side of the Mississippi,
three miles n, of La Prairie du Roclier, or the
Rock meadows, and 12 miles w. of St. (ienevievc,
on the a;, side of that river. It was abandoned in
1772, being untenable by the constant washings ot
the Mississippi in high floods. The village s. of
the fort was very inconsiderable in 1778. A mile
above this is a village settled by 170 warriors ot'tlie
Piorias and Mitchigamias tribes of Illinois Indians,
who are idle and debauched.]

CHASPAIA, a settlement of the province and
corn'gimievto of Arita in Peru; annexed to the
curacy of Tarata.

CH ASSES, a small river of N. Carolina, uhich
runs M. V. e. and enters that of Cutawba.

CHAT, Trou DI-, a settlement of the parish and
island of Martinique ; situate near the bay of the
Cul de Sac Royal, and to the n. e. of the capital.

Chat, a river of the island of Guadalupe, whitli
rises in the mountains of the e. coast, anil runiiinu
f . enters the sea between the rivers Grand Rauaiiici
and Troti au Chien, or Hole of the I)n<r.

Chat, a cape or point of land on tiic coa't ol
the river St. Lawrence, ou the shore opposite to
the port of Sau Pacracio.

PV- :h

C H A

371'

DTince and

('llATACANCII \,a sdllonifnt ofllic province
mill corrviiitiicnlo «(' lluarocliiti in I'cru ; aniuwccl
to tlic curacy of Olleros.

iCIfyVTA-HATCIIl, or Hatciii, is the liirsrcst
river %vliicli falls into St. Rose's bay in W. Fi()ri<l;i.
It is also called Pea river, and runs from v. e. en-
teriniif the bottom of the bay through several
jnoutlis, but so shoal that only a small boat or
canoe can pass tliem. Mr. Ilutchins ascended tliis
river about 23 Icai^iies, where tlicre was a small
settlement of Coussac Indians. The soil and tim-
ber on the banks of the river resemble very much
those of Escambia.]

CHATAllOUCni, a settlement of Indians of
Georgia, in which the Knglish have an establish-
ment. It is situate on the shore of the river Apala-
chicola.

CHATAS, some islands of the N. sea, which
are very small and desert, and lie to the w. of the
island of Ynagna.

[CHATAUCHE, or Chataiiutiie, a river in
Georgia. The n. part of Apalachiola river bears
this name. It is about 30 ro<ls wide, very rapid,
and full of shoals. The lauds on its banks arc lisrht
and sandy, and the clay of a bright red. 'I'hc
lower creeks are settled in scattering clans and vil-
lages from the head to the mouth of this river.
Their huts and cabins, from the high colour of the
clay, resemble clusters of new-burned brick kilns.
The distance from this river to the Talaposc river,
is about 70 miles, by the war-path, which crosses
at the falls, just above che town of the Tucka-
batches.]

[CHATAUGHQUE Lake, in Ontario county,
New York, is about 18 miles long, and three broad.
Conewango river, which runs a *. s. e, course,
connects it with Alleghany river. This lake is
conveniently situated lor a communication between
lake Erie and the Ohio ; there being water en-jugh
for boats from fort Franklin on the Alleghany to
the n. w. corner of this lake ; from thence there is
a portage of nine miles to Chataughque harbour on
lake Erie, over ground capable of being made a
good waggon road. This communication was once
used by the French.]

CHATEAU, a settlement of New France, in
which the French have a castle and establishment,
on the shore of the river St. Lawrence.

CHATEAUX, a small river of the country and
land of Labrador. It runs s. and enters the sea in
the strait of Belleisle.

[CHATHAM, a maritime township in Barn-
staple county, Massacliusetts ; situate on the ex-
terior extremity of the elbow of cape Cod, conve-

niently for the fishery ; in which they have usually
about 40 vessels employed. Jt has 1140 inhabi-
tants, and lies 9j miles s. c. of Boston. See Cai'E
Con.]

[Chatham, a township in Grafton county,
New Hampshire. It was incorporated in 1707,
and in 1790 contained .08 inhabitants.]

[Chatham, a flourishing township in Middlesex
county, Connecticut, on the e. bank of Connecticut
river, and opposite Middlctoii city. It was a part
of the township of Middleton till 17C7.]

[Chatham, a township in Essex county, N..'cr-
sey, is situated on Passaic river, 13 miles w. of
Elizabethtown, and nearly the same from New-
ark.]

[Chatham, a township »f Columbia county,
New York. By the state census of 1796, 380 of
its inhabitants were electors.]

[Chatham County, in llillsborough district,
N. Carolina, about the centre of the .state. It con-
tains 9221 inhabitants, of whom 1632 arc slaves,
('hief town, Pittsburg. The court-house is a few
miles w. of Raleigh, on a branch of Cape Fear
river.]

[Chatham, a town of S. Carolina, in Cherawi
district ; situate in Chesterfield county, on the w.
side of Great Pedee river. Its sitntion, in a highly
cultivated and rich country, and at the head of a
navigable river, bids fair to render it a place of

frreat importance. At present it has only about 30
louses, lately built.]

[(Chatham County, in the lower district of
Georgia, lies in the n. e. corner of the state, having
the Atlantic ocean e. and Savannah river ii. e. It
contains 10,769 inhabitants, including 8201 slaves.
The chief town is Savannah, the former capital of
the state.]

[Chatham or Ponjo Bay, a large bay on the
w. side of the s. end of the promontory of E. Flo-
rida. It receives North and Delaware rivers.]

[Chatham House, in the territory of the Hud-
son bay company. Lat. 55° 28' «. Long. 97"
32' w. from Greenwich.]

CHAUCA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Guarochiri in Peru ; annexed tn
the curacy of Casta.

Chauca, another settlement, in the province
and corregimieiilo of Canta ; annexed tothccuracjr
of Pari.

CHAUCAIAN, a settlement of the province
and corres^iinienlfl of Huailas in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Caxacai, in the province of Caxa-
tambo.

CHAUCHILLOS, a settlement of the province
3b2

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aiul govcinnuMil t^r 'i'lU'iiiiiiiii, in llic jiirisilii inin
ol'tlic cily 1)1' Sniitiii;;!) ilcl Ijlsli-ro, on Uie sIidk? of
Hie river ( lioiotriDros.

[CIIAI l)li;i{i; IJivrr, ii V. r. w;»(.'r of lli.' S|.
I/a\vn;n<'(>, risiiiijj in Liticolii anil Hancock cotin-
(i("<, in tli" ilislricl of Maine. Tlic carryinj; placii
iVoni boatalilc wati-rs in i(, (o hoalalile waters in the
IvcnnclxTk, is only live miles. J

[Cii Miiir, hi; J alls are situate aljout nitic miles
above (Quebec, on the opposite shore, and about
(liree or lour miles back Iroin the river St, liaw-
rence, into wliich the river (Jhaiidiere disembogues
itself. Tiie river is seen at a distance, emcri^ing
IVom a tiiick wood, and gradi.ally expanding
from .nil almost iuipercei)tible stream till it reaches
the cataract, whose breadtli is upwards of .'JbO
iW\. ll<'n' the disordereil masses of rock, which
appear to have been rent from tlieir bed by s )ine
violent convulsion of nature, break the course of
the waters, and precipitate them from a heiylit of
[■20 feet into an inmiensc; chasm below. In some
parts laru'c sheets of water roll over the precipice,
and fall unbroken to (he botto,n : while in other
places (he water dashes from one frajxment of the
rock to another, with wild imietuo.sity, bcllow-
inc; and foaniiiiif with rai^e in every hollow and
cavity that obslrucis its progress ; from thence it
rushes down with the rap'ilily of liij;litniiii;' into
the boiiiiiii' surije beneath, where il rai;es with in-
conceivable fury, till driven lion, the jiulf by
iVesh columns, it hurries away and ioses itseli'in
the waters of the St. F/awrence. The scenery
wliich aicompanies the cataract of Chaudierc is
beautiful and romantic beyoml d(.'.-,criptioii. In
the centre, a laroe frairmeni tif rock, v.hich first
divides the water, at the summit of the prcci|)ice,
forms a small island ; and a liandsonic fii-liee,
which j^rows i ;ion it, is thus placed in a most
sinirular and pirliiresqiie situation. The forest on
either side the river consists of lirs, pines, birch,
oak, ash, and a variety of ollu'r trees aiul shruh'^,
inte;-,iiin<jled in the most wild and romaulic maii-
i,'.. Their dark lireeii f(.liau;c, joined with tlu!
i)ro\vn and sombre tint ol llie rocky fViii'Muents (i\('r
which tlie water precipitates itself, form a stril;-
iiisT and ])leasin!jr condnst to the snowy white-
ness of the foaminii; surL'.e, and the coliiiuiis of
.'parkling s|»ray ^^!lich rise in clouds and mingle
Milh tlie'air. ] "

I'llAl (jii:, a settlement of Indians of S.
("arolina ; situate on the shore of the river
'J'uii-elo.

CIIAl'irO, San Pr.nno nr, a settlement of
the head bcttlcneiit of 'Jlacoiepec, and akuhiia

C H A

iiiiii/Di oriluxlIaliiiiK a, ill Nueva .K^puui. 1 1 cc.iu
t iin-..j7 families of Indians.

ClIAl l\, a settlement of the province and
r()/>r»7w/e«/(> of ('-astro- Vireyna in IViu; ainie.vcil
to the curacy of (Ihupamaica in the province of
1i'aii\os,

CiiAi iv, another seltlenient in the province
and c()m'»v/«/e«^) of ('axanian|iiilla in i'eru.

("IIAl I.NA, a seltlenient of tlu^ province ;iii(l
roirtaumicf/lo o\' liucanas in the same kingiloin ;
annexed to tin; curacy of I'araisancos.

CIIAI IMIJ-OS, a iettlemeni of the province
and n»m'i!;7'«(/(v//(> of lluanialies in tlu; samekiii!i-
dom ; aiiii(>xed to the curacy of I'achas,

C'llAlTTAS, La PuESLNTAc ION dc, asetlle-
ineiit of the province and government of Mainas in
the kinirdom of tjuito,

(.'IIAl LAi\, il settlement of the province and
(onr<i;imi(iito of Huaiiiico in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of lliiacar.

('IIAUNAMILLA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and conrgiiiiictilo ()l'^\in\\c in the kingdom
of Chile ; situate upon the shore and at the source
of (111' river .lecudahue,

CIIAL'PHJOS, a settlement of tlic province
and (onciiiniidilo of Canta in Peru ; auiicxcd to
tlio curacv of Atabillos liaxos,

CliAl'I'IMAIlCA, a settlement of the province
and fo*rf,2/////VM/o of Tarina in Peru; annexed to
the curacy of Tapii,

ClIAl'TLAN, u set 'ement of the province
and ulciiUlid ii.diyor of Z iqiies in the kingdom ot
(I'uatemala.

CIIACX, Puma nr,, an cxtreinity of the t.
const of the island of M.irtiiiicine, one of the An-
tilles. It runs into the sea iieai I v equal with thai
ofCarabelle,

(TIAXAL, a river of the province and alaildui
?>?rt{/0;' of Chiiipa in the kingdom of (iuatemala.
It runs p, and enters the .sea in the gulf of lli-
giieras,

CIIA^'AXTA, or Chaiu as, a province and
rorrt'^iiiiitnlo of Peru, bonndeil ti, by that of Co-
chabamba, u.Xi), by the torrcghn'un'o o\' Otiwi^, c.
by the province of Vamiiaracz, ,v. c. and .<. bytluit
(il I'orco, anil lo, by that of Paria ; is ,'J(j leagues
in length from lo. to r. and 11 in width, ;/. s. Its
temperature is various, since it contains the setllo-
meiits of Puna and N'alles ; in the former of these
arc Ibund in abundance the productions of the
n'crra, and in" the ialtrr wheat, maize, and other
seeds and herbs : they have eipially a traflic with
the surrounding provinces, es))ecially in the ar-
ticles of wlieat and flour of inuize. Here are bred

"MM

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573

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("iltli' ol all sorts ; and (here am some irolil mines,
lliouijli Hk'.V |>r()ilti('(' at ]>ii'mmiI vi ry si);iiiM;:ly ;
sDMic of the silver n\iui'.s, wiiicli were sciy IVuill'iii,
liii'v; liitely filliil willi water, and attempts liavi!
beeri inad(^ in vain to empty theiri. Indeidllie
only mines wliicli liave jiroilneed any yreal wealtli
are those I'oiind in tin! mountains of Anlla<>Ms, and
iViini them, for some years |)ast, metals of the
rarest (pialities liav(! been extracted. In the woods
of the valleys, which prodn<(! very fine and excel-
lent timber, are found wolves, ti;;ers, and other
wild beasts inhabitin<r llie mountains; also a
species of bees, which form their combs in the liol-
jows of trees, and the iioney of which they call
(Ic r/iaras. There is a river in this ])rovinee com-
j)ose(l of several streams, and which unites itself
with the Cociiabiimba. 'I'lio number ot its inha-
bitants amounts to j(),()t)(), who are divided into
'J7 settlements. Jts teptirliiiiiiiilo used to amount
to {)'i,t)lj.") dollars, and its ^/Ava7//« to 7 H dollars
])er annum. It is one of the richest |)roviiu;es of
P,-ru.

The capital is of tlie same uame, uiid the other
setlleiuents are,

Cliarca,

I'itantora,

Ocuri,

I'niycarasi,

San I'rancisco de Micnni,

San Marcos de Alirallu-
r.>s,

Surumi,

, .,o.... ,., Santiago do Moscari,

Sin Pedro dc Maclia, San Pedro de liuenavista,
Moromoro, Acasio,

Maraijua, Toracari,

lluaicoma,

Aullasi'as,

Chayautacas,

Aniayapampa,

[jaimes,

Calacala,

A may a,

Amayavilque,

Pocoata,

('iiayala,

t'asimbuco,

Pancachi,
*^.irari.

f " "• — r«' '

< ' II I^A N E. r. river of the province and govern-
ment of Paraguay.

CiniAKA, a siltletnent of the province and
(^(;//r»//;;/t/<<o oi Andahuailas in Peru; annexed to
ilie ( nracy of lluaiama.

|('ill].\'i" Kiver rises in llandolpli counly,
Vir»'inia, and after pursuiuij a //.//. c^-. course, joins
'vlonoiiirahela river, three or four miles within the
i'enns} Ivaniii lin(\ It is iJOO yards wide at its
tiioiith, and 100 yards at the Dunkards settlement,
■'HI miles hiijiicr, and is navigable for boats, except
in dry seasons. There is a portage of ^7 miles
from this river to the Potowniack, at the mouth of
SaviL'c river.]

(IIIEIJA, a settlement of the province and ror-
'ti^iii(ii)ilo of Tuuj;i ill the iSuevo ilejfuo de Gia-

naiia, of a cold (cmporalure. It lies Itelueen some
mountains, and alKniiuls in the proiluelions of a
cold climate, such as wheat, maizi", tniiiles, and
barley ; it coii-i^ls ot lOO house-keejiers, and of
10 Indians, all ol whom ;ire subject to the disorder
of the (ot.t)t, or swiUimi' of the throat; is yi
leaifues to l!ie ii. c. of Tunja.

(,'lli:iJAN()NK()ta;i;, a town of tin- I'rench,
in Canada : situate in the country ol the Mistasui'^
Indians, on the u. shore of a lake which g'ives it its
name.

('Ill']!ii;\, a river of Nova Scotia. It rises
from a small lake near the settlement and Ibil of
Sackville, runs ;/. and enters ilie Uasin des Mines,
or of the Mii'cs, oldie bay ol I'lindy.

[('11 lOUUCTO, a bay and harbour on the.?. \.c.
coast of .Nova Scoti.i, distin'j,uislieil by the loss of
a l''reiich tleef in a former war be! ween I'rance
and (ireat Hrilain. .Near the head of this bay,
on the «'. side, stands the city of Halifax, tlie ca-
pital of the piovince. )

(MIKC.V, a settlement of the province and cor-
jf fif/w//Vw^> of Tinta in Peru.

(;il J>(.".A(T'PI, a settlement of the same pro-
vinces and kiuodom as the (ormer.

("jii:(w\c'iM, another, in the province of (^uispi-
carichi or I'rcos in the same kinmlom.

CIIKCASA, \j\ :\i;:,v.\, a settlement of the
province and correg^imcnto of Pilaya and Paspaya
in Peru.

(JliiUllllUiANTI, a river of the province
and sro^'ernment of Darien in the kingdom of
Tierra Firnie. It rises in the mountains on the;/,
side, niiisw. and enters the sea in the small bcccli
or pl<u/(tii, opposite the port of (,'alidonia.

(Jli IH'()|)l\, a small lake of the jirovince and
country of the Iroquees Indians iti Canada, lies
between the I ike Oswe<ro and the rivei Ohio.
ClIECUAS. SeeCii.«LNCAY.
jCIIKDAIUJCTO, or Mir.Foni) IIavi.n, a
large and tieep b:iy on the easternmost j)art of
Nova Scotia, at the mouth of the gut of Canso.
Opposite to its mo'sth stands isle .Madame. Sal-
mon river falls into this bay trom the u). and is
remarkable tor one of the greatest fisheries in tin;
world. J

CIILDIAC, a small river of Nova Scotia,
which runs e. and enters the sea in the strait formed
by the coast and the island of San Juan.
' fCHEESADAWI) Lake, about 'ilO miles n. r.
by f. of the ('auadiau house, on the e. end of
Slave lake, in the Hudson bay company's terri-
tory, is about Ja miles in length, and the same in
breadth, its w, shore is mountainous and rocky. J

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ICIIJXJOMIXi'A.N, II point of lam! about CO
mill's ill Ii'iijitli, on llic v. siilc ofiakc Siipurior.
Alioiit UH) miles re, of lliis cape, .'i CMiisidiTiiblc
rivi;i° fiilis into tiic Iiikc ; upon ils banks abiiiidancc
of virgin (lopniM is foniiil. |

{.'II IXJONOlS, a •^nKiil river of (he same pro-
vinre and colons as llie ll)inier. It runs s. zt>, and
eiiteis fill" IJ;i>in di's .Mines.

('IIJ".(JLJ;in 1% a river of ilie jmninco of
Suciiiubios ill the kiiiirdoni uf (^iiitu. It runs s. w.
and enters (he Aijnarico, in iiit. G' )i,

CHE{;U1QLII.LA, a sitlement of tlie pro-
vince and coririihiiiculo of ('o(piiiiil)o in tin; kin<r-
doni of ('liile; situate to the s. of the to>vn of
Copiapo.

("II J'.'J.\NI, a settlement of (lie province and
vorrrghuiaito of Carabaya in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of I'ara.

CIIEKOIJTIMI, a settlement of Indians of
Ciinnda, in tlie country of tlie nation of its name,
on llicsboro of the river Saguenay.

CMELKL, II settlement of (he province and
for)Yo-/n(/f«/o of Luya and Chillaos in Peru; an-
nexed to the curacy of Cheto.

[CHELMSFORD, a township in Middlesex
county, Massachusetts ; situated on the s. side of
Merrimack river, S6 miles n. w. from Boston, and
contains 1144 inhabitants. There is an iiigeniously
constructed bridge over the river at Fiiwtucket
falls, M'hich connects this town with Dracut. The
route of the Middlesex canal, designed to connect
the waters of Merriniat k with those of Hoston
harbour, will be s. through the e, part of Chelms-
ford. |

CHELQL'E, a settlement of Indians of the
district of Guadalabquen in the kingdom of Chile ;
situate on the shore of the river Valuiyia.

[ Cll ELSEA , called by the ancient natives Wiri'
nisimtt, a town in Suflblk county, Massachusetts,
containing 47^ inhabitants. Before its incorpora-
tion, in 1738, it was award of the town of Boston.
It is situated w. e. of the metropolis, and separated
from it by the ferry across the harbour, called
Winnisimet. ]

[CiiKi-sEA, a township in Orange county, Ver-
mont, having 239 inhabitants.]

[Cur.i.sEA, the name of a parish in the city of
Norwich, (Connecticut), called the Landing, situ-
ated at the head of the river Thames, 14 miles «.
of New London, en a point of land formed by
the junction of Shctucket and Norwich, or Little
rivers, whose united waters constitute the Thames.
It is a busy, commercial, thriving, romantic, and
ugrecable place, of about 150 houses, ascending

CUE

one above another in tiers, on artificial founda-
tions, on the s. point of a high rocky hill. J

('iiK.i.sK.v, a settleiiKMil of the English in (he
province ami colony of MassaclinseHs, one oldie
four of New England, on the shore of ilic port of
Boston.

CIIEMIN, Ciioix ni', i,a Mor.i.F, nv, a cross
in Canada, s(amling in (ho middle oftlie road near
the river Wiibiicho.

[CHEMUNtr. The Ti\ branch ofSusqnehaniiiih
river is sometimes so called. Sec Tio(;.\ lliver.]

I'Ciii MUMCi is a township in Tioga countv,
New York. By (lie s(a(e census of i79(), 81 of
its inhabitants were electors. It has Newton a;,
and Oswego r. about IGO miles ;/. a', from New
York city, measuring in a straight liiK-. Between
this place and Newton, d'eneral Sullivan, in his vic-
torious expedition againsl the Indians in 1779, hada
desperate engagement with the Six Nations, whom
he defeated. The Indians werestrongly endenched,
and it required (lie utmost exertions of the Aine-
rican army, with field pieces, to dislodge them ;
although the former, including 350 tories, amount-
ed only to 800 men, while the Americans wen;
5(X)0 in number, and well appointed in every re-
spect.]

CIIENE, a river of Canada, which runs m. w.
and enters the river St. Lawrence, opjiosite the
settlement of New Port.

[CHENENGO is a w. branch of Susquehan-
nali river. Many of the military townships are
watered by the n. 31. branch of this river. The
towns of Fayette, .lerico, Greene, Clinton, and
Chenengo, in Tioga county, lie between Ibis rivet
and the e. waters of S^i^quehannab.]

rCiccNENCO, a post town, and one of the chief
in Tioga county. New York. The settled part
of the town lies about 40 miles n. e. from Tioga
point, between Chenengo river and Susquchan-
nah ; has the town of Jerico on the n. By the
state census of 1796, 169 of its inhabitants aro
electors. It was taken off from Montgomery
crunty, and in 1791 it had only 45 inhabitan(s.
It is 375 miles n. n. w. of Philadelphia.]

[CHENESSEEorGENEssEERiverrisesin Penn-
sylvania, near the spot, which is the highest ground
intliat state, where the easternmost water of Allegha-
ny river, and Pine creek, a water of Susquehannah,
and Tioga river, rise. Fifty miles from its source
there are falls of 40 feet, and five from its mouth of 75
feet, and a little above that of 96 feet. These falls
furnish excellent mill-seats, which arc improved by
the inhabitants. After a course of about 100 miles,
mostly n. e. by n. it emj)ties into lake Ontario, four

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niiUsaiiJa JiiiU'c. oflrondpqiiut or Kuiidiigiit bay,
uiid &U ('. tVoHi Niagara fulls. Tlie scUli'nii.nIs on
(,'liPiR'ssee river Irani ils inmith upwards, are
Hartt'urd, Ontario, Wadswortli, and Williams-
burgli. The last inentiuued place, it is prubahie,
will soon be the scat of extensive commerce.
There will not be a carrying place between New
York city and Williamsbur/rh when the w.
canals and locks shall be completed. The carry>
ing places at present are as follows, viz. Albany
to Schenectady, Hi miles; from the head of the
Mohawk to Wood creek, (»ne ; Oswego falls, two ;
Chencssce falls, two ; so that there are but 21 miles
land carriage necessary, in order to convey com-
modities from a tract of country capable of main-
taining several millions of people. The famous
(]|icnessee flats lie on the borders of this river.
Tlicy are about 20 miles long, and about four
wide ; the soil is remarkably rich, quite clear of
trees, producing grass near 10 feet high. These
fiats are estimated to be worth 200,000/. as they
now lie. They arc mostly the property of the
Indians.]

ClIENGUE, a settlement of the province and
government of Santa Marta in the kingdom of
Tierra Firmc ; situate on tl>e sea-coast. It was
sacked by William Gauson in IG-W, who also
destroyed and plundered circumjacent estates.

fCHKPAWAS, or Chipeways, an Indian
nation inhabiting the coast of lake Superior and
tiie islnnds in the lake. They could, according to
Mr. llutcliins, furnish 1000 warriors 20 years
ago. Other tribes of this nation inhabit the coun-
try round Saguinam or Sagana bay, and lake
Huron, bay Piian, and a part of lake Michigan.
Tlicy Avere lately hostile to the United Stales, but,
by the treaty of Greenville, Augusts. 1795, tliey
yielded to them the island De Bois lilanc. See
Six Nations.]

fCMEPAW Y'AN Fort is situated on a penin-
sula at the s. w. end of Atliapescow lake, hit. 68^
40' M. long. 110" 25' lo, in the territory of the
Hudson bay company.]

('IIEPICN, a settlement of the province and
corref^imietito of Sana in Peru.

CH LPETLAN, a settlement of the head settle-
menf, and nlcaldia mni/or of Tlapa, in Nueva Es-
pafia. It contains 20y families of Indians, who
live by the making and selling of cliocolate cups.
Tvvo leagues to the n. n. w. of Tenango.

[CIIEPEWAS, of Leach Lake, Indians of
N . America, claiming the country on both sides of
tlie Mississippi, from the mouth of the Oow-wing
liver to ils source, and extending w. of the Missis-

C H E

375

sippi to the landi claimed by the Sioux, with
unom they still contend for dominion, They
claim also, p, of the Mississippi, the country ex-
tending as far as lake Sup<Mior, includiii<r (he
waters of the St, l^ouis. This country is thickly
covered with timber generally, lies li;vel, and
geiierally fertile, though a considinable propor-
tion of it is intersected and broken up by small
lakes, morasses, and small swamps, particularly
about the heads of the Mississipi and river St,
Louis, They do not cultivate, but live princi-
pally on the wild rice, which they procure in great
abundance on the borders of Leach lake and the
banks of the Mississipi, Their number has been
considerably reduced by wars and the small-pox.
Their t-ade is at its greatest extent,]

[Cur.PEWAs, of Red Lake, Indians of N. Ame-
rica, who claim the country about lied Lake and
Red Lake river, as far as the Red river of lake
Winnipie, beyond which last river they contend
with the Sioux for territory. This is a low level
country, and generally thickly covered with timber,
interrupted witii many swamps and morasses. This,
as well as the other bands of Chepewas, are es-
teemed the best hunters in the w, to. country ; but
from the long residence of this band in the country
they now inhabit, game is become scarce ; there-
fore their trade is supposed to be at its greatest ex-
ent. The Chepewas are a well-disposed people,
but excessively fond of spirituous liquors.]

[CiiKPEWAs, of River Pcnibcna, Indians of N.
America, who formerly resided on the c, side of
tiie Mississippi, at Sand lake, but were induced by
the N. W. company to remove, a few years since,
to the river Pcmbena. They do not claim the
lands on which they hunt. The country is level,
and the soil good. Tiie zc. side of the river is
])rincipallypm/7f'S, or open plains; on the e. side
there is a greater proportion of timber. Their
trade at present is a very valuable one, and will
probably increase for some years. They do not
cultivate, but live by hunting. They are well-
disposed towards the whites.]

CMEPICA, a settlement of the province and
corregiinieiilo of Coquimbo in the kingdom of
Chile; situate on the coast, between the port of
Huasco and the point of Pajaros.

ClIEPILLO, a small island of the S. sea, in
tiie gulf of Panama, and at the mouth or entrance
of the river Bayano, is somewhat more than two
leagues distant (rom the continent ; three miles in
circumference, and enjoys a pleasant climate, al-
thougii sometimes subject to intense heat. It was
tbrmcrly inhabited by the Indians, of whom there

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n| |n';ir.i I.I liavc lii'iMi ;i M-lilrmcil lowaid, llic >/.
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ll is III |>rrM'iil rit'i|iii'iili <i <\u\\ \ty some <i|' llic in-
li.i!)iliii(s (ll < licpri, \sli(i iiillir :U' ;iiul i;;illii'r Inn'
(il.'lllifi'^, ll' lidiis, :i!iil |il;iii(;iiiis ii! ;iii iwcclliMll ll i-
viiiir, \\lii(li ar<' I<mimiI Iick- in :il)iiiid<iii('i>. hi
l.il. < :,]• II.

(IlllrO. SvN ("|i|lls|o\ \ I. 1)1, ;i si'llli lilCill
ol'llii' |Mii\iiuT' iiiul kiiiuili)iii (ll 'I'li'iia I'ir.iic, iiiid

<;(l\('llllll('lll (if I'llMilMli'l : sillMlc on (lll< sIkH'C (ll

(lie liver Maiiumi ; is dl' ii kind Icniiicintnic, Icr-
<il(' iiiid ai:;i('('iil)li', (Iionuii iilllc culii\iittid. Tlic
air is IioNX'vcr s.) pure dial it is rcsdrlcd (o !)>•
invaliils, and sdddiu tails ot' aHiirdinir :i speedy
relief, ll lias a (drt, wliicli is an rshn iiiln, or siir-
niiKuli'd \\ lii palisades, liiiviiiij a ditch Ctirnislied
Milli six small (•aniidii, and lieiiii;' inanned hy a
delaeiinieiil trdiii llie iiarrisdii of I'aiiaiiia, for (lie
]Mirp()s(* dl siippressiiiii; tlie eiieroaelinients ol' llie
infidel Indians (it Diricn. 'I'liis leriitory »>a,s dis-
Cdvered hy 'rdio (Iii/niaii in Ijlj, who ijave it
the name of (^hopo, tlir()Ui;li its ('a/ifjiie Chepaiiri,
in l()Tf). ll was inva(l(d by (lie |>ira(e.s Uarlliole-
iiicw t'liarps, JoliM (iiiarlein, and I'dward iJol-
men, when the setllenient was rdlibed and destroy-
ed, and nnheiird-dl pro^eciilions and Idrinenls
were suflered Iiy (he inhahilants. I'diirleen leai>iies
nearly due ii. r. of I'anania, [ami .si\ leagues
tVdm"tlie sen ; in lat. 9" S' )i.\

("llliQl i;i,'ri,a soKlernenl of (he province and
ra^^^i;7'/»/r;/^> of Chileas and Tarija in Peru; an-
nexed to ihiM nracv dCil.s capital.

|('lli:Qri:rA.\, dr Siujuataxkio, on (lie
coast of Mexico or \e\v Spain, lies seven lea<jiies
?;•. dl'dt'the rocks ol' .S'jjfuataMeio. Uetween (his
and Acapidco, to (he r. is a beach of sand, of iS
leaiTiies exieiit, asfaiist which (he sea jreaks su
vidlendy, dial i( is impossil)Ie lor l)oa(s to land on
any jiart oi i( : l)u( (here is a jjood anciiora<i;e for
hh'ppin<; at a mile or (wo froin (he shore durinir
die fair season. The harbour of ('lie(pic(aii is very
hard (o he (raced, and of <rrea( iinportanco to
such vessels as cruise in these seas, beiiis; the most
secure li irlmiir (o be me( with in a vast extent of
coast, yieldiiii"- jdenty of wood and water; anil
tlie iiroMnd near it is able U> be d(>fended by ii few
men When Lord Anson touciied lieie, (he
place was nninlial)i(ed. ]

CIIIIQIMN, a settlement of (lie province and
royrririiiiicnlo of yV,\u\c in (he kinjriioiu of Chile,
and in the valley or plain of Tanjio, near (he river
f'o'orado. In its vicini(y, (owaids (In; .v. is an
cs(a(<' called |]1 Portroro del Ki'y, at the source of
the rivi'i" Maipo.

r 11 R

(11 l!li A, a river near Cdlin, in die pr.i\ ince nt
(^nilo ill I'eiii, run 'in:;' lo Anidlan'.-; Iidiu \»li(iue
i'aila has ii-. iVesli water.

CiiliKAKii;. See Cm Kdiu-.r.

Cil l!l{ A ii I ivA IJ. a river of llic proviiieo and
C(ild!iy of Siiiiili Carolina. 1( runs r. and ciitern
the river Cliii\akans|y. On ils shore is a small
s('l(l.'iiieii| (if Indians df the same name.

Cili;i{ AKII.ICIII, or A I'M \( iiKdi.A, a (ort
ol (li(! I']iiiilisli, inllieprovinceandcoldMy dl (jcorj^iii,
(III dii> shore dl'i he river Apalai'liico!a,andal (he coa-
lliix, or wlnrediis river i. en(eii'd liy (lie C'aillore.

Clli;UA.\ r.i, (iinMJi, S. I'uan'Isio op, ^
si'lllenient ol' the head selileiiH'iil of Si^rniiian, and
(ifiit/i/id )/(f//,'(i)- o( \ alladdlid. in .Niieva lispana,
contains 10(1 families ol' Cinliddres Indians, and is
a lilde more than hah' a league from its heail set-
th'menl.

CllllKAPA, a setdemeni of (h(> province and
voixiiiiii^fhlo of I'iura in Peru, on (lie conliir's of
the prdviiiceof ,laen de iiracaiiidros, uponthe river
Tambarapa, is of a lio( and moist (einpera(ure,
and Cdiise<|uendy unhealihy ; and is situate in the
rdyal road which leads tVom l,oxa (hrouirh \\[\.
baca and (iuaiicabainba (o 'roinepeiida, a p(jr( of
(he river Maranoii.

I (11 IlIJA W S, a district in iheupp.cr country of
Sdiith Carolina, havinsj North Carolina on the
ti. and )i.(. (ieoriretowii district on (lie ,«. r. and
Lynche's creek on the «. to, which separales it
from Camden dis(ric(. Its len<r(h is about S.'J
miles, and its breadlli (iJ ; and is subdivided into
the counties of Darliiiiiton, Ches(erfielil, anil Marl-
bdroiiiih. I}y (lie census of 1791, (here were
1(),T()() iulial)i(an(s, of which TjIIS Vivk while in-
habitants, (he rest slaves. I;, sends (o the state
leji;islatiire six representatives and two senators;
and in coiiinnctioii widi (<cor<;e(own dislric(, one
mendjcr Id coiiiiTess. 'I'his district is watered by
Great Peter river and a number of siiiailer streams,
on (he banks of whicii the land is thickly seldeil
and well cultivated, 'llie chief (owns are (i reen-
ville and Cliadiaiii. The court-house in this dis-
trict is 5^ miles from ("anuleii, as far from Liini-
ber(on, and 90 from G'eorge(own. The mail s(ops
a( (his place.]

CM j;i{l UlCIf l], a port of the jirovince and
i;overnmen( of N'euezuela, to the K. of (he se(tlc-
ni<'n( of (iiiaira.

C !|:WI(Jl ANKS. See CiiiiiiGi A\os.

(vllI'MilLLA, a se(tlemen( of the provii. c and
f()rrci'/)»/'c///o of (.'axamarca in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of its capilal.

CIlKlllNOS, a river of the province and go-

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vi'riimcnf of Jacn do l5rac;inu>ros in (lie kiiiifiliiiii
ol' (Jirlo. It niiis I'loin )i. to s. niul eiiiPis (ho
(;iiiii(:lii|)(! on till! n. side, somewhat lower (liari
mImtc this liitliT is piitiTt'il l)y the Nambulle, and
near n small selllcincnt of Iruliatis.

(/'IIKIINAI,, a j)ortof the coast of the kingdom
of (Ildic, in tlieMistrict ol the province and coi'
rro;i)nir>il(f of ('o|)iapo. liHt. '27" 27'.

'(;MI;|{OK1;i;, asetllement of North Carolina,
wliere there is a fort built l)y the l']njjlish on the
shore of the river ut its name, and at the mouth of
the A^'iqua.

Cm itoKi^R, a h>rge river of the above colony
and province, culled also llo^ohej^er and Calla-
niaeo. It rises in the county of Auijustn, and takes
its immc from a numerous tuition of Indians ; runs
V). for many iecgues, (ormiii!; a curve, and enters
the Ohio near the/(;Kre/;es of the Mississippi. Near
to this river arc some very hirge ami fertile plains ;
and accurdiuij^ to the account rendered by the In-
dians, there are, at the distance of 40 leagues from
the Ghicazas nation, four islands, called Taliogale,
Kakick, Cochali, and Tali, inhabited by as many
other different uatirins of Indians. [Cherokee was
the ancient name of Tennessee river. The name of
Tennessee was formerly confined to the tburteenth
branch, which empties (5 miles above the mouth of
Clinch river, and 18 below Knoxville.]

CnKitoKi'K, the country of tiie Indians of the
nation of this name in North Caroliiui. It stands
w. as far as the Mississi|)pi, and n. as far as tlic
confii.os of the Six Nations. It was ceded to the
Knglish by the treaty of Westminster, in 1729.
[This celebrated Indian nation is now on the de-
cline. Tliej reside in the m. parts of (ieorgia,
and the s, parts of the slate of Tennessee ; haviuij
the Ajialachiiin or Ciierokee mountains on the c.
which separate them from North and South Caro-
lina, and- Teimesseo river on the n. and tc, and the
Creek Indians on tiie s. The jjrescnt line between
t'lem and the state of Tennessee is not yet settled,
A line of experiment \^as drawn, in 1792, from
Clinch river across llolston to Chilhove mountain ;
but the Ciierokee commissioners not appearing, it
is called a Hue of experiment. The complexion of
the Cherokecs is brij;h(er than that of the neigh-
bouring Indians. They are robust and well made,
and taller than many of their neii^liboiirs ; being
generally six feet high, a few iire more, and some
less. Their women are tidi, slender, and delicate.
The talents and morals of the ('herokces are held
in great esteem. They were formerly a powerful
nation ; but by continual wars, in which it has been
their destiny to be engaged villi t!ie w. In-
dian tribes, and with the vvhitc!-, they arc now rc-

VOli. I.

C H E

Oil

dnci'd (t> ,ih(Mi< 1 )()() wmriors ; and ihey are be-
coming we;ik and pusillaninmus. Si>\ur writers
estimate tluir numbers at 'JJOO warriors. Tiny
have 1,'J towns iu)w inliahited. ]

Cm.iioKi,!, a settlement ot Indians of this na-
tion, in the sninefouii'iv as that in which the Kng-
lish had a fort and ei>tal>lislinient, at the source of
the river Cnillon ; which spot is at present aban-
doned.

.ClIiniREPIs a poit of the roistof |>eru,and of
the S. sea, in the ]>rovince and rn>ri(yintini1o of
Sana, is open, unprotected, and shallow ; and
consequently < cipienled only by vessels driven to
it through stress, and lor the sake of convenience.
It is in lat. 7" 70' .?.

CIIERKITON, a port of the coast ofthe pro-
vince and colony of Maryland, within the bay of
Chesapeak, liehiiid <ajx5 Charles.

[Clll'Jt'lV Valley, a post-town in Otsego
county. New York, at the head ofthe creek of the
same name, abtmf 12 miles ». r. of ('oopeistowi',
and 18 s. of Canajohary, 61 rr. of y\ibany,
and .%'G from Philadelphia. It contaitis about , 'JO
houses, and a Presbyterian church. Thert; is an
academy here, which contained, in 17?)G, 50 or (,0
scholars, !t is a spacious building, CO feel bv 40.
The township is veiy laige, and lies along llie p.
side of Otsego lake, and its outlet to .Xdiqnalangie
creek. My the state census of i79fj, it !»ppe;ns
that ()29 of its inhabitants are eh'ctors. Tills s<(-
tlement suffered severely from the Indians in the
late war.]

[C II USA PI-: A K is otro of t lie largest and safest
bays ill the I'nited Slates. Its entrance is nearly
r. )i. e. and s. s. :c. between cape Charh s, lat. .'J7"
\o' and cape llettrv» lat. 37'', in Virginia, 12 miles
wide, and it extends 70 miles to the ??, (livi<iiiig
Virginia and Maryland. It is from 7 to IS n-'les
broad, and generally as mueli as !) fathoms drej< ;
aflbrding many commodious harhoMis, and a siile
and easy navigation. It has many ferlile islands,
and these are generally along the r, side ofthe bay,
except a few solitary ones near the w. shore. A
number of navigable rivers and other streams
empty into it, the chief of which are Susque-
haniiah, Pntapsco, Pattixent, Potowmack, Rap-
pahannock, and York, which are all large and na-
vigable. Chesapeak bay aflbrds many excellent
fisheries of herring and shad. There are also ex-
cellent crabs and oysters. It is the resort of
swans, but is more particularly remarkable for n
spet s of w 'd duck, called rninasbai/c, whose
flesh is eritirel • free from any tlshy taste, and is
admired by epicures lor its richness and delicacy.
In a commercial point of view, this bay is of iin-
So

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inri.se mlv;m(a!jc l<» (lie M('ii,'lilM)uiiiiic sliilc-., paiii.
niriilv li> Viigiiiiii Ol'lliiit sIhIc il lias lu'cii nl)-
.scrvcil, with sonic litllc cxnii-^roraliini, lioucvcr,
thai " every plmaer lias a river al liis door." |

fen MSI I MM-; comity, in New llain|isliire, lies in
llic *. to. part of tlir s(atc, on the r. iKiiik of Con-
necliciit river. [I has the i,la1e of Ma.shai luisrlts
on lh(> .(. (iraftoii coimly on the u. and Ilillsbo-
roHi^li county »'. h has , 'it (ouiiships, of wliieh
(Jliarlcstown and Keeiie arc tlie eliicf, atid 'JS,77y
iiihabitunis, incliidin^ Ki shiver. |

f(Jiii>iiiui;, a towii!)hi|) in Hi-rkshirc county,
Ma.ssachnsetts ; famous tor its Ji'ood cheese ; 1 10
miles ;/, u). from Iloston.]

[Ciinsiiiui:, a towiislii|) in New-IFiivcn county,
Coiinediciit, 15 miles n. of iNew-llavcn city, ami
20 s-.zv. of Hartford. It contains an Episcopal
church and aciidemy, and three Congregational
chnrchrs.l

[CIlL'SNUTIIill, a township in Northamjaon
county, Pt misylvania. J

[CnESNiJT (Jreek, u branch ofthe (treat Kanha-
way, in Virginia, wliere it crosses tho Carolina
line. Here, it is said, are iron mines.]

[Cnr;sNiiT Ridge. Part of tiie " Alleghany
mountains, in Pennsylvania, arc thus called, s.e.
of (iieensborough.]

CIIESSOT, a town of the province and colony
of North Carolina ; siluate on the shore of the
river Eupliasee.

[(^HESTER, a township in Lunenburg county,
Nova Scotia, on Mahone i)ay, settled originally
by a few families from New England. From
hence to Windsor is a road, the distance of 25
miles.]

[Chester, a small plantation in Lincoln county,
Maine, nine nrtilcs from Titcomb. It has eight or
nine families.]

[CiiESTEit, a lownsliip in Hampshire county,
Massaclnisell-;, adjoining Westfield on the c. and
about 20 miles )>. 7i\ of Springfield. It contains
177 houses, and 1119 inhabitants.]

fCiiisriR, a large, pleasant, and elegant town-
ship in liockingham county, New Hampshire.
It is 21 miles in length ; and on the v\ side is a
prctt" large lake, which sends its waters to Merri-
macl river. It was incori)oratcd in 1722, and
cont ins 1902 inhabitants, who are chiefly farmers.
It is situated on the c. side of Merrimack river,
14 miles n. u\ of Haverhill, as far w, of Exeter,
35 w. by s. of Portsmouth, six n. of JiOndonderry,
and 306 from Philadelphia. From tin; compact
partof tliis town there is a gentle descent to the
sea, M'hich, in a clear day, may be seen from
thence. It is a post-town, and contains about (iO

CUE

houses and n ('ongregaiional church. Unttlesnakr
hill, in this to.viiship, is a great cnrioMly : it i^
hall a mile in diiiiml.r, ol a circular form, and
100 li-et hinii. On the v. side, 10 yards from its
have, is tin; eiitianci' of a cave, calleil the Devil's
Den, wiiich is a room I') or 'JO feet scpiare, anil
four feet high, lioorcd ami ciii:Ifd by a regular
rock, from I he iip|)ir partof which .ire depeiitl-
ent many excresi'ences, nearly in the form and
size of a |)ear, which, wIkmi apjiroached by a torch,
throw out a sparkling lustre of almost every hue.
Itisacold, dreary place, of wiiich many fright-
ful stories are told by those who delight in the
marvellous.]

I CiiKMEK, a township in Windsor county, Ver-
mont, w. of Spriiiglield, and 1 1 miles u\ by ,?. of
( hailestown, in New Hampshire, and contains
US I inhabitants.]

[('iiESTEii, a borougli and post-town in Pemi-
fiylvania, aiul the capital of Delaware county;
pleasantly situated on the ?.:■. side of Delaware ri-
ver, near Marcus iiook, and 13 miles ii. c. of Wil-
mington. It contains about (jO houses, built on a
regular plan, a court-house, and a gaol. From
Chester to Philadelphia i.s 20 miles by water, and
1.5 n. e. by land ; iiere (lie river is narrowed by
islands of marsh, which are generally l)ankcd,
and turned into rich and immensely valuable mea-
dows. The first colonial assembly was convened
here, the 4th of December 1GS2. The place; af-
fords genteel inns and good entertainment, and is
the resort of much company iVoin the metropolis
during the summer season. It was incorporated in
December 1795, aiitl is governed by two bur-
gesses, a constable, a lowii-clirk, and three assist-
ants ; whose power is limitcil to preserve the peace
and order of the place.]

[CiinsTEU County, in Peniipylvauia, w. of Dela-
ware county, and *•. lo. of Pliiladdphia ; about l.)
miles in length, and 30 in breadth. It contains
33 townships, of wiiich West Chester is the shire
town, and 27,9^7 inhabitants, of wiiom 145 arc
slaves. Iron ore is found in the «. parts, whicli
employs six forges : these manufacture ^ahout
1000 tons of bar-iron annually.]

[CiiESTKU (voiirt-llouse, in South Carolina, 2^
miles s. of Pinckney court-house, and 38 ti. w. of
Columbia. A post-ollice is kept here.]

[CuESTRa River, a navigable water of the
e. side of Maryland, which rises two miles within
the line of Delaware state, by two sources, Cyprus
and Andover creeks, which unite at IJridgetown ;
runs nearly 5. w.; after passing Chester it runs .«.
nearly three miles, when it receives South-Easterii
creek; and 15 uiilcs farther, in a .?. u'. direction, it

§^^^':

C II K

rmpiicH iiiloriicsapoak l)iiy, iil Lnvc point. Fl lorms
ail island ill itsnioiitli,iuul hy ucliiiiinil on (lie r. side
ol K('n( isliuid, coniinunicalcsi willi liiisli-rn bay.
It i,s proposed to cut a canal, idioiit 1 1 miles lonif,
from Andovrr rrcck, .i iiiiii* and a lialf iioni
Ilridsj;«'(<)\vn to Salisiniry, on I 'ppci MiK^k creek,
^vlliell Calls into Oeiiiuaii! at Hook island. |

["(!iii srr.ii, a snuiil town in Sliannandoali eoiinty,
Viririnia, situate on the point ol land I'ornied liy
(lie junction of yMlen's or Norlli river and Soiitli
river, wliicli Corni (he Sliannandoali ; !(> miles v.
hy ti\ of Winchester, f.at. o\)' V ii. T-imij,'.
78'2.Vk'.J

[(!iiESTr.ii (,'oiiii(y, in Pinrkney district, South
('arolina, lies in the s.r, corner oC (lu; dis(rict, on
Watoree river, and contains ()SG'i inliabitants ; of
whom .Wfifi are whites, and f),'JH slaves. It sends
two representatives, hut no senator, (o liic statu
legislature. J

[CiiisTKit, a town in Cumberland county, Vir-
jjuiia ; situate on the \. :i\ bank of James rivir,
15 miles ». of Jilandford, and six s. of lkich«
mond.j

[CHESTKRFII'M), a township in Hampshire
county, Massachusetts, II miles w. of Northamp-
ton. It contains 180 houses, and IIH^ inha-
bitants.]

[(3iiKSTr,nFirM),a(owndiip in Cheshire county,
New Hampshire, on the r. bank of Connecticut
river, having Westmoreland h. and Hinsdale ,».
It was incorporated in I75'i, and contains 1905 iii-
habitan(s. It lies about ^5 miles s. by w. of
Charlestown, and about 90 or 100 w. of Ports-
mouth. Aliout (he year M'30, the garrison of
fort Dummer was alarmed with frequent explosions,
and with columns of tire and smoke, emitted from
West Uivcr mountain in this(ownship,and four miles
distant from that fort. The like appearances have
been observed at various times since ; particularly,
one in 1752 was the most severe of any. There
are two places where tlie rocks bear marks of iiav-
iiig been heated and calcined.]

[Ciiesti'.iifii:m) County, in South Ccirolina, is
in Cilcraws district, on the North Carolina line. It
is about 30 miles long, and 29 broad.]

Ciir.sTr.RFiFi.n County, in Virginia, is Ijctween
James and Appamatox rivers. It is about 30
miles long, and 23 broad ; and contains 14,214
inhabitants, including 7IS7 slaves.]

[Cin.sTKiiFiEM) Inlet, on the m. side of Hiid-
lon's bay, in New South Wales, upwards of 200
miles in length, and from 10 to ,'JO in breadth ; full
of island

[CH

Is.]
vSTEIlT

OWN, a post-town and the capi-

tal of Kent county, Maryland, on the «'. side of

CUE

.;?»

Chester river, \ii miles v tv. of (Jeorgelown, JS
('. by V. from liaUiinore, and SI s.ic, of I'liilidel-
phia. It contains aliont 1 10 houses, a church,
college, court-house, anil gaol. The colli'ge was
incorporated in I7S^, by tlw nime of Washing-
ton. It is und<'r the iliiecdon of 21 trustees, wiio
are empowered to supply v.icancies and hold
estates, ..'ose yearly v;due shall not exceed liOOO/.
currency. In ns7 it had a permanent lund of
I2,V)/. a yearsettird upon it by law. Lat. Jl)^ 12'
w. Long. 7()" 10' ;i'.}

CHETIMACll.AS, a river of the |)rovince and
government of Limisiana. It is an arm of the
Mississij)pi, which runs s. r. and inters the sea on
the side of the bay of Asuncion or Ascension. [On
the Chelimachas, six leagues from the Mississippi,
there is a settlement of Indians of (he same name ;
and thus far it is uniformly 100 yards broad, and
from two to lour (iithoms deep, when (he wa(er is
lowes(. Some drilleil logb have formed a shoal at
its mouth on the Mississippi ; but as the water in
deep under them they could be easily rer.-->vcd;
and the Indians say there is nothing to impede na-
vigation from their village to (he g.ilf. The bnnk.s
are more elevated than those of the Mississippi, and
in some places are so high as never to be over-
flowed. The natural productions are the same as
on the Mississippi, but the soil, from (heex(raoidi-
iiary si/.e and compactness of the canes, is supe-
rior. If measures were adopted and pursued with
a view to improve this communication, there would
soon be on its banks the most prosperous and im-
portant settlements in that colony.]

[Cheti.machas, Grand Lake of, in Loui-
siana, near the mouth of the Mississippi, is 24
miles long, and nine broad, liakc de Portage,
which is J3 miles long, and 1 J broad, commu-
nicates with this lake at the w. end, by a strait
a quarter of a mile wide. The country bor-
derin,'' on these lakes is low and Hal, timbered w ith
cypress, live and other kiiuls oi oak ; and on the
e. side, the land between it aiKl (he (.'hafalaya river
is divided by innumerable streams, which occa-
sion as many islands. Some of these streams are
navigable. A little di.slancc from the .?. e' sliore
of the lake Chetlmachas, is an island where per-
sons passing that way generally halt as a resting
place. Nearly opposite this island there is an
opening which leads to the sea. It is about l.Vl
yards wide, and has Ki or 17 fathoms water.]

CIILTO, a settlement of the province and
cor/Tg/w/rv^/o of Liiya and ("hillaos in J?erii ; to
the curacy of which is annexed the extensive val-
ley of IIuaillabaml)a, in tlic province of (Mnclia-
poyas,

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Cniyrr, Swus^ima 'rtnxinAn tir, a so((U*-
mi'iit ol'tlic i)i()vinco ami concginikiito oi' C;ix;i-
1)1 lie:! iti I'lTU.

CM i;i i;J,rS, oi Cn a\ i i (i>;, abaibnroiis nalinii
of iiidi.ins ol'ilio (•(Miiilrv of Marafioii, who iiilial)il
l!nM>oOils l)tii(l(':iu<!; upon Hit' rivor Auruaiioi), to
llio ('. ami ill tlie virinily of llic lalu-s. 'I'licy
an- warlike, ot'a cnicl ami (rrnclicroiis iiatuiv, ami
ill i'(crii;i! oiiinil y wiili (Iicii- lu-igliboui.s. ]\l, dc la
.Maidiiiric will have it, that (ho naiiio Cliavelos is
(li'rivod froii\ (lie ImviuIi woiil chcvcKr, the incii
iiml (he women liolli allow iiiii ami encoiiiajriiij^ (he
i!;ro>\lli of their haif lill it reaches down lo (he
■vvaist ; siipposinjr, forsooth, that these Indians
iiuist either have k'low n l-'ieneli when tiicy were
ilisrovcii'd, or tliat (Iieir discoverers, at all events,
imi>l have iieeii I'reneii.

CilEl UA, a river of the province and tjovern-
iiietit ot .IJsnieraUlas in (he liiiii^cUini of Quito.
It runs ;;.;/. r. and r. washinir the eoniilry of the
ancient ilsiueraldas Indians: it afterwards entersthe
river of its name on (he e. side, in la(. 1'' 2.'>' //.

('lli:\\()i;m:i:, a seltlemenl of North ('aro-
lina ; sidiaieoii (he skirt of (lie mountains of Tcl-
licpio.

("11 1 A, a settlement of the conrixiniicnto of Zi-
paqnira in the .Niievo Keyuo do (iranada ; eele-
hraied iiillie (ime of tliv Indians fiir liavinir I'i'eii
(he (illo of the kinp^s or zipiis of Uoj^ola ; the in-
vestiture of whiili difjiiity was always (raiistlrreil
wi(!i (he greatest possible solemnity. It is of a very
colli (empeia(ure, al(hons>h salutary; ami is
situate on a bi'antil'nl plain, on (he shore of the
vlver ilo<roiii, four leagaes to (he «. of!?aii(a le.

CIIIAMILA, a; head settlement of t\w nfai/iiin
viai/ny of Motines in Nucva Espaiia, contains 'M
families of Indians.

(^IIIAMOTO. SceScYOT.^.

CIlIAN'ri-A, a settlement of (bo province and
alcaJdia mayor of Cliiapa in the kingdom of (Jua-
leiiKila.

(MIJAPA, a province and rt/rn/rf/rt tiiar/or of (he
kinijiloniitf riua(emala : bounded on (hew. by (he
province of Tabasco, r. by (hat of Veru Paz, ti".
by thii( of (laxacaof Nucva Kspana, and ,*. r. by
that of Soconusco. It ex(eii(ls 85 loa;;i;ues Iroiii c.
to ii\ and is nearly JO across at i(s widest part.
1( was coiujuered by Captain Die-fo Marariejros
in ITiyi : is diviiled into dis(ric(s or alcalditis
mai/orc<t, which arc (hose of Zotpies, ('hon(ales,
lios l.lanos, and Xiquipila : is of a warm ami
moist (caipera(uro, al(houu;h it has some par(s in
W'liich the cold pre(lomina(es. I(s woods abound
with larire trees of pine, cypress, cedar, ami wal-
nut ; and of odiors of a resinous kind, from which

c n I

arc ox(inc(ed avoinalic gums, balsams, and liquii*
amber, tiicnniiica, .•ojin/, ^r. I( produces also, in
ubnmlance, mai.'.o, swine, honey, co((on, cochi-
neal, which is only made use of f<ir (hi* purpose
otilyeiiiir llie C(Uion ; also r<i<ii<), and much jieppfi-
and (7i7;(7'c, or the heart-leaved hird ; also various
kinds ot' (hmu'stic and wild birds, especially par-
rots, which are very beautiful and lii^I'.Iy esleemod ;
a small bird, called tolo, lessdian a yoiiiiij piijeon,
wiili irreen wiiiifs ; (his is caiijiht by the Judians,
•\\li(> i)luck from its (ail some fealhers, which (lujy
prin' highly, and then restoring i( (o liberty : it
being a capital ofleiice, according to (heir laws, to
ileslroy it. The sheep, goats, and pigs, wbicii
have been brought from li^iirojie, have miibipied
in (his province in a most extraordinary manner :
so also have horses, which are of such ancsleeincd
breed, (hat the colts are taken from hence (o Mex-
ico, a dis(ance of ;")0() miles. In (lie woods breed
many lions, leopards, tigers, and wild boars,
a great number of snakes, some being t20 feet in
length, ami others of a iMMUtiful crimson colour,
streaked with black and wlii(o. Tiio (erritory is,
for (he most part, nigged and niountainous, and
watered by different rivers: none of (hose, how-
ever, are of any particular consideration, although
(lia( which bears (he name of (his province is (he
medium by which the aforesaid productions are
carried to the other provinces ; and although this
province may be accounted comparatively poor,
(Voin being without mines of gold or silver, it is
ueverllieless of (he groa(est importance, as being
the outwoi'k or barrier to New Spain, from the lii-
ciliiy wi(h which (his kinffdom niigli( be cn(eretl
by the river Tabasco. The capital is (he royal
city of Cliiapa, situate on a delightful jilain. It
is (he head of a bishopric, ciec(ed in 1358; and
has for arms n shield, upon which arc (wo sienna,
with a river passing between (hem : above the
one is a golden castle, with a lion rampant upon it ;
and above (he odier a green palm, bearing fruit,
and nni .or lion, (he whole being upon a red field.
These .irms wei'? granted by (he Emperor (Miarlis
V. in ]!)'J~i. The cathedral is very beautilul. It
coalains (hrre convenis of (lie order of S(. Francis,
La Merced, and St. Domingo ; a monastery of
nuns, and live lierniitages. l(s populadon is
scanty and poor, and (he principal commerce coii'
sis(s in cocoa-nuts, codon, wool, sugar, cochineal,
and other articles. Its nobility, ahhoiigh poor, are
very jiroud, as having <lesceinled from some an-
cient liimilios of the /irst nobility of Spain ; mkIi
as (hose of Mendoza, Velasco, Cor(es, itc. Tlie
women suffer great debility at (he s(omach on ac-
count of (he cjiccssive heat, and (hey can never

C II 1 A P A.

381

('.1st fvu a lane; time io^otlicr : <lioy ronscqueiiUy
(it iViv^p, iidy ; tlic roninioii foo<l on (Iiosc orcii-
sioiis bi'iiiir cliooolatc, ami wliicli is evni liaiuloil
(0 till-Ill whilst at rlnucli. This iiicvinMUT Iho
l)islii/p voiv piopi-rly ])r(i('lainu'il ai^alnst ; but it
\: baiil that lliis cxcculioii of iiisduty tost him no
Ii'ss ti'aii liis lill'. It is 100 Icag-iics (lis(aiit Iroir,
(aiatnnalu. J.at. 17" 4'. I.onir. IW jj'.

CuiAi'A. .iiKillicv city ill tho sanio province,
vliich, to (listiiiiiiiisli it iVom tin* Conner, is callal
("hiapa ilc los l.iilioN; (hcso (tlio Indians) In'iiisj,
tor liie iiio.sf part, its inhabitants : is ilio lariiTst
scttlompiit in the mIu»1(! pioviiicc, and is situate in
a valley eiosi; upon the river Tal)asco, being li?
Ieai!:nes distant iioni the tbvnier city. It lias va-
rious cliurclies, alionnds in >vealtli, and is the place
wherein the Indian I'aniilies (lisi sjilled. Tliey
enjoy many piivilcijes and exemptions, o\vin<j to
tlie zeal oltlie bishop, Frai/ liarlolonie de las Ca-
sus, their procurator at court. Tlie river abomids
greatly in tine fish ; niid is lull of barks, with
ivliicli the}' ocasionally represent sea-tiij^lits. In
tliccily also tlure are coninionly balls, plays, con-
certs, bull-lijriits, and spectacles of Iiorseniansliip ;
.Miicc the inl'.abitants are much given to diversions,
and ill these grudije iioexpeuce.

IJislioi)s of C'liiapa.

1, Don /V<7?/ Juan de Arteaga y Avendano, na-
tive of Estepu in Andalucia ; electeil in Ijll : he,
died in the s;uuc year in Mexico, betbre he arrived
at his .Muircli.

i?. Don J'lai/ IJartoIomc de las Casas, n man
renowned (or his ueal in favour of the Imlians ; he
was born at Seville, where he studied, and passed
over to the island of St. Domingo, where he saiil
flic first mass ever celebrated in that part of the
world. He returned to Spain, in IJlf), to declaim
against tli- tyrannies which were practised against
the Indians. He went back the following year to
iN'ueva I']s|)ana, w here he took the habit of a monk
(if St. Dominic ; and returning a seconil time to
Spain, he was i)resented by the EmiMMor to the
liisliopric of Cliiapa, which ollice he di i not ac-
cept ; but was afterwards prevailed upon «.) do so
i)y the united entreaties of the whole of his order :
lie therefore entered upon it in ifil-t. lletheiilefl
tlie bishopric, and returned, for the tliird time, to
Spain ; and haviuir retiitnl to his convent of '/al-
lailolid, (lied in I.Wt).

.'!. Don Frin/ Tomas Casillas, also of the order
of St. Dominic ; lie was sub-prior of iV.j convent
of Saliiniaiica, and passed over to America with
hdi/ ilartolome de las ("asas. Ueing renowned
foi the great zeal which he manifested in the con-
Tcrbiuii uf the iiifidel Indians, Lc was iiominiitcU

to be bishop in IfxlO ; wliicli office he accepted at
the express command ofiis general, ilemadelhe
visitation of all his bishopric, and died full of vir-
tues, in I;"jl)7.

4. Don Diu/ Domingo de Lara, of the order of
St. ?"A)mingo : he made so strong a refusal of his
election, his renunciation of the ollice not having
been ailinitted, that he prayed to (lod that he
miglu die before that the bulls should arrive frmii
lioine; and this was actually the case, since he
departed this life in 1.">7'J, before he was coibe-
crated.

!). Don rini/ Alonzo de Xorofia, who governed
the church here Mneii years, and had for mh -
cessor,

G. Don Frai/ I'edro de Feria, native of (he town
of this name in Ivsliemadnra, a monk of (he order
of S(, Dtmiinic ; he pass -d over to America, was
jirior of the convent of Mexico, and provincial ot
that province; he returned to Spain, refused tlu;
general visilati(m to which he was appointed, and
retired to his convent oi Salamanca ; was piesented
with the i)ishopric of (hiapa, which he also re-
fused ; but being commanded by his superiors, he
alterwards accepted it, aiul governed 14 years,
until l;")SS, when he died.

7. Don /Vrty Andres de Ubilla, of the order of St.
Dominic, and native of (he province of (luipuzeoa ;
lie took the habit in Mexico, where he studied and
i(;ad the arts, and wa.s twice prior and provincial
of the |)rovinee; lu; came to Spain on afl'airs
touching his religion, and returning to IMexico,
fouiul himself presented to (his bishopric in Lif)'.',
where he governed until IGOl, when he died, hav-
ing been first pron.oied to the archbishopric of
Mechoaciiii.

5. Don Jjucas Duran, a friar of the order of
Santiago, chaplain of hoiunir to his Majesty ; who
immediately that he was consecrated bishop of
("hiapa, renounced his p(jwer, and the see wiis then
vacant nine v'cars.

9. Don l-'ra// Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, na-
tive of Toletio, a monk of the order of St. Augiis-
tiii ; he passed over to America, was made bishop
of Lipari, and titular in the archbishopric uf
Toledo ; and lastly of Chiapn, in 1G07 ; from
whence he was promoted in the ibllowiug year to
Popayan.

iO. Don Frai/ Tomas B1r:ics, native of Valen-
cia, of the order of St. Dominic ; he passed over
to Peru, whore he resided many years, studying
arts and theology ; he assisted in the visitation of
the province of St. Domingo, and having come to
Spam, he was presented to the bishopric in l(>09,
holding Ibc govcrnniciit until 1012, when he died.

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11. Dot! /Vrty Juan Zapata y Sandoval, native
of Mexico, of the order of St. Ausfiistin ; lie came
to Spaiii; was regent of the college of San Gabriel
de Valladolid, and elect(>d bisliop of Cliiapa in
1612; then promoted to the archbishopric of Gua-
temala in 162'2.

12. Don Bernardino de Salazar y Frias, native
of Bnrgos, canon of Jaen, collegiate in the college
of San Antonio de Portaceli de Sig'.ienza ; pre-
sented to the bishopric in 1622: he died in 1623.

13. Don Aionzo Miinoz, dean of the holy chnreli
of Mexico, professor of t'":ology ; he died belbre
he was consecrated.

14. Don Agustin Ugarte de Saravia, elected in
1628 ; he was promoted in 1630 to the arch-
bishopric of Guatemala.

13. Don Fraiy Marcos Ramirez de Prado, of the
order of St. Francis, native of Madrid ; he studied
in Salamanca arts and theology with gi»at credit,
was guardian of <he convent of Lucena, Mc<'-cbm-
luissary genend of the Indies, and guardi.m of the
convimt of (iranada, when he was elected bishop
of Chiapa in 1632 ; he entered its church in 1635,
and was promoted to that of Mechoacan in 16.'39.

16. Don Frajj Ciiristoval de Lazarraga, a monk
of the order of 1st. Bernard, native of Madrid, was
master and professor in Salamanca, abbot of the
monastery of that city, and qualificator of the in-
quisition ; he was presented to the bishopric of
Chiapa in 1639, and promoted to that of Carta-
gena of the Indies in 1611.

17. Don Frai/ Domingo de Villaescusa, a monk
of the order oF St. Jerome, collegian in the col-
lege of San Lorenzo el Real, prior of the monas-
tery of Espeja, and of those of Parral de Segovia,
of San Geronimo de Guisando of Madrid, visitor
of the two Castillas, and general of li s order ; was
presented to the bishopric of Chiapa in 1641, go-
verned until 1651, when ho was promoted to the
church of Yucatan.

18. Don Fray Francisco Nunez de la Vega, a
monk of the orch'r of St. Dominic.

19. Don Christ6val Bernardo de Quiros, native
of Tordelaguna, canon of the churches of Are-
quipa, Quito, and of Lima, provisor and vicar-
general of the archbishopric, and judge of the in-
quisition; he was elected in 1660, and was pro-
moted to (he archbishopric of Popayan in 1670.

20. Don Manuel Fernandez de Santa Cruz y
Sahagun, a native of Palencia in Castilla de
Curtica, in the university of Salamanca, first cinon
of Segovia, was elected in 1672, and before he ar-
rived was promoted to Gaadalaxara.

21. Don

22. Don

C H I

23. Don Juan Bautista Alvarez de Toledo, na-
tive of the town of Sin Salvador, in the province
of Guatemala, of ihe fligious order of St. Francis,
professor in his religion, and prelate of many con-
vents ; he was flee* J in 1708, and promoted to the
archI>is1u»iMic of (luatcmala in 1714.

24. Don

2.9. Don />«//. foseph Ciibero Ramirez de Arel-
lano, a monk of ihe order of Nuestra Scfiora de la
Merced ; cKvt.'tl in 1734, governed 19 years, until
1753, when he die. I.

26. Don /'mt/ Joseph Vidal de Montezuma, of
the order of Nuestra Senora de la Merced, a native
of Mexico ; elected in 1753, governed till 1767,
when he died.

'z7. Don Miguel de Cilieza y Velasco ; elected
in th'j above year, governed until 1768, when he
dir.t.

28. Don Frai/ Lucas Ramirez, of the order of
St. Francis ; he wax promoted to the archbishopric .
of Santa Fe in 1769.

29. Don r. ni/ ,Tuan Manuel de Vargas y Ri-
ver:!, a native ot Lima, monk of the order of Nues-
tra Seiiora de la Merced ; elected in the afore-
said year of 1769, governed until 1774, when he
died.

30. Don Antonio Caballero y Gongora, until
the following year of 1775, when he was promoted
to the church of \'ucatan.

31. Don Francisco Polanco, until 1785, when
he died ; and,

32. Don Joseph Martinez Palomino Lopez de
Lerena, elected in 1786.

CiiiAPA, with the ap))ellation of Mota, a settle-
ment of the alcaldia mayor of Xilotepec in Nneva
Espana. It contains 900 families of Otomies In-
dians, and is seven leagues to the w. xe. of its ca-
pital.

CMIAPANTONGO, a settlement and head
settlement of the district of iUo alcnfdia mnj/or of
Xilotepec in Nucva Espana ; annexed to the
curacy of its capital, from whence it lies two
leagues to the «. It contains 102 familcs of In-
dians.

CHIAPAS, a settlement of the province and
government of Cinaloa.

CIIIAPILLA, a settlement of the province and
alcaldia maj/or of Chiapa, and kingdom of Guatc-
miila, in the district of its capital.

CHIARA, a settlement of the province and bi-
shopric of Huamanga in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of the parish of Santa Maria Magdalena in
that city, from whence it is thre(; leagues distant.

CHIAUTLA, S. Andres du, a settlement and
head settlement of the alcaldia mayor of Tezcoco

C H I

CHI

383

in Nueva Espaiia, is of a mild Icmperatme ; si-
tuate in a pleasant and fertile plain, and one ^vllich
abounds in maize, wlieat, and other seeds. It con-
tains 36S families of Indians, IJol Spuniards, and
a convent of the reliijious on'.r of St. Francis;
is one league ». of its capital.

CiiiAUTLA, with the addition of La Sal, an-
other settlement, the capital of its jurisdiction, in
the same kingdom, tiius called from the salt mines
found in it formerly, and from which the inhabit
tants used to derive a great commerce. At pre-
sent it is in a thorough state of ('t'cay, not only as
its trade has fallen oil in the other provinces ; but
as the Indians have applied themselves rather to
the cultivation of the soil and the planting of fruits
and pulse, from the trullic of v liich they derive
their mainlenanre. It is inhabited by 650 families
of Mexican Indians, and 40 of Spaniards, jMits-
tees, and Mulattoes. il contains a convent of the
religious order of St. August in. The jurisdiction
is so much reduced that it is not more than live
leagues in length and threi in widih, void of com-
merce, and has but a small revenue.

](s iniiabi-

tants, although they are somewhat giv^n (o tlie
breeding I'*" small cattle, yet this must iiardly be
considered with them a brunch o' coniiuerce,
since they have scarcely enough o' tin se where-
with to support themselves. I< ..oiitains only two
other settlements, and these arc,

XicoUan, Hneiietlan.

Forly-five leagues s. e. { to t!ie s. w. of Mexico.

CllIBACOA, a settlement o( the province and
government of Venezuela ; situate on tlie shore of
a river to the to. of the town of Nirua.

CillBA'l'A, a settlement of the province and
corregiirn'ento of Tunja in the Nuevo Keyno dc
Granada, and the head settlement of the cot/rgi-
miento of Indios, is of a very cold and tresh lem-
perature, abounding in productions, and purdcu-
larly in cattle, from the lleeces and hides of which
are made (juantities of blankets, linen cloths, and
other articles for garmeiJp It may cmilain about
200 Indians, and it is eight leagues to the w. c.
of Tunja, lying between this latter place and the
settlement of Siachoque.

CIIIBAI, a settlement of the province and
corregimicnlo of Collahuas in Peru.

CIIICA, an island of the N. sea, one of the
Lucayas ; sitcate betweei the islands Siguate and
St. Andrew. The English gave it the name of
Little.

(;[|ICAClJAE,a settlement of theprovinr 1
jrovcrnmcnt of Louisiana or S. Carolina, in wliich
the English have a fort and establishmcut to curry

on commerce with the Indians, is situated on th" -
shore of the river Sonlahove.

CllICACilAS, a settlement of Indians of this
nation, in the territory thus called, where the Eng-
lish have an establishment or t'actory for com-
merce.

CHICAGOU, a port of Canada, on the w. side
of the lake Michigan.

CiiicAGOu, a river of the same province and
government, which runs s. then n. c. and enter*
the former port.

ClllCAHOMINI, a rivr of the province and
colony of V^irginia, runs -.e. "nd turnuig its
course to the s. enters the Thames.

CI ! TCAH UASCO, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of Huipuxtia, and alcaldia mayor of Tepe-
tango, in Nueva Etipafia, contains 72 families of
Indians.

CIIICAIIUASTEPEC, San Miguel dk, a
settlement of the head settlement of Zoyaltepec, and
(ilculilia mai/or of Yanguitlau. It contains 48 fa-
milies ot Indians, and is 10 leagues from its head
settlement.

CHICAIIUAZTLA, San Andrt s de, a settle-
ment and head settlement of the alcaldia maj/or of
Te|.ozcoluIa, in the province and bishopric of
Oaxaca, in the kingdom of Nueva Espana, is of
a cold temperature, iidiabited by 332 families of
Indians, including those of the settlements or wards
of its district, and they maintain themselves by
bartering cotton garments for salt on the coast of
Xicayan : 12 leagues s. iv. of its cajjital.

Chicaiiuaztla, another, a small settlement or
ward of the alraldia maijor of Guachinango in the
same kingdom ; annexed to the curacy of that of
TIaola.

CllICAMA, a large, fertile, and beautiful valley
of the province and corregimieuto of Truxillo in
Peru. It was one of the most populous in the
times of the gcntilism of the Indians, owing to its
agreeable and benign temperature: is watered by
a river of its name, which divides it from that of
( liimu. In 1.540, the friar Domingo de Santo
Tomas founded here a convent of his order, for
the iiibtriiction of the Indians, which immediately
was ti.nied into a priory and a house for noviciates.
It is at present, however, fdleii into decay, through
the ravages of time. This valley is six leagues
from the capital, to the ii. in the roa.l which leads
to the provinces of Quito, Sana, and Piura.

CllICAMA, a rirer of this province and corregi-
juitnto. It rises in the province of Guamachuco,
from two very lofty mountains, called Yulcagnanca
and Vanaguanca, to the n. c; and waters and fer-

is^r'

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r. '•'; ^«

ilii^

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C II I

tilizcs tlic valley wbich pivcs it its name ; and runs
30 leagues, collecting the waters of many other
streams, mountain floods, and rivulets, which aug-
ment it to sncli a degree as to render the fording of
it impracticable just where it enters the sea.

CHICAMOCIIA, a river of the province and
cnrregimiento of Tunja in the Niievo Itcyno de
Granada. It rises in the puratno or mounlain-
dcsert of Alharracin, between that city and the
city of Santa F6, on the n. side ; when it passes
through Tunja, being then merely a rivulet, it has
the name of ihe river of Galiinazos, wiiich it after-
wards changes for that of 8ogamoso ; and for that
of Chia, when it passeH through this settlemcivt.
It is afterwards called Chicaniocha, and passes
through various provinces, until it becomes incor-
porated M'ith the Magdalena, into which it enters
in one large mouth. A little before this it forms
a good port, called De la Tora, where there was
formerly a settlement, but which is at present in
a state of utter ruin.

CUICANAM, a small river of the province and
colony of Surinam, or tiie part of Guayana ix)s-
Kcssed by the Dutch. It is one of those wbich
cnler into the Ciiyuni.

CillCANl, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Larecaja in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Combaya.

[CHICAPIil'], or CmcKABBE, a small river in
Massachusetts, which rises from several ponds in
Worcester county, and running s. w. unites with
Ware river, and six miles f irther empties into the
Connecticut at Springfield, on the e. bank of that
river.]

CniCAQUARO, a small settlement or ward,
of the district and jurisdiction of V^iUadolid, in the
province and bishopric of Mechoacan.

CHICASAWS, a settlement of Indians of S.
Carolina, comprising the Indians of this nation,
who have here many other settlements ; in all of
which the English have forts, and an establish-
ment for their commerce and defence.

CiiiCASAWs, a river of this province, which
runs u\ and enters the Mississippi 788 miks from
its mouth, or entrance into the sea.

[CftlCCAMOGGA, a large creek, wliich runs
n.ic. into Tennessee river. lis mouth is six miles
above the Whirl, and about 27 s. a\ from the
mouth of the Hiwassee. The Chiccainogga Indian
towns lie on this creek, and on the bank of the
Tennessee. See Ciiickamages.J

CniClfAS v T.ARiJA, a provmcc anf\corregi-
vn'cnto of Peru ; bounded on the n. by that of
Cinli, s, by that of Tucuman, the river called

C II I

Quiaca serving as the line of division, it\ by tli.it
of ivipes, and m. by that of Porco. The district of
Tarija belonging to this correghnienlo, which is 10
leagues distant from the capital of Chiehns, is
bounded e. by the territories of the infidel Chiri-
gnaiios, Chanaes, and Mataguayos Indians, to the
first settlements of which from the last habitations
of Tarija there is a narrow, craggy, and mountain-
ous route of 14 leagues in length, it is also
bounded on the «. and zp. hy the valh^y of Piliya,
antl on the ». by the jurisdiction of Xuxui. The
district of Ghiciias is 140 leagues in circumference,
and that of Tarija 80, being either of them inter-
sected i)y some extensive serratiias : in the boun-
daries of the former there are many tiirms and
eslates for breeding cattle, where are also produced

ftotatoes, maize, wheat, barley and other grain,
ikcwise some wine. Here are mines of gold and
silver, which were formerly very rich ; it having
been usual for the principal ones to yield some
thousand marks in each caxon ; this being esoc-
cially the case in the mines of Nueva Chocaya,
which still yield to this day 50 or 60 marks. Many
of the metals found in these mines are worked up
for useful purposes. The mines of Chilocoa have,
on the whole, been most celebrated for their riches.
The rivers, which are of some note, are that of
Supacha, which flows down frc in the cordillera of
Lipcs, and running e. passes thiough the middle of
the province until it enters the valley of Cinti, of
the province of Pilaya and Paspaya ; and another,
called Toropalca, which enters the province of
Porco, and passes on to the same part of Cinti.
The inhabitants of this district amount to 6200.
In the settlement of Tatasi both men and women
are subject to a distressing lunacy, which causes
them to run wildly and heedlessly over the moun-
tains, without any regard to the precipices whieli
lie in their way ; since it has generally been ob-
served that they dash themselves headlong down :
if, however, it should happen that they are not
killed, tlie fall, they say, frequently restores them
to a sane mind. The observation, that the animals
of this country, namely, ihevkunaa and the native
sheep, arc subject to this malady, is without founda-
tion ; but it is thought to arise from the peculiar
clilu vias of the minerals aboimding here, and which
have a great tendeiK y to cnuse convulsions. The
wom(?n of the aforesaid settlement, when about to
bring forth children, like to be delivered of tliem
in the low parts of the quebraduSy or deep glens.
The settlements ol this province are,

Santiago de Cota- San Antonio dc Rio

gaita, IJlauco,

! 1

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C H I

383

Cotagaitilla,

Escara,

Chacnacocha,

Chcquclti,

Golnaca,

Calccha,

Toniola,

Tumiila,

Estarca,

Tupisa,

Oploca,

Tatasi,

Ingenio del Oro,

Nueva Chociya,

Talina,

Verquc,

Chacnps,

Ciioroma,

J^ibiiibi,

Moray a,

Moxo,

Tojo,

Sococha,

Rcnicdios,

Chisloca,

Suipacha.

the most part abandoned from the want of hands,
in as much as the natives liavc given themselves
up to the trade of cochineal, in which its territory
abounds : it produces also much seed and maize.
Its jurisdiction includes some of the finest and
richest provinces. It consists of five Lead settle-
ments of districts, to which are subject as many
other. Its capital contains 430 families of Indians,
and some of Spaniards, Miistees, and Muluttoes.
Ninety leagues s. e. of Mexico. The other settle-
ments arc,

And in the district of Tarija,
Tarija de Vicja, La Concepcion,

San ucrnardo de Tarija, Bermeo.

The district of Tarija is a territory full of que-
hradas and craggy mountains, as far as the punas
and lofty plains of Escayachc and Tacsorn, w?ierc
there are two salt lakes. It is composed of »our
fertile valleys lying on the skirts of hills, and in
these arc found human bones of a prodigious size,
petrified, shin-bones of a yard and a quarter long,
and teeth larger than a fist. In the midst of one of
these valleys is the town of San Bernardo de I'arija,
which is the capital of the province. Its reparti'
tniento used to amount to 82,350 dollars, and its
alcavala to 558 dollars per annum. For the settle-
ments of this district, sec above.

Chichas, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Condesuyos do Arequipa in the
same kingdom ; annexed to the curacy of Sala-
manca.

Chichas, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Tucuman, in the district and jurisdiction
of thecity of Xuxuy, which divides this city from
that of the capital of San Miguel.

[CHICHESTER, Upper and Lower, two
townships in Delaware county, Pennsylva-
nia.]

[Chiciiesteh, a small township in Rocking-
ham county. New Hampshire, about 35 miles n, w.
of Exeter, and 43 from Portsmouth. It lies on
Suncook river, was incorporated in 1727, and
contains 491 inhabitants.]

CHICHIBACOA, Cabo be, a cape on the
coast of the province and government of Santa
Marta, and kingdom of Tierra Firme ; 80 leagues
to the w. of that city.

CHICHICAPA, a settlement and capital of the
akaldia mayor of the province and bishopric of
Oaxaca in Nueva Espaiia. It is of a mild tem-
perature, and was anciently the real of the most
esteemed silver mines; but is at present much
fallen of, the working of the miues having been for

VOL. I.

lliollondoor Thcquila,
San Agustin de Losi-

Zimitlan,
Tepczimatlau,
La Mngdalena,
Atzozoia.

clia,
Tetipai,
Cnzantepec,

CHICHICATEPEC, a settlement and head set-
tlement of the akaldia maj/or of Villalta in Nueva
Esnafia, is of a cold temperature, contains 26 fa-
milies of Indians, and is seven leagues to the s. e.
of its capital.

CHICHICOAUTLA, St. Francisco de, a
settlement and head settlement of the alcaldia mayor
of Metepcque in Nueva Espana. It contains 91
families of Indians.

CHICHIMEQUILLA, a settlement of the head
settloment of the district of Zitaquaro, -AnA alcaldia
mayor o{ Muravatio, in the bishopric of Mcchoacan
ana kingdom of Nueva Espafia. It contains 81
families of Indians, and is a quarter of a league to
the s. of its head settlement.

CHICHIQUILA, a settlement of the head set-
tlement of Quinuxtlan, and alcaldia mayor of San
Juan de los Llanos, in Nueva Espana. It contains
180 families of Indians.

CHICHOI, a settlement of the province and
kingdom of Guatemala.

CHICf lOPON, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Caxamarca in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Xnambos.

CHICIBICIIE, a point of the coast of the pro-
vince and government of Venezuela, opposite the
island of Ave<.

[CHICKAHOMINV, a small navigable river
in Virginia. At its mouth in Janios river, 37
miles from point Comfort, in Chesapeak bay, is a
bar, on which is only 12 feet water at roiumon
flood tide. Vessels passing tliat may go eight
miles up the river; those of 10 fict draught 18
miles ; and vessels of six tons burden may go 32
miles up the river.]

[CHICKAMACOMICO Creek, in Dorchester
county, Maryland, runs s. between the towns of
Middletown and Vienna, and empties into Fishing
bay.]

3 n

f m

,ii

• i.

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386

C II I

[CHICKAMAGES, a part of the Cherokfic na-
tion of Indians, known by tliis name, inhabit five
villag-s on Tennessee river. See CiiiccA-

MOr.'.A.]

CIJICKAMINE, a river of the province and
colony of Virginia.

[CHICKASAW Bluff is on thee, bank of the
Mississippi, witliin the territoiifs of ihc United
SliilcS; in hit. 35 n. Tho Spaniards erected horn
a strong stockaded fort, with iMniion, and fdviiislied
it \i\{\\ tmops, all in llu; sp;icc of 21 hours, in llic
month of il line 1795. i( lins since been given u]),
Mccordinp to the freiily of 1790".]

[Chickasaw, a creek ^vliich fhlls into tiie
Wabash lioin the c. a little below Post St. Vin-
cent.]

[Chickasaw, a river which empties into the
Mis&issijjpi, on tlie c. side, 101 miles n. from the
mouth of Margot, and 67 s. w. of Mine au Fer.
Tlie lands hero arc of an excellent ciualily, and
covered with a variety of useful timber, canes, &c.
This river may be ascended during high floods up-
wards of 30 miles with boats of several Ions burden.]

[Chick ASAWS, a famous nation of Indians, who
inuabitthe country on the c. side of the Mississijjpi,
on tlie head branches of the Tombigbec, Mobile,
and Yazoo rivers, in the n. zo. corner of the state of
Georgiaj and n. of the country of the Cliactaws.
Their country is an extensive plain, tolerably well
•watered from springs, and of a pretty good soil.
They have seven towns, the central one of which
is in Int. 31° 23' n. long. S9" 30' v>. The num-
ber of souls in this nation has been formerly
reckoned at 1755, of which 575 were fighting men.
There are some Negroes among the Chickasaws,
who either were taken captive in war, or ran awny
from their masters, and sought safety among the
Indians. In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, with 900
men, besides seamen, sailed from Cuba with a de-
sign to conquer Florida. He travelled n. to the
Chickasaw country,aboutlat. 35° or 36^ ; and three
years after died, and was buried on the bank of
Mississipi river.]

CHICLAIO, a settlement of the province and
corregimicnlo of Sana in »'erii, in which there is a
convent of the religious order of St. J'niucis.

CHI CO, Rio, a settlement and garrison of the
province and government of Sonora ; situate on
the shore of the river I'aqui,

Chico, a river of the province and government
of Piinami'i in the kingdom of Tierra Firine, It
rises in the mountains io the «. of the islino, or
isthmus, near the settlement of Chepo ; and runs
s. %v. and enters the sea in the bay or gulf of Pa-
jnnnii't

C H I

Chico, another river of the province and go-
vernment of Tucuman in Peru, It runs to the c.
of the jurisdiction oftlie city of Xuxuy,

Ciiico, a small island, called Morro, near (he
coast of the province and government of Santa
Mnrta ; o])posite this city, and not far from ano-
tlior island, distinguished by the name of Morro
(iiniide.

CI HCOANTEPEC, a settlement of the province
and ulcahlia mai/or of Zoqucs in the kingdom oi
Guatemala.

CHICOLAPA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment, and alcatdin mayor of Coatepec, in Nuevii
I^spana; annexed to the curacy of its capital, li
contains 187 families of Indians, who celebrate
every Friday throughout the year a leam^iiis or
fair, at which are sold cattle and other prociuctioiis
oftlie country. At these times it is a place of ge-
neral rendezvous for the inhabitants of all the con-
tiguous provinces ; and this fair has, from the great
concourse of people usually assembling here, ob-
tained the title of the famous teangitis ofH. /7-
ccnte de Chkolapa. It is extremely fertile and plea-
sant, and surrounded by several very small settle-
ments or wards.

CHICO.MESUCHIL, a settlement and head
settlement of the alcaldia mayor of Yxtcpexi ot
the province and bishopric of Oaxaca in Nueva
Esjiana, is of a hot temperature, and contains
300 families of Indians, who exercise themselves in
the making scarlet clollis and cotton garments.

CHICOMl, a settlement and head settlement o(
the district of the alcaldia viai/or of Tampico in
Niieva Espaila. It contains 45 families of Indians,
and lies 10 leagues to the s. of its capital.

CHICOMOCELO, a settlement of the province
and (dcaldia wmyor of Chin pa in the kingdom of
(jiiatcmala; [having a cave very narrow at t!ie
entry, but sjjacious within, with a stagnant hike,
which is, however, clear, and is two fathoms deep
towards the banks.]

CHICONAIJTA, St.Tomasdt, a settlemcMf
of the alcaldia mat/or of Ecatepec in Nueva
ICspana ; annexed to the curacy of its capital ;
from whence it is ilistant one leaj^ue to the it, n. c.
It contains 160 families of Juvlians.

CHICONCUAC, S. MiGiu.i, nr, a scdlement
of the head settlement and alcaldia maijor of Tez-
cuco in Nueva Espana. It contains 123 families
of Indians, and six of Sj)aniards. It produces ri
good proportion of grain, seeds, and catfte, from
the fleeces of which they derive great emolument,
as also from the coarse stuffs maniiiactured of lli^
same. It is one league to the n. of its capital.

(.llIICOXCUASUj ft settlemcut of tiie iica.l

c n I

€ n I

.'is?

scUlcinent of Nnulingo, nntl akaldia mm/or of
Xnl.tpn, ill Nycvii Llspafin, Ihciininc of which siij.
iiifiL-s tlic pince uf six fountains. It is siuialo in
tiie most lofty part of a rugged and mountainous
sierra^ on whicli account its tcniperatnic is every
where cold, and subject more than any other part
of its district to continuM fogs and rains, lis
commerce consists in mni^e, which it produces in
abundance, and in the breeding of swine, both of
which articles are carried lor sal*; to V<"ra Cru/.
Its inhabitants arc also engaged in the mule-droves
whicii pass through these parts in their way to
the windwarel coasts, and which proceed over a
road so rough and itony that they arc under the
necessity of descending and asceniling precipices
by means of steps or artificial ptissages hewn out
of the rocks ; and however dillicult tliis might ap-
pear to some, they do not experience any grout
delay, altliough the animals are very heavily
loaded, and Ihc road be rendered still more dilli-
cult, if, as it otten happens, the journey be per-
formed in the winter season. This very stony
route is a narrow pass or defile which shortens the
way leading to the province of La Guasca. The
inhabitants of this settlement are composed of 2.'J(i
families of Indians. It lies three short leagues to
the w. of its capital.

CHICONCL'AUTLA, ascttlement of the head
settlement and ulcnhlia mat/or of (juachinango in
Nneva Espafia. It is of a mi'd temperature, and
contains ^70 families of Indians, including the
three other small settlements of its district. Six
leaifues to the e. of its capital.

(JIIICOM'tlPEC, a settlement of the head
settlement of Tlalixcoya, and a/caldia viai/or of
Mizantla, in Nueva Espana. It contains jj fa-
milies of Indians.

(JIIICDRATO, a settlement of the missions
which were held by the regulars of the society of
.(csnits, in the province and government of Ci-
naloa.

CIIICTAS, a nation of Indians of Peru. It is
at present reduced to merely a sefllenieiit of tiie
province oft "ondesuyos, in which is Ibund abun-
dance of cochineal, made use of by the natives in
ilyeiiig of wool; this being the branch of com-
merce bv which they maintain themselves.

<'illEGNi:TO, a selllement and fort of the
Ijiglisli, in the province and colony of Nova
f^'colia, in the mo^<t interior part of the bay of
I (iiidy.

(!nii (iNirro, a small river of tht; above pro-
viiue, whieli rises (rom a lake, runs s. and enters
the IJttsinof the Mines.

C'liiccNmo, a cap or point of the coast of the
same province, in thi bay of I'uiidy.

C'lIIHX, 'ruou Av, a river of the isl.ind of
(lUadaliipe. It rises in the mountiins towards
the r. runs r. ami eiilers the sea between the point
of Petit Carbet and the river Tron or Chat.

ClllE.NS, Isl.A »K I.OS, or lst.ANI) OI' TUB

Dotis, in theguH'of St. Lawrence, at the entrance
of the strait of Melieisle, and on the hk coast of tho
islainl of iNewlimndlaiid.

(.'IIIJ"ri,.\>f, a head settlement of the nhuldia
vuii/or of Vzncar in Nueva I'soani. It was for-
merly the corrcgiii.icnd}, and is at present embo-
died with this jnrisdielion. It is of a warm and
moist temperature, but very pleasant, and covered
with gardens fidl ot liowers, fruits, and vegetables.
The territory also abt)nnds in wh'.-at, maize, and
other seeds, and particularly in dates, the whole
of the district being covered with palms. Its in-
habitants consist of 2(j7 families of Spaniards,
Mimlecs, and Mulattocs, and of , "50 families of In-
dians, including those dwelling in the settlements
which belong to this district. It abounds like-
wise in gdi/jaiizns, or Spanish pease, anniseed, and
melons, all of which are of the best quality of any
in the whole kingdom. It lies three leagues s. of
its capital.

The aforesaid settlements arc,
Ahuehuczingo,
San Nicolas de Tenaxcalco,
Santiago de Azalan.

CfllGNAL, Voi.cAN UK, a mountain of the
province and currcghnknlo of Maule in the king-
dom of Chile, distinct from the other which is
near to it anil of the same name.

[CllIGxNKCTO Channel, the ». zo. arm of the
bay of Tniidy, info whicli Petitcodiac river falls.
The spring tides rise here GO fet t. J

CMKJlJAClll, a settlement of the corrrgim!'
enlo of Lbaque in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada ;
situate behind the mountains of Guadalupe and
Monserral, of the city of Santa le, from whence if,
is distant five leagues to the r. Jt is of a dolighl-
fnl temperature, and abound?, in wheat, maize,
barley, potatoes, sugar-cane, and plantain;. Its
inhal)itants consist of 'JOO families of Spaniards,
and a verv lew luilians.

ClllCi'L'AGL'A, San It i.iim: ni-, a town of
the province of 'raramuiira, and kingdom of
Nueva \'iheaya; situate near tlie river San Pedro.
Its popnlation ccasi.jis of 'JflOO tiiiiiilies of Spa-
niards, and some of J//i'.''i('',v and Mulattocs. The
townishirge and well built, and tlie houses aro
handsome ; anioiiyst oth^r buildings, the most con-

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spiciioiis arr the pnrisli chiircli, the collf^o wliioli
bc'loiiijc'd (() tlic .Jesuits, and tlio convent of St.
Francisco. It c/ijoys a mild and pleasant tompc-
mfiirc, and its principal coninicrccconsisis in silver,
which it derives in large quantities from its mines,
and whicli is given in exchange t()r all kinds of
articles of merchandize, brouglit hither by sncli as
arc induced to visit this place, and who arc at-
tracted in great numbers, so as to render the town
csircmely populous. [This town is 'surrounded
with considerable mines io the r. of the great
real of Santa Hosa de Cosiguiriachi. It was found-
ed in IC91, and has a population of about 7000
souls, according to Pike, tliough Humboldt esti-
mates the same at l],(iOO. It is 260 leagues
?;. n. zo. of Mexico, in long. 104° 32', and lat. 28°
47' n.l

CHIGUAGUILA, a settlement and rrrt^of the
mines of the province and govermnent of Sonora.

ClIIGUAGUILLA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Cinaloa ; situate near
the sierra, 40 leagues to the e. a quarter to the
«. e. of the town of Los Alamos.

CHIGUARA, a sctt'L-ment of the government
and jurisdiction of Maracaibo in the province of
Venezuela. It is of a cold temperature, abounds
in cacao, sugar-cane, and other vegetable produc-
tions peculiar to the climate. It was formerly a
large and rich to>vn, owing to the number of estates
which lie within its district, and particularly to
one within a league's distance, called Los Estan-
gues, in which there used to be upwards of 40,000
head of large rattle ; to another also which belong-
ed to the regulars of the society of Jesuits, Ccilled
La Selva. It is, however, at the present day,
destroyed and laid waste by the incursions of the
Motilones Indians ; and its population scarcely
amounts to 40 Indians and 30 whites.

CHIHEMECOMET, an island of the province
and colony of N. Carolina, near the coast, and to
the n. of the province of Ilateras.

[CHIIIOHOEKI, an Indian nation, who were
confederates of the Lenopi or Delawarcs, and in-
habited the w. bank of Delaware river, which was
anciently called by their name. Their s. boundary
was Duck creek, in Newcastle county.]

CKIIIUATA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Arequipa in Peru. It is of a cold
temperature, and in its jurisdiction is a lake, from
Avhence is taken siilt sufBcicnt to supply the whole
province, the surplus being used in the working of
the metals.

[CHIKAGO River empties into the a. w. end
of lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood.

C H I

Here the Indians have ceded to the United States,
by the treaty of Greenville, a tract of land six miles
square.]

(IHIKEHAUK, an island of the N. sea, near
the coast of N. Caroliiia. This coast forms with
the same island the strait of Currotuck.

CHILA, a settlement and head settlement of
the district of the alcaldia mat/or of Acatlan in
Nueva Espana. It contains 200 families of In-
dians, some of Spaniards and il/Ms<rM, and a con-
vent of the religious order of St. Domingo.

CHILAC, San Gabuiel de, a settlement and
head settlement of the district of the alcaldia mayor
ofThchuacan in Nueva Espaiia. It contains 28G
families of Indians, and lies four leagues to the
s. r.:;. of its capital.

CHI LA PA, a capital settlement of the a/caWf'a
wnyorofthis name in Nueva Espana. Its tem-
perature is rather cold. It contains 41 families of
Spaniards, 72 of Mustees, 26 of Mulattoes, and
447 of Indians, and a convent of the religious
order of St. Augustin ; Ijelonging, in as much as
regards its ecclesiastical functions, to the bishop-
ric of La Puebla. The jurisdiction is composed
of 1 1 head settlements of districts, and of 23 others,
in which are enumerated 2503 families of Indians,
65 of Spaniards, 1 16 of Mustees, and 47 of Mu-
lattoes ; all of ^rhom are occupied in the cultiva-
tion and sellin-^ of its natural productions, which
arc sugar, honey, and cascalote, and in the mak-
ing of earthen-ware and scarlet cloth. This settle-
ment abounds also in wild wax, cotton, in the
fruits of the country, potatoes, and other vegetables.
It is sixty leagues to the s. a quarter to the s. w.
of Mexico, in long. 99°, and lat. 17° 11'. The
other settlements are,
Holcazautitlan, Tehiiaustillan,

Zacanhualin,

Tlaquilzingo,

Palantla,

Ayahualtcmpa,

Petatlan,

Ayahualulco,

Mitlazingo,

Tepoxtlan,

Quecholtenango,

San Martin,

Colotlipan,

Xocutla,

Nazintla,

Teozintla,

Zicultepec,

Calmetitlan.
Miguel ue, another scttle«

Temalacl,
Ilostutla,
Mezquitlar.',
Papulatia,
Tollman,
Atengo,
Comala,

San Juan dc la Brea,
Zitlala,
Acatlan,
Azaquiloj'a,
Acazango,
Hahuacazingo,
Pochotla,
Alpoyeca,
Xintopantia,
Chilafa, San

C H I

mcnt and head settlement of tlic district of tlic al-
cnldia maj/or of Tepozcoluia in tlic same kingdom.
It is of a mild temperature, and contains a convent
of the religious order of S Domingo, and 138 fa-
milies of Indians, who occupy themselves in the
trade of cochineal, as likewise of certain seeds
which they sow in the ranchos. Four leagues to
the «. by s. of its capital.

Ciiii.APA, San Pidko dr, another, of the head
settlement of the district of 1 1 uitepec, and n/caMa
mat/or of Ixqiiintepec, in the same kingdom. It
contains 30 fiimilies of Indians, and is five leagues
to the n. with a slight inclination to the e. of its
capital.

CHILAQUE, a settlement of the hend settle-
mentof the district of Olintla, and alcaldia mayor
ofZacatlan, in Nueva Espana. It is situate In a
delightful glen surrounded by rocks, and is water-
ed by various streams, being distant five leagues
from its head settlement.

CHILATECA, S. Juan de, a settlement of
the head settlement of the district of Cuilapa, and
alcaldia mayor of Quatro Villas, in Nueva Es-
paila. It contains 52 families of Indians, who
trade in cochineal, seeds, and fruits, and collect
coal and timber, all of which form branches of
their commerce. Five leagues to the t. c. of its
head settlement.

CHILCA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Cafiete in Peru, with a small but
safe and convenient port. It abounds in saltpetre,
which its natives carry to Lima for the purpose of
making gunpowder, on which account they are
for the most part muleteers or carriers. In its
vicinity are the remains of some magnificent buihl-
ings which belonged to the Incas of Peru. The
name of Chilca is given by the Indians of the same
kingdom, as also by those' of the kingdoni of Quito,
to a small tree or shrub which is a native of hot
climates, and which, when burnt to ashes, is
often used as lye for the use

C H I

389

of the sugar cn-

gmes.

Chilca, a
this province,
by any river,

beautiful and extensive valley of
which, although it be not irrigated
stream, or fountain, *by which it
might be fertilized, produces an abundantharvest of
maize. The seed of this is accustomed to be
buried in the ground with heads of pilchards, an
abundance of which fish is found upon the coast ;
and thus, by the moisture arising from this prac-
tice, and by the morning dews, the soil becomes
sufficiently moistened to produce a very fair crop.
The same method is observed, and the same eflect
produced, with regard to other fruits and herbs ;
but for drinking and culinary use:;, the little

water that is procured is drawn from wells. Lnt.
12" 31' s. Long. 7G° J5' u\

ClliLCAIMARCA, a settlement of the pro.
vincc anil rorrcgimiento of (Jondesuyos de Are-

auipa in Peru ; annexed to tlic cuiacy of An-
ahua.

CHILCAIO, a settlement of the province and
government of Lucimas in Peru; annexed to the
curacy of Qucrobamba.

CUILCAS, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Caxatambo in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Ilacas.

Ciiiix'As, another settlement of the province
and corregimiento oiWunnin in the same kingdom ;
aimexed to the curacy of Tainbos.

CIIiLCIIAIOTLA, a settlement of the head
settlement of the district and alcaldia mayor of
Zochicoatlan in Nueva Espana ; situate on the
side of a hill. It is of a hot temperature, contains
2Q families of Indians, and is 11 leagues to the n.
of its capital.

CHILCHOIAQUE, a settlement of the bead
settlement of Tlacolula, and alcaldia mayor of
Xalapa, in Nueva Espafla ; situate in a very ex-
tensive glen, surrounded by lieights which begin
in the neighbourhood of Xilotepcc, and run some-
what more than a league in length. The popula*
tion is very scanty, and the temperature bad ;
indeed, out of the many families which formerly
inhabited it, 19 only are remaining ; these employ
themselves in the rancherias, agriculture being
indispensably necessary to their maintenance,
owing to the barrenness of the territory of the dis-
trict. At the distance of a league to the n. of Xa-
lapa, and on the side of the royal road leading to
Mexico, is the great mill of Lucas Martin. Here
the lands are fertilized by the large river Cerdeno ;
by the waters of which also other settlements are
supplied, as likewise some of the ranchos, wherein
employment is found for upwards of 30 families
of Spaniards, some Mustees, and many Indians.
Four leagues to the s. w. of its head settlement.

CIIILCHOTA, the alcaldia mayor and juris-
diction of the province and bishopric of Mecho-
acan. It is very mean, and reduced to a few small
settlements, which lie so nigh together, that their
situations are pointed out to the traveller by crosses
stuck up in the roads. Its population consists of
470 families of Tarascos Indians, and about 300 of
Spaniards, Mnlattoes, and Mustees; who are,
for the most part, scattered in the agricultural
estates of its district, where, from the fertility of the
soil, wheat, maize, and other seeds, are cultivated
in abundance. The country is agreeable, and weJl
stocked with every kind of fruit trees. The capi-

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Jul, the scttlemrnt of (his name, is 70 Icnjrcs to
tlic ii\ )i. u:'. of Mexico.

(Iiiii.ciioTA, anollicr sctllcmrnt of tlio licad
sdtlemcnl of lluaiitin, uiul alcaldia nini/or of (^ui-
cntlaii; situate at the top of a pleasant nioiiiitaiii
^vlli(•ll is covered willi fruit trees. It contains SO
families of Indians, who live cliieliy by trailini? in
cochineal, saltpetre, cotton, seeds, and fruits.
It is eight leagues from its head selllenient.

Cinr.ciioTA, another, with the dcilicalory title
of San Pedro, it is of the head settlement of
Qnimixtlan, and alcaldia mtij/or of S. Juun de los
l.lnnos, in Niicva Espana. It contains 210 fami-
lies of Indians.

CIIILCCAL'TLA v CAnnivAi,, a settlement
and »Trt/of the mines of the alcaldia mat/nr of Ix-
miqnilpan in Nueva ICspana. It contains 21')
families of Indians, and in the rral are 27 of
Spaniards, and 4G of jl/wi/rcs and Mnlattocs. It
is of an extremely cold and moist temperature,
and its commerce depends upon the working of
the lead mines. Some silver mines were formerly
worke<I here, but these yielded so base n metal,
and in such small quantities, that they were en-
tirely abandoned for those of lead, which yielded
by tar the greatest emolument. Five leagues to
the e. of its capital.

GIIILH,akingdominthcmosts.partorS. Ame-
rica, boniKlcd on the n. by Peru, on the s. by the
straits of Magellan and Term ilel Fiiego, on the
e. by the provinces of Tucnnu'in and iJuenos
Ayres, onthew.f. by Brazil and Paraguay, and
on the to. by the S, sea. It extends from v. to v.
472 leagues; comprehending the Terras Magal-
lanicas from the straits and the plains or deserts
of Copiapo, which are its most it. parts. The
Inca Yupanqni, eh;venth Fmpi ror of Peru, carried
his conquests as tarns the river Maidi or Maulle, in
lat. 34" 30' .T. Diegro de Aimagro was the first
Spaniard who discovered this country, in the year
]j3j, and began its conqnot, which was aller-
wards followed up, in 154 J, by the celebrated Pe-
dro de V'aldivia, who fortiided its first cities, and
afterwards met with a disgraceful death at llie
hands of the Indians, having been made prisoner
by them in the year I;")')!. These Indiiins are the
inost valorous and wailik<' oC all in Amerieu ; they
h;tve maintained, by acoiilimial «arfare,tlieir inde-
l)cndcnrc of the Spaniards, from whom they are
separated by the river |}ioi)io. This is the limit
of the country possessed by them ; and though
the Spaniards have penetrated through dilf'erent
entrances into their territories, and there built va-
rious towns and fortresses, yi-i have all these been
puLcd down and destroyed by those valiant de-

C II I

fenders of (heir liberty and their country. They
are most dexterous in the management of the lance,
sword, arrow, and weapons made of Macaiia
wood ; and although they arc equally so in the
practice of fire-arms, they use them but selduin,
saying, " they are only lit for cowards." They
are very agile and dexterous horsemen, and their
horses are excellent, since those which run wiKl.
and which are of the Audaluciin breed, have not
degenerated, or become at all inferior to the best
which that country produces. The part which
the Spaniards possess in this kingdom extends its
whole length, from the aforesaid valley of Copiaui)
to the river Siidbrdo, (uid'a(homable), beyond tuc
isle of Chiloe, in hit. 44', but it is only 45 leagues,
at the most, in breadth ; so that the country is, a^
it were, a slip between the S. scaand the cordillcra of
the Arules : from these descend infinite streams and
rivers, watering many fertile and beautiful valleys,
and forming a country altogether charming and
luxurious; the soil abounds in every necessary tor the
convenience and enjoyment of litic, producing, in
regular season, all the most delicate I ruits of Ame-
rica and Europe. The summer here begins in
September, the istii) (or hot smnmer) in December,
the autunni in March, and the winter in June.
The climate; is similar to that of Spain, and the
temi)eraiure varies according to the elevation of
the hind; since the |)rovinces lying next to Peru,
and which \\y^'. very low, are of a warm tempera-
ture, and I'U'k rain, having no other moisture than
what they tlerive I'lom some small rivers descend-
ing from the cordi lent, and ruruung, fur the space
ol 'iO or 30 leagues, into the sea. In the otiier
provinces it rams more frequently, in proportion
as they lay more to the s. especially in the winter,
from April to September; for which reason they
arc more tlL'rtile. These provinces are watered by
more llian 40 rivers, which also descend from the
cordilkrii, bfjing formed by the rains, and the snow
melted in the sunuuer, swi lling them to a great
height. They generally abound in fish of the
most ''jlicate ilavour, of which arc eels, trout, Im-
gics^ rciycr/itcs, nliop^utoit, pcjerei/es, jind many
others. The'sea-coast is of itself capable of main-
taining a vast popidation by the shell-fish found
upon it, of twenty diflerent sorts, and all of the most
delicious fiavouv. Other fish also is not wanting:
here are plenty of sl^ate, coiigera, rohalos^ sicnas^
a species of trout, xicjits, soles, machtielos, dorados,
pcjii^alhis, jhilpos-, pai/ijianos, corbimts, pcjeiej/es,
and tunnies, which come at their seasons ou
the coast, in the same manner as in the Almadra-
bas of Andaliicia. For some years past tiiey salt
down cod-lisU in these parts, wliitli, although of a

, dorados^

CHILE.

391

dinallcr size, nre more ilelicnto, and of superior
flavour to those cuiit;lit in New found Ifiiid. Am-
bergris is also i'ound upon tiic coas<. 'I'lie nioiiii-
tains nbound in trees of the most beaulitiil kind,
laurels, oaks of four sorts, tlu; curob-tree, the
VDod of which is extremely hard, rcidi'n, cinna-
mon-trees, Cyprus, snndiil, pma^tins^ hazel- mil,
wall-nut, ro/o.?, and (dnccs, whieli are a kind of
cedar, of which they make planks in f^rrat num-
bers to carry to Lima and oilier parts. Many of
these trees are ^'recii the whole year round, from
the moisture andshcilir they iler'ive from the rc?-
ilillcra, which contains in i(s bowels much fire, ns
appears fVoni (ho volcanoes found upon it, and
which are 1'^ in number, without counting many
others, even as far as the straits of Magellan. Al-
tlio'i^h these mountains and woods are so immense,
bonsls ofa savage kind arc rarely to be found, ex-
cepling such, now and then, as a (iger or leopard ;
bnl there are great numbers of deer, slags, tirimts,
and htiaii/iros, which served as food lor the In-
dians; as likewise of birds, ns (hicks, vaiidinrias,
swans, herons, kites, dyves, piii^iicnus, tmia/n,
parrots, hawks, falcons, goshawks: and many sing-
nig birds, as goldfinches, laiks, starlings, diuniit,
iii/lirs, and many others, lis present vegi'labic
productions nre wheai, barley, Indian wheat, grains
ofdill'erent kinds, oil of the'linest olives, excellent
wines, much esteemed in Peru ; all kinds of suc-
culent fruits, oranges, lemons, imimnerable sorts of
apples, and every "kind of garileri herb. Flax and
liemp is cullivaled here, from which they make
rigging for vessels trading lo the S, seas ; and tliis
could be supplied in a proportion equal lo aiiyde-
niand. This kingdom kec|)s up a considerable
trade with Peru ; for, one year with the other, it
sends to J-iiua from IjO lo 1S0,()00 bushels of
wheat, ]20,000 quhdafs of gnasc, much wine,
and other i)rodin:lions, ns almonds, mils, lentils,
a sort of wild niarjoiam and bastard safl'ron ; and
lakes in exchangt! sugar and clolhs of Ihecounlry.
Jt(lerives also great emolum'-nt from large herds
of the cow kind, from Hocks of sheep and goats,
of the skins of which Ihey procure fine tanned lea-
(lier, leathern jackets, shamois leather, and sules of
shoes : from these animals is also ^irocurcd much
lat or tallow. Here an; numerous breeds of most
beautiful horses, and some of these, from excelling
all die others in the swiftness of their paces, are
called ogui/d/ius. It also abounds in mules, and
it would still more so, if, as formerly, they were
in request a( Peru, -where their skins were used
instead of fine clolhs and carpets. Baizes are still
made ; as likewise sonic sorts of small cord, coartc
Elufl's, and many kinds of sackcloth, which is the

common vcsltire, and consists of n square garment,
with nn opening lo admit the head ; but nuiny
looms have been lost through n want of Indians in
the maiiidiictorics. The greater part of these
people still prefer their original uncivili/ed slate,
depending upon the natural fruits of the earth for
for their iboil ; for, besides the proihuitions abovo
enum(*rated, they used lo gather, without Iho
trouble of cultivation, all sort-s of delicious fruits,
such as pines, though diflerent from thosi' of Ivu-
rope; and to make excrllent (Ititlui oi \\w tiiittiilld.
Indeed the luxuriance and abundance ol delicate
flowers, and aromatic and me<licinal herbs, is al-
most ineredibh; ; of the last the follow ir-g are the
most csti'emed lltr their virtue, viz. the crt//( //«/</-
ifMrt, tjiii'ic/nniiil/, (dbidiiiqidlld^ and culoi. It
contains many mines of the richest gold, silver,
copper, lead, (in, quick-silver, brimstone, loatl-
slone, ami coal : yielding immense riches, which
the Indians never appreciated, nor even gave
themselves the least trouble aboul, until the con-
quest of the Incas, who began to work them ;
sending portions of gold t(» ('uzco for the orna-
ment of the lenqiles and jjalaces, rather byway of
gilt than of tribute. The incursions and rebel-
lions of the Indians, jirincipally of the Arauca-
nians, who, in the year J6J)J), took and destroyed
.six cities, viz. Valdivia, Imperial, Angol, Santa
('rux, ("hillan, and t'oncepcion, is the cause why
the ])opulation is in many places not large, and
that it consists of jwor people, living in small
conuuunilies ; the fact being, that Ihey are always
living in constant dread ofa surprise from the In-
dians; not but t hit on the confines there are gar-
risons, well defended by Spiuiish troops, with ne-
cessary provisions of artillery, victuals, and am-
munition. The war which has from the begin-
ning been sustained by the Spaniards against these
most ferocious Indians, has leniled greatly to re-
duce the mimbers of the former ; some having
been killed on the spot, and others doomed lo bo
slaves to their indignant conquerors, indeed,
when it was found that arms were of no avail
against them, some missifMiaries of the society of
the .lesuits were sent among them, in the year
]Cil5, ill Older to propagate the gospel ; when the
Fathers lloracio \'eclii and Martin de Aranda
Miliered martyrdom at their hands: alter which a
treaty of i)eace was made by the G'overnor Mar-
quis de liaides, A. I). JCIO, and which has since
been renewed yearly ; their deputies coming re-
gularly to the cajiilal to receive the presents from
tlie kinir of Spain, 'ihey have, notwithstanding,
at dillerent limes broken the treaty, nuiking in-
cursions into the .Spanish townsj and their manner
4

)■'

I *l

5«)^i

C H I L E.

cif circlnring war is by sending from town (o town
nil arrow clenched in ii dend man's hand,
which (hey call ronvocaloria ; and this i\\(y diil
in the year 1723, making terrible bnvou and
slDi/jhtcr. This kingdom is evitlently, from
what has been asserted, the most fertile, abun>
«lnnt, rich, and delightful region of all America ;
to which Nature has granteil, in profusion, nil
that she has given to others, either with a sparing
hand, or at too high a price. Tlie people arc
healthy and robust. The wind which generally
prevails is thc5. a, and the Puelche, which comes
from the cordit/era, is somew hat troublesome. [T he
Puelche wind takes its name from some Indiaiis ho
called, and from whoso country it blows.] Chile
is divided into two bishoprics, suH'ragan to the
archbishopric of Lima ; and these are of Santiago
and La Concepcion. It is governed by a presidciit,
governor, and captain-general, which title was
first possessed by Don Melchor Bravo dc Saravia,
and its government is divided into 18 provinces
or districts, which are,

Cuyo,

Copiapo,

l.a Serena or Coquimbo

Quillota,

Aconcagua,

Santiago,

Melipilla,

Hancagua,

Colchagua, ,

And the islands of Juan Fernandez,
tal is Santiago.
Catalogue of the barbarous Nations and principal
Places in the kingdom of Chile.

Maule,

Ytata,

Chilian,

Estancia del Rey or

Rede,
Puchacay,
La Concepcion,
Valdivia,
Chiloc,

Th«

capi-

I Si- I-"
n "■

Nations.
Antallis,
Araucanos,
Cauquis,
Chauracabis,
Guarpes,
Juncos,
Pequenches,
Pevinges,
Pincus,
Poyas,
Pulches,
Yanaeunas.

Lakes.

Aguas Calientes,

Guanacache,

Mallabauquen,

Padaguel,

Puren.

Mountains.
Antojo,
Chilian, vole.
Chuapa, vole.
Estancia de Rey, gold,
Lampangui, silver,
Ligua, vole.
Llaon, gold,
Llupangui, gold,
Notuco, vole.
Payen, lead,
Peteroa, vole.
Petorca, gold,
Quillacoya, gold,
Sinn, vole.
Yapel, gold.

Cities.
Calbuco,
Canete,
Castro,

Chacao,

Chilian,

Concepcion.

('on lines,

Copiiipo,

Coquimbo or La Se-
rena,

Imp(!rial,

Loyola,

Mendoza,

Osorno,

Saiitiiigo,

Sun Juan dc la Fron-
teia,

San Luis de Loyola,

Valdivia,

Valparaiso,

Villarica.

Forts,

Arauco,

Los Angeles ,

San Fernando,

Tucapel,

Yunibel.

Promontories.

Ralicna,

Carncro,

Cauten,

Changui,

Feliz,

Villiva,

Rivers.

Andalie,

Arancagua,

Biobio,

Buono,

Cachapoal,

Cauquencs,

Cauren,

Cauten,

Chavin,

Civapa,

Claro,

Copiapo,

Curarahua,

De Lor a,

De la Sal,

Catalogue of the Presidents, Governors, and Cap-
tains-general of the Kingdom of Chile.
1. The Adelantado Pedro de Valdivia, conquer-
or of the kingdom ; he served much, and with

great valour, in the conquest of Peru, was a colo-
nel of foot under Francis Pizarro, entered in the

year 1537, founded the first towns, and governed

until the year 1551 ; he was made prisoner, fight-

Eyoti,

(iuasco,

Ytata,

fiiibiipi,

Laxa,

Lebo,

Ligun,

Liman,

Limalhi,

Longatonia,

Mapuclio,

Mataquito,

Maule,

Mayuo,

Nubbe or Nuble,

Pcreroa,

Poangue,

Qucule,

Ralcnio,

Salado,

Teno,

Tolten,

Tongoy,

Topocalma,

Turnyan,

Utcn.

Ports.
Castro,
Cauten,
Cerrlto Verde,
Chacao,
Cumberland,
Guasco,
Paracas,
Quillin,
Talcaguano,
Tome,
Tongoy.

Isles.
Chiloe,
Clones,
Farallones,
Fernandez,
Guaitcca,
Moche,
Quiriquina,
Santa Maria.

■M 'H

ll.;:i

IM%\

C 11 I L E.

:im

["ins: valiantly in almdlrnffriinsf flic .\niiiCftnos,nii(l

killrd.

'2. Don (liin-iu Iliirl.iilo dc Mi'iidoza, kdii itrtlic
Marquis ili- Ciifii'd', mIk) wih vi<;L'r()y in I'l'rii ;
immn' .iti'ly that lie nTcivci! news ot llic dcatli "f
Valdivi' he iioiiiiiialcd liiiii as Ills siicccs'^or, and
lie rclnriicd to IVrii as soon as lie had seen liiiii
confirmed i i llu! jU[ovi'riinicnl, niid his tide saiic-
tioiicd l)j (lie Kini;.

3. Fianci.si'o do Vi!!a£fra, a iiohle captain, avIki,
in pnrsiiincc liis conqiiosls, was also kdied by the
Indian^ ni battle ; |)n)visinnally Kucceeded by Ids
uiicli", nnli! ajjovernor wus appointed by the kin-;.

I. I ill. .1(/f/(t)il(ii/(i llodriii'o de (Jiiiroira, \s\u)
i;()V(ru. .1 pi ii('oai)ly until his death, leavini; the
ijovernMunt to thechart^e ol hi^ iiither-in-law.

;>. The llrijiadier Martin Ituizde G'aniboa, until
he was nominated by the kiiiir.

(j. The Doctor Melclior IJravo deSaravia, with
the title of first president, until his duitli.

7. Don Alonso de Sotoniayor, 'Mar(|uisde Villa-
herniosa, appointed in the year 1.081 : liavinir nia-
iiit'estcd his valour, talent, and address, in the go-
verinnent, which he licUl with nuidi credit, and
v/i;li great advantage, airainst the Indians, until
the year 1592, when arrived,

8. Don Martin (j'arcia Onez y Loyola, knight
of Ihcorder of (-alatrava ; was killed by the In-
dians succouring liic fort of I'uren, which was be-
sieged in the year J5fJn.

f). The Lijentiite IVdro de Vizcarra, who ex-
ercised the ciDploy e: lieutenant-general of the
kingdom ; he war appointed to it when the
former was killed, untd the viceroyally of Peru
was given fo,

10. The Captain Francisco dc Quinones, who
employed himself in restraining the Araucanos
from their rebellion, until his death ; afterwards
was nominated for the viceroyalty of Peru.

II. Captain Alonzo Garcia Remon, an oflicer
of much credit, and skilled in the country and the
war with ihc Indians ; l.eing colonel of tool of
Don Alonzo Sotomayor, began to govern, aji-
pointed by the viceroy of Ijima, imtil arrived,
sanctioned and duly elected by the king,

12. Don Alonso de la Rivera, who was serving
in Flanders, and was sent to Chile, Avhere, having
married contrary to the prohibition of his Majesty,
lie was deprived of his office, and in his place was
appointed,

13. The aforesaid Don Alonso Garcia Remon,
whose speedy death did not suffer him long to
reign, and he was succeeded by,

14. The Doctor Don Luis Mcrlo de la Fuentc,
chief auditor of the royal audience, who, through

VOL, I.

the deatli of Ins anteres«.nr, governed also but »
short tin\e before the arrival of,

Ifj. Don Juan de Xara(|nemadii, native ofCa-
naria, who was in Lima covered with honours ac-
(jiiired in ihe war of Chile, wlirn he was nomi-
nated govirnor l»y llie vi(( roy of Peru, Marqui*
dc Montrs (Maro^.

I() Don Alonso d<« l;i Rivera arain, being at
that lime governor of Tncnntan ; he was sepa-
rated from this government, and was sent by the
king, at tlu! inslancc of the missionaries, to re-
diici' that kingdom by theexpirieiue he possessed,
and gave proof's of his great a!)ility in peace and
war until his death.

17. Th(^ Licentiate J'ernando Talaveraiio, mosi
ancient oiJi»o( the audience, was charired wilii
the government through this (piality, and liy the
particular reconunendalii/n of his antecessor, un-
til tlie viceroy of Pern, Prince of lisqnilache, re-
gularly appointed,

Ih. Don liope de Dlloa, who, in the exercise of
this ollice, was confirmed in it by his Majesty un-
til his death, when the government was taken

"P ''y>

19. Don Christoval de la Cerda Sotomayor, na-
tive of Mexico, chief auditor of the rral nudencii,
whom, notwithstanding his excellent qualities, and
the celebrity of his government, the viceroy ol
Peru soon set aside, in favour of,

20. Don Pedro Sorez dc Ulloa y Lemos, knight
of the order cf Alcantara, who in u short time
was continned in the government by the king, ex-
ercising it until his death, and leaving it to the
care of his brother-in-law,

21. Don Francisco de Alva y Noruena, who
held it II short time, from the viceroy having, ac-
cording to custom, nominated a successor; and
this was,

2.?. Don Luis Fernandez de Cordoba y Arre,
Sefior del Carpio, V'einte y Quatro dc Cordoba,
who, although he was not confirmed by the king,
maintained it some years, in consideration of the
judgment and skill he manifesf"d, until, in the
year IG33, he was supplanted by,

23. Don Francisco Laso de la Vega, kniglit of
the order of Santiago, a man <if iiigh endowments
and splendid fortunes in the war of the Indians;
he finished his reign, delivering it to his mic-
cessor,

24. Don Francisco dc Zufiiga, Marquis de Bay-
des, Count del Ped^oso, eiuered into the pesses-
sion of the government in the year 1040 ; it was
he who establisli(!d and secured the peace with the
Indians by means of the missionaries of the so-
ciety of the Jesuits ; with which glory hc^

3 K

!.-'

fi'h

iiil ff

394

CHILE.

'If.

I ( "I

irlt (111' govt'rtiinciit, in tin; yeiir Ifcj, to (lie sue-

U!>. f)on Martin (Ic Miixica, knii>lit of (ho order
oC S.iiitiaijo, a roitowiicd oilicer, and one; who had
iiaiiicd iiuich renown in (he armies of Ualy and
Flanders.

I'ed

etiro

I'orter de ('asaiiatc, A.

1).

2fi. 1)011
W')9.

'27, Don I'raneisco Meneses JJravo de Sarahia,
\vI:o led t'roni i^ptiin ,i body of troojis, in order (o
sululue (lie Indians; (iiis he accomplished ; and
in (he year lG(il rebuilt (he ci(ies \Uiich had been
de!5(roycil in Ij!)J): his noveinment lasted nn(il
the year l()t)8, when ho was deposed by the vice-
roy of Peri;.

'■JH. Don Angel IVreclo, kiiij;h( of the order of
Santiaj^o ; lie was appointed as an ii.'.ermediate
governor upon the deposition of his anteressor,
and governed during the followiiii>' year, IGtif).

29. Don Juan Eiiriquez, native of Li;na, knight
of the order of Santiago, governed until the year
1677.

30. Don
^1. Don
52. Don

33. Don Juan Andros de L'staviz, native of So-
villa, until (ho year 17 15, when was elected,

yi. Don Gabriel (.'ano de Apoiite, brigiidier-
geiicral of the royal armies, in whose time the
Araiicanos again declared war, when he obliged
them to renew the peace : died A.D. 1728.

Da. Don Juan de Salamanca, colonel of the mi-
litia of thai kingdom; he was an intermediate go-
^■ernor, and at his death,

.jG. Don .loseph de vSantiago Concha, Marquis
de (\ata Concha, kinghl of the order of Calatrava,
<'hief auditcn- of the royal audience of Lima, nomi-
iialcd by (he viceroy.

37. lHon .A lonso de Obando, Marquis de Obando.
vice-admiral o( the royal armada: a[ipointed hy
ilie viceroy, (he Marquis de Villa Garcia, as iiiler-
niediato successor, uii(il (he year I73G.

3H. Don .loseph Manso de Velasco, Couii( of
>nperunda, knight ol the order of Santiago; he
wai at (hat (ime captain of the greiiiuliers of the
regiment of Spanish guards, and ranked as briga-
«her; well recomnieiuled by his valour and ex-
j)h)its, when he was appointed to this presidency
in the aforesaid year ; he governed until the year
1716, when he was promoted (o the viccroyalty of
Pern.

39. Don Domingo Ortiz do Hozas, kiiigh( of
ihe order of Sandago, was a( that time governor of
KucMos Ayres, and was elected to this pio-ideiicy
'u the albn.'said year; he foumled several (owns,

on which account the king gave him the title of
Conde dc Poblaciones; governed until (he year
1731, when re(nrning to Spain, he died.

'10 Don Manuel Amat y Jiinient, knight of the
order of San Juan, colonel of (he regiment of dra-
goons of Sagunto, of the rank of brigadier, ap-
})()inted (o (his presidency ; which he iilled unlil
(lie year 1 761, when he was promoted (o (he vice-
royalty of Peru.

4 1 . Don Ma(eo de Toro de Zanibrano y Cruetn,
appointed as intermediate successor by the former,
upon his departure iVoin Lima, until the arrival of
the right siHxessor,

42. Den Antonio (juill, foriiM ly colonel of the
regiment of infantry of Guadalaxaia, and then
ranked as brigadier, being governor and cajitain-
gcneral of the kingdom of Tierra I''irinc ; promoted
ifo this presidency in the aforesaiil year, 1761, and
exercised it until his death, in 17GS.

43. Don MateodoToioZambranoy Crneta.the
second time of his being nominated as intermediate
successor by the audience in the vacanc}-, until
was nominated by the viceroy of Peru,

44. Don Francisco Xavier de Morales, knight
of the order of S Mitiago, brigadier of the royal
armies, who being captain of the grenadiers of the
regiment of the royal S|)anish guards, was made
general of the militia in Pern, and was noininatcd
as iiitermediate successor by the viceroy to (his
presidency, whicl'. ho enjoyed till liis death in tlic^
year 1772.

4j. The aforesaid Don Miiteo de Toro Zani-
brano y L'rueta,(li(>n Count of liaConquista, knight
of the order of Santiago, and lieutenant-colonel ol
the royal armies, noiuiiiatod tor the third time by
the royal •'.v.;IL:;ce during the vacancy, until ar-
rived liie right successor,

46. Don Agustiii de Jriuregui, knight ol the
i)rdcr of Santiago, brigadier ol (Ik lOyal armies,
who had been colonel of the regiment of dragooas
of *<:!'>'nn(o ; was appointed (o (his presi<iei,cy
A.D. 1773, and enjoyed it until I7S2, when he
was promoied (o (he vicoroyaKy of Pern.

47. Don Anibrosio do IJenavides, brigadier of
the royal urmies, was nominated in the same year,
I7S2.'

[INDLX TO Till', ADDITION AT, HISTORY AM)

iNi'oiiMATioN' i(i:srixTi.\fi Ciiim;.

Chap. I. Orif^in a)td lun<^uage of the Chilian:^.
—Coiif/itesl of the l*(iu:i(i>is, tind stale of Chile
hrforr the. unreal of Uie Spaniards.-'- What tC( >r
thru its politkal cstablishiiieiils, government, awl
arts.

1. Language.— '2. Original state. —3. Divided hito
free and stil>jugatcd.—i, Jgricullure.—j. Civi-

mil

ihl'V

CHILE.

3n:)

prcsulciicy
■2^ wiicii lie

[lized slate. — G Tlicnidala.—'. Sifl/stitiilr for
lerithi,!!.

Chap. II. Jlisf expcihl'i' » of l/tr Spmihirds in
Chile.— Enroitritcrs wilh I lie unlives, .v//// raiio/is
siiceess, toilil tlie alliatire Jhinied /'ilicroi (lie
Spai)i(ii(ls and Prouimiclans.

1. /l/maj)o inarches a^'iiiiis/ Chile.— ^2. J\oad from
Peru to Chile.'— 3. Kimllij received at Cupiapo.
—4. /'/V.v/ European blood shed.— 5, Bailie tcilh

the Proiiiaihians. (). Expediliou (d)iiiidoiied,

andichj/.—l. Valdiiia iharches ap:m>ist Chile.—
8. Province (if St. Jao-o de:;rribed.—9. The ca-
pdal founded.— \0. ^leudjj eiiniit// of/lie 3Iinw-
ehinians,— l]. The mine of Qii'ilita.— Vi. ihc

eohipassiotiafc tthncna. \'3, Recruits fioni

Peru, under Moi;ro>/.—\\. Slraltif^tm (f the
Quiilotanes.— \j. Serena founded.— Hi. Pu,-
■maucian allies.— 17. Faldiiia sets sail for Peru,
and returns icith nun and supplies.— IS. Con-
cepcion founded.

(-iiAP. III. Of the eharadcr and mannrrs of (he
yh'auean/ans.

I. Local situation.— "-J. Character.— 3. Drc^s.—
4. J)iCellings,—.'). Jiiiision of llie ^traucaniun
state.— (i. Its poUiiail form.— 7. Civil i)is(itu-
lions. •'•H. JMilitari/ sj/slem.—9. Their arms,
and mode ofjnahing rev/?'.— 10. Division of the
spoil.— U. SaerifuT afUr the xcar.— V}. Con-
gress of peace.— \3. Si/sicm of religion. — H.
Funeral ceremonies.— \i). Division of time.—
16. Astronomiccd ideas.— 17. Measures,— IS.
7i'hetoric.— W. J'octri/. —20. 3/edicul slill.—
21. Commerce.— '^'i. National pride.— -23. Kind'
7Jess towards each other.— 2^. Mode of saluta-
tion. — 25. Proper names.— 2{). Domestic em-

ployments
diversions.

Chap. IV. The tears of Ihc Araucanians xcitit tlu
Spaniards, and concomitant ivents.

1. 2'he To(/ui Aillavila.—'-2. The Toqui IJneof/an.
—3. Imperial foundtd.—i. Villarica fnindcd .—
5. The Cunches.—6. Valdivia founded.— 7 . llr-
tresses of Puren, Tucapcl, and Arauco Intilt.—
^. Cili/ of the /''ronliers found(d. — 9. Three
prim ipal mil ilarij offices instituted al Concepcion.

— 10. The Toqui Caupolican. II. ^'aldivia

slain.— Laularo appointed licuicnant-gencrid.—

12. The mountain A/ariguenu. 13. The Co-

rerno" Villagran, — \\. Conception d< siroi/cd.—
Ih. The small-po.r uppcai s.— \6. Decision of
the audience of Limn respecting the g<'V(rn;rs.

— 17. Cncepcion rebuilt, and destroijcd bif I.aa-
taro. — i^. I.autaro arrives al Santiago.— \9.
Death of J.autaro.—'iO. Caupolican raises the
sifge of imperial,— 21. The Governor Don Car-

eia Ilurtado de .\fena'ovi.—22. Caupo'ican tahen
prisoner and impaled.— 2". Canctc founded. ---
24. The Cuiiclics, ii'ici->- curi'"u>: embassj/ a)id stra-
tagem.— 25. /Irchipeiago of < 'hiho'- discovered.—
26. Citi/ of Osorno foniitlcd.—'27 . Caaj'o'ican ihc
Second. -'-2^. The (i: arj.cs subjected. — 29. Si.
Juan and M( ndo::a founded.— 30. Villagran re-
install d.— 3]. Tlu: inovinre of 'Incuman re-
stored, aftencards rc'(d;cn. -—32. Canctc tie-
stro>/cd.—i3. Pedro I'uW.gran. — ,'jt. 7'hc To-
qui Paillataru.—3'i. Archipelago of Chilo': sui'-
Jecled ; description of I lie fame ; its inhali/laiits,
cS'6'.-"o(). The court <f audience eslublishid. — -
,'i7. .Suppression of the tribunal of audifncc. — -
.'JS. Description of the Pch tenches.— 39. De-
scription of the ChiquilJanians, — 10. Landing
and defeat of the Lnglish. — II. Suture of Ihc
iCar in anno \')'A9. — 12. Jntlrpci.dcncc nsUirid.

— 13. l.'.rpalition of the Dutch.— \\. AH the
Spanish settlements destri>_i/<d.— \'i, faurl ifau-
dienre re-eslabliAwd. — 1(). Ineffectual efforls of
Philip III, to establish a las ing pence. — \7 .
Second expedition of the Dutch.— A"^. Second
ciptdilion of the Kngtislt,—i9. Peace id length
conc'a>hd.—bO, Layl erpidilion of the Dutch.

— .">]. Dreadful earlliquike, — h2. Commerce
zcilh the. French.— b3. lloio the Pehuenches be-
came iniiniccU to the Spaniitrds.—IA. Pecwe re-
stored.

Chap. V. Present slate of ( hilc,
, Civil government.— 2. Mitilaiy force,— 3. I'e-

ehsiastieal gotcrnntenl. 4. J'hc e/l.'es a..d

diCillings.—!). Population.— 6, C'li.ian Creoles,
—7. Slate of arts and scicnc, s.—H, The pea-
sanli//,— 9. Dress, &'C.— \0. Difcaus ; simill-

27. Food. — 28. Music, and vtlier pcx, hon' cured.— 1 1. Munrcrs, moral uud phij

sical, — 12. Infernal und extirnal eominene.
mines, imports, and exjioiis.— \3. .Valiir/d divi-
sions.— N. PoUlieal divisions.— 1:3. Climate.—

I(). Of rain.— \7, n'iiids.— lK .Veleors.— \9.

Voleanois. — 20. J'ailluf'.ilcs. —2\, Some ilt-
tail of productio.'is.— 22. Prescr! u volution.

Cm A p. I.

Oiigin and language of lb'- Chiil:inr,—Conquc<,l
of the Piruvians. and stale "f (hill' in fore the
arrival of the Spaniard •..•—i Chat tens then its
jinlitical est iii/iihnir:its, govirii'iieiit, and arts.
ih the orii^iu ami liiMirnaro of llir ('hiliai;s, no
(race- arc to l)c rouiul liiKiii-i- ij.ick lliaiitlu' luidnlc
of llic lull cctitiirv, ^»!:i(!i was fih- time wlicii lliv'
Peruvians 'irsl l);'s>-aii llii'ir co!U|iicsls in lliis i!r-
liijIiUiil c'oiiiitrv. I( is ilic irciitral opinion liiat.
AiniTica was sctllcd iVoni tJic n.e. pari of Asia,
but ilie oi)inion iMitertaimil b\ tlu- Chilians i.-, (iial
;> L 2'

m^ ' li

l^;li#

'«:'• -^ ,.'

•11'!' ri;..
^V '•If I'

396

C H I L E.

[their coiinlrv Mas peopled from tlie u\ However
ill is may be, (hat it was orij^inally peopled by one
nation appears possiI)le, as all the Aborigines in-
liabiiin!^ it, however independent of eacli other,
speaii flic same language, and have a similar ap-
pearance,

1. T.(ins;mige, — Their language is copious, iuU
of harn'oiiy and richness. Kach verb, either de-
rivatively or conjunctively, becomes the root of
numerous other verbs and nouns, as well adjectives
as substantives, which in their turn reproduce
others, which are secondary, modifying themselves
in an hundred dift'erent ways. There is no part of
speech from which an appropriate verb cannot be
formed by the addition of a final oi. Even from
the most simple parlicks various verbs arc derived,
that give great precision and strength fo conversa-
tion : but what is truly surprising in this language
is, that it contains no irreijular verb or noun.
Every thing in it may be said to be regulated with
a geometrical precision, and displays much art
Avifh great simplicity : it contains words, appa-
rently of Cireek and Latin derivation, and of a
simibr signification in both languages. Hut what
is most remarkable, it di(l'ersfrom<?very other Ame-
rican language, not less iii its words than in its
construction ; and with all its richness and har-
mony, its theory is so easy that it may be readily
learned in :i few fla^s. Several grammars of this
language are to be met with, but that of Febres,
printed at Lima in 1765, is particularly to be re-
commended for its method and clearness. One ar-
gument further in favour of the simplicity of this
tongue, is the circumstance of its having main-
tained itself in its pure state, and of its not having
sunk into an unintelligible unconnected jargon,
when it isconsiileied that the Chilians*, to the aibre-
jiicntioned period, had no ideas of writing, and that
their traditionary accounts were so crude and im-
pel lee t, as to afford not the least degree of informa-
tion (o the inquisitive mind. Hence it follows that
the first accounts of them are contained in the Peru-
vian annals ; that nation, as it was more civilized,
being more careful to preserve the memory of re-
markable events.

2. Otigiual stale. — When the Lica Yupanqui
began to attempt the conquest of Chile, its inliabi-
tniits were supposed to be numerous. They were
divided into 15 tribes or communities, independent
of cacu other, but subject to certain chiefs called
ulineiies. These tribes, beginning at the n. and
proceeding to the s. were called Copiapins, Co-
quimbanes, Quillotanes, Mapochinians, Promau-
cians. Cures, Cauques, Pencones, Araucanians,
Cuncliesj Chilotes, Chiquilanians, Pehuciichcs, Pu.

elcbes, and Huillichcs. Of these were subjugated
to the Peruvian government, more by persuasion
than force, the Copiapins, Coquimbanes, Quillo-
tanes, and Mapochinians ; but the valour of the
Promaucians put a stop to the success of the arms
of the Inca, or rather to Sinchiruca, (a prince of
the blood royal), to whom was entrusted the com-
mand of the expedition : for these brave people,
naturally addicted to pleasures and diversions, and
whose very name signifies llie free daucers, op-
posed the Peruvian army with the most heroic
valour, and entirely defeated it in a battle which,
according to (larcilasso the historian, was conti-
nued for three days in succession.

3. Divided inlo free and subjugated. — Thus
Chile became divided into two parts, the one free,
and the other subject to foreign domination. The
tribes who had so readily suomitted to the Peru-
vians were subjected to an annual tribute in gold,
an imposition which they had never before expe-
rienced ; but the conquerors, whether they dared
not hazard the attempt, or were not able to effect
it, never introduced their form of government into
these provinces. Of course, the subjected Chilians,
as well as the free, preserved until the arrival of
the Spaniards their original manners, which were
by no means so rude as many are led to imagine.

4. Agriculture. — Agriculture was already known
io them; but being in want of animals to till the
ground, they were accustomed fo turn it up with
a spade made of hard v.ood. The plants which
either necessity or accident made known to them,
were the maize, the magu, the guegen, the tuca,
the quiuoa, pulse of various kinds, the potato, the
oxalis tubtrosa, the common and the yellow pump-
kin or gourd, the Guinea pepper, the ;»«<//, and
the greai strawberry. To these provisions of the
vegetiiblc kind, may be added the following of the
animal, the little rabbit, and the Chiliheuquc or
Araucanian camel, whose flesh furnished excellent
food, and whose wool, clothing for these people.
If tradition may be credited, they had also the hog
and the domestic fowl. Witii these productions,
which required a very moderate degree of indus-
try, they subsisted comfortably, and even with a
degree of abundance, considering Ihe few things
which their situation rendered necessary. Subsist-
ence, the source of population, being thus secured,
the country became rapidly peopled under the in-
fluence of so mild a climate; whence it appears,
that the first writers who treated of Chile, cannot
have greatly exaggerated in saying, that the Spa-
niards found it filled with inhabitants.

5. Ciiilized stale. — It is a fact that there was but
one language spoken throughout the country : a|

appears,
2, cannot
the Spa-

C H I L E

.S97

[proof that these tribes were in the Ijabit of inter-
course wiiii each other, and were not insulated, or
separated by vast deserts, or by immense hikes or
forests, which is the case in many otiier ])ar(s of
America. Another proof of their civilization, and
perhaps equally so, as to the amount of population,
is, that they liad in many parts of the country
aqueducts for watering their fields, which wore
constructed with much skill. Amoniy these, the
canal whicli for the space of many miles borders
the rough skirts of iiie mountains in the vicinity of
the capital, and waters the land to the ». of that
city, is particularly rcmarkab'-j ibr its extent and
solidity. The right of property was fully esta-
blished among the Chilians ; they were Ibund to
have collected themselves in societies, more or less
numerous, in those districts that were best suited to
their occupation ; and here, having established
themselves Jn large villages, called cwra, a name
which they at present give to the Spanish cities, or
in small ones, which they denominated lov, tliey
enjoyed a specific form of government, and they
had in each village or hamlet a chief, called iilitien,
signifying a rich man, who in certain points was
subject to the supreme ruler of the tribe, who was
known by the same name. They built their houses
of a quadrangular form, arKl covered the roof with
rushes ; the walls were made of wood plastered
with clay, and sometimes of brick, called by them
tica. A hoube of similar construction at the village
of Casa Bfanca, is mentioned by Vanccmver as
having afforded accommoilation to hini:.elf and
friends on their way to St. .Jago : indeed, they are
still tiic common dwellings of the Indians ; and
some of the villages before mentioned exist at
present in several parts of Spanish Chile ; and of
these the most consideiiible arc iMmpa, in the pro-
vince of St. Jago, and Loia, in that of Maule.
Tiiey manufactured cloths for their gurmenth from
the wool of the Chilihueqne: they used two kinds
of looms ; the first not unlike that used in I'lirope,
the other vertical. It is very certain that the art
of pottery is very ancient in Chile, as on opening
r? large heap of stones in the nioinitains of Aranco,
an urn of extraordi'iary size was discovered at the
bottom.

G. Tfie metals. — The mines of gold, silver, and
other metals, with which this country aboniuls,
had not yet been fully appreciated ; but they ex-
tracted from the earth gold, silver, copper, tin,
and lead, and after purifying, employed these
metals in a variety of useful "and curious works.
They had also discovered the method of making
salt upon the sea-shore, and extracted fossil salt
from several mountains which abounded in that

production. They procund dyes of all colours^
for their cloths, not only from the juice of plants,
but also from mineral earths, and had discovered
the art of fixing them by means of the polcura, n
luminous stone of an astringent quality. Instead
of soap, the composition of which they had not
discovered, although acquninted with lye, they em-
ployed the bark of the quil/ai, which is an excellent
substitute. From the seetis of the madi they ob-
tained an oil, which is very good to ent and to
burn, though it is not ascertained whether they
ever applied it to the latter purpos** Altlioiigli
hunting was not a principal occupation with these
people, they were accustomed to take such wild
animals as arc found in their country, particularly
birds, of which there are great quantities. It is
alleged, that from their connection with tin- Peru-
vians, they had advanced so far with respect to t!ie
enlargement of the sphere of iheir ideas, as to in-
vent words capable of expressing any number ;
mart signifying with them 10, pafaca 100, and
quaranca \000.

7. Siibstilute for icriting. — To preserve the me-
mory of their transactions, they made use, as other
nations have done, of the /)»w/, called by the Peru-
vians qitijipo, which was a skein of thread of several
colours, with a number of knots: the subject
treated of was indicated by the colours, and the
knots designated the number or quantity. The
progress which they had made in physic and astro-
nomy was indeed wonderful ; but an account of
these, of their religion, their music, and military
skill, is deferred until we treat ol'tlie Arancanians,
who still continue the faithful depositories of ail
the science and ancient customs of the Cliilinns.
(See subsequent chapter III.)

CuAp. H.

Firsl c.rpedllioii.i of the Spaniards in Chile ; cnrcini-
ters icilh the nat.'vcs, zoilh varicns sitcress, iinlil
the allianee formed b(lic( en the Spaniards and
the Pronuiiicinn-'.

I. Ahna'^ro niarehes against Chile. — Trancis
Pizarro and Diego Alinagro having put to dc.itli
the IiHM Atnhual|)a, hail subjected the empire of
Peru to the dominion of Spain. Pi/nrro, (iesirons
of enjoying w itliont ii rival tiiis imijortarit conquest,
made at their mutuidexpenee, persuaded his coni-
panion to undertake the reduction of Chile, cele-
brated for its riches throughout all those countries.
Almagro, filled with sanguine expectations of
booty, began his march for that territory in the end
of the year l.5'ir», with an army composed of 570
Spaniards and 15,000 Peruvians, under the coni-
mnnd of Paulln,tlie brother ofthe IncaManco, thej

Mil

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C fl I L E.

I ni5iniii!\i emperor of I'oni, who Iiad MU'ccodcd llic
uiiroWninfi- .\tali(iiilp;(.

'?. Roitth frnni Pent to Chile. — 'I'wo roads lead
f\o\.\ I'cni lo Chile ; oiu- is by (lie sca-coa'-t, and is
(]( slidiic of Avatcr and provision ; tlii' oilier, li)r a
distance of J'iO miles, passes over (lie immense
monntains of (lie Andes: Uio inexperience of .\l-
n'.ai:i-o caused liiiii fo take (lie la((er ; for allhoiiffli
it wa-, willioiit donljl, tlio sliorlest, it was dilliciilt

been

ill till- extreme : for his armvj after haviiii
exposed to infinite liitisriie, and many conflicts
with ilie adjoin iiiii" sava;:;es, reached the rordi/leian
jiisl at tlie conimeiiceinent of winter, destitute of
piovisions, and but ill supplied with dothini;". In
this season tlie snow falls almost incessantly, and
ooinpletely covers the lew patlis that are passable
ill summer; iiotwitlistandinar, the soldiers, en-
( oniaoeil by their general, advanced with much
toil t(t the top of those ru»,fged heights. But, vic-
tims to the severity of tiie weather, J50 Spaniards
tiiere |)erished, with 10,1)00 Peruvians, who, being
acciistoiiKd to (he warmth of the torrid zone, were
less al)le to ciidnre (lie rigours of the frost. It is
iillintied, that of all this army not one would have
eseaped with life, had not Alniagro, resolutely
pnsliiiig forward with a few horse, sent them (imely
succours and provisions, which were found in
abundance at Copiapo.

J. Kiiidi// rrrcix-cd <d (ojiiopo. — Those of (he
most robust constitutions, who were able to resist the
inclemency of the seasim, by this unexpected aid,
were enaljled to ivvti icate (Iicinselves from the snow,
i'.iid at leiii^lli reaciied (he |)laiiis of that province,
which istlie (ir-i in Chile; where, tliroiiirh respect
i()r the IVruviiuis, they were well received and en-
tertained by the inhabitants. While Almagro re-
mained in Copiapo, liedi-icoviicd that (he reigning
iil»ir>i bad usurped (he goveriunenl in ])rejudice
of his nephew and ward, who, througii i'ear of his
uncle, had lied to (he woods. PnMending to be
irritated at this act of injustice, he caused (lie
guihy <'liiefto be arrested, and calling before him
(he lawful heir, reinstated him in the govi'rnment,
with the universal ap|)lausc of his sid)jec(s, who
attributed (his conduct endrely lo motives of jus-
tice, and a wish to redress the injured. The Spa- d
iiiards, having recovered from their tiitigues through
(lie hos|)itable assistance of the Co|)iapiiis, and re-
iafinced by a .number of recruits whom Rodriiio
< )ig.i:ie/, had i)r()iiglit from Peru, commenced their
march lor the ,v. [)rovinces. As it was natural,
the natives were not a little curious concern-
ing these their new visi'.ors : they crowded around
them (o their march, as well to examine them near,
as a present them Avitli such things as they thought

would prove agreeable to a people who appeared to
th(;m of a character (ar superior to that of oilier
men. In the mean time, two soldiers having se-
paratcd from the army, proceeded to d'uasco,
where (hey were at first well received, but wen?
afterwards put to death by the inhabitants, in eon-
sequence, no doubt, of some acts ot" violence, which
soldiers freed (rom the controul of their ollicers are
V(!ry a|)t to commit.

4. I'irsl Einnpcnii Hood shed. — This was the
first l']uropeaii blood spilt in Chile, a country
afterwards so copiously deluged with it. On being
informed of this unfortunate accident, calciilate(l
to destroy the exalted opinion which he wished to
inspire of his soldiers, Almagro, having proceeded
to C(K|uiiTibo, ordered the ulmen of the district,
called Marcando, his brother, and twenty of the
principal inhabitants, to be brought thither; all of
whom, together with the usuqier of Copiapi), he
delivered to (lie flames, without, according to ller-
rera, pretending to assign any reason for his con-
duct. This act of cruelty appearcf' to every one
very extraordinary and unjust, since among those
adventurers tiiere were not wanting men of sensi-
bility, and advocates tor the rights of humanity.
The greater part of the army openly disapproved
of the severity of their general, the aspect of whose
affairs, from this time forward, Ijecamc gradually
worse; and worse. About this period, 1537, Alma-
gro received a considerable reinforcement of rc-
criiifs under Juaii do Uada, accompanied v/ith.
royal letters patent, appointing him governor
of 200 leagues of territory, situate to the s.
of the government granted to Francis Pizarro.
The friends whom he had left in Peru, taking ad-
vantage of this opportunity, urged him by private
letters to return, in order io take possession of
"ii;:co, \\hicli (hey assured him was within the
limits of his jurisdiction. Notwithstanding thi>;,
inflated with his new conquest, be pursued his
march, passed the fatal Cachapoal, and regardless
of the renioiistraiices of tlu
into the country of the Promaucians

5. Jhdl/c icilh the Promaucians. — At the first
sight of tij Spaniards, their horses, and the thun-
dering arms* of EurcMe, these valiant ])eople were
almost petrified with astonishment ; but soon re-
covering from the effects of surprise, they opposed
with intepridity their new enemies u{)on the shore
of the Iiio('laro. AlmaLvro, despising their force,
placed in the first line his Peruvian auxiliaries, in-
crciised by a number whom Paidlu had drawn
from the garrisons ; ■ but these, being soon routed,
fell back in confusion upon the rear. The Spa-
niarils, who expecleil to have been merely specta-]

Peruvians, advanced

in coii-

iWl

, niiicll

Hcers iirc

one

C II 1 L E.

399

ftors of tlio battle, saw tlicniselvcs compelled to sus-
tiiin llie vijforous attiick of the enemy, and advanc-
in!^ ultii tlu!ir liorse, bej^an a furious baltle, \\liicli
continued witli j^reat loss upon ciilier side (ill rii<;;lit
separated the eonibataiits. Altlionnh the I'romaii-
cians had been very roui^lily handled, they lost not
courage, butcncaniiied in (he siifjil of their enemy,
determined to renew (he attack (lie next morninij.
Tlie Spaniards, however, tisuni^h by tin; custom of
Kuropc they considered (liemselves as victors,
having' kept possession of the fuiii, were very dif-
ferently inclined. llaving been nccustomed to
subd.uc inniiensc ])rovinces V/ilh iiitle or no resisl-
ance, they became disifusled with an enterprise
which could not be effected without !;reat fali<j;ue,
and the loss of much iilood, sinc(! in its prosccutioii
tliey must contend with a bold and indeixiident na-
tion, by whom they were not believetl to be im-
mortal.

fi. ExpcilUion (iboiidone(f, ami zc/i^. — Tims all,
l)y conimou consent, resolved to abandon this ex-
pedition; I)ut they were of various opinions re-
spectiiiiT llieir retreat, some being desirous of re-
turning to Peru, while others wislu'd to form a sci-
tleinent in the n. provinces, where (hey had been
received with such liospitality. The first opinion
was supported by Almagro, whose mind began to
be impressed by (he suggestions contained in (he
letters of his frieiuls. Accordingly we find him re-
tifrning with his army to J'eru in IjjS: he took
possession of the ancient capital of (hat empire;
niid alter several ineil'ectual negoeiations, fouglita
b:ittle witii the brother of I'izarro, by whom he was
taken, tried, and beheaded as a disturber of (lie
public peace. Mis army having dispersed at
thrir defeat, afterwards reassembled undiT (!:e title
of the soldiers of C/iilt', and exeeut'.'d new disturb-
ances in Peru, idready sulhciently agitated. Such
was the fate of the first expedition against Chile,
nndeitaken by (he liest body of iluropean troops
that had as yet been collected in those parts. T'he
tliirst of riches was the moving s[)ring ot the ex-
pedition, and (lie disMppointnieiit of their hopes of
obtaining them, (he cause of its faiiure. I'Vancis
Pizarro, having by the death of his rivul obtained
(he absolute conunand of the Spani^'i possessions in
S. America, lost not sight of tlu* >'()ni|iu'st of Chili',
which he conceived niigld, in any event, prove an
important accpiisition to him. Among the adven-
turers who had come to Peru, were two otiicers
commissioned by the court of Spain, under the
'ities of Governors, to attempt tliis expedition. To
the first, called Pedro Sanchez de lloz, was com-
mitted the conquest of the country as far as the river
Maule ; and to the other, Carmargo,(lie remainder

(o (he Archipei.i^io of Chill e. Ti/ irro, jeaJDus of
(liese men, under frivolous prcleMs, refa-ed to con-
firm *he royal nomination, and ;ip|ioinled to tliis
expedition his fjuarter-masler, Pedro di' V'aldivii.
a i)rn(ient and active otlici'r. v. lio had gained ex-
perience in (lie Italian war, aiul what was still a
grea.jer recommendatio'i, v. as attaelu'd (o hi> parly;
directing Iiim (o take l)e lloz with Iiiin, v>lio was
prebabiy move lo b<-' feared (iian his CDlJeagne, and
(o allow him every advaiuage in ilu- paiiilionol'
the lands.

7. l'idd'txianiiiichc< (i'^rd»>:l Chili. — Tlii. ;)!!icer
having delermiiied to establish a jiermanei!! seille-
ment in (he couii(ry, set out oa his march in the
year I jJO, with '200 Spaniards, i:nd e. nu'rierous
body of Peruvian auxiliaries, aecompanied by
some monks, sevcual women, and a gir;;! numhc-r
of JMiropean (iuadri!i)eds, with eviuy thing requisite
lor a new colony, lie pursued the same route as
.\imagro; but, instructed by (he misfortunes of iiis
predecessor, he did not altein[)t to pass the Andes
until midsumnuM'. lie enteriHl Chile without in-
curring any loss, but very ditliuent was (he rece])-
(ioii he experienced from t!ie inliabilanis of the //.
V/ro^inces Irom (hat which A Imago had uict with.
Those people, informed of ilie fate of Peru, aiid
freed from (he submission they ijroti'ssetl (o owe the
Inca, did not consider themselves obliged (o respect
(heir iuvadirs. 'Ihey of course began (o attack
(hem upon all sides, witli more valour than con-
duct. Jiike barbarians in general, incapable of
making a comnxi!! cause wifli each other, and fi)r
along time accustomed (o tlieyokeof servitude,
they attacked tliem by hordes m tribes, ;is liiey
advanced, ^vitllo^t that steady (irnufess wliich cha-
racterises (he valour of a civilized |ieo[de. 'i'he
Spaniards, !i(nvc\cr, notwiliistanding the ill-enni-
bined opposiiion of the ir.dives, traversed the pro-
vinces oi('o,)iap'>, Coqniiabo, (-Juillota, and .^Ieli•
pilla, and arrived, mr.ch harratf-d, but with lidlo
loss, at that of Mapoelio, now calletl Sl.,lagr).

y. Pioviiirr nf St. J(!::;o drscribcd. — This pro-
vince, which is raore (h;!;i tiOO miles distance from
the confines ol' Peru, is one of (he most li'rtile and
pleasant in the Kingdiu). Its name siginlies " the
land of many peo])le;" and lioia tin; aecomils ol
the first writers ui'na Chile, ils popiilrilitHi corres-
ponded therewith, lieing (Xtremely niinierous. It.
lies u|)on the co, .fines of the [)iiacipal mountain
of the Andes, and is 110 mile.-, in cireunderence.
It is watered by the rivers !\';iy|!o, Colin;'., l-ampj,
atui .Map,ocli >, wliich l.-sst divides it into two nearly
equal parts; and after |-.iirM,ui;g a subterraneous
course lor the s|)ace of li\i" miles;, ;ig;iiii slio.vs i;-
sJf with increased co'^)iousness, and discliargcs iij j

I
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400

CHILE.

[wntcrs into (lie Miiyjio. 'I lie momilitiiii of C;uen,
>vliicli teriiiinalc if on llic ?;. abound willi veins of
fioM ; and in tliiit part oftlie y\ndc.s which l)ounds
if af the r. are f'oniid several rich mines of silver.
Valdivia, who had endeavoured to penetrate as far
as passible into the country, in order 'o render it
diliicnlt lor his soldiers to return to Peru, deter-
mined to make a settlement in this province,
wliic

1, from its natural advantajres, and its remote-

u^:^ If

ness, ajipeared to him more suitable than any other
for the centre of his conquests.

f). ('(ipiln/ fouiidi'd.—'WiXli this view, havinij
selected a convenient situation on the left shore of
the Mii])ociii), on the 2-lth J'cbruary 1,)4I, he
laid the foundations of the capital of the kingdom,
to which, in honour of that apostle, he gave the
name of St. iJago. In laying out the city, he di-
vided the ground into plats or squares, each con-
taining 40J)6 toises, a fourth of which he allowed
to every citizen, a plan which has been pursued
ill the foundation of all thcotlier cities ; one of these
plals, lying upon the great sqn ire, he destined for
the cathedral anil ti.e bishop's pidace, wliich he
int(!nded to build diere, and the one opposite for
that of the government. He likewise appointed a
magistracy, according to the forms of Spain, from
such of his army as were the best qualified ; and
to protect the settlement in case of an attack, he
constructed a fort upon a hill in the centre of the
city, which has since received the name of St.
I.ucia. Many have applauded the discernment
of Valdivia, in having made choice of this situa-
tion for the seat of the capital of the colony. IJut
^considering the wants of a great city, it would have
been better plated 15 miles farther to the .v. uj)on
the Maypo, a large river, which lias a direct com-
munication with the sea, and might easily be ren-
dered navigable for ships of the largest size. 'I'liis
city, however, contained in 1807 more than -10,000
inhabitants, and is rapidly increasing in popula-
tion, from its being the seat of government, and
from its great commerce, supported by theluxury
of the wealthy inhabitants. Meanwhile the na-
tives saw with a jealous eye this new establishment,
and concerted measures, idthough late, for freeing
themselves of these unwelcome intruders. Valdivia
Jiaving discovered their intentions in season, con-
fined the chiefs of the conspiracy in the fortress ,
and suspecting some secret intelligence between
them and the neighbouring Promaucians, repaired
with 60 horse to the river ('achapoal to watch
their movements. But this measure was unneces-
sary ; that fearless people had not the policy to
think of uniting with liieir nei<;hljours in order to
secure (henisclvcs from the impending danger.

10. Slradt/ tninnmilt/ of the .'^rnpncfiiiiians. —
The Mapociiinians, taking advantage of the de-
parture of the general, fell upon ilie colony with
inconceivable fury, burned the half-built houses,
and assailed theciladei, whereinthe inhabitants hn(l
taken refuge, on all sides. Notwithstanding tlij
ultimate deliat which the Mapociiinians expe-
rienced in this battle, and others of not less imjiort-
ance whicii tiny afterwards experienced, they
never ceased, (or the space of six years, until their
utter mill, to keep the Spaniards closdy besi.'ged,
attacking them upon every occasion that ofl'ered,
and culling off tlieir provisions, in such a manner
that they were compelled tosu!)sist upon unwhole-
some and loathsome viands, md npon the little
grain tiiiit they could raise beiuath the cannon of
the place. The fertile plains of the neighbour-
hood had become desert and ui.cuhivated, as the
inhabitants had destroyed their crops and retired
to the mountains. This mode of life did not fail to
disgust the soldiers of Valdivia, but he contrived
with much prudenc(; and address to sooth their
turbulent spirits, painting to them in seducing
colours the happy jirospect that, awaited them.

11. T/ir tnine of Qiiillota.'—YnWma had ofleri
heard in Peru thatihe valley of Quillota abounded in
mines of gold, and imagined that he might obtain
from thence a sullicient quantify to satisfy his sol-
diers ; in consequence, notwithstanding the dilli-
culties with which he was surrounded, he sent
thither a detachment of troops, with orders (o
superintend t'le digging of this precious metal.
Tli(> mine that was ojiened was so rich that its
jjroduct surpassed their most sanguine hopes ;
their present and past sufferings were all buried in
oblivion, nor was there one among them who iiad
the remotest wisn of quitting the country. The
governor, (for Valdivia had persuaded the magis-
tracy of the city to give him this title), who was
naturally enterprising, encouraged by this success,
had a frigate built in the mouth of the river Chile,
w hicli traverses the valley, in order more readily
to obtain succours from Peru, without which he
was fully sensible he could not succeed inaccom-
plisliing his vast undertakings. In the mean time,
as the state of afliiirs was urgent, Valdivia was
resolved to send to Peru by land two of his cap-
tains, Alonzo IMonroy and P.dro Miranda, with
six companions, whose si)urs, bits, and stirrups he
directed to be made of gold, hoping to entice, by
this proof of llie opulence of the country, his fel-
low-citizens to come to his assistance. These mes-
sengers, though escorted by ^0 men on horseback,
who were ordered to accompany them to the bor-
ders of Chile, were attacked and defeated by 100]

m j\

I ,

CHILE.

401

his fcl-

] nrcliPis of (!f)|)iapi'>, commniiiloil by Coko, an
ollicor ol'tlu' iilmcii ot'tliiil |in>vin<'c. ()( (lie whole
band none escaijcil uilli life but lire two ollicers,
Monroy and Miranda, \\iio vcro brouglil ciiveiecl
with wounds before flu; ubnen.

12. The roiiiptisfii natc ulniriin.— ^^ Iiilst that
prince, who had resolved to put ihem (o duitli, as
cncniics of (he connlry, was deliberating on (he
mode, the iiliiwiin, or |)rincess, his v,i(e, moved with
nonipnssion for their situation, interceded with her
husband for their lives; and having obtained her
request, mibonnd Iheni wilii her own hands, ten-
derly dressed their wounds, and treated them like
brothers. When they were fully recovered, she
desired them to teach her son tin; art of riding, as
several of the horses had been taken alive in the
defeat. The two Sjinniards readily consented to
herrecjuest, hoping to avail themselves of this op-
port unity lo recover their liberty. IJnl the means
they took to ('fleet this, were marked with an act
of ingra(ilud(; to their bcnefactre-s, of so much the
deep' r dye, as, from their not being strictly guard-
ed, such an expedient was unnecessary. As the
voung prince was one day riding between them,
escorted by his archers, and preceded by an ollicer
armed with a lance, IMomoy suddeidy attacked
him with a poniard which he carried about him,
and brought him to the grounil with two or three
mortal wounds ; Miranda at the same time wrest-
ing the lance from the oflicer,_ they forced their
way through their guards, who were thrown into
confusion by such an unexpected event. As they
were well-nionntcd, they easily escaped pursuit,
and taking their way through the deserts ot Peru,
arrived at ('nzco, the residence at that time of
V'ascade (Castro, who had succecdedcd to the go-
vernment upon the death of Pizarro, cruelly as-
sassinated by the partizans of Almagro.

13. Recruits from Peru under Mouroiy.— On
being informed Of the critical situation ol Chile,
Castro immediately dispatched a considerable
number of recruits by land, under the command
of Monroy, who had the good fortune to con-
ceal his march from the Copiapins, and at the
same time gave directions to Juan Hautista Pas-
tcne, a noble Genoese, to proceed tiii'her by sea
with a still greater number. \'aldivia, on receiv-
ing these two reinforcements, which arrived nearly
at the same time, began to carry his great designs into
execution. As he had been solicitous from the first
to have a complete knowledg(! of the sea-coast, he
ordered Pastene to explore it, and note the situa-
tion of the most important ])arts and places, as far
as the straits of Magellan. On his return from
this expedition, he sent him back to Peru for new

VOL. I.

recruits, as since the affair of Copinpo, (he natives
became daily more bold and enterprising.

14. Slr(itnn;em of (lie //(7A;/^mr,9. ---Among
others the Quillotancs had, a little time Ix'tore,
nuis-acretl all the soldiers employed in the nnnes.
To this end they made use of the ibliowing strata-
gem : One of the neighbouring Indians IjroiiiTht
to the commander, d'onzalo liios, a |)ot t'ii!l of
golil, felling him that he had lound a great qiian-
tity of it in a cerlain di.itrirl of'the country ; up(m
this information, all were inijiaiient to proceed
thither to participate in the iiiingincd treasure.
As they arrived tuninldiouily at the pilace de-
scribed, they easily became victims (o an ambus-
cade which had been formed for (hem, not one of
them escaping except the imprudent commander
and a Negro, who saved themselves by the supo
rior excelh'nce of thi'ir hordes. Ti;e iVi'.ate, which
waslhen finished, wasal-o destroyed, being burned
together with the arsenal.

15. Serout /««>/(/«/. ---Valdivia, on leeeiving
advice of tliis disaster, hastened thither with his
troops, and having revenged as laras in his power
the death of his soldiers, built a fort to protect the
miners. Being afterwards reintbrced with 300
men Iroiii Peru, under the command of Francis
Villagran and Christopher Jlscobar, he became
sensible of the tiecessity of establishing a settle-
ment in the n. part of the kingdom, that might
serve as a place of arms, and a protection forUie
convoys that should come that way. For this pur-
pose he made choice of a bcautilul plain at tie
inotith of the river Coqiiimbo, which forms agocd
harbour, where, in ][)(ii, he (bunded a city calhd
by hiin Serena, in honour of the place of hisbirtli :
it is not, however, known at present by this ai!-
pellation, except in geographical treatises, (he
country name having prevaileil, as is the case with
all the other l^uropean settlements in Chile.

16. Proiiiaucian allies.— InUie ensuing year he
began to think of extending his conquests, and
for that purpose })roceeded into the country of the
Promaucians. Contemporary writers have not
made mention of any battle that was (ought upon
this occasion ; but it is not to be supposed that
til is valiant ])eople, who had wilh so much
glory repulsed (he armies of (he Inca and of
Almagro, would have allowed him, without oppo-
sition, to violate their territory. It is, however,
highly probable that V'aldivia, in the frequent in-
cursions which he made upon their frontiers, had
iliscovered (he art to persuade thera to unite with
him against (he other Chilians by seducing pro-
mises. In fac(, (he Spanish armies liave e\er
since that pcrioti been strengtIieiicJ by Promaucian]

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i iuixili;'.ii('s, IVom whinci! Ii.'is sprung tliat look'd
;niti|);i(liy wliicli tlic Aiiiiicaiiiiuis preserve ajjainst
the ri'siilue ot' lliat nation. In (ho course of (lie
ycnr l')\6, V iHdivia, liavinjr passed (he Manic,
proreeded in Iiis career of victory to (lie river
itala : but being defea(cd tliere, lie relinquished
liis pian-i of proceeding farther, and returned to
St. Jairo.

17. Vnldh'ia ads sail for Pm/, and returns niilh
mrn and siipp.'ics.—lldDir disapj^ointed in his
succours from I'eru, he, in 1517, was on (lie eve
of his departure for (iiat (;oun(iy, when I'astenes
arrived, liut without any men, and bringing news
of tiic civil war which had broken outbt^tween the
conquerors of (he empire of llie liicas. Neverthe-
less, persuaded that he might rca]) an advantage
from these revolutions, he set sail with Pastene for
Peru, taking with him a great quantity of gold;
on his arrival he served, in quality' of quarter-nias-
ter-general, in the famous battle that decided the
fateof (lOhzalo Pizarro, (iasca, the president, who
under the royal standard liad gained the victory,
pleased Avilh (he service rendered him upon (his
occasion by Valdivia, confirmed him in his ollicc
of governor, and furnishing him with an abun-
dance of military stores, sent him back to Chile
with two ships tilled with those seditious adven-
turers, of whom he was glad of an opportunity to
be disembarrassed. The ("(^piipins, eager to re-
venge the murder of their prince, killed about the
same time 40 Spaniards, who had been detached
from several squadrons, and were proceeding from
Peru to Chile ; and the Coquimbanes, instigated
by their persuasion, massacred all the inhabitants
of tlie colony lately founded in their territory,
razing the city to its fouiu'atioii. Francis Aguirre
was immediately ordered there, and had several
encounters with them with various success, hi
l.'j-19 he rebuilt tlu; city in a more advantageous
situation ; its inhabi(an(s claim him as their tbiinder,
and the most distinguished of them boast them-
M'lves as his descendants. After a contest of nine
years, and almost incrt?diblc fatigues, V^aldivia,
conceiving himself well established in (hat jjart of
Chile wbich was under the dominion of tlic Peru-
vians, distributed the land among his sohliers,
assigning to eacli, under tlie title of commandery,
a considerable portion, with the inhabitants liv-
ing thereon. Ijy this means, having quieted the
restless ambition of his companions, he set out
anew on his march for the s. provinces, with a
respectable army of Spanish and Proinauciafi
(loops.

18. Coficepcion founded. — After a journey of
I'JO miUs, he arrived, without encountering many

obstacles, at the bay of Penco, which had been
already explored by Pastene, where, on (he 5Mi of
October 1550, he founded a third city, called Con-
cepcion. The situation of (his place was very
advantageous for commerce from the c.xcnllencc of
its harbour, but, from the lowness of the ground,
exposed in earthquakes to inundations of the sea.
Accordingly we find it destroyed in (his manner
bv an earthquake tiiat occurred on the 8th of July
]'730, and the 24th of May 1751; for this reason,
the iuhabitnnts established themselves, on the 24tli
of November 1764, in the valley of Mocha, three
leagues s. of Penco, between the rivers Andalien
and liiobio, where they founded New Conccpcion.
Tilt; harbour is situated in the middle of the bay
called Talgacuano, a little more than two leagues
w, of Mocha ; a fort is now all (he building that is
left at Penco. But to return to our history, the
adjacent tribt's perceiving the intention of the
Spaniards to occupy this important post, gave in-
formation of it to their neighbours and friends the
Araucanians, who foreseeing that it would not Ik
long before the storm would burst upon their own
country, resolved to succour their distressed allies,
in order to secure themselves. But before we pro-
ceed io relate the events of this war, it may \k
more advisable to give some account of (he cha-
racter and manners of that warlike people, who
have hitherto, with incredible valour, opposed the
overwhelming torrent of Spanish conquest, and
from henceforward will furnish all the materials of
our history.

Chap. JII.

Of the character and manners of the Araura-
"iftns.
I. Local silnalion. — The Araiieaiiiaus inh.iMf
that delightful comilry situate Ixiween the rivers
Biobioand Valdivia, and between (he Andes and
the sea, ex(ending from 36° 44' to .39^ 50' of y.
Ia(i(u(lc. They derive their appellation of Aiau-
caiiians from the province of Arauco, wliicli,
'hough the smallest in their territory, has, like
Holland, given its name to (Ik; whole na(ion,
either iVoin its having been the first to unite with
the neighbouring provinces, or from having at
some remote period reduerd them under its do-
minion. This people, ever enthusiastically at-
tached to tlieir independence, pride themselves in
being calletl anca, w hich signifies frank or free ;
and those Spaniards who had left the army in the
Netherlands to serve in Chile, gave to this country
the name of Araucanian Flanders, or the Invincible
State ; and some of them have even had the mag-
nanimity to celebrate in epic poetry the exploits j

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US iiiliiii')il
flic riv>rs
Andes ami
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of Ataii-
, \vliicli,
lias, like

( II I L E.

403

[of a pcopl"', wlio, lo j)iT«;('rvr tlieir imlepciKluiicc,
iiiive sli('(i siicli lorrtiits o( Spanish hloixl.

2. (harurter. — 'J"li(;Araiiciinians,alilioiii!:lilin'y
ilo not exceed tli(M)i(linary lieiaflit of llie Imniaii
.••pccios, arc in ifeiieral iiiu^riilar, lohiisl, will
proportioned, und of a martial ajipearanrc. It is
very nnnsual to fnid anidiii; liieni any person wiio
iscrooked or deformed, not (roni their pursuing,
as some have sujjposeil, tin; eruel custom of the
ancient Spartans, of sulfoeatiiiir such unfortunate
children, bnl because they leave to nature the care
of Ibrminjj (hem, uitliout obstructing her opera-
tions by the improper sjppliealion of banilages and
stays. Their complexion, with the exception of
the Uoroanes, who are fair and ruddy, is of a
reddish brown, but yet clearer than that of the
other Americans; they have round faces, small
animated eyes full of expre>sion, a nose rather Hat,
a handsome mouth, even and white teeth, nniseii-
lar and well shaped legs, and small flat feet ; like;
the Tartars, they have scarce any beard, and (he
smallest hair is never to bt; discerned on their taces,
from the care they take (o pluck out (lu; li((i(! that
appears ; they esteem it very impolite lo have a
beard, calling the Europeans, by way of reproach,
the /ong bi aids. The same attention is paid (o
removing the hair from their bodies, where its
growth is more abundant : that of their heads is
thick and black, but ratli(>r coarse ; (hey jiermit it
to grow to a great length, and wind il in tresses
around their heads ; of this they are as proud and
careful as they are averse to beards, nor could a
greater affront lie oflered them than to cut it off.
Their women are delicately formed, and many of
ihem, especially among the Boroanes, are very
handsome. Possessed of great slrength of consti-
tution, and uiiencumbered ; w ith (he cares (hat
disturb civilized society, they are not subject, ex-
cept at a very advanced leriod of life, to (lie in-
firmities attendant upon old age ; they rarely be-
gin to be grey before they are 60 or 70, and are
not bald or wrinkled until 80; they are generally
longer lived than the Spaniards, and many e.re to
be met with whose age exceeds 100 ; and (o the
latest period of (heir lives, they retain (heir sight,
teeth, and memory unimpaired. Their moral
qualities are proi)ortionnte (o (heir personal en-
dowments; they are intrepid, animated, ardent,
patient in enduring fatigue, ever ready lo sacri-
fice their lives in (he service of their country, cn-
Ihusiastic lovers of liberty, which the}' consider
as an essential constituent of their existence, jea-
lous of their honour, courteous, hospitable, faith-
ful to (heir engagemen(s, grateful for services ren-
dered (hem, and generous and humane towards

tlie van(|nislied. Bnl the-.e nobli; qualities are
(il)sciireil by the vices inseparable from the half
savage slate of life which they lead, unrefined by
literatuie or cultivation; these are dninkouness,
debauchdv, |)resimii)tioii, and a haughty con-
tempt for all other nations. Were tlie civil man-
ners and innocent iiijinovements of Europe intro-
duced among (hem, (hey would soon become a
people deserving of universal esteem ; but under
the present system, this happy change appears
impossible to be effected.

y. /J?e.9,v.— AH those nations, whom either (he
iia(urcof(he climate or a sense of decency has
induced to clollie themselves, have made use at
first of louse garments, as being the most easily
made. But the Araucanians, from their great
attachment to war, which they consider as the
only true source of glory, hav(^ ado|)ted the short
garment, a- best suited to martial conllicts ; (lii.s
dress is m;ide of wool, as was that of ili(> (.'nrks
and Uomans, and consists of a shirl, a vest, a pair
of short close breeches, and a cloak in form of a
scajinlary, with an opening in (iie.midille for (he
head, made full and long so as to cover (he hands
and descend (o the knees ; this cloak is called
poiicho, and is much more commodious than our
mantles, as it leaves the arms at liberty, and may
be thrown over the shoulder at pleasure ; it is also
a belter protection from the wind and the rain, an 1
more convenient tor riding on horseback, l'<r
which reason it is commonly worn, not only by he
Spaniards in Chile, but by those of Peru and I'a-
raguay. I'lie shirt, vest, and breeches are al vays
of a greenish blue, or liirqcois, which is tlie fa-
vourite colour of the nation, as red is that of the
Tartars. The poucho is also, among persons of
interior condition, of a greenish blue; but those
of the higiier classes wear it of different colours,
t itiier white, red, or blue, with slripcsa span broad,
on which are wrougid, with much skill, figures of
flowers and animals in various colours, and (he bor-
der is ornamented with a handsome fringe: some
of these /Kwr/zoN are of so (nie and elegant a tex-
ture as to be sold for J5;) dollars. The Arauca-
nians make u>.<' i neitlier (urban-, nor hats, but
wear upon tl.eir heads a bandage of embroidered
wool, in the form of tin; ancient, tliadem ; this,
whenever they salnle, (hey raise a little as a mark
of courtesy, and -jii going to war ornament it with
a nuieber of beautii'id plumes; they also wear
around the body a long woollen gi.dle or sash
handsomely wrono-ht. Pii.ons of rank wear wool-
len boots of various cohmis, and leather saadals,
called chtllc, but the common people always r<>
barefooted. The women arc clad wilU uhk i .
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404

CHILE.

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[modcsly and siin|)lititv ; their dress isondroly of
wool, iind, iii;ic(Ml)l(' •<> tlie natural (nste, of a
jfrcciiisli 1)1 lie colour; it consists ola funic, a jfir-
dlc, and a short cloak, called irfirf/a, which is
fastened bilorf with a silver bucklo. The funic,
called chiamaf^ is loiiij, anddescondsfo the feet ; it
is wifhouf sleeves, and is fastened upon the shoul-
der hy silver broches or buckles; tills dres-,
sanctioned by custoni, is never varied ; but to
gratity their love of (inery, they adorn themselves
with all those trinkets which caprice or vanity suij-
gcsfs. They divide their hair info several tresses,
which float in graceful neirlii>ence over their shoul-
ders, and <lecorato their heads with a species of
false emerald, called gliaina, held by them in lii<rli
estimation; their necklaces and bracelets are of
glass, and their ear-rings, which are square, of
silver; they have rings upon each finger, tlu;
greater part of which are of silver. It is calculated
that more than 100,000 marks of this metal arc
employ.d in these fcMiiale ornaments, since they
are worn even by the poorest class,

4. Dwef/ings. — We have already given some
account of the dwellings of the ancient Chilians :
the Araucanians, tenacious, as arc all nations not
corrupted by luxury, of the cu;.*oms of their
country, have made no change in ,'>eir mode of
building. Hut as they are almost all polygamisfs,
the size of their houses is projioiiioned to th(! num-
ber of women they can mainlain ; the interior of
these houses is very simple ; the luxury of conve-
nience, splendour, and sliow, is aUogeliier un-
known in them, and necessity alon<i is consulted
in the selection of their furniture. They never
form (owns, but live in sciitfered villages or Iiam-
K'ts on the banks of rivers, or in plains that are
easily irrigated. Their local attachments arc
strong, enc!i family preferring to live upon the
land iidierited from its ancestors, which they cul-
tivate sufliciently for their subsisfence. The genius
oftliis haughty people, in which (he savage still
predominates, will not permit theni to live in
walled cities, which they consider as a mark of
servitude.

6. Division oflhe Amitranian i/«/r.— Altliough
in their setllemrnts the Araucanians are wai.iting in
regularity, that is by no means the case in the
piiliiical division of tlieir state, which is regulated
xvitii much nicety and intelligence. They have
divided it from ». to s, into four iil/tnl-mapiis, or
parallel tetrarchates, that are nearly equal, iu
which they give the names iA Lnnqucn-DKipu, the
inaritiine country ; Lclbim-mapit, the plain coun-
try ; InupirC'inapu, the country at the foot of the
Andes ; anil Pirc.'inapu, or that of the Aiidcsi

Kach uthal-niapii is divided into five nillares^itei
or provinces; and each aillaregue, info nine rrsrurs
or counties. The maritime country comprehends
the provinces of Arauco, Tueapel, lllicura, Uo-
roa, and Nagtolten ; the country of the plain in-
cludes those of Miicol, Puren, Heposura, Ma-
quegua, and Mariquina ; (hat at the foot of the
Andes contains Marveri, Colhue, Chacaico, Qiic-
cheregua, and (iuanagua ; and in that of the
Amies is included all the valleys of (he cordillcras,
situate within the limits already mentioned,
which are inhabited by the Piielches. These moun-
taineers, who were formerly a tlistinct nation, in
alliance with the Araucanians, arc now united
under their government, and have the same ma-
gistrates, in the second and third articles of the
regulations of Lonquilmo, made in the year I7SJ,
fhe limits of each uthal-mapu are expressly defined,
and its districts marked out. It declares to be
appertaining to that of the cordilkras, fhe Huilli-
ciies of Ohangolo, those of Gayolto and liucacho-
roy, to the s. ; (he I'uelchesand huVuin pampas to
(he 11. from Malalque and the frontiers of Mendoza
to the Mamil-mapu in the pampas of Buenus
Ayres ; the whole forming a corporate body with
the Puelches and Pehuenches of Maule, Chilian,
and Antuco; so that nt present, in case of an in-
fraction of the treaty, it may easily be known what
uthal-mapu is (o make satistiiction. This divi-
sion of Araucania, which discovers a certain de-
gree of refinement in its political administration, is
of a date anterior to the arrival of (he Spaniards,
and serves as a basis for the civil governme/it of
the Araucanians, which is aristocratic, as that of
many other barbarous nations has been. This
species of republic consists of three orders of no-
bilify, each subordinate to the other ; the toquis,
the apn-uliiiencs, and the uimoirs, all of wliotu
have titeir resjiectivc vassals. Tlie foquis, who
may be styled (etrarchs, are four in number, and
preside over the uthal-mapus. The appellation of
toqui is derived from the verb toquin, which sig-
nifies to judge or command ; they arc independent
of each other, but confederated for the public
welfare. The apo-ulnients or arch-itlinenes go-
vern (he provinces under their respective toquis.
The ulmenes, who are the prefects of the regues or
counties, arc dependent upon the apo-ulmcnes;
this dependence, however, is confined almost en-
iirelyto military aftairs. Aldiough the ulmenes
are the lowest in fhe scale of the Arauciuiian aris-
tocracy, the superior ranks, generally speaking,
are comprehended under the same title, which is
equivalent to that oi cacique. The discriminativi;
badge of the toqui is a species of batile-axc, madej

i '

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CHI LE.

40S

j of porpliyry or marhlo. TIio apo-iilmiMics and
the nimcncs carry staves with wilvor heads, hut (In!
first, by way of distinction, have a rini? of tin*
same metal around the middh* of tlieir .stav<'s. All
these di^jfnities are licrcditnry in the male line, and
proceed in the order of primogeniture. Thus have
the dukes, the counts, and marquises of the mili-
tary aristocracy of the north been established,
from time immemorial, under different names, in a
corner of South America. With its resemblance to
the feudal system, this jjovcrnmeiit contains also
almost all its defects. The toqui i)ossesses but (he
shadow of sovereign authority. The triple power
that constitutes it is vested in the great bo<ly of the
nobility, who decide every important question, in
the manner of the ancient (iermaiis or modern
Poles, in ageneraldiet, which is called liKtncni/on
or aucacoi/og, the great council, or council of tlie
Araucanians. This assembly is usually helil in
some large plain, where I hey combine the pleasures
of the table with their public deliberations. Their
code of laws, which is traditionary, is denominated
adiiiapu, that is to say, the customs of the country.
In reality, these laws are nothing more than pri-
mordial usages or tncit conventions, thai have been
established among them, as was originally the case
Avitli almost all the laws of other nations; tliey
have consequently all the defects pecidiar to s\ich
systems.

6. I/s political form.—'iho. clearest and most
explicit of their political and fundamental laws
are those that regulate the limits of each aulliorily,
the order of succession in toquiatos and in llic
ulmcnates, the confederation of the four tefrar-
cliatcs, the choice of the power of the comman-
ders in chief in time of war, and the right of con-
voking the general diets, whi('h is (he privilege
of thetoquis; all these laws have (or their object
the preservation of liberty, and the established
form of government. According to thi m, two or
more states caimot be hcUl under the rule of the
same chief. Whenever the male branch of the
reigning family becomes extinct, the vassals re-
cover their natural right of electing (heir own
chief from that family which is most pleising to
them. But before he is installed, he must be pre-
sented to the toqui of their uthal-mapn, who
gives notice of his election, in order that the new
cliitif may be acknowledged and respected by all
in that quality. The std)jects are not, as under
the feudal government, liable to a hvij, or to any
kind of personal service, except in time of war.
Neither are they obliged to pay any contributions
to their chiefs, who must subsist themselves by
means of their own property. They respect them,

however, as their superiors, or rather as the first
atiioiig their equals ; they also atteiul totheir deci-
sions, and escort them whenever tiiey go out of
(hi- >late. These rhief>, elated with their authority,
would gladly extend its limits, and govern as ab-
solute masters; but the people, who cannot endure
despotism, oppose their pretensions, and compel
(hem to keep within the bounds prescribed by their
customs.

1. ('ivil imtitulions.~-'V\\c. civil laws of a so-
ciely whose manners are simple, and interests but
littTe complicated, caimot Ijc very immeious. The
Araucanians have but a few; these, however,
would be suflicient for their state of life, if they
were more respected and less arbitrary. Their
system of criminal jurisprudence, in a particular
manner, is very imperfect. The oflences that arc
deemed deserving of ca|)i(al punishment arc treach-
ery, inleiitional homicide, aduUery, the robbery
of any valuable article, and witchcraft. Never-
theless, those found guilty of homicide can screen
themselves from punishment by a composition with
the relations of the murdered. Uusbaiids and fa-
thers are not subject to any punishment for killing
their wives or children, as they are declared by
their laws to be the natural masters of their lives.
Those accused of sorcery, a crime chiefly known
in countries involved in ignorance, are first tor-
tured by (ire, in order to make them iliscover their
accomplices, and then stabbed with daggers.
Other crimes, of less importance, are punished by
retaliation, wliich is much in use among them, un-
der the name of tliUiiLnico. Justice is administered
in a tumultuous and irregidar manner, and with-
out any of those preliminary formalities that arc
observed among civilized nations. The criminal
who is coMvicteil of a capital oH'ence is imme-
diately put to death, accuniing to the military
custom, without being sutlL-red to rot in prison; a
mode of confinement unknown to the Araucanians.
It has, however, lately been introduced into Tu-
capel, the seat of the government of Lanquen*
mapu, bv Catliicura, the then toqui of that dis-
trict ; but the succ(!ss of this experiment, which
was at first very ill received by his subjects, is sujj-
posi'd generally to have failed. The nlmci""s are
the lawtid jmlges of their vassals, and for (his ea-
sou their authority is less precarious. The un-
conquerable pride of this people prevents thcifi
from adopting the wise measures of public justice ;
(hey nrerely possess some general and vague ideas
n|)ou the principles of political union, whence
(he executive power being without force, distribu-
tive justice is ill administered, or entirely aban-
doned to the caprice of individuals. The injured )

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j rriiuily idii'ii ii'-siiiiH's (lie riirlit Dl'pui-iiitiir tln'.iij-
Vii'sMii or liis roliiliniis, ami ol' ptmisliiiii; (lii'in.
I'ldiii (liis;il)iiM' iircdcrivi'd the (Ifnoiniii itioiis ami
(li,-i(iii(:(i')iis, sii iiiiich iisi'd in ihoir jiiri:.|»ni(l('iiri',
1)1' 'jeii'xiiniiiy !ir)iriiii:iitt, •roifii, itc (l( iiotiiii!; (ho
priti(;i|);il ciiniiiTliitn.s ol" llic ii'/irrcssor, ot tli(> iii-
jiiri'd, or (lie dccciiM-d, nlio .ire supposed in be
jmllioriscd, l)y tlic liiws of iiiiliirc, lo support by
lorccdu! rii-hls of (heir nlilivcs. A system of
jiidii'ial procccil'iiirs so irrcirnlar, niid apparently
sfi iiicompatil)lf with (he e\;slenre of any 'viiid of
rivil society, bef(tmes (he constant soiireo of di'.-
orch-rs riilirely ho.-tile (o the primary object of all
;.'()od jjovcrtiincnt, and pid)lic and private scent ily.
When thoso wlionro at enmity have a consider-
able nnnil)er of adherents, they mntnaliy inaKe
incursions npon each other's possession'^, vherc
they destroy or burn nil (lint (hey camiot carry oil".
These urivnte quarrels, called vin/ncas, resemble
luucli die feuds of the ancient d'ermans, and are
very dreadful when the ulmenes are concerned,
in which case they become real civil wars, lint
it must be acknowicdired, that they are <;cncrally
unaccompanied with the effusion of blood, and
are confiied to pillafre alom-. This peojile, not-
withstaiulinjj their propensity to violence, rarely
employ arms in their jirivaie quarrel';, but decide
(hem with the fist or with the club.

8. jMilituri/ si/sinu, — The military government
of the Araucanians is not oidy more rational and
better systemati/ed than the civil, but in some re-
spects appears to be superior to the genius of an
uncultivated nation. Whenever the grand coun-
cil determines to go to war, tliey proceed imme-
diately to (he election of a commander in cliief,
to which (he toquis have (he first claini, as beini^
the hereditary generals or stadtholders of the re-
jmblic. If neither of (hem is deemed qualified
for (he command, dismissing all regard for rank,
(hey entrust it to tlie most deserving of the ul-
inencs, or even (he officers of the common class,
as the talents necessary fortius important station
are what alone are required. In conseipience, J'i-
luniillii, u man of low origin, commanded the
Araucanian army, with much honour, in the war of
\122 ; and CuriiUhnna, the younger sou of (he
iduien of the province of Kncol, in that which
terminated in i77.'J. On accepting his appoint-
ment, the new general assumes the title of toqui,
andthestoneluitchetjintokenof'supremeconmiand;
at wliieh time (he native toquis lay aside theirs,
it not being lawful for them to carry them during
the government of this dictator. They likewise,
sacrificing private ambition to the public good,
take the oaths of obedience and fealty to him, to-

gelliei with tlu» other ulmenes. I'lvcn the peopli
who in |»eai'eshew (hemi.elves repugnant to all snii.
ordination, are (hen prompt (o obey, and Mib.
niis-,ive to (he will of (heir militarv sovereirn.
lie cannot, himever, pu( any one to ilVatli wiilmui
(he consent of the prmcipal otlieers of his army ;
but as (he^e are of his own a|)pointnienl, his ordirs
may be considered as absolute. I'roin tlie arrival ol
the Spaniards in the country to the present time, ii
isobservable, that all the tocpiiswho have bcenaii-
poinled ii\timeof\>ar\verenativesof the [jrovineesof
Araiico, ol Tucapeljof liucol, or of I'uren. \\ he-
tln^rthisparlialily i)e owing to some superstition >; no-
tion, or ralhertosonieancieiU law oragrcemeni, we
are un:d)le to determine ; it appears, however, to
be repugnant to the principles of sound policy, a^
it is very rare for (he component parts of a state to
maintain (hemselves long in any sorl of union when
Oiey do tiot all partici|)ate ecjuully in the advan-
tages of the governmi'iit. Jiut it is ri peculiarKy
worthy of adn\iration, that this discrimination has
hitherto produced no division among them. ()/ie
ot the first measure:, of the national council, af-
ter having decided upon war, is to dispatch cer-
tain mcf^sengers or expresses, called ,gMt>-c/W(7//v,
to tin' coiilederate tribes, and even lo those Indians
who live among (he .Spaniards, to inform tin; first
ol the s(e[)s that have been taken, and to re<jiie.-t
the others to make a common cause with th
conntiymen. The credentials of these envoyi
some small arrows tied (ogelher with u red str
the symbol of blood. But if hostilities are actually
commenced, the finger, or (as AI<;edo will have it)
the hand of a slain enemy is joined to the arrows.
This embassy, called pulchitinn, to run the arrow,
is iierformed with such secrecy and expedition in
the Spanish settlements that the messengers are
rarely discovcreil. The toqui directs what num.
ber of soldiers arc to be furnished by each utlial-
mapii ; the tetrarchs, in their turn, regulate the
contingencies of the apo-ulmenes, and thest; last
appqjftion them among (heir respective ulmenes.
Every Araucanian is born a soldier. All arc
ready to profl'er their service.-, tor war, so (hat
there is no difficulty in raising an arm^-, wlNcli
usually consists of five or six thousand men, be-
sides the cvips dc reserve, which are kept in readi-
ness ibr particular occv.ions, or torcplacefho.se
killed in battle. The commander in chief ap-
points his vice-toqui, or lieutenant-general, and
the other officers of his staff, who in (heir turn
nominate their subaltern officers : by this method
harmony and subordii.atioii are maintained be-
tween the respectiv(! commanders. The vicc-fo-
qui is almost always .selected from among the j

c II I L ri.

407

the]

f I'uclrlirs, in order fo sii(is('y (lint v.ilianl (riho,uIm
iiinoiiiit Iddin I'ourtli |virt ni' llic ]i()|)iilatiini ot'tlic
slate. Nor linvc (lio Araiicaiiiaiis ever had catist"
lo repent o!" (his selection. Dnrini; the last war,
one of these moiiiitainecrs, Leviantn, lieiitenant-
pcnerul of ('iiriiriiancn, harassed the Spanianln
i^rently, and tyave their troops constant eniiiloj-
ment. The army is nt present composed of iiiliin-
try and of horse. It originally consisted entirely
of (he tbrnier: l)\il in their (irst hatOes ^vitii the
Spaniards, perceivinj^ the jjreat advantages which
tlieir enemies derived from tlieir cavalry, tiiey
soon began to discipline themselves in the same
manner. Their first care was to procure n good
breed of horses, which in a short time became so
numerous, that in the year lotiS, seventeen years
alter their first opposing the Spanish arms, tliey
were able to furnish several squadrons ; and in the
year laK'J, thecavalry was first regularly organi/ied
l)ytheTo{|ni Cmlra^uaht. The infantry, wliicli they
call naiuintlii/hicn, is divided into regiments and
companies : each regiment consists of one thou-
sand men, and contains ten comnanies of one hun-
dred. The cavalry is divided in like manner,
but the number of horse is not always the same.
They have all their particular standards, but each
bears a star, which is the national device. The
soldiers are not clothed in unitbrm, according to
the European custom, but all wear benea'h tlieir
usual dress cuirasses of leather, hardened by a pe-
culiar mode of dressing ; their shields and helmets
are also made of the same material.

J). I'lieir (1) my and )>i<idr of nuiliug 'u'ltr. — Tlie
cavalry is armed with swords and lances ; the in-
tanlry with pikes or clubs jioiiiled with iron.
They formerly employed bows and slings, in the
use of which they were very dexterous ; but sinrc
the arrival of the Spaniards, they have almost en-
liii'ly rclin(iiii>iied them ; experience having taught
them to avoid the destructive ell'ecl ol their mus-
ketry, by imuiedialely closing in, and fighting
iiand to hand ^\illl tiie enemy. 'J'lie art of mak-
ing gunpowder is as yet unknown (o this warlike
people. Either they regard it hnl iillle, or, wim.t
is more j)robable, those Spniiinrds will) \v!)om tliev
have sometimes traded woiilil not, if tliey were
themselves acquaint<'d with it, (oninuiiiicate to
tliein the composition. Jt is, Jiowever, believed
that they made use at first of the greatest exertions
to obtain the knowledge of this secret, so important
ill the present system of Avarfare. The discovery
of powder is well ascertained to have been owing
more to accident than to the efforts of human in-
genuity, although some pretend that it was known

in China long iiifore the period tint it was diseo-
I'ovcred in Europe. Tlie inliat)ilanis of the coun-
try relate th(^ Ibllowing an"(:(!ole respi-eting gun-
powder, which, however I'dbulous and absurd it
may appear, is generally credited. 'I'he Arau-
oanians,on first seeing .\egn>e>, with the Sc-aniards,
imagined I liat they pre|)ared from tin m tiu; pow-
der which they used. Soon allt r, havinfj liikeii
{)nc of tiiose unfortunate men, liiey first covrrcil
him wilii strij)es lioin head to foot, and afterwards
burned iiitii to a coal, in order, by reducing it to
|)ow(l(r, to obtain the so much wished-for secret;
but wiTc sottn convinced ot the lallacy of their
chemical principles. In tlieir various encounler^
witii the Spaniards, they occ"isionalIy took lro:u
them powder and muskets, w hich, in the siilise-
qiieiit battles, they employeil wilii as mucii skill
as if they iiad iuen for a long time accustom»'d to
them; but as soon as the powder was expended,
they were forced to resume their former arms,
Tlie Dutch, when they took the city of Valdivia,
attempted to form an alliance will) tliem, and pro-
mise'", to supply them\\ith powder and caiuioii ;
but as they distrusteil all Europians, they would
not listen to their pro|)osal. IJeloit* selling out on
Ills expedition, the general assigns three days for
consultation, in order to consider anew the plans
of til campaign, and to ado|)l the best expedients.
L'pon this occasion every one has the liberty of
otfering his opinion, if he deems it conducive to
tlie public welfare. In the mean time the general
consults in secret w illi the ollicers of his stalf upon
tin- jilaris which he has formed, and the means of
riiniedying sinister events. After this the army
commences its march to the sound of drums, be-
ing always ])receiled by several advanced parties,
in order to prevent a surprise. The infantry, as
well as cavalry, proceed on horseback ; but on
coming to action, they inunediately dismount, and
form themselves into iheir respe<tive companies.
Each soldier is obliged to bring from home not
only his arms, but his sup])ly of provisions, ac-
coiding to the custcmi of the Itomans. As all arc
liable to mililary service, so no one in particular is
obliged to conlril)iile to the support of the army.
Tlu! provision consists in a small sack of parched
meal for each, which, diluted with water, fur-
nishes sullicient fooil for them until they are enabled
to live at free <|uarters upon the enemy. The
A raucanian troops are extremely vigilant; tliey
adopt at night the most prudent measures, by en-
camping in secure and advantageous positions.
On these occasions cent inels are placed upon all
sides; mid in presence of the enemy they re-]

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rdoiiiilo (li -ir pn'raiifions.aiHl sdciiirllu'ii \ho posts
t!tcv <i.'(Mipy \vi(li strDnir fiidiMiclimculs. Ivvciy
sd'di r I'lirin^; iiii;Iif is oli'i^id, in orilcr (o ]iro\c
}iis vi^iliMcc, to kcf'p up ;i (irr boltiic his tout :
<lio ffiriit ihihiImt oC llu'sc .ires sit-rvi's to dcccivi^
the (M!c r.v, iiiiil liavi* at ii tlislancc a vory singular
appi trance. Tlicv arc, hcsiilcs, well acqiiainlcd
wi'li tl:o art ot" const met iiiuf military works, and
of prr.'cctinjr tlicnisclvcs with deep dilrlics, wliicli
<lipy anard witii '.jranriu-s of tiiori., and strew cal-
frops in the pjivirons to rcpross tlic incursions of
(Iio rnrniv's horse. In short, tiuMT arc ti'w niiii-
lary stralajjcnis that they do not employ at a pro-
))er time and place. The celebrated Spanish poet
J''rci!l.i, ^^!io i()naht against them t'lidcr '^on (iar-
cia, expressesliisadnjirationat mcetinff with troi>ps
so well disciplined, and possessing such ]ierfer-
tion in tactics, which, to i si- his cxpresaons, tlie
most celebrated nations in (lie world have not been
able to attaifi without great trouble, and after a
long course of yeais. When an action becomes
necessary, they separate the cavalry into (wo
winffs, and jilacc (ho infantry in (lie centre^ dj.
vided into several battalions, the files being com-
posed alternately of pikemen and soldiers armed
with clubs, ill such a manner, that between every
two pikes a club is always to be found. The vice-
toqni has the command of the right wing, and that
oftlieleft is committed to an experienced oflicer.
The toqui is present every where, as occasion may
require, and eximrts liis men with much eloquence
to fight valiantly for their liberties. But of this
there appears little need, as the soldiers manifest
such ar(!()ur, that their ollicers have much more
diflictdty in restraining their impetuosity than in
exciting them to action. Tnlly impressed with
the opinion, that to die in battle is the greatest ho-
nonr (hat u man can acquire in (his lite, on the
signal for combat being given, they advance des-
perately, shouting in a terrific n-anner ; and no(-
withstanding the slauglitcr made among them by
the cam in, endeavour to penetrate the centre of
the enemy. Though they know full well that (lie
first ranks will bo exposc<l to almost certain de-
struction, they eagerly contend with each other
for these post.s of honour, or io serve as leaders of
t^ie files. As soon as the first line is cut down,
(he second occupies its place, and tlwn the third,
until they finally succeed in breaking the front
ranks of the enemy. In (he niidst of their fury
they nevertheless preserve the strictest onler, and
pertbrni all the evolutions directed by their officers.
The most terrible of them are the club-bearers,
who, like ^o many ilcrculcs, destroy with their

iron-pointed maces all whom they meet in tliii:
way.

10 Diviitioii oftlir fipoiL — The spoils of war are
divided amon^' those who have had (he goo<l for-
tune to taki' them. IJut when (he capture has been
general, they are distributed among «hc whole in
equal parts, called rciT, so (hat no preference is
shmvn to any of the ()iric<'rs, nor even to tUc tocpii.
The prisoners, according to the custom of all bar-
barous nations, an made slaves, until they are ex-
changed or rans'-.nu'd. According (o (he adnuipti,
one of (liese nnlortunate men must be sacrificed to
the manes of tiic soldiers killed in the war. This
cruel law, traces of which are to be lonnd in the
annals of almost all nations, is nevertheless very
rarely put in practice, but one or two instancis
having occurred in tlie space of nearly ^00 years.
The .Araucanians are sensible (o (he dic(ates oi
compassion, although (he contrary is alleged by
certain writers, who having assumed as an incoii-
'rovcrtiblc principle, (hat (hey never give quarter
to til ir enemies, afUcuvards contradict themselves
in mentioning the great number of prisoners who
have either been exchanged or ransomed after the
war.

1 1. Siiriifirr after the tear. — The sacrifice above
men'ioneil, called prtiloneon, or the dance of the
head, is pertormcd in the following manner : The
ollicers, surrounded by the soldiers, form a circle,
in the centre ofwhicli, in the midst of four poniards,
representing the four uthal-mapus, is placed the
official axe of the toqui. The unfortunate pri-
soner, as a mark of ignominy, is then led in upon a
horse tieprived of his ears and tail, and placed near
the axe, with his face turned towards his country.
They afterwards give him ahandt^ll of small sticks
and a sharp slake, with which they oblige; him to
dig a hole in the ground ; and in tfiis they order
him to cast the sticks one by one, repeating the
names of the principal warriors of his coimtrv,
while at the same tinu; (he surrounding soldiers
load (hese abhorred names wi(h (he bitterest exe-
crations. He is then ordered to cover the hole, as
if to bury then-in (he reputation and valour of
their enemies, whom he lias named. After (his
ceremony (he (oqui, or one of his bravest compa-
nions, (o whom he relinquishes the honour c i the
execution, dashes out the brains of the prisoner
with a club. Tiie heart is immediately taken out
by two attendants, and presented palpitating to the
general, who sucks a little of the blood, and passes
it to his officers, wlio repeat in succession the same
ceremony ; in the menu time he fumigates with
tobacco smoke from his pipe the four cakdinal

I >

CHILE.

40i>

[points of <lic circle. The soldiors Mrip tlic flosh
froiii the bunrs, and make ot° tliciii fliiirs ; (hen,
cut(in(5 off the ho;ul, carry it round upon a pike,
amidst the ncclainntioiis of the ruillilude, wliiU*,
s(ampini» in inensured pace, they tliiiiidiTout tlieir
(Irrndful war-soiisj, acconipanieti by the nionriiful
sound of these horrid instruments. Tliis harl'.i-
rous festival is terminated by api'lyinij to tlie
mangled body the head of a si'i 'i-.. which is suc-
ceeih'd by a scene of riot and intox.Ci^tion. If the
skull shouhl not be broken by (I'e bl >\vs of (he
club, (ln'y make of it a cup, ciiliod aril mo. wliieh
they use in their banquets in tiie aiuuner ot (he an-
cient Scythians and (io(hs.

I'i. (otis^rfs.t of pcacr. — On the termination of a
war, a conifress is assembled, called by (he Spa-
niards purlmnitito, and (Ik* Arauea;)ians /niiiicn-
coya^. This is usually held in a tlelii;!i(ful plain,
behvcen (he rivers IJiobio and l)u(pieco, on (lie
conHnes of bo(li (erritories, whither (he Spanish
president and (he Araiicanian (oqui repair with the
attendants ai;reed upon in (he prelinnnary ardcles.
The four u(hal-mapus send at the same time four
deputies, who are usually the tetrarchs (hcmselvcs,
and whose unanimous consent is requisite tor (he
cs(ablishnient and ratilicadon ot peace. In (lie
congress which was held after (h<^ war of I7'iy,
were present 1.10 ulmenes, with (heir attendants,
who amounted to the number of i?()(!() men. The
camps of the negociating parties were sejxirated by
an interval of two miles. Tlie tonference is com-
menced with many complimen(s on eidier side,
and in token of fu(ure Iriendbhip, they bind the
staves of the ulmenes with that of the Spanish pre-
sident together, and place them in the midst ot (he
assembly : an Araucaiiian ora(or (hen pnsents a
branch of cinnamon., which is with (hem (he token
of peace, and placing his U>tt hand upon (he bundle
of staves, makes', in the (iiilian language, n |)er(i-
nent harangue oa the causes which produced (he
war, and the most eligible means of preserving har-
mony between the two natioiis. He (hen |)roceeds
with much eloquence to point out (he losses and
miseries occasioned by war, and (he ailvantages
which are derived trom peace, to which he exhorts
the chiets of cither jiarty in a pathetic peroration.
An interpreter (hen explains (lie precise meaning
of all that the Arauc;mian has said. Ti»e Spanish
president replies in another speri h achipted (o (lie
subject, which is in(erpre(ed in the same manner.
The articles of the treaty are then agreed upon,
and arc ratified by n sacriliee of several chili'
nfqiics, or Chilian camels, which the Araucanians
immolate for the happy continuance of the peace.
Atlerthis the president dines uUhe same tiible with

VOL. I.

the (oqui and the principal ulmenes, to whom he
makes the customary presents in the name of his
sovereign. This parliament is renewed as ollen as
n new presidtMit is sent front Spain (o Chile, and
cannot possibly be dispensed with, as in (hat case
the Araucinians, imagining themselves despised,
wotdd without any other cause commence war.
For this reason, there is always a considerable sum
ready in the r()yal treasury for the expences neces-
sary on these occasions. On the arrival of a new
president, an envoy, called the national commis-
sary, is dispatched in his name to (he four uth.al-
mapus, (o invi(e (he (oquis and the other ulmenes
to mee( him at the place a])pointed, tor (he purpose
ot becoming acquainted wi(h each other, anil (o
confirm (he friendship contrae(ed wi(h his prede-
cessors. In this convention nearly (he sanu> cere-
monies are practised ns are made use of on nitity-
ing a (rea(y of peace. The ulmenes collect upon
this occasion in great numlj<*rs, not oidy lor the
purpose of becoming personally ntquamttnl with
the new governor, but to form an opinion, from his
manners and countenance, of his pacific or warliko
disposilion. A great number of merchants are at-
tracted to the place where this meeting is in-ld,
and they form a kind of fair, which is mutually
adv.intageous to both na(ions.

Mi. Si/sttiii of religion. — The relisfious system
ofthe .'Vraucanians is simple, and well adap(ed (o
their free maiin?r ot tiiinking ;tiul of living. They
acknowledge a Supreme Heing, the Author ot all
things, whom (hey call I'i/ltif!, a word derived
from pulli or ;>////, (he soid, and signifies (he Su-
preme Jvssence ; they also call him (iuoi'i-pil/ntty
the Spirit of Heaven ; li'/di-iriii, the d'reat iJeing ;
'J'hdlcoxe, the Thnndi'ver : I'ihu nivor, (he ('reiUor
ef all ; Vilptpi'vov, (he Omnipotent; A'Iof/s;clit,
(he Internal ; yioiio/n, tiie Inlinite, &o. The uni-
versal governmeet t)f the Pillan is a prototype of
the Araucanian polity, lie is I he great toquiofthe
invisible wcnid, and as smii, li;is his spo-ulmenes,
and his ulmenes, to whom he entrusts (lie adminis-
tration of affairs of less importance. In the lirst
clas's of (licjc subaltern divinities is (he J.'puiianiiin,
or god of war: the Meulen, a benevolent deity,
the (rieiid of the hiimari > we ; and (he (Jueciibu,
a malign;in( being, th.- auli or of all evil, who ap-
pears to Ix' the Slime as (lie Ahvue. I''rom hence
It nppciirs. til, it the doctrine ot two adverse prin-
cipl's, eulleil Manicheisio, is very extensive. The
(iui'cnbu is the iWivari ol (he t)ron*)ques, and (ho
Ahi'rmaii of the Persians. He is, according (o the
general opinion of the Araucinians, the ethcient
cause of all the misfortunes that occur. If a horse
tires, it is because the (iuecubu has rode him. It 1
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CHILE.

[an earthquake happens, the Guecubu lias given it
u shock ; nor does any one die that is not sufTo-
cated by the Gitecubu. The uhnenes of their
celestial hierarchy arc the genii, who have tlie
charge of all created things, and who, in concert
wi(h the benevolent Mcnlen, form a counterpoise
to the enormous power of Gitecubu. They are of
both sexes, male and lemale, who always continue
pure and chaste, propagation being unknown to
their system of the spiritual world. The males arc
called gen, (hat is, lords, unless this woril shoid«l
be the same as the ginn of the Arabians. The fe-
males are called amei'inalghen, which signifies
s])iritual nymphs or fairies, and perform for men (he
otiices of lures, or familiar spirits. Tiiere is not
an Araucanian but imagines he has one of these in
his service. Nien cai gni amchimalghen, " 1 keep
my nymph still," is a common expression when
they succeed in an under(aking. The Arauca-
nians carry still farther their ideas of the analogy
between the celestial government and their own ;
for as their ulmenes have not the right of imposing
any species of service or contributions upon their
ftubjects, still less, in their opinion, should those of
«;»les(iaLrace require it of man, since they have no
occasion for i(. Governed by these singular opi-
nions, they pay to them no exterior worship. They
have neither temples nor idols, nor are they accus-
touied to ofl'er any sacrifices, except in cases of
some severe calamity, or on concluding a peace ;
at such times they sacrifice animals, and burn to-
bacco, which they think is the incense the most
agreeable to their deities. Nevertheless they in-
voke them and implore their aid upon urgent oc-
casions, addressing themselves principally to Pillan
and to Meulen. To this li((le regard for religion,
is owing the indifference which tliey have mani-
fested at the introduction of Christianity among
(hem, which b tolerated in all the provinces of
their dominion. The missionaries arc there much
rcs[X'cted, well treated, and have full liberty of
publicly preaching their tenets, but notwithstand-
ing there are but few of the natives who are con-
verte<l. If the Araucanians discover little regard
for their deities, they are, however, very supersti-
tious in many points of less importance. Tliey
firmly believe in divination, and pay the greatest
Ht(rntion to sucli favourable or unfavourable omens
as (he capriciousness of their imagination may sug-
jifcst. These idle observations are particularly di-
»ee(od to dreams, to the singing and flight of birds,
w liich arc esteemed by (he whole of (hem (he truett
interpreters of (he will of the gods. The fearless
Araucanian, who wUh incredible valour confronts
death in battle, trembles at the sight of an owl.

Their puerile weakness in this respect would ap>
pear incompatible with the strength of their intel-
lect, if the history of the human mind did not fur-
nish us with continual examples of similar contra-
dictions. They consult upon all occasions their
diviners, or pretenders to a knowledge of fu(u-
ri(y, who are sometimes called gligva or gugol,
among whom are some who pass for genpugnu,
genpiru, &c. which signifies masters of the hea-
vens, of epidemic diseiiscs, and of worms or in-
sects ; and, like the llanmx of Tibet, boast of being
able (o produce rain, of having the power to cure
all disonlers, and (o prevent the ravages of the
worms which destroy the corn. They are in great
dread of the calcus, or pretended sorcerers, who,
they imagine, keep concealed by day in caverns
with their disciples, civlied iviinches, man-animals,
and who at night transform (hemselves into noc-
turnal birds, make incursions in the air, and shoot
invisible arrows at their enemies. Their super-
stitious credulity i$ particularly obvious in the se-
rious stories which (bey relate of apparitions, phan-
toms, and hobgoblins; respecting which they have
innumerable tales. But, in truth, is there a nation
on earth so far removed from credulity in that par-
ticular, as to claim a right of laughing at the Arau-
canians ? They have, nevertheless, some among
them who are philosophers enough to despise such
credulity as an absurdity, and to laugh at the folly
of their countrymen. They are all, however,
agreed in the belief of the immortality of the soul.
This consolatory truth is deeply rooted, and in a
manner innate with them. They hold that man is
composed of two substances essentially different :
the corruptible bofly, which they call anca, and
the soul, am or pulli, which they say is ancanolu,
incor|X)real, and nnigealu, eternal, or existing for
ever. This distinction is so fully established
among them, that they frequently make use of the
word anca metaphorically, to denote a pan, the
half, or the subject of any thing. As respects the
state of the soul after its separation from the body,
(hey are not however agreed. All concur in say-
ing, with the other American tribes, that after
death (hey go towards the w. beyond the sea,
to a certain place called Gulcheman ; that is, the
dwellit.f,- of (he men beyond the mountains. But
some believe that this country is divided into two
parts, one pleasant, and filled with every thing de-
lightful, (he abode of (he good ; and (he o(her de-
solate, and in want of every thing, the habitation
of the wicked. Others are of opinion that all in-
discriminately enjoy there eternal pleasures, pre-
tending that the deeds of this life have no influence
upon a future state.]

rit.i

L'lu'',

CHILE.

411

prr-

[14. Funeral ceremonies. -"NotmihatiiniMng they
know the difference between the body and the soul,
their ideas of the spirifuulity of the latter do not
seem to be very iliijiinct, as apjioiiis from tlie cere-
monies practised at their funerals. As soon as one
of their nation dies, his friends and relations seat
tiicniselves upon the ground around llie body, and
weep for a long time; Ihey after wurds expose il,
cloth'^d in the best dress of the deceased, upon a
high bier, called jnllum/, where it remains during
tlie night, which they pass near it in weeping, or
in eating and drinking with those who come to
console them ; this meeting is culled curicahuin,
the l>lack entertainment, as tiiat colour is among
them, as well as the Euroj)eans, the symbol of
mourning. Tlie following day, though sometimes
not until the second or third after the decease of
the person, they carry the corpse in procession to
the ellun, or burying place of the family, which
is usually situated in a wood or on a hill ; two
young men on horseback, riding full speed, pre-
cede the procession. The bier is carried by the
principal relations, and is surrounded by women,
who bewail the deceased in the manner of the
hired mourners among the Romans ; while another
woman, who walks behind, strews ashes in the
road, to prevent the soul from returning to its late
abode. On arriving at the place of burial, the
corpse is laid upon the surface of the ground, and
surrounded, if a man, with his arms, if a woman,
with female implements, and with a great quan-
tity of provisions, and with vessels filled with
cfiica, and with wine, which according to their
opinions are necessary to subsist them during their
passage to another world ; they sometimes even
kill a horse, and inter it in the same ground. After
these ceremonies, tliey take leave with many tears
of the deceased, wishing him a prosperous journey,
and cover the corpse with earth and stones phiced
in a pyramidal form, upon which they pour a great
quantity of fA/Vrt. The similarity between these
funeral rites and those practised by the ancients
must be obvious to those acquainted with the cus-
toms of the latter. Immediately alter the relations
have quitted the deceased, an old woman, called
Te»ipulcasiuey comes, as the Araucanians beli(!ve,
in the shape of a whale, to transport him to the
Elysian fields ; but before his arrival there, he is
obliged to pay a toll, for passing a very narrow
strait, to another malicious old woiiian who guiirds
it, and who, on failure, deprives the passenger of
an eye. This fable resembles much that of the
ferryman Charon, not that there is any probability
tliat the one was copied from the other ; as the
human miud, when placed in similar situations,

w "••vc birth to the same ideas. The sou!, when
w\.\r ed from the body, exercises in another life
the same functions it ]H'rformed in this, with n»
other difli'rence except thjit they arc unaccom-
panied with fatigue or satiety ; husbands have
there the same wives as they had on earth, but
the latter have no children, as that happy country
cannot be inhabited by ,any except the spirits of
the dead ; and every thing there is spiritual. Ac-
cording to their theory, the soul, notwithstanding
its new condition of life, never loses its origiiinl
atlachmonts ; and when the spirits of their country-
men return, as they frequently do, they fight
furiously with those of their enemies whenever
tlicj meet w ith them in the air ; and these com-
bats are the origin of tempests, thunder, and
lightning. Not a storm happens upon the An-
des or the ocean which they do not ascribe to a
battle between the souls of their fellow-country-
men and those of the Spaniards; they s. / that
the roaring of the wind is the trampling of their
horses; the noise ofthe thunder that of their drums,
and the flashes of lightning the fire o\' their artillery.
If the storm takes its course towards the Spanish
territory, they afiirm that their spirits have put
to night those of the Spaniards, and exclaim
triumphantly, Liavimen, inavimen, puen, lagitvi-
men! " Pursue them, friends, pursue thom, kill
them !" If the contrary happens, they arc greatly
afllicted, and call out in consternation, Ynvulu-
men, puen, namimtumcn! " Courage, friends, bif
firm !" Thus do they believe that the dead, al.
though mere spirits, are possessed, like the sha-
llows which thronged about vlMieas in his descent
into the infernal regions, ofthe same passions, and
a love of the same pursuits, by which they were
actuated when living.

" QuoB gralia cuirnum
Armorumque fuit vivis, quce etna nitenles
Pascere equos, eadem sequilur tellure reposlos."

Their ideas respecting the origin of creation are
so crude and ridiculous, that to relate them would
serve tor little else than to shew the weakness of
human reason when left to itself. 'I'hey have
among them the tradition of a great deluge, in
which only a few persons were saved, who took
refuge upon a high mountain, culled T/ieetfiegy
the thundering, or the sparkling, which had three
points, and possessed the pro|K'rty of moving upon
the water. From hence it is to be inferred, that
this deluge was in consequence of some volcanic
eruption, accompanied by terrible earthquakes, or
should appear to be a corrupted tradition of
Noah's flood. Whenever a violent eauhquake
occurs, these people iiy for satiety to these uioun-}
a c 2 '^

Jit' ■.

141 i

■:lp.:

I .</

4ie

CHILE.

[tains, which they fancy to be of asimHar appear-
ance, and which, of course, as they suppose, must
possess tlie same property of floatiriir upon the
water, assigning as a reason, that they are fearful
after an earthquake that the sea will again return
and (lehigctlic worhl. On tiiese occasions, each
one takes a good supply of provisions, and woorlcn
plates to protect their heads from being scorched,
provichul tlie Thegtfieg, when raised by tlie waters,
(shouhl be elevated to the sun. Whenever tliey
arc told tliat plates made of eartli would be much
more suitable for this purpose than those of wood,
which are liable to be burned, their usual reply
is, that their ancestors did so before them,

15. Divisionof time.— Time is divided by the
Araucanians, as with us, into years, seasons,
months, days, and hours, but in a very dill'erent
method. Their year is solar, and begins on the
22d of December, or immediately after the southern
solstice ; for this reason they call tliis solstice
ihauninlfiipantu, the head and tail of the year,
and denomhiate June Udanthipantu, the divider
of the year, from its dividing it into two equal
parts. These two essential points they are able
to ascertain with suflicient exactness by means of
the solstitial shadows. The year is called tipanlu,
the departure, or course of the son, as that lumi-
nary departs, or appears to depart, from the tropic,
in order to make its annual revolution : it is divid-
ed into 12 months of 30 days each, as was that of
the Egyptians and Persians. In order to com-
plete the tropical year, they add five intercalary
days, but in what manner they are introduced we
are not able to determine ; it is, however, probable
they are placed in the last month, which in that
rase will have 35 days. These months are called
generally r?//>n, or moons, and must have originally
been regulated wholly by the phases of the moon.
The proper names of them, as near as they can be
rendered by ours, are the following, which are
derived from the qualities, or the most remarkable
things which arc produced in eacii month

Avuu-cujeii,
Cogi'cujen,

Glor'Ciijen,
Rimit-ctijcn,

Tnariniu-cujen,

T/ior-ciijeii,
i>iantfior-n»jen,
J/nin-cujetif
Fillal-cujctiy

January, The month of fruit.

February, The month of har-
vest,

March, The month of maize.

April, Tiic first month of the
ritnu.

Way, The second month of the
ritnu.

June, The first month of foam.

July, Thesecond month offoam.

August, The unpleasant month.

September, The treacherous
mouth.

Htteul-cujeit, October, The first month of new

winds,
Inanfiueul'CuJerif November, The second month of

new winds.
Iluexiru-aijcn^ December, The month of new

fruh.
The seasons, as in Europe, consist of three
months ; the spring is called peiighen^ the sum-
mer itciin, the autumn gualugy and the winter pu.
c/iani. To render the distribution of the year
iMiiform, they also divide the natural day into 13
])aits, which tlioy call gliagaiitu, assigning six to
tin; day, and six tothe night, in the manner of the
Chinese, the .hipaiiese, the Otaheitans, and seve-
ral other nations. Thus each gliagantu, or Arau-
canian hour, is equal to two ot ours. Those of the
day they determine by the height of the sun, and
those of the night by the position of the stars ; but
as they make use of no instrument for this purpose,
it follows that this division, which must necessarily
be unequal, according to the different seasons of
the year, will be much more so from the imperfect
manner of rcgnlatir)g it. They begin to number
their hours, as is general in Europe, from mid-
night, and give to each a particular name. In
civil transactions they calculate indift<?rently,
cither by days, nights, or mornings ; so that three
days, three nights, or three mornings, signify the
same thing.

16. Astronomical ideas. — To the stars in general
they give the name of huaglen, and divide them
into several constellations, which they call pal
or ritfia. These constellations usually receive
their particular appellations from the number of
remarkable stars which compose them. Thus the
pleiades are called cajupai, the constellation of
six ; and the antarctic cross, melerilho, the con-
stellation of four ; as the first has si.x stars which
are very apparent, and the last four. The milky
way is called rupuepeu, the fabulous road, from
a story which, like other nations, they relate of it,
and which is considered as fabulous by the astro-
nomers of the cotmtry. They arc well acquainted
Avith the planets, which they call gau, a word
derived frotn the verb gaun, to wash ; frouj whence
it may be inferred, that they have respecting these
bodies the same opinion as the Romans, that at
their setting they submerge themselves in the sea.
Nor arc there wanting Fontcnelles among them,
who believe that maiiy of those globes are so many
other earths, inhabited in the same manner as
ours ; for this reason they call the sky GueiiU'
mapUf the country of heaven ; and the mooii,
Qij/en-mapUf the country of the mooti. They
agree likewise with the Aristotelians, in maintain-]

P^'.M

CHILE.

418

[ing that the comets, colled by them clieruvoe,
proceed from terrestrial exhalations, inflamed in
the upper regions of the air ; but they arc not
considered ns the precursors of evil and disaster, as
they have been esteemed by abnost all the nations
of the earth. An eclipse of the sun is called by
them hiijimlUy and that of the moon laciijeii,
that is, the death of the sun or of the moon. But
these expressions arc merely metaphorical, as are
the corresjiondent ones in Latin, oi'dcfeclus solis
aid luine. Their o|)inions as to the causes of these
phenomenn are not known, but it lias been observ-
ed that they evince no ijreater alarm upon these oc-
casions than at \\w most common operations of
nature. Their liinjfuaj^e contains many Mords
solely applicable to astronomical subjects, such as
t/ioren, the late risins: of the stars, and others
similar, which prove that their knowledge in this
respect is much greater than what is generally
6U])posed.

17. 71/(?a*KrM.— Their long measures are the
palm, nefa; the span, diuhe; the foot, namun ;
the pace, thccan; the ell, neveu ; and the league,
tupu, which answers to the marine league, or the
parasang of the Persians. Their greater distances
are computed by mornings, correspon«ling to the
day's journeys of Europe. Their liquid and dry
measures are less numerous: the guatnpar, a
quart ; the cat?, a pint ; and the niencu, a mea-
sure of a less quantity, serve for the first. The
dry measures are the cfiiaigue, which contains
about six pints ; and the gliepu, which is double
that quantity. With regard to the speculative
sciences they have very little inlbrmatioii. Their
geometrical notions arc", as might be exjiected from
an uncultivated people, very rude and confined.
They have not even proper words to denote the
principal figures, ns the point, the line, the angle,
the triangle, the square, the circle, the sphere,
the cube, the cone, &c. ; their language, however,
is so flexible and copious, that it would be easy
to form from it a vocabulary of technical words to
facilitate the acquisition of the sciences to the
Araucanians.

18. Jiheloric. — Notwithstanding their general
ignorance, they cultivate succe;-i>lully the sciences
of rhetoric, poetry, and medicine, as far as these
are attainable by practice and observation ; for
they have no !)ooks among them, nor are there any
of them who know how to read or write. Neither
can they be induced to learn these arts, either
from their aversion to every thing that is practised
by the Europeans, or from their being urged by a
savage spirit to despise whatever does not belong
to their country. Oratory is jmrticularly held in

liigh estimation, and, as among the ancient
Romans, is the high road to honour, and the
management of public aflairs. It is equally valued
amongst the North American Indians. The eldest
son of an ulmen who is deficient in this talent, is
for that sole reason excluded from the right of
succession, and one of his younger brothers, or
the nearest relation that he has, who is an able
^peaker, substituted in his place. Their parents,
therefore, accustom them from their childhood to
speak in public, and carry them to their national
assemblies, where the best orators of the country
display their eloquence. From hence is derived
the attention which they generally pay to speak
their language correctly, and to preserve it in it*
purity, taking great care to avoid the introduction
of any foreign Avord ; in which they are so parti-
cular, that Whenever a foreigner settles among
them, they oblige him to relinquish his name, and
take another in the Chilian language. The mis-
sionaries themselves are obliged to conform to this
singular regulation, if they would (il)lain the pub-
lic iavour. These have much to endure from
their exci-ssive fastidiousness, as even while they
are preaching, the audience will interrupt them,
and with importunate rudeness correct the mis-
takes in iangnaj^c or pronunciation which may es-
cape them. Many of them are well acquainted
with the Spanish language, from their frequent
communication with the neighbouring Spaniards.
They, however, make but little use of it, none of
them ever attempting to speak in Spanish in any
of the assemblies or congresses that have been held
between the two nations; on which occasions they
had much rather submit to the ieiconvenience of
listening to some tiresome interpreter, than, by
hearing another language, to sutler their native
tongue to be degraded. The speeches of their
orators r»>semble those of the Asiatics, or more
properly those of all barbarous nations. The style
is highly figurative, allegorical, elevated, and re-
plete with peculiar phrases and expressions, tiiut
are employed only in similar compositions ; from
whence it is called coj/agtiican, the style of parlia-
mentary harangues, 'l^iey abound with parables
and apologues, which sometimes furnish tin; whole
substance of the discourse. Their orations, nut-
withstanding, contain all the essential parts re-
quired by the rules of rhetoric; which need not
excite our surprise, since the same principle of
nature which led the (ireeksto reduce eloquence
to an art, has taught th" use of it to these peojile.
They are deficient neither in a suitable exordium, a
clear narrative, a well-lbunded argument, or a pathe-
tic peroration : they commonly divide their subject]

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414

CHILE.

[into Iwo or fliice points, wliidi they call //m//, anil
P])Ci'iiy ilif numlx'i by s.iyin^, cpu thoj/'pri ta,' en
jiimiii, " uliiU I nni fjoina; to say is divided into
t«o points." I'licy employ in their orator^' sc-
V( ral ivinds of styh', init t lie most esteemed is the
rfn/iiditgini, a word eqiiivahnt to iica(hnnic.

ly. y'or^vy. —Tlieir poets are called gempin.
lords of speecli. This expressive name is well ap-
plied to them, since, ])ossrssiiiii' (hat stnma; enthu-
siasm exeiled by passions nndebilitated l>y the re-
straints and retincmonts ot"eivil lite, they follow no
otiier rnles in their eompositions than the impidsu
of their imaijinations. Of conrse, llunr poetry gc-
iierally contains stronjs and lively iinaijes, bold
ligures, iVeqneiit allusions and similitniles, novel
mill forcible expressions, and possesses the art of
inoviriiT and iiiterestinj; the heart by excitinsj its
sensibility. Every thin*;; in it is metaphorical and
animated, and allegory is, if wc may use the ex-
pression, its very sonl or essence. The principal
subject of the songs of the Araucanians is the ex-
ploits of their heroes. Their verses are composed
mostly in stanzas of eight or eleven syllablis, a
measure which ap|)ears most agreeable to the hu-
n.aii ear. They are blank, but occasionally a
rhyme is introduced, according to the taste or
caprice of the poet.

20. Medical ,v/^///.— The Araucanians have three
kinds of physicians, the anipixes, the rikus, and
the mtuliis. The ampives, a word equivalent to
empirics, are the best. They employ in their cures
only sini])les, are skilful herbalists, and have some
very good ideas of the pulse, and theolher diagnos-
tics. The vileus correspond to the regular i)hy-
sicians. Their principal theory is, that all conta-
gious disorders proceed from insects, an o))inion
lichj by many physicians in Europe. For this
reason, they generally give to epidemics the name
oi'euUtnipini, that is to say, vervticulotis disorders,
or diseases of worms. The rtiarhis are a sniiersti-
tious class, that are to be met with among all the
savage nations of both continents. Tlnty maintain
that all serious disorders proceed from witchcraft,
and pretend to cure them by supernatural means,
for which reason they are employed in desperate
cases, when the exertions of the ampives or the
^i/etis are inefl'ectiial. Their mode of cure is de-
nominated mtuhiluit^ and consists in the following
idle ceremonies, which are always performed in the
night. The room of the sick |)erson is lighted with
a great number of torches ; and in a corner of it,
among several branches of laurel, is placed a large
bough of cinnamon, to which is suspended the
niag'ical drum ; near it is a sheep ready for sacri-
fice. The ;«ac//t directs the women who are pre-

sent to sing with a loud voice a dolefid Pong, ac-
companied with the sound of wnie little drums,
which they beat at the same lime. In the mean
while he fumigates three times with tobacco smoko
the branch of cinnamon, the sheep, the singers, and
tlie sick person. After this ceremony lie kills the
sheep, takes out the heart, and after sucking the
blood, fixes it upon the branch of cinnamon. He
next approaches the patient, and by certain charms
pretends to open his belly to discover the poison
which has been given him by the pretended sor-
cerer. He then takes the magical drum, which he
Ix'ats in concert to a song sung by himself and the
women, who follow him round the room in proces-
sion ; when, all at once, he falls to the ground like
a maniac, making frightful gesticulations and hor-
ribhi contortions of his body, sometimes wildly
opening his eyes, then shutting them, appearin"'
like one possessed of an evil spirit. During this
farcical scene, the relations of the sick interrogate
the viachi upon the cause of the malady. To tliese
questions the fanatical impostor replies in such a
manner as he believes best calculated to promote
the deception, either by naming, as the cause of
the malady, some person of whom he wishes to be
revenged, or expressing himself doubtfully as to
the success of his incantations. In this maimer
these diabolical mountebanks become very fre-
quently the cause of horrible murders ; as the re-
lutions of the sick, supposing the accusation true,
put to death without pity those accused of these
practices, and sometimes involve in their revenge
the whole family, should they not be strong enough
io resist their violence. But these malicious fo-
menters of discord are careful never to accuse the
princi|)al families. The mac/ii.i, though not in-
vested with the sacerdotal character, like the physi-
cians of most other savage nations, greatly resem-
ble in their im)K)stures the skantanis of Kamschatka,
the wo/r/vr* of Africa, and the piachis of Orcnoque,
whose tricks are accurately described by the Abbe
(iili, in his History of the Orinokians. These
physicians, notwithstanding the difli-rent systems
they pursue, sometimes meet to satisfy the solici-
tude or the vanity of the relations of the sick ; but
their consultations, which are called t/iauman,
have generally the same issue as those of (he physi-
cians of Europe. They have besides these other
kinds of ))rotcssors of medicine. The first, who
may be styled surgeons, are skilful in replacing dis-
locations, in repairing fractures, and in curing
wounds and ulcers : they are called gutarve,
possess real merit, and often perforin woRderfnl
cures. But this is by no means the case with the
others, called cupove^ from the verb cupon, to ana-j

I'H

Ej)i»i/,. •('

CHILE.

415

I I

[tmntze : (ticse, infatuated with mttchmm, dissect
bodies in order to show the entrails, which they
say are infected with magic poison. Nevertheless,
by means of this practice, they acquire ideas, by no
means contemptible, res|)cctin^ the conformiition of
the human body, fur the different parts of which
tliey have appropriate names. Hctbre the arrival
of the Spaniards, the Araucanians made use of
bleedine^, l>listering, clysters, emetics, catliarlics,
and suduriiics, all which remedies have their pe-
culiar names in their lans;ua^e. They let blood
with the sharp point of a flint Jixcd in a small stick.
This instrument they prefer to a lancet, as they
think it less liable to fail. Inatoad of u syringe they
make use, like the inhabitants of Kamschatka, of a
bladder, to which they apply a pipe. Their eme-
tics, cathartics, and sudorifics, are almost all ob-
tained from the vegetable kingdom.

31. Commerce. — Their internal and cxtcral com-
merce is very limited : not having yet introduced
among them the use of money, every thing is con-
ducted by means of barter. This is regulated by a
kind of conventional tariff, according to which all
commercial articles are appraised, under the name
of cullen. Thus a horse or a bridle forms one pay-
ment ; an ox two. Sec. Their external commerce
is carried on with the Spaniards, with whom they
exchange ponchos and animals for wine, or the
merchandize of Europe, and their good faith in
contracts of this kind has always been highly ap-

{)lauded. " The Spaniard," says Raynal in his
listory, " who engages in this trade, applies
directly to the heads of families. When he has
obtained the necessary permission, he proceeds to
all the houses, and distributes indiscriminately his
merchandize to all those who present themselves.
When he ha? completed his sale, he gives notice of
])is departure, and all the purchasers hasten to de-
liver to him, in the first village he arrives at, the
articles agreed upon ; and never has there l)een an
instance of the least failure of punctuality." We
cannot help extracting also the following from the
Compendium of the Geographical, Natural, and
Civil History of Chile, printed in Hologna, 1776.
*' The Spaniards who live in the province of
Maulc, and near the frontiers of Araucania, carry
on a commerce with these people, which consists
in supplying them with iron ware, bits for bridles,
cutlery, grain, and wine. This trade is conducted
altogether by the way of barter, as it is not pos-
sible to persuade the Araucanians to open the gold
mines, nor to produce any of that metal. The re-
turns therefore arc in ponchi, or Indian cloaks,
of which they receive more thaa 40,000 an-

nually ; in horned cattle, horses, ostrich feathers,
curiously wrought baskets, and other trifles of a
similar kind. This commerce, although generally
prohibited, is carried on in the Indian country,
whither the traders go with their merchandize by
bye-roads, and deposit it in the cabins of the na-
tives, to whom they readily trust whatever they
wish to sell, certain of being punctually paid at tlio
time agreed upon, which is alua^'s the case, theso
Indians observing the greatest faith in their con-
tracts."

22. National pride. — The Araucanians, proud
of their valour and unbounded lilR'rty, believe
themselves the only people in the world deserving
the name of men. I* roni hence it is, that, besides
the appellation of auca, or free, which they value
so highly, they give themselves metaphorically the
names of c/je, or the nation ; oi'i-echc, pure or un-
degenerated nation; and of huentti, men, a word
of similar signification with the vir of the Latins ;
and as the latter is the root of the word tirtus, so
from the former is derived huentiigtn, which signi-
fies the same thing. From this ridiculous pride
proceeds Uie contempt with which they regard all
other nations. To the Spaniards Ihey gave, on
their first knowledge of them, the nickname of
cfiiapi, vile soUliers ; from whence proceeded the
denomination of chiapelon, by which they are
known in South America. They afterwards called
them huinca; this injurious appellation, which
from time and custom has lost its odiousness, comes
from the verb huinain, which signifles to assassi-
nate. It is true that in their first battles the Spa-
niards gave them too much reason for applying to
them these opprobrious epithets, which serve to
the present time to denote one of that nation.
Esteeming themselves fortunate in their barbarity,
they call those Indians who live in the Spanish
settlements culme-huinca, or wretched Spaniards.
To the other Europeans, the English, French, and
Italians, whom they readily distinguish from each
other, they give the name of jnaruche, which is
equivalent to the term nioro, used by the common
people of Spain, to denote all strangers indiscrimi-
nately. They call each other pegni, that is, bro-
thers, and even apply the same name to those born
in their country of foreign parents.

23. Kindness tozcards each other. — The benevo-
lence and kindness with which these people treat
each other is really surprising. For the word
friend, they have six or seven very expressive
terms in their language ; among others, that of
cannj/j which corresponds to the alter ego of the
Latins. Those who have the same name call each}

. !.

I*" .. ,> . '■

415

C II I L E.

V ■^

■ I I

'ff'

i'flll^ ?l

rft •'■*'■ \

[ndipr ^fff<7, and lliosc wlio bear but n part of the
name apellaca ; llicsn denominations incur an obli-
gation ot mulunl esteem and aid. Kelaticnis by
consanfijuinKy are called in general monma^ue, and
those of aflinity qiiiUan. Their table of tjenealogy
is more intricate than that of tlie Muropcans ; all
the conceivable degrees of relationship being indi-
cated (herein by particular names. From the mu-
tual afl'ection nhioh subsistfi between them, pro-
ceeils their solicitude reciprocally to assist each
other in tiieir necessities. Not a iK'jjgar or an in-
digent person is to be found throughout the whole
Araucanian territory ; even the most infirm and
most incapable of subsisting themselves are de-
cently clothed. This benevolence is not, however,
confined only to their countrymen: they conduct
themselves with the greatest hosjiitality towards all
strangers of whatever nation, and a traveller may
live in any part of (heir country without the least
ex pence.

24. Mode of snhilalion. — Their usual expression
whenever they meet is 7?7rtn'wffr;; and when they
quit each other, vcnfempi or venteni. They are
rather tiresome in their compliments, which are
generally too long, as they take a pride upon such
occasions, jis well as every other, in making a dis-
play of their eloquence. The right hand is among
them, as with the iMiropeans, the most honourable
station, contrary to (he practice of the Asiatics,
^vith whom (he left enjoys that privilege. They
arc naturally fonil of honourable distinction, and
there is nothing they can endure with less patience
than contempt or inattention. From henee, if a
Spaniard speaks to any one of them with liis hat
on, he immediately says to him in an indiirnJUit
tone, eiiti/go (ami rtirtc sia, " take oft" yonr hat. " liy
attention and courtesy any thing may be obtained
from (hem, and the tavours which they receive
make an indelil)le impression upon their minds ;
while, on the contrary, ill treatment exasperates
them to such a degree, that they proceed to ilie
greatest excesses to revenge themselves.

25. Proper names. — The names of the Arauc;i-
nians are composed of the proper name, wlii>li is
generally either -.m adjective or a numeral, and the
family appellation or surname, which is always
placed after tlie proper name, according to the Eu-
ropean custom, an (iiri-lcmu, green bush; MtH-
aiitu, four suns. Nor is there scarcely a ma(<'ri!d
object which docs not furnish them with a discri-
minative name. From hence, we meet among
them with (he families of Ilivers, Mmnitains,
Stories, Ijons, itc. The.se families, which are
called Cuja or Etpa, are more or less respected ac-

cording to tlieir rank, or (he heroes they have
given to their country. The origin of these sur-
names is unknown, but is certainly of a period
much earlier than that of the Spanish conquests.

2(). Mulriwom/. — IJy the ndnirtpu, polygamy is
allowed among tfie Araucaniaas, wlience they marry
as many wives as they can furnish with a dower,
or more properly purchase, ns to obtain them they
must give (o (heir fathers a certain amount of pro-
perty, ns has been, and .still is, the practice in most
countries of both continents. But in (heir mar-
riages they scrupulously avoid the more immediate
degrees of relationship. Celibacy is considered as
ignominious. Old bachelors are called by way
of contempt vucliiapra, and old maids cudepra, that
is, old, idle, good for nothing. Their marriage
ceremonies have little formality, or, to speak more
accurately, couhist in nothing more than in carry-
ing oft" the bride by pretended violence; which is
considered by them, as by the Negroes of Africa,
an essential prerequiste to the nuptials. The hus-
band, in concert with the father, conceals himself
with .some friends near the place where they know
the bride is to pass. As soon as she arrives, she is
seized and put on horseback liehind the bride-
groom, notwithstanding her pretended resistance
and her shrieks, which are far from being serious.
In this manner she is conducted with much noise
to the house of her husband, where her relations
art assembled, and where (hey receive the presents
agreed >i|)on, af(er having par(aken of the nuptial
enter(ainmen(. Of course, the expences of an
Araucanian wedding are by no means inconsider-
able ; from whence it happens that the rich alone
can maintain any considerable number of wives.
The poor content themselves with one, or two at
most. Nor does there arise any inconvenience
from the scarcity of women, as the number of fe-
males is much greater than that of males, which
is, however doubtful, said to be the case in those
countries where polygJimy is permitted. The first
wife, who is called iinendoiiio, is always re*|)ected
as the real and legitimate one by ail the others,
who ari! called iiiatidonio, or secondary wives. She
has the management of the domestic concerns, and
regulates t lie interior of the house. The husband
has miicli to do to maintain liarmony among so
many women, who are not a little inclined to jea-
lousy: and each niglit, at su[)per, makes known
his choice of her who is to have the hoi.our- of
sharing his bed, by directing her to prepare it.
The otiiers sleep in the same room, and no one is
permitted to approach them. Strangers, on (heir
arrival, arc loilgcd in a cabin entirely separate from]

C II I L E.

417

fdiis sornglio. Tlip wives have Uip groa(os( rcspcrt
for llipir liiisl)nn(ls, nnd ^cncriilly^rivi; liim the litU-
ol hiilit, or ijroal. JJcsidcs rcimile occiipalioiis, (hey
nie ohiised <o employ tlieinselves in many wliicli
in civili/ed roiicitries arc considered as tiic pecu-
liar province of (lie men, according' (o the esla-
l)IiKhed maxim of all harharouN nations, that the
Aveajicr sex are born to labour, and tlu; slronyer to
make war and to comnumd. Each of them is
obliged to present to her husband daily a dish
prepared by herself in her separate khclien or
tirc-place ; t()r this reason the houses of the Arau-
canians have as many fires as tlu;re are women in-
Iiabitin^ them; whence, in inquiring? of any one
how many wives he has, they make use of liie fol-
lowing phrase, as beingf the most polite, inuti on-
tha/gdniiy " how many fires do you kee|)." Each
wife is also obliifcd to furnish her husband yearly,
besides liis necessary clothing, with one of those
cloaks already described, called ponchos, which
form one of the principal branches of the A rauca-
iiiau commerce.

26. Domestic empht/mctUs. — The greatest at-
tention is paid by the women to the cleanliness of
their houses, which they sweep, as well as their
courts, several times in the course of a day ; and
whenever they make use of any utensil they im-
mediately wash it; their houses Ixing so situated
as to be always readily sup|)lied with an abund-
ance of running water. The same attention to
cicaidiness is paid with regard to their persons :
(hey comb their heads twice a day, and once a
week wash them with a soap made from the bark
of the quillal, which keeps the hair very clean, and
which is also much used by tlie Spiiui'.rds, espe-
cially those who live in the country. There is never
to be seen a spot of dirt on the clothes of an Arau-
canian woman. The men are likewise equally
fond of cleanliness ; they never fail to comb their
heads every day, and are also accustomed fre-
quently to wash them. Bathing, as among the an-
cients, is in common use with these people, who
thhik it necessary for the sake of preserving their
health and of strengtiicidng their bodies; and in
order to have it convenient, they are careful to place
their houses on the banks of rivers. In warm wea-
ther they bathe themselves several times a dciy,
and it is rare, even in winter, that they do not bathe
themselves at least once a day: by means of this
continued exercise they become excellent swim-
mers, and give wondcifid proofs of dexterity in this
art. They will swim for a great distance under
water, and in this manner cross their largei>t
rivers, whic'^ renders them some of the best divers
in the world. The women are also fond of fre-

TOL. i.

qnent i)alhing, and for (his purpose sell ct (he most
ol)scur(^ solitary places, al a i^r^'at distiuice tioni llie
im II, liven on (lie very (l;iy ol'the birth of a child,
th(!y lake the iiilaiit to the river and u'iu>ii it, tuul
also themselves, and witliin a slioit lime retuin to
their cusloiiiary avocations, without etporicncing
any inconvciiicnce ; so true it is, thai the lniman
constitution is not naturally delicate, but i:* reiuh-rod
so by our customs anil liviiii;. (,'hiUI-bir(!i is with
them attended with litlh; pain ; which must be at-
tributed 'j the strength of their constiiutions ; for
a similar reason, the women of the lower classes in
J'jurope, according to \]w. stiilcnicnt ot Doctor
IJIand, in the PhiIosr)phical Transactions, exiieii-
ence a more easy delivery than the ladies, and are
less subject t(» sickness in ccmsoquence. Whether
directed by an impulse of simple nature, or actu-
ated by their solicitude to furnish strong men to
the state, they rear their children in a very dif-
ferent manner from what is practised in civilized
countries. When they have washed them in run-
ning water, as lias been already observed, they
neither swathe nor bandage them, but place them
in a hanging cradle, called cfiisit/a, lined with soft
skins, where they merely cover them with a cloth,
and swing them from time to time by means of a
cord attached to the cradle, which leaves them
more at liberty to attend to their domestic eoti-
cerns. When their cliiUlren begin to walk, which
is very soon, they neither put tlieni into stays, nor
any other confined dress, but keep them loost^ly
cl.id, and let tlu-m go any where, and eat what they
please. Formed thus, as it were, by themselves,
they become w<.'ll shapcil and robust, and less sub-
ject to those infirmities that are the consequence of
a tender and a delicate education. Indeed, the
maladies which prevail among the Araucanians are
but few, and arc lor the most part reducible to in-
flammatory fevers, originating either from intem-
perance in drinking, or to tiic excessive exercise
which they sometimes use. If the physical edu-
cation of the Araucanian children is in a certain
degree laudable, the moral education which they
receive will not certainly meet with our entire ap-
probation. It is, nevertheless, conformable to the
ideas of that high-minded people resi)ecting the
innate liberty of man, and such as may be cx-
])ected from an uncivilized nation. Their fathers
are satisfied in insructing them in the use of arms,
and the mamigeiiient of horses, and in teaching
them to sjieak their native language with elegance.
Jn other resjjccts the}' leave them to do whatever
they please, and praise them whenever they sec
them insolent, saying, that in this manner tiny
learn to become men. It is very unusual for them 1
3u

"'•I ;.i,

■'M

418

CHILE.

.'•• • I;,

1 .V

..•'.

'■Til t •*

[to chastise or correct (hem, as thcjr hold it as on
established (ruth, tluit chustiscnicnt only renders
men biise and cowardly.

27. /wrf.— The usual diet ofthc Araucnniuns is
very simple ; their principal subsistence is several
kinds of^rain and pulse, which tliev pre|)are in a
variety of diderent modes. They are parlicniarly
fond of inai/e, or Itidiiiii corn, and potatoes; of (liu
last they h;ive cidlivated more than iJO dillerenl
kinds from (imt! iiiimomorial, esleeminif them a very
healthy nutriment. Allhoiiirh they have larjje and
small animals and birds in |)lenty, yet they eat but
lillle tlesl'., and that is simply boiled or roasted.
Tliey have the same abstemiousness in the use of
pork, from which they know very well how to pre-
pare black p'uUlings and sauiasres. Their seas aiul
rivers abound with excellent (isli, but they do not
much esteem this kind of alimeril. Instead of
bread, which they are not accustomed lo cpi, ex-
cept at their entertainments, they make use of small
cakes of maize or roasted potatoes ^vith a little
salt. Their usual drinks consist of various kinds
of beer, and of cider made from Indian corn, from
apples, and other fruits of the country. 'Jhey
nevertheless are extremely fond of wine, which
they purchase trom the Spaniards, but hitherto,
either for political reasons, or more probably from
<:arelessness, they have paid no attention to the
raising of vines, which, as has been proved by ex-
periment, produce very well in all their i)rovinccs.
The master of the house eats at the same table with
the rest of his family. The plates are earthen, of
their own manufactory, and the spoons and cups
are made of horn or wood. The ulmenes have m
ffcneral wrought plate for the service of their
tables, but they only make use of it when they en-
tertain some stranger of rank : upon such occa-
sions they ostentatiously display it, being naturally
fond of show, and of l)eing ..onsidered rich. Their
seasonings are made of Guinea-pepper, of viadi,
and salt. In summer they are fonu of dining in
the shade of trees, which for this purpose are al-
ways planted around their houses. They do not
use the (lint for the purpoie of obtaining fire, but
employ, like the Kamschatdales, two pieces of dry
wood, one of which they place upon another, and
turn it in their hands until it takes (ire, which is
very soon. Besides dinner, supper, asul breakfast,
they have every day without fail their luiiclieon,
which consists of a little (lour of parched corn,
steeped in hot water in the morning, and in coUl
in the evening. But they often deviate from this
simple mode of living Avhen at their public enter-
taiinnents, which they give each other on occasion
of funerals, marriages, or any other important

event. At such times no expenrc is spared, and
they arc profuse of every thing that can promote
festivity. In one of these banquets, at Avhicli it is
cununou for ^00 {wrsons to be ])re8vn(, more mea(,
grain, and liquor is consumed, (han would Iw suf-
(icient to sup|)orl a whole family for two years. It
is usual for one of these feasts to continue two or
three days: they are called cahwtiy or circles,
(rom the company seating themselves in a circle
around a large branch of cinnamon. Such enter-
taimnenis are made gratuitously, and any person
whatever is permitted to partake of them without
the least ex pence. But this is not (he case wilh
the tiiitiiivros, or those dinners which they are ac-
customed lo make on occasion of cultivating their
land, threshing (heir grain, buiUling a house, or
any other work which requires the combined aid
of several. At such times all those who wish to
])artake in the (east, must labour until the work is
completed. Hut as these people have abundant
leisure, the labourers collect in such numbers, that
in a very tew hours the work is finished, and the
r<*st of the day is devoted (o feasdng and drinking.
The Spaniards who live in the country have also
adopted a similar plan, availing themselves of the
same kind of industry to complete their rural la>
bours. Fermented tirpiors, in the opinion of the
Araucnnians form the principal requisites of an
entertainment ; for whenever they are not in plenty,
whatever may be the quantity of provisions, they
manitest great dissatisfaction, exclaiming goli/i'
s:f/ai, " it is a wretched feast, there is no drink."
These bacchanalian revels succeed each other • U
most without interruption throughout the year, as
every man of property is ambitious of the honour
of giving (hem ; so that it may be said, that (he
Araucanians, when not engaged in war, pass the
greater part of their lives in revelry and amuse-
ment.

28. Music and other diversions. — Music, danc-
ing, and play, form (heir cus(omary diversions.
As (o (he (irst, it scarcely deserves (he name; net
so much from the impcrtt'ction of the instruments,
which are the same tliey nmke use of in war, bat
from their manner of singing, which has some-
thing in it harsh and disagreeable to the ear, until
one has been accustomed to it for a long time.
They have several kinds of dances, which are
lively and pleasing, and possess considerable va-
riety. The women are rarely permitted to dance
with the men, but form their companies apart,
and dance to the sound of the same instruments.
If what the celebrated Leibnitz asserts is true, that
men have never dicovered greater talents than in
the iuveutiou of the dificrent kinds of games, the]

tared, and
I pruiiiulu
vhicli it is
uoro meat,
Id ln> suf-

ycars. It
lie two or
or circles,
n II circU;
iicli filter-
iiiy person
in \>illioiit

case with
ley are ac-
atiiig their

house, or
inbiiied aid
A\o wisli to
lie work is
! abundant
inbers, that
d, ami the
i drinking;.

have also
;lves of the
ir rural Ia>
tiion of the
isitcs of an
it in plenty,
sions, tliey
ning go/in-
I no drink."
a other ' 1-
!ie year, as
the honour
id, that tlic
r, puss the
and amuse-

usic, danc-

divcrsions.
name ; net
nstruments,
n war, but

has some-
le ear, until

long time.

which arc
iderablc va-
L*d to dance
lilies apart,
nstruments.
is true, that
;nts than in
games, the]

C II I L E.

419

r\rnucaninng may justly claim the merit of not lic-
iiig ill this respect interior to other iialiotis. Their
games are very numerous, and for the most part
very ingenious ; they are divided into the seden-
tary and gyiniiaslic. It is a enrioiis fact, and
worthy of notice, that amoiij,' the (list is tlie .'jfame
of chess, wiiich they call vnniiriDi^ iiiiii wliicli has
been known to tliem fni'ii time iiiiiiieiiiDriiil. 'i'ln;
game of {jiicchu, wliicli tiny esteem highly, has a
great allinity to that ol'l)ark-:;aiuiiii)M ; Iml instead
of dice they make! use ol liiaiigiiiar pieces r,| hmie
marked with uoints, wliicli they throw w ith a little
hoop or circle, sup|)(>ite<l by two p''i;', as was
pr<)i)al)ly the /////'////v of tiie Koiiiaiis. 'J'iie yoiidi
exercise themselves l're(|iiently in vn'stliiiif aiul
runninjjr. Tliey are fond ol play inic iit b'd'i wiiieli
is made from a spcries el' riisii, and culled pilmti.
All their gymnsiiiic games, miiiiy of wliicli re-
seinl)le those ol the l]iii()|>ean youth, r((|iiire
streii<rth, are \^ ell suited to their genius, and lor
the most pail servi; as an iiiiai;(! of war. What
lias been said ot the .Araiicaiiians does not altoge-
ther apply to the I'liclchis, or inhabitants of the
fourth uthal-mapu, situated in the .\ridi-s. 'I'liesr,
although they conform to the general custom of
the naiion, always discover a great degree ofriide-
ness and savagc^ness of mariners. Their name sig-
nifies eastern-men. They are ol lofty stature,
niid are fond of liuiiting, which induces them fre-
quently io ch ge their habitations, and extend
their settlements, not only to the eastern skirts of
the Andes, but even to the borders of the lake Na-
f^iu-LiKtpi, and to the extensive plains of Patago-
nia, on the shores of the Atlantic. The Arauca-
niaiis hold these mountaineers in high estimation
lor the important services which they occasionally
render them, and for the fidelity which they have
ever observed in their alliance with them.

Chap. IV.

The wars of the Aruutanimis loilh the Spaniards,

and cofiiomUaiit events.
Sect. I. Coinpt isiiisc a period of nine i/ears,
from )^!)0lo 1559.
1. The Toqiti Ailldxiht. — It was in tlie year
1550, that the Aiaucanians, having resolved to
send succours to the inhabitants of Penco, who
were at that time invaded by the Spaniarils, gave
orilers to the Toqui Aillavila to march immediately
to their assistance at the head of 4000 men: he
accordingly passed the great river Biobio, which
separates the Araucaniaii territory from that of the
Pencones, and boldly offered battle to these new
enemies, who had advanced to meet him to the
shores of the Andalien. Alter the fii'i>t discharge

of musketry, which the Arnucaninnit sustained
without iH'iiig terrified or disconcerted, thus early
manitesting how little they would reirard it when
rendered familiar by habit, Aillavila, with a rapid
movement, fell at oiieit upon the trout and llaiikH
of the Spanish army. 'I he Spaniards were <<)ti.
se(|iientiy tlnown into much disorder, and tlieir
P'lieial was exposed to iniminent diiiii;ir, liaviuif
had ills horse killed under him, wiieii i\ilLivil.i,
hurried forwards by a rash coiirace, received a
iiiort;d wound. The Araiicaiiians having lost their
general, with many of their most valiant ollicers,
then retired, but in good order, leavimr tlie field
to the Spaniards, who had no disposition to pur-
sue tlieiii. \ aUlivia, who had been in niiiiiy bat-
tles in iMirope as well as America, declared that
lir had n(!ver been expr)se(l to such imminent ha-
zird ol" his lite as in lliisengai^einent.

'2. '('he 'I': (fi/i /.ineoi/nn. — In the following year
the Arancanians wi re again led on to the attack by
a new toijui, i.incoyan; when such was the ter-
ror inspired by their approach, that the Spaniards,
after confessing themselves, and partaking of the
sacrament, thought proper to take shelter under
the cannon of their tort ificat ions. The event of
this battle was the cause of the foundation of the
chapel dedicated to St. James, which chapel was
built by the Spanish soldiers from sentiments of
gratitude, and Irom tlieir supposition that there-
treat of I.incoyan, who was unsuccessful in hi.s
first attack, was causeil by the siipKcnntural
agency of the apostle St. James himself, whom
they declared to have seen riding Ujioii a white
horse with a llaming sword, ami striking t<-rror
into his enemies. The governor, after the elapse
of nearly a year, resolved to attack them with a
reinforceineni he had just received from Peru : lie
accordingly, unobstructed by the tardy operations
of liincoyan, bent his way towards the shores of
the C'auten, which divides the Araucunian terri-.
tory into two nearly equal parts.

3. Imperial foundid. — At the confluence of this
river and that of Damas, he founded the city of
Im|)erial, so called in honour ol the l*]mperor
Charles the I''irili, or, as if is said by some, in con-
secpiencc of finding there eagles with two heads
cut in wood, and placed as ornaments upon the
tops of houses. This city was situated in a beau-
tiful spot, abounding with every convenience of
lite; and during the short period of its existence
became the most flourishing of any in Chile. Its
position oil the shore of a large river, of sullicient
depth for vessels to lie close to the walls, rendered
it a highly advantageous situation for commerce,
and would enable it to obtain imuiediate succour!
3 n 2

. . 1 ;'

420

CHILE.

fi)'ll**v

[ill case of a sicpp. Modern gcogrnplwrs s|K'ak of
it iix n city not only existing in tliu present time,
l)iit <iH very stoiigly I'ortifii'd, and the sent of ii
bisli(>|)ric, when it baa iK'cn buried in ruins for
more tliiin '200 years,

i. I'illiiriia foinntal. — About tlie same time lie
di>|)ii(Llic(l Aldeiete, one ol his oHieers, with (iO
iiicti, to torin n srlth-ineiit on the shore of the jjreiit
lake liiiiqiini, to whieh he uave the name of Vil-
larica, troiu (he ^reat qnaiitily of uold tliat he
found ill its environs. In th<' mean time, linviti.'r
reicived fresh reinforcements, he commiiKcd his
march towards tlie x, still ki-pl in view by
J.incoynn, whom timid caution cnnslantly pre-
vented from otleriii"^ himself to his enemy.

5. 'I fie Clinches. — In this manner (he Spanish
commander traversed, with little loss, the whole
of Araucania from ;;. to s. ; but at his arrival
at the Ca/acdiliif which separates the Arau»
canians from the Cunches, he found the latter in
arms determined to oppose his passnpe. While
he was deliberatincf what measures to pursue, a
woman of the country, called Ifccloviti, had the
address to persuade the Cuiichcsc jjeiieral to fa-
vour the strangers ; and without foreseeing tin;
consequences, he permitted them to pass unmo-
lested. The Cunches form one of the most valiant
nations of Chile: they inhabit that tract of country
which lies upon the sea, between the river Cala-
calla, at present called Valdivia, and the Archi-
pelago of Chiloe. They are the allies of the
Arancanians, and mortiil enemies to the Spaniards,
and arc divided into several tribes, which, like
those in the other parts of Chile, are governed by
their respective ulineues.

6. Valdivia founded. — The Spanisii coin-
innnder having passed the river with liis troops,
founded upon the southern shore the sixth
city, called Valdivia, being the first of the
. American conquerors who s(night in this man-
ner to perpetuate his family name. This set-
tlement, of which at present only the fortress re-
mains, in a few years attained a considerable de-
gree of celebrity, not only from the superior fine-
ness of the gold dug in its mines, which obtained
it the privilege of a ininf, but )rom the excellence
of its harbour, one of the most secure and plea-
sant in tiic S. sea. 'I'hc river is very broail,
and so deep, that shijis of the line may anchor
within a few icc\ of tlie shore ; it also forms seve-
ral other harbours in the vicinity.

7. J'o) tresses of Puieii, Tucapd, ami Araiico
huilt. — Valdivia,' satisfietl with the coiuiuests, or
rather incurtions, that he had made, turned back,
ud in repassing the provinces of Piiren, Tucai)el,

and Arauco, built In each of them, in 1353, a for-
tress, to secure the possession of the others ; as he
well knew that from these provinces nionn he had
to apprehend any attempt that might prove fatal
to his setth-ments. Krcilla snys, thai in this expe-
dition the Spaniards had to sustain ninny battles
with the natives; which is highly probable, as the
conlinnaiice of liincoyati in command can on no
other principle Ix- accounted for. Without re-
flecting upon the imprudence of occupying so
large an extent of country with so small a force,
Valdivia had the farther rashness, an his return to
Siiiitia'^o, to dispatch Francis de Agiiirre, with
ynO men, to conquer the provinces of Cnjo and
'J'licuman, situated to tin; c. of the Andes.

8. (ill/ of the J-'roitHrrs founded, — The Spanish
general, iiulelaligable in his plans of conquest, re-
turned also liiinself to Araucania; and in the
province oi' Kiicol founded the seventh and last
city, ill a country fertile in vines, and gave it the
name of the City of the Trontiers. This name,
fiimi events which could not possibly have l)een in
tli<' calculation of Vahiivia, has become strictly
!i|)plicable to its present state, as its ruins are, in
reality, si(n:ited upon the confines of the Spanisii
seltlenieiit in that part of C'hile. It was a rich
and commercial city, and its wines were trans-
ported to Uuenos Ayrcs by a road over the cor-
dillrras.

9. Three principal mili'tarj/ offices instituted at
Conccpcion. — After having made suitable provi-
sions for this colony, Valdivia returned to his fa-
vourite city of Concepcion, where lie instituted
the three principal military oinces; that of quar-
ter-master-general, of scr jeant-major, and of com-
missary ; a regulation which has, till within a few
years, prevailed in the royal army of Chile. At
present only two of these offices exist ; that of the
quarter-master-gencral, who is also called the in-
teiidant, and resides in the city of Conccpcion,
and that of the serjeant-niajor.

10. yiip Toqiii Caupoiicitn. — The next toqni
who distinguished himself in the Araucanian
wars, and who succeeded Lijicoyan in command,
was Caupolican ; he evinced a spirit of much en-
terprise and cunning, and succeeded in driving
the Spaniards from the forts of Arauco and Tuca-,
pel, which were by his orders completely destroyed.
\\\ » succeeding battle we find (his commander,
from the loss of a number of his men, flying in
confusion b«;fore the Spanish artillery, and sufler-
ing all (he horror and disgrace attendant upon an
'ipparent defeat, when, in a momentous crisis, a
young Araucanian, called Laiitaro, whom Valdi-
via in one of his incursions had taken prisoner,]

CHILE.

431

I Tuca-.
ilcstroyt'd.
mmarulor,

(lying iti
11(1 siiH'ur-

upoM an
; crisis, a

pnntizml, nnd mndc hU pnf^e, in&tii^nted by ftlinmc
lor nis coiintrymon, qnittcd the viclorions party,
and by <'iicciiirai;<*ini>iit and cut real ics |)rfvail<'(i
iiimn tliu Arnucnnians to rdurn to tlif conllid.
Thus was clianpcd the fate of tlif day ! of tlio
SpanJNli army only two Proinaiicians had the (or-
tunc to escape: and this may be considered an
epoch in ihu history of Araucanian valour, not
ordy from the event of the battle itself, l)ut as be-
ing the dawn of that nlory which ever alter signa-
lized tlip armies of that nation under the h;ip|\v
aubpices of the Araucanian llannil)al,the threat and
valiant liautaro.

11. yMivia ulain ; T.autiro appointed I'uvtr-
nant-geiieral. — After tlie death ot Valdivia, who
was taken prisoner in the battle, and dispatched
by un old ulnien whilst pleading for his liti* in an
assembly of ulmenes, the young linularo was ap-
pointed lieutenant-general exiraordiniiry lo Tau-
polican, with the privilege of commanding in
chief another army, which he intended lo raise to
protect the frontiers from the invasi(m of the Spa-
niards. In the mean time the Spanish inliabilaiils
of the City of the I'rontiers and of Fiiren, lliinli-
ing themselves insi'iiirc within their walls, retired
to Imperial. The same was the case of those of
Villarica, who abamloned their houses, and took
refuge in Valdivia. Thus had ihe Araucanians
only these two places lo attack. Canpolican
having determined to besiege them, connuilletl
to Lauturo the care of defending the ;/. fron-
tier.

12. T/ie mounln'm Mnriguoni. — The young
vice-toqui fortified himself upon the \o\\y moun-
tain of iMariguenn, situated on the road which
leads \o the province of Arauco, supposing, as it
happened, that the Spaniards, desirous of reveng-
ing the death of their general, would take that
road in search of Canpolican. This mountain,
which on several occasions has proved fatal to the
Spaniards, has on ils sunnnit a large ]ilain ititer-
sperscd with shady trees. Ils sides are full of
clefts and precipices: on tlie ))art t(iHar<ls Ihe
w. the sea beats willi great violence, and the
f. is secured by impenetrable thickets. A wind-
ing bye-path on the ;/. was (he only road that
led to the summit of Ihe mountain.

ly. The Gnveri.or rillaiiuvt. — \ illagran, wlio
had succeeded Valdivia in the govermnent, vas not
able (o cope with the valour and military iinnvess
of Lautaro. Without entering into particulars of
a desperate battle which was louglit between these
two commanders, we shall content ourselves with
observing, that the result was the immediate eva-
cuation of Concepcion ; us Villagrun, thinking it

impossible to defend that city, cmbnrked precipi-
tately the old men, the women, and chihlren, on
l)oar(lof two ships which were then fortunately in
the linrbour, with orders to Ihe captains to con-
duct part of tliem to lm|)eriul, and part to Val-
paraiso; while with the rest of the iidiabitanis ho
|)roceeded by land to Santiago.

II. Cunupvion destroi/cd. — liautaro, on enter-
ing the deserted city, Ibund in it a very great
booty, as its commerce and mines had rendered it
very opident ; and (he citizens, more attentive If*
save their lives than their riches, had, on their de-
parture, taken scarcely anv thing with them ex«
cept a few provisions. Aner having burned the
houses, and razed the citadel toils (bundatlon, the
victor returned with his army to celebrate his
triumph In Arauco. Uut altliougli Lauturo
was tlius successful, Caupolican was obliged to
raise the siege of Imperial and Valdivia; these
places having had strong reinforcements thrown
into them by Villugran.

\ct, Tlw .wiall-iwx appears, — It was at thisaw-
fid period, when nc, availing himself of the ab-
sence of his enemy, was ravaging the country in
the vicinity of Imperial, and burning the houses
and crops, that the .Vruucanians were visited by
thai baneful enemy of mankind, Ihe smull-pox, sup-
posed to have been conununicated by some of the
Spanish soldiers, who were either infected at the
time, or who had but recently recovered from it.
It made the greatest ravages; and we hear that
of the several districts of the country there was
one whose population amounted to 12,000 per-
sons, of wliich number not more than 100
escaped with life. This pestilential disorder had,
to be sure, already made its appearance a tew

years betbre in
those of the s.

but

.some of the n. provinces,
had been tor more than a cen-
tury exempt from its ravages, from the precautions
employed by Ihe iidiabilanis lo prevent all com-
miiniiation with the infecled countries. Whilst
Villagran was employing all his atteitlion in main-
taining, as far as pos.sihle, the Spanish power, his
attention was drawn olf lo the claims of rrancis
Aguirre, who, in Valdivia's inslriutions, had
b(Cii named the second as governor : and who, on
learning ihe dealli of that geneial, determined to
possess himself of the governmem either by favour
or force.

IG. Decision r,f ihc nudieiKe of Limn respeeting
the frovernors. — llis pretensions must infallibly
have prtKlnced a civil war between Villagran ami
himself, had they not both consented to submit
their claims to the decision of the royal audience
of Limu. This court, whose jurisdiction at thut]

M ■ i' •

■i; i

!■';

i' !

! ■ I

:<i

flt^-:

l.i

»'!||P ' t

CHILE.

[time r1.">.V')) rxtcnilal over the whole of S.
,\in<Mira, did iiol (liiiik proper to commit 1 lie gt)-
vi-riiini'iit to i-illiiT, luit in llicir piHCO (lir«'»U'«l lliat
tlie concL'idois of till' <'i(y should have the eoiii-
iivind, caili in his respei liviMJistrict, until furtlicr
onl'Ts,

17. Cniircjicinii rrhtiil', and drstroi/cd hi/ I.nU'
tmo, — \'Y»n A reiuonslriiiKC ol 'le inhalntants to
ll.i- court o( aniliciice, \'iilairran was alt«'r«arils
nnpiiiiilcil to the command, but merely, however,
willi th • lilie ol corresridor, receiviniv ord.'rs at
lliesame lime to rehiiid (he ci(,v ol' Coiicepcioii.
No ,ooni r was this ordi-r executed, than the yoiinfj
l/iiiiiiro rallied his army, and, exasperated airaiiist
Mhal he termed "obstinacy," j>av;d the JJiobio
without delay, and attacked the Spaniards, who
imprudently conlidin;; in tlu-ir valour, awaili'd
liim in the open plain. The first encounter de-
cided the ("ate ol' the battle. The Araucanians en-
tered the Tort with tli we cili/ens who (led with
preci|iit;dioi', and killed a fir.at number of theiit ;
some iuileed embarked in a ship which was in the
port, and others lied into th" woods. Tiius l>an-
faro, Iiavinjj plundered and burned the city as
IxM'ore, returned laden with spoils to his wouteil
station, (^)nlinued victories had so heiijliteued
the coulidenco of this ccmimaniler, that iiothinsi
npiwared to hin» inijiossible, and he tormed the
delermiii:ilioii of altackiiifj the Spaniards in their
very capiial, of carrying his arms airainst Srntiauo
ilselt'. lie accordingly passed with a chosen baud
of ()()0 followers Ihroucli the country of the I'ro-
inaucians, where his iudi^'uatioii did not fad to
vent itself upon tlu'se ])ei>ple ; a jieople detested
bv \\\\\\ for liaviuiX submitted to the Spani-h yoke.
The iiilialiilanis of Santiago could not at (irst Ih--
lieve i( possible that he shoidd have had the bold-
ness to uutlerlake a journey of oOt) miles in order
to att:ick th -m ; but beiuir undeceived as to the
fict, Ihouuhl projier to make some preparations of
(leleuci'.

IS. I.iiitnro arrixis iit S.mlid^i). — l/iiitaro had
now encamped liisaniiy in a low meadow, on the
s!u)-e of the Mali(|iii!o : a measur<' lu: had bei-n
obIi:^e(| to adopt I'rom repeah'd loss lie had sus-
tained in some skirmishes with youui; \'illairran,
who had taken ihe command on .iccount of his la-
ther beiuu; coidiiied by sickness : but the fither
liaviii;,' recovered his health, and beinir slionuly
solicited by the ci(i/eiis, who ev<'ry moment ex-
pected to see the Aiaucanians at their yaies, at
ienulli, in I. ").■)(), bci; an his march with l<i(> Spa-
niards, and IdOOanxiliarii's, in search of l,au(aro;
but loo well rememberiinrtlie defeat otMarijueiin,
be rciolvcil to attack itiiii by surprise. \\ ilU (his

intent ho quitieil the preat road, secretly directed
his march by tiie sea-shore, and under the guid-
uiiceofuspy, by a private path, came at day-
break upon the Araiicanian encampment.

19. heath of /.aiitaro.— I MiiUxro, who at that
moment had retired to rest, after havins; Ix-en upon
guard, as was his custom during the night, leap-
ed from his Ivd at the first alarm of the sentinels,
and ran to the entrenchuients to observe theenemy ;
at this moment a dart, hurled by one of Ihe Indian
auxiliaries, pierced his heart, and he foU lifeless
in the arms of his C(kmpanions. it would seem
thai forti:ne, hithiTto propitious, was desirous bjr
so sudden a death to save him from the mortiiica-
tion of tinding himself, lor the first time in his life,
defeated. It is, however, no! improbable that his
genius, so fertile in expedidits, would have sug-
gesl<'d to him some plan to have ballled the at-
tempis of iIk; assailants, if this fatal accident had
not occurred. I:aic»>uraged by this unexpected
success, V illarnm attacked the fortifications on all
sides, ami l()rced an entrance, noiwilhstanding
the obstinate resistance of (he Araucanians, who,
retiring to an angle of the works, determinetl ra-
ther to be cut (o pieces than (o surrender (hem-
selves to those who had slain (heir beloved general.
In vain the Spanish conuuaniler repeatedl3' olfered
(hem cpiarter ; none of them accepted it, excepting
a few of the neighbouring Indians who hap|>eneil
to be in their camp. The Araucanians perished
to a man, after having fought with such obstinacy,
(hat a few ol the las( sough( their deadi by (hrow-
in<>- thc'iiselves on (lie lances of tlieir cm-mies.
This victory, which was not oblained widiout
great loss by the victor.', was celebrated for (hice
tiays in succession in Santiago, and in all the other
Spanish selllemenls, with the utmost demonstra-
tions of joy. The Spaniards t'elici(a(ed (lieniselvcs
on being a( las( freed liom an enemy, who a( (he
i-arly age t)f 19 had already oblained so many
victories over tlieir nation, and who poss''ssed la-
leiiis (a|)ableof entirely deslroying (heir es(ablisli-
menis in Chile, and even harassing (hem in Peru,
as he had resolved upon, when he had res(ored llic
libeilyolhis native country. The Araucanians
fin° a long time lamenled (In- loss of (heir valiant
counliyman, to whom they owed all the success
ol their arms, and on whose conduct and valour
lliey entirely relied for the n-covery of (heir liber-
lies, ills name is still celebrai<'il in their heroic
songs, and his actions propo.ed as the most glo-
rious model l(ir the imitation of their youth.

MO. ( 'iiiijii liiiiii laisrx l/ir .v/c^v n/' Jiiipcriiil.—
Hut above all, Caupolicaii tell this fatal loss ; as
lu; was u sincere iuvcr of his country, far fromj

llv

[km

iffi

CHILE.

42S

ciiciiucii.

wUliout

for (hice

tlu* olIuT

:iiinii»itia-

icmsflvcs

lio at tliu

so many

iS''ssod la-

'slablis.li-

I) in Peru,

•slorcd llic

aiicaiiians

ir valiant

ic suicchS

iiid valour

icir lilu'i-

•ir linoic

most k'o-

ill.. "

il loss ; as
far fronij

rtliinkincr lie liad freed liiinscif from n rival, he Ite-
lievod lie lind lost his chief co-operator in the j?lo-
rioiis work of re.storin<r his country. As soon as
he received the mournful news, ho quitted the
sie<^p of lm|)erial, which was reduced to the last
extremity, and relumed with his army to the
frontiers to protect them trom the incursions of the
eiH.i.y.

21. The Goxrrnor Don Gitrcia Iliirtndo df
MemUizn.—'V\w next person tiiis sjeneral had to
encounter, proved more formiduMe than any *)f
the tbrmer Spanish chiels ; it was Don (iaivia
llurtadodc N1endo7.a, who was appointed to the
goveniment hy his father, (he Manjuis of Canete,
viceroy of i'lru.

1<^. (aiipo/icon Itihru pr'so>nr and hnpalrd.—
lie took possession of t he island of Quri(piina, and
during his stay there, which was alpiost the whole
winter, lie did not fail to send euihassies to the
Araurnnians, expressing the uisli ot comiiiii; toan
amicable accoinniodalion ; but they \M-re not in-
clined to listen to any proposals, and on the tilh
of Aiis^iist military opiTations ai;ain commenced,
iiiid the residt of several battles which were fonijlit
on this tH'cnsion was, that the Araucanians were ite-
nerally deleale<l, and that they eventually lost their
leader Caupolicun, who U-inj^ takt-n |»risoner by
the Spaniards was, by the coimiuind of Don
(larcia, and with the entire disap|irol)alion of the
S])anish army, put to an iirnoininioiis death.

i^y. ( Mtu I c founded. — Hut it should be remark-
ed, that the Spanish general havinir proceeded in
his marches to the province of Tucapel, and hav-
iiiU cojne to the place where Valdiviu had been
deteated, built there, in contem()t of his con-
querors, a cily which ho called Cancte, ficmi the
titular appellation of his family ; and that, con-
siderin<r the Araucanian war as already terminated,
he jrave orders for the rebuilding of the city of
Concepcion.

yt. The Cmiches, thiir riirlnus cinbasat/ and
slra(as;rvi.— It was in l.')JH that the above com-
mander first marched with a numerous body of
troops against the ("undies, a |>eople who had not
yt't been opposed to the Spanish arms. These,
wiieii they iirst heard of thearrival ofthestrangers,
met to '1. 'liberate whetlier they sliouUI sul)niit, or
resist their victorious foices ; and an Araucanian
exile, called Tinicono/xd, who was present at tli(!
assembly, and who was desired lo ;;ive his i)|)inion
upon the measures proposed, replied in the fol-
hiwing terms: " He cautious liow y"" adopt
either of these measures ; as vassals you will Iw
despised, and compelled to labour ; as enemies, you
Mill be cxtermiiuilcd. Ifyuuwish to free your-

selves of these dangerous visitors, make tliem be-
lieve you are miserably poor ; hide your j)ro-
perty, particularly your gold ; they will not re-
main where they have no exjwctation of finding
that sole object of their wishes ; send them such
a present as will impress them with an idea of your
poverty, and in the mean time retire to the
wo(h1s." The Punches a|)proved the wise counsel
of the Araucanian, and commissioned him, with
nine natives of the country, to carry the present
whi<h he had recomuicndetl to the Spanish gene-
ral. Accordingly, clothing himself and compa-
nions in wretched rags, he aj)peared with every
mark o I tear before that otlieer, and after compli-
menting him, in rude terms, presented him ;\ Ikis-
ket containing some roast<Hl lizards and wild fruts.
The Spaniards, who could not refrain from laugh-
ter at tie appearance of the ambassadors and the'r
presents, began to dissuade the governor from pur-
siiinir an expedition which, from all appearances,
would prove unproductive. Hut although he wa**
persuaded (hat these people were poor and wretch-
ed, yel, lest he should discover (or» great facili(y
in relincpiishing his plan, he exhorted his troops
to prosecute i!ie expedition he had uiuh'rtaken,
assuring them, that tiirther on, according to the
iiiformation ho had receivcHl, they would find a
country that abounded in all the metals. Having
tin refore inquired of the Cunches the best roati to
the ,v. Tunconobal directed him towards tin; to.
which was the most rough and mountainous; and
■ he same, being applied to for a guide, gave liini
one of his companions, whom he clinrged to con-
duct the army by the most desolate and dillicult
roads of the coast. The guide pursued so strictly
the insdnctitm of the Araucanian, that the Spa-
niards, who in their pursuit of conquest were ac-
c\istometl to Mirmoimt with ease the severest
fatigues, acknowledged that they had never before,
in any of their marches, encountered dilliciilties
comparable with t! se.

yj. Ar(liipclui;;o <•/' (liihc f//,«rownY/.— Having
at length ov<^rcome all obstacles, they lame lo the
lop ol a high mountain, from when»:<' (liey «lis-
coveicd the great Archipelago of A need, more
commonly called Chiloe, whose tliannels wciir
covered with a great number «i(' boats navigated
Avith sails aid oars. I'rom Hn'se islanders the Spa-
niards experienct'il every mark ot politeness and
humanity, and constantly re.'raled by them, they
coasled the Anhipelago to (he bay of Ueloncavi,
when some went ovi to the iieigliboiiring islands,
where they fo iiid land well cultivated, and woiueii
emploved in spinning wool mixed w itii feathers of
sea birds, with which they made their clothes.]

1!' ;ii

!,J't

It !■

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i i'i .

,» \\

4'^

CHILE.

1 .V,

r^ki^ A

f riic (flcljra/od poof Eicilla was one of Jlic par(y,
iuul so'.iciioiis ol' (111! r('|)ii(a(ion of haviiiir pro-
ct'i'diHl I'liidior v. (Iiari any otiicr J']ur(>pcaii, he
crossed tin' iitilC, and U|)oii the opposite short- in-
M'ribi'd on the l)iirk ol' a tree some verses contain-
iii^ Ids name, and the time of the discovery, the
^Ist January 1,5.09.

ytj. (i/iy of Osorvo founded Don Garcia

satisfied with havintj been the first to discover by
land the Arclii|)elauo ofChiloe, Tetiirned, (akmg
t()r his syuide one of those ish»nders, who conduct-
ed him safely to Imperial through the country of
tiu> llnilli('hes, which is for the most part level,
a il abounds in provisions. The inhabitants, who
are similar in every respect to their western neij^h-
boiirs the Cunclies, nrndt; no opposition to Iiis
passajre. He there fonnded, or, acconlini^ tosomo
writers, rebuilt the city of Osorno, which increas-
od rapidly, not less from its manufactures of
woollen and linen stnfl's, than from the fine ^old
procured from its mines, which were afterwards
destroyed by thcToqui Paillamacu.

Sr;cT. II. Cowptisinsra pohd of 27 i/ears^from
J.WOto l,)H6.

27. Coupolican 7/. — The campaign of the
followinjy year was rendered still more memorable
by the numerous battles that were fought between
the two armies ; that of the Araucanians was com-
manded by Caupolican, the eldest son of the gene-
ral of that name ; but though he possessed the
celebrated talents of his lather, he was notecpialiy
successful in defeating his enemy. Hut of all his
contests, that of Quipeo was the most urd'orlunate ;
for here he lost all his nmst valiant oflicers, and
being pursued by a detachment of Spanish horse,
he slew himself to avoid the melancholy fate ol his
father.

!28. The Guarpes sithjrrted.'— Don (iarcia, con-
sidering this battle decisive in every point of view,
and findiiuc himself provided with a good numlxr
of veteran troops, sent a part of them, under the
command of Pedro Castillo, to complete the con-
quest of Ctijo, which had Iwcn <;oiuiiienced by
Francis dc Aguirre. That prudetit officer sub-
jected the fjnarpes, the ancient inhabitants of that
j)rovince, to the Spanish government.

yj). St. JufiH nm/ Mrndnta founded.— We found-
ed on the c limits of the Andes two citi<'s, one of
which he called .Ft. Juan, and the other Mendoza,
fVom the family name of the governor. This ex-
tensive and fertile coiuifry remained for a consider-
able time under (he government of Chile, but has
since been transferretl to the viceroyaify of Buenos
Ayrch, to which, from its natural situation, it ap-

pertains. W'liilsf In (his manner Don Garcia took
advantnge of the appj-renl c.ilin lluit prevailed in
the cou'itry, he hrai'l ol' llie arrival at liiu-nos
Ayn-s ot (he person apj-ointed iiis successor by (lie
court ofSpiin. In co.i.v(c|iienee of this informa-
tion, confiding the government for the |)resen( (o
liodrigode Qiiiroga, he rtturned (o Peru, where,
as a reward for his servici"., he was promofcd to
the exalted station wl:i( li his father had filled.

'iO. Villagran reiiistiilcJ.—'Vhe governor ap-
pointed in place of Don (iarcia was his predeces-
sor, Krancis Villagran, who having gone to Eu-
ro|)c after he had l)een deprived of the government,
procured his reinstatement therein from (he court
of Spain. On his arrival at Chile, sup|)osing,
from the information of Don Garcia and Quiroga,
that nothing more was necessary (o be done with
the Araucanians, and (hat they were in no condi-
tion to give him trotdjle, Villagran turned his at-
tention to the re-acquisition of the province of
Tucnman, which, alter having been by him, in
1549, subjected to the government of Chile, hud
been since attached to the viceroyaify of Peru.

31. T/ie province of Tucunmn restored, after-
zinrds relahen. — Gregori Casta; da, who had the
charge of this cntcmrise, defciued the Peruvian
commander, Juan Zurita, the author of (he dis-
memberment, and res(ored the coun(ry (o the
obedience of (he captains-general of Chile ; it was,
however, retained imder their government but a
short time, as (hey were obliged by (he cour( of
Spain, before the close of (he century, to cede it
again to (he government of Peru. But neither
Don Garcia nor Quiroga, no(wi(hs(anding the long
time they had fought in C'hile, had formed a cor-
rect opinion of the temper of the |)cople w horn they
pretended they had conquered. The invincible
A raucanian cannot be made (o s(d)mi( (o the bit-
terest reverses of fortune. The lew ulmenes who
had esra|)ed from the late defeafs, more than ever
delermitied to conlinue the war, assembled, inune-
dialely after the rout of Quipeo, in a wood, where
(hey unanimously elected as (oqui an officer of
inferior rank, called Antigiienu, who had signa-
lized himself in (he last ba((le. lie, with a fen
soUliers, retired to (he inaccessible marches of
l/umaco, called by (he Spaniards (he Rochela,
wlieie h(! caused high scafl'olds (o be erected io
secure his men from (he ex(reme moisture of (Iiis
gl(M)my retreat. Theyouth, who were from time (o
time enlisted, wen( thither (o be instructed in the
science of arms, and the Araucanians still consi-
dered themselves free, since tiiey bad a (oqui.

yS. Caiiete r/fjiroyerf.— Antiguenu began now
(o make incuTsions in th« Spanish terri(ory, in |

•}

. \

C TI 1 L 1.

4?5

Swder to practise his troops, and subsist tliem at
le exijenc*; of the enemy ; ami .illcr dcfc'citing
one of Villagraii's sons, wlio, wi(ii a larf;e force,
came to give him baltle, he marclicd against Ca-
fiete; but Villagran, convinced of the imuosibility
of defending it, anticipated him by withdrawing
all the inhabitants, part of whom retired to Impe-
rial, and part to Concepcion. The Araucanians, on
their arrival, did not fail to destroy tliis city ; they
set it on fire, and in a short time it was entirely
consumed.

33. Pedro Villagran.— In the mean time Vil-
lagran, more tlie victim of grief and mental anxiety
than of his disorder, died, universally regretted by
the colonists, who lost in him a wise, humane,
and valiant commander, to whose prudent con-
duct they bad been indebted for the preservation
of their conquests. Before his death he ap-
pointed as his successor, by u special comniis-
•ion from the court, his eldest son Pedro, whose
nientttl endowments were no way inferior to his
father's. The death of tlie governor appeared to
Antigucnu to present a favourable opportunity to
undertake some important enterprise. Maving
formed his array, which consisted of 4000 men,
into two divisions, he ordered one, under the com-
mand of his vice-toqui, to lay siege to Concep-
cion, in order to attract thitlier the atte.uion of the
Spaniards, while with the other be marched against
the fort of Arauco. The siege was protracted to
a considerable length ; the commanders therefore
determined to settle the affair by single combat ;
but after having fought, with the greatest obstinacy
for the space of two hours, they were separated by
their men. But what force had not been able to
effect, was pcrformeil by famine. Several boats
loaded with provisions had repeatedly attempted
in vain to relieve the licsieged : the vigilance of
the besiegers opposed so insuperable an obstacle,
that Bcrnal, the commander, saw himself at length
compelled to abandon the place. The Araucanians
permitted the garrison to retire without molestation,
and contented themselvs with burning the houses
and demolishing the walls. The capture of An-
gol, alter that of Canete and Arauco, appeared
easy to Antiguenu, but the attempt cost inm his
life ; for after the most brilliant feats of valour and
intrepidity, he was forced along with a crowd of
soldiers who fled, and, falling from a high bank into
a river, was drowned.

34. The Toqui Pmllataru — Antiguenu had for
successor in the toquiatc Paillataru, the brother or
cousin of the celebrated Lautaro. During tlie same
time a change was mnile of the Spanish governor.
Kodrigo de Quiroga, who liad been appointed to

VOL. I.

that office by the royal audience of Lima, began
his administration by arresting his pred( cessor,
and sending him prisoner to Peru. Having re-
ceived a reinforcement of 300 soldiers in 1605,
he entered the Araucanian territory, rebuilt the
fort of Arauco, and the city of Caiictc, con-
structed a new fortress at the celebrated post of
Quipeo, and ravaged the neighbouring provinces.
Towiir«ls the end of the following year he sent the
Marshal Ruiz Gamboa with 60 men to subject the
iidiabitants of the Archipelago of Chiloe ; th.it
ofliccr encountered no resistance, and founded in
the principal island the city of Castro and the port
of Chaciio.

35. An hipefagn of Chiloe subjected ,' descriplion
of the same, its inHtibttants.,&c. — The ihl'inds of
t)ie Archi|)elago amount to 80, and have to all ap-
pearaiice lieen produced by earthquakes, owing
to the great numl)er of volcanoes, with which
thftt country formerly abounded. JCvery part of
them exhibits the most unquestionable marks of
fire. Several mountains in the great island of
Chiloe, which has given its name to the Archipe-
lago, are composed of basaltic columns, which
some authors strongly urge could have been pro-
duced only by the operation of fire. The native
inhabitants, though descended from the continental
(Chilians, as their appearance, their manners, and
their language all evince, are nevertheless of a very
different character, being of a pacific, or rather a
timid disposition. They made no opposition, as
we have already observed, to the handful of Spa-
niards who came there to sul)jugate them, although
their population is said to have exceed- d 70,000 ;
nor have they ever attempted to shake off the yoke
untd the beginning of the last century, when an in-
surrection of no great importance was excite I, mid
soon quelletl. The number of inhabilant- at pri.M'iit
amounts to upwards of 11,000; they are div.dtd
into 70 districts or ulmeriates, the greater p:ul of
which are subi<-ct to the Spanish cnmnimid' is, and
arcobliged to render personal service for fitly d;»ys
in (he year, according to the feudal Imvs, uliicii
are rigidly observed in this province, ii'itNvitlistand-
ing they have b(H;n for a lonu; time abolish. ;I
throughout the rest of the kingdom. Tliche
islanders generally possess a quickness of capacil}',
and very readily learn whatever is taught tlicni.
They have a genius for meclianiral arts, and <'xcel
in carpentry, cabinet-making, and turnery, fron< the
frequent occasions which tliey have to exercise
them, all their churches and houses being built of
wood. They are very good manufacturersof linen
and woollen, with which they mix the fe.ithers of
•ea-birds, and form beautiful coverings fur their j

!■) . f

) ;

I, '

B'.-H

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If i

tiK ' ■ ;

1,1' !

42G

C H I .^ E.

[beds. Trotn tlieir swine, wliicli are very numc<
rolls, (licv iiiiikcoxcc'llciit liains, tlio inobt rsk-enied
of any ill S. America. Nohvitlislnndiiig tlic
.i,'rrat (iiiaiiti(y of (iiiiljcr taken lioin tlieni, these
islands are covered >villi Hiiek woods; and as it
rains lliero almost incessantly, the cidtivated
i-iounds continue ^^et the whole year. I'rom hence
it (blloub lliat the iidiabitants, alliiongh they have
calile. makenonsc of Iheni for |)longliinij', hnt fill
liie larlh in a very sinsfular manner. Alunit tiiree
iiioiiilis IxiVre sowina; time they turn tiu'ir sheep
upon their lands, champing their situation every
three or four nights. When the (ield is sniliciently
manured in this nianner, they strew liie jjrain over
it. One of their strongest men tiu>n attcni|)ts to
harrow it by menus of a mnchine formed of two
large sticks of hard wood, made sharp, and (as-
lened togetiier, whicli he forces against (he ground
with liis breast, and tlius covers the seed. Not-
withstanding this imperlect tillage, a crop of wheat
will yield them ten or twelve for one. 'i'liey also
raisegreat tpuintities of barley, beans, peas, ijiiinoti,
and ])otatoes, which are the largest and best of any
in Chile. I'^rom the excessive moisture of the at-
rnosphcre, (he grape never acquires suthcient ma-
turity to be made into wine, but its want issupj)licd
by various kinds of cider, obtained from apples
arul other wild fruits of the country. The neies-
sity they are uruler of oKen going from one island
(o another, where (he sea is far Iroiu dcser '/ig (he
unnie ol (he Pacific, renders the Chilotes excellent
sailors. 'I'lieir piniii;ii(s are composeil of three or
tiv<' l.irgc planks sewed together, and caulked with
a species of moss (hat grows on a shrub. 'J'liese
are i 1 great numbers throughoni the whole of the
Arcliipi lagi), and are managed with sails and oars,
fliid in tluse frail skid's the natives will fref|nently
venliirc as far as Coiu'epcion : and here it may
not lit; inipriiper to observe, that the Indians, who
form tlie principal pint of the sailors of the S. seas,
nrc very active aiul ilorde, and excellent seamen,
'f lu'se people are I'oiul oi' fishing, an occupation to
wliiili lliey are led from the great varittv of fisii
uith which tJK'ir coists ahimtnl. Large qiiaiiiities
et llic^c; ure dried and ;.(•:>! to foreign coiindies.
'i'hey likewisi diy the Ic- 'accous kinds, p:iitieidarly
(he C(!nclis, tlie clamps, i\m\ t\u- pimts. J"or litis
p'lrpese (hey arrau'ie tl: ■m in a long trench, co-
vering- thiMU with (he l.ir'^c h.'aves of the piiiikr
/iiiiiinifi. Over lliex' they phtee stones, on wliieli
ihev make a liol firr (or m ver;il hours. Ihcy ihen
take the roa'-tcd anii,:a!s liuin their shells, and
•tring them >ipon tliriads, whicli they liiing fur
some time in (In* sr.ioki! : in (his manner (hey /ind
Wu'iu to keep very utll, and so carry them tot.'iijo,

and other places at a distance from the sea. As
soon as tlie Christian religion was preaciicd in
(^liiloe, it was readily embraced by the natives, who
have ever since continued faithful and obedient to
its precepts. Their s|)iritual concerns are under
the direction of the bishop of Concepcion, and
their temporal were administered by a governor
appoin(ed by (he captain-yeueral of Chile ; but ia
I79'i it was vested in (he viccroyally of lama.
The Sjianiards at present established in this Aichi-
pelago amoMiit (o about l."j,()00, and its commerce
is conducied by means of (hreo or four ships
which trade there annually from Peru and Chile.
Tliise purchase of (he natives large quantities ef
red cedar boards, timber of dill(;ren(. kinds, suitable
for carriages, upwards of WOOO y)o//r//o.« of various
qualities, hams, pilchards, drieil sheli-fish, white
cedar boxes, cloaks, embroidered girdles, and a
small (pianlity ot ambergris, whicli is found upon
the shores; giving in exchange wine, brandy, to-
bacco, sugar, herb of I'aragiiay, sal(, and several
kinds ot European goods. Independently of (he
above trade, ( hiloe has of late years been made an
ciitir/)('il of illicit coiunu rce between the Spanish
colonies, and iinglish and N. American ships
engaged in the S. sea (isluMy.

J(i. 'J'/ie (oii)t of aui/kiicc established. — But to
return to our history, the continuation of the war,
and the great importance of the conquest, finally
induceil I'liilip II. to erect a court of royal audi-
ence in Chile, indejiendent of that of Peru. This
supreme tribunal, embracing the political, as well
lis military administration of (he kingdcnn, and
being comiiosed of lijiir judges of law, and a fiscal,
made, (HI (he lj(h of August Ifiti?, its solemn entry
into Concepcion, where it fixed its residence. Im-
mediately on assuming its functions, it removed
(v'niroga from the government, and gave the com-
mand ol the army, with (lie title of general, to Ituiz
(iamboa. The military government of the royal
audience was toon found to be inade(|uate to (he
purpose of its establishment, and accorilingly Don
Melclior de IJiavo was, in IJCJS, invested with (he
tri[)le charact' r ol president, governor, and cap-
tain-general of Chile. Hetween him and I'aillalarii
some serious battles were fought, iliough not such
as lo alter (he general s(ate of aliiiii!:, when, until
\\\v. death of (he la((er coimuander, (a period of
about tour years), the two biilligerent nations ob-
ser\cd a trui;e or sus|)ension of arms. This was
probably owing in a great measurt* to the genesal
cdiisteriiation caused by a dreadful earthquake
wliuh wasti'ltthroughout (he conndy, anil did great
iiijniy to (he Spanish setllenients, particularly the
city of Concepcion, which was entirely destroyed. )

I I

■NUI

c n I L E.

437

[37. Supprexiion of the trihimnl of audience.— \n
l.')7j the fril)iiii!il «)t aiirficiic(! wiis supprcsscil, iis
il is asscrlt'djOii llie hoIe priiici|)le of economy, and
Hoiliii(() (Jniroija was rcinslatcd in (he ijovernnient
by onler ol Philip II. This expcrienecd olliei'r,
Iiavinu; received a reinforcement ol'JOOO men tioni
Spain, a^ave directions to his liitlier-iM-huv, lluiz
(jramljoa, to (onnil a new coUiny at (he t'ot)t of the
cordi/litas, between tlie cities of Santiairo and
Concepcion, which has since received the appella-
tion of Chilian, from the river on whose shore it
stands, and has become (lie ca|)tiiil ol' the fertile
province of tiiat nannr. Shortly after the e.sdiblish-
ment of this selllenient, in l.")S(), the i>overnor died
at a very advanced aire, haviiii'- nominated (iainboa
as Ills Mic(;essor. The three years of (lamboa's
jfovermnenl were occupii d on one side in opposinij
tile attempts of Paynenancii, the then existinj^'
toc)ni, and on tlir> other in repelliiiir the Pelinen-
cIk's and Chicjiiillanian.., who, iiisliirated by the
Arancanians, had begun to niule.'-t the Spanish set-
tlements.

38. Jhsrription of (he Pchtieiirhrs.—'Vhc i»e-
liiieiu.'lies form a numerous tribe, anil inhabit that
part of the ("hilian Andes lyiiiii' between lat.Jt''
and 37° s. \o the r. of the Spanish provinces of
CalcliaiTua, .Maule, (.'hilian, and llnilqniiemu.
TJicir dress is no xwiy ditlerent from that of tiie
Araiicanians, except that instead of drawers or
breeches, they wear around the waist a |)iec(^ of
cloth lik<- the Japanese, which falls down to their
knees. Tiieir boots or shoes arc all of »■ le piece,
and made from tiie skin of the hind lejr of an ox
taken oft' at the knee ; this they (il to the foot wiitlc
green, turninjj the hair witiiin, and sewinj^ up one
of the ends, (he skin of (lie knee serviiifj (iir the
heel. These shoes, from beinjif worn, and often
rubbed willi (allow, become as soft aiul pliabh; as
iiie '>;•;:< dressed leather. Allhousih (fuse moun-
taineers have occasionally shown lliemselves (o be
valiant and hardy soldiers, (hey are nevertheless
finul of adornin<; and decorating themselves like
women. They wear ear-rinys and bracelels of
<r|ass beads upm: their arms : they al^o ornament
their hair with the same, and snsiicnd little bells
around their heads. iVotwitlislaiidiiii;- (hey h;!\c
numerous herds ot ca((le and sheep, their usual
footi is horse-flesh, which, like the Taitars, they
prefer (o any other ; bu(, more delieale than lliai
jxople, they ea( il only mIkii ixjiled or roasted.
They dwell in the manner t>i the Heilouiu Arabs,
in (cuts made of skins, tlispoM'd in a circular f()rm,
kaving ill the ctiitre a spacious Jielil, wlu-re their
e.ittle feed durinu; (he con(inuance of tlie herbiijc.
When that begins to fail, they (raiispoil tUcinselvis

lo anoflier sidntfion, and in (his manner, rontinu-
ally chauijinij place, they (riU'Tse (he valleys of the
(ordi/fiTdo. Ivich villai'e or encauipuK uL is go-
v<'rne<l by an iilii.en or heredilary prince. In
(h(!ir laniruao-e i^ih\ religion they dilli'r not from the
Aiaucani:ins. They are fond of In iiliii'.';, and
often, in luirsnit of ^>,atne, traverse (he imniei:sc
plains wliicli lie between the jjvcal river <)f Plifi
and (he straits of Majrellan. These c.vcnr./miis they
some'inies extend as far as l5uenos Avits, and
plunder (he country in the vicinity. I'li'^y tVe-
t|ueiitly attack (lie caravans of nietd'andi/c ^oing
from thence to Chile ; and so successful have tliey
been in (heir enterprises, (Inif, owii.ij io tli'itr:ius!»,
(he <'onmurce in tiiii( (|i!ar(.:r w,i.> oncealm.iit en-
tirely stoppi^rl.thoni',!! V( ly lately r( .^uiued \\\f\\ a to-
lerable denree of viijjour. They have, nevertheless,
ti)r many years abstained I'nini conunitliiiij IfostilKies
within (Ik; Chilian boiiudaiics in (ime of peace;
induced eidier by (In- advaiiltij.es which (liey d;--
rive from (he trade with the i-iiiabit i:i(s, or ban
lliefearof beinir roughly haeillid by tlicni. T!i 'ir
favourite W(a|ioii is (he /rjyj^e, whicli (Iiey iihvays
carry with them fastened (otlu^ir -jirdles. It is
very probable (hat the ten Aineri -ans conducted
by the valiant ( )rellana, of whose amazini;' cijurair-
mention is made in Tord Anson's voyai,>', were oi
this tribe. iNotwilhslanding their wandeiinu; and
restless disposition, these people are the most in-
dustrious and coiiimercial ol any of the savajjes.
\\ hen in their tents (hey are never idle. The wo-
men weave cloths of \arious colouis : the in-n
ociMipy thems(>lves in making' baskets and a variety
of beautiful articles of wood, feathers-, or skiiis,
which are hiirhly prized by tlii-ir neif,diboMvs. 'i'liey
assemble every year on the Spjuiish frontiers, wliere
(hey hold a kind of fair, which usually coii(i-
nues ((jr 1.0 or i?() days. IlilJierthey brin;;- ti<s-
sil salt, iryp.>uin, ])ileli, betl-cov; rings, pdtxfi'i^-,
skins, wool, bridle-reins beaufifully wrou.-ht of
plaited leather, baskets, wooden vessels, feather.^
ostrich egi^s, horses, cattle, and a variety of of inr
articles t and receive in exehanife wlicat, v tne,
and the manntiicf iires of i;ufo[)e. 'I'hey are \er,y
skilful in iridic, and can with dillicult\ be over-
reached. I'or tear of being- plundered by those
who believe every (hinjj is lawful aj^ainst infidels,
they never all drink at the siime time, but separate
tliemsclves into several companies ; and while sonic
keep guard, the others indulge themselves in t!u;
jileasuies of wine, 'i'hey are generally huriKuv,
complacent, lovers of justice, and possess alt those
good cpialities that arc produceil or pcn'eded by
commerce.

J9. Dacriplioii of the Chiquillanicm- . — Tiie j
J 1 J

'■■:|f|

■I

'■ • ■')>

w 4

irt'

4^8

CHILE.

[Chiqiiillanians, ivhomsome haveerronfously sup-
posed to be a part of the Pehucnchcs, live to the
n. e. of Ihein, on the e, borders of the Andes.
These are the most savage, and of course the least
numerous of anj of the Chilians ; for it is an esta-
blished fact, that the ruder the state of savage life,
the more unfavourable it is to population. They
go almost naked, merely wrapping around tlicm
the skin of the guanaco : their language is guttural,
and a very corrupt jargon of the Chilian. It is
observable that all the Chilians who inhabit the r.
valleys of the Andes, both the Pehucnchcs, the
Puclches, and the Huilliches, as well fis (he Chi-
quillanians, are much redder than those of their
couiitrymen who dwell to the w. of that mountain.
AH these mountaineers dress themselves in skins,
paint their faces, live in general by hunting, and
lead a wandering and unsettled life. They are no
other, as we have hitherto observed, than the so
much celebrated Patagonians, who have occasion-
ally been seen near the straits of Magellan, and have
been at one time described as giants, and at an-
other as men a little above the common stature. It
is true, that they are, generally speaking, of a lofty
stature and great strength.

40. Landing and defeat of the Engish. — Now
whilst the Araucanians endeavoured to oppose the
pro^^ress of the Spaniards in their country, and
whilst Don Alonzo Sotomayor, who succeeded lio-
drigo Qniroga in the government, was strenuously
exerting his influence to[suppress the Pehucnchcs
and the Chiquillanians on the e. the English also
had planned an expedition to these remote parts.
On the 21st July 158G, Sir Thomas Cavendish
sailed with three ships from Plymouth, and in the
following year arrived on the coast of Chile. He
landed in the desert port of Quintero, and endea-
voured to enter into a negociation with the natives
of the country. But his stay there was of short
continuance; he Avas a(tack<;d by Alonzo Molina,
tlie cotrcgidor of S'lntiago, and compelled to quit
the coast with the loss of several of his soldiers and
icarneii.

SccT. III. Comprising a period of 201 j/enrs^
from 15SG to 1787.
'he history of (he Araucanians, with regard to
tlicir wars wilh the Spaniards in the ahovc period,
would form little mure tiian a rocapitulatioti of
battles similar to those already dcsciibed, but bear-
ing, neverllu'lcss, a corroborative (t-sliiuony to the
excrti(tns whicli a brave ami generous people will
ever exhibit for (he just maintet;ance of their na-
tural rights. The interest of these wars must,
therefore, have becu in a great mcasura anticipated,

and they will consequently be treated of in a msn-
ner much more general than those which have been
already mentioned ; and this, since they will allow
space for the more free detail of otiier political
events.

41. Nature of the war in anno 1589. — In the
toquiate of Guanoaica, in 1589, the Spanish go-
vernor, Don Alonzo Satomayor, apprehensive that
he should not be ablr to defend them, or not con-
sidering them of suOicient importance, evacuated
the forts of Puren, Trinidad, and Spirito Santo,
transtiirring the garrison to another fortress which
he had directed to be built upon the river Puchan-
qui, in order io protect the city of Angol : so (hat
the war now became in a great measure reduced
to the construction and demolition of fortifications.
To the Toqui Guanoaica succeeded Quintuguenu
and Paillaeco, and it has been observed that the
repeated victories gained over them by the Spa-
niards, and which they held as the cause of such
exultation, were but the preludes of the severest
disasters that they had ever experienced in
Chile.

42. Independence restored. — After the death of the
last mentioned toqui, tiie Araucanians appointed to
the chief command the hereditary toqui of the se-
cond uthal-mapu, called Paillarnachu, a man of
a very advanced age, ' t of wonderful activity.
Fortune, commonly supposed not to be propitious
to the old, so fur favoured his enterprises, that he
surpassed all his predecessors in military glory,
and had the singular felicity of restoring his coun-
try to its ancient state of independence. Owing to
the continued successes of this general, on the 22d
of November 1598, and under the government of
Loyola, not only the Araucanian provinces, but those
of the Cur.chese and Huilliches were in arms, and
even the whole of the country to the Archipelago
of Chiloe. It is asserted, that every Spaniard who
had the misfortune of being found without the gar-
risons was put to death ; and it is certain that the
cities of Osorno, Valdivin, Villarica, Imperial,
Canete, Angol, ('oya, and the fortress of Arauco,
were all at once invested with a close siege. But
not content with this, Paillarnachu, without loss of
time, crossed the Biobio, burned the cities of Con-
eepcion and Chilian, laid waste the provinces in
tliL'ir dependence, and re('nned loaded with spoil
to his country, in some successive battles he like-
wise caused the Spaniards to evacute the fort of
Arauco, and the city of Canete, and obliged the in-
habitants to retire to Concepcion. On the 1 tth of
November 1599, he caused his army to pass (lie
broad river Calacalla or Valdivia, by swimming,
stormed the city at day-break, burned the houses,]

,1 !

'. i

CHILE.

429

VltlCCS III

itii spoil
ho like-
fort of
;cl tlic iii-
e 1 till of
> pass tlic
immiii!^)
houses,]

[killed a great number of the inhnbitnnU, and at-
tacked the vessels at anchor in the harbour, on
board of which many had taken refuge, nho only
effected their escape by immediately setting sail.
After this he returned in trinmph to join Millacnl-
tiuiu, one of his officers, to whom he had entrusted
the guard of the Uiobio, with a booty of 2,000,00o
of dollars, all the citnnon, and upwards of 400 pri-
soners.

43. Expedition of the Dutch. — Ten days after
the destruction of Valdivia, Colonel Francisco
Campo arrived there from Peru with a reinforce-
ment of 300 men ; but finding it in ashes, he en-
deavoured, though ineffectually, to introduce those
succours into the cities of Osorno, V illarica, and
Imperial. Amidst so many misfortunes, an expe-
dition of five ships of war from Molland arrived in
1600 upon the coast of Chile, which plundered the
island of Chiloe, and put the Spanish garrison io
the sword. Nevertheless, the crew of the commo-
dore having landed in the litth^ islaiul of Taica
or Santa Maria, was repulsed with the loss of 23
of their nu'ii, by tiie Araucaniiins who dwelt there,
and who probably sup|)oscd ihem to lie Spaniards.
After a siege of two years and II months, Villa-
rica, a very populous and opulent city, tell at
length, in i(i03, into the hands of tlie Araucanians.
A similar fate, after a short interval, was experi-
enced by Ini{K<rial, the metropolis of the .i. colo-
nies; indeed, this city would have fallen some
months before, had not its fnte been protracted by
the courage of a Spanish heroine, called lues Agui-
lera. This lady perceiving the garrison io be dis-
couraged, and on the point of capitulating, dis-
suaded them from surrendering, and directed all
the operations in person, until a favourable oppor-
tunity presenting itself, she escaped by sea with
tb(? bishop and a great part of the inhabitants.
She had lost during the siege her husband and bro-
ther, and her valour was rewarded by the king
irith an annual pension of yOOO dollars.

44. yill the Spanish sellleitients destroyed. —
Osorno; a city not less rich and populous than the
preceding, was not able much longer to resist the
f ite that awaited it. It (i;ll under the violent ef-
fiirts of the besiegers, who, freed from their atten-
tion to the others, were able to bring their whole
force against it. Thus, in a period of little more
than three years, were destroyed all the settlements
which Valdivia and his successors had established
and preserved at the expence of so much blood, in
the extensive country between the Biobio and the
Archipelago of Chiloe, none of which have been
since rebuilt, as what is at present calie<l Vatdivia
is iio more than a fort or garrison. The sufferings

of the besieged were great, and can scarcely be ex-
ceeded by those endured in tlie most celebrated
sieges recorded in history. They were compelled
to subsist on the most loathsome tbod, and a piece
of boiled leather was considered a sumptuous re-
past hy the voluptuous inhabitants of Villarica and
Osorno. The cities that were taken were de-
stroyed in such a manner, that at present few ves-
tiges of them remain, and those ruins are reganled
by the natives as objects of detestation. Although
great numbers of the citizens perished in tlie de-
fence of their walls, the prisoners of all ranks and
sexes were so numerous, that there was scarcely an
Araucanian family who had not one to its share.
The women were taken into the seraglios of their
conquerors. Husbands were, however, permitted
for the most part to retain their wives, and the un-
married to espouse the women of the country ; and
it is not a little remarkable that the MustceSf or
offspring of these singular marriages, became in the
subsequent wars the most terrible cn(-mies of the
Spanish name. The ransom and exchange of pri-
soners was also permitted. Uy this means many
escaped from captivity. Some, however, induced
by the love of their children, preferred to remain
with their captors during their lives ; others, who
acquired the affection of the people, by their plea-
sing manners or their skill in the arts, established
themselves advantageously in the country. Among
the latter were Don liasilio Roxas and Don An-
tonio Bascugnan, both of noble birth, who acquired
high reputation among the natives, and have left
interesting memoirs of the transactions of their own
times. But those who fell into brutal hands hud
much to suffer. Paillamachu did not Ion" enjoy
the applause of his countrymen : he died at the
end of the year 1603, and was succeeded by Hu-
necura. In consequence of the disasters the Spa-
niards encountered during the reign of the last
mentioned toqui, and under the second govern-
ment of Garcia Ramon, in 1608, the court f«f Spain
issued orders, that hereafter there should con-
stantly be maintained on the Araucanian frontier a
body of 2000 regular troo|)s, for whose support an
appropriationof 292,279 dollars annually was made
in the treasury of Peru.

45. Court of audience rc-estahlished. — On the
8tli of Soptember in the following year, the royal
court of audience, which had l)een suppressed for
34 years, was again established, though not in its
anci(U!t situation, but in the city of St. Jago, to
the great satisfaction of the inhabitants ; since
which period it has continued to exist with a high
reputation for justice and integrity. According to
the royal decree establishing the court of audieucc,]

i'*r

r,: t,

! I

M !

.»*.

.130

C n T L E.

;'|'#:

I'iH

[llio ffovornmriit now dcvolvrd upon (Iio eldest son
oCilic nnilifor, Don Louis Mrrlodc hi I'limlc.

■f(). liiilJVdiiiil rlfnlt of I'hilip III. locslnbllfh
a liistjHix pcai(\—\»w\\]x tin; niissionnrics about
lliis time cliaii'cd willi (he conversion oF (IieCliili-
mis, IhtTP was a .fcsuit called laiis Valdivia,
\»lio perceiving!: tlial it was iuipossihio to preacli to
llie Araucaniaiis dnrinii (lie tumult ot'arnis, wont
to Spain, and rciiresented in" tiie strongest terms
to Piiilij) 111. who was then on the throne, the
.ureal injury done to the cause of relirriou hy the
continuance of (lie war. That devout i)rincc, who
had more at heart tlie advancement of reliijion than
the autrmentalion of his territories, sent orders im-
mediately to the };overmnent of (Ihile, todisciui-
(inne (he war and settle a permanent peace witii
ilie Araucanians, by establish iiiii; tiur river Hiohio
ah (he line of division between the two nations.
'I'in- articles of peace had been discussed, and were
about (o be mudially agreed upon, when an iinex-
jjeited event rendered abortive; all the nieasurcs
(liat had been taken. Amon<j the wives of Aiica-
namon, the existinij (oipii, was a Spanish lady,
who, talking advanla!r<! of his ai)sei:ie, fled for re-
fn<;e to the governor, v>illi two small children, and
t()nr women, whom she had pcrsn:uled to become
I'hrislians, two of whom were the wives, and the
oIIkms the diinu;hters of her husband. The indin^'
nation of the toqni on this occasion was carried to
such an extrenn-, that, upon some missionnries
b.'inu: sent under the superintendence of \'al(livia
to preach the ijospel aniouu' the ArancariiMns, he
hiislened lo meet them at Illicura, whi're, without
dciu;iiini; to listen tn their ariruments, he |)ut them
all (o the sword, Tlius were all the plans of paci-
fication renilered ah*)rlive; Ancanamoii incessantly
harassed the Spanish provinces, and liii- war was
recommenced in I()l7,wi(h jrreatei fury than be-
tlnc. I'rom tin- above-!iien(i(Mieil |)eriocl to (lie
year lt).>7, noiliin<!: material o.'curred in our his-
lory, sivini;- the enlerpriscs of (he 'roqiiis Leiiilnr
a id l*ii(ii)ichion ; these, however, diil not serve
materially to chanire \\w. stale of affairs.

17, >'r(i)iiil i-.rprdHiun of Ihc Dulr/i. — In the fol-
lowiiiiT yeir t!ie Dutch attempted a second lime to
form an aHianci' with thi' Araucanians, in order lo
obtain j osRession of Chile; but this e\|)edilion
was not ni(M-e fortunate than the first. The sqna-
«lron, which consisted of four ships, was dispersed
by a storm on ils arrival on the coast, in lOJS. A
boat well maimed and armed, beiiti;- afterwards dis-
patched to the island of Mocha, belonjfin^ to the
Araucanians, (j.c inhabiuints snpposinif (lia( they
came to attack them, fell upon the crew, put the
wh(ile lodeaili, and took possession of the boat.

Aii()tliercvew'r<xpprienred a similar misforfuneintlie
lillU; isiaiul of Tidca or Saul i Marii. 'I'he Araii-
(lanians, !'s h is b> en mIk ady observed, were e(|ually
jealous, and not (as niay be readily' imiigined)
without reason, «if every I'n.opeaii milion.

48. Scrcnd exprdltimofilic fwn>/is/i. — Notwilh-
standiiii^ the ill success. Of the Dutch, Sir John
Narboroua;!), un Eiiijlish naval commander, un-
dertook some years after a similar enterprise. In-
order of his sovereii,'n (Miarles II. ; but in pass-
in;^ the straits ot Majjellan, he lost his whole fleet,
which was much better equipped than that of the
Dutch, Tlic war continued to rnwe with undi-
minislied fury until the year 1640, the time when
(he reins of jrovernmeiit were assumed by Don
J'rancisco /uniara. Marquis do Baydes. It was
under his milder auspices, that, in January of tliu
t()llowiim year, (he ar(icles of peace were agreed
upon, the day of its ratification being fixed for (he
six(h of that month, and (he place of meeting, the
village olQuillin, in the province ofl'iiren.

4''. /'cnri' a/ lrn!>;l/i cotirfiukd. — At the time
prefixed, the marquis api)eared at the appointed
plac<', with a retinue of about 10,01)0 persons,
from all parts of the kingdom, liincopichion, the
existing toqni, at (he head of the four hereditary
toipiis, and a great number of ulmenes and other
natives, opened the conference with a very elo-
quent speech. He then, accordinir to the Chilian
custom, killed a /lavin, and sprinkling some of the
blood on a branch of cinnamon, presented it in
token of peac e to the governor. The articles of
tin" (reaty were next proposed and ratified, and in
one of these (he marquis stipulated that the Arau-
canians shoidd not permit the landing of any
i.lrangers upon the coast, or furnish supplies to
any foreign nation whatever: which being conform-
able to the political maxims of the nation, was
readily complied with. Tims was a period put
to a war of <)() years duration, and this grand nego-
ci.itioii was terminated by a sacrifice of ^S camels,
and an eloquent harangue from Anti<ruenu, chief
of liie district, u|)on the mutual advantages which
bolli nations would derive frtuii the ])eace,

.jo. /.astt.rpi./iliniioflfic /)i.l(h.~\n lfi4.'J, two
yrars alter llie pea.e, the imporiance of the aiticle
iiLserted by the governor in the lieaty was rendered
very apparent lo I lie Spaniards, by a last attempt
made by the Dutch to jiossess themselves of Chile.
Their measures weri' so well taken, that had they
been in the least seconded by liie Araucanians, they
must have iiilallibly succeeded. Having left Bra-
zil, which they had coiKpiered, with a numerous
fleet, well provided with men and cannon, they
look possession of the harbour of Valdivia, which j

CHILE.

481

un-

pcl it ill

ticlos of

and ill

caiiit l^,
cliicf
wliicit

)i3, two
ill licit!
.iiilrrcil
nltcinpt
.r Ciiilc.
ul tlicy
lis, (licy
Ml Bra-
iincroiis
., liipy
whiclij

[hail lipcn tlcscrfed for more fhnn 40 years, where
they iiilciulcd <o lorm an est.ihlishinent in order to
conquer (lie retil ot (he lilnsi[doin. With tlii.s view
tliey iininedialcly bej^an bnildinn' three stropij forts
at the entrance of the river, in onh'r to secure its
pos^essidii. Tiie Arauciiniaii-* were invited, with
tlie iiio.st (l;i(terin.'r proniiM-s, to join Ihcni ; (his they
not only dccliiu'd, l)nt strictly udhcriiij,^ (o the sti-
jinlttionsof (he (lealy, refused to furnish them with
provisions, of which they were jxreally in want.
The Cunciiese, to whom the territory which tlicy
had occupied hclonsu'd, followitii.'; the counsel of
their alli( s, relnscii uIm) to trcil with them or siip-
nly thcin. In conscqiunce of this rcfn.snl, the
Dutch, pressed with liniii^er, and liraiinir (hat a
coiiiliincii army of Spaiiiiuils and Araiicanians were
on their inarch n<;ainst tluiii, were fompi'lied to
abandon thi> place in tliici^ months alter (heir land-
ing. The Marquis lie iManeiira, son to the vice-
roy of IVru, liaviiiir .soon at'tcr arrived there in
search of tliem, with it) ^llips of war, liirtitied the
liarboiir, and paiticniary (lie island, which has
since borne the titnUr name of his linnily. On
the terminalion ot' (he sixth year of his ivoveni-
inent,"Baydes w;is recalled iiy tiie couit, ami Don
Martin ^Illxica a()pointed in hi.- jtlaci;.
51. Driadfn/, car'hquahe. — He succeeded in

fireservinic (he kimrdoin in (hat state of (lanqniU
ity in which he loiind it, no other commotion oc-
curring during liis "Tovernment, but that piodnced
by a violent earthquake, which, on (he 8th of May
1617, de.s(roveil part of the ci(y of .**(. .laj^o.
The for(une of his successor, Don iVntoiiio Aciiinia,
was very didereiit. Diirin<f his <foveriimi iit (he
war was excited anew between the SjianLuils and
Araiicanians; but contemporary writers have left
us no accounts of the causes that produced it.
(Jlentani, (lu; hereditary toijiii of l-nuquemapii,
beinsf, in 1(),'>,5, unanimously elected t;i'neral, sii^-
iialized his lirsl cam|iai<;'n by the total defeat of
the Spanisli army, lie, moreover, conlinueil (o
persecu(c (In' .'Spaniards with '^wA violence for a
jieriod of 10 years, under (he ij-overnments of Don
I'edro Por(el Casanate, iind Don l''rancisco Me-
neses. 'I'lie last, who was a l'iiiliii,niese by birth,
liad the glory of tcrininal ins: 'N '" It'tiJ, by a peace
more permanent than that made by IJaydes. All
the succeeding governors ap])ear lo have kept up
a goiKl understanding \\ it !i the Araucanians until
the year l(is(i, when (iarro was lu arly breaking it,
on occasion of removing the iiihabilanis of the
island of Mocho to the n. shore of (he IJiobio,
in order to cut oi\ all coumiiinication with foreign
taemies.
J','. Commerce. iciLh the

Dauh.—Thc com-

mencement of (lie pre.scnt rcra wns marked in Cliilo
by the deposition of the (iovernor Don I'rnncisco
Ibanez, the rebellion of the inhubittints of Chiloe,
and the (rude with the French. The islaiidern
of (Miiloe were soon restored to obedience, through
the |)rudent conduct of the quarter-inaster-general
of the kingihim, DonPeilro iVlolina, w ho succeeded
in reducing (hem radier by mild measures than by
useless vic(ories. The I-'rench, in consequence of
(he war of the suiTession, possessed themselves
for a (iiiieof nil (he external commerce of ('liile.
I'rom 1707 to 1717, its ports were tilled wi(li their
ships, and they carried from (hence incredible
sums in gold and silver. It was at (his period (hat
(he learned Fa(herJ''euillu,whoremuined (here three
years, made his botanical researches and rneteorolo-
gi(;al observations upon I he coa.st. I lis aminble quali-
ties obtained himtheesteem oftlie inhabitants, who
still cherish his memory with much atl'ection. It
was in I T'ii (hat (he Araucanians, impatient at
(he insolence of those who were designated by the
(ille oi' caplaim of the friends ; uiid who having
been indoduced under "prelence of guarding the
missionaries, arrogated (o themselves a species of
authority over the natives, resolved to create a
(o(|iii, and have recourse to arms. A war in con-
secpience ensued, but it soon became reduced (o
li((le skirmishes, which were (inally termina(ed by
(he celebra(ed peace of Negicte, a |)lace situated
at (he confluence of the rivers Biobio and Lara,
\>liere the trealy of (^tiillan was reconfirmed, and
(he odious Uih oi captain of friends wholly abo-
lisiied.

f)o. Iloxt) the Pehueuchcs hrrame inimical to
the Spniiiari/s. ~T\ic Ciovernor (Jonzaga was (he
next who exci(ed (he flames of war by endeavour-
ing to effect more (han his predecessors. He un-
dertook lo compel (lieArauianians (o livein cities.
This chimerical .scheme was ridiculed by those
who knew the prejudices of this people, and it wns
finally abandoned, not, however, till it had pro-
ciiieil another powerlid, and forever after impla-
cihli' enemy to the .Spaniards. Tliis was no other
lliiii! the IVIinenches, who being in the above war
in alliance with the Spaniards, and uho sntfered a
considerable di-li'at \\liilst fiirhting against the
Araucanians, resolved all at once (o change sides,
and have ever since been the firm allies of (he lat-
ter. They have a 'practice of attacking the Spa-
nish caravans from IJuenos Ayres to (Jhilo, and
every year furnislies some melancholy informatiou
of that kind. VVe shall not proceed particularly
lo milice several actions, and among others a
bhiodybalile which was lim^ht in (he be<;inning of
the yciir J77.'J ; mention of which was made in (liej

t- 1

l'A\

Ifliit

^i;

'(i /l»

^32

CHILE.

t . I

V'l •■•*

l'*i(j^^i;l(

■t t i.

W' •

[Iviiropcan ^nzcttcs of (liut period, at which lime
I lie war liad cost the ro^itl trousury and individuals
1,700,000 dolliirs.

;V1. /'eace restored. — The lame year nn nccom-
nin(liitii)ii was iiirrecd on ; and by this it wnw al-
lowrd tliiit the Araucanians should altrrwards have
n minister resident in the city of St. Ja^o. With
respect fo the other articles of the peace, it is Biif<
ficient to state, that the treaties of Qiiillan and
Ne!jre((! were by nnitiial consent reviyed. On the
ileatli uf (lonzaga, the conrt of Spain sent Don
An^iistin Jaiiregni togovcrn Chile, who has since
fdleil with universal approlmtion (he important of-
fice of viceroy of Peru. His successor, Don
Ambt'osio Benavides, has rendered the country
buppy by his wise and beneficent administration.

Chap. V.
Present state of Chile,

From the brief relation that we have given of
the occurrences in Chile since its discovery, it will
be seen that its possession has cost Spain more
blood and treasure than all the rest of her settle-
ments in America. The Araucaniaiis, occupying
but a small extent of territory, have with far in-
ferior arms not oidy been able to counterbalance
her power, till then reputed irresistible, but to
endanger the loss of her best established possessions.
Though (he greater part of her oflicers had been
bred in that school of war, the Low Countries, and
her soldiers, armed with those destructive wea-
pons before which the most cxtensives empires of
(hat continent had fallen, were considered the Ix'st
in tlwj world, yet have these people succeeded in
resisting them. The Spaniards, since losing
their s<!ttleinents in Araucania, have prudently
confined their views to establishing tliemselves
firndy in that part of Chile which lies between
(he *. confines of Peru and the river Uiobio,
and extends from lal. 24=' to 36^" s. : this they have
divided into ly provinces. They also possess the
fortress of Valdivia, in the country of the ('nn-
chesc, the Archipelago of Chiloe, and the island
of Juan Fernandez.

1. Civil government. — These provinces arc go-
verned by an ollicer, who has usually the rank of
lieutenant-general, and combines the title of pre-
sident, governor, and captain-general of (he king-
dom of Chile. Me resides in the city of St. Jago,
and is solely dependent upon the king, except in
rase of war, when, in certain points, he receives
his directions from the viceroy of Peru. In qua-
lily ofcaptain-geaeral hecomrn:inds the army, and
has under him not only the three principal olHcers
uf the kingdom, the qiiarter-ruakter, the serjeant-

major, and the commismry, but also (he Tour c[o<
vernors of Chilod, Valdivia, Valparaiso, and Juan
Fernandez. As president and governor, he has the
supreme administration of justice, and presides
over (he superior tribunals ot that capital, whoso
jurisdiction extends all over the Spanish province*
in those parts. The principal of these is the tri«
bunal of audience, or royal senate, whose decision
is final in all causes of importance, both civil and
criminal; and is divided into two courts, the one
for the trial of civil, nnd the other for the trial of
criminal causes. Both arc composed of several
res|)cctnble judges, called auditors, of a regent, a
fiscal or royal procurator, and a protcetor of the
Indians. All these oflicers receive large salaries
from the court. Their judgment is final, except
in causes where the sum m litigation exceeds
10,000 dollars, when an appeal may be had to
the supreme council of the Indies. The other su-
preme courts are those of finance, of the crutada,
of vacant lands, and the consulate or tribunal of
commerce, which is wholly independent of any
other of that kind. The provinces are governed
by prefects, formerly called corregidors, but at
present known by the name oi sub-delegates ; these,
according to the forms of their institution, should
be of royal nomination, but owing to the distance
of the court they are usually appointed by the
captain-general, of whom tney style themselves
the lieutenants. They have jurisdiction both of
civil and military affairs, and their emoluments of
office depend entirely upon their fees, which
are by no means regidar. In each capital of a
province there is, or at least should be, a munici-
pal magistracy, called the cabildOf which is com-
posed, as in other parts of the Spanish dominions,
of several members, called regiaores, who are op-
pointed for life, of a standard-bearer, a procura-
tor, a forensic judge, denominated the provincial
alcalde, an alguazil or high sheriff, and of two
consuls or biirgo-masters, called alcaldes. The
latter are chosen annually from among the princi-
pal nobility by the cabildo itself, an(l have juris-
diction both ill civil and criminal causes in the
first instance.

2. M Hilary force. "-'Vhe inhabitants are divided
into regiments, which arc obliged to march to the
frontiers or the sea-coast in case of war. In 1792
there were 15,856 militia troops enrolled in the two
bishoprics of Santiago and Concepcion ; 10,218 in
the first, and 5()j8 in tiie latter. Besides this re-
gular militia, there are a great many city militias,
that are commanded by commissaries, who act as
colonels. A siiHicient force also of regular troops
for the defence of the country is maintained by]

:r.

CHILE

43)

e divided
Tch to the
In 1792
in the two

]0,318in
this re-
y militias,

ho Bct as
liar troops

ined by]

[■(liekinp. All till' vi'lornn troops in Cliilt; do not
rxcrcd iiOOO, niul these eoiisisl of artillery, <lra-
j^ooiis, nnd iiilUntry. I'lic iiilaiitry ns well a.s the
artillery i.s under tiie coinniatul of two lieiileiiaut-
coloncls.

3. Ecelrsiastiml s:ovrrmi)c»t. — As rcsprdx the
rcclesiaslieiil govcriiincnl, (Jhile is divided into
the two lnrf,'e dioceses of St. Jnijo and Conceprioii,
which cities arc the residencies of the hishops,
who arc Rn(lr;igiuis to the archbishop of J,ima.
The first diocf«(e extends from the confines of Peru
to the river Mnule, comprehcndinir the province
of Cnjo upon the other f-ide of the Atuh-s. The
second comprises nil tiie rest of Chile, with the
islands, nllhouch the grenler part of this extent is
inhabited by pagans. The calhedrnis are snp-
jjlicd with tt proper number of canons, whose re-
venues depend upon the tithes, as do (hose of the
bishops. The court of iiKjuisition at Lima has
at St. Jugo a commissioner with severil subaltern
ofliccrs. Pedro Valdivia, on his first entering
Chile, brought with him the monks of (he order
of Mercy; and about the year laij, inlrndneed
the Dominicans and strict Iranciscans, TheAii-
^ustins established themselves there in 139,5; and
the Hospitallers of St. John of (lod, about tiie
the year 1615. These religious orchrs have nil u
numlwr of convents, and the three first form dis-
tinct jurisdictions. The brothers of St. .lohn of
tiod have the charge of the hospitals, under a
commissary, vho is dependent upon the provin-
cial of Peru. These are the only religious frater-
nities now in Chile. The Jesuits, who came into
Chile in 1593, with the nephew of their (minder,
Don Martin de Loyola, formeil likewise a separate
province. Others have several times attempteil,
but without success, to form estnblishmenis, the
Chilians having always ojiposwl tin; admission of
new orders among them. In St. Jago and Con-
cepcion are several convents of nuns ; but they
are the only cities that contain them.

4. 'J'/te cilics and du:eUings.—'i\K citiej! are
l)uilt in the best situations in the country. Many
of them, however, would have b<'en better place«l,
for (he |)urposes of commerce, upon (he shores of
(he large rivers. This is particularly the case with
those of more recent construction. The s(ree(s
are straight, intersecting each other at right angles,
and are 3^ French feet in breadth. On account
of earthquakes the houses arc generally of one
story ; they are, however, very commodious,
whitewashed without, and generally painted within.
Kach is accouimodated with a pleasant garden, ir-
rigated by an aqueduct which furnishes water for
the use of the family. ' Thoi-e belonging to the

vor. I.

wealthier classes, pnrticularlj the nobility, are
furnished with much splendour and taste." The
inhabitiints perceiving tliat old buildings of two
stories have resisted (he inos( violent shocks, have
of la(e years ventured to reside in the iipiwrnmms,
and now begin to construct their houses in the
Kuropean mantier. In consequence of (his the
cities have a better amiearance (linn formerly ; and
themore so, as instead of forming their houses of clay
hardened in the sun, which wassupposed less liable
to injury, they now employ brick and stone. Cel-
lars, sewers, and wells, were formerly much more
common than at pr(!<fn(; a circumstance which
may have contributed to render the buildings more
secure from earthquakes. The churches are ge-
nerally more reinaikalile for their wealth than their
style of arehitecdne. The cathedral and the
church of (he Dominicans in the capital, which
are built of stone, are however exceptions. The
first was constructed at the royal expcnce, under
the diictdon of the Bishop Don Manuel Alday,
an excellent and learned prelati;; it is built in a
masterly style, and is 384 I'rench feet in front.
The plan was drawn by two Lnglish architects,
wh(> su|)erintended the work : but when it was
half finished they refused to go on, unless their
wages were increased. In consequence of (his the
building was suspended, when two of the Indians
who had worked under the Englishmen, and had
secretly found means of instructing themselves in
every branch of the art, ofic'red (o complete it ;
which they did with as much skill and perfection
as their masters themselves could have dis|)!,iyed.
In the capital the following edifices are also wortliv
of remark : the barracks for tlie dragoons, the
mint, which has l)een lately built !)y a Itoman ar-
chitect, and the hospital for orphans.

5. Population. — Spanish Chile, in consequence
of the freedom granted to its mnritiinc trade, is
peo|)liiig with a rapidity proportioned to (he salu-
bri(y of its climate and the fertility of its soil. If»
population in general is composed of Europeans,
Creoles, Indians, Negroes, and MuHrnt. The
Kuropcans, except a few French, English, and
Italians, are Spaniards, who for the most part are
from the s. provinces of Spain. D. Cosme Bueno,
whose manuscript account of Peru is stated by
lioljcrtson, as having Ix'eii drawn up in 1764,
(though the copies which we have seen of this work
contain fact, of a later date by at least 20 years),
gives to Chilt a population of 210,000 souls.
Miilespina, who visited that country in 1790, is of
oi»inion that this estimate is greatly under the
truth ; nnd we li:' vc been lately informed, on good
authority, that the present population of Chile]
'i K

kl'M

if:; ' h

434

ClI I L E.

• < ii

. ii

'lii '5

famoiirif"! (o 7'J(),000 noiiU, including 70,0()() indc
{inidcnt AraurunoN.

(i. (liilian Crtolrf, — 'I'hc CrcoU's, who form tlir
Urcnicr nuniher, am tin; ticsccndants of IJiiropoans.
'riii'ir cliuractor, with some slijfht di(l"fr'.'nc(', pro.
ccedintr from climate or ifovfrnmrni, is proiiicly
similar Jo that of the other American ('reoles of
European orii;in. The Name niode-s of thinlvin;;,
and (he same moral (jualities, are discernible in
them all. This iinifonnity, which furnishes much
■ubject for reflection, hasncvcr yet been considereil
by any philosopher in its full extent. Whatever
intelligent and unprejudiced travellers have ob-
»ervcd resjM'Ctingthe characters of the French and
JMi^lish Creoles, will perfectly apply to tliat of the
Chilian. They are j^eiierally p()<isessed of goud
talents, and succeed in any of the arts to which
tliey apply themselves. They woulil make as great
progress in the useful sciences as they have done
in metaphysirs, if tliey had the saiiKJ motives to
stimidate them as are found in J^irope. They ilo
not readily imbibe prejudices, and are not tena-
cious in retaining theni.

7. State of arts und scicnres, — As scicntitic
books and instruineiils, however, are vi-ry scarce,
or sold at an exorbitant price, their talents are eitiier
never developed, or are wliolly employed upon
trifles. The expences of printing arc also so i^reat,
as to discourage literary exertion, so that few aspire
to the reputation of authors. The knowledge of
the civil and canonical laws is heUl in great esteem
by them, so that many of tlie Chilian youth, ailer
having completed their course of academical edu-
cation in Cliile, proceed to Lima, which is highly
ciilebrated for its schools of law, in order to be in-
ffructed in that science. The fine arts are in a
very low state in Chile, and even the mechanical
nie as yet very far from perfection. We may ex-
cept, however, those of carpentry, and the work-
ing of iron and the precit)MS metals, which have
made considerable progress, in consequence of the
information obtained from some German artists,
who were introduced into the country by that
worthy ecclesiastic, I 'at her Carlos, of Iluinhansen
in IJavaria. In a word, the arts and sciences of
Chile have for these latter years much engaged the
attention of the inhabiianls, and it is atlirmcd that
the slate of the country has already assumed a very
iliffereiiv ii|"p''nrann-.

8. T/ic /)i(iSfi>itii/.--'V\\n peasantry, though for
much the greater |iart of Spi-nish origin, dress in
the Araucanian manner. Dispersed over that cv-
tensive country, and unentunilxred by restraint,
they possess perfect liberty, and lead a trancpiil
and hajipy lile, amidst the cnj<»ymiiit8 of that ds-

lightfnl climate. I{,iynal observes, ** Ih,' prineipnl
part of lliesr rol)ust men live dispersed upon tlicir
possessions, nnd cultivate with their own hands a
greater or less extent of ground. Tln-y are in-
cited to this laudable labour by a sky (dwiiys clear
niKl ser<me, nnd n clim.ite the most agreeably tem-
perate of any in the two hemispheres, but nioru
especially by a soil whose fertility has excited the
admiration of all travellers." They are naturally
gay and fond of all kinds of diversion. They
have likewise a tistc; for music, nnd compose verses
after their manner, which, although rude and in-
elegant, poss4>ks a certain nnturai simplicity more
inteii'sling than the laboured compositions of cul-
tivated poets. Extemporaneous rhymes, or ini-
proviuil.iHf are common among them, and are
called in their language palladorcs. Those known
to possess ttiis taleni .ue held in high estimation,
and apply themselves to no other occupation. In
the countries de|)end'jnt on the Spanish colonies,
tlierc is generally no other language than the Spa-
nish spoken, but on the frontiers the peasants speak
the Araucanian or CiiiliuM, as well as the former.

f>. Dirss, tSr- — I'he men ilress in the I'rench,
and the women in the IVruvian fashion, excejjt
that the women of Ciiile wear theirgarments longer
th;in those of Peru. In point of luxury, there is no
dilferencf between the inhabitants of ihetwo coun-
lri(s; Fiima prcsciibes tlie fashions for Chile, as
Paris does for the rest of L']nrope. Those who are
weailhy make ii s|)Ienilid display in their dress,
their servants, coaches, or titles. Cliile alone, of
all the American provinces, has enjoyed the supe-
rior privilege of having two of its citizens exalted
to the tlignily of grantlccs of Spain ; (he one Don
rernando Irrazabal, Marquis of Valparaiso ; tiic
other, Don Fcrmin ("aravajal, Duke of St. Carlo..

10. Discitsrs ; sitmll-jio.r, luno cured. — The sa-
lubrity of the air, and the constant (Exercise on
hor.seback to which tli(;y accustom themselves from
childhood, reiuler them strong and active, and
preserve 1' n from many diseases. The small-poic
18 not so coiii.non as in Knrope, but it makes ter-
rible ravages when it appears. This disease was,
in the year iTGtj, for the first time introduced into
the province of Maule, where it became very fatal.
A countryman who had recovered from it, C(»ii-
ceived the idea of atten>[)ling to cure a number of
unhappy wretches, who had bi-eii abandoneil, by
cow's milk, which he gave them to drink, or ad-
ministered to them in clysters. With this simple
remedy he cured all those whom he attended ;
while the physicians, with their co iiplicated pre-
scriptions, save<I but a very few. This anecdote is
supiiortcd by,at the same time that it tends strongly]

C II I L H.

4.'3r»

f(o coiifirif), 111* rx|)crimcnU of M. I,assf>iu', pli y-
siiiiin t(i (lie qumi of I'riiiicc, in llie cmr ol llip
!iiii;\!l-|ii)x will) cow 'm iiiilli, piililislMul hjr liiinscif
i;i till! Medical riinisncdorn of I'liris tor (lie year
I77'>. 'I'll!' coiiiHryinnii, liowpvcr, nn|)l()ynl milk
alone, wliercati iM. Dc lias.'ioncUioii^lit it advisHlile
 mix it \\illi a tItMocliun of parsley roots. These
inst lees nmiiiM seem to prove that milk has the
*iii!fnl;ir pruperly of lesscnini; the virnleiice of this
<!is,,i ler, ami repnssinif its noxious and deadly
(|inditie.^. It is tor (he Jenneriiins to consider how
tiir these fuels may corroborate, or nhat may ho
their unalo/jy to tlie principles that arc inculcated
by (he vaccine instilnlions of (his country.

1 1. A/tirincrs, moral and i)lii/si(nl. — The inhabi-
tants of the country are jjenerallj very benevolent.
C'iMiteiited with n comfortable subsistence, (Is-y nniy
be said scarcely to know what parsimony or ava-
rice is, and arc very rarely affected with tiint vice.
Tlieir houses are open to rll travellers that come,
whom they freely entertain without any idea of
pay, iiml often on these occasions regret that they
are not more wealthy, in order (o <'xercise their
hospitality to a jrrenter extent. This virtue is also
common in the cities, and Teuille observes, that
" the ill return that they have fre(|ueiitly met with
from individuals of our nation, has never lx>en able
to prfxluce a dimiimtion of their native hospi-
tality." vol.11. To this hospitality it is owim;
that they have not hitherto been attentive to the
creel ion of inns and public lodi^iniy houses ; M'hich
will, however, Iwconie ncjcessary when the com.
rncrce of the interior is more increased, f.ord
Anson, ill his voyage, jcjives a particular diseriji-
li<m of the dexterity of the South American pea-
sants in managing the laqui, with which they take
animals, either wihl or domestic. In Chile, the
inhabitants of the country constantly carry this
l(i(jui with them, fastened to their saddles, in order
to have it ready upon occasion, and arc very skil-
ful in the use of it. It consisi- merely in a strip of
leather several tiithoms in length, well twilled in
the manner of a cord, and terminated by a strong
noose of tlu! same material. They make use of it
both on foot and on horseback, and in the latter
case with cfiual certainty, whether amidst woods,
mountains, or steep declivities. On these occa-
sions on(! end of it is fastene«l under the horse's
belly, and the other held by the rider, who throws
it over the flying animal with u dexterity that
scarcely ever misses its aim. Herodotus makes
mention of u similar noose which was used in battle
by the Sagartians. " The Saijartii," he observes,
" were originally of Persian descdit, and use the
Persian lutiguuge : they have no ofl'ciisivc weapons

either of iron or brass, extept their dargrrs : their
principal dependence in action is upon cords made
of twisted leather, which they w.w in I'l^ iJinnner :
when they engage an enemy, lit' .v thro\v out thes<'
cords, having a mntse at the extremiiy ; if I'ley
entaiigh; in them either horse or man, they wiilu/iit
ililliculty put thcbii todeath." Ueloe's llerodolns,
vol. III. Polymnia, p, ',t).j. The Chilians have
also employed the laqiti with much success against
the Knglish pirates who lia\e landed upon their
coast. They are also skilful i-i the management of
horses, and in the opinion of travellers, who have
had an opportunity of witnessing their dexterity
and courage in this exercise, they mi^ht soon be
formed into the best body of cavalry iii the world.
Their attachment to horses remlers them particu-
larly fond of horse-racing, which they conduct in
(he Knglibh manner. The Nc^Moes, who iiavebccri
introduced into Chile wholly by contraband means,
are subjected to a slate of servitude, which may bo
considered as tolerable in coni^)arison to that wiiicli
they endure in many parts ot America, where the
interest of the planter stifles every sentiment of hu-
manity. As the ^)lanting of sugar and other nr-
(it;les of West Indian commerce lias not l>een esta-
blished in Chile, the slaves are employed in do-
mestic services, where by attention and diligence
they may readily accpiirc the lavonr of their mas-
ters. Those in most esteem arc cither such as arc
born in the country of African parents, or ilie Mu-
latloes, as they become more attached to the fii-
iiiily to which they belong. The humaniiy of the
government or the inhabitants has introduced in
tavoiir of this unt'ortunate race a very proper regu-
lation. Such of them us by their industry have
obtained n sum of money sufTicient for the purchase
of a slave, can ransom Uiemselves by paying it to
their masters, who are obliged to receive it, and
set them at lilierty ; and numbers who have in this
manner obtained their freedom, are to be met with
thionghoiit the country. The same law subsists
in all the Spanish colonies ; and a slave who can-
not redeem himself entirely, is allowed to redeem
one or more days in the week, by pavinjf a pro-
portion of his price. Those who are ill treated by
their owners can demand a lelltr o/salf, which is
n written jiermissioii to them to seek a purchaser.
In case of the master's refnsul, they have the pri-
vilege of applying to the jiidye of the place, who
examines their complaints, and if well founded,
grants them the ])erniissioii required. Such in-
stances are, however, very unusual, either because
the master, on account ot his reputation, avoids re-
ducing his slave-s lo this extremity, or that the
slaves thciiisclvcs contract siitli aa attacliment to 1

IW'

)

n'l I

i i

43(»

C H 1 L E.

, ' I

fei'

nijcir niaslers, (liat (licffroalost punisli-nenl inflicted
Oil tlieiii woiilil be Jo sell tlicin to ollicis. Mitslcrs
iicvcrtlicloss exercise the riglils of fathers ol' fami-
lies over their slaves, in correctiiij' them for their
faulls.

12. Internal and external commrrce, mines,
imports, and exports.— T\\c internal commerce o(
has Ijcfii iiitherto of very little importance,

Chile

notwithstanilinii; the adrantnges that the country
offers for its eiic«)urngemcnt. Its principal source,
industry, or more properly »ipL.;king, necessity, is
Wjintiug. An extensive commerce is correlative
with a great population, and in proportion as the
latter increases, the former will also be augmented.
Hitherto it may be said, that of the two branches
that in general give birth to commerce, agriculture
and industry, the tirst is that alone which animates
the internal conmiercc «)f (Jhile, and even that
part of the external which is carried on with Peru.
The working of mines also occupies the attention
of many in the provinces of Copiapo, C'oquimbo,
and Quilluta ; but the industry is so trilling that
k does not deserve the name. Notwithstanding the
abundance of its fruits and materials of manufacture,
as (lax, wool, hemp, skins and metals, which might

t)roduce a flourish ilig conmicrce, it is conducted
•ut languidly. The iidiabitants employ themselves
only in making pomhos, stockings, socks, carpets,
bknkets, skin-coats, saddles, hats, and other small
articles chiefly made use of by the common or
poorer class of people, since those of the n-.iddic
rank employ those of European manufacture.
These, but more particularly the sale of hides and
tanned leather, which they have in great plenty,
with that of grain and wine, form the whole of the
internal commerce of the kingdom. The external,
whi(;h is carried on with all the ports of Peru, par-
'Icularly (3alla-i, arises from the exportation of
fruits; this amounts to 700,000 dollars ai-iually,
according to the statements given in the periotlical
publications ut Lima. The coninierce between
(bile and Huenos Ayres is quite Uherwise, since
liiT the her!, ..f Parastiat/ vAonc, it is obliged to ad-
vance 3U),000 dollars annually in cash ; the
other articles received from thence are probably
paid for by those sent thither. In the trade with
Spain, the fruits received from Chile go but a t-ttle
way .n payment of more than a million of dollars,
which are received from thence annually in Euro-
pean goods, either directly, or by the way of
Buernw Ayres, and sometimes from Lima, (iold,
silver, and copper, are the articles whicli form
nearly the whole of this connnorce, f,ince the liidei
ond vicuna wool arc in sucli small quiuititics us to
reader them of litt''* importance.

Not wiiiistanding the workingof the mincf in Chile
has in ii great measure been reliuquislied from theex«
])ence,aiid from the impediments otiered by the war-
like spirit of the Araucaniaiis, tliere are more than a
thousanil now in woik between the cities of Co-
quimbo ami t'opiapi), Ii'siiles tiiosiofthe province
of Aconcagua ; and il is a mitter ot fact that tho
produce of its mines has ben increasing ever
since that the passage into the S. sea by cape Horn
was frequented by the Spanish merchants. The
gold coined in the capital was lately regulated at
5V?00 marks annually ; but the present yearly pro-
duccoftlic mines, as calculated from the amounts
of the royal duties, and therelbre considerably
under the truth, amounts to 10,000 Spanish marks
of pure gold, and iW,700 «lo. of pure silver. The
value w dollars of both is 1,737,380; the pold
being estimated at Ht.t.Vs dollars, and the silver
at 9,*, dollars the Spanish mark. Besides this, we
must add for contraband 32^,6^20 dollars; and
the total produce will then be 2,060,000. Accord.
ing to Humboldt, the dollars imported into Chile
!ind Peru in ISOJ amounted to 11,500,000, and
ihc ex|)orts consisted of produce to the value of
4,000,000 tloUars, besides 8,000,00t) dollars in
specie. The receipts of Chile, tiualemalS, and Ca-
racas, are consumed within the country. The re-
mittances of gold and silver to Spain are usually
made from Hneiios Ayres ; tin* first being less
bulky, is carried by the monthly packets in
sums of 2 or .'JOOO ounces ; as to the seconil,
it has, till within a very late jjcriod, b«>en sent in
two convoy ships in the summer, by which con-
veyances gold is also remitted. Tlie copper which
is extracted from the mirjes is estimated from 8
to 10,000 quintals. From these data it will not
Ijc ilillicull to form a general estimate of all that
Chile |)roiluces annually. A communication by^
water, which greatly facilitates the progress of
conunerce, has been already connnenced. In se-
veral ol the ports, barks are employed in the trans-
portJitioii of merchandize, which was before carried
by land upon mules. Several large ships have
also been built in the harbour of Concepcion anil
the monlli of the river Maiile. The external com-
merce is carried on with Peru and Spain. In the
first, 23 or 21 ships, (tf 5 or 600 tons each, are em-
ployed, which are partly Chilian and partly Peru-
vian. These usually make three voyages in a
year ; they carry from Chile wheat, wine, pulse,
ahnonds, nuts, cocoa-nuts, conserves, dried meat,
tallow, lard, cheese, sole-leather, timber for buihl-
ing, Clipper, and a variety of other articles, and
bring back in return silver, sugar, rice and cotton.
The Spanish ships receive in exchange for Euro-]

■>i'^

ii'

if ' ■ '

!' i f

1 N

^Dflh

u.' K'

ii'tsffiir

CHILE.

437

from 8

ill iiut

ill! lliiit

ition by

TOSS of

III so-
le trans-
carried
K Imvc
ioit uiul
lal coin-
In thu
are cm-
Pet u-
es ill ii
, pulse,
!(1 meat,
r biiild-
es, nnd
cotton.
Euro-]

[pean ntcrchandisc jrold, silver, copper, vicugna
wool, and hides. A tradi; will) the Knst Indies
would be more profitable to the Chilians than aiij
other, as their most valuable articles have either
become scarce, or are not produced in that wealth j
part of Asia ; and the passa^-, in consequence of
the prevalence of the s. winds in the Pacilic, would
bo easj and expeditious. No money is coined or
has currency in Chile except gold and silver, a
circumstance very embarrassing to the internal
traffic. Their smallest silver coin is one sixteenth
of a dollar, and their wciirhts and measures are the
same that are used in Madrid.

13. Natural divisions. — Chile, properly called,
or that part which is situated between the Andes ami
the sea, and within Int. 24° and 45° s. is al least 1^
miles in breadth. It is commonly divided into
tuo equal parts, that is, the maritime country, and
the midland country ; the maritime country is in-
tersectetl by three clnins of mountains, running
parallel to the Andes, between which are numerous
valleys watered by delightful rivers. The midland
country isalnuvst illat ; a few insulated liills only are
to be seen, which diversify and reiuler the appear-
;ince of it more pleasing. The Andes, which are
consideretl as (he loidest mountains in the world,
cross the whole continent of America, in n direction
from s. to ti. for we cannot consider the mountains
ill North America in any other light than as a con-
tinuation of the cotdilleran. The part appertaining
to Chile may be I'iO miles in breadth ; it consists
of a great nuiiilier of niountiiiiis, all of them of a
prodigious heii-ht, which appear to be chained to
each «>tlier, ami where nature displays nil the
lioniities and all the horrors of tlie most picturesque
situations. Although it abounds with frightful
precipices, many agreeable valleys and fertile pas-
tures are to be found there ; and the rivers, which
derive their sources from the nioutitains, often ex-
hibit the most pleasing as well as the most (crrify-
ii'g features. 'Vliat portion of the couli/lrras which
is situated he wet n lat. iii'and 3^^ is wholly de-
«('it; but the remainder, as far as the 43°, is iii-
Iiibited by some colonies of Chilians, who are
<;;i!Ivd Chiquillanes, IVIiuenches, Puelches, and
liuilliches, but are more generally known by the
nunc of Patagoniaiis. The surface of Chile is
rstimated at ii78,()0() s(|uare miles. Thert; arc
about eight or nine roads which cross its cordilltrn;
of which that lea ing from the province ofAcon-
ragiia to Ciiyo, although dangerous, as being nar-
row, and having on eillicr side loflv and pcruendi-
cu'ar mountains, is the most travelled. Mules are
ofileii precipitated from these roads into the rivers
beneath.

14. Po'itical divisions. — The political divisions
of Chile consist of the part occupied by the Spa-
niards, nnd that which is inhabited by the Indians.
The Spanish part is situated between lat.iil and
'6V a. and is divided into iJ provinces, vi/.
Copiapo, Coqiiimbo, Qiiillota, Aconcagua, IM(>li-
pilla, ami St. Jagu, (which contains the capital ri( y
of the country of the same name), Ilancagua, Cai-
chagun, Maiile, Ytata, Chilian, Puchacay, and
iluiUiueleniu. The Indian country is situated be-
tween the river Hiobio and the Archipelago of
Cliiloe, or lat. Stj'and 4 1^. It is inhabited by three
different nations, the Araucanians, the Cundies,
and the lluilliclies. The Araucanians do not, iu;
Mr. I)e Pauii pretends, inhabit the barren rocks of
(.'hile, but, on tin; contrary, the finest plains in thu
whole country, situate between the rivers liiobiu
and Valdivia.

15. Climalc. — Chile is one of the best coiiutriei
in America. The beauties of its sky, the constant
mildness of its climate, and its ai)undaiit fertility,
render it, as a nlace of residence, extremely agree-
able ; and witii respect to its natural productions,
it may lie said, without exaggeration, not to be in-
ferior to any portion of the globe. The seasons suc-
ceed each other regularly, and are sufficiently
marked, although the trnn^>itioll tVom cold to heat
is very moderate. The spring in ('hile commences,
as ill all the countries of the x. hemisphere, the 32d
September, the summer in December, the autumn
in March, and the winter in tluiie. The following
account is from l{o!'ir/s(»i's llislori/ of Anurica^
vol. IV. c. 7. " That part of Chile which may
properly bedecmeil a Spanisli province, is a narrow
ilistriet, extending along the coast fioiii the desert
of Atacamas to the island of Cliiltx'-, above fidt)
miles, lis climate is the most di licioiif; of tlio
new woild, and is hardly equalled by that of any
region on (lie fiice of the eaiili. Though border-
ing on the torrid zone, it wcyvx feels the extioiiiiiy
of heat, being scieeiied on (lie r. by the Andes, and
refreshed t'rom the :i\ by cooling sea-breezes. T!ie
tennieiatuie of the air is so niihl and equable, (hak
(he Spaniards give i( (he preference til' that oitliij
s. provinces in tlieir native country. T!ie fertility
of (he soil corresponds willi the benigiiKy of the
clinmte, and is wonderfully accommodated to
European productions. The most valuable of
tliese, corn, wine, and oil, abound in Chile, as if
they hati been native in (he country. Ali the fruits
imported from Kurojie attain to full maturity tlienr.
The animals of our liemibiphere not only iniiUiply,
but improve in this deliglitful region. The hornei
ca((le are of larger size than (hose of Spiii. Its
breuil of horses surpasses, both in beauty 'and iuj

% i

1 ill

nil

J..'

438

CHILE.

[spirit, (he famous Amlaliiciun tpce, from 'which
they sprRii^r. Nor has Nature exhausted hor
bounty on the surface of tlic earth ; she has stored
its bowels with riches: valuai)le mines of gold, of
silver, of copper, and of lead, ,iave been <liscovered
in various parts of it. A country distinguished
by so many blessings, we may be apt to conclude,
would early become a favourite station of tlie
Spaniards, and must have been cultivated witii
peculiar predilection and care ; instead of tiiis, u
great part of it remains unoccupied. In all this
extent of country there are not above 80,000 white
inhabitants, and about three times that number of
Negroes and people of a mixed race. The most
fertile soil in America lies uncullivatei'., and some
of its most promising mines remain unwroiight."

16. Of rain. — From the Ix'ginning of spring
until autumn, there is throughout Chile n con-
stant succession of fine weatlier, particularly be-
tween the 24° and 30" of latitude ; but in the islands,
which for the most part are covered with woods,
the rains are very frequent, even in s<immer. The
rainy season on the continent usually commences
in April, and continues until the end of August.
In then, provinces of Coquiinbo an(- Copiapoit
very rarely rains ; in the central ones it usually
rains three or four days in succession, and the
pleasant weather continues 15 or 30 days ; in the
s. the rains arc much more frequent, and often
continue for nine or ten days without cessation.
These rains are never accompanied with storms
or hail, and thunder is scarcely known in the
country, particularly in |)lacos at a distance from
the Andes, where, even in summer, it is seldom
ever heard. l<ightning is wholly unknown in the
province of Chile; and although, in the above-
mentioned mountains, and near the sea, storms
occasionally arise, yet they, according to the di-
rection of the wind, pass over, and take their
course to the M. or J. In the maritime provinces
snow is never seen. In those nearer the Andes it
falls about once in five years; sometimes not so
often, and the quantity very trifling ; it tisually
melts while falling, and it is very nnconunon to
have it remain on the ground for a day. in the
Andes, however, it falls in such quantifies from
April to November, that it not only lies there con-
stantly during that time, but even renders them
wholly mipassable during the greater part of the
year. The highest summits of these mountains,
which are constantly covered w'th snow, are dis-
tinguishable at a great distance f their whiteness,
and form a very singular arn pleasing ai)p(?ar-
ance. Those of the iii'iabilniits who arc not snf-

bcieiitly wealthy to

have
4

ice-housos, procure

snow from the moun(ain<!, which they transr)oii
upon mules. The consumpticm of this artu;!e is
very considerable, as a general use is made ol it
in sununer to cool their liquors. The maritiiiie
countries being at a distance from the Andes, <|ij
not enjoy this advantage, but they teel the ])iiva-
tion of it less, as the heat is much more moderalo
upon the coast than in the interior. In thu iniil-
land provinces is sometimes sren, in the month of
August, a while frost, accompanied by a slight de-
gree f»f cold, which is the greatest that is expei
rienced in those districts. This coldness continues
two or three hours after sun-rise; from which time
the weather is like that of a fine day in spring.
The dews are abundant throughout Chile in the
spring, summer, and autumnal nights, and in a
great nu,'asure supply the want of rain during
those seasons. Although the atmosphere is then
loaded wi'h humidity, its salubrity is not injured
thereby, for both husbandmen and travellers
sleep in the open air with perfect security. Fogs
arc common on the coast, especially in tlie au-
tumn ; they continue but a few hours in the morn-
ing, and as they consist only of watery particles,
are not prejudicial either to the health of tiic inha-
bitants, or to the vegetation.

17. fi'hids. — The ti and n. w. winds usually
bring rain, and th: ,v. and .>•. e. a clear sky ; these
serve as infalli'-'i. indications to the iidiabitants,
who are observu.t of them, and furnish thenisclves
with a kind of barouieter to determine previously tiic
state of the weather. The same wi'ids produce
directly contrary etlects in the j. ami it; the w.
hemispheres. The >?. and northerly winds, be-
fore they arrive at Chile, cross the (orrid zone,
and there becoming loaded wiiii vapours, bring
with them heat and rain ; this hent is, however,
very moderate, and it would seemtliatthesewiiujs,
in crossing the Andes, which are constantly
covered with snow, become qu^tlifieu, and lnhc
much of their heat and unhealthy properties. In
Tucuman and Ctijo, where they arj known by
the name of somla, they are much more inroin-
modiou',, and are more suffocating than even the
siroc !n Italy. The s. winds coming immediately
from the antarctic pole, are cold and dry; these
are usually from the s.rc. and prevail in Cliiie
du"iiig the time that the sun is in the ,v. hemis-
phere ; they blow constantly towards the etjuator,
iiie atmos|)here at that period being highly rare-
fied, and no adverse current of air opposing itself
to their c<mrse : as they disjierse the Vii|)oitrs,
and drive them towards the Andes, it rains but
seldom during their continuance. The clouds
collected upon ilicscmouiitains, uniting with those i

1' !i ,

!,■■:, -l

CHILE.

439

I vK\ch conio from llif ». or rnsion very lionv y rains,
.icvoinnaniid willi lliiiiulcr, in all (lit- jMovinccs
Ix'yonu llipAnJes, imrficiilnrly in tliosc ofriuii-
»niuiai:'1 *'.ijo, wliilo nt (lit- same lime tlie atrnos-
]ih«"re of C'liilo. is constantly dear, and its inliahi-
innts rnjoy tlicir fnirst scasfHi. 'j'lie contrary
takes plate in winter, wiiitlj is tlic line season in
these ])rovinces, and t lie rainy in Chile. The,v.
wind never t:r)ntirnies hUiwiiiir durinjj the whole
day with (he same force ; as the sun approaches
the meridian, it falls very consid<nil)ly, and rises
again in (he afternoon. At noon, when (his wind
is scarcely perceptible, a (rrsli breeze is felt from
(he sea, which condnues abonttwo or three hours ;
the hu-bandmen give it (he name of (he (wclve
o'clock breeze, or (he roimlryman's watch, as it
serves to regidale (hem in determining (ha( hour.
'I'nis sea-brccze returns regularly at midnight, and
is supposed (o be produced by the tide; it is
stronger in antunui, and sometimes acconipimied
with hail. The r. winds rarely prevail in ('hile,
(heir course being obstructed by (he Andes. Hur-
ricanes, so ronmion in the .Antilles, are unknown
here; (here exists indtcd a solitary example of a
hurricane, which, in Ki'iS, did much injury to the
fortnss of Caremalpo, in the .?. part of ("hile.
The mild temjM'ralnrc which (Jhile almost aUvtiys
enjoys iTiust depend entirely U|)ou the succession of
these winds, as a situation s(> near the tropic would
naturally expose it to a m«)re violent degree of
heat. Jn addition to (hose, the tide, the abundant
dews, !'.ui certain winds lioni the Andes, which
are distinct from the e. wind, cool the air so much
in summer, (hat in the shade no one is ever in-
connnoded with pespiralion. The dress of (he
iidiabKants of the sea-coast is tlir Kamc in the win-
(erasiii (lie summer; and in the interior, where
'A\c heat is more perceptible llian elsewhere, Reau-
mur's thciniometer siarcely ever exceds ^5".
'J'he n •^liis, throughout the i oiimry, arc geiierally
of a very agreeable temperature. Notwithstand-
ing the moilciate heat »if I'liile, ail the fruits of
vwiT"; countries, and even those ol the tropics,
arrive to great jieiU'ction llier<', wiiuh renders it
))iol)abIe that the warmth ottlie soil far exceeds
lliat ol'ihe atmosphere. 'I'l'.e connTiies bordering
on the r. of Clule do not <'njoy tluse relVtshing
winds ; the air there is sn(!'i>calimr,and as oppres-
sive as in .\iii;:a under ihtr same l;itiinde.

IS. M<!<i)ts. — Mclrors are veiy (re(|uent in
Chile, espeeiiilly those called shooting stars, which
are to be seen ihcri! almost the whole year ; also
balls of (ire, that usually rise frcmi the Andes, and
tail into (lie sea. Tin- iii'tvm iiiisli(i/i'\ on tlnr
the contrary, is very uncommon : (li.il which was

observed in 1()40 was one of the largest; it was
visible, from (he necounts that have been left us
from the month of lebruar}* until April. During
(Ills ccu(ury they have appeared at four diffi-rent
times. This phenomenon is nu)rc frequently vi-
sible in the Archipelagoof Chiloe, from the greater
elevation of (he poU in (hat part of (he coun(ry.

19. Volcnnoex. — That a coiin(ry producing sncli
nn abundance of sul|)hureous, ni(rous, and bi(u-
minous substances, should be subject (o volcanic
eruptions, is not to be wondered at. The nume-
rous volcanoes in the conli/kras would, of them-
selves, furnish a sullicient proof of (he quantity of
these combusdble materials; (here are said (o
be It ' hich are in a cons(ant s(n(c of eruption,
and a still greater mnriber (Itat «lischarge smoke
only at intervals. 'J hese arc all situated in (hat
i)ar( of (he Andes appertaining toChile,and nearly
in (he middle of (hut range of moimtains; so (hat
(he lavn and ashes (hrown out by (hem never ex-
(enil l)eyonil (heir limits. These nu)U'i(ains and
their vicinities are foimd, on examination^ to con-
tain great quantities of sulphur and sal-ammoniac,
marcasite in an enti'e and decomposed s(atc', cal-
cined and crystallixeil stones, and various metallic
substances. 'J'he greates( eruj)tion ever known in
Chile was that of lV(eroa, which happened on the
yd of December 171)0, wl>en (hat volcano fonneil
itself n new crater, and a neighbouring mountain
was rent nsuiuler for many miles in extent; (he
erup(ion was accompanied by a dreadful explo-
sion, which was luard (hroughout the whole
« Duntry ; fortunately it was not succeeded by any
very violent shocks of an eardiquake : (he quan-
(ity of lava and ashes was so great that it filled
the neighbouring valleys, and occasioned a rise of
the waters of the Tingeraca, which continuetl for
juany days. At (he same (ime the course o( the
l.ontiie, a very ccmsiderable river, was impeded
lor lit tiays, by a part of tin- mountain which fell
and filled its bed ; the water at length forced itself
a pass-ige, overllowed all the neighbouring plains,
and formed a lake which still remains." In the
wiiole ofthe coniilry not included in (he Andes,
tlier( are but two volcaniws; (he first, si(ua(e at
(he iiioudi of the river Hapel, is small, and dis-
charges only a little smoke fioin timi>(o time ; the
second is (he grea( volcano of Villarica, in tho
country of Ammo, 'i'his volcafio may be seen at
the distaiiee ot 1)0 miles ; and althongli it api)earN
to be insulated, it is said to be coimectud by its
base with the Andes. The summit of (he moun-
tain is covered with snow, and is in a constant
state ol" eruption : it is II miles in circmnli-retice
at iu b.l^e, which is piiiuipally covered with |

t '■ !ii

i; .!'■

ii i I

I L

"ii

^l!

;iin^

> > I

140

CHILE.

M.i :

'(] ^

l./^ H

; hi , fc

' W^'

I pleasant forests : a i»rcat number of rivers derive
Mieir soiircrs from it, and its perpetual verdure
♦urnishes a proof that its eruptions have never been
Tery violent.

SO. Earthqunkes. — TIiP quantity of inflamniablc
subsfnnros with whirh tiie soil of Chile abounds,
rendered active by the electric fluid, may bo con-
sidered as one of the principal causes of earth-
quakes, the only yconrirc that atTlicIs this favoured
rountry. Another, however, not less capable of
prodticinat this terrible phenomenon, is the elr.'^-
ticityofthe air contained in the bowels of the
earth, in consequcnceof the water which, insinuat-
ing itself by subterranean passages from the sea,
becomes changed into vapour. This hypothesis
will explain why the provinces to the r. ofllic
Andes, at a distance from the sea, arc so lit; le in-
commoded by earthquakes. Two, howryer, Co-
piapo and L'oquimbo, although near the sea, r.nd
as rich in minerals as the others, hjive never suf-
fered fnmi earthquakes; and whilst the other
parts of the country have been violently shaken,
these have not experienced the least shock, or
been but slightly agitated. It is a general oiiin'on
that the <'arth in these provinces is intersectcv' !jy
large caverns. The noises heard in many places,
»nd which appear to indicate the passage of waters,
orsnbterraneous winds,seemtoconfirmthisopinion,
and it is highly probable that by aflbrding a free
vent to the inflamed substances, tlieie caverns may
serve to counteract the progress of those convul-
sions to which the neighbouring country is subject.
The inhabitants usually calculate three or four
earthquakes at Chile annually, but they arc very
slight, and little attention is paid to tlicm. The
great earthquakes happen but rarely, and of these
not more than five have occurred in a |M;riod of
244 years, from the arrival of the Spaniards to the
present jicriod, 1S12. I'rom a course of accurate
observations it has been ascertained, that earth-
quakes never occur unexpectedly in this country,
but are always announced by a lioilow sound pro-
ceeding from a vibration of the air; and as the
simcks do not succeed each other rapidly, the in-
hai)itants have suUicient time to provide (or their
s.xtety. Tiiey have, however, in order to secure
themselves at ail events, built their cities in a
very judicious manner ; the streets are left so broad
lliat the iidiabitiints w«)uld be safe in the middle of
tlicm, should even the houses fall upon botii sides.
In addition to this, all the iiouses liavc spacious
courts and gardens, m Iiicli would serve as places of
refuge; tiiose who are «eallhy have usually in
their gardens several neat wooden barracks,
whtTf flicy pass the night whenever they are

threatened with an e.irtliqnakc. I'ndcr these cir-
cumstances the Chilians live without apprelu'dNion
csjiccially as the eartlupialies have never jjccii
liitherto attended with any considerable sinking ol
the earth, or failing of buddings; this is probably
owing to subterranean passages commnnicatiiii;-
with the volcanoesoftlic Andes, which are so many
vent-holes lor he inflamed substances, and serv(!
to counteract their eflecls. Were it not forth,;
number of these voKanoes, Ciiile woidtl, in ;ill
probability, Ik; rendered uninhabitable, home
pretend that they can fbretel arj eardiquake from
certain changes in the atmosphere: allliough this
does not appear to be impossible, it is altoijctlar
discredited by many ofllie best writers on Chile:
these observe that tiiry will occur both in the
niiny and dry seasons, during a storm as well as a
calm.

y|. Some. (Iclaif of productions. — Cliilc pro.
duces none of those dangerous or venomous ani-
mnls wliicli arc so much dreaded in hot countries ;
and it ha.', but one species of small serpent, w'lich
is perfectly harndess, as the I'rench academicians
ascertained when they went to Peru, in 1736, to
measure a degree of the meridian. Ulloa also, in
his Voyage, part II. vol. III. observes, "This
country is not iidlsted by any kind of insect ex-
cept the c/iigun.i, or pricker, or any poisonous
reptile ; and although in the woods and fields some
sntdies arc to be found, their bite is by no means
dangerous ; Jior does any savage or ferocious
beast excite terror in its rjlains. The puma, or
American lion, which is sometimes met with in the
thickest and least frequented forests, is distinguish-
ed from the African lion, !)oth by its being with-
out a mane and its timidity; there i:. no instance
of its ever having attacked a man, and a person
may not only travel, but lie down to sleep with
jicrfect security, in any part of the plain, and
«!ven in the thickest forests of the mountains. Nei-
tlicr tigers, wolves, nor many other ferocious
l.'casts that infest the neighbouring countries, arc
known there. Probably the great ridge of the
Andes, which is every where extremely s(eej),
and covered with snow, serves as a barrier to their
passage. The mildness of the climate may also
be unfavourable to them, as the greater part of
these animals arc natives of the hottest countries.
Horses, asses, cattle, sheep, goats, many kinds
of dogs, cats, and even mice, have been brought
hither by the Spaniards. .All these animals have
multiplied exceedingly, and increased in si/e.
The price of the best horses is from 100 to MO
crowns ; the asses arc strong and stately, though
bunt«d chiefly for their skills ; and the laiiles ai^ !

>.'!':»-

idi in (lip
stinguish-
ng witli-
a instance
a person
ocp widi
ain, anil
ns. Noi-
fcrocioiis
jtrirs, arc
ot' the
\y steep,
r to llicii'
may also
r part of
conntries,
ny kiiiils
brought
lals have
in bi/e.
to MO
though
,nles aii< l

C H I

rdistinguished for being very sure-footed and active.
The !iornpd cattle hnvc, through the favourable
temperature of the climate, acquired a larger size,
while their flesh has become better and more nu-
tritive ; the sheep imported from Spain retain a
wool as be;iuliful as that of the Ijcst Spanish sheep,
each sheep yielding annually from 10 to 15 lbs. of
wool ; they breed twice a-year, and have gene-
rally two at a birth. The common price of cattle
throughout the country is from three to four
fitippi (fifteen or twenty francs), but in the sea-
ports the price is fixed by an ancient regulation,
at 10 crowns ; of which the commandant of the
port receives four, and the owner six.

The diiTercnt kinds of trees known in Chile
ararunt to 97, and of these only 13 shed their
leaves : amongst the plants, there are SOGO not
mentioned in botanical works. The melons here
are, according to Molina, three feet long, and the
only fruits unknown are medlars, service apples,
three-grained medlar, and the jujubrc. Oi' the
indiecnous worms, insects, &c. are 36 species,
andtbetunicated cuttle-fish found here is of 150 lbs.
weight. There arc ]S species of crabs and craw-
fish found on H\c sea-coast, and four species in the
fresh waters. There are 135 species otland-birds,
and of auuirupcds 36, without those imported.
The various kinds of esculent fish found upon the
coast arc computed by the fishermen at 76, the most
of them dificring from those of the «. hemisphere,
and appearing to be peculiar to ihat sea.

Amongst the earths of this country is a clay
thought to be very analogous to kaolin of the
Chinese ; another kind C4illed roxo, producing an
excellent black dye, and represented by Feuille
and Frozici as superior to the best European
blacks. The membraneous m/ra, otherwise Mus-
covy grass, is also found here in the greatest per-
fection, both as respects its transparency and the
si/e of i's lamina; ; of this substance the country
neople manufacture artificial flowers, and like the
Russians, make use of it for glazing their houses.
The thin plates which are used for windows are by
many preferred to glass, from their being pliable
and less fragile, an^ possessing what appears to be
a peculiar property, of freely admitting the light
and a view ot external objects to those within,
while persons without are prevented from seeing
any thing in the house.

22. Present revolution. — In Chile, the autho-
rity of the mother country has been superseded
by the aristocracy of the colony. The gevcrn-
ment has fallen, peaceably and without resistance,
into the bands of the great Creole families, who

VOL. I.

CHI

441

seem hitherto to have used their power with tem-
per and moderation. Sec La Flata.]

Chii.k. a river of the former kingdom, in the
distric' ci Tolten Baxo. It runs w. and enters
the sea between the rivers Tolten and liudi.

CiiH'R, a point of the coast of the province and
corregimienlo of Arequipa.

CiiiLEv a small island of the S. sea, in the same
province and conegimiento.

r^HILENO, Paso dbl, a ford of the river
Jazegua, in the province and government of Buenos
Ayres, close to the river Cordobcs.

CHILERIOS, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Buenos Ayres. It runs n. and enters
the river Negro.

CHILES, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Pasto in the kingdom of Quito.

[CHILIIOWEE Mountain, in the s. c part
of tbe state of Tennessee, and between it and the
Cherokee country.]

CIITLIA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Caxamarquilla and Coliay in
P"ru.

CIIILINTOMO, a mountain of the province
and government of Guayaquil in the kingdom of
Quito ; inhabited t)y some Indians, who, although
reduced to the Catholic faith, arc nevertheless of
such vile habits as constantly to manifest bow
deeply idolatry is rooted in them.

CIIILIPUIN, a settlement of the province and
correeimientn of Chachapoyas in Peru.

[CIULISQUAQUE, a township on Siisque-
hannah river, in Pennsylvania.]

CHILLAHUA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Carangas in Peru, and of the
archbishopric of Charcas.

[CHILLAKOTIIE, an Indian town on the
Great Miami, whicii was destroyed in 1782 by a
bod/ of militia from Kentucky. General Harmar
supposes this to bo the " English Tawixtwi," in
Uutchins^s map. Here arc the ruins of an old fort,
and on both sides of the river arc extensive mea-
dows. This name is applied to many different
places, in honour of an influential chief wlio for-
merly headed the Shawanoes. See Tawixtwi.j

[CiiiLLAKOTHi;, Old, is an Indian town desi-
troycd by the forces of the United States in 1780.
It lies about three miles 5. of Little Mimia river ;
the country in its vicinity is of a rich soil, and is
beautifully chequered with meadows.]

CHILLAN, a city, the capital of the district

and corregimiento of this name in the kingdom of

Chile, it is very small and poor, although it

contains some families of distinction. It coriiii(«,

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C H I

atthcmo&t, of S60 bouses : for having been det*
(ro^'cd by the Aruucnnians, in 150D, it has never
Finer bc(>p able to reach its former degree of splcn-
ilonr. Jc lies between ilic river Nublc to the ».
and di'. Knla to the j. in Int. SS" 56'*.

Crii.i.AN, a mountain or volcano of the same
province and corregminito, at a little dibtance
from the former city. On its skirts arc the Indian
nations of the Piiclches, Pehucnches, and Chiquil-
Inncs, who have an outlet by the navigation ut the
river Demantc.

CiiiLLAN, a small river of the same pro-
vince.

CIIILLAOS, a settlement of the province and
coiregimieuto of liiis name in Peru. It is of a
hot temperature, and produces some tobacco and
almonds.

CIIILLOA, or Ciiilt.o, a Ifanura of the king-
dom of Quito, near this capital, between two
chains of mountains, one very lofty towards the
e. and the other lower towards the s. It is watered
by two principal rivers, the Pita and the Ama-
gnafiii, which at the end of the llunura unite
themselves at the foot of the mountain called
Guangapolo, in the territory of tlie settlement of
Alangasi, and at the spot called Las>Juntas. In this
plain lie the settlements of Ama^uana, Hangolqui,
Alangasi, and Conocoto, all of which are curacies of
the jurisdictionof Quito. Itisofamild and pleasant
temperature, although sometimes rather cold, from
its proximity to the mountains or paramos of Pin-
(ac, Antisana, Ruminavi,and Sincholagua. Here
was formerly celebrated the cavafgala, by the col-
Irgians of the head college and seminary oi' San
Luis (Ic Quito, during the vacations. The soil
produces nhunJance of wheat and maize. It is
much resorted to by the gentlemen of Quito as a
place of rccrcnlion. It is eight or nine leagues in
jcngtii, and six in width.

CHILLOGALLO, a settlement of the king-
dom of Quito, in the district of Las Cinco Leguas
de sn Capital .

[CHILMARK, a township on Martha's Vine-
yard island. Duke's county, Massachusetts, con-
taining 771 iiiliiil)itants. It lies 99 miles s. by e.
of Uoslon. See Maiitiia'* Vinevaud.]

CIIILOK, .1 largo island of the Archipelago or
Ancud of the kingdom of Chile, being one of the
18 provinces or corrcginikulos wfiioh compose it.
Jt is 'Jh leagues in length, and nine in width nt the
broadest part ; and varies until it reaches only
two Iciigues across, which is ils narrowest part. It
is of" a cold temperature, being very subject to
heavy rains and fresh winds ; notwithstanding

c H r

which its cUmaltfl Ls healthy. Around it are four
other islands ; and the number of settlements in
these arc 25, which are,

Quehuy, .
Chelin,
Limuy,
Tanqui,
'•'Chicluapi,
• Abtau,
' •■;.;■'»•'<" Tabor,
' ' Quenu,
* Llaycha,
> liuar,
'' Calbuco,
"Isla Grande.

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Achau,

Lin-Iin,

Llitiua,

Quenac,

Meulin, "

Cahuac, '

Alau,

Auiau,

Cliaulinec, '

Anihue,

(-hegniau,

Vuta-Chauquis,

Caucahue,

All of these are monntainous, little cultivatod,
and produce only a small proportion of wheat,
l)arley, flax, and papas, esteemed the best of any
in America ; besides some swine, of which haras
are made, which they cure by firost, and are of so
delicate a flavour as not only to be highly esteemed
here, but in all other parts, both in and out of the
kingdom, and are in fact a very large branch of
commerce. The principal trade, however, con-
sists in planks of several exquisite woods, the trees
ofwhicnarc so thick, that from each of them ara
cut in ^neral 600 plartks, of dO feet in length,
and ot 1 1 foot in width. Some of these trees
have measured 24 yards in circumference. The
natives make various kinds of woollen garments,
such as ponchos, quilts, cdverlids, baizes, and bor-
dillos. The whole of this province is for the must

f)art poor ; its natives live very frugally, and with
ittle communication with any other part of the
world', save with those who are accustomed to come
hither in the fleet once a-year. Although it has
some small settlements on the continent, in Val-
divia, yet these are more than 20 or 30 leagues dis-
tant from this place, and are inhabited by infidel
Indians. These islands abound in delicate shell-
fish of various kinds, and in a variety of other
fish ; in the taking of which the inhabitants are
much occupied, and on Avhich they chiefly sub-
sist. This jurisdiction is bounded on the ;/. by
the territory of the ancient city of Osorno, which
was destroyed by the Araucanian Indians, jr. by
the extensive ArchiiJelagoes of Huayaneco and
Huaytecav, and others which reach as far us tiie
straits tif Magellan and the Terra del Fucgo, e.
by the cordilleras and the Put;igoninn country, and
ti\ by the Pacific or S. sea. On its mountains are
found amber, nnd something resembling gold dust,
which is washed up by the rains, altliough uo

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mines liave as yet boon discovered here. These
islands have some ports, but such as nre small, in«
secure, and witliont any defence, with the excen-
tion of that of Chacao. The inhabitants should
amount to 2!2,O0O souls, and these are divided
into 4 1 settlements or parishes, being formed by
the rediicciones of the missionaries of St. Francis,
and consisting at the present day-, for the most
part, of Spaniards and Creoles. The capital is the
city of Santiago do Castro, in the large island of
Chilo^. [For further account, see index to addi-
tional history of Chile, chap. IV'. % 33.]

CUILON, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Peru ;
situate in a valley which b beautiful and fcrtik-,
and which abounds in wheat. Twenty-eight leagues
from the settlement of Samaypata.

CHILOSTUTA, a settlement of the province
and alcaldia mat/or of Zedalcs in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

CIllLPANSINGO,orCiiii.PANTZiNCo, aset-
tlement of the intcndancy of Mexico, surrounded
with fertile fields of wheat. Elevation 1080 me-
tres, or 35i2 fc(^t.

CHILQUFS Y Masques, a province and
corregimiento of Peru, bounded by the province
of Quispicanchi; s. e. by that of Chumbivilcas ;
s. and 5. w. by that of Cotabambas ; w. by that of
Abancay; and n.tp. by Cuzco. Its temperature
is various, the proportion of heat and cold being
regulated by its different degrees of elevation ; so
that in the qiiehradas or deep glens, it is warm,
and in the sierras or mountains, cold. It is I j
leagues. in length, and 25 in width ; is watered by
three rivers, which arc the Cusibamba, passing
through the valley of this name, the Velille, and
the Santo Tomas ; over these rivers arc extended
seven bridges, which form a communication with
the other provinces. It has likewise eight small
lakes, and insomeof tliese are found wuter-fowl.
The hot parts abound in all kinds of fruits ; in
wheat, maize, pulse, potatoes, and are well stocked
with some sorts of cattle, anci great herds of deer.
Its natives fabricate the manut'aclurcs of the coun-
fry ; such as cloths, baizes, and (;oarse frieze, by
means of c/iorilfos, or running streams, as they
have no mills for fulling, since a royal licence is
necessary for the making use of the snnic. Al-
though the ajjixvarance of mines has in many
places been discovered amongst the mountains,
yet no mines have as yvX been worked, and two
oidy have been known to have been opened in
former times. This province lias suffered much
from earthquakes ; and the greatest of these hap-
pened in 1707, when many settlements were made

C H I

443

desolate. It is composed of S7 settlements, and
these contain 16,000 inhabitants. The capital is
Paruro; and the repartimienlo o( the corregimiento
used to amount to 84,550 dollars, and the alcavala
to 676 dollars per ann. The other settlements arc,

Pocoray,

Hanoquite,

Corca,

Paucartambo,

Amachn,

Antapalpa, i

Quilli,

Acca,

Vilque,

(api,

Cavabamba,

Iluancahuanca,

Ynurisque.

Colcha,

Araipalpa,

San Lorenzo,

Pampacucho,

Ceapa,

Cucltirihuay,

Tucuyachi,

Coron,

Pacojiata,

Aicha-Urinzaba,

Pilpinto,

lluayaconga,

Accha-Amansaia,

Parco,

Ciiii.QCF.s, another settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Lucanas in the same king-
dom ; annexed to the curacy of Pucquin.

CIIILTAL, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Atacames or Csmeraldas in the
kingdom of Quito ; situate in the valley of Chota,
on the shore of the river Mira.

ClllLTEPEC, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of Tepalcatepec in Nueva Espana. Its tem-
perature is the mildest of any part of its jurisdic-
tion. It is situate in the middle of a plain, ex-
tending over the top of a hill, on two sides of
which are large chasms, so immensely deep, that
it is really astonishing to observe how the Indians
contrive to cultivate the napoleras on their edges.
Itcontains67 families of Indians, andisfive leagues
to tlies. of its head settlement.

Cnii,rKPf:c, a river of the province finAakul'
rf/rt njn?/or of Tabasco, which runs into the sea.

CniLUA, Sav Makcos de, a setlli'ment of
the provinceandro/rrg'j«;/fH/oof Huanfa ill Peru;
annexed to the Curacy of Uuamanguiila.

ClliMA, a mountain of the kingdom of Quito,
in the government and corrcprimifiito of Cliimlio
or (auaraiula, to tiic to. ol the sedlemctit of Asan-
toto. It is entirely covered \^ilh woods and with
streams, wliicli flow down iVoni file heiijlii.s into
the plains of Bubalioyo. The river named De la
Chima runs from c. ioio. until it joins the C'aracol.
A way has been opened tlirough this mountain
which leads to (aiaranda or Guayaquil ; but it h
passable in the summer only. There is albo an-
other pass ecjually <lilii(uU and dangerous, called
Angas. The cold is great at the to|)()f the nioiin-
faiii, and at the skirts the heat is excessive. It is
ill lat. 41' s.

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fill

1-1

444

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CIIIMALAPA, Santa Maria dp., a seUlc'
mcnt of (lie head settlement of the district and
atcaldia maj/or of Tehuantcpcc in Nucva Espafia.
It is of n cold temperature, and the whole of its
district is covered with very large trees, especially
firs fit for ship-building. Twenty-five leagues
it. w. of its capital.

CHIAMLHUACAN, a settlement of the head
settlement and akaldia mayor of Coatepec in
Nucva Kspann. It contains a good convent of the
religious order of St. Domingo, 300 families of
Spaniards, Miistees, and Mulnttocs, who employ
themselves in labour, and in the commerce of seeds
and large and small cattle, which are bred in the
estates contiguous ; but the latter in no great de-
gree, owing to the scarcity of water and pasture
which prevails here.

CiiiMAi.iiuACAN, another settlement and head
settlement of the district in the alcaldia niai/or of
Chaico, of the same kingdom. It contains l(i()
families of Indians, and a convent of the religious
order of St. Domingo. Five leagues n. of its
ca|>ila1.

CHIMALTENANGO, a province and ronr-
giniienlo of the kingdom of (iualeniala; situate
in the valley of this capital. It is 'very pleasant
and fertile, and peopled with Indians.

('JllMALTEPi:C, a .settlement of the a/cafdia
mot/or of TIapa in Nueva Espana. It contains ^i)
families of Indians, and is two leagues from the
rad of the mines ot" Cairo.

C'HiMAi.TEPEC, another small settlement of the
head settlement of Malcatepec, and alcaldia mayor
of Nexapa, very near its head settlenu'nt.

CI II. >i AN, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Darien, in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme ; situate near the coast of the S, sea, and on
the shore of the river of its name, having a small
|x)rt, which is garrisoned by a detachment from
Paiium.i, for the purpose of restraining the inva-
sions which are continually made by the Indians.

Chiman, a river of tiiis province and govern-
ment, which rises in the mountains on the ;. coast,
and nms into the sea opposite the island of Nar-
ranjai.

ClliMHy\, a settlement of the province and
corrcjriniicnto <if Coquiinbo in the kingdom of
(;hile. It has the celebrated talc gold-mine which
wa« cliscovired 36 years ago by a fisherman, wlio
pulling up a plant of large and prickly leaves,
called cardan, or fuller's thistle, for the purpo.se of
iucl lor bib lire, observed that particles of gold
dropped from its roots: and having more narrowly
inspected it, found pieces atr.id.st the mould ol'
considerable size and of very fine quality. Thus

C H I

K mine became established here, and when it was
first dug it yielded from 300 to MO dollarii each
caxon.

Chimbs, another settlement of the province and
corregimiento of (3axatambo in Peru ; annexed to
(he curacy of Andajes.

ClIIMUACALLi:, or San Juan EvA.Nfjr-
LISTA, a settlement of the kingdom of Quito, in
(he conr^iniioito of (he dis(rict of Las Cinco
Leguasde la('api(al, (ofthe Five Leagues from the
Capital), of which this is looked upon as a suburb
from its proximitv.

Clll.MHA KONGO, a river of the kingdom of
(Miile. It rises in the mountains of its rordillrru,
and unites itself with that of Tinguiragua to enter
the Napel. This river waters and fertilizes somo
very pleasant and delightful valleys, abounding in
pastures, whereon breed and fatten an infinite num-
ber of cattle. On its shores are two convents, one
of the relisjious order of Nuestra Senora de la Mer-
ced, tor the instruction of the Indians in the Chris,
tian fiiith : and another a house for novices, which
belonged to the regulars of the society of Jesuits;
and also within a league's distance from the latter,
is a convent of (lie order of St. Domingo.

CiiiMUARONGo, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Colchagua in the same king-
dom ; situate in the former valley, between the
rivers Tinguiririca and Teno. There is also
another small settlement annexed, with u chapel
of case. In its district is u convent of the religious
order of La Merced.

[CIIIMBO, a jurisdiction in the province of
Zinto in South America, in the torrid zone. The
capitid is also called by the same name.]

CuiMBo Y AiiAusi, a province and corregj-
»{/en/ooftbe kingdom of Quito; bounded n.hy
the serrania of the asietilo of Ambato ; s. by the
government and jurisdiction of Guayaquil ; e, by
the district of the point of Santa Filena of this govern-
ment; and to. by the province of Kiolmmbn. Its dis-
trict is barren and poor, and the coui^lry being
mountainous, the inhabitants have no resource for
getting their livelihood other than by acting as
carriers between the provinces of Kiob:miba and
Tacunga on the one hand, aud the Avarehous(!s of
Uabahoyo on the other, where also are (he royal
magazines ; and thus they bring back goods from
tlie provinces of Peru, having (or tiiis (rallic a
number of reqttas, or droves of mules, amounting
in the whole to 1500 head. This coinmerce can
only l)c carried on in the summer, the roads being
impassable in the winter (hrougli tiic mountains,
when they say that these are shut up : atthc same
season the rivers become swollen (o such a degree

1 1 '(■

^1 J

CHI

us to rciuirr it impracticnble to cross them. In ttie
road they usoally take ti«.s tlie sleep declivity of
8aii Antonio, extremely dillicult tu be passed.
Tlie mules itowcver are so well vcrs(^ in the man-
ner nf letting themselves slide down it, that there
has never been an instance of these animals fulling.
The vci^etnble productions of this province are
confined to Imrk, and from tliis no emolument is
derived, although it was (liscovcrctl, alter much
scorch and solicitude, by (he Lieutenant-colonel
Don Miguel de Santislevan. It accordin,<r|y pro-
vides itself with all that it miiy require in (his way
from the adjoining provinces oi Uiobamba and
Tacunga. It is of n very cold (empcrature, from
its being so near to the mountainous desert of
Chimborazo. Its natives amount to ^2000 souls,
the greater part of them being .^fustees, and (lie
whole arc divided in(o seven settlements, of which
the capital bears the same name ; and altliougli
this was formerly the residence of (he corregidor,
yet has it of late 1x?en deserted for the settlement
of Guaranda. The seven settlements are,
San Lorenzo, Guaranda,

Asancoto, Guanujo,

Chapacoto, ToiuaLlelas.

San Miguel,
CniMBORAZO, or CiiniBonAsir, a very
loily mountain or desert of tlie cordillera of the

Erovince and corregimiento of lliobamba, in the
ingdom of Quito; which, in the language of
the country, signifies mounlmn of the other side.
It is covered with everlasting snow, and is the
loftiest mountain in (he known world, since its
height, taken by the academicians oi' the sciences
of Paris, is J320 toises from the level of the sea
to its top, which terminates in a cone or truncatcc'
pyramid. Its sides are covered with a kind of
white sand or calcined earth with loose stones,
and a cer(ain herb called vajoti, which affords pas-
ture for the catde of (lie neighbouring estates.
The warm streams flowing front its n. side should
seem to warrant the idea that within it is a volcano.
From its top flow down many rivers, which take
difl'erent winding courses ; thus the Guaranda
runs s. the Guano s. e. and the Machala e. On
its skirt lies the road which leads from Quito (o
(jiinyaquil ; and in order to pass it in 8ate(y, it is
requisite to be more cautious in choosing the proper
season than were the Spanish conquerors ot this
province, who were here frozen to death. North
of the town of lliobamba, in lat. 1" 21' 18" .». ac-
cording to the observations of M. La Condamine.
f This mountain was visited, on (he 2.3d of June
1797, by Humboldt; who with his party reached
its f. slope on that day, and planted their instru-

C H I

445

ments on a narrow ledge of porphyritie rock which
projected from the vast field of unfathomed snow.
A chasm, .500 feet wide, prevented their further
ascent. The air was reduced to half its usual
density, and telt intensely cold and piercing,
liespiration was laborious, and blood oozed from
(heir eyes, (heir lips and their gums. They stood
on the highest spot ever (rod by man. Its lieight,
ascertained from barometrical ol)servation, was
J483 feet greater than the elevation attained in
1745 by Condamine, and 10,300 feet above the
level of the .sea. I' om that extreme station, the
top of Chimborazo was found, bv trigonometrical
measureinent, to bo 2140 feet still higher.

OIIIMBOTE, a small pointed island of the S.
sea, on the coast of Peru, and province and corre-
gimiento of Santa. It lies close to another called
Corcolmdo.

CIUMBUZA, a large lake of the province and
government of Itarbacoas, of the kingdom of
Quito, (o the s. ta. of the river Patia, formed by a
narrow canal, through whicli the water of this
river enters, and so forms the same Like into a
sheet of water of an oblong figure, two leagues in
length, and half a league in breadth. This lake
has another narrow canal, through which the wa-
ter issues, and rc-unitcs itself^ with the same
river.

CHIMENE, a port of the e. coast of the island
of San Juan in Nova Scotia.

ClilMICA, a small province of the govern-
ment of Santa Murtain the Nuevo Keyno iie Gra-
nada. It IS almost as it were desert and aban-
doned, notwithstanding that it produces a good
quantity of maize. The climate is hot and iin-
•leaKliy ; and although it was formerly peopled by
the (3himicas Indians, iione'of these arc now found
to reside here.

CHIMILAS, a barbarous nation of Indians of
the Nuevo Rey no de Granada, in the province of
Santa Marta. They inhabit the woodii to the e.
of (he large river Aiagdalena, go naked, and have
no fixed abodes. They arc cruel and treacherous,
and are bounded by the nation of the Guaxiros.

CillMIUAL, a river of the province and cor-
regimiento of Copiapo in the kingdom of Chile.
It rises in the Snowy sierra, runs w. and enters the
sea in the point of its name. It in many parts
runs in so inconsiderable a stream as frequently to
be in ail appearance lost before it enters the sea.

CiiiMiiiAi., Alto, a settlement of this pro^
viiicc and kingdom ; situate on the shore ut tb«
former river.

(/iiiMiitAL, Ai.to, a point of the coast of the
same kingdom.

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440

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r t

CfllMOH, a Dcttlcmcnt of the province and
ivrrfgirniento of Paucartambo in Peru ; onnexetl
to (lie curacy of Cballabambn.

CMINA, n small river of the province nnd go-
veriinicrit of Sunta Mnrta in the Nuevo Rcyno de
(jiranada ; one of those which enter the great
cienegaj or qua^miic, on the e.

China, a point ot land of tlic coast of Peru, in
the province and corregimiento of Caile(e.

China, a settlement of Indians of the province
and colony of Georgia ; situate on the shore of the
river Apalachicoln.

CIlIlNACATES, a settlement of the province
of Tepecuann, and kingdom of Nucva Vizcaya.

Cli INACOTA, a small settlement of the juris'
diction and government of Pamplona in the
Nuevo Reyno dc Granada. It is of a hot tenipe-
rature, produces su^ar-canc, plantains, rouize, and
b extremely fertile in wheat ; but this not without
cultivation. The natives amount Xo about 90 poor
fiirailies, and as many Indians. It is situate in an
extensive valler, from whence it derives its title,
and which is also culled, Of Meer Anibrosio, from
the I.idians having killed here the German
General Ambrosio de Alfinger, by whom it was dis-
covered in 1j31. Four leagues n. e. of Pam-
plona.

CHINANTLA, a settlement and head settle-
ment of the district of the akaldia mayor of Coza-
maloapan in Nucva Espaiia. It contains 40 fami-
lies of Chinnntecas Indians, and is very fertile,
and abounding in maize and cotton. Eighty
leagues s. of Mexico.

CHINANTEPEC, Santa Catalina oe, a
settlement and head settlement of the district of
the alcaldia mayor of Guayacocotla in Nueva
Espafia. Its territory is somewhat extensive, nnd
the settlements or wards belonging to it arc far re-
moved from each other, the greater part of them
being situate within the deep glens, or on the
heights, so that the roads to them arc very diffi-
cult. It contains, in all, 1340 families of In-
dians.

CHINAPA^ a settlement of the province and
government of La Sonora ; situate on the shore of
the river ot its name, between the settlements of
Arispo iind Bacuachi.

CHINAS, a settlement of the province and
government of Popay&n.

CHINATAGUAS, a barbarous nation of In-
dians of Peru ; situate to the n. of the city of Gua-
nuco. They arc descendants of the Panataguas,
uf •.vhom few remain at the present day, and of
whuin but little is known.

C H I

CIIINATECA, a Mttleroent of the province
and corregimiento of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno
de Grannua ; situate on the skirt of a mountain.

CHINATOS, a barbarous nation of Indians of
the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, who inhabit the
forests to the n. e. i to the e. of the city of Pum-

Iilona. They are relics of the Chitareros, who
lave been always found ver^ troublesome, from
their proximity to the aforesaid city.

CHINAUTLA, a settlement and head settle-
ment of the district of the alcaldia mayor of Teu-
zitlan in Nueva Espafla ; annexed to the curacy of
this capital. It contains 108 families of Indians,
and lies a league and an halfs distance from the
same capital.

CUINCHA, Santo Domingo, ELRRALDE,a
settlement of the provuice and corregimiento of
Cafiete in Peru ; situate on the sea-coast.

Chinch A, an island of the S.sea, near the coast,
in the same province and corregimientOf opposite
the port of Sangallo.

Chinch A, formerly the name of the province
or district now called Chunchasuyu in Peru, to
the a. of Cuzco. Its natives were valorous, and
resisted for eieht months the Emperor Pachacutec,
who subjected it to his co.itroul. The country i^
pleasant, fertile, and abounding in cattle. Here
are to be seen vestiges and ruins of some magnifi-
cent fabrics, which belonged to the Incas, and
which strike the imagination with wonder and sur-
prise, at viewing the immense stones used in their
architecture, and when it is considered that the
Indians knew not the use of engines, whereby they
mii;ht raise them.

CIIINCHAIPUCQUIO, a settlement of the
province and corregimiento of Abancay in Peru.

CHINCIIAN, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Tarma in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Hunriaca.

CIJINCHAO, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Iluanuco in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Santa Maria del Valle ; situate on
the confines of the infidel Pataguas Indians.

CHINCHAYCOCHA, n large lake of the pro-
vince nnd corregimiento of Tnrnm in Peru. It is
more than nine leagues in length and three in
width ; and from it rises the river Pari or Paria,
also called Xauxa., towards the n. side. This
river runs s. dividing the province of Xauxa, and
givine it its name, TOth in Xauxa Alta, or High,
and Baxa, or Low ; it then turns e. and afler run-
ning for more than 40 leagues, flows back to then,
until it enters the Marafion on the *. side. M. Do
la Martiniere, with hiii accustomed error, says that

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(he river Mareflon has iu rise in this hike ; its rjal
origin being in the lake Lauricocha, as may be
seen under thnt article.

CIIINCHERO, a settlement of tho province
and corregimiento of Calca y Lares in Peru. The
cemetery of its church is composed of some large,
thick walls of wrought stunc, well fitted together,
and having in thrm ccrtnin niches similar to sentry
iwxcs ; so that thcv appear as having formerly be*
longed to some fortress.

Chinch Rno, a settlement of the province and
corrtghniento of Andahuailus in the same king-
dom.

Ckinchero, a lake in the province of Cuzco,
five leagues distant from this city.

CMINCHILCA, or Ciiitnciiii.ca, as others
will have it, a river of the district of Ciuadalab*
quien and kingdom of Chile ; it runs ». ;i. w. and
enters the river Callncalla.

CHINClllPE, a settlement of the province and
government of Jaen de Bracamorus in the king-
dom of Quito.

CiiiNCHiPB, a river of this province, which
rises from the mountain desert or ■paramo of Im
Sabanilla. It washes the city and territory of VaU
ladolid, and on its e. side receives the rivers Niiui-
balla, Vergcl, Pataconcs, Sangnlla, San Francisco,
and IVaml)acasa ; and on its w. side those of Pa*
landa, Simanchi, Namballe, and Guancabambn;
when, being swelled to u considerable sizeby all of
these, it enters the Mnranon on the n. shore, to the
«. w. of the settlement of Tompenda.

CHINCIilRU, a large lake of the province and
corregimiento of Cuzco in Peru, from whence it lies
two leagues to the n.

CHINCIIULAGIJA, a very loRy desert moun-
tain or paramo, covered with eternal snow, in the
province and corregimiento of Tacungn in the
kingdom of Quito. It lies fve leagues to the n. of
Tacunga, with a slight inclination to the n. e.

CHINCONTLA, a settlement of the head set-
tlement of Oiintla, and alcaldia nmi/or of Zacatlan,
in Nueva Espanu ; situate in a delightful defile or
narrow tract, watered by various rivers. Eight
leagues from its head settlement.

CIIINCOTEAG, a small island near the coast
of the N. sea, in the province and colony of Mary-
land, between the Cedar isle and the river Si-
%vanscut.

CHINGA, a fortress of the Nuevo Reyno de
Granada ; one of the six which were held by the
zipas or kings of Bogota, against the Panchcs na-
tion, who border upon their country ; 10 leagues
to the ». tc. of Bogotd.

CHINGOS, a settlement of the province and

(J II I

447

eorregimienio of (Jaxnlumlio in Priu ; .annexed to
the curacy of (lOiigor. ""

CIIINI, n small island of the 8. sea ; situate
close to the const of tlio province and governnu>nt
of Costarica in the kin<;(lum of Gtiatcmiila, within
the gulf of Nicoyn, and in the innermost part of it.

CHINI.K), a settlement of the missions which
were held by the religious order of St. Auguslin,
in the country of the Gran Paititi, of the province
and corregimiento of Larccaja in Peru.

CfllNlPAS, a settlement of the missions of the
province and government of Cinaloa.

CiiiNiPAs, some tierras of this province.

CHlxNCriNTILEA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and corregimiento of Hiiamanga in Peru ;
annexed to the curacy of Aneo.

CHINU, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Cartagena in the kingdom of Ticrra
Firme ; founded in the sahanas, and foiincd bv a
re-union of other settlements, iu 1776, by the Go-
vernor Uon Juan Piniiento.

CHIPAt'O, a setllement of the province and
corregimiento of lluamalies in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Chnvin de Pariarca.

CIIIPALO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Neiva in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada ;
one of those which cater the great river Mag-
dalenn.

CHIPALZINGO, a settlement and head settle-
ment of the district oii\\e alcalUa mayor ofTixt-
Ian in Nueva Espafia. Tt contains 3^3 families of
Indians, and S3 of Spaniards, Mtistrei, and Mii-
lattoes, and lies three leagues from the settlement
ofZumpango.

CHI Pan, a settlement of thfe province and cor-
regimiento m hucanm in Peru.
- CIIIPANGA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Quixos and Macas in tlie kingdom of
Quito. It rises in the sierra, which divides the
district of Macas from the provmcc of Mainas, runs
from n. to «. and enters the Morona.

CHIPAQUE, a settlement of the fonviri/nfVff/o
of Ubaque in the Nuevo Reyno do Granada. It
is of a mild temperature, and abounds in fruits and
seeds peculiar to a warm climate. It consists of
150 housekeepers, and of as many Indians. I( is
so infested with snakes, thnt it is impossible to find
any part of it clear of them. Eight leagiios s.je.
of Santa F^, in the road which leads to San Juan
d(! los Llanos.

CHIPASAQUE, a setllement of the corre^imi-
ento of Guata vita in tlie Nuevo Reyno de G ranadn.
It is ol'an hot temperature, lyhig 24 leagues to the
■J. p. of Santa F6, and close to the seUlemont of
Cliaqueta, in the road which leads to San Juan d»

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14560

(716) 872-4503

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loB Llanof. Its inhabitants amount to about 200,
tx;sid» lOO Indians.

CHIPATA, a settlement of the corregimiento of
the jurisdiction of Velez in the Nuevo Rej'no de
Granada. It is of an hot temperature, and it is
healthy, though by no means abounding in the
productions peculiar to its climate. Its irhabi-
tants are very few, and the number of Indians is 50.
It was one of the first settlements entered by the
Spaniards, and where the first mass ever celebrated
in that part of the world was said by the Friai Do<
mingo de las Casas, of the order of St. Domingo ;
and is situate very close to the city of Velez.

fCHlPAWAS. SeeCHEPAWAs.]

CHIPAYA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Carangas in Peru, and of the
archbishopric of Charcas ; annexed to the curacy
of Huachacalla.

CHIPEOS, a barbarous nation of Indians, of
the country of Las Amazonas, who inhabit the fo-
rests near the river Ucayala. Very little is known
of their customs.

[CHIPPAWYAN Fort, in N. America, from
whence M'Kenzie embarked, on the lake of che
Hills, when he made his way as far as (he N. sea,
in 1789.1

[CHiPPEWAY River runs *. w. into Missis-
sippi river, in that part where the confluent waters
form lake Pspin.]

CIIIPURANAj a river of the province and go-
vernment of Mainas. If rises in the mountains
which are to the s. of Yurimaguas ; runs in a ser-
pentine course from s. to n. and enters the Gual-
faga on the e. side, in lat. 7° 8' *.

CHIQUALOQUE, a settlement of the head
settlement of the district and alcaldia mayor of
Popantia in Nueva EspaSa; inhabited by 12 fami-
lies of Indians, and lying IS leagues to the ». w. of
its capital.

CHIQUIAN, a settlement of the province and
correeimiento of Caxatambo in Peru.

CHIQUIGUANITAS, a barbarous nation of
Indians in former times, but now reduced to the
Catholic religion. It is in Peru, to the s, of Lima,
in the province of Condesuyos de Arequipa.

CHIQUILIGASTA, ^k settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Tucaman, in the district
of its capital ; situate to the s. e. of the same. '

CHIQUJLIXPAN, a settlement of the head
aettlcment and alcaldia mayor of Zayula in
Nueva Espaiia. It contains 50 families of In-
dians, and in the mountains in its vicinity are
some mines of copper, which have been worked
at different times ; but not having produced a be-
nefit proportionate with the ezpences incurred, they

have been abandoned. It is 15 leagues n. t». of
its head settlement.

CHIQUILLANIANS. See Index to new mat-
ter conccrniiifi^ Chile, chap. IV.

CHIQUIMULA V Sacapa, a province and
alcaldia mat/or of tlie kingdom of Guatemala.

CHIQUiNQUlRA, a settlement of the oojTcffi-
miento of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.
It is of a cold temperature, but is bealtliy ; its
situation is delightful, and it abounds in produc-^
tions. It is watered by a river which iubb through
the centre of it, the waters of which are nnwhole^
some: at a small distance another river passes
through a plain ; this is called Balsa, or Raft, since,
before the bridge was thrown across it, it was passed
by rafts. It rises from the lake Fuguene, and
abounds in most exquisite fish. The settlement,
which was formerly but small, is now of great note,
and its inhabitants are about 500, besides 70 in*
dians. It has a good convent jf the religious order
of S. Domingo, and is noted for the sanctuary of
the virgin of its title. Under the large altar, at
which is placed this im):ve, there is a small foun-
tain of water, renowned for ihc curing of infirmities,
as b also the earth which is ejztractra irom thence;
it being by no means the least part of the prodigy,
that although this earth has been constantly taken
out for upwards of 200 years, the excavation formed
therebijr is comparatively exceedingly small. The
faith in, and devotion towards this image, are
throughout the kingdom very great, and not less
so with regard to strangers, who visit it in great
numbers from far -distant provinces. This settle-
ment is nine leagues from Tunja, and 15 to the
n. w. of Santa Fe.

CHIQUITI, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Esmeraldas in the kingdom of Quito.
It runs from s, w. to n. e. between the rivers Vichi
and Cuche, and enters on the s, side into the river
of Las Esmeraldas.

CHIQUITOI, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Truxillo in Peru. It is at present
destroyed, and the few surviving inhabitants after-
wards collected together at the settlement of San-
tiago de Cao, and it then became merely a small
estate or hamlet, preserving its original name, and
being inhabited by a few Indians.

CHIQUITOS, a numerous and warlike nation
of Indians of Peru, whose country or territory ex-
tends from lat. 16° to 20° s. It is bounded w. by
the province and government of Santa Cruz de la
Sierra ; on tlie e. it extends itself for upwards of
140 leagues as far as the lake of Los Xarayes ; on
the n. as far as the mountains of the Tapacurcs,
the which divide this country from that of Moxos ;

Bill! 31

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C H 1

C H I

449

go-

on the t. as fnr as the mountains of Los Zamucos,
having in this part a level territory of upwards of
40leajQ[ues longj, covered wilii lbrcsts,and in which
is found abundance of wild cinnamon trees, honey,
viaXj resins, and precious balsams ; numbers of
stags, tigers, bears, wild boars, and various other
quadrup'-ds and venomous reptiles. This country
is watered by many rivers, which flow down from
the mountains, and run from e, to w. forming large
lakes, which abound in excellent fish, and parti-
cularlj' in tortoises. The climate is very hot and
moist: the natives are of a good stature, well made
and robust, but extremely indolent. They obtained
the name of chiqtiitos, or little, from the Spaniards,
who upon their Hrst arrival in the country were
struck with the lowness of their door? or entrances
into their houses, it being necessary to crawl in
and out of them on all fours: this is a plan they
seem to have adopted as a precaution against the
attacks of their enemies and wild beasts. Their
country was first entered by Nuflo de Chaves in
1557 ; and upon an attempt to reduce it to the do-
minion of Spain, the inhabitants maintained a long
and bloody conflict against the Spaniards until the
year 1690,when, induced by the preaching of the re-
gulars of the company of the Jesuits, they embraced
the Catholic faith, became reduced to the laws of
civil society, and were divided into settlements,
which these zealous ministers of the gospel con<
trived, not without incredible exertion and fatigue,
to maintain undisturbed until 1767, when Miey were
supplanted in their functions by the secular clergy.
The Portuguese of San Pablo have taken away
numbers of these Indians to work in their estates, and
thiS is one of the principal causes of their apparent
dirrinution, since they were at first innumerable.
They are composed of the following nations

Picocas,

Punajicas,

Quimecas,

Huapacas,

Baurecas,

Payconecas,

Huaravos,

Anaporecas,

Menponecas,

Zarabecas,

Otures,

Caytoporades,

Bonococas,

Tabacicas,

Zebacas,

Quinomccas,

Yarucaricas,

Cucicas,

VOL. I.

Tapacuracas,

Paunacacas,

Quidabonecas,

Curiminacas,

Verfpones,

Iluaycurues,

Qnitemocas,

Napecas,

Pizocas,

Tampicas,

Xuberecas,

Parisicas,

Xamanucas,

Tapuricas,

Cupiecas,

Charnaros,

Pcnoquicas,

Mazanuricas,

Taos, '■' '

Bazorocas,

Pequicas,

Parabacas,

Otuques,

Ecorabecas,

Curacanccas,

Batasicas,

iJbisonecaS)

Boros,

Mataycas,

Morotocos,

All of these riations speak a different language, but
are now united into settlements, having one idiom
which is familiar to them all ; although this is ex-
tremely diflicult, the acquisition of it having
puzzled the missionaries, who were engaged in its
study for 9 or 10 years or upwards: besides the
guttural letters, and those whose sound is giveu by
the palate, teeth, and lips, this language has others,
the pronunciation of wliicii is given entirely
through the nose ; the dialect also of the men dif-
fers from that of the women. The continual mois-
ture which is prevalent here, together with the mul-
titude of trees, which stand so thick as to impede
the free circulation of the air, are the causes why
this country is peculiarly subject to epidemic dis-
orders, wliich carry away immense numbers of its
inhabitants ; as happi^ned in the year 1768, when,
out of 24,000 inhabitants, more than 4000 perished.
They suffer much also from crickets, which dis-
turb their rest and destroy their clothes. Here are
also an infinite variety of spiders, some of which
are as 1: roe as a man's fist, which live in holes,
and oTiers of a smaller sort, which make their web
among trees, in so strong a manner as to arrest a
man on horseback in his passage : some there are
of a very small sort, whose colour is red, and whose
web is yellow and as soft as silk, but whose bite is
so venomous, that the body of the person bitten
immediately swells all over, and this is followed bj
a flux of blood from the mouth, nostrils, eyes, and
nails ; though by means of these vio'ent emotions,
the poison itself is sometimes evacuated. In the
woods are found a great variety of monkeys; some
with long beards, and so large and ugly as to strike
even the natives with horror. It has been observed,
that the people of this province seldom exceed 60
years in age, and that their life is extremely dissi-
pated ; taking at the same time into consideration
the excessive perspiration and debility caused by
their aliments, for the very meat they eat is flubby
and insipid, on accountof the cattle seldom thriving
or growing fat : but with all their disadvantages
of food and climate, there never was seen amongst
them a blind, dumb, foolish, or any otherwise de-
fective person. The settlements are regularly built,
forming wide and straight streets with a square and
large market-place. The furniture of the houses
is comprised m a cotton hammoc, and some cups
and dishes, and the ornament in some maize and
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dried flesh, liiirig up to preserve them from corrnp'
lion. Their garments are a sliirt without sleeves,
reaching down to the middle of their legs. The
niiirricd people wear drawers: of baize with coloured
puckers for festival days, and those who enjoy
oflices of stale wear a baize jacket : they neither
use hatnorshoes, and no ane of them ever goes out
with'^iit slinging round his neck sonic medals and a
rosary. The hair is worn short until they marry,
and when they become old they suffer it to grow
long. The women wear close gowns which reach
down to the ground, and which tiieycall tapoi/es:
they never swathe or bind themselves round the
waist, but carry on their necks, on gala-rlays, some
threads strung with glass intermixed with beads
made of cacao nuts, and coloured beans ; these
threads usually amount to 20 or SO rows : on en-
tering the church they always loosen their hair.
The regulars of the company of the Jesuits taught
them oflices, in which they assisted most dexte-
rously ; and it really excites admirati n that In-
dians, acquainted only with their own barbarian
diale ;t, should be ab <; to manage the compass of
then^tes, understand their proportions cind num-
bers, and apply the rules of music to its execution.
At "ertain times of the year they go a nielear, or
to * imt for honey among the woods : from whence
they bring back wax of two sorts, one which is
white and odoriferous, Uie other of less substance,
as the wax of Europe, manufactured by a species
of bees without slings, called opernus; also an-
other kind of wax, made by a still different sort of
bees, but which are all properly denominated wild
wax. This wax is delivered to the curate, who
preserves it in his house to send to the provinces of
Peru ; and from the product of this article, and
from that of the cotton, which is made into woofs,
to the amount of two pounds weight yearly by
each Indian, he procures in exchange whatever is
necessary for the settlement, such as baizes, coloured
wools, bags, iron and steel articles, chopping
knives, wedges, hatchets, scissars, pocket-knives,
needles, medals, bugles, and other articles of hard-
ware and little necessaries, which, being stored up
by him, is distribuk'd amongst the natives accord-
ing to their n( cessities, and in a manner that they
may wani for nothing, but live happy and con-
tented. The settlements are as follows :
San Xavier, San Joseph,

lia ("oncepcion, Santiago,

San Miguel, San Juan,

San Igiiacic), El Santo,

Santa Ana, Corazon.

San Rata el,
ClilQUlZA, a settlement of the corrcgimknto

C H I

of Sacnica In the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It
is of a cold temperature, and produces wheat
maize, barley, papas, and the other fruits peculiar
to its climate.. Its inhabitants are so few as scarcelr
io amount to 30 housekeepers, and about the same
number of Indians. Four leagues to the n. w. of
Tunja, and somewhat less from Velez.

CtllRA, a settlement and seat of the silver mines
of the province and corregimiento of Piura in Peru •
annexed to the curacy of Paita.

CiiiRA, another settlement of the province and
alcaldia mayor of Nicoya in the kingdom of Guate-
mala.

[CHIRAGOVV. See Plein River.]

ClilRAMLtlRA, an island situate in the large
bay of St. Juan, ou the coast of the province and
government of Choco in the S. sea, which gives its
name to a small creek formed by this island and the
continent.

CHI RCA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regintiento of Sicasica in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Chulumani.

CillRE, Santa Rosa on, a city of the govern«
ment and province of Los Llanos in the Nuevo
Reyno de Granada ; founded by the Governor
Francisco Anciso. It is of a very hot and un-
healthy temperature, but affords the same vegetable
productions as the rest of the province. It is so
mean and reduced as to contain hardly 100 house-
keepers, and scarcely deserves the name of a city»
This settlement lies the furthest to the n. a;, extre-
mity of any- in this kingdom, and is bounded in
that quarter by the province and bishopric of Ca-
racas.

Chihe, Santa Rosa de, a river of the above
province and government. It rises at the foot of
the lonias del Viento, runs e, and enters the Mcta,
traversing the country of the Betoyes Indians.

CniRGUA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Venezuela. It rises in the mountain of Ta-
cazuruma on the s. runs $. and enters the Gamalo-
tal, after having collected the waters of many other
rivers.

CIIIRIBIQUI, Santa Fe i)e, a settlement of
the province and government of Cuman^ in the
kingdom of Tierra Firme ; situate on the coast,
between the rivers Mosina and Marecapana.

CHIRICOAS, a barbarous nation of Indians of
the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, to the e. of the
mountains of Uogota, and at the entrance of the
llanos or plains of Cazanare and Mela. They
lead a wandering life through the woods in com-
pany with the Guaibas ; they are crafty and very
dexterous thieves, but of a docile and pacific dis-
position. In IdQi: some of them were reduced into

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CHI

451

a settlement fouiitlcd seven leagues from liic place
called the Puerto, but in 1608 tlioy fled, all of
them, to the mountains, although in the same year
they returned !)ack again to the settlement.

CHIRIGUANA, "a large settlement of the pro-
vince and government of Santa Marta in the Nuevo
lleyno de (iranada. It is of an hot temperature,
and the territory is level, fertile, and benutiful.
It has besides the parish church a convent or house
of cnlcrtainment of the religious order of St.
Francis.

CIllRIGUANOS, a country and nation of the
infidel Indians of the province and government of
Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Peru, from whence it
lies 20 leagues to thes. It is bounded on the c
by the province of Toniina, and s. e. by that of
Chuquisacu ; is composed of different settlements,
each governed by its captain or cazique, subject,
in a certain degree, to tiie above government.
These people, though they refuse to adopt the Ca-
tholic religion, are in perfiect amity with the Spa-
niards, trading with them in wax, cotton, and
maize. This nation, by the incursions which they
made, used at first to give frequent alarm to the
province, and once had the address to capture the
city of Chiquisaca. The Inca Yupanqui en-
deavoured in vain to subdue them, and neither he
nor the Spaniards could avail aught with them
until they were reduced by the missionaries, the
regulars of the extinguished company of the Je-
suits ; since that time they have been stedfast in
supporting the Spaniards against the other infidels,
serving them as a barrier, and having for their own
line of defence the river Guapay. They are very
valorous, but inconstant and faithless ; they are
descended from the nations Avhich are found to the
e. of Paraguay ; and fled from thence, to the num-
ber of 4000, when avoiding the threatened chastise-
ment of the Portuguese, wlio were about to inflict
condign punishment on them for having treache-
rously murdered the Captain Alexo Garcia in the
time of the King Don tFuan III. of Portugal.
They were formerly catuiibals, and »jscd to fatten
their prisoners that these might become better fare ;
but their intercourse and trade with (lie Spaniards
Las Caused them by degrees to forget this barbarous
practice, and even to give them a disgust at their
savage neighbours, who still continue in the same
practices. They are at the present day so greatly
increased in numbers, that they arc one of the
most numerous nations of Ameiica; are besides
very neat and clean ; and it is not uncommon for
them to rush out of their dwclHngs '.n the middle
of the night io plunge and wash theniselv<'s in a
river in the most severe seasons ; their wives too,

immediatily aflcr parturition, invariably do the
same, and on their return lay themselves on a heap
of sand, which they have for this purpose in the
house ; but the husband immediately takes (o bis
b(!d, and being covered all over with very large
leaves, refuses to take any other nourishment than
a little broth made of maize; it l)eing an incorri-
gible error of belief amongst thcrn that these cere-
monies will be the cause of making their children
bold and warlike. They have shewn great power
and address in their combats with our troops when
these first endeavoured to enter ttieir territories,
and they threw themselves in such an agile and un-
daur^M manner upon our fire-arms that it was
f'Aind necessary, on our part, to insert in the ranis
a lance-man between every two fusileers : they
are, moreover, so extremely nimble that ii is
impossible to take them prisoners but by sur-
prise.

CHIRIMICHATE, a r'v r of the province
and government of Venezuela, It rises in the
sierra opposite the point of Ilicacos, and enters
the sea in this point.

CFIIRINOS, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Jaen de Bracamoros in the kinj^-
dom of Quito.

CHIKIQUI, a district of the province and go-
vernment of Santiago de Vcragua in the kingdom
of Tierra Firme, the last district of this province;
dividing the government from that of Guatemala,
and touching upon the province of Costarica.
It is of limited extent; the country is mountainous,
and its climate hot and unhealthy, surrounded on
all sides by infidel Indians. Here are bred num-
bers of mules, ^yhich are carried to be sold at Pa-
nama and Guatemala ; upon the coast of tlie S.
sea are found crabs which distil a purple colour
used for dyeing cotton, which, although it may
fade a little, can never be entirely eradicated.
They have pletity of swine, and some vegetable pro-
ductions ; with which they carry on a trade, now
fallen much to decay, with the city of Panama.
The capital is Santiago de Alanje.

CmniQir, a river of the above province, which
rises in the mountains on the s. and enters the sea,
serving as limits to that province, and dividing it
from that of Costarica in the kingdom of Gua-
temala.

CniRIS, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Castro Vireyua in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Huachos.

CHIRISL^, a settlement of the province and'

corregimiento of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de

Granada. It is of a rather cold temperature, and

aboutuls in wheat, maize, barley, alberjas, and

3 n 2

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452

C H I

papas ; lik«n>isc in cattle, from tlie fleeces of wliicli
f^rcul qiiiuidiies of woven cloths arc made. Its
])opnlation itmonnts to 150 lio\ise-kcepers and lUU
Indians. Four len>^ues to tlie x, w. of its capital,
and near to the settlement of Turmcqne.

CmilOHlO, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela. It runs e, and enters the
sea opposite the island Tarata.

CHIllTA, a settlement of the province and
corregimienfo of Ghacliapoyas in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Vambrnsbainha.

CHIRU, a settlement of the alcaldia niar/or
and jurisdiction of Penonomu in the kingdom and
fyovcrnnient of Tierra Firmc ; situate on the shore
of the S. sea, u|>on an extensive plain.

Ciiinu, ft river of this jurisdiction, which rises
in the mountains of Penonome, and enters the S.
sea near the settlement of Anton.

C'Htnu, a very small island of the same juris-
diction, close upon the coast, and called El Fa-
rallon. ''

CIIISAHALO, or Tocazo, a settlement of the
province and corregimitnto of Taciinga in the
kingdom of Quito.

. CHISCAS, a settlement of tlie province and
corregimiento of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de
Granada ; situate at the foot of the Snowy sierra ^
and therefore of a cold and unpleasant temperature.
Its productions correspond with those of a similar
climate ; it contains about 80 Indians, with a very
few whites. Thirty-two leagues n. e. of Tunja.

CHISGAS, Paramo de, a very lofty moun-
tain covered with eternal snow, in the province
and government of San Juan de los Llanos of the
Nuevo Reyno do Granada, between the rivers
Apure and Sinaruco.

CHISLOCA, a settlement of the province and
cotregimknto of Cbichas and Tarija m Peru ; be-
longing to the district of the former. It is annexed
to the curacy of Tupisa.

CHISME, a settlement of the head settlement
of Puxmccatan, and alcaldia mat/or of Villalta.
It contains 71 families of Indians, and lies 18
leagues from its capital.

CmSPAS, PuNTA UE LAS, a Doiut on the s.
coast and w. head of the island of St. Domingo,
in the territory possessed by the French ; lying
between the settlement and parish of the English,
and the point of Burgados.

CllISQUE, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Canta in Peru; annexed to the
curacy of Atabilios Altos.

CHISQUILLA, a settlement of the province
and corresimiento of Chachapoyas in Peru.

[CHISSEL, a fort in the state of Tennessee,

m^.

C H I

two miles nnd a half from Englisii ferry, on New
river, \;i from Abingdon, and 107 Iroin Long
island, on Holston.]

ClirrA, a province and fon-eg-jw/fw/o ofthc
Nuevo Heyno de Granada, and "vice-royalty of
Santa Fc. It was formerly called C'liisca. It is
bounded a), by the province of IJogoUi, and n. by
the country of the Laches Indians, or province of
Cocluiy, and c. and s, by the Uamiras of the
Orinoco. It was discovered by George Spira, a
German, and he was the first who entered it with
his companions in 1535. This territory is fertile,
abonnds in wheat and nmize, the grain of which is
extremely large, as also in other seeds, and has
goats and neat cattle in plenty. It is of an hot
and uiihcaltliy temperat-ire, and has palms similar
to those of Palestine and Barbary, producing ex-
cellent dates. The capital is of the same name.
This is situate at the foot of the mountains of Bo-
gota ; it is a large settlement, and was formerly en-
titled a city. Its inhal'itants consist of upwards
of 700 whites and about 200 Indians. Twenty-
four leagues to the w. e. of Tunja.

Chita, another settlemer;t, which is the head
settlement of the district of the alcaldia mai/or of
Villalta in Nueva Espafia. It is of a mild tempe-
rature, contains 90 families of Indians, and is three
leagues and a half to the s, of its capital.

CIIITAGA, PoNTA IS, abridge in the pro-
vince and government of Merida, to the s. of
the city of Pamplona, and upon the river of this
name.

GHiTANOS, a barbarous nation of Indians;
bounded by that of the Chiscas, but distinct from
it, in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. They in-
habit the woods to the n. e. of the mountains of
Bogota and the shores of the rivers Ele, CuilotOf
anuArauca ; are an intractable and cruel people,
and dreaded by all their neighbours. In 1535,
having joined companjr with the Jiraras, the/
took and destroyed tne city of Las Palmas.

CIIITARAQUE, a settlement of the corregi'
mienloaad jurisdiction of Yelez in the Nuevo
Reyno de Granada. It is of an hot but healthy
temperatuie, produces t/ucas, maize, plantains,
cotton, and great quantities of sugar, from which
are made fine and much esteemed conserves.

CHITAREROS, a barbarous and brutal Ra-
tion of Indians of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada,
who inhabit the mountains in the vicinity of Pam-
plona ; they are mixed with some families of the
Laches. Tiiis nation is extremely numerous, and
pass a wandering life without any fixed abode ;
they go entirely naked, and are much given to sen-
sual gratifications ; some of them have embraced
2

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C H I

C H O

453

the Catholic fiiitli, and are reduced to settlements,
thou<;li tlio Dumber of these is very small.

CiHTEPEC, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of :he district niid nlcaldia mni/or of Tlapa
in Niieva Ef^^pana. It is of a cold temperature,
and contains 39 families of Indians, who live by
sowing maize, the only vegetable production of
their territory. Five leagues w. n. w. of its capi-
tal.

CFIITO, a settlement of the province and cor-
res^imicuto of tJaen de Bracamoros in the kingdom
of Quito, upon the s. shore of the river Sangalla,
and in the royal road of Loxa, which leads to To-
mepcnda. In its vicinity are some gohl mines,
but which are not worked ; its temperature is hot
And moist, and consequently unhealthy.

[CHITTENDEN County, in Vermont, lies
on lake Champlain, lietween Franklin county on
the n. and Audison s. ; La Moille river passes
through its n. w. corner, and Onion river divides
itnearly in the centre. Its chief town is Burling-
ton. This county contained, by the census of
1791, 44 townships and 7^01 inhabitants. . Since
that time the n. counties have been taken from it,
so that neither its size or number of inhabitants can
now be ascertained.}

[Chittenden, a township in Rutland county,
Vermont, contains 159 inhabitants. The road
over the mt>nntain passes through this township.
It lies seven miles «. from the fort on Otter creek,
in Pittsford, and about 60 ». by e. from Ben-
nington.]

rCHITTENENGO, or CANASEnAOE, a con-
•iderable stream which runs n. into lake Oneida,
in the state of New York.]

CHIUAO, or SiBAVsr, a small river of the
province and colony of Surinam, or the part of
(Gfuayana possessed by the Dutch . It rises in the
mountain of Sincomay, runs n. and turning w.
enters another river which is without a name, and
where several others unite to enter the Cuyuni on
the s, side.

CHIUATA, a river of the province and go-
Ternment of Cumana in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It rises from some plains in this territory,
tuns s. collecting the waters of several other
tivers, particularly that of the Suata, and then
entefs the sea, just as it becomes navigable.

Chiuata, another river of the same province
and government, whic)i rises at the foot of the
terratiias of Paraguay, to the w, of the town of
San Fernando, tuns *. and enters the Orinoco.

CHIUCHA, S. Juan oes a settlement of the
province and conegimiento of Lipes, and arch-

bishopric of Charcns, in Peru ; ahticxcd to the
curacy of San Christoval.

CIIIUCIIIN, a settlement of the province and
corregimiaito of Chancay in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Canchas. In its district there is a
mineral liot-watcr spring, much renowned for the
curinj^of various kinds ol 'maladies.

CllIUCIlILJ, a settlement of the province and
government of Atacama, and archbisiiopiic of
Charcas, in Peru.

CHIUGOTOS, orCnuiGOTEs, a barbarous na-
tion of Indians of the province and government of
Venezuela, bordering upon the settlement of Mara-
capana. They are very tew, and live retired in the
mountains ; they arc cruel even to cannibalism.

CHIUlCOS, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Buenos Ayres ; situate to the s. of
its capiUil.

CHIXILA, a settlement ajid head .settlement of
the district of the alcaldia mayor of Villalta in
Nueva Espana. It is of an hot temperature, con-
tains 134 families of Indians, and lies 13 leu^uoa
to the n. of its capital.

CIIOCAIA, Nueva, a settlement of the pro-
vince of Chichas and Tarija in Peru ; of tiie dis-
trict of the former, and annexed to the curacy of
Tatasi.

CHOCAMAN, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of Zacan, and alcaldia mayor
of Cordoba, in Nueva Espaiia. It is of a cold
and moist temperature, contains 103 families of
Indians, and is five leagues to the n. n. o. of the
capital.

CHOCAN, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Piura in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Aabaca.

CHOCAYAS, a mountain of the province and
corregimiento of Chichas and Tarija in Peru, and
jurisdiction of Chuquisaca. |t is celebrated for
its rich gold mines.

CHOCO, a large province and government of
the jurisdiction of Popayan j by the territory of
which it is bounded e. and t. e. ; on the ts. by the
Pacific or S. sea ■ n. by the b->.rbaroui nations of
Indians, and by ..^e province of Daricn ; and •. b/
that of Barbacoas. The whole of this province
abounds in woods and mountains, and is crossed
by a chain of the Andes, which rtm as far as the
isthmus of Panama. It is watered by several riven
and streams, all of which run w. and enter the S.
sea. The districts of Citari and Raposo form a
part of this province; very few of their ancient
mliabitants remain at the present day ; the greater
part of (hem having peruhed in the war of the

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Spaniards, and the rest having fled, and thus
pcnetraliriff n. have confounded themselves with
other nations, it abounds in maize, plantains,
and cacao of an excellent quality ; its gold mines
render it rich and well peopled ; it also carries on,
through this branch of revenue, a great commerce
with the province of Popayan, the natives of that
place coming here to purchase gold, and leaving
in exchange whatever is necessary for the comfort
and convenience of life. There is no inconsider-
able number of Negro slaves employed in work-
ing the mines, and in 1750 they amounted to
20,000, without mentioning the men of colour,
suchasthe J/Mj/«'fjnnd Mulattoes, and even Whiles
who arc engaged in this lucrative concern. The
climate is warm, but moist from the continual
rains, and consequently unhealthy. This country
abounds in tigers, wild boars, alligators, parrots,
monkeys of various sorts, and a multitude of rep-
tiles and insects, etspeciail" in vipers and ve-
nomous snakes ; such as cort 'es, exis, and rattle-
•iiniica. Here arc also an infinite variety of beau-
tiful sorts of wood, curious balsams, herbs, fruits,
and flowers. It was subject to the government of
Popayiin, until it became divided in the time of
Don Fernando Guerrero. AH the gold which is
taken out of the mines here, and which is the cur-
rent money, was formerly carried to be coined at
the mint of Santa F<5, until that the house of
Valencia established another, at its own cost, in the
city of Popayan ; this privilege having been first
granted that house by' tiie mayoralty, though it
was afterwards taken away and added by the king
to the crown, upon the payment of a compensation
of 100,000 reals per annum to the original pro-
prietors. This province extends 48 leagues from
*. to n. and is 39 in width from e. to w. The
capital is the city of Nevita.

[Choco, Canal of. In the interior of the pro-
vince of Choco, the small ravine (qucbmda) De
la Raspadura unites the neighbouring sources of
the Rio de Noanama, called also Rio San Juan,
anl the small river Quito: the Litter, the Rio
Andageda^ and the Rio Zitasa, form the Rio
d'Atrata, which discharges itself into the Atlantic
ocean, while the Rio San Juan flows into the S.
sea. A monk of great activity, cure of the village
of Novita, employed his parishioners to dig a
small canal in the ravine De la Raspadura, by
means of which, when the rains are abundant,
canoes loaded with cacao pass from sea to sea.
This interior communication has existed since
1788, unknown in Euroi^e. The small canal of
Raspadura unites, on the coasts of the two oceans,

C H O

two points 75 leagues distant from one ano-
ther.]

Ciioco, San Juan CiiRisosTOMo DE, another
settlement of the province and covregimiento of
Condesuyos de Arequipa in Peru.

[CHOCOLATK Creek, a head- water of Tioga
river in New York, whose mouth lies JO niileu
s. w. of the Painted post.]

[CHOC()J,OGO-CA, which the Spaniunls ctill
Castro Vireyna, a town nf Peru, GO leagues s. c.
of Lima, is very famous for its silver mints,
which are at the top of a great mountain always
covered with snow, and but two leagues from the
town. The stones of the mine are of a dark blue
colour ; these being calcined and powdered, tlien
steeped in water and quicksilver, the filth is sepa-
rated, and the silver melted and formed info bars.
Tiicse veins are not very rich, but the metal is very
fine. They make plenty of wine here, whore it
attains a greater degree of perfection, owing to the
pureness of the air, than it is observed to have else-
where.]

CHOCONA, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Paria in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Toledo.

CHOCONTA, a settlement of the corres;inv'ento
of Guatavita in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.
It is of a cold but healthy temperature, being
situate upon a llanura. It produces abundance
of wheat, maize, papas, barley, and garlic, of tlie
whole of which an abundant crop is gathered ;
these indeed form the principal branclies of its
commerce, as they supply all the neighbouring
provinces, it was in the time of the Indians a
large, rich, and populous city, and the barrier
of the province of Tunja; ulso the place where
the zipas held a garrison of their best troops.
This city was entered by Gonzalo Ximincz de
Quesada in 1537, when he gave it the name of
Espiritu Santo, from this festival having been
celebrated here. After the conquest of the Sp;i-
niards it became a became a curacy of the reli<rion
of St. Domingo, and was one of those which was
considered the first step to the advantages to he
derived from these missions. It was close to this
settlement that the sanguinary conflict took place
which was fouglit between M ichua, king of Tunja,
and Saguanmachica, zipa or king of IJogota, in
which both princes fell dead upon the field ; at
present it is a small village of Indians, who amount
to the number of 200, besides 400 other inhabi-
tants, who consist of whites. Ten lefignes «. of
Santa F£, and as many from Tunja, just midway
betweeeu these two jurisdictions.

iii f . (

C H O

CFIOCOPE, San Pedro y San Pablo de,
a small settlement of the province and corrcf^u
mienlo of Truxillo in Peru ; situate in tlic valley
of Chicama, watered and fertilized by the river of
this name. It produces in abundance grapes,
sugar-canes, olives, and every kind of European
fruit of the most excellent flavour. It was formerly
11 large population, since that the few inhabitants
who had been lei't at Concepcion, and those of
Licapa in the same valley, have iticorporatcii
themselves here. It has a very large and handsome
church, although this underwent sonic damage
from an earthquake experienced in this province
in 1759 ; thcsettlcment suffered much also in 1726,
as did all the other towns of the coast, as, very
contrary to the custom of the climate here, it rained
without cessation for t period of 40 tlays, from
five o'clock in the evening to the same hour in the
following morninrr, so that the houses were almost
all entirely destroyed. It is 10 leagues from the cap!-
tal, in the royal road which leads to Lima, anu
which is called De Valles. Lat. 7" 53' s.

[CIIOCORUA, a mountain in Grafton county,
New Hampshire, on the n. line of Stra fiord county,
n. of Tamworth.]

[CHOCUITO. i>ec Chucuito.1

CHOCUY, See Laches.

[CHOISEUL Bay, on the n. re. coast of the
islands of the Arsacides, w. of port Praslin. The
inhabitants of this bay, like those at port Praslin,
have a custom of powdering their hair with lime,
which burns it and gives ita red appearance.]

CHOIX, a portof the w. coast of the island of
Newfoundland.

CHOLCHOL, a settlement of the district of
Ilepocura in the kingdom of (yhile ; situate at the
mouth of the river Rumulhue before it enters the
Cauten.

CHOLCO-COCHA, a »reat lake of the pro-
vince and corregimiejito of Castro Vireyna in Peru,
upon the heights of the mountains of the Andes.
It is navigated by rafts made by the Indians;
fish it has none, from the excesisve cold of its
waters; from it springs the river Caica-mayu.
Mr. De la Martiniere confounds this lake, which
is called Chocolo-cocha, with the city of Castro
Vireyna, maintaining that the Indians call it by
the latter name, bnt which is erroneous.

DHOLl, a settlement and establishment of the
English ill S. Carolina, and country of the Che-
rokees Indians; situate at the source of the river
Apalnchicola.

CMOLIQUE, SanPabio de, a settlement of
the province and corregimicnto of Gaxamarca la
Grande in Peru.

C H O

455

CIIOLOAPA, San Rartolomr or., a settle-
ment of the head settlement of lluilojiec, and
alcaldia mayor of Cuemavaca, in Nucva Es'pafia.
It contains 84 families of Indians.

CHOLOSCOPO, San Matf.o df, a settlement
of the district, and alcaldia mayor of Mexilcalt-
zingo, in Nueva E'spafin, somewhat more than
half u league's distance to the to. of this place.
It contains 103 families of Indians, and hns a
handsome convent of the strict observers of St.
Francis, which is also a college for studies.

CIIOLULA, a district and jurisdiction of an
alcaldia mayor in Nueva Espana. Its extent is
very limited, being only three leagues in length at
the widest part; but it is nevertheless well filled with
inhabitants ; its territory is level, and very fertile
in wheat, maize, and {)eppcr, which is here called
chile, as also in other seeds, of which abundant crops
arc gathered ; it formerly acquired agreat emolument
from the sale of cochineal, but this is laid aside
and entirely abandoned. The Spaniards, Muslees,
and Mulatt js, busy themselves in making cloths
and woven stuits of cotton, and they have many
workshops, by which they supply with these articles
the other provinces. Its population consists of 43
settlements of Indians, which arc,
San Juan Quantlazingo, Sta. Maria Quescomate,

Santiago de Momospan,
Santa Barbara,
Todos Santos,
San Luis,
San Gregorio de
pecpan.

San Bernardino,
Sta. Clara Ocovica,
Sta. Maria Malacatepe-
que,
Saca- Sta. Maria Coronango,
S. Miguel Coztla,

S. Francisco de Quapan, San Francisco Ocotlan
S. Diego Cuaucotla, San Antonio, ,

S. Sebastian, San Francisco,

S. Juan Cuautla, San Mateo,

Tonanchin, San Gabriel,

Santa MariaZacate]^)equc, San Lucas,
San Geronimo, San Martin,

San Pablo Zochimchua, San Lorenzo,

San Andres de Cholnla,
San Francisco Acate-

pcque^
San Bernardo Tlaxcal-

zingo,
S. Anton ioCacalotepcqne,
Santa Ann,
San Martin Tlanapa,

[The district ot Cholula contained in 1793 a
population of 22,423 souls. Tiie villages amount-
ed tp 43, and i lie farms to 45. ('hoiuln, Tlax-
clala, and Hnetxocingo, are the three republics
whicii resisted the Mexican yoke for so many cen-
turies, although the pernicious uri&tocracy of tliuic

Tlantenango,
Santa Isabel,
Los Santos Reyes,
S. Pablo Ahuatempa,
S. Mateo, distinct from

the other,
S. Miguel Pnpalotla,
S. Andres de Cholula.

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456

C H O

constitution left the lower people little more free-
dom than they would have possessed under tlie
government of the Aztec kines.]

The capital is the city of the same name, founded
as far back as the time of the gentilism of the Mexi-
can empire, when this nation was at enmity with
that ofChichimccn; it was then one of the most
populous cities, and contained S0,000 inhabitants
and 300 temples, and served as a barrier to Moc-
tezuma, in the attack against the republic of
TIaxclala ; the latter place never having been sub-
jected to the Mexican yoke. This was the city
which of all others most thwarted the designs of
Ilcrnan Cortes, but the inhabitants were discovered
in the conspiracy they had laid against him, when
they pretended io receive him with open arms and
h pt'aceable and friendly disposition, and were
made by him to suffer severely for their hypocrisy ;
after which he and his whole army escaped un-
injured. This city has many monuments denoting
its antiquity ; and although in ancient times idolatry
was iicre carried to its highest pitch, yet the light
of the gospel has spread widely around its enliven-
ing rays. It is of a mild and healthy temperature,
rather inclined to cold than heat, being situate on
a level, fertile, and beautiful plain. It has a good
convent of the order of St. Francis, which is also
a house of studies, its inhabitants are composed
of 50 families of Spaniards, 468 of Mustees, Mu-
latfoos and Negroes, and G03 of Indians. On a
lofty spot which lies close to the entrance, on the
e. side of the city, is a handsome chapel, in v/hich
is venerated the image of the blessed virgin,
which also bears the dedicatory title of Ims Iteme-
dios. It is a little more than 20 leagues to the e.
of Mexico, and four from TIaxclala. Long. 98°
14'. Lnt. 19° 4'. [Its population is at present
estimated at about 16,000 souls.]

CilONE, a settlement which in former times
was considerable, but now much impoverished, in
the ancient province of Cara, wliich is at present
xmited to that of EsmeraUlas. It lies upon tiie
shore of the river Choncs to the n. and is of an
hot and moist climate, in hit. 53° s.

ClIONES, a large river of the province of
Cara in the kingdom of Quito. It runs to the to.
and collects the waters of the Sanchez and theTos-
sagua on the n. and on the .?. those of the Cama-
ron and the Plataiial. At its entrance on the «.
stood the city of Cara, of which the vestiges still
remain. Where it runs into the sea it forms the
bay of Ciira, between the s. point of Bellaca and
the 11, point of laca. Its mouth is nearly two
miles and'an half wide.
CIIONGO, San Miouel de, a settlement of

C H O

the alcaldta met/or of Huamelul;. It is of a very
cold temperature, from its being situate in tiie vi-
cinity of the sierra Nevada (or Snowy) of the (jhon*
taU-s, which lies on the n. side of it. Its inhabi-
tants amount to 24 families of Indians, wlio trade
in cochineal, seeds, and fruits, of which the cuun-
trjr, being naturally luxuriant, produces great quan-
titles. It is watered by rivers which pass at a
little distance, and is annexed to the curacy of
Tejpaltepec of the jurisdiction and alcaldta mayor
of Nexapa, from whence it lies SO leagues. It is,
on account of this great distance, combined with
the badness of the roads, that the natives so sel-
dom can avail themselves of any instruction in the
holy faith ; dying, as they often do, wit' out the
administration of the sacraments. Indeed, there is
only one day in the year, which is the 29th of
September, and on which the Indians celebrate the
festival of their titular saint Michael, when they
are visited by their curate, wiio then hears their
confessions and says mass. At this time this settle-
ment has somewhat the appearance of a Catholic
people ; but being all the rest of the year leil to
themselves, it is not to be wondered that many re-
lapse into their pristine state of gcntilism and idola-
try. Three leagues w. of its capital.

CHONGON, a settlement of Indians of the pro-
vince and government of Guayaquil in the king.
dom of Quito; situate near u small torrent, re-
nowned for the stones which it washes down, of a
certain crystallized matter, which being polished,
resemble brilliants, and are used as buttons, rings,
and other trinkets.

ClI(3NGOS, a settlement of the province and
corres;imiento of Xauxa in Peru.

CIlONTA, a settlement of the province and
corre^imieulo of Abancay in Pern.

Cho.nta, another setUement in the i)rovince and
f orregi'mrcnto of Guamalies of the same kingdom,
famous for its mine of quicksilver.

CHONTAI, a settlement of the province and
correghniento of Huarochiri in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Chorrillo.

CHONTALES, a district of the corregimknlo
or alcaldta mayor of Matagulpa, in the kingdom of
Guatemala and province of Nicaragua. It is but
small, and its natives have this name from the Spa-
niards, who would by it express their natural uii-
couthness and stupidity.

CHOPADA, a settlement of the Portuguese, in
the kingdota of Brazil and country of the (iuay.
azas Indians ; situate on the bank and at the source
of the river Tocantines.

CHOPARE, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Moxoi in the kingdom of Quito. It flows

(

imicnio
aidom (if
is but
le Spa-
ral ua-

fovcrn-
t flows

c n o

riowii from the mountains to the lo. of {he Raclics
Indians, nnd runs 53 Icngnt's from s. to n. c. iir\til
it enters tlie Marinore together with the tiiiapaiv,
opposite the scttlcmeiib and raliiccion of liorctu,
which lies to the s.

CHOPO, a. settlement of the <;ovcrnnient " d
jurisdiction of Paui|)lona in the Nuevo lleynr dc
Granada. It is of a very mild climate, and
abounds in suear-cnnes, plantains, maize, and many
sorts of vegetables ; these being the principal branch
of its traOic Avitli the Indians, wlio carry them for
sale to the capital, whicii lies at a small distance
from bencc, in the road leading to iMdrida and
Gibraltar. It contains 50 Indians, and almost as
many indigent settlers.

[CHOPS, The, in Kennebeck river, arc three
miles from Swan Island ; which see.]

CFIOPTANK, « large navigabh; river of (lie
ptovince and colony of Maryland, [emptying it-
self into Chesapeak bay. J

Choptank, LiTTLt, another of the same pro-
vince. It runs w. and enters the sea in tiic buy of
Ciiesnpeak.

CHOQUE, a settlement of the province and
cotregimienlo of Caxatambo in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Acros.

CHOQUECAMATA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and corresiimicnlo of Cochabamba in Peru.

CHOQUELIMPE, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of A rica in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Copia.

CHOQUES, a barbarous nation of Caribes Iu«
dians, of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, dwelling
immediately upon the nioutitains and forests of
I'osca. They are tcrocious and cruel, and pitch
their huts near the river Rermejo. But little is
known of their customs aiu' :' their coimtry.

CHORAS, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Iluamalies in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Jesns.

CHOUOMA, a settlement of the province and
corrregimiento of Chichas and Tarija, in the dis-
trict of the forioer, and annexed to the curacy of
Tupisa.

CHOROMOROS, a barbarous nition of In-
dians of Peru, who formerly occupied the plains
or llanuras of Calchaqui towards the n. ; touching
towards the c. upon the source of the river Mogo-
les, and extending ii. as far as the mountains of
the Lules, and u\ as far ns the Andes. They are
at present reduced to the Catholic religion, and are
mixed with those of other nations; but some few
of them still persist in their idolatry, and live
dispersed U[)on the mountains.
i;ilOROi\l, a port of the coast of the kingdom

VOfi. I.

C H O

4u7

of Tierru Firme, in the province and government
of Venezuela, bL*twc(;n th(; mountain of Ooumara
and (he port uf Chnnpo.

(MU)R()S, a selllVnicnt of the province and
corrrgmiento of Coquimbo in the kingiioni of
Chile. It lias the hard h)t of being scantily sup-
plied with water, even as much as is necessary tor
drinking.

CiioKo?, a point of the coast of this province
and kingdom.

CiioRos, nn island near the coast and point of
its name.

ClIORRERA, a settlement of the jurisdiction
and aktildia mayor of Nata in (he kingdom of
Tierra Firme; situate near the coast of the S.
sea.

CnonuF,n.\, a creek of the island of Cuba, on
the w. coast, having a fort for its protection, with
a drtachnicnt of trimps from the Havana.

ClIORILLt), a settlement of the province and
corrcgimioilu of Mimrochiri in Peru.

Ciioiiii.i.o, another, in the province nnd cor-
regiinieuto ot Cercado in the same kingdom ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Surco.

CMOURIlJiOS, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Canete in Peru ; situate on
the coast, close to the point of China.

CIIORROS, a settlement of the province and
government of Jaeii dc Bracamoros in the king-
dom of Quito.

CIIORROU, CniKE du, a rivulet and esta-
blishment of the French, in their possessions in
Guayana.

CIIORUNGA, a settlement of the province and
forrfgtOTie«/oof Condesuyos de Arequipa in Peru ;
aancxed to the curacy of Andaray ; situate in the
valley of its name.

CHOSAPACK, or Chesapeak, a large and
beautiful bay on the coast of the province and co-
lony of Virginia. [See Chesapeak.]

CHOSCHAMA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Lucanas Id Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Huacana.

[CIIOSCUMUS, a fort of the province and
government of Buenos Ayrcs, near a small lake
about SO leagues .v. e. of Buenos Ayres, in Lat. Jj^
33' 40*. -Long. 58° 2' 15" a>.]

CHOTA, ToDos Santos de, a settlement of
the province and corregimiento of Caxaraarca in
Peru.

[Chota, a valley of the Andes, vhich, though
only two miles wide, is nearly a mile in depth.
It was passed by II umlwldt and his companions,
in 1801, on their way to Quito, when they found
its temperature to be intensely sultry. )
3n

k^,,

r'^

■n

!) i

ill

458

C II R

CnOTJ'i, a acUlemciil of Indians of N. C'hio-
lina ; situate on the sliorn of (lie river TcnncsNec.

CHOTIXIIIEL, or E\. Paso, a scttlenient of
Indians of tlie kin^irdoin of (Jliilo; situate in the
interior of it, and on the shore of tiic river ("onio-
Lcuvre.

CIIOUEK, MoNTANAs DK, inountalns in the
province and colony of N. Carolina, which tbllow
the course of the river Tennessee.

CIIOUMANS, a settlement or vilhige of the

(>rovincc and colony of Louisiana ; situate on the
>ank, and at the source of the river Maligna or
Sablonicre.

CIKXJSSII'I, a small river of the country of
Labrador. It runs s, w. and enters that ot St.
Jja\yr<'n(.e.

CHOWAN, a district and jurisdiction of tlie

Iirovince and colony of Virginia, between that of
Vquima and the river Pansemond. The principal
acttlenient bears the same name.

[Chowan County, in Edcnton district, N.
Carolina, on the ti. side of Albemarle sound. It
contains 5011 inhabitants, of whom ^588 are slaves.
Chief town, Edenton.l

[Chowan Uiver, in N. Carolina, falls into
the n. w. corner of Albemarle soui'd. It is three
miles wide at the mouth, but narrows fast as you
ascend it. It is formed, five mih's from the Vir-
ginia line, by the confluence of Meherrin, Notta-
way, and Ulack rivers, which all rise in Vir-
ginia. |

CIlOXLLA, a settlement of the province and
conegimicnlo of Cicasica in Peru, annexed to the
curacy of Yanacache.

[CHRIST CuuKcii, a parish in Charleston dis-
trict, S. Carolina, containing 295^ inhabitants, of
whom 5fi(> are whites, ii377 slaves.]

[CHRISTENOES, a wandering nation of N.
America, who do not cultivate, nor claim any par-
ticular tract of country. They are well disposed
towards lie whites, and tre<it their traders with re-
spect. Tlic country in which these Indians rove
is generally open plains, but in some parts, parti-
cularly about the head of the Assinniboin river, it
is marshy and tolerably well furnished with timber,
as are also tlie Port Dauphin mountains, to which
they sometimes resort. From the quantity of
beaver in their country, they ought to furnish more
of that article than they do at present. They arc
not esteemed gootl beaver-hunters. They might
probably be induced to visit an establishment on
the Missouri, at the Yellow Stone river. Their
number has been reduced by the small-pox since
they were first known to the Canadians.]

[CHRISTIANA, a post-town in Newcastle

C 11 R

county, Delaware, is situated on n navigable creek
of its name, i^ miles from Elkton, nine j. iv. of
Wilmington, and J7 s. w. of Philadelphia. The
town, consisting of alMiut 50 houses, and a Presby-
terian church, standson a ileclivity which conminndg
a pleasant prospect of the country towards the De-
laware. It carries on a brisk trade with Phila<lel-
phia in flour. It is the greatest carrying place be-
tween the navigable waters of the Delaware and
Chesapeak, which are 13 miles asunder at this
place. It was built by the Swedes in J610, and
thus called after their nueiMi.]

[CiiiiisTiANA Creek, on which the above town
is situated, falls ir)to Delaware river from the .v. w.
a little below Wilmington. It is proposed to cut a
canal of about nine miles in length, in a s. to. direc-
tion from this creek, at the town of ('hristiana (six
miles w. It. w. of Newcastle) to Elk river in Mary-
land, about a mile below Elkton. See Delawakb
and Wilmington.]

rCuaisTiANA, St. one of the Marquesa isles,
called by the natives Waitahu, lies under the same
parallel with St. Pedro, three or four leagues more
to the w. Resolution bay, near the middle of the
w. side of the island, is in lat. 9" 58' *. long. 139^
840' zc. from Greenwich ; and the w. end of Do-
minica 15 11, Captain Cook gav<! this bay the
name of his sliip. It was called Port Madrc de
Dios by the Spaniards. This island produces cot-
ton of a superior kind. A specimen of it is depo-
sited in the museum of the Massachusetts Historical
Society.]

CHRISTIANO, San, a settlement of the pro-
vince and captainship of Serigip6 in Brazil ; situate
on the coast, and at the mouth of the river Cirii.

[CII RISTIANSBURG, the chief town of Mont-
gomery county, Virginia. It contains very few
houses ; has a court-house and goal, situated near
a branch of Little river, a water of the Kanhaway;
Lat.. 37° 5' w.]

[CHRISTIANSTED, the principal town in the
island of Santa Cruz, situated on the «. side of the
island, on a fine harbour. It is the residence of the
Danish governor, and is defended by a stone for-
tress.]

[CHRISTMAS Island, in the Picific ocean,
lies entirely solitary, nearly equally distant from
the Sandwich islands on the w. and the Marquesas
on the s. It was so named by Captain Cook, on
account of his first landing there, on Christmas
day. Not a drop of fresh water was found by dig-
ging. A ship touching at this desolate isle must
expect nothing but turtle, fish, and a few birds. It
is about 15 or 20 leagues in circumference, and
bounded by a reef of coral rocks, on the :v. side of

V^lj. .

C II R '

wliicli tlicrc is a bank of fine snml, extend in/; a
mile into the sen, and nirordin;^ ^ood niiclioraifc.
Lot. I ° 59' w. Long. 157" 35' w. I

[Chuistmaii Sound, ii) Ticrrii del Fucj?o, S.
America. Lat. 55°21'w. Long. 69° 4H' «-. |

CMIIISTOVAL, San, orSr. CiiKisToiMun, a
town of tlie government and jurisdiction of Mara-
caibo in the Nuevo Revno dc (iranada; founded
by Captain Juan de Nlnldonado in 15()0. It is of
a hot but licnltliy temperature, produces abundance
of sugar-canes, of which are maile honey, sugar,
and conserves, in immense quantities ; also a great

Sroportion of smoking tobacco, which is carried io
[aracaibo. It has a good church and a convent
of St. August in, which latter hns fallen much to
decay witi) regard to its establishment. The po-

fiuliition of the town consists of 400 housekee|)ers.
t lies 20 leagues n r, of Pamplona, from the juris-
diction of which u is divided by the river Pam-
plonillii. It is the native place of Don Ciregurio
dc Jaimes, archdeacon of Santa h'6, and bisliop of
Sunta Marta.

CiiiiisTovAi., San, a settlement of the province
and correginiiento of Li|)es, archbishopric of Char-
cas in Peru ; in which took place the following ex-
traordinary occurrence: The curate of (his place
5aing to confess a sick person in the settlement of
'ahisa of the province of Paria, which was annexed
to this, sunk into a spring of water in the pampas
or llanos dcla Sal, when he was drowned, and with
the two Indians who accompanied him on horse-
back, never more appeared, nor were any vestiges
ever found of them : this was the reason why the
latter settlement has since been disunited from the
curacy of San Cbristoval.

Cm RisTo V Aii, San, a capital city of the province
and captainship of Sergip^ in the kingdom of Bra-
zil ; being also known by that name. It is founded
on the sea-shore, and has a tine and well detended
port. It has a magnificent parish church with the
title of Nucstra Senora de la Victoria ; two fine
convents, the one of the order of the Franciscans,
and the other of the Carmelites ; also a chapel of
devotion of the Virgin of (he Rosary. The council-
bouse is a very fine edifice, and in the suburbs is
a hcrmita^ of San Gonzulo, which is frequented
as a pilgrimage by this and other settlements of the
jurisdiction. In this city resides the chief captain,
who governs this province, and who is attended by
a company of troops as a body-guard. In early
times it was filled with nobility, descended from the
first families in Portugal; but it is now reduced io
500 housekeepers. In its district, towards the
part called Coninquiva, is a parish with four
ciuipcis, and towards the river V^^za-Ba^ris five

CUR

459

others. It has also 25 engines, by which abundance
of sugar of an excellent quality is nianul'ncturrd ;
this article atTords a great commerce with the bay
of Todos Santos. Lat. 1 1° 40' s. Long. 37" 30' w.
CiiiiisTovAF., San, an ishmdof the N.st-a ; one
of the A nlilles, discovered by Admiral (Christopher
Columbus, who gave it his niimo, in 1493. It is
five leagues in circumterence, and is verj fertile,
and al)oun(ling in productions, particiiiiirly in cot-
ton, tobacco, indigo, sugar, and brandy ; by all
of which it carries <m a great commerce. Here are
some good salines^ and in the mountains are some
woods of fine timber, well adapted for the building
of ships. The English and the French both esta-
blished themselves here in 1G25, holding a divided
possession, when they were driven out by the Spa-
niards. Aflcr this the former again returned and
re-established themselves in the greatest part of the
island, leaving, however, a small share to the
French, until the year 1713, when the latter, in
conjunction with the Spaniards themselves, ceded
it entirely to the Knglish, who from that time have
held it and kept it well fortified. fSt. Christopher,
situnte in lat. 17° 21', long. 62" 48' w. was called
by its ancient possessors, the Charibes, Liamuiga,
or the Fertile Island. It was discovered in Novem-
ber 1493 by Columbushimself, who was so pleased
with its appearance, that he honoured it with his
own Christian name. But it was neither planted
nor possessed by the Spaniards. It was, however,
(notwithstanding that the general opinion ascribes
the honour of seniority to Uarbadocs), the eldest of
all the British territories in the W. Indies, and
in truth, the common mother both of the English
and French settlements in the Charibean islands.
A Mr. Thomas Warner, an Englishman, asso-
ciated himself with 14 other persons in the year
1632, and with them took his passage on board a
ship bound to Virginia. From thence he and his
companions sailed from St. Christopher's, where
they arrived in January 1623, and by the month
of September following had raised a good crop of
tobacco, which they proposed to make their staple
commodity. By the generality of historians who
have treated of the affairs of the W. Indies, it ia
asserted that a party of the French, under the com-
mand of a person of the name of D'Esnanibuc,
took possession of one part of this island, on the
same day thiit Mr. Warner landed on the other;
but the truth is, that the first landing of Warner
and his associates happened two years before the
arrival of D'lCsnambuc ; who, it is admitted by
Du Tcrlrc, did not leave France nntil J()25. Un-
fortunately (he English settlers, in the latter end of
1623, had their plantations demolished by a drcad-1
3 N 2

i. r

'..'

«■•

'■ , ■(

i t

:». "t

460

C H R I S T O V A L.

t^ir .

[fill hunican.', vhich put a sudden stop to tlicir
progress. In consequence of this calamity, Mr.
%Varncr returned to England to implore succour ;
and it waj on that occasion that he sought and ob-
Ininnd the powerful patronage and support of
James Hay, Earl of Carlisle. This nobleman
caused a ship to be fitted out, laden with all kinds
of necessaries. It was called the Hope well ; and
arrived at Si. Cliristophcr's on the 18th of May
IGSi ; and thus he certainly preserved a settlcmpiit
Tcbich had otherwise died in its infancy. Warner
himself did not return to St. Christo|)cr's Uiitil the
yciir following. He was then accomi)atiicd by a
large body of recruits, and D'Esnambuc arrived
about the same time, perhaps tlic same day. This
latter was the captain of a French privateer ; and
having, in an cngagment with a Spanish galleon of
superior strength, been very roughly handled, he
w»s obliged, after losing several of his men, to seek
rcfn<re in these islands. He brought with him to
St. Christopher's about thirty hardy veterans, and
they were cordially received by the En ish, who
appear at this time to have been under some appre-
hensions of the Charibcs. Hitherto Warner's first
colony had lived on friendly terms with these poor
savages, by whom they were liberally supplied
with provisions ; but having seized on their lands,
the consciousness of deserving retaliation made the
planters apprehensive of an attack, when probably
none .vas intended. Du Tertrc relates, that the
French and English receiving information of a
projecteil revolt, concurred in a scheme for seizing
ihc conspirators beforehand. Accorilingly tliey
fell on the Charibcs by night, and having mur-
dered in cold blood from lOOlo 120 of the stoutest,
drove oH the rest from the island, except such of
tl"" women as were young .ind handsome, of whom,
says the reverend historian, they made concubines
and slaves. Such is the account of a contemporary
author, Pere Du Tertre, wJiO relates these trans-
actions with perfect composure, as founded on
common usage, and not unwarrantable in thcii- na-
ture. He adds, that sue! of the Charibcs as
escaped the massacre, havii'<f given the nl;'rm to
their countrymen i'x the i .^ighbouring islands, a
large body of them rctiirned soon afterwards,
breathing revenge ; and row the conflict became
serious. The Enropeaiis, however, more from
the superiority of their weapons, than of their
valour, became conquerors in the en«l ; but tiieir
triumph wa,-. dearly purchased, ]0t) of thcii num-
ber ha^ iiig been left dca(' on the field of battle.
After tl.is exploit, which Du Tertrc calls a glorious
victory, the Charibcs appear to have quitted alto-
gether this aud some of the small islands in the

neighbourhood, and to have retired southwards.
The two leaders, Warner and D'Esnambuc, about
the same time, found it necessary to return to
Europe for the purpose of soliciting succour from
their respective nations ; and bringing with them
the name of conquerors, they severally met with all

Cossible encouragement. Warner was knighted
y his sovereign, and through the interest of his
noble patron sent back as governor in 1626, with
400 new recruits, amply supplied with ne-
cessaries of all kinds ; wihilc D Esnambuc, un-
der the patronage of Richlieu, (the minister of
France), project^ the establisiiment of an exclu-
sive com])any for trading to this and some of the
other islands. That minister concurred with
D'l'^snambuc in opinion, that such an institution
was best adapted to the purposes of commerce and
colonization ; an erroneous conclusion, which
D'Esnambuc himself had soon nbuiulaiit occasion
to lament ; for the French in general either mis-
understood or dif improved (iie project. Subscrip-
tions came in rel. • tantly, and the siiijjs which the
new company fitted out on this occasion, were so
wretchedly supplied with provisions and neces-
saries, that of 532 recruits, who sailed from
France with D'Esnambuc, in February 1627, the
greater part perished miserably at sea for want of
food.

The English received the survivors with com-
passion and kindness ; and for preventing contests
ui future about their respective limits, the com-
manders of each nation agreed to divide the whole
island pretty. equally between their followers. A
treaty of partition tor tliispurpase was reduced io
writing, and signed, with many formalities, on
the third of May IG27. Tl>e island was invaded
by the Spaniards in 1629', after this there took
place a serious contest between the English and
the Ficnch possessors; and the com'uci of the
latter on this occasion was deemed so cruel and
treacherous, that it was assigned by King Wil-
liam and Queen Mary among the causes which
induced them to declare war against the French
nation. Even fortune herself^ inclining at length to
the side of justice, from henceforward deserted
them ; for, after they had continued about eight
months sole masters of the island, the English under
the command of ficiieral ('odrington, returning
in great force, not only com|)elle(l the French in-
habitants to surrender, but actually transported
1800 of them to Martinico and Mispaniola. It is
true, that reparation was stipulated to ue made
them by the treaty of Ilyswic, in l(if)7 ; but wiir
again breaking out between the two nations, in
I70'J, the French planters derived but little ad- j

iiiJiite'i

kid

'V*t

C H R I S T O V A L.

461

tes, on
ivach'd
took
and
of tbc
and
Wil-
which
'Vcnch
i,'th (o
scried
eight
I under

r\antage from that clause in their favour. They
had, however, in 1705, the gloomy satisfaction to
behold many of the J:)nglish possessions again laid
waste by a French armament, which conuniUed
sucli ravages, that the British parliament found it
necessary (o distribnlc the sum of 103,000/. among
the suQcrers, to enulylc them to resettle their plan*
tations. Happily this was the last f?xertion of
national enmity and civil discord within this little
community; for at the peace of I'trecht, the
island was ceded wholly to the Dnglisii, and the
French possessions publicly sold for th.> benefit of
the English government. In 1733, 8U,000/. of
the money was appropriated as a marriage jwr-
tion with the Princess Anne, who was betrothed to
the Prince of Orange. Some few of the French
plmitcrs, indeed, wlio consented to take the oaths,
were nuturalizetl, and permitted to retain their
estates. Such were the origin and progress of the
itritish establishment in tlie island of St. Christo*
plier. The glorious circumstances which attended
the French invasion in the beginning of 1783,
when a garrison of less than 1000 cilective men
(including the militia) was attacked by 8000 of the
best disciplined troops of France, supported by
a fleet of 32 ships of war ; the consequent snrren*
der of the island, after a most vigorous and noble
defence ; and its restoration to (jreat Britain by
the general peace of 1783, will long be in the re-
collection of every Englishman ; but wo cannot
forbear to nut it upon record, thai at the siege of
Ilrimstone iiill, the enemy's lotteries, consisting of
24 mortars and '23 pieces of heavy artillery, were
continually, for five weeks and 34 days, firing on
a spot of ground where the greatest diameter was
not more than 200 yards, before the British would
surrender — that Rodney's celebrated victory took
place on the 12th of 'April 1782, lasting from
seven in the morning to half past six in the even-
ing, when five ships, commanded by the Count
de Grassc, were taken, another sunk, and the
admiral himself made prisoner.

This island is divided into nine parishes, and
contains four towns and hamlets, viz. Basseterre,
(the present capital, as it was formerly that of the
French, containing about 800 houses), Sandy-point,
Old-road, and Deep-bay. Of these, the two first are
portsof entry, established by law. The fortifications
consist of Charles-fort and Brimsonc-liill, both
near Sandy-point; three batteries at Basseterre,
one at Fig-tree-bay, another at Palmcto-poinl, and
some smaller ones of no great importance. The
proportion which St. Christoplier's contributes,
with the other islands, towimls an honourable pro-
vision for the governor-general, is 1000/. tnr-
reiK-y per aim. which is jellied on him by the as-

Beinbly immediately on his nrrival. He has be-
sides jome perquisites ; and in time of war they
arc considerable. Each island within this govern-
ment has a separate council, and each of them
an assembly, or house of representatives. In St.
Cliristopher's, the council should consist of 10
members, but it is seldom that more thin seven
arc present. The Jiousc of assembly is composed
of y-t representatives, of whom 15 make a quo-
rum, Ulie requisite qualification is a freehold of
40 acres of land, or a house worth 40/. a year.
Of the electors, (he qualification is a freehold of
10/. per anil. Its government is comprehended
under tlie title of that of the Leeward ('liaribean
islands. The governor of this and the oilier
islands in the same government is chancellor by
liis office, and in St. ("hristopher's sits alone. In
this island, as in Jamaica, the jurisdiction of both
the king's bench and common pleas centres in
one superior court, wherein justice is administered
bv a chief-justice and four puisne judges. Tlie
chief is appointed by the crown, the others by the
governor in the king's name, and they all hold
their commissions during pleasure. The ollicc of
chief judge is worth about 600/. per ann. The
emoluments of the assistant judges arc trifling. St.
Christopher's is about 14 leagues in circuit, and
contains 43,726 acres of land, of which about
17,G00 acres are appropriated to the growth of
sugar, and 4000 to pasturage. As sugar is the
only commodity of any account that is raised, ex-
cept provisions and a little cotton, it is probable,
that nearly one-half the whoh; island is unfit for
cultivation. The interior part of the country con-
sists indeed of many rugged precipices and bar-
ren mountains. Of these the loftiest is mount
Misery, (evitlently a tiecaycd volcano), which rises
3711 feet in perpendicular height from the sea.
Nature, however, has made abundant amends for
the sterility of the mo inlains by the icrtility she
has bestowed upon tluc plains. No part of the
W. Indies possesses even the same species of soil
that is found in St. Christopher's. It is in gene-
ral a dark grey loam, so liglit and porous as to be
ficnetrable by the slightest application of the hoe.
t is thought to be the production of subterraneous
fires, the black ferruginous pumice of naturalists,
finely incorporated witfi a pure loam or virgin
mould. The under-stratum is gravel, from eight
to 12 inches deep, ('lay is no where found, ex-
c<>pt at a considerable height in the mountains.
Canes, planted in particular spots, have been
known to yield 8000 ll)s. of Muscovado sugar
from a single acre. One gent'cman, in a favour-
able season, made 6100 lbs. or four hogsheads of
l()cwt. each per acre, ou au aveinge return of his]

M^ i fc^

I J i. '
1- ' I

'I! . M

! I .1

yj'' !S

'¥^.^ '

462

CHRISTOVAL.

[wliole crop. It is not, however, pretended tliat
the greatest part, or even a very largo proportion,
of the cane land throughout the island, is equally
productive. The general average produce for a
series of years is 16,000 hogsheads of J6 cwt.
which, as une-half only of the whole cane land, or
8500 acres, is annually cut, (the remainder being
in young canes), gives nearly two hogsheads of 16
cwt. per acre for the whole of the land in ripe
canes ; but even this is a prodigious return, not
equalled, perhaps, by any other sugar country in
any part of the globe.

Ill the report of the privy council in 1788, the
British property vested here is estimated at 43,7S6

acres of patented estates, and 26,000 Negroes, at
60^ each Negro. The same report, in a general
appraisement of British properly vesteu in the Bri-
tish colonics, makes the fanu, buildings, and stock,
double the value of the Negroes; and the towns,
stores, and shipping about ^h of the land, &c.
Ill 1770 the exports amounted to above 419,000/.
sterling, in sugar, molasses, and rum ; and near
8000/. for cotton. Besides cotton, ginger, and the
tropical fruits, it produced, in 1787, 231,397 ^wt.
of sugar; and in 1790, but about 113,000 cwt.
The produce of this article varies from 8000 to
17,000 hogsheads of 13 cwt.

By return to house of commons, 1896, the Exports of Sugar from St. Christopher's amounted.

In 1789, to 11,000 hogsheads of 13 cwt.
1799, to 9,900 do.
1805, to 26,000 do.

The official value of the Imports and Exports of St. Kitl's were, in

1809, imports ^266,064, exports jffl32,845.

1810, 253,611, 89,362.

And the quantities of the principal articles imported into Great Britain were, in

CofTcc.

Sugar.

Rum.

Cotton Wool.

Brit. Plant.

For. Plant.

Brit. Plant.

For. Plant.

Cwt.
1809, 433
IRIO, 136

Cwt.
71
75

Cwt.
166,053
167,941

Cwt.

t
158

Gallt.
343,075
320,886

Lb«.

112,327

26,853

As in the other British islands in the neighbour-
hood, all the white men^from the age of 16 to 60
are obliged to enlist in the niilita,and in this island
they serve without pay. They form two regi-
ments of foot, although the whole number of ef-
fective men in each regiment seldom exceeds 300 ;
but there is likewise ar, constituted the whole of
the military force within the island. Indeed, its
natural strength, from the conformation and in-
equalities of lis furface, is such, that a garrison of
2000 effective troops, properly supplied with am-

munition and provisions, would in all human pro-
bability render it impregnable to the roost formi-
dable invasion.

The Gazette of November 1st, 1811, contains
what has hitherto been considered as unprece-
dented :— A statement of every person's income,
according as he is rated to the income tax. Pos-
sessors of sugar-estates pay 6*. on every ton of
sugar ; and others, when their incomes, inde-
pendent of such estates, amount to 200/. currency,
are to pay 1/. per cent.

By return (o house of commons, March 18th, 1790, the following was the Slave Trade from Africa

to this island, in the under-mentioned years.

Arrivals from Africa.

Negroes Exported.

Vegroes re-

taiued for

Cultivation.

Year..

Niinilier of
Vessels.

Tonnage.

Total number of
Negroes imported.

To foreign W.In-
dies in Brit. Bot.

Total
exported.

1787

1788

615

1095

185

300

185
LOO

910

C H U

463

[And (lie import of SIhvm, by report of privy
council, 178S, at a medium of four years, and
by a return to house of commons in 1S05, at a
medium of two years from iSOiJ, was as follows :

Average of

Four years to 1787
I'wo years to 1803

Imports.

lie-exports.

llelaincd.

658
971

102
I2i

556

847

By report of privy council, 1788, and by subse-
quent estimate, the population amounted to

Years.

Whites.

People of
Colour.

Slaves.

1787
1805

1912
1800

1908
198

20,435
26,000

See Caribe (Leeward) Islands; and for the
later political inquiries, see West Indies.]

Christovai., San, a settlement of (he head
settlement of the, district and alcaldia mayor of
Toluca in Nueva Espaiia. It contains 64 families
of Indians, and lies a small distance to the n. of its
capital.

CiiKisTovAr,, San, another, of the head settle-
ment and alcaldia mayor of Zacatlan in the same
kimi^dom, lyiii<r two leagues from its capital.

CiiiiiSTovAi,, San, another, of the head settle-
ment and alcaldia viai/nr of Tetelaxonotla in the
same kingdom, lying two leagues to thea>. of that
place.

CiiiiiSTOVAi,, San, nnodicr, of the province and
corregimiento wf Angaraes in Peru ; annexed io the
curacy of San Antonio, and situate on the contrary
side of the river.

CiinisTovAL, San, another, of (he province and
corregimiento of Conchucos in the same kingdom ;
annexed to the curacy of San Marcos.

CiiRiSTovAL, San, another, of the province and
corregimiftito of Lucanas in the same kingdom ;
annexed to the curacy of its capital.

CiiriisTov AT,, San, another, of the head settle-
ment of Pinotepa, and alcaldia mayr of Xioayan,
in Nueva Espana. It contains i?4 families of
Indians, and is seven leagues to the n. of its head
settlement.

CiiRisTovAT,, San, another, of the head settle-
ment and alcaldia mayor of Cuquio in (he same
kingdom ; situate near to the conflux of the rivers
Mesquital and Grande, its population i« lurgr,

and it lies 15 leagues to the w. of its capital, and
10 to the n. w. of the capital of the province of
Cuadalaxara.

CiiRisTovAii, San, another, of the head settle*
ment of Axixique, and alcaldia mayor of Zayula,
in the same kingdom ; situate on tne shore of the
great lake or sea of Chapalu. It contains 70 fa-
milies of Indians, who employ themselves in fish-
ing and agriculture ; is 13 leagues to the 5. of its
head settlement.

CiniisTovAL, San, another, of the province
and country of the Amazonas, in the Portuguese

Kossessions ; situate on the shore of the river
laranon, at the mouth where it enters the Ovari-
pana.

CnRisTOVAL, San, another, of the province
and government of Cartagena in the district of
Sinu ; sii jateon the bank of the river Pidielin, in
the division of this jurisdiction and that of Tolu.
It is one of those which were founded, in 1776, by
the Governor Don Juan Pimientu.

Chuistoval, San, another, of the kingdom of
Brazil ; situate on the shore of a river which
enters the Yguan to the s. of the settlement of Jesus
Maria.

CuRisTOVAT,, San, another, of the province
and captainship of Scrgip^ in the same kmgdom ;
situate on the sea-coast, between the river Sirugip&
and that of Vazabaris.

CiiuisTovAT,, San, another, of the province
and kingdom of Nueva Galicia ; situate near its
capital.

CiinisTovAi-, San, another, of the missions
which were held by the regulars of the company
of the Jesuits in the province of Tepeguana, and
kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya.

Chuistovai,, San, another, of Nuevo Mexico ;
situate on the shore of the Rio Grande del N.
(Large llivcr of the N.) where this enters the Con-
chos.

('uRisTOVAT., San, a bay on the coast of the
province of California, in the part opposite the
coast of Nueva Espana.

Christovai-, San, an isle of (he N. sea, in the
interior of the bay and port of the Cul de Sac Grand,
of the island of Guadalupe.

[CHRISTOPHER, St. See Christoval.]

CHUAO, a port of the coast of the kingdom
of Tierra Firme, in the province ami government
of Venezuela, to the w. of the portof LaGuaira..

CHUAPA, a settlement and head settlement of
the alcaldia mayor of Villalta in Nueva Espana.
It contains 1 12 fainiles of Indians, and is 13 leagues
n. e. of its capital.

CiiuAPA, a river of the kingdom of Chile,

464

c n u

■ ■ 1 n

wliicli risps in (he mountains of tlie cordillcra.
On its shores is caught a much esteemed sort of
shell-fish, culled tascas. It runs into the sea in
lat. 31^ 40'.

CiiUAPA, a volcano of the same kingdom, ce-
lebrated for the irruptions it has made. It is 2^
leagues from the coast, and to tlic «. of the city
of San .]uan de la Frontera, in lat. 31° 30' s.

CIIUAZINGO, a settlement of the head settle-
ment and alcaldia mayor of T lapa in Nueva Ks-
pana. It contains 1^4 families of Indians, and is
two leagues to the n. n. w. of that of TIapa.

CHUBISCA, a settlement of the missions
which belong to the religious order of St. Francis,
in the provmce of Tarauraara, and kingdom of
Nueva Yizcaya, lying four leagues to the s. e.
one-fourth to the s. of Uie settlement and real of the
mines of San Felipe de Chiguaga. Five leagues
to the s. e. of this settlement are two large estates,
called Fresnos and Charcas.

CHUCAPA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Angaraes in Peru; annexed to the
curacy of Acoria.

CiiucAPA, another, in the province and corre-
ginuenio of Xauja in the same kingdom.

CHUCANTI, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Darien, in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It rises in the mountains towards the ti,
and enters the sea between the islands Las Palmas
and Pinos.

CHUCAY, a settlement of the province of Ve-
nezuela, and government of Maracaibo ; situate on
llie extremity of the peninsula formed by the cape
of San Roman.

CHUCHA, a bay in the port of Portobelo, and
lying (juite in the interior of the same. It is an
barbour, or second port, of a circular figure,
closed in on all sides, its access bein^ through a
narrow channel. Several rivers flow into it.

CHUCHE, a small island of the S. sea, in the
bay and gulph of Panama. It lies the farthest of
any from the coast, and to the w. of the large
island of Rey.

CHUCHuLAIA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Larecaja in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Combaya, in which there is a
pious sanctuary of Our Lady, much frequented.

CHUCUP.AQUI, a large river of the province
of Darien, and kingdom of Tierra Firme . It
rises in the mountainous parts, and runss.w. 13
leagues as far as the fort Royal of Santa Muria,
collecting in its course the waters of 20 rivers less
than itself ; it then enters the grand river Tuira.

CHUCIIUNGA, ascUlement of the province
and govcromeni of Jacn d« Bracamoros in the
4

C H U

kingdom of Quito ; situate on the sliore of tlic
river of its name, having a port, which is a lad-
ing-place for the river Maranon. Tiie above river
ribos in the sierra of the province of Luya and
('hillaos, enters the Ymasa, being united to the
Cunibassa ; these together run into the Maraiion,
and at their conflux is the aforesaid port. lU
mouth is in lat. 5° la- 30* 5.

CHUCMl. See .Iulumito.

CIIUCO, Santiago de, a settlement of the
province and corregimiento of Huamachuco in
Peru.

CHUCUITO, a province and government of
Peru ; bounded e. by the great lake of its name,
and part of the provmce of Omasuyos ; n. by that
of Paucarcolla or Puno ; s. e. by that of Pacagcs ;
and s. w. and w. by the cordillera of the coast
which looks towards Moquehua. It is S5 leagueit
long from w. to s. and 30 wide. It was extremely
populous at the time of the conquest, and was on
that account considered wealthy. Its governors
had the controul of political afl'uirs, and «;njoye<l
the title of vice-patron and captain-general of the
immediate provinces, including some which lay
upon the coast. It is of a cold but healthy tempe-
rature, particularly in the rainy months, which
are December, February, and March. It produces
sweet and hiiicx papas ^ of which are made chum,
bark, caiiagua, hagua, and barley. In some of
the glens, where the soil is moister, they grow
pulse, flowers, and fruit-trees. This province
abounds in cattle, such as cows, sheep and pigs,
and native sheep, which the natives use for trad-
ing instead of asses ; the regular load for each
l)eing four or Ave arrobas. Here arc also bred
alpacas, huanacos, victmasy deer, cui/es, and r/sca-
chasf which are similar in shape and figure to a
hare ; also pigeons, partridges, ducks, and os-
triches. From the fleeces of the cattle many kinds
of woven articles are made for useful and orna-
mental apparel, beautifully dyed ; and from the
wool of the alpaca handsome carpets, quilts, and
mantles of various designs and colours. This pro-
vince has many silver mines, which are worked
with emolument ; also streams of hot medicinal
waters. It is situate on the shores of the great
lake of Chucuito, from which large quantities of
fish are taken, and sold for a good price to the
neighbouring provinces. It is watered by several
rivers, all of which er.ter the lake : the largest or
most considerable of them is the Hilava. Its na-
tives amount to 30,000, separated in 10 diiferent
settlements. Its reparlimiento used to amount to
101,730 dollars, and its alcavala to 813 dollars an-
uually. The capital is of the same name. This

fr'iLif'

)

C H U

belongs to the bishopric of I^a Pnz, and is so sifuate
ns to have a fine yicw of the lake. It is a settle-
ment at once tlie most pleasant and convenient,
fertile, and abounding in fruits ami cattle, but
its temperature is excessively cold. It has two
parishes, with the dedicatory title of Santo Do-
mingo and La Asuncion, and two hermitages de-
dicated to St. liarbara and St. Sebastian. The
other settlements arc,

Asiento de Minasde Mi-
chacani,

Asiento de San Anto-
nio de Esquilache,

Pomata,

Asiento de Iluacullani,

Asiento del Desagua-

dero,
Acora,
Ililave,
July,
Santiago,
Zcpita.

CuucuiTo, The lake of; which, although it be
thus called, is also known by the name of Titicaca,
is 51 leagues in length from w. w, to s, e. and 26
in width, although in some parts less. On its shores
arc six provinces or corregimienlos, which are,
The province of this PaucarcoUa,

name, Lampa,

Pacages, Asangaro,

Oraasuyos,

This lake is of sufficient depth for vessels of
any siee, since in many bays not far in from its
shores there are from four to six fathoms of water,
and within it, some places from 40 to 50. It is, as
far as is ascertained, without any shoals or banks.
Near it grow some :;erbs, called clacchos, eaten by
the cows and pigs ; also a great quantity of the
herb called (oiora, or cat's tail, which in some
parts grows to the length of a yard and an half.
Of this the Indians make rafts, not only for fishing
but for carrying to and frothc cattleand productions
of the harvest and crops growing in Ibe various
islands lying in this lake. Some of t!icse islands
are so covered and hemmed in with the herb totora
that it requires much force and labour to cut a pas-
sage through it' Jn one of tiie largest of these
islands the Inc.is had a magnificent temple, dcdi-
cated to the sun, the first that was ever built. This
lake is not without its tenipcssts and squalls ; they
are, on the contrary, frequent, and have at times
caused no inconsiderable mischief. Its waters
are thick, but arc nevertheless drank by the cattle,
and even the Indians ; ])articiilarly by those of
the nation of the Uros, who are a poor it>norant
people, who formerly lived upon the islands in
great wrtlchcdnehs, and who by dint of great solici-
taUons have been prevailed upon to leave Ihcm for
the ►nainlnnd, where they now reside mi some mi-
serable caves, excavated places, i;r i olcs in the
earth covered over with Hags of totora, raaintain-

VOL. I.

C H U

46lS

ing themselves by fishing. This lake contain!
likewise various kinds of fish, such as trout,
ormanlos, cucheSf anchovies, and boquillas in
abundance ; these are, for the most part, about
the length of a man's hand, and three fingers
thick. The Indians of Yunguyo take upwards
of 700 yearly, and sell them at four and six dollars
the thousand. They also catch some small peje-
reveSf and an infinite variety of birds, which are
salted, and afford excellent food. It is confidently
and rejx?atedly asserted by the Indians, that the
greater part of the riches of the country was thrown
into this lake when the Spaniards entered it at the
time of the conquest ; and amongst other valuables
the great gold chain made by the order of the
Inca Hiiayanacap, which was ^33 yards in length,
and within which 6000 mencouhl dance.

CIllJCURI'U, an ancient settlement of warlike
Indians of the province and corregimiento of
Cuzco in Peru. It lies to the e. of this city, and
was subjected and united to the empire after a
long resistance by Pachacutec, emperor of the
Incas.

CHUCUTI, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Darien i.i the government of Tierra
Firme. It rises in the mountains towards the e.
and following this course, enters the Taranena at a
small distance from its source.

CllUDAUINAS, a barbarous nation of In«
dians of the kingdom of Quito, to the *. e. of
this city. They inhabit the part lying *. a. of
the river Pastaza, and are bounded on the s. e. by
the Ipapuisas, and w. by the Xibaros. They are
not numerous, owing to the continual wars which
they have maintained with their neighbours ; and
though of a martial spirt, they are of a docile and
humane disposition. Some of them have united
themselves with the Andoas, in the settlement of
this name, which lies upon the w. shore of the
river Pastaza.

CHUECA, San Agustin de, a settlement of
the province and corregimiento of Lipes,and archbi-
shopric of Charcas, m Peru; annexed to the cu-
racy of San Christoval.

CHUETI, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Choco. It rises in the sierras of Abide,
runs w. and enters the Paganagandi.

CHUFIAS, a barbarous nation of Indians who
inhabit the e. of the river Aguaricu, bounded on
the n. w, by the nation of the Encabellados, with
whom they are in continual warfare.

('IIUGOD, Santa Catamna de, a settlement
of the province and corregimiento of Caxamarca
in Peru, annexed to the curacy of Chetu.

CIIUI, a river of the province and captainship
3 o

f '-t

i :> ■

r ' i

J''' }

f\\

I f:' t

1 i^ M

1 ' ■-:

!.■

in-).

466

C H U

mm' :

of licy in Brazil. It runs ;. and turning e. en-
ters the lake Mini.

(3iiui, a settlement of this province ; situate on
the sea-coast, and lying between this and the lake
Mini.

CriUIGOTES, See CiiiuGOTOg.

CIIUILLE, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Darien in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It has its source in the mountains towards
the c. runs n. e. and enters the river Tarena.

CHUIllIEUI, adver of the province and go-
vernment of Paraguay. U rvins n. and enters the
Iguy near the mission of San Miguel.

CIIULE, a small port or creek of the coast of
the S.<Gea, in tlic province and corrcgimiento of
Arequipa. It is shallow, insecure, and exposed
to the s. w. winds.

CliULlHUGANI, or CiiurciiucANi, a settle-
nicnt of the province and government of Potosi
in Peru.

CliULINA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Larecaja in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Charazani.

CnULISANA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Andahuailas in Peru ; aimexed to
tlic curacy of Cachi.

CHULUMANI, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Cicasica in Peru .

CiiuLtMANi, a river of the above province,
which rises at the end of the Cordillera of Ancuma,
begins its course to the e. and forming a large bend
towards the n. enters the Bcni just at its source,
and where it keeps the name of the Chuquiavo.

CIIUMA, a river of the Nucvo Reyno de Gra-
nada, which flows down from the mountains of
Bogota. It waters the territory of Mcrida, pass-
ing opposite the city, and enters through the *.
side into the lake of Maracaybo.

CiiuMA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Larecaja in Peru.

ClTUMATIiAN, a settlement of the head settle-
nient of Zozocoles, and alculdia )iiaipr of Papantia,
in Nucva Espana. It is situate at the top of an
higii mountain, and from it may be seen all the set-
tlements belonging to this jurisdiction. Its popu-
lation amounts to 183 families of Indians, ana it
lies to the m. of its head settlement, three leagues
dista?it from this, and 14 from the capital.

CIIUMBE, a village of the province and corre-
fiimiento of Cuenca in thci kingdom of Quito. It
is to the ZD. of Taiqiii, and on the w. shore of one
of the torrents rising in the river Pautc. Not far
from it are some excellent hot baths, of which no
use is made. [Here the stately nielastonia and the
embolltrium are growing at an elevation of 12,000

C H U

feet, according to Humboldt, who visited this vil-
lage in 1802. Lat. 3° 10' s.J

CHUMHES, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Vilcas Iluaman in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Vizchongo.

CIIUMBI, a settlement of the province and cor-
r(?^i>nicnlo of Parinacochas in Peril, where there
is a pious sanctuary, with an excellent painting of
the blessed virgin, said to have been given by a
pontitf to the curate of this settlement wlicn he was
at Rome.

CM UMBICIl A, a settlement ofthe province and
corregimiento of Tucumati in Peru ; situate to tlic
w. of the valley of San Fernando de Cata-
niarca.

CUUMBICOS, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Piura in Peru ; situate on the
shore of a small river of the same name.

CHUMBILLA, a mountain ofthe province and
corrpgi»jtew<o of Iluamanga in Peru; celebrated
for a rich ^ilver mine. It lies throe leagues from
a small settlement called Canaria, which is at pre-
sent abandoned and deserted.

CHUMBI VILCAS, a province and corregi'
vtiento of Peru. It is bounded w. by the province
of Quispicanchialgo, and by that of Chilques
and Masques on the n. xo. ; by tliose of Cota-
bamba and Aymaraez on the w, ; by tlnit of Con-
desuyos de Arequip,' on the s, ; and on tiie c. by
that of Caries and v. Huches. Its temperature is
for the most part cold, although in some places
temperate, so that it produces the fruits peculiar to
cither climate ; such as wheat, barley, maize, pw

{jns, and other seeds, though none in abundance,
)ut plenty of neat cattle. In this province are
found the lofty and vast snowy mountains called
Condesuyos del Cnzco. It lies on the boundaries
of the province of Parinacocha, being separated
from it by the river which flows down from the
province of Camanu. Mere much cloth peculiar
to the country is maimfactured ; and in its district
are many mouths of gold and silver mines, the
mounds and pits of which, together with the re-
mains of several mills for working metal, indicate
that in former times they were probably worked to
no small advantage. They gather here a great
quantity of Cochineal, which is called macno, with
which cloths are dyed of very fine colours. It
has likewise fountains and mineral streams of hot
water, and is subject to earthquakes. Its re/iarti-
mento used to amount to 83,800 dollars, and its aU
cavala to 685 dollars per annum. Its inhabitants,
including the district of Condesuyos, amount to
16,000 souls, who live in the 22 following set-
tlemeuts :

C H U

C II U

467

set-

Belille,

Apneas!,

Libitaco,

Totora,

Putnquena,

Alnliamaca,

Toro,

Asiputo de Quivio,

Colqiiemiirca,

Yaiiqui,

Capiicmnrcn,

CancahuKiift)

I.Iauzco,

Caspi,

Qiiinotn,

Santo Tomas,

AIca,

Piiica,

Tomipampa,

Cotahuassi,

Qiiillunza,

Ciipi.

CHUMEIIE, a settlement of the province and
corres^imienlo of Ciienca in the kinj^ciom of Quito.

CHUMPl'lifj, a settlement of tlic district and
province of ToUeiibaxo in the kingdom of Chile;
situate near the sca-cousl in tlie point of Tirahti.

Chu.mi'Ull, a river of this province, which
runs w. n. ti), and enters Mie Cailacalla.

CHUNANAS, an ancient nation of Indians of
the province of Cnzco in Peru. It was subjected
and made tributary tothc empire by thelt.ja Huay-
nacapac, thirteenth Monarch of Peru.

CHUNCARA, a settlement of the corregimiento
of Cuzco in Peru ; one of those which have re-
mained ill this kingdom from the time of the
Incas. It was the boundary or extent of llie
conquests of Sinchiroca, eleventh Emperor, and
he left at it a strong garrison io guard against in-
Tasion from the neighbouring people. Twenty
leagues from its capital.

CHUNCHANGA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Yea in Peru.

CHU^iCHI, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Chinibo in the kingdom of Quito ;
lying between the rivers Alausi io the w. and Po-
inallacta io the ze.

Chuncui, another settlement of the province
and governnicnt of Jaen de Bracamoros in the
same kingdom. It is entirely of Indians, of an hot
climate, and in its territory towards the n, and
towards the e. arc some gold mines, which were
in former times worked, but to-day abandoned.
Its situation is between the rivers Patacones to the
e. and Chinchipe to the zo. upon the high road
which leads from Loyola to Tomependa.

CHUNCHILEA, a river ofthc district of Gua-
dalabquen in the kingdom of Chile. It runs «. w lo.
and enters the Cailacalla.

CIlUNCillPE, a river of the province and
government of Jaen de Bracamoros in the king-
dom of Quito. It runs s. and forming a bend
towards the e. enters the Marauon.

CHUNCIIOS, a barbarous nation of Indians,
•f the province and government of Tarraa in Peru,

and much dreaded by the Spaniards, on account
of the repeated incursions made by those savages
on their possessions. In Lima they are in a con-
tinal state of tear and apprehension of some sud-
den attack from these enemies ; for in 1743 they
took and destroyed several settlements and estates,
killing many Franciscan monks who were mis-
sionaries amongst them. They were, however,
once attacked by t)ic brigadier, the Marquis de
Mena Hermosa, general of Callao, who construct-
ed some forts, which arc still served with artillery
and troops siiflicient to protect them. These In-
dians have a chief or prince, called the chuncho^
descended, according to their accounts, from the
royal race of the Jncas^ who would fain lay
claim to the mon.irchy of Peru as his right; and
accordingly, in i74<l, represented to the Marquis
of Villa Garcia, not without great threats, his in-
tention of doing himself justice by force of arms :
he is a Catholic, and has added to his own honours the
title of King of Peru ; he was brought up at Lima
amongst the Spaniards as the son of a caziquCf
where he was insitructed in the rules of government,
policy, and military tactics, which he introduced
into his own country, and made known the use
of swords and fire-arms. He went to Rome dis-
guised as a menial, was introduced to the court of
Madrid, where be kissed the hand of King Philip
V. and the foot of the Pontiff Clement XII. He
has two sons well instructed and equal in mental
energies. These Chunchos Indians are numerous,
and live, some of them, in villages, and others
scattered over the mountains and in the woods ;
they maintain a secret correspondence with the
Indians of all the other settlements of Peru and
Quito, as well as with the christians and infidels
inhabiting the forests where missions are establish-
ed ; by this means they know what is passing in
all the provinces, cities, and settlements, &c.
Many Indians who are malcontents, or fugitives
from justice on account ofcrimeordebt, invariably
betake the7iselves to the Chunchos, and this is the
reason why this nation is so very populous. The
viceroy of Peru uses the greatest |)recautions, and is
continually on the alert against any movements of
the Chunchos or other Indians, and keeps a garri-
son of good troops upon his frontiers.

CIIUNC'IIURI, an ancient province of Peru
in Las Charcas. It is small, and its natives were
the most valorous and hardy of any in the king-
dom. The IncaKoca, fourth Emperor, subjected
them, having attacked them with 30,000 of his
best troops.

CHUNG UI, a settlement of the province and.
3 q2

i;^l

If I

jf ■

li:

,1-1

i- ; I,

\{' r

V.^ ,i

46S

C H U

m^w

■if

rorregimiento of Huamanga in Peru; annexed to
the ciirncy of Anco.

CHUNIANIS, a barbarous nation of Indians
of the lands of Magellan, in the vicinity of the
straits of Magellan. It is a tribe descended from
the Iluyellancs. They arc ntinicrons and fero-
cious ; the men and women go entirely naked ;
their arms are bows and arrows, the latter being
pointed with well-filed flints ; they are robust, of
great strength, and tine appearance. Some tra-
vellers pretend that these are the fabulous giants
of whom so many have written.

CHUPA, a settlement of tlic province and cov'
7'e^i»tiefit(> of Asangaro in Pern,

CnvvA, a very lofty mountain of the province
and government of Verngna in the kingdom of
Tierra Firme, to the *. of the capital, midway be-
tween <lie coasts of the two seas.

ClIUPACIiOS, a river of Peru, which flows
down from the mountains of the Andes. It rises
from the lake Patancocho, in lat. 10^ 41' 5.;
washes the country of the Chupachos Indians, from
whence it takes its name, and finislies its course
by emptying itself into the Mollobamba, on thcw.
side, in lat. T 21' s.

CHUPAN, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of lluamalies in Pern; annexed to
the curacy of Banos.

CHUPANA, a river of the province and go-
Ternment of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito. It
rises in the Cordillera of the Andes, to the n. of the
city of Guanuco in Peru, and after collecting the
waters of several other rivers in its protracted
course, enters the river Maranon in a very broad
stream.

CHUPAS, an extensive valley or plain of the
province and corregimiento of Huamanga in Peru,
near to the city. It is celebrated for the battle
which was fought here by the Licentiate Baca de
Castro, of the royal council of Castille, governor of
Peru, on the Itjth September 1542, cigainst the
army of the rebels commanded by Diego de Al-
magro the younger, and son of the conqueror of the
same name, wben the latter was routed and taken
prisoner with the loss of more than 700 men.

Cuoi'As, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of (>anta in the same kingdom ; annex-
ed to the curacy of Pari.

CHlJPE, a settlement of the province and cor-
reginnenlo of Cicasica in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Yanacache.

CHUQUI, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Galea and Lares m Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of of Lares.
2

C H U

CnoQiTi, another, in the province and eorre-
giviiento of Yamparues, not far from the town of
Potosi.

CHUQlilABO. See Paz.

t'H UQUl UA M BA, a settlement and capital of
the province and corregimiento of Condesuyos de
Arequipa in Pern. It is of a cold and unpleasant
temi)erature, and lies four leagues from Camana.

CiiuQuiuAMnA, another, in the province and
corregimiento of Cochubamba in Pern.

CurQL'iHAMKA, auothcr, in the province and
corregimiento of Chacliapoyas, of the same king-
dom.

CIIIJQUICAKA, a river of the province and
corregimiento of (iuamachuco. It rises in the
same province, and enters the river Santa, chang-
ing its own name to this, immediately that it touches
the boundary of this jurisdiction, which it divides
from those of Trnxillo and (iuamachuco.

CHUQUICHAMBI, a settlement of the pro-
vince and corregimiento of Charangas, arch-
bishopric of Chafcas in Peru.

CHUQUICOTA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Carangas, and the arch-
bishopric of Charcas, in Peru.

CIIUQUILLA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Lipas, and archbishopric of
Charcas, in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of Saa
Christoval.

CHUQUI-MAGU, a river of Peru. It rises
in the mountains of Jaeu de Bracamoros, of the
kingdom of Quito, and after laving the territory
of the corregimienfr of Piura, enters the S. sea.

CHUQUINrxA, a settlement close to that of
Nasca, and nearly upon the shore of the river
Amancay, where there is a narrow pass, through
which two men cannot without great difficulty go
abreast ; for on one side rises the mountain nearly
perpendicular, and on the other is a precipice
which runs into the river ; this is the spot where a
signal victory was obtained by the rebel Francisco
Hernandez Giron, in 1554, against the Brigadier
Alonzo de Alvarado, botli of them leaders of fac-
tions, maintaining the separate interests enkindled
in the civil wars of Peru.

Chuquinga, another settlement, in the pro-
vince and corregimiento of Aymaraez, also in
Peru.

CHUQ UIRI BAMBA, a large settlement of In-
dians, of the province and corregimiento of Loxa in
the kingdom of Quito; on the shore of a small
river which enters the Calamayu, on which ac-
count some maintain that it is the origin of the
latter. It is surrounded by a beautiful and fertile

C H U

territorj, ivhcre the noble families of Loxa have
their best posscssionn.

CHUQUIS, a scltlement of <he province and
corregiiiiienlo of Hunmalics in Peru ; annexed to
tiic curacy of linnos.

CHUQUISACA, La PrAXA, or CiiARCAi,
a city and capital of the province of Peru, founded
by Pi^dro Anzures in 1539, who gave it this name.
It had a settlement of Indians on the same spot.
The first founders called it La Plata, from the
celebralcd mine of this metal (silver) in the moun>
tain of Porco, close to the aforesaid settlement,
and from whence immense wealth was extracted
by the emperors the Incas of Peru. This city is
■ituate on a plain surrounded by pleasant hills,
which defend it from the inclemency of the winds ;
the climate is mild and agreeable, but during the
winter, dreadful tempests, accompanied with Ihim*
der and lightning, are not unusual ; the edifices
arc good, handsome, and well adorned, having
delightful orchards and gardens. The waters are
delicate, cold, and salutary, and divided into
different aqueducts, by which they are carried to
the public fountains, forming an object at once
useful and ornamental. Its nobility is of the first
and most distinguished families of Peru, who have
many privileges and distinctions. The cathedral
consists of three naves ; it is very rich, and adorn«
ed with fine furniture and beautiful paintings.
It contains convents of the religious orders of St.
Domingo, St. Augustin, St. Francis, La Merced,
and San Juan de Dios, with a good hospital, a
handsome college and a magnificent church which
belonged to the regulars of the company; also
three monasteries of nuns, the one of Santa Clara,
the other of Santa Monica, and the third of the
Carmelites ; a royal university with the title of
San Francisco Xavier, the rector of which was
universally of the college of the regulars of the
company of the Jesuits. It has also two houses
of study for youth, the one the seminary of San
Christoval, and the other the college of San Juan,
which were likewise under the controul of the
Jesuits until the year 17G7 ; abo an hermitage de-
dicated to San Roque. It was erected into a
bishopric by the pontiff Julius III. in 1551, and
afterwards into a metropolitan in 1608, with an
archbishop, five dignitaries, six canons, four pre*
bends, and as many more demi-prcbends. The
tribunal of audience was erected here in 1559, and
afterwards those of the inquisition of the cruzada.
Its arms are a shield divided horizontally, having
in the upper part two mountains with a cross upon
each, in the middle a tree with two columns on the
sides, in the lower part to the left twojions rampant,

C H U

46!)

on the right two towers with two lions, a standard
being in the middle, and the whole embossed
upon a silver field. At the distance of six leagues
fnmi this city passes the river Pilcomayu, by
which it is supplied with good fit>h, and u])on the
shores of the Cachimnyu, which is only two
leagues distant, the nobility have many rural scats.
In lti62 a great insurrection tuok jiliice here
amongst the Mustces and the people of colour.
It is the native place of several illustrious persons,
and amongst others of the following :

Don Uodrigo de Orozco, Marquis of Mortara,
captain-general of the principality of Cataluaa,
and of the council of state and war.

Fraj/ Antonio de Calancha, a monk of St. Au*
gustin, a celebrated author.

Don llodrigo de Santillana, oidnr of Valladolid,
and afterwards in his country.

The venerable Friar Martin de Aguirre, of tbo
order of St. Augustin.

Don Alonso Corveda de Zarate, canon of Lima,
and professor of languages.

The Father Maestro fray Diego Trexo, a Do«
minican monk.

The Father Juan de Cordoba, of the extin*

finished company of Jesuits, a celebrated thco«
ogist.

Its archbishopric has for suffragans, the bishop*
rics of Santa Cruz de la Sierra^ La Paz, Tucu-
man, and La Ascencion of Paraguay ; and to \t%
diocese belong 188 curacies. Its inhabitants ia
and about it amount to 13,000, of which 4000 are
Spaniards, SOOO 7l/M«(eM, 4500 Indians, and 15,000
Negroes and Mulattoes. It is 290 leagues nrom
Cuzco, inlat. 19°31'«.

Archbishops of the church of La Plata.
1. Don Fray Tomas de San Martin, a monk of
the order of ^t. Dominic, a master in his order,
and one of the first monks who passed over into
Peru with the Friar Vicente de v alverde ; he was
provincial there, returned to Spain with the Licen-
tiate Pedro de la Gasca, and as a reward for his
labours, presented by the king to the first arch-
bishopric of Charcas, in 1553: he died in 1559.

g. Don Frai/ Pedro de la Torre, who was
elected, but not consecrated ; and in his place,

3. Don Fray Alonso de la Cerda.

4. Don Fernan Gonzalez de la Cuesta, who laid
the foundation of the cathedral church.

5. Don Fray Domingo de Santo Tomas, of the
order of St. Dominic, a noted preacher, and one of
those who went over to Peru with the Fray Vicente
Valverde ; he was prior in different convents, and
general visitor of his order in those kingdoms.

6. Don Fernando de Santillana, native of Sc-

ill'' 1

111 ^ m ,

'■ i I

470

c n u

Yilln, president of the courts of clinncerjr of Gra*
nada and Vallndolid, elected bishop ; he died in
Lirnn before he took possession.

7. Don Alonso Hninirc]; Griinero, and not Pedro,
as Gil Gonznlez will have it ; a native of Villnes-
ciisa in the bishopric of (>iicnca, a collen;iate of
this cit^, dean of trie church of Guadix, nml Jiscnf.
oftlie inquisition of Mexico; elected archbishop
in 1574 ; he governed until 1578.

8. Don Fray Juan de Vivcro, native of Valla-
dolid, of the order of St. Augustin ; he passed
over to Peru, was prior of his convent of Lima,

r resented to the archbishopric of Cartiiijena of the
ndies, and to this archbishopric ; but these digni-
ties he would not acci^pt ; he returned to Spain, and
died iti his convent of Toledo.

9. Don Alonso Kainirez de Vcrgara, native of
Se<rura de Leon, collegiate in Malaga, Alcala, and
Sulainanca, professor of arts, and canon of Malaga ;
he was presetted to the archbishopric of Charcas
in 1594, and di«l in IC03.

10. Don Frajy Luis Lopez de Solis, native of
Salamanca, of the order of St. Augustin ; he passed
over into Peru, where he was master of his reli-
gious order, professor of theology, prior provin-
cial, and qualificator of the inquisition; lie was
promoted to the church of Quito, and to this rae-
tropolitan see.

11. Don Fraj/ Ignacio de Loyola, a m«nk of
the barefooted order of St. Francis ; he was commis-
sary in the province of Filipinas, and on his return
to Spain elected archbishop of Charcas.

12. Don Alonso de Peralta, native of Arequipa,
archdeacon and inquisitor of Mexico, and arch-
bishop of Charcas, where he died.

13. Don Frny Geronimo de Tiedra, native of
Salamanca, of tne order of St. Domingo; he was
prior of his convent, and preacher to the king, and
archbishop of Charcas in 1616.

14. Don Fernando Arias dc LTgarte, native of
Santa Fe of Bogota, of whom we have treated in
the catalogue of the bishops of Quito ; he passed
over from the archbishopric of Santa Fe to this in
1630.

15. Don Francisco de Sotomayor.

16. Don Fraj/ Francisco de Borja, of the order
of San Benito, rnsistcr in the university of Sala-
manca, and professor of theology ; elected bishop
of Charcas in 1634.

17. Don Frnty Pedro de Oyiedo, of the order of
San Benito, native of Madrid ; he studied arts and
theology in Alcala, was abbot of the monastery of
S. Clodio, and difinidor of his order ; he was pro-
moted from the bishopric of Quito to this arch-
biKhopric in 1645 : be died in 1649.

C H U

18. Don Juan Alonso de Ocon, native of La
Koja, collogiate-major of San Ildcfonso in AlcalA,
doctor and professor of theology, curate of Ele-
chosa in the archbishopric of Toledo, and of the
parish of Ssmta Cruz of Madrid ; he was promoted
from the church of Cuzco to this of La Plata.

19. Don Frat/ Caspar de Villaroel, of the order
of St. Augustin, native of Itiobainba ; he studied
in the royal university of Lima, and with the re-

I>utation of being very learned, of which, indeed,
lis works bear testimony ; he was t)romoted from
the church of Arequipa to this in 1658.

20. Don Bernardo de Izaguirre, native of To-
ledo ; he was fiscal of the inquisition of Carta-
gena and of Lima, and was promoted from the
church of Cuzco to this metropolitan see.

21. Don Fraj/ Alonso de la Cerda, of the order
of preachers, native of Lima, provincial of his
order, bishop of Honduras ; from whence he was
promoted to this church.

22. Don Melchor de Lilian and Cisneros, native
of Tordelaguna, of whom we speak in the cata-
logue of the bishops of Santa Marta ; he was re-
moved from the bishopric of Popayan in 1672,
governed until 1678, when he was promoted to
the metropolitan see of Lima.

23. Don Bartolome Gonzalez de Poveda, who
became archbishop, and governed until 1692.

24. Don Fray Diego Morcillo llubio de Aunon,
of the bishopric of La Paz in 1711, where he re-
mained until 1724, when he was promoted to the
archbishopric of Lima.

25. Don Francisco Luis Romero, promoted from
the archbishopric of Quao; he governed until
1725.

26. Don Alonso del Pozo and Silva, of the
bishopric of Santiago of Chile.

27. Don Agustin Dclgado, in 1743 ; governed
until 1746.

28. Don Salvador Berraudez, from the aforesaid
year; governed until 1747.

29. Don (iregorio de Molleda y Clerque, of the
bishopric of Truxillo, in 1748; he governed until
1758, when he died.

30. Don Cayetano Marcellano y Agramont, of
the bishopric of Buenos Ayres, in 1758 ; he go-
verned until 1761, when he died.

31. Don Pedro de Argandoila, promoted in the
above year; he governed until 177'' when he
died.

32. Don Francisco Ramon de Herboso, who
governed from 1776 to 1784.

33. Don Fray Joseph Antonio de San Alberto,
who governed in 178.5.

CHUQUISONGO, San Pedko be, a settle-

C H U

ment of tlie province and rorregmirnto of Ihm-
inncliuco in Peru ; one of the four divisions of the
curacy of Mstancins.

CIIIJQUIYAI'IJ, nn ancient province of Peru,
which was conquered and united to the empire by
Mayta Capac, fourth Kmperor of the Incns, aRer
the famous buttle and victory of llualhi against
the Collas Indians. It is toh'rubly ^vell jieopled,
and of H cold climate. Its territory alMinnds in
excellent pastures, in which there arc great quan-
tities of cattle. In some parts, where the tempera

C II Y

471

ture is hot, there is found maize, cacao, and sugar-
cane. This country abounds in woods, and in
these arc found tigers, leopards, stags, and mon-
keys of many difl'erent species,

CHUllCAMPA, a settlement of the province
and corregimicnto of lluanta in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Mayor.

[CFIUkCII OaEiK Town, in Dorchester
county, Maryland, lies at the head of Church
creek, a branch of Hudson river, seven miles t.to.
from Cambridge.]

[Cuuucii Hill, a village in Queen Ann's county,
Maryland, at the head of 8. E. Creek, a brunch of
("hester river, w. a;, of Bridgetown, and n.e. of
Centrcville eight miles, and 85 s. w. from Phila-
delphia. Lat. 39° 6' n. Jong. 76° 10' ro.l

CHURCHILL, a great river of New S. Wales,
one of the provinces of N. America, at the mouth
of which the English Hudson bay company have a
fort and establishment ; situate in lat. 59^ n. and
long. 94° 12' w. The commerce of this place is
great and lucrative, and on account of its great
distance entirely secure from any disturbance from
the French. In 1747 the number of castor-skins,
which were brought by 100 Indians to this spot in
their canoes, amounted to 20,000. Several other
kinds of skins were also brought from the n. by
200 other Indians ; some of whom came hither by
the river Seals, or Marine Wolves, 15 leagues to
the *. of the fort. To the n. of this fort there are
no castors, since there are no woods where these
animals are found, though there are many other
woods which abound in wolves, bears, foxes, buf-
faloes, and other animals whose skins arc v^tluabie.
Here are grccit quantities of shrubs or small trees,
planted by the factory, supplying timber ; but the
opposite side of the river is most favourable to their
growth : and at a still greater distance are found
large trees of various kinds. The company re-
siding in the fort is exposed to many risks, an('
obliged to inhabit a rock surrounded by frosts anu
snows for eight months in the year, being exposed
to all the winds and tempests. On account of the
deficiency of pasture, they maintain near the fac-

tory no more (ban four or five horses, and a bull
with two cows ; for the maintenance of which du«
ring the winter, fodiler is l.rought from a feruij
b«)ttorn s(mio miles distant from (lie river, Thoso
who have been here allirm, that between tliis river
and the river Nelson there is, at a great distance
up the country, a communication or narrow past
of land, by which these rivers arc divided; an(l the
Indians who carry on this trallic, have dealings
with the English navigating the river Nelson or
Albany. [See Nnw Buitain.]

rCH'JiiCHTOVVN, a village so called, in the
n. e, part of Lancaster county, Pcimsylvania, about
30 miles e, n. e. of Lancaster, and 50 to. n, w. of
Philadelphia. It has 12 houses, and an episcopal
church ; and in the environs are two forges, which
manufacture about 450 tons of bar iron annually,]

('H UllIN, a settlement of the province and cor-
rfgiiiiieulo of Caxatumbo in Peru. Its jurisdictioa
comprehends the settlements of

Huacho, Pal pas,

{^uray, Naba,

Taucir, Oyon,

Hapas, Tinta,

Pachangara, Mallay.

It has some celebrated fountains of mineral waters.

CHUllUBAMBA, a settlement of the province
and correghnienlo of Huauuco in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Santa Marin del Valle.

CHURUMACO, a settlement of the head settle-
ment and alcaldia mayor of Cinagua in Niicva
Espana; situate in a dry and warm country ; on
which account the seeds scarcely ever come to ma-
turity, save those of maize : melons indeed grow
in abiuidance, owing to tlie cultivation they find,
and from water being brought to them from a river
which runs at least a league's distance from the
the settlement. In its district are several herds of
large cattle, which form the principal branch of
the commerce of the inhabitiuits : these consist of
80 families of Indians. In its limits are also found
some ranchos, in which reside 92 families of Spa-
niards, and 34 of Mustees and Miilitltoes. At a
short distance is the mountain called Ynguaran, in
which copper mines are found, though this metal
has not been observed much to abound. Four
leagues to the e. of its capital.

CHURUMATAS, a settlement of the province
and corrcginiiento of Yamparacs in Peru, and of
the archbishopric of Charcas.

CHL'SCOS, a barbarous nation of Indians of
the ancient province of Panataguas, to the n, of
the city of Huaiuico ; of which little more than its
name is known.

CHYAIZAQUES, a barbarous nation, and

;LI'- t

ifi

47«

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> I

■'. t'

but vrry little known, of Indians, of tho Nuevo
Hojrno lie Grnnada, bordering upon the river
Fusiignguga. They are (cw, and live dispersed in
the woudit, having u coinniunication with the Faeces
and Fu.snngacs.

[CIIVI'JNNKS, Indians of N. Anierica, the
rciniinnt of a nation once respectable in point of
nutnlx'r. They formerly resided on a brancli of
tlic Fled river of Lake \V'innipie, which htill bears
their name. Being oppressed by the Sioux, they
removed to tlie to. side of the Missouri, about
15 miles below the mouth of VVarricunnc creek,
where they built and fortified a village ; but
being pursued by their ancient nicmies the Sioux,
they fled to the Black hills, about the head of the
Cliyeiinc river, where they wander in quest of the
buffalo, Laving no fixed residence. 'Ihey do not
cultivate. They are well disposed towards the
whites, and might easilv be induced to settle on the
Missouri, if they could be assured of being pro-
tected from the Sioux. Their number unuually
diminishes. Their trade may be made valuable.]
[CIACICA. See Cicasica.]
CIBAMBE, a settlement of the district and cor-
regimiento of Alausi in the kinsdt»m of Quito.

CIBAYA, a settlement of tuc province and cor-
regimiento of AricA in Peru.

[CIBOLA, or Civola, the name of a town in,
and also the ancient name of, New Granada in
Tierra Firme, S. America. The country here,
though not mountainous, is very cool ; and the
Indians are said to be the whitest, wittiest, most
sincere and orderly of all the aboriginal Americans.
When the country was discovered, they had each
but one wife, and were q;cccssively jealous. They
worshipped water, and an old woman that was a
magician ; and believed she lay hid under one of
their lakes.]

CIHOO, MiNAs DE, some rough and craggy
mountains, nearly in the centre of the island of St.
Domingo, where some gold mines are worked, and
from whence great wealth was procured at the be-
grnning of the conquest.

CIBOUX, a small island near the e. coast of
til Isla Real, or Cape Breton, between the port
r ifin and the entrance ofthe lake of Labrador.

CICASICA, a province and corregmiento of
Peru ; bounded «. and «. e. by the mountains of
the Andes, and the province of Larecaxa; p. by
the province of Cochabamba ; s.e. by tl)at of I'aria
and f orreg/»/iewto of Oruro ; on the 5. it is touched
by the river of Desaguadero ; s. w. by the province
of Paciiges ; and n. w. and a), by the city of La Paz.
It is one of llie greatest in the whole kingdom,
since the corregidcr is obliged to place here 12

C I c

lieutenants for the administration of justice, on nc-
count of its extent. It is five leagues from n. to f .
and 80 from e. to w. lis temperature is various ;
in some parts there are some very coltl scrranim,
in which breed every species of cattle, in proportion
to the number of estates found there. That part
which borders uimn the Andes is very hot and
moist, but at the same time fertile, and abounding
in all kinds of fruits and plantations of siigar-cane,
ond in cacao estates, the crops of which arc very
great, and produce a lucrative commerce ; the use
of this leaf, which was l)ctbre only common to the
Indians, being now general amongst the Spaniards
of both sexes and all classes; so that one basket-
ful, which formerly cost no more than five dollars,
will now fetch from 10 to 11 : vines are also culti-
vated, and from these is made excellent wine. This
])rovincc is watered by the river La Paz, which is
the source of the Beni ; also by a river descending
from the branches of the cordi/lera, and whicli, in
the wet season, is tolerably large. At the river
Corico begins the navigation by means of rafts to
the settlement of Los lleyes. Amongst the pro-
ductions of this province may be counted Jesuits
bark, equal to that of Loxa, according to the ex-
periments made at Lima. This province begins at
the river Majaviri, which divides the suburbs of
Santa Barbara from the city of La Paz, and here
is a little valley watered by the above river, and in
it are a few houses or country-seats belonging to
the inhabitants of the above city. This valley,
which is of a delightful ten)perature, extends as
far as the gold mine called Chuquiahuilla, on
the skirt of the cordillcra, where was found
that rich lump of gold which weighed 90 marks,
the largest ever seen in that kingdom, with the pe-
culiarity, that upon assaying it, it was found to
have SIX difierent alloys ; its degrees of perfec-
tion differing from 18 to 2J j ; and that being
Tulued in Spanish money, it proved to be worth
1 1 ,2C9 dollars 3\ reals. Tliis prize was carried io
the royal treasury, and upon this occasion the
Marquis of Castcltuerte, then viceroy, received
the thanks of his majesty, lu the territory of
Cinco Curatos (or Five Curacies) ofthe Andes are
found in the forests excellent woods, such as cedars,
corcobolos, &c. ami many fine fruits, also tobacco.
It had formerly very rich mines of gold and silver,
which are still known to exi.st in oilier mountains
besides that of Santiago, but the natives have no in-
clination to work them. The aforementioned
mountain has the peculiarity of abounding in either
sort of the .••aiil metals. In the asiento ofthe mines
of Arica, there is a gold mine which produces bnt
little. From the wools of the flocks are made soim

• ♦

C I E

tnanufacturcs peculiar to (ho country, such as
coane trowsers, baizes, «ud blankets. Although it
is some vcars since this province has received any
mischief from the infidels who inhabit the moun-
tains of the Andes, yet it has regular advanced de-
tachments or guards stationed for the defence of the
frontiers, prepared against a rccurreiice of the evils
experienced in former times. As we have before
said, it is the largest province, so also it is the best
peopled, since it contains upwards of 50,000 souls
and ^3 settlements, the capital of which has the
same name. Its repartimientOf or tribute, used to
amount to S26,750 dollars, and it used to pay an
tdcavala of J 8 14 dollars per annum. The settle-
ments arc,

Cicasicn, Mccapaca,

Coroico, Pasca,

Yanacache, Ynquisive,

Chulumani, Quimi,

Caza, Collana,

Suri, iluayrapaya,

Cabari, < (Joripaya,

Mohosa, Chupe,

Capiflata^ Milluhuay.,

Yclioca, . Taxma,

Coani, ChoxlU,

, Yaco, , Chirca,

Luribay, Yrupona,

Haicbayo, ,. , Colqui,

Calamarca, Plaraca, '

Zapanqui, Ocavaya.

Caracato,
CICA YARI, a river of the province and country
of Las Amazonas, ia the Portuguese possessions.
It rises in the territory of the Chappoanas Indians,
runs n. n. w. and enters the Rio Negro.

[CIUEIIO, a military township in New York,
on the s. u>. side of Oneida lake, and between it,
the Salt lake, and the Salt springs.]

CICLADAS Grandes, islands of the S. sea,
discovered by Mr. De Bouganville in 1763.

CICOBASA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Quixos y Macas in the kingdom of Quito,
and of the district of the latter, it rises in the
Cordillera of the province of Cuencu, runs s. and
enters the river Santiago.

CIENEGA, a settlement and r«a/ of the silver
mines of the province of Tcpeguana, and kingdom
of Nueva Vizcaya ; situate near the settlement of
Parral.

CiENEOA, another settlement, of the province
and government of Santa Marta in the Nuevo
Reyno de Granada. It is situate on the sea-coast,
and on the bank of the cienega or marsh which

VOL. I.

C I N

473

It WOi

lies close tn it, and which gives it its name
a reduccion of the monks of St. Domingo.

CiRNBOA, another, with the surname of Oro, in
the province and government of Cartagena, of the
same kingdom. It is of the district of Yolii, and
formed by the re-union of other settlements in the

fear 1776, etfected by the Governor Don Juan
.. -ienta.

CiENBOA, another, of the island of Cuba; situate
on the n. coast.

CIMA, a valley of the province and govwnment
of Antioquia ; bounded by that of Pauciira, from
which it is divided by the river Cauca just at its
source.

CINACANTLAN, a scttlfment of the province
and alcaldla mayor of Chiapa in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

CINAGUA Y GuACANA, the aleatdia mayor
and jurisdiction of the province and bishopric of
Mcclioac&n in Nueva Espaiia. It is 80 leagues
long from e. id w, and GO wide from ». to s. lU
territory is for the most part mountainous and un-
even, and its temperature bad. Its productions
are large cattle, wax, maize, and fruits. . The ca-
pital is the settlement of the same name, of a hot
temperature, and inhabited by S5 families of In-
dians, who cultivate maize and melons, upon
which this scanty population consists, tl)ougli it
was formerly of some consideration. It bus suf-
fered, no doubt, from the unkindncss of the tcmprra-
turc, and from the want of water. The jurisdiction
is 80 leagues to the id. with a slight inclination to
the s. of Mexico. The other settlements arc,
Guacana, Paraquaro,

Ario, Nocnpetajo,

Etuquarillo, Acuiyo,

Santa Ana Turicato. Punguco.

CINALOA, a province and government
Nueva Espafia. It is between the w, and n.
Mexico, from whence it is distant 300 leagues,
extends in length as far as proselytes have been
made to the gospel, viz. to 140° ; and it ex-
tends to 40° in width. On the e. of it arc
the loftiest sierras of Topia, running towards
the n. and on the w. it is embraced by the nrm of
the sea of California. On the s. it has the town of
Culiacan, and to the n. the innumerable nations of
Indians, the boundaries of which arc unknown.
This province lies between lat. 27° and 32° n.; tiiia
being the extent to which the missonaries have
penetrated. The temperature is extremely hot,
although the cold is intense during the months of
December and January. It rains liere very little,
especially upon the const ; and seldom more than
3 p

of
of
It

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I ■ '^l

'I' '

474

C I N

.mt

' )

four or five times in the year ; which causes the
ground to be so parched, that it would be entirely
uninhabitable, were it not for the multitude of
streams with which it is intersected, and which
lender the temperature mild and healthy. The
country for the most part consists of levels, covered
with green shrubs and trees, forming shady woods
of three or four leagues in extent. In these ate
found the Brazil-wora, ebony, &c. which serve as
an asylum for wild beasts, leopards and wild
boars, deer and rabbits, *> variety of mountain cats,
coyotes^ serpents and vipers. In the valleys are
found a multitude of quails, turtle>dove.«, pheasants,
cranes, parrots, macaws, much esteemed for the
beauty of their plumage, and with which the In>
dians adorn themselves, and an infinite variety of
other birds. The rivers, all of which descend from
the sierras of Topia, in the rainy season increase to
such a degree as to mundatc the countr}' for the
space of three or four leagues ; and generally re-
maining out for eight days at least, the Indians are
under the necessity of forming for themselves a
kind of terrace upon the branches of trees, by means
of planks and sods, where they make fires and dress
their food. There are many salt ponds, also mines
of silver, which are not worked for want of la-
bourers. This province was peopled by several
nations of Indians, who had their villages and huts
on the sides of rivers. They used to maintain them-
selves on maise, which they cultivated, also on ca-
labashes, which are very sweet and savoury, French
beans, and a species of wild carob plant, called by
them mesqttiteSf and which being ground, they
used to drink in water, after the manner of choco-
late. They had also another delicacy in the plant
called mexcal, which resembles the smiita ; ot this
there are several sorts , of which they make wine,
sweets, and vinegar ; of its tendrils thread, and of
its prickles needles. This country also abounds in
nopales, pitahayas^ and other plants, including
many which are native to Europe. Alvar Nunez
Cabeza de Vaca was the first who discovered this
extensive province in his perigrination, aOerfae had
suflered shipwreck in going from Florida, to
Mexico ; and from his report of it, the viceroy
Don Antonio de Mendoza was induced to send into
it some persons to discover more concerning it. In
1590 it was visited by the regulars of the com-
pany of Jesuits, who came hither to preach the
gospel. They succeeded in making proselytes
amongst the natives, and established a regular
mission, which was patronized by the Queen Dona
Margarita of Austria, wife of Philip III.; she
having lent, for the promotion ol' (he interests of

C I N

this great object, and for the decorations of tht
altars, &c. several valuable presents of jewels,
ornaments, and other precious articles. The
capital is the town of San Felipe and Santiago,
and the other settlements are,

los Fra-

Toro,

Concepcion,
L'»"*to,
Navajoa,
Tecia,
Tepehue,
Real de
yeles,
Vaca,
Toriz,
Cuytes,
Temoris,
Chinipas,
Valle Umbroso,
Guazapares,
Jatebo,
Guadalupe,
Mayo,
Canamoas,
Batacosa.

Montes Claros,

Real de Alamos,

Bocaverito,

Noguera,

Camoa,

Gutrabe,

Ocosconi,

Mocorito,

San Ignacio,

SftntaAna,

Achc^oa,

Caunmpo,

Mocoyaguy,

Chiguaguilla,

Tegueco,

Sivirijoa,

Charay,

Mochicarui,

San Miguel,

Haom^,

Santa Maria,
CiNALOA,ariverof this province, which runs to
enter the sea in the gulf of Californa, or Mar Roxo
dc|Cort^s, between the rivers Culiacan and Del
Fui-rte.

CINAMIN, a river of the province and cap.
tainship of Rio Grande in Brazil. It rises near
the coast, and runs into the sea close to the cape
of San Rogue.

[CINCINNATI, a flourishing town in the ter-
ritory of the United States, n. w. of the Ohio, and
the present seat of government. It stands on the
n. bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of Lick-
ing river, two miles and a half «. ». of fort Wash-
ington, and about eight miles w. of Columbia.
Both these towns lie between Great and Little
M .a rivers. Cincinnati contains about 200
houses ; and is 88 miles n. by e. of Frankfort ;
90 n. a). %)? Lexington, and 779 w. by s. of
Philadelphia. Lat. 38° 42' n. Long. 84° 11'

fCINCINNATUS is the s. easternmost of the
military townshipsof New Yorkstatc. It has Vir-
gil on tuew. and Salem, in Herkemer county, on the
e. and lies on two branches of Tiouglmioga river,
a n. w. branch uf the Chenango. The centre of
the town lies 53 miles s, w. by w. of Cooperstown,
and 39 s. e. by s. of the s, e. end of salt lake.
Lat. 42° 27' «.]

Bmi

"* r

C I P

CINCOS, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Xaiixii in Peru.

CINCO-SENORES, a settlement of the pro-
vincc of Tepe|;unna, and kingdom of Nueva Viz>
cayn ; one of (he missions of the Bnbosariganes
Indians, held there hj the regulars of the com*
pany of Jesuits. Within eight leagues to (hn s.
of its district is a great unpeopled tract, call jd De
las Mano8,(Of the Hands), from the infidel Indians
having nailed up against some temples in those
parts many hands of some unfortunate Spaniards
vrhom they hau killed, when the latter had en-
tered the country under the idea of making pro-
selytes.

CINGAGUCHUSCAS, a barbarous nation of
Indians, 'vrho inhabit the woods to the $. of the
river Maraiion. In 1652 i\.Zj vvcre united to the
Pandabeques, and established themselves in the
settlement of Xibaros of the missions of Maynas,
-with the exception of some few, who still remain
in their idolatry, and lead a wandering life through
the woods.

CINIO, a settlement of the province and co-
lony of Maryland, in the county of Kent; situate
on the sbore, and at the extremity of the bay of
Chesapeak.

CINOQUIPA, a settlement ef <hc province and
government of La Sonora in Nueva I'^spana.

CINT£N£LA, Isla nr, one of the islands
which lie between the s. point of the Caico Grande
and the Panuelo Qiiadrado.

CINTO, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Castro Vireyna in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of its capital.

CINTORI, a settlement of the province and
corregitniento of Caxamarquilla in Peru.

CINTU, a spacious Uauura, or plain, of the
ancient province of Chimu, now Truxilio, on the
coast of the S. sea. It was taken possession of by
Huaina Capac, thirteenth Emperor of the Incas.
It is very fertile, and of a good and healthy cli-
mate ; but it is but little inhabited.

CINTY, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Pilaya or Paspaya in Peru.

CiNTY, a river of the province and government
of Tucumdn. It runs s. and enters the river San
Juan.

CIPOYAY, a country and territory of the pro-
vince and government of Paraguay, ca'ied also the
province of Vera, towards the e. an J where the
nation of theGuaranis Indians dndl. It is of a
hot climate, but very fertile, abounding in woods,
and well "watered by many rivers; some of which
run from e. to ze. and enter the Uruguay, and
others from s. to ». and enter the Plata.

C I u

475

CIPRE, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Esmcraldus in the kingdom of Quito.
It iukes its course from e. to w, and opposite the
river Sola, empties itself into that uf Esmcraldas,
on the ze. side, in lat. 28' n.

CIRANDIRO, a settlement and the capital of
the alcaldia matfor of Guimeo in the province and
bisliopric of Mechoac&n. It is of a hot tempera-
ture, and inhabited by 90 families of Tarascos In-
dians. In its vicinity is the estate of Quichandio,
in which eight families of Spaniards, and 15 of
Mustees and Mulattoes, arc employed in making
sugar. Also in the estate of Santa Maria are five
families of the former. It is 75 leagues to thezr.
and one-fourth to the s. re. of Mexico.

[CIRENCESTER. S«* Marcus Hook.]
CIRIGHE, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Antioqiia in the Nuevo Reyno dc
Granada ; situate on the shore ot a small river
which enters that of Cauca.
CIRIGH. SpcSeiigipe.
CIRII, a small river of the province and cap-
tainship of Sergipd in Brazil. It rises near the
coast, runs s. s. e. and enters the river Sirugipa,
a little before this river enters the sea.

CIRIONES, a barbarous nation of Indians,
of the province and governmetit of Moxos in Peru.
It is a wandering nation, savage, and but little
known.

CISNE, a settlement of the province and
corregimietito of Loxa in the kingdom of
Quito.

CITRONIERS, or LiMosnnos, Montanas
DB LOS, mountains in the island of GuadaluiM*.
They are in tLc large tract of land, and on ilies.
coast, lyin^%etwcen the settlements of Santa Ana
and San Francisco.

CITY Point, in Virginia Sec BEnMuoA
Hundred.

CIUAPA, a river of the province and ccrregi-
miento of Coquimbo in the l.ingdom of Chile,
towards the n. It is notorious from a spcci% of
lish caught in it, called tache^ uf aa extremely deli-
cate flavour. It runs into the S. or Pacific sea,
f( rating a small port of little dopth.

CI li DAD Real, a city oC the province and
government of Paraguay ; founded in 1557 by
Rui Diaz Molgarcjo, on the shore of the river Pi-
quiri, three leagues f''om Parana. It was des-
troyed by the Mamalukos Indians of San Pablo of
Brazil, in 1630, and in its place was substituted the
rich town of Espiritu Santo, the territory of which
abounds in fruits, vines, and mines of copper.
In the vicinity of the present town is a great wa-
terfall, formed by the above riverj upwurd« of
3 p 2

'i s U

V \)

' .' I

476

C L A

M''

■! %l:

\^' ' .^1

200 fathom in height. Eightj leagues n. e. of La
Asuncion. Lat. 23° 35' i.

CiUDAD IIgal, another citj of this name^ the
capital of the province and alcaldia mayor of
Chiapa, in the kingdom of Guatemala. It is
very fertile in cacao^ cotton, sugar, and pepper,
of which it makes a great commerce ; is the head
of a bishopric erected in 1538, and is renowned
for having had as its first bishop Don Fray Barto-
lom6 de las Casas or Casaus, of the order of St.
Domingo ; a man celebrated in the world not only
for his intrinsic virtue, but for the zeal with which
he undertook the cause of the Indians against the
oppressions they snfiered through their conquer-
ors. This city has three convents of monks of
the orders of St. Domingo, St. Francis, and La
Merced, and a monastry of nuns, with the dedi-
catory title of Nuestra Seiiora ai la Encarnacion.
It lies 60 leagues from the sea towards the n. an J
70 from the city of Guatemala, in lat. 17°, long.
19° 20 . [Chilton, an Englishmati . says the In-
dians, calFed this city Sacatlan ; and that in 1570
it contained about 100 Spanish inhabitants. See
Chiapa.]

CiuuAD Rral, another, of the province of
Guayana, and government of Cumana, founded, in
1759, by the Rear-admiral Don Joseph de Itur-
riaga, on the shore of the Orinoco. It was formed
by several wanderers and idle people of the pro-
vinces of Barcelona and Venezuela, and of the
island of Margarita ; but was of short duration,
as it fell completely to decay when the king's pro-
tection was withdrawn ; the inhabitants being no
longer able to maintain a footing against the re-
peated attacks of the Caribes Indians.

CIZAN, a settlement of the proviiTCc and go-
vernment of Tucuman, and district of its capital,
in Peru ; situate e. of the town of San Fer-
nando.

CLAIPQLE, a settlement of the island of Bar-
boes, in the district and parish of St. George.

[CLAIR, St. a county in the territory w. w. of
the Ohio, was laid oflP 27th April 1790. Its
boundaries are thus officially described : '< Be-
ginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimac-
kinack river ; running thence s. in a direct line to
the mouth of the Little river above fort Massac,
upon the Ohio river; thence with the Ohio to its
junction with the Mississippi ; thence up the Mis-
sissippi to the mouth of the Illinois river; and up
the Illinois to the place of beginning, with all the
adjacent islands of the said rivers Illinois and Mis-
sissippi."]

[CLAin, St. a fort in the territory w. a', of the
Ohio, is situate 25 miles n. of fort Hamilton, on a

C L A

small creek which falls into the Great Miami;
and 21 miles s. of fort Jefferson.]

[Cr,AiR, St. Lake, lies about half-way between
lake Huron and lake Erie, in N. America, and is
about 90 miles in circumference. It receives the
waters of the three great lakes, Superior, Michi-
gan., and Huron, and discharges them through the
river or strait called D'Etroit (which is in French,
the Strait) into lake Erie. Its channel, as also
that of the lake, is sufficiently deep for vessels of
very considerable burden. See D'Ethoit.]

CLALISTAC, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of Xonacatep^c, and a/caWia mayor of Cuer-
navaca, in Nueva Espaiia.

CLALSIUILUNGO, a settlement of the head
! ettloment of Acantepec, and alcaldia mayor of
Tlapa, in Nueva Espana. It is of a hot tempera-
ture, contains 84 families of Mistecos Indians, who
employ themselves in sowing maize, and cultivating
every kind of cane, from which they extract a
portion of loaf-sugar, and with which they sup-
ply thj neighbouring jurisdictions. One league
and an haii* v. w. of its capital.

[CLAM Town. See Egg Harbour.]
CLANAPA, a head settlement of the district of
the alcaldia vmyor of Tlapa in Nueva Espana.
It contains 374 families of Indians, including
those of the wards of its district. Six leagues w.
of its capital.

CLAPULCO, San Pedho de, a head settle-
ment of the alcaldia mayor of Thehuacan in
Nueva Espatia. It is annexed to the curacy of
Coxcotlan, and situate in its vicinity. It con-
tains 130 families nf Indians.

CLAQUEPOURE, a river of the province and
government of Guayana, in the French pos-
sessions.

CLARA, Santa, a head settlement of the dis-
trict of the alcaldia mayor of Ecatepec in Nueva
Espana. It contains 94 families of Indians, and
lies one league and an half s. of its capital.

Clara, Santa, another settlement in the head
settlement of the district of Toxtepec, and alcaldia
mayor of Tecali, in the same kingdom. It con-
tains ISO families of Indians.

Clara, Santa, another, of the missions held by
the Franciscans, in the district of the alcaldia
mayor of Guadalcazar of the same kingdom. It
contains 30 families of Indians, and its territory
is full of them. It lies four leagues e. of the set-
tlement of Monte Alverna.

Clara, Santa, another, of the province and
government of Cumand in the kingdom of Tierra
Firmc, one of those of the Franciscan missions of
Piritii ; situate on the shore of the river Arivi.

4m $1

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nee and
Ticrra
sions of
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C LA

Claka, Santa, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela ; situate on tlie shore oT a
river to the n. n. w. of the city of Nirua.

Clara, Santa, another, of the province and
government of Yucata, ; situate on the coast be-
tween the settlements jf Silan and Sisal.

Clara, Santa, ancMier, of the missions belong-
ing to the religious of St. Francis, in the kingdom
of^Nuevo Mexico.

Clara, Santa, another, of the island of Cuba ;
situate on the n. coast.

[CLARE, a township on St. Mary's bay, in
Annapolis county. Nova Scotia. It has about

50 families, and is composed of woodland and
salt marsh.]

Clare, a small island of the S. sea, close to
the port of Guayaquil. It is desert, and two
leagues in length. It is commonly called AmortO'
ja£>f since, ^ing looked upon from any part, it
bears the resemblance to a dead man. 1 wenty-
five leagues from Cape Blanco.

S Clare, a very lofty mountain of the province
government of Sonora in Nueva Espaiia, near
the coast of the gulf of California, and in the
met interior part. It was discovered in 1698.]

Clare, a small lake of New France, which is
formed by the strait of Misisagues, between lake
Huron and that of Erie.

Clare, a bay on the coast of the country and
land of Labrador, in the strait of Belle-isle.

[CLAREMONT, a township in Cheshire coun-
ty. New Hampshire, on the e. side of Connecti-
cut river, opposite Ascutncy mountain, in Ver-
mont, and on the n. side of Sugar river ; S4 miles
!t. of Dartmouth college, and 121 s.w. by w. of
Portsmouth. It was incorporated in 1764, and
contains 1435 inhabitants.]

[Claremont County, in Camden district, S.
Carolina, contains 2479 white inhabitants, and

51 10 slaves. Statesburg is the county town.]
CLARENDON, a county of S. Carolina, [the

southernmost in Caniuen district, about 30 miles
long and 30 broad, and in 1792 contained 1790
whites and 602 slaves.]

Clarendon, a s'^ttiement of the island of Ja-
maica ; situate on the s. coast.

[Clarendon, a township near the centre of
Rutland county, Vermont, watered by Otter
creek and its tributary streams ; 14 or 15 miles e.
of Fairhavcn, and 44 n. e. of Bennington. It con-
tains 1478 inhabitants. On the s. e. side of a
mountain in the w. part of Clarendon , in the
edge of Tinmouth, is a carious cave, the mouth
of which is not more than two feet and a half in
diameter; in its descent the passage makes an

C L A

477

angle with the horizon of 35* or 40* ; Jut con-
tinues of nearly the same diameter through its
whole length, which is 31 1 feet. At that distance
from the mouth, it opens into a spacious room, 20
feet long, 12^ wide, and 18 or 20 feci high; every
part of the floor, sides, and roof of this room ap-
pear to be a solid rock, but very rough and un-
even. The water is continually percolating througli
the top, and has formed stalactites of various
forms ; many of which are conical, and some have
the appearance of massive columns; from thiii
room there is a c> "^munination by a narrow pas-
sage to others equally cunous.]

CLARINES, a settlement of the province of
Barcelona, and government of Cumaua, in the
kingdom of Tierra Firme; Ivinfto the e. of the
city of Barcelona, and on the shore of the river
Unare.

CLARKE, a settlement of the island of Barba-
does, in the district of the parish of St. Joseilh,
and on the e. coast.

Clarke, another, of the same island, on the s.
coast.

[Clarke, a new county of Kentucky, between
the head waters of Kentucky and Licking rivers.
Its chief town is Winchester.]

[CLARKSBURG, the chief town of Harrison
county, Virginia. It contains about 40 houses, a
court-house, and giiol ; and stands on the e. side
of Monongahela river, 40 miles s. a), of Morgan-
town.]

[CLARKSTOWN, in Orange county. New
York, lies on the w. side of the Tappan sea, two
miles distant, n. from Tappan township six miles,
and from New York city 29 miles. By the state
census of 1796, 224 of its inhabitants are elec-
tors.]

[CLARKSVILLE, the chief town of what was
till lately called Tennessee county, in the state of
Tennessee, is pleasantly situated on the e. bank uf
Cumberland river, and at the mouth of Red river,
opposite the mouth of Muddy creek. It contains
about 30 houses, a court-house, and gaol, 45
miles ». w, of Nashville, 230 tt. w. by w. ot
Knoxville, and 940 w. b/ s. of Philadeipiiia.
Lat. 36° 25' n. Long. 87° 23' a).]

[Clauksvh.le, a small settlement in the n. im.
territory, whicli contained in 1791 about 60 souls.
It is situate on the n. bank of the Ohio, opposite
Louisville, a mile below the rapids, and 100
miles s. e. of post Vincent. It is frequently flood-
ed when the river is high, and inhabited by
people who cannot nt present find a better situa>
tion.l

CLARO, a river of the district of Rexi? in tb«

' m

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JJ 1 ■ ; ■

1 ! i i;
■\l : t

!■'

l\'

478

I ■' f

kingdom of Cliile. It rises from one of th« litkes
of Avendafio, runs w. and then turning *. enters
the river Laxn. On its shore the Spaniards have
a fort, called Yumbel, or Don Carlos de Austria,
to restrain the Araucanos Indians.

Ci^ARo, another river in the province and cor-
regimiento of Matile of the same kingdom. It runs
w. and enters the Maulc.

Claro, another river of the province and go-
vernment of Mariquita in the Nuevo Rejno de
Granada. It rises in (he valley of Corpus Chri'-i,
and running through it, enters the great river
Magdalena.

Claro, another, a small river of the province
and government of Paraguay. It runs w, and en-
ters the Mboletei.

Clako, another small river of the kingdom of
Brazil, 'which also runs w. and enters the Preto or
Palma, opposite the Benito.

Claro, another of the same kingdom of Brazil,
distinct from the former. It rises in the country of
the Araes Indians, runs n. n, e. and enters the
Parcuipasa, to the w. of the town Boa.

Claro, a port of the coast of the S. sea, in the
province and government of Choco in the kingdom
of Tierra Firme. It lies between the port Quemado
and the bay of San Francisco Solano.

CLAUCAC, a settlement of the head settlement
of Xonacatepec, and alcaldia mayor of Cuernavaca,
in Niieva Espaiia.

CLAUDIO, San, a mall island of the N. sea,
near the e. coast of Nova Scotia in N. America,
in the strait which this coast forms with the island
of San Juan.

[CLAV BRACK, a post^own in Columbia
county. New York, pleasantly situated on a large
plain, about two miles and a half e. of Hudson
city, near a creek of its own name. It contains
about 60 houses, a Dutch church, a court-house,
and a goal. The township, by the census of 1791,
contained <:(363 inhabitants, including 340 slaves.
By the state census of 1796 there appears to be
412 electors. It is 231 miles from Pliiladelphia.1

CLAYCAYAC, a bead settlement of the flW-
rfi'fl mayorof Zultcpecin Nueva Espana ; annexed
to the curacy of Temascaltepcc. It contains 84
families of Indians, and is four leagues 5. of its
capit/11.

CLEAUER, a settlement of the island of Bar-
badoes, in the district of the parish of San Juan.

CLERC, Ensenada be, a bay of tlie n. coast
and ta. head of the island of St. l5omingo, in the
French possessions, between the bay of Los Cai-
mitos and the Agujero or Trou of Jeremias.

[CLERK'S Isles lie s. w. from, and at the

C L I

entrance of Behring's straits, which separate Asia
from America. They rather belong to Asia, being
very near, and s. s. w. from the head-land which
lies between the straits and the gulf of Anadir in
Asia. They have their name in honoiir of tlut
able navigator. Captain Clerk, the companion of
Captain Cook. In other maps they are called St.
Andrea isles.]

[CLERMONT, a post-iown in Columbia coun-
ty. New York, six miles from Red hook, 15
from Hudson, 117 miles n. of New York, and
812 from Philadelphia. The township contains
867 inhabitants, inclusive of 113 slaves.]

[Clermont, a village 13 miles from Camden,
S. Carolina. In the late war, here was a
block-house encompassed by an abbatis; it was
taken from Colonel llngcly of the British militia,
in Decembti 1781, by an ingenious ..tratagem of
Lieutenant-colonel Washington.]

CLEYALI, a settlement of Indians of S. Caro-
lina ; situate on the shore of the river Alabama.

[CLIE, Lake Le, in Upper Canada, about 38
miles long and SO broad ; its waters communicate
with those of lake Huron.]

[CLINCH Mountain divides the waters of
Holston and Clinch rivers, in the stateof Tennessee.
In this mountain Burk's Garden and Morris's
Nob might be described as < .uriosities.]

[ClincHj or Peleson, a navigable branch of
Tennessee river, which is equal in length to Hol-
ston river, its chief branch, but less in width. It
rises in Virginia, and after it enters into the state
of Tennessee, it receives Powel's and Poplar's
creek, and Emery's river, besides other streams.
The course of the Clinch is ; . w. and s. w. by w, ;
its mouth, 150 yards wide, lies 35 miles below
Knoxville, and 60 above the mouth of the Hiwas?e.
It is boatablc for upwards of 200 miles, und
Powel's river, nearly as large as the main river, is
navigable for boats 100 miles.]

[CLINTON, the most ». county of the state of
New York, is bounded n. by Canada, e. by the
deepest waters of lake Champlain, which line se-
parates it from Vermont, and s. by the county of
Washington. Bj the census of 1791, it contained
1614 inhabitants, including 17 slaves. It is di-
vided into five townships, viz. Plattsburgh, the
capitil. Crown Point, Willsborough, Champlain,
and Peru. The length from n. to s. is about 96
miles, and the breadth from e. to w. including the
line upon the lake, is 36 miles. The number of
souls was, in 1796, estimated to be 6000. By the
state census, in Jan. 1796, there were 624 persons
entitled to be electors. A great proportion of the
lands arc of an excellent quality, and produce

V:\

the

umber of
By the
persons

m of tbe
produce

C L 1

abundance of tbe various kinds of grain cultivated
in other parts of the Uate ; the people manufacture
earthen ware, pot aaC pearl ashes, in large quanti-
ties, which they expoit to New York or Quebec.
Their wool is excellent ; tlieir beef and pork se-
cond to none ; and the price of stall-feu beef in
Montreal, 60 miles from Plattsburg, is such as to
encourrge the farmers to drive their cattle to that
market. Their forests supply them with 6u<;ar
and molasses, and the soil is well adapted to the
culture of hemp. The land-carriage from any
part ofthe country, in transporting their produce
to New York, does not exceed 18 miles ; the car-
rying place at Ticonderoga is one mile and a half,
and from fort George, nt the s. end of the lake
of that name, to fort £dward, is but 14 miles.
The small obstructions after that are to be removed
by the [Hroprietors of the n. canal. From this
country to Quebec, are annually sent large rafts ;
the rapids at St. John's and Chaml'<ee ^ing the
only interruptions in the navigation, and those not
so great, but that at some seasons batteaux with
60 Dushels of salt can ascend them ; salt is sold
here at half a dollar a bushel. Seranac, Sable, and
Boquet rivers water Clinton county ; the first is
remarkable for the quantity ol salmon it pro-
duces.]

[Clinton, a township in Dutchess county,
New York, above Pouglikeepsie. It is large and
thriving, and contains 4607 inhabitants, including
176 slaves. Six hundred and sixty-six of its in-
habitants are electors.]

[Clinton, a settlement in Tioga county. New
York, bounded by Fayette on the n. Warren on
tbe s. Green on the w. and Franklin in Otsego
county on the e. Unadilla river joins the Susque-
hannah at the n. e. corner, and the confluent stream
runs s. w. to Warren.]

[Clinton, a plantation in Lincoln county,
distrf ^t of Maine, lies 27 miles from Hallowcll.]

[Clinton Parish, in the township of Paris,
seven miles from Whitestown, is a wealthy, plea-
sant, flourishing^ settlement, containing several
handsome houses, a newly erected Prebyterian
meeting-hous«, a convenient school-house, and an
edifice for an academy, delightfully situated, but
not yet finished. Between this settlement and the
Indian settlements at Oneida, a distance of ISmiles,
(in June 1796), was wilderness without any inha-
bitants, excepting a few Indians at the Old Oneida
village.]

[Clinton's Harbour, on the n.vo. coast of N.
America, has its entrance in Int. 5%° 12' w. Cap-
tain Gray named it after Governor Clinton of New
York.] .

C O A

479

[CLIOQUOT. See Clyoquot.;)

CLIPSA, a fertile and pleasant plain, or //r/nura,
of the kingdom of Peru, in the jurisdiction of
Chuquisaca, and bounded by thatof Cochabamba.
It is 30 miles in circumference, is well peopled,
and very fertile and pleasant, and its climate is
healthy.

[CLISTINOS, a fierce nation of Indians, who
inhabit round Hudson bay. See New Britain.]

CLOS, a settlement of N. Carolina, in the county
of Anson.

[CLOSTER, a village in Bergen county. New
Jersey, nearly seven miles s. e. of Pcramus, and
16 n. of New York city.]

[CLIOQUOT, a sound or bay on the n. w.
coast of America, w. from Berkley's sound. See
Hancock's Harbour.]

COACALCO^ San Francisco ue, a settle-
ment ofthe alculdia mayor of Ecatepec in Nucva
Espana. It contains fs9 families of Indians.

COACH IC, a settlement of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the companj^ of Je-
suits, in the province of Taraumura, and kingdom
of Nueva Vizcaya. It is 34 leagues to the ;. i&.
of the town andV«a/ of Mines of Cbiguagua ; and
about the distance of a league and a half in the
same direction, lies an estate ofthe same name.

COACLAN, San Gaspar ob, a settlement of
tiie alealdia mayor of 'I'czcoco in Nueva Espaiia.
It contains 218 families of Indians, in which arc
included those of its six neighbouring wards. It
is one league s. of its capital.

COACULA, Asuncion de, a settlement of
tlie head settlement and alealdia mayor of Igunla
in Nueva Espaiia. It contains 37 families of In-
dians.

COAGUILA, or Nukva Estrgmadura, a

Krovince of Nueva Espaiia, bounded by tiie
[uevo lieyno de Leon. It extends as far as the
river Medina ; runs 200 leagues in length towards
the n. and is 160 wide from 5. w, to n. e. All this
extensive country is as it were unpccrpled, being
inhabited no otherwise than by some few settle-
ments established by the missions, who consist of
the monks of St. Francis of the city of Queretano,
who have succeeded in converting some of the na-
tives. There arc, however, three garrisons upon
the frontiers of the sierras., and country ofthe in-
fidel Indians, for the purpose of checking any
irruption. This province is watered by many
large rivers, the principal of which arc those of
Nadadores and St. Domingo. There arc here
some estates, in which large and small catllc breed
plentifully, oil account ofthe fineness ofthe pas-
tures. The capital is the town and gui rison of

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C O A

Santiago de la Monclava, and the other settlements
arc as follows :

'\y

' \. ', "i:

San Buenaventura,

Catuno,

Villa del Saltillo,

Las Juntas,

Jja Hacienda del Alamo,

Los Ranchos,

San Pedro do Boca Leo«

nes,
Monte Rey.

San Francisco Agiinyo,

Sau Miguel,

El Presidio del Sacra*

mento,
San Juan Bautista de

Rio Grande,
Petoyes,
San Francisco de BIzar.

ron,
Nra. Sra. de la Victoria,

COAHUITLAN, Santiago de, a settlement
of the head settlement of Amuzgos, and alcaldia
mayor of Xicayan, of Nueva Espana. It is com*
posed of 10 families of Indians, who are busied
in cultivating cochineal, cotton, and bainilla.
Twenty-two leagues io the Z0. of its head settlement.

COAX, a small river of the province and go*
vernment of Paraguay. It runs e. and enters the
Paran& close to the settlement of the mission of
St. Thomas. v

COAILLO, a settlement of the province and
eorrrgimiento of Caiiete in Peru.

COAJUSCO, Saw Francisco de, a settle-
ment of the head settlement and alcaldia mat/or of
Zultepoc in Nueva Espaiia. It contains 36 fami-
lies of Indians, and is three leagues to the s. Of its
capital.

COALAQUE, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Moqueliua in Peru ; aimexed to
the curacy of Puguina.

GOANDA, a province uncultivated and little
known, s. w. of that of Jaen de Bracamoros in
the kingdom of Quito. It is full of forests, rivers,
lakes, and pools ; the climate is hot, moist, and
unhealthy.

COAPA, a settlement of the head settlement of
San Luis, of the coast and alcaldia mayor of
Tlapa in Nueva l^spafia. It is of a hot tempera-
ture, and contains 86 families of Indians.

CoAPA,' another settlement in the alcaldia mayor
of Comitlan, of the kingdom of Guatemala.

COAPAN, San Pablo DE, a settlement of the
head settlement of Tla'^olula, and alcaldia mayor
of Xalapa, in Nueva Espada. It is very close on
the s. w. side of it« head settlement.

COAPETENGO, San Mahtin de, a settle-
mcnt of the head settlement of Zitepec, and alcaldia
mayor of Tenango del Valle, in Nueva Espaiia.
It belonged formerly to the jurisdiction of Tancuba,
and was united to this of Teuango, on acconnt of
l)eing closer to it than to its former jurisdiction.
It contains 35 families of Indians.

COAPILLA, a settlement of the province and

C O A

alcaldia mayor of Zoques in the kingdom of Gua-
temala.

CO.\RI, 8 large river of the kingdom of Peru,
the head and course of which are unknown, save
that it runs through countries lielonging to the in-
fidel Indians till it enters the Maraiion : according
to the map of Don Juan dc la Cruz, it lias its
source from the large rivers of CuchivaraorPuriis,
and of Tefe. It runs s. e, then ii. and then turn-
ing to a *. e. course, enters with a large body of
water into the Maraiion, through the territory of
the Zurinas Indians.

CoARi, a.settlement of the province and coun-
try of Las Amazonas, in the Portuguese posses-
sions. It is upon the shore of the Marafion, and
at the mouth of the former river.

CO ATA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimienlo of PaucarcoUa in Peru. In its vicinity
are three eminences of 30 yards in height, and
wrought by the h'^nd; there being a tradition
amongst the Indians, that in one of them is inclosed
a certain great treasure taken at the time that the
Incas conquered this country : in its church is
venerated an image of Nuestra Senora de la Pre-
sentacion, which is a subject of devotion to all the
faithful of the neighbouring provinces. It is si-
tuate on the bank of the great lake Titicaca.

COATE, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimienlo of Larecaja in Peru ; annexed to the
cura;;y of Combay&.

COATEPEC, San Geronimo de, a head
settlement of the alcaldia mayor of Xalapa in
Nueva Espafia. Its district is eight leagues in
length, aad its own situation is very pleasant, and
its productions are many, such as maize, French
beans, and tobacco, the latter being its chief ar-
ticle of commerce. Its inhabitants are composed
of 12 families of Spaniards, S14 of Mustees and
Mulattoes, and 138 of Indians : of the latter, some
employ themselves as drovers, and others in fatten-
ing pigs for the supply of Vera Cruz ; land being
very deficient, and toe whole of the territory allot-
ted io them not exceeding 600 yards. Two leagues
s. e. of Xalcomuica

Coat EP EC, another settlement, in the head set-
tlement of Teutalpan, and alcaldia mayor of Z&-
catlan, in the same kingdom. It contains 120
families of Indians, and is three leagues from its
head settlement.

Coatepxc, another, which is the bead settle-
ment of the alcaldia mayor of Zaqualpa in the
same kingdom. It contains 150 families of In-
dians.

CoATr.pec, another, with the dedicatory title
of San Francisco, of the head settlement of Esca*

. 1

sedle-
in the
of lii-

7 title
£8ca-

title of
L'acubu.

C O A

teopati, and alcalJia mayor of Zaqunlpa. li con-
tains i204 families of Indians.

("oat I ric, anotiier, witli the dedicatory
Santii Marin, of tlio iilrahlia niai/or of I'l
It is very poor and much reduced.

CoATii'ir, another, Ihe capital of the fl/fflW/fl
viauor of the same kingdom ; tlie jurisdiction of
winch comprehends tlirce head settlements of Ihe
district. It is ol a moderate temperature, abound-
iiiir in seeds and grain, uliicli are cultivated in
many estates of its territory ; and in these some
cattle al.so are bred. It contains J40 families of
Indians, 13 of Spaniards, il//«/ees, and Mulattoes,
vith ;i good convent of monks of St. Domingo.
Nine leagues to the w, of M(!xico.

('oATKi'EC, another, of the head settlement of
Amatepec, and alcaldia mmjor of Zultepee, in the
same kingdom. It contains !^U families of Indians,
Mho maintain themselves by breeding large cattle,
and in sowing some fruits and maize. Four leagues
to the n. of its head settlement.

COATEPEQUIi:, S. Paulo or, a settlement of
the head settlement of Zitaquaro, of the alcaldia
vw.t/or of Maravatio, in the bishopric of Meclioh-
cun. It contains J 79 families of Indians, and is
one eighth of a league's distance from its head
settlement towards the s.

COATETELCO, S.Juan de, a settlement of
tlic head settlement of Mazatepec, and alcaldia
}na^O)'of Cuernavaca, in Nueva Espana; situate
in a valley of a hot tem^rature. It contains 94
families of Mexican Indians, who pride them-
selves on their nobility, and sutler no other people
to come and dwell anion^ them. Here is a lake
formed by the winter rams, in which arc caught
mojarrasf a fish much esteemed in Mexico.

COATINCHAN, a head sHtlement of the al-
caldia mayor of the Puebia de los Angeles in
Nueva Espana. it has, besides the parish church,
a convent of monks of St. Francis, ^34 families of
Indians, and 50 of Spaniards, Mtislecs, and Mu-
luttoes, with those of the wards of its vicinity.
Two leagues .i. e. of its capital.

COATININGA , a river of the country of Las
Amazonas, in the Portuguese possessions. It runs
n. n, w. and enters the Madera.

COATLAN, a settlement of the head settlement
of Metlatlan, and alcaldia mayor of Papautla, in
Nueva Espana. It contains 35 families of In-
dians, and is little more than three leagues to the
s. w. of its head settlement.

CoATLAN, another, with the dedicatory title
of San Pablo, the head settlement of the'^Iistrict of
the alcaldia mai/or of Miahuatlan in the same
kingdom, being of a mild temperature. It con-

vor,. I.

C O A

481

tains 533 farriiics of Indians, with those of its
immediate wartis, all of them employing tlieni-
si'lves in the cultivation of mai/c and other fruits
of I his region. It lies 12 leagues between the r.
and .V. of its capital.

Coat I, AN, another, the head settlement of the
district of the akaldia mayor of Nexa|)a in (he
same kingdom. It has a convent of monks of .St.
Domingo, and contains 1 14 families ol Indians,
employed in the cultivation and sale of grain and
cotton garments. It lies 13 leagues to the ;;. of
the capital.

CoATi.AN, another, of the head settlement of
Cozcatlan, and alcaldia mayor of Tasco, in tlie
same kingdom. It contains 130 families of In-
dinns, and lies three leagues to thee, of its capital.

("oATi.AN, a river of the province and alcaldia
mayor of Soconusco in the kingdom of Guatemala,
which runs intothe S. sea, to thee, of the capital.

COATMNCIIAN, San MiotEr, »f, asettle-
mentof the rt/crt/rf/'rt wowor ofTezcucoin Nueva
Espana. It contains 318 families of Indians, in-
cluding those of its immediate wards, and is one
league to the s. of its capital.

COAIJCAZINTLA, a settlement of the I'is-
trict and head settlement of Tlacolula, and aU
cahlia mayor of Xalapa, in Nueva Espaila ;
situate between three lofty mountains, and in the
midst of others with which its territory is covered.
It is of a mild temperature, the sod is t(;rtile, but
produces only maize and French beans, in which
consists the commerce of the inhabitants. These
are composed of 44 iamilics of Indians. One
league to the n. e. of its head settlement.

COAUTITLAN, the district and alcaldia
mayor of Nueva Espana : being one of the most
It'rlile and rich territories, however inconsidenible
in size, covered with cultivated grounds and
estates, which produce quantities of maize, wheat,
barley, and other grain. It is a grand plain,
watered by the river of its name, which traverses
it, and runs from s. to n. It has a lake called Zum<
pango, close to the settlement of Coyotepcc,
which filling itself from the waters of the river,
empties itself into the lake Ecalepec. This juris-
diction contains the following settlements :
The capital of the same San Miguel de los Xa-

naine, qucyes,

Coyotepec, Teoloyuca,

Santa Barbara, Tepozotlan,

Tultepec, Xaltocan. '

Huehuetoca,

The capital, which is the residence of the alcaldia,
mayor, lies in the direct road from Mexico to the
interior of the provinces, and upon this account
3q

t J I

482

C O A

COB

'• i^l

"t J

ill' ^' "

it hn8 a. large proportion of families of Spaniards,
Musters, aiui MulaUoes ; besides which, it con-
tains 387 of Indians, and a convent of monks of
8t. Francis. S<;ven leagues to the n. n. w. of
Mexico, although the di!>tiincc is commonly count*
cd at only six. Long. 274'' 12'. Lat. 19° SO'.

COAUTLA, n province and alcaldla maijor oi
Nucva Espaila ; bounded s. by the corregimienlo
of Mexico, it is also culled, Of Amilpas. Its
juritidictiun extends 25 leagues ; it is of a warm
and moist temperature, but is fertile, and abounds
in wheat, maize, French beans, lentils, barley,
and tares, as also in other productions, which serve
as a commerce to its natives. Great quantities of
sugar are also manufactured in various mills and
machines for the purpose. This ))rovince is water-
ed by two rivers, the one very large, called tiic
Amazinaque, which runs e. and the other, some-
what less, to the r. ; in both of them are caught
many hagies and trout, which, being much es-
teemed in the neighbouring provinces, afford also
another considerable branch of commerce. It has
silver mines wliich produce tolerably well, and
from one, which is vulgarly called La Peregrina,
much riches were formerly extracted. The juris-
diction consists of the following settlements :
The capital of tlie same Xamiltepec,

name, Tlacotepec,

Tetelzingo, Zacoalpan,

Tlamimilulpa, Temoaque,

Cacoyoc, Ancuilco.

Ocuituco,

The capital forms three streets, of regular pro-
portion and symmetry in the buildings, with two
elegant edifices, one of the monks of St. Domingo,
and the other of the barefooted monks, or Uescal-
zos, of St. Francis. It contains 36 families of Spii-
uiards, 70 of Mustees, 40 of Mulattoes, and 200
of Indians; the part of the city inhabited by the
latter is never visited by the Spaniards l)ut iis a
walk, or place of recreation, and the Indians never
attempt to encroach upon the part not appropriated
to them. Twenty-five leagues s. of Mexico. Lonij.
274° 10'. Lat. 19° 5'.

CoAUTLA, another settlement and real of the
silver mines of this province, in which are two
sugar mills, and some engines for grinding metal.
It contains 36 families of Spaniards, A/nslees, and
Mulattoes, and lies 12 leagues to the s. is. of its
capital.

COAUTLACO, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district and alcaldia mayor of TIapa
in Nueva Espana. It contains 35 families of In-
dians, and is two leagues to the n.e. of that place.

COAZA, a settlement of the province and cor-

regimiento of Larecaja in Peru ; annexed to the cu-
racy of Combaya.

COBAN, a settlement and capital of the pro-
vince and alcaldia mayor of Vera Paz in the king-
dom of Guatemala. It contains a good convent oi
the order of St. Domingo, and is SO leagues from
Guatemala.

[COBBESECONTE, or Coi-srcooK, which
in the Indian language signifies the land where stur-
geons are taken, is a small river wiiich rises from
Konds in the town of Winthorp, in the district of
lainc, and falls into the Kenneixick within three
miles of Nahunkeag island, and 15 from Moose
island.]

COHEQUIT, a large settlement of the province
and colony of Nova Scotia ; situate on the side of
the basin of Minas, on the innermost shore of the
bay of Fundy.

[CoBEQUiT or Colchester River, in Nova
Scotia, rises within 20 miles of Tatamogouche, on
the «. e. coast of Nova Scotia ; from thence it runs
s. ; then s. w. and w. into the e, end of the basin
of Minas. At its mouth there is a short bank, but
there is a good channel on each side, which vessels
of 60 tons burden may pass, Riid go 40 miles up
the river. There are some scattered settlements on
its banks.]

[COBFSEY, in the district of Maine. Sec

PlTTSTO^ .]

[COBHAM, a »,mall town in Virginia, on the
s. bank of James river, opposite James town ; 20
miles 71. w. of Suffolk, and eight or nine s. w. of
Williamsburg.]

[CouiiAM Isle, mentioned by Captain Mid-
dleton, in the journal of his voyage for finding a
w. e. passage. Its two extremities bear n. by e,
and e. by n. in lat. 63° w. long. S° 50' from
Churchill, which he takes to be the Brook Cob-
ham of Fox.]

CvOBlJA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regii.iienlo of Atacania in Peru, and archbishopric
of CI areas; annexed to the curacy of Chinchin.
It is founded on the sea-shore, has a good port,
when; the inhabitants are busied in the fishing for
cong'c-rs ; and these licing called charquecillos, or
salted, are carried in abundance for sale to the
neighbouring provinces, to the sierra, and other
parts. In lat. 23° 20' s. according to Don Cosmc
Bucno ; and according to the ex-jesuit Coleti,
in lat. 22° 25' s.

[COBEZA. See CoBiJA. This obscure port
and village is inhabited by about 50 Indian
families, and is .he most barren spot on the
coast. This is, however, the nearest \>otI to Lipes,
where there are silver mines, and also to Potosi,

n I

Sec

c o c

which is above 100 lon^rues distant, nnd that
tliroiigli a desert couiitiy. j

COUITIJ, a river of tlio province and mis-
sions of llio (ri-.n Pnititi. It rises in the
mountains of the intldel Indians, which serve
as a boundary to (lie province of Larccaja ;
runs nearly due w. collectinjj the waters of many
otIicr8,aml enters thcMarniorewilh the nameofMato.
COBIjEII'S Rock, a rock or isle of the N. sea,
very close upon the e. coast of the island of Bar-
badocs.

[COBriKSKILIi, anew town in the county of
Schoharie, New Vork, incorporated March 1797.]
COBO, a river of tlie province and government
of Neiva in the Nuevo llcyno de Giranada. It
rises in a l/anura, or plain, runs w. and enters the
river Maiid.ilena, oj)posite the city of La Plata.

COB()llCA, a larjjc and capacious bay of the
province of Piincria in Nneva Espana.

COBOS, a fortress of the province and govern-
ment of Tucunian in Peru ; of the district and ju-
risdiction of the city of Salta, from whence it is
nine leagues distant; having been founded in 1G93
at the foot of a declivity, to serve as an outwork
or defence against the Indians of Chaco. It is at
present (hstroyed and abandoned, and serves iis a
countrv-housc on the estate of an individual.

COBllK, Santa Claua we, a settlement of
the alculdia mayor of Valladolid, in thg province
and bishopric of Mechoacan. It contains 100 fa-
milies of Spaniards, M oi Miistees, 38 of Mulat-
toes, and 135 of Indians; some of whom speculate
in working the mines of copper which arc close
by, others in the cultivation of maize, and others
gain tlieir livelihood as muleteers. Three leagues
s. of the city of Pasquaro.

CoBur;, another settlement in the island of Cuba,
on the s. coast.

CoBiiE, a river of the province and government
of Veragua in the kingdom of Tierra Firme. It
has its origin in the sierras of Ciuanico to the s.
and entersthe Pacitic sea.

CoBRE, a mountain on the coast of the province
and corre^imiinto of Coquimbo in the kingdom of
Chile. It derives its name from some very abun-
dant copper mines. Great quantities of this metal
are carried from hence to Spain tor founding artil-
lery, and for different purposes.

COBULCO, a settlement of the province and
alcaldia mayor of Los Zacatepeques in the king-
dom of Guatemala.

COCA, a large river of the kingdona of Quito.
It rises from ditfercnt streams which flow down
from the cordillera of the /jflrflwjo, or mountain de-
sert, of Cotopaxi. li continually follows the course

c o c

483

of the large river Napo, and at last becomes in-
corporated with the same.

COCAGNK, or Ci ( ana, a small river of Nova
Scotia. It runs c. and enters tiie sea in tlu gulf of
St. Lawrence, and in the strait formed by the island
of St. John, opposite the island of its own name.

[COCALU'O, a townsiilp in Lancaster county,
Pennsylvania.]

COCAMA, a great lake in the midst of the
tiiick woods which lie in the country of Las Ama«
zonas, to the s. and w. of the river Ucayale. It is
10 leagues long from n. to s. and six wide from e.
to aj. On the e, it (lows out, through a little
canal, into the river Ucayale, and on the w, it
forms the river Cassavatay, which running «. and
then e. enters also the Ucayale. Its shores are
constantly covered with alligators and tortoises.

COCAMA S, a barbarous nation of Indians of
the country of Las Amazonas, who inhabit the
woods to the s. of the river Maranon, and in the
vicinities of Ucayale. It takes its name from the
former lake, called La fjran Cocama. They
are a barbarous and cruel race, wandering over the
forests -in quest of birds and wild beasts for mere
sustenance. Their arms are the macana, and the
Indian cimetcr, or club of c/ionia, a very strong
ebony.

COCANIGIJAS, a settlement of the province
and government of Esmeraldas in the kingdont oi
Quito.

COCAS, a settlement of the province and cor-
rrgimienlo of Castro Vireyna in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of lluachos.

Cocas, another settlement, in the province and
corrcgimienlo of Vilcas Huaiman, of the same
kingdom ; annexed to the curacy of Totos.

COCATJiAN, San Luis oii, a settlement of
the head settlement of Coatlan, and alcaldia mat/or
of Nexapa, in Nueva Espana. It contains 160 fa-
milies of Indians, employed in the trade in cochi-
neal and cotton stuiTs. It is four leagues to the «.
of its head settlement.

COCAYA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Miiynas in the kingdom of Quito. It
unites itself with the Ibinelo, and then takes the
name of Unquizia, and enters the Putumayo.

COCHA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Jaen de Bracamoros in the kingdom
of Quito.

CociiA, another settlement of the province and
corresimiento of Cofabambas in Peru ; annexed io
the curacy of Llaaquas.

CocHA, another, of the province and corregimi"
enlo of Vilcas Huaiman in the same kingdom ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Vilcas.
3q 3

[m-

I- i

': i U'?

ml .

484

c o c

ii* ■-

CociiA, anotlier, of tliP province zml ffovcrii-
mt'nt of Tucumaii, of tlic jiirisdictiuii ol' tlio city
of Cordoba ; situate on the siiore of the river Se.
gundo.

COCIIA BAM BA, a province and corresri'
miento of Peru ; bounded n. by tiie rordillera of tlic
Andes, e. by the heights of Intinuiyo, s. e, by the
province of Misque, *. by that of Chayanta or
Charcas, s.w, by the corregimieiilo ofOruro, te,
and n. w. by that of Cicasica. It is 40 leagues in
length from n. in s. and 32 in width. This pro-
vince may with justice; be called the granary of
Peru, since it produces an abundance of every kind
of seed, through the inihlness of its climate. In
the higher parts arc bred a tolerable quantity of
large and small kinds of cattle. It is watered by
several small rivers of sweet water, which fertilize
the valleys ; and in these arc some magnificent
estates. Almost all these small rivers become
united in the curacy of Capinota ; and their wa-
ters, passing through the provinces of Misque and
Charcas, become incorporated in the large river
which piisses on the e. side of Santa Cruz dc la
Sierra. In former times some mines were worked
liere, and from 1747, forward, great quantities of
gold have been extracted from the lavaderos, or
washing- places, upon the heights of Choqueca-
i.iata, although this metal is not now found there
in the same .ibundance. Some veins of it are, how-
ever, to be seen in the cordillem, although these
render but little emolument. The greatest com-
merce carried on in this province depends upon its
own productions ; and the market-place of the
valley of Arque is so stocked with articles as to
Lave the appearance of a continual fair. It luis
also some glass kilns, as it abounds greatly in glass-
wort ; likewise many sugar estates, and streams of
Lot waters. Its repartimienfo used to amount to
186,675 dollars, and its alcavala to 1493 dollars
per annum. Its inhabitants may amouiit to 70,000;
and these are divided into 17 curacies, two others
being annexed. The capital is the town of Oro-
pesa, and the rest are,

Sacaba, Cnrasa,

Choquecamata, Calliri,

Yani, Zipezipe,

Machacamarca, Quillacollo,

Tapacari, Passo,

Berenguela, Tiquipaya,

Coloha, Colcapirhua,

Arque, Punata,

(•apinota, Tarata.

Sipayn,
[Inhabitetl by a hardy, sober, and active race,
Cjcliabambi (as Azara observes) has risen of late

c o c

years to a considerable slate of prosperity in th<»
manufactory of glass, cotton, &:c. with which, du-
ring the late war, it has supplied the whole inte-
rior. Blessed with fertilitv and n moderate cli-
mate, it bids fair to be the Manchester of Pern, for
1,000,000 pounds of cotton are already annually
consumed in its manufactures. Its surface abounds
in I* variety of salts and niinernl productions, and
its forests teem with woods and roots for dyeitig.
To these llaenke has particularly turned his atteii-
tion, and has pointed out, besides several new ma-
terials for manufacture, other processes for dyeing,
worthy of our adoption in Europe. This pro-
vince joined tlie new government of Buenos Ayres
in September 1810. See \ik Pi-ata.]

CociiARAMHA, a Settlement of the province and
correi^-iniicnlo of C nay las in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Llautan in the province of Santa.

('ociiAUAMnA, an extensive valley, watered by
the pleasant streams of the river CondoriUo, of the
province of this name ; in which was founded the
principal settlement of the Indians, now called
Oropcsa.

CociiABAMBA, a rivcr of the same province,
which rises close to the settlement of Tapacari.
It runs s. s. e. and enters the Plata, after traversing
many leagues.

COCHACAJAS, a settlement of the province
and con pgi/nien<o of Andahuailas in Peru. It is
3j leagues from Cuzco, and 44 from Uuamanga.

COCHACALLA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Tarma in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Parianchacra.

COCHACASA, an ancient settlement of In-
dians, in the province of Chinchasuyu in Peru.
It was one of the celebrated conquests of the here-
ditary prince of the Incas, Yahuar Huacac,son of
the Emperor Inca Roca, sixth in the scries of
these nionarchs.

COCHACASCO, a settlement of the province
and corre^ii)iienlo of Huarochiri in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Chorillo.

(vOCllAlMA, a settlement of the province and
corremmiento of l^uya and Chillaos in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Cheto.

COCHAMAllCA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Caxatambo in Peru.

COCHANCJARA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Xauxa in Peru.

COCHAPETI, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Huailas in Peru ; annexed to
the curjioy of Cotoparaz,,^.

COCHARCAS, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Andahuailas in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Chinchcros ; in which it

! I;

c o c

Tcncrated nn imaijr of Our I.uly, tlic most rclo-
lirated for miriirli's oJ'iiny in tlie whole kiiij;(loin.
The Hoiulorfiil lliiiii^s, irulccd, that hav«! Ijpoii
wrought hcn>, have caused it to be the olycct of
^rcut devotion ; a(;cordiii<;ly an handsome tem[)l(;
liuti been orcrted, and llie riclies and ornaments
whicli adorn the same are exceedin<f|y valuable.
People COOK! here from all the distant provinces to
offer up their prayers, to implore the protection of
the Holy Viraiii, and to thank her for benefits re-
c«;ived. The festival here celebrated is on the 8(h
of September, when the quantity of people as-
sembled is so lari^e as to give the place, for the
space of 12 days, the appearance of a fair.

(>OCIIAS, a settlement of the province and
conef^imiento of Cnxatambo in Peru.

C(')CHJ'i, an island of the N. sea, near the coast
of Nueva Andalucia, and bcloniring to the island
of Marfjarita. It is nine miles in circumference,
and its territory is low and barren. It was cele-
brated for the pearl-fishery formerly carried on
here. It is four leagues to the e. of Cubagua.

CO('lll.v\IU,a river of the province and coun-
try of T.as Amaxonas. It runs w. and enters the
Madera opposite the Yamari.

[COCMEdUO, a n.ie. branch of Piscataqua
river in New Hampshire. It rises in the Blue
]iills in Strafford county, and its mouth is five
miles above Hilton's point. See Piscataqua.]

COCFIEIRA, CuMiM.iDA, a river of the ccmn-
try of Brazil. It rises to the «. of the gold mines
of J<a Navidad, runs tv. and enters the T ocnntincs
on the e. side, between the Salto de Tres Lcguas
and the settlement of the Portal dc San Luis.

COCniMATLAN, a settlement of the head
settlement of Almololoyan, and alcaldia mat/or of
Colima, in Nucva Espana. It contains 100 fami-
lies of Indians, whose trade consists in the manu-
facturing of salt, and the cidtivation of their gar-
dens, which produce various kinds of fruits. Two
leagues to the w. of its head settlement.

t'OCIIlNOCA, n settlement of the province
and govermnent of Tucuman, in the jurisdiction
of the city of Xujui. It has an hermitage, witli
the dedicatory title of Santa Barbara, which is a
chapel of ease, and three other chapels in the set-
tlement of Casivindo. The Indians of this place
inanufactnrc gunpowder equal to that of Eurt)pe,
and in its district are some gold mines.

COCMINOS, Ensenada »e, a bay on the s.
coast of the island of (<ul)a, between the |)oint
Gorda atid the bay of Xagua, opposite the falls of
Diego Perez.

t'OClIITI, a settlement of the kingdom of

c o c

Nucvo Mexico ; situate nt the source of a rivrr
which enters the large river Del Norte, or of th«
North.

()( )('! lOAPA , a settlement of the nlra/ilia maj/or
ofTlapa in Nueva Espanu ; situate ujuju a dry
and barren plain. It coiitj>.ins 15U families of In-
dians, Ntho are busied in (he cultivation of cotton,
tlie only prmluction of the plaie.

(JOCIION, or CociiiNo, a small isle of the N.
sea, near the island of Guadalupe, in the bay of
the Cui de S;ic Petit, or Cala Angosta.

COt^llUTA, a settlement of the province and
goverimicnt of Sonora in Nueva Espaila.

(Jt)CHUY, a province of the Nuevo Rey no de
Granaila, to tiic w, c. ; bounded by the province
of Chita. It has now the name of Laches, from
having been iidiabited by this nation of Indians.
It is very thinly peopled, of a hot climate, and
abounding in woods.

COCIvAIIISPEN, a small river of Canada,
which runs n. e. and enters Hudson's bay.

[COCKBURNE, a township in the «. part of
New Hampshire, Grafton county, on fjie t, bank
of Connecticut river, ». of Colebrooke.l

[COCKERMOUTH, a town in Gratton county,
New Hampshire, about 15 miles «. e. of Dart-
mouth college. It was incorporated in 1766, and
in 1775 contained IIS inhabitants; and in 1790,
373.1

[COCKSAKIE. SecCoxAKiK.]

COCIjE, a large river of the province and go-
vernment of Panama in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme. It is formed by the union of the Pcnome
and the Nata, which run to the right and left of
the mountain of Toabre, Incoming navigable from
that part io their entrance into the sea. A contra-
band trade was in former times constantly carried
on through this river into the S. sea ; for which
n'ason Don Dionisio de Alcedo (the father of the
author of this Dictionary) built a fort which de-
fended its entrance, as likewise a watch-tower or
signal-house, to give notice of any strange vessels
which nught enter the river for the above pur-
poses. The English took this tower, and built an-
other fort by it in 1716, having been assisted by a
company of at least 200 smugglers. These were
dislodged in their turn by the aforesaid president,
who inflicted condign punishment upon the heads
of all the offenders.

('OCMONOMAS, a barbarous nation of In-
dians of Peru, who inhabit the mountains of the
province of tiuanuco. They are docile, of a noble
spirit, and in continual warfare with the Callisccas
and Muzupes.

!' :i^

i!-^t

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cor

■!(

■I }%.

COCO, n river o( llio provinre nnd povpriiment
oC Diiricii in tlu' kiiii^dom ol' 'licrni I'irmc It
risos ill till* iiKiiiiitiiiiis of (lie ii. iiiid ciilns I Ik; srn
opposiltHlir ishiiul of Lns Piiliiias, niul trJvc.H ils
MUiiH' lo tlu- Icrritoi V of a Cati(|iic, tliiis ciilli'd,

(\)(o, II |)()iiit of Jlic co.isl of (lie S. m\i,
and kiiiirdoiii of Tierra liriiic, in (lie \my of
I'aiKiina.

CO(!()ld, a rivi'r of (lie pr(»vinco and jrovcrn-
innit (if lloiidiiias. It runs r. and enters the sea
in the •xnlf of tliis name.

CiK'uM, a point of the coast, in tlie same pro-
vince and Iviiii^doiii.

COCOliOT, a city, wliicli some iiave 8ii|)poKed
to be in llie |)n)vinco of Clmeo in I'erii, i)Ut of the
existence of whicli no proofs are at present lo be
found.

CO(Y>An;i{ACIIF, a .settlement of the missions
which were held liy tlie rei^'iila is of the company
of desiiits, in the province of 'laranmara, and
kingdom of Niieva Vizcaya. It is 40 leaijnes to
the K'. s.ii), of the town and rral of the mines of
Chiu^uaira.

(yOCOMIGO, a settlement of the province and
"government of Pojiayan in tlie Nuevo lleyno dc
Granada.

COCONUCO. See Cucuntco.

COCOUALL, a settlement of the province and
jjovernmcnt of Venezuela in (he kiiiy;doin of
Tierra I'irme ; situate at the is. of the town of San
Jelipc.

COCORIN, a settlement of the province of
Ostimuri in Nueva Mspafia; situate on (he shore
of the river Ilias^ui, between the settlements of
Bacun and (,'omoriopa.

COCOIIOTE, some copper mines in the pro-
vince and government of Venezuela, much cele-
brated.

COCOS, some small islands of the Pacific or
S. sea, lying close together, and divided by some
narrow channels. They abound in cocoa-trees,
and from tlicnce take their name. They arc also
called Santa Cruz, from having been discovered
on the day of the invention of the cross. The
climate here is pleasant, but the isles are unculti-
Vided and desert. Lat. 5° n.

Coros, a point of the island of Trinidad, on the
e. coi'ist.

COCOSPERA, a settlement of the province and
government of Sonora in Nueva Espana ; situate
at the source of a river.

COCOTA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Tunja, in the jurisdiction of (he
city of Pamplona, of the Nuevo lleyno de Granada.

COD

COCOTZlNfiO, S. (irnoNiMO nr, a settle-
inenlof the head settlement and alciildiu iiioj/or of
Cneriiavaca in Nueva IIsikuki.

COCdl, a srtdemeiil of llie piovincc and ror«
rei>inii(iilo of 'runja in the Nuevo Reyno de (ira-
iKida ; situ. lie «t (he foot of (he sifi rn Xixruln. It
is of a cold lempcratiiie, but abounds in all kinds
of pidduclions, and particninrly in wheat, maize,
barley, i*tc. It contains 700 white inhabitants,
and I JO Indians. Thir(y-two leagues (roni Tunja,
and ei<;'lil lioni the sedlement of Chita.

('OCIJISAS, a setdement of the province and
govcrinnent of Cuiiiaiia in (he kingdom of Tierra
I'irme. I( lies (o (he .♦. of (he ci(y of Cariaco.

CocMsAS, a river of (he province and govern-
ment of Venezuela, being one of (hose which
enter the Ciamalotal, belbrc this runs into that of
La Porlugucsa.

COtJCLA, a settlement of the head settlement
and alcu'dia inai/or of TIajomiiIco in Nueva Es-
pana. \\ contains a convent of the religious order
ol St, Francis, and is six leagues to the w, of its
capit'd.

(.'OCUPAC, or Zanzinti.a, a city nnd head
se((Iement of (he dislric( of the iikaldia niauor of
Vnlladolid in Nueva Espana, and of the bishopric
of Mechoaci'in. J(s sKualion is in a nook to the tt.
of (he great lake. On (he e. and le. are (wo loHy
nioiiii(ains, which form so mimy other entrances,
(he one to (he s. and (he o(her to (he h. I(s tem-
perature is rather cold than warm ; and although
It does not want for fruits, it is but ill supplied with
water, the only stream it has not running more
than the distance ofa stone's throw before it enters
n lake. The inhabitants arc thus under the ne-
cessity of supplying themselves by wells. The
population of this city consists in 45 families of
Spaniards, 52 of Mustees and Mulattoes, and 150
of Indians. They occupy themselves in the mak-
ing of tiles or flags ; and the inferior order are
muleteers. It has a convent of the religious order
of St. Francis.

COCUS, PuNTA nr, a point on the e. coast of
the island of Newfoundland, between cape Spear
and the bay of Tor.

COD, a cape of the coast of New England and
province of Massachusetts. It runs for many leagues
towards the sea, forming a large semicircle, and
afterwards returning, forms the bay of IJarnstable.
[See CapeCoi), Barnstable^ &c.]

CODDINGTON, a settlement of the island of
Barbadocs, in the district of the parish of Sail
Juan.
CODEBORE, a small river of New Britain,

.|,,,; .

4; i

U.M

and

COG

or roiintry of Labrador. Ittunis.e, and enters
the St. Liiwrfnco.

(^oni'K.O. Sw'TiiiiiiA HdMiiA.

CODKIIUK, n sdlli'nicrit oC the province nnd
rorrcfriinirnlo ol Hniiciif;iin, in the kingdtnn of
C'hilc, t(i (he e. of the town of Tiiiinn.

C()l)l';i{.V, (^Mio i/c, a cape on the coast of
the province and ttovniiment of Vcneziicln. Lat.
10'35'. l,on|r. IHP 10.

[(;OI)()llL'S, a townsliip in York county,
Pennsylvania.]

CODOS.A, a setllement of the province nnd ^'o-
vernnient of Tiicnnu'in in IVrn ; situate on lie
shore of the river (juartu, and nt the head of the
si'ira of Canipanciiin.

COKliCIK), a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of ("hachapoyas in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of (3hiliquiu.

COELLO, a settlement of the province nnd ijo-
vernmcnt of Neiva in the Nucvo Keyno de (ira-
nadn; situate on the shore of the large river Mag-
dulena.

COi'iMAL, a settlement of the province nnd
correffimicnto of Luyn nnd Chillaos in Peru ; an*
ncxed to the curacy of Luya, the capital.

COEUUS, Bay of, in the island of Marti-
nique, one of the Antilles. It is near the settle-
uicnt of Carbct.

[COEYMANS, a township in Albany county,
New York, IS miles below Albany, \^y the state
census of I7f)(), 389 of its inhabitants are electors.]

COFANES, a barbarous nation of Indians oT
the kini^dora of Quito, which began to lie con-
verted to the Catholic religion in XGO'i, through
the labour and zeal of the Father Rufael Ferrer,
of the extinguished company of the Jesuits, and
who u as killed by the same Indians. The princi-
pal settlement, founded by this martyr, with the
dedicatory title of San Pedro, is now almost de-
stroyed, though some few iidiabitants still remain.
The same is situate between the river of its name
to the ti. and that of Azuela to the s. The above
river is large and rapid, and takes its name from
these Indians. It rises in the sierra Nevada, or
Snowy, runs from xc. io e, and enters the Azuela,
in Int. Ij"«.

COFFIN-LAND, a small island of the coast
of (icorgia, and one of those which arc called
tJeoPijican, at the entrance of the river Ashley.

COFRE, a small river of tlie province and go-
vernment of Buenos Ayres. It runs 5. and enters
the sea between the rivers Pavor and Del Rosario,
opposite the capital.

COCiUA, a settlement of the corregimiento of
Zipaguira in the Nucvo Iteyiio dc Granada. It

C II

487

is of n very cold temperature, nnd abounds in the
prodnctioiiH |K-culiar to it.<t climate, particularly
in (ire-woo<l, with which it supplies, for the ma-
nufacturing of salt, the sotllements of Nemocon
and /ipncpiira. To this last settlement it in very
contiguous ; and it lies nine leagues >/. of Santa
Fe. Its poptdation is reduced to 70 housekeepers,
.111(1 as many odier Indians.

COIIANZV, a river of the province nnd
colony of New Jersey, in the county of Cumberland.
It runs «. niid enters the sea in theluiy of Delaware.

[CoiiAN/.v, or CiicsAHiA, a small river,
which rises in Salem county. New Jersey, and
running through Cnmberlanci county, empties into
Delaware river, opposite the upper end ol Bombay
hook. It is about 30 miles in length, and is na-
vigiii)!e for vessels of 100 tons to Bridgetown, i^O
miles from its mouth. J

COIIAKSEIi, a settlement of the province and
colony of New llampshiie, to the e. of the lake
Clianiplain.

[(Oil ASSET, a township in Norfolk county,
Massachusetts, which was incorporated in 1770,
nnd contains 817 inhabitants. It has a Congrega-
tional church, and 12G houses, scattered on dif-
ferent farms. Cohasset rocks, which have been so
fatal to many vessels, lie off this town, about a
league from the shore. It lies S5 miles 3. e. of
Boston, but in a straight line not above half th«
distance.]

[COIIGNAWAGA, a parish in the township
of Johnstown, Montgomery county. New Ycrk^
on the K). side of Mohawk river, yt) miles w. of
Schcnectaily. This place, which had been settled
near 80 years, and which was the seat of Sir Wil-
liam ilolinsoM, was mostly destroyed by the Bri-
tish and Indians, under the command of Sir Wil-
liam in the year 1780; in this action Johnson
evinced a want of feeling which would have dis-
graced a savage. Tiie people destroyed in this
expedition were his old neighbours, with whom
he had (brnierly lived in the habits of friendship ;
his estate was among them, and the inhabitants
had always considered him as their friend nnd
neighbour. Tiicse unfortunate people, after see-
ing their houses and property consumed to ashes,
were hurried, such as could walk, into cruel cap-
tivity ; those who could not walk fell victims to
the tomahawk and scalping knife. See Cagiina-

WAG A.]

[CUllOEZ, crthc Falls, in Mohawk river, be-
tween two and three miles from its mouth, and 10
miles n. of Albany, .ire a very great natural curio-
sity. The river above the falls is about 300 yards
wide, and approaches them from the n. vp. in a

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ii\|)iil ciiiroiit. lu'tMcoii liiijii Imnlis on o;uli s.ilc,
1)11(1 pours (he wlioli' Ixiily ol its Miitcr ovci ;i pi'i-
|KMiiliculiir rock of al)(>iit 40 (some sav more) tccl
111 li('i<;lil, which rxtciuls (Hiilt? across the river
lik<' a iiiili-dain. 'I'hc liaiiks of (lii- river, imiiip-
(lialcly liclow (he falls, arc alioiil. 100 ti-ct hiirh.
A hii'Juc 1100 f(rct Ion;,', and '-M feet w iilc, rcsdiu'
on l,'{ piers, wascrectcil, at the cxpeiice of l'j,000
th»llar>, ill ITfM, a mile Im'Iow the falls, Ironi which
a s|'.cclaIor may iiave a irraiid view of (hem: hut
lliev appear most lonuuiticaliy from liaiisiuburi;'h
hill, live miles r. of lh(>m. |

|('()M()N(J()U()\T<) is ihe name of I'olow-
mack river before it Irraks tlirouj;h Ihe 'Jltie
ritli;e,, in lat. Jf)^ l.j' n. lis whole leui^lii lo the
Hlue riil^c may be about \{}b miles; from Ihetuc
it assumes (he iianu' of l*oro\\ mai k, which see. |
I ("Oil I IXCAS, a country iu New Spain, in
which there is a considerable nutnnlain of load-
stone, b<'lween 'rcmllylan and ('hii.'pan. |

( OIAU.VMMA, a selllement of Ihe province
and corraxiinioilo of ("hilques and Mas(|ues in
Peru; annexetl lo the curacy of (alpi. An
earthquake was experienced in this province in
1707, which desolated many selllomenis : \\\\vn
nlso happened tbal extraordinary phenonjenon
which is accn-diteil and relaleil J)v Don Oosmc
IJueno, fjeoirrapher of l<inia, as liaviiig taken
|>lace ; whicit was, that a small estate was by this
earthquake renuivcd from one side of liie river lo
the other, toijether with the house, garden, and
inhabilanls, witliout Iheir perceivins; any tliiniit
liad liappened : and as liie event look place ut
luiilniirhl, when they were all asleep, that they
were not a little surprised lo find tiuiniselves esta-
blished in Ihe curacy oi ("olclia, 'I'iiis extraordi-
iiar}' occurrence, however, has ils precedent in
n similar circumstance which happened in tin'
kinirdotn of (juito.

(;OIA(;ili,a settlement of the missions which
were held at tiurex pence of the resjulars of Ihe
company of Jesuits, in the province of Taraumara,
and kiuijdom of N'lieva V'izcaya, IS leaiines and
an half between the x. <v. anil .v. r. of the town and
re.il oi'the mines of San l'eli[)e de Oiiis^uairua.

(■OIAIMA, a settlement and head settlement
oi th(> (i>ri<'iii)iiitiilo of this name in the Nuevo
Ue\ no de (iranada. Il is of an hot temperature,
produces cacao, snijar-cane, maize, yucat, plan-
tains, and an infinite quantity of cattle and sw ine ;
l>ut il is mncli infesteil with reptiles and insects,
vipers, snakes, ?piders, and mosquitoes. Jt also
abounds in gold, and Ihe Indians lo the numb(<r of
«ijt), who go to Santa l"e to pay their tribute, pro-
ceed iu companies, and arc accustomed to cuilcct

C O I

in ft)ur or five days, on the sliore."? of tlic river Sal-
dafia, as much golil as is necessary for tiic tribute
lliey are obligeil lo pay in the city.

("OI ami;, a river of the province and country
of l.as Aniaziinas, in Ihe I'orlngnese possessions.
1 1 runs n, in a serpentine course, and enters tlie
iMaianoti between Ilie rivers 'Tele and ('aloa.

('OIIJA, asuKill island t»f IheS.sca, dosf' to Ihe
const of ihi! province and govcrmneni ol' \ fragua,
in Ihe kingdom of Tierra I'iruje, and live leagues
distant front Ihe point lilanca.

''()I\, a river of the islan<l of Ciuadalupe. It
runs io llu^ 11. zc. in the islhrms which almost di-
vides Ihe i;land into two pai.s, and enters tlie sea
at the bottom of Ihe bay of ("ul »le Sac IVtit.

COIOACAN, a district and alciihlin mni/or oi
Nueva llspana. 1 1 is one of the most pleasant,
and Icrlile in wheal, mai/e, barley, and other se>^ds.
Nearly the whole of ils p()|ndalion live in coun-
try houses, in gardens and orchards which pro-
duce (|nanlities of fruit, such as pears of several
kinds, peaches, apples, prunes, plums, damsons,
pomegranates, qumces, oranges, and lemons, with
whicli a great connncrce is carried on with the city
of Mexico. I;, somi? parts of this province cloths
arivl baizes are fabricated. It belongs lo the
jurisdiction of Hie iitarcfuisate Del \ alle de Oax-
aca ; to whicli the Iributes are paid, the king re-
taining Ihe sum of four toiiiinvs, (a Spanish
coin weighing tin third part of a draclim.) The
settlements of this district are,
San Angel, (^hapultepec,

San Aiigustiii de las iSfuestra Scilora de .os

Culvas, Remedios.

Tacubaya,

The c::;(,i;a!; which bears the same name, is a
large, pleasant, fertile, and well peopled t wn. It
has shady arlM)urs, country houses, and orchards
anil gardens, which serve as a .ecreation to the
people of Mexico, from whence it is disttint two
l("<gucs to the a. s. c. its population amounts to
ISSj indiati families. It has a good convent of
the religious order of St. Dominic, anil many
work-shops, in which are fabricated cloths, baizes,
and serges. Long. <)•!' •!'. Lat. I})' 'iO'.

COIOMKAl'A, Santa .Maria m., a settle-
ment and head settlement of the alcahim mayor
of Theacan in Nueva ICspana. It contains 'iOO
families of Indians, and ^.^) of ;l/«.s/ecj,- and Mu-
lattoes. 'I'vvelve leagues s. e. of its capital.

CDIOTKI'I'XJ, San Matko ni,, a settlement of
i\\c ale aldia mayor of Yanguitlari in Nueva Es-
pana. It contains i2'i families of Indians, who
subsist by the trade iu cuchincal. Six leai^ues s, e.
of its capital.

C O K

COIOTZINGO, S. MiGUFi, m, a sdllcmcnt
of the lu'ail settlement ami alcnUlin vuiiior of
(I'ucjozinjro ill Nuevn Espnna. It toiitaiiis IS
t'aiiiilir.s of Indians.

COIQIJAH, n sdllomcnt of the province ami
govcrniiicMt of ('umnnu, situate on the shore of a
river, bdwccn the <i1y of Cariaco, and tlie inte-
rior hay of tlie tjull 'I'risle.

COIUCA, San M tuci, do, a settlement and
licnd setllenieiit of the di.st' lot of the government of
AcapuK-o in iN'neva Iilspuna. It contains 137 fa.
miliesof Jniiians, and is nine leagues to the n. c.
of its capital. Close by (his, and annexed to
it, is another settlement, called Chinos, with 120
families.

Con cA, with the dedicatory title of San Agiis-
iin, another settlemenl of the head setilemcnt and
akaldic mayor of Zaeatnia in tlie same kingdom ;
containing; \ii (iimilies of Indians and some Mus'
tics, and being annexed to the curacy of its
capital.

CO'U'iA,a settlement of the head settlement
and alcu/iUd tiiayor of Cuicatlan in Nnevu Es-
paila. It contains DO families of Indians, who
trade in coc'iineid. Three leagues e. of its ca-
pital.

COIUTLA, n settlement of the head settlement
and akaldia mayor oi Zochicoatlan in Nncva Es-
pana ; situate on a plain surrounded b}- heights.
It is aimexed to the curacy of its capital, and
contains 37 families of Indians, being 15 leagues
distant from its capital.

COJATA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of l*aucarcolla in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Vilques.

COJ El)(), a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela in the kmgdom of Ticrra
Firnic ; situate on the skirt of a mountain near the
river Guarico.

[COKi:snUllY College, in the town of
Abington, in Harford county, Maryland, is an in-
stitution which bids fair to promote the improve-
ment of science, and the cultivation of virtue. It
wasi founded by the metbodists in 1785, and has its
name in honour of Thomas Coke and Francis
Asbury, the American bishops of the methodist
episcopal church. The edifice is of l>rick, hand-
somely built on a healthy si)ot, enjoying a fine air
«:id a very extensive prospect. The college was
erected, and is wholly supported by subscription
and voluntary donations. The students, who are
to consist of the sons of travelling preachers, annual
sid)scril>ers, members of the society, and ori)hans,
are instructed in English, Latin, Greek, logic,
rhetoric, history, geography, natural philosophy,

vol.. I.

COL

489

and a.stronomy ; and when the fmanres of the col-
lege will a<li'ii(, they are to b<! taught the Hebrew,
I'Vench, and (itrman Ir.nguages. Tlie rules for
the private conduct of the students extend to their
amiLsements ; and all (end to promote regularity,
encourage industry, and to nip the buds of idleness
and vice. Their recreations without doors are
walking, gardening, riding, and bathing ; within
doors they have t(»'ils and accommodations for the
carpenter's, joiner's, c;<biiu't-maker's, or turner's
business. Tliese they are tauglit to consider a»
pleasing and healthftd recreations, both for the
l)ody and mind.]

(^OliAISACAPE, a settlement of the province
and coirre^imiento of lioxa in the kingdom of
(juito.

COLlJMiK), a settlement of the province and
corre^miruto of Eoxa in the kingdom of (Juito.

CO Ji A M I , a settlement of Indiana of S. Carolina j
situate on the shore of the riverAlbama.

COLAN, a settlement of the province and ror-
regimiento of Piura in Peru, on the coast of the
Pacific ; annexed to the curacy of Paita. Its terri-
tory prtxluces in abundance fruits and vegetables,
which are carried lor the supply of its capita).
All its inhabitant)' are cither agriculturists or fisher*
men. It is watered by (he river Achira, also
called Colaii, as well as the settlement ; and though
distinct from C'achimayu, it is not so from Cata-
mayn, as is erroneously stated by Mr. La Marti-
niere. [Here they make large rafts of logs, which
w ill carry (iO or 70 tons of goods ; with tnese they
make long voyages, even to Panama, 6 or ()0l()
leagues distant. I'hey have a mast with a sail
fastened to it. They always go before the wind,
being unable to ply against it ; and therefore only
fit for these seas, where the wind is always in ft
manner the same, not varying above a point or two
all the way from l<ima, till they come into the bn^
of Panama ; and there they must sometimes wait
for a change. Their cargo is usually wine, oil,
sugar, Quito cloth, soap, ind dressed goat-skins.
The float is usually naviga,ed by three (trfbur men,
who sell their float wher.^ they dispose of their
cargo ; a<ul return as jiasscngers to the port thej
came from. The Indians go out at niglit by the
help of the land-wind with fishing floats, more
manageable than the others, though these have
masts and sails too, and return again in the day
time with the sea-wind.] Lat. 4° 56' f.

Coi.AN,theaforcsaid river. Sec Catamayu.
COLAPISAS, a settlement of Indians of the
province and government of Louisiana ; situate on
the shore of the Mississipni, u|>on a long strip of
land formed by the lake Maurepas.
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COLARIA, a settlement of tlie province and
government of Tncumiin, in the district of the
capital, to the zc. of this province.

COLASTINA, a small river of the province
mid government of Buenos A^res. It runs e. and
enters the Parand.

COLATK, a small river of the province and
ahaldia mayor of 'IVcoanteprc in the kinordom of
Guatemala. Jt-runs into the S. sea, between the
livers Azntian and C'apanerealte.

COLATPA, a settlement of the head seUlement
of Olinala, and alcaldia mayor of TIapa, in Nueva
Kspana. It contains 29 tiimilicsof Indians, who
employ themselves in the commerce of f Am, a
white medicinal earth, and cochineal, which abound
in their territory : n. vs. of its head fiettlement.

COIjAZA, a small and ancient p.ovince, ex-
tremely fertile and delightful, belonging at the pre-
sent day to the province of Popayan in the Niievo
Rcytio do Granada. It was discovered by Sebas-
tian dc Benalcaznr in I5S6. Its inhabitants, who
were a warlike and cruel race, are entirely extir-
pated.

COLCA , a settlement of the province and cor-
regimienlo of Vilcas Huamanin Peru; annexed to
the curacy of Fluanacapi.

CoLCA, another sctfloment in the province and
correscim'iento of Xauja in the same kingdom ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Cliongos.

C01.CA, another, in the province and corregi-
miento of Aimarnez in the same kingdom ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Pampamarca.

COi.CABAMBA, a settlement of the province
and corregimienio of Aimaraez in Peru.

Coi.cAUAMnA, another settlement, in the pro-
vince and orrtgitiiiento of Tlieanta in the same
kingdom.

( 'OLCAIIUANCA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of 1 1 uuilas in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Pampas.

C()LCAM.\R, a settlement of the province and
correiiiMiailo of Luya and CiiilLios in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Luya, its capital.

COLCIIA, a settlement of tlie province and cor-
regimienlooi Lipes, and archbishopric of Charcas,
in Peru. It was fornicrly the capital, and pre-
serves in i<F clinrch an image of the blessed virgin,
sent thither by the Emperor Charles V. It is now
inncxcd to the curacy of San Christoval.

(Joi.ciiA, another settlement, of the province and
corregimiento of Chilques and Masques in the same
bingt'oni.

CoLciiA, another, of the province and corregi-
'ttiiento of (.'ochat)amba in the same kingdom ; au-
lurxed to the curacy of Beicnguela.

COL

COLCHAGUA, a province and corregimietrlw
of the kingdom of Chile; bounded on thee, by
the Cordillera Nevada ; s. by the province of
Maule, the river Teno serving as the boundary ;
and w. by the sea. It is 40 leagues in length from
e. to w, and 3i in width from ;;. to s. Here art
some gold mines, and there were several others,
the working of which has been discontinued : here
are alw> antne coiiper mines. Jt abounds in wheat,
large and small cattle, horses and mules. In a
part called Cauquencs are some hot Jbaths, which
arc much frequented, from thesalutarj affects they
produce, especially upon those affected with the
French disease, leprosy, spots on the skin, or
wounds. The inhanitants of this province amount
to 15,000 souls, and its capital is the town of San
Fernando.

Coi.ciiAGirA, a settlement of this province and
corregimiento, which is the head of a curacy of
another, and contains four chapels of ease.

[COLCHESTER, a township in Ulster county,
New York, on the Popacbton branch of Delaware
river, s. w. of Middletown, and about 50 miles
s. XD. by s. of Cooperstown. By the state census
of 1796, 193 of its inhabitants are electors.]

[Coi.oii ESTER, a large township in New Lonuon
county, Connecticut, .settled in 1701 ; about 15
miles ic. of Norwich, ^2b s. e. of Hartford, and SO
». 2D. of New Jiondon city. It is in contemplation
to have a post-otlice established in this town.]

[CoLoitsTBii, the chief town in Chittenden
coutify, Vermont, is on the e. bank of lake Cham-
])Iain, at the mouth of Onion river, and n. of Bur-
lington, on Colchester bay, which spreads n. of tlie
town.]

{Cui.(.HE«Tr.n, a post-town in Fairfax county,
Virginia ; situate on the n. e. bank of Ocqunquam
creek, three or four miles from its confluence with
the Potowmack ; and is liere about 100 yards
wide, and navigable for boats. It contains about
40 iiuuscs, and lies 16 miles s. ic. of Alexandria,
lOfj /(. !)y e. of Richmond, and 172 from Phila-
delphia.]

[Coi.cHESTEn River, Nova Scotia. Sec Cohe-

Ql IT.]

COjLCURA, a fortress of the kingdom of Chile,
built on the oppo!<itc sn.ire of the river Biobio, to
restrain the incursions of the warlike Araucanian
Indians, who burnt and destroyed it in IGOI.

COLD Bay, in the extremity of the «. coast of
the island of Jamaica, between the port .Vntoniu
and the ri. e. point.

[COLD Sphing, in the island of Jamaica, in a
villa six miles from the high lands of Liguania.
The grounds are in a high state of impruvenic(4.

' I'

census

i» a

COL

Tolcl spring is 4200 feet above the level of the sea ;
and tew or none of the tropical fruits will flourish
in so cold a climate. The /nrencrnl state of the
thcrmcmcipr is from 55° to 65^ ; and even some-
times so low ns 44*^ : so that a fire there, even at
noon-day, is not only comfortable, but necessary,
a great part of the year. Many of the k'n^lish
fruits, as the apple, the peach, and the Ktrawberry,
flourish there in great perfection, with sevenl other
valuable cxo'ics, as the teu-trec and other oriental
productions.]

[Coi.D SpRiiNG Cove, near Burlington, New Jer-
sey, is remarkable for its sand and clay, used in
the manufacture of glass ; from whence tlic glass
works at Hamilton, 10 miles ve. of Albarij, , are sup-
plied with these articles.]

GC)LK, a settlement of the island of Barbadocs,
in the district of the parish of St. George, distinct
from the otiicr of its name in the same parish.

COLEA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Maynas in the kingdom of Quito. It runs
s. and enters the Tigre.

[COLEBROOKt:, in the h. part of New Hamp-
shire, in Grafton county, lies on the e. bank of
Connecticut river, opposite the Great Monadnock,
in Canaan, state of Vermont ; joining Cockburne
on the s. and Sluartstown on the n. ; 136 miles n,
w. by n. from Portsmouth.]

[Coi.EBitooKE, a rough, hilly towuship on the
n. line of Connecticut, in Litchfield county, 30
miles R. w. of Hartford city. It was settled in
1756. H«re are two iron works, and several mills,
on Still river, a n. w. water of Farmington river.
In digging a cellar in this town, at the close of the
year 1796, belonging to Mr. John Hulburt,. the
workmen, at the depth of about 9 ot 10 feet,, found
three large tusks and two thigh-bones of an animal,
the latter of which measured each about four feet
four inches in length, and 13| inches in circum-
ference. WhcH first discovered they were entire,
but as soon as they were exposed to the air they
mouldered to dust. This adds another to the
many facts which prove that a rare of enormous
animals, now extinct, once inhabited the United
States.]

[COTjERAIN, a township in Lancaster county,.
Pennsylvania.]

[CoLRRAiN, atownon (hen. bank of St. Mary's
river, Camden county, Georgia, 40 or 50 miles
from it« moutb. Ou the 29ih of June 1796, a
treaty of peace and friendship was made and con-
cluded at this pbce, between the president of the
United States, on die one part, in behalf of the
United Stales, and the king's chiefs and warriors
ttf ihfi Cr«ek nation of Indians, on the other. By

COL

41)1

this treaty, the line between the white people and
the Indians was establi.shi-d to run " from the
Currahec mountain to the head or source of the
niain ». branch of the Oconee river, called by the
white people Appalatoliee, and by the liulians
Tulapoeka, and down the middle of the siiiiie."'
Liberty was also given i)y the Indians to (lie pre-
sident of the United States to " establish a trading
or military post on the s. side of Alatamaha,
about one mile from Beard's bluffy or any where
from thence down the river, on the lands of the
Indians ;" and the Indians ag.eed to '< annex to
said post a tract of land of five miles square ;
and in return for this and other tokens of friendship
on the part of the Indians, the United Statcsstipu-
lated to give them goods to the value of 6(KX)
dollars, and- to furnish them with two blacksmith!,
with tools.]

COLGUE, a settlement of (he island of Laxa in
the kingdom of Chile ; situate on the shore of the
river Tolpan.

COLIMA, the rt/raW/a mayor and jurisdiclion
of the province and bishopric of Mcclioncaii in
Nueva Espana. It is bounded e. by the jurisdic-
tion of Zapotlun, j. by that of Mortiiv^, «. by that
of Tuzcacuesco, and w. by that of Autlan^ and the
port of La Navidad in the kingdom of Nueva Ga-
licia. It carries on vt great trade in salt, collected
on the coasts of the S. sea,, where there are wells
and salt grounds, from which great emolument
is derived, supplying, as they do» the inland
provinces with this article. Formerly the best
cocoa wine of any in the kingdom wa& made here,
froin the abundance of this fruit found in all the
palm estates ; but the art of bringing it to perfec-
tion was lost, and this branch of commcr-jc died
away, from the iHfditiona! cause, that the making of
this liquor was prohibited by the viceroy, the Duke
of Albuquerque, as being a drink calculated to
produce great inebriety. The capital is of the same
name ; and the settlements of this district are,
Almololoyan, Zinacantcpec,

Comala, Totolmoloyan,

Zaquatpa, Caxitlan,

Xulua. Tecoman,

Xilotlan, - Ixtlahuaca,

Guezalaps, Tomala,

Nagualapa, Guatlan^

Cochimatlan,
The capital is a tnwn situate upon tfie coast of
the S. sea, near the frontiers of ICalisco, in the
most fertile and pleasant valley of Nueva Espaiia. •
It abouncis in cacao and other vegetable produc-
tions -, is of a hot temperature, and the air is very
pure. Its buildings are regular and handioroe,
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particulnrly lliose of the parish cliiircli, the con-
vent of tht! monks of Nuestra Scfiora do la Merced,
another of St. Francis, and the hospital of S. Juan
de Dios. Its population consists of 200 families
of Spaniards, 1^ of Afustees, 15 Mulattocs, and
22 ot Indians. In its district is found and feathered
the celebrated plant called in the country oteacatan,
which is considered as a wonderful restorer of lost
strength, and a certain specific against all kinds of
poison. The leaves of it are applied to the part
affected, and the natives are accustomed to judge
of its virtues by its degree of adhesion. One hun-
dred and fifty Icairucs to the zd. of Mexico, in
long. 103° 20', and lat. 18° 5i'.

COLIMAS, a barbarous nation of Indians in
former times, but now reduced to the faith, in the
province of its name; this being now incorporated
with that of M uzo of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada.
These Indians are also known by the name of Cn-
napaycs, being united to them. Its capital is the
city of La Palma de los Colimas. See article
Muzos.

COLIMBA, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Popayan ill the Nucvo Reyno de Gra-
nada.

COLINA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Santiago in tiie kingdom of Chile ;
in the district of which there are five chapels of
ease, in a spacious and beautiful valley.

CoLiNA, a river of this province and kingdom,
which rises in the mountains of its cordUlera, and
enters the Maypo.

COLIUINA, a settlement of the province and
government of Nicaragua in the kingdom of Guate-
mala ; situate upon a long strip of land on the coast
of the S. .sea.

[COLLA, a parish of the province and gove.'n-
ment of Buenos Ayres ; situate on a small riv^r
near the sea-coast, abouteight leagues e. of Colonia
del Sacramento, in lat. 34° 19' 39" s. Long. 37°
21' 43" w.]

COLLADOS, Enski. ADA de los, a bay on
the s. coast of the v). head, and in the territory of
the French, in the island of St. Domingo. It is be-
twcen the rock of Bareo and the river Uamasein,

COLLAHUAS, and Asiento of Mines of
Ca y i,i,o m a , a province and corregitnienio of Peru ;
bounded n. by that of Chumbivilcas, c. by that of
Canes and Canches or Tiiita, $. e. by that of
Lanipa, s. by that of Arequipa, and w. by that of
Cainana. It is 59 leagues in length s.e n. w. and
16 in width. Its temperature is cold, from being
■ituatc in t\\c Cordillera ; with the exception of that
part which borders upon Camana, where it is
very mild, especially iu tiie five leagues where its

COL

jurisdiction c.vteiids itself in the valley of Siliuas ;
the other five leagu<'s reaching to the sea bordering
on Camana. Its productions are various ; those
of the valley are comprised in wine, brandies,
wheat, maize, pulse, and fruits, especially figs,
which being preserved, serve as nourishment to
numbers of poor people. The other territories of
this province arc of the same ternjjerature, though
comparatively barren. It abounds in large and
small cuttle, native sheep, vicunas, and some wild
animals. The roads are dangerous, from the
country's being extremely unequal, and the greater
part of it beinga craggy ravine, over which labours,
rather than to say runs, a pretty large river, which
has its rise within the province. Here are many
silver mines, from which great riches were formerly
extracted, since they yielded 80 or 100 marks each
caxoii. Atthe present day they yield but sparingly,
on account of their great depth, some of them being
200 fathoms in descent ; they are, nevertheless,
worked with tolerable profit. 'fhe principal
mountain of these mines is thai of Caylloma, and
it was through this mine that the capital was
founded. There arc also not wanting mines of
gold, tin, lead, copper, and sulphur ; but these, on
account of the deficiency of resources, remain un-
worked. The capital, as we have before ';tated, is
Caylloma. Its repartimiento used to amount to
57,100 dollars, and its alcavala to 456 dollars per
annum. The other settlements of the jurisdiction
are.

Tisco,

Callalll,

Sibayo,

Tuty, ,

Llauta,

Taya,

Chibay,

Canocota,

Coperaque,

Lary,

Huanca,

Yura,

Madrigal,

Tapay,

Yangui,

Achoma,

Murco,

Silmas,

Maca,

Ychupampa,

Chabanaconde,

Pinchollo,

Huambo,

Ilucan.

COLLANA, a settlement of the province and
corregitnienio of Cicasica in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Mccrpa. Its Indian inhabitants have
kept themselves unmixed from any other cast ever
since the time of the conquest ; and in order tu still
preserve themselves so, they ^vill not allow of any
strangers sleeping in the scttli aicnt, though he
should be sent by the corregidor. If any other
person should come among them, he is put into
prison, and after a very short time dispatched.
Owing to these precautions, the vicious propen-
pcnsities observable in other settlements are en-

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lirely unknown to this. lis iiiliabitants lead n
regular life ; they irivc without expcctiitiou of in-
demnification, and iiie fjovi'iiicd throughout the
wbolc tribe by th<; bouiidinir of a bell. In short,
they mi^ht serve as a modi,! for all the other settle-
ments of Indians in the kingdom.

CoLi.ANA, another settlement of the same pro-
vince and coiregimienio ; annexed to the curacy of
Mecacapaca.

COLLANES, a chain of very lofty mountains,
almost continually covered with snow, in the pro-
vince and rorreifimieiito of Iliobamba in the kmg-
dom of Quito, to the s. of the river Pastaza, and of
the mountain Tunguragua. They take their name
from the nation of barbarous Indians who live
scattered in the woods of these mountains, which
run from to. to c. forming a semicircle of 20
leagues. The mountain which out-tops the rest,
they call the Altar.

COLLANI, a settlement of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of the
Jesuits in Nuevo Mexico.

COLL ATA , a settlement of the province and
correginiitnto of Huarochiri in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Santa Olaya.

COLLAY. See Pataz.

COLLETON, a county of the province of Ca-
rolina in N. America ; situate h. of the county of
Grenville, and watered by the river Stone, which
unites itself with an arm of the Wadmoolan. That
part which looks to the n. e. is peopled with es-
tablishments of Indians, and forms, with the other
part, an island called Buono, which is a little below
Charlestown, and is well cultivated and in-
habited. The principal rivers of this country are,
the Idistows, the S. and N. Two or three miles up
the former river, the shores are covered with plan-
tations, which continue for more than three miles
further n. where the river meets with theN. Edis-
tow, and in the island formed by both of them,
it is reckoned that 20 freeholders reside. These
are thus called, from the nature of the assignment
and distribution of lands which took place in the
new colonics. But the English governor did not
grant an absolute and perpetual property ,^ save to
particular individuals : the concession was some-
times for life, sometimes considered as lineal,
sometimes to descend to the wife, children, or re-
lations, and sometimes with greater restrictions.
The above-mentioned people have, however, their
Tote in the assembly, and send to it two members.
In the precinct of this county is an Episcopal
church.

CoLLKTON, another county, of the province
and colony of Georgia.

COL

495

CoiiMTON, a settlement of the ishnd of Bar-
badoes, in the district of the parish of Todos
Santos.

COLLICO, a small river of the district of Tol-
tcn Baxo in the kingdom of Chile. It runs n. ».
w. and enters the river Tolten.

COLLIQIJEN, a llanura, or plain, of the
correeimiento of Truxillo in Peru. It is fertile, and
of a dry and healthy climate, although thinly in-
habited and uncultivated.

COLLIUE, a settlement of Indians of the king-
dom of Chile, situate on the shore of the river
Tolpan.

COLLQUE, an ancient, large, and well peo-
pled settlement of Peru, to the n. of Cuzco ; con-
quered and carried by force of arms by the Inca
liuayna Capac, thirteenth Emperor of Peru.

COLNACA, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Chichos and Tarija in Peru, of
the district of the second, and annexed to the cu-
racy of its capital.

COLOATPA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of Olinala, and aUaldia mayor of TIapa, in
Nueva Espaua. It contains 29 families nf In-
dians, who occupy themselves in the commerce
of c/ita, a white medicinal earth, and cochineal,
Avhich abounds in this territory. It lies to the
n. w. of its head settlement.

COLOCA, a settlement of the province and
government of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Peru,
situate on the shore of the river of La Plata, and ia
the n. of its capital.

COLOCINA, San Carlos de, a settlement of
the province and government of Cartagena, in the
district of the town of Tolu; founded in 1776 by
the governor Don Juan Pimienta.

CoLociNA, some mountains of this province and
government, also called Betanzi, which run n. for
many leagues from the valley of Penco.

COLOCOLO, a settlement of Indians of the
kingdom of Chile ; situate on the shore of the river
Carampungue, and thus called from the celebrated
cazique of this name, one of the chiefs in the war
in which these Indians were engaged with the
Spaniards.

COLOLO, a small river of the province and
government of Buenos Ayres. It runs n. and en-
ters the river Negro, near where this enters the
Uruguay.

COLOMBAINA, a small settlement of the ju-
riscidiction ot Tocaima, and government of Mari-
quita, and in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada ; an-
nexed to the curacy of the settlement of Ainba-
lenia. It is situate on the shore of the river
Magdalena ; is of a very hot temperature, and

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much incommodeJ by mosqiiitos ;. so that its po*
])ulation is much reduced, and those that remain
apply tliemselves to the cultivation of sugar-canes,
maiz(*, yucas, and plantains.

COLONCHE, n small settlement of Indians,,
of the district and jurisdiction v f Santa Elena,,
in the government of Guayaquil, and kingdom
of Quito ; situate on the s. shore of a river,,
from whence it takes its name, in lat. 1° .56' s.
The said river rises in the mountains of the
district, and enters. the S. sea, opposite the island
of La Plata.

CoKONCHK, a small island of the S. sea, near
the coast of the province and government of Gua-
yaquil.

COLONIES OF THE Enomsh, See the
Rrticlcs ViKGiifiA, Caromna, New Engi.anb,
Nkw YonK, Jkrsev, Massacimisf.tts, Rhodu
Island, Pe.nnsvlvania, Nova Scotia ; of the
Dutch, see Surinam, Herricr, Curkntin,
Curazao ; of the Portuguese, San GAniiiEr. ;
of the French, Cavennf., St. Domingo, Mar-
tiniquk; of the Danes, St. Thomas. [See gene-
ral Tables ot Dominions, &c. in the introductory
matter.]

COLOPO, a large river of the province and
government of Esmeraldas in the kingdom of
Quito. It runs from s. e. to n. w. at an almost
equal distnnce between the rivers Esmeraldas and
Verde,, and runs into the S. sea, in the bay of San
Mateo, in lat. 58' n.

COLOR, Cabo de, a cape on the coast of the
province and captainship of Ser»ipe in Brazil. It
lies between the rivers Real anaPonica.

COLORADO, FvsTA, a point on the coast of
the N. sea, and in the province and government
of Venezuela, to the e. of the cape San Roman.

CoLORADA, a river of the jurisdiction and
akaldia mayor of Penononi£, in the government
of Panama, and kingdom of Tierra Firme. It rises
in the mountains to the s. and enters the Pacific
near the settlement of Anton.

COLORADO, a settlement of the province
and government of Tucum&n, in the district and
jurisdiction of the city of Salta, and s. s. e. of the
same.

Color Ano, a settlement ofthc province and go-
vernment of Santa Marta in the kingdom orX.erra
Firme ; situate on the shore of the river of its name.

Colorado, a river of the province and corre-
gimiento of Cuyo in the kingdom of Chile. It
rises in its coriUllera, to the n. runs e. and spends
itself in various lakes, on account of the level of
tlic country. The geographer Cruz errs in making
it.cnter the riv«r Maipo.

Colorado, another, a large river of the pro-
vince and government of Sonora in Nueva
Espnnn,

CuLonADO, another, a small river of the pro-
vince and government of Santa Marta in the
kingdom of Tierra Firme, which enters tlie great
river Magdalena before you come to tlic town
of Tamalameque.

Coi.ouAoo, another, in the province and go-
vernment of Ijoiiisiana, near the road which leads
to Mexico. It runs s. e. in a very large stream,
and enters the sea in the bay of San Bernardo.

Colorado, a cape or point of land of the s.
roast of St. Domingo, in the part possessed by
the Freiich,betweentheba/8of Tondoand Puer.

Colo II A DO, a mountai.i ofthc province and
government of Tucunwn, on the shore of the river
Salado, and to the s. of the settlement of Nuestra
Sciiora de IJucnas Costumbres.

COLOHADOS, a barbarous nation of Indians,
of the province and corre gimiento of Tacunga in
the kingdom of Quito, who inhabit some moun-
tains of the same name, very craggy and rugged,
abounding in animals and wild beasts, such as
bears, lions, tigers, deer, squirrels, monkeys, and
marmosets. 'X hesc Indians, although the greater
paf t of them are reduced to the Catholic faith by
the extinguished company of the Jesuits, are
given to sujierstition ; they are divided into two
parts, the one called the Colorados of Angamarca,.
since their principal settlement bears this title, and
the other the Colorados of St. Domingo : they notv
belong to the province and government of Esme-
raldas, and live retired in the woods, and upon the
banksof the rivers Toachi and Quininay, where
the missionaries of the religion of St. Domingo of
Quito exercise their apostolical zeal. The princi-
pal settlement of this place, being situate on these. ,
sliore, is called St. Domingo. The commerce of
these Indians, and by which they subsist, is in
carrying to (juayaquil, the province by which
they are bounded , wood for making canoes and rafts,
sugar-canes^ (icA/btr, and agi pepper, and bring-
ing back in exchange cattle, fish, soap, and other
necessary efiects.

COLOSO^ a settlement of the province and
government of Cartagena ; situate on the shore of
the river Pecheliii, to the s. s. w. of tiie town
of Maria, to th« jurisdiction of which it apper<
tains.

COLOTLAN, a settlement and head settlement
of the tdcaldia mat/or of Mextitlan in Nucva Es-
pana. It contains 840 families of Indians, and is
three leagues to the w. of its capital.

COLOTLIPAN, a settlement of the bead set-

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COL

ilfmrnt of QiiccJioltcnaniro, and alcaldla mayor
of ChilapH, in Ntii'va JlspnAa. It contains tf7
families of Indians, and is (lirt'c leagues from its
head settlement.

C'OJ-OYA, a settlement of the province and

fovcrnmcnt of Popa^an in tlie corregimknto of
'ntto.

COLPA, a settlement of tlie province and cor*
regimienio of Aymaraez in Peru; annexed to the
curacy ol Pitubuaiica in the province of Cocha-
bamba,

COLPAPIRHUA, a settlement of the province
and eoiregimiento of Cochabamba in Peru ; an*
nexed to (he curacy of Tiquipnya.

COLPES) n settlement of the province and
government of Tucuniun, in the district of its ca«
pital.

CQLPI, a small river of tlie kingdom of Chile,
It runs n. and enters the Quisu.

COLQUEMARCA, a settlement of the pro.
vinceand correeimiento of Chumbivilcas in Peru.

COLQUEPAT A, a settlement of the province
and corregiwiento of Paucartambo in Peru j an-
nexed to the curacy of its capital.

COIiQ Ul, a settlement of the province and
eorregimiento of Cicasica in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Mohosa in the province of Cocha-
bamba.

COLQUIOC, a settlement of the province and
eorregimiento of Caxatambo in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Caxacay.

[COLRA 1 N£, a township in I|4iVjpshite, coun-
ty, Massachusetts, which Contains 2,^9 houses,
and 1417 inhabitants.^ * . , ,^ ^ ' ?", ~

COLTA, a larKe"^li<W otm bVoylnctf'^ml
corresiimitnfd of Rlrilbairitfi'.lnVttl*' k'Mtfrfo'rii' of
Quito, near tlfikt cijV ib'hJKr'F 'if ii'' W(!ldf,'tWA^
leagues in length ■ftlim^ii;t»*J.^irW
figure. Its bahks'^AVc cdVe?^al,Hittt' S^i"V>^''<ihp
rushes ami enrtta, or fliibs;''byt ^»\»llffi(Mi tirj^c^
in it, owin^ to the coldrtcss df the cHji^'l|£|' it'lifds
two very small. streams, tn<j6rie'tA'0bn.' aiiif'jiiVsft
inp very nenr (o Riobambti.' &tid the^tiHl^'1& W
s. enterinff tl.o n. side of theater tJarhtit?!',"'-' '''^*^'

[CO LI' MIMA, a townsh'

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county, district of Maine, of\
joining Marhias on the n.e.'and ,t»i^S^f6rnit>ily
calledPlnntatioiisNo. 12andl3.' It was
pomted in ]7ft(). The town of'Machias
miles to thee. ; it is nine miles from Steuben.]

[CoMMUiA County, in New York, is bomfd6cf
«.' DV Rensselaer, s. by Dutchess, e. by the state
of Massiicluisetts, and a', by Hudson river, which
.divides it from Albany county. It is 3'2 miles in
length and 21 in breadth, and is divided into

eight towns, of which Hudson, Claverack, and
Kinderhook, arc the chief. It contained in 1790
«7,7ya inhabKitnts, and in I79G, 3560 electors.]

fCoi.uMni A College. Sec New Your City.]

I Columbia, Territory of. See Washington,
or ♦ho Frdeuai, City.]

[CobiiMiitA, a post*{own, the capital of Ker-
shaw county, and the seat of government of S.
Carolina. It is situated in Camden district, on
the e. side of the Congaree, just below the con-
fluence of Saluda and Broad rivers ; the streets are
regular, and the town contains upwards of 70
housf'S. The public officc>s have, in some mea-
sure, been divided, for the accomodation of the
inhabitants of the lower counties, and a branch
of each retained in Charlestown. It lies 115 miles
n. n^ w, of Charlestown, 35 s. to. of Camden, 85
from Augusta in Georgia, and 678 i, a', uf Phila-
delphia. Lat . 33° 58' w. Long. 8° 5' jrt]

[Columbia, a flourishing post-town in Gooch-
land county, Virginia, on the n. side of James
river, at the mouth of the Rivanna. It contains
about 40 houses, and a warehouse for the inspec-
tion of tobacco. It lies 45 miles above Richmond,
35 froth Charlottesville, and 338 s.vo. of Phila-
delphia,]

[Columbia, a town newly laid out in Lancai-
ter county, Peni..-;'lvania, on the n. e. bank of
SusqiiehiMmab rivet, at VV right's ferry, 10 miles
a', of Ijauca^te'r, and 76 a), by w. of Philadel-
phia.] •

[CoViUMMi.^Jf^PI'n^-y* J" the upper district of
G<'orgiJi. i» l^^Hnj[^j(;(^ by. SaVHnna.b e. on the n. e>
and <■.' wliTcji s^f>p|^ites U,ffQju,tnestateofS. Caro-.
^H'?^A'?fi»7Po^'fty^™'''!^r'-"^^^^^^ Its shape is

■'^|Xo|Al^^jA,',ajJ5?wij.on the w» m. territory, on
tJhe ?? . .oliji k^of^Qhipifi vtri ajid on the ?o. side of the

yi?n^iC^4'*i'jr^'*'*'-^^^^^^ -about sijc miles .». t.
%,^-\f M^Ay«sltjf>g<«t«,.jergiit «i.bj>. of Cincin-
niTi,„Wid"H77;ubyi«tt.„of Lexington in Kentuckv.

C.OMAC^u, a Iai;g,c>rivcr of the kingdom of
J^u^yb ^tlejiico., ,

CplWACirtiEN, SawtaMauia dk, a settle-
ment of the head settlement of Siguinan, and alcaU
ilia itnen/or of .Y.al]|itdolid, in the province and
bisho||»'nc of Me^EJoacan, with 35 families of In-
dian.sj whose ority'dicGUpation isio making saddle-
trees. Two leagues fi;ym ^tshead setUement.

COMAGRE, aycrjf snipU^ l^f^O, and desert
island of the N. sea, onihc; CQ4^t;of the province
and govern.nnent of Darien, and nearly to the s. of
the island of Piiios.

COMALA, a settlement of tbe head settlement

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of Atcnijo, and akaldia tnni/or of C'liilapa, in
Nucva JCspann. It contains "-Jj families of Indinns,
and is two leagues to the n. of its head settle-
ment.

CoMAiiA, another settlement, in the head settle-
ment of A Iraololoyan, and alcaidiii maj/or of Co-
lima. It contains G7 families of Indinns, who ex-
ercise themselves in the cultivation of the lands.
Two league!) to the??, c. of its head settlement.

COMALAPA, a settlement of the province and
alcald'ia mayor of Chiapa in the kingdom of Guate-
mala.

COMAr/rEPEC, a settlement and head settle-
ments of the a/cn/(//n mayor of Villalta, of a hot
temperature, with 310 families of Indians. Nine
leasfues between the e. and u. of its capital.

CoMALTEPiiC, another, in the akaldia mat/or

of Tecoruilco. It contains 78 families of Indians,

. who cultivate nothing but cochineal and maize,

nnd these onljr in as much as is necessary for their

sustenance.

COMANiIA, a settlement of the head settlement
of Tirindaro, and akaldia mayor of Valladolid, in
the province and bishopric of Mcchoacan. It
contains 13 families of Indians, and is one league
to the s. of its head settlement.

CoMANJA, another settlement and r<ra/ of mines
in the akaldia mayor oi Lagos, of the kingdom and
bishopric of Galicia ; the population of wliich con-
sists of SO families of Spaniards, Musteesy and
Mulattoes, and 50 of Indians, who live by the
commerce of and labour in the mines, which,
although these inhabitants are little given to in-
dustry, produce good emolument. This settle-
ment is at the point of the boundary which divides
the settlements of this kingdom from the kiHg-
dom of Nueva EspaAa. Seven leagues c. of its
jcapital.

COMAO, a province of the country of Las
Amazonas, to the s. of this river, from the mouth
of which it is 40 leagues distant, extending itself
along the banks of the same; discovered in 1745
by Francisco de Orellana. The territory is level
and fertile, and the climate moist and hot. It
abounds in maize, and has some plantations of
sugar-cane. It is watered by different rivers, all
of which abound in fish, as do also its lakes ; nnd
in these an infinite quantity of tortoises are caught.
This province belongs to the Portuguese, and is
part of the province of Para.

[COMARGO, a town of New Leon in N.
America ; situate on the s. side of Uio Bravo,
which empties into the gulf of Mexico on the w.
side.]

(^OMARU, or De los Angeles, a settle-

C O M

ment of the missions held by the Portuguese in the
conntry of the Amazonas, on the shore of the river
Negro.

CoMAnr, another settlement in the province
and cdplahnhip of Para, and kingdom of Brazil ;
situate on the s, shore of the river of Las Ama-
zonas, on a point or long strip of land formed by
the month of the river Topayos.

COM.VS, a settlement of the province and cor-
regiviinilP of Xauxa in Peru.

Comas, a lake of the province and government
of Venezuela, of an ovul figure, between the river
Guarico and the jurisdiction which divides this
government from that of Cunianii.

COM ATIVAN, a settlement of the hct.d settle-
ment of Cliixila, and akaldia mayor of Villalti.
It contains .'J'i families of Indians, and is five
leagues to (he n, of its capital.

CoMATi.AN, another settlement, the head set-
tlement of tlie district of the akaldia mayor of Te-
quepexpa ; of a hot temperature. It contains 20
families of Indians, who live by cultivating the
lands. Fifteen leagues to the s. of its capital.

COMAU, a settlement of the province and cap-
tainship of Para in Brazil ; situate at the mouth of
the river Las Amazonas, to the n. n. e. of the
town of Macapa.

COMAUUINl, a river of the province and
government of Guayana, in the Dutch possessions,
on the shores and at the mouth of which they have
constructed the fort of Amsterdam. It runs n. and
afterwards turning to the s. s. e. enters the Co-
tica.

COMAYAGUA, or Vallaholid, a city and
capital of the province of Honduras in the kin;^-
dom of Guatemala ; founded by the Captam
Alonzo de Caceres, by the order of Pedro de Al-
varado. It was at first called Nuestra Seiiora de
la Concepcion, and by this title there is still named
an hospital which is well endowed and served.
Here are also some convents of the religious order
of La Merced, and a very good church, erected
into a bishopric in 1539. One hundred and ten
leagues from the capital Guatemala. Lat. 20° 58'
n. Long. 87° 51' w.

Bishops who have presided in Comayagua.

1. Don Fray Juan de Talavera, of the order
of St. Jerome, prior of his convent of Nuestra
Scnora del Prado, near Valladolid ; being nomi-
nated first bishop, he refused the appointment.

2. Don Christoval de Pedraza, elected bishop
from the renunciation of the former; at the same
time nominated protector of the Indies, and resi-
dentiary judge to the conquerors Pedro Alvaredo
and Francisco de Montejo, in 1539.

¥i'.:

lii.i f i ■ I

C O M

5. Don Frni/ d'oroninn i}i' Corclla, oftlio order
ol S(. JcroinP, native ol' Valencia, dcscondoil fioni
llic ('ounls olCoccnlavna : prior ot'tho convrnl of
liis country, and nllcrwards of tliat of iNuolrti
Snfiora del I'rado, when lie \\as elected bishop of
this diocese in 1^6^.

4. Don /Voy Alonso de la Cerda, of the order
of preachers ; promoted (o the archbishopric of
Charcns in 1577.

6. Don Fiaij Gaspnr dc Andrada, a Franciscan
monk, and native of Toledo; collegian of the
college of San Pedro and San Pablo ofAlcaliide
Jlcnares, guardian of the convents of S. Juan de
los Reyes in Toledo and in Madrid, visitor of the
provinces of A rragon, a celebrated preacher, and
elected to this bishopric in 15H8 ; he governc'5 24
years, and died in 1612.

6. Don Fray Alonso Galdo, a monk of (lie
order of St. Dominic, native of Vailadolid, present-
ed in 1G12; he visited its bishopric, was of ex-
emplary conduct, and being full of years and in-
firmities, he requested that a coadjutor might be
nominated in Itit^H; and this was,

7. Don Fratj Jjuis de Canizares, a religions
minim of St. Francis of Paula, native of Mad. id ;
be was lecturer in his convent, and in that of
Alcala, calificador and consultor of the inquisition
in Vailadolid ; nominated through the nuncio of
of his holiness; was visitor of the province of An-
dalucia, bishop of Nueva Carceres in Philippines,
and promoted to this see, where he died, in 1645.

8. Don Juan Merlo de la Fuente, f/oc/ora/ canon
of the church of the Puebla de los Angeles, elected
bishop of Nuevo Segovia in the Philippines,
which office he did not accept, and was bishop
here in 1648.

9. Don Pedro dc los Reyes Rios of Madrid,
native of Seville, monk of the order of San Benito,
master, preacher in general, theological doctor,
and poser to the cathedrals of the university of
Ovicdo, difinidor and abbot of the monasteries of
San IsidrodcDuenas, San Claud iode JiCon, and
San Benito de Sevillit, preacher to Charles II.
elected bishop of this church, and lieforc lie went
over to it, promoted to that of Yucatan in 1700.

10. Don /nxy Juan Perez Carpintcro; elected
in the same year, 1700.

11. Don Frau Angel Maldonado, native of
Ocaila, monk ot San Bernardo, doctor and pro-
lessor of theology in the university of Alcala ; he
wrote in defence of the right of Pliilip V. to the
crown of Spain ; presented to the bishopric of
Honduras, and after taking possession, promoted
to the church of Anicquara in 1702.

12. Don Fraiy Antonio Guadalupe f.opci Por-

VOL. I.

COM

4!)7

tiiio, native of Guadaluxarn in Nueva L'spanu,
of the order of St. Francis, a man of great fcarn-
iiiijf and virtue, domestic ])relate of Tiis holiness
Benedict XIII.; presented to the bishopric of
Comayagua in 1725 ; he died in 1742.

l.'J. Don Fray Francisco Molina, of the order
of St. Basil, master of theology, abbot of the mo-
nastery of {'uellar, thrice of that of Madrid, and
twice difinidor general of Castillc ; elected in
I74S. ■

14. Don Diego Rodriguez Rivas de Velasco,
native of Riobamba in tiie kingdom of Quito, doc-
tor of both laws in the uiii versify of Alcala, col-
legian of the college of Los Vcrdes, titular arch-
deacon of the holy church of (Guatemala; elected
bishop in 1730, and promoted to the bishopric of
Guadalaxara in 1762.

15. Don Miguel Ansclmo Alvarez de Abrei'i,
native of Teiicrifl'c, secretary of the bishop of Sc
govia, and canon in the church of Canarias, judge
of the apostolical chamber, and of the tribunal of
the holy crusade, auxiliary bishop of the Puebla dc
los Angeles, presented to this in 1762, and pro-
moted to that of Anfequera in 1767.

16. Don Isidoio Rodriguez ; he died in 1767.

17. Don Antonio dc MacaruIIa, elected in 1767
and promoted to that of Durango in 177,'?.

18. Don Francisco Joseph de Palenc a, elected
in 1773.

19. Don Fray Antonio de San Miff?, el, in 1776.
until 1783. ^ ' •

20. Don Joseph Antonio dc Isabe.la, in 1783.
COMBAGUEN, a settlement of Indians of the

district of Tolten Alto in the kingdom of Chile.

[COMBAHEE, a considerable river of S.
Carolina, which enters St. Helena sound, between
Coosa and Ashepoo rivers.]

[Com BAH BE Ferry, on the above river, is 17
miles from Jacksonsborough, 15 from Pocotaglio,
and 32 from Charlesfown.J

COMBACA, a settlement of the province and
cotregimicnlo of Larccajain Peru.

COMBAPATA, a settlement of the province
and corripmiento of Tinla in Peru ; situate upon
an eminence near the royal road which leads from
La Plata to Lima, Its natives say that it has the
best and most hoailhy temperature of any in the
kingdom, and they mention some persons who
have lived here to the age of 140 years.

Com BA PAT A, a river of the above province
and conr^wj/rw/o. It rises in the cor<////c/ a near
the settlement of Punoa, runs some distance c. and
then turning n. enters the source of the V'ilco-
mayo.

COMBELMA, a large river of the province
3 «

K ii
\ (1

1 1

ii Mm

498

COM

::ii

■rt I.;

•■I f V5

nnd government of Nej-bn in the kingdom of Gra-
nada. It rises in Ike paramo or moiiiituiii desert
ofQninditi, traverses and waters the valleys of
Las Lanzas, and unites itself with that of San
Juan, taking the name of Coello, from a Spaniard
of this name having been drowned in it. It then
enters the Mngdalena.

COMBK.IU, settlement of the province and
captainship of Jlcy in Brazil ; situate at the source
ofthe river Cnritaba.

COMIiERUl, Bay of, on the coast ofthe pro-
vince and captainship of Key in Brazil. It lies
between the uay of Tasiiy and the ishuul of Gallo.

COMBES, a settlement of the island of Bar-
badoes, in the district ofthe parisli of St. (icorge.

COMBINCUMA, a spacious, and but little
known country of the kingdom of Quito. It is
full of woods, in which there are many wild beasts
and snakes of various kinds, and it is watered by
many rivers, all of which enter the ;. side o( the
Miirailon. Amongst the various nations which
inhabit it is that of the Tontones.

COMBITA, a settlement of the province and
rorregimicnto of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de
Granada. It is of a cold temp rature, and pro-
duces the fruits corresponding ■^ith its climate.
It contains 100 house-keepers, an: as many other
Indians, and is two leagues to the n. w. of its
capital.

COMBLRS, I/os CiNco, a settlement and
parish ofthe island of St. Christopher, one oftlie
Antilles ; situate on the shore of the n. w. coast,
and in the part formerly possessed by the Eng-
lish.

COM BOY, a rocky shoal ofthe N. sea, to the
s, of that of La Vivora.

COMEAPA, a settlement of the province and
(dcaldia mayor of Los Zoques in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

COMECUEllO, a river ofthe province and
government of Honduras in the kingdom of Guate-
mala. It runs into the gulf which has the name
of the province.

COM ETA, Punt A de, a point or cape of
the Caico Grande, or Del JN. (ofthe N.)on then.e.
coast.

CoMETA, ashoal of rocks, near upon the n. e.
coast of the island of Caico (irande, or Del N.
and by the former point, from whence it takes its
name.

[COMFORT Point is the s, easternmost part
of Eliziibeth City county in Virginia, formed by
.lames river at its mouth in Chesapeak bay. Point
t'omfort lies 19 miles w. by?/, of capcllcnry.]

Comfort Point, another point, which is also

COM

of the same coast and provinre as the former, and
within that bay, being one of the points which form
the entrance ofthe river V'ork.

CoMFOHT Point, another, on the *. coast of
Hudson's bay, in the province of this name.

CO?»ICHlGELi;s, Sierra Dr;, in the pro-
vince and government of Tucuman, and bounded
by the sierra of (3uyo, in the kingdom of Chile, ll
runs from s, s. e. on the shore of the Concara, and
in fact follows the course of that river.

COMISARIO, PuNTA DEL, a long strip of
land which runs into the sea on the coiist ot the
province and government of Cartagena, Ix'twcen
this city and the point of S. Bernardo.

COMISTAHUACAN, a settlement of the pro-
vince and alvalilia mat/or of Los Zoques in tbu
kingdom of Guatemala.

COMITLAN, a settlement of the province and
alcaldia maj/or of Chiapa in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

CoMiTf.AN, another settlement, in the pro-
vince and alcaldia mayor of Capanabasthi in the
same kingdom.

[COMMANOES, one of the Small Virgin
isles, in the W. Indies, situate to the n.n.e. of
Tortula.]

COMOCAUTLA, San Pedro de, a settle-
ment of the head settlement of Zapotitlan, and
alcaldia mayor of Xjicatlan, in Nueva Espana,
three leagues dibtant from its head settlement.

COMb.LEVVlJ,or Rio de los Saucus, call-
ed also Gran Desaguadero. See Sauces.

COMONDU, San Joseph di;, a settlement
of the missions which were held by the regulars
of the company of Jesuits in the province of Ca-
lifornia ; situate near the sea-coast, between the
settlements of La Concepcion and San Francisco
Xavier.

CoMONDii, San Josi ph de, a bay of this pro-
vince, between the bay of Concepcion and the
island of Carmen.

COMOPORO, a settlement of the government
of Maracaibo in the province of Venezuela;
situate on the coast of the lake towards the c. part.

COMORI, Crique j)e, a creek and establish-
ment of the French, in their possessions in
Guayana.

COMORIPA, or Comoriopa, xs some will
have it, a settlement of the province of Ostimuri
in Nueva Espana; situate on the shore of the river
Hiaqui, between the settlements of Cocoria and
Tecoriona.

COMPOSTELA, a province and alcaldia
mayor of Nueva Galicia. Its jurisdiction extends
from tlie mouth of the large river San Pedro, as

CON

iSr as the confines of the akahha mayor of Tepi-
que. It is of an hut temperature, abounding in
maize, cotton, cocoa-trees, nncl other fruits pecu«
liar to the climate; and particularly iii large and
small cattle, which breed in numberless wards and
country estates. It has silver mines, which arc
worked to tolerable profit, it is but thinly
peopled, and the greater part of its inhabitants are
MuHecs and Ncijro slaves. It is watered by the
river Canas, which rises in the jurisdiction of
Acaponcta. The capital is of the same name.
This was founded by Nu no de Guzman in 1531,
and is the capital of the kingdom, and where the
tribunal of royal audience and episcopal see were
erected ; these being afterwards removed to tiie
city of Guadalaxara. This latter city was at the
same time made the capital, from its proximity to
the shore of the S. sea, its distance from the same
being only 12 leagues. It was at that time very
wealthy, but it afterwards fell to decay : the pri-
macy was also taken from it, and it is nothing now
but a miserable village. Its natives arc the most
polite and best affected to the Spaniards of any in
the whole kingdom. [To the «. w. of Compos-
tela, as well as in the districts of Aiitlan, Ahiix-
catlan, and Acaponcta, a tobacco of a superior
quality was formerly cultivated.] Lat. 21° JO' n.
Long. 104° 40* w. The settlements of this juris-

CON

4f)»

diction arc,
Matanchel,
San Pedro,
Calimaya,

Sapotan,

Mazatlan,

Xaltocan.

CoMPosTELA, another city, ia the island of St.
Domingo. SeeAzuA.

COMPTON, a settlement of the English, in the
province and colony of Massachusetts ; situate on
the coast, at the entrance of the bay of Buzard.

COMUATO, a small island of the lake or sea
of Chalapa, in the district of the ulcaldia mayor
«f Zamora, and kingdom of Nueva Espafia. It
is of a hot and moist temperature, surrounded by
thick reeds and Indian fig-trees. In the dry sea-
son it communicates with the mainland. Itspo-
pidation is scanty, and consists of ^^0 fuinilics of
Spaniards, and in its plains various henls of large
cattle graze. Nine leagues from the capital.

COMUTA, a city of the province and capiairi'
ship of Para in Brazil, founded in 1581 by Juan
Pedro de Oliveiro, on the e. shore of the river
PaCRxa. It is at present destroyed, and some
Email houses alone remain, where, for the conve-
nience of its situation, a small garrison of Portu-
guese resides.

CONAIIASET, a rocky shoal of the coast of

the province and colony of New England, at the
entrance of port Boston.

CONAICA, n settlement of the province and
corre!>;iiuienlo of Angaraez in Peru.

[(;t)NAJ()HAI<Y, a post-town onthcs. side of
Mohawk river, New York, very large, 36 niilei
above Schenectady, and JIB from Philadelphia.
See ('anajoiiaiiy.]

CONANAMA, a bay of the province and go-
vcnmcnt of (juayana.

Con ANAMA, n river of the same name, in this
province.

CONAUDO-TUBA, a river of the province
and caplMuship of Los llheos in Brazil. It rises
near the coast, and runs e. between those of the
Duna and llheos.

[CONAWANtJO, a «. branch of Alleghany
river, in Pennsylvania, which rises from Cha-
taughque lake.]

CON CAR I, a river of the province and cor-
regimiatto of Cuyo in the kingdom of Chile. It
rises from a small lake to the e. of the mountain of
the Pie de Pulo, and running s, e. returns, form-
ing a curve to the w. when it divides itself into se-
veral branches.

CONCEPCION, or Pknco, a city of the king-
doni of Chile, the capital of the province and
corregimiento of its name, founded in 1550 by
Pedro de Valdivia. Its situation is upon a barren
and imeveii territory, somewhat elevated, on the
sea-shore, and on the side of a large, noble, and
convenient bay. On the n. side it is crossed by a
rivulet, and on the s. it is watered by the river
Andalien, and lies not far from the Biobio. It i<
a small city, and its houses and buildings are
poor and much reduced. It has, besides the ca-
thedral church, convents of the religious orders of
St. Francis, St. Domingo, La Merced, St. Au-
gustin, an hospital of San Juan de Dios, and a
college which belonged to the regulars of the com-
pany of the Jesuits, and which is the best build-
ing in it. Its climate it modcr-itely warm, al-
tlioiigh in the winter the cold is great. It abounds
greatly in all kinds of grain, cattle, and delicious
fruits, and these are cultivated in ^trdeiis which
are found attached to almost every h.,ase. It lies
open on all sides, being commanded by six emi-
nences ; amongst the which the most prominent is
that which is called Del Romitorio, and extends
as far as the city. Its only defence is a battery
on a level with the water, which defends the an-
choring ground of the bay. The natives resemble
the rest of this kingdom : they are strong, robust,
valorous, and well made, most dexterous in the
3 s 2

ti,

'*!

•■,\ 1.;:

;'''■: 'M

! I

*fL'. .!.

500

CON

mannnrpinent of the horse, niul in t\m they nre not
iinrivallfd by the women. The coininon sort uro
also extremely skilful in the manngemcnt of tlic
titzo, which they throw over tiie animal in its
ilifflit, never missing their aim. This city has
snfl'i'ri'il extreme niisfortunes ever since the time of
its foiiridation ; for shortly after this took place,
its inhabitants funnel themselves under the neces-
sity of retiring from it to Santiago, through the
iiiviision of the Arnucanos and Tucapelua Indians,
who made theniseives master of it, and sacked
and burnt it in 1554, under the command of the
Ca7;i()ue Lautaro : again, though the Spaniards
enileavoiired to rcpeople it, they were a second
time driven back, as also a third time, in 1603,
when tin; (Governor [)oii(iarcin Ilurtardodc Men-
ilo.'.si, Manjuis of Canete, had come to suppress
tlie general insurrcdioii of the Indians. It was
after this rebuilt, and in I7!30 again destroyed by a
•Ircndfiil cartliquake, being entirely inundated by
tlic si-a. It suflrred also much from a similar
slioek in 1751. In the chief square, or market-
jilace, is a beautiful fountain, made by the com-
mand of Don Diego Cionzalo Montero. The tri-
bunal of royal audience was fixed in this city from
llie time that it was founded, in I5G7, and re-
mained here until the year 157'!, when it was
translated t(i the capital of the kingdom, Santiiigo.
It lias been the head of a bishopric ever since IG20,
when this honour was translt-rred to the city of
Imperial. It is the residence of a governor, de-
pendent on the captain-general and i)resident ; it
being his i\i\iy to reside six months of the year in
Santiago, and tiie other six in this city. [Besiiles
the connnerce of hides, tallow, and dried beef, the
inhabila"*s of Concepcion carry on a trade in
wheat, wliich Frazier asserts yields 100 for one.
Also near this city, as well as in various other
parts of Chile, pit-coal is found in great abund-
ance; and, according to the above anthor, mines
of it have been discovered at the depth of one or
two feet from the surface. Sec CiiiLr.] Sixty
leagues to the s. of Santiago, in lat. Sii^ 48' 15"
s. and long. 7J^ 8'.

IJishoi)s who have presided in Concepcion of
Chile.

1. Don irrty Antonio de San Miguel, a monk
ol the order of St. Francis, native of Salamanca ;
elected to be first bishop in 15(j4, and promoted
to Quito in 1587.

2. Don -Agustin de Cisneros, dean of the church
ofSaniiago of (Uiile; elected bishop of this, and
•f Coujepcion, in 1587; he dieil in 1591.

3. Don /Wy/ Pedro de Azuaga, and not Diego de

CON

Zunga, ns Gil Gonzalez Dfivila will have it, a
monk of the order of St. Francis ; elected in
1595 ; he died before he was consecrated.

4. Don J'rav Kcginaldode Lizarraga, native of
Lima; elected in 1796 ; he died in 16 1 J.

5. Don Carlos Marcelo Corni, native of Triix-
illo in Pern, magistral canon tif Lima ; promoted
to the bishopric of his country in 16^.

6. Don Pr</i/ Luis (leronimo de Ore, oPthe
order of St. Francis, native of Guaraanga, a ce-
lebrated writer in the different Indian languages,
for which he had a |)eculiar talent ; elected in
1622 ; he died in 1638.

7. Don Fraj/ Alonso de Castro, of the order of
St. Augustin ; he did not accept the bishopric.

8. Don Diego de Zambranaand Villalbos ; pro-
moted to Santiago of Chile.

9. Don Frav Dionisio Cimbron, of the order
of St. Bernorcf, native of Cintruenigo in Navarra ;
he was prior in the monasteries ot Fspina, Jun-
quera, and Ossera, secretary of the di/iiiiJor gene-
ral, and presented to the bishopric of Concepcion
in 1651.

10. Don Fraj/ Diego Mcdellin, of the order of
St. Francis, native of Lima.

11. Don Fraj/ Antonio de Morales, native of
Lima, of the order of preachers, provinc'"' in
his religion.

la. Don Frfiiy Francisco de Vergara Lo_ '<;

Iza, of the order of St. Augustin, provii oi

his religion, and native of Lima.

\3. Don Frat/ Andres de Uetancur, of the order
of St. Francis, provincial in the province of Santa
Fe ; elected in 1664.

14. Don Fmi/ Luis de Lemos y Usategui, of
the order of St. Augustin, preacher to King
Charles II. native of liima.

15. Don Diego Montero del Agnila; promoted
to the bishopric of Truxillo in 1716.

16. Don Francisco .'J ntonio de Escandon; pro-
moted to the bishopric of Quito in 1730.

17. ^)on Salvador Bermudez, school-master in
the cKureh of Quito; he did not accept the ap-
pointment, and in his place was nominated by the
king,

18. Don Andres de Paretics Polanco y Ar-
inendiiriz, who was afterwards promoted to Quito
in 17^4.

19. Don Pedro Azua Iturgoyen, native of Lima ;
promoted, in 17 14, to be archbishop of Santa Fe.

'iO. Don Joseph de Toro Zambrano, native of
Santiago of Chile, dnclornl. canon of its church;
elected, in 1744, bishop of (Concepcion; he go-
verned until his death in 1760.

CON

SI. Don Frai/ Pedro dc Kspincira ; clcetod in
I7()2; lu! governed until his deiith, in I77.S.

5?2. Don I'rnucisco Joseph dc ^laran ; elected
in 1779.

('oNCEPCioN \iv. i,A \'iciA, niiolher ci(y, in
(he itfliuidol'Sl. Domingo, lonnded hy thcAdniiral
Christopher OolnnibnSjon a bennlifn! and spacious
plain, or lluiiura, cel'-brated for a coruinest pained
on it by n numerous army of Indians. It has a good
pnribh church, erected into a bishopric, and which
was afterwards done nway with in IGO.*), it being
(hen embodied with (he archbishopric of H. Do-
mingo. Jt has also a conven( of the religious
order of St, Francis, in which is deposited and
venerated (he first cross thadhediseovcrer and con-
queror of this country planted liere ; which, nU
(hough the Indians hare endeavoured with all their
might (o break and destroy, has resisted all (heir
efforts. Twcr>(y-fivc leagues from the cnpKal of
S. Domingo.

[CoNci.i'cioN, a town of the province nml go-
vernmcn( of Paraguay ; situate on the e, side )f
(he river Paraguav, abou( .'iO leagues w. of Asun-
cion. Lut. Sa^ aj' 8" .«. Li)ng.'57 ' IG" w.]

SCoNCKi'cioN i)i;i. Pao, a city of (he province
government of C'aracas ; composed of (he in-
habitants of Trinity, of Margareta, and of C^arara ,
who owned the folds in the plains near the Ori-
noco, (o (he s. of Barcelona ; (hey here succes-
sively (ixed (heir dwellings, for the purpose of
being in the centre of their property, and of super-
intending i( (hemselves. In J714 the number of
these houses were found considerable enough to ac-
quire (lie name of village. There arc only ^JOO
people of all classes here, subsisting with facility
by (he fertility of (he soil. The air and water are
good, and (he only inconveniences (he inhabitants
experience are an excessive heat, and inundadons
arising from (he long and heavy rains. The produce
of the land is merely tlie provisions common to the
country. The wealth of (he inhabitants consists
entirely in cattle, which (hey export (o Trinity,
'da (jiiarapiche or Orinoco. This village, now
a city, is disliiignished fioin St. Johii the Baptist
del Pao, situate in the province of Venezuela, by
(lie (i(le of Concopcion del Pao. Lat. S"l!j?'«.
Long. 65-^ 10' ic.']

CoNCiciTio.v, a settlement, the capital of (he
province and corre^/micnio of Xaiija in Pern.

CoNCEi'cioN, another, of the same province and
correghnienlo, in which there is a convent of the
religious order of St. Francis.

CoNCEi'cioN-, another, of the province !(hd cor-
regimienlo of Lucanas in the same kingdom j an-
nexed to the curacy of Otoca.

CON

.501

CoscrrcioN, another, of the same nrovince and
kingdom ; annexed to (he curacy of Paraisancos.

(JoNtr,i'( ION, another, of (he |)rovince and ror-
rrsrimirtito of Cliichas and Tarija in (he same king-
dom, and of the distric( of (he fonncr.

CoNCKi'cioN, anodier, of (he province and ror-
rrfi^miftilo of Vilcas Huaiman in (he s:imc king-
dom ; annexed (o the curacy of Vizchongo.

('"NCDi'cioN, another, of the head settlement
and alcnfilia mnijor of Leon in Nneva llspanii, and
of (he bishopric of Mechoacun ; annexed to the
curacy of Hincon. I( contains i^U families of In-
dians, 100 of Sjianiards, and 40 of A/«,»/rc,». It
produces wheat, maize, and o(her seeds, and is a
quarter of n league from its curacy, and four
leagues from (he ca])ital.

CoNci I'tiov, another small settlement or ward,
united to that ofTeqniszi(lan,of then/ro/f/Za mui/oi
of Tiieotihuacan in the same kingdom.

CoNceri'iN, another, of the missions which
are held by (he religious order of St. Francis, in
(he province of Texas and kingdom of Niieva Fs-
pana. I( is 1 12 leagues (o the c. w. e. of the pre-
sidency of San Antonio de Bejar.

CoNc I'cioN, another, of the missions which
were held by the lej^ulars of (he company of Je-
suits, in the province and governtiieiit ot Mainas,
of (he kingdom of (^uito ; situate on (he shore of
(he gr:-at riv< r Maranon, on u poiii( of land formed
by (he same, and wlure (liis river is entered by the
A|)ena ami the Ciuallaga.

t'o,N( i;i'ciON, another, of the missions whicl>
were held by (he regulars of (he company of .)e-
siiits, in (he province of Tepeguana, and kingdom
of Nueva V izcaya ; situate on (he bank of the
river Florido, near (he se(tlciueiit and real of the
mines of Parral.

Co.xctii'cioN, another, of the missions which
belong to (he religion of St. Francis, in (he pro-
vince of Taraumara, and kingdom of Nueva v iz-
caya, lying 17 leagues distant between (he s. and
,f. xa. of (he real of the mines of San Felipe dc Clii-
guagiia.

CoNccrciov, another, with the surname of
Achaguas, being composed of Indians of tliis na-
tion, in the kini;(lom of liraiiada ; of (lie missions
which u( re held liy (lie regulars of tin- conipaiiy
of Jesuits in Orinoco; situate on the shore of the
river Mcta.

CoNci'.Ptiox, another settlement, (he capital of
the province and captainship of Itamaiaca in Bra-
zil ; situate on (he (op of a moun(ain by llie sea-
side. I( has a magnificeu( parish church, and is
garrisoned by two companies of troops. 1( con-
tains 300 housekeepers, and has three lar^o sugai

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Miills. riie whole of tlie district of its territory is
tiovercJ with estates and country-seats, wliich
abutind in all kinds of fruits, at once rendering it
a place ph'using and advntageous for residence.

('oNi 1 1'cioN, anotlier, of the province and cor-
rei>;i»iirnti> of Pacajes in Peru ; situate on the sliore
uf tlie lake Titicaca, and at the mouth of the river
Desajiuadero.

CoNCKfuiov, another, of the province and go-
vernment of tlie Chiquitos Indltuis, in the same
kingdom ; a rcduccion of the niisdons which were
held in this province by the regiihrs of the com-
pany of the Jesuits ; situate between the source of
the river Verde and the river Ubay.

CoNCEi'cioN, another, of the prov'..:je and go-
vernment of Moxos in the kingdom of Quito ;
situate between the river* Guandesand Yraibi, and
nearly in the sjwt where they join.

CoNCFi'cioN, another, of the former province
and government ; situate on the shore of the river
Itenes.

Concf,pci»;n, another, of the province and
country of the A mazonas, in the Portuguese pos-
sessions ; a reduccion of the missions which are held
by the Carmelite fathers of this nation ; situate on
the shore of a pool or lake formed by tlie river
Urubu.

CoNCF.PCioN, another, of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of Je-
suits in California ; situjite near the sen-coast and
(he Puerto Nuevo, or New Port.

CoNCKPCioN, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Tucuman in Peru, and district of
Chaco; being a reduccion of the Abipones Indians,
of the mission held by the regulars of the company
of Jesuits, and to-da*y under the charge of the reli-
gious order of S. Francisco.

CoNCKPCioM, another, which is also called Fu-
cnclara or Canada, of the missions held by the re-
ligion of St. Francis, in the kingdom of Nuevo
Mexico.

CoNOKPCioN, another, which is the real of the
silver mines of the province and government of
Sonora in Nueva Espana.

CoNCEPfMoN, anotlier, of the province and cap-
ta'mskip of Rio Janeiro in Brazil ; situate on the
coast, opposite the Islii Granile.

(.%>N(;i;i'cioN, another, of the province and cap-
tainsldp of S. Viricciite in t'le &ii:ue kingdom.

CoNCi-.i'OMN, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Buenos Ayres; situate at the mouth of
the river Saladillo, on the coast vifhieh lies between
the river La Plata siid the straits of Magellan.

CoNCKi'cioN, anollier, of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of J c-

C O N

suits, in the province and government of Biicnoa
Ayres ; situate on the ;e. shore of the river Uru-
guay. [1. at. 27^58' 43'. Long. 35" 27' 13" a;.]

CoNCKPcio.v, another, of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of Je-
suits, in the couulry of the Chiquitos Indians, in
tlie kingilom of Peru; situate to the e. of that of
San Francisco IXavier.

CoNcicpcioN, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Ci'ialoa in Nueva Espana.

CoNci.PciDN, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Quixos and Macas in the kingdom of
Quito, which produces nothing but maize, i/ucas^
plantains, and quantities of aloes, with the which
the natives pay their tribute, and which arc much
esteemed in Peru.

CoNciPcioN, a town of the province and go-
vernment of Tucuman in Peru, in the jurisdiction
of the ciiy of Santiago del Estero, between the
rivers Bermejo and Sulado. It was destroyed bj
thr infidel Indians.

tloNCEPCioN, a bay of (he kingdom of Chile,
at the innermost part of which, and four leagues
front its entrance, is found a bed of shells, Srom
which is made excellent lime.

CoNCF.PcioN, another bay, in the gulf of Cali-
fornia, or Mar lloxo de Cortes. It is very large
and capacious, having within it various islands.
Its entrance is, however, very narrow.

Coi'CEPcioN, a river in the province and go-
vernment of Costarica, which runs into the sea be«
tween that of San Antonio and that of Pcrtete.

CoNCFPcioN, another, of the kingdom of Bra-
zil, wliich rises to the w. of the town of Gorjas,
runs s. s. w. and unites itself with that of the Ke-
rned ios, to enter the river Prieto or La Palina.

CoNctpcioN, another, which is an arm o( ths
river Picazuru, in the province and government of
Paraguay.

CoNciii'cioN, another, of the kingdom of Chile,
which runs through the middle of the city of
Coiicepcion, and enters the sea in the bay of this
name.

[CoNCEPCiON, a large bay on the e. side of
Newfoundland island, whose entrance is betwei^n
cape St. Francis on the s. and Flainborou(<-!i head
on the ti. It runs a great way into the lan.i in a s.
direction, having numerous bays on tin; w. side,
on which are two settlements, ('arboniere and
Havre de Grace. Settlements were made here in
1610, by about 10 planters, under Governor John
(luy, to whom King Jaines had granted a patent
of incorj)oration.]

[CoNCEPcioN OF Salaye, a small town of N.
America, in the province of Mechouciin in Mexico

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CON

or New Spain, wns built bv (ho Spaninrds, as well
as the stations of St. Michael and St. Philip, to se-
cure the road from Mechoacan to (he silver mines
of Zacatea. Tliey have also given this name to
several borouffhs of America; as to that in II is-
paniola island, and to a sea-port of California,

&C.J

CONCHA, San Martin de i.a, a town and
capital of the province and correffimieilo otQuil-
lota in the kingdom of Chile; ibunded in 172(i
by the Licentiate Uon Joseph de Santiago Concha,
who gave it his name, being at the time temporal
president of this kingdom. Its situation is in a.
valley, the most beautiful and fertile of any in the
kingdom, and it particularly abounds in wheat.
It has been celebrated for the abundance of gold
that has been taken out of a mine within its dis-
trict, and for the protection of which a fort had
been built by Pedro de Valdivia. It has a very
good parish church, three convents of the religions
orders of St. Francis, St. Augusiin, and Iia Merced,
and a college which belonged to the regulars of
the company of Jcsu'ts, an \ wluch is at present oc-
cupied by the monks ol^ Domingo, and a house
of retirement for spiri(4i:d <'xercies, founded and
endowed by a certain individual. In the district
of this city European chesnuts grow, and not far
from it is a lime-kiln belonging to the king, and
which renders a supply for the works going on at
the garrison of Valdivia. Nine leagues from Val-
parayso. Lat. 33^48' s. Long. 71" JO' w.

Concha, a settlement of Indians of S. Carolina;
situate near the source of the river Soidahowc.

Concha, a bay on the coast of the province and
government of Santa Marta, to the e. of the cape
of La A guja.

Concha, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Tucumau in Peru ; situate at the
mouth of the river of its name, and where it en-
ters the Pt'sage.

Concha, a river in the jurisdiction of the city
of Snlta, runs e. and enttrrs (he Pasage between
the river Ulanco and that of Metau.

CONCHACIIITOULI, a se(tlement of Indians
of S. Carolina, where a fort has been built by the
iMiglish <br the defence of the establishment which
they hold there.

CONCHALI, a river of the province and cor-
rr^/w/fM/f^of Quillola in the kingdom of Chile. It
runs w. and enters the sea.

CONCHAMAIICA, a settlement of the pro-
Tince and corre^imiento of lluainico in Peru ; an-
■cxed to the curacy of San Miguel de Huacar.

CONCHAO, a settlement of the proviucc and

CON

603

cnnegimiftito of Caxatambo in Peru ; annexed to
(lie curacy of Andajcs.

[CONCHAS, a parish of the province and go-
vernment of Buenos Ayres ; situa(e on a river of
(he same name, about six leagues w. le. of Hucnos
Ayres. Lat. 34° 24' 5(i" s. Long. jS" 23' 30" w.'}

Conchas, a small river of the province and go-
vernment of Buenos Ayres. It runs n. c. and en-
ters (he river La Plata, at a small distance from
(lie capital.

Conchas, another river, in the province and
captaimhip of the Rio Grande in llrazd. It is
snuill, rises near the coast, and empties itself at the
moutii of that of Amargoso.

Conchas, another, of the kingdom of Nueva
Espan.i, which runs into the sea at the bay of
Mexico, being first united to the Hravo.

Conchas, another, a small river of (ho province
and government of liucnos Ayres, distinct from
that of which we have spoken. It runs w. and
enters the Parana, close to the settlement of La
Baxada de Santa Te.

[CONCUATTAS, Indians of N.America, al-
most the same people as the Allibamis. They
first livetl on Bayau Chico, in Appelousa district;
but, four years ago, moved to the river Sabine,
settled themselves on the e. bank, where they now
live, in nearly a 5. direction from Natchitoch, and
distant about 80 miles. They call their numl)er
of men about 160 ; but say, if they were altogether,
they would amount to 200. Several fanulies of
tiiem live in detached settlements. They are good
hunters. Game is here in plenty. They kill an
uncommon number of bears. One man alone,
during the summer and fall hunting, sometimes
kills 400 deer, and sells his skins at 40 dollars per
100. The bears usually yield from eight to 12
gallons u( oil, each of which never sells for less
(lian a dollar a gallon, and the skin a dollar more.
No great quanti(y .^f (he meat is saved. What
the hunters do not use when out, (hey generally
give to their dogs. The Conchat(as are friendly
widi nil o(her Indians, and s|K'ak well oi (heir
neighbours (he ('arankouns, wlio, (hey say, live
about 80 miles ... o'theni, on the bay, which is
the nearest point to the sea from Natchitoches.
A lew families of (^liactaws have lately settled near
them from Bayaii Bccuf. The Conchattas speak
Creek, which is their native language, nnd Chac-
taw, and several of them iMiglish ; and one or two
of them can read it a liitlc. J

CONtJIIOS, San Fhancisco de ujs, a seKIo-
inent and garrison of the province of the Tepe-
guana, and kingdom of Nucva Vizcaya ; situate

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504

CON

on flio banks of tlic river of its name, nnar Aviiere
this river joins tliat of Florido. It is garrisoned
by a captain, a lientonaiit, a serjeant, and 33 sol-
diers, to guard against the irruptions of the infidel
Indians. In its vicinity are tiio estates of La (^i-
enega, 8apian, and El Filar. Fitly-eight leagnes
to the n.n.e. of the city of Giiadaliixara.

('ONCIIUCOS, a ])rovince and corresimieiito
of Pern ; bounded ??. by the province of Huama-
clincos, w. e. by that of Pataz, and separated from
thence by the river Marnfion, e. and a, e. by the
province of ilumalics, and ,<:. by that of Gaxa-
tambo. it is 53 leagnes in length, and in some
parts i^O in width. It is of a very irregular figure,
and of various temperature, according to the dif-
ferent situation of its territories ; cold in all the
parts bordering upon the cordillera, mild in some
parts, and in others excessively hot. It is very
pleasant, and it has all kinds of fruits, which it
produces in abundance, and iu the same manner
wheat, barley, and pot herbs. On its skirts are
found numerous herds of cattle of every species,
and from the wools of some of tlieso are made the
cloth manufactures of the country, which meet
with a ready demand in the other provinces. The
principal rivers by which it is watered are three ;
and these are formed by various streams : the one
of them enters that of Santa to the w. and the
other two the Marauon. The most s. is called De
Miraflores, and the other, which is very large,
keeps the name of the province. Here are some
mines of silver, which were formerly very rich ;
as also some lavadiros, or washing places of gold,
of the purest quality, the standard weiglit of it
being 23 carats. Also in the curacy of Llameliii
are ^ome mines of brimstone, and a fountain or
stream, the waters of which, falling down into a
deep slough, become condensed and converted into
a stone called Catachi, in the form of columns much
resembling wax-candles, of a very white colour.
The same substance is used as a remedy against
the bloody flux, and it is said, that being made
into powders, and mixed with the white of an egg,
it forms a salve which accelerates iu a wonderful
manner the knitting of fractured bones. It com-
prehends 15 curacies, without the annexed settle-
ments, all of which, the former and the latter, are
as follows :

iluaridel Rey, the ca-
pital,
Cliavin,
Huaiitar,
San Marcos,
Sun lldcfonso,

San Christoval,

Yunga,

Uco,

Paucas,

Yanas,

Huachi,

CON

Rapayan, JJapo,

Llaruelin, Yupaii,

Acso, Ancos,

.Mirgas, Tauca,

Taquia Cavana,

Siccican, Huendoval,

San Luis de Iluari, Pallasca,

Chacas, Pamj)as,

Piscobaniba, Lacabamba,

Sihuas, Conchucos,

Purnay, Huacachi, ^

Corongo,

Conchucos, a settlement of the same pro-
vince ; annexed to the curacy of Pallasca.

Conchucos, a river of the province and cor'
regimiento of the same name in Peru, which rises
in the cordillera. It runs s. and enters the Ma-
raiioi) near the settlement of Uchos iu the province
of Andahuailas.

Cf)NCON» a port of the coast of the kingdom
of Chile, in the S. sea, and province and corregU
ni/e»<o of Quillota.

[CONCORD, a post-town of New Hampshire,
very flourishing, and pleasantly situated on the
w. bank of Merrimack river, in Rockingham
county, eight miles above Hookset falls. The
legislature, of late, have commonly held their ses-
sions here ; and from its central situation, and a
thriving back country, it will probably become the
permanent seat of government. Much of the trade
of the upper country centres here. A iiandsomc
tall bridge across the Merrimack connects this
town with Pembroke. It has 1747 inhabitants,
anti was incorporated in 1765. The Indian name
>vas Penacook. It was granted by Massachusetts,
and called Rtimford. The compact part of the
town contains about 170 houses, a Congregational
church, and an academy, which was incorporated
iu 1790. It is 54 miles zo. «. w. of Portsmouth,
58 *. w. of Dartmouth college, and 70 n. from
Boston. Lat. 43^ 12' «. Long. 71° 31' wJ

[Concord, in Essex county, Vermont, Ues on
Connecticut river, opposite a part of the Fifleen-
mile falls.]

[Concord, in Massachusetts, a post-town, one
of the most considerable towns in Middlesex
county ; situated on Concord river, in a healthy
and pleasant spot, nearly in the centre of the
county, and 18 miles n. w, of Boston, and 17 e.
of Lancaster, its Indian name was Musqueteqnid ;
and it owes its present name to the peaceable man-
ner in which it was obtained from the natives.
The first settlers, among whom were the Rev.
Messrs. Buckley and Jones, having settled the

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CON

purchase, obtained an act of incorporation, t '^
teinber 3, 1625 ; and tliis was the most distant
settlement from the sea-shore of New England at
that time. The settlers never I>ad any contest with
the Indians ; and only three persons were ever kill-
ed by them within the limits of the town. In
1791, there were in this township 225 dwelling
houses, and 1590 inhabitants ; of the latter there
were 80 persons upwards of 70 years old. For 13
years previous to 1791, tlie average number rf
deaths was 17 ; one in four of whom were 70 years
old and upwards. The public buildings are, a
Congregational church, a spacious stone gaol, the
best in New £nglaiid, and a very handsome coui ly
court-house. The town is accommodated with
three convenient bridges over the river ; one of
which is 208 feet long, and 18 feet wide, supported
by 12 piers, built after the manner of Charles river
bridge. This town is famous in the history of tiie
revolution, having been the seat of the provincial
congress in 1774, and the snot where the first op-
position was made to the British troops, on (lie
memorable 19th of April 1775. The general
court have frequently held their sessions here when
contagious diseases have prevailed in the capital.
Lat. 42° 20* «.]

[Concord, a small river of Massachusetts,
formed of two branches, which unite netir the
centre of the town of Concord, whence it takes its
course in a n. e. and w. direction through Bed-
ford and Billerica, and empties itself into Merri-
mack river at Tewksbury. Concord river is
remarkable for the gentleness of its current, which
is scarcely perceivable by the eye. At low water
mark it is from 100 to 200 feet wide, and from three
to 12 feet deep. During floods, Concord river
is near a mile in breadth ; and when viewed from
the town of Concord, makes a fine appearance.]

[Concord, a township in Delaware county,
Pennsylvania.]

[CoNcouB, a settlement in Georgia, on the e.
bank of the Mississippi, about a mile from the s.
line of Tennessee, 108 miles w. from the mouth of
Yazoo river, and 218 below the Ohio.]

CONDACllE, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Quixos in the kingdom of Quito. It
runs «. e. and traversing the royal road which
leads from Baza to Archidono, enters the river Co-
quindo on its ;. side, in 37' lat.

[CONDE, Fort, or Mobit.k City, is situate on
the ». side of Mobile bay, in W. Florida, about
40 miles nirave its mouth, in the gulf of Mexico.
Lat. 30° 59' n. Long. 88° 1 1' re.}

CoNDK, a small river of the province and
country of the Iroquees Indians, in New France or

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CON

.505

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Canada. It runs n. and enters the lukc On«
tario.

CoNDF,, another of the same name. Sec
Vkhdk.

[CONDECEDO, or Dksconocida, a cape or
promontory of N. America, in the province of
Yucati'in, 100 miles w. of Merida. Lat. 20° 50' n.
Long. <)0° 45' M.]

CbNDEBAMBA, a large and beautiful vnlley
of the province and corrrg//w/c«/o of 11 uaniachuco
in Peru ; celebrated for its fertilily.

CONDES, River of the, in the straits of Ma-
gellan. It runs into the sea opposite the island
Santa Ana.

CONDESA, a settlement of the province an»l
government of Cartagena ; situate near the coast,
at the mouth of the Dique, which forms a com-
munication between the sea and the grand river
Mairdalena.

CONDESUKIS DE AnKQuiPA, a province
and corregiinknto of Peru ; bounded n. by that of
Parinocochas, e. by that of Chumbivilcas, s. e.
by that of Canes and Canchcs, and s. by that of
Collahuas. It is generally of a cold temperature,
even in the less lofty parts of the cordi/lera ; of
a rough and broken territory, and with very bad
roads. Nevertheless, no inconsiderable proportion
of wheat is grown in tlie low grounds, as likewise of
maize, and other seeds and fruits, such as grapes,
pears, peaches, apples, and some flowers. Upon
tlie heights breed many vicunas, huanacos, and
vizcachat, and in other parts is obtained cochinea!,
here called macno, and which is bartered by the
Indians for baizes of the manufacture of the country,
and for cacao. It has some gold mines which
were worked in former times, and which, on ac-
count of the baseness of the metal, the depth of the
mines, and hardness of the strata, have not pro-
duced so much as formerly they did, although
they are not now without yielding some einoiu-
ment: such are those of Airahua, Quiquimbo,
Araure, and Aznacolea, which may produce a
little more than the expcnces incurred in working
them. The gold of these mines is from 19 to 20
carats, and they produce from three to four ounces
each caxoH, They are worked by means of steel
and powder, and the metals arc ground in mills.
The greater part of the natives of this province oc-
cupy themselves in carrying the productions of the
valley of Mages, of the province of Camana, such
as wines and brandies, to the other provinces of
the sierra; also in the cultivation of seeds, and
some in working the mines. It is watered by some
siiiall rivers or streams, which incoiporat<' tliem-
selvcs, and form two large rivers. The capital ife
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Chuquibamba, and theotlier settlements of its juris-
diction, Aviiich comprehend nine curacies, are the
followina^ :

Cliuqiiibumba,

San Pedro de Illomas,

Andaray,

Yanaquihua,

Chorunga,

Alpacay,

Llanca,

Cayarani,

Areata,

Salamanca,

Chichas,

Qucchalla,

Belinga,

Arirahmi,

Andaliua,

Chiica and Marca,

Viraco,

Pampacolca,

Umacliiilco,

Iluancarama,

Ornpampa,

Chachas,

Ayo,

San Juan Crisustomo de

Clioco,
Ucucliacas,
Maclialiuay,
iipan.

CON 1)1 HAS, an arm of flie river .Tainunda, in
the country of Las Aniazonas, and iu tlie Portu-
guese possessions. It runs from the lake Mari-
pava, and enters the Maraiion.

CONDOCONDO, a settlement of the province
and corres^imiento of Paria in Peru.

CONDONOiMA, a mine, celebrated for its
abundance of silver, of the province and corregi-
miento of Tinta in Peru.

CONDORGUASI, a settlement of the province
and government of Tucuman in Peru ; belonging
to the jurisdiction of Jujui, situate on the shore of
the river I/aquiiica.

CON!)()ll()M/\, a settlement and asienlo of the
silver mines of tiie province of Canes and Canches
or Tinta in Peru, where, during tempests of thun-
der and lightning, is experienced a singular phe-
nomenon ; namelyj a certain prickly sensation upon
the hands and face, which they called moscas,
(flies), though none of these insects are ever seen.
It is indeed attributed to the air, which is at that
time highly charged with electric fluid ; theefl'ccts
of which may be observed on the handles of sticks,
buckles, lace, ami other metal trinkets ; tlu; same
ciTects ceasing as soon as the tempest is over. It
is observed, that in no other parts is the same phe-
nomenon know II to exist.

Co.NDoiioMA, another settlement, of the pro-
vince and government of Chucuito in the same
kingdom ; silnate on the shore of the lake.

CONnriTK, or Condi irA, a small river of
the province and country of the Iroquces Indians.
It runs zc. i'orming a curve, and enters the lake

Osvr<;(l.

rCONDlSKl^RG, a settlen)ont in the district
of Maine, in liincock county, containing 5(j7 iii-
liabitantv ]

CONi^DAGUANET, a small river of the pro-

C O N

vince and colony of Pennsylvania and county of
Cumberland. It runs c. and enters the Susque-
hanna.

CON EGA, a small island of the *. roast of the
island of Newfoundland, between the isle of Des-
pair and port Bartran.

CONEGFITA, a small river of S. Carolina. It
rises in the territory of the Tuscaroras Indians, runs
s. e. and enters the Neus.

[CONEGOCHEAGIJE Creek rises near Mer-
cersburg, Franklin county, Pensylvania, runs s.
in a winding course, and after supplying a number
of mills, empties into the Potowmack, at William
port, in Washington county, Maryland ; 19 uiiles
*. e. of Hancock, and eight miles s. of the Pennsyl-
vania line.]

CONEGOGEE, a small river of the province
and colony of Maryland. It runs s. and enters
the Potowmack.

CONEIUAG/\, a small river of the province
and colony of Pennsylvania, in the county of York.
It runs e. and enters the Susquehanna.

[CONEMAUGH River, and Little Cot emaiigh,
are the head waters of Kiskemanitas, in Pt-nnsyl-
vania : after passing through Laurel hill and Ches-
nut ridge, Conemaugh takes that name, and
empties into the Alleghany, 29 miles n. e. of Pitts-
burg. It is navigable lor boats, and there is a
portage of 18 miles between it and the Frankstown
branch of duniata river.]

[CONENTKS, Las, a city of La Plata or
Paraguay in S. America, in the diocese of Buenos
Ay res.]

'[CONESTKO, a n. ic. branch of Tioga river in
New York. SccCanicodeo Creek.]

CONESTOGA, a settlenicnt of Indians of the
same province and colony as the former river; si-
tuate between the e. and w. arms of the river Sus-
quehanna, where the English have a fort and
esta!)lishment tor its defence.

CovKSTOGA, a river of this province, which runs
to. then turns s. and enters the Susquehanna.

[CONESIJS, a small lake in the Gcnessee
country, New York, which sends as waters n. w.
to (I'encsspe river.]

(XINETLA, a settlement of the province and
nicaldia mai/or of Comitlan in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

(CONFINES. See Vii.lanupva vr. r.os In-
fant ks.

CONFUSO. SecToGONEs.

CONG, a small river of the province and cnp-
/aimfiif) of Rio Grande in Brazil. It rises near the
coast, runs (". and enters the sea between the river
Goyanaaud the settlement of Gonzalo.

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CON

CONGACA, a settlement of the province and
corrcgimiento ot Angaraes in Peru ; annexed to tlic
uracy of Yulcamarca.

CONCiAIll, a large river of S. Carolina. It
runs s. e. taking various names, till it enters ths
sea. It is first called Trente Millcs, or Thirty
Miles, then Congari, and afterwards Suuti.

CONGAS, a settlement of (he province and cor-
regimiento of Caxatambo in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Ocros.

CONGER, Rock of, a small island or rock,
close to the e, coast of the island of Barbadoes.

CONGO, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Darien,and kingdom ofTierraNueva;
situate on the shore of a river, which gives it
its name, and of the coast of the S. sea, within
the gulf of S. Miguel.

CONGOHAS, a settlement of the province and
captainship of Espiritu Santo in Brazd ; situate to
the w. of the Villa Rica.

CONGURIPO, Santiago dp., a settlement of
the head settlement of Puruandiro, and alcaldia
mavor of Valladolid, in the province and bishopric
of Mechoacan ; situate on a plain or shore of the
Ilio Grande. It is of a hot temperature, and con-
tains 13 families of Spaniards and Mitstces, and 57
of Indians. Twenty-six leagues from the captital
Pasquaro.

CONHAWAY, a large river of N. Carolina.
It runs many leagues ; first n. e. then ». and after-
wards n. w. and enters the Ohio. It is called also
Wood river and New river.

CoNHAWAY, another, in the province and colony
of Virginia, with the additional title of Petit, or
Little. It also runs ». w. and enters the Ohio.

[CONHOCTON Creek, in New York, is the
«. Lead water of Tioga river. Near its mouth is
the settlement called Batii.]

CONICARI, a settlement of the province and
government ofCinaloa in Nueva Espana; situate
on the shore and at the source of the river Mayo.
It is a reducrion of (he missions wliich were held
by the regulars of (he company of .Jesuits.

CONIGUAS, a barbarous na(ioii of Indians of
the province and government of Tarnia in Peru,
who inhabit the mountains of the Andes, united
with (he Cunchos, and of whom but li((lc is known.

CONIL, BocAS or, entrances which the sea
makes upon the coast of the province of Yucadin,
between the river Lagartos, and the baxos or shoals
of Cuyo.

CONILABQUKN, a small river of (he dis(rict
of To'(en Alto in (he kingdom of Chile. It runs s.
and enters the Tolten.

CONIMA, a settlement of the province and cor-

CON

507

regimienlo of Paucarcolla in Peru ; annexed to the
c^iracy of Moxo.

CONNECTICUT, a county of the province
and colony of New England in N. America. It is
bounded w. by New York and the river Hudson ;
is separated from the large island by an arm of the
sea to the s. ; has to the e. Rhode island, with part
of the colony of Massachusetts, and the other part
of (he same colony to the u. It is traversed by a
river of the same name, which is the largest of the
whole province, and navigable by large vessels for
40 miles. This province abounds in wood, tur-
pentine, and resins ; in the collecting of which
numbers of the inhabitants are occupied, although
the greater part of them are employed in fishing,
and in hewing timber for the building of vessels
and other useful purposes. The merchants of the

Erovincc once sent to King Charles II. some tim-
er or trees, of so fine a growth as to serve for
masts of ships of the largest burthen. The great
trade of woods and timbers carried on by means
of the river has much increased its navigation.
This territory is not without its mines of metal,
such as lead, iron, and copper : the first of these
liave yielded some emolument, but the others
have never yet produced any thing considerable,
notwithstanding the repeated attempts which have
been made to work them. This county is well
peopled and flourishing, since it numbers upwards
of 40,000 souls, notwitlistanding the devastations
that it has suftered through the French, the In-
dians, and the pirates, in the reign of Queen Anne,
when all the fishing vessels were destroyed.
When this colony was first founded, many great
privileges were given it, which have always been
maintained by the English governor, through
the fidelity which it manifested in not joining
the insurrection of the province of Massachusetts,
until, in the last war, it was separated from the
metropolis, as is seen in the article Un ited States
OF America.

[Connecticut, one of the United States of
North America, called by the ancient natives
(jnunihticut, is situated between lat. 41" and 42^
2' n. and between long. 71° 20' and 7.'?' 15' w. its
greatest breadth is 72 miles, its length 100 miles ;
bounded «. by Massachusetts ; c. by ithode island ;
.V. by the sound which divides it from Long island ;
and IT', by the state of New York. This state
con(ains about 4674 square miles; equal to about
2,()40,0U0 acres. It is divided into eight counties,
viz. Fairfield, New Hiiven, Middlesex, and New
liOndon, which extend along the sound from w. to
e. : Litchfield, Hartford, Tolland, and W iiulliam,
extend in (he same direcdon on the border ul (lie]
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CONNECTICUT.

[state of Maasacbu!<cl(s. Tlic counties are diviilcd
and subdivided into townsliips and parishes ; in
each of which is one or more places of public
worship, and school-houses at convenient distances.
The number of townships is about 300. Each
township is a corporation invested with powers suf-
ficient for their own internal regulation. Tlie
number of representatives is sometimes 180; but
more commonly about 160 ; a number fully ade-
quate to legislate for a wise and virtuous people,
well informed, and jealous of their rights ; and
whose external circumstances approach nearer to
e<iuality than those, perhaps, of any other people
in a state of civilization in the world.

The principal rivers in this state are, Connecti-
cut, tlousatonick, the Thames, and their branelics,
which, with such others as arc wortiiy of notice,
are described under tiicir respective names. The
whole of the sea-coast is indented with harbours,
many of which are safe and commodious; those
of New Lonilon and New Haven are the most im-
portant. This state sends seven rcpr«sentatives to
congress. Connecticut, though subject to tlic ex-
tremes of heat and cold, in their seasons, and to
frequent sudden changes, is very healthful. Jt is
generally broken land, made up of mountains,
hills, and valleys ; and is exceedingly well-watered.
Some small ])arts oi it are thin and barren. Its
principal prmluctions are Indian corn, rye, wheat
in many parts of the state, oats, and biuley, which
are heavy and good, and of late buck-wheat, flax
in large quantities, some hemp, potatoes of several
kinds, pumpkins, turnips, peas, beans, &c. &c. ;
fruits of all kinds which are common to the cli-
mate. The soil is very well calcuiiited for pas-
turage and mowing, which enables the farmers to
feed large numbers of neat cattle and horses.

The trade of Connecticut is principally with the
W. India islands, and is carried on in vessels from
60 to 110 tons. The exports consist of horses,
mules, oxen, oak-staves, hoops, pine-boards, oak-

Elaiik, beams, Indian corn, fish, beef, pork, &c.
lorses, live cattle, and lumber, are permitted in
the Dutch, Danish, and French ports. A large
number of coasting vessels are employed in carry-
ing tlic yKoduce of the state to otiier states. To
Uiiode island, Massachusetts, and New Hamp-
shire, they carry pork, wheat, corn, and rye ;
to N. and S. Carolina, and Georgia, butter,
cheese, salted beef, cider, apples, potatoes, hay,
&c. and receive in return, rice, indigo, and money.
But as New York is nearer, and the state of the
markets ahvayswell known, much of the produce of
Connecticut, especially of the w. parts, is carried
there ; particularly pot and pcarl-asbcs, flax-seed,

beef, pork, cheese and butter, in large quantities.
Most of the produce of Coimecticut river from the
parts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Ver-
mont, as well as of Connecticut, which arc adja-
cent, goes to the same market. Considerable
quantities of the produce of the e. parts of the
state are marketed at Boston, Providence, and
Norwich. The value of the whole exported pro-
duce and commodities from this state, before the
year 1774, was then estimated at about 200,000/.
lawful money aimually. In the year ending Sept.
30, 1791, the amount of foreign exports was
710,340 dollars, besides articles carried to diflcr*
cut parts of the United States, to a great amount.
In the year 1792, 719,925 dollars ; in the year
ny.'j, 770,239 dollars; and in the year 1794,
800,716 dollars. This state owns and employs in
the foreign and coasting trade 32,897 tons of
shipping.

The farmers in Connecticut, and their fami-
lies, arc mostly clothed in plain, decent, home-
spun cloth. Their linens and woollens are manu-
factured in the family way ; and although they
are generally of a coarser kind, they are of a
stronger texture, and much more durable than
those imported from France anrl Great Britain.
Many of their cloths are fine and handsome. Here
are large orchards of mulberry-trces ; and silk-
worms have been reared so successfully, as to pro-
mise not only a supply of silk to the inhabitants,
but a surplnssagefor exportation. In New Haven arc
linen and button manufactories. In Hartford a wool-
len manufactory has been established ; likewise glass
works, a snuff and powder mill, iron works, and a
slitting mill, Iron-work>i are established also at Sa-
lisbury, Norwich, and other parts of the state. At
Stafford is a furnace at whicli are made large
quantities of hollow wan", ami other ironmongery,
sufficient to supply the whole state. Paper is ma-
nufactured at Norwich, Hartford, New Haven,
and in Litchfield county. Ironmongery, hats,
candles, leather, shoes, and boots, are manufac-
tured in this state. A duck manufactory has been
established at Stratford. The state of Connecticut
is laid out in small farms, from 50 to 300 and 400
acres each, \\hich are held by tlie farmers in fee
simple ; and are generally well cultivated. The
state is chequered with innumerable roads or high-
ways crossing each other in every direction. A
traveller in any of these roads, even in the most
unsetth'd pints of the state, will seldom pass more
than two or three miles ■.vithout finding a house or
cottage, ;irul a farm under such improvements as
to afi'ord the necessaries lor the support of a family.
The whole state resembles a well 'cultivated garden,]

CONNECTICUT.

509

[which, with that degree of industry that is neces-
sary to iiappiiiess, produces tlie ncccssnrics mid
conveniences of lilb in great plenty. The inhabi-
tants are almost entirely of F.iiglisli descent. There
are no Dutch, French, or Germans, and very few
Scotch or Irisli people, in any part of tiic state.
The original stock from which liave sprung all tlie
present inlial)itantsof Connecticut, and the nume>
rous emigrants from the state to every part of the
United States, consisted of 3000 souls, who settled
in the towns of Hartford, New Haven, Windsor,
Guilford, Milford, and Weathersfield, about the
years IG35 and 1636. In 1756, the population of
the state amounted to 130,61 1 souls ; in 1774, to
197,856; in 1782, to 202,877 whites, and 6273
Indians and Negroes ; in 1790, to 2^)7,946 per*
sons, of whom 2764 were slaves ; and by the cen-
sus of 1810, to 261,942 souls. The people of
Connecticut are remarkably fond of Laving all
their disputes, even those of the most trivial kind,
settled according to law. The prevalence of this
litigious spirit aflbrds employmeni and support lor
a numerous body of lawyers. That party spirit,
however, which is the bane of political happiness,
has not raged with such violence in this stale as in
Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Public pro-
ceedings have been conducted generally with much
calmness and candour. The jieople are well in-
informed in regard to their rights, and judicious in
the methods they adopt to secure them. The
state enjoys an uncommon share of political tran-
quillity and unanimity.

All religions, that arc consistent with the peace
of society, are tolerated in Connecticut : and a
spirit of liberality and forbearance is increasing.
There are very few religious sects in this state.
The bulk of the people are Congregationalists.
Besides these, there are Episcopalians and
Baptists.

The damage sustained by this state in the late
war was estimated at 46 1,235/. i6s. Id. To com-
pensate the suft'erers, the general court, in May
179;?, granted them 500,000 acres of tiicK), part of
the reserved lands of Connecticut, which lie lO.
of Peimsylvania. There are a great number of
very pleasant towns, both maritime and inland, in
Connecticut. It contains five cities, incorporated
•with extensive jurisdiction in civil causes. Two
of these, Hartford and New Haven, are capitals of
the state. 'Llie general assembly is holden at the
former in May, and at the latter in October, an-
nually. The other cities are New London, Nor-
wich, and Middlcton. Wcathersfiehl, Windsor,
Farmington, Litchfitid, Milford, Stratford, Fair-
field, Guilford, Slauiford, Windham, SuOield,and

Enfield, are all considerable and very pleasant
towns. In no part of the world is the education
of all ranks of people more attended to than in
Connecticut. Almost every town in the state is
divided into districts, and each district has a pub-
lic school kept in it a greater or less part of
every year. Somewhat more than one-third of the
moneys arising from a tax on the polls and rateable
estate of the inhabitants is appropriated to the sup-
port of schools in the several towns, for the educa-
tion of chihiren and youth. The law directs that
a grammar-school shall be kept in every county
town throughout the state. Yale college is an
eminent seminary of learning, and was Ibunded
in the year 1700. See Vale College. Acade-
mies have been established at Greenfield, Plain-
field, Norwich, Windham, and Porafret, some of
which are flourishing.

The constitution of Connecticut is founded on
their charter, which was granted by Charles II. in
1662, and on a law of the state. Contented with
this form of government, the people have not been
disposed to run the hazard of framing a new consti-
tution since the declaration of independence.
Agreeable to this charter, the supreme legislative
authority of the state is vested in a governor, dc-
])uty-governor, twelve assistants, or counsellors,
and the representatives of the people, styled the
general assembly. The governor, deputy-gover-
nor, and assistants, are annually chosen by the
freemen in the month of May. The representa-
tives (their number not to exceed two from each
town) are chosen by the freemen twice a-year, to
attend the two annual sessions, on the second
Tuesdays of May and October. The general as-
sembly is divided into two branches, called the up-
per and lower houses. The upper house is com.
posed of the governor, deputy-governor, and as-
sistants ; the lower house of the representatives
of the people. No law can pass without the con-
currence of both houses.

Connecticut has ever made rapid advances in
population. Tiiere have been more emigrations
from this than from any of the other states, and
yet it is at present full of inhabitants. This in-
crease may be ascribed to several causes. The
bulk of the inhabitants are industrious, sagacious
husbandmen. Their farms furnish them with all
the necessaries, most of the conveniences, and but
few of the luxuries of life. They, of course, must
be generally temperate, and if they choose, can
subsist with as much independence as is consistent
witl> happiness. The subsistence of the farmer is
substantial, and does not depend on inci<lental
circumstances, like that of most other professions.]

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CONNECTICUT.

[There is no ncccssitj of serving an apprentice-
sliip to llie business, nor of a larpo stock of money
to conimcncn it to advantage. Farmers who deal
inucli in barter, have less need of money tlian any
other cins.s of people. The ease witli which a
conifortablo suusisteiicc is obtained, induces the
liusbnndnian to marry young. The cultivntion of
ills farm makes him strong and he<illhful. He
toils clieerfuliy through the day, eats the fruit of
his own labour with a gladsome heart, at nightde-
voutly thanks his bounteous Ciod for his daily
blessings, retires to rest, and his sleep is sweet.
Such circumstances as these have greatly contri-
buted to the amazing increase of inhabitants in this
state. Besides, the people live under a fn'c go-
vernment, and have no fear of a tyrant. There
are no overgrown estates, with rich and ambitious
landlords, to have an undue and pernicious in-
fluence in the election o*' civil ollicers. Property
is equally enough divided; and must continue to
be so, as long as estates descend as they now do.
No person is prohibited from voting. He who has
the most merit, not he who has the most njoney,
is generally chosen into public office. As instances
of this, it is to be observed, that many of the citi-
zens of Connecticut, from the humble walks of
life, have arisen to the first offices in the stitc, and
filled them with dignity and reputation. That
base business of electioneering, which is so di-
rectly calculated to introduce wicked and design-
ing men into office, is yet but little known in Con-
necticut. A man who wishes to be chosen into
office, acts wisely, for that end, when he keeps
his desires to himself.

A thirst for learning prevails among all ranks of
people in the state. Nfore of the young men in
Connecticut, in proportion to their numbers, re-
ceive a public education, than in any of the states.
The revolution, which so essentially affected the
government of most of the colonies, produced no
very perceptible alteration in the government of
Connecticut. While uiuler the jurisdiction of
Great Hritaiti, they electcil their own governors,
and all subordinate civd officers, and made their
own laws, in the same manner and with as little
controul as they now do. Connecticut has ever
been a rcj ublic, and perhaps as perfect and as
happy a republic as has ever existed. While
other states, more monarchical in their governmen
and manners, have been under a necessity of un-
dertaking the difficult task of altering their old, or
forming new constitutions, and of changing their
monarchical for republican manners, Connecticut
lias uninterruptedly proceeded in her old track,
botii as to government and maimers ; and, by these

means, has avoided those convnlsions which have
rent other states into violent parties.

The present territory of Connecticut, at the
time of the first arrival of the English, was pos<
sesscd by the Pequot, the Mohegan, Podimk, and
many other smaller tribes of Indians. In 1774,
there were of the descendants of the ancient natives

only 1363 persons ; the

greater

jiart of whom

lived at Mohegan, between Norwich and New
London. From the natural decrease of the In-
dians, it is imagined that their number in this state
do not now exceed 400. The first grant of Connec-
ticut was made by the Plymouth council to the
Earl of Warwick, in 1630. The year following
the earl assignctl this grant to Lord Say and Seal,
Lonl Brook, and nine others. Some Indian traders
settled at Windsor in 1633. The same year, a
little before the arrival of the English, n tew Dutch
traders settled at Hartford, and the remains of the
settlement are still visible on the bank of Connec-
ticut river. In 1634, Lord Say and Seal, &c.
sent over n small number of men, who built a foit
at Saybrook, and made a treaty with the Pequot
Indians for the lands on Connecticut river. Mr.
Haynes and Mr. Hooker left Massachusetts bay in
1634, and settled at Hartford. The following
year, Mr. Eaton and Mr. Davenport seated them-
selves at New Haven. In 1644, the Connecticut
adventurers purchased of Mr. Fenwick, agent
for Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Brook, their right
to the colony, for 1600/. Connecticut and New
Haven continued two distinct governments for
many years. At length, John Winthrop, Esq.
who had been chosen governor of Connecticut,
was employed to solicit a royal charter. In 166^,
Charles II. granted a charter, constituting tlictwo
colonics for ever one body corporate and politic,
by the name of " The Governor and Company of
Connecticut." New Haven took the affair ill;
but in 1665, all difficulties were amicably iidjusted ;
and, as has been already observed, this charter
still contiimes to be the basis of their government.
The capital is Boston.]

[Connecticut is the most considerable river
in the e. part of the United States, and rises in
the high lands which separate the states of Vermont
and New Hampshire from Lower Canada. It
has been surveyed about 95 miles beyond the 45^*
of latitude, to the head spring of its n. branch ;
from which, to its mouth, is upwards of 300 miles,
through a thick settled country, having U|)on its
banks a great number of the most nourishing and
pleasant towns in tlie United States. It is from
80 to 100 rods wide, 130 miles from its mouth.
Its course between Vermont and New Hampshire]

CONNECTICUT

511

[Is generally }. s.v). aslikcwisc ttirougli Mnssac1ius«
setts, nnci part of Cunnecticiit, until it reaches the
city of Middletoii ; ntler wliicli it runs a s. s. e.
course to its moutli. Tlic navigation uf this beau-
tiful river, which, like the Nile, fertilizes the lands
through wliich it runs, is much obstructed by
falls; two of these are between New Hampsliirc
and Vermont, the first arc called the Fifteen-mile
falls ; here the river is rapid for 20 miles : the
second remarkable fall is at VValpole, formerly
called the Great falls, but now called Bellows'
falls. Above these the breadth of the river is in
some places 33, in other places not above 16 rods ;
the depth of the chaimelis about 35 feet, and com-
monly runs full of water. In September 1793,
however, owing to the severe drought, the water
of the river, it is said, " passed within the space
of 13 feet wide, and 2y feet deep." A large rock
divides the stream into two channels, each about
90 feet wide ; when the river is low, the e. channel
is dry, being crossed by a solid rock ; and the
fvhole stream falls into the w. channel, where it is
contracted to the breadth of 16 feet, and flows with
astonishing rapidity. There are several pitches,
one above another, m the length of half a mile, the
largest of which is that where the rork divides the
stream. A bridgeof timber was projected over this fall
by Colonel llale, in the year 1784, 365 (eet long,
and supported in the middle by the island rock,
and under it the highest floods ])ass without doing
any injury ; this is the only bridge on the river,
but it is contemplated to erect another, ^0 miles
above, at the middle bar of Agar falls, where the
passage for the water, betwe- .i the rocks, is 100
feet wide ; this will connect the towns of Lebanon
in New llampshirc, and Hartford in Vermont ; as
the former i)ri(lge connects Walpole in New
Hampshire with Khckingham in Vermont. Not-
withstanding the velocity oftlie current at Bellows'
I'alls, above described, the salmon pass up the
liver, and are taken many miles above, but the shad
proceed no fartlier. On the s-teep si<les of the
island rock, at (he fall, hang several arm chairs,
secured by a counterjioise: in tliese iIk; fislicrnicn
sit to catch salmon w'.tli fisliiii.;- nets. In tlie course
of the liver, tlirough Massaclnisetts, are the falls
at Scutli Hiidley, around which locks and canals
were coir.ph (eel in 179"), by an enterprising com-
pany, iiicorpora(ed for that purpose in 1792, Iiy
the legislature of Massachusetts. In ("onneeticut
the river is obstructed by falls at Enfield, to ren-
der which navigable in boa(s, a company has been
incorporated, and a sum of money raised by lot-
tery, but nothing cffectu.d is yot done. The

average descent of this river fiom Weathersfield in
Vermont, 150 miles from its mouth, is two ieet to
a mile, according to the barometrical observations
of J. VVinthrop^ Esq. nnide in 1786. The rivers
or streams which fall into Connecticut river are
numerous ; such of them as are worthy o.' liotice
will be seen under their respective names. At its
mouth is a bar of sand, which considerably ob-
structs the navigation ; it has 10 feet water on it
at full tides, and the depth is the same to Middle-
ton, from which the bar is 36 miles distant. Above
Middleton there are some shoals which iiave only
six feet water at high tide, and here the tide ebbs
and flows about eight inches ; three miles above
that city the river is contracted to about 10 rods
in breadth, by two high mountains ; on almost
every other part of the river the banks are low,
and spread into fine extensive meadows. In the
spring floods, which generally happen in May,
these meadows are covered with water. At Hart-
ford, the water sometimes rises 20 feet above the
common surface of the river, and the water hav-
ing no other outlet but the above mentioned strait,
it is sometimes two or three weeks before it returns
to its usual bed ; these floods add nothing to the
depth of water on the bar at the mouth of the
river, as the bar lies too far off in the sound to be
affected by them. This river is navigable to
Hartford city upwards of 50 miles from its mouth,
and the produce of the country for 200 miles above
it, is brought thither in boats. The boats which
are used in this business arc flat-bottomed, long,
and narrow, and of so light a make as to be port-
able in carts : betbrc the construction of locks and
canals on this river, they were taken out at three
difl'ereiit carrying places, all of which made 15
miles : it is expected that in a few years the ob-
structions will be ail removed. Sturgeon, salmon,
and shad, are caught in plenty in theirseason, from
the mouth of the river upwards, excepting stur-
geon, which do not ascend the upper falls; be-
sides a variety of small fish, such as pike, carp,
pircli, &c. There is yet a strong expectation of
openiiiji; a comnnniication between this river and
til" Merrimack, through Sugar river, which runs
into (lie ('onneeticut at (^laremont in New Hamp-
sliirc, and the ('ontoocook, which falls into tlie
VicrrinKick iit I5i)scawen. From this river were
employcil, in 1789, three brigs of 180 tons each,
in the EuroiM'an trade; and about 60 sail, from
60 to 150 tons, in the NV. India trade, besides
a few fishermen, and 40 or .50 coasting vessels.
Tile number has considerably increased since.]
[CoN.x KCTKUTj a stream in Long island, :Vew

<■'

1 •

ill

■•1

lil

lit

■)•'

lii.

!' ■ It;

!■

512

CON

York, wliicli falls into n hay at tlie f. side of the
island. It lies two niilcH to tliet. of Uockonkamn
pond.]

CONNESTIGUCUNK, nn cstablUhment of
the I'^ngliith, ill the coiiiily ofAlljany, in then, part
and to tiic e. of Chonccludy, or of (he river Mo-
liiiwk, \\here it gives a fall from above 70 feet iii
lieii>iit. Sec Ai.hany.

CONN ETA HI J L], or CoN»ESTABr,r, a small
isliind of the county of ('ayenne, belonging to the
French, between the city of Caj enne and cape
Orange.

C()\NETAHi,F., another small itiland of the same
province, witii the addition of Petite, to distin-
guish it from the Ibrmer.

CONOCOTO, a scUlement of the kingdom of
Quito, in t\ic rorrcgiinii nto of tht district of the
Cinco TieguasdelaCiudad, in the district of which
is A rising ground called Y'llido, and upon the
skirts of this are many warm-water mineral streams,
much frequented as baths for the curing of in-
firmities.

CONOMA, a lake of the province and country
of the Amazonas, in the Portuguese possessions.
It is formed from some waste water of the river
Madera, very near it^ shore, and at a small distance
from the river of Las Amazonas.

CONOME, Cape of, a point of land of the
coast of Nova Scotia, in the bay of Fundy, and in
the most interior part of the same.

CONORIBO, a river of the province and cap-

ainship of Seara in iirazil. It rises near the coast,

runs M. and enters that of La Concepcioii or S.

Francisco, and that of La Cruz, and then enters

the sea.

CONOSTEE, a settlement of Indians of N.
Carolina ; situate on the shore of the river Eu*
phasee.

CONSAHATCHEE, a river of the province
and colony of Georgia. It runs s. e. and enters the
sea.

CONSATA, a settlement of the missions which
■were held by the religious order of St. Augustin,
in the country of Paititi, of the province and cor'
regimiento of Larecaja in Peru.

'CONSETS, Point of, on the e. coast of the
island of Barbadoes, on the side of the point of
Bele.

CONSOLACION, NucsTRA Senoiia DE, asct-
tlement of the government of Neiba in the Nuevo
Reyno de Granada ; aimexefl to the curacy of the
town of La Purificacion. it is situate on the
shore of the river Pardo, is of a hot temperature,
Abounding in the vegetable productions of a similar

CON

climate, and in troublesome and venomous in-
sects. It contains more than 200 hoiiso-kecptrs.

CoNsoT.AcioN, a point or long strip of land
rfdlc<l Possession, on the;/, const of ihc straits of
RlagcUim; one of those which ftinii Possession
bay, and where are to be s«H5n the ruins of (he fort
named Jesus, which was founded by the Admiral
Pedro de Sarmionto.

CONSTANCE, or Constancia, a small city
of the English, in the island of i^irbadoes.

CONSTANTINO Pkurz, an island of the
river Vuldivia, in the kingdom of Chile, opposite
the same city, with two other small islands, the
one before, the other behind it, and which, together,
form the celebrated port of this n.ime. Tlie pas-
sage on both sides is navigable, but the channel on
the s. side being the most m idc, is the course nin-
fbrmly taken by large; ships and vcss(!ls, and in the
same manner the n. channel is mostly, as it is
narrower, entered by frigates and siuiill craft.

CONTAS, Kio nAs, a river in the province
and captainship of Ylheos in Brazil. It rises near
the coast, runs e. and enters the sea in the Barra
or Bar of Camamii, in the river of Ylheos.

CoNTAg, u town of the above province and
kingdom.

[CONTINENTAL Village was situated on
North river, in New York state. Before its de-
struction by Sir Henry Clinton, in OctoOer 1777,
there were here barracks for 2000 men.]

CONTOOK, a settlement of the English, in
the province of Hampshire, one of the four of
New England ; situate on the shore of the river
Pennycook.

CoNTooK, a river of the above province. It
rises from a small lak'?, runs s. then turns e, and
enters the Pennycook.

CONTOY, an island of the N. sea, near the
coast of the province and government of Yucatan,
close to the cape Cotoche.

CONTRE-PASTURAGE, a river of the pro-
vince and colony of Virginia. It runs n. e. and
enters the head of the river James.

CONTRERAS, a small island of the S. sen,
close to the coast of the province and government
of Veragua in the kingdom of Tierra Firme.

CONTUMAZA, a settlement of the province
and corregimicnto of Caxatnarca in Peru.

CONlfCO, a settlement ofthe province and cor-
regimienlo of Ytata in the kingdom of Chile ; situate
near the coast, opposite the island of Qtiiriquina.

CONUENTOS, a settlement of the province and
captainship of Rey in Brazil, at the source of the
river Curitaba.

Ifl

coo

CoNUENTOS, another scttloment In tfc* province
nnd correirimietAo of Chilian in the kingiloin of
Chile.

CONUENTIliLO,a sodlcmcntof thp province
and government of 'ruciiniun, in the diiitrict of the
cnpitnl ; situate to tlic .«. of llic same.

[CONVERSATION Point, a headland on the
f. side of n bay on the const of California. Lat.
Sy'SO'M. Long. llO^a;.]

[CON WAV, a township in the province of
New Drnnswick, Sudbury county, on the w. bank
of St. John's river. It has the bay of Kundy on
the s, and at the westernmost point ofthctownsliiu
Uiere is a pretty good harlraur, called Musquasli
cove.]

[Conway, a township in the n. r. corner of
Straflbrd county, New ilampshirc, on a bend in
Saco river, incorporated in J 765, and contains
571 inhabitants. It was called Pigwacket by the
Indians.]

[Conway, a thriving township in Hampshire
county, Massachusetts, mcorporated in I7G7, and
contains 2092 inhabitants. It lies 13 miles n. w.
of Northampton, and 1 15 n. w. by w. of Boston.]

[CONYA, a river in Surinam, or UiitJli
Guinea, S. America.]

[COOK'S River, in the n. to. coast of N. Ame-
rica, lies V. w, of Prince William's sound, nnd
1000 r Me$ R. to, of Nootka sound. It promises to
vie with tlie most considerable ones already known.
It was traced by Captain Cook for 210 miles from
the mouth, as high as lat. 61° 30' n. and so far as
is discovered, opens a very considerable inland
navigation by its various branches; the inhabi-
tants seemed to be of the same race with those of
Prince William's sound, and like them had glass
beads and knircS; and were also clothed in fine
furs.]

rCC)OKHOUSE, on the Cooquago branch of
Delaware river, is situated in tTic township of Col-
chester, New York, 18 miles *. of the mouth of
Unadilla river.J

[COOLOOME, an Indian town situated on the
w. side of Tallapoose river, a briMich of the Mo-
bile.]

COONl, a settlement of the province and ror-
regimiento of Cicasica in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Mecajiaca.

(/OOPER, a river of the province and coloiijr
of Georgia. It runs s. c. then s, and enters the
sea.

[CooiuMi's Island, one of the Lesser Virgin isles
ill (he W. Indies, situated s. xi). of Ciinger island,
nnd uninhabiU'd. It is five miles long, nnd one
broad.]

vol.. !.

COO

■il.'?

♦

[CoopEii> a large and navigable river which
mingles '\\n waters with Ashley river, b<;Iow ( 'haiU' -
ton city in S. Carolina. Tliesc tbrm a spacious
and convenient harbour, which commiuiicates with
the ocean, just below .Sullivan's island, which it
leaves on the n. seven miles ji. f. of the ritj*. In
tliese rivers the tide rises fij feet. (^H)j)eir river is
a mile wide at the ferry, nine miles nbove (Miarlcn.
town.]

f{'ool>En*« Town, a i»o»t-town and township
in Otsego county. New York, and is the eoinpnct
part of the townshi|) of Otsego, and (he chief town
of the country round lake Otsego, it is pleasant-
ly situated at the s- w. end of the lake, on its banks,
and those of its outlet ; 12 miles n, lo. of Cherry
valley, and 73 ©. of Albany. Mere are a court-
house, gaol, and academy. In 1791 it contained
292 inhabitants. In 1789 it had but three houses
oidy ; and in the spring 1795, 50 houses had been
erected, of which above a fourth part were respect-
able two-story dwelling-houses, with every pro-
])ortionable improvement, on a plan regularly laid
out in squares. Lat. 42" S6' n. Long. 74'. 58' w.J

[Cgoi'i ii's Town, Pennsylvania, is situated «»n
the Susquehannnh river. This place in 1785 was
a wilderness ; nine years after it contained 1800 in>
habitants, a large and handsome church, with a
steeple, a market-house and a l)ettering liouse, a
library of 1200 volumes, and an academy of 64
scholars. Four hundred and seventy pipes were
laid under ground, tor the purpose of bringing
water from U' est mountain, and conducting it to
every house in town.]

[COOP'S Town, in Harford county, Maryland,
lies 12 miles w. w. of Harford, and 22 n. e. of Bal-
timore, measuring in a straight line.]

[COOS, or Coiios. The country called tapper
and Lower Coos lies on Connecticut river, be-
tween 20 and 40 miles above Dartmouth college.
Upj»er ('oos is the country .«. of Upper Ainonoo-
suck river, on .John and Israel rivers. Lower
Cons lies below the town of Ilavct hill, s. of tlis
Lower Amonoosuck. The distance from Upper
t'oos, to the tide in Kennebeck river, was measured
in ITO.'j, ;ind was found to be but 90 miles.]

[COOSA OES, an Indian town on Alabama
river, iiboijt 60 miles above its mouth, on Mobile
river, below M'tiilfivray's town, aiid opposite
the month ot tlie Oakliiskee. j

[COOSA llATCiir.E, 01 (^.losAM-, a river of S.
Carolina, which rises in Orangeburg disitrict, and
runninga s.s. tc. course, empties into Umatl river
and Whale branch, which bcparate Beanlbrt island
from the mainland.]

[COObA, or Coosa IlATcuA,a river which
3 I'

|lf

I'iil

iU\

.Hi

.k' I

; J t

bI4

COP

I f I ,

1 1

:! ^

rises ill (In,' liitjii luuls of (lie (Iliprokpfs coiiiitrv,
and jdiniii!; 'r;iliii|h)i).s(', loriiis Ahl>:iiiiii river. Iin
coiirsi' is ifciKTiilly .♦. riiiitiiiijj tlir(Mi<;li lIu; ((itiritry
of JIk! N'llclit'/, and oilier IrilKti rf (lie LF|)pcr
C^rpcks, (lie roiii;lii's! iiiul iiio«t l)n)kcii ol'lin' wlicdo
iiiition. ll is rapid, and lull of rucks and uliuaU,
hnrdly iinvii;ab!i- for caiiiM's.]

[COOSA WATCIIIli, or Coojaiiatcime, n
posl-towit iti BiMiifort district, S. Carolina; situ-
ated on lilt! .». w. side uf Coosa river, over whicli a
bridge lias been luU-Iy erected. Jt is a flourishing;
place, having about 40 houses, a court-liouNC, and
jfaol. The courts formerly held at Beaufort are
held here. It is S'J miles from Beaufort, and 77
». ». »). of Charleston. I

[COOTSTOWN, in Berks county, Pennsyl-
vania, is situated on a branch of Saulioca creek, a
branch of the Schuylkill river. It contains 40
houses, and a Cierinan, Lutheran, and Calvinist
church united. It is 17 miles n. //. c. of Reading,
und 73 II. w. by 7i. of Philadelpiiia.J

COPA, a settlement of the province and corre-
f^imifiilo of Larccajd ia Peru ; annexed to the cu-
racy of AmbaiiA.

CopA, another settlement, in the provinni and
correal fiiiento of Caxatnmbo in the same kingdom ;
annexed to the curacy ol Manias.

CopA, a large and copious river of the kingdom
of Quito, which runs /i.e. enters the Ciprc to the
n. and the Quiuindi to the s, ; then joins the
Blanco on the t». side, a little before this unites it-
self with the Guuillabnmba, and forms the Esme-
raldas. Its mouth or entrance is in lat. 26' ».

COPACAUANA, a settlement of the province
and conegimknlo ofOmiisujos in Peru; situate
on a Ion<f strip of land which runs into the great
lake of Titicaca or Chiicuito. Here is venerated
an image of Nuestra Seuora dc la Candelaria,
which, in 1583, was put into a temple, very sump-
tuous, and of fine architecture, riches, and orna-
ments. The same is a sanctuary of the greatest
devotion, and most resorted to of any in Peru.

CoPACAUANA, another settlement, in the pro-
vince and corregimiciilo of Paria in the same
kingdom.

CoPACAUANA, another, of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of the
Jesuits, in the province of GayrA, and govern-
ment of Paraguay ; situate on the shore of a small
river which enters the ParaiiA, and on the skirt
of a mountain to the s.e. of the city of Gayra,
which was destroyed by the Portuguese of San
Pablo.

CopAc \UANA, a point or long strip of land of
the lake Titicaca, which serves as a limit to the

COP

province of Uiuainarca, in the province of Uina-
siiyoK.

COPAMAL.A, a settlnnent of the province and
ttUttldia iiuii/or of Los Zo(jues in the kingduiii of
Guiiteiuidii.

COPAIQUL, n (.elleiiieni of the province and
ronei^imietilo of Larecaja in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Ambana.

COPA LA, a province of the alvaldia nuij/or of
Nueva Esnaiia ; bounded n. to. by that of Chia-
metla or Chamellan. It is a luouiitainous coun-
try, abounding in wax, honey, and some sugar-
cane, from which sugar is made in various mill*.
Its population of Indians is but small, and these
for the most part occupy themselves in fishing ;
an employ mciit which is readily aflbrdcd them by
the copious river Mazatan. It is of a very hot
temperature, and has many silver mines, which
are worked to tolerable advantage. Some salines
also on the sea-shore arc not less lucrative ; and
here there is a small port. This province has been
frequently invaded by ciietnies. Near the river
Piastia, which also waters this province, the re-
gulars of the company of Jes'iits held some mis-
sions, where there had been formed three settle-
ments of Indians, reduced to the Catho'ic faith.
The capital is the town called Del Hosario, and
the other settlements are,

Mazatan, Charcas, the same,

Copala, real of the Cosela, the same,
mine!*, San Xavier de Cavasan.

CoPALA, with the dedicatory title of San Juan,
a settlement and head settlement of the alcaldia
mayor of Tepozculula in Nueva Lkpana. It is
of a hot temperature, pleasant, and abounding in
fruits. It contains 104 families of Indians, and is
15 leagues Q). by s. oi its capital.

CoPAi.A, another settlement ill the head settle-
ment of Tuzcacuesco, and alcaldia mayor of
Amola, in the same kingdom. It contains 32 fa-
milies of Indians, and is five leagues to the n. of
its head settlement.

Cop ALA, another settlement and real of the
silver mines of the province and alcafdia mayor
of its name ; situate to the n. of the capital.

COPALLEN, an ancient province of the In-
dians, to the s. of the city of Jaen de Bracamoros
in the kingdom of Quito. As yet its limits arc not
known ; but it is full of woods, uncultivated, and
uninhabited.

COPALLIN, a settlement of the province and
government of Jaen de Brucamoros in the king-
dom of Quito.

COPAN, Santa Maria uk, a settlement of
the alcaldia mayor of Cordova in Nueva Espafia 3

PVu

1 i'

32 fa-
! n. of

COP

of A hot and moist tompcrntiiro, find iiiliiibitcd l)y
107 families of Iiidii'iiis; being 15 loiigiicii n.e, uf
its capital.

Coi'AN, a river of the province nnd governmpnt
ofCiimanil. It rises in iht: an rania of Iniatncn,
runs t. and outers (he C'liyiini on the ii. side.

i;OPANI)AR(), Santiago ni:, a se((leinent of
the head settlement of Tuziuitla, and afca/din mat/or
of Maravafio, in Niievn IvpnAa. It contain.t 3i
families of Indians, and is 10 leagues to the s, of
its head hettlcment. In H is a convent of the reli-
gious order of St. Angiiilin, wliicli is otic of the
best convents in the kingdom.

COPKNAML], a river of (he province and go-
vernment of (I'uayan:!, in the IJutch possessions or
colony of 8tirin:ini. It runs n. and unites itself
with the Sarameca at its mouth, to form nnolher
mouth, and enter into the sea.

('OPER, a small settlement of theNuevo Reyiio
de Granada, in the road which leads from Siinta
Fe to Muzo; situate upon an height, near the
mountain Apari, where, upon the descent which
is called Cuesta de Macanazos, and at its skirt,
runs the river Villamisar. Near it has been foinul
a mine of earth, esteemed an c^cellenl nnlidote
against poisons.

COPERK, a settlement of the province and ju-
risdiction of IVluzo, in the corregimienlo of Tunja,
of the Nuevo Rcy node Granada. It is of a be-
nign temperature, produces maize, cotton, yiicas,
plantains, and the other fruits of its climate. In
the territory of this curacy rises the river called
Villamisar, memoral)le for the battle fought there
by the Indians and Captain Luis Lanchero, in
which the former were routed. It contains ifiO
Lousekecpcrs, and 30 Indians.

COPlA, one of the ancient provinces which
\rerc formed by that of Popay&n in the time of the
Indians ; and Ijonndcd by the province of Car-
tama. At present its limits are not known, since
the Spaniards have changed both the divisions and
names.

COPIAPO, a province and corregimiento of the
kingdom of Chile; bounded ». by tiie province of
Atacama, of the archbishopric of Charcas, and
kingdom of Peru ; e. by (he territory of the city of
Rioja, of the province of Tucuman, the cordiilera
running between ; *. by the province of Coquimbo,
and TB. by the Pacific ocean. Its extent is (iO
leagues n. s. and from 20 to three e. w. It very sel-
dom rains here; cattle is therefore scarce, although
it nevertheless produces every sort of grain, of ex-
cellent quality, and fruits of various kinds. The
temperature is very benign throughout the year.

COP

515

It lins m«ny mines of copper, most pure and rich
suliihur, loadstone, lapis tiizuti, nnd gold ; some of
which arc wnrketl ; and it is not many years ago
that some silver mines also Merc discovered. It
produces a kind of small tree", which are planted
and cultivated upon the banks of the streams and
nqm'iUicis, vu\\('i\ paxmo lo''Oy !\m\ which distil a
liquor, which, being prepared over the fire, serve*
instead of pitch for liiiini; the vessels in which the
wine in that kingdom is kept. The conger eel
abounds upon the coast, and there is a particular
trilx' of Indians, called Chnngos, who are devoted
to this kind of fishery, living the whole year upon
the coasts, and carrying about their wives and cliil-
dren upon rafts, until th( y find out a creek likely
to afl'ord them what they are in search of: these
fish are then bought by the natives, and carried to
be sold at the capital of the kingdom, Hantiago.
Here is also a trade of sulphur, since it is so fine
that it needs never to be purified, and is conse-
quently worth three dollars the ratitaro [a ran arm
is about four gallons]. It almunds no less in nitre,
on which account all the waters here are brackish,
and there is little indeed that is sweet. This pro-
vince is very thinly iKopUn), since it has no other
population than such as is found in the capital,
which is called San Francisco de la Selva. Its in-
habitants, V 'licli should amount to 5000, of all
sexes and ages, arc dispersed about in country
farms. [The province of Copiapo owes its name,
according to the Indian tradition, to the great
nuantitv of turquoises found in its mountains.
Though these stones ought, with propriety, to bo
classed amongst the concretions, as they are only
the petrified teeth or bones of animals, coloured
by metallic vapours, we may place them amongst
the precious stones. The turquoises of Copiapo
are usually of a greenish blue ; some, however,
are found of a deep blue, which arc very hard,
nnd known by the name of the turquoises of the
ohi rock. The amazing fertility of the soil of thii
province has given rise to assertions, whicli, on
the first bhsh, might appear fabulous. Mr. San-
son, of Abl)cville, in Ins Geography, asserts that
its valleys frequently yield 300 for one. See
Chh.k.J

Copiapo, a port of the above province and
corrrgimiailo.

Copiapo, a settlement of the same.

Copiapo, a mountain, in which there is a vol-
cano, which at difTcrent times has occasioned
much mischief, and is in lat. 26°. [This moun-
tain consists entirely of a marble, striped with
bands of various colours, which have a very beau-
3 V 2

/♦

;t'

' •fiii

I (

mls

&I6

C O

lifiil apprariincc. .\ mountain siiiiilur to Ihis is
foiiiul 111 the marslics ofMauIe.]

CopiAi'o, a river wiiicli rises in tiie cordilUra,
It runs two leagues to the w. passes near tlie settle-
ment of its name, and empties itself into the S. sea,
serving as a port for vessels.

Co?i A I'o, a mountain, ciUca Morro de Copiapo,
in the coast, at the side of the port of its name.

COPiLA, a small settlement or ward of the
ulcaldia niaj/or of Guacliinango in N«cva Espana ;
annexed to the curacy of Naupan.

rOPOUAQUE, a settlement of the province
and ro»Ten7//(/f/(<o of Canes and Caliches or Tinta
er'».

CoponAQUi;, another, in the province and cor.
re_^iiiiienfo of Cullahui»s of the same kingdom.

Coi'oRAQUE, another. See Vilcomayo.

iX'OPPIill Mine, a large river of New Mritain,
reckoned to l)e the niostn. i>i N. America. Taking
a n. course, it fulls into tho sea in lat, 7;-^' n. .ind
abcut long. 119" «£). from (n'recnwich. The ac-
counts brought by the Indians of this river to the
British ports in Hudson bay, and the specimens of
copper protluciHl by them, induced Mr. Ileariie to
set out from fort Prince of Wales, in December
1770, on a journey of discovery. He reached the
river on the 14tb July, at 40 miles distance from
the sea, and i(>uiid it all the way encuinbc :.'d with
shoals and falls, and emptying itself into it over a
dry flat of the shore, t'lo tide being (hen out, which
seemed by the edges of the ice to rise aliont 12 or
14 feet. This rise, on account of the falls, will
carry it but a very small w!iy within the river's
mouth ; so that the water in it has nut the least
brackish taste. Mr. Hcarnc had the most exten-
sive view of the sea, whicli bore u.ic. by w. and
«. c. when he was about eight miles up the river.
The sea at the river's mouth was full of islands
and shoals ; but the ice- was only thawed away
about three-fourths of a mile from the shore, on the
17tli of .July. Tile Esquimaux had a quantity of
ivhale-bone and seal-skins at their tents on the
snore.]

. COPTA, a settlement of the province and cor-
re^iniiento of Arica in Peru.

COPTOS, silver mines of the province and
corregimiento of Guamachuco in Peru ; they are
most al)undant, and have yielded immense wealth.

COPUENO, a settlement of the province and
govemment of Quixos and Macas in the kingdom
of Quito.

COQl HROSO, a settlement of the province
ami capldinsliip of Scrgipc in Brazil ; situate on
<he shore of the river Cirli.

€ O Q ^

C'(KJi;i:-UIEIiM:, ashoalofthe n. coast of
llic islaiul of isl. Domingo, in the I'Vencb posses-
sions, between tlie point lloche-a-Picoler oud the
river Cirande.

COQUIBACOA, Cabo de, a point of land
which runs into th« sea, on the coast of the pro-
vince and government of Venezuela, distinct from
that of Chichibacoa.

(JOQUIMBO, a prorince and corregiiniento of
the kingdom of Chile; bounded e. by the pro-
vince of Tucuman, of the kingdom of Peru, tlw
Cordillera running between ; s^by the province of
Quillota; and to. by the Pacific occiiM, U is 80
leagues in length », s. and 40 in width e. u\ Its
temperature is very benign ; and on account of
its not raining much in the sitrra, through the low
situation of this part of the jirovincp, the snow
aiul frost is not so common here, nor (Iocs it stay
upon the ground so long as it does upon the
parts whiui lie s. of Santiago. For the same
reason the rivers are lew, and (lie largest of IIkmu
arc those of Los Santos or Limari, and that whiuli
passes through its canital. R?ariy hiiu/.ir os and
viaitias breed here, f he territory is (hr the most
part broken and uneven, and produces, nltlioiiirh
not in abundance, the same fruits as in the \\holc
kingdom, such as grain, wine, and oil of excel-
lent quality. It has many gold mines, likewise
some of silver, copper, lead> sul|>hur, while lime,
and salt ; but the most abundant of all are those of
copper ; large quantities of this metal having been
sent to Spain for founding artillery, and indeed
from the same source has been made all the artillery
in this kingdom. This metal is iound of two sorts,
one which is called campanaly and is only tit for
founding, and the other, which luis a mixture of
gold, and is called de la!>rar, or working metal, and
which is known only in this province. Merc also
they make large quantities of rigging for slii|)s.
Its inhabitants may ainaunt to 15,000. [In this
province is found the (/uisro tree, with thorns of
eight inches l^ng ; the same iK'ing used by the na-
tives (or knitting needles. It is noted for produc-
ing the best oysters, and for a resin which is yielded
from the herb c/«7crt. See Cm lb. J The capital
bears the same name, or that of La Serena. This
was the second settlement of the kingdom, and
founded by the order of Pedro de Vuldivia, by
(Japtain Juan Bohon, in 154ci, in the valley of
Cuquimpi, which gave it its name, and which,
being corrupted, is now called Coquimbo, and
lil Segundo de la Serena, in memory of the country
of Valdivia in Mstremadura. It lies at a quarter
of a league's distance from the sea, and is situate

" ,!

'i»','

COR

upon llu« luftii'st pnri of llint most Ixjaulifiil IfAtiKra,
from uliicli ihc pmspcct is so oricl]aiitiii>( ; hliew-
iiig OH one side tin- son. (ni anotlior ibe riv< r wliicli
>Yalcrs (lie precincts, aiitl on aiiotluT sonic sliaity
poplar groves. It is ot an extremely bcniirii tem-
l)eralnre, and enjoyin<; (liron^liout the year a iwr-
petuai sprin<r, bcin^ neither incommoded by neat
nor cold. It is extremely fertile, and abounds in
%vhatcver can coitiluce to the comfott and conve-
nience of life. The city is tolerably lurg'* ; all (he
streets are drawn at straight lines ; and tl'C houses
are disjoined Ironi each other by large gardens,
which are all well supplied with water brought by
aqueducts from the river. The parish chnrcii is
very, beautiful, and not less so are (hose of the re-
ligious orders of S(. Francis, ijt. Domingo, St.
Augusdn, ]ja Merced, San .fuau de Dios, and th<.
college which formerly belonged to (he regulars
of the company of the Jesuits. It has a port,
which is convenient and much frequented by ves>
scls ; upon the shore of which are caught tunnies,
abacoms, and various odicr kinds of fish ; also
many delicate kinds of shell-fish. At a small dis-
tance is a vi'ry abundant copper miue, from which
much iiittal is extracted and carried to Lurope ;
and 't Ij of tiii,'', as well as of its excellent breed
of horses, its wine, oil, tallow, cow-hides, and
dried meats, that its commerce is composed ; send-
ing, as it does yearly, four or five vessels loaded
with these effects to Lima. Although it has mines
of the purest gold, yet these arc but Ihlle worked.
The whole of tlie tmvn is covered Avith beautiful
myrtles, and of these there is a delightful grove.
It was destroyed by the Araucanos Indians in
1547 ; and in 1379 it was attempted tol)e taken by
Francis Drake, who was repulsed by the inhabi-
tants. In 1680 it seemed to be rebuilt only that
it might undergo a sacking the same year by the
English pirate, Hartholomew Sharps. Its popula-
tion consists of 500 families of Spaniards and
people of colour, and some Indians. ]<'ifteen
leagues from the city of Concepcion, and 58 from
thecapit:;! of (lie kingdom, Santiago. ITat. ^O"" s.
Long. 7i" 18'. [Sec Ciui.t:.]

Co Q DIM BO, an island of the coast of this pro-
vince and aorccimiciUo.

COQl'IN, a settlement of the province and
government of Tarma in I*eru ; annexeil to the
curacy of Cayiia.

COQlJlN(3CA, a settlement of the province
and corres:i:meHto of Cliichas and Tarija in Peru.

COKAI, Santa (Jj.aua uk I'osmk, a settle-
ment of the province and ronrgiinitnto of IIu-
anta in Peru; annexed to the curacy of Paucai-
bamba.

COR

bit

CORAJAIS, a settlement and village of lli*
Portuguese in the province and country o( L.is
Ain-.ixonas ; situate on the shore of tiic river
Negro.

COUAL, a settlement of the province and cap*
tainship of Key Hi lirazil; situate on the sea-coast,
nt the mouth of (he river Imbau.

[Co UAL River, in New Mexico, runs a
course w. by s. and empties iji(o (he head of the
gulf of California, close by the mouth of Colo<
rado river.]

[CORAM, a post-town in Suffolk county. Long
island, New York. It has about (iO houses, and
lies G^ miles e, of New York city, and 10 from
Smithtown. 1

COllANl, a settlement of the province and
corrcgimiento of Carabaya in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Ayapata.

CORAS, Santiago be i,os, a settlement of the
missions which were held by the regulars of the
company of Jesuits in California ; situate at an'
equal distance from both coasts. It is composed
of Indians of the nation of its name, and is tite
place where the Father Lorenzo Carranza, a mis-
sionary, suffered martyrdom.

Coras, some shoals, lying -very little under
water, near the coast of the province and captain'
ship of Maranan in Urazil, at the mouth of a river
which is also thus called.

CORAZON DK Jescs, a settlement of the
corrcgimiento and jurisdiction ot Vclez in the
Nuevo Reyno de Granada. Its population is
small, and it is situate in a country mountainous
and full of pools, being scanty in vegetable pro-
ductions, with SOO inhabitants, a miserable race.
It is near (he sc((lemen( of Chiquinquira, and (o
(he *. of Velez.

CoKAZON, auodier, calletl De Maria, of (he mis-
sions which were held by the regulars of thecompany
of JesuiU in the province and government of May-
nas, of the kingdom of Quito ; situate on the
shore of the river Aguarico.

Coi(A7.oN, another, called De Jesus, in the pro-
vince and government of the ('hiquitos Indians in
Peru ; situate at the foot of the cordillera of San
Fernando, a reduccion of the missions which were
held there by the regulars of the company.

CoitAZON, another, of the kingdom of Quito,
in the corregimienlo of the «listrict of Jjas Cinro
Legtiasde esti Cindad (the F'ive Leagues froai this
City), and in the road which leads down from
(I'uayaquil.

C(>UAZoN,a mountain of the kingdom of Quito,
on the s. s. e. part, fnmi the which on the xo, (low
down the rivers of Sau Lorenzo and Vamboya,

'"ill

I'll

>..*.;

918

COR

running to unite tlicmsrlvcs with that of Toachi.
It is (o the n. of the paramo of KIcnisa, and is
sometimes covered with snow.

CORCA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Chilqiies and Masques in Peru ; an-
nexed to the curacy of Huanoqnite.

[CORCAS, or Guand Corcas, an island
almost in the form of a crescent, n. of St. Do-
mingo, in the windward p.issn<j(*, ai)out seven
leagues to. of Turk's island, and about 20 e. of
Little Inagiin or Hcnengua. Lat. 21° 45' n.
Lone 71° 3h>w.]

COIlGIl UE, u settlement of Indians of the i)ro-
vincc and government of Valdivia in the kingdom
of Cliile.

COllCOLA, a setdcmont of the Portuguese, in
the territory of the Giiiiynzns Indians, ofthe king-
dom of liraitil ; sidinfe at the source and on the
shore of the river Tocantines.

CORCOUADO, a settlement of t'tc missions
which were held by the regulars of the compnny
of Jesuits in the province and government ot Los
Llanos, of the Nnevo Reyno de Granadi, and
which is at present under the charge of the reli-
gious order of St. Francis.

CoRcouADO, a rock or island ofthe S. sen, op-
posite the port of Santa, ofthe province and corre-
gimienlo of this name in Pern.

CORCIJLLA, a seltlement of the province and
lorre^imiento of Parinacochas in Peru.

CORDES. SeeViRDi.

CORDILLEUA. See Andes.

CORDILLIERS, Montagne nns, a mountain
ofthe island of Cayenne, on the skirts of nhicli
the French have a fort and establishment for its
defence.

CORDON, PuxTA OET,, a point of the coast of
the TO. head ofthe island of St. Domingo, on the
shore of the port Pimiento.

CORDOVA, a province and afcaMa tiia>/or of
Nueva Espnna; bounded w. by the province of
Orizava; n, by that of San .liian de los Llanos ;
e. by that ofthe ancient Vera Cruz ; and s. by the
rugged mountains of Songolica. It has on the
s. e. and X. s. ff. the great estate of Mataanonn, 10
leagues from Taliscona, the last boundary of Vera
Cruz. It is of a hot and moist temperature; the
greater part of its district is composed of broken
Bud uneven grounds, and mountains covered with
cedars, walnuts, pines, and ocotales. It has also
beautiful and fertile plains, abounds in birds and
animals of the chase, and no less in fish, miny trout
and hobon b(!ing caught out of the rivers by which
this province is irrigated. In the spacious plain
(>f Altotonga runs a rapid river, by which it is

COR

ierlilized, and rendered abundant in every kind of
vegetable production. Here also breed many
flocks of cattle, which are the chief commerce
ofthe place. The capital l)ears the same name.

This was founded in 1618, by order of the vice-
roy Don Diego Fernantlez de Cordova, Marquis
of (I'undalcazar, who gave it his n;»me. It is of a
hot and moist temperature; situate to the w. of
some siitall mountains, which form an half-circle,
and are surrounded by many umbrageous trees.
The parish church is magnificent, of exquisite
architecture, and rich ornaments. Here is a con-
v<'nt of the religious Desc Izos (barefooted order)
of St. Francis, imd oiu; of St. Ilippol^te dela Ca-
ridad, in which there is an hospital lor the sick
Spaniards, and for the black slaves, endowed by
the masters and proprietors of certain mills, in which
an infinite quantity of .Migiir is mule. It abounda
in this article, with lIlo^e of tobacco, China
oranges, njcnjoli, large cuttle, and swine ; as also
other fruits and arlicirs of merchandize pecubar
to Murone and the kingdcmi ilwlf. [Humlwldt
asserts that the environs o*" Cordova and Orizaba
produce all tlir tobacco cr, »umed in New Spain.]
Its populaticm consists of 2fi0 families of Spaniards,
)2(j of Miislecs, 70 of Midaltocs and Negroes,
and 27J of Mexican Indians; of many others also
who iire of various classes, and who work in the
sugar-mills. Forty-eight leagues to the e.w. e. of
Mexico, in Int. 18" .W'; long. 96° 3G'. The other
settlements of this jurisdiction are,
Santa Ana dc Zacan, San Diego,

Chocaman,

Yxhuatlan,

Coscomatepee,

Sta. Maria Magdalena,

Calcahuaico,

S. Antonio Iluatuzco,

Amatlan de los Reyes,

San Bartotome,

Totutia,

Copan,

Zentia,

San Diego Tluatuzco,

San Juan de la Punta,

San Lorenzo.

Co u no V A, another city, the capital of the province
andgovernmentof Tucnn an in Peru ; founded by
the governor of that province, (leronimo Cabrera,
in 1573, and not by Juan Nunezde Prado, in 1549,
according to the erroneous account of the Ex-
jesuit CoTeti. It was in the territory of theComi-
chingnnes Indians, and part which they called
Kiskisacate, on the shore of the river Pucani ;
but reniovi-d from thence to the s. part of the
same river ; the parish being dedicated to Nuestra
Seiiora dc la Pena of France, and being under the
obligation of celebrating its festival on the day of
the conception, when it was also usual to display
the sjKCtacle of a bull-fight. It is situate m a
narrow bay, close .to which is a lofty mountain.
It is much exposed to inundations in the rainy

t 1

ovince
c(l Uy
l)rera,
1549,
Ex-
Comi-
callcd

iicari'i ;
of Uiu

^uestra

dcr the
tiny of

disjilay
III a

COR

aensons, nnd is flotKled by walers nisbing down
tliruugli a ii(M.<r!iboiirii)^ clmiiiiel, and in tact
would l)f licioliy roiiiltrcd uninhabitable, but for
tlie mounds which have been laist-d for its defence.
One half of the city experiences in one day a va-
riation of all the winds from n. to s. These winds,
thus chanj^ing, are accompanied with great tem-
pests of thuiuler and liglitnins^. At one moment
the heat which accompnnies the n. wind is ex-
cessive, and at another the cold which accompanies
the s. is intolerable. It is, indeeil, to this cause
that the number of sudden deaths which occur
lierc are attributed. The city is small, and nearly
of a square figure, but the buildings arc superior
to any in the province. It has three convents ;
those of the religious order of St. Francis, St. Do-
mingo, and La Merced, an hospital of Bethlemites,
with the dedicatory title of S;m Koque ; two mo-
nasteries of nuns, the one of Santa Teresa, the other
of Sania Clara, and two colK-ges with the titles of
univ'Tsities. It is the head of a bishopric, erected
in 1370, and is very rich, owing to the great com-
merce which it carries on in mules bought in the
province of Buenos Ayres, and fattened in the
pastures liere, for the purpose of being sold for the
supply of the other provinces, and in fact of the
whole of Peru. It abounds in all kinds of pro-
ductions, and is 70 leagues f. om S.intiago del Es>
tero, to the s. in 62^ S9'; long. 3V SO's. lat. [For
an account of the late revolutions of this place,
see La Plata.]

CoauovA, another city, in the province and
fETovernment of Cumana, tbiinded by Gonzalo do
Dcanipo in 1525, near the sea-coast. It is so re-
duced and poor, tliat it does not deserve tlie name
of a city. Il is Irannded by the Caribcs Indians.

CoKDovA, a settlement of the province and
corrrgiiniento of Castro Vireyna in Peru.

Co lino V A, another, of the province and go-
Terument of Santa Martu in the kingdom of Ti-
crra Firme, situate upon the coast, it was sacked
by the English pirate (ilauson in 1635.

CORDOVI^S, Rio DEL, a river of the province
nnd government of Buenos Ayrea. It run!> zd. and
enters the Yazigua close tothe passof Chileno.

CORE, Bank of, an isle of the N. Sea, near
the coast of S. Carolina, between those of Oca-
cook and Drum.

[CoiiE Sound, on the coast of N. Carolina,
lies s. of, nnd communicates with Pamlico.]

COREBO, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Chofo. It rises in the valley of Tatn.vc,
at the foot of the mountains of Choco, and enters
the Paganngandi.

CORENA, a port on the const of the province

COR

5I!»

and captainsfii/) of the Rio Janeiro in Brazil, close
to the island of Santa Maria.

COREN'I'E, a river of the kingdom of Brazil.
It rises in the head of that of the Paraguas and the
Verde, runs s. s. e. and enters the above river at
mid-course.

CORENTIN, a river of the province nnd co-
lony of Surinam, or part of G nay ana in the Dutch
{tnssessions, according to the last advices of the
'ather Bernardo Rosella of the extinguished so-
ciety, which advices were received from the
Dutch, and served, in 1745, tothe making the map
of this ])rovince and the Orinoco. It rises in the
R. part of the famed lake Parime, which some have
thought to exist merely in fable. It runs ;. wa-
tering the Dutch colonies ; and five leagues to the w.
of IJerbice, and to the *. c. of the Orinoco, empties
itself into the sea, in 5° 22' n. lat.: at its entrance
it is one league wide. Tiie Englitsh call it Devil's
creek, which signifies Barranco del Diablo. In
the interior of its course it has some sand-banks,
which extend for three leagues, and render its na-
vigation ditlicult, notwithstanding that at the low
tide there are still some channels of water, in this
riverare likewise three small well cultivated islands,
lying in a direction from /i. to s. They are very
((■rtile, and covered with trees, and the soundings
of the river about them varies from five to six
fathoms.

COIIETIQUI, a settlement of the province and
correfimienlo of Caxamarquilla in Peru.

CORIANA. See Coro.

CORIDON, Samnas ue, salt grounds in the
point and w. head of the island of St. Domingo,
on the shore of the port Pimieiito.

CORIMPO, a settlement of the province of
Cinaloa in Nueva Espana ; situate on the shore of
the river Mayo, between the settlements of lieco-
joa and Nabajoa.

[CORINl'll, a township in Orange county,
Vermont, to. of Bradlord, containing 578 inha-
bitants.]

CORIO, a settlement of the province and cap-
tainship of San Vincente in Brazil, on the shore
and at the source of the river Uruguay.

CORIl*ATA, a settlement of the province and
government of Canta in Peru ; annexed to the cu-
racy of Atabillos Altos.

COR I PI, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Guayann, in the FVench possessions. It
enters the sea between the Oiapoco and cape
Orange.

CORIS, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of iluuilas in Peru, annexed to the cu-
racy of Aija.

•I

ilii

> ■ \

1«

520

COR

iHit

•^.■:!,

CORIXAS, a river of tlie kingdom of Brazil.
It rises in the sierra Bermeja, runs w. forming a
curve, and euters the TocanlJiies near that of Los
Monges, according to tlie nccoiint given by the
Portuguese.

Co II IX AS, some sierras of the same kingdom,
which run s. s. e. and are a continuation of the
sierra Bcrmeja ; tliey tlien run e. forining a
curve, as far as the river T Ocantines, and ex-
tend their course on as far as the shore of the
Aral il;^^a•

CORK, a large bay in the e. coast of the island
of Newfoundland, between the cape Gull and the
island Tuliquct.

COHKAM, a fori of the English, in the pro-
vince and colony of Conm-clicut, one of the four
which compose New England ; situate near the
coast.

COftMA, a settlement of the province and ror-
ret^imienlo of Quispicanchi in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Papres.

CORMO, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment olCanta in Peru ; annexed to the curacy
of Atabillos Altos.

CORNE, an island of 'the N. sen, near the
coijst of Florida, between the islands Vaisseaux
and Massacre.

CORNliJO, an island of (he S. sea, near the
coast of the province and corregimicvto of Are-
quipa, opposite the port of Arantac.

[CORNISH, a township in Cheshire county,
New Hampshire, on the e. bank of Connecticut
river, Ijetwp' n Clarcmont antl Plainfield, about 15
miles n. of (^harlestown, and 1(5 s. of Dartmouth
college. It was incorporated in 17()3. In
177.5 it contained 309, and in 1790, 982 in-
habitants.

[CORNWALL, atovrnship in Addison county,
Vermont, e. of Bri(lport, mx lake Chnmplain, con-
taining 8!j?6 inJiabitaiits.'J

[CoRNWAiiL, Ni;w, a<ownship in Orange coun-
ty. New York, of whose iiiiiabitants 3a0 arc
derlors.]

[CouNw \M., a township in Litchfield county,
Connecticut, alwut nine miles w. of Litchfield, 11
v. of Salisbury, and about 40 sy. by n. of Ilarttbrd
city.]

i'ConxwALr,, asmalltown in Upper Canad.i, on
the bank of Iroquois river, near lake St. Francis,
bdwcen Kingston and Quebec, containing a small
churoli, and alx)ut .OOor 40 houses.]

[CojiNWAM.is, a (own in King's county, in the
province of New Bruiistvick, situated on (he s. w.
side of the basin of Miiias ; 18 miles n. w. of Fal-
mouth, and &5 n. w. of Annapolis. ]

COR

[CoaNWALLis, also a river in tlie oame pro-
vince, navigable for vessels of 1(K) tons five miles;
for vessels of 50 tons, 10 miles.

CORO, Santa Ana de, a city of the province
and government of Venezuela, thus named in the
time of the Indians, after the district called Coriana.
It was foundixl by Juan de AinpucK in 15!^9.
The VVeltzers, under the orders of Nicholas Fe-
derman, were the first who peopled it, giving it (he
name of Cordoba, to distinguish it from the other
city of the same name whicTi had been founded by
Gonzalo de Ocampo in the province of Cumand.
This name it afturwards lost, and took that of
Coro, which it preserves to this day, from a small
settlement of Indians thus named. It is of a dry
and hot temperature, but so healthy that physicians
are stiid here to be of no use. The territory, al-
though sandy and lack of water, produces every
kind of vegetable production ; so that it may be
said to abound in every thing that luxury or con-
venience may require. Here are large breeds of
cow-cattle and goats, and a considerable number
of go<Hl mules. Its articles of merchandize, such
as cheese, tanned hides, and cacao, meet with a
ready sale in Cartagena, Caracas, and the island of
St. Domingo. It has a reduced convent of the re-
ligious order of St. Francis, and an hermitage
dedicated to St. Nicholas. The town is very rich.
It was plundered by the English in 1567. It»
church was a cathedral, and the head of the
bishopric, from the time that it was erected in
1532 until 16^6, when this title was transferred to
Santiago of Caracas. It is two leagues distant
from the sea, where there is a port insecure, but
much frequented by trading vessels.

[From the time that the governor bogan to re-
side at Caracas, in 1576, there remained no con-
spicuous authority at Coro but tlie bishop and
chapter, and they did all they could to follow tlia
governor ; and indeed, not being able to leave
Coro by legal measures, they put their wishes
into effect by flight, in U)36. At three leagues
from the city are lands where they cultivate with
success, if not with abundance, all the usual pro-
duce of the coitntry. The inhabitants, who are
much addicted to indolence, glory that they are
descended from the first conquerors of the country ;
and there is here, generally speaking, more rank
than wealth, and more idleness than industry. Thu
li((le trade (hat is carried on here consists in mules,
goats, hides, sheep-skins, cheeses, &c. which come
in a great 'measure from the interior, and the
larger p.-irt from Carora ; shipments of these ar-
ticles arc made for the islands. The most common
intercourse is with Cura9oa, from whence they

COR

[bring in exchange dry ^oods, and this thej do
citiicr by avoiding the vigiluncc of the guards, or
by purchasing a connivance. The population of
Coro is composed of J 0,000 people of all colours ;
few slaves are to be seen here, since the Indians,
although they everywhere else have a particular
partiality for the blacks, entertain a decided aver-
sion against them in this city. This antipathy
was very useful iu 1797 to the public tranquillity,
for when the Negro slaves employed at work in
the fields, wished to follow the example of the
blacks of St. Domingo, and selected chiefs, under
whom they committed some robberies, the In-
dians of Corojouied the white people, and marched
against the rebels with most extraordinary cou-
rage ; the revolt was thus suppressed almost as
soon as it broke out ; the ring-leaders were hang-
ed, and every thing was restored to order ; the
rebel array never amounted to more than 400
blacks. AH work at Coro is done by Indians,
notwithstanding the wages are very low ; indeed
they live here with so much parsimony that a per-
son cannot fetch fire from his neighbour's without
carrying in exchange a piece of wood of the size
of the firing he takes away, and even this is not
always done without difficulty. The city has no
spring, and the water they drink is brought from
the distance of half a league by asses in barrels, of
which two compose a load. The houses, though
originally well built,bcar evident marks of misery,
and of the ravages of time; those belonging to
the Indians are yet more pitiful. The streets run
iu parallel lines, but are not paved ; the public
buildings consist of a parish cnurch, formerly a
cathedral, which title is yet given to it by the in-
habitants, although for more than 160 years it
has l)een without a bishop or a chapter, the duty
being performed by two curates, belonging to a
convent containing about seven or eight Francis-
cans, and to ii parish church in whicii are three
monks of the same order. The civil power is
exercised by a cabildo. Since 1799, a military
commandant has been establishetl iicrc, who shares
at the same time the judicatory authority, and that
of the police ; his revenue being 2000 dollars per
annum. Two miles to the w. of Coro is an isthmus
of about one league in breadth, which joins the pen-
insula of Paragona to the continent ; it stretches out
from the s. w. to n. w. about 20 leagues ; is inhabit-
fd by Indians and a few whites, whose only em-
ployment is the rearing of cattle, which they smug-
gle over in great numbers to Cura^oa ; the
butchers' shops of that island being always better
snpplieci than those of the principal cities of Ticrra
Firnic.

VOL. I.

COR

521

This was the only city of Venezuela, except
Maracaibo, which bad not declared independence
on the 2l,v' August 1811. See Venrzwula.
Tlie city is in lat. 1 1° 24' «. and long. 69° 40' ; it
is a league distant from the sea, bO leagues to. of
Caracas, 33 n. of Rarquisimcto, and 55 of Mara-
caibo.]

Couo, a settlement of the province and coregU
ffl/efffo of Pastos in the kingdom of Quito ; situate
on the shore of the river Cascabeles, where this
enters the Caqueta.

Co no, another, of the province and corregi-
miento of Carangas in Peru, and of the arch-
bishopric of Charcas ; armexed to the curacy of
Corquemar.

COIIOA GnANDK, a settlement of the province
and captainship of Para in Brazil ; situate on the
shore of the river Tocantines.

CoRoA, a large shoal near the coast of the pro«
vince and captainship of Marafian in Brazil, at
the entrance of the river Coras.
COROAIBO. SeeCossA.
COROBAMBA, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Chuchapoyas in Peru, in
which is venerated a miraculous image of Nuestra
Seiiora de Guadalupe. Near it are two caves,
each capable of containing 50 horsemen with their
spears erect.

CoROBAMBA, another Settlement in the above
province and kingdom.

COROBANA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of (I'uayana, which, according to Mr.
Hellin, in his chart and description of the course of
a part of the Orinoco, rims continually n. and
enters this river ne;ir where it runs into the sea.

COROCOTO, a settlement of Indians, of the
province and corregimiento of Cnyo in the king-
dom of Chile ; situate on the shore of one of the
lakes of Huanacache, diMinct from the following
town.

CoiioroTo, a town of the above province and
corregimiento, a reduccion of the Pampas Indians ;
situate on the sliore of the river Tii nuyan, near
the high ro:«l which leads from Mendoza to Buenos
Ayres, in the district of whicli arc tlie estates of
Carrizal Grande, Carvaliilo, Lulunta, and Men-
docinos.

COROCUBI, a river of the province and coun-
try of Las Amazonas, iutlic Portugticse possessions.
It is small, runs s. am! enters the Negro, forming
a dangerous torrent or whirl-pool, which bears the
same name.

C()R(3I, a settlement of the missions whicli he-
long to the French in Guayana ; situate near tii«
coast, and at the muutli of the river Kourroii.
3x

III

»»■ !.1 I'

522

COR

COROICO, a settlement of the province aiul
eorregimiento of Cicasica in Peru ; situate on the
shore of the river of its name, where there is a
port for small vessels. This river rises in the cor-
dUlera of Ancnnia, to the s. of the sc^ttlement of
Palca, and io the e. of the city of La Paz. It runs
in a very rapid course to the e. and forming a
curve turns n, and enters the tc. side of the lieni,
inlat. 16" 50' J.

COROMA, a settlement of the province and
eorresiiniiento of Porco in Peru.

COROMA N 1)1 ERES, some small islands of
the N. sea, near the coast of Acadia in N. America,
near the coast of Scatari. They are also called
Del Inficrno, or Devil's isles.

COROMOTO, a settlement of fhc province
and government of Venezuela ; situate on the
shore of the river Guanarito, to the s. of the town
of Guanaro.

CORON, a settlement of the province and eor-
regimiento of Chilques and Masques in Peru ; an«
nexcd to the curacy of Huanoquite.

CORONA-REAL, a city of the province of
Guayana, and government of Cumana, founded
on the shores of the river Orinoco in 1759, by the
Rear-Admiral Don Joseph de Iturriaga, for which
purpose he assembled together some wandering
people of the provinces of Caracas and Barcelona.
At present, however, it is as it were desert and
abandoned, since its inhabitants have returned to
their former savage state of life, having been con-
stantly pursued and harassed by tlie Charibes
Indians, against whom they could no longer main-
tain their ground, after that the king's garrison
had been withdrawn, and since, owing to the dis>
tance at which they were situate from the capital,
it was in vain for them to look for any succour
from that quarter.

Corona-Real, <i large bay in the lake of Ma-
racaibo, on the w. side.

Corona-Rbal, a rocky isle, or ridge of rocks,
close to the n. coast of the island of Guadalupe,
between cape St. Juan and the port or bay of Mole.
CORONADOS, a small island of the gulf of
California, or Mar Roxo de Cortes; situate very
near the island of Carmen, on its n. e. side, which
looks to the coast of Naw Spain.

[CORONDA, a town of the province and go-
vernment of Buenos Ayres ; situate on a river
forming the island of Santa Fc, about five leagues
5. a), of that town, in Lat. 31° 58' 47". Long. 61°
S'w.J

CORONANGO, Santa Maria dp, a head
settlement of the alcalJia maj/nr of Cholula in
Nucva Esptfia. It coutaiiis 91 families of In-

C O R

dians, and to its district lielong nine other settle-
ments. It lies -one league to the n. of its capital.

CORONEL, PuEiiTo i)Ei,, a port on the coast
of the province and eorregimiento of Qnillota, and
kingdom of Chile, between the portof Longotoma
and the river Quilimari.

CoRONEL, a river of tliQ province and govern-
ment of Venezuela. It rises <o the s. of the city of
Nirua, and afterwards unites itself with the Orape,
to enter the Tinaco.

CouoNEL, a point of the coast of the kingdom
of Chile, in the province and corrfg/»«iVn/o of Qnil-
lota, between the mouth of the river Biobiu and the
heights of Villagran.

COilONGO, a settlement of the province and
corrcsrimiento of Conchucos in Peru.

COROPA, a spacious country of the province
and government of Guayana, which extends itself
between the river Coropatuba to the s. w. the Mn-
railon to the s. the Avari to the e. the mountains
of Oyacop of the Charibes Indians to the n. and
the mountains of Dorado or Manoa to the n. to.
The whole of its territory is, as it were, unknown.
The Portuguese possess the shores of the Maranon
and the sea-coast as far as the bay of Vicente Pin-
zon ; the Dutch of the colony of Surinam, by the
river Esequevo or Esquivo, called also Rupununi,
have penetrated as far as the Maranon, by the river
Paranapitinga. The mountains, which some have
represented as being full of gold, silver, and pre-
cious stones, sparkUng in the rays of the sun, are
merely fables, which, at the beginning of the con-
quests, deceived many who had gone in search of
these rich treasures, and fell a sacrifice to the
fatigues and labours which they experienced in
these dry and mountainous countries. The Por-
tuguese have constructed here two forts, called Paru
and Macapa. Mr. De la Martiniere, with his
usual want of accuracy, says that the Portuguese
have a settlement called Coropa, at the mouth of
the river Coropatuba, where it enters the Maranon :
the Coropatuba joins the Maraiion on the n, side,
in the country of Coropa, and at the settlement of
this name ; this settlement being nothing more than
a small fort, and lying in the province of Topayos,
on the s. shore of the Maranon, and being known
by the name of Curupa, in the chart published in
1744, and in that of the Father Juan Magnin, in
1749. ^

COROPATUBA. SeeCuaupATUBA.
COROPUNA, a desert of the province of
Cuzco in Peru, between the provinces of Parina-
cocha and Canas or Aruni. It extends more than
12 leagues s. to n. and is troublesome and dan-
gerous to travoi'se.

COR

CORORAMO, a small river of tlie province and
government of Guayana. It rises lo the uk of the
lake Icupa, runs n. and enters the Paraguay.

COROYA, a settlement of the province and go.
yernment of Tucumftn in Peru ; of the district and
jurisdiction ot the city of Cordoba; situue on the
shore of the river Primero.

CORO YO, a lake of the province and country
of Las Amazonas, in the Portuguese possessions.
It is in the island of Toptnambes, and is formed
by tlie waters of the Maranon.

COROZAL, or PiLtxA, a settlement of (he
province and government of Cartagena in the king-
dom of Tierra Firme.

CORPAHUASI, a settlement of the province
and corregimienlo of Cotabamba in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Huaillati.

CORPANQUl, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Caxatambo in Peru ; annexed to
the curacy of Tillos.

CORPUS-CHRISTI, a settlement of (he mis-
sions which were held by the regulars of tlie com-
pany of Jesuits in the province and government of
Paraguay ; situate on the shore of the river Parana,
about 1 1 leagues n. e. of Candelaria. Lat. 27" 7'
23" 5. Long. 55° 32' S9" w.

CoRPus-CiiiiisTi, a large, beautiful, and fertile
valley of the province and government of Mariquita
in the Nnevo Reyno de Granada.

CORQUEMAR, a settlement of the province
and forrf^twicw^o of Carangas in Peru, and of the
archbishopric of Charcas.

CORQUINA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Guayana. It runs *. and enters the
Orinoco.

CORRAL, a settlement of the district of Gua-
dalabquen, of the kingdom of Chile ; situate on the
shore of the river Valdivia.

CoRHAi,, QuKMADo, a Settlement of the pro-
yince and corregimienlo of Piura in Peru ; situate
in an angle formed by a river of this name.

CORRALES, a settlement of the province and
government of Antioquia ; situate on the siiore of
the river Perico, in the sierras of Guamoco.

CORRALITO, a setdement of the province and
government of Tucunian, in the district and juris-
diction of tl)e city of Santiago del Kstero ; to the
e. of tlie same, aud on the shore of the river Gua-
rico.

CORRIENTES, S.Juan de, a city of the

!)rovincc and goverinnent of Huenos Ayrcs in
'ciu ; founded m 158S, on the e. coast of the river
L;i Piiitn, near the part where those of the Parana
and Paraguay unite, it has, k-sides tlie parish

COR

523

church, tbrtic convents, of St. Domingo, St. Francis^
and La Merced, and a college which belonged to
the regulars of the company of Jesuits. This city
has been harassed by the inlidcl Abipones In-
dians, who have here put to death many Spaniards,
and taken others prisoners ; on which account a
guard of horse-militia has been established for its
defence. [It is 100 leagues n. of the city of Santa
Fe, and contained, in 1801, 4500 inhabitants. Lat.
27" 27' 21" s.]

CoRRiKNTES, S. Juan de, a river of (he pro-
vince and goTcrnment of Darien in the kingdom of
Tierra Firme. It rises in the mountains towards
the n. and enters the sea in the large plain opposite
the Mulatto isles.

CoRRiENTES, S. Jhan dh, another river, of the
province and government of Buenos Ayrcs, which
rises from the lake Yberia, and runs s. xv. to enter
the river La Plata.

CoitRiENTEs, S. Juan or, another, of the pro-
vince and government of Paraguay. It rises in the
serrania wnich lies between the rivers Paraguay
and Parana, runs w. and enters the former between
the rivers Mboeri and Fareiri.

CoRRiENTi:s, S.Juan de, another, of the pro-
vince and caplainship of Rey in Brazil, which runs
s.s. e. and enters the large lake of Los Patos.

CoRRiENTES, S.JuAN DE, a capc of the s. coast
of the island of Cuba ; 60 leagues from the island
of Trinidad, and 15 from tlw cape of San An-
tonio.

ConniENTEs, S. Juan de, another capc. called
also De Arenas Gordas, on the coast which lies Im:-
tween the river La Plata and the straits of Ma-
gellan, between thp capes San Antonio and Saic
Andres.

CoRRiENTEs, S.JuAN DE, another copc or point
of the coast, in the province and captainship of
Seara, between the river Molitatuba and the port
Palmerns.

[CORTLANDT, a township in the n. part of
the county of W. Chester, on the e. biink of Hud-
son river, New York, containing 1932 inhabitants,,
of whom 66 arc slaves. Of its inhabitants, in 1796,
303 were eiectors.J

CORUPA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Darieii in the kingilom of Tierra Firme.
It rises near the coast of the N. sea to the e. of the
province, and enters the Tarini.

Co ttu PA, another river. See Curupa.

CORUPO, San Francisco de, a settlement of

the head settlement of Uruapa, and alcaldia mayor

of Valladolid, in the province and bishopric of

Mechoacan. It contains S3 families of Indians,,

3x2

t \i.

¥.

524

COS

■ h' i

and lies seven leagues to the n. of its head settle*
ment,

CORUTES, a small river of the province and
government of I'arnsnay. It runs ti. n. e. and en-
ters the Xcxuy, opposite the town of Curuguuto.

OORWI, a river of the province and govern-
ment of French Guinea. It enters the sea close to
cape Orange.

(JOSACURO, a sniail river of the province and
colony of Surinam, cr part of Guayana in the
Dutch possessions. It runs ». and enters the
Ciiyuni.

("OSANGA, a large river of the province of
Quixos in the kingdom of Quito. It runs s. c.
then turns its course e. and as it were imperceptibly
to the n. and atierwards, in oidcr to receive on tlie
tv. (he river Bermejo, enters the s, side of the river
Coca.

COSAPA, a settlement of (he province and
eorregimienlo of Carangas in Peru, of the arch-
bishopric of Charcas ; annexed to the curacy of
Turco.

('OSCAOCOAS, a nation of Indians reduced
to the Catholic faith, dwelling upon the llanura or
level of Cnmboso, of the jurisdiction of Lamas.
They arc few in number, and are bounded by the
Amasifucines.

COSCOMATEPKC, San Juan de, a settle-
ment of the head settlement of Yxhuatlan, atid
alcaldin mat/or of 06rdoba, in Nuevn Espnna. It
contains 10 families of Spaniards, 35 ot Muslees,
75 of Mnlattocs, and 196 of Indians. Seven leagues
to the ». R. w. of its head settlement ; but the roads
here are so rugged and full of steeps and precipices
that the sight grows dizzy at looking down them.

COSCOMITLAN, a settlement of the head
settlement and ulcaldia mayor of Caxititlas in
Nueva Espana, from whence it lies one league and
a half to the «. w. In its vicinity is a lake.

COS K LA, a settlement and real of the silver
mines of the province of Copala, and kingdom of
Nueva Vizcaya ; situate to the n. of that of Char-
cas.

COSEREMONIANOS, a barbarous nation of
Indians, of the prorince and government of Moxos
in the kingdom of Quito ; discovered by Father
Cypriano Baraza, a Jesuit. It is, however, but
little known.

COSIGUIRACHI, a town of the province of
Taraumara, and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya ; one
of the most wealthy towns in the kingdom, and of
a mild and healthy temperature. Its population
is composed of many families of Spaniards and
Mustees, no small number of Mulattoes, and very
many Indians. It is 2i leagues to the s. w. ^ to

the s. of the real of the minea nnd town of Snii
Felipe de Chiguagua.

CosinuiHACHi, a settlement and real of the
silver mines of the intendancy of Durango in
Nueva Espana; of a cdid temperature ; situate in
a rough and uneven territory, but being fertile, and
abounding in fruits and seeds. [By a very recent
memoir ot the intendantof Uurango, the population
of this real was made to amount to 10,700.]

COSMA, a settlement of the province nnd cor-
regimknlo of Huanialics in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Banos.

CosMA, another settlement, in the province and
eorregimienlo ot Andahuailas, of the same king-
dom ; aimexed to the curacy of Moro in the pro-
vince of La Santa.

COSME, San, a settlement of the head settle-
ment and alcaldia mat/or of Fresnillo in Nueva
Espana. It contains a very large number of
Spaniards, Indians, Mustees, nnd Mulattoes, being
very close to the city of Zacatecas, lying from
thence only seven leagues to the n. and being 10 to
the e. of its capital.

Cosmf:, San, another settlement, of the province
and government of Sonora in Nueva Espana;
situate in the country of the Sobaipuris Indians, on
the shore of a river between the settlements of Santa
Catalina and San Francisco Xnvier.

CosM K, San, another, with the surname of Viejo,
(Old), a reduccion of the missions which were held
by the regulars of the company of Jesuits, in the
province and government of Paraguay ; situate on
the shore of the river Parand, between the settle-
ments of Santa Ana and La Candelaria.

CosMG, San, another, with the addition of
Nuevo, (New), to distinguish it from the former iu
the same province : also a reduccion of the regulars
of the company of Jesuits, on the shore of the
Parana, and to the w. of the settlement of
Jesus.

CosME, San, a small island of the gulf of Cali-
fornia, or Mar Roxo de Cortes ; situate very near
the coast, in the middle of the canal which is
formed by this coast mid the island of Carmen,
and close to another island called San Damian.

COSPALA, a settlement of the head settlement
nnd alcaldia mayor of Juchipila in Nueva Espana.
It is five leagues to the s. of the head settlement.

COSSA, or CosAiBo, a river of the province
and government of G'uay ana, in the French posses-
sions.

COSSART, a town of the province and colony
of N. Carolina ; situate ou the shore of the river
Jadquin.

COSTA-BAXA, a part of the coast of Brazil, in

♦%

If)

colony
he river

Irazil, in

COT

the province and caplaimhip of MaraAan, between
the riven Camindes and Pnrnguay.

CosTA-UesiERTA, a large plain of (lie At<
lantic, between cape S. Antonio to the n. and capo
Blanco to the s. it is 80 leagues long, and has oi\
the fi. the llanuras or pampas of Paraguay, on the
». the province of Cuyo, of the kingdom of Chile,
en the s. the country of the Palagoncs, and on tlic
e. the Atlantic. It is also called the Terras Ma-
gcllanicas, or Lands of Magellan, and the whole
of this coast, as well as the land of the; interior terri-
tory, is barren, uncultivated, and unknown.

CosTA-liicA, » province and government of
the kingdom of Guatemala in N. America; bounded
n. and to. by the province ot Nicarajyua, .t. e. by
that of Vcrugua of the kingdom of Tierra Firmc ;
s. w. and n. w. by the S. sea, and n. c. by the N.
sea. It is about 90 leagues long e.w. and (iO n.s.
Here arc some gold and silver mines. It has ports
both in the N. and S. seas, and two excellent bays,
called San Goronimo and Caribaco. It is for the
most part a province that is mountainous and full
of rivers ; some of which enter into the N. sea, and
others into the S. Its productions are similar to
those of the other provinces in the kingdom; but
the cacao produced in some of the llanuras here
is of an excellent quality, and held in much esti-
mation. The Spaniards gave it the name of
Costa-Rica, from the quantity of gold and silver
contained in its mines. From the mine called
Tisingal, no less riches have l>cen extracted than
from that of Potosi in Peru ; and a tolerable trade
is carried on by its productions with the kingdom
of Tierra Firme, although the navigation is not al-
wayt practicable. The first monk who came hi-
ther to preach and inculcate religion amongst the
natives, was the Fraj/ Pedro de Bctanzos, of the
order of St. Francis, who came hither in 1550,
when he was followed by several others, who
founded in various settlements 1 7 convents of the
above order. The capital is Cartago.

CosTA-RiOA, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Nicaragua in the same kingdom,
which runs n. and enters theDesaguadero, or Waste
Water of the Lake.

COSTO, a settlement of the English, in the
island of Harbadoes, of the district and parish of
Santiago ; situate near the w. coast.

COTA, a settlement of the corregimiento of Zi-
paquira in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It is of
a very cold temperature, produces the fruits pecu-
liar to its climate, contains upwards of 100 In-
dians, and some white inhabitants; and is four
leagues from Santa Fe.

CoTA, a small river of the province and govern-

C O T

525

mcnt of Buenos Ayres in Peru. It rises in the
sii'rra<t, or craggy mountains, of Nicopcras, runs
w. and enters the Gil.

('OTAIJAMMAS, a province and corregimiento
of Peru ; bounded «. by the province? of Abnncay,
:;. to. and s. and even s. r. by that uf Chilquesand
Mascjues or Parnro, te. by that of Chumbivilcas,
and ti.w. by that ofAimaraez. It is !i25 leagues
long e.w. and 23 wide n.s. It is lor the most
part of n cold temperature, as are the other pro-
vinces of the sierra; it being nearly covereil with
mountains, the tops of whicli arc the greatest part
of the year clad with srow. In the low lands arc
many pastures, in which they breed numcrcms
herds of cattle, such as cows, horses, mules, aiul
some small cattle. Wheat, although in no greivt
abundance, maize, pulse, and potatoes, also grow
here. In the broken, uneven hollows, near which
passes the river A purimac, and which, after passing
through the province, runs into (hat of Abancay,
grow plantains, figs, water melons, and other pro-
ductions peculiar to the coast. Here are abund-
ance of maguesresy which is a plant, (he leaves ox
tendrils of which much resemble tliose of the
savin, but being somewhat larger ; from tiiein are
made n species of hemp for tiic fabricating of
cords, called ca'mi/as, and some thick ropes used
in the construction of bridges across the rivers.
The principal rivers are the Oropesa and the Clial-
huahuacho, which have bridges for the sake of
communication with the other provinces. The
bridge of Apurimac is three, and that of Churiic-
tay 86 yards across ; that of Chiiriic, which is the
most frequented, is 94 yards ; and there is another
which is much smaller : all of them being built of
cords, except one, called De Arihuanca, on the
river Orojwsa, which is of stone and mortar, and
has been here since the time that the ferry-boat was
sunk, with 15 men and a quantity of Spanish
goods, in 1620. Although it is remembered (hnf
gold and silver mines have been worked in thi.«
province, none arc a( present ; notwithstanding that
in its mountains are manifest appearances of this
metal, as well as of copper, and lliiit in a );art of
the river Ocabamba, where the stream runs witij
great rapidity, are loimd lumps of silver, which
are washed oft" from the neighbouring mountains.
The inhabitants of the whole of the province
amount to 10,000, who arc contained in tli(; Si
following settlements; and the capital is Tambn-
bamba.

Cotabambas, Palpakachi,

Totora, Llikchavilca,

Cullurqui, ('orpahua.si,

Iluaillati, Pitubuanca.

'11

til.!

■ ii

■:i

['' ' '

526

COT

Airiliunnca,

Curnsco,

Chuquibamba,

Vilcabamba,

Mamara,

Turpay,

Aquira,

Llaqua,

Patahuasi,

Cocha,

Mara,

Pitic,

Apomarco,

Palcaro,

Totorbuailas,

Chacaro.

COTACACHE, a settlement of the province
and corregimietUo of Otavalo in the kingdom of
Quito.

CoTACACiiR, a mountain of this province and
kingdom, the top of which is eternally covered
with snow. From its summit runs the river Ca*
yapas.

COTAGAITA, Santiago dr, a settlement of
the province and corregimiento of Chichas and
Tarija. Twenty*nine leagues from Putosi.

COTAGAITILLA, a settlement of the same
province and correnmiento as the former ; annexed
to the curacy of the capital.

COTAHUASSI, a settlement of the province
and correeimienlo of Chumbivilcas in Peru.

COTAHUAU, an ancient province of Peru, at
the foot of the cor<f///era of the Andes, and to the
w. of Cuzco. It is one of those which were con-
quered by Mayta Capac, fourth Emperor.

COTAHUIZITLA, a settlement of the head
settlement and alcaldia mquor of Cuicatlan in
Niieva Espnna. It is of a nut temperature, con-
tains S8 tamilies of Indians, who are busied in
making mats, which they ca\l petales. It belongs
to the curacy of Atlatlauca, the capital of the
alcaldia mayor of this name; Iieing distant 10
ieiiiiues from its capital.

COTAPARAZO, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Guailas in Peru.

COTA-PINI, a settlement of the province and
government of Quixos and Macas in the kingdom
uf Quito.

COTAS, a settlement of the province and cor-
reg'mienlo of Yauyos in Peru; annexed to the
ciiracy of Arma in the province of Castro
Viroyna.

[COTEAUX, Les, a town on the road from
Ti boron to port Salut, on the 5. side of the s. pen-
insula of the island of St. Domingo, 13\ leagues e.
by s. of the former, and four n.w. of the latter.]

COTICA, a river of Guayana, in the part pos-
sessed by the Dutch, or colony of Surinam. It
runs n. until it comes very near the coast, making
many turns, and then changing its course e. enters
the Comowini. At its mouth is a fort to defend
its entrance, called Someldick.

COTIJA, Valley of, of the alcaldia mayor of

COT

Tinguindia in Nueva Espaila. It is more than
two leagues in circunift'rciirc, and in it live S05
families of Spaniards. It is of a mild temperature,
and abounds in seeds. Seven leagues to the to. of
its capital.

COTLALTA, a settlement and head settlement
of the alcaldia mayor of Tuxtin in Nueva Espafia.
It contains 140 families of Indians, and three or
four of Spaniards. It abounds greatly in tamarinds,
of which arc mail* excellent conserves.

COTOCHE, a ca|)e of the coast of Yucatan,
opposite that of San Antonio, in the island of
Cuba; l)etween these lies the navigation leading
to this island from Nueva EspaiSa.

COTOCOLLAO, a settlement of the kingdom
of Quito, in t!ie corregimiento of the district of
the Cinco Leguas de la (Capital ; being situate just
where the lx*uutiful llanura or plain of Iilaquito
or Rumi-Pampa terminates. Its territory extendi
to M. w. upon tne skirt of the mountain Pichincha,
and is bounded on the n. by the settlement of Po-
masque. It is of a somewhat cold and moist tem-
perature ; and in it is the county of Sclva Florida,
of the house of Guerrero Ponce de Leon, one of
the most ancient and illustrious of the kingdom.

COTOE, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Canta in Peru ; annexed to the curacy
of Lampun.

COIOPACSI, a mountain and desert, or pa-
ramo, of the province and corregimiento of Ta-
cunja in the kmgdom of Quito, to the 5. and one-
fourth to s. e. It is of the figure of an inverted
trimcated cone, and is in height S952 Parisian feet
above the level of the sea : on its summit, whick>
is perpetually covere<l with snow, is a volcano,
which burst forth in 1608, in such a dreadful man-^
ncr as not only to destroy the city of Tacunja,.
with three fourths of its inhabitants, but other
settlements also. It likewise vomited up a river of
mud, which so altered the face of the province,
that the missionaries of the Jesuits of Maynos,
seeing so many carcases, pieces of furniture, and
houses floating down the Marauon, were persuaded
amongst themselves that the Almighty had visited
this kingdom with some signal destruction : they,
moreover, wrote circular letters, and transmitted
them open about the country, to ascertain what
number of persons were remaining alive. These
misfortunes, though in a moderate degree, recurred
in the years 1742, 1743, 1760, 1768. From the
e. part of this mountain the Napo takes its rise;
and from the s. the Cotuche and the Alagues,
which, imited, form the river San Miguel, and
afterwards, with others, the Patate; to this the
Chambo joins itself, which afterwards degeoeratcs

COT

into the Bailos, nnd wliicli, nflcr Ibe {c;ront ens.
cade, is known by (lie nnmcof PnMozn. To the
It. rises the PaJrcgal, afterwards cnWnl Pita, hs it
posses throuirh the llanura ot'Chillo; nnd at the
skirt of the mountain of (inanjirnpoh), where the
plain tertninntes, it unites itself with the Ama-
ffuaila, and then turning to. takes the names of
Tumbaco and Huallabamba, to enter the Esmernl-
das, which disembogues itself into the 8. sea. At
the skirt of this great mountain are the estates of
Sinipu, Pongo, Pucaguaita, and>Fapaurca. It is
distant from the settlement of Mula-hnlo half n
league, and five leof^ues from its capital. In lat.
4(r 11'*. [The height of this volcano wasdis-
covere<l, in 1803, to be only 2fi0 feet lower than
the crater of Antisana, which is 19,150 feet above
the level of the sea.]

COTOPASSA, a river of the province ofCa-
nela in the kingdom of Quito, towards the t, e. It
runs s. e. and enters the n. side of the river Pastazn,
which, from that point, begins to be navigable.

COTOPAXI. See Cotopacsi.

COTUA, a settlement of the province and
government of Cuman& ; situate on the shore of
a river near the coast of the gulf of Cariaco, be-
tween the city of this name and thatofCumanagoto.

COTUE, a small island of the N. sea; situate
near the n. coast of the island of Cuba.

COTUl,atown of St. Domingo; founded, in

1504, by RodrigoMezia dcTruxillu, by the order
of the comendador mayor of Alcuiitara, Nicolas
de Obando, 16 leagues tu the n. of the capital, St.
Domingo, on the skirt of some mountains which
are 12 leagues in height, and at the distance of
two leagues from the river Yauna. It is a small
and poor town. Its commerce depends upon the
salting of meats, and in preparing tallow and hides
to carry \o St. Domingo, and in the chase of wild
goats, which are sold to the French. In its moun-
tains is a copper mine, two leagues to the s, e. of
the town. The Bucaniers, a French people of the
island of Tortuga, commanded by Mr. Pouancy,
their governor, took and sacked it in 1676. [In

1505, the gold mines were worked here. The
copper mine above alluded to is in the mountain of
Meymon, whence comes the river of the same
name, and is so rich, that the metal, when refined,
will producccight per cent, of gold. Here are also
found excellent lapis lazuli, a streaked chalk, that
some painters prefer to bole for gilding, load-
stone, emeralds, and iron. The iron is ot the best
quality, and might be conveyed from the chain of
Sevico by means of the river Yuna. The soil
here is excellent, and the plantains produced here
are of such superior quality, that this manna of tlia

c o u

527

Antilles is called, ot St. Domingo, Sunday plan-
tains. The people cultivate tolmcco, but are
chiefly employed in breeding swine. The inhabi-
tants ore colled clownish, nnd of an unsociable
character. The town is situated half a league
from the ,«. w. bank of the Yuna, which l)ccome»
unnavigable near this place, about 13 leogues from
its mouth, in the bay of Samana. It contains ICK)
scattered houses, in the middle of a little savana,
and surrounded with woods, .SO leagues n. of St.
Domingo, and 15 i.e. of St. Yago.J

COUCIISAGE, n settlement of Indians of the
province and colony of New York ; situate on the
shore of the river Hudson.

[COUDRAS, a small island in St. Lawrence
river, about 45 miles w. e. of Quebec]

COUECHI, a settlement of Indians of N. Ca-
rolina, in the territory of the Cheroquecs.

COUICAN, a settlement of the head settlement
of Guimeo, nnd alcaldia mat/or of Cirindaro, in
Nueva Espafin. It contains i)5 families of In-
dians.

COUL, Bay of, on the e. const of the cn|)e
Breton, in Spanish boy, and at the entrance of tli(>
lake Labrador.

COULEUIIE, a boy of the island of Marti-
nique, one of the Antilles, on the n. w. coast, near
Pearl island.

CouLKURE, a small river of this island, wliirh
runs n. w. and enters the sea in the bay ut its
name.

COIUJCO. SeeCABO.

[COUNTRY Iliirlwur, so colled, is about 20
leagues to the e. of Halifax, in Nova Scotia.]

COUPEE, a point of the coast and shore of the
Mississippi in Canada. [It is also called Cut
Point, and is a short turn in the river Mississippi,
almut 35 miles above Mantchac fort, at the gut ol
Ibberville, and 259 from the mouth of the river.
Charlevoix relates that the river formerly made n
great turn here, and some Canadians, by deepen-
ing the channel of a small brook, diverted the
waters of the river into it, in the year 1722. The
impetuosity of the stream was such, nnd the soil
of so rich nnd loose a quality, that in u short time
the point was entirely cut through, and the old
channel left dry, except in inundations ; by which
travellers save 14 leagues of their voyage. The
new channel has been sounded with a hue •of JO
fathoms, without finding bottom. The Spanish
stttlements of Point Coupee extend SO miles on the
xe. side of the INIississippi, and there aresome plan-
tations back on the side of La Fausc Hivicre,
through which the Mississippi passed about 70
years a^ro. The fort at Point Coupe^ is a squar*

il!

III

' ■ I

(ill

;** .

\\-

528

COW

fiffure, with four bastions, built with ttockadoii.
1 here w(<rc, some years since, about 2000 wliitc
iiilinbitaiits and 7000 slaves. Tliey cultivate in-
diaii com, tobacco, and indigo; raise vawt qunn*
titles of Doultry, which they send to New Or-
leans. Tney also send to that city squared timber,

llflVCS &,c \

(JOUQiTECUHA, a settlement of Indians of
the province and corregimiento of Itata in the
kingdom of Chile; situate on the coast.

Co UK 1 1*1, n river of the province of Guay-
ana, in the French possessions.

COUSSA, a settlement of the English, in S.
Carolina ; situate on the shore of the river of itiJ
name.

CoussA, another settlement, in the same pro-
vince and colony, on the shore of a river of the
samn denomination. This river runs n, w. and en-
ters the Albama.

COUSSARIE, a river of the province of Guay-
ana, in the part possessed by the French. It enters
the Aprouac,

COIJSSATI, a settlement of Indians of S. Ca-
rolina ; situate on the shore of the river Albama.

COUUACHITOUU, a settlement of Indians of
S. Carolina, in which the English have an esta-
blishment and fort for its defence.

COUUANCIII, a river of tlie province and
colony of (ieorgia, which runs c. and enters the
Ogcchi.

COUUANAIUUINI, a river of the province
of Guay ana, in the part which the French
possess.

[COVENTRY, tt township in Tolland county,
Connecticut, 20 miles e. of Hartford city. It was
settled in 1709, being purchased by a number of
Hartford gentlemen of one Joshua, an Indian.]

[CovF.NTKY, in Rhode Island state, is the
71. 'easternmobt township iu Kent county. It
contains S477 inhubitnnts.]

[Covi'.NTiiY, a township in the n. part of New
Hampshire, in Grafton county. It was incorpo-
rated in 1761, and contains 80 inhabitants.]

[CovcNTitv, a township in Orleans county,
Vermont. It lies in the ». part of the state, at
the s. end of lake Memphremagog. DIack river
pusses tlirough this town in its course to Memphre-
miipog.]

[C'ovENTUY, a township in Chester county,
Pennsylvania.]

[COW anoCai.f Pastubf. Rivers are head
branches of llivanna rive* , in Virginia.]

[CONVE is the capital town of the Cherokee
Indiana ; situated on the foot of the hills on both
•ides of the rivci Tennessee. Here terminates the

COX

great vide of Cow6, exhibiting one of the most
charming, natural, mountainous landscapes that
ran be seen. The vale is closed at Cow6 bv n
ridge of hills, called the .lore mountains. The
town contains about 100 habitations. In the con-
stitution of the state of Tennessee, Cow6 is de-
scribed as near the line which separates Tennessee
from Virginia, and is divided from Old Chota,
another Indian town, by that part of the Great
Iron or Smoaky mountain, called Unicoi or Unaca
mountain/I.

COWE^FAS, a city of the province and colony
of Georgia in N. America. It is 500 miles distant
from Frederick, belongs to the Creek Indians,
and in it (icneral Oglethorp held his conferences
with the caciques or chiefs of the various tribes
composing this nation, as also with the deputies
from the Cha^tavts and the Chicasaws, who in-
habit the parts lying between the English and
FVench establishments. He here made some new
treaties with the natives, and to a greater extent
than those formerly executed. Lat. 32P 12' n.
Long. 83" 32' w. [Sec Apalaoiiiciiola Town.]

[COWS Island. See Vaciie.]

[COWTENS, a phice so cAled, in S. Carolina,
between the Pacolet river and the head branch of
Broad river. This is the spot where General Mor-

{fan gained a complete victory over Lieutenant-co-
onel Tarleton, January II, 1781, having only 12
men killed and 60 wounded. The British had 39
commissioned officers killed, wounded, and taken
prisoners ; 100 rank and file killed, SOO wounded,
and 500 prisoners. They left behind two pieces
of artillery, two standards, 800 muskets, 35 bag-
gage waggons, and 100 dragoon horses, which fell
into the hands of the Americans. The field of
battle was in an open wood.]

COX, a settlement of the island of Barbadoes,
in the district of the parish of San Joseph, near
the e. coast.

Cox, another settlement in the same island,
distinct from the former, and not far distant
from .

COXCATLAN, S. Juan Baiitista dr, a
settlement and head settlement of the district of the
a/fflWirt OTflyor of Valles in Nueva Espana ; situate
on the baiik of a stream which runs through a
glen liordcrt'd with mountains and woods. It con-
tans 1131 families of Mexican Indians, 30 of Spa-
niards, and various others of Mulattocs and Miis-
teesy all of whom subsist by agriculture, and in
raising various sorts of seeds, sugar-canes, and
cotton. Fifteen leagues from the capital.

CoxcATLAN, another settlement and head settle-
ment of the alcaldia mayor of Thehuacan iu the

._.»_, f

c o z

sKtnc kinpilom. It containn 180 families of In-
(1innii,niul (iUot'Spnninrds, JI/K(/rrr,nii(IMuln(((i<?H.
Here is an hoxphnl of the religious order of ht.
Frnnris, Seven lengues from its cnpittil.

fCOXIIALL, n township in Vorli county, dis-
trict of Maine, contuinins /7d inhuhitaiits,]

COXIMAH, a larjfcpTain of the coaht uf the
iKhind of Cnba, ch)se by the city of Havana, in
tvliich is a forlified tower. On this plain the En;;-
lish drc*w up their troops when they besieged that
place, in 1769.

COXlMliS, a settlement of the province and
government of Esmerahlas in the kingdom of
Quito ; situate on the slmre of the S. sea, on the
point tormed by the port Palmar, under the equi-
noctial line.

COXO, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela ; situate on the bea-coast,
close to the settlement of Carvalleda.

rCOXSAKIE, a township in the to. part of
Albany county, New York, containing 3iO(i in-
habitants, of whom 303 are slaves. Of the citi-
zens f) 1 3 are electors.]

COXUMATLAN; a settlement of the head
settlement of Zanguio and afcaldia ninyor of Za-
mora in Nueva Espnila ; situate on the slioreof the
sen of Chapala, and l)eing backed by a lar^e moun-
tain covered with fruit-trees of various kmds, and
excellent timber and wockIs. It contains 17 fami-
lies of l:«^ns, who employ themselves in fi.hi.ig
and in agriculture. Four leiigues to the ic. of its
head settlement.

COYAIMAS, a barbarous and ancient nation
of Indians of the province and government of Po-
l>ay&n in the kiiigilom of Quito, and district of the
townofNeiba. These Indians are valorous, ro-
bust, faithful, and enemies to the Pijaos. Some
of them have become converted to the Catholic
faith, and live united in settlements.

[CO Y A U, a settlement on Tennessee river, 30
miles below Knoxville. j

COYONES, a bari)Hrous niilion of Indians, who
inhabit the s. w. of Tocuyo. They arc ferocious
and intidels, and live upon the mountains. Tlicir
numbers at the present day are much reduced.

COYPO. SeeRAi.KMO.

("OZAIi,asettlementoftlieprovinceandfl/t:flW/a
niiit/or of /acapnia in the kingdom of Guatemala.

('OZALCAQUE, San Eelu'edf, a settlement
of the head settlement of Tenantitlan, and nIcnUHa
lunyor of Acaynca, in Nueva Isspana. It contains
.01 families of Indiiins, and is 10 leagues to the e,
and one-toMrth to the s. e. of its head settlement.

COZAMALOAPAN, a province and alealdia
mayor of Nueva Espufia, the capital of which

vol.. I.

c o z

^29

l)ears the same name, with the dedicatory title of
San Martin, and which is situate on a plain half a
league long, and somewhiit less broad Hiiriounded
by mountains so knit together, that, ai the time of
its foundation, passes were obliged to lie opened.
Through this province runs a river, which tiows
down from the sierras of Zongolica, and which
afterwards takes tlie name of Alvarado. It is of
a hot and moist temperature, and continually ex-
posed to inundations during the rainy seasons,
owing to the innnense overflowings of the rivers.
Its popidation is composed of 38 families of Spa-
niards, 198 of Midattoes, and 34 of Mexican In-
dians, who maintain themselves by the gathering
of cotton and maize ; and this last in such abun'*
dance as to supply Vera Cruz. The Spaniards
employ themselves in fishing in the rivers, which
abound with fibh the three last months of the year,
and they carry them for sale into the other juris-
dictions. It has, besides the parish church, a
temple of superior architecture, dedicated to
Nuestra .Sci'iora de la Soledad, though it be com-
monly called, Of Cozomaloapan, being of such
ancient origin as to be said to liave existed 13
years before the conquest of the kingdom. Thii
temple was inhabited by a religious fraternity, ap-
proved by his holiness Gregory XIII. behaving
granted to the same many favours and indulgences,
which, through the devotion of the community,
were iierpetuated, through several prodigies and
miracles which afterwards took place in the set-
tlement, and in its district. On6 hundred and
fiflecn leagues ». s.w. of Mexico, in lat. 17'^ 47' ;
long. 274" 50*. The jurisdiction of this alealdia
consists in the following settlements :
Ainatlan, Otatitlan,

Acula, Tuxte|)ec,

Ixmalnhacan, Chinanlla,

Chacaltianguis, Utzila,

Texhuacan, L'zamacin,

TIncotalpan, Yetla.

COZAQUI, Santa Maria de, a settlement of
the head settlement of Acazingo, and alealdia
mayor of Te|>eaca, in Nueva Espana. It contains
four families of Spaniardn, 33 of J/wj/ees and Mu-
lattoes, and 51 of Indians. It is a quarter of a
league from its h(*a<l settlement.

COZATLA, San Jhan he, a settlement of the
head settlement of Axixique, and akaldli mayor of
Zaynia, in the same kingdom. It contains 60
families of Indians, and is two leagues to the w, of
its head settlement.

COZAUTEPEC, a settlement and head settle-
ment of the alealdia mayor of Chichicapa in Nu-
eva Espana, of the province and bishopric of
3v

rill

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if! It

V^l

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i''

530

C R A

Oaxflca. It contains only 20 families of Indinn.s,
who live by the cultivation of the cochineal plant
and sreds.

COZCATLAN, a settlement and head sptdc-
mcnt of the akuldia mayor of Tosco in Ntieva
Espana. It contains 300 families of Indians, and
is five lehtfucs e. of its capital.

COZLiL, a settlement of the jurisdiction and
aknidia mayor of Culiacan in Nucva Espafia.

COZINAS, a bay of the coast of the province
»iu poverr ment of Vucatiin.

COZINEItA, a shoal of rocks on the coast of
the S. sea, of the province and fyovernrnont of
Ticrra Firme, very near the point of Puytilla, in
the bay of Panama.

COZOCOZONQUE, a sctllempnt of (he head
settlement of Puxmecatan, and nlcaldia mayor of
Villalta, in Nueva Kspana. It is of a iiot tem-
perature, contains 85 families of Indians, and is
ao leapncs io the e. of its capital.

COZTLA, Saj* Miguel de, a settlement of
the head settlement of Coronan&:n, and alcnldia
mayor of Cliolula, in Nueva Lspafia. It contains
48 families of Indians, and is two leagues to the >i.
of the capital.

COZUMEL, an island of the N. sea, oppasitc
the e. coast of Yucatan, to the province and go-
vernment of which it belongs. It is 10 leagues
long n, ic., s. io. and frorn four to five witle. It is
lertilc, and abounds in fruit and cattle, and is
covered with shady trees. The Indians call it Cu-
zamel, which in their language signifies the island
of swallows. Here was the most renowned sanc-
tuary of any belonging to the Indians in tiiis pro-
vince, and a noted pilgrimage, and the icmainsof
some causeways over which the pilgrims used to
pass. It was discovered by tlie (.'anlain .luan de
(iri.jalba in 1518, and the SpaninrtU gave it tlie
nanie of S;mta (Iruz, froni a cross tli.-.t was de-
posit :ii uiit i)y Ilernan Cortes, when he demolished
the itiols, ancf whenat the same time the first mass
ever said in this kingdom of Nnova Espafia, was
celebrated by the Jrai/ Hartoloine de Olinc-do, of
the order of La Merced. At present it is inliiibitod
by Indians only. It is three kagnes distant from
the coast ofTierra Firme.

[rRAB-OR(MIAKi3, a post-towi. on Diclv's
rivtr, in Kentucky, eight milt's trom Cuniborlaiid
riv( r, and 25 miles s. e. of Danville. Tiie road
to Virginia passes (lirongh this place. |

('H,\ BS, or Boiiioim;n, an island of tlie N. sea ;
situate on the .«. side of the island of Sf. Domingo,
first called m by the Bncaniers. i'roni tlic abii.iil.iiK e
of crabs tiunid upon its coast. It is large and
beautiful, and itt mountains and plains are covered

C R A

with trees. The English established themselves
here in 1718, but they were attacked and driven
out by the Spaniards of St. Domingo in IT'JO, who
could not sutler n colony of strangers to settle so
near them. The women and chiidren were, how>
ever, taken prisoners, and carried to the capital and
Portobelo. See Hokiquen.

CliAMBEKIlI, a small river of the province
and colony of N. Carolina. It runs s, and enters
the source of the Conhaway.

(^ RAM BROOK, n river of the province and
colony of Pennsylvania in N. America.

[CRANBERRY, a thriving town in Middlesex
coiinty. New Jersey, nine miles e. of Princeton,
and iii s. s. u). of Brunswick. It contains n hand-
some Presbyterian church, and a v..riety of manu-
factures arc carried on by its industrious in-
habitants. The stage from New \'ork to Phila-
delphia passes thro\ig i Aniboy, this town, and
thence to J" rdcntown.]

[CiiA- < :.RRY Islands, on the coast of the dis-
trict of Aiainc. See MoHNT Drsert Island.]

[CRANEV, n small island on the s. side of
James river, in Virginia, at the mouth of Eliza-
beth river, and five miles s. to. of fort George, on
point Comfort. It commands the entrance of both
rivers.]

[CRANSTON is (he s. easternmost township
of Provi<ience county, Rhode Islan.l, situated on
the TO. bank of Providence river, five miles s. of
the town of Providence. The compact part of the
town contains 50 or (iO houses, a Baptist meeting
house, handsome sehnol-houso, a distillery, and a
numlx'r of saw and grist mills, and is called Paw-
tuxet, from the river, on both sides of whose mouth
it stands, and over which is a bridge comiectiug
the (wo parts of the town. It makes a pretty ap-
pearance as you ])ass it on (he river. Tiic whole
township contains 1877 inhabitants.]

CRAVDN, a county of the province and colony
of Carolina in N. AMierica, situatt- on the shore of
the river Coiigaree, which divides the province
intoSontii and North. It is filled with English and
French protestants. The latter of these diseni-
1)111 ked here to establish themselves in 1700, i)nt
were roiiteil, and the greater part put to death by
(he hands of the lornier. The river Sewec waters
this county, and its first eslablishmcnt was ov ing
to some families who had come hither from New
Ilnglaiul. It has no large city nor any coMi.idorable
town, but Ins two forts m|iom the river Sante, the
one called Slieniniii;i;h fort, which is 4.') miles I'roni
the entrance or mouth of (lie ri';'r, ami (lie other
called Cnntraree, (ij niiics tVctm t!u> other. [It con-
tains 10, i(J9 inhabitants, of whom jt.ijbaie slavcb. I

tl f '

C R E

CRAV^O, Santa Baubaua de, iI seltlcmont of
Uie jurisdiction of Santiago do las Atalayas, of tlic
povcrnnient of Los Llanos of tlicNni'vo Iteynodc
Granada. It is on tbc sliorc of the lar<re river of its
name, npon a very pleasant mountain plain, very
near to the llamira wt i he bottom of the mountain, and
where formerly stood the city of San Joseph dc
Cravo, founded by the governor of this province in
1644, but which was soon afierdestroyed. The tem-
))erature here is not so hot as in tlic other parts of
the province, from its bcin^, as we have before
observcil, in the vicinity of the paramos or moun-
tain deserts, it produces in abundance maize,
])hintaiiis, and yuras^ of which is made the best
tazine of any m the kingdom, also many trees of
a hard and strong wood, used as a medicine in
spotted fevers, ami a sjiecific against poisons, so
that it is much esteemed, and they inake of it
drinking cups. Here are other trees, good for
curing (he flux, their virtue in this disorder having
been accidentally discovereil as follows. A la-
Iwurer, as he was cutting down one of these trees,
let his hatchet fall upon his foot; but remembering
that by pressing his foot against the tree it would
stop the blood, he did so, and a splinter thus getting
into the wound, the cut soon healed without the
n|)plication of any other remedy. Here an; large
breeds of horned cattle, and the natives, who
shoidd amount to l(X) Indians, and about as many
whites, are much given to agriculture. Liglit
leagues from the settlement of Morcote.

Cbavo, a river of the f;)rniiT province and go-
vernment, it rises in the province of Tunja, near
the lake of fiubrniiza, passes befon; the city, to
which it giv<'s its name, and alter running many
leagues, enters (Ik- Meta.

Ckavo, another river, in the district and juris-
diction of I'amplona, of (lie iNuevo IJeyno de
Ciranndn. it rises to the r. of the seillement of
Capitanejo, runs .v. .?. e. and enters the river Caza-
nii, ', according to IJellin, in his map of the course
of a part of the Orinoco ; and indeed we doubt if
lie be not correct. In tiie \\()(xls upon its sIkmcs
live some barbarian Imlians, the llcioyes, Aclia-
guas, and Cinaihas. Its month is in lal, 3" ,'j()' m.

[CUKi; Indians, Tlic, inluihit r;'. of Little
litke Winnipeg, around fort Dauphin, in Upper
Canada.]

[('KKInKS, an Indian naiion, di-scribed also
undt." tli(> name of MrsKocti.Gi. or MisKiirFiii:,
in addition to wliicli is the (bllowinij piirliciilari',
from tli(> iiiMiinscript ioiini.d of an inlelliirenl tra-
veller: "(.'(iDsa river, ;iihI its main l»r;ineli('s, (orin
the u\ line ol'sctlli'iiiciils or \ ill;in;cs ol' the Creeks,
but their hunting grmiiuis extend 'JOU miles be-

C R E

531

yond, to the Tombigbee, which is the dividing
line bctweiMi their country and that of the Chac-
taws. The smallest of their towns have from 2t)
to 30 houses in them, and some of them contain
from 150 to 200, that arc wholly compact. The
houses stand in clusters of four, five, six, seven,
and eight together, irregularly distribute<l up ami
down the banks of the rivers or small streams-
Each cluster of houses contai is a clan or family of
relations, who eat and live in common. Each
town has a public square, hot-house, and yard near
the centre of it, appropriatad to various public
uses. The following arc the names of the prin-
cipal towns of the Upper and Lower Oeeks that
have public squares ; l)egiiining at the head of the
Coosa or Coosa Hatcha rivrr, viz. IJpjjer Utalas,
Abbacoochees, Natchez, Coosas, Otectoochecnas,
Pine Catchas, Pocuntullahases, W ceokes. Little
Tallassie, Tuskeegees, Coosadas, Alabr^mas, Ta-
wasas, Pawactas, Aulobas, Anhoba, VV'eelump-
kecs Hig,VVeelumpkees Little, VVacacoys, Wack-
soy, Ocliees. The following towns are in the
central, inland, and high country, Ix'tween the
Coosa and Tallapoosce rivers, in the district called
the 1 1 illabees, viz. I i illabces, iiLilleegko, Oakclioys,
Slakagulgas, and Wacacoys ; on the waters of
tiie Tallapoosee, from the nead of the r'ver down-
ward, the followincr, viz. Tiickabatchee, Tehassa,
Totacaga, New York, Chalaacpaullcy, Logus-

fiogns, Onkfiiskee, LfalalJttle, IJfala IJig, Soga-
iatclu's,Tiickal)a(chees, Hig Tallassee or Hall-way
House, Clewaleys, Coosahatches, (.'oolamies, Sh.a-
wanese or Savanas, Kenhiilka, and Muckele.ses.
The (owns of the I-ower (Jreeks, beginning on the
head waters of the Cliattahoosce, and so on down-
wards, are Chelu Ninny, Chattahoosee, Hohtatoga,
Couetas, ('ussitahs, Chalagatscaor, Broken Arrow,
ImicIuh's several, Hilchatees several, P.daclmolo,
Chewackala ; besides 20 towns aiirl villages ol"
the Little and Big Chehaiis, low dowa on I'lint and
Chattahoosee rivers. From their roving and un-
steady manner o( living, it is impossible to deter-
mine, with much precision, the iiuii>l)er of Indians
that com|)ose tin; Creek nation, (j -neral M'(»il-
livray estimalcs the number of iiiin-.iien to Ikj be-
tvvcen F> and (iOOO, <v\clnsive ot the S(^minoles,.who
are ol little or no ncconiit in war, xeept as small
parties of marauders, acting im'ependent of the
general interest ol (he others. The whole number
of iiidivitluals may be about 23 or V(),(XK) souls,
i'ivery (own and villagi; has one established white
trader in it, and generally a family of whites, who
have fled iVoni some part of the bontiers. 'I'liey
oiK'ii, to have reveiiire, and to obtain pintider (liat
may be taken, u&e their inlluenue to send out pre-
J V 2

^ II

!!••

! f

533

C R E

U ,H

li&

datory parties against the settlements in their vici«
iiity. The Creeks are very badly armed, having
few rifles, and are mostly armed with muskets.
For near 40 years past, tiie Creek Indians have
had little intercourse with .^ny otiier foreigners but
those of tlie English natim. Their prejudice in
favour of every thing English, has been carefully
kept alive by torics and others to this day. Most
of their towns have now in their possession Britisli
drums, with the arms of the nation and other em-
blems painted on them, and some of their squuws
E reserve the remnants of British flags. They still
elieve that "the great king over the water" is
able io keep the whole world in subjection. The
jand of the country is a common stock ; and any
individual may remove from one part of it to an-
other, and occupy vacant ground where he can
find it. The country is naturally divided into
three districts, viz. the Upper Creeks, Lower and
Middle Creeks, and Semuioles. The upper dis«
trict includes all the waters of the Tallapoosee,
Coosahatchce, and Alabama rivers, and is called
the Abbacocs. The lower or middle district in-
cludes all the waters of the Chaltahoosce and Flint
rivers, down to their junction ; and although oc-
cupied by a great number of dillerct tribes, the
wliole are called Cowctaulgas or Coweta people,
from the Cowelan town and tribe, the most \vnrtik>;
and ancient of any in the whole nation. Tiie
lower or s, district takes in tlie river Appiila-
ehicola, and extends to the point of E. Florida,
and is called the Country of the Seminolcs. A^ri-
culture is as fur advanced with the Indians ns it
Clin well be, without the proper implements of hus-
bandry. A very large majority of the nation
being devoted to hunting in the winter, and to war
or idleness in summer, cnltivoto but small para-ls
of ground, barely sulBcient for 3ib;,istcnce. Hut
many individuals, (particularly on Flint river,
among the Chcliaws, who possess numbers of Ne-
jrrocs) have fenced fields, tolerably well cultivated,
riaving no ploughs, they break up the ground
^vith hoes, and scatter the seed promiscuously over
thi; ground in hills, but not in rows. Tlioy
rale horses, cattle, fowls, and hogs. The only
articles tlicy mantifacttire are earthen pots and
pans, baskets, horse-ropes or halters, smoked
leather, black marble pipes, wooden spoons, and
oil from acorns, hickory luits, and chesnuts.J

( ('nr.LKs, confederated nations of Indians. Sec
,VIi)si;o(a'i,r.i: ]

[Cuf.i;ks t'rossiiig Place, Tennessee river, is
Jibout 40 mlKs c.s.e, of the >uth of Flk river, at
the Muscle shoals, and 3() s.w. of Nitkajack, in
the Georgia a;, territory. ]

C R O

[CREGER'S Town, in Frederick county,
Maryland, lies on the w. side of Monocooy river,
between Owing's and Hunting creeks, which fall
into that river ; nine miles 5. of Ermmtsburg, near
the Pennsylvania line, and about li n. of Frede-
rick town.]

CIIKUSE, or River Hondo, a river of Canada,
which runs s.w. and enters the St. Lawrence, iu
the country of the Acones Indians.

CRIPPLE, Bay o(, on the s. coast of the island
of Newfbtmdland, on the side of Race cape.

CRISiN, a smalHsIand of tlie N. sea, near the
;/. coast of the island of St. Domingo, between the
islands of Molino and Madera, opposite to port
Deltin.

CRISTO. SeeMANTA.

[CliOCIlE,a lake of N.America, in New South
Wales, terminated by the portage La lioche, 400
paces long, and derives its name from the apjicar-
ance of tlie water falling over a rock of u|nvnrds
of 30 feet. It is about 12 miles long. Lat. 3Q'
i(y. Long. 100^25' ?».]

CROIX, or Cnoss, a river of the province and
government of f<ouisiana, the same as thiit which,
with the name of the Ovadeba, incorporates itself
with l\\v Ynsovavndela, and takes this name, till it
enters the Mississinpi.

Croix, aiiotlK*-" river of Nova Scotia or Acadia.
It rises in the ..ike Konsaki, runs s. and enters the
sea in the po, ♦ of Portages.

C noi X, anotn ;r, of the same province and colony,
which rises neiir the coast of the city of Halifax,
runs ». and enters the basin of the \i:nes of the bay
ol Fundy.

Cnoix, an island near the con^t of the same
province and colony, between tli.it of Canes and
the bay of Mirligueclie.

Caoix,abay of the island of finadalnpe,on the
s. to. coast, between the river Sence, and the port
of the Petite Fontaine, or Little Foinitain.

Cuoix, a port of the n. coast of tiic island of
Newlbundlantl, in the strait of IJellisJe.

Croix, a lake of (.-anada, in the country and
terriU-rv of the Algonqnins Iniiians, between that
of F(.'riiomas and the river na.iti(;an.

t iioix, a small settlement iu the island of Mar-
tini |iie.

r(jiioix,ST. Sec Cnt'z, Santa.]

CRON, a small river of tiic provinee and rnp-
tn'mship of Seara in Urazii. It rises near the
coa^t, runs n. and enters the sea at the point of
Tortiiga.

[CROOKED Island, one of the llaiinma islands,
or rather a cliisli-r of islinds, of wliicli North
Crooked ibland. South Ciooke.l island, (toiii-

tW- . ,

C R O

HK nly called Ackliii's island), and Long Key, (or
ForMne island), are the principal. Custlc island
(p. vci V small one) is the most s. and is situated at
ihej/cnd of Acklin's island, which is the largest
of the group, atid extends about 50 miles in length ;
atthuM. extremity it is seven miles in breadth,
but grows narrow towards the s. N. Crooked
island is upwards ofSO miles long, and from two to
six broad ; Long Key, about two miles in length,
but very narrow : on tliis latter island is a valuable
salt pond. Near Bird rock, which is the most
n. extnmiity of the group, and at the w. point of
N. Crooked island, is a reef harl)onr, and a good
anchorage ; a settlement has been lately established
there, called I'itt's Town, and this is the plac
where the Jamaica packet, on her return to Eu-
rope through the Crooked island passage, leaves
unce every month tiie Bahama mail from England,
and takes on boual the mail for Europe ; n port of
entry is now established (here. There is likewise
very good jnchorage, and plenty of fresh water at
the i'lench wells, which lie at the bottom of the
bay, ab(mt hall-way botwcen liird rock and thes.
end of i/ong Key. There is also a good harbour,
(called Atwoo I's harbour) at the n, end of Acklin's
island, but tit only for small vessels, and another
at Major's Keys, on the ii. side of N. Crooked
island, for vessels drawing eiuht or nine feet water.
The population in IHVJ amounted to about 40
whites, and 950 Negroes, men, women, and
chiUlren ; and urevious to May 180J, lands were
grinted by the crown, to the amount of 2 1,'? 18 acres,
tor the purpose of cultivation. The middle of the
island lies in lat. '22' 30' n. ; long. 74^ w. See
Bahamas.]

(CiiooKiM) Lake, in the C-lenessee country,
communicates in an e. by n. direction with Seneca
lake.]

f'.' HOOK Ell Lake, oueof the chain of small lakes
■which connects (he lulu; of the Woods with lake
Sn|ior!or, on the boundary line lietween the L'niled
Statisand I pper Caiiada, remarkable for its rug-
ged cl.ll, in the cracks of which arc a number of
arrows ^ticking.]

(CiiooKi-.n River, in Camden county, Georgia,
empties into the ^ei, opposite (^unlierland island,
V2 or It miles n. Irom the month of St. Mary's.
Us banks are well timbered, anil its course is f.
hyn.\

[CllOSS-CREEK, a township in Wasliington
county, Pennsylvania.]

rCiios8-Cai;i Ks. See Favittkvili.p,]

|"Cao>i--Uo.\ns, the name of a place in N. Caro-
lina, near Duplin court-house, L'J miles from

C R O

633

Sampson court-house, and 23 from S. Washing-
ton.]

[Cnoss-RoAos, .1 village in Kent county, Mary-
lanil, situated two miles s. of Georgetown, on
Sassafras river, and is thus named from four roads
which meet and cross each other in the village.]

[Choss-Roads, a village in Chester county,
Pennsylvania, whore six dilTerent roads meet. It
is 27 miles s. e. of Lancasler, 1 1 n. by w. of Elk-
ton in Maryland, and about 18 w. n. w. of Wil-
mington in Delaware.]

CROSSING, a settlement of the island of Bar-
badoes, in the district of the parish of San duan.

[CROSSWICKS, a village in Ikrlington
county, New Jersey ; through which the line of
stages passes from New York to Philadelphia.
It has a resf)cctable Quaker meeting-house, four
miles s.w. of Allen town, eight s. e. of Trenton,
and 14 s.w. of Burlington.]

[CROTON River, a ti. c. water of Hudson
river, rises in the town of New Fairfield in Con-
necticut, and running through Dutchess county,
empties into Tanpan bay. Croton bridge is thrown
over this river three miles from its mouth, on the
great road to Albany ; this is a solid, substantial
bridge, 1400 feet long, the road narrow, |»iercing
through a slate hill ; it is supported by 1(3 stone
pillars. Here is an admirable view of Croton falls,
where the water precipitates itself l)et ween 60 and
70 feet perpendicular, and over high slate banks,
in some places 100 f<:et, the river spreading into
three streams as it enters the Hudson.]

[CROW Creek falls into the Tennessee, from
the n. w. opposite the Crow town, 15 miles be-
low Nickajack town.]

[Ciiow Indians, a people of jN. America, di-
vided into four bands, called by themselves AhAh'-
iir-ro-pir-no-pah, No6-ta, Pa-rces-car, and E-
liart'-sfir. They annually visit the Mandans, Me-
nclares, and Ahwahhaways, to whom they barler
horses, mules, leather lodges, and many articles
of Indian apparel, for which they receive in re-
turn guns, ammunition, axes, kettles, awls, and
other European manufac(ures. When they re-
turn to (heir country, they are in turn visited by
the Paunch and Snake Itulians, to whom they bar-
ter most of the articles they have obtained from the
nations on the Mis'souri, tor horses and mules, of
wiiich those nations have a greater abundance than
themselves. They also obtain of the Snake In-
dians bridle-bits and blankets, and some other
articles, which (hose Indians purchase from the
Spaniards. Their country is fertile, and well
watered, and in many parts well timbered.

'A I

|i'

\\\

#.'!

■(I.

53*

C R U

[Crow's Meadows, a river in Iho t?.w. ter-
ritory, wliicli runs n, w. into Illinois river, oppo-
site to which are fine meadows. Its nioiitli is 20
yards wide, and 240 miles from tlic Mississippi.
It is navigable between 13 and 18 miles.]

(^CROWN Point is the most s. township in
Clinton county. New York, so called fromtiic
celebrated fortress which is in it, and which was
garrisoned by the British troops, iVomdic time of its
reduction by General Amherst, in 1 7.59, till the late
revolution, it was taken by the Americans the I4lh
of May 1775, and retaken by the British the year
after. The point upon which it was erected by
the French in 1731, extends ». into lake Champ-
lain. It was called Kruyn Punt, or Scalp Point,
by the Dutch, and by the French, Pointe-i-la-
('hevelure ; the fortress they named Fort St. Fre-
derick. After it was repaired by the British, it
was the most regular Jind expensive uf any con-
structed by them in America ; the walls are of
wood and earth, about IG feet higii and about 20
feet tliick, nearly 150 yards square, and surround-
ed by a deep and broad ditch dug out of the solid
rock ; the only gate opened on the n. towards the
lake, where was a draw-bridge and a covert way,
to secure aconnnunication with the waters of the
lake, in case of a siege. On the riglit and left, as
you enter the fort, is a row of stone barracks, not
elegantly built, which arc capable of containing
2000 troops. There were formerly several out-
works, which are now in ruins, its is indeed the ciise
with the principal fort, except the walls of the
barracks. The famous fortification called Ticon-
deroga is 13 miles s. ol' this, but that fortress is
also so nnich demolisiicd, that a stranger would
scarcely form an idea of its oriii,iiial coustrnclioii.
The town of Crown Point has no rivers ; a few
streams, however, issue from the mountains, which
answer lor mills and common uses. In the moun-
tains, which extend the wlioh^ length of lake
(.I'eorge, and p;'rt of the length of lake Cliamplain,
are plenty of moose, deer, and almost all the other
iniiabitantsof the forest. In 1790 the town con-
tained 203 inhabitants. By the state ci-nsus of
1796, it appears there are 12() electors. The
Ibrtress lies in lat. VJ' 56' ?(. ; long. 73^ 21'
tc]

[CRO\ DEN, a township in (Cheshire county,
Ni!w Hampshire, ail joining (Jornish, and about IH
mill's w. e. of (!liarleslowii. It was imuiporated
in 1763; in 1775 it contained 143, and in 1790,
537 inhabitants.]

C"Bl AlHi;, a settlement of the province of
Venezuela, and government of Maiataiboj situate

C R U

on the coast, between cape San Roman and the
Punta Colorada.

CRUCL'RO, a settlement of the province and
corregiiniento of t'arabaya in Pern ; annexed to
the curacy of Coazu. It has a sanctuary wlierc nn
image of Nuestra Senoia del Rosario is held in
high ven<-ration.

CRUCL !, a settlement of the province and
kingdom of Tierra Firinc ; situate on the shore of
the river Chagrc, and in a small valley .surrounded
by mountains. It is of a good temperature and
healthy climate, and is the plain from whence
the greatest commerce was carried on, particularly
at the time that the galleons used to ^o to Tien a
Firnie, tiie goods being brought up the river as
far as this settlement, wliere the royal store-houses
are established, and so forwarded to Panan<a,
which is seven leagues distant over a level road.
IlUc alaililia timj/or a> d iie lordship of this set-
tlement is entailed upon 'iC eldest son of the illus-
trious house of the iJrriolas ; Avhich fami'y is es-
tablished in the capital, and has at sundry times
rendered signal services to the king. The Fnglisli
pirate, John Morgan, sacked and burnt it iii
1670.

CimcEs, another settlement, of the province
and government of Cartagena ; situate on the same
island as is the city, and on the shore uf the great
river Magdalena.

CuL'cts, another, of t'>e province and corrc'
gti)iif/ito of Paria in Pen ; annexed to the curacy
of Toledo.

Ciu'CKs, another, of the missions belonging to
the religious order of St. Francis, in the province
of Taraumara, and kingdom of iSueva Vizcaya.
Twenty-nine leagues to the n. »>. of the town and
no/ of the mines of San Felipe de (Jhiguagua.

CuucEs, another, of the province of Tepc-
guana, ami kingdom of Niieva Vizcaya.

Cncc'is, another, of the province and fonroV-
m'uiito ofCuyoin the kingdom of Cliile ; situate
r. ot the city of San Juan de la Frontera, and upon
the shore of one of the lakes of lluanacache.

(Juucrs, another, in the same kingdom; situate
on the shore of the river Biobio.

CaiicjES, a river in the district of Guadalabqueii
of the same kingdom. It is an arm of the Calia-
calla, which enters the Valdivia, and forms the
island of Las Animas.

t'lU'lMi AS, a town of the province and go-
verrnnent of La Sierra Gorda in the bay of Mexico,
and kingdom of Nueva Espana, founded in 1764,
by order of the Marquis ot this title and viceroy
ot these provinces.

CRUZ.

b3b

11(1 £;o-
exico,
1764,
viceroy

riinZ, Santa, dk la SirnnA, a province
and government of Peru, bonndcd n. by that ol
Moxos, f. by tlic (erritory of the Chiquitos In-
'lims, s. by the infidel Chiriguimos and Chanaes
Indians, s. zi\ by the province of Tomina, and zo.
by that of Mizquc. it is an extensive plain, which
on the zo. side is covered with Indian dwellings
and grazing farms, as far as the river called (Jr; nde
or Iluapay. It extends 28 Icagncs s. as far as the
same river, 18 to. as far as the foot of the cordil/era,
and 24 m. being alto;^cthercov«;ie(i with varions cs-
tates, as indeed arc the parts on the other side of the
Cordillera, it lies very low, and is free both from
tlic extreme cold and parcliing heat of the serra-
tiias, alt liougli the other provinces of this bishop-
ric, wliich lie close by this province, are mucii
infested wit!> the same variations of climate. It
is, however, of a hot and moist temperature, and
the country is mountainous ; on its plains are
found various kinds of wood, good for building,
and amongst the rest, a sort ot palm, the he irt of
which is used for making the frame works to win-
dow) of temples and houses, ajid it is generally
cnl to the length of 1 1 feet ; there is another kind
o; palm, which is caWcd vioiitatjiii, the leaves of
which serve for covering the houses ol the poor,
and the shoots or buds for making a very argree-
abb sallad ; the heart of the tree is reduced to a
flour, of which sweet "akcs are niad(>, inid eaten
instead of bread, for in tliis province neither
wheat nor vines are cultivated, the climate bi'ing
unfavourable to botli. It abounds in various
species of canes, whicli serve to bind togeth(;r the
timbers of wiiirh the houses are constructed ; one
of tliese species is called liitciiilx'; with which bells,
tlioiigh of great weight, are iuing. In this pro-
vince are all kinds oi I'ruits, various b-rds, tigers,
bears, wild boars, deer, and other wild animals ;
amongst tlic I'ruits of (he wild trees arc some which
grow, not upon the branches, but upon the trunk
itself; that which is called /iiiaiptnii resembles a
large cherry in colour and flavour, and this,
as well as others which are equiilly well t.isted,
serve as loo I for an inliiiite variety of birds; an
equal abundance of fish is likewise I'ountl in tin;
neighbouring rivers. Here is cultivated rice,
also maizv', sugar-ciire, lyiiras, cnniolca, &.c. and
some wild wax is fouoil in the trunks of trees ; be-
ing furnished by various kintis of bees. At the
distance of i^O leagues to (he s. of the capital, arc
fourset'.leiuents ort'hirigtianos Indians, governed
by their own captains, i)ut subject, in some mea-
sure, to this government, from bi'ing in Iriendsliip
with it, and trading wilh the Spaniaiils in wax,
cotton, ami maize. Hitherto its natives Lave becu

averse to embracing the Catliolic religion, but in
' iic incursions that have been made against us by
the barbarians, iliey liave been ever ready io lend
us their assistance, and in fact form for us an out-
work of defence. In the aforesaid four settlements
arc 500 Indians, who arc skilled in the use of the
arrow and the lance, and are divided from the
other barbarians of the same nation by the river
Grande or Iluapay. This river runs from Cbar-
cas to thcc. by the side of the province of Tominn,
and which, after makinea bend in the figure of an
half-moon, on tlic e. side of the province of Santa
Cruz, enters the Marmore, first receiving another
river describing a similar course, and known by
the name of the Pirapiti. On the s. e. aiul on the
opposite side, are some settlements of Ciianaes In-
dians, jlie territory of whom is called Isofo. To
the s. ands. a', towards the frontiers of Tarija, and
still further on, are very many settlements of the
infid?! (3hiriguanos Indians ; and in the valley of
irgre alone, which is eight leagues long, wc find
JG ; and in some of these the religious Franciscan
order of (he college of Tarija have succeeded in
making converts, thoiigh as yet in no consider-
able numbers. These Indians are the most va-
lorous, perfidious, and inconstant of nil the na-
tions lying to the e. of the river Paraguay ; 4000
of them once fled tor fear of meeting chastisement
for their having traitorously put to death the Cap-
tain Alexo fJarcia, a Portuguese, in the time of
Don .hian HI. king of Portugal; they were
cannibals, and used to fatten their prisoners before
tluy killed them for their banquets. Their trea-
ties with the Spaniards, and the occ{isionaI visits
theM' have been obliged to pay them in their ter-
ritories, have induced them nearly to forget this
aljominable practice ; but their innate cruelty still
exists, and particularly against the neighbouring
nations, upon whom they look down wilh the
greatest scorn ; they have increased much, and are
now one of the most numerous nations in America;
they are extremely cleanly, so much so that they
will go down to the rivers to wash themselves even
at midnight, and in the coldest season. The women
also, immediately after parturition, plunge them-
selves into the water, and coming home, lay them-
selves down upon a little mound of sand, which,
for this pnrjiose, they have in their houses. The
inhabitants of this province nmoiint to J(j,OGO, and
besides the capital, which is San iiorenzo de la

!■ I

i I

I'rontera, there are

meiits :

Porongo,
Samaipala;
\'alle Grande,

only the following icttle-

f'hiUm,
Dcsposorios,
Santa Ko a.

5^6

C R U

lii

Fishops who have presided in Santa Cruz de la
Si-.rra.

1. Don Antonio Caldcron, native of Vilchcs,
dean of the holy chnrch of Santa Fc, bishop of
Piicrtorico and Panama; first hisliop in 1605;
died at the advanced age of upwards of 100
years.

2. Don Frau Fernando de Ocampo, of the re-
ligions order of St. Francis, a native of Madrid.

3. Don Juan Z'^pata y Figueroti, native of
Vclez-M&laga ; he was canon and inquisitor of
Seville ; presented to the bri&hopric of Santa Cruz
in 1634.

4. Don Frai/ Juan de Arguinao, a religious
Dominican, native of Lima, was prior and provin-
cial in his religion, first professor of theology and
writing in that university, qualificntor of the in-
quisition ; presented to the bishopric of Santa Cruz
in 1646, and promoted io the archbishopric of
Santa Fe in 1661.

5. Don />fly Bernardino de Cardenas, native of
liinia, of the order of St. Francis ; promoted from
Paraguay io this bishopric in 1666.

6. Don Fraj^ Juan de Rivera, of the order of
St. Augustin, native of Pisco in Peru ; first pro-
fessor of theology.

7. Don Fraj/ Juan de Esturrizaga, of the order
of preachers, native of Lima.

8. Don Pedro de Ciirdenns y Arbieto, native of
Lima, collegian of the royal college of Sai; Mar-
tin, canon of its holy churrh.

9. Don Fray Juan de los Rios, of the order of
St. Dominic, a native of Jiinm, pruviiicial of his
religion in the province of San Juan Unutista del
Peru.

10. Don Frai/ Miguel Alvarez de Tolfdo, of
the order of Nilestra Sefiora dc la Merced, elected
in 1701.

11. Don Miguel Bernardo dc lu Fucnte, dean
of the holy church ofTruxillo, cleclrd in 1737.

12. Don Andres de Vergiua and Uribe, elected
in 1744 ; he died in 1745.

13. Don Juan Pablo de Olmcdo, native of Tu-
cuman, elected in 1745, died in 1757.

14. Don Fernando Pt-rcz de Oblitas, native of
Arequipa, elected in the aforesaid year, died in
J760.

15. Don Francisco Ramon de llrrboso, native
of Lima, elected in 17G0, promoted to the arch-
bishopric of Cliarcas in I76(i.

Hi. Don Juan Doniinyo Cioiizdlez de la Ri-
guera, eleclod the afonsaid year, and promoted
to the archbishopric of the holy metropolitan
<liiircli of Lima in 1780.

17. Don Alexandro de Ochoa, elected in 178^.

C R U

('nt'z, Santa, a city of the above province,
which was once the capital ; founded by Nufio de
Chaves in 1557, after tliat he had passed along the
shores of the river Paraguay to discover a commu-
nication with the other provinces, its inhabitants,
however, not being able to stay in it through the
incessant sallies of the Indians who surrounded
them, were under the necessity of changing their
settlement ; but disagreeing in the choice ot place,
some of them united together, and founded the city
of Santiago del Puerto, and others that of San
Lorenzo de la Frontera, which is to-day the capi-
tal, the former city being entirely abandoned.

Ciiiz, Santa, a settlement of the province and
corregitiiii nto ot Yauyos in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of the settlement of Pacaran in the province
of Canetc.

Chuz, Santa, another, a conversion of Indians
of the missions which were held by the regulars of
the conipiiny of Jesuits, in tiie province and go*
vcrnment of Mainas of the kingdom of Quito.

Carz, Santa, another, of the province and go*
vernment of Cumand in the kingdom of Tierra
Firme, between the cities of Cumanagoto and Ca-
riaco.

CuL'z, Santa, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Popayan ; situate to the *. of the city
of Almagu^r, in the limits of the jurisdiction ot
Quito.

CiiL'aE, Santa, another, of the head settlement
and akalditt mayor of Jocliimilco in Nueva Es-
pai'ta ; situate in a mountainous and cold country,
containing 46 families of Indians, who live by cut-
ting timber ami making fuel, it is two leagues to
the ze. of its capital.

Cnrz, Santa, another, of the province and ror-
regiiiiirnlo of Chancay in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Paceho.

Cruz, Santa, another, of the head settlement of
St. Francisco del Valle, and afcafilin tmii/or of
Ziiltepec, ill Nueva Kspana. It contains 28 fa-
milies of Indians, dedicated to the cultivation of
the land, and cutting bark from trees. Ten leagues
from its head settlement.

Cruz, Santa, another,of the province and eor-
reffimicafo of ('axamarca in Peru.

Cui'Z, Santa, another, of the province and
roneghnienfo of Lucanas in the same kingdom ;
annexed to the curacy of I'ucqnin.

Chl'z, Santa, another, of the innvince and
coireghnieiito of Caiita in Peru ; annexed io the
curaey of Pari.

Cnuz, Santa, another, of the head settlement
of Huclm<:tlan,an(l alialdia rMfl//orof Cuicatlan, in
Nueva Espafui; situate on the middle of a moun-

I .-I

C R U

tnin, anil containing 72 fumilics of Indians, dcdi-
cn(c(i to the commerce of saltpetre and cochineal.
Three leagues to the s, of its bead settlement.

(; 11 bZ, Santa, anutber, of the alcaldia mat/or
of the same kingdom. It contains 30 families of
Indians, and is in the boundaries of the jurisdiction
of Xulapa.

Cnuz, Santa, another, of the island of Cuba;
situate by a creek or bay formed by the sea, on tiic
s. coast, between the settlement of Guanco and the
bay of Matanzas.

('iiuz, Santa, another, of the head settlement
of Zultnpcr, and alcaldia inaj/or of the same name,
in Nucva Espana. It contains 36 families of In-
dians, and is six leagues to the x. of the capital.

Chuz, Santa, another, of the head settlement
and alcaldia viai/or of Tohica in the same king-
dom. It contains 51 families of Indians, and is at
a small distance to the n, of its capital.

Cituz, S*nta, another, a head settlement of the
district of the province and alcaldia mayor of
Tlaxcala in the same kingdom.

Cimz, Santa, another, of the head settlement
of Chapala, and alcaldia mai/or of Zayula, in the
same kingdom ; situate on (he shore of the great
lake or sea of Chapala. It contains 38 families of
Indians, who cultivate many seeds and fruits from
the fertility and pleasantness of the country ; oc-
cupying themselves also in traffic and in fishing
upon the lakes. It is two leagues to the e. of its
liead settlement.

Cruz, Santa, another, of llic missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of Je-
suits, in the province and govcrnmeiitot' Maiiias of
the kingdom of Quito ; situate on the slioic of the
river Napo.

Ciii;7, Santa, anollicr, of the head seltlcninit
and alcaldia nuu/or of Caxititlan in Niieva Es-
pafin. Four leagues to the ,?. of i(s capital.

(.'rtcz, Santa, anothor, o'' tlie head sdlloincnt
and alcaldia mai/or of Tlajoniiilco in the same
kingdom, in which llicr(> is a convcai of tlic reli-
gious order of St. Francis.

Ciuiz, Santa, iiiiotluT, oftlie licid sddcmciit
ofCacula, i\ml a /cdhlia w/r/yor of Zayula, in tin;
same kingJotn. ll contains JO faiiiilics oC liidiaris,
wUo employ tliems(!lv('s in a<.;riciillnrc, ami in cu(-
(inj; wood upon the mountains otilsdisliict. I'our
IcMirMfVs hdwcon the w. and .«. of its liciul soUicnu'ni,

t'lMZ, Santa, anoUier, of llie missions wliicli
TViTf held by liie ri\:;n!;\rs of (he ri)in;)any ol" .'c-
MiiN in the province ol" 'repcgnana, and kiiiijdoni
of" \m'v:i Vi/.cayu; situate on tiie shore of the
liviT of l.as Niisas.

t'lii.'z, Santa, another, of thi" missions ol tlie
^ ol.. I.

C R U

537

religious order of St. Francis, in the province of
Taraumara, of the same kingdom as the former.
Eighteen leagues to the s. e. of tlie real of the mines
and town of San Fcli|H;dcChiguagua.

Cnuz, Santa, another, called Ileal dc la Cruz,
in the province and government of Cartagena, on
the shore of the large river Magdalena, and upon
an island formed by this river and the waters of the
Dique.

Cnuz, Santa, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Antioquia in the Nuevo lieyno de
(jirau'ida, on the shore of the river Caucu.

Cnuz, Santa, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Tucumnn iti Peru, of the district and
jurisdiction of the city of Cordoba.

Cnuz, Santa, another, of the missions which
arc held by the religious order of St. Francis, in
the kingdom of Niicvo Mexico.

Cnuz, Santa, another, with the addition of
JMayo, in the province and government of Cinaloa;
situate at the mouth of the river Mayo, which
gives it its name. It has a port convenient for trade.

Cuuz, Santa, another, of the same kingdom of
Nuevo Mexico ; situate on the shore of a river
which enters the large river Del Norte.

Cuuz, Santa, another, of the province and
government of the river Ilacha; situate on the
coast, to the e. of the capital.

Cituz, Santa, another, of the nrovuire and go-
vernment of Antioquia in the Nuevo Ueyno de
Granada; founded on the shore of the river Sinii,
with a good port, Avhioli serves as i\i\ entrepot i'ot
goods to be carried to Choco, from whence it lies
u three-days journey.

Cuuz, Santa, another, of the province and go-
vernment of Cinaloa in Nucva Espana ; situate at
the mouth of tiic river Mayo, where this enters
the California, or Mar Uoxo dc (.'ortes. Distinct
from another, which is upon athoie of the same
river.

t'liiz, Santa, another, of the province and go-
vcinnuMit ol" till Sonoia in tlie s;tnie kini>(iom ;
siiiiiite in tlie country ol tlic Apaciics Indians, on
(lie sliore of a river vhicli enters the (iila.

CuL/, S\MA, ruiolhcr, of (lie province and
alciildUi ma)/or oi' Zucapula in (lie Lingdoin of
(iiKileni.'iia.

(.'ill'/., Santa, anotiirr, of (lie ].roviiice and
aln:l(iij w.n/or ol' N'enipaz in the same kingdom.

[Ciirz, a parish of liic province and r;i)vern-
niciil of IJnenos A} res ; situate on a xinall river
numiMiT iiito tlie l'l;i((i, about five leagues m. of (he
(own of J,nx.ui, in Lit. ,'JIM(»' ^2''. Long. 5<)*

rtJni /, La, a settlement of InJiiins of the pro-
.'; 7.

■I

!'•!

■i,

»■

I"!

> I. '

i ■■
t. '

538

C R U

vincc and government of niienos Ayrcs, founded
ill I6i?9, in lat. 29° 29' I" *.J

Cnuz, Santa, an island ofthcN.seajOne oftlic
Antilles, 22 leagues luiit^ nnd five wide. J(s terri-
tory is fertile, but the air unhealthy at certain sea-
fions, from the low situation. It has many rivers,
streams, and fountains, with three very ^ood and
convenient ports. It was for a long while desert,
until sonic English settled .themselves in it, an(l
began to cultivate it; afterwards the French pos-
sessed themselves of it, in 1650, nnd sold it the
following year to the knights of Malta, from whom
it was bought, in 1664, by the West India com-
pany. In J671, it was incoriiorated with the pos-
sessions of the crown by the King of I'rance. Its
inhabitants afterwards removed to the island of St.
Domingo, demolished the forts, and sold it to a
company of Danes, of Copenhagen, who now
possess it. It was the first of the Antilles which
was occupied by the Spaniards; is 30 leagues

C R U

from the island of St. Christopher's, eight from
Puertorico, six from that of Uoriquen, nnd five
from that of St. Thomas. It aboiiiuls in sugar-
cane nnd tobacco, as also in fruits, which render
it very delightful. [It is said to produc«' iJO,00()
or 40,000 hhds. of sugar annually, nnd other \V.
India commodities, in tolerable nlenty. It Is in
a high state of cultivation, and has about 3000
white inhabitants and 30,000 slaves. A great
proponion of the Negroes of this island have em-
braced Christianity, under the Moravian mission-
aries, whose influence has been greatly promotive
of its prosperity.

The official value of the Imports and Exports
of Santa Cruz were, in

1809, imports rf 135,378, exports 4£84,964.

1810, 422,033, 89,949.
And the qiianlilies of the principal articles iui-

poited into (j'reat Britain were, in

I ' ft

Cofftf.

Sm;iir.

Kuni.

Coltcn Wool.

Brit. l»laut.

For. Plant.

liiit. I'bnt.

For. Pliuil.

Cwf.
1R0<), 'J97
1010, SI

Cwf.

1479

Cwt.
SHO.iJl I

t'.'t),o3;i

C»t.
374

Gallv
lOl,.')'."-!
SJt>,^07

6ui,y');5

174,«y4

Santa Cruz is in lat. 70° 44' w. Long. 64° 43' a'.
See Wkst Inoiks.]

Chvz, Santa, u small island in the straits
of Magellan, opposite cape Monday. The Ad-
miral Pedro Sarmientotook possession of it for the
crown of Spain, that making the tenth time of its
being captured.

Ciiuz, Santa, n small island of the coast of
Brazil, in the province and captainship of Hey,
between that coast and the island of Santa Catalina.

Cnrz, Santa, a sand-bank or islet near the n.
coast of the island of Cuba, and close to the saraN
bank of Cumplido.

Cni'Z, Santa, apointof the coast of (he province
and govornmcnt of Honduras, called Triunio do
la Cruz, (Triumph of tlie Cross), between (he
port of La Sal and the river Tiaii, 30 leagues from
ihesjulf, in hit. 15^ 40'.

Cm z, Santa, a portof the coast wliirli lies be-
tween the river La Plata and the straits of !\Iagelian.
On one side it has (he Ensenada Grande, or f-arge
Kay, iiiid on the other the mountain of Santa Ines.
Lat. 50° 10' s.

Ciuz, Santa, a river of (he coast which lies be-
tween (he river La Plata and the straits of Magel-
lan, it runs into the sea.

Cnuz, Santa, a small river of (he provinre
and captains/lip of Los Ilheos in Brazil. It
rises near the coast, runs e. and enters the sea Ik-
tween the Grande and the Dulce, opposite the
shoals of S. Antonio.

Cruz, Santa, another, of the province and
captainship of Seara in the same kingdom. It rises
near the coast, runs u. and enters the sea between
the point of Palmeras and (hat of Toidiga.

Cai;z, Santa, anodier, of the province nnd
government of Maracaybo. It rises in (he sierra
of Perija, runs e. and enters (lie great lake on Uie
zc. side.

Cmz, Santa, a lake ofdienmvinceand country
of the Chiquitos Indians in IViu, formed from ;i
drain issuing from (he a', side of (lie river Para-
guay, opposite the rordilhra of San Fernando.

Cnuz, Santa, a small island of the gulfof Cali-
fornia, or Mar Koxo (le Cortes; situate near (h •
coast, between the two islands of Calalaiia and San
Joseph.

Cnuz, Santa, a snail jort of (he island of Cu-
racao, in (he w. part, opposite the island of Ornba.

Ciiu/, Santa, a nidunlain on the coa&t of (he
Malvine or Falkland isles.

Crvz, Santa, a cape or point oflhe coast of the

CUB

C U A

i.lind of Cuba, called Cruz del Principe (Cross of
tlic Prince. )

C{JAf Sahantb nr, a village and scUlcment
of the Portuf^uese, in the kingdom of lirazil ;
situate in the sierni of Lus Corixes, between tlie
river of tliis name and Hint of Anigunya.

CUACIilMALCO, a settlement of the head
scttleinentof Olinulti, and alcaldia 7»</yor of Tlana,
in Nueva Espafia. Jt contains GG families of In-
tlians, and is two leagues to the n. e. of its liead
settlement.

CUAITLAN, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of Metlatinn, and alcaldia mat/or of Pnpantln,
in Nueva Espaila. It contains HJ families of In-
dians, and is three leagues from its head settle-
ment, IG i. to. of the capittd.

('L'ALA, Santiago i>k, a settlement and head
settlement of the district of the alcaldia mayor of
Tezcocu ill Nueva ICspana ; annexed to the cu-
racy of Capulalpa, and six leagues to the n,e. of
its capiliil.

CUALAQIJE, a settlement of the head settle-
ment and alcaldia mat/or of TIapa in Nueva
Espana. It contains two families of Spaniards,
eight of Muslecsy 140 of Indians, and a convent
of the religious order of St. Aiigustin. it is of a
mild temperature, and its principal commerce
consists ill making painted cups of fine manufac-
ture. Four leagues n, of its capital.

CUAMILA, a small settlement or ward of the
alcaldia mayor of Guacliinango in Nueva Espnila ;
annexed to the cunicy of the settlement of
TIaola.

CUANALA, Santa Maria »e, a settlement
of the head settlement and olcaldia mm/or of Tez-
coco ill Nueva Espan i ; situate on (he shore of
the pleasant valley of (iciilma. It is surrounded
by many small settlements or wanls, in which there
are reckoned 2 ly finiilies of Iiuliuiis, and 10 of
Muslces and M uiattoes ; all of whom are ein-
ployt'd as ilrovcrs or agriculturalists. Two agiu-s
n. of its capital.

CUAPALA, a setllement of the head settle-
ment of Atlislac, nwd (iL aid in imij/or of TIapa, in
Nueva Espaua. It contains 12 Ihmilics of In-
dians.

CIJATAM'AN, SANTiAr;o or., a sell lenient of
the n/ra /did via i/or of 'Vncoco in Niiev.i ll^ipann.
If contains .'Jf) families ot Indians, and HI of Spa-
niards and Miisttc.'!.

('I ATI, AN, a settlement of the head settlement
of Ixdiilinacan, and alcaldia niai/or ot Coliina ;
sitnate on the niaryin of a river which fertiiizrs
tlw gardens Ivini^ on ciliicr of its banks, (lie same

nboiuulinu in iill kinds of fruits and herbs. It is of tin; Havana, which from that time has be

U I.

i}d9

of mild temperature, and its commerce consists
in maize, French beans, and in (lie making of
mats. In its precincts are six estates or groves of
coco tri!es ; and in those dwell nine families of
Spaniards and Mustees. In (he scKlemcnt are 70
families, it is (hrec leagues e. of i(8 head settle-
ment.

CUAUCMINOLA, a settlement of (he head
settlement of Xoxutin, and alcaldia mayor of
Cuernavaca, in Nueva ICspana.

CUAU(X)TEA, 8. 1)1 Eoo de, a setdcment of
(he head sddcmcnt and alcaldia niamr of Cholula
in Nueva Espaila. it contains 27 families of In-
dians, and is u quarter of a league from i(s capital.

CUAUTIPAC;, a settlement of the head settle-
ment and alcaldia mayor of Tlapa in Nueva Es-
pafia. It contains 2J families of Indians, and is
one league to the .*. e. of its capital.

CUAUTIiA, San .Iuan de, a settlement of
(he head settlement and alcaldia mayor of Cholula
in Nueva E.spaua. it contains IG families of In-
dians, and is one league to the w. of its capital.

CuAtiTi.A, with the dedicatory tide of San
Miguel, another settlement of (he alcaldia mouor
of Cuernavaca in (he same kingdom ; situate In a
fertile and beautiful open plain near the settlement
of Mazatepec. It contains 23 families of Indians,
and II of Spaniards and Mulatloes, who employ
themselves in lishing for small but well-flavoured
bas^rcs, which are found in great abundance in a
river which runs near (he town.

'UAIJTOLOTITLAN, a settlement of (he
Head setdement of Atlistac, and alcaldia mayor of
Tlapa, in Nueva Espaila. It contains 42 families
of Indians.

Cl'H, a small river of the province and colony
of Virginia. It runs .?. and enters the Slannton.

CUIJ.V, a large island of the N. sea, and the
largest of (he Antilles ; situate at the mouth or en-
trance of (he bay of Mexico. It is 2,^5 leagues in
length Iroin c. to xo. from (Ik; capo of St. Antonio
to (he point of Ma-zi, ami ^f> at its widest part,
and 11 at (lie iiarrowes(. To (hew. it has Florida
and (he l,ueayes isles ; to the e. (he island of St.
Domingo, niid to (lie s. (lie island of .Jamaica, and
the <;. continent; and to (he :<•. (lie gulf or bay of
Mexico. Jtislietween 19 18'and 2J^15'«. I .t. and
from 74"'2'o to HP5.5' t'. long It was discovered
by Admiral Clirislopher Colninbus in UO'i, in his
first voyairc, Ixtore he discovered St. Domingo ;
and he mistook it for (lie continent, and landed
upon it. In (he year I 1 4, i( ,\as found (o Ix- an
island i)y Nicholas de Obaiido. lie measured i(s
citciinilt leiicf, ami careeneil his ves.sel in the por(

\- I;

tfj

I,?- 1

S40

CUBA.

known by (lie name of Curenas. It is uf a kind,
warm, ami dry temperature, and more mild tluui
the island ot>(f. Domingo, owin^r to the refreshing
^ales which it experiences from the ». and e. Its
river<!, which ;irc in numlirr 158, abound in rich
fish ; its mountains in choice and vast titnlK>r ;
namely cedars, cttobds, oaks, eranadil/os, gitnj/a-
CffNrj,and ebony-trees ; (he fields in singing birds,
and others of the chase, in flourishing trees and
odoriferous plants. The territory is most fertile,
so that the fields arc never witlunit flowers, and the
trees are never strippetl of their foliage. Some of
the seeds produce two crops a year, the one of
them ripening in the depth of winter. Ai the be-
ginning of its concpiest, much gold was taken from
hence, and priiici[)ally in the parts called, at the
present day, lagua, and the city of Trinidad ; and
the chronicUr Antonio de licrera aflirnis that this
metal was found of greatc'- purity here than in the
island of St. Domintro. Some of it is procured at
the present day at Iiolguin. Mere are some very
abundant mines of copper and load-stone ; and
nrtiliery was formerly cast here, similar to that
which was in the fortified places of (he Havana,
Cuba, and the castle of the Morro. Here was es-
tablished an asieiito of (he mines, under (he reign of
the King Don .Tiian de Eguilnz, when no less aquan-
tity than 1000 quintals of gold were sent yearly (o
Spain. In the jurisdiction of the Havana, an iron
mine has been discovered some little time since, of
an excellent quality, and (he rock crystal found
here is, when wrought, more brilliant than the
finest stones. In the road from Bayamo to ('iiba,
are found pebbles of various sizes, and so perfectly
round that (iiey might be well used for cannon-
balls. The batlis of medical warm waters are ex-
tremely numerous in this island. It contains 1 1
large and convenient bays, very secure ports, and
abundant salt ponds, also 480 sugar engines, from
which upwards of a million of arrohas are em-
barked every year for Europe, and of sucii an
esteemed and excellent quality, as without l)eing
refined, to equal the sugar of Holland or France;
not to mention the infinite quantity of this aitiric
employed in the manufacturing of delicious sweet-
meats : (liesc being also sent over to Spain and
various parts of America. It contains also 98^
herds of large cattle, 617 inclosures (or swine, 350
folds for f;ittening animals, 1881 manutactories, and
5933 iMiKivatcd estates ; and but for (he wan( of
bands, ii might l)e said to abound in every neces-
sary of life, since it produces in profusion ytirm,
Eweet and bitter, and of whicii tlie cautvc bread is
made, coffee, maize, indigo, cotton, some curao
and much tobacco of excellent quality ; this being

one of the principal sources of its commerce, and
that whicli forms the chief branch of the royaV
revenue. This article is exported to Europe in
every lusliion, in leaf, snuff, and cigars, and is held
superior to the tobacco of all the oth<;r parts uf
Ametica. The great peculiarity of this climato
is, that we find in it, the wholi; year round, iho
most delicate herbs and fruits, in full season, native
either (o I'.urope or these regions ; and amongst
the rest, (lie pine is most delicious. The fields itw
so delightful and so salutary, that invalids go to
reside in them to establish their health. Throughout
the whole island there is neither wild beast or ve-
nomous animal to be found. Its first iiiliabitanis
were a pacific and modest people, and unacquainted
with the barbarous custom of eating hniiian flesh,
and abliorring (heft and impurity. These have
l)ecnine nearly ex(inc(, and the greater pail of
them hung themselves at the beginning of the con-
quest, through vexation at the liar(lshi|)s iiillicled
upon (hein by the first settlers. At the present
liny, the natives are the most active and industrious
of any belonging to the Antilles islaiuls. The
women, although they have not the complexion of
I'urojM-ans, are beaut ilul, lively, all'i'jie, ol acute
discernmen(, lovers of virtue, and exlieiiiely hos-
pitable anil generous. The first town of this ishuul
was Uaracoa, built by Diego Velazquez in 15 ly.
it is divided into two governments, which are that
of Cuba and that of the Havana : these are sub-
divided into jurisdic(ions and districts. The go-
vernor of the Havana is the ci>p(ain-general uf
the whole island, and his coninianJ i xtends as far
as (he provinces of Loui'^^iana and Movila ; and his
appoiiitmen( has ever been looked upon as a si-
(nation of (he highest iiiiuortance and conlidence.
He is assisted by general ollicers of (I)c greatest
abilities and merits in (ho disdi ir^a- of lii* oHice.
When the ajjpointmeiit I ccoiues v:'(;an(, (lie vice-
roy of the Havani, thronsili a privilege, beeonics
invested with the title o' i'aplaiii-tVeneral in tlie
government. 'f!ie \v!;ole of the i^land is o;ic
diocese; its jurisdiction coniprihciKliii;; the pro-
vinces of Louisiana, ami liaviii'^ ilie ti'lc of those
of Florida and (he isliiul ol .lamaie.i. it is suf-
fragan (o the arclil>i>lioi)iie ot St. DoiiiiK^o. erected
in Uaracoa in 15IS, a.'.il (raielaled to Cuba by
bull of i'ope Andiian \'I. in kVi'i. It iiinubcrs
21 parishes, JJO churches, .O'^ciiraeieis, i3 convents,
3 colleges, and J'J !ios|,ila!s. In 1763 some swarms
of bees were brought from San Agiistiii de I, a
Florida, which have iiu reased to such a degree,
that the wax procured troin them, after reserving
eiioiigli (or the consumption ef all the superior
class, and iiulependLully of that used in the

£>U

CUBA.

541

rliMTchPs for divine wonbip, was cxiMJrted, in 1776,
lo the quuntity of l'J,5J() anobasj from a (.inijlc
|)ort of tilt* lliiviuia; iiiiil all of it of as good a
quality ns is tlit^ wax of Vunico. Altliougli the
capital «)f this island is (lie city of its name, the
Ihivana is, at (ho present day, lookeil niwn as the
|)riiicipHl. licrc thi> trovornor and captain-geucral
oi tliu kini^doiii resides ; and it lias gained this
preforiMir from the excellence of its port, and from
other (iiialifiivitioiis, which will be found treated of
uiuhr that article. We must here confine our-
eelveii to what wi^ have already said, a more diffuse
account not corresponding to our plan, tliouirli,
and if all were said of which the subject
would admit, a very extensive history might be
made.. The pomdation consists of the following
cities, towns, ami places.

C'iliis.
Havana,
Cuba,
Barrjcoa,
Ilolguin,
Mntanzug,
Trinidad,

Sania Maria del Rosario,
San Juan de Taruco,
Cou;,)Obtcl I.

Towns.
Bayamo,

Put rio del Principe,
S. Felipe and Santiaijo,
S. J uan de los Remedios,
Santi j:s|jiritus,
Santa ('lara,
(■ liana vacoa,
Santiajjo de las Vegas.

Sitlfemcnls.
Coiisolaeioii,
Los Piiios,

Mantua,

Giuicamaro,

LasTiiscas,

Jjas Picdras,

Cubita,

Vertientcs,

Ran Pedro,

Panmrejo,

Cupey,

Arroyo de Arenas,

Filipinas,

ili<ruuin,

Caney,

Tigiiabos,

E\ Prr.do,

Moion,

San Miguel,

Kl C'iino,

Managua,

(luiiies,

Rio Kianco,

Ciiiamutas,

Alvarez,

Ilan;ivana,

Macuriges,

fiiiiHi. jay,

l']l Ciego,

(Jacaiiijicaras,

Pinal del Rio.

Yara,

[Cuba,\vliicli, in 1771, contained only 171,628
inhaljitaiiis, including 4 1,^28 slaves, and iVoiu 5 (o
COOO tree Neiriocs, pos-sessed, in JSOi, a popula-
tion of .13^2,0(J0 souls. The tame island, in 1792,
exported oily iOO.OGO quintals of ^^gar ; but, in
1804, its annual exportation of that article had
risen to 1,000,000 of quintals. 15y a statepient of
the export of sugar from (he Havana, fioin 1801 lo
1810 inclusive, it appears that tlie'average for the
last iO 3 ears has been 2,8a0,0C0 cnohos, or about
614,000 cwt. a year. Nolwithblauding this, Cuba

requires annual remittances from Mexico. The
number of Negro<-s intrcKluced into Cuba, from
1789 to I80J, exceeded 7(),(KX) souls ; and during
the last four years of that |v>ri(Ml, they amoiintetl to
34,500, or to more than St^K) annually. Accord-
ingly, the population of the island, in 1804, con-
sisted of 108,000 slaves, and .'321,000 free persons,
of whom 2i;4,0(H) were whites, and 90,000 free
blacks and people of colour. The white popula-
tion of Cuua forms therefore Vo*o, or •i>l of the
whole number of its inhabitants. In Caracas, the
whites constitute .20 of the total populatiou; in
New H|)ain almost .U); in Peru .1:^; and iu Ja-
maica . 10.

In s|K'uking of the origin, manners, and customs,
See. ot the natives of(Uii>a, wcareto Ik understoml
as giving also an account of those of Ilispaniola,
Jamaica, and Puirto ll;i.:o; for there is no doubt
that the inhabitants of al! I'ose islands were of one
common origin; speaking the same language, pos-
sessing the same instiiiitions, and practising similar
superstitions. The lairest calculation as to their
nunibiis, wliiMi first discovered, is .3,000,000. But,
not to anticipate observations that will more pro«
pcrly appear herealter, we sL.ill now proceed to the
considcni'ion,— I. Of thdr p - omv and personal
emfoicnunts.—^. Tl'irir inlcH ilunl faruliks and
dispoiitiuns,— 3. T/uir pol.lha/ .ustilutions. •—
4. Their religious riles. — 3. Their rirts.

I. /^crjo«s. — Both men and wi>iiien wore no-
thing more than a slight covering uf cotton cloth
round the waist ; but in the women it extended
to the knees : the children of both sexes appeared
entirely naked. In stature they were taller, but
less robust dian the Caribes. Their colour was
a cliMr brown, not dreper in general, according
to Coluinbu!*, than that of a S|)anish ))casant who
has been uiuch exposed to the wind and the sun.
Like the Caribes, they altered the natural con-
figuration of the head in infancy ; but after a dif-
ferent mode (the sinciput, or tore-part of the head
from the eye-brows to Uie coronal suture, was de-
pressed, which gave an unnatural thickness and
elevation to the rrriput, or hinder part ofthe skull);
and by this practice, says llcrrera, the crown was
so sieiigtlicnid tint a Spanish broad-sword, instead
of cleaving the skull al a stroke, would frequently
br-i.k short upon it ; an illustration which gives an
iiJmirablc idea of the clemency of their conquer-
ors! Their hair was unilbrmly black, without
any tendency to curl ; (heir tealures were hard
and unsightly ; the face broad, and the nose flat ;
but their eyes streamed with good nature, and al-
together there was something pleasing aiul inviting
in the cuuuleuanccs of most of tbcuij which pro-]

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(716) 872-4503

•^

542

CUBA.

[claimed a frank and gentle disposition. It was ati
ionest (hoe, (says Martyr), coarse, but not gloomy ;
for it Mas enlivened by confidence, and softened by
compassion. Amongst our islanders, an attach-
ment to the sex was remarkably conspicuous.
Love, with ihis happy people, was not a transient
and youthful ardour only; but the source of all
their pleasures, and the chief business of lite: for
not being, like the Caribes, oppressed by the
weight of pt!rpetual solicitude, and tormented by
an unquenchable thirst of revenge, they gave full
indulgence to the instincts of nature, Mhile the in-
fluence of the climate heightened tiie sensibility of
the passions. See Oviedo, lib. v, c.3. Wc
have nearly the same account at this day of the
Arrowauks of Guayana. " In their natural dis-
position (says Bancroft) they are amorous and
wanton :" and Barrere observes, " ils sont liibri-
ques ait supreme degrc.^' It is related by Herrcra,
lliat a deity similar to the Venus of antiquity,
was one of the divinities of the Tlascalans, a
people of Mexico. In trutli, an excessive sen-
suality was among the greatest defects in their
clhiracter : and to this cause alone is imputed, by
some writers, t'.ie origin of that dreadful disease,
with the infliction of which they have almost re-
venged the calamities brought upon them by the
avarice of Europe; if indeed the venereal contagion
was tirst introduced into Spain from these islands;
a conclusion to which, notwithstanding all that
has been written in support of it, an attentive in-
quirer will still hesitate to subscribe. Their agi-
lity was eminently conspicuous ift their dances,
wherein they delighted and excelled, devoting the
cool hours of night to this employment. " It was
their custom (says Ilcrrera) to dance from evening
to the dawn ; and although 50,000 men and wo-
men were frequently assembled together on these
occasions, they seemed actuated by one common
impulse, keeping time by responsive motions of
their hands, feet, and bodies, witii an exactness
that was wonderful. These public dances (for (hey
had others highly licentious) were a]3propriatcd (o
particular sol'nnnities, and being accompanied with
historical songs, were called arietoes ; a sing.:lar
feature in their political institutions, of which we
shall presently speak. Besides the exercise of
dancing, another diversion was jircvalent among
them, which (hey called bato; and it appears from
the account givcM of it by the Spanish historians,
that it had a distant rescmblanc(! (o (he l']nglish
game of crirke( ; for (he players were divided into
two parties, wliich altenntely changed plaecs, and
the sport consisted in dexterously tlirowiiig and re-
turning an clastic ball from one parly to the other.

It was not however caught in ihe hand, or re-
turned with an instrument, but received on (he
liead, the elbow, or the foot ; and the dexterity
and force with which it was (hence repelled, were
astonishing and inimitable. Such eyertions belong
not to a people incurably enervated and slothful.

2. Intellects. '—The benevolence of these In-
dians, unexampled in the history of civilizcl na-
tions, was soon basely requited by the conduct of a
band of robbers, whom Columbus unfordmatcly
left in the island, on his departure for JMirope.
Wlicn any of the Spaniards came near (o a village,
the most ancient and venerable of. the Indians, or
the cacique himself, if present, came out to meet
them, and gently conducted them into their habi-
tations, and seated them on stools of ebony curi-
ously ornamented. These benches seem (o have
been scats of honour reserved for (heir gues(s ; for
the Indians threw themselves on the ground, and
kissing the hands and feet of the Spaniards, of-
fered them fruits and the choicest of their viands ;
en(reating them to prolong their stay, with such
solicitude and reverence as demonstra(ed that they
considered them as beings of a superior nature,
whose presence consecrated their dwellings, and
brought a blessing with it. The reception which
Bartholomew Columbus, who was r.ppointed lieu-
tenant, or deputy-governor, in the absence of the
admiral, afterwards met with, in his pro'ijress
through the island to levy tributes from the several
caciques or princes, manifested not only kindness
and submission, but on many occasions munifi-
cence, and even a high degree of politeness. These
caciques had all heard of the M'onderful eagerness
of the strangers for gold ; and such of them as
possessed any of this precious metai, willingly
presented all that they had to the deputy -governor.
Others, who had not (he means of obtaining gold,
broiight provisions and cotton in great abundance.
Among the latter was Behechio, a powerful ca-
cique, who invited the lieutenant and his attend-
ants (o his dominions ; and (he entertaiimient
which they received from this hospitable chief is
thus described l)y Martyr. " As (hey approached
(he king's (i.velling, they were met by his wives,
to (he number of oO, carrying branches of the
palm-tree in their hands, who first sainted (lie
Spaniards with a solemn dance, accompanied with
a general song. These matrons were succeeded by
a train of virgins, distinguished as such by their
appearance; the former wearing aprons of cotton
cloth, while the latter were arrayed only in the in-
nocence of pure nature. Tiieir hair was tied
simply with a fillet over (heir foreheads, or suf-
fered (o (low gracefully on their .shoulders and bo-]

CUBA.

543

fsoms. Their limbs were finely proportioned, and
their complexions, though brown, were smooth,
shinin£f, and lovely. Tlie Spaniari's were struck
■with admiration, believin<j that they beheld the
dryads of the woods, and the nymphs of the foun-
tains, realizing ancient fable. The branches which
they bore in tiieir hands, they now delivered with
lowly obeisance to the lieutenant, who, entering
the palace, found a plentifid, and, according to
the Indian mode of living, a splendid repast al-
ready provided. As night approached, the Spa-
niards were conducted to separate cottages, wherein
each of them was accommodated with a cotton
hammoc ; and the next morning they were again
entertained with dancing and singing. Tiiis was
followed by matches of wrc-tling, and running for
prizes; after wliich two great bodies of armed In-
dians unexpectedly appeared, and a mocit engage-
ment ensued : exhibiting (heir modes of attack and
defence in their wars wi(Ii the (Jariiies. For
three days were the Spaniards thus royally enter-
tained, and on tlic fourth the affectionate Indians
regretted their depardirc."

3. Political itist itut'ions . — Their kings, as we have
seen, were called carif/ucs, and their power was
hereditary. But tliere were also subordinate
chieftains, or princes, who were tributaries to the
sovereign of each district. Thus the territory in
Ilispaniola, anciently ca^ed Xaraguay, extending
from the plain of Leognne to the westernmost part of
the island, was the kingdom of the cacique Behechio;
but it appears from Martyr, that no less than 32
inferu/- chieftains or nobles had jurisdiction within
that space of country, who were accountable to the
supreme authority of Behechio. They seem to
Iiave somewhat resembled the ancient barons or
feudatories of Europe ; holding their possessions
by the tenure of service. O viedo relates, that they
were under the obligation of personally attending
the sovereign, both in peace and war, whenever
commanded so to do. The whole island of His-
paniula was divided into five great kingdoms.
Tlie islands of Cul)a and Jamaica were divided,
like Hispaniola, into many principalities or king-
doms ; but we are told that tlie whole extent of
Puerto Rico was subject to one cac'quc only. It
lias been remarked, that the dignity of these chief-
tians was hereditary ; but if Martyr is to be
credited, the law of succession among th?m was
different from that of all other peojile ; for he ob-
serves, that the caciques bequeathed the supreme
authority to the children of their sisters, according
to seniority, disiiilieriting their own offspring ;
*' being certain," adds Martyr, " that, by this
policy, they prelcrrcU the blood royal ; which

might not happen to be the case in advancing any
of the children of their numerous wives." The
relation of Ovicdo is somewhat difl'erent, and seems
more j)robabIe : he remarks, that one of the wives
of each cacique was particularly distinguished
above the rest, and appears to have been considered
by the people at large as the reigning queen ; that
the children of this lady, accordingto priority of
birth, succeeded to the father's honours; but, in
default of issue by tlie favourite princess, the sisters
of the cacique, if there were no surviviu. brothers,
took place of the ciui'i.e's own children by his
other wives. The principal cacique was distin-
guished by regal ornaments and numerous attend-
ants. Id travelling through his dominions^ he was
commonly borne on men's shoulders, after ?» man-
ner very mnch resembling the use of the palanquin
in the E. Indies. According to Martyr, he was
regarded by all his subjects with such reverence,
as even exceeded the bounds of nature and reason ;
for if he ordered any of them to cast themselves
headlong from a high rock, or io drown themselves
in the sea, alleging no cause but liis sovereign
pleasure, he was obeyed without ti murmur; op-
position to the supreme authority being consi-
dered not only as unavailing, but impious. Nor
did their veneration terminate with the life of the
prince ; it was extended to his memory after
death; a proof that his authority, however extra-
vagant, was seldom abused. When a cacique
died, his body was embowcUed, and dried in an
oven moderately heated ; so that the bones and
even the skin were preserved entire. The corpse
was then placed in a cave with those of his ances-
tors, this being (observes Oviedo) among tliese
simple people the only system of heraldry ; where-
by they intended to render, not the name alone,
but the persons also, of their worthies immortal.
If a cacique was slain in battle, and the body
could not be recovered, they composed songs in
his praise, which tlicy taught their children. It
is related by Martyr, that on the death of a cacique,
the most beloved of his wives was immolated at his
funeral. Thus lie observes that Anucaona, on the
death of her brother. King Behechio, ordered a very
beautiful woman, whose name was Guanahata
Benechina, to be buried alive in the cave where
his body (after being dried as above mentioned)
was deposited. But Oviedo, though by no means
partial towards the Indian character, denies that
this custom was general among fhem. Anacaonn,
who had been married to a Caribe, proljably
adopted the practice from the account she had re-
ceived from her husband of his natroiml customs ;
and it is not impossible, under a female adminis-]

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[tration, (amonsf savajijes), but tliat the extraordi-
nary beauty of the untbrtiinatc victim contributed
to her destruction. These heroic effusions ccii-
stituted a branch of soU;mnities, called aridoes ;
consisting of liymns and public dances, accom-
panied with musical instruments made of shells,
and a sort of drum, the sound of which was heard
at a vast distance. It is pretended that amon^<^ the
traditions publicly recited, there was one of a pro-
phetic nature, denouncing ruin and desolation by
the arrival of strangers completely clad, and armed
with the lightning of heaven.

6. Jleligioi's rites. — Like all other unenlightened
nations, these poor Indians were iudced the slnves
of superstition. Their general theology (for they
liad an established system, and a priesthood to
support it), was a medley of gross folly and childish
traditions, the progeny of ignorance and terror.
Historians have preserved a remarkable speech of
a venerable old man, a native of Cuba, who, ap-
proaching Cliristopher Columbus with great reve-
ren •<*, and presentin* a basket of fruit, addressed
liim 8 follcws. " Whether you are divinities,"
observed he, ** or mortal men, we know not. You
are come into these countries with a force, against
which, were we inclined to resist it, resistance
would be folly. We are all therefore at your
mercy ; but if you arc men, subject to mortality
like ourselves, you cannot be unapprised, that after
this life there is another, wherein a very difl'erent
portion is allotted to good and bad men. If there-
fore you expect to die, and believe with us, that
every one is to be rewarded in a future state, ac-
cording to his conduct in tlie present, you will do no
hurt to those who do none to you." Tliis remark-
able circumstance happened on the 7th of .Tidy
1494, and is attested l)y Pet. Martyr, Oecad. i. lib.
iii. and by Herrera, lib. ii. c. 14. If it be asked
how Columbus understood the cacique, the answer
is, that he had carried with him to Spain, in his
former voyage, several of the Indians ; one of
whom, a native of Guanahani, who liad remained
with him from October 1492, had acquired the
Spanish language. This man, whose name was
Didacus, served him, on this and other occasions,
both as a guide and interpreter. Their notions of
future happiness seem however to have been nar-
row and sensual. They supposed that the spirits
of good men were conveyed to a pleasant valley,
which they called coijaha ; a place of indolent
tranquillity, abounding with delicious fruits, cool
shades, and murmuring rivulets ; in a country
where drought never rages, and tlie hurricane is
never felt. In this sat of bliss (the Elysium of
antiquity), they believed that their greatest enjoy-

ment would arise from the company of their de-
parted ancestors, and o!" those persons who were
dear to them in lite. Although, like the Caribes,
our islanders acknowledged a plurality of gods,
like them too they believed in the existence of ono
supreme, invisible, immortal, aiul omnipotent
Creator, whom tliey named Jocahitria. But un-
happily, with tiu'se important trutlis, these poor
people blended the most puerile and extravagant
fancies, which were neither founded in rational
piety, nor jiroductivc of moral obligation. They
assigned to the supreme Bi'ing a father and mo-
ther, whom they distinguished by a variety of
names, ami they supposed the sun and moon to be
the chief seals of their residence. Their system of
idol-worship was, at the same time, more lament-
al)Ie than even that of the (Caribes ; for it would
seem that they jwid divine honours to stocks and
stones converted into images, which they called
zenii; not regnrding these idols as symbolical re-
presentations only of their subordinate divinities,
and useful as sensible objects, to awaken the me-
mory and animate devotion, but ascribing divinity
to the material itself, and actually worshipping
the rude stone or block which their own hands had
fashioned. Their idols were universally hideous
and frightful, sometimes respresenting toads and
other odious reptiles ; but more frequently the hu-
man face horribly distorted ; a proof that they con-
sidered them, not as benevolent, but evil powers ;
as objects of terror, not of admiration and love.
To keep alive this sacred and awful prejudice in
the minds of the muHitude, and heighten its in-
fluence, their lohHos or priests appropriated a
consecrated house in each village, wherein the zemi
was invoked and worsliippftl. Nor was it per-
mitted to the people at largi', at all times to enter,
and on unimportant occasions a[iproach the dread
object of their adoration. The bohilos undertook
to be their messengers and interpreters, and by the
eflicacy of their prayers to avert the dangers which
they dreaded. The ceremonies exhibited on these
solemnities were well calculated to extend the
priestly dominion, and confirm the popular sub-
jectibn. In the same view, the bohilos added to
their holy profession ihe practice of pliysic, and
they claimed likewise the privilege of educating
the children of the first rank of people ; a combi-
nation of influence which, extending to tlie nearest
and dear.st concerns I'oth of this lite and the next,
rendered their authority irresistible. Religion was
here made the instrument of civil despotism, and
the will of the cacique, if confirmed by the priest,
was impiously pronounced the decree of heaven.
Columbus relates, that some of his people cjiteringj

CUBA.

545

funcxpcctedly into one of their houses of worship,
foaiid the cacique employed in obtaining responses
from the zemi. By tiie sound of tlic voice which
came from the idol, they knew that it was hollow,
and dashing it to the ground to expose the impos-
ture, they discovered a tube which was before co-
vered with leaves, that communicated from the
back {/art of the image to an inner apartment,
whence tlie priest issued his precepts as through a
speaking trumpet ; but the cacique earnestly en-
treated them to say nothing of what they had seen,
declaring that by means of such pious frauds, lie
collected tributes, and kept liis kingdom in sub-
jection. Happily, however, the general system of
their superstition^ though not amiable, was not
cruel. VVe find among them but few of those
barbarous ceremonies which filled the Mexican
temples with pollution, and the spectators with
liorror.

5. Their arts. — Our islanders had not only the
skill of making excellent cloth from their otton,
but they practised also the art of dyeing it with a
variety of colours; some of them of the utmost
brilliancy and beauty. The piraguas were fully
sufficient for the navigation they were employed
in, and indeed were by no means contemptible sea-
boats. We are told that some of tliese vessels
were navigated with forty oars ; and Herrera re-
lates, that Bartholomew Columbus, in passing
through the gulf of Honduras, fell in with one that
was eight feet in breadth, and in length equal to a
Spanish galley. Over the middle was an awning,
composed of mats and palm-tree leaves ; under-
neath which were disposed the women and chil-
dren, secured both from rain and the spray of the
sea. It was laden with commodities from Yucatan.
These vessels were built eitlier of cedar, or the
greiit cotton-tree hollowed, and made square at
each end like punts. Their gunnels were raised
with canes braced close, and smeared over Avith
some bituminous substance to render them water-
tight, and they had sharp keels. Our islanders
far surpassed most other savage nations in the ele-
gance and variety of their dom.estic utensils and
furniture, their earthenware, curiously woven
beds, and implements of husbandry. Martyr
speaks with admiration of the workmunchip of
some of the former of these. In the account he
gives of a magnificent donation from An^icoana to
Bartholomew Columbus, on his first visit to that
princess, he observes, that among other valuables
she presented him with 14 chairs of ebony beauti-
fully wrought, and no less than 60 vessels of dif-
ferent sorts, for the use of his kitchen and table,

VOL, I.

all of which were ornamented with figures of va-
rious kinds, fantastic forms, and accurate repre-
sentations of living animals. The industry and
ingenuity of our Indians therefore must have
greatly exceeded the measure of their wants.]

Bishops who have presided in the island of Cuba.

1. Don Frat/ Juan dc Ubite, u m.jiik of the
order of St. Francis ; elected first bishop in 1525,
and although not placed in the catalogue of this
church by Gil Gonzalez Davila, he certainly pre-
sided here as bishop.

2. Don Fray Bernardo de Mesa, of llic order
of St. Dominic, native of Toledo i he died in 1538.

3. Don Frn^ Juan of Flanders, and native of
this country, of the religious order of St. D^)-
minic ; he letl the bishopric from being a|;poiiiteil
confessor to the queen of France, Doua l.conor:
succeeded by,

4. Don Fraj/ Miguel Ramirez de Salamanca,
native of Burgos, of the order of St. Dominic,
master in his religion, preacher to the Emperor
Charles V. collegian in the college ol San Gre-
gorio of Valladolid, regent in the university of
Lobayna, and bishop of Cuba, in 1539.

5. Don Fraij Diego Sarmiento, native of Bur-
gos, a Carthusian monk, prior of the convent of
Santa Maria de las Cuevas of Seville ; elected
bishop in 1540: he renounced the bishopric alter
having made the visitation of the whole island, and
returned to Spain.

6. Don Fernando de Urango, native of Azpeitia
in Guipuzcoa, collegian of the college of St. Bar-
tholomew in Salamanca, master and professor of
theology ; elected bishop in 1551 ; he died in
1556.

7. Don Bernardino de Villalpando; he governed
until J569.

8. Don Juan del Castillo, native of J.a Orden
in the bishopric of Burgos, collegiate of the col-
lege of Sigiienza, and of that of St. Bartholomew
in Salamanca, professor of arts ; elected bishop in
1567; he governed until I5S0, wheuhe renounced
his functions, and returned to Spain.

9. Don Antonio Diaz de Salcedo, of tlic order
of St. Francis, collegiiitc of St. Clement of Bolonia,
renowned for his virtues and letters ; elected in
1580, through the renunciation of the former, and
promoted to the church of Nicaragua in 1597.

10. Don Frai/ Barlolome dc la Plaza, of the
order of St. Francis, in the same year, until
1602.

1 1 . Don Fray J uan (vabezas, of the order of St.
Dominic, native of Zumora ; he studied laws and

4 A

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r-n

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546

CUBA.

canons in Sulamancn, passed over to (he Indies as
vicar of the provinceof Santa Cniz in the Spanish
island, came to Spain at the general capitulation,
and was elected bishop of Cuba in 1609 ; he at-
tempted to trnnshitc tht cathedral to the Havana,
but did not succeed ; visited Florida, and was
promoted to the mitre of Guatemala in 1610.

12. Dm Fray Alonso Enriquez de Armcndariz,
of the order of Nuestra Seiiora de la Merced, na-
tive of Navarra ; was comendador of Granada,
titular bishop of Sidonia, and nominated to Cuba
in 1610; he wrote, by order of the king, a
spiritual and temporal relation of his bishopric,
and was promoted to that of Mechoacan in 1624.

13. Don Fray Gregorio de Alarcon, of the
order of St. Augustin ; elected in the same year ;
died in the voyage.

J4. Don Leon de Ccivantes, native of Mexico ;
lie studied in Salamanca, and was collegiate in
the university of Sigiienza, school-master in the
church of Santa Fe, in the Nuevo Reyno de Gra-
nada, bishop of Santa Marta, and promoted to this
see in 1625, and from this to that of Guadaiaxara,
in 1631.

\5. Don Fray Geronimo Manrique de Lara,
of the order of Nuestra SeSora de la Merced, twice
comendador cf Olmedo, dtjinidor of the province
of Castille, and master in sacred theology ; elected
bishop of Cuba in 1631 ; he died in 1645.

J6. Don Martin de Zelaya ()carriz, in 1645

17. Don Nicolas de la Torre, native of Mexico,
first professor of theology in its university, four
times rector of the same, canon of that metropo-
litan church, first chaplain of the college of
Nuestra Seilora de la Caridad, examiner-general
of the archbishopric, and visitor-general of the
convents ; presented to the bishopric of Cuba iu
1646 ; died in 1652.

18. Don iluande Montiel, until 1656.

19. Don Pedro de Reyna Maldonado, native
of Lima, a celebrated writer, who governed un-
til 1658.

20. Don Juan de Santa Matia Saenz de Ma-
iioica, native of Mexico, inquisitor of that capi«
tal ; elected in 1661, promoted to the church of
Guatemala in 1667.

'<^1. Don /ray Bernardo Alonso de los Rios, of
the order of La Trinidad Calzada, until 1670.

22. Don Gabriel Diaz Vara and Caldron, until
1674.

23. Don Juan Garcia de Palacios, until 1680.

24. Don Fray Baltasar de Figueroa y Guinea,
» Beritardine monk, until 1683.

125. Don Diego £belino de Compostela, in 1685.

26. Don Fray Geronimo de Valdes, Basilican
monk ; elected, in 170^, bisiiop of Portorico, and
promoted (o this in 1706.

^7. Don /'ray Francisco de Yzaguirre, of the
reiinious order of St. Augustin ; he governed until
1730.

28. Don Fray (iHspar dc Molina y Oviedo, of
the order of St. Augustin ; elected in IT.jO, pro-
moted before he took possession of the bishopri :
of Malaga to the government of the council, and
aflcrv.ards to the purple.

29. Don Fray .luan Laso de la Vega y Cansinn.
of the religions order of St. Francis ; elected in the
same year, 1730.

30. Don Pedro Agustin Morel de Santa Cruz ;
he governed until 1733.

31. Don Santiago dc Erhavarria y Elqueznga,
native of Cuba ; promoted to the bishopric of N i-
caragua in 1733.

Governors and Captains-general who have presided
in the island of Cuba.

1. Don Diego Velazquez, native of Cuellar,
knight of the order of Santiago, a conqueror and
settler of this island, nominated by the Admiral
Christopher Columbus in 1311; he governed
with great applause until his dcatli, in 1324.

2. Manuel de Roxas, native of the same town
as was his predecessor, on account of whose deatli
he was nominated to the bishopric, and in remem-
brance of the great credit he had acquired in the
conquest of the island, receiving his appointment
at the hands of the audience of St. Domingo, and
being confirmed in it by the emperor in 1523 ; he
governed until 1338.

3. Hernando de Soto, who governed until
1539.

4. The Licentiate Juan de Avila, until 1343.
3. The Licentiate Antonio de Chaves, until

1547.

6. The Doctor Gonzalo Perex Angulo, until
1549.

7. Diego Mazariegos, until 1354.

8. (jarcia Osorio, until 1365.

9. Pedro Melendez de Aviles, until 1568.

10. Don Gabriel de Montalvo, until 1576.

11. The Captain Francisco Carredo, until
1578.

12. The Licentiate Gaspar de Toro, until
1380.

13. Gabriel de Lujan, until 1384.

14. The militia colonel Juan de Tezeda, until
1389.

15. Don Juan Maldonado Barrionuevo, until
1596.

I .M. -

CUBA.

547

16. Don Pedro VaUI(Ss, who was the first who
was invested with the captuinsliip-gencral of the
island, which be executed until 1601.

17. Don Caspar Ruiz de Pereda, until 1608.

18. Sancho de Alquiza, until 1616.

19. Don Fiancisco Venegas, until 1620.

20. The Doctor Damian Velazquez, until 1625.

21. Don Juan Bitriande Biamonte, until 1630,
when he was removed to the presidency of Panama.

22. Don Francisco de Itiauo y Gamboa, until

Don

Alvaro de Luna y Sarmiento, until
Don Diego Villalvii,

until

Don Franc'^so Gelder,
The Colonel Don Juan Montaiia,

until
until

1634.

23.
1639.

24. The Colonel
1647.

23. The Colonel
1650.

26.
1656.

27. The Colonel Don Juan de Salamanca, until
1658.

28. The Colonel Don Rodrigo de Flores, until
1663.

29. The Colonel Don Francisco Orejo Gaston,
until 1664.

30. The Colonel Don Francisco Lcdesma, until
1670.

31. The Colonel Don Joseph de Cordoba, until
1680.

32. Don Diego Antonio de Viana, until 1687.

33. The Colonel Don Sevcrino Manzaneda,
until 1689.

34. Don Diego de Cordoba, until 1695.
The Colonel Don Pedro Benilez, until 1704.
The Brigadier Don Pedro Alvarez, until

Don Lanreano de Torres, until 1708.

Don Luis Chacon, until 1712.

The Brigadier Don Vicente Raja,

35.
36.
1706.
37.
38.

39. The Brigadier Don Vicente Raja, until
1716

40. The BrigJidier Don Gregorio Gunzo, until
1718.

41. The Brigadier Don Dionisio Martinez de la
Vega, formerly colonel of the regiment of Galicia,
until 1724.

42. Don Diego Penalosn; ntil 1725.

43. Tiie Brij^-adier Don Juau Francisco Guemes
y Horcasitas, iormerly colonel of the regiment of
Granada, in 1734, until 1746, when he was pro-
moted to the vice-royalty of Mexico.

44. The Brigadier Don Francisco Antonio
Tineo, captain of the regiment of Spanish guards,
an oflicer of singular accomplishments; he entered
in the aforesaid year, and died a few days after his
arrival.

45. The Brigadier Don ,Uinn Francisco Cagigal,
of the order of Santiago ; ho was governor of the
garrison of Cuba at the time tliiit he was nominated,
through the deatli of the \)ro(leccssor, in 1747; he
was intermediate viceroy of Mexico, in 1750.

46. The Brigadier l)on Juan de Pnido, in-
spector of the infantry, nominalcd in 1760; in his
tim'i the English besieged and took the liavan:i ;
he was deposed from his situation, and made a
member of the council of war, in 1763.

47. Don Ambrosio Funes de V'illalpando, ('onnt
of Ricla, a grandee of Spain, of (he order of San-
tiago, lieutenant-general of the royal armies; no-
minated to take possession of the place \shich iiad
been surrendered by the English in the treaty of

f)eace, and to tbrtify the post of the Cnl)!ula, which
le effected, and returned to Spain In 1765.

48. The Brigadier Don Diego Manriqne ; he
died the same year, a short time aOer his arrival.

49. Don Pnsq al de Cisneros, nenten;<nt-gene»
ral of the royal armies, twice intermediate go-
vernor.

50. Don Antonio Maria Bucareli Bailio, of the
order of San Jusin, lieutenant-general of the royal
armies, in 1766 ; promoted to the vice-royalty of
Mexico in 1771.

51. The Marquis de la Torre, knight of the
order of Santiago, lieutenant-general ; he came
over here in the same year, being at the time go-
vernor of Caracas, and ruled until 1777, when he
returned to Spain.

52. The Lieutenant-general Don Diego Joseph
Navarro, who had been captain of grenadiers of
the regiment of Spanish guards, and Ibnnd him-
self exercising the government of the garrison of
Tarragena in Cataluna, when he was nominated
to this, and in the same year that he left the former
place ; this he kept until 1783, when he returned
to Spain.

53. Don Joseph de Espeleta, brigadier and in-
spector of the troops of America ; nominated as
intermediate successor in the aforesaid year.

Cuba, with the dedicatory title of Santiago,
a capital city of the former island, founded by
Diego Velazquez in 1511, with a good port de-
fended by a casde, called the Morro, as is that of
the Havana. It is the head of a bishopric suffra>
gan to the archbishopric of St. Domingo, erected
in 1318. It has a convent of the religious order
of St. Domingo, and another of S't. Francis ;
it was at first populous and rich, and even at one
time contained 2000 house-keepers, but since that
a commerce was established in the Havana^,
through the excellence of its port, and that the
captain-general and the bishop have fixed theic
4 A 2

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''■'I

II,

111

548

cue

residences horo, it lias fiiUon into decay ; and n1-
tlionj^li it is now vcdiirod to a. smnll town, tlie title
of Capital lias not been taki-n from it. Its only
inliabitanls arc those who own some ostalcs in its
district, and tliis forms a government subordinate
to that of tlic Havana. [The dan\apc done by the
earthquake of October 1810, to the shipping- at the
Havana, was computed at 000,000 dollars; the
injury atSt. Juijo could not be correctly estimated,
but the loss of the lives at both places was believc(i
to be not fewer than 350. In long. 76° 3', and
lat. 20^ I'.J

CUBAGUA, an island of the N. sea, near the
coast of Tierra Firme, discovered by the Admiral
Christopher Columbus. It is three leagues in
circumference, and is barren, but has been, in
former times, celebrated for the almost incredible
abundance of beautiful pearls found upon the
coast, the riches of which caused its commerce to
be very great, and promoted the building in it
the city of New Cadiz; but at present, since the
fishery is abandoned, this town has fallen entirely
into decay, and the island has become desert. It
is a little more than a league's distance from the
island of Margareta, in lat. 10°42'n.

CUBAZ, a settlement of the province nnd cap-
tainship of San Vincente in Brazil ; situate between
tiie rivers P(?droza and Recisto.

CIJBIGIES, a settlement of the province and
corregimiaito of Riobamba in the kingdom of Quito.

CUBILLI, a lake of the kingdom of Quito,
in the province and corregimiento of Alausi, near
iheJSaramo or mountain desert of Tioloma.

CUBZIO, a selllcment of the corregimiento
of Bogota in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada;
situate on the shore of the river Bogota, near the
famous waterfal of Tequendama. "Its climate is
agreeable and fertile, and it abounds in gardens
niid orchards, in which are particularly cultivated
white lilies, these meeting with a ready sale for
ornamenting the churches of Santa Fe and the
other neighbouring settlements.

CUCAITA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Tunja in the Nuevo lieyno de
Granada; situate in a valley which is pleasant,
and of a cold and healthy temperature. It pro-
duces in abundance very good wheat, maize,
truflJcs, and other fruits of a cold climate ; hero
are some flocks of sheep, and of their wool are
made various woven articles. It is small, but never-
theless contains 25 families and 50 Indians. It
is a league and an half to the s. w. of Tunja, in
the road which leads from Leiba to Chiquinquini
and Vclez, between the settlements of Samaca and
Sora.

CIICIIERO, San Antosio de, a settlement
of the province and government of Guanuco in
Peru ; situate at the source and head of the river
(lUallaga.

CUCHIGAROS, a barbarous nation of In-
dians, little known, who inhabit the shores of the
river Cuchigara, which enters the Marauon, and
is onu ot the largest of those which arc tributary
to the same. The natives call it Pur lis ; it is na-
vigable, although in some parts abounding with
large rocky shoals, and is filled with fish of dif-
ferent kinds, as also with tortoises ; on its shores
grow maize and other fruits : besides the nation
aforesaid, it has on its borders those of the Cu-
maiaris, Cuaquiaris, Cuyaeiyayancs, Curucurus,
Quatausis, ISIutuanis, and Curigueres ; these last
are of a gigantic stature, being 16 palms high.
They are very valorous, go naked, have large
pieces of gold in their nostrils and ears ; their set-
tlements lie two lonfr months' voyage from the
nionlh of the river.

CUCHILLO, Sax PF.nno ncr., a settlement
of tile mission which is held by the reli^icus order
of St. Francis, in the precinct of New Mexico.

CucHir,i,o, with the addition of Parado, ano-
ther settlement of the missions of the province of
Taraumara, and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya ;
situate on the shore of the river Conchos.

CUCHIN, a small river of the territory of
Cuyaba in I3raziL It runs «. and enters the
Cainapoa ; on its shore is a part called La Es-
tancia, througii which the Portuguese are accus-
tomed to carry their canoes on their shoulders, in
order to ])ass from the navigation of this latter river
to that of the Matogroso.

CUCHIPIN, a small river of the same kingdom
and territory as the two former. It rises in the
mountains of the Caypos Indians, runs n. n. w. and
enters the Taquari.

CUCniPO, a river of the kingdom of Brazil,
in the same territory as the former. It rises in the
mountains, and runs a.

CUCUIRIIIUAY, a settlement of the province
and corregimiento of Cliilques and Masques in
Peril'; annexed to tiie curacy of Pampacliuclio.

CUCHIUARA, or CiJciiicuARA; an island of
the province and country of Las Amazonas, in the
j)art possessed by tiie Portuguese. It is in the river
of its name, at tlie same mouth by. which it
enters the Maranon.

CUCII1UEK.0, a river of the province and
government of Guayana or Nueva Andalucia. It
rises in the sierra of Matagiiaida, runs n. and
enters the Ytari.

CUCIIUMATI,AN, a settlement of the king-

cue

dom orOnntcmala, in the province and akaldia
mayor of (,'liiapa.

CUCHUNA, aliirgc scUlcmcnt of Indians, niul
formerly the capital of a smull province of Ibis
name in Peru, to tlic w. of tlic mountains of t!ie
Andi's. It was founded by Maita Capac, fourth
Emperor of the Incas, after (liat lie had literally
starved the coiintry into obedience. These In-
dians were treaclierous, and used to pive tlieir
enemies a very deadly poison ; the said emperor
caused many to be burnt alive tor I'aving practised
this abominable custom, and their houses to be
destroyed, together with tlieir cattle and posses-
•ions.

CUCIO, a settlement of the head settlenient of
Perucho, and akaldia vunyor of (luinioo, in Nu'.'va
Espana. it contains 14() families of Indians, and
is a quarter of a league from its head scKlcmeiit.

CUCUANA, a settlement of the province and
jjovernme-t of Maricjuita in the Nuevo Rcyno de
Granada ; situate on the shore of the river Mag-
dalcna.

CUCUCHO, San Bartolome df,, a seltlc-
inentofthe head settlement of Arantzan, and aleal-
dia mayor of Valladolid, in the province and
bishopric of Mechuacan. It contains 27 families
of Indians, who employ themselves in agriculture,
cutting wood, and making earthen-ware and
8&Q d 1 6*t rccs

CUCUCflUCHAU, San Pkdro de, a settle-
ment of the herd settlement of the city of ('ucnpao,
and alcaldia mayor of Valladolid, in the province
and bishopric of Mechoacan ; situate on the shore
of the lake. It contains 18 families of Indians,
and is two leagues to the s. of its head settle-
ment.

CUCUISAS, a small river of the province and
government of Guayana. It rises to the e. of the
settlement of Encaramada, and enters the Itari.

CUCUMAYA, a river of Span" ;h island, or St.
Domingo, which rises near the $. coast, runs s.
and enters the sea between the Seco and the Ro-
mana, opposite the island Catalinc.

CUCUNUBA, a rettlement oi\\\Q corregimienlo
of Ubate in the Nuevo Reyno dc Granada. It is
of a cold temperature, and produces the fruits of
this climate. It consists of 100 families, including
those of its vicinity, and of 80 Indians; is nine
leagues to the w. of Santa Fe.

CUCUNUCO, a mountain to the e. of the pro-
vince and government of Popayan, eternally
covered with snow. From it rises the river Pu-
rase, as also the river La Plata. It takes its name
from u nation of Indians, by whom it was inhabit-

C IT E

549

cd, and of whom a few only, m ho arc reduced to
thefnilh, remain.

CUClJIiPl'l, a seUlcnuMit of tlio provinc<' and
government of Sonora in Nueva Kspana : silmile
on the shore of the river of its name, between the
settlements of Dolores and Ticapii.

CUClJItULU, a river of the kiiigdom of Peru,
which runs through the country of the Caiiisiencs
.[mlians to the c. of the Andes. It abounds in fish
of a very fine quality, which serve as food to the
barbarians; runs c. and being much swelled by
the waters it collects from others, enters the river
Santa Rosa.

CUCUTA, San Joskpic du, a settlement of
the government and jurisdiction of Pamplona in
the Nuevo Reyno de Graiiaih. It is (jf a hot
temperature, though healthy, of great commerce,
owing to tiie cacao with which it abounds, and
which is brought by persons coming from various
parts, the greater portion of it being embarked on
the river Sulia for Maracaibo. It contains more
than 100 rich Indians, but is infested with snakes,
lice, and other noxious insects and reptiles.

CtcuTA, an extensive valley of this province,
between the cities of Pamplona and S. (Miristoval,
discovered by Juan de San Martin in 15S4 ; cele-
brated fcr its fertility, and excellent breed of
mules, by which the kingdom is supplied. It is
watered by many streamlets which render it luxu-
riant and fertile, and most particularly in cacao
of the finest quality. The herb on which the mules
chiefly feed is wild marjoram.

CUDAJA, a lake of the province and country
of Las Amazonas, in the territory possessed by the
Portuguese. It is formed by one of the arms which
is thrown out by the river Maraiion, and returns
to enter the same, in the country of the Cabauris
Indians.

CUDIHUEL, a settlement of Indians of the
district of Guadalabqucn in the kingdom of Chile,
on the shore of the ri/er Valdivia.

CUDUUINI, a smull river of the province
and government of Cuniuuii. It rises in the jcr-
rania of Imataca, runs s. and enters the Ciirguni
on the n. side.

CUEBAYA, a settlement of the province and
government of Sonora in Nueva Espana ; situate
at the source of the river Bczani, to the w. of the
garrison which takes this name.

CUECA, a settlement of the province and
corregimknlo of Lucanas in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Chipan.

CUELLO, a settlement of the jurisdiction
of Tocayma, and govcrnmen|, of Mariqnita, in

lii ■

I .

650

CUE

Nil;

■■Hi

:3i 1

h*w

J-
m

1^ ■

") ■■h

tlic Nucvo Reyno dc Granada ; situate in a great
valley called the Llano Grande, where is bred n
large proportion of neat-cattle. Upon its side is
the river of its name, which prestuitly enters the
Saldufia, and is t'ltll of fisii. It is of a hot tcnipe-
ratnre, abounds in maize, cacao, tobacco, t/ucus,
and plantains ; and amongst the sand of (he river's
side is found a great quantity of gold. It contains
700 housekeepers, and a little more than 80 In-
dians. It is 40 leagues to the s. w. of Santa Fe.

CUENCA, a province and corret^imiento of
the kingdom of Quito ; bounded n. by the province
of fMul)nnibu ; s. by that of Jaen de Bracamoros ;
e. by that of Guayaquil ; w. by that of Quijcis
and Macas ; n.e. by that of Cliimbo ; and s.e.
by that of Loxa. Its temperature is mild,
balm and healthy. Great herds cf cattle arc bred
Iiere, and it consequently abounds in flesh-meats ;
likewise in every species of birds, grains, pulse,
garden herbs, sugar, and cotton ; the natives mak-
ing of the latter very good woven articles, and in
which they trade, as well as in wheat, chick-peas,
bark, P'rcnch beans, lentils, hams, and sweetmeats.
Its mines are of gold, silver, copper, quicksilver,
and sulphur; but none of them are worked; also
in the llunos or plain of Talqui, are some mines
of alabaster, extremely tine, though somewhat
soft. The principal traffic of this province are
tluor-carpets, cabinet articles, and tapestries, here
called panos de corte, (cloths of the court), beauti-
fully worked, and which are so highly esteemed
that no house in the kingdom, that has any pre-
tensions to elegance and convenience, is seen with-
out them. It is watered by four large rivers, call-
ed Yanuncay, Machangara, Baflos, and Tume-
bamba; the latter being also called Matadero, and
is the largest. It abounds in bark and cochineal,
the latter being gathered in great quantities, and
employed in the dyeing of baizes, which are
esteemed the best of any in America. Its tanned
hides and prepared skins are equally in high esti-
mation. It is, in short, more highly favoured
than any other province in natural riches ; and it
would not have to envy any other^ were it not that
its inhabitants, who have been called Morlacos,
were of a haughty, domineering disposition, great
disturbers of peace, and more mclined to riot and
diversion than to labour. The capital is

CoENCA, Santa Ana DE,acity founded by Gil
Ramirez Davalos, in 1557, in the valley of Yun-
quilla, celebrated for its pleasantness atid fertility ;
this valley is six leagues and an half long, and as
many wide in the middle of the serrania; from this
strra/iia issue, to water the same valley, four large

CUE

rivers, the first called Machangara, which runs /.
of the city, and very close to it; the second^
which runs to the n. is called Matadero, Iwing also
nearlhetown ; thelhird Vanuncay, at half a quarter
ofa league's distance, and the fourth Bailos : of all
these united is formed a very large one, which af-
terwards takes the name of Paute, and which has
in its environs mines of gold and silver. This city
is largo, and one of the most beautiful of any in
the kingdom. The parish church, which was erected
into a cathedral, and head of the bishopric of the

Erovince, in the year 1786, is magnificent. It
as four parishes, the five following con vents, viz.
of the religious order of St. Francis, St. Uomingo,
St. Angustin, St. Peter Nolasco, and a college
which belonged to the regulars of the company of
Jesuits, two monasteries of nuns, one of La Concep-
cion, and the other of Santa Teresa, and an hospi«
tal, being one of the most sumptuous, convenient,
and well attended possible; the whole of these
being very superior edifices. The streets run in
straight lines ; the temperature is kind, mild, and
healthy ; and the neighbourhood abounds in every
kind of flesh, and in whatsoever productions can
be required, as pulse, vegetables, and fruits.
Some very fine large cheeses are made here, which
resemble those of Parma, and are carried as dain-
ties to Lima, Quito, and other parts. The sugar,
which is made in great quantities, is of the finest
and most esteemed sort, as are also the conserves
of various fruits, which are known by the name of
caxetas de Cuenca. A few years ago, a hat manu-
factory was established here, when a stamp was
made bearing the resemblance of an Emperor
Inca, and with the motto, '< Lahore duce, comite
fortima." This proved one of the best and most
useful manufactories of any in the city. In the
territory to the s. is the height of Tarqui, cele-
brated for being the spot wlicre the base of the
meridian was taken by the academicians of the
sciences of Paris, M. Godin, Bouger, and La Con-
damine, assisted by Jorge Juan and Don Anto-
nio de UUoa, who accompanied them, in 1749.
This city is subject to tempests, which form on a
sudden when the sky is clear, and which are ac-
companied with terrible thunder and lightning.^
the women apply themselves to labour, and it is
by these that is carried on the great commerce
which exists in baizes which they fabricate, and
are held in high esteem, together with other wo-
ven articles. It is the native place of the Father
Sebastian Sedeno, missionary apostolic of the ex-
tinguished company of the Jesuits in the province
ofMainas. The population of Cucuca is 14,000

hi.! J

CUE

C U 1

f),-)!

soulii. Sixty longnes from Quito, in lat. 3" 55'
». ami long. 78° 50'.

CuicNCA, II settlement of tlie province nnd rnr-
rrgii>tirnto of Angnricz in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Conayca. In its district is a spring of
hot water, which issues boiling.

CUE'' TAME, San Antonio »e, n town of
tlie prrvinco of 'lepeguann, and kingdom of
Nucvii Vizcayn. It is the rea/oi the silver mines,
where reside numbers of people of nil riinks. It
lias a convent of the religious order of St. I'rnncis,
and in its district are various mauufnctorics for
grinding the metals that are extracted from the
mines. It is 37 leagues to the n. of the capital
Cjuadiana, and 34 from Durango.

CUENCO, a settlement of the head settlement of
Tirindaro, aiu\ alcaldia mayor o( Valladolid,in the
province and bishopric ot Mcchoacdn; situate in
a glen surrounded by many mountains. Through
its gutters runs a crystalline stream of sweet water,
which serves to fertilize its orchards and cultivated
grounds. It contains 66 families of Indians, and
is two short leagues to the n. of its head settle*
ment.

CUENTLA, asettlement of the head setllemcnt
of San Francisco, of the valley and alcaldia mayor
of Zultcpec in Nucva Espaila. It contains 53
families of Indians.

fCUERNAVACCA, a town of the intendancy
of Mexico, the ancient Quauhnahuac, on the s.
declivity of the cordillera of Guchilaque, in a tem-
|)erate and delicious climate, finely adapted for
the cultivation of the fruit-trees of Europe.
Height 1655 metres, or 5429 feetl

CUERNO, Island of, or of the Hohns, in
the N. sea, near the coast of Florida, between the
islands Dclfina and Dc Navios.

CUEllO, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Kiobamba in the kingdom of
Quito. Some write it with a Q.

CUERNOS, a small river of the province and

?0Ternment of Maracaibo. It is an arm of the
'almar, which enters the great lake.

CUES, San Juan de i.os, asettlement of the
head settlement and alcaldia mayor of Cuicatlan
in Nueva Espaiia. It contains 73 families of In-
dians, whose commerce is in maize, French beans,
and fruits. In its vicinity is a sugar-mill, at which
60 families of Negro slaves assist.

[CUES, San Antonio de los, in the intend-
ancy of Oaxaca in Nueva Espaiia. A very po-
pulous place on the road from Orizaba to Oaxaca,
celebrated for the remains of ancient Mexican for-
tifications.]

CUEUAS, San Aoustin de tA:, a settlement

and head settlement of the district of the nlcaldin
vini/or of Coyoncan in Nuevn Kspnnn. il is of ;i
very good temperature and of a he.ilthy sitiiiilio-i,
nboiinditi>; in waters and fruit-trees, nml cov< ri(l
with country houses, ore!inr<ls, and gardens,
which serve as a recreation to tlie people of Mex-
ico. It has a convent of I ho religious order of St.
Domingo, and 751 families; lying three leagues
to the J. of Mexico, and two from its c.ipitid.

CiJEiiAs, another settlement, of the missions
which were held by the regulars of the company
of Jesuits in the province of Tepcguana, and
kingdom of Nueva I'^spaiia ; situate on the shore
of the river Florido, and at the distance of six
leagues from the garrison of the valley of San Bar-
tolome.

Cur.uAS, another, of the missions which were
held by the same regulars of the company, in the
province of Tarauinara, of the same kingdom ai?
the former, 20 leagues to the *. of the real of the
mines of Chigiiagua.

CUE YTL, a river in the island of Cuba, whidi
abounds with alligators.

CUGUI, a small river of the district of Tolten-
baxo in the kingdom of Chile. It runs n. and
enters the Tollen.

CUIABA, Jesos de, a town of the province of
Matagroso in Brazil; situate on the shore of the
river Paraguay, at its source, near the large lake
of LosXareycs. In its vicinity arc some abundant
gold mines, which have been worked by the Por-
tuguese since the year 1740. Lat. 14° 33'.

CdiABA, a river of this kingdom, and in the
territory of its name. It rises in the mountain)',
runs n. and afterwards turning its course to the
w. enters the sea.

CUIABENO, a lake of the province and go-
vernment of Quijos and Macas in the kingdom of
Quito. It is to the s. of the settlement of San
Antonio de Amoguajes.

CUIAC, Santiago de, a settlement of the
head settlement of Amatlan, and alcaldia mayor oi
Zacatlan, in Nueva Espaiia. It lies four leagues
from its head settlement, but the journey to it from
thence is almost impracticable, owing to its being
situate in the middle of the sierra.

CUIACLAZALA, a settlement of the head
settlement of San Luis dc la Costa, and of the aU
caldia mayor of TIapa, in Nueva Espaiia. It
produces a great quantity of cochineal, this being
the only production in which its inhabitants mer-
chandize. These are composed of 60 families of
Indians. It is seven leagues to the s. of its
capital.

CUIANA, a small river of the province aiid

(IS

55e

C U I

111;

s. i

rlir'

comilry of J m% A iiinzonnit. It flows in tiic territory
of llic Cnri^itorcg or Miitimnis Iiuliaiis, runs e.
and enters the Mndcra opposite tlic great cntnrnct.

CUI.\PAN, n settlement of tlie head settlement
of Atoyaque, and alaildia mai/or of Zayula, in
Nucva lOspana. It contains 70 families of In-
dians, who live by agriculture and making coarse
■tuffs. It is one league to the s. of its head settle-
ment.

CUIATAN, a sritlcmentof the head settlement
of the district and alcaldia mai/or of Caxitlan,
beint; a Iea<rnc and a half's distance to thct. w.

("I J AUTKPI'X.', Santiago nr, a settlement
ofihe head settlement of Olinaln, and alcafdia
mayor of 'i'lapii, in Nueva Espni'ia. It contains
.'i2 families of itulians, and is two leagues to tbo
n.e, of its head seltlement.

CuiAi'TEiMic, another settlement of the head
"^eftleineii^ of Ayotitinn, and alcaldia mai/or of
Aiiiola, in the same kingdom. It contains 13 fa-
n^ilies of Indians, who live by agriculture and
breeding cattle; is JO leagues to the w. of its
head seltlement.

CUK'A'l'LA i\, the alcaldia mui/or of the pro-
vince and bishopric of Mcchoucan. It is 19
leagues in lenutli from ^. to to. and 11 in width
II. ,v. It is of a hot temperature, abounds in salt-
petre, scarlet-dye, and cotton, of which beautiful
ornamental dresses are made ; these being the prin-
cipal source of its commerce. The capital is the
lettlement of the same name, inhabited by 125 fa-
milies of Cuicatecos Indians, who cultivate great
quant ilies of maize, French beans, and cotton. It
is 70 leagues to the e. with a slight inclination to
(he .«. of Mexico. The other settlements of this
district are,

Alpizagua,
Cotnhuiztla,
Nacantep<5c,
t^uiotepcque,
Coyula,
Izcatlan,
Papalotipac,
Santiago,
San Lorenzo,
San Geronimo,
Santa Cruz,
Santa Maria,
San Lorenzo,
Los Santos Reyes,
Tepeuzila,
San Pedro,
San Andres,
Santa Maria,

Tepona&tla,

Teutillan,

Santa Ana,

San Lucas,

San Antonio,

San Mateo,

San Martin,

Casa Blanca,

Nanahuatipac,

San Juan de los Cues,

Thecomahuaca,

Teopuxco,

Santiago,

Iluchuetlan,

San Pedro,

San Juan,

Huahutla,

Chilchola.
CUICEO, (Of THE LAKE), the alcdldiu mai/or of

C U I

the province and bishopric of Mechoacaui bounded
f. by the province of Acambaro; «. by that of
Zclaya; tt). by that of I'ascjuaro ; und .(.by that
of Valladolid. It is in length eight leagues from
r. to w, and five in width ii. v. It is surrounded
by n lake of wholesome water, which gives its
name to the jurisdiction, and which, towards the
N. part, becomes dry in the summer season, its
waters being supplied from certain drains from
another large lake which lies on its «. side. The
temperature here is, for the most part, mild and
dry, and the ])lacc abounds with salutary waters,
which bubble out from a fountain in an island of
the above mentioned lake. Its commerce is very
small, since it produces only maize, French beans,
and Chile pepper, and a kind of fish found in great
abundance in both the lakes, called charaes.

The capital is the settlement of the same
name ; situate in front of the island formed by
the lake, It contains a convent of the religious
order of St. Augustin, and 190 families of Indians,
includingthose of the wards of its district, 7S of
Spaniards, 11 of Mulattoes, and 43 of Mustees.
It is 50 leagues to the w. of Mexico. The other

settlements are,
San Marcos,
San Geronimo,
Sta. Ana Maya,

San Buena Ventura,

Cupandaro,

San Juan.
CUICOCHA, a large lake of the province and
carregimioUo of Octavalo in the kingdom of
Quito, surrounded by living stone. To the e. it
has a rock, where it forms a streamlet, which after-
wards enters the river Blanco. It does not appear
to receive its waters from any source, and ifi
thought to be filled through subterraneous aque-
ducts from the mountain of Cota-cache, which is
covered with eternal snow. In the middle of this
lake rise two hills, which have the appearance of
two beautiful isles, the one being covered with
trees, and filled with stags and mountain goats, and
the other being bedecked with a herb called /jryow,
amongst which thrive many Indian rabbits, which,
in the language of the country, are called cuj/, and
from thence the name of Cuy-cocha, which means
the lake of Indian rabbits. The water which runs
between f'u two islands, forms a channel of 3000
fathorr^. This lake belongs to the noble family
of tl;e Chiribogas of Quito.

CUILAPA, a settlement of the head settlement
and alcaldia n\ai/or of Ygualapa in Nueva Espaiia,
half a quarter of a league's distance from its ca-
pital.

CuiLAPA, a town, the head settlement of the
district of the alcaldia mayor of Quatro Villas in
Nueva Espafia ; situate at the skirt of a mountain.

K' '

my-

C U I

It in of a mild tempuratiirf, but rather inclinpd to
cuhl than heat. It cnntiiins S64 fuinilics ut' In-
(linns, nml a convent of the religious order of St.
Domingo, nnd in it» district nre various estates, in
nhich, and in the 10 settlements of which its dis-
Irict consists, are collected scarlet dye, seeds, fruits,
coal, woods, and timber. It is two leagues s. e. of
the capital.

CUILOTO, a river of the Nuevo Ucyno de
Granada. It rises in the mountains of Bogota,
runs e. through the llanos or plains of Casanare and
Metn, and aOerwards enters the river Meta. Some
hiirbnrian Indians, the liraras and Chinalos, live
about its borders, dispersed amongst the woodif!

CUIQUE, a settlement of the province and go-
vernment of Venezuela ; situate on the shore of the
lake Tacarigua, towards the s.

CUIQUILA, Santa Maria de, n settlement
nnd head settlement of the alcaldia mat/or of Te-
pozcolula in Nueva Espana. It is of a cold tern-
perature, contains 76 families of Indians, whose
only employment is that of making stone flags ;
a!ul these in sufficient quantity to supply the whole
province. Is nine leagues s. w. of its capital.

CUISILLO, San Francisco de, a settlement
and bead settlement of the alcaldia mai/or of the
town of Leon, in the province and bishopric of
Mechoacan, contains S3 families of Indians, who
employ themselves in tiie cultivation of maize and
many fruits. It is very close to its capital.

CUITES, a settlement of the missions which
were held by the regulars of the company of Je-
suits, in the province and government of Cinaloa
of Nueva Espana.

CUITI, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Darien, of the kingdom of Ticrra Firmc.
It rises in the mountains towards the n. and enters
the sea between the islands Palmas and Pinos.

CUITINA, a settlement of the province and
corregimiento of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de
Granada ; situate in the llanura of Sogamoso, be-
tween the settlement of this name and that of Tota.
It is of a cold temperature, produces wheat, maize,
papas, and the other fruits of a cold climate. It
contains 60 housekeepers, and as many Indians ;
lies eight leagues to the n. of Tunja.

CUIXTLAHUACA, San Juan de, a settle-
ment of the alcaldia mayor of Yanguitlan in Nueva
Espaiia. It contains 604 families of Indians, with
those of the wards of its district. It is of a hot
temperature, and lies 16 leagues s. tv. of its capi-
tal. It produces some scarlet dye and seeds.

CuixTLAiiuAcA, San Jvan oe, another settle-
ment, of the alcaldia mayor of Tlapa in the same
kingdom. It contains 15 families of Indians.

VOL. 1.

C U L

.553

ClUENA, t'ANo DF, an arm ol' the river Negro,
in the coimtry of Las Amnzoiias. It runs nearly
due J. and joinH th" I'arime.

CUJlIiLOS, a seltleinent of province nnd go-
vernment of .lacn dc liracamoros in thu kingdom
of Quito; situate on the shore of the river Ma-
rnfion.

rCUJO. SeeCuvA.]

CUL »K Sac, n settlement nnd parish of the
French, in the part possessed by them in the
island of St. Domingo. It is in the head of the w.
nnd upon the to, foast, on the shore of a river be-
tween port Principe and the river of Nurnnjos or
Oranges.

Cui< OR Sac, another settlement and parish in
the island of Guadalupe. It lies on the shore of
the bay of its name, between the rivers Vondi-
piques and Testu. There is also another settle-
ment in the same bay, l)ctween the rivers Ix-zard
and Sarcciles.

Cur. DB Sac, a large bay and convenient port
of the same island, wliich is the principal of the
whole island, and in which arc many smaller
islands. There is also another close to it, dis-
tinguished by the title of Cul de Sac Petit ; and
these are divided by an isthmus of land, which al-
lows a communication to the same lakes by a nar-
row channel.

CULATAS, a small settlement of the district
and jurisdiction of the town of San Gil, in the cor-
regimiento of Tunja in the Nuevo Reyno de Gra-
nada ; annexed to the curacy of Oiba. It lies be-
tween the settlements of Socorro and Charala.

GULAUI, a river of the island of La Laxa, in
the kingdom of Chile, It runs ». forming a bend
between those of Huaque and Duqueco, and enters
the Biobio.

CULCHE, a settlement of Indians, of the dis-
trict of Guadalabqucn, and kingdom of Chile;
situate at the source of the river Valdivia.

CULEBRAS, Rio de, a river on I he coast of
the province and government of Costarica, of the
kingdom of Guatemala. It runs into the N. sea,
between the river Bocacs and the bay of Almi-
rante.

CuLivBRAs, Rio DE, another river in the pro-
vince and kingdom of Tierra Firmc. It rises in
the mountains of the n. coast, and point of San
Bias, and runs into the sea to the a.

CuLEBRAS, Rio DE, another, of the island of
Santo Domingo, in the e. head ; runs into the
sea in the great bay of Samana, between the rivers
Magua and Vaina.

CuLEBRA^, liio DE, a lake of the province and
government of Venezuela, between the river of Sa-
4 B

\i >

. U

._ \

554

C U L

linns and tliat of Cliirgna, in ihc space iffl hy

llit'se rivors as lli'-y run to enU'r Ihc Pordifrufsa.
('rM;itiiA>, Uio DK, a settlement of the snme

proviaco and irov'i'rnnioiit as is tlio f'onnec lake ;

situate on the shore of the river Varaqiii, to tlic e.

of the town of San Felipe.

Ciii.r.mi vs, Hio ni:, an island of the N. sea,

near the coast of t!ie province and ijjoverninenl of

Cartajjena, at the entrance ol'tlie large river of La

Majjdalena.

Cb'J-f;iJ)ilI,»,AS, asmauisland of the S. sea,

in the bay of Panama, of the province and go-

vernmciit. of Tierra Firine; is one of those
which form with that of Perico the port of this

name.

('Lf/IACAN, a province and alca/dia mayor
of the kini!;dom of Niieva Cjalicia ; bounded ;/.
and ti.e. by the province of Cinaloa, s. hy that of
Copala, s. xo. by the kingdom of Nneva V'izcaya,
s. by that of Chiamatlan, and to. by the gulf of
California. It is 60 leagues in length and 50 in
widtli. It is fertile, and abounds in all soils of
prod' f'tions; is watered by var ').is rivers, par-
ticularly the l^maya, which is very large, and in
which are caught great quantities offish. It ^mp-
.ies itself into the S. sea, in the port ofNavitoos.
It abouiids in various earths, salt, and silver
mines, and in many settlements of Mexican In-
dians, reduced by the missionaries of the religion
of St. Frai-.cis. The capital is of the same name.
Lnt.'i-i^'oS';?.

CuMACAN, with the dedicatory title of San Mi-
guel, a town which was founded by Nunez de
tiuzmaii in 1.531; situate on the banks of a small
river, which afterwards unites itself with the
Umaya. It is 160 leagues from Guadalaxara,
and ^60 from Mexico. The other settlements of
this province arc,

L'ozela Ileal de Minas, Binapa,
Tacuchameta, Baita.

Buya,
[CuMACAN, a settlement of the intendancy
of Sonora in Nueva Espana, celebrated in the
Mexican history under the name of Ilueicol-
huacan. The population is estimated at 10,800
louls.]

Cri/iACAN, a river of this province, which di-
vides tiic jurisdiction of the same from that of Ci-
naloa. It runs into the sea at the entrance of the
gulf of California, or Mar Roxo dc Cortes. At its
mouth or entrance are some very dangerous shoals
.r the same name. See St. Michael.

CUI/Ll, a settlement of the province and cor-
reghnicnto of (Ainta in Peru j annexed to the cu-
lacy of Pari.

C U INT

CUI.LOUMAS, a .sediement ou Indians, of th«
province and colony of (Georgia ; situate on the
sliore of the river Apalacliicoia.

(JifM.oiMiAs, a settlement of the province and
corrrgimicnto of Canta in Peru : annexed to the
curacy ot San Buenaventura.

CL'IJil'K, a large lake of the province and
cnrregiiiiiinio of Tarma in Peru. I'rom it is
formed the canal which einpties itself into the
river Paria.

CULLCIU, a settlement of the province and
correghnicnln ot Paria in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Toledo.

CI; Li/IJUQUI, a settlement of the province and
corregimknlo of Cotabambas in Peru, in the vici-
nity of which, in an estate for breeding cattle, is a
poor clia|)el of Santa Uosa, and near to this two
very large rocks, which, being touched with small
stones, send forth a sound similar to bells of the
best temper and metal.

[CULPKPPER, a county in Virginia, between
the Blue ridge and the tide waters, which con-
tains 22,10.5 inhabitants, of whom 82'^6 are slaves.
The court-house of Miis county is 45 miles from
Fredericksburg, and 95 from Charlottesville.]

CULTA, a settlement of the province and cor-
regiviienio of Paria in Peru ; annexed to the cu-
racy of Condocondo.

(■JLTEPEQUE, a seUlement of the real of
the silver mines of the ij.ovince and alcaldia
r.inj/or of Tlaxcala in Nueva Espana.

CULUACAN, San Lucas de, a settlement of
tiie head settlement and alca/dia mayor of Vzucar
ill Nueva Espaiia. It contains 50 tamilies of In-
dians, and was formerly the capi'al of the juris-
diction. Here there still remain some batlis of
Wcirm water, celebrated for the cure of many in-
firmities. It is two leagues to the s. with a slight
inclination to the s. e. of its head settlement.

CUMA, San Antonjo he, a town of the pro-
vince and captainship of Maranan in Brazil. It
contains a good parish-church, two convents of
monks, one of the order of Carmen, and the other
of La Morced; and at a short distance from the
town is a house which was the residence of the re-
gulars of the company of Jesuits. This town be-
lorgs to the lordship of the house of Antonio Al-
burquerque Coello de Carballo. It is three leagues
from its capital.

CuMA, San Antonio oe, another settlement in
this province and kingdom ; situate near the coast
and the cape of its name.

Cu: ». SAN Antonio de. This cipc is also
in the same Ci y tainship, between a hat and the
bay of Cabclo cic Vclha. The aforcsiiid bar is a

'i.r,

CUM AN A.

ri55

" i

slioal of rock, >vliicli runs into tlie sea at the en-
trance of tlic river Marauan, in the same pro-
vince.

CUMAIPI, a small river of lli<' country of Las
Amazonas, or part of tiuayana possessed by tlie
Portuguese. It runs e. under the equinoctial line,
and enters the Maranon, at its mouth or entrance
into the sea.

CUMANA, a province and jrovernment of S.
America, called also Nucva Andalucia; thon<>;li,
properly speaking, the latter is only a part of Cu-
mana, which contains in it also other provinces.
It extends 76 geographical leagues from e, to w.
fro.n the point of Piedra, the oriental extremity of
Tierra Firme, on the coast of Paria, and great
mouth of Drago, as far as the mouth of the river
IJnare, the deep ravines of which form, as it were,
limits to the w. between this province and that of
Venezuela; the waters of the aforesaid river run-
ning for a great distance towards the snrania
or settlement of Pariguan; from which point the
line of division is undecided as far as the river
Orinoco, 20 leagues to the *. From the m. to s.
it is 270 leagues, namely, from the sea-coast to the
great river or country of Ljis Amazonas, the terri-
tory of which is divided by the renowned river
Orinoco. On the e. it is terminated by the sea,
which surrounds the coast of Paria, the gulf
Triste, the mouths of the Orinoco, tJie river
lilsquivo and Cayenne ; on the s. w. it is bounded
by the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, which extends
its limits as far as the river Orinoco, being divided
by this river from Guayana. It is a continued ser-
rania, running along the whole coast from e. to w.
being nine or 10 leagues wide ; and although it is
not without some llanos or extensive plains, these
are but little knowi;, and are entirely impassable,
owing to the swamps and lakes caused by the in-
undations of the rivers which flow down from the
sieira. The sierra, in that part which looks to the
n. is barren, and in the vicinities of the coast the
soil is impregnated with nitre, and is unfruitful.
The temperature is liealthy but cold, especially at
night. The most common productions of this pro-
vince are maize, which serves as bread, supplying
tiie want of wheat, lyuca root, of which another
kind of bread is made, cazabe, plantains, and other
fruits and pulse peculiar to America ; also cacao,
although with great scarcity, and only in the n.
part ; and sugar-canes, which are only cultivated
in a suflicient degree to supply the sugar consumed
here. It has some cattle ; and although there are
means of breeding and feeding many herds, the
iiativet choose rather to supply themselves from

the neighbouring province of Barcelona, notwith-
standing the diliiculty ol bringing them hither over
such rugged and almost impassable roads, 'i'lie
whole of th(' coast yields an inmiense abundance of
fish, also of shell (ish of various kinds, and of the
most delicate flavour. Of these the consumption
is very great, and a great proportion of them arc
sailed, and carried to the inland parts ; and to the
province of Venezuela alone upwards of JOOO
(jitintdh yearly. It has several convenient and se-
cure j)orts and bays,, and indeed the whole coast i«
covered with them, as the sea is here remarkably
calm, and peculiarly so in the celebrated gulf of
('arinco, as also in the gulfs of the lake of Obispo,
J uanantar, and Gurintar. It has many very abun-
dant saline grounds, so much so, that the whole
coast may be looked upon as forming one ; since
in any part of it as many might be established as
were necessary; and this without mentioning that
celebrated one of Araya, and those of the gulf
Triste, between the settlements of Iraca and Soro,
and the Sal Negra, (Black Salt), used oidy by the
Indians. In this province there are only tlirec;
riversof consideration, that of Cariaco, of Cumana,
and of Guarapiche: the others which flow down
from the serrnma are of little note, and incorporate
themselves with the former belbre they ai rive in
the valley. Its jurisdiction contains six settle-
ments belonging to the Spaniards, seven belonging
toihc Indians, 13 to the missions supported hy
the Aragonese Capuchin fathers, and l(i belong-
ing to the regular clergy. [From the river IJmire
to the city of Cumana, the soil is very fertile.
From the Araya to the distance of between 20 and
25 leagues, more to the c. the coast is dry, sandy,
and unfruitful. The soil is an inexhaustible mine
both of marine and mineral salt. That which is
near the Orinoco is fit only for grazing, and this is
the use to which it is put. It is here that all the
pens of the province are kept. All the rest of this
country is admirably fi-rtile. The prairies, the
valleys, the hills, proclaim by their verdure and by
the description of the produce, that nature lias de-

ftosUed here the most active principles of vegetable
ife. The most precious trees, the mahogany, the
Brazil and ('amjjechy woods, grow even up to the
coast of Paria ; and there are found here many
rare and agreeable birds. In the interior of the go-
vernment of Cumana are mountains, some of which
are very high : the highest is the Tumcriquiri,
which is 93C fathoms above the surface of the sea.
The cavern of Guacharo, so famous among the In-
dians, is in this mountain. It is immense, and
serves as an habitation for thousauds of night birds,]
4 B 3

]i-'

•t^:

:i:.

il!

$»f

l;i'
lU

556

C U M A N A.

J' 1 '

ill

U-':

m. ■

fu new species of the caprimulgas of Lini>aeu8, the
!)t of which makes the oil of Guacharo. Jits situa-
tion is majestic, and ornamented with th'^ most
brillant vegetation. A pretty large river issues
from the cavern, and in the interior are heard tiiC
dismal cries of the birds, which the Indians ascribe
to departed souls, which they think are all obliged
to enter this cavern, to pass into the other world.
The principal colonics belonging to Cumana lie to
the w. ; as Barcelona, Piritu, Clarinas, &c. At
12 leagues tos. e. of Cumana is the valley of Cu«
manacoa, where are tobacco plantations belonging
to the king. The soil there is so adapted to this
species of produce, that the tobacco ground has
obtained a decided preference throughout tde
country over that which is cultivated in any other
part of Tierm Firme. Cigars made of the tobacco
of Curaanaooa fetch easily double the price of those
made with the tobacco of any other place. In the
environs of Cumanacoa, are the Indian villages of
San Fernando, Arenas, Aricagua, which arc all
situated on an extremely fertile soil. Farther in
the interior are the valleys of Carepe, Guanaguana,
Cocoyar, &c. which are also very fertile, but un-
cultivated ; but the part which appears most to
promise p»'osperity is the coast of the gulfof Paria,
between the most *. mjuth of the Orinoco and the
mouth of the Guarapiche. The whole territory of
the government of Cumana is completely hemmed
in by ravines, rivulets, and rivers, equally useful
for the purposes of watering the land, working
hydraulic machines, and for navigation. The
rivers that discharge themselves into the sea to the
n. arc the Neveri and Mansanares, both possessing
little water, and having but short courses. Those
that fall into thegulf of Paria to the c. flow through
irreater extent of country. Some join the river
Guarapiche, which is navigable as far as 25 leagues
from the sea; and of these are the Colorado,
Guatatar, Caripe, Punceres, Tigre, Guayuta, &c.
There are others which run to the «. and after
having watered the province, fall into the Orinoco.
The produce of the government of Cumana can
therefore be shipped, according to convenience, to
the n. by Barcelona and Cumana ; to the e. by the
gtdf of Paria, and to the s. by the Orinoco. At
an average of four years, from 1799 to 1803, the
quantity of cacao exported from this province
amounted to 18,000 fanegas. Its population is
80,000 persons, including'the missions of the Ara-
gonese Capuchins. The capital is

Cumana, Santa Ines de, a city founded by
Gonzalo de Ocampo in 1520. It is of a hot and
unhealthy temperature, and its territory is dry and

unfruitful. It lies within a cannon's shot of the sea-
shore, in the gulf formed by the sea in the shape of
a semicircle, where all kinds of vessels may be
built. On its beech is a saline ground, which,
without being regularly worked, supplies sufficient
salt both for the use of the city and of (he immediate
settlements. It lies in the middle of the llanura,
or plain of the river of its name. The same river
passes in front of the city, serving as a barrier to it,
and so enters the mouth of the gulf. At the back
begins the serranioy which for more than eight
leagues is ^erile and impassable, on account of
brambles and thorns. The soil towards the front
of the city is composed of pebble, gypsum, and
sand, which, during the prevalence of the wind
BrizOf occasions an excessive heat, (and is very
offensive to the eyes ; bad sight being here a very
conmion malady. Nearly in the centre of the
town, upon an elevated ground, stands the castle
of Santa Marfa de la Cabeza, which is of a square
figure, and commands the city. In the lofty part
of the sierra are seen three round hills ; upon the
highest of which stands a castle called San Anto-
nio, und upon the lowest a fort called La Cande-
laria. There is upon the beach another castle^
which is denominated the fort of Santa Catalina :
The same is at the mouth of the river, just where
a sand bank has oi late been formed, so as to block
up the entrance of the river, and to render it dan-
gerous for large vessels. The fort is at some dis-
tance from the gulf ; and as a wood has of late
sprung up between this and the shore, it is not
possible to see the water from the fort. It has, be-
sides the parish church, which is very poor, two
convents of monks, one of St. Francis, and the other
of St. Domingo. These form its population,
amounting to 600 souls, who maintain themselves
in the poor estates, which are about 50 in number,
and produce some sugar-canes, of which are made
brandy, and sugar of the colour of a yellow wax
used in the country : some fruits and j/ucas,
maize and cacao, are also grown here, but in such
small quantities that a crop never yields upwards
of 100 bushels. These estates are, for the most
par', at some distance from the city, and the greater
number of them are inhabited by tlieir masters, the
(loorer inhabitants alone dwelling in the city. At
a small distance from it, is an hermitiige dedi-
cated to Nuestra Senora del Carmen. [Keaumur's
thermometer rises here generally in the month of
July to S3° during the day and to 19° during the

night.

The maximum.
The minimum^

27°.
17°.

C U M A N A.

557

The elevation of tlie city above the level of the
sea is 53 feet. In July, Duluc's hydrometer ge-
nerally indicates from 50^ to 5S° of humidity.
The maximum, GGP.

The minimum, 46°.

By Scaussurc's cyanometer, there are 24|° of
blue ill the sky, whilst at Caracas there are only
18, and in Europe generally 14.

The seat of the government of the two pro-
vinces is at the city of Cuman&. The governor,
nominated for five years, is also vice-patron, and
in this capacity nominates to all vacant cures, and
fills all the church offices, the appointment to
which forms a part of the prerogative of the crown.
He has the administration of the finances of his
department, as deputy of tlie intendants ; and in
this capacity he superintends the levying of the
taxes, decides dispute s, directs the ordinary ex-
pences, and receives Ine accounts of the offices of
administration ; but the political relations with fo-
reign colonies, and all military matters, depend on
the captain-general of Caracas. The governor is
also under the orders of the intendant in his fis-
cal regulations and commercial measures. To the
n, of the city of Cumana lies the gulf of Cariaco.
The river Mansanarcs, which separates on the
s. the city from the suburbs inhabited by the
Guayqueris Indians, surrounds the ;. and the w.
sides of the town. This is the only water that the
inhabitants of Cumand drink. It has the inconve-
nience of often being not limpid, tiiough rarely
unwholesome. The city enjoys a healthy, but
scarcely ever a fresh air ; the lieat is continual.
The sea-breeze is nevertheless very regular, and
moderates, during a great part of the day, the
blaze of the sun. The only defence that^ Cu-
mana has is a fort, situated on an elevation rang-
ing along the back of the city. The city itself
has but a garrison of 231 troops of the line, and a
company of artillery. The militia increases the
public force in time of war. The total number of
mhabitants is 24,000. The city is now four times
as large as it was fifty years ago. It increases with
so much rapidity tha^ the ancient boundaries not
afibrding convenient ;,pace for new houses, people
have been obliged, vithin this short time, to build
upon the left bank of the Mansanares, to the w. of
the village of the Guayqueris. These new houses
are already so numerous as to form a village com-
municating with the city by a bridge ; nn(f the in-
habitants, for their convenience, had built, in
1803, a church. The first street that was formed
was named Emparan, in honour of the governor
of this name. Alt the houses of Cumand are low,
and rather solidly built. The frequent earthquakes

experienced here since these ten years, have
obliged them to sacrifice bcauiy and cl'gaiice to
personal safety. Tlie violent shocks felt in De-
cember 1797, threw down idmostallllu' »<<)ru' build-
ings, and rendered uninhubitable those th:it were
left standing. The earthquiku experienced here
in November 1799, caused a vai i'Uiou adl'i ncfcdle
of 45 minutes. According to M. de HiMiboldt,
Cumana is exposed to these partliq\!>>Aes i?i 'con-
sequence of its proximity to the laki; of Cariico,
which appears to have soaie commuiiic«(ioii with
the volcanoes of Cumucuta, whicli vomit h/dra^en
gas, sulphur, and hoi bituminous water, it is
observed that the earthquakes happen only afler
the rains, and then the caverns of the t'uchivano
vomit during night inflairniable gas, which is
seen to blaze 200 yards higli. It is prohub'e (hat
t'le decomposition of the water in the slate marl,
which is full of pyrites, and contains hydrogenous
particles, is one of the principal causes of thi:: phe-
nomenon. The population of Cumana, amount-
ing to 80,000 souls, is a great part composed of
white Creoles, amongst whom much naturi! capa-
city is discovered. They are very much at(ached
to their native soil, and generally give themselves
up entirely to the occupation that birth or fortune
has assigned them. Some are employed in agri-
culture, commerce, and navigation, and others in
fishing. The abundance of fish found about Cu-
mand enables them to salt an astonishing quantity,
which they send to Caracas and the other ci( ies of
these provinces, as well as to theWindward islands,
from whence they import in return iron tools for
husbandry, provisions, and contraband merchan-
dise. The cargoes are always of little value.
They are satisfied with small profits, which they
augment by the frequency of the voyages. Capi-
tals of 4 or 5000 dollars, which in other places
would appear insufficient for any commercial
enterprise, support five or six families at Cu-
mand. Activity and perseverance form almost
the only source of the comfort that reigns here.
The Creoles of Cumana who engage in literary pur-
suits are distinguished by their penetration, judg-
ment, and application. They have not exactly
the vivacity observable in the Creoles of Mara-
caibo, but they compensatu for this by superior
good sense and solidity of parts. The retail trades
of Cumana arc carried on by Catalonians and
people from the Canaries. Among the produc-
tions in which this city trades, the cacao and racao-
oil deserve to be mentioned. Medicinal jjlaiils
might also form an important article of commerce,
were not the inhabitants ignorant of their qualities,
and the manner of preparing them, Tiiorc >«

f'i

.lil

55S

C U 1^1

In-

'*'B 1

!!U,

found ill llic environs of Cumana what tlie Spa-
niards call tiispa, a species of the Jesuits' bark ;
the calagunfa, a plant, the root of which is
dissolvent, aperitive, and sudorific; the pissi-
pinif a species of emetic ; tlie f/jrfl«fl/;/jr, a species
of sage ; and the titalua, a more powerful purga-
tive tlian jalap. 'I'iiere arc also a great number of
spices, whicli are sufl'ercd to rot on the sjjof where
first they grew. In lat. 10^ 27'. Long. 04° 13'.]
The settlements of (he province of Cumaiu'i are,
de los Curupa,

Itio Ciiribes,
Araya.
(he missions,
San Francisco,
Santa Maria do los An-

geles,
Siin Antonio.
Of the doctrines (iloctriiias),
Unarc,
Cuanaguana,
Caicara,

Yaguara, •

Teresen,
Tipiriii,
Paro.
a river of the above province and
which rises in the spot called Co-
serranin. It runs n. following this

Sail lialtasar

Arias,
San Felipe de Austria,
Those of
Cociiisas,
San Feliz,
San Lorenzo,
Chacaracuan,

Cacuar,

Piinccres,

Soro,

Irapa,

Cnripe,

(iuayuta,

Ainacuro,

CUMANA,

government,
coyan, in the

■i-i

course continually ti. rough the sierra until it
flows down to the plain near the city, from whence
it enters the gulf, first Iiaving divided itself into
four arms. In (he winter time it generally over-
flows ; but as the distance from the sierra to its
mouth, or where it enters the sea, is so short, it
quickly subsides %vithin its proper bed, when it
leaves water enough for the navigation of a barge ;
and there would be sufficient for large vessels, were
it not for the bar which is at its mouth and im-
pedes its entrance. In the summer time, how-
ever, it becomes so dry, that it is scarcely navi-
gjible for canoes.

CUMANACOA, a city lying s. e. of Cumana
14 leagues ; i»i the middle of the valley of the same
name. The population amounls (o 4200 people ;
the air is wholesome, (he waters have a diureticqua-
Ii(y not commonly to be met with. This city wants
nothing but hands to avail itself of the produc-
tions which the richness of the land would yield,
if it were cultivated. The fruits have here an un-
commonly fine savour, taste, and s.ibstance. Tlie
government gives this city the name of San Bal-
(asar de los Arias, but that of Cumanacoa has so
much prevailed, that it is the only one by which
it is now known. See Cumana.

CUM

CUMANAGOTA, a city of the former pro-
vince and government, in the kingdom of Tierra
Firnie, called also San Baltasar dc los Arias. It
has a good, convenient, and secure port ; is
situate on the skirts of the most elevated part of
the sarania, in a fertile valley, which abounds in
streams, which irrigate 26 estates u( yuca/es, some
small plantations of cacao, and some cattle. The
]iroductions of all these estates are consumed in the
country ; since, through the uneveniiess of the
roads, it is impossible to carry them out of it, with
the exception, however, of tobacco, with which
Cumana is supplied. The soil is the most fertile
of any in the province, especially to the n. of the
siena, where there might be established some very
good cacao estates ; but this is not to be accom-
plished, considering the scarcity of its inhabitants,
and theirgreat poverty. Thiscity, just after the con-
quest of these countries, was noted for its famous
Iiearl-fisheries, which were afterward: abandoned,
ts vicinity was inhabited by many gentile Indians,
who were at continual enmity with the Spaniards
and the other inhabitants ; but these troublesome
])eople were reduced to obedience by Don Juan de
Urpiii, who had held consultations for. that pur-
pose with the council of the Indies. The popu-
fat ion amounts to 800 souls, including the Negro
slaves and the people of colour.

CUMAPI, a large lake of the country of Las
Amazonas. It is a waste water of the large river
Caqueta, in the territory of the Guayonas In-
dians.

CUMAIlA, a river of the province and coun-
try of Las Amazonas, in the territory possessed by
the Portuguese, is an arm of the Cuchivara or
Purus, which enters the Marafion before the other
streams which are tributary to this river.

CUMAREBO, a settlement of the province
and givernnientof Venezuela ; situate on the sea-
coast, and at the point of its name, with a good,
though small port, and one that is much frequented
by vessels.

CUMARU, Los Santos Angeles de, a settle-
ment of the provinceand country ofLas Amazonas,
in the part possessed by the Portuguese; situate
on (he sl'orc of a large river.

CUMATEN, a small river of the provinceand
colony of Surinam, or part of Guayana possessed
by the Dutch. It rises in the mountain of Areyuc-
tiiquen, and runs, collecting the waters of many
others, to enter the Cuyuni on the s. side.

CUMATI, a small river of the province and
government of Paraguay. It runs s. and enters
the large river of the Portuguese.

'."l"V AYARlS, a barbarous nation of Indians,

CUM

559

vlio inhabit tlic woods lyirip near the t'wrr Cuchi-
gaia, bounded by llie nation of the Cumanaes. It
is but little known.

CUjMB.A, a sctdrmeiit of the province and
corre<;imki)to of J^uya and t'hillaos in Peru.

CO'MJJAJ-i, a settlement of the province and
rorregiinkiilo of Piistos in the kingdom of Quito.

CuMDAL, a very lofty mountain of this pro-
vince, always covered with snow ; from it rises the
river Carlosama, which runs e. and the Malluina,
which runs n. la Lat. 34"^ n.

CUMBAYA, a settlement of the Lingdom of
Quito, in the corresximicnlo of the district of Las
Cinco Lecfuas de su Capital.

CUMmC. See Chum nr.

CUiMBEULAND, Bay of, on the most w.
coast of America. Its entrance is beneath the
polar circle, and it is thought to have a commu-
nication with Badin's bay to the ». In it are se-
veral islands of the same name. The bay was
thus called by the English, according to Marti-
niere, who, liowevcr, makes no mention of the
islands.

CuiMBERLAND, a port of thc island of Cuba,
anciently called Guantanamo; but the Admiral
Vernon and General Wembort, who arrived here
in 1741 with a strong squadron, and formed an
encampment upon thc strand, building at the same
time a fort, gave it this name in honour to the
Duke of Cumberland. It is one of the best ports
in America, and from its size capable of shelter-
ing any number of vessels. The climate is salu-
tary, and the country around abounds in cattle
and provisions. Here is also a river of very good
fresh water, navigable for some leagues, and
named Augusta by the said admiral. It is 20
leagues to tlie e. of Santiago of Cuba, in lat. 20°
n. and long. 75° 19' vs.

CuMiiEHLANo, auotlicr bay, of the island of
Juan Fernandez, in thc S. sea. It lies between
two small ports, and was thus named by Admiral
Anson. It is the best in thc island, although ex-
posed to the «. wiiid, and insecure.

Ci'JiBKHi.ANU, an island of the province and
colony of Georgia, in N. America, near 20 miles
distant from the city of Frederick. It has two
forts, called William and St. Andrew. The first,
which is at the s. extremity, and commands thc
entrance, called Amelia, is well fortified, and gar-
risoned with eight cannons. There are also bar-
rac'lis for 220 men, l)esides store-houses for arms,
provisions, and timber.

[Ci MrEiii.ANi), a harbour on thc c. side of
^V ashingtoii's isles, on the n, w. coast of N. Ame-

rica. It lies s. of Skitikise, and n. of Cumma-
shawaa.J

[CiiMni:itLA\D House, one of the Hndson'sbay
company's factories, is situated iu New South
Wales, in N. America, 158 miles c. w. e. of Hud-
son's house, on the s. side of I'inc island lake,
fiat. 5y 58' «. Long. 102° 5' lo. See Nklson
Iliver.J

[CiJMnnnLAND, a fort in New Brunswick;
situated at the Inuul of the bay of F'undy, on the
e. side of its w. branch. It is capable of accom-
modating 300 men.]

I (yUMUKiiLAND, a couuty of XeAV Brunswick,
which comprehends the lands at the head of the
bay of Fundy, on the bason calle<l Chebccton,
and the rivers which emfity into it. it has seve-
ral townships ; those which are settled are Cum-
berland, Sackville, Amherst, Hillsborough, and
Hoj)ewell. It is watered by the rivers Au Lac,
Missiquash, Napan Macon, Memramcook, Pet-
coudia, Chepodii, mid Herbert. The three first
rivgrs are navigable three or four miles for ves-
sels of five tons. Thc Napan and Macon arc
slioal rivers ; the Herbert is navigable to its head,
12 miles, in boats ; the others are navigable four
or five mile^.]

[CuMBKULA-ND, a towu of Ncw Bruuswick, in
the county of its own name. Here are coal mines.]

[CuMBEiiLANDjCounty, in the districtof Maine,
lies between York and Lincoln counties ; has the
Atlantic ocean on the ,v. and Canada oji the n.
Its sea-coast, formed into nnnuMOUs bays, and lined
with a multitude of fruitful islands, is nearly 40
miles in extent in a straight line. Saco river, whicli
runs s. e. into the ocean, is the dividing line be-
tween this county and York on thc s. w. Cape
Elizabeth and Casco bay are in this county. Cum-
berland is divided into 24 townships, of which
Portland is the chief. It contains 25,450 inha-
bitants.]

[CiiMBEKi.AND County, in Ncw Jersey, is
bounded s. by Delaware bay, n. by Gloucester
county, s. e, by cape May, and v. by Salem
county. It is divided into seven townships, of
which Fairfield and Greenwich are the chief;
and contains 8248 inhabitants, of whom 120 are
slaves.]

[CrMBi.iiT.AND, the M. easternmost township of
the state of lihode Island, Providence county.
Pawtuckct bridge and falls, in this town, are lour
miles n. e. of Providence. It contains 1964 inha-
bitants, and is the only town in the state which
has no slaves.]

[CuMB£iiLAND County, in Pcmusylvania, i&

i.l

; ■ ,

.•)()0

CUM

boiiiiil^d n. and n.w. by Mifflin ; e. and n. e. by
Snsqiiclinnnah river, wliicli divides it from Dau«
pliiii ; s. by York, and s.w. by Franklin county,
it is 47 miles in Icnetli, nnd 42 in breadth, and has
10 lownsiiips, of which Carlisle is the chief. The
county is generally mountainous; lies between
North nnd South mountain ; on each side of Conc-
dogwinet creek, there is an extensive, rich, and
well cultivated valley. It contains 18,^43 inhabi-
tants, of whom 223 are slaves.]

[Cumberland, a township in York county,
Pennsylvania. Also the name of a township in
Washington county, in the same state.]

[Cum BE RIBAND County, in Fayette district, N.
Carolina, contains 8671 inhabitants, of whom 2181
are slaves. Chief town Fayetteville.]

rCuMBEKt.ANn, a township of (he above county,
in N. Carolina.]

[CuMBGRi.ANn, a post-town and the chief
township of Alleghany county, Maryland, lies on
thew. bank of a great bend of Potowmack river,
and on both sides of the mouth of Will's creek.
It is 148 miles w. by n. of Baltimore, 109 mea-
sured miles above Cieorgetown, and about 105
w. vs. of Washington city. Fort Cumberland
stood formerly at the to. side of the mouth of Will's
cretk.]

[CuMBERLANu County, in Virginia, on tlic
». side of Appamatox river, which divides it from
Prince Edward. It contains 8153 inhabitants, of
whom 4434 are slaves. The cuurt*hr se is 38
miles from Pawhatan court-house, and 52 from
Richmond.]

[Cumberland Mountain occupies a part of
the uninhabited country of the state of Tennessee,
between the districts of Washington and Hamilton
and Mero district, and between the two first
named districts and the state of Kentucky. The
ridge is about 30 miles broad, and extends from
Crow croek, on Tennessee river, from s. ze. tow. e.
The place where the Tennessee breaks through the
Great ridge, called the Whirl or Suck, is 250
miles above the Muscle shoiils. Limestone is
fonnd on both sides the mountain. The moun-
tain consists of thr iuist stupendous piles of craggy
rocks of any mourtaiii in the w. country; in
several parts of it, it I*: n.iccessible for miles, even
to the Indians on i>>i >. In one place particularly,
near the summit ot ihc tuountain, there is a most
remarkable ledge of rocks, of about 30 miles in
^length, and 200 feet thick, shewing a perpen-
'dicular face to the $. e. more noble and grand than
any artificial fuitifiCittion in the known world, and
apparently equal in point of regularity.]

CUM

[CuMBEnLAND River, -called by the Indiann
" Shawanee," and by the French " Shavanon,"
falls into the Ohio 10 miles above the mouth of
Tennessee river, and about 24 miles due e. from
fort Massac, and 1113 below Pittsburg. It is
navigable for large vessels to Nashville in Ten-
nessre, and from thence to the mouth of Obed's or
O'oas river. The Caney-fork, Ilarpeth, Stones,
Red, nnd Obed's, are its chief l)ranclies ; some of
them are navigable to a great distance. The
Cumberland mountains in Virginia separate the
head waters of this river from those of Clinch
river ; it runs s, w. tiM it comes near the s. line of
Kentucky, when its course is w. in general,
through Lincoln county, receiving many streams
from each side ; thence it fiows 5. w, into the state
of Tennessee, where it takes a winding course, in-
closing Sumner, Davidson, and Tennessee coun-
ties ; afterwards it takes a n. w. direction, and re-
enters the state of Kentucky ; and from thence it
preserves nearly an uniform distance from Tennes-
see river to its mouth, where it is 300 yards wide.
It is 200 yards broad at Nashville, and its whole
length is computed to be above 450 miles.]

[CuMBERi.AND-RiTGR, a phicG SO Called, whcrc
a post-office is kept, in Tennessee, 13 miles from
Cumberland mountain, and 80 from the Crab-
Orchard in Kentucky.]

CUMBICOS, a settlement of the province and
corregimienio of Piura in Peru ; annexed to the
curacy of Trias.

CIJMBINAMA. SecLoTOLA.

CUMINACA, a settlement of the province and
corregitniento of Asangnro in Pern ; annexed to
the curacy of Combaya.

[CUMMASHAWAS, or Cummashawaa, &
sound and village on the e. side of Washington .
island, on the n. w. coast of N. America. Tlie

fort is capacious and s»fe- In this port Captain
ngrafaam remained some time, and he observes,
in his journal, that here, in direct opposition to
most other parts of the world, the women main-
tained a precedency to the men in every point ;
insomuch that a man dares not trade without the
concurrence of his wife, and that he has often been
witness to men's being abused for parting with
skins before their approbation was obtained ; and
this precedency of^cn occasioned much disturbance.
[CUMMINGTON, a township in Hamp<hire
county, Massachusetts, having 873 inhabitnnts;
lying about 20 miles w. w. of Northampton, and
120 n. w. by w. of Boston. It was incorporated
in 1779.1
CUMPAYO, a settlement of the province of

C U N

CUP

Oslimnri in Nueva Espana ; situate 45 leagues
from the river Cliico.

CUMPLIDA, an island of Paraguay) in (he
province and government of this name. It issues
from an arm tlirown out on the w. side of the river,
and forms the lake Jayba.

CuMPL'DA, another island, of the Itencs or
Guaporc, in the province and country of Las
Amazonns.

CUMPLIDO, Cayo, an inlet of the N. sea,
near the coast of the island of Cuba, the Cayo Ro-
mano, and tlie Cayo de Cruz.

[CUNCHES, Indians of Chile. See index to
additional history respecting that country, chap.

CUNDAUE, a settlement of the province and
government of Antioquia in the Nuevo Rcyno de
Granada.

CUNDINAMARCA. See Granada.

CUNDURMARCA, a settlement of the pro-
vince and corregimienlo of Caxaniarquilla in Peru ;
a. lexed to the curacy of its capital.

CUNEN, a settlement of the province and
alcaldia ma^or of Zacapula in the kingdom of
Guatemala.

CUNGAYO, a settlement of the province and
corresimiento of Angaraez iu Peru.

CUNGIES, a barbarous nation of Indians, who
inhabit the n. of the river Napo, between the
rivers Tambur to the e. and the Blanco, a small
river, to the w. These infidels are bounded «. by
the Ancuteres, and dwell near to the Abijiras and
the Icahuates.

CUNIUE, a settlement of the province and
corregimienlo of Cu'^nca in the kingdom of Quito ;
in the district of which are many estates, as those
of Pillachiquir, Guanacauri, Tianorte, Pugni,
Tambo dc Marivina, Alparupaccha, and Chi-
lian.

CUNIUOS, a barbarous and ferocious nation
of the province and country of Las Amazonas, to
the e. of the river Ucayale, and to the s. of the
Maranon. It is very numerous, and extends as
far as the mountain of Guanuco, and Die sliore of
the river Beni, Tiiese Indians are the friends and
allies of the Piros, and wore first converted by the
regulars of the company of Jesuits, the mission-
aries of the province of Maynas ; but in 1714 tiiey
rose ai^ainst these holy futiiers, and put to deutii
the Father Bicter, a German, and the Licentiate
Vazquez, a regular priest, who accompanied the
said mission.

CUNTUQUITA, a settlement of the province
and rorregimiento of Carabaya; annexed to the
curacy of Cua/a.
V9Ii. I.

CUNUMAL, San GnnoNimo de, a settle-
ment of the province and corregimiento of Luya
and Chillaos in Peru ; annexed to the curacy of
Olto.

CIJNURI, a settlement of the province and
government of Gunynnn, one of those belonging
to the missions held there by the Capuchin fiilhcrs.
It is on the shore of tlic river Yuruario, near the
settlement of San Joseph de Leonisa.

CUNURIS, a river of the same province as th«
above settlement. It rises in the mountain of Oro,
or of Parima, and runs s. until it enters the Mara-
non, in lat. 2° 30' s; It takes its name from the
i)arbarous nation of Indians who live in the woods
bordering upon its shores.

CUPALEN, a river of the province and go-
vernment of Buenos Ayres. It runs e. and enters
the Urugiiay, between the rivers Gualeguay and
Saspoy.

CUPANDARO, Santiago de, a settlement
of the head settlement and alcaldia trai/or of
Cuiceo in Nueva Espafia ; situate on tlie shore of
the lake. It contains 33 families of Indians, who
have the peculiiirity of being very white and good
looking ; they live by fishing in the same lake.
Tiie settlement is two leagues from its capital.

CUPE, a large and abundant river of the pro-
vince and government of Darien, and kingdom of
Tierra Firnie. It rises in the mountains in the
interior, runs many leagues, collecting the waters
of other rivers, and enters the Tuira.

CUPENAME, a river of the province and
government of Guayana, or country of the Ama-
zonas, in the part of the Dutch colonies.

CUPI, a settlement of the province and forre-
gimiento of Chunibivilcas in the same kingdom ;
annexed to the curacy of Toro.

[CUPICA, a bay or small port to the*, c, of
Panama, following the coast of the Pacific ocean,
from cape S. Miguel to cape Coricntcs. The
name of this bay has acquired clobrity in the
kingdom of New Ciranarla, on account of a new
plan of communication between thetwo seas. From
Cnpica we cross, for five or six marine leagues, a
soil quite level and proper for a can.'d, "which
would terminate at the Embarcndero of the
Rio Naipi ; this last river is navigable, and flow*
below the village of Zatara into the great Rio
Atrato, which itself enters the Atlantic sea. A
very intelligent Biscayan pilot, M. Gogueneche,
was the fir;,t who had the merit of turning the
attention of government to the bay of Ciipica,
which ought io be for the new continent what
Huez was formerly for Asia. M. Gogunietlie pro-
posed to transport the cacao of Guayarjiiii by the
4 c

i t

56S

C U Q

CUR

Uio Naipi to Cartagena. The snm« way offers
the nclvaiiti)y;e of a very quick cominiiDicatioii be-
tween Cadiz niul I,ima. Instead of dispatchiiifj
couriers by Cirtajjenn, Santa Je, and (^nito, or
by Uucnos Ayrcs and Mendoz:i, ijood qiiick-sail-
ini,' packet-hctats miirht Im sent IVdiu Tiipica to
Peru. If tiiis))lan were carried into exeention,
the viceroy of Lima would Imvc n.) longer to wait
five or six .iionths for the orders of his court. He-
sides, the environs of the bay of Cupica abounds
■with excellent timber fit to be ciirried to Lima.
We might almost say that the ground between
Cupica and the mouth of the Atrato is the only
part of all America in Avhich the chain of the
Andes is entirely broken.]

CUPIN, a small river of (he province and cap-
lairis/iip of Parii in Hra/il. It runs n. ». w and
enters the Cuama, before it runs into the Amazo-
nas or IMaraiion.

CUPIIIA, a river of the province of Barcelona,
and government of C'umana, in the kingdom of
Tierra Firme. It rises in tlie serrania, and runs
*. until it enters the sea, close to the settlement of
Tucuyo.

CliPlTA, Cano de, an arm of the river
Orinoco, which runs out by the «. side, and takes
its course n. opposite the moutli of the Caura.

CUPLICOS, a river of the province and alcal-
din mayor of Tabasco in Nueva Espafia, which
falls into the sea in the bi\y of Mexico, between the
Dos Bocas and the Tabasco,

CUPO, a small river of the province and coun-
try of Las Amazonas, in the part possessed by the
Portuguese. It rises in the territory of the Nou-
rises Indians, runs s. and enters the Trombetas.

CUQUL', a large river of thi province and
ffovcrnment of Darien, and kingdom of Tierra
Tirme. It rises near the N. sea, to the e. of the
province, and following an e. course, enters the
canal of Tarena.

CUQUIA KAt/HI, a settlement of the missions
which were hold by the regulars of the company
of Jesuits, in the province and government of La
Sonora.

CUQUIO, tlie alcaldia mayor and jurisdiction
f)f Nueva Espana, in the kingdom of Nueva Ga-
licia, and bishopric of G uadalaxara ; is one of the
most civilized and fertile, abounding in fruits and
seeds, and being of a nuld temperature. It is
watered by three rivers, which are the Verde on
the e. the Mesquital on the w. and the Rio Grande
on the s. in which last the two former become
united.

The capital is the settlement of its name, in-
habited by a large population of Indians, some

j^fiifUen and IMidattocs, and a few Spaaiards ;
is l.'J leagues to llic «. e, of d'uadalaxara, in long.

The other settlements are,
TenaUican,
Quaqualu,
Ocotic,

Tepunaliuasco,
Yotahnacan,
Tacolan,
San Christoval,
Iscatlan.

'IG%' ; and hit. 21° 40'.

('anila,

IManalisco,

Huis( iiiro,

Yagualica,

Acatico,

Mestitlan,

Nochistlan,

Toyagua,

Apid(o,

[CUIIA, with the surnnmc of St. Louis de, rs
situate in a valley formed by mountains of a very
grotesque appearance ; those on the s. w. side are
cappe(i with rocks. The valley is, however, fer-
tile, and covered with produce, but the greater
l)art of the property consists in animals. The
tcmperatiire is warm and dry ; the soil is a reddish
clay, which is extremely muddy in the rainy sea-
sons ; the water is not limpid, although it is whole-
some. The iidiabitants are 4000, governed by
a cahildo. In the church is an image of our Lady
of Fnkncianos, the claim to which was long a
subject of dispute b(*tween the curate of Cura and
thatofSebiibtiandclosKeynos; andaftera 30 years
contest, it was ordered by the bishop Don Fran*
Cisco de Ibarro to be returned to this place, when
it was received in a most triumphant manner. This
city is in lat. 10° "2' ; twenty-two leagues *. w. of
(^aracas, and eiglit leagues s. e. of the lake of
Valencia.]

CUIIABICO, a river of the province and cap-
tainship of Maranan in Brazil.

CURACOA, or Cuiiazao, an island of the
N.sea,one of the Smaller Antilles; situate near
the coast of the province and government of Vene-
zuela. It is 30 miles long, and 10 broad, and is (? c
only iblauil of any cousitlcration possessed by the
Dutch in America. It was settled in 15'i7, by the
Emperor Charles V. as a property upon the liouse of
Juan de Ainpucs ; is fertile, and abounds in sugar
and tobacco, large and small cattle, also in very good
saline grounds, by wliich the other islands are pro-
vided : but its principal commerce is in a contra-
band trade carried on with the coasts of Tierra
Firme ; on which account its storehouses are filled.
with articles of every description imaginable.
Formerly its ports were seldom without vessels of
Cartagena and Portobelo, which were employed
n the Negro trade, bringing home annually from
1000 to J5,000 Negroes, with various other ar-
ticles of merchandise, although this branch ofcom-
merce has, from the time that it was taken up bv
the English, greatly declined. On the s. part of

C U R A C O A.

553

tlic isl;in<1, and at tlie bu. extremity, is a pood port,
called Sania liaviiara ; but tlic best port is near
three leai^iifs to the s.e. of (lie n. part. Tiic
Dutch ,.^nd annually from lMiroi)e many vessels
richly Inden, and carryiH<r morcliandise miieli in
request in every part of America, and this Is the
principal cause of the flourishing' state of this
colony.

[The Dutch took this island from the Spaniards
in 1632; it was captured by the Knirlish in 1798,
and a«;uin in I80f), when the conduct of Oaptain
Brisbane, who had ordy three frigates under his
command, afforded one of the most wonderful ex-
ploits of the British navy. The island, notwitli-
standin^r wliat Albedo remarks, is not oidy barren
and dc|)cnd^ t on the rains for its water, but the
harbour is nuiurally one of the worst in America ;
yet the Dutch have entirely remedied that detect,
they have built upon this harbour one of the
largest, and by far the nmst elegant and cleanly
towns in the W. Indies. The I)ulch ships from
Europe used to touch at this island for intelligence
or pilots, and then proceed to the Spanish coasts
for trade, which they forced with a strong hand,
it having been very difficult forthe Spanish giiurda-
castas to take these vessels ; for they were not oidy
stout ships, with a number of guns, but were
manned with large crews of chosen seamen, deeply
interested in the safety of the vessel and the success
of the voyage ; they had each a share in the cargo,
of a value proportioned to the station of the owner,
supplied by tl.e merchants upon credit, and at a
prime cost ; this animated them with an uncom-
mon courage, and they fought bravely, because
every man fought in defence of his own property.
Besides this, there was, and still is, a constant in-
tercourse between this ishind and the Spanish con-
tinent. Cura^oa lias numerous warehouses, al-

ways full of the commodities of Euro|)e and tlic
ICiist Indies. Here are all sorts of woollen and
linen cloth, laces, silks, ril)i>:inds, iron ultuisils,
naviil and militiiry stores, brandy, (he spices of
(he Moluccas, and (lie calic(i<-s of India, wliilo
and painted. Hither the Dutch West India,
which was also their African com|)any, annually
brought three or four cargoes of slaves, and lu
this mart the Spaniards themselves yet como in
small vessels, and carry off, at a very high price,
great quantities of all the above sorts of goods ;
and the seller has this advantage, that the refuse of
wan houses and mercers shops, and every thing
that is grown unfashionable and unsaleable in
Europe, go off here extremely well; every thing
being sufliciently recommended by its being Euro-
pean. The Spaniards pay in goltl or silver, coin-
ed or in bars, cacao, vanilla, Jesuits bark, cochi-
neal, and other valual)le commodities. The trade
of C;ura(;oa, even in times of peace, was said to be
annually worth no less than 500,000/. ; but iu
tinie of war the profit was still greater, for then it
becomes the common emporium of the W. Indies ;
it affords a retreat to ships of all nations, and at
the same time refuses none ofthem arms and nmuni-
tion to destroy one another. The intercourse with
Spain being then interrupted, the Spanish colonies
have scarcely any other market from whence lltey
can be well supplied either with slaves or goods.
The French come hither io buy the beef, |)ork,
corn, flour, and lumber, which are brought from
the continent of N. America, or exported from
Ireland ; so that, whether in peace or in war, the
trade of this island flourishes extremely.

The oflicial value of the Imijorts and Exports
of Curacjoa were, in

1809, imports j«241,G75, exports j£3l6,r)9(>

1810, rf23(i,l8l, £'->m,m{i

And the quantities of the principal articles imported into Great Britain were, in

Cotiee.

Susar.

Kiiin.

Cotton Moot.

Brit. Plant.

For. I'lant.

Biit. I'lant.

For. Pl;.nt.
Cwt,

Cwt.

1809, SOj

1810, 700

Cwt.

24,»8l
29. Iiill

Cwt.

Galls. 1 lJ)s.
1(»G j •li;7,268
'.'1. a:io.770

The trade between Cura^oa and St. Domingo
has already greatly fallen oft"; first, by means of
supplies from other iiarts, especially from Dun-
kirk, but principally from the commotions in that
devoted island : little cultivation is carried on here ;
but as a naval station, Cura9oa is pre-eminently
important. Its secure and excellent harbour is
capable of containing and protecting against all

winds, as well as against any hostile force, up-
wards of 300 ships of the largest size. All repairs
can be conveniently made. In the time of war, it
may serve as a rendezvous for merchant vessels
bomul to Europe, who can always take refuge
here, on account of its situation to windward. A
fleet defeated at sea may find a safe asylum, and
conveniences for refitting ; it is au excellent sta-l
4 c 2

■1

}\\

\^'

,ni

66i

1
I

■

If '.)](

fUoti for privateers, ami in the war of 1780 tlie
cruisers fnitn Ciirnr^ou f.i:rt!atly annoyed the I'lm-
lish W. India (rude; so (hat there was a l)alance
accounted for hy the (reasiiry of 19(),()()0 francs,
(al)oiit I7,27j/.)» arisinij from (he duties on (he
|)rize-carff(H's. This hail heeii invested on nior(.
gatre for the benefit of (lie company. The governor
filionhl he a miiilary man; (he'mixed natnrc of
(he iidiabi(an(s renders a s(rict and more arbKrary
form of jrovcrnmcnl necessary here (han in tlic
otiier colonies. Excepting a few mercliants, tliere
are scarcely any wlii(c iidiabitants at (he chief
(own, Willianisdid, or on the opposite side of (he
harbonr; such as have any lands live upon (hem,
and the public ollicers and servants of (he com-
pail}' reside in or near (he fort. The town's people
are a mixture of Jews, Spaniards, sailors, free
Muiittoes, free Ncijroes, Muscpiito and other
Iriiliiins. 'J'he licentiousness of the Negro slives
is very great here, and a((ribu(ablc to various
causes; they are nevertheless worse off (han in
other colonies, as, in case of a scarcily of provi-
sions, the distress falls chiefly on them. The
iDanumissioii of slaves, as practised here, is very
preposlcrous ; for it is generally when they are
(oo old to work, that (heir proprietors pay a small
fine to government to emancipate (hem, and then
they tnust either a(!<]uire a precarious subsistence
by begging, or are exposed to perish by want, as
there is no provissioii for such objects. There arc
still at Bonaire a few remaining of the original in-
habitants, and three or four aged people at Cura-
<;oa ; with these exceptions the natives have l)c.
comeextinct. Tliere arc hardly half a dozen families
of whites who have not intermarried with Iiu'ians
or Negroes on the intermediate coas(s. At
V, illiamstad there is a Dutcli reformed church, a
Lutheran church, a Roman Catholic chapel, and
n Jewish synagogue ; houses arc built so near the
wails of th<! fort, that a ladder from the upj)er
stories would be sufficient to get within the' walls.
A remarkable blunder of the engineer i" noticed,
who, ill building a stone battery, turned the em-
brasures inwards instead of outwards, in (he
front of that battery of the fort which is intended
to command the entrance of the harbour, a range
of warehouses has been built, which are not only
themselves exposed to the fire of nn enemy, but
impede the use of the guns of the fort, which
would first have to level tliosc warehouses (o a
certain hiiight before their shot could reach a
hostile force. The powder magazine was placed
at a distance from the fort, and in such a situa-
tion as to expose the road or access to it, to (he
fire of any ship coming round on that side. The

C U R A C O A.

(own, harbour, and fort, are however capable of
being made impreguiible by any force aKacking
them from the sea-side ; yet they woiihl begready

-^■'5!

exposed on (he land-sitle, and there are several
places on the shores of the island where an enter-
prising eniMiiy might find means to cfh'ct a landing
with small < raft ; these spots ought, therefore,
likewise to be fortified, and a garrison ought to l>ti
maintained, iiumenius enough to dispute the
ground foot by fijot, which, in such a rocky
island, abounding with dilhcult passages and de-
files througli the broken rocks, could easily be
done; and an enemy, however strong ut their
landing, if (hey should effect it, wouhl tx; exhaust-
ed by a well contested re(rea(, before they could
reach (he chief seKlement. Cura^oa is in lut. 12^
()'. liong. (i9- y.J

C'lUA^oA. This beautiful city is well situated ;
itsbuildingsare large, convenient, and magnificent;
is full of s(oie-honscsand shops well provided wi(h
every speciesof merchandise, and of all kinds ofnui-
nufuctories ; so that you may see at one glance a
vessel building, the sails and rigging, and all its
other necessary equipments preparing, and even
the articles being macufacturcd with which it is to
be laden, it has a good poit, in which vessels
from all par(s are continually lying ; i(s en(rance
is defended by a casde, but dangerous and diilicult
to be made, and to effect it, it is necessary to make
fast a cable to the same castle, although a vessel,
when once in, will lie very safe. It has a synagogue
for the convenience of the many Jews who inhabit
the city, and whoare the principal merchants. The
rreiich, conunanded by M. Caissar, bombarded it
in 1714 ; but the commanding ship Df his squa-
dron was wrecked upon the coast.

CURAGUATE, a river of the island and go-
vernment of Trinidad. It runs to the lo. ex(remi(y,
and enters the sea in the ti, coast, near the capital,
San Joseph de Oriiua,

CuHAGi'ATA, a point of the n. coast of the same
island, close to the port Maracas.

(vURACiUlj, a small river of the island of La
Laxa in the kingdom of Chile, it runs ?i. n. w. and
enters the lluaque, opposite the mouth of the Ra-
ninco. On its s .ores the Spaniards have built a
fort, called De los Angeles, to restrain the incur-
sions of the Araucanos Indians.

CURAIIUARA DE Cahangas, a settlement
of this province and correghnieiito, and of the arch-
bishop ic of Charcas in Peru.

CiriiAHUAiiA DE Cauangas, another settle-
ment, with the additional title of Pactijes, to dis-
tinguish it from the former; belonging to the above
province and corregimknto.
2

CUR

CITHAIII'AHI, an ancient province of Peru, (o
t)ic M. of t'lizco. 'I'Ik! Iruii Capiic Viipaii<|iii,
tiftli F]iii|)«-roi', c'oii'iucrecl anil united it tu tlie vin-
piro.

CL'HAIll'ASI, n scdlcmi'nt of the province
oiul roiirsrhiiinilo of'Abancny in I'crii, Sij leagues
ilistani frdin the cily of (,'uzro.

(;ij|{AI,a srKlcment of (he province and cor-
rrginiiciito ot Caxatunibo in Peru ; uruiexed to the
curacy of (Jhurin.

CIRAI/, a .scdh-ment of the province ond frt»-
/«j'm.«A//) of l<io .laneyro in Brazil; .situate on tue
const, o|)posite tlic Is) • lirande.

CI HA.M;\, a ii,..r of the province and !;ovcrn-
nicnt ofCi'uayana. It enters the Meta, ai.d lo!»cs
its name.

CUUAIMP.V, an ancient settlement of the pro-
vince of Chinchasiiyu in Peru. The Prince V'a-
liuar lluacar, eldest son of the first Emperor, the
IncH Itoca, took it by tbrce of arms, nnd subjected
it to the crown, it was then one of the strong
places of the province.

CUW ANA ItiS, a barbarous and numerous nation
of Indians, divided into bodies of militia, who in-
Iiabit the woods near the river Bayari to the s. of
(he Marnnon.

CURAN TA, an islet or rocky shoal of the
coast of the kingdom of Chile, close to the point of
Los Ilumos.

CURAPO, a settlement of the missions Avhicli
arc held by the religious Capuchin.^, in the pro-
vince and government of G'uayaua.

CURAUAl'A, a river of the kingdom of Chile,
in the district nnd jurisdiction which bttionged to
the city Iinpi-rial. It runs xi\ and forms with the
I']you the great lake of l*un'n, out of which it runs
on the 5. w. side, uniting itself with the Cauten,
or the Imperial.

CURASAY, a large and navigable river of the
province and government of Maynas in the king-
dom of Quito. It rises in the jjortimos of 'la-
cunga, r.nd after running e. for more than 90
leagues, enters the Napo ; first collecting the wa-
ters of tiie Soetunu, Noesino, and Turibuno, ou
the n. and on the ,v. the Villano. The woods on
the .9, arc inhabited by some barbarous nations of
Iquilos, Ayacop's, and Scimugaes Indians, and the
H. parts by the ^'atcs and Zaparas.

CURARIC.ARU, a river of the province and
government of Uuaynna. It rises in the country
of the iMaraucotos Indians, runs e. and turning its
course s. en* s the Pirime or Puruma.

CL'UAS. iVA, a ri\ '.>r of the province of Barce-
lona, and government of Cumana. It rises near
tiie sotticmcnt of Cari, towards the e. runs *. and

CUR

565

enters the Orinoco, mar the Angostura, or narrow
part.

(JIIRASCO, a settlement of the province and
(oriegiiiiitnlo of Cochabamba in Peru ; annexed to
the cnracy of Ayruhanca.

("IIRASKNI, a small river of the province and
government of San Juan dc los Llanos in the
Nuevo Reyno de (iranada. It runu e. and enteral
the Orinoco between the settlements of the missions
which were hiild by the regulars of the company
of .fesuits, called Santa Teresa, and San Ignacio.

CLi{AS|Rl, a small river of the province and
government of Cuman&. It rises in the sfrriviia
of Ymataca, runs s. and enters the Cuyuni on the
n. iside.

CURATAQUICIIL;, a settlement of the pro-
vince of Barcelona and government of Cumana ;
situate on the shore of the river Nevery, to the j.
of liie city of Bi'.rcelona.

CIJRAZAICILLO, a small river of the pro-
vince and government of Mainas in the kingdom
of Quito. It rises in the country of the Abijiras
.Indians, runs e, and turning afterwards to the n.
enters the Napo, close to the settlement of Oravia.

CURAZILLOjOrCuuAZA Cuko, or Little,
n small islarul of the N. sea, near the coast of
Tierra Firme, and close upon the e. side of Cu-
ra9oa.

CURBA, a settlement of the province and cor*
regimknto of Larecaxa in Peru; anucxed to the
curacy of Charazani.

CURBATI, a small settlement of Indians of
the province and government of Maracaibo; an-
nexed to the curacy of the city of Pedraza. Its
natives, although few, are docile and well in-
clined.

CURE, River of, in the island of Guadalupe,
one of the Antilles or Windward isles. It rises in
the mountains to the e. and enters the sea between
the bay of l^a Barque and the port of Las Goa-
yabas

CURl'X'A, a river of the province and coptahi-

IS nearly <fue «.
and enters that of Las Amazonas.

ship of Para in Brazil. It runs nearly

[CURIACO, a bay in Tierra Firme, S. Ame-
rica, on the N. sea.]

CIJRIANCHE, an habitation or palace, built
by the first Emperor of the Incas, Manco Capac,
of very large stones, and covered with straw ; from
whence the city of Cuzco has its origin. This
palace was afterwards dedicated to the sun, and
l)ecame converted into a temple, t)eing the most
beautiful and rich structure of any in Peru, in the
time of the Indians; the inside of it being cased
with gold, and the outside with silver, these metals

'il

(

; f

r.Gr>

CUR

iiiiviiif? \tm\ taken out of llic mine «(' Porro.
Upon the ininK uf tliis rdificc sIiukIs, at tin* pns
ttnit (Iny, tlie convent of tliu icligioiis order ot Ht.
Dominirn.

(J('HII)ISA, a river of (lie province and go-
vernment of Quijos and Mucus, in the diMrict of
(lie .second, and in the kingdom of Quito. It riscv
in the country of the Xiliitros Jn'liim.s, muii inclin-
ing to the ,v. c. and enters the Siintiiif^o.

<HJRIC(), S\N .losi i>ii i)F., a lown of (he pro-
vince and ror/ri;>w»V7//M of Maule in the kinsrdonj
of (/hile ; sit mite on the shore of (lie river lluaico.
it is small, and hut thinly peopled, its iidiabilants
iM'iiiff for the most part com|)osed of people of
colour, [The melal ol' tlu; mine lately discovered
licrc has obtiiined the name of unluxtl nvantuiine^
from ilK ijeirig tilled with biilliaul particles that
give it a heautifnl a|)peararu'e. This metui is used
by the <;oldsmitlis for rings, bracelets, and other
ornaments of jewellery.]

(UlitKUJRARl, a river of the province and
country of \,\\h j\mnzonas, in the part pos.se8-
8ed by the Fortufiruese. It runs c. between the
rivers (.'icayuri and Vurubechi, and enters the
Negro.

CUItlEPK, a setllement of the province and
government of \'enezuela ; situate on the coast, near
the point or cape of Codera, on the shore of the
river of its name.

CirniLPr.. This river rises in the mountains
iieartbe coast, runs e. and enters the sea in the bay
formed by the cupc Codera.

(^['IllJiS, a settlement of the province and
rorregiinieiitn of Vca in Peru ; aime.\cd to one of
the curacies of the Indians ot its capital.

ClIIJKJlJAClJKl', or IJuvNA, a river of
Nueva Andalucia, Austral or Inferior, in the pro-
vince of (j'uayana. it flows down from the moun-
tains of the ('aribcs Indians to the n. and running
s. and increasing its waters by many other streams,
enters (he Maranon.

CUItlCilJIMAR, a lake of tbc provinci; and
government of (iuayana or Nueva Andalucia, on
(he shore of the river Orinoco, close to the town
of Sanchez.

(3UI11(«U1R.KS, a barbarous nation of Indians,
wlu) inhabit the woods bordering upon the source
of the river Cuchigaras, and bounded by the In-
dians of (his mime, as also by the Cumayaris.
Some of these Indians arc warlike, and of gigantic
stature.

CUKIMON, a settlement of the province and
correi!;hnicnto of Aconcagua in the kingdom of (^hile,
in the district of which is a convent of the religious
recollects, or strict observers of the orocr of St.

CUR

'Francis, l>earing the title of Santa Ilosa de VI-
terbo.

(UIIIINAS, a barbarous nation of Indians, wha
inhabit the .« . part of (he river MarailoM. It is but
little known, aiul all that is traced of them is, that
they are in contiiuial warfiire with (hi- .\gn:ts ; so
that their numbers are gradually diiuini.hing.

CUIIIPANA, a port of the coast of the N. sea,
in Mie province and govcrinnent of Cuinuna, to the
•v. of (he city of Cariaco.

(JUIIIQIjA/X KS, S. FuANciico di; i.os, a set-
tlement of (he province and government of Qui.xos
and Macas in the kingdom of (jni(o. It belong,!
to the district of the (<irnu*r, and is otu! of thoie
which comj)ose the reduccum of (he Sucnmbos In-
dians, held at the charge of the regulars of the
coinpany of Jesuits.

(UJItlTI, a small sc(tlement of (he jurisdiction
ol (he town of San (lil, and cuDei^imictito of
Tunja, in the Niievo Heyiio de Granada ; annexed
to tlie curacy of (Juane. It is of a very good
temperature, pleasant atul agreeable. Its natives,
who should anmunt to JO or 10 Indians, arc do-
cile, mild, aiul of good dispositions.

CUIIITIMI. SeeCoiiKNTi.N.

{UJRITllUA, a town of the province and rap-
tninship of Key in Hrazil ; sitiuite near the coast.

(^uRiTUiiA, a river, called also Yguazu, in the
province and govermncnt of Paraguay. It runs
w. collecting the waters of many other rivers, and
enters Avitli a large stream into the Parana. See
Y(ii'A/.ir.

(JUIll), a river of the province and captainship
of Seara in Brazil. It runs ii. and enters the sea,
between the coast of Los Ilumos and the point of
Los IJa.vos or .\rricifes.

Cl'RU.V, a river of the province and captain-
ship of ]^i\T(\ in Brazil. It rises in the country of
the Aritues Indians, runs to the «.»/.«-. and enters
the river of Las Amazonas on the s. side.

CURUARI, ariver of the kingdom of Brazil,
in (he (erri(ory of (he Cayapos Indians. It rises
in i(s nu)untains, runs s.s.c. and enters the u. side
of the large river Parana.

CURUAT, a small river of the province and
government of Uuayana. It runs nearly parallel
with the river Caroni, collecting the waters of
many others in its course, until it enters this
river.

CIJRL'AIJ, or QuAiuANA, an island of the
N. sea; situate at the mouth or entrance of the
river of lias Amazonas, to the s. of the island of La
Penitencia.

CURUA-UASU, a village and setllemenl of
the Portuguese, in the kingdom of Brazil ; situate

CUR

on llii' shore of a small rivet wlilcli pnlers (lif
Soni).

CI UrCACi', ii smiill river of the province and
jrovpriiiiuMit of (I'lriyaii.i or Nucva Aiuliiliicin. It
riM's to the iv, of the M-tilcini'iit Miiriictiri, runs :o.
muliiflrrw(inl»liiriiinir». enters the Orinoco op[)o-
sitc llo' inoull> of tlic (iiirns.iinii.

(M, lU ('.\ t , a livi-r of tlio province nud c //»•
t'litmhip of San'Vircnlc in Driizil. It rises nrar
tlie coist, iiiul rnns to the xo.

('lMllJCI/A.\LS,ii l)iirl>aroiis nation of Indians
Imt lilllf known, who irdiabit the sliores of liierivrr
l'arni;nav towards the w.

CrKl'CJUA'ri, a settlement of the province
and ^overrmicnt of Purajjnay ; situate on the shore
of the river Xexiiy. It was in former times very
coiisideraljh', hut at present reduced to a scanty
population of people of colour, who live in a mise-
rabic way. f About ^9 laiijues ii.e. of Asun-
cion, i.at. 2 1' 'i8' 10". lionsr. 5j^ bV 2.)" w.\

(;URULAUA, a valley or llnnura of the kint^-
dom of Chile, in the country and territory of the
Araucanos Indians; celebrated for their having
]*ere surprised the Spaniards, and haviug at the
same time put to death the governor Don Martin
Garcia Ofiez de Loyola, with 50 others who ac-
compaiiietl him.

('UKUMA, a settlement of the province and
government of Valparaiso in the kingdom of Chile;
situate on the const and at the point of its name.

Cuiiit.MA, a river of the province and govern-
ment of Cumaiiii. It rises in the serratiia of Yma-
t^icn, runs .v. and unites itself with the Tucupu
to enter the Cuyuni.

CIMIUME, an anci(>nt and larcfe j>rovincc of
the Nuevo lleyiio dc Ci'ranada, to the :v. of the
river Cauca : discovered by the Marsliui (ieorge
Kubledo. The Italians wlio inhabited it, and who
were tailed Cnrumenes, liave become extinct, not-
Avithstandinp^ that they W(;re in jrreat nunibers at
the time of the entrance of the Spaniards in 1 J ly.
Some believe that they have retired within tiu;
voods, and to the mountains of Darien. This pro-
vince, which is bounded by that of Popayan, and
is at the present day contained in the same, is
mountainous, rough, barren, and of an unhealthy
climate ; and although rich in gold mines, these arc
uot worked.

CiMUJM!', a small (own of the same j)rovince ;
situate in an extensive valley, which also takes this
denomination, near the river Tonusco.

(UMllJPA, or Couol•i^, a settlement of the pro-
vince and captainship of Para in Uiazil ; situate
on the shore of the river iMaranon.

CtRi'PA, a liver of the proviucc and govcrn-

c u s

567

ment of Mueuos Ayres, which runs e. and cnten
(he Aguapey,

Cl.'ilDPAKDR, a small river of (he province
and iroveitnueiit of (<uayana or Nueva Andalucia.
Il rises in (he country of (he Parecas Indians, near
(he settlement of San Joseph de Otomncos, runs n.
and enters the Orinoco to the u, ui the setdemeni
of Kucaramada.

CI HI 'PI, a river of (he province aiul govern-
ment of "^au .lunn de los Llanos, in (he Nuevo
Ueyno dc (iranada. I( rises near the Curaseiii,
runs e. and nearly parallel to the sauu; river, and
enters the Orinoco.

CIJRUPIJTIJIJA, a river of (he ]>rovince and
coun(ry of Las Ama/onas, or par( of (luayann
possessed by the Portuguese. It rises in the sirna
of Tumucuraque, runs *•. many leagues, l)e(weeu
\Ih' rivers I'buquara to the e. and Tombetas to
(he u\ and enters the Mararion on the ;/. side, \n
lat. I" 5'2' s. The intidel Curuputubas Indians livo
more than 40 leagues to (he m. of (he river, near
the mouth of the Tojiajocos.

CiRUPiiTiinA, a settlement of the Portuguese,
being a rrduccion of Indians of this name ; situat*
on tiie shore of (he above river, after which it is
called.

CI RUHII, a small river of (he province and
capUtinship of Pernambuco in Brazil. I( rises near
(he coast, runs s.s.e. and enters the sea between
the \'poba and the Yquen.

CCUlJTlJTE, a river of the province and
country of Las Amazonas, which, according to
Mr. Hellin, runs s.s.e. and enters (he Maranon,
between (he rivers L'rupara(e and Putuniayo.

(vlJIlUZICARiS, or Yi MAfiijAitis, which sig-
nifies Founder of Metals, a barbarous and nume-
rous nation of Indians, ^ho inhabit tiic woods near
the river Maranon, towards the s. and extending as
far as the mountains to the ti\ of the kingdom of
IJiazil. The same extract from the mines great
quantities of gold. They have some sort of civil
government, are industrious, and fond of labour.

CI SAHATAY, or Cocomas, a river of the
province and government of Mainas in the king-
dom ot Quito, runs e. lor many leagues, and
enters the LJcayale.

CIJSAIIUAVA, a settlement of the province
and (oricghnierito of Larccaja in Peru ; annexed
to the curacy of Ambana.

|(;iiSCO. SeeCuzco.]

CIJSCOPANG, a river of the province and
colony of N. Carolina. It runs n. and enters the
sea in the strait of Albemarle.

[CI SCOW ILLA, in E. Flovida, is the capital
of the Aluchua tribe of Indians, and stands io.

568

c u s

ill

It( ''

W- -iX

■'lU

El'.'

llic most pleasant situation tliat could Ik desired, in
an inland country, upon a high sv.'clling ridge of
Kand hills, within 3 or 400 yards of a large and
beautiful lake, alwunding with fish and fowl. The
lake is terminated on one side by extensive forests,
consisting of orange groves, over-lop|)ed with
grand magnolias, pnlms, poplar, lilia, live-oaks,
&c. ; on the otlicr side; by extensive green plains
and meadows. The town consists of SO habita-
tions, each of which consists of two houses, nearly
of the same size, large, and convenient, and covered
close with the bark of the cypress tree. Each has
a littk' garden spot, containing corn, beans, to-
bacco, and other vegetables. In the great Alachua
savannah, about two miles distant, is an inclosed
plantation, which is worked and tended by the
wiiole community, yet every family has its parti-
cular part. Each family gathers and deposits in
its granary its proper share, setting apart a small
contribution for the public granary, which stands
in the midst of the plantation.]

CUSE, a river of the kingdom of Peru. It rises
in the mountains of the province of Moxos, and
runs e. w. from the river and lake of Sara to the
river Ubay. It follows its course to the w. and
enters the last mentioned river.

rCUSHAI, a small river which empties into
Albemarle sound, between Chowan and the
Roanoke, in N. Carolina.]

[CUSHETUNK Mountains, in Hunterdon
county, New Jersey.]

[CUSHING, a township in Lincoln county,
district of Maine, separated from Warren and
Thoraaston by St. Cieorge's river. It was incor-
porated in I78J), contains 942 inhabitants, and lies
'■21(3 miles zo. by n. of Boston.]

CUSHNOE, a waterfal of the river Kenebec,
in the province of Sagadahoc, opposite fort Wer-
lern.

CUSI, a settlement of the province and corregi-
miciito of Yauyos in Pern ; annexed to the curacy
of I'amjias.

CUSIANA, a settlement of the jurisdiction of
Santi;:^<>do las Atiilayas, and government of San
Juan (Ic los Llanos, in \\\v Nuevo U»;y:!o de Gra-
vida ; annexed to the curacy of Santiago. It is
niucli reduced and very poor, of a liot temperature,
and producing only maize, yiicas, plantains, &c.

Crsi ANA, ii river of the same province. It rises
from a small lake near the settlement of Gameza, in
t!io jurisdiction and corregimiento of Tunja, and
there enters the Met a.

(/USIUAMHA, a river of the province and cov'
»rjr»M/V;//o of Chiiques and Masques in Peru. It
lises in the cordillera of the Andes, runs u.\ and en-

CUT

iers the Apurimac, opposite tlic settlement of Cura-
guasi.

CusiDAMBA, a valley of this province.

CUSICAS, a barbarous nation of Indians, who
dwell to the e. of the nation of the Cliiquitos, and
to the n. of the settlement of San Juan L>autista de
los Xamoros. All that is known of them is, that
iuc/ are numerous and ferocious.

CUSITAS, a settlement of Indians of the pro.
vince and colony of Georgia ; situate on the shora
of the river Apalachicola.

CUSMO, a settlement of the province and cor-
regimiento of Santa in Peru ; annexed to the curacy
of Guarmey.

[CUSSENS, a small river in Cumberland coun-
ty, Maine, which runs a s. c. course to Casco bay,
between the towns of Freeport and N. Yar-
mouth.]

[CUSSEWAGA, a settlement in Pcnnsyl-
vania.]

CUSSIA, a settlement of the Salivas Indians,
forming the greater part of this nation, in the Nuevo
Reyno dc Granada ; situate near the river Sinaruco,
in the llanuras or plains of the Orinoco. The
Caribes destroyed and burnt it in 1684.

CUSSIQUINA, a river of the province and
country of Las Amazonas, which laves the terri-
tory of the Mayorunas Indians, who live upon its
borders to the s. This river, af\er running many
leagues to the n. e. enters the said territory, in lat.
3° 20' s.

[CUSSITAH, an Indian town in the zs. part of
Georgia, 12 miles above the Broken Arrow, on
Chattahoosee river.]

CUSTODIO, a river of the kingdom of Brazil.
It runs». 71. w. is small, and enters the Tocantines,
between that of San Elias and the river Pretoor Dc
la Palma.

CUSUMPE, a small lake of the province of
Hampshire; one of those of New England, be-
tween the rivers Pennycook and Pygwakct.

CUTACO, a river in a narrow vale of the Andes,
the bed of which was ascertained by Humboldt, in
180'i, to be at the vast depth of 42("^ feet. On its
banks are many plantations of sugar-canes.

CUTAGOCHI, a settlement of Chcrokees In-
dians, in the province and colony of S. C arolina ;
situate at the source of ilie river Enphase, where
the English have a commercial establislinient.

CUTA WA, or Catawba, a river of N. Caro-
lina. It runs w. and enters the Ohio; its waters
arc always full of coal.

CUTERCO, a settlement of the proviare and
coircgiiniento of Caxamarca in F».'ru ; annexed to
the curacy of Iluambos.

h .n

li-

eu X

CUTI, a river of the province and caphiinship
of Marnniin in lirazil.

CU TIGUBA, a sottlemcnl of the Porhiguese, in
the province wi.i\ captainship of Pura in JJrazil ;
sitn-itc on tlie shore of liie river of Las Amazonas ;
to tlie M. oftlic city of Para.

CuTiGr lA, an ishuid of the river of Las Ama-
zonf\s, opposite tlie city of Para.

(;UT1MERIN, a river of the province and cap-
tainship of Maranan in lirazil.

CUTLNANAS, Sanio ToMK dr i.os, a settle-
ment of the missions which were held by the re-
fniars of tlio company of Jesuits, in the province of
lainas and kingdom of Quito.

CL'TtiUISCANAS, a barbarous and ferocious
nation of Indians, who inhabit the n.r. of the an-
cient province of Los Panataguas. They are few,
and Utile more is known of them than tlieir name.

[CIJTTS Island, a small isiind on the coast of
York conn(y, Maine. Sec Nkudocr River.]

CIJTUIJUS, a setlleoient of the province and
government of Sonora in Nueva Espaila ; situate
on (he shore of (he river Besani.

CUTUCUCHE, a river of the province and
government of Tacunga in tlie kingdom of Quito.
It flows down on the s. side of the skirt of the
mountain and volcano of Cotopacsi, and united
with the Alaques, forms the Snn Miguel, which
laves part of the llanura of Gallo, runs near the
settlement of Mulahalo, and by a country seatcind
estate of the Marquisses of Maenza, who have here
some very good cloth manufactories. This river
runs very rapid, and in 17()6, owing to an erup-
tion of the volcano, it inundated the country^
doing infinite mischief; again it was, a second
time, thrown out of its bcil, though the damage
it then did was nothing like what it was on the
ibrmer occasion.

CUTUN, a settlement of the province and
comsimieiito of Coquiinl)o in the kingciom of
Chile.

COTUNLAQL'E, a pass of (lie road which
leads from the city of Quito to Machiulu, almost
impracticable in the wintertime, ami only nof-rd
for being a place nf infinite diflicuKy and vexation
to such as are obliged to travel it,

('UrUPlTI'], t'ANo »E, an arm of the river
Orinoco, in the pr(»vincc and governriieut of
'.I'nayana, one of those which form ils dilierent
nioullis o!- erilranccs ; it is that wlueli lies most
close (o (he coast of Tierni lirme, and which,
widi (he coast, ibrnis |)art of ihe caiiiil of Manao.

CUXlfTEPIX', a settlement of the province
i\iu\ahn/ilifi njrtyor of San Salvador in the king-
dom of Ciuatemala.

vot,. I.

C U Y

:»(J9

CUVO, CuTio, or CiMo, a large province of
the kingdom of Chile, and part of (hat which is
called Chile Oriental or '1 ranmntano, from its
being on the other side of ihe cortlH/irn of the
Andes; bounded c. by (he country called Pampas ;
}{. by the district of llioxa, in the province and
government of Tucuman ; s. by the lands of Ma-
gellan, or of the Patagonians ; and a), by the cur dil-
lem of the Andes, which is here called the West-
ern, Cismontana, |)art of those mountains. It is o(
a benign and healthy climate ; and aUhough in
the summer, the heal on the llmmras is rather op-
pressive, extremely ferlile, and abounding, inde-
pendendy of the fruits peculiar to the country, in
wheal, all kinds of jxdse, wine, and brandies,
which were formerly carried to (he provinces of
Tucuman and Buenos Ayrcs, aUhougii (his (rat-
fic has of late fallen in(o decay, from the IrequenI
arrivals of vessels from Spain. It abounds in all
kinds of cattle, and in the cordillcra, and even in
the pampas^ are large breeds of vie u fins, hiiuitdru^y
viziachaSf turtles, two kinds of squirrels, ostriches,
tigers, leopards, and an infiiiite (juantKy of par-
tridges, pigeons, and turtle-doves. The (lesii of
the swine and mules is esteemed the best in all
America; and, generally speaking, victuals are so
cheap that it may be procured at little or no ex-
pence. The skirts ot the mountains are covered
with beautiful woods, and their tops arc over-
spread with snow. Throughout nearly (he whole
province is found a grea( quantity of glass- wort,
and in the cordillera are some mines of silver, espe-
cially in the valley of lluspallata, which were
formerly workeil by fusion, 'o the irreat detriment
of the metal, but wliich ate to this day worked in
the same maimer as (iiose of Peru, and conse-
quently afford greater emolument. Mere are also
some gold mines, andolln is of very good copper.
Tlie rivers which water (his province all rise in
the corrfjV/rrrt, and (he most considerable of them
are the Tiinuyan, wliich is the first to (he v. Ihost;
of Mendozii, San .luan, .laclial, and the Cofor.ir/o
to (he N. r. In the rordillrrn, near (he high road
leading Iroui Santiago to Mendo/.ii, is (he great
lake of the Inca, wherein are said lo be great
treasures deposited by the Incas ii( the? beginniiig
of the conqu(^st, to keep (hem from (lie Spaniards.
Tills lake is botto iiless, and it is (lioimlit to ije
formed of the s'lows melted ami (losing down
from the inoimlaiiious parts of tiii^ district. On
(he side towards Chile the hike !i;is ;i v<'iil by .^ix
or seven small branches, foniiing the river of
Aconcagua ; and from the opposite sii!i; issue some
other streams in a contrary ilireelioii, anil fiinu
the Meiidoza. lu (lie very heat of suiimier this
\ I)

{.I

1 :

; J'!i

V :

570

C U Y

Jilp'"

mil

'. i

J'-

lake is as cold as snow itself. This provijicr, like
all (lie oliicrs ot'llie kiiii^tloiii whicli lie to (lie s.e.
of the (ordilltra, is ever subject to terrible tempests
of (Imriclcr iiiul lii^htiiiri^', accoiiipunied with bois-
terous winds and rains from October to March;
the same not Iiappeniiii^ in the provinces which lie
to the r;-. Tlie Indians of liiis provinc(! are of a
darker conipiexion th;::. those of any other; but
they are also of loftier stature, better made, anile,
and extremely addicled to the chase, in wliieii
they "greatly excel, and more particularly in the
takiri!^ of ostrii lies, \vhich abound in the llnniirns
to the s. ; and by all of these exercises they become
so liglit and active as to be able to keep p.tce with
a horse. These Imlians .ire generally known here
by the name of (iuiipcs, anil are descendaiits of
the Pampas, their ntighiiours to the e. with whom
they trade in the frii'is of the country in exchange
ior clothes and o'iier articles, money not being
k inwn amongst any of these barbarians. Tiie
Gi.apes are of a docile and generous disposition,
but of great spirit, and very warlike, robust, and
Avell formed. This coun.ry. considering its ex-
tent, is but thinly peopled, a!:<cc its iidiubitants
amount to ordy 2i),000 of all sexes and ages, ac-
cording to the latest caleidation. The capital is
the city of Mendoza. [See Chile.]

CuYo, a shoal formed by two rocks in the N.
sea, ncai the coast of the province and govern-
ment of Yucatan, close to the cape of Cotoche.

[C U VOA CAN , a settlement of the intendancy of
Mexico, «;ontaining a convent of nuns founded by
Hernan Cortes, in which, according to his testa-
ment, this great captain wished to be interred, " in
whatever partof the worhl he should end his days."
This clause of the testament was never fulfdled.]

CUVOCUYO, a settlement of the province
nnd co;Tf,g7?w/< n/o of (Jarabaya in Peru; annexed
to the curacy of its capital.

CUYOTAMIK), a settlement of the province
and rorreginiifnto of Quispicanchi in Peru ; an-
nexed to the cnra(-y of Quishnares.

CUVOTEPJ'X:, San Bartoi.ome df:, ahead
settlement of the district of \\\c ulcalilia vuiyor of
Antequera, in the province and bishopric of
Oaxaca in Nucva Espiina. it is of a middle tem-
perature, contains 3.58 families of Indians, and a
convent of tlie religious order of St. Dominic.
In its district are sown in abundance various kinds
of seeds and American aloes, of which is made
puUfiie. Four leagues x. of its capital.

i:UVl'ANA, an isliinil of the province and
country of J,as Amazonas, in the territory of the
Portuguese, formed by two arms of the river Cu-
chivara or Purns, which separate before they

c u z

enter the Maranon. It is large, and of an irregu-
lar square figure.

CU VUM, orCuYUNi, a large river of the pro-
vince of Guayana, and government of Cumana.
Its origin is not known for certahi ; but, from the
accounts of the Caribes Indians, it is somewhere
near the lake Pnrime, in the interior of the pro-
vince, and to the n. e. of the said lake. It runs
nearly due from m. to.<. making several turnings,
until it enters the Esqnivo. By this river the
I^iitcli merchants of this colony, assisted by
the Caribes, go to entrap the Indians, to make
them labour in the estates ; and they have built
two forts on either side of the mouth of this
river.

CCZABAMBA, a large settlement of the pro-
vince and corregimiento of Lamas in Peru ; close
to which passes a small river of the same name,
and which afterwards unites itself with the river
Moyobarnba.

CrzABAMUA, another settlement in the province
and ccrregimiento of Tacunga, of the kingdom of
Quito.

CUZALAPA, a settlement of the head settle-
ment of the district of Ayotitlan, and alcaldia
maijor of Amola, in Nucva Espana. Its popula-
tion is very small, and its inhabitants employ them-
selves in the cultivation of seeds and breeding of
cattle. Nine leagues to the w. of its head settle-
ment.

CUZAMALA, a head settlement of the district
of the alcaldia mayor of Azuchitlan in Nueva Es-
pana, lying 10 leagues to the «. of its capital, and
being divided from the same by two large rivers.
It is of a hot and dry temperature ; its population
is composed of 36 families of Spaniards, 30 of
Musiees, 48 of Mulattoes, and 53 of Indians, who
speak the Taracan language. The trade here
consists in large cattle, in the cultivation of maize,
and making cascalofe. Some emolument also is
derived from renting the lands belonging to the ca-
pital and the neighbouring scttlonients.

CIJZCATLAN, a settlement of the province
and alt aldid niaj/or ol San Salvador in the king-
dom of (iiiatemala.

CUZC'O, or Cozco, as it is called by the In-
tlians, a city, the capital of a corregimieiito in
Peru, the head of a bishopric, erected in 1536,
founded by the first Etnperor of the Incas, Maiico
Capac, in 1043, who divided it into llanain Cozco
and llurin Cozco, which signify Cuzco Lofty and
Low, or Su|)eriorand Inferior ; the l(>riner towards
the //. and the second towards the s. It is situate
upon a rough and unequal plain formed by (he
skirls of various mountains, Mhich are washed by

-tu.

■f)

c u z c o.

571

Uie small river Guaf.inay ; the same being nearly
dry, save in the months of January, February,
and March ; (hotigii the little water found in it
just serves to irrigate the neighbouring plains.
The grai.ideur and magnificence of thr edifices,
of the fortress, aiid of (he temple of the sun, struck
the Spaniards with astonishment, when, at the con-
quest, they first beheld then, and upon their en-
tering the city, in 1534, when the same was taken
possession of by Don Francisco Pizarrro, for
Charles V^. It was then the capital of the whole
empire of Peru, and the residence of the empe-
rors. Its streets were large, wid ■ and straight;
though at the present day Lima stunds ii; compe-
tition with it in regard to grandeur. The houses
are alinostall built of stone, and of fine proportions.
The cathedra^, which has the title of La Asun-
cion, is large, beautiful, rich, and of very good
architecture, and some even prefer it to the cathe-
dral of Lima. Here are three curacies in the
chapel of the Sagrario, two for the Spaniards, and
anol!>cr for the Indians and Negroes ; and the pa-
rishes are Nucstra Seiiora de Belen, San Christo-
yal, Santa Ana, San Bias, Sintiago, and the hos-
pital ; besides two ottiers, which are without the
city, called San Geronimo and San Sebastian.
Here are nine convents of the following religious
orders; one of St. Dominic, founded on the spot
where the Indians had their celebrated temple of
the s\in ; two of St, Francis, one of the Observers,
and another of the Recolifans, one of St. Au-
gustin, one of La Merced, two colleges which
belonged to the regulars of the extinguished com-
pany of Jesuits, the principal, in the part lying
towards the e. being destined, at the present time,
for an armoury ; ami the other at the back of the
same, in which was the house tor noviciates and
students, serving now as barracks for the troops ;
add to these the chapel of ease to the cathedral.
Here are four hospitals ; the first and most ancient
is that of the Espiritu Santo, in which are received
Indians of both sexes, subject to the patronage
of the secular cabildo, and governed by a junta of
33 persons, the president of whom, the alcalde,
Las the first vote, and afier him the administrator
or first brother. It has two chaplains and very
ample reveuuis ; one of the sources being the du-
ties j)itid uj)on all efl'ects passing over tiie bridge
of Apuriinac, the which <lroits btlon^ed to the
royal exchequer until the year 170.';, at v.hicli
time, at the instance of the king's ensign, Don
fiabriol de Ugarte, they were conceded hy the
: to the hospital, togeher with the right and
property of the bridge, in redemjrtion of some
crown grants which C\ere left to the hospital by

Ilodrigo de Leon, in Seville; and it was by 1 his
nie'-s (hat the hospital, having become so well
endowed, has now no less than !^50 beds. A jubi-
lee has been granted by the apostoFical see to its
chapel ; and this is ci;lebrated at- the octav(! of
Pentecost with much solemnity, and by an unusu-
ally great concourse of people, and was once (he best
observed jubilee of any in America. The se.
cond hospital, !)eing of the religious order of Sau
Juan de Dios, is for the men, and has 50 beds ;
the third, called, Of Nuestra Sefiora de la Almu-
dena, is f(>r all descriptions of individuals, and
has also 50 beds ; the tburth, called San Andres,
has 30 beds for Spanish women. Here are three
monasteries of nuns tlu first of Santa Catalina de
Sena, foimded where the Incas kept the virgins
dedicated to the sun ; and the others are of Santa
Clara and the bare-tooted Carmelites. Here are
also four other religious houses, which are that of
the Nazarenes, that of Nuestra Sefiora del Carmen,
that of Santiago, and that of San Hlns; three col-
leges, which are, tliat of San Bernardo, wherein
are taught grannnar, i)hilosophy, and theology,
and was founded by a V'^izcayan for the sons of the
conqu(;rors, having been formerly under the
charge of the regulars of ih\2 company of Jesuits,
and at present under an ecclesiastical rector ; that
of San Borja, for the sons of the Indian caciques,
where they are initiated in their letters, and in the
rudiments of music, at least as many of them as
show any disposition to this science, (this accom-
plishment having been I'orinerly taught by the
same regulars of (he company) ; and tiiat of Sau
Antonio Abad, which is a seminuiy aiul univer-
sity, and is a very sumptuous piece of architect
ture. This city preserves many moimments of its
ancient grandeur ; and amongst the rest, the
great '"^.rtress built for its defence, which, although
injured by time, bears testimony to the powers of
the Incas, and excites astonishment in the mind
of every beholder, since the stones, so vast and
shapeless, and of so irregular a su|)erficies, are
knit together, and laid one to fit into the otiicr with
such nicety as to want no mortar or other material
whereby to fill up the interstices ; and it is indeed
ditl'cultto imagine how they could work them in
this manner, when it is considered that tht>y knew
not the use of iron, steel, or machinery for the
jmrpose. The other notable things are the baths ;
the one of warm and the other of cold wiittM- ; the
ruins of a large stone-way, which was l)uilt b' or-
der of the Inciis, and wiiich reachei! as far as
wliere Lima now stiinds ; the vestiges of some sub-
terraneous passages wliicii led to the lbr(ress froirn
the housosor palaces of the lnca,am! in which i)aii«
4 J) -^

•

t J

57S

c u z c o.

sasfcs Hie walls were cnt very crooked, aihnittiiig
for Ji certain space only one person to p;iss at a
time, ami this sidi'wise, and with great ditlicnlty,
when shortly uflerwauls two iBisjtlit pass abrciist.
Tiic exit was by a rock, worked in tlie same nar-
row manner on the other side ; and (his was alto-
fr<!ther a plan adopted tiironijli prudence, and for
the better >iecurity airainst any sudden assault,
since here a sinifh; man might defend hiniseli'
against a gre.tt nnmljer. In a magnificent cliapel
otthe cathedral is venerated a miraeidous crucifix,
which was presented liy the Emperor Charles V.
and which is called I)e los 'IVmhlores, from the
city having invoked it as a patron in the tremen-
dous earthquake which happened iiere in ljf)0;
also an image of Nuestra Senora de Helen, which
they call La Linda, (the Heautiful), the gift of the
same royal hantl. it is the second city of Peru,
and inferior only to the capital of the kingdom.
It was governed, after tiie time of (he concpiests
iTicide by the Spiiniards, by a sccuhxr ( a hi /do, cotn-
poscd of two oriMnnry III (ifdfx, a royal ensign,
an fl/i;'Mrt»fV mayor, u provincial ff/f«/rfe, a depo-
sitor-general, 12 perpetual ngiilors, (wo afcnfdes
of the inquisition, and a regidor, nominated an-
nually, with the title of judge of the natives, who
is entrusted with the causes of the Indians; these
having also a protector, nominated every two
years by the viceroy of Lima. This cabildo w lin-
lains, through the grant of the Emperor diaries
V. the snme privileges as the cahildo of Burgos.
The city has also many other prerogatives, with
the title of Gran Ciudad, and (y.ibeza, or head of
the kingdoms and provinces of Peru, in reward
for its having supported (he crown against the
traitor Diego de Almagro, in the conflicts that he
maintained with Francis Pi/arro, and from its
liaving taken him prisoner in 1553, in the cele-
brated battle of Las Salinas, a league from Ciizco;
also from its having refused to acknowledge tlie
title of governor of Peru, assumed by Diego do
Almagro the younger, supporting, in preference,
the legitimate government. Again, wiicn the Li-
centiate Christoval V'aca de Castro arrived, think-
ing to be governor, the people of (Jiizco took him
prisoner, under the orders of the li<Mitenant-gover-
nor, Diego Snlrizar de Toledo, niid the ordinary
alcalde, Antonio Ruiz de Gucvera, and kept liiin
in confinement until he was beheaded in (hat place
by the same person (hat executed his father. For
these services, and for the valuable presents,
which on several occasions it has made to the
crown, this city was allowed to be by the laws of
the Indies, and, as appcMis by its records, one of
the first cUit'§ in all Castilla, having a priority of

vote; and in 1783, it was ordered by the king of
Spain, that in consideration of the resistance it
ollered in (he late relxjllioii of the Indians of the
province of Tinta and the other immediate pro-
vinces, it should be endowed with the title of
Most Noble, Most Loyal, and Most Faithful, and
that it should enjoy the same privileges as Lima.
In 1781, the office of fonrg'V/o/- was extinguished,
and his Majesty established an intendant :.nd go-
vernor vice-patron; and in I7S7, the tribunal of
royal audience, composed of a president, four
oidors, and nfisciil. It has forarmsagoKlen castio
upon a bine field, with various trophies and
colours on the sides, and an eagle at (he top. It
has iK'en the native place of many illustrious men,
and ofdiesearc,

Don Bernardo de Aviza y Ugarte, oid,ir of
Panama, bishop of Cartagena and Truxillo, and
elected archbishop of (Jliarcas.

Don (Jayetano Marcelhou) y AiiTamont, bishop
of Buenos .Vyres, and archbishop ol Charcas.

Don Ciabriel (le Ugaite, royal ensign of the said
city.

Don Diego Esquivel and Niivia, dean of its
church.

Don Ignacio de Castro, curate of San Gcronimo
and rector of the university.

Don Francisco Espinosa and Medrano, alias El
Lunarejo, magistral canon of its church,

Don Francis Xavier de Lagos, penitentiary
canon.

The Father Maestro Frai/ Pedro de la Sofa, of
the order of La Merced ; a subject who was often
consulted by the viceroys in matters of the utmost
importance.

The Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, a celebrated
historian of Peru.

Its jurisdiction, although it ivay retain the title
of |)rovince, is so reduced as to extend merely as
fir as the district of the city, notwithstanding it
formerly comprehended all the neighlK.. jring pro-
vinces, until the president. Lope Garciade ('astro,
established in each of these se|)arate confgidurs.
Its principal commerce consists in the very large
quiinlity of sugar which is made in the neighbour-
ing jurisdictions, and where the inhabitants have
many sugar plantations ; that of San Ignacio de
Pachachaca, in the boundaries of the jurisdiction
of Abancay, and formerly belonging to the re-
gulars of the extinguished company of Jesuits,
being the most celebrated. There is made here a
vast quantity of baize and ordinary cloth, called
pancte, woven stuflli, saddles, floor-carpets, and
tucuijo, which is an ordinary kind of linen used
as clothing by the poor ; galloons of gohl, silver,
2

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573

Quispicanchi,

(jalca and Lares,

Asaiif^aro,

Villabaniln,

Urubaiiilja,

Paiicailainbo,

Carabnya.

and silk, drrssed slicep-skins, ^ont-skiiw, and
paicliniciit. The natives, ulio an; of an ingenious
disposition, excel intlte arts of embroidery, paint-
innf, and cngravinj^. Here was formerly a mint,
wliioh for some years lias been abolislied. The
population, wliieli antounls to i2(),flOO souls, lias
oecoine much diminished by a jilairneexperieiKN'd
here in 1720. It is 18t leagues from Lima, ^iJO
frmn J-a I'lafa, in long. 71° 4', and lat. IJ^ 4^' s.
Its widely extended bishopric includes the pro-
vinces of

Abancay,

Ayniaraez,

C'otabambas,

Chilques and Masques,

I-ampa,

(,'humbivilens,

Cailes and (/anclies,

Bisho|)s who have pn sided in I'nzeo.

1. Don f'Xijy Vieentede Valvcrde, a Dominican
monk, native of Oropesii, in llie bishopric of
A vila, collegiate of the collei;'!" of San (Jrei^orio de
Valladolid ; eleeted bisliop of ("uzco in 15^'l, and
who met with his death at the hands of th(! Indians
of La Puna, in the gov(Tnmcnt of fiuayaqnil, as
Jie was returning to Spain, and was roasted and
eaten by them.

2. Don /W/yJuan Solano, of the order of St.
Dominic, native of Archidma, in the bishopric of
Slalaga; pres^^ntcd to the bishopric ofCnzcoin
1543, where he entered in the following year, and
governed until 1350, when he came to Spain to
solicit the division of his bishopric, it being up-
wards of SOO leagues in extent ; and much time
liaving elapsed in the decision of the case, heat
last resigned, in ISO I.

3. Don Sebastian deLartaun, native of Vizcaya,
canonof tile church of San .lusto de Alcahi de
I'enarcs, doctor of this university, and elected in
1670; he died at Lima in 1584, assisting at a
j.'rovinciaI council.

4. Don Jray Gregorio de Montalvo, of the
order of St. Dominic, native of Cora, in the
bishopric of Segovia, prior of the convent ofPa-
lencia ; he cnt<'red upon this bishopric of (^uzco,
being promoted from the church ol Popayan, and
died in 1593.

5. Don Antonio de la Raya, nativeof Baeza, col-
legiate of San Clemenle de llolonia, school-master
of tiie churcli of.laen, inquisitor of Cerdena, Le-
rena, Tiranada, and Valladolid; elected bishop
in 1595, he endeavoured to be nominated an auxi-
liary, and returned to Spain in Ib'Oti.

6. Don Fernando de Meiidoza, a monk of the
extinguisbcd company ofJcsuits; native ofTor-

recilla i'l La Kioxi; elictid in lf;OS, and go-
verned until iiis death, in l(jl'2.

7. Don Lorenzo »le firado, native of Sala-
manca, where he studied and graduated licentiiile,
passed over to Peru, and was there matle arch-
deacon of Cusco, anil re noved from this to the
bishopric of the Ilio ih' la I 'lata, (rom whence he
was promoted to this bishopric in IGIS, and go-
verned until hisde.itii, in i()'i7.

8. F>(ij/ Fernando de Vera, of llie order of Sf.
Augustin, native ot Meridii, lecturer, prit)rofth«!
convent of Xerez, and con^ultor in tlie inquisition ;
he obtained in his religion the title of Jliiixi<i, go-
verned for throe years the church of Hadajos,
through the absence of the bi>h()p ; was elccteil
areiibishop of St. Domingo, and from tiicnce pro-
moted to Cuzco, in 162!), and from this church
to the avclibishopric of Lima, in lG:i9.

9. Don IMcgo de Montoya y Mendoza, native
of Mijancas, of the bishopric of Calaliorra, head
collegiat(; in the college of Santa ("atalina del
Burgo lU' Osma ; he was archbishop of Toledo,
atieruards magistral canon of Coria, and Avas
holding that office when elected bishop of Popayiin,
from whence he was promoted to the bishopric of
Truxillo, and died there, being at the time elected
to that of Cuzco, in 1640.

JO. Don Juan Alonso de Ocon, native of the
town of this name in La Rioxa, collegiate of San
Ildefonso in Alcala, doctor and professor of theo-
logy, curate of Elechosa in the archbishopric of
Toledo, and afterwards of the parish of Santa
Cruz in Madrid ; elected bishop of Yucatan, and
promoted to this in 1642, from whence he was
preti-rred to the archbishopric of Charcas.

11. Don Pedro de Ortega y Sotomayor, pro-
moled from the church of Arcquipa to this, in
1651.

12. Don Bernardo de Izaguirre, promoted from
the church of Panama to Jiis ; preferred to the
archbishopric of Charcns in 1661.

13. Don Agustiii Munoz de Sandoval, elected
in 1661.

14. Don Juan de MoUinedo, beuig the bishop
Avho governed tiiat church for the longest period
of any, the same being upwards of 30 years; he
left a name and character renowned for zeal and
wisdom, and died in 1704.

15. Don Juan de la Nava y Gonzalez, native
of liima, dean of its holy metropolitan church ;
he remained tor some time in quality of governor
of the church of Cuzco, after that he was elected,
but not cons('crated, bishop, in as much as, owing
to the wars, the bulls could not arrive.

16. Don Frai/ Francisco de Arregui, a monk

57*

c u z

of the order of St. Francis, nnUve of Liticnos
Aytcs, comiiiissnry-gcnenit of liis religion, bisliop
of iiis country, from whence he was promoted to
Cuzco in 17^4.

17. Don J'raj/ Bernardo Serrada, of the order
of Calzados or calced Carmelites, provincial of
the province of Castilla; jjiouiotcd to this from
the churcli of Panama, in IT'Jj.

18. Don Juan de Sarricoica y Olca, native of
LiuiU ; promoted to this from the cliurch of Chile,
in 1734.

19. Don Pedro Morcillo Uubio, native of La
Mancha ; promoted from the church of Panama ;
he died in 1763.

20. Don .luan de Castaneda, native of Guanra
in the arclibisiiopric of Jjinia ; promoted from the
ciiuich of Panama in 1749 ; he died in 1763.

21. Don Manuel Geronirao de Komaiii, native

C Y P

ofGuaman^a; j)romotcd from the arsbbishopric
of Panama in 1764 ; he died in 1769.

22. Don Agustin de Gorrichategui, native of
Panama ; elected to the bishopric of Cuzco in
1771 ; hedi^in 1777.

Up. Don Juan Manuel de Moscoso y Peralla,
native of Areqnipa, canon niid auxiliary bishop of
tiiat ))Iace, wuli the tide ol Tricomi en Ce!>area,
afterwards l)ishop of 'i'ucuman, and promoted to
Cuzco in 1777 ; a prelate of consummate virtue
and lilerature, and actually living at this court.

[CUZLJMEL, an island in the province of
1 ucataii, and audience of Mexico ; situated in
the bay of Honduras, 15 leagues long and five
broad ; its jrincipal town is Santa Cruz. Lat. 19^
«. Long. 87°.]

[C^' Piles Swamp, in Delaware state. See
Indian River.]

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