■,%> e>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V .^'' ^^-^^ ^/. Cl fA 1.0 I.I 1.25 lii ill 1.4 IIM IIM \= 1.6 <^ ^3 •^ ^% /: //a '-^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 872-4S03 fV V ( meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symbols* suivants apparaltra sur la derniire imaqA de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symboie — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbole V signifie "FIN ". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film*s A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE WORKS 07 HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT THE WORKS or HUBERT HO^VE BANCROFT VOLUME XVII HISTORY OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO 1530—1888 SAN FRANCISCO THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1880 Eutcred according to Act of CongrcRs in the year 1889, by HUBf^RT H. BANCROFT, In the Office of the Librarian of CougrcKS, at Washington. All Riijhta Reacrvtd, PREFACE. For several reasons, the history of Arizona and New Mexico, particularly in the early times, is not suri)asscd in interest by that of any portion of the Pacific United States, or perhaps of the whole republic. Notable among these reasons are the antiquity of these terri- tories as Spanish provinces — for they were the first to be occupied by Europeans, and ten years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, a Historia de la Nueva Mexico was published; the peculiar Pueblo civilization, second only to that of the Aztecs and Mayas in the south, found among the aborigines of this land, and maintaining itself more nearly in its original conditions than elsewhere down to the present day ; the air of romance pervading the country's early annals in connection with the Northern Mystery, quaint cosmographic theories, and the search for fabu- lous empires in Cibola, Teguayo, and Quivira; the ancient belief in the existence of immense mineral treasures as supplemented by the actual discovery of such treasures in modern times ; the long and bloody struggle against raiding Apaches, the Ishmaelites of American aborigines ; the peculiar circumstances under which this broad region fell into the hands of the United States; the fact that the eastern portion, unlike any PREFACE. otlier territory of the republic, is still inhabited mainly by a Spanish-sponking people; its position on the national frontier; its peculiarities of physical config- uration and climate ; and finally, the marvellous strides towards prosperity in the last decade, of a country formerly regarded as an unpromising section of the Great American Desert. That tlic annals of these countries, so extensive both chronologically and territf)rially, are compressed into one volume of this History of tfic Pacific Slates, while seven volumes are devoted to the record of a sister province, California, is a fact that may seem to require a word of explanation, though it is in accordance with a plan deliberately formed and announced at the out- set. All S[)anish-American provinces are in certain respects so similar in their annals one to another that it was and is believed sufficient and best in a compre- hensive work like this to present the minutiae of local and personal happenings of but one. California was chosen for this purpose, not only because of its modern prominence, but because its records are remarkably perfect, and because its position on the coast, facilitat- ing intercourse with Mexico and foreign nations, its mission system, its trading and smuggling experience, its Russian complications, its political vicissitudes, and its immigrant and other foreign elements gave to its history, as compared with that of interior provinces, a notable variety, tending greatly to mitigate the inevi- table monotony of all provincial annals, even before the knowledge of its golden treasure came to startle the world. The history of New Mexico written on the same scale as that of the Pacific province would not only fill many volumes, but from the lack of con- tinuous archive evidence, and from the fact that the '^ PREFACE. Vil story goes back beyond the aid of memory, it would be at the best fraj^mentary and irregular; and by reason of the country's isolation and non-intercourse with the outer world, as well as on account of the peculiar nature of its petty events, it would also be most tedious reading. Not only is this true of the first and most im- portant period of the country's history — that of Span- ish rule to 1821 — but of the second period, embracing the Mexican rule of 1822-4G, the growth of the Santa Fe trade, the change of flag, the Indian wars, and the early territorial days down to 1875 or later. The Mexican archive record is more meagre even than the Spanish, the early enthusiasm of conquest and explora- tion had died out, nothing more monotonous in detail than the endless succession of Indian wars can be im- agined, and of the more important events and develop- ments several are more conveniently and fe.itisfactorily treated in the annals of other adjoining regions. And as to the third and last period, that of railroads, Indian reservations, mining development, industrial progress, and American immigration, a valid reason for conden- sation is found in the fact that this grand unfolding of resources has but just begun, that all is in a transitory, changeable condition, so that the result of the most minute treatment would probably become antiquated and of comparatively little value within a few years. Thus there are good reasons for the plan and scale I have adopted. The omission of personal and local details, moreover, adds greatly to the interest of this volume; and so far as the general course of events and developments is concerned, no volume of the scries has been founded on more careful or exhaustive re- search. My sources of information for this volume are shown m rUEFACE. ill tho list of authoritioM prefixed, in the fine-print appendix to the first eliaptcr, and in the notes scattered profusely throughout the work. In no section of the field have my resources of orit;inal data been richer or more varied. Besides many rare works in print con- sulted only imperfectly or not at all by piovious writers, I have consulted the Santa F6 archives, and have had access to rich stores of the most important documentary records from Spain and Mexico in my own and other private colK^ctions ; and I have been especially fortu- nate i' I being able to utilize, practically for the first time, the work of Villagrd, and several important documents bearing on Onate's conquest, never before correctly recorded. For later events of teriitorial history I have studied all the publications extant, including government reports and newspapers ; and have besides, here as in the other })arts of my field, taken the testi- mony of many prominent citizens and officials who have thrown new light on many phases of the subject. Here as elsewhere I give full credit to the sources on every point. Several praiseworthy works . a the history of tlicse territories have been published; but they are of very uneven quality, with not a few errors, and more omis- sions — defects due in most cases not so much to the incompetence of the author as to the inaccessibility of original authorities. Nowhere in my work have I been able to correct more erroneous statements, fill more historical gaps, or, except in the matter of minute details as already explained, to supply in comparison with preceding writers more new matter. Yet experi- ence leads me to expect that the old inaccurate and thread-bare sources will still be consulted to a consid- erable extent in preference to better and original PIIEFACK. al authorities at socoml-hand. Doubtless writers will continue to give inaccurate dates and details for OAate'a conquest; to seek now locations for Coronado's Cibola and Tiyuex ; to name Cabeza do Vaca ns the discov- erer of New MoxS?<\ and speak of his descendants as still livinj' in the cOi.ntrv; to talk of the Aztecs and of Montezuma in this no/ :hern region; to describe Santa Fe as the oldest town in the United States, dating its foundation back to the sixteenth or fifte<"" ^ Weane/an^j-Lttrrgt^Lf"-"'"--" CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. CHAPTER r. iNTHo,.nrroRv i.emark.s am, nf.svMf.. The Almrigines- -New .m,,,-^.,, t-ondusi..,.. i.. the X.u,. /^.,.l T 1 f„,M"".;!"'"-"^" ^^--'"•^''- iTnnaiv. ...tory --X,. IVehi.toric ^^^^ N. ''2^ "" '':""'*' " graphic Note. """' '"■ '^"'^ '^" *'"«'•'" Town. Bil.l.o- CHAPTER ir. NIZA ANI. CUo.VAhO IN ARIZONA. 1539 1540. The Discoverers- Viceroy Mendoza'. I.i..„ v w tl- N'.'«ro.,o..rn..y loth North ';"^7'';7 Marcos ,Ie Nixa and <^'fi- Fate of KLvani-o,, !':'';'■''' '"•■'"'^^^ "^ "'« •^"-■n Ma^co.inSi^|.tof,•,|,.,I, V U' "'"''" "^ ^'"'^•""^ '•>"y <'"ia Francisco Val e ,; p" "" ,"" *'*' '^'•" ' "'"-h.. or M,...na Z^l.l.var Bn.Ii„,rap;; oV tH^CH;-'^ ^"'^ ^-V-nia. and -M.'Ichor I)ia. Fronfson J: 'r,':,'^'' '"",J'^ ■'^-"- «'>^^'"m..„t (xlll) 27 xiv CONTENTS. CHAPTER irr. CORONA DO IN NEW MEXICO. 154a 1542. At Cibola, or Zufli — Alvarado'8 Tour in tho East — Tales of the Turk — HuDklu Piaius — Aciico, Tiguex, and Cicuye — Map — Arrival of Arellano and the Army — In Winter Quarters— .Spanish Outrages — A Winter of Snow and Warfare — Expedition to tiie Nortl'east — Coronado in Quivira — Wigwa.n Villagoi and No (iolil— Hack at Tiguex — The llio (rrande Valley — Pnehln Names — Second Winter in New Mexico— Plans for a New Conque-it Orders to Return- Dissensions — Fray Juan de Padilla — March to Sonora — A Denioral- i/ed .\rmy — Ileniarks on Uesults -Northern Mystery and Early Maps — Ibarra's Entradas, 156.3-5 — The Name of New Mexico 49 CHAPTER IV. ENTRADA.S UK UODKIOtTEZ ANU E8PEJ0. 1581-158.3. The Franciscans inNueva Vizcaj'a — Fray Agustm Rodriguez — Province of San Felipe — Detiiils of Wanderings — Chamuscado's Return — Testimony in Mexico — Bibliography of the Entrada — 'llie Friars Kil'-'.l — Antonio Espejo and Fray Bernardino Beltran— Up the Rio del Norte — The Jumanas — Traces of Cabeza de Vaca — The Pueblos — News of Coronado — Map— To Aconia and Zufli — Moqui Towns — Silver Mines — Return of Beltran and Part of the Company — Espejo Visits the Quires, Ubates, ami Tanos— Pecos or Cicui(iue — A Hostile Province — Down the Rio do Vacas and Home— The Name New Mexico CHAPTER V. FRl'ITLEiW PROJEOrs — CASTANO AND HPMASA. 1583-1596. Views of Rio de Losa— Royal Cedula — Reports of Beltran and Espejo — Attractions in the North — Foreign Encroachments — Pioject of Cristdlial Martin — The Empresario's Demands— Proposed Conquest anil Settlement by Antonio Epejo — Francisco Diaz de Vargas W'illing to Serve the King a- ,\ New (!ov- ernor, lfi08— Founding of Santa Fe, ItiOo 10— Padre Zarate de Sal- meror — A Custodian, ]C)'2] -New Missionaries, IO'_\S 9 (iovernors Zotylo and Silva— Benavidea' llcport— List of Governors, lUlO-SO r XVJ CONTENTS. — Eastern Entrada'a — Padre PoHada's Report — Indian Trouldes — Padrea Killed — Murder of (lovemor Rttaaa, ]M'2 — t'ontroversy and Disaster I'eflalosa'B Rule and Fictitioua Trip ti> Quivira, 1002 — Apache Raids— Ayeta'a Appeals — Aid that Came too ^.ate 146 CIIAI'TER IX. A DECADE OF FKKEDOM. 1G80 1091. Causes of the Revolt— Religious Tyranny The Patriot Leaders— Pope, Catiti, Tupatii, and Jaea -The Knotted Cord The Plot Revealed — Massacre of 400 >Spaniard4 — Twenty-one Martyr Friars— Names Siege of .Santa Fe— The (Jovernor's Victory and Retreat- -Down the Rio del Norte to Kl Paso -Presidio del Paso del Norte -Pope's Rule in New Mexico— Liberty and Anarchy- Fruitless Kntrada of 1081 — Destruction of the Pueblos — The Faithful Tiguas of Isleta — Oterniin Censured — Events at El Paso — Mission Items — Rule of Cruzat and Reneros — Huurta's Project — Battle at Cia — A New Gov- ernor 174 CHAPTER X. RECONQUESr BY DON DIECO DE VARGAS. I0!)l.'-I700. Authorities — Entrada of 1092 — Occupation of Santa Fe — A Bloodless Campaign — Tupatii's Efforts — Submission of tlie I'ueblos- To Acoma, Zufli, and Mosqui— Quicksilver — Return to El Paso — Entrada of 109.3 — Cool Reception-Battle with the Tanos at Santa Fe — Seventy Captives Shot — Four Hundred Slaves— Events of 1094 — The Mesa of San Udefonso — Founding of LaCafiada — Rumors of Trouble — A Famine — Revolt of 1090 — Massacre of Friars and Set- tlers — A New Reconquest — Governor Vargas succeeded by Cubero in 1697 — A Bitter Quarrel -Charges of the Cabihhi- V^argas in Prison — Events of 1098-1700— The Moquis— The French— The Pecos 197 CHAPTER XI. FIRST HALF OF THE EIOIITEESTH CENTURY. 1701-1750. Permanent Submission— Cubcro's R'lle— Revolt at Zuf\i- Rule and Death of Governor Vargas — Founding of Alburquerque — Moquia CONTENTS. xvu and ApatlicR— Marques ellion — Secession of Arizona — Troops Withdrawn — Triumph of Apaches — Confederates Take Tucson — But Retreat before the California Column — Bibliography of the Period 491 CONTEXTS. ciiAi'TEu xxr. rOLITICAL ANNALH OF AltlXONA. 1804 1887. Origin of till' iiaiiii' Arizona 'IVrritorial Ornaiii/ation— A .Migrating (ioveriiiiu^iit .\t .N'iivajo Spring (Jovurnor (iooilwin ami CoiigrcsH- niiin ronton Kir.st Li-gislaturc - .Scal.-t- -l*oliti(;al Allaira— llulur.s — 'IliL' Cainlal (^iKistioii - I'u.'.scott versus Tucson Original Countifs — Map Mouuiiary I >is]mte at Yuma .Statistics of Population Iniini- gralion Mormons I'owcirs Kxploration of tlii' Colorado — W'liool- cr'.s Surveys — I'lcmils ami l'];irtlii|uak(,'.s Lists of Ki'ilcral auil 'i'orri- torial Ollirurs Mi-mlmrs of Council and Asscnilily — Rosuniu of Lcgi-slative I'rocueilings 5'JO CIIAITKU XXII. INDIAN AKKAIU.** «»K AUIZONA. 1804 188(5. The Friciiilly Trilics — Superintendents and Agents — The Yunias — Mojaves llu;ilapais Yavapais .Suppai- Moi|uis-- I'ima and Mari- eopas I'ai)agos - I'liu Apaches -K irly Hostilities —Krrors of tiie (loveriinient Koi'ts and C,im|n .\ Tiu)Usand N'ictiins Carlcton'u Campaign (leneral Mason Wallen. Lovell, (Jregg, and Critten- den -Hevin and Wiieaton — Popular Imlignation — A Military l)i'partment under Stoui'inan Camp (Irant Massacre - Croi>k in Command- IN ,i(-e Policy ColytT and Howard More War J'eacc in IS73-4--'lln' Apaches on Reservations Concentration Ka\itz, Willcox, and Ci k again Raids of Renegade Chiricaliuas ■ J'Aphiils of (ienininio (leneral Miles — .Success at Last Prospects — Crime and Lawlessness 543 cn.M'TEii xxiir. ARIZONAN INIM'STIUKS AND INsriTtTTICt-S 18G4-1886. Minins;— Early Operations— The Tiold Plawrs — EfTcctof Apache \Vars— Otiier Ohstaclos Final .Success— .Statistics Silver and (lold Belt — The Four (iroui)s, Mojave, Yavapai, (iila, Pima, and I'ochise-Sonie Local Items- Famous Mines— Tonihstone— Copper Mines Dia- mond ff nn\— Afndern Works on Arizona— Agriculture— Climate and Products— Ptnckrnisinff- -Crovernmnnt Lands- Mexican Orants^ Mauufacmres and Trade -Roads, Stages and Mails — Railroads and Telegra)>hs Education— Library -Historical Society— Churches- Newspapers 578 CON 1 ENTS. CHAPTEU XXIV. XXI COCNTIKS AM) TOWNS OK AlllZONA. 18W I8S7. County Map — Apai-lio County -('oal, Live-sttx'k, ami Mormons- St John and llollirook Vavaiiai .Miui;s of (lold ami Silvir City of IVoscott Mojiivf and I'ali-UU) Mining I )istiuis Mmiial I'ink - Vuma -Colorado liottoni -r;i — Hot lU'sfrts N'unia City anil Klirenlnu'g I'inia A l^iud of History and 'I'railition I'apa- fluiTia Tucson (lie Motropolis (^uijotoa I'mhisc li(niiii, Taos, ami Cimarron- Southern Apaches— Mescaleros at Fort Stanton — The Minibrea— Confederate Invasion — The Pueblos — Laud Grants — The CONTEXTS. Navajiis— TluMf Warfare on New Mexicann — TrcaticH Mailc ti> lie IJriikoii— Clironologiu Skctcli — Tlio War tif 18.')H (ilJ -('arHnii'« (aiii- [luigii <>>'>3 ClIArTKR xxvir. t'ONrKDKllATK INVASION (IK NK.W MK.XICi). 1801 18(}2. SoiitliiTii Syinpatliics — Slavrry in the Tnrritory— IVonago— Imliiiii StM'vaiits -LawM on ScrvitiiiK' In Con^ri's.t New Mcxioan-i not Si'ictHiiinists llatrt'il I'f Tixans Sontlicrn I'lans raiisfsnf Kail- urt' Autlinritics I'luts of Luring and CrittL-uilcii l'"li:,'litii(ilii^iu Summary IVrsliytiTiaii .Sclinnl'i —Till! Mu-nalcriH— At Fort tSuiiiiitir ami FurtMaiitim Agriit-* ami Aiiiialt— Soullu'rn Ajiaolifn- Himtiiu lJamln— Ufnorvatiniis- Taftaila AlamoHa, Tii!arii iNsnifnoNs, IMU 1887. Mineral Wealth— Mining Notes of 18(U-T0— Oreat Prosiiccts and Small KeKultii — Statixtio.'i of Production— The Mining l)i«trii't«— (toM, Silver, Coinitr. Coal, ami Iron — The Jiiioiii from 1880- AuthoritieM — Kesumu of Iii'velojiiiients — (leneral Uosults ami IVosjuscts- Spanish and Mexican Land (irants — List of C'lainm — Public I^amU and Sur- veys - Agriculture — Statistics — Slight Progress — Stoek Uaising — Cattle and Sheep — Monopoly and Other Ohstaeles— Manufactures — Trade - Railroads- Telegraph Lines-Stage and Mail Routes — Bureau of Immigration — Schools — I'uliliuatiuns of the Jesuit College — Newspiipera — Churuli Atfairs 748 CHAPTER XXXI. COUITIES AND TOWNS OF NKW MKXirO. 1887. County Map — Colfax — Area and Annals — Stock-raising — Raton and Springer — Dictations of Prominent Citizens — Mora— Fort Union — Taos — A (rarden SiK)t — Old Pueblo— San Fernindo — Rio Arril)a — San Juan Indians — Coal — Tierra Amarilla — Oflatc's Capital — Ber- nalilio — A Flourishing County — Tiguex— Pueblos — AlluKiueniue — Santa Fe Antiijuity and Mines— The Capital —Statements of Citi- zens — San Miguel— Farms and Ranches — Las Vegas — Testimony of Residents — Valencia and Las Lunas — Lincoln and White Oaks — Socorro— Mining Activity— Grant— Silver City and Deming- Dofla Ana— Mesilla Valley — Las C.uces— Sierra— Hillsborough and Lake Valley 779 AUTHORITIES QUOTED IN THE HISTORY OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. """ing'L'^^iU'P"^ "' ''^ Examination of New Mexico, 1846-7. Alanian (Ltfca«). Disertaciones. Mexico 1844-9 1 v i Alb., 1880 et8& Wash- 363; AburquerqueAnademy.AnnualRenorts 1S70 sn »f A ce.lo (Autonio), iJiccionario GeSrS'HS;^ ^\'f''-, • f "' '«»" "t seq. Alegre (Francisco JavJ H.-.V^ll^T ._^^"''*«"*'o-. MaJrid, 1786-9. 5 vol Mex., 1841. 3 •leron 1845 et seq. 5 vol. A.,.^„ ,H.„„,^ „,^p,. ,„„ ,,,^p^.„^ j^^.^^ ^ _^ ^^^ ^^^_^^^ *''E'«r;„"/' ^'°'''- •"■" l^ «i"<>~ General * M»io.. 2.„^„ American Almanac. Boston, 1830-61. 32 vol American Ethnological Society, Tranlactionr A.ner.can Quarterly R^^ister.^' P 1X1^^1 American Review. Ph.i., 1827 et ,iei American State Paners. Boston, 1817 et sea Ancient Santa Fe, MS cxtrao*^^ fr„J^ v aP' Amigo del Puehlo, new^j^per. 'mT ^'''- "«^«W«". Anderson (Alex. D.), The .4iiver Country. NY 187- Appleton's Journal. NY *^ ' ^ "® "^ *-**"«• Barcelona, 1754. ( XXV) XXVI AUTHORITIES QUOTED, i ! In Arch. SU Fd. Sta Fe, 187G. See also N. Madrid, 1792. 1838-50. 2'2 vol. MS. of Pinart Archivo do Nucvo Mexico. In Doc. Hist. Mex., 3d series, pt iv., 127 et aeq. Archivi) de Santa Fc. Unbound MSS. preserved at Sta Fe. Aruhivo (reneral de Mexico. MSS. 32 vol. Copies in Bancroft Library; also printed in part in Doc. Hist. Mex. Arco Iris, newspaper. Mex. Arizona, Acts of tiie Legislature, 18(54 et seq. Prescott and Tucson; Consti- tution of the Provisional (jrovernnient. Tucson, 18(K)(l8t book printed in Ariz.); History of (Elliott* Co.). S. F., 1884. FoL; Howell Code. Pres- cott, 181)5; Journals of Legislature, 18(54 et seq. Prescott and Tucsonj Meiniirial and Affidavits showing outrages by Apache Ind. S. F., 1871; Message of the (Jovernor, 18(54 et seq. Prescott and Tucson; Alining Law. Prescott, 18(54; Newspapers (see names of towns where published, also list in cliap. xxv.); Reports on Indian Tribes, 1874. MS. 2 Vol.; Reports of Surveyor-general, in U. S. Land Office R 'ports; Resources. S. F., 1871; Scraps, a col. of newspaper clippings classilied. Arizpe Restauratlor Beileral, newspaper. 1838. Arlegui (Joseph), Clirdnica de la Provincia do S. Francisco de Zacatccas. Mex., 1737. Arinijo (Manuel), Libro de Ordenes, 1843. MS. Amy (\V. F. M.), Centennial Historic Oration. Mex., Mess, of (rov. Arricivita (J. D. ), Crdnica Serafica y Apostdlica. Arrillaga (Basilio), Recoisilacion de Leyes. Mex. Atlantic and Pacific R. R., Prosj)octU8. Autos contra los Indies Jenizaros del pueblo de Abiquiii, 17(53. Col. Avery (A.), Haml-Book and Travellers' Ouido of N. Mex. Denver, 1881. Ayers (John), A Soldier's Experience in N. Mex. MS. 1884. Ayeta (Francisco), Memorial al Virey, 107(5. MS. In N. Mex. Doc., 481, Balch (Win R. ), Mines, Miners, and Mining Interests of the U. S. Phil., 1882. Fol. Bancroft (Oeorge), History of the U. S. Boston, 1870. Bancroft (Hubert H.), History of California, vol. i.-v.; History of Mexico, Vol. i.-v.; History of the North Mexican States, vol. i. ; History of the Northwest Coast, 2 vol. ; Native Riices of the Pacific States, 5 vol. — all included in Bancroft's Works. S. F., 1883 et secj. Bancroft (M. (r. ), New Mexico Miscellany. MS. Bandelier (Ad. F. ), Historical Introduction. Boston, 1881. Barljcr (.lohn W.) and Henry Howe, History of the Western States. Cin- cinnati, 1807. Barreiro (Antonio), Ojeada sobre Nuevo Mexico. Puebla, 18.12. Barte- (D. W.), l)irect8; Ri'.soun'es of the Pacific States. S. F., 1869; Sketch of the Settlement of L. California. S. F., 1809. Browne (.J. Ross), and James W. Taylor, Reports upon the Mineral Resources of the U. S. Wash., 1807. Bryan (R. W. D.), Alburquerque Indian School. MS., 1884. Buclianan (James), Confidential Circular, May 13, 1840. In Larkin's Doc, iv. 121. Buclna (Eustaquio), Compendio Histririco de Sinaloa. Mex., 1878. Burcliard (H. C.), Report of the Director of the Mint. Wash., I8S1 et seq. Barney (James), (.'hrouological History of Discovery. Loml., 1803- 7. 4to, 5 vol. Bustamantc (CarlosM.), Apuntes para la Historia de Santa Ana. Mex., 1845; Diario de Mexico, 1841-3; El (Jabinete Mexicano. Mex., 1839 41. .\IS. 4 vol.; Mex., 1842. 2 vol.; Invasion de los Anglo-Americanos. MS.; Kl Nuevo Bernal Diiiz. Mex., 1847. 2 vol. Bustamante (Juan D.), Resideucia del (Jobeniador de N. Mex., 1731. MS. Cabeza de Vaca (Alvar Nufiez), Relation. Wash., 1851; a\tio in Raniusio, iii. 310; Ternaux-Compans, serie i. tom. vii. I'allioun (James S.), Reports of an Indian Agent, 1849-51. In U. S. Govt Doc. Cdifornia Agriculturist, magazine. California and New Mexico, Message and Documents, 1850. Ciilifornian. S. F., 1880 et seq. Calle (Juan Diaz), Memorial y Noticias Sacras. n. p., 1040. Caiiqi (David W.), American Year-Book anan8, Voy., 1st series, ix. CastaHo de Sosa (Gaspar), Memoria del Descubrimiento, 1590. In I'achsfc^ Doc, XV. 191. Catlin. The Maxwell Dynasty. MS. XXVlll AUTHORITIKS QUOTED. I :< Navajo, 174.'). MS.; la Arch., Sta Fc. ("avo (An.lrt's), TrcsSiglosde Mexico. Mox., 18.Sr.-8. 3 vol. CV'hallos (ilainoii), Vimiicacioii dc Mejico. Madrid, 185t». (Vdulario, Col. of MS.S. .'{ vol. Ciiacoii (FiTiiaiido), Iiiforiiio dul Gubr Bobru IiuluHtrias del N. Mex., 1803. MS. In Arch., Stii Fe. C'liiviiigtoii (.1. M.), First Colorado Rogiinent. MS. Ciiu'iiiiiatus, Travt'l.s on the Western Slope. .S. F., 1857. Claviyero (I'Vanciseo S.), Storia doUa California. V'enegia, 1780. 2 vol. Clitlord (.losephine), Overland Tales. S. F., 1877. Cliflon Clarion, newspaper. Chisky (M. W.), Political Text-l.ook. Phil., 18«)0. Count Jlevicw, S. F. magazine. Codallos y Ilahal (.loaquin), Iteduccion de los indios de Tostinionio & la letra sohre Canianehes, 1748. MS. Colcecion de Docninentos Int'ilitos. See i'acheuo. Colorado, Koiisu Journal. 3d Session. Cooiiilw (Franklin), Narrative. In Mexico in 1842. Coinpaitia de .lestss, Catalogo de Sngetos. Mex., 1871. Congressional Deliates. IH 25th Congress. Wash., 1824 et hc([. 14 vol. Congressional (llolie (and Record). Wash., 1830 et seii. Couklin (K ), J'ictures(|iie Arizona. N. Y., 1878. Cooke (Pliilip St (ieorge), Conetse(i. Cortes (Hernan), Escritos Sueltos. Mex., 1871. Coutts (Cave J.), Diary of a March to Calif(.rnia, 1848. MS. Coyner (David II.), Tiie Lost Trappers. Cincinnati, I85{). Coz/.ens (Sanim:! W.), Tlie Marvellous Country. Boston (1874). Creniony (.lohii C), Life among the Apaelies. S. F., 18ti8. Crcspo (Henito), AMemorial Ajustado. Madrid, 1738. Crespo (Francisco Ant.), Informe que hizo al virey . . . Descnh. de N. Mex. liara Monterey (1774). MS. In N. Mex., Doc Hist, 8<)2. Creuzl)auer (Robert), Route from (iulf of Mexico to Cal. N. Y., 184!). Cronise (Titus F.), Natural Wealth of Cal. S. F., 1808. Crook (-Courcy ^i^e^ry), Tlie Catholic Church in the U. S. N. Y., 1857. Delgado (Carlos), Informe sol )re las Execrahles hostilidaofta Ana Co. Mesilla, 1882. Frejes (Francisco), Historia Brevo de la t'onq .ista. Mcx., 1839. Fremont (Jessie B.), A Year of Ainericau Travel. N. Y., 1.S78. Freytas (Nicolas), Relacion del clescubriniiento de Quivira. In Shea's Ex- {icd. ; also in Fernandez Ihiro, Don Diego do Peflalosu. Frignct (Ernest), Lii Californie. Paris, 18(5/. I'Vcihel 'Julius), Au8 Ainerika. Ijcip/.ig, 18iJ6. 2 vol. Frost (Jolni), Indian ^Yar8 of the U. S. Auburn, 18r)2; Mexican War. Now Haven, 18r>0; Pictorial History of Mexico. Phil., 18(i'2. Furber (George C), Twelve Mentha' Volunteer. Oin., 1850. < raceta do (lobierno do Mexico. 1722, et seq. Gaceta Imperial do Mexico. Mex., 1821-3. (lallatin (Albert), Sur I'ancienno civilization du N. Mcxique. In Nouv. An. des Voy., cxxi. 237; articles in Anier. Ethnol. Soc, Trans., i. ii. frslvano (Antonio), Discoveries of tho World. Lond., IGOI, 18G2. Oiilvez (Condo do), Instrucciou & Ugarte, 1786. Mex., 178(5. Garces (Francisco), Diario y Derrotoro, 1775-6. In Doc. Hist. Mex., 2d ser., i. 226. (Jarrett (Pat F.), Authentic Life of Billy the Kid. SU Fe, 1882. (lilpin (Wm), M ission of the North American People. Piiil.. 1878. Gleeson (W.), History of the Catholic Church in Cal. S. F., 1872. 2 vol. Cilobo Arizona Silver Bolt, newspaper. Goddard (F. B.), Where to Emigrate and Why. N. Y., 1S6<). ond., 1850; Principal Navigations (Voy). Lond., 15'.M>-1600. 3 vol. Hall, Sonor.a. MS. Hall (EdM-ard H ), The Great West. N. Y., 1865. Hamilton (Patrick), The Resources of Arizona. S. F., 1884. Harper's New Mcmthly Magazine. Harrison (H. W.), BattloHelds of tho Republic. Phil., 1857. Henshaw Arizona Bullion, newspaper. Haydeu (F. V. ), The Great West. N. Y., 1870. See also U. S. Gcol. Survey. Hayes (A. A., Jr), New Colorado ami tho Stji Fe Trail. N. Y., 1880; The New Mex. Campaign of 1862. In Mag. of Amor. Hist., Feb. 1886. Hayes (Benj.), Diary of a journey overland, 1849. MS.; Scrap-books. Hayward (J. L.), The Los Cerrillos Mines. South Framingham, 1880. Hazledine (Wm C), Report on Bernalillo Co. New Aiburquonjue, 1881. Head (I^afayette), DicUtion, 1885. MS. Hjnriques (E. C), Statement, 1885. MS. Horrera (Antonio), Historia (rencral. Mad., Hiwlin (Peter), Cosmography. Lond., 1701. ilickox (Geo. W.), Dictation, 1885. MS. Hintou (Richard J.), Haud-Book of Arizona. S. F., 1878. 1601. Fol. 4 vol. 'iL. AUTHORITIES QUOTED. XXXI Shea's Ex- War. New > Nmiv. An. 1. 11. ex., 2(1 ser., 8. 2. 2 vol. istoria Gen- 320. 18(K). 8., Sen. Ex. 845. Scenes and ihes. 1746. Tavigatiuna lol. Survey. 1880; Tho J 1880. 1880. >, 1881. :i 2 vol. and ntlas. MS. in Pinart Historical Magazine and Notes antl Queries. Boston, etc., 1857-09. LI vol Hittcll (,lolin S.), Article in the C'aliforuian, i. 130; Wash. Ter. Scrap' liook. HoI.Iks (.lames), Wild Life in the Far West. Hartford, 1875. Ho l^'u (Hiram C), Arizona as it is. N. Y., 1877. HdUi-stur (Ovando.T.), First Kfginient of Col. Volunteers. Denver, 1803. lloliiu's (Aliicl), Annals of America. CanU)ridge, 182t). 2 vol. Honolulu rolynesiiin, neWHp.iper. Hoyt (.loha 1*.), Arizona, Leading Events. MS., 1878. Hujilics (.1. T. ), Doniphan's KxpiMlition. C'in., 1850. Huglie.s (Samuel), Pima Co. and Tucson. MS. Huniholdt (Alex.), Essai Politique. Paris, 1811. Fol. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine. Hurtiulo (Juan Paez), CampaQa contra los Apaches, 1715. ("„1. Hutton (N. H.), Report El Paso and Ft Yuma Wagon-road. (35th cong. 2d sts.s., H. Ex. Doc. 108.) Ibarra (Francisco), Rclacion de los Doscubrimientos. In Pacheco, Doc, xiv. 45S. Icazbalceta (.To.iquin f rarcfa), Coleccionde Documentos. Mex., 18.58-00. 2 vol. Il/arbe (.l()ai(uin), Estiido du las Misiones, 1788. MS. of Pinart Col. ; Infornio del P. Provincial, 1787. Ditto. Indian Allairs. See U. S. Ind. Aflf. Ingersoll (Ernest), Crest of the Continent. Chicago, 1855; Knocking Round the Rockies. N. Y., 1883. Instrucciou form.ada en virtud de Real Orden. Mex., 1780. Iris lie E3})afia, Mex. newspaper. Ives (Joseph C), Report upon the Colorado River, 1857-8. Wiush., 18. 12 Vol.; Meiiioriiis ile Agricultura, Fomeuto, etc. Mexico ill 1842. Ma.l., 1842. Mexico ami U. S., Boundary Sun-ey, Report 1852. (.32d cong. lat aesg., Son. Kx. Doc. 111).) Milk-r (David J.), lliatorical Sketch of Sta F«S. In Sta Fe, Centennial Sketch, 1S70. Mill.-i (T. B.), Hand-Book of Mining Lawa and Ciuide. Las Vegaa, n. d.; Sau .Miguel Co. L;i8 v., 188.\ Mi.uT, riic, a maga/ine. ^lincral Park Mojavo Miner, newspaper. Mining Induatry. Denver, IS.S1. Mining Magazine. N. Y., 1853 et set]. Mining Review. Mi.scellancou.i Historical I'apers. MS. Cal. Collection. Modi'rn Traveller, Mexico and (luateniala. Loml., 1825. 2 vol. Mofraa (F.iigeno 1).), Exj)loration de rOrt'gon. I'aris, 1844; 2 vol. Millhau.sen (iJaldwin), Kciaen. Leipzig, 1801. 2vol.; Tagelmcli. 1H.')8. 4 to. Montanua (Arnoldun), Do Nieuwo en Ouhe-Kende Weereld. Ainaterdani, 1()71. Mtinter(M (Ivspinoaa), Expo.sicion sobro Sonora y Sinaloa. Mex., 1823. Monui, .Junta.* do (iuerra, 1713-15. MS.; Providenciaa touiadaa, 1779. In N. Mex., Doc, 1(22. MorcUi (Ciriacus), Fa.sti Novi Orbia. Venetiia, 177G. Morti (.luan A.), Vi;ije do Indios y Diario do N. Mex., 1777. In Doc. atlas. Li'ipzig, MS. Mlx. MS. Hist. 3d 8iT., iv. 305; DuNurdenes que ae advierteu en N. Mex., 17l>2. Morgan (L. B.), Article in N. Ainer. Review. April 1865). ^lorri.s {Win . XXX.); I'ointi'rson the Soutli-wost. Toiu'kii, 1883; lliiilroail Laws, Catron and Thornton. Sta Ft-, 1881; Real Eitiito in Sta Fe, 188;i; Re- jiorts of the (lovi-rnor to Sec. of the Interior, 187l( et kocj. In U. S. (Jovt I»oe. ; Its Resources and Advantaj^es. Stjv Fe, n. d. ; Rules of the House of Reiiresentatives. Sta Fe, 1S77; Rules of tlie Legislative Council. Sta Fe, 1877; Schedule of Distances. Ft Union, 18l»7; Scraps, a col. of newspaper clippings; Statutes (revised). St Louis, ISC!'); Stock- growers' Assoc, By-laws. Sta Fe, 1884; Supreme Court Reports. S. F., 1881; Te-itiinonio l)ado en Mejico sobro el Desculirimiento, ir»82-.S. In I'aclieco, Doc, xv. SO-l")!); Tourist's Shrine. SUFe (188*2); Traslailo de nna Ceilula, 1021. MS. In Arch., Sta Fe; Traalado de Posesion, l.")!)8. In Pacheco, Doc, xvi. 88-141; Voice from, on Private I^iund Claims Wash., 1874; Ytinerario (151(7-9), or Discurao de las Joruadas In Pacheco, Doc, xvi. 2-8-70. New Mexico and California, Message and Documents, 1848. (llUth cong. 1st sess., 11. Kx. Doc. 70.) Newliii (,r. \V.), Proposed Indian Policy. Phil., 1881. 2S'i>l (.luan A.), Apuntamicntos. In Doc. Hist. Mex., 3d sen, iv, 50. Nih's' Re^isler. lialtimore, etc., 181 1-41). 70 vol. Ni.iis (F. C. ), Across the Continent. Chicago, n. d. Niza (Marcos), Dcscubrimiento do las Siete Ciudades. In Pficheco, Doc, iii. 325; Raniusio, iii. 350; Hakluyt, iii. 302; Ternaux, l.-itser., ix. 250. North A nerican Review. Boston, 1819 et seff. Nolicia do Expediciones, 1744. In Sonora, Matcriales, iv. 007; al.so MS. Northern New Mexico Stock ( Jrowers' Assoc, Brand Book. 1883, Las Veyas; 1884, Raton. Noticio.fo (Jeneral. Mex. newspaper. Niiuvelkss Annales des Voyages. Paris, 1819-00. 1(58 vol. Nueva Esparia, Breve Resumen del Descubrimientu, MS. 1707. 2 vol. Nuevo Mexico (or Mejico). See New Mexico. Obediencia y Vasallaje & su Magestad por los Indies de Sto Domingo, I;i I'acheco, Doc, xvi. 101. (Igilby (Jolin), America. Lond., 1071. Fol. ( )lavido y Miclielena (Henrique), Autos de Visita, 17.18. dencia liol (iobernador, 1739. MS. Oilatc (Alouso), Pide so Confirme la Ciipitulacion, UUM). 310. Oiiate (Juan), Copia ile Carta, 1599. In Pacheco, Doc O.iwalil (Fr.), Californieu. Leipzig, 1849. Otermin (Antonio), Conaulta al V^irey, 1082. MS.; Extractos de Doc, N. Mcx. sobro levantamiento de 1080. MS. Overland Mail Co., Observations, 1800; Memorial, 1800; Services (1857) Oviedo y Valdes ((rouzalo F.), Historia General de las Indias. Mad., 18, 4 vol. Owen (Rich. E.) and E. T. Cox, Report on the Mines of N. Mex. Wash. Pacheco (Jo-iquin F.) etal., Coleccion de Documentus Ineditos. Mad -81. 34 vol. (Cited as Pacheco, Doc) Pacific Coast Directory, 1871-3. Pacific Railrnad Reports. Wivsh., 13 vol. Palafox y Meiidoza (Juan), Informc al Conde de Salvatierra, 1642. MS. Palmer (Wm T.), Colonisation du Colorado. Paris, 1874. Palou (Francisco), Relacion Historica, Vida de Juuipero Serra. Mex., 1787. Papeles de Jesuitaa. MS. Collection. Paredes (Alonso). See Posadas. Parke (John (4.), Report of Explorations, 1854. InPac R. R. Repts, ii.; Id., 1855. lu Id., vii. 1598. MS. ; A\ltos do Resi- In Pacheco, Doc, xvi. , xvi. 302. Hist. 51-5. 1805. 1804 'i 1 AUTHORITIES QUOTED. XXXV Pattic (Jamoji O.), rcraonal Narrative. Cincinnati, IS.'tt. l',itti.:i (.1. H.), Hixtory r.f the U. .S. N. Y., IH(H>: l«(>7. I'l'i'iilta (.liian SuarezI, Notieias HiHttiricaM. Mad., 1878. I'lt.rsou ((.'harlei J.), Military Heroes of the Mix. War. Phil., 1858. I'.'tu (Morton), Keioiirces of Aiiierii-a. N. Y., 18(iO. IVttiiigiirn N'l'wspaper Directory. N. Y., 1878. riio'iiix (laZftte; Herald; nuWHiiapern, I'lko |Z>'1>. M.), Airoiiiit of Travels. I'hil., 1810; Exploratory Travels. I^oiid., 1811; Voyajj'o ail N. Mexicjue. I'aris, 18I'J. iJ vol. I'liial Drill, newspaiier. I'iiiiirt (.Midionse), ( 'oloccion do Piiiieria Alta. MS. ; Col. de Doc. Holire N. Mi'xieo. M.S.; Doeunieiiti f8; Arizona. In Preseott Miner, M;iy 7, 187.">; Narrative. In IJrowne's Apache Country, chai>. xxiv,; Ueniini.scences. la Tucson Citizen, Apr. 15, 1884; S[)ei;ch in H. of K. on Ind. AB'airs. N. Y., 18(55; Sun-worshiper.i. .S. F., 1877. Poussin ((i. T. ), De la Pui.ssancu Aniericaine. Parin, 1848, 2 vol.; Question de I'Dregon. Pari -I, 184(5; Tiie Unite.l .States. Phil., 1877. Powell (.1. \V.), Exphiration of tho Colorado, 18(i<.»-72. \Va.sh., 1875. Pi'e.sidios, R glaniento i Instruccion, 1872-;{. Mad., 1772 3. I'rcseott Arizona (Jazotto; Arizona Miner; Arizonian; .fournal; newspapers. I'rieto ((iuillernio), Indicaciones; Rontas (ienerales. M'X., 18.")(). Prince (L. Hradford), Historical Skotclies of N. Mex. N. Y., 188;J; Pamphlets, a collection of 5 hy this author. Piinipelly (Raphael), Across America. N. Y., 1870. Purchas, His Pilgrimes. Lond., 1025-6. 5 vol. llaniusio((;iov. B.), Navigationiot Viaggi. Venitia, 1554, 1583, 15li5. 3 vol. Rand, McN'ally, & Co., ( Juide to Colorado and N. Mex. Chicago, 1879; Over- land (iuide. Chicago, 1883. Raymond (Rossitcr W.), .Stiitistics of Minos. ^V{l^h., 1800-77. R:izonac. Her., ii. Kohaon (Charlea J.), The Maricopa Stake. MS. Rddenlxiugh (Theo. F.), From Everglade to Caflon. Romero, Documentor, Kxpedicion (Ui 1823-0. MS. Romero (Ritnigiio), Dictation, 1885. MS. Rowoll & Co., (iazoteer. N. Y., 1873. Royce (Josiah), California. Boston, 1886. Riiiz(.Toa9; Jouraal of a Military RocoiinniHMaiico, 184U. Phil., 1802. Sinnloa, Moinorias para la Histuria. M.S. Siiiiiloa y Sdiiora, Cartas. In Doc. Hint. Mex., 4th net., ii. Sitgn^avcH (L. ), Report uf an Expedition down the Zufli and Colorado (1851). Wash.. 1853. Slattery (Michael), Stwik-raiHing. 1885. MS. Sinitch ((!. C. ), Original I'apcrH on Arizona. MS. Smith (Hugh N.), Addrcaa to the People of N. Mox. Wa«h., 1850. SiiiithMonian Institution, Annual Reports. Wash., 1853 et seq. Smyth (John H.). I^w of Honit-stcad. S. F., 1875. Socieilad Mexicana de (reografia, Buletin. Mex., 18C1 et seq. (Includes Instituto Nacional.) Sonora, Descripcion (Jcogrdtica, 1764. In Id., Mat., iv. 493; also MS.; .Ma- teriale.s para la Historia. In Doe. Hist. Mex., 3d scr., iv.; 4tli svr., i.; also MS. Sonorense, El, newspaper. Spiiniardri in N. Mox., Anonymous Notes. MS. S|)aniHh Empire in America. Lond., 1847. Spiegelhurjj (Lehman), Commerce of Sta Fe. Spitz (S. ), ^lexican Filigree. StJi Fe, 1884. Stjuier (E. (r.). Article in Amer. Review. Nov. 1848. Stone (Wilbur F.), (ieneral View of Colorado. MS. Stoiieroad (N. B.), Dictation, 1 ■iSo. MS. Storrs (Augustus), Santa Fe Trade. 1824. In U. S. Govt Doc. Strattoii (R. B.), Captivity of the Oatman Girls. S. F., 1857; N. Y. (IS.nS). Sturenburg (R.), Report on N. Mex. Mines. In U. S. Land Off. Ilepts, 1807. Taniaron (Pedro), Visita del Obispado de Durango (1765). MS. Taos County Herald, newspaper. Taos (Foru.udez de). Review of the Boundary Question. Sta Fe, 1853. Temple (James E.), Statement. MS. Teruaux-Compans (Henri), Voyages, Relations et Memoires. Paris, 1837-41. 2 series, 10 and 8 vol. Thesaurus Geographicus. Lond., 1709. Thompson (A. W.), Law of the Farm. S. F., 1876. Thompson (Waddy), Recollections. N. Y., 1844. Thrall (H. S.), History of Texas. St Louis, 1879. Thrilmmell (A. R.), Mexiko. Erlanger, 1848. Tiempo, El, Mex. newspaper. Tombstone Epitaph; Nugget; newspapers. Tnrquemada (Juan), Monarquia In(liana. Mad., 1723. 3 vol. Torre (Mariano R.), Entrada en la prov. de los Mocjuinos, 1755. MS. In N. Mex., Doc, 842. Trigo (Manuel de 8. J. N.), Informs sobre Misioncs de Cebolleta y F^ncinal, 1750. MS. In N. Mex., Doc., 1090; luforme sobre Misiones do N. Mex., 1754. In Id., 283. Troy (Jerome), Dictation of a Sheep-raiser, 1885. MS. TuUac Arizonian, newspaper. Tubac, Libro de Mision. MS. Tubutama, Libro de Mision. MS. Tucson Arizonian; Citizen; Dos Repriplicas; Star; newspapers. Tumacacori, Libro de Mision. MS. Tuthill (Franklin), History of California. Tyler's Posts and Stations. Tyler (Daniel), Concise History of the Mormon Battalion. Salt Lake City, 1881. United States Govemmmt Documents (Agriculture, Census, Chief of Engi- neers, Commerce and Navigation, Education, Indian Affairs, I^and Office, Monetary Commission, Official Register, Secretary of Interior, War, etc., Statutes, Surgeon-general, etc.) cited by titles alphabetically and dates. 11^ \ 1 h XXXVlll AUTHORITIES QUOTED. United States Govemment Documents (House, Senate, Mi,cellaneou8; docu* ments and reports, etc.) cited by congress, session, number, and page. Jnited States Geographical Survey, Annual Reports (Geo. M. Wheeler), 1871-8. Wash., 8voand4to, with atlases. United States Geological Survey (Hayden). United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, 1854-5, Report of Wm H. Emory. Wash., 1857. 3 vol. University of New Mexico, Ist Annual Catalogue. (Sta Fe) 1882. Vallejo (Mariano G.), Documentos para la Historia de Mexico. MS. 2 vol. Valverde y Coslo (Antonio), Diario y Derrotero del Norte, 1719. MS. of Pin- art Col.; Expeilicion a la prov. de Moqui, 1730. MS. Van Tramp (John C. ), Prairie and Rocky Mountain Adventures. St Louis, 1860. Vargas (Diego), Acusacion del Cabildo de Sta Fe, 1697-8. MS. In Arch., Sta Fe; Campanasde 1694. MS. Ditto; ReconquistadeN. Mex. MS. Ditto. Vega (Placido), Documentos. MS. 15 vol. Velarde (Luis), Descripcion de la Pimerla. In Sonora, Mat., i. 344; also MS. Volasco, Historia du Royaume de Quito. In Ternaux, Voy. Velasco (Jose F. ), Noticias Estadfsticas dc Sonora. Mex., 1850. Velasco (Virey), Relaciou de lo que desoubrid Diego de Ibarra. In Pacheco, Doc, xiv. 5."3. Venegas (Miguel), Noticia dela California. Mad., 1757. 3 vol. Vetancurt (Augustin), Chronica de la Prov. del Sto Evangelic de Mexico. Mex., 1097, 1871; Menologio Franciscano. n. p., n. d.; Mex., 1871. Victor (Frances F.), The River of the West. Hartford, 1870. Viagero Universal. Mad., 1796-1801. 43 vol. Vigd (Apolonio), Biographical Dictation, 1885. MS. Vildosola (Agustin), (Cartas KtrCity*^.^' HISTOKY OF Arizona and Xeav Mexico. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY RliMARKS AND RESUMl!:. The Abohkiines — New Mexico as a Field of ANTiyrARi.vx Reseauc ii- Conclision's in the 'Native Racks' — TiiE Pikiilo Towns asm I'eoii.k — PiuMirivE HisroKY— No Phkhistoric Relics — No Aziecs in Aki- zoNA AND New Mexico — A Pkot?:st— Resume of North .Vexican His- TOKY- KaKLY IdEA.S of GEtMiKAPHY — ThE StRAIT — C'ORTHia ON THE Pa- CIKKV-NCNO UE (iuZMAN — SaN Ml(il'EL DE CcLL\CAN — CALIFORNIA-— Eiui AND Flow of Enihusiasm for Northern Exploration —Meac re Results- Nu?:«/A Galicia and Nueva Vizcaya— Octline ofNortheiin Annals for Three Centuries — The Northern Mystery — Con.jec- TCRE AN1< F'aLSEHOOD — CaBEZA DE VaCAS ReMAIIKAHLE Jot'RNEY across the Continent — He did not Enter New Mexico or See the PcEHLo Towns — Bibliographic Notes. It was in the sixteenth century that tlie Spaniards first explored tlie region that forms the tci'ritorial iiasis of this volume. The discoverers and early ('\j)lorers found there the home, not only of several wild and roving tribes of tho class generally denomi- nated savages, but of an aboriginal people much further advanced in progress toward civilization than any other north of Anahuac, or the region of Central Mexico. This people, though comi)osed of nations, or tribes, speaking distinct languages, was practically one in the arts and institutions constituting the general features le, or to the other native inhabitants of Arizona and Nctw Mexico, has been put before the reader in an earlier work of this scries. My present purpose^ requires but the briefest re[)etition (»r resume of matters thus ])resented in their proper place, and even that only in certain peculiar phases,^ This region offers for antiquarian research a field not surpassed, in several respects, b}' any in America; for here oidy we find a people, far in advance of the savage tribes if far behind the highest tyi)es, retaining many of their .original characteristics, and living ou the same sites, in buildings similar to, or in several instances perliaps identical with, those occupied by their ancestors at the coming of the Europeans, and for centuries before. These are the oldest continu- ously inhabited structures on the continent; and these Puebh) Indians — so called from the Si)anish term applied to their community-houses, or towns, in the absence of any general aboriginal name — are probably more nearly in their original condition than any other Amei'ican tril)es. It is therefore hardly possible to overi'stimate the importance of these tribes for ethno- logic study, unless, indeed, we adopt the extreme views of those who refuse to credit testimony to the effect tliat the most advanced Nahua and ^NTaya na- tions possessed any trait or custom or institution or degree of culture different from or superior to tiiose found among these Pueblos, or even inferior tribes of the north. In my Native Racrfi, after describing the monuments of this peculiar peo[)le, I expressed a hope that the Wf)ik might encourage further research and the pub- lication of much additional information on the subject, ' Set; Kative Pnrrs nf the Pnrific Sfnten: tribal relations, maiirnTs and cus- toniH, institutions, general description, etc., vol. i., p. i'22, 4C."> (>, 471-556; inytlidlogy or relitrioiis ciistonis, iii. 75 S.'i, l.'?5-(), 170 5, 5'21-8; laiigiiaue, iii. 51)8 !), 5',)H-G(K1, 071^, G80-G; autiquities, ruiua, relica, and historic traditions, iv. 015-8G; v. 537-8. ^:J THE PL'EHLO INDIANS. nt the same time piodictinu;' with CMHifidonce — fouiulod 1)11 the uiiifoniiity of data already accessible that luwiy discovered relics would not difl'er materially in t\ pe from those I was ahle to study, and that they Would requiie \ui essential modification of my con- vlusions respectinjj^ the primitive; Xew ]\[exicans. This hope and prediction have proved well founded. Dur- ing; the decade and move that has passed since my w<»rk appeared, ahh; investiijcators have directed their efforts to this field, with results in the form of accurate knowledge of the peo[)le, and their traditions, lan- guages, and material i-elics that })robably sur[)ass in iiianv resi)ects all that was known before; vet these results, so far as I am familiar with them, are con- firmatory of the general views which had been taken by me, and which it seems proper to embody briefly here, aboriginal annals being a fitting preface to the record of foreign invaders' deeds to follow. Ill their sixteenth-century explorations, the Sj)nn- iards found from seventy to a hundred of the Pueblo towns still inhabited, there being much confusion of names in the different narratives of succc^ssive visits. ^[()st of the towns cannot be definitely identified or located; but as groups they i)resent but slight diffi- culties; and they covered substantially the same ter- ritory then as now. South of this territory, in snuthern Arizona and northern Chihuahua, and prol)- aMy north of it, in southern Colorado and Utah, tliough there may have been exceptit)ns, similar widt^- spread structures were then as now in ruins. In tl o next centurv, chieflv during the wars followinu' sue- cessful revolt against the Spaniards, many of the towns were destroyed or abandoned, the nund)er being reduct'd in that period or a little later to about twenty- five, the dates and circumstances of the few later changes being for the most part known. It is only in the broadest outline that the history of this people is known by their material relics, tradi- tion afFordins: but slight aid. Clearl v the whole region, 1 iU^ 4 INTRt)DU(TOUY REMARKS AND R1^;sUM6. cxtciurmu^ soiiiewliat fartlicr nortli and south than the houiuls of Arizona and Ni'W Mexico, was in the ]>ast occupied l)y.scini-civiliz('d trihcs, not thHtiin*; ainoii;^' themselves or from the l*uehh>s nioi'e tlian do the lat- t -r as known sii\ee tlie sixteenth century, and occupy- in\vn houses, similar, but oftt'U vastly superior, to the later well-known dwollinj^s of the Puehlos, Loni^, ])('rliaj»s centuries, hefore the Spaniards came, hej^aii the decline of this numerous antl powerful peo]ile. The cause of their misfortunes must he traced to wars with savaL(e predatory tribes like the Apaxdies, and with each other, drou^'ht and pestilence contributiii|Li^ to the same end. All the ruined structures and other rt'lics of the loni;' }>ast were so evidi'nth' the work of the J*U(>l)los or co^'nate tribes tliat there exists no jilausi- l)le reason for indulij;in<_r in conjectural taeories re- spectiu'n' tlu' ai;ency of extinct races. Yet nothing; is more enuunon than to read »)f the discovery of prehis- toric ri'lics of the loni'ation occurred, at least not within anv ])erio(l reached by tradition; but whether this belief is well founded or not, I have found no reason to mod- ity my | Dsition that the New Mexic m peoi nc am I culture were not Aztec." The Montezuma myth of "'Iivui liariUy ooiu'oivu of stnieturca roared by human liands dili'iTiiig nioro essi'iitially than tlio two olassos in (|Ui'sti(iii ' (Xcw Mexican ami tlmso of I'lMit. Am. ami Mcx.) ' In tlio common use nf ailnlii's for Imildiiig niatoiial; in tiu> pliiin w.dls risiny to a licij^ht of srvcral stories; in the tirrace struc- ture, alisi'iice of doors in tin; lower story, and the entrance hy ladders; in tho absunou of arched ceilings of ovcrlajniiiig blocks, of all pyramiilid structures. MO AZIKCS 1\ NKW MKXICO. till' l*utl»l<» coiuiiuiiiitifs, so l;u' at least as the naiU" is c'oiiCfi'iK'd it" not altii^ctiifi", was certainly of S|tanish i)rit;in. Monumeiilal and institutional ivseuiManees ale liaidly suflieient to suerstructural clement of later intnuhiction. 1 otl'er no positive assi'ition that the northern advance- ment wa-; indim'iious or indejH'ndent of the spirit that actuated the inound-huilders or the architicts of I'a- len(jue and Kxnial; hut I i-laim that any possihle con- nection is hut vaguely suppi^-ted hy the evidence, and may at least he ici^arded as anteilatiiiL; the period of traditional annals, '{'he origin of this most interest- in^' alit)rii;inal |»eop]e is a legitimate suhject of in\es- tiuatum, and tlieri' are manv more comi) .ent than myself to form an o[)inion; yit 1 ftH'l justified in pro- testinuf against the too i)i(>valent teiidencv of most writers to accejit in this matter as fact what is at the best hut vaL>ue conjecture. This c]ia[>ter is intended to Include all that it is necessary to say in a preliminary wny, respi'ctint^- the history of this territoiy, hifore l>e^iMninn' the chroiu)- lo^ic narrative with the first coming;' of the Spaniard.s. .\n ohviously im])ortant and neci'ssarv feature of this introductorv matter is the annals of Si)anish nro^ress .f nt on \i\k 127-U, Ii7.'i-r>, (»4"J -4, i.s a skotch of N. Mox. history in 1.')4()-1S1H); and ia tiio chapters devoted to Siiiiora may he found tlie annals ol I'imeria Alta, which included s(tuthern Arizona. Cha|). 1 of Jlial. Ctti, i., is a resume of the North Mcx. HUUtv, iu- cLi lini' New Mexico. 'il PLANS OF CORTKS. nortli-wtstcni exitloratiou. So t'ullv liavc tlicy Ih'lu i'X|iliUiii'(l l)y iiic rlst'wlui-t; in vurioiis comiectitdis that iiKTo iiK'iition may jsulHcc liero. At tir.st it was sup- posed that Columbus had reached the main Asiatic coast, which mi^'lit he followed south-westward to the Indies. Then a ^Teat island — really South America- was I'oUMd, which did not seriously conllict with the orii^inal idea, but was of course separated from the main by a strait, throuiih which vovavealed instead an isthmus effectually impeding south-western [jro^ress in s]iij)s; and when J Balboa in 1518 crossed the Isthnms to find a broad expanse of ocean beyond, and others a little later exi>lore(l the western coast for manv lea<'Ues northward, it became apparent that the old geo<^raphi(! idea must bo modified, that the new I'ejj^ions, instead of beinjj;" the Asiatic main, were a i;reat south-eastern ]>rojection of that main. The idea of the 'strait,' how- ever, had become too deeply rooted to hi; easily aban- doned; accordiniL;ly, it was located in tin- north, alway - to be sought just beyond the limit of actual exjilora- tion in that direction. Of course, this cosmooraphic i^nis fatuus did not obstruct l)ut rather stimulati-d the <|Uest for new kingdoms to coniiuer, new riches for Si)anish cotters, and new souls to be saved by si)iritual coiKpiest. Fully imbued, not only with the desire to exti'iid his fame as a coiujueror, but with the prevalent geo- graphic theories, llernan Cortes, within a yi'ar or two after the fall of Anahuac, convinced himself, through re])oits of the natives and ot" his lieutenants sent to l)Iant the Spanish fiag on South Si-a shores, that the great westward treiul of the Pacific coast that was to connect the new regions with Asia must be sought farther north than the latitude of Tenochtitlan. The ])lan conceived by him was to build ships on tjie I'a- cific, and in them to follow the coast northward, then westward, and finally southward to India. In this T i 8 INTUODUCTORY KIIMAKKS AND UKSUMK. voynijfo, lit! would citlM r disrovcr the 'Htniit,' or provo all to \h> oho ('oiitinciit; diHcoviT for his sovereign rich coast uikI island rcLfioiis; [x-rliups find j^roat kiiiL;(loiiis tocoiiquor; iiiul at tin* least ('X[>lorc' a luw roiito to the famous Spice Islands. His shi[»-yar'd was istah- lisluxl at Zacatula in hVJ'J, hut throULjh a scries of misfortunes, which need tiot he cataloLT'ied here, his maritiuK! exjiloration in la.iO liad not extended ahove ('(•lima. Meanwhile, howevi-r, various laiul expedi- tions had explored the religions of Michoacau and southiaMi Jalisco up to the latitude of San I Mas, or ahout "21" .SO'. In the interior at the same date the advance of northern exi)loration had readied (^uerc- taro, and possihly San l^uis l\>tosi, in latitude 'J'J". On the east a settlement had hei-n founded at ]Mnuco, and the LC^lf coast vai.ruelv outlined hy .sev- eral expeditions, the last of which was that of I'anHlo d(! Narvaez, whose larjj^i^ force landed in 18'JcS in Florida, and with few exceptions perished in the attempt to coast the yulf hy land and water to IMnuco. In 1531 the first ^^voiit uioveinent northward was made, not hy Cortes, hut hy his lival Nuho de (Juz- man, who, witJi a lari;e army of Spaniards and Indians, marched from Mexico u[) the west coast to Sinaloa. ILis northern limit was the Yarjui Kiver in ahout latitude 28°; and hranches of his ex])edition also crossed the mountains eastward into Durani^o, atid jxrliaps Chihuahua; hut the only practical result of this n'rand expedition, except a most iliaholic oppies- sion and slauijjhter of the natives, was the founding- of the little villa of Sau Miguel in ahout latitude 2.")°, correspondino' nearly with (^uliacan, an estahlishment which was permanent, and for many a long }• ear main- tained a precarious existence as the isolated frontier of Spanish vsettlement. (Juzman r(>turned to Jalisco, whose permanent occupation dates from this j)eriod; ukI the i^rovmce or 'kinud om o f N ueva Gal icui was ushered into existence with jurisdiction extending NOUTIIKUN KXPKDITIONS. over iill the t;ir iioitli, and with its capital snoii fixiil at (jrUiuluIajara. |}ut Cortt'S, thou^^li oppoHcd at cvciy step l»y liis cneiiiv, (iu/Miaii, ami inxolvcd in other VL'\ati(»us dil- liciiitics, coiitlmit'd Ids cllorts, and (lL's|iat(lic(| scvri.d expeditions hy water, one ot wliieli was wiveked oa the Sinaloa coast in latitudo 2(5", and another in I.).".;! dise(»vered wliat was sii[)|)ose(l to he an island in ahont latitude 24 . lleri', in 1.").'!.'), Cortes in pei-son at- tempted to found a <'olony, hut the enterprise was a disastrous failure; tlu! settlenu^nt at Santa Cru/-- rcally on the j)eninsula — was abandoned the next year, and the place was named, prohahly hy tho set- tleis in their disijjust, California, from an Amazon isle "on the riij^ht liand of the Indies very near the terres- tiial paradise," as descrihed in a po[>ular no\el. MeanwhiU) nothing had been accom|)lished farther east that demands notice in this connection; and the •leat northern bubble seemed tr» have l»urst. Vet little was needed to renew the old excitement, and the incentive was supplied even before Cortes' ill- fated colony had left California. In April 15;5(), there airived at San ^[iguel de Culiacan Alvar Nunez and three com})anions, survivors of Narvaez' expedition of IjJS, who had wandered across the continent through Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora, and who brought re- ])orts of rich towns situati'd noi'th of their route. Thty carried tho news to AEexico, and the result was a series of more brilliant and far-reaching ex[)lorations hy sea and land than any that lind been undertaken hctbro. Sot(/s wanderings of lo.'lH 4:5 in the Missis- sip[)i Valley may be connected, chronologically at least, with this revival of interest. Cortes des[»atehed a fleet under Ulloa, who in l.'):!!) exi)lore(l the gulf ti) its head, and followed the outer coast of the peiiin- .^ula up to Cedros Island in latitude 2S'. Viceroy Meiido/a took the fever, and not oidv sent Alarcon to u\c head of the gulf and up the liio Colorado, and a little later Cabrillo to' the region of Cape Mendocino n 10 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS AND RitsU.ME. on the outer coast, but also dtspatchod Niza as a ])ioiiecr, aiul prcsoiitly A'^ascjuc/ do Coroiiado with his mrand annv of" '.'\[)lorcrs, who in 1540-2 traversed Sonora, Arizona, New ]\[exico, and the plains north- eastward to perhaj'S latitude 40", and wliose adven- tures will be narrated in the following chapters. The exploreis, however, returned without having achieved any final eon(juest, »»r established any permanent st c- tleinent; and again interest in the far north died out — a result partly due, liowever, to the great revolt of native tribes in Xueva Galicia, kiu)wn as the Mixton war of 1540-2. With the sup])ression of this rL\oU, the final eon- (juest of Xueva (Itdieia was eflected; and before 1550 the rich niines of Zaeatecas were discovered, and the town of tliat name founded. Exploration of the north- ern interior was maiidy the work of miners, though the missionaries were alwavs in the front rank. Fran- cisco de Ibarra was the ureat militarv explorer from 1554, his entiadas covering thi; region corresponding to the Durango, Sinaloa, and southern Chihualiua of modern ma[)s, besides one vaguely recorded ex]»e(lition that niay have i^xtiiulcd into Arizona or Xew JVEexieo. Aov)ut 15()2 the new ^)rovince of Xueva Vizcava, with Ibarra as governoi and capital at Durango, was created, to inchide all territory above what is now the line of Jalisco and Zacatecas, theoretically restricted to tlie region east of the mountains, but practically in- cluding the coast provinces as well; yet the auui<'ncia of (jiuadahijara rt'tained its judicial jurisdiction ove?" all the nortli. l^^forc^ 15G5 ther'e were mining settle nu'nts in the San J^artolome Valley of southern Clii- huahua, coi'responding to the region of the later ]*;trral, Allendts and Jimenez. These settlements on the east, with San Kilipe de Sinaloa o"i the west, may be regarded as the frontier of S[)anish occupation in KiOO; yet, as we shall itl presently see, several expet d di- tions had jn'iietrated the country north-eastward even Xew ^Mexico, the C( )nrovinee v.;is occupied; and in the last decadi', not o::ly did ])aia California become a mission tield, but I'inieria Alta, where l*adre Kino pu.shed forward his ex[)lora- tiniis northward to the Gila. Eu?t of the mountains, Xueva A'izcava was for the most part a land of war duiing this century; eight Jesuits and two humlred ' paniards lost their lives in the Tei)eliuane rc^volt ;.f I>')1(» in iJuraniio; but the missionaries not onlv re- gained lost ground, but jiushed forward their work jMuong the Taraliumares of Chihuahua, where also tliei'e Wire many revolts. Xorth-eastern J)urango and eastern and nortlierii Chihuahua ibrnied the mis- sion iit Id of tiie Franciscans, whose establishments, posed to the fre(jUent raids of savage f n s, main- ( \ lained but a jirecarious c>x;stence, y.i were e\tende relapsed into thi; monotonous, unevi'ntfr.l con- (htion of Xueva (Jalicia, that of a f/'crra dc jxiz; but Sonera and Chihuahua were more than ever a //V /•/•re was lianllv a settlemt nt of any kind that was not more than once abandoned tcMuporarily. Xew nuncs were eonstantly discoNcred and worked inuK'r occasional military ])roti'ctitin ; lht> famous mining" excitement of tlie JJolas de IMata, at Ari/onac, occurred in T7or-ll; rich placers of i^old wi're found in Sonora; and the lual de San Felij e, or I'ity of Cliiliuahua, sprang' into existiMice nt-ar the mines of Santa ludaiia earlv in the centurv. Tlie missions showed a constant de(Tnu', wliich was not materially allected by tlie e\[)u1sion of the Jesuits and substitution of the Franciscans in 17( missions were founded, but mor )/ M uiv :e\\ e wt-re ahandoned, arid most became but }>etty connnunitics of women, ( hil- dren, and invalids, or convenient resorts of the able- bodi(>d from time to tinn-, the friars reiainin^- no prartic. 1 control. There was but slight L-ain of ni \v IMil PROGRESS IN THE XORTIL 13 Fvaucls( ans, ho last (|uar- ])eri()(l arc V various cx- iii 1(50 I- 80; atioii l)y tilt' thinl, i.'liorts 1 several ex- 1 the foui'da- tho branches li were aban- L> conquest «'t" iU)a and 1 )u- evt-ntl"i:l con- i (Ic jHiz; but cwv a li( rra Apaches jind line of ])re- hcru tVonlicr, art d''ni;»ndi d bandonuuut I settlcKK nt abandoni'd V discovered tection ; th(> le Plata, at ici'l'S of .u'old San Feli] t\ ice near ilu- ntiirv. Tlu- ieh was nresidios, the t ouiitry remaining' j)ernianently under Si)anish doniin- idu. tliou;j,h the establishments were ne\er pros[)erous. There is yet another introduction or accompaniment, pfitaininn" aj)propriately enough to the early history made himself famil- iar witli the I'ecord of the earliest expeditions as pi'c- scuted ill the openinj^ chapters of this volume. I allude to i\ic mass of nioi'e or K'ss absurd conjectur.d theories .'espectiiiL;' northern ij^eoo'raphy, whicji, |»leii- lifully leavened with falsehood, were dominant amoui;; writers and nia[)-makers for two centuries, and whicli belon^iiiin- as much and as little to Xew Mexico as to any ))ait of my teri'itory— under the title of the Nortlicin Mystery I iia^;^ chosen to treat in my J/is- l"-jl -, with copies of many old maps. ,"1 14 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS AND RESUME. would find and utilizu it to the disadvanta(,^o of Spain. Meanwliilf, there were many cx])Iorers legitimately desirous of clearing up all that was my.sterious in the north, coiupierors hent on emulating in that direction tlie grand achie\enients of Cortes and Pizarro, friars enger to un interested parties, and the host of tlieorists who cndmiced and exaggerate*! tlieir Views, genei'ally succeedt'd in coiuincing tliemselves that their views were for the most part founded in fact. "^I'he old theories were brought to light, and variously distorted; the actual discoveries of l5.']9-4.3, as tin' years j)assed on, heoanie senii-my\hical, and were located anywhere to suit the writer's views, Indian villages being magnified without scruple into gnwit cities: each new discovery on the frontier was de- scribed to meet requirements, and located where it would do i]\c most good; and oven the aborigines, as s'>«)n as tluy learned what kind of traditions pleased th(^ white men most, ilid excellent service for tlic cause. It nmst be understood tliat much of all this was honest conjecture respecting a region of whicli little or nothing was known;" but theory became •''A late writer siiys, soinewliat in tliis ctmiifi'tidii: 'It i.s iliUk'nlt for pel- sons ill (lur giMiunitidu to rcalizi.' tlio circuiiist iiices under wliicli tlu' vurioiH exjH'ilitioiis eoiiiieeteil w itli N. Mex. were liiinle tluriiii; tlie Killi, iiinl iiule 'l tlie ITtli, ceutlliy. Wi; liiive liceli t- niiglit tmd woaltli and tiio liost of tlioir views, nsclvt's tliat idod in fact, nid vai'iously l)-4:?, as tlu" 1, and well' iew.s, Indian into !j,rf;it lor was dc- 'd wlicro it )()rigiii('K, as ions ploascd ice f(ir till' of all this in of wliicli )ry l)erani.' ililli'jlllt t'di- pel hii-li tlu; viirioii- l(i:h, iiinl iiiilf 1 ■I'.il gf'i,:.'. ciintoi,!' Will tlio port was made on arrival in jNIexico, and a narrative was writti n by Al var N- unez after he went to Spain in 15 Tliere is no reason to (jUestion the good faith of either repoit or narrative as written Irom memory; but there is mucli discrepancy and confusion, not only between the two versions, but between dilfcrent state- ments in each. Moreover the narrative inft)rms us ■ Si'c Ili.sl. North M<:r. States, i. GO-70. /,'<■/, lUr tintiii ijiir (, dk'i All' iii'iiz, etc., 1st jmli. ill l.")42, with later dl. as // ('oiiH'iitiirUv^ ;u\<\ as Xituj'rwjio", also Italian and Kruncli translations. Tlio rcjiort niadu in Mex. \'t',H] is known only l»y tlio version in Ovinlo, llitt. I'l'L, iii. 582. Bnckinj,'liain Smith, in his oarefnlly annotatc(l<'(('/r:(t (/«' \'iirti's J'i'l 'titii, a translation of the narrative, made use also of the report through Oviedo. Tor further biblio''. details, see ref. of note 6. CABEZA DE VACA. 17 liuliii«,s as ^rcftl, tlio lave hvvn mo of this io it is my :rt'(l New Ivfly little on, what I •liaptcr iu- al exjilora- a de Vaca, onado, and nly known o the gidf \jK)rt was ,as written in Ij:'7.' I of either nory; but not only rent state- nforms us ;h later cvii'(li\ lift. ih(ziiil<' 1 ''"■'■"••< cport through north-westward, following the course of the rivers, then south-west to the region of the Conchos junction, then westward to the upper Sonora and Yaqui valleys in Sonora, and finally south to San ]Miguel in Sinaloa.** The belief that Cabeza de Vaca passed througli New ^[exico and visited the Pueblo towns is not sup- ported l)y the general j)urport of the narrative, or of wliat followed. Not only is it Avellnigh certain ■* ' It is nut possible to follow, and to trace jicographically, tlio erratio course iif t'al)i/a (U' N'aca with any degree of certainty. Uj own tale, liowever authentic, is so confused that it lieconies utterly inv ..j^ihle to estal)lisli any iletails of location.' BiimkUi'r'x Ili4. IiUm/l., tJ. This writer of IJSSl seems to imply at least a douht that N. Mex. was iliscovered at thi.s tini«. I'riuoe, howeVLT, in 'S;{, //ixl. Sk., SO, Ul-2, has uo doubt of the discovery. lIl^sT. Auiz. ASi. N. l^EX. 2 1 18 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS AND RESUME. w m\' that had lie seen those -NvoiRlerful structures, they would have figured largely in his reports in Mexicij, but we know that the eliective part of his statement was the report, obtained from Indians, of popuk)US towns with largo houses and jilenty of tunpioisos and emeralds, situated to the north of his route. There are but two bits of testimony that might seem to con- tliet with my conelusion, and both, when examined, seem rather to eonfii'm it. One of the relations of Coronado's later expedition indieated that traees of Cabeza de Vaca's ])resencc were found on the plains far to the north-east of the Santa Fe region; but in another it is explained that they simply met an old Indian, who said he had seen four Spaniards in the direction of Xew Spain, that is, in the south. Again, according to the narrative, the wanderers, long before tluy heard of the great houses of the north, came to "fixed dwellings of civilization;" and indeed, it is im- plietl that tliey travelk'd for long distances in the re- ijfions of such dwellings ; but that these were not the Pueldo structures is clear, not only from the lack of description, but from the ftxet that the natives built new houses for the accommodation of their •i'uests. I sujiposc these fixed dwellings were simply rancherfa huts of a somewhat more permanent nature than those that had been seen farther east on the plains; and in- deed, the Jumanas were found before the end of the centur}'- living in such houses, some of them built of stone. Again, it is to be noted that Esjjejo in 1582 found anumg the Jumanas, not far above the Conchos junction, a tradition that the Spaniards had passed that wav. Even Davis, who has no doubt that the party visited Xcw ^Mexico, has to suggest that that country then extended much farther south than now, thus somewhat plausibly proving that if Alvar Nunez did nttt come to New ^lexico, a convenient lack of boundaries enabled the province to go to Cabeza de Vaca. It seems to me that the most positive asser- tion that can be made in connection with the whole AUTHOllITY Foil KAIILY ANNALS. 19 res, they Mexico, statement populous loisrs and There m to eon- ixaniined, latious of traces of tlie plains u; but in let an old [•ds in the . Au'ain, »n<>" hcl'orc 1, came to 1, it is ini- in the re- re n(»t the 10 lack of Lives built ^'uests. I rancherfa jian those , and in- nd of the 1 built of o in 1582 Conchos id passed that the that that han now, ar Nunez it lack of 'abeza de ve asser- he whole matter, oxcejit that the wanderers arrived at San Mi;j;Ufl, is that they did not see the Pueblo towns; yet it can never bo (juite definitely proved that their route did not cut off a small south-i-astern ct)rner of what is now Xi-w ^[exico. While Caheza dc Vara is not to be credited witli the discovery of the ct)untry, he was the first to approach and hear of it; his re- ports were the direct incentive to its discovery and ex- phtration; and thus, after all, his wonderful journey may still be regarded as the beginning of Xew ^[exi- can annals. lill'.I.KifniAI'IIY OF KATtLY NKW MEXICAN HISTORY. An aliih,ilicti(; list of wdi'ks fniisultuil in tlio prcparatinn of this volnini' i.< givtii as usual at its lit'^iniiiiij,'. ]>y far tlic most ini[Mii'tant autlicritiis for till' Sfianisii ami Mii.xican iiurioils aro of a (lt convenienlly noticed here. This note may also proiierly include a mention, not oaly of gener.d works on the history of Arizona and Ni:w Mexico, hut of others devoted mainly to other suhjeets, yet coidaining scattered inI7n, extracts from which were puhlished in pamphlet form as A'. Mi:i\, /)■ 'tniiiiiiii <>/ Sjiiniit'/t ciiid Mijicmi Arrlilrcn in X, and comiileted liy him or some other Franciscan in the following years, covered the period froiii ICiSl to 1717; the result, very nmcli more complete than any that could lie reached hy an examination of the oriuiual records in their present eoiidi- tioii — though I have fcunul many of the fragments l)y which to test parts (jf the Work — was sent to Mexico and S]iain, and it is still extant, though 1 he- li'.'ve 1 am the lirst in nuidern times to consult it. It is cited hy me uiuler two titles: 1st, Ksriiliiriiiiini/(M juu'i III J/iHniiii i/c A'liii'o Mixico, of which a coiiy in my Lilirary tilling l,7.")t) pages is cited in this volume as y. ^^l'.v. l)oc., MS. These doeununts areotlicial reports of friars and secular authorities eovt;ring a large jiart of the t8th century, but also including some very important papers of tile 17th. The original copies seem to haveueen made both at Sta Fe and in Mexico, and very few of the records have been consulted by any earlier writer. M. Alphonse I'inart has a ('vlirdnn ilc Dociiiniiitos nolire Niiei'o Mix- ico, composed of a large numlier of unbotiml original MSS., collected by liiiu- 8clf from v.'rious sources and kindly furnished for uiy use. It is particularly ricli in otiicial communications between the rulers of N. Mex. and the .su- perior authorities in Cliiiiuahua and Mexico; and it has enabled me to till many a gap in the country's annals. Still another collection of original and not previously used matter in my Librarj' is the 2\'ui>'o Mexico, (utiilii/i, MS., GO fol., which contains ISth-century copies of some 35 roj-al orders, of various dates from l(i31 to 1702, selected for their importance in connection with New Mexican events. I think tliia collection was also made by or for Padre Morti. It is preceded by lioiiill't (Aiitoiiin), Ajmiitc.i .lolur Xiwm Mexico, 177(5, MS., 31 fol., a valuable outline of provincial annals to date; aud is followed by col- lections of CiduLi* on P ja Cul., aud other proviucca. I ORIGINAL RECORPS. 81 lo I)e nntt'il for or iiir- 'v 11 my wdik lioiikM itiiil inivatt! ar- \'^ rL'si'iiri'h of (' lul jdi-sotial ".I V aru jiiveii tus ill tliuso .^ livL's l»f(iro 18 preservuil jal ]>urii(i.sea ■I iratively iii- % il comiilctiHl ■Nr I tlu! inricid '1 Y tliat omilil v.si'iit coiuli- tcst parts of ;li()Ugli 1 l)e- . <- )y me uikUt vl liiiifr, Eirritii ■ff 111, it Hui'ins, N. Mox. ai- le IiaM fouMil 11 lost in tlio .^' mth or two; -} lirn (/(' Xitii'o I.i, iij;, covcrinj' s of orij,'in;il '^ .'i At tlif lio- :'f u'respoiiiliiis:; 11 liistorical • records are 10 Aiiilratlu- ilso iiriiited, \- is tlie form Liugh I have 1, each con- -: iiiij for some % .Sis., is cu- copy ill my .MS. These iriiigalarge it papers of V a l''e and in any earlier ^'iH't'O Mcc- teil by liini- J- jarticularly fl iid the su- ,"■ . me to till 4 riginal ami tlidiis, MS., ..,: 1, of various 1 with New atlre Moiti. 70, MS., :n (vud by col- 'File TO volnmc.^ of MSS. which make up the ArrJilm Cmrrnl of .Ui.rim, or whi.li rather form an introduction or licginniiig for tln^ iiundriils of Vdhimca of iicoi-ils |ir('-iirv( d there collecteil from all parts of tlic country liy order of (alios IV., dated l''e!i. '_'!, 17".H), an' rich in matter on our present siiljjirt. Ill toiii. ii. ill., i>riiited in />ik: IHM. Mir., 'M series, pt iv., p. 1 -•J'J.") -iMsidi a the /■^"••ilint-, I 'mil, and tlie Anh. \. Mi.r., already noted, are found thno other important doeiiuients as follows: (1st) .*>'(///»'/•()//, Ittiiiriitui.i ih' lutlnA liis rns'i-i i/iif I'll ///» (printed in 1S,")|)), fol., p. I ."i.'i. For more ahout the author, see chap. viii. of this vol. 'I'he work wa.s a|)|iioviil 1>.\' Kr. Francisco Velaseo of the Franciscan convert in Mexico on Aiil;. is, l(i"J!). It is a very interestint; and complete ri'suinc'— the liest extant, whiii taken in coiiiieetion with the followin^' work — of tlie earliest nortlierii explorations, heiiig hy no means coiilined to N. Mex.; yet the writer is so fully iiiihiied witli the spirit of his time, and so eager to promote new tMitradas, that lie coiisidiralily exag^'erates reports of gold, silvir, great cities, and otluT iiortle rii woiidei's, and soinewiiat to the neglect unfortunately of events of Ins own tiling on which he might have thrown much light. (iJd) Xiil, Ajuiii/itiiii- iiifiK i/'ii' li Iti.t iiii'iiiorin.i i/i'l P. Fr. (I'lTiiiiiiiii) ill- Ziiniti' lii~M el /*. Jiiiiii Auiniulo Sii I ill III i 'iimpiii'iiii ill' Ji ■ot.i, )io fun Mill) <■•'^'/«/o jinii-tirn ih I tcrri no i/iii' sr rita, \j )io i'.'m the author's more extended knowledLie. Niel wrote a century later than .Saliiieroii, hut knowledge of iiorllii'rn geograiiliy had in the mean time made hut littU: proLiress. 1 have used hotli works extensively in my study of the Northern .\lystery i /'. ill 1, L'/ilc-< II rnriosii.t notirhi.'< ' 1,1 A'( another work of this seriis. (.'{.I) Mi.riro: Ciliiil'i, 1/ iif,i'ia ile lin in/onne jiii'ho (( Sn .Moi/esfiiil , lo.i th i/rl \i Me.i'ifO (;/')/• ('/ /'. Fr. Aton-so ile J'liriilis). lint the author's name, though written and printed Faredes, and d hy me as above s stated in earlier volumes, w is rea lly F. ,d,i d the report has been reci'iitly republished from a .MS. of the Acad, de Hist. i'o.■lllll,l.^ (/■'(•. .1/') In/o li S. M. .•nilire los Hirni^ ili Xui ro Mi (^iiiriiil ij 't'e'/ii'ii/o, in Fermmiliz Dnro, Don Din/nile Feint lozn, r>l{-('i7. Therefore, I cor- rect the error (not mine), and cite it th d. /: llll<, /ll/'l, Th writer was eustodio of N. Mex. in l(i(J()-4, and a missionarv tluire for 10 years bet It ore. This report was written about UiSti, in reply to a royal order of |i)7.S. ■efers mole to the ret;ions north and east than to X. Mex. proper, but is iiniiieiisely imiiortaiit on a few 1 le retiions nor fe lints of N. Mex. hist orv, as wi 11 b. it,d later. It is most unfortunate that Fosadas, like Salmeron, ilid not write more fully of his own observations. Of the old standard chronicles in Spanish, relating for the most part to the country's earliist annals down to 1700, by far the most iin|iortaiit for [nir- pdses of this volume are Ton/ueiiiinl'i, M down to I(i08, ami I'efonrurf, Croh able matter is also fi onnriiuin IniL •a and Menuli I'init, hringing the recoit ";/'"> o f KiOl; but ■d some valil- ound in Miu'liilit, ilistorio iJrle.siii.'itirii: Orinlo, I list. (! llirnrn, Jli-it. (len.: J; Aleyre, Hu>t. Conip. 22 INTIIODUCTOUY IlKMAllKS A^i» KLSUMfi, ,/('.<;/*.• Fr'Jis, //!■'>. linir; Ajxinrh), I'lDiiftitw. Vihiiteo, jN'oA Soiiorn: niul K.-iriiili I'll, .\(it. cliiliiiitliii I, All till' \M)ikH (it tliiM i)ara),M';i[ili nil.itc mainly ti> oilier I'l i^imiH, Itut contain more or lt■^4.s original ami useful niattiial mi our tti-iitni y. t.'olli"'iioiiH of iiianiisciijit or ardiivc inatiiial lia\o liccn naiiicd; Init tliero arc (((ually iinportant < nil, etioii.s of original lioiiiiiirnt.H in [print. ( H tliesc, two ari' i's|i((.i,illy \alu;il)|i'; 1st, tin; /inriinii n/n.t jiiini lii J/ix/min i/r .M(.iiri>, Mcx., js.'iit 7, "Jll viil. in \ Miries, of wliieli tlic (S voliinu'sof tlic 'M ami 4lli stricrt relate partiiularly to m'ltliern rej^ioiis, ami eoiitain vast (|Uantities of inilis- iieiisalil': matter on N. Mexieo ami Arizona, ii lar;;o portion of tlie iloeumi'uts lieiiij^ Iroiii XXwAidi. (I'll, lie Mij-. already meiitioneil; ami '2>\, the ('(itiri-ii,n (Ir I hiriiiiioitiix lini/i/ds I'l lutiriis ol iliyi'iiliiiiiiini/it, cniniilii^til, 1/ riilinirjii'luii i/r lilH jiii.-'i *(uiii s l'i,-^niiiiiliut III Aiiiiiii'ii jl ( li'iiiiii'i, .'•iiriii/ii.i, rii nil iiiiii/nr Jiiirfr, ihl Hiil An-hirii ill' liiiliiis. Madriil, IJSOl SO, 8vo, !(.") vol. 'J'liis colloction, from Mio name of its first editor, 1 liavi; cited as J'lir/uro, (ul. J)iic. Vols. XV., xvi., aro •if j,'reatest value a.^ containinjj; ori^^inal reeoiil.s of Onate'.s cfiiiqucst; Imt voLs. ii., iii., iv., ami xix. also contain useful doeiiim^nts. Ti riiiiH.r-(^oiii]nin>*, Vi»j- ii'ji'K, III I'lliiiiix it Ml' iiiiiifi .1 ( h'iijiiiiiu.r jHiiir xirrir li lli'istuiriili hi ih cnni'i I'ti' ile I'A nil i-iiim , Paris, Is.'i" H, serii! i. toiii. ix.-x., i.s a collection containing trans- lations of the chief original authorities on the cx[)editions of Ni/.a ami ( 'oro- nado; \\ liile tlic old si, indard Voyage collections, /f'dliii/f's I'oi/'ii/i.s^ lt'iiiiii7ti; \'iiriiii.<, Ji'ii'iiiii/iih^t'i, Itl'.l'J; /iL, Ciiinji'iniii ilr 'J., J/i«/'(/, A u-l"i; A/., I'l-ur'nli iirim. \"'.\; Hurlmlo, C'liil- ]iiu'iii, 171.'): llintiiiiiiiiiti , Iti.iiiliii'-i'i, \~'M\ Otiirklr >/ Mii/ii'li ml, Aiiln-i, l7.'iS 9; .M'liilo-.ii, I'isiili'iiciii, 17J4; Jfi I'/iiili), Ji'ilwiiiii ill' in Sii rrii Aziil, ]~i'.i; Id., jXii/i'i'i.'i ilil i/r'Hi 'J'i''jU' 11/11, 171.S; /(/., hijormi', l~M; Miiirluro, hicl'invion, \~i\\\ /'I., /'i lirioii .■iiiiiiirlii\t, 171S; 'I'rii/o, In- fiirnii, 17.'iO; III., liij'oi'iiiv, 17")4; (I'iii iiii.'< ]/ Jlomi.iitus, Jiliilin.i, 174."); ^V. Jliw., Jiijhriiir ill I I'. I'riiriiii'iiit, 17.")0; /('., Dij'infiia ilv Min'miii ro.i, ISIS; l!iiilihjiii'.ilt In Torn', Enti'iiiln, X'i't'i; To inn run, Vi.iita ilii Olii.'c;//(' (177(>); hWnliinti-, III- j'lirnii' 1/ Diiirin, 177."); A/., Cnrtn tli> t77o.n- cion, l(iO"J; Martin, Aaianlo, l.")S.'i; Lonni.i, A.-^iinto, loSil; Ciidliiho ili- .Viwrt, Miinoriii, l.")'.H); (h'uiU', Copin dv (.'arln, liVJit; Fny/iis, Hd'iriun, lOlil; JJinniif ijuiz and E-f separately printed books on special topics, inconiparaMy the most note- worthy is I'illiu/rii, lli.it. X. Mix.; liut there may also lie mentioned limnvi- de.i, .Miiiioriid and UnjUisti', KiHO-l; Siijiifiizn // iloinjoro, Mircnrio Vulnnte, lO'.Kt; <'r(.- itllWll nil lilir 111; lint thi-'ro it. «)f tla'so, ill ill' Ml.lico, and -Itli Mrii'H itii'.s III' iiiilis- lu' lllll'UIIK'lltf* , tllf (nlir,-i(.)l ihi'.iii'ii'ii ill' /"•'< ^l(ll/l', ill I III III tioii, from Miu . XV., xvi., arc icst; liiit viiIh. 'viii}>iiii'<, \ i>;i- I ill riiiii'ir/i' ili; itaiiiing trans- i/.,i an' I t 'iifo- i«/''.<, l!iiiiiii.ii4- yini'io ill' So--0 mtiitiollicl the Mi'.iirii, Miiiioriii.i, of tiie ditlerent ilcli.irtnieiits; the r. S. (I'lii't l>,u\: various .Mexican iieWHpaiiers; A'(7'i' lliii'itln-, A rri liij ■ . iln-iiy., anil otlier eollrciions of law.s; fragments from tlie Airh. Sta h'r, M.<.; Jlirnim, njiiiilit: Al'il'i /i'i]x>it; Sun Minimi, //')"<''. Mu:: /ini/'iiiiniifi; U'liliim/i' Mi.i:: III., A]iiiiil('-i: ilriiij'n Ciiiniiii'i-fi' nf tliv /'mirii.i: Kiinl'ilV.'* Xnrr. of Ihv Ti.mn Sin Fi I'j'.qnil.; t'lthniir'n Xnti-^; I'riiln, /I'liilux; StnrM iSfa Fii Tnulr: W'iU Uiiil'i hdiiiid Tniilr: /'iliii'.i /{ijuvl: J'ii/tii''.H Sun:: Wilwn.'t OImh-i:, MS. .Miieliol what jireeedes relates mainly to New .Mexico, hut also in |>:irt to Arizona. Standard authorities for the early annals of Ari/oiia proper, or t'iiiieria .\lta, include A}K)'«•. Hi*!. Mi.r., 'M .series, toin. IV. pp. tS'.t ;")•_'(», 4tli series, tom. i. pp. 1-4(18, which is the most valiialil ' ) all, separate titles heiiig given to many documents as mentioned in chap. XV. et seij.); Miiinjr, JIMftrin ilr la /'iimriit; \'i iinlv, Jhirrijirinn; Ali'/n; JIM. ('oiiiji. Jixmi; I'l'wju.i, .^'ntii-'niM ilv CuL; Sulrulii rru, lliliirlnmn; I'iiiiiii, i'liliiriim ill- J'iniiria Altii, MS.; Tiuimron, Vi.iitu, MS.; Arririri/a, ('riniiiii ,Si nijii'ii: III i/m, Solinn. 'I'hiis li rniidahle lieing the array of original authorities, it liecomes necessary to I'uiisider the Use of them that lias hen maile hy modern writers. Tlie lirst pi, ice among siicli writers belongs without iplestion to \V. W. II. I'avis, who was I'. S. attorney in New Mexico in IS.'iIS-'t, and whose work was '/Vc .Sjiun- i.tli ('i)iiijiiist i/ Ai ir Mi.iii-o, III) W. ir. 11, Diirlt, A. M., iiiniiliir of tlir ' ll'n- tnrii'til Sni'ii/ii I'/ J'l iiiiiiilriiiiiu,' nwl tin ' Xrir Ynrk (li'iii uloijirul uwl JJ!oiirii}ilii- ml Siii'iiti/.' itiiflinr iif ' Kl Hrhiiji), or AV»' Mi.iici) and lur /'mjiti,' ' //islnrii <;/' till' lii./lli I'm,. J'lijiiiiiiif,' ' IliMory i>r el ciqiit'in de niirlo Ce.mreo Fernundez Diiro, indiridiio de niimero. Madrid, 1SS2, large Svo, 100 p. Fernandez Dure not only presents the Freijt'i.i, lielntion, an^l all other matter given by Shea, but in his comments proving that narration to be a hoax he iatroduees much original information, incluiUiig the A'^. J/',/'., Di.->H of 177(), anil deserves mention froiii the fact that the aULlior, David ,1. Miller, was translator and chief clerk in the U. J"-, surveyor-general's oHice, being well aeijuaiuled with the archives. Wm (t. Hitch, for many years territorial secp'tary and sometime governor, an I president of the Historical Society, has given much attention to tlie early as well as modern history of the country, as .shown in his Azthin., The Jl/.-ifori/, Ne.'.r and more or l.'ss accurate resumes not resulting from actual research. So far as Ari- zona projier is concerned, there are no modern works which merit notice so far as early history is coucerneU. I uIiouLl not, however, forget to alhulo to a T. WINSOR'S CRITICAL HISTORY. 25 largo number of valuable antiquarian cssaj-s on the location of Cibola, Tiguox, Clucliilticalu, etc., continuing a coiisidcralilc amount of geographic aud liis- toric (lata. Simpson's Coromulo'a March is one of the best of these. Just as these pages go into print, I have received The Nnrmtire and Criti- oil }/i-^'iiri/ of Aiinrim, cilitid I'lj Ju-ftiii Wii'-or, Uhninim of J/arvurd Uiiirer- sl/i/, etc. Vol. ii., Boston an! territory, with all its geographic and clironologio complications, it is yet too eaily to decide. Wlien the work is completed, wo may see if all the gaps have been filled. In this volume the editor is also to a great extent the autiior; he is an expert in bibliography, witli exceptional resources; ami in the result Ihi; l)ibliographic element piedominates in space aud in value. Occasionally, if I mistake not, this predominance is somewhat liio m:irked, as whei-e in the case of radically ()p[)osiiig views aud arguments on the part of different authorities, the auUior is content to simply note llie conllict without so clear an opiidtin of his own as a 'critical history ' should contain. Sianetiuies, indeed, the author implies a preference for the vi"W that apparently is not stipported by tiie critical notes. Asa rule, the various nar- ratives sliow a high order of literary merit, notable fairness of triNitnient, and as much unity as could be expected in the proib-ctions of dillcrcut writers. The work i.-, a noble contribution to A;i-ei-ican history', a monument of con- scientious and lab(jrious researcli, as well as of great liter.ary skill on the pai t of edit ir and authors, and mechanically a magnificent specimen of book- making. One chapter of Winsor's work demands i)articular nf)tice here, as being dev(]ted to a sulvject treatc'l in this volume. This is chapter vii., |). 473-504, rl;/ K I' i(ir(i/i(iiis (), ■^litidi o/" J iiicrird. !/• ^■< J/' The lUl lliiinj ir. Jhii/iii'i, Ai-rhiiitii'jiriil e autlior has also written on the same subject in th .1 ///;■ cdiiri'i, Oct. ISSl, and cites also son le wri'-iuns o f H, aii'l Savage in the same jmblication on the identity of C'lbol i, t,liiivira, etc., ih have not been used by me. Mr llayiies' treatise should be cjassid wicii til pf Si ip.- Davi mice, lian chdi< d oth as nieiitioui d this note. It is a clear statement of tiie earl d iu.l judicious It not ver ■y cla icr e\[)e.iitious, ^^■lth pertinent ■ate not(!s. Ii it adils iiotli iiig iniportaiit m the way ol theory orevidence, it is because Simpson and l>avis and tlie rest liad lelt little to be added either l)y Hay lies or myself. I think the author has not siitlicicutly fonsidereil my argument to the etiect that ( 'alicza de X'aca ilid not (liter New Mexico (p. 474); while agreeing for the most part with his praise of l>avis, I cannot accept his conclusion that Davis is 'likely to remain always the leading authority ' on Coroiiado's route (p. 40'J), in view of the tut tlKit the author in (juestion has tallen into several railical errors; 1 know Hot why "Tiguex should be ]>laced west of the Rioiirande, between Acoina and (Juirex ' (p. 4S5), when the writer seems to favor liaudelier's view; aud ' 11 r 26 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS AND RfiSUMfi. I deem it not hypercritical to object, in a work of this character, to the use of iintiquated fo'-uis, confusion of Spjinish, Italian, English, and French forms, and the careless use and uon-uso of accents, na excmiililied in tlie following uaiiR's: C'oniiiostella, (juadalaxara, Pamphilo, Nizza, New (iallicia, Melchior, d'Arellano, d'Aivarado, Roderigo, Crarcia, Garcia Loju'Z do C'ur- dci'as, Cicuye, and Cihola (for Compostela, Gnadalajara, Panlilo, Niza, Niicva Gal.ciaorNew (ialicia, Melchor, Arellano or de Arellano, Alvarado, Kodrigo, Garcia, (Jarcia Lopez de Cilrdenas, Cicuye, and Cibola). The author's con- clusions agree for the most part with my own, which is not a radical licfect, in my opniion. It is notieoablo that the reconl extends only to Coronado's e.\[)editi()ii, or 15'12, except that the editor adds a note on the lato works of Fernandez Duro and Shea, giving a list of the later expeditions nientionid bj' the former, very Ijriefly noting without coinnieut his exposure of the I'enahisa hoax, not noticinr my own remarks on the same subject, and ratlur strangely ignoring the most important work of Villagra. It would naturally be expected that the later explorations, con(]uest, and settlement of New Mexico shc)uld lind place in a volume entitled Sprai:"s Ex- PEDIIION to Tu.SAYAN, OH THE AloyCI Tl EULOS — CAKDENAS N'isns THE Canon of the Colorado. The glory of discovering tliis territory must be given to a negro and a Franeisean friar, who crossed the hue into Arizona in 1539. So great was tlie interest taken hy Viceroy Mendoza in the statements of Ca- l)e/>a de Vaca respecting tlie populous towns of which he hud heard on his way across the continent, that he at once planned an expedition, in 1537, buying the slave l^tevanico and obtaining the services of liis master ])()rantes, as guides; but the project was temporarily abandoned, and no more is heard of Dorantes or Mal- donado, Alvar Nunez having gone to Europe.^ Jjatc in 1538, however, with a view to exploration and conquest on a grander scale, and under a new pol- icy, so far as treatment of the natives was concerned, it was arranged that Francisco Vasqucz de Coronado, 'Mciiiloza's letters to the king, 1537-40, in Parhccn, Col. Dor., ii. 200 7; Florida, Col. Due, 13G, 139; Termiux-Cwtpaiui, Voi/., seric i. toin. ix. p. 2S7. (27) 1 iiiili 2S NIZA AND CORONADO IN ARIZONA. tlin iicwly appointed governor of Nueva Galicia, should ni;ih»- a tour of inspection to tiio northern parts of his pro.mee, and there set on foot certain preHniinary in- vestigations by the aid of friars and hberated Indian slaves, subsequently devoting himself, should the re- sults jirove satisfactory, to the organization of a force for the proposed military expedition. Not much is known of several preparatory tours, intended mainly to ins[)ire confidence in St>anish good faith and reform among the natives of northern Sinaloa;'" but one had a broader scope, and is fully recorded, being the one that involves the discovery of Arizona. Fray ^Farcos tie Niza, chief of the Franciscan band destined for the northern field, was an Italian, who had come to America in 1531, had gone with Pizarro to Peru in 1532, served in Nicaragua, and come noith with Pedro de Alvarado, being a man of prominence in liis order, of ardent zeal for all new enter[)rises, and witlinl of lively imagination.^ Having received spe- cial insti uctions fr(»m the viceroy through Con)nado in November 1538, Fray Marcos set out from San ^IigU"l on the 7tli of March, 1539, accompanied by another friar named Onorato, the negro Estevanico, and a band of nativcvS from Culiacan. On the Peta- tlan' Onorato fell ill, and was left behind; but Niza wont on "as the holy s[)irit did guide" him, always kindlv welcomed bv the natives, but with no notable orcun-ence for some 25 or 3.0 leagues, exce])t that lie met Indians from tiie island where Cortes had been — ^St^o ///..y. Xi,i-/./i .}[■:,: S/., i. 7'J-.% note; 3, f(ir ;i few details. '^ Fnr liiii.u., .sec I'itiiiiriiit, Mfuoliiijio /•'rmiri.-icitiin, 'A~ (]i. 117-10 of orm hting Nizza. lor a portrait — not .-itated to have t» eu Utken from an Arizona phot ij,'rap!i of l.");}',) — see /•Vo.sY'.s /'irt. l/isf. Met:. IS.") * I'lulilo de Pctatuau iii the original, as priuted; poaaibly not ou the Rio Ftitutiau (thu iSinaluii). w 1 IIL. ^it^'a, should parts of Lis MJiiiinary in- P^ftJ Indian »"iJ the re- 1'^ h:>vv Ik.,,.., !>'"' "ativo ■■•''"'• Ho THE NORTHERX Re,; ION. '^""'^ -NoiiiI£UE«-, I.s Ij y>ii). 1^ m so NIZA AND CORONADO IN ARIZONA, California — half a league from the main, and they told him of 30 other inhabited islands beyond, and of pearls. Then after four days' journey through an un- inhabited tract, he came to a people who had never heard of Christians, who called him Saj'ota, or 'man from heaven,' and who knew of large settlements in a valley four or five days inland, where cotton was used for clothing, and gold for implements and ornaments. For three days his way led him through the country of this people, till he came to Vacapa, a settlement of good size and plenty of food, 40 leagues from the sea. At Vacapa Niza remained some nine days, sending messen<;;ers to the coast, who brouL^ht back tidinu;s of the pearl islands — now 34 in number — and cowhide sliields. Here he met natives from the cast, known as ' pintados,' who had something to say of the 'seven cities.' And from here he sent the negro ahead to explore the way, and after four days Estevanico sent back such glowing reports of what he had heard about Cibola, with its seven great towns and stone buildings and turquoises, that even the credulous fraile hesitated to credit them. About the Gth of April, with two islanders and three 'pintados' added to his company, he left ^"acapa, and in three days came to the people who had given the negro his information about Cibola, and wlio now gave the good friar his fill of marvels. Pressing on for five days — possibly including the pre- vious three — through a well-settled country, they came to a pleasant and well-watered settlement near the borders of a desert. Between Vacapa and this place without nmch doubt they had crossed what is now the southern bound of Arizona.* ^ Vacapa, or S. Luis, was a ranchcrfa from 12 to 101. southward of Ronoita, or S, Mill-cold, visitoil by Kino ami Maiigu in I()".tt)-I701, and shown on Kino"^ map. See J/M. iXor/h Mix. St., i. 72 ">, 271, 495, 4!t'>; Mawjc, Hist. l'i,neriii, 327; Apift. Aj'nirn, 273-4, 2S2-5. Manj;e uotou tiie place as the one panscil by Coronailo's (Niza's) cxped., as described by llcrrera. Padre (iarces, JJimin flh'iTotcro, 3()5, in 1777 says: ' El jmeblo do Hacapa (pio cita so halla hoy en la 'apa}i;uerla con nond)ro de QiiitoUmrapi, en len(pia pima (piiore decir; en Bm; quiere decir tide, eonque en (j^uitoliape dice talt' c/ii'/uito.' Evidently there in typographic confusion here; but Vacapa may have been Quitobac. This name of Vacapa is, of course, au important point iu following Niza's route. The MARCOS DE NIZA. 31 and they :)ncl, and of uiih an un- had never ta, or 'man Mncnts in a •n was used ornaments, lie country ttlement of 3ni the sea. ys, sendinr; L tidings of id cowl lido t, known as tb.e 'seven o ahead to vanico sent lieard about ic buildhigs le hesitated 1, with two s company, the people out Cibola, marvels, the prc- thcy came t near the this place is now the mrd of Sonoita, liowu oil Kino's I/ist. Piimriii, tho oiu! jiasst'il ( Jarcea, JJinrii) I lialla hoy en la ik'cir; on Bm' (Iciitly there is ac. This naiiic I'a route. The iisr The desert having been crossed in four days, the route lay for five days through a fertile, irrigated val- lt him far in advance with his native attendants, sent back the most encour- asi-iiiLj messafjes. For three davs more thev travelled in this valley or a similar one ; and then, on the 9th idontity is not certain, as these rancherias were sometimes movofl lonij dis- taiK'is. Jf Ni/a wiiit so far west ho must have turiiett eastwanl latiT, fur fnmi that Wioapa he cimM not have travelleil 5 or 8 days uortlnvard in a sittlod couiitiy to tho borders of a desert. Wliipple's location, I'nc. R. U. l!i}'t'<, iii. )((t, of v. in the region of Magdaleiia, as hitlierto fa%'c>ri'd by nie, Ui^t. Xorth M'x. St., i. 72-"), making tlio jdeasant, well-watercil settlement iirar the desert in the Tucson region, would 1)o much more convenient; but the general features are clear enough, and iu)thing more eau bo hoped for. ^ ' Y asi fui en demaiula della y vi clararrieiite ([uc on los 'Mi' vuilve al Oneste, do ijuo no meiios talegria tuve quo do la buena nueva (.v«7//<., 3IV,). Of course the lat. '.iH' was all wroiitf, Wo shall tiiul a similar statement about the westward trend m Corouado's narrative, but more clearly e.\])lained by tho statement that hero the gulf ended, li Niza continued N. \v. from the Sonoita region to the (iila, and Lhenco up that river, a visit to tho head of the gulf, if possible, must still be regarded as very innirobablo, • South-east of Cibola was tho kingdom of Marata, with many largo towns, though weiikened by wars with Cibola; another in tho same direction was To- touteae. tlio most populous and richest of all; and another, Aeus (distinct from Ahaciis, which was only a town), in a direction not statcil. Tlieso refer- euces woro clearly to the N. Mux. i'ucblo towua towoi'd or ou tho Kio Grauile. 82 NIZA AND COKONADO IN ARIZONA. of !May, they entered tlie final despohlado; that is, from tlie renion of the modern PhotMiix or Florence they entcnnl tlie mountainous uninhabited tract, their course lying north-eastward, toward Zuni. For twelve days Fray Marcos pressed on, following the negro's route, and well supplied with food by the natives accompanying him, until, on the 21st of May, he met one of Estevanico's men returning with the worst of news. On reaching Cibola, instead of the usual welcome, the negro had received an order not to enter the town, on pain of death, being forced to remain with his company in a house outside, without food, and being deprived of all the presents he had received on the journey. Next day, one of the men, going to a stream for water, looked back, and saw the negro running away from pursuers, wlio killed some of his companions. Then he made haste to inform the friar. Niza's companions M'-re greatly terrified, but went forward at his solicitation ; and one day's jour- ney before reaching Cibola, two more of Estevanico's men were met, wounded, and stating that the negro had been killed.^ Thus perished black Stephen, the discoverer of Arizona. There were threats among Niza's followers of hold- ing him responsible for the killing of their friends, and the friar said he was willing to die: but throucfh the agency of gifts and threats the excitement was calmed. He then went forward with two chiefs, and from a hill got a glimpse of Cibola, on a plain at the foot of a round hill, just as the natives had described it, and apparently more populous than Mexico, though said * Castafieda, Relation, 12-13, tells us that Stephen had a weakness for rich gifts, including handsome women; that lie made a demand on the Clholans for their wealth and women; that his claim of heing the predecessor of white men who were coming to teach theni seemed suspicious, on account of his color; and that they put him to death as a spy sent l)y eneniies coming to subjugate them, releasing his CO companions, though retaining a few boys. Coronado, Hakluyt, iii. 380, says the Uiholans claimed to have killed him because he killed and violated their women, and was reported to be a 'wicked villain.' One of his comrades, a boy from Potatlan, remained at Cibola, and was found by Coronado. News of Est^van's death was also given to Alarcon, oa the Colorado. RETURN OF FRAY MARCOS. 33 at is, from dice thoy leir course following od by the it of May, ; with the sad of the order not forced to e, without ts he had f the men, id saw the cd some of inform the rrified, but day's jour- stevanico's the negro ephen, the Irs of hold- iends, and rough the las calmed, bd from a \he foot of led it, and ousfh said kkness for rich li the ClUolans lessor of white |utof his color; to subjugate IS. Coronado, Im because he licked villain.' Ind was found larcon, on the to be the smallest of the seven in a province far ex- celled by otliors beyond. A cross being erected on a lieap of "stones, formal possession was taken in Men- doza's name, for the king, of all that region, as the new kingdom of San Francisco. Then Fray Marcos liastened homeward, "con liarto mas temor que comi- da," at the rate of eight or ten leagues per day. In a valKy stretching eastward below A'^acapa, he saw far off .seven ' poblacioncs razonables,' and heard that gold was plentiful there, but deemed it best to postpone a clo.ser examination. At Compostela, perhaps in June or July, he reported to the governor, to whom he had before sent messengers from various points; and in Au^nist went with Coronado to JSIexico. where, on the 2d of September, he formally certified the accuracy of his report." Cortes claimed that Niza's narrative was fiction, his pietended discoveries resting only on reports of the natives and information derived from Cortes himself; but Don Hernan was not in this instance an imi)artial critic.'" Coronado and his companions, in their expedition of the next year, disappointed in their expectations, applied some plain terms to certain phases of the friar's misrepresentations. Padre Kino seems to have thought that the Gila ruins mioht have been Xiza's seven cities, and Humboldt partially * Xizn, De.w}iri)inento de Ins Siefe Ciudmhn, in Parhero, Doc., iii. .^25-51, incluiliiig Mc'iidiiza's instructions of Nov. ",iS, and a certificate of 1*. Ciudad- K()(h-iL;c», tlie iirovinoial, dated Aug. 2(), '.'V.); Ital. transl. in Rniiiu/iio, Xnri,/., iii. I).")!) !(; Knyl., in llnkluyt's Toy/., iii. IWti-T;}; French, in TcniniuK-Cninjiuim, Vo;/., serie i. toni. i.x. 2.")(i-84. For a long list of additional references, .sec JJM. Xortli Mv.r. St., i. 74-5. A lew others are PtniUa, Not. JIM., I KJ-S, 148 !», M\ :\; Mni'liH't, IIU. Edci., .S()()-9, 6.52-9; Lk ■> Mex., ii. l.'ilMi; Burnti/\i V/iroii. Hixt., i. 189-92; J/iiitnii'.f Jlam/honk; 31 -G; Mmjlinio'ii Si Fnwi.t, .'JT.H^; Uitlell, in Cnli/onwin, i. 1^0-5; Pou.i.vii, i ;J4()-1; id., clainiod, is, it the theory ined tlie rest, ill the state - ilely on the ike the visit ^reat city at ie than exag- reproduction ness to illus- Marcos was I of faith ill lonquest in a use might be e rose of his proxiinations son to doubt izona to the )ncerned, the tive theories, 10 data with jviously iiii- 'esults might Niza's route t, than that ave nodoulit inia villages e two routes reader also mines des Casas oiites (lebitees I'^ir moij., 907-8, 8a.\ ■<, le light was litili; Fryer; nothing ut I $ M J'reliininary reports of Niza's progress, sent soutli by clie friar and reaching Mexico before July Ibii'J — j)()ssibly including an outline of what he said of his tliscoveries after his return to San Miguel or Compos- tela— moved Cortes to renewed effort, lest perciiance tlie great northern prize should elude his grasp; for he claimed the exclusive right of conquest in that direction, and had strenuously but vainly oj)posed Mendoza's act in preparing for an expedition; though he denied that the friar's pretended discoveries had atiy foundation in truth. He had a Heet ready, and lie made haste to despatch three vessels, under the coniniand of Francisco de UUoa, from Acapuico in July. As this expedition did not reach the territory now under consideration, its results being confined to a survey of the gulf and peninsula coasts, and espe- cially as the voyage has been fully recorded in another volume,'" I do not deem it necessary to say more on the subject here. The viceroy also entered into a contract with Pedro de Alvarado, with a view to north- ern exploration, but the Mixton war and Alvarado's death prevented any practical results. After protest- ing and struggling against the new expeditions of 1540, Cortes went to Spain, and appears no more in northern annals. Another expedition by sea, fitted out by Mendoza to cooi)erate with that of Coronado on the land, was that of Hernando de Alarcon. This also has been described elsewhere," and as an exploration of the gulf requires no further notice in this connection ; but in August and September Alarcon made two trips in boats up the Colorado River, which he named the Buona Guia. He possibl}'' passed the mouth of the (lila, though he mentions no such branch; and it may he regarded as probable that he at least passed the Arizona line. This party also heard reports of Cibola, and of Niza's adventures; and near the mouth of the '^ Sie //«/. Korth Mex. St., i. 77-82j and on the Alvarado contract, p. 96. ^'JU., i. yo-5. M NIZA AND COKONADO IS AUIZONA, Colorado they left letters, found a little later by a branch of Coronado's expedition under Melehor IJiaz. Governor Coronado, as we have seen, oamc to Mexico with Niza, to consult the vic<'roy and make final arrangements for the conquest of Cibola and its seven cities. The conditions were niost favorable; Mendoza was an enthusiastic 8upf)orter of the scheme ; the friar's tales were eagerly listened to, and often repeated with the usual distortio!»s; an air of secrecy and mystery on the part of Coronado served still further to excite the popular interest; and never since the time of Nuno de Guzman had the response to a call for volunteers been so satisfactory. There was a fever of exploring zeal, and it seemed as if the whole I)opulation of Mexico might be easily induced to migrate northward.'* Niza was made provincial of his order, and the Franciscans became zealous in the cause. A force of 300 Spaniards and 800 Indian allies was easily enlisted. Many of the former were gentlemen of good family and high rank, some of them bound to serve Coronado, who was made captain-gen- eral of the expedition, only by their promises as gentlemen. The names of those bearing by actual rank or courtesy the title of ca[)tain are given in the appended note.^^ In February 1540, the army was at "Says Suarez tie Peralta, in his A^oft'citw, 14S, 148-9: 'Fne de manera la grita, (jue no se trataba ya ilu otra co»a. , .Era taitta la cutliyia quu a todo:) puso la iiueva de las Siete < "ludailen mic no solo el virrey y marques levaiitariui los pies paifi yr a ella, siuo a ttMta la tiun'a, y tanto, que por favor sc ncgo- ciaba ul yr los soldados, y sacar liyuuvia; y era du iitanera :;'!0'S EXPRDITION. 37 later by a Ichor Diaz. 1, came to and niako uula and its iu,V(»ral)lt'; ,lio sclicuie ; and ()<'ton • of 8ccrecv served still never since ?8ponse to a [here was a f the whole induced to rovincial of alous in the 800 Indian [ormor were )nie of them aptain-gen- )ronii8e8 as by actual fiven in the rniy was at de manera la i(;ia quu & todos ques levaiitanm favor se nego- o Bu veudiaii, y IS, por"-(ue lo cil- ia Her la lufjor el parayso tur- o, maestro de Que vara, G.irci- lonso Mauri' [lie n de Jaraiuillo, Kosa de BiSrgos, ery; Francisco Luis llaiiiirt/'/ Castafledagivts f theab otiiucrs. ■« I '■?i Conipostela. whither went Vicenjy Mendoza t(» deliver a jiartiiij,' address of encouragement; and in April the i,Miieral with an advance party set out from San ^Ii'j;uel de Culiacan. iJt'fnre leaving the north for M(^xico, Coronado had dispatched Dia/ and Zaldivar, with fifteen men, to verify as far as possible Xi/a's rep(»rts. This [»arty stoted in Novend»er 1539, and perhaps reached the (Jill valley^ but on account of the excessive cold decided not to attempt a crossing of the country beyond. From the natives they obtained information ;ib()ut Cdjola and the other provinces, similar to that given by the friar, but considerably less attractive and highly colored; and they also learned that the Cibolans had re(pjested the south-western tribes not to permit the Christians to pass, but to kill them. Tills rej)ort was brought south by Zaldivar and three men, wjio met Coronado at Chametla; and while the news was kept secret, it was generally understood to be had, and Fray Marcos hrd to exert his eloquence to the utmost to prevent discouragement.'* 1 append a note on the bibliography of Coronado's expedition." As I have said, the general left ISan '"Mcndoza'a letter to the king, of April 17, ir)40, with quotations from Diaz' report, /'nc/iecn, Dor., ii. 3.")t)^G2; ('it.itiii)rilii, U<1., 2'i'M. " The moat uoiiiidete narrative is that of Pedro ("astafleda do Naycra, kiKiwii to the world oidy through the French trauMlation, ('n-tOtni'iln, Itdntioii tin \'(ii/iii/e lilt Ciliolii, in Tt'rnnii.r-('oiiijtiiiiK, Voij., seric i. toin. ix. '_'4t>ji., with ail iiiiiieiiilix of various doc. jiertaining to tlie subject. The author accoiii- j>:imed the exi>e(litioii in a capacity not stated; wrote alxiut •_*() ytars alter till' oee\irreiice of tlie events descrihed, and ace. to M. Ternaux wa.s a resi- dent of Culiaean. He was a man of ability and education, beini; a ino.it eiitertainini; elironicler, and apparently a faitliful hi.storian. Tliere is a di.- grre of inaccuracy in dates, but otlierwise the record is remarkably clear and satisfactory. Fernandez Duro, in Wia Siitirins ile AiiiiiuM Exjui/irioini, l'_','», re'iTesents the Spanish original as pub. in /'nrhern, JJoc, ix. or xiv. 'M'.i; but this is ail error. If it is pub. in some otlier vol. or p. of that col., 1 have imt touiid it. A copy of the Span, original is .said to have existed in the l.eiiii': collection iu 54, when an effort was made to have it printed by tlie Siiiithsoiiiaii Inst. Tlieic /iro two other accounts written by ofTicera connected witii the expe- dition. Tlio first is the Hilnrion i/cl Suir'io ile lii Jormnlit i/im Fnui. I'liwjwz ill < niviiiiiln /lizo en vl Denruliriiiiiiiiti) (le Vi/ioln, in Floriiln, Col. Dor., i. 147-54; also ill I'lirheco, Doc., xiv. 318-'2y, from an original at Simancas. Tlie writ- er's name is unknown. The second is the Itelurion que diii il Cnyitun Junn Jnnimillo, iu Florida, Col. Doc, i. 154-153; Pachcco, Doc, xix, 304-lS; and 88 NIZA AND CORONADO IN ARIZONA. Miguel about the middle of April, taking with him 50 horsemen, a few foot-soldiers, a body of native allies, I transl. in Ternnux, i. ix. 3G4-82. These narratives, though less extensive tlian that of CaHtiifiuda, aru hardly less iiniiortant in several respects, both autliors liaviiig acconipaiiieil ("oronado throughout the march to Quivira. A letter of ( 'oronado to the viceroy, dated Aug. 3, 1540, and describing the events of the campaign down to date, is found translated in Ramtutio, Advii/., iii. 3oy-U3; and JJidlw/t's Voij., iii. 373-9. His letter of April 20, '41, to the emperor is not, so far as I know, extant; but a later letter, of Oct. 20, '41, de- 8cril)iiig tlie expod. to Quivira, is found in Pacheco, Dor., iii. 3G2-9; repeated in .xiii. 201-8; and in Tirnaux, i. ix. 355-03. In I'nchvo, Doc., xix. 5i:y-32, is tlie Trtidiulo i/e Ian Xiicnis, a letter or report from C'ibola, dated July .JO, '40, giving an account of the march and ()f the taking of Cibola, the writer's name not appearing. Among tlie cany standard writers, Mota Padilla, Coiiq. iV. Gal., iii. it, 158-Oi), sei Ills to be the only one giving details not apparently not drawn from the originals named above; but his additions are for the most part of slight iniportaiico and of unknown origin. Other references to authorities of this class are as follows: Tovquenuula, Jfoiiunj. Iml., i. 009-10; iii. 358-9, 610-1'..'; IJerrera, J /int. Gen., dec. vi. lib. ix. cap. 11-12; Oviedo, HiM. Gen... iii. \('6\ i,. 19; Goiiiant, Hkt. I'>d., 272-4; 'Iv.ndicta, Hint. Erli-.t., 400; Beamnout, Croii Mich., iv. 213-34, 378-S(); livnzoni. Hist. Mnmlo Xitovo, 107; Bernal Diaz, lli.< Colli/. Mcc, 2;{5; La.'i t'lui.i.i, UM. Apol., nos. 32-7, 127-9; Ri'mJi, Triitm- j>/in,s, 2(i-7; VeiK'ijii.-*, Sot. Cal., i. 107-9; tlavhjero, Stor. Vol., 153; Ali'ijic, Jl'iKt. Coinp. J., i. 2.37-8; Sitliiifion, Rclril 'tJ'.i; Midllinmen, Riinen, ii. 211-12, 403; Knionf^ Ni>tJ:% I'i9, i:<4; Aliertn Rrpt, 3(»th Cong. 1st Sess., Ex. Doc. 41; Ires' ('<•' Jlir., 19 'JO; Diiri.i' El Griir/o, 01 70; Sc/^oolcr(^/'t's Arch., iv. 23-3!'; vi. 07-71; Millir's Cridcii. Sk:, 13. See also t)ie following general riferonces: Pm/iio. in Soc. Mex. Genij., 2d ep., ii. 138 40; Esnidero, Xot. Son., 9, 27 9; GottJ'hedt, N. Wilt, 500-1; Lwt, NoniM Orhi.i, '299 305; .Mtvjin, Jli.if. f'nir. Ind., 01 2; liiinieif's Cliroii. Jl/.il.. i. 210 17; '-'//, in Sor. J/,v'. Geo;/., viii. 481-2; Moiitni.iis, X. Weereld, '209-1.'': Piireliim lim PihjriuH.'i, v. 853; (lidtidin, in Amer. Efliiioij. Six:, i. 201; /(/., in Xoiir. .1)1. Viiif., cxxxi. '247-74; Iliuton, n Id., cxxvi. 44; />e Couici/k Cidli. (Ii., 14; Mm/er's Me.c. AzfiT, i. 115; Jhmeiier/i'.i /h'scnx, i. 174-9, 182; Grecii- h,vr\ Or. it'iid Cnl, 00 1 ; Ind. Aff. Rept, '03, p. 388; Mnrniy'.t Hint. Triv:, ii. 73-9; /iriirkeiiliridije's Me.r. Litters, 81; Id., Enrli/ IHxriw., 7-15; I)ohli',s .trf Hud. R'li/, 102; Fedi.r, fOrii/oii, 08-9; l.ro?'., ii. 98 '.I; Hi-it. CiUh. C'l . ■/iiiiifl. Toy., i. 5 t>; Lnrennii- r. 14, Aug. 2:1, and all the friars, including Marcos de Niza. His route was across the Yaqui to Corazones and the Sonova valley, thence continuing his way northward. At the end of April the main army under Arellai.:^ also left San Miguel for Sonera, where the Spaniards founded a settlement at San Geronimo and remained till October, then joining the general in the far north, exce})t a garrison left at the new town. With the fortunes of this Sonora settlement of San Gerdniuir, abandoned after a change of site before the leiurn of Coronado, we are not directly concerned iiere. It should be stated, however, that Melclior Diaz, sent back from Cibola to command the garrison of 80 men, made, in 1540, an expedition to the gulf s^iore, and tiience up the Ct)lorado, which he crossed to make explorations southward on the western bank. He dle>ulio, 10-11; Julaiiun's J/iM. Ariz., (i; //(j(///('.<' Ariz., 17. "■For Diaz' expud. aud the annals of S. Gen5uimo, see 111.4. Xorlh Mux. St., i. 87-90. 40 NIZA A:TD CORONADO in ARIZONA. perhaps erroneous as to details, for some of which I refer the reader to the appended note.*" '".laramillo, Jiel., who was with Coroiiado's advance, gives most details. The route to Souorawamis foUown: Culiacan; 4 days to Rio Petatlaii; .3 days to Rio Sinaloa; 5 days to Arroyo de Cedros; 3 days to Rio Yaijui; 'i days to an airoyo wiiere were straw huts; 2 days to the village of Corazones; time not jjiveii, distance jierliajis or 7 1. (10 1. ace. to I'<'l. del Siic<'ir,, 'MS), appar- ently o;i the same stream, to Sonora; anil 1 day crossing the stn-am to a vil- lage called (doul)tfully) lapa (clearly regarded as in tlie .Sonora valley). Froiu Sonora aliout 4 days over the desert (or unoccupied country), to the arroyo called Nexpa (prohably the Sta Cruz, but possildy the S. I'edro); 2 days down this .stream; thence t'lrning to the right at (or to) t!ie foot of a mountain range, which was followed for 2 '■•",, 318), appar- Btn-aiii to a vil- V valley). Froiii ), to tlie arroyo o); 2 (lays down ; (if a iiMiiuitaiii o calk'il Ciiii^'liil- ith stc'i'j) banks [•liap.s only kcup- ir liow near their oro ]ietwe(.'u thu ya tlicy gave the tiioy liad learned edes is from tlio y ])rinted) (dff(!rs the stream, ' wo of 2 days, where iehiltie Alii '" is a ! went to a deep horses; ' or else- irrecting an cvi- f. says that from previons coursi; !s, is fatal to the lavo crossed the led N. (or N. \V.) us simply that liltieale, ' where C'hiehiltioale, ins, and with- rtitied. It was k of civilized desert.' The innint,' of the 1»). The main Ind. ligs, and dieep, and then irnitily to the had lonj:; been to lie covered and the coast pposed liy him y trend west- i'ns (p. 1(10 |i. sierra and its a is 80 leaeue-i tie K. of N. (p. 'aracones, and in very deeil I [irrived at (.'hi- m ROUTE OF CORONADO. 41 In the map the reader will find the general limits of the route indicated, with no attempt to show de- tails, by the dotted lines on the right, and Niza's route by those on the left. The location of Sonora, in the region of Arizpe, though there are difficulties respecting the exact sites of Corazones, San Geronimo, and the village of Sonora, may be regarded as unques- tionable. That Coronado's route was via the Santa Ci'uz, and the site of the later Tucson, or that Chichil- ticale, the place where he changed his course to the north-east, was in the region where the Gila emerges from the mountains, is hardly less certain. Chicx. il- chilticalo I found myselfo tenne dayes ionrney from the Sea; and the father proviiiciuU sayd that it waa onely but five leagues distance, aiid that he liad seeiie the same. Wee all conceived gnat griefe, and were not a little con founded when v, <• iv'w that wee found euery thing contrary to the information which he had ,;i\' ii your Lordship,' and more to the same purport. He says that the coast i...i^ii west opposite Corazones 10 or 12 1., and he had heard of the ships jiassing. He remained 2 days at Chichilticale, and on June 21st entered tlie desert or mts beyond. In the Reliichn del S'lnso there is no in- fnniiation about the route from .Sonora to Cibola; and the same is true of the anoii. h tter in I'ur/iern, Dor., xix. 529. i'n the route beyond Chichilticale, Jaramillo says: 3 days K. E. (from the Canada reached by crossing the mts) to a river named S. Juan, from the day; 2 days more to N., vo river called Balsas, because it had to bo crossed on rat'ts; 2 short days to Arroj'o de la Barranca, nearly N. E. ; 1 day to Itio Frio; 1 day throu^'h a pine wood to an arroyo, where 3 men died of jioisou; 2 days to the Arroyo Vermejo, n. e. ; and 2 (lays to the tirst town of Cdjola. James A. Keavis, a man well ac(iuainted with this rej,'ion, where he has a large land claim, in CorrtumlnK llnitle, a MS. kindly furnished for my use, identities the streams as follows; the deep arroyo, perhaps I'inal Creek; S. Juan, south fork of the Rio Salado; Rio de las Balsas, White Mt River; Arroyo de la Barranca, Summit Spring; Rio Frio, Colorailo Chi(piito; next arroyo, Carrizo; and Kio Vermejo, Ziifii River. Castafteda (p. 41) says that in 15 days they ariiv(d within 8 1. of Cdiola, on a river called V'ermejn (red), on account of its soily and red waters; and (p. 55) that the main army, 3 days into the des. it, on a river in a deep ravine found a large horn that Coronado had seen and left as a guide. One day before reaching t'l'liola they had a gale and snow storm. From Ciiichiltieale to Cibola 80 1. (p. i(i2). Cdiola was in a narrow valley between steep mts. The largest town was called Muzaipn! (p. l:1l ^^>i -'Wv ^ : m V fll' i XT', lYk > 1/ - . \ iHv.'rmi>sill6i ^"^« ( (MiDS VIM) AMI Sl/.\ IN AUI/ONA. T 44 NIZA AND CORONADO IX ARIZONA. of one of its towns on a rock to tho ruins of Old Zufii, and of tlie rest to the still existinj^ town and ruins in tlie vicinity; and the agreement from the time of Es- ptjo of all the early Spanish authorities who wrote intelligently on the subject — appear to me conclusive. ■" Thus about the 10th of July — I give only approxi- mate dates, without pointing out minor discrepancies in the different narratives — Coronado and hiis men came in sight of the famous Cibola. The town first apjinjached, and named by the Spaniards Granada, stood on a rocky mesa corresponding to the ruins of Old Zuni; the one seen by Niza, if he saw any, was in tlie valley, like the pueblo still standing but per- haps built later; while the others are still represented by heaps of ruins.^^ The people of Granada, not appreciating the benefits to be gained by submission to the Spaniards' king and Christians' God, came out in warlike array to annihilate the little band of invad- ers, their arrows killing a horse and piercing a friar's gown; but with the battle-cry of 'Santiago' the sol- ii "AresuiiK? of rc>. ;ons for the identity in given in my Native. Races, iv. 073-4. Biiiulelier, llift. lutrail., 12-10, gives an excellent analysis of tlie evi- dence. E,sj)ejo, livlddon, 117-20, 180, found at Zuni some Mex. Ind. whom Coronado left at C'il)ola, and therefore his testimony to the identity should be in itself conclusive. True, there are two copies of E.'s Rdiwian, one of which gives the name Ame or Ami instead of Zuiii, thus suggesting tlu; su.s- liiciou that tlie latter name in the other, and Hakluyt's version from it, may possibly have heen an interiiolation; but I think it more likely that Anie is a misprint; at any rate, the proof is more than sutficient without this. Sal- mcroii, h'clarinm'", 7 0, writing in 1028, speaks of Cibola as the capital of tlie Zuni province. Davis, ,S';«i«. Cow/., 120, found in a MS. of 1088 a reference to Zuiii as the buffalo province, which he reganls as conclusive. Aliout the origin ol the word Ciliola there seems to be no certainty. It i< the S|);uiisli name in modern dictionaries of the American bison, or buffalo (feininine of c/'/o/o), and wa.s, I suppose, of American origin. I learn frina Catschet, through ' iiidelier, Ili-if. Iiifroi/., 9, that Si'iuUxld in the Isleta dia- lect means 'hufl'alo.' We may suppose cither that the Spaniards, fimling .i strin.;e animal during their trip to tlio much talke I of seven cities of Cibola, fornieull'ilo ccmutr}' — often usimI by the natives, took it for grantid that it bebinged tf» the cities or province, the Ind. gradually adopting the usage. But all is mere conjecture, so far as I am concerned. In a note to ii doc. in /'iir/iirn, Dor., iv. 2!>'.t, Cibola is said to l>e the name of a province or its capital in I'ern, nofeil for its liides. ■-' See descrii). of these and other ruins in Xat. Ixitca, iv. 041-74. -Ul:, ■ TAKING OF ClBOLA. 46 f Old Zuni, lid ruins in time of Es- who wrote conclusive."" ily appro xi- iscrepancies nd his men 3 town first Is Granada, the ruins of aw any, was ng but per- represented -ranada, not f submission )d, came out ,nd of invad- nnir a friar's ao;o' the sol- Native, Hares, iv. iialysis of the evi- Mex. Iiid. wliom identity sliouM 's Riliu'ioii, one of ggesting till! HU.s- sioii from it, may kely that Anie is tlio'ut this. Sal- tho capital of tlio ll)S8 a reference ilVO. certainty. It is )i.siin, or Initialo I. I learn friuji in the Isleta dia- aniards, finding a cities ol CiUola, towns had prt \ i- (it unlikely, how- ter tiie Spaniards aine — that ol tiie it for ^i-antid ally adoptnig the In a note to a of a province or 041-74. dlers charged, and drove them within the walls, kill- iii<>- several. The town was taken by assault, after a sti'u<'yle in which the general was knocked down by stones thrown from the roofs, and had his foot {)ierced l)y ail airow." Submitting, the natives forthwith abandoned their town. A few days later the other villages sent in their formal submission, with some c-ifts; but on being urged to become Christians and Spanish subjects, tliey fled to the hills. Some of them ranu' back as the weeks pa.ssed by; and relations be- tween tlie two races during the conqueror's .stay were friendly, tliougli marked by caution on the part of the natives. And now that Coronado was at last master of the fanmus 'seven cities,' both he and his companions were griivdusly disappointed. They had found, indeed, an agricultural people, living in stone and adobe houses of several stories, dressed to some extent in cotton, skilled in the preparation of buffalo hides, and various other petty arts, and even having a few turquoises. Yet the kin<;dom of rich cities had dwindled to a small })rovince of small and poor villages, and tlte (•on(juest seemed a .small achievement f(jr .so grand and costly an expedition. Doubtless, however, the Pueblo towns as they w'ere found would have exeited nmch admiration but for the contrast between the reality iind the brilliant magnificence of the invaders' expecta- tions. On making in(|uiries respecting Xiza's three i^rand kingdoms outside of Cibola, they learned that of Marata the natives had no knowledge whatever ; that Totonteac was said to bo a hot lake, with four or five Jiousi's ant<. iii. 108^1'j:, thinks Tnsayan was not Motjni, Imt perliaps identical with the Kio X'erde ruins which, however, are still farther from Zufli. AT THE MOQUI TO\VNS. 47 )wn defence lade too hot Sonora, and in northern iptains Diaz atchecl with , wlio was to d at Sonora, rrying Coro- ted. y to Noveni- it, he had no dditional ex- irts of more ,li miglit yet lliant indica- dl follow the •rmation was n, with seven [1 the north- afore August luding seven- was sent to ly-h an unin- provnice by ns at night. iits eanie out, had to say, must not he n a soldier in the eaptaiu, come here." natives after losing many lives were defeated, and sued for peace, hriiiging gifts of food, cotton stuffs, leather, and a few tur(|Uoises. They, too, admitted the invaders to their towns, similar to those of Cihola but somewhat larger, and became for the time submissive vassals of the king of Spain. They had their tales to tell of marvellous things Ix-yond, and mentioned a great rivei', several days' iournev down the course of which lived a nation of very tall men. Thereupon Don l*edro returni'd and reported to the general. Then Ca[)tain Cdrdenas, who had succeeded Sa- manicgo as maestro de campo, was sent, with twelve iiu'ii, to seek the great river and the tall men. Being kindly received by the people of Tusayan, who fur- nished guides, Cardenas marched for twenty da3's, or iifty leagues as one narrative has it, westward over a desert countrv, and at last reached the river. But so liigh were its banks, that though deemed as large as tlie river that flows })ast Seville in S[)ain, and said by the Indians to be over half a league wide, it looked like a mere rivulet flowing three or four leagues below; and so precipitous that in five or six days' journey the Spaniards could find no place where they could get to the water. At the most favorable spot, three men spent a day in the attempt, but only succeeded in descend- iiiL"' about one third of the distance. Beinf; advised hy the guides that it would be impos^tilK! to ])enetrato farther for want of water, Cardenas Teturned to Cibola. This was the first visit of Europeans to the great canon of the Colorado, a region but rarely penetrated e\('n in modern times. It was clearly understood by the cliT'ouielers of the ex[)edition that this river, flow- ing from the north-east to sou^.h-south-west, was the ]|i() del Tizon, discovered by Melclior J)iaz near its mouth. No further exj)lorations wi-re attenn»ted in this direction, and the Alfxpii towns were not revis- ited by Europeans for more than forty years."^ - ' ?i;(lrn di' Sotomayor w;i» the clirnnicler of this branch oxpiHlition, accord- in^' to C.istaiiuJa; ami tliu thruu iiuMi wlio triul to roach tlic Ijottoin of 'ho great 48 NIZA AND CORONADO IN ARIZONA, caflon were Capt. Mulgosa, Juan fJaleraa, and aa unnamed soldier. On tlio way back, at a, oaMcade, tliey found eryatalu of salt. A westward courHB from Mocjui would have led to tlie Colorado at the junction of the Colorado Chi(juitii, Mhere the main river turns abruptly to N. of W. As no crossing ol tlie branch is mentioned, and as the course of the river is given as N. E. to s. h. W., it would be much more convenient to suppose that Ciirdenas went N. W. to the river, and followed it southwanl, but not much importance can be at- tached to this matter. Gomara, JliM. fm/., 272, and some other writers, speak of ( 'ardenas' trip as having extended to tlie sea, perhaps confounding it with that of l)iaz to tlie gulf. This may partially account for the subse- quent curious tran.sfer of Coronado's diucovunea from thu N. £. interior to the M. w. coast ou uiauy early maps. er. On tlio way iiFHe fniin Mmpii lorado C'hi(iiiiti>, croaHiiig ot tliu as N. E. to H. s, iiiaswent s. w. tance can be at- 3 other writers, ips coiifoiuuliiig b for the 8ul)se- ;. iuterior to tho 'it'- % M CHAPTER III. CORONADO IN Ni:W MEXICO. 1540-1542. At f'iitni.A, or Zini— Alvauado'.s Torn in the East— Tales of tiik TruK BiKFAi-o I'l.AiNs— Acico, TniiEX, AM) CicuYE— Map— Akkivai, (pk Akki.i.ano and the Akmy— In Wintku Quakters— Spanish Oit- ItAilES— A WlNTEll OK SnoW AND WaKKAHE — EXPEUITION TO TIIK NoKTH-KAST— COUONAIIO IN QlIVIIlA — WkjWAM ViLLACiKS ANU N(» (uii.!)— Back at Tkhex— The Kio Gkande Valley— PtEBLo Names — Skioni) Winter in New Mexico — Plans for a New CoNyiEsr — OuiiERs TO Keti'rn — Dissensions — Fray Juan de Padilla— March TO .SoNORA — A Demoralized Army — Kemakkh on Results — North- ern Mystery and Early Maps — Ibarra's Entradas, 1503-5 — The Name of New Mexico. The discovery of New Mexico dates from the 7tli to the 10th of July, 1540, when General Francisco A'asquez de Coronado arrived from the south-west at tlic province of Cibola, or the Zufii towns, as related ill the last chapter. On the 14th the general visited a peuol four leagues distant, where the natives were said to be fortifying their position, and returned the same day.^ During the absence of Cardenas on his trip to the Moqui towns and Rio Colorado, there came to Cibola a party of natives from the eastern province of Cicuye, with gifts of various leathern articles and offers of tribal friendship and alliance. Their chief and spokesman was iaiigotes, so named by the Sjian- iaicls for his long mustaches, and he had much to say of the ' cows,' that is, the buffaloes, of his country. ' <'nro»nilo, Traslado de las Ntievas, 532. Nothing is said of results or of the ilirectioii. Tho fortiKed peflol suggests the well-known Inscription Rock t-iist ot Zufti, though the distance as given is too small, Hl! 60 CORONADO IN NEW MEXICO. Accordingly, Captain Alvarado was ordered with twenty men to accompany the natives on their return, and to report within eighty days respecting their coun- try and its wonderful animals. In a journey of five days^ Alvarado came to a town named Acuco, supposed to be Niza's Acus, built like Granada of Cfbola on a rock, and accessible only by a narrow stairway, terminating in mere holes for the hands and feet. The inhabitants were hostile at first, but on threats of battle made peace and furnished food. Three days more brought the party, in a dis- tance of twenty leagues toward the east, according to one of the narratives, to the province of Tiguex, with its twelve towns in a broad valley, on a large river flowing from north to south, said to be well settled for fifty leagues or more, and to have villages for fif- teen or twenty leagues fnnn the river on either side. This province became the centre of subsequent opera- tions; and indeed, Alvarado at this time recognized its advantages, sending back a recommendation to the general to come on and establish here his winter quar- ters. Then he went on with Bigotes for five days to Cicuye, on the border of the phiin The natives in respect of friendliness fulfilled tl .omises that had been made by their ambassadors, and, besides their specialty of hides, their gifts included some cloth and ' Thirty Icagties ace. to Coronado, Bd. thl Siiceno. In the Flnriili Col. Dor., C.'i-J). is fimnil tho Riinrion ile lo ijite J/eniaiuto ile Aicinulo ;/ Fntif Juan de PiiiliUn ili'Mnihru'ron eu di'imnidn de la mar del Siir (Norto?), of wliich the sub- Btaiice is as follows: Left (Iraiiada Aug. 21), 1">40, toward Cwo ( Aeiico); 2 1. to an old editice like a furt; 1 1. to another, and a little farther to a third; then a Sretty liiige city, all in ruins G stories high; 11. to another city in ruins, lere is tlie separation of two roads, one to C'hia (to left or N.), and the other (to s. and riffiit) to Coco (Acoma), which town is hrietly descrilietl; thence to a ' very good laguna ' (iterhaps that where the pueldo of Laguna stands in modern times); and thence to a river called Nuestra Seilora, from the day (Sept. 8th, the arrivjil being on tlie 7th, making the whole journey 9d. instcail of 8, as in Castafteda). Tlien follows a description of the 12 pueblos of this prov. (Tiguex, not named) in the broad valley. It is also stated that there are 7 i>ueblos abandoned and tlestroyed by the wild tril)es of tlie plains, !)rob. referring to those in the direction of Pecos; also, that in the wliole coun- Ty are 8;) towns. There is no record of the journey beyond the river. Some descriptive matter on a large town, 3 stories of tJipia and 3 of wood, witii l.'i.OOO inhab., apparently Taos. As we shall see, Castafleda states later that Alvarado bad visitud Braba (Taos) ou his journey to Cicuye. 1 I i TALES OF EL TURCO. SI o/. Dor., mill (If U Bill)- 2 1. to then a riiiiiB. 1 other eiice to mils ill )n'i the ley Oil. niehhis I that plaiiiH, u couii- Soiiie 1, witJi cr that I si even turquoises. But wliat particularly attraotod the captain's attention here was the statements of an In- dian, who claimed to be a native of Hurall, or Hc'inile, •some 300 leagues farther cast toward Florida. From Hoinething in his appearance this man was named hy the Spaniards El Turco, or the Turk. He spoke, 'tout autrement qu'il n'aurait dii le faire,' of great cities in his country, and of what was yet more enticing, gohl and silver in large quantities; and his tales were sent l)ack by special messengers to the general. After such news, buflaloes seemed of slight importance; yet Alva- rado, in compliance with his instructicms, made a trip out into the plains in search of them, with the Turk as a guide, and he found the animals in great numbers. In this tour he followed a river for some 100 leagues south-eastward. Then he returned to Tiguex, where he found that Cilrdcnas had arrived from Cibola to prepare winter quarters for the army, and where Alvarado now remained to await the general. From the preceding narrative of Alvarado's expedi- tion, the reader familiar with the country, or having a map before him, will naturally identify Acuco with the since famous and still existing puel>lo of Acoma, the province and river of Tiguex with the valley of New Mexico's 'great river,' the Rio Grande del Norte, and Cicuye at the edge of the buffalo ])lains, from the vicinity of which a river flowed south-east- ward, with the now ruined pueblo of Pecos. The record of subsequent happenings will, I tiiink, confirm these first conclusions beyond all doubt; and I append some descriptive and other matter from the different narratives which point irresistibly in the same direc- tion.' So far as Acuco is concerned, tlie identity has 'Aciico 5 days e. of Cibola and 3 days w. of Tiguex, Owtafleda, (iO, 71; .301. and '20 1. substituted for the 5 and 3 days in I'd. ilel SureMo. On tlie 1. bu more an march of the main army, Acuco was passed, but no distances are civen b C'astarteda, 82. Jaramillo, 309, places this village about midway — 1 day mor or less— of the 9 days' journey from Cibola to liguex; but this author, by a . evident blunder, calls the village Tut.ihaco, which, as will be seen, w:i.s an- other place. Eaton, as cited by Schoolcraft, Simpson, and others, gives Mah-koo-kee-ah as the Zufli uame of Acoma. Bandelier, 14, gives tiio Cjueres name aa Ago. i I ii. !'1!I m m m 89 CORONADO IX NEW MEXICO. never been questioned, I believe ; yet there will be found in most of the early narratives, indications that Ti>j;uex— also printed Tihuox and Tihueq— is 40 1. N. (e.?) of Cibola. C'lnta- fifilit, )(>.")(». 3 d. (eastward)©' \ciu;o. JiL, 71. It has 1'2 vil. on a great river; tiie val. is alxnit 2 1. wide, and bounded on the w. Iiy high snowy nits; 4 vil. at tiie Umt of the ints; 3 others on the heights. Id., 107-8. Tiguex is the central point of all the pueblos; 4 vil. on the river IkjIow T. are s. E., Ikj- cau^e the river makes a bend to the E. (no such bend appears on nioejo, ascending the Rio ( trande 40 years later, found the province of '1 iguas with reports of Coro- nado'" visit and fights with the natives. Enpejo, Ret., 112-13. This province of the Tiguas, distinct from the Teguas, or Tehuas, was well known at the end of the Kith and in the 17tii centuries, being on the Rio Grande and aliiioHt certainly in the region of Sandia. Bandelier, HUt. Iiilroil., 18-20, after a stnily of documentary evidence which he cites, and which I shall have ooca.sioii to use later, has no hesitation in locating Tiguex at or near Berna- lillo. Sijuier, Kern, and Morgan had previously located Tiguex ol the Rio (irande, above the Puerco junction. Simpson, Corotutdo'n Mnrch, 334-5, while admitting that some of the evidence points to the northern location, yet chooses to hnal ace. to Bandelier), and another larger one, nearly abandoned, called by the Span. Silos, and a 3d, entirely ruiueJ, as was said, by an irruption of the Teyas savages 5 or G years before, PROVINCE OF TIGUEX. 53 the ori»;inal Acoma may have been farther north tlian the modern jjenol pueblo, and more nearly in a line bL'twoen Zuni and Tiguex. As to Tiguex and Cicuye, (lallatin, followed by Davis and Prince, has located the former on the Rio Puerco, and the latter west ot tiie Rio Grande. These authors thus escape from a few slight difficulties, to become involved, as it seems to me, in many greater ones, ignoring several clear points in the testimcmy and the genenJ tenor of the records. While Tiguex, however, was certaiidy in the Rio (jrande valley, there remains a slight doui)t as to its latitude, such excellent authorities as Simpson and Bandolier differing in their conclusions. The latter puts the pueblo and province in the region of Berna- lillo and Sandfa, while the former prefers a site liehtw the mouth of the Puerco. Although Simpson makes one or two strong points in favor of his position, yet the preponderance of evidence is overwhelming — amounting, I think, to proof — in support of the northern site of Tiguex.' Much that may seem vague they having attacked Cicuye, but without succesa. There are 7 vil. hot. C. ami tlie Siurra Nevaila, one of tliem subject to V. and half destroyed l>y tl.e savages (possibly tiie one called Silos above), til., 177 1). 'Ihe l.irgest of tlie onlinary pueltlos, with houses 4 ami 5 stories hiah; !."> 1. east of tlie Uio ile Tijjuex, on the bws that the way from Pecos to the Uio (iallinas (the main branch of the U. Pecos) leails N. K. about TiU miles over rough mts, and may have taken 4 days (only .S ncc. to Jaramillo); also that the (iallinas, being flooded, might require a bridge and be called a large river in May and •liuie. He might have adiled that Alvarailo's earlier trip down what may have been tills stream for UM) 1. may have had something to do with its being called a large stream. S. also notes tiie place called Sayaque, rese:iibliiig ( 'iciiye, on Jeffreys atlas. It must, however, be admitted tliat if the great river was the (rallinas, the omission of any mention of the Canadian, so large and so near, is rciiiarkable. Davis, 198-9, ami Prince, I'JS, put Cicuye on the Uio .leiiies or on or near the Rio (irande and west of that river, in the region of St.a Ana. This is to lit the location of Tiguex on the Puerco, ami the only merit of tliis theory, so far as I can see, is to provide a great river to be bridged — though hardly three days from Cicuye — and D. has even heard of some traces of a briilge in this region! The theory of I), and the others wouM completily ignore all the pueldos E. of the Rio(rrande. Ititndelier's conrirination of the iilentity of Pecos and Cicuye derives especial weight from his personal exam- iuation of Pecos and the adjoining region. 111-17. He tells us that the alio- riginal name of Pecos was Acpii or Agin (Agiu»), 2(); and he 8Uggest>< that the original .Spanish of Castiifleda may possibly have been Acuye instead of Cicuye, especially as the uaiue is in one narrative (lid. del Huceeo) written Acuique. 54 CORONADO IN NEW MEXICO. to the reader of this cliapter will become perfectly clear from later records. Meanwhile Corouado, having despatched Alvarado to tlie east, and having sent Cdrdenas, after his return from the north-west, to prepare winter quarters at Ti- guox as already rt^lated, awaited at Cibola the arri' al of the nuiin army under Arellano, who came late in COROSADO IN NkW MeXICO. November or early in December, without having had any noteworthy adventures on the march from So- nora.* Then the general, ordering the army to rest for twenty days before following him, started for Ti- gui;x with thirty men. Instead of the direct route by way of Acuco, or Acoma, he went farther to the right, or south, bent on new discoveries, as he had heard of * Castafteila is clearly in error when he says the army left Sonora in the iniiUlle uf Sept., and that Arellano remained behind. IN WINTER QUARTERS. other towns in that direction. His party suffered se- verely on the way for want of water, which had to be souirlit in the mountains, where the intense cold was as oppressive as the thirst had been before; yet in eleven days they reached tlie Rio Grande at the prov- ince of Tutahaco with its eight villages,' hearing of others ftirther south, and then following the river for four leagues up to Tiguex. Here Coronado found Cdrdenas and Alvarado await- ing him, together with the Turk, to whose tales of eastern wealth he listened with the greatest pleasure and credulity, all his companions becoming presently most enthusiastic in their hopes of a grand conquest in the near future.^ These hopes doubtless made them less careful than they might otherwise have been to conciliate the natives of Tiguex. Unmindful of the viceroy's instructions, and of the new Indian policy of which Coronado was to be the exponent, the invaders did not hesitate to take such houses as they desired for their own uses, turning out the inhabitants with- out ceremony, and otherwise disregarding the property rights of the people who had given them so kind a re- ception. The friendly f»)lks of Cicuye received no better treatment, except that as yet they had not the army to support. Alvarado, being sent to obtain cer- tain golden bracelets which the Turk falsely claimed to have left at that pueblo, arrested Bigotes and an- * Tutaliaco with 8 vil. 4 1. down the river s. E. from Tiguex. CdAtaileda, 76, 1U8, 18*2. Nr>t named in the Het. del SuceM. By Jaraiiiillo, :M9, it is confounik'd with Aouco. 8impaon docs not attempt to identify it. Davis, I8()-l, and I'rinee, KW, entirely misunderstand tlie route, and mistranslate the original of CiistaOeda to identify this province with the Laguna group N. of Acoma. Kandelier, '21-.S, identities Tutahaco with the region of Isleta, a coniiiaratively modern pueblo (that is, nimloru in its actual site; the origi- nal Isleta was, liowuver, as we shall sec, in the same region, though possi- bly a little farther south). Tiiis conclusion, which of course cannot be qiicNtioned in view of the distance from Tiguex, makes Tutahaco practically one of the 'ligua towns. Tiiere is something suggestive of possible error in the existence of a province of 8 towns only 4 I. IkHow the other 12, and about wiiieh so little is said; still the record is clear en(Uigh. "By Mota l'aand could get no justice. One pueblo was burned for some offence of the inhabitants not clearly specified ; and many other outrages were committed. It is fair, however, to state that Casta- fieda, on whom we have to depend for particulars of this winter's bloody deeds, was not very friendly to Coronado; and in the other brief narrative it is implied tliat the troubles began with the killing of horses by the natives. Whatever may have been the truth — and I have no doubt that these haughty caba- lleros were as usual utterly disregardful of the In- dians' riii'hts — the result was, that civilization and Christianity were soon in bad odor; and when Are- llano arrived with the main army from Cibola in December/ the whole province was in open re\olt. The winter was spent, so far as the heavy snow- fall and intense cold — to which neither men nor ani- mals were accustomed — would permit, in efforts to conquer or conciliate the revolted pueblos. Captain Cdrdenas marched against the town where the woman had been outraged, gaine«l the roofs by assault, and there fought constantly for two days and one night. Meanwhile the Mexican allies, by introducing inflam- mable material tiirough subterranean passages, forced the defenders to sue for peace. C ' ' " ' ' mn>i liTosai ^Tlic Ist night out frnin Cfbnla the army was lodged at the largest town of the province, named Mu2a(|(ie, 8onie of wliose houses are said to have been 7 stories high. Tiieir later route was v ia Acuco, where they were kindly received, and where many cliuibud to the top of tliat famous peaol. Ca«taileUa, 7U-83, 163. SPANISH OUTRAGES. HI la 111 iam- )rced >and Lopoz responded to their signs by crossing their arms, wliereupon the Indians threw clown their arms and surrendered. Being conducted to tlje tent of Captain Cilrdenas, tl)c latter ordered them to he hurned alive; and on seeing the preparations the prisoiurs, ahout 100 in nuniher, resisted desperately and were slaugh- tered. Cilrdenas alleged that he had no knowledge of the capitulation, and had followed his general's orders.* A few escaped to tell their countrymen ln)W the Spaniards kept their promises; and from this time to the final departure of the army the people of this province refused to listen to any propositions of peace from a race they could not trust. They defended themselves by barricading their towns, (»r ran away to tlic mountains, but to every oflTer of pardon and conciliation they simply pointed to past acts of bad faith. Captain Cilrdenas going with thirty men to tiie pueblo of Tiguex to propose terms was re(|uired to advance alone and unarmed; and being knocked down, was with difficulty rescued, several others being seriousl}^ wounded. Nearly all the natives of the province had taken refuge in this pueblo and an- other three or four miles distant. Then Coronado advanced with his army to attack Tiguex, but was repulsed in the first assault by the stones and arrows of the defenders with twenty men wounded, several of them fatally. Then followed a siege of 50 days, with many assaults and sorties, in which were killed some 200 of the natives and a num- ber of Spaniards, including Captain Obando and a gentleman nanjed Francisco de Pobares." The be- sieged, suffering for want of water, dug a well inside the town, which caved in and buried thirty of their " Mnta Pa<1illa, Ifiiit. Conq. N. Gal, 101, says that Cardenas was afterward imprisoaud in Spain for this act. Frujes, aco. to Eirwlfro, \iit. Son., 'JT-'J, saysi C. was sentenced aiul imprisoned in Mex. Uustauiiinte, in (loimira, llixt. Mij: (ed. 18'2(i), 184, says that C died at t'hainetla. As we shall see pres- ently, C. left N. Mex. for S|>ain via Mex., in advance of the army. * CastaAeda, 07-8, says that ()V>ando or Cardenas — it is not clear which — was captured and carried alive into a pueblo during one of the exiMiditiims; pcrhapii C, since it is said that O. was maestro de campo inC.'s absence. S8 CORONAIX) IN NEW MEXICO. number. A little later they were allowed to send away women and children, about 100 of whom de- jmrted ; and after two weeks more of resistance tliey all attempted to escape by nij^ht. The movement beinj^j discovered, the fugitives bravely atUvcked the foe, and were either cut down or driven to perish in the icy waters of the Rio Grande, A similar fato befell those who had taken refuge in the other town; and all the villages were taken and plundered, the inhabitants being killed, enslaved, or driven from the province. Not one submitted, or would accept the conquerors' permission to return to his home. The natives of some of the other provinces, how- ever, proved more tractable. The pueblo of Chia, a large and populous one, four leagues west of the river,'" sent in its submission voluntarily, and was visited by a captain, the inhabitants being intrusted as a maik of especial confidence with the care of four useless bronze cannon. Another party was sent to the province of Quirix, or of the Queres, situated north of Tiguex, and including seven pueblos." The people of the first were timid and ran away, but being overtaken and reassured as to the strangers' intentions, they not only became friendly, but aided in tranquillizing the whole province. During the winter, also, Coronado found occasion to visit Cicuye, or Pecos, where, to con- ciliate the people with a view to his proposed expedition eastwanl, he liberated one of the captive chieftains, and promised the early release of the other. ; i '"Tho pueUlo of Cia, Zia, or Silla still stands in about the place indicated. It ia nicntioiioil liy (Jiuitailuda and witlioiit location or description in Rd. lU'l Surctio. Tiiu name Silla is probably a corruption, as tlio Mexicans pronounce it Siya or Ciya. This direction of Cia is of course a point in favor of the northern location of Tiguox, and against that on the Tuerco, though tiiere is no certiiinty that the nioiUrn site correspontls exactly to the ancient. This is a pueldo, however, which we shall find often mentioned in tlie 17th-century annals. Davi.-i, 202, mistranslates '4 1. distant on tite river ' to suit his theory. "Tlie province was later called S. Felii>e de Queres. Its pueblos of S. Felipe, 8to Domingo, Sta Ana, Cochitf, and Cia still stand in the same region, though as we have seen Cia in 1540 was named by Caataflcda as a distinct pueluo. Quirix is also printed Quivix. Tlicre seems to I>e no reason to doubt its identity with Queres, a well-known name of later annals. 4 MAHCH TO gl'lMKA. SO It was not until Mav 1541 that tlic ice in tlio Rio Oraiulo wan suttioioiitlv thawed to make the streani fonlahle;'"' and on tlie 5th of tliat month the jrenernl marclu'd witli liis entire force in seareh of the ri'ported wealth of the regions heyond Ti«,'uex, havini,' previously 8«'iit Captain Tohar back to Sonora to brin*;^ up half the forci' left there. At Cieuye, Bij^otes havin*,' he"n nleasejl in aceordanee with an earlier pr«>inisi, the Spaniards were received as friends, and a jj^uide was ohtaimd, wh(» claimed to be a native of Quivira. The Turk had before this time rendered himself liable to suspicion in respect of his veracity, bein«j; also detccteil ill divers conversations with the devil; but as the new «;uide, named Xabe, confirmed to some extent his re- ])orts of ^old and silver, the Spaniards wen; much elated at their prospective conquest. A march of three or four days t)ver a mountainous country brouji^ht them to '*a jjfreat and very deep river which flows also near Cieuye, and was therefore named liio do Cieuye, " where it took them four days to construct a bridije. This river would seem to have been the Gallinas, the eastern and lander branch of the IVcos.'^ A little later they entered the j^reat buffalo plains, and in ten days came to the first habitations of the wandering tribes. Details of Coronado's long march over these vast plains have but little intrinsic interest, antl still less importance so far as the history of New Mexico is concerned; moreover the records, as might naturally be expected, are far from being sufficiently '^ It iimst have l)eon a most extraordinary winter; Imt prolwUlv the floods following till) lircaking-up of the ice may have heeii a« fonnidalue oh.sta>'Ii>!< to fiiriliiig as the ice, and a montli of AooiIh slioiihl iierliap:-. 1h) inohided ia the delay, (.'oronado, however, gives the date of starting as Aiiril '2'M. ^■^ An we have seen, the size of this struain lias to he explained liy the sea- son of flood, with the possible addition of earlier exploration liy Alvarado. To tlins explain away the tliffieulty i% a very different matter from Davis' siinilar theory alHutt the Rio I'uereo, because on the Pueri'o the army Hi>ent, if I), and the others are right, two winters, and had ample time to learn its size and its connection with the Kio Grande; while the Cienye was merely crossed at this point once in May, and was once or twice explored below and xhowii to be really a large river. D.'s position that the Cieuye was the Rio (iraiide is wholly untenable. Yet, as I have said, it is strange that the Canadian fails to figure in these narratives. COUONAUO IN NKW MEXICO. minuto to cnal»lo us to fix the exact route followed. Alxiut the expedition in general, however, there is little or nothinjjf of mystery t)r eonfusion. Aeeonlijijj to Castafieda, the army marched in 37 days to a point 250 leajjfues from Ti^uex, on a north-north-east course for the larger part of the way, and perhaps all, though the most enticing reports pointed to the east, and the statements respecting the direction are at the last not quite clear." Jaramillo implies that more than half the journey was directed eastward. 1 think it clear that east-north-east is nearer the general route fol- lowed than north-east. Two tribes of Indians, the Querechos and Teyas, both migratory, dwelling in skin tents and living chiefly on buffalo meat, were passed on the way; and their reports, though contra- diet|)ry, seemed to confirm the idea of a ricli country farther on. The explorers also visited a rancheiia, where an old native explained by signs that ho had seen Cabeza de Vaca's party in the south. Besides Xabc, there was another Quivira Indian named Sopete or Isopete, accompanying the army, who had declared the Turk a liar, without gaining much credit, as the Querechos had rartially confirnu d the latter's testhnony; but what 1 le Teyas said fa- vored Sopete's version, and indicated that the Turk, f)erha)>s from a desire to reach his own country, had ed the Spaniards much too far east, Quivira being in the north. Finall}', in a valley which formed the extreme eastern limit of the exjiloration, it was decided at a council of war held about the middle of June that the general should go with thirty-six picked men ; '♦CaatafCeda'a statements from time to time seom to foot up 23 days from Cicuye, exclusive of thu 4(1. dctentiou in briilge-building and others, Ki d. at least luting n. n. k. ; then in summarizing he says they had marched 37 d. at the rate of (5 or 7 1. per day, or a total of '2^)0 1. from Tiguex. The Jfel, del Sure-ii, on the contrary, gives the march as ] 50 1. E. and then 50 1. H. Jara- millo agreca with Castfifteda that the route Wiis N. n. e. for alK>ut 10 d. from the crossing of the Cicuye to the country of the Querechos; but he says that for 20 d. or more from that point they turneil oast, or at least more toward the east. Coronado in his letter says the march was S) d. to the great })lain3 (from Tiguex), then 17 d. to the Querechos, and 5 d. to the Tcy;is without any definite indication of the direction. QUIVIUA FOUND. It in soart'Ii of Quivira, while the main army untU'r Arellano should return to Tij^uex. The cliitf reason for this (looision was the lack of other food than huf- falomeat; hut (^oronado states also that the guides had already confessed t '".fc they had deceived him respecting the huildings of 0"ivira, which were really of straw.''' Arellano's force, after remainin<^ fifteen days to hunt huffalo, returned in twi'nty-five days hy a shorter and more southern route — in itself a proof that they had gone far to the east rather than mo north — to Ti»(uex. On the way they passed many sal! - marshes, noticed nmltitudes of prairie-dojjfs, reached the llio ("icuye, t)r lVct)8, thirty leaj^ues he' « v the former crossinj^, followin«:r it up to the puehlo, an- 1 h-arning thn^ I'lat river flowed into the Tiguex, or }{\o Grande, some twenty days' journey helow. The arrival it Tij^uex was hefore the end ot July.'* After leaving,' the main army Coronado went north- ward for about forty days over the plains till he reached Quivira late in July, remained there twenty- five days, and arrived at Ti«;uex on his return in August or September.'^ Quivira proved to be one of several Indian villages of .straw huts, or wigwams, on or near a large river. The inhabitants resembled tlie roving Querechos and Teyas in most respects, but were .somewhat superior, raising a small <]uantity of maize. The country was an excellent one in respect '*/'(ir/(pro. Dor., iii. .TCo. '"On tliis return im Iml. woman, slave of Zaldfvar, oscaped, ami afterward within S) days she fi;U into the hands of Spaniards in Fh)rida, wlio, liowuver, claiini'd to have been at the time over 'MO 1. in tlie interior. So Castuaeda, l.'i."), Iiuard from these Span, in Mexico. •'Coronado, in his hftter of Oct. '2()th, says ho travelled 42 d., makin)^ 07 ill ;dl from Tigiiex (ajipareiitly I'.i hy computation), or over 'MO 1., to Quivira ".•.">() 1. from Mex., and ni 40°. CastJiAeda, wlio was not with the general, saya the journey out was 48 days, an- able existence of silver mines. Twenty leagues farther up the river this party came to a large town built on both banks of the stream, with wooden bridges con- necting tlie two parts, and with the largest cstn/as yet seen. Its name was Braba; ,the Spaniards called it "Prince, 138-40, dous not follow Davis in this instance, Iwlieving that the army reached the cafions of the Canadian branches, and that Corouado reached Kansas. ^'Castafieda, 138, says that B. went up the river northward and visile I Hemes; hut on p. 168 lie says that Hemes was 7 1. N. k. of Tit,'ui'X (or per- haps from Qiiirix). This is the chief support of those who put liguex on tl;-; I'uerco, liut I have no ''ouht it is an error for N. w. Acconling to Uaiidclier, l-'.'l, 109-10, the Pecos l.ingua^e was spoken at Jemes, and tlie original puelilo was at the S. Die^'o niins, 13 miles n. of the present site. This author also includes in this Jeines group the prov. of Aguas Calientcs, with 3 puelilos lueuticmed hut not located by CastiiAcda, 182. I know of no special reason for or against this latter identification, except that Ojos Calientes, or Aguas Cal., is applied on some modern maps to ruins N. of Jemes. ^' Yuque-Yunque is identified by Bandelier, 18, 23-4, with the Tehua group N. of .St;i Fe, including S. Ihlefonso, S. Juan, Sta Clara, Pujuiwpie, Namhe, iiiid Teuupie. In strong confirmation of this, 1 note that S. .luau, or S. < Jahriel, tlie capital of N. mex. in the early years of the 17th century, is called in Kxritlaiite, 'Mrta, 116, S. (labriel del Y'unque. Iho later Cuyamunque may •ildu have some uoaaectioa with this uame. 04 CORONADO IN NEW MEXICO. i Valladolid; and its identity with Taos can hardly be questioned "^ Leavinj( the northern country in jieace, Barrio-nuevo returned down the valley to Tiguex. Another ofticer was despatched down the river tt) ex- plore its lower branches, as mentioned by the people of Tutahaco. He advanced eighty leagues southward, to a place where the river disappeared underground, to appear again below, as the natives said, larger than ever."^ Somewhere on the way, but not necessarily at the southern limit of the exploration, they found four large villages, whose people oflered no resistance. These were the southernmost pueblos, and may be itleu- tified with those of the Piros in the Socorro region, abandoned during the wars of the next century.'^* This concludes the list of the New Mexican pueblos visited by Coronado or his officers, most of which, as we have seen, can be identified, in groups at least, with reasonable accuracy. It is noticeable, however, that the group between Zuni and Tiguex, represented by Laguna, Cebolleta, Moquino, and Pujuaque, is not mentioned,"' and as a matter of fact, these pueblos did not exist till much later. After these explorations had been accomplished, ''Braba is written also Yuraha. Castafleila, 139, says that Alvarado had visited tliis town roach of spring, wlien preparations for a new expedition had been far advanced, Coronado, while engaged in a tournament IIisT. Ariz, and N. Mex. 5 ii i i 'i *■ I 86 CORONADO IX NEW MEXICO. on a day of festival, was thrown by the breakinof of a t^irth, and received from jSIaldonado's horse a kick on the liead. He was seriously injured and lonjj^ confined to his bed. After [)artial recovery he had a dangerous relapse, caused by tiie return of Cilrdenas with news that the Sonora colonists had been massacred by Indians. Superstition also had its influence on his weakened mind ; for a necromancer in Spain had lon^ ago predicted for hiuj a brilliant career in a distant land, to be terminated by a fall that would cause his death. The prevailing discontent among officers and men tended greatly to increase the leader's despon- dency and his desire t») return that he might die near liis wife and children.'^" The soldiers at last presented, or were induced to present, a petition for return; it was decided in a council of otKcers to grant the peti- tion, abandoning further attemps at con<|uest; and the corresponding orders were issued; some of the gentlcaen officers opposed this resolution, and others soon repented of their vote ; but apparently a majority, including the general, though willing to shirk respon- sibility, were not really desirous of remaining; and notwithstanding the alleged protests of many, and their demands to be allowed to continue the enterprise with a part of the arm3% Coronado refused to nu)dify his plans, and even renjained in his tent, ])retending to be in worse health than he really was, in order to escape tiie importunities of his associates. Fray Juan de Padilla and l^adre Luis, a lay brother, resolved to reniain in the country and make an attem[)t to convert the natives of Cicuye and Quivira. An escort was furnished as far as Cicuye, where Padre Luis remained; while Fray Juan, accompanied by a Portuguese named Campo, a ni>gro, a mestizo, antl a few Mexican Indians, pressed on to Quivira. Subse- quently st)me sheep were sent to Brother Luis, and the messengers reported him as saying that he hail "He had shortly before married a daugliterof the treasurer, Alonso do Rstra7-!*, gives about the same versitm as Beaiumuit, but does not name Esealona; and lit.' adtLs that Fr. Juan de la Cruz ami Fr. Luis tie UbtMla remained at CtHpiite (I'lcu^ve ?), while Padilla went to Quivira antl was killeil. Cruz was shot stion, hut Lhetla lived iu a hut and diil good deeils, antl nothing wiis known of \\\h ileath. 'The first martyrs of the church iu the U. S.' Dc Couicet/'a CiUli. Vh., 68 COUONADO IN NEW MEXICO. The return march of Coronado's army was begun in April 1542. All natives of Tiguex and other provinces of tlie north who had been enslaved were now released, for fear that if they were carried to Mexico their fate would he avensxed on the friars who remained; but a number of Mexican Indians, besides those who went with tlic missionaries to Cicuye and Quivira, remained at Cfbola, where they were found, Jis we shall see, many years later. Between Tigucx and Cfbola over thirty horses died, though apparently in good condi- tion. It should be noted that from horses left in the country during this expedition may have originated the innnense drov(.>s that in later times ranged the plains northward, though I have found no positive evidence of so early an origin; also that sheep were introduced by Coronado. The march from Cibola south-cat-tward was uneventful. At Chichilticale, on the Gila, they met Captain (iallegos with retinforcu- ments and supplies. The members of this party were greatly disapi)ointed at meeting a retreating army, instead of joining the conquei'ors in the enjoyment of Quiviran spoils. The gentlemen officers thus reen- forced renewed their efforts for a renewal of the eon- quest, or at least for a halt until the viceroy could be consulted; but the soldiers would listen to nothing of the kind. Gallegos' men and others were insubordi- nate, but Coronado had lost all control, his autliority both as general and governor being disregarded. Most of the force disbanded at Culiacau in June; and Coro- nado finally reached Mexico with barely 100 men. Though at first coldly received by Mendoza, he gave ex})lauations which were satisfactory, was honorably relieved of his command, and as soon as his health was restored resumed his duties as governor of Nueva Galicia. Thus ended the grandest exploring expedition of the period, in which th>. Spani^nds learned in a sense all that was to be known of Arizona and New Mexico, HESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION. tli(>U|L,'li tlicv tlld not find tlio wonders they had souu'lit, uiid tliDUgli thoy neitlicT renienibcred nor niado any uso of their discoveries. Tlie great !Mixton revolt jirevcntt d any innnediato resumption of nortlieru (•ntirj)risi;s, wliieli, however, would very like ly not liuve l»een prosecuted in any event. Castaneda, writ- ini^ twenty years later, expresses the opinion th.it in order to find any of the greiit things belit^ved to bo connected in some way with the Indies, they should have directed their course to the north-west instead of the north-cast; and he suggests that Quivira anil tlie adjoining regions migJit be reached by a better route tlirough the interior, or from the gulf coast, with aid of the guides who had escaped in that direction after the friar's death. Tlie narratives of Coronado's expedition we have found remarkably accurate in a general sense, and ([uite as satisfactorj' as any records except an original detailed diarj' with maps could be ex})ected to be. The general route has been easily traced, and several principal points on the journey have been identilied witli reasonable, accuracy. There is a notable absence of exaggeration and mystery; indeed, the country, its people and its towns, are represented as they actually t'xistcd. Yet it is no less remarkable, after making allowance for the stories scattered broadcast in ^SEex- ico and Spain by the returning soldiers of Coronado's army, how little effect this ex[)loration had on geo- giaphical knowledge. For two centuries, though the narratives were extant and occasionally repeated with approximate accuracy, and though now and then an official report showi-d a fair knowledge of the facts ill certain circles, no map within my knowledge — ex- cept Padre Kino's and a few others on the regions of ]*inieria Alta up to the (iila — throws any light on the geography (»f Arizona and New Mexico, or makes any I'onsideral'le approach to the general cartographic n suits that might have been reached by a fairly in- telligent use of the Coronado narratives alone. 70 CORONADO IN NEW MEXICO. i ii: n-i I ! '■ !i . .! ^1 i'i ' 19 The historian Gomara before 1554 represented Coronado as having reached the coast, where he saw ships from Cathay with decorations in gold and silver; thus layini^ the foundation for endless confu- sion.^ Espejo, visiting New Mexico in 1582, as will be related in the next chapter, while he found traces of Coronado's visit, had no definite idea of that otficer's explorations. Benavides, writing in 1G30, though cus- todian of the Franciscans in New Mexico for years, giv- ing a good account of the country, and even describing Coronado's journey, seems not to have had the slight- est idea that Xew Mexico had been the region ex- plored.'-^ Mota Padilla about 1740 gravely tells us that if Coronado had gone farther north and sonie- wliat westwardly he would prol)ably have discovered what is now New Mexico.*' Many more accounts might bo cited of similiar nature, with others much more and much less inaccurate ; and I may add that most modern writers — that is, those who allude in a general way without special investigation to this ex- l)edition — have evidently regarded it as mysterious in most of its geographic phases, and have had a vague idea tliat almost any place from California across to Florida may have been visited by Coronado, if indeed the exploration w'as not altogether mythical, I think it time that the mysterious elements of the subject should be eliminated. And here I may suggest to the reader a perusal of the chapters devoted to the Northern Mystery, as already referred to.''* There will be found, besides the curious complication of inaccuracies, exaggera- tions, and falsehoods, current for two centuries or more and resting on the expeditions of Niza and Coronado as well as on others real and fictitious, a reproduction of many old maps, which, while includ- ^"Oomarn, Hkt. I>id.,21i. '• Bettuv'nlen, lieqvente Remonstrafjve, 108-17. 3" Mola /'iidllUi, Com/. N. GoIHa, 1(5'J. "' Sco JfUt. Norfhiivsi CoaM. i., cliaii. i.-iv., this series, especially maps on p. 49, M, 65, C8, 82-4, 104, 108, 110, 114, 128, 131. EARLY MAPS. n incf in a sense tlie territory now under consideration, ciuinot l>o ropc^ated conveniently here, except one of 1J'.»7, wirkh t'xi)luins itself. On the others will be seen on the South Sea coast, or on tributaries of the ijult' of California, between latitudes 35° and 45° for the most }>art, scattered with but slight ren^ard to any kind of order, the names, variously spelled, of Seven Cities, Quivira, Sierra Nevada, Cieuic, Axa, Tiguex, Cucho, Cibola, Tuchano, Totonteac, (iranada, Marata, Chiehueo, Kio Tizon, Laguna de Oro, New Mexico, Wytfliet-Ptolemv Map of lol)?. Bio del Norte, Rio ]^ravo, Rio Biiena Guia, ^Foqni, Ameies, Zuny, and finally after 1700 Santa Fe on a river flowing into the Mexican gulf Of these, Qui- vim, ^[arata, New Mexico, and Granada transformed into New Granada are made prominent often as prov- iiu'is, while the province or kingdom of Tolm is added. At last in 1752-G8 the maps of De L'Isle and Jett'erys, witli all their absurdities in other parts, give a tolera- hlv accurate idea of Arizona and New Mexico in their 73 CORONADO IN NEW MEXICO. m Sill; rivers and otlicr general features, details being largely and wisely omitted. While Coronado's was the last of the grand mili- tary expeditions for half a century, and while for much longer the far north was left almost exclu- sively to the theorists, yet toward the north there was a constant progress in the interior through the efforts of nuncrs and missionaries in Nueva (ialicia and Nueva Vizcaya, destined in time to cross the lino of our territory. It was forty years before the line was again passed, unless there may have been one exception in the expeditions of Francisco de Ibarra in 15r»;]-5. From a point not very definitely fixed in the sierra between Sinaloa and Durango, Ibarra marched for eight days to a point from which he saw a large town of several-storied buildings; and later, having gone to Sinaloa, he says he " went 300 leagues from Chametla, in which entrada he found large settlements of natives clothed and well provided witli maize and other things for their support; and they also had many houses of several stories. But because it was so far from New Spain and the Span- ish settlements, and because the governor had not people cnt)ugh for settlement, and the natives were hostile, using poisoned arrows, he was obliged to re- turn." " Beaumont, deriving his information from un- known sources," as I have written elsewhere,^'^ "adds that Ibarra was accompanied by fifty soldiers, by Pedro de Tobar" — of Coronado's expedition — "and by Padre Acebedo and other friars. His course was to the right of that followed by Coronado and nearer New ]Mexico. He reached some great plains adjoin- ing those of the vacas — the buffalo plains — and tlKic found an abandoned pueblo whose houses were of sev- eral stories, which was called Paguemi, and where there were traces of metals having been smelted. A '' Seo JliiL Xorih Mex. St., i. 105-10; also Itxirra, Relaclon, 482-3; Velium, Rclnrhii, ^yi^'^-(i]•, Beaumont, Cron. Mich., v. 5.'i8-41. Vargas, K. Mcj: Textim., 12S) (alxmt ir>83), tells us that Ibarra 'revolvid sobro la parte del uortc hasU que did en los Valles de las Vacas. ' IBARRAS K.\?KI)ITI()NS. 7S few (lays later, as tliis wiiter seems to say, Iharra nachej the j^rcat city of l^a^ine, a most luaiitiful city ailorncd with very sumptuous cdifioes, exteudiii;^ over three lea«jjues, with houses of three stories, very Inland, with various and extensive plazas, and the jioiiscs surrounded with walls that appear to he of masonry/' This town was also abandoned, and the ])e()ple were said to have gone eastward. It is difli- cult to determine what reliance should be plaeinl on ]?eaumont's narrative; and there appear to be no (grounds for more than the vaguest conjecture as to what region was thus explored by Ibarra. He may have visited some of the abandoned pueblos of the («ila valley; or may, as Beaumont seems to think, have gone farther to the regioti of the Moqui towns; or jK'rhaj)s he went more to the east and reached the Casas (jtrandes of Chihuahua. There is nothing that can be added to throw new light on this subject, and i simply leave the record of what was possibly a new crossing of the Arizona line. It i.s perhaps worthy of notice, however, that in con- luction with Ibarra's entrada of 1503 the province of ('o|)ala is mentioned, a name that — though here applied apparently to Topia or an adjoining region ill the .sierra — figured later in the mythic nortliern giography; and especially that on his return Gov- ernor Ibarra boasted that he had discovered a ' new ^Ftxico' as well as a new Vizeaya. It is not unlikely that from this circumstance the name Xew Mexico came to be applied in later years to a countr}"^ that Don Francisco had probably never seen. Another noteworthy circumstance in this connection was the discovery in 15G8 by a party of mining prospectors from Mazapil, in northern Zacatecas, of a lake which was formally named Laguna del Nuevo Mexico. This lake was apparently one of those in the modern Coa- liuila, hut the tendency to find a * new Mexico ' in the north is noticeable.^ ^■' I'l ■veted crown of martyrdom, he could also achieve the glory of a new conquista espiritual, so much the better for himself and his order. Therefore, in November 1580, lie a[»plied to Viceroy Coruna for a license to under- take the enterprise, apparently visiting M'fxico for that purpose. The king had forbidden new entradas except with royal license; yet the viceroy took the lilierty of authorizing the organization of a volunteer escort not exceeding twenty men, who might also caiiv along some articles for barter; the padre pro- vincial gave the required permission; and the friar re- turned to San Bartolome to fit out his i)arty. Two other Franciscans, padres Juan de Santa Maria and Francisco Lopez, were assigned by the jtrovincial to the new field; eight or nine soldi(>rs of the twenty allowed were induced, in the hope of finding mines, to volunteer their services, one of the number, Francisco Sanchez Chamuscado, being made their leader;^ and from eight to fifteen Indian servants, besides a mes- tizo named Juan Bautista, were engaged for the trip. •Ill the narrative attached to Espejo'a relation, more widely circulated th;m any other, ho i.j called Ayuatiii Kuiz, and liy tliis name lie is known to iiiii lorn writers; hut the original records to he cited presently leave no tloulit oil the matter; and he ii also called Rodriguez hy Torquemada, Arlegui, Mota r.ilill.i, Aparicio, and othcrti. Vargas, in Pacheco, J^oc, xv. 131, calls him Ay;nionte. ^ Their names were Pedro Buatamante, Henian Gallegos, Felipe Escalante, Horiiando Barrundo, and (according to Villagrd) Pedro Sanchez de Chavez, ■'uiiii Sanchez, Herrera, and Fuensalida. There were perhaps 8 men besides tlio leader. I ' ]<■ K'ii 76 ENTRADAS OF RODRIGUEZ AND ESPEJO. Tin's party, some twenty strong, set out from San Bartolomc on the Gth of June, 1581, and followed the Rio C^)nclia, or Conclios, down to its junction with a very large river which they named the Guadahjuivir, really the Rio Grande, or Bravo del Morte. Up this Early Routes to New Mexico. I. A river they marched for 20 days, or 80 leagues, as they overestimated the distance, to the first group of inir- blos, to wiiich province, or rather to the whole region of the pueblos, they gave the name of San Felipi.'. .i:iii:.'i'i EXPLORATIONS IN NEW MEXICO. 77 arriving in August/ This first group was in the Socorro region, being the same visited by Coronado's oHiccrs. From this point they continued their jour- ]iiv up the valley, and visited most of the groups on tlu! main river and its branches. I append an outline of their movements,'' from which it will be a[)pareMt tliat the towns visited cannot be accurately identified from the meajjre details of the testimonv, the fjood faith of which, however, there is no reason to ques- tion. A pueblo of Puaray was made the centre of operations, and from later records it is reasonably clear that this place was in the Tigua province, or Coronado's Tisfuex. Here the friars remained while the soldiers made all or part of their exploring trips; and here they were finally left with their Indian attendants and the mestizo, bv Chanmscado and his men, who set ovtt on their return in December or * IJarnuulo aiul Escalante in their lielacion state tliat from S. Bartolonie they travulloil 31 days among tril)U3 of wilil Intl., then 1!) days through a desert, iininhabitei'. country, and on Aug. ir)th found an Ind. mIio tohl of a iiuiize-produeing people ahead, the puchlos being reached on Aug. 'ilst; )>ut there is some eoufusion, as :U and 19 d. from June Cth would not he Aug. IJth. 'Tlic statement of B. and E. as cited in note 4 is that tlie 1st pueMo h.id 4.') houses, and half a league farther were found 5 more towns; and in all the iiroviiiee for a space of 60 1. there were 01 towns with a pop. of over i;!(),(KK). riie tulliiwing is the narrative of Biiatamaiite anerip. of the towns being given. ('I'liis iJKiy lie suppo.sed to have Icen tlie Tigua prov., or Coronado's Tiguex.) Tlit';i tliey left the river, but still went N. one day to a largt' pueblo of 401) or fiOO h.ms.s (if 4 or ii stories, which they called Tlascali (possibly Cia); and lieard of a liirge settlement 10 d. farther N.; but turned b.iek, and from one of tlio puililiis previously visited ind named Castihlavid crossed the river to tiio s. (?), and by a small branch river went to 3 tine puelilos, where they lieurd of 11 more of a different nation fartlier up not visited, this valley (not eleiir if it was the one with 3 or that witli II) lieiiig named Valleviciosa. Tinn they went 301. in dif. directions in i(iiest of l>niralo, linding many, es- peeiidly at certain springs and plains which they called Llanos de S. Fran- eise.i y Agiias Zareas; saw also a, rancheria of wild Ind. with dogs carrying hunlens. Thence they returned to the pueblo (one of the 3), and from that pouit Went down the river to a pueblo called I'uaray, or Puara (near Tiguex). Here they heard of a valley of Came in the s., wliich t!iey visited, linding piieMos of a dif. nation, hearing also of a valley of Asay, or Osay, with ."> inielilds anil much cotton, but the snow preveuteil their going fartlier. Back ai I'uaray they went 14 1. across the Sierra Morena to visit some tine salin.is, «liere they i- cnlimnhnto y otroK documentor. Alios i.TiS,?-,'?. In Pachccn, hoc., xv. 80-1.");). First we have tliu tustiinony of Bustaiiiaiiie and Grallegos, given May l(itJi, the (lay after their arrival, jip. 80-95; 2(1, testimony of Ileni. Barrundo, taUiii Oct. '20th, \)\>. 95-7; 3d, report of the viceroy to king, Nov. 1st, with otlur co^re8^1. of later date, pp. 97-101; 4th, E--"pfjo, J'clacioii, as noted elsewlun', including a biicf preliminary account of Rodriguez' triji, pp. I0l-'2ij; .")Ui, .lu undated resume of the N. Mex. expeditions, including those of Rodriguez a'l I Espejo, by Francisco Diaz do Vargas, pp. l'JtJ-37; Gth, views of Rodrigo Ri'i de Losa on the preparations necessary for a new entrada, resulting in that ni Espejo, pp. 1157-4(J; 7th (EKC(Uunt,e and Barrumlo), liilic'mn Breve y rvnlndi ra del ilcMcnlifrmietUo dd AWco Mexico, a statement hy two of Chaniuscado's men, made after the return of part of Espejo's force, pp. 14()-i)0. (Also given in Cartas de huiids, '230-3.) A repetition of Es[)ejo"s relation follows in another expediento. For other authorities, see the following note. All the witnflBSes si>cak of the discovery of mines, and E. and B., Rd., 1 *'••, Sivo the following details: 'Asimismo descuhrimoa en la dicha tierni ome escubrimiontoa Jo minas con vetas uiuy poderosas, todas elliis de nietides 'ii:d los ensayd y les hallo, nl un metal dellos & la nutad do plataj ol otro hallo a veinte marcos por , took the account from the ed. of 1589. I have the ItaL ed. of '80 and tlio Sjiun. t ^legre, lH^t. [far north as Inied Esi'fj"- have sfiii. I^iritw, 101 -; 45 J Pino, ^^ liimsclf to issue the needed license and commission; Iburteen soldiers volunteered tor the service;** a num- ber of native servants were obtained ; Espejo fitted out the party with the necessary arms and supplies, including 115 horses and mules; and the start was nuule from San Bartolomd on the lOtli of November, 1582. The route as before was down the Rio Conchos to the junction of the Bravo, a distance of 59 leagues, accomplished in fifteen days, as is somewhat vaguely indicated in the narrative.' On the way Espejo found •"The soldiers were Juan Lopez de Ibarra, Diego Perez de Lujan, Oaapar lie Lujan, Cristobal Sanchez, (iregorio Hernandez, Juan Hernandez, Miguel S.iuchu/. Valeneiano, with wife and two sons, Ldzaro Sanchez ami Miguel San- chez Nevado, Pedro Hernandez de Almaiisa, Francisco liarreto (llarrero or IJairoti)), Bernardo do Luna (or Cuna), Juan de Frias, and Alonso Miranda. Tho llnkluyt version does not give the force. Aparieio says there wen 100 linrseiiien. Vargas, 1.11-2, says there were 17 nieu and a woman; and he names the padre Pedro de Heredia. Espejo, himself, in one letter, E.rjwdicnte, ]')l, says lie had 15 uu'.ii. Arlegui and Mota Paililla tell us there were two friars, tlie latter naming the 2d Juan de la Cruz. ^Enjxjo, Ih'liicioii del Vituje que yo A nlonio Espejo, ciudmlano de la Hiidiul de Mtj-icn, nnttiral de hi ciuilatl de Cdrdolxi, h'ae con catorce mldadoa y tin reliifiono tic la orilcn de San Frnitciaco, d lua provinciaa y poblaciones de la J^'iifiti Mexico, a nuii'ii yiine yor iwnibre lii Nueva Andalucia, d coiUemplacion de vii patria, en Jill lid alio 1582, in N. Alex. Testim., 101-26; repeated with a few verbal variations on pp. 103 et secj. of tho same vol. Paclieeo, Doc., xv. This is of course the best authority for tho expetlition, being written at S. Bartolome iii Oct. I.')83, just after the author's return. Tliere are also some items of infor- iiuitiou in KMpcjo'a letters and other doc, in the X. Mex. Testivi., and Eitjiejo, Ej}>idU'nti', in tlie same vol. The best known authority, and indeed in substance the only one consulted liy Miodern writers, is that in llakluyt's Voy., iii. .18,^96, in Spanish and Eng- lisli, under the following title: El Vuiie que hizo Antonio de Espeio en el anno de cclivnta y tre.i; el qual con sus companneros denuhrieron vna tiei~ra en que hallaroH i/uiiize. Prouinciaji toilaa llenas de ptieblott, y de ca-saa de qtuUro y cinco niton, d qiiii-n pu.iiiron por nomlire El mteuo Mexico, por parecerm en vmcluvt coxas al riejo, I'tc, takeu from (ionzalez Mendoza's Hist. Vliina, as mentioned in note 7 of this chap. This narrative, written in the third person, is in parts identical with the lielacion, but in other parts diflFers widely; and it doi-'s not appear on what the variations rest. Tho original lielacion clears up some of the ditficul- ties found in connection with the Viaje, but also creates some new ones. I shall follow the former, but indicate the principal variations in my notes. iSahneron, lieUidones, 11, Niel, Apuutaciones, 88, and Villagra, UK N. Mc.r., 35, barely mention Eapejo's entrada; Davis, Sjxin. Conq., 24()-()l, fol- lows mainly llakluyt's translation, introducing a few verbal and other changes from a source not mentioned, some of them being evidently errors; and noth- iii:,' is added to tho Hakluyt version by any of tlio following: Torquemada, Mowtrq. liid., iii. 359; Mendieta, Hint. Eclen., 400-1; Dexcrip. de America, li;Mtl; .Mon-lli, Fast. Nov. Orbis, 28; PHir/iajt his Piljriniea, iv. 15G1-2; Ale- [in; m.4. Coiiip. J., i. 327; Calle, Notirutu, 102; Aparieio, Comvntos, 281-2; Moia /Willi, Conq. N. Oal., 167-9; Lnet, Nov. Orlm, 309-14; Mont(niu.% N. n'emU, 243-0; Gotf/i-iedt, N. Welt, 561-5; Otermin, in N. Mex. Doc., ii. 1135- 4;<; Prince's JILit. SL, 15a-60; Whipple, in Par. R. R. Pept-t, iii. 113-15; Hr,irlc,nridije'8 Early Diaeov., 17-21; Arix. Hist. lEUiott), 43: HitUotia Hand- IaaiL; 387-8. Hist. Ariz, and K. Mex. 6 1! ill ;■ ■; f M 11 ■ 1 i i 1 . < 1. i i ' '\ i' {■ i: t : 1 ■1: ' '■ 1 ! " ;!j lii'Ml 82 ENTRADAS OF RODRIGU'^Z AND ESPEJO. silver prospects, and passed through the country of the Conclios, Pazaguatcs, and Tobosos successively, all being friendly, though the Tobosos — in later years rivalling the Apaches in their savage raids — at first fled, because, as they said, they had formerly been ill treated by a party of Spaniards. About the junction of the rivers, and extending twelve days' journey up the Rio Grande, were the Juraanas — the name being written also Jumanos and Humanos — or Patarabueves, who like the Tobosos were hostile at first, attacking the camp at night, kill- ing a few horses, and fleeing to the mountains; but like the rest they finally listened to explanations, '^ave and took gifts, furnished guides and escorts, and be- canu altogether friendly. These Jumanas in several respects were superior to the southern tribes, and especially in their buildings, many of which were flat- roofed, and probably built of stone or adobes,^** being doubtless Cabeza de Vaca's "fixed dwellings of civili- zation;" for indeed, these natives had a smattering of Christianity, obtained, as they explained, irom "three christians and a negro" who had passed that way in former years," From the Jumana province, which must have ter- minated I think some distance below the modern boundary of New Mexico, the Spaniards went on up the river, but nothing definite is recorded of time or distance. Two populous provinces of inferior but friendly natives were traversed, eight days' journey apart, about which little could be learned for want of an interpreter, not even the names of these nations. In the first the people had some cotton cloth and feather- work, which they were understood to have obtained by bartering buffalo and deer skins with a western " ' Casas (le Azotea, bajas y con buena traza de pueblos. ' The Hakluy t ver- sion has it tie calu-diito, that is, of masonry, but this ia not iu the original. Many of the dwellings, liowevor, wore mere straw huts. There were 5 towns and 10,()00 inhabitants. " See p. 18 of tliis vol. This is almost positive proof that Cabeza de Vaca did not cuter N. Mex. UP THE lilO GEANDE. 83 people ; and they also on being shown samples of silver indicated that plenty of that metal could be found five davs westward. In the second province, where the raiieherias were near lagoons on both sides of the Kio del Xorte — so called here probably for the first time — was found a Concho who told of a large lake fifteen da}s westward, on the borders t)f which were many towns of houses several stories high.^" He ofteied to guide the Spaniards thither, but their duty called theiu to the nortli. Still up the valley of the Rio Grandt;, through for- ests of mezquite, pine, cottonwood, and other trees, journeyed Espejo's company for fifteen days, or 80 leagues, without meeting any inhabitants; and then, twelve leagues beyond a rancheria of straw huts, they reached the first group, or province, of the pueblos, wliere the houses were from two to four stories high, and where ten towns were visited on both banks of the river in two days' journey, and apparently others were seen in the distance, all containing a population of some 12,000 friendly natives, whose manners and customs are described with tolerable accuracy. This southernmost group umst be identified with those visited by Coronado and Rodriguez, beginning appar- ently in the region of latitude 34°, and certainly l»e- tween Fra Crist6bal and the mouth of the Puereo.'^ Half a league beyond the limits of this first district they entered another, that of the Tiguas, or Coro- iiado's Tiguex, and soon came to the pueblo t»f Puara — also written Puala, Pualas, and Poala — near the site of the modern Bernalillo, as we have seen, and one of IG towns constituting the province. It was at Puara, as '-' It is idle to speculate on the possible meaning of these reports. There v;i.-f no such lake with its towns, unless possibly the reference was to Laguna :unl its adjoining group in tlie N. w. — which group almost certainly was not in ex, itence at that time. 'M)avis and Vrince Xiink it wasin the region of Isleta; and indeed, the two ilays' journey from Socorro might well include Isleta, or Coronado's Tutahaco. In till' X. Mi'jc., Tnuliulo de Pos, 116, the southernmost pueblo is named Tre- 11 iijuil. Tlie 4 days spent in this prov. may or niay not have included the two ilii) s lULutionod as the extent of the prov. 84 ENTRADAS OF RODRIGUEZ AND ESPEJO. i' I > ii ,.i< was now definitely ascertained, that padres Rodriguez and Lopez with their attendants had been killed;" and the natives, fearing that vengeance was Espejo's object, fled to the mountains, and nothing could induce them to return; but fortunately they left in the towns — or pos- sibly the town, for it is not quite clear that any but Puara was abandoned — a plentiful store of food/^ Not onlv was information here obtained about the friars, but, writes Espejo, "we found very truthful statements that Francisco Vasquez Coronado was in this province, and that they killed here nine of his soldiers and forty horses, and that for tliat reason he had destroyed a pueblo of the province ; and of this the natives of these pueblos gave us an account." This clear statement, omitted in tlie Hakluyt version of the narrative hith- erto followed, would have saved Gallatin, Davis, and others from the error of locating Coronado's Tiguex on tlie Rio Puerco. The main object of the entrada had now been ac- complished, and the return was talked of; but it seemed to the leader that as there were reports of other friendly provinces farther on, especially in the east and not far off, the opportunity was good to do his Majesty good service at comparatively slight cost by additional ex])loration ; and this view, being dis- cussed in council at Puara, was approved by Padrv Beltran and the rest. Accordingly, with two com- panions, the captain went in two days eastward to a province of the Maguas, or Magrias, on tlie borders of the buffalo plains, where he found eleven pueblos of some 40,000 inhabitants, and where, as he learned, Padre Santa Maria had been killed. It was a country of pine woods, without running streams, and with goo^ indications of metals in the mountains on the •* There is nothing to show that the remains were found as Davis states. "Salmeron, JieL, 11, sfiys the town was sacked by Espejo in vengeance; Niel, Apuni.. 88, that the guilty ones were brought to justice; and Arlegui, Cron. Zac, 2*21, that several thousand Ind. were killed; but nothing of this is in the original, and it is improbable, considering E. 's small force and his am- bitious views for the future. Yet it is stated by Zaldfvar, in N, Mex. Meitumal, that £. on his return burned Puara and garroted 16 lud. PROVINCE OF THE QUIRES. 86 way.'* Thence he returned to Puara on the Rio del Norte. The next move, and of the whole company, was one day's journey of about six leagues up tlie river to the province of the Quires, or Coronado's Quirix, with EsrEJO IN New Mexico. its five pueblos, and 15,000 people, where the stran- gers were given a most friendly reception, and where (•bsorvations showed a latitude of 37° 30', at least two degrees too far north. Then they went two days, or '"'In Eufx-jo, Ejfed., 156, the prov. of Magriaa is said to adjoin that of the Tigiias on the N. E. Thus it would seem to have been in the (jahMteo region thiiugli I know of no ruins to indicate so large a prov., and some other ditiicul- tits will ajmear in connection with later wanderings. Davis and Prince, mis- li''l iir()l)ably by the word clbola ('esta provincia confina con las vacas quo llim.ui de Civola') or ' buffalo,' represent this exped. as having been directed to the west. II !' I ' I ^11 m ENTKAUAS OF KODRKJUEZ AND ESl'EIO. some 14 leagues, to a province of the l^unames — also written Puniaiiies and Cunanies — with five towns, the cai)ital biinu; Sia, or Siay, of eij^ht })hizas, anil houses })lasteretl and painted. This puehlo was on a small tributary of the Rio (irando Howiiii; from the north; but clearly the distance is nuich exai^gerated if it is to be in any way identified with the C'ia of modern times.^' The next province, six lea«^ue8 to the north-west, and doubtless up the branch river, was tliat of the Eniexes — Emeges or Amejes — clearly that of Jemes, with seven pueblos and some .']0,000 souls, one of the towns, a laro;e one in the mountains, not being visited. From Jemes Espejo gives his course as to the west for 15 leagues — really over 20 leagues south-west — to Acoma, on a penol 50 yards high, accessible only by steps cut in the solid rock. Its population was estimated at over (1,000.'^ The next stage of the journey was four days, or 24 leagues, westward to Zuhi, or Cibola,"' with its six pueblos, and over 20,000 people. At Zuhi the Spaniards found, not only crossa^^ standing near the towns, but three christian Indians still livinjif, who had come with Coronado 40 vears before. These were Andres, Gaspar, and Anton, natives of Culiacan, ]\[exico, and Guadalajara, respect- '" There were over 20,00() inhab. in the province; mines were reportod in tlie sierra, and oven rich ores were shown. In the Hiikluyt version thi' puehlo i.s called L'iii. There ean he no doul)t of the general identity of tlii.-i region with the valley of Cia and Jemes, though l)esides Espejo's careless distances, hotli puehlo sites have probahly been changed in later times. '""Aec. to iV. Mi'j:, Meiiioridl, '206-1, crosses were found here as at other points in the west. Espejo tolls us that the Aconians had their cultivated and n'rigated fields 2 1. from the peflol, where the stream was dammed. The mountain trihes are numerous and warlike; they are called l^hierechos (the name, it will he noteil, that Coronado applies to a nation on the eastern plains), and work for the puelilo, besides bringing salt, game, ami skins to trade for cotton and other articles. It is noticeable that Espejo elsewhere, E.r}ie Majauaui, uml Olalla. ENTRADAS OF RODRKIUI-IZ AND KSl'KIO. kind of stono fort to hold the monsters — a fort wliich, in case of trouble, might be useful to the small Span- ish force. Hakluyt notes this as "a witty policie to bo used by the English in like cases." Here they remained six days, visiting all the pueblos, and be- coming so firmly convinced of the natives' friendship that the leader left in the province five of his men to return to Zuili with the luggage. With four of his soldiers and some Moqui guides, Espejo set out to find rich mines reported in the west; and after a journey of 45 leagues over a mountainous country he found the mines, and with his own hands obtained rich samples of silver ore. On the streams he found large quantities of wild grapes, walnut-trees, flax, magueyes, and Indian figs. Several settlements of mountain tribes were visited, where the people raised maize and were uniformly friendly. These natives also told of a great river beyond tlic moun- tains — clearly the Colorado; and drew liberally on their imagination for the additional information that the river was eight leagues wide, with great towns ou its banks, in comparison with which towns all the other provinces were nothing. The river flowed into the north sea, and the natives used canoes to cross it. From the mines the explorers returned by a more direct route of GO leagues to Zunl It will be remem- bered that Coronado had reached ihe Colorado by a westerly or north-westwardly <'(ai'se from Moqui; and it is probable that Espejo's route was rather to the south-west, as he only heard of the great river beyond the mountains. Takinjj his distances of 45 leaijues from Moqui and 60 leagues from Zuni, we might locate his mine in the region of Bill Williams Moun- tain 40 or 50 miles north of Prescott. The record hardly justifies any more definite location, ^^ "The Hakluyt version speaks more definitely of 'ilos rios razonables, ' on the banks of wliich was found tlax, etc. Ono of these streams was douhtkss the Colorado Chiquito, sometimes called Rio do Lino from the tiax. Davis on his map locates the mines in about lat. 30°, long. 112°, or considerably f.ir- ther nortli than the site I have indicated; but between the two I venture no positive opinion, the data being too meagre. The origin of Davis' nauio Tubirans, applied to the wi :!ru tribes, I do nut know. in ro IK tw AMONG THK QUIRES AND TANOS. 80 hich, ipau- ic to they d be- dsliip leu to uidcs, west ; ainous hands trcams t-trecs, cments people These moun- ally oil ion that )wns on 10 other Into the ross it. a more renieiu- lo by a ui; and to the beyond leagues might Moun- record Enables,' on doubtless lax. Davis llerably far- 1 venture m> lavia' naiiw B.iek at Zufii Espojo found not only the five men he had left at Moqui, but Padre Beltran and his cora- panions, who had not yet stiirted on their return, but Koon did so, by the same route, perhaps, that they iiad come, or more likely crossing directly from Acoma south-eastward to the Rio Grande, and thence down the river.""^ The commander with his eight remaining companions, with a view of making further explora- tions up the Rio del Norte, marched in ten days, or about (')0 leagues, to the Quires province,"^ and thence eastward in two days, or 12 leagues, to the province of the Ubates, or Hubates, with some 20,000 i)eoplo in five pueblos. From this province, having spent two days in visiting some mines, they went in one day to the province of Tamos with its three large pueblos ap'l 40,000 inhabitants. One of these pueblos was Cicuique, that is, Pecos, situated half a league from the Rio de las Vacas. I think it most likely that Espejo on quitting the Quires went up the river as he had intended — north-east instead of east, as his relation has it — and that the Ubates were the Tehua pueblos north of Santa ¥6. The name Tamos, or Tanos, as applied to pueblos in the Galisteo region, was well known in later years; and Pecos is clearly indicated by Espejo as one of the three towns, though we are left in doubt as to the other two, as we were before respecting the province of Maguas between this group and the Tiguas.^* "'In the statement of Escalantc and Biirrundo in X. Mex. TeMltn., 148-9, nimle before Espejo'a return, but at a date not given, allusion ia made to the return of Beltran, leaving E. in the north. B.'s report, if he made any, I liave not found. The returning party ivt first consistetf of Miguel Sanchez an- JECT OF Ckist(5ual Martin— The Empkesakio's Demanus — ruoPoyEi) Conquest an d Settlement by Anto'< lo Espejo — Francisco Diaz ue V ak- GAs Willing to Serve the Kino as Conqueror — No Results— The Vicekoy's Contract with Juan Bautista de Lomas — Francisco de Ukdinola — CiAsi'AR Castano de Soha and his Illegal Entrada— Ui' THE Rio Pecos— a Winter Tour among the Pueblos — Thikty-thkee Towns Visited— The Leader's Return in Chains— Cai-tain Jt an MOKLETE — BONILLA AND HUMANA — FaTE OF THE GoLD-SEEKERS IN QUIVIKA. It was in November 1582, before anything was known in Mexico of Espejo's proposed expedition from Nueva Vizeaya, that Viceroy Coruna reported to the kinjjf the result of his investigation respecting tlie en- trada and probable fate of Rodriguez and his compan- ion friars/ In this report he enclosed for the royal guidance a connnunication from Don Rodrigo del Rio de Losa, lieutenant captain-general of Nueva Galicia, who had been consulted as a man "de nnicha expe- riencia en entradas," having served with Arellano in Florida and with Ibarra in Nueva A'^izcaya. Don Rodrigo wrote on the supposition that the people (»f New IVEexico were now hostile, and urged that a suffi- cient force should be sent to punish the murderers of the friars, and to inspire such respect for Spanish arms as would prevent future outrages and revolts. The number of soldiers should not be less than '^00, Nov. 1, '82, viceroy to king. y. .\fex. Tcstim., 97-9. W (1>2) '^^m VIEWS OF RIO DE LOSA. 93 ;a. kS AND Ks- lESTs— r«i>- l__ru01'OSKl) DiazueVah- llASCISCO I>K iNTUAUA- Ul' IIIKTY-T'""''*' Al'TAlN JVAN ).SEEK.EUS IN ihing was itiou from :cd to tin; |l(T tlic cii- . compau- tlie royal ro del Rio 'a Galicia, Iclia cx|K>- rcllano in lya. Don jjcoplt; ot lat a sufti- tnlorers of Spanisii Id revolts, tban -WO, ■j$^'i, with seven mules and horses for each man. For after the recent murders had been avenged, and the coun- tjy reduced to a state of peace, a few settlers being left, it should be the main object of the expedition to continue its march ticross the buffalo plains to Quivira and beyond, even to the shores of the north or south sea, or to the "strait which is near China, in latitude 57V' the occupation of which by the French or Eng- lish might thus be prevented. With this view, mate- .! u for building two small ships should bo carried, for t' -ossing of rivers or straits, or perhaps the send- in.;- back of news respecting any great discovery. Details of the necessary outfit are suggested; friars must of course be sent with the explorers; and it Would bo well to encourage the officers and men by release from taxation, offers of titles, and liberal enco- luiendas of New Mexican Indians.^ Tlie result was a royal order of March 1583, in wliich the viceroy was instructed to make a contract with some suitable per- son to undertake the expedition in accordance with the laws and regulations, without cost to the royal treaspiy ; bitt the contract must be submitted to tlie consejo for jipproval before anything was actually ilone.^ Thei ^ji'oe Reltran and Espejo, bringing reports caleulated to uicr ase tl.tj growing interest in New ^Mexico and xii*^ lOgions beycmd. The people were not hostile, but well disposed to welcome Spanish visitors; the country in its climate and products presented many attractions for settlers from the south; though the natives made no use of the precious metals, ores rich in silver had been found at several pt)ints, and the developi ?nt of profitable mines might with confidence be hop. c! ,i'r. The spiritual prospects were even more hrilliant ti, u tlie mineral, for 250,000 natives of supe- rior intelligence were awaiting conversion; and es- 'Xixlate. Rio (le Losa to viceroy. X. Mer Tvftim., l37-4(). March '29 and April 19, '83. Pachvco, Fx., xv. 100; xvi. 297. The order was received iii Mex. iu August. 04 FRUITLESS PROJECTS. pecially, to say nothing of the long-coveted wealth of Quivira in the north-east easily accessible from New Mexico as a base, a great lake and broad river, with populous towns and plenty of gold, afforded a new incentive to exploring effort in the north-west. And moreover, it would seem to have been about this time that fears of forei'^n encroachment in these regions were renewed bv X'v '• tement of Padre Diego Mar- quez, who had falle. to the hands of 'gente lute- rana,' and had been civ^oely questioned at the English court respecting his knowledge of the north. This he made known to the authorities in Mexico, who felt that something must be done to prevent this fair land from falling into the hands of impious Lutherans.* The first to take advantage of the king's order was Cristobal Martin, a vecino f)f Mexico, who in October 1583, probably with knowledge of Padre Beltran's return, applied to the audiencia for a contract to under- take the conquest and settlement of New Mexico in accordance with the late cedula and earlier ordinances. He was willing to fit out an expedition of 200 or 300 men, and to spend $50,000 in the enterprise. He desired a missionary force of six Franciscans, besides two secular clergymen; and asked to be supplied with certain arms and amnmnition ; but otherwise the en- trada was to be at his own cost. There was, however, nothing small about Don Cristobal's demands. Thougli full of faith and loyalty, he could not afford to sav*^ souls and win fur his king new provinces at his own cost for nothing. He must have the position of cap- tain-general and governor of the new reinu for himself and family during three lives; the right to distribute as encomiendas to his men all the natives of the con- quered towns and provinces for ten lives ; the authority to appoint and remove all officials, and to grant lands; a reduction of the king's fifth to one twentieth of tlu; * Villarjrd, HIH. N. Mcr., .3G. Rio ile Loza, 1.19, had declared the im- portance of ocfupyiug X. Mex., to prevent 'que otros iiaciouua de franci.'5t.i d ingluscs luteranu^ no la ocupcn, ' MARTINS PROJECTED CONQUEST. 95 alth of 1 New r, with a new And lis time regions ro Mar- te lute- English This he wrho felt fair land rans/ rder was October Beltran's to under- Vlexico in •dinances. )0 or 300 rise. He |s, besides )lied with (0 the cn- however, Though lI to save his own m of cap- ir himsolf istributc the con- lauthority ,ut lands; ;th of th.i lareil the im- ilc fraiici.'.-^'.s product of mines for 100 years; the privileges of hijos- dabjo for the conquistadores and their descendants; exein[)tionfrom taxation on all products for 100 years; tree use of the salinas for the three lives; the chief judicial authority as governor; the right to discover and settle for 1,000 leagues beyond the first New Mexican towns, to occupy ports on either ocean, and to trade with two ships f r ui one of these j)orts with- out paying duties; the rigut ^.o call on the viceroy for additional men and supplies by paying the costs; the riglit to found a mayorazgo, or entail, for his heirs, with sufficient revenue to perpetuate the family name and glory ; and many other things which need not be catalojjUed here. These conquerors of the sixteenth century took great risks, regulating their demands accoidingly; and as the burden was to fa\[ on the Indians mainly, the king was often most liberal in his concessions. From October to December, Martin several times renewed his petition, and it would ap- pear that his contract was finally approved by the Mexican authorities and sent to the consejo de Indias for confirmation.^ Espejo himself was next in the field as an aspirant ft)r New Mexican glory, plausibly claiming that his recent service, experience, and success clearly pointed to him as above all others entitled to preference. But Don Antonio proposed no contract with the Mexican authorities. From motives of pride or policy^ he chose to apply directly to the king; indeed, he urged most earnestly that the viceroy should have nothing ' Mnrtin, Asiento con Cnpstohil Martin jwr el que se ofre.ce a ir m jtermnn nl (Iciii'iiliriiiiii'nto, jxicijiracion, y pohlncion del Nitcro Mej-irn, bajo li is the tustiinonio, or expediente, of the Muxicau procueilings sent to Spain at a date not given, but soon after Dec. '24th, when the transcriiit is certilitMl. It does not fippear in tliese doc. that the contract was signed; hut lit till! hegiiuiing M. says that 'el fue el primero que capituld «5 asentd en vir- tuil ik' -.n!'. Real Cedula de V. A., cl negncio de la pohlacion y iluscobriniiento ikl \. Mix., y fue reinitido a Vuestra Real Consejo de Yndias.' '■ riri\ap3 he had reason to suppose that the viceroy wouhl not favor him. Iiidii^cj, there is a slight reference in one of his letters to a part of his estate as ). Vargas to king, in X. Mcy. Tvstiiit., l*JG-37. E.spejti's entni'hi is uientioncil, l)ut not his nuw project. Hist. Aitiz. ANi> N. Mkx. 7 ■:i I: ^; 08 FRUITLESS PROJEtT'S. tail HHii pT[iFT jj ; ;; 1 the prcsuini^tlon was, tliat the country was poor and undesirable. Doubtless the New Mexicans were a superior people; yet notwithstanding their agricul- ture, cotton, bufl'alo-skins, and many-storied stono and adobe dwellings, they were a distant, isolated commu- nity, surrounded for hundreds of leagues by wild and warlike tribes, and their country therefore offered at present but slight inducements for Spanish settlers. As the latest reports, however, were more favorable than earlier ones, as there was a prospect of rich mines, and since it was desirable to learn what f«>un- dation there might be for the reports of wealth be- yond Xew Mexico, and especi.ally what connection the great lake and river might have with the strait of Anian, it seemed advisable to send out an expedition — not of colonization and conquest, but simply of ex- })loration. For this purpose a force of 50 or GO men would suffice to verify the recent reports, push inves- tigation 200 leagues farther north, and rejiort results. These were sensible views, and Diaz de Vargas had the courage of his convictions; for in his patriotic zeal, mindful, not only of his own past services in high positions, but of those of his father, who was one of the old conquistadores, he even offered — and here we have at last the true inwardness of the document — to command the exploring party in person! And later, should the preliminary survey prove satisfactory^, Don Francisco, accepting the titles and emoluments in such cases provided, would himself take charge of the great work of conquering and colonizing Xew Mexico. Thus we have three empresarios in the field; and it is not unlikely that there were others. But respect- ing the fate of the different projects, or rather tlio circumstances that prevented their acceptance and execution, we know absolutely nothing; or at least I have found no document relating to either of tlio propositions after they were sent to the king and council. Perhaps the empresarios' demands weio deemed excessive, or they could give no satisfactory COLONIZATION SCHEME OF LOMAS. 99 assurances of their ability to comply with the condi- tions of the contracts, or were not willing to accipt the conditions, or perhaps died; at any rate, notli- iii!^ more is heard of Martin, or Espejo, or Diaz de \'ar«i[as; and for five years nothing is heard of New ^le.vico. .Vt the beginning of 1589 Juan Bautista de Lonias y Cohnenares, resident at the Nieves mines, and re- imtcd to be the richest man in Nueva Galicia, pre- sented to Viceroy Villanianricjue a memorial of 37 articles, in which he ])roposed to undertake the con- (|U( .st of New Mexico. He was much more exacting ill his conditions than even Martin had been, demand- ing, besides all that the latter had claimed and much more that cannot be specified in the space at my connnand, the office of captain-general and gi.vernor, with almost unlimited authority for six lives, at a sal- aiy of 8,000 ducats; jurisdiction over all territory hcyond the Kio Conchos, with the exclusion of all utlier con(pu!rors from the territory beyond what he might choose to con(juer; the title of count or nianpies tor himself and descendants, with 40,000 vassals; the privilege of granting three pueblos as an entailed en- (•(•Kiienda, and another for the descendants of compiis- tadores not otherwise j)rovided for; and the riglit to fortify })orts and build ships on either ocean. His sons were associated with him in the enterprise, and Don Juan liautista evidently had no intention of sac- riticing the family prestige and wealth. He claimed to liave rendered mosc important services at his own exixnse on the northern frontier.^" Lomas' contract was approved by the viceroy on tlu! 1 Ith of March, 1581); but the latter, though it appears that by a cedula of 15 80 he had full powers to authorize entradas, deemed it best to consult the king '" Loimis, Aniento y cnpUulacioneg qtte cl virfy de la Niiein Ettptiiia, vmrqm's (If Vill'iimtiiruiue, /"'so ron Joan BnuUnla de Lomas < 'otmetuiren, xi^ire el druriihri- mil ii/o y Pofilticiou de lim prwmcius del Nnet!\ in Pdc/irrn, Due., xv. 54-80. This is a copy of the exiwdientc acut from Mexico ill l')'J'J, and attached to Loiuaa' ruiiuwud putitiou of 1595. 100 FRUITLESS PROJECTS. in so important a matter; and at court the project re- ctMved no attention whatever, or at least it drew out from the kinj^ no onh'r or response. In 15'J"2, A'elasco, having succeeded Villamanritain from the kinent the rest of the month, awaiting the return of messen- ^^Cnnfiiiio lie Sn.vi, Memoria Sn.in, ti nil iilf ill' ijn}iiTiiivl(>r 1) rii)ii/iin iinii'ml ilil uiii'i'it rriiio ile Limi yir ct riji I). Fil'i]ii' niiistro firi'ioi; rn n /inrir, r., iv. 'Js;i-l{,")-t; III., XV. l!ll-'_'',)l. From tlio MuudZ collectidii, ami at tlio cinl, was ;i iinti' as fiiUows: 'Hizose rclaLMim dcllo, y viii.se jior los S'l'iores ilrl Coiiscjo fi 10 lie Niis'ieinbre do l.V,("J — Saiit Auilrt's. ' It woulil sueiii to lio ii I'oiiy of lliu oiiuinal diary made in soiiiu otlioial book of records, ]irol)al)ly in coiinuc- tioii with legal ditlioulties in wliieli tiie leader became involveil. It is a somewhat periilexing narrative; lorit;, vcrhose, and complicated; rc- Huiiiii",' close study, but rewarding that study with only the most meagre general results. If a man lost his way, we have all the details of his wander- liig hack to camp; M'e know exactly the day and hour wlu'n tlie dog of .)uan I'lTi'/ was killed \>y the kick of an ox; we liave all tlie discussir the vicinity of two u'reat rivers, tlu! reader might be in iloubt whether the travellers were going north- west in (Juatemala or south-east in New England. " 'I'he following naniea appear seattereil in the narrative?, evidently those of hading men in the company: Cris. de Ifcrcdia (captain and macsti-o d- •-•amiKi), Andres Perez (secretary), Manuel de Mcdreras, Fran. Lope/, de Re- call Ic, Juan de Carbajal, .luan de Contreras, Domingo de Santistevan, Diego Ilia/ do N'crlanda, .Alonso Jaimes y Ponce, Fran, de Mancha, I'ran. Silado, .brill I'ercz de los Rios, Martin do Salazar, .fuan Rodriguez do Nieto, Pedro Flores, lilas Martinez do Meileros, Cris. Martin, Ju.sepo Rodriguez, .luan do K-itniila, (ionzalo de Lares, Diego de Biruega, Cris. do Hiruega, Pedro do Ini.L'o, .fuan Rodriguez de Avalos, Hernan Ponce de Leon. Pedro I'into, Juan de \ (ga, Alouso Lilcas, Domingo Hernandez, Fran, de JJascones, and Juan •'>aucliez. 102 FRUITLESS PROJECTS. f;ors who had been sent to Mexico/'" and making" f?onio t'Xplorationn for a later advance. It was decided to go forward by way of the Rio Salado, a stream whi>s(> existence seems to have been known, thougli just how it was known or what was the origin of the name does not appear. Here on the Rio Bravo their troubles began. After receiving conflicting reports from several exploring parties they started on the 1st of October for the Rio 8alado. To find a way for the wagons over a rough country and across intermediate streams — the princi- pal one being called the Rio de Lajas — to the river which was the object of their search, and to get out of tlie mountains into the plains, consumed most of the month ; and only at the end of October did they start up the valley of the Salado to their land of jiromise. I make no attempt to trace their wander- ings of this month in Coahuila and Texas, or even t<) determine where they crossed the Bravo, or Rio (xrande; but content myself with the conclusion that the Salado was without doubt Espejo's Cow River, or tlie Pecos.'" Slowly the caravan crept up the valley and over '*Tliey were sent about Aug. 21 st with letters to the viceroy, but they .li.l not return. Probably this correap. witii the viceroy would throw much liglit on Castaflo's enterprise. Possibly he wrote to obtain authority for a change of plans involving the trip to N. Mex. '" The narrative is too long and complicated for a study of details lu're, especially as the travellers were not yet in N. Mux. territory. Tlie iiicist definite statement is on p. 289, while they were on the Bravo. One exphir. party had found a stream which it could not cross; then Capt. Heredia was sent out ' el cual salio en demanda del dicho rio Saiado, y Ucgo al rio (juo estaba descubierto [that is, by the earlier party] y hallo paso en el dicho rio para poder pasar las carretas, porque hasta entonoes no se habia liallado. V descubierto el dicho paso, fue atravesando aquella lomeria que liiibia hasta rl rio Bravo, y llegd al dicho rio Bravo; y se volvid al diclio real, dicieudo quo por alii podiamos ptisar y ir atravesando al rio Salado.' But they found many difficulties in following this road; the fording the Bravo is not clearly recorded; antl after tliey readied the region of tiie Salado it took many days to get down to its banks. The Sabinas of Coahuila is called the Salado mi many maps, but of course the idea of following this river up to N. Mux. is absurd. That Castafio did not go up the Bravo is shown by his efforts while on tliat river to find the other; by the broad gdlxinoA, or plains, over wliirli tlie route lay; and by the statement that a spring far up the Salado, p. .SOO, ■was the first since leaving the Bravo. Perhaps they crossed in the regiuu of Fort Duncan, and the Lajas was the S. Pedro in Texas. UP TIIK lUO PECOS. 106 tlio broad Tt'xan plains, at first on tho eastern bank of the river, but later erossing and recronsing it often, with no ineidei»t callinj^ for mention, nieetinjj^ a few roaniin»jf Indians, and passintj^ no settlements. Tlie 1st of December an unfordalile branch stream forced them to cross to the eastern l)ank of the main river. On the 7th was noticed the first grove of cottonwoods. On the 23d a small advance party returned to meet tlie main body with cxcitnig news. They had entered a puebltj farther up the river, eastward, where they had been kindly received, and had spent the night tliere; but the next morning while engaged in peace- ful efforts — if we take their word for it — to collect a supply of maize, tlusy were suddenly attacked and diiven away, losing a part of their arms and luggage. Mid havinjjf three of their number wounded. Leaving the women and children with the wagons . .'[)erly guarded at a place called Urraca, Castano set out on the 27th with the larger part of his force, and on the last day of the month and year arrived at the pueblo, which was situated about half a league from the river, being a large town with buildings of four and five stories — evidently identical with Pecos. The inhabitants were on the roofs in hostile attitude, armed with stones and bows and slings. After a great })art of the day had been spent in vain attempts to conciliate them, an attack was made late in the after- noon, and the town was taken after a fight which seems to have been attended with no very serious casualties on either side. Great care was taken to prevent outrages, and to gain the people's confidence; but though they submitted, it was impossible to overcome tlieir suspicion and timidity. During the second niglit tliey all left the pueblo and fled. The Spaniards re- mained five or six days, admiring the many-storied houses, the five jtlazas, the sixteen estufas, the im- mense stores of maize, amounting to 30,000 fanegas, the garments of the men and women, the beautiful l)ottery, and many other curious things. [ 104 FRUITLESS PROJECTS. HaviiiL( sent hack iiiucli nccdi'd supplies of fond to tlio cainj) at l^rraoa, the tcnientc dc gobtTiiador Ktartcd on tlie ()th of January, 151)1, in quest of \\v\v disrov- crics. Two days over a mountainous snow-covered country and across a frozen stream brouuflit liiin to the second pueblo, a small one whose inhabitants were well ihsposcd, and readily submitti'd to the appointment of governoi-, alcaldes, and other officials, thus reiKh'rinuf allegiance to the Sj)anish crown. Four other pueblos, all of the same type, ditferiiii.'," only in size, and apparently not far apart or far fr(>m the second, were now visited successivelv, submiltinu' without resistance or f-erious obji'ction to the j'e(|uired formalities. In each a cross was set up with all pos- sible ceremony and solemrlit3^*'^ The seventh pueblo was a lai'n'o one in another valley two leagues distant, with adobe houses of two and three stories, and in the plaza a large structure half under ground which seemed to serve as a kind of temple. The eighth and ninth ])ueblos were a day's march up a large river northward; but the tenth, a verv larije one with buildinus fioni sevtm to nine stories hinh, situated five leagues beyond tlie last, wlii're the inhabitants wore chalchihuites for oi'naments, though seen was not enteretl, because the people v.'ere not altogether friendly, and on account of the cold, and lack of forage for the horses, the neces sary time for ctmciliation could not now be spared.'"* ]ii'turning through the snow to the southern towns, (\istahonext received the submission of pueblos eleven and twelve across the river westward, a league apart, and then of number thirteen after r( crossing to the eastern bank. The next move was over a siiowy route to another valley in two days; ami hen^ were found, all in sight of each, four towns of the •' It would seom tliat CaataCo continued hia journey k. w. from IVoos, and reai'lit'd the Teliua paohlos n. of Sta Fi'. The next \\ towns may liavi- litcii (if tilt' samu groui), or farther up the river, possiljly to I'ieiiries; liut all i-< mere eonjei'ture. '"Thoujjh tlie distance given is too small this pueblo from its size and di- Bcriptiou biiould be Taos in the extreme north. AMON'i THE rUEBLOS. 105 food to • startrtl ' iliscov- -covcn'd , hiiu to ial)itants tt) the «)tfi<'ialf^, t crown, ditlbrir.i.'; far i'yoiw ibiuiUing i-;'(iuired li all pos- :li pucl)l(> >s distant, lud in tlic L'h scenu'd :ind ninth orthward; in»i;s from cs hcyond huitcs for 'Cause the lecount of he noces spared, [rn towns. lh>s elevt'U nie ajiar*^. ntr to the a S!io\vv land here Ins of th(.^ l>iii IVcos, aiul lies; l>iit iill 1^ Quereses, tlic only aboric^nial name applied in this narrative, apj>arently identical with ('oronad(»'s C^ui- lix, i'^spejo's Quires, and the later widl-known (.^uei'os ahout tlie jnnction of the Galisteo and ]{io (jlrande. The einhteenth, nint'teenth, and twentieth puehlos, ahout a leau^uo apart, the first and })erha[)s the otluTs heini;' also of the Queres nation, »;raciously suhniittinj.^ to tiie strany-ers' god and king, M-erc named ri'Sj)ect- i\('ly San ]\larcos, San Lucas, and San Cristc'ihal."' On the 24th of January, after a heavy fall of snow, tlie little army started eastward from San Ci-ist«)hal with native guides to bring U|) the rest of the colony, and the wagon-train from Urraca. J'assing through pine forests and melting snow to get water for men and horses, they crossed the llio Salado, or Pecos, on the l2Gth, and next tlay reached the camp at Uriaca, most opportunely, for the store of food was wellnigh e.\hauste(l. Four days later the whole comi)any stalled on the return; but progress being sl(;w, on account of excessive cold and occasional accidents to the wagons, it was not till February 8th that they left the J'ecos, readiing San Cristobal on the ir^t!i, and San Miircos on tiie I8th. This town for a tiuiu way made a centre of operations. A few days after the return a new ])Ueltlo, the twenty-first, two leagues away, was visited and peaceably reduced to Spanish allegianci;. In the tiist (lavs of .March (Vistaho with a small iiartv made a tri|i a,[tparently to pueblo niunber one, or l*ecos, but ])ossih]y to number ten, finding the people recovered ti'i'm tlitir fears, and ready for the formalities of sub- ini>>ion. Next he went bv wav of a i)lace' and stream iiMiiiid Inigo to the twenty-second ])ueblo. nanu'd JSaiito Domin^ro, on a 'rio caudaloso' cahed also llio 'o^ ' ts si/e an a '' Tlifso niiiiios arc not iiiciitioncd in the diary till a little later mi tli > ro- tniii iKiiii tlif cast. Tlifrc is little iirohaliility tliat tiu'sc names or that nf Sto liniiiiiiuii, given lati'r, weri' iiermanent; nor is it imssilile to iilentiiy tlieni iiiTiintely; .still tliore is little iloiiiit tiiat tlioy were in tlie rej:i"n •)! Sta Ana, S. I'ciijie, anil Stn l>(>ining((. Near S. Miireos piDinisinL; mines wen; iliseci\- ir il. It is sonjewlMt loniarkalile that ."luints' names aru nut aiiidied to the oilier imc'lilus. li " .5!, ■ >i: 106 FRUITLESS PROJECTS, Grande, to which point the main camp was soon trans- ferred.™ In these days was brought to light a plot of certain men to desert their leader, perhaps even to kill liini, and to quit the country. Their cause of complaint, if we may credit the perhaps not impartial chronicler, was the kindness shown the natives by the teniente do gobernador, and the consequent lack of opportunitic s for plunder. All implicated, however, were pardonc;! by the kind-hearted Castano at the intercession of all the camp; and the only punishment inflicted was on Alonso Jaimez whose commission to go to Zacateras for reenforcements was revoked. Permission was even given to such as might desire it to abandon the enter- prise and go home, but none took advantage of the offer. This was about the 11th of March; and in his search for mines Castano found in the mountains two pueblos, twenty-three and twenty-four, which had born aband(,ned recently because of Indian wars. No more dates are given; but the final tour of exploration was to the province where the padres were said to have been killed years before. This is the only allusion in tlio diary to any knowledge on Castano's part that Niw Mexico had ever been visited before. In this province there were fourteen pueblos in sight on the river bank, nine of which — numbers twenty-five to thirty-three were visited. Most of them were temporarily deserted by the inhabitants, in the fear that the invaders came to avenge the death of the friars; but the rest submittal without resistance. We must suppose tliat in this last expedition Don Gaspar went from Santo Domini^o down the Rio Grande to the province of the Tiguas.'-' On his return from this tour, with a few men Cas- tano met Indians who reported the arrival of a new party of Spaniards. A little later he met some of li'' "•It seems most likely that this was not the Sto Domingo of later yc.irs, but a imuhht farther south, or to 3^jrlete: and the poet V^illaunt supi)lies no •ictaik- _ / ' Of the ex]>edition attributed by Salmeron and riflicr writers to Humana, as it was an illegal one — • aiiitrti hando, as the Spaniards put it — no diary could '"'I'lio iliary lias it Morlote, which may he correct. •'■' .',rror iiiuy graiidos dosjuihlados, A los ()ualos inaiidd el N'iroy j)roiidie8e El (.'apitaii Moiloto, y sin tardarso, .Sooorrido do iiiuoha soldadosca; Braha, dis]iuostrv, just how is not very clear, since there is no definite rec(»rd that he was ever seen later by any white man. When we take into consideration their sources, it is not surprising that the records of Humana's achievt'- ments are not very complete."* " VillaKni, lliM. N. M,:r., T,, U2, ■ the autlinrity for tlio first put .f this t'xpeilitidii; aiilt, says th it In u\ tlic iiiifor- report their Portuguese, miana one of Lit on a mid or of Nue\a t apparently the curreDt iCid to cxteii<[ I. The oov- he party and I ilia a traitor h six of the turned. The V ]\[exico has ir out on the ! in a quaricl )ninian(l. A through nil river whieli ican Indians tell the tale of the gold- idan, or jxi- l)uh)us lands. since callctl Lss, and rush, just behnv nudiitto uirl L great chief 'S the storv. s no definite r white man. sources, it is fia's achievo- • tlio first jiait I'f tho liicl. (l.Mi-tir :«!'.», says that lie ::.• Si J^ * CHAPTER VI. ONATE'S CONQUEST OF NEW MEXICO, 1595-1598. A Blank in History Filled — The Versions of Early Writeiw — Nor Im- I'RovED BY Modern Authors — The Veritable bct Unknown Aitiikk- ITIES — Vili.aukA's Work — An Eric History of the Conquest— Don Juan de Onate— His Contract of 1595 — Enlistment of an Army Change of Viceroys — Vexatious Delays — Documents from Tiif Archives Confirming the Poet — Persecutions — Start for tiik North — In Zacatecas— Visita — Ar Caxco and Santa Baubaha— llovAL Order of Suspension — A Year's Delay — Order to Start in 1597 — On the Conchos — The Franciscan Friars— List of Onatk's Associates — To the Rio del Norte — Formal Possession Taken in Ai'RiL 1598 — The Drama. Having chronicled in the preceding chapters all the various explorations of New Mexican territory from 1540 to 151)(), together with several unsuccessful pro- jects of colonization, I now come to the final success of another similar undertaking, to the actual conquest and occupation of the country accomplished by Don Juan de Oilate for the king of Spain, in 1598 1). While this achievement may properly be regarded as the most important in New Mexican annals, the cor- ner-stone of the historic structure, its record lias hitherto been left almost a blank. The early standard writers somewhat unaccountably gave but a brief and generally inaccurate outline of the conquest. Nearly all gave the date as 1595-6, fixing it by that of Ofiate's preparations, and greatly underestimating the delays that ensued ; and only Mariana, the historian of Spain, seems to have given a correct date. The sum and substance of all these versions, rejecting errors, would (UO) CURRENT VERSIONS. Ill be hardly more than a statement that in 1595 Onate uiulertook the enterprise, and soon with the aid of Franciscan friars succeeded in occu|)ying the province, and even made a tour to the Quivira region in the north-eastern plains.* That later writers, consulting only a part of these earlier authorities, should not have materially improved tliu accuracy and completeness of the record is not surprising. They have made a few slight additions from documentary sources; but they have retained for the most part the erroneous dates, and have intro- duced some new errors, the latest and best of them, ])avis and Prince, having copied the blunder of some faulty document consulted, and moved the conquest buekward to 1591.^ The real and oriifinal authorities ' Torqueniada, Monnrq. Intl., i. G70 et seq., mentions the confirmations of O.'s contract in 1;)'J5 by Viceroy Monterey, tlie enlistment of men in Mex., ami the appointment of a couiisario of the Franciscan band; but gives no furthiT details or dates until after N. Mex. was occupied, that is, after 1600. ' rasai-Dii todos, hasta Ucgar & las pobkieiones que llaman N. Mexico, y alii iusciitirou Real, y oi Dia permanece, y de la que ha ido sucediendo se dira en sus liij,'are3. ' This is virtually Toniuemada's history of the conquest. Men- dicta, J/ixl. Edes., 402, writing ia loOO, merely notes that the viceroy is now tittiiig out O.'s expedition. Vct;incur, Chronica, 95, notes the eontriict made by Wlasco and confirmed by Monterey, the appointment of friars, as in Tor- (juiMKida, and then says: ' Llegaron con facilidad, y entre los dos rios fundaron una Villa a S. (iabriel dedicada.' Calle, A^oticiim, 102, after noting the con- tract ratified Sept. 30, loO-j, the Franciscans, etc., like the rest, thus records tlic ioii(iiicst: ' Llegd al Nuevo Mexico y hizo asiento, tomo possession del por la Ma^'ustad Catdlica del Rey N. Sufior, y puso su Real en el pueblo que se iiilitulii iSan Crabriel cuyo sitio esta en 37° de altura al Norte, situado entra (li).s rio.s, doude fundaron Convento luego los Religiosos, yhastael aflo de 1(308 bautizaron 8,000 almas.' Salmcron, Htlarionea, 23-4, recording the start in l.V.li), the names of friars, number of soldiers, etc., tells us, 'dejadas largaa liisiorias, quo no hacen & mi intento,' that Ouate with over 400 men went 4.H) iiiik's N., pitched his camp in lat. 37° 30', and went on to make lurthLT entradas and explorations. But he adds an account of the Quivira expid., pi). 2ij et seq. Niel, Apiint., 89-94, cannot be said to add anything to Saliuenm a version, and neither implies that the entrada was delayed more tliau a few months, in 1590. Ludovicus Tribaldus, in a letter to Richard Hakluyt, printed in Puir/uui hin Pilijrinien, iv. 1505-6 (see also descrip., v. H't'.i ti), and in Laet, Xooits Ot-bis, 314, mentions certain early troubles at Acunia. Alegre, llixt. Comp. J., i. 310-11, mentions the exped. as of 1596. See also J/((W(j»a, Hid. E'^xifia, ii. 527; Morelli, Fast. I^'ov. Orb., 31; TfiOv . ■Harri'iro, Ojvatla, 5, thus records the conquest, Viiwng before 1832: ' iVro lo cierto es que en el ano de 1595 con cedula de Felipe segundo dirigida al \ irrey de Mexico Zuftiga y Acevedo, eonde de Monterey, entro al Nuevo- -Nkxico Juan de Ouate cor los primeros espaflolos que lo poblarou, trayendo Is ii 112 ONATK'S CONQUEST OF NKW MEXICO. — a book publislicd in IfJlO, and documents obtain(c( in modern tinu>s from the Spanish arcliives — are now utihzt'd jiractically ior the first time in writing the liistory of New ^lexico. I say practically, because in the long interval between the writing and final revision of this chapter, a Spanish investigator lias given to the public a resume of the book referred to, and an- otlu'r in America has made known his acquaintance with the volumes containing the confirmatory docu- ments.^ The veritable authority for the events presented in this chapter is to be found in the shape of an epic poem, written by Captain Gas])ar de Villagnl, one of Oiiates companion concjuistadores, and published only eleven years after the occurrence of the events narrated.^ consijo G.") rcligiosos franciacanos.' Pino, Ej-jtosicion, .S5-6, of 1812, ami Iil., Kotida.f, 'J-8, a new cil. ot '4!), gives the king's cednla of July 8, ](>.)•_', in Ofiate's favor, wliieli is eopietl by Davis and others. Tiie latter edition also contains IJarreim's statement and that of Calle as alreaily quoted, and in addition tliat of Frejes, HUL Jiiriv., 'I-i-i, which is to the effect tiiat Esjujk having been sent by the viceroy to protect the inissious of N. Mex., and some trouble having arisen with adjoining tribes, presidios were needed and Ofiate was therefore sent, arriving in Ij'JoI Zamacois, JIi.it. Mi'j., v. 'iOlJ-lO, implies tiiat tiio eon(iuest was efi'eeted in l."»!K)~7, and tells us that two yeari later was foundi'd tlie 1st city named .Monterey. Rivera, Gohe.rniintcn i/c Mir., i. 71-2, gives no exact dates and few detail.*, l)Ht he adds a little genuine in- formation about the troubles befcn-c N. Mex. M'as reached. Gregg, Cum. of the I'raiiit'x, i. 117 et seq., found at Sta Fe a very important document, tlio memorial of Onato dated Sept. 21, 1.")'.)."), which is not known to have Ikmii seen since, and of M'hich ti>e autlior gives a resume. Davis, Spin. Coii'i., 20H-78, as I have stated, gives tiie date as l.")!)l, but adds a note on the confus- ion of dates. He seems to have used a M.S. copy of part of Salmeron's work, regarding it as Oflate'a diary. He also copies the cednla of 1(J.)'-' .is given l)y ISarreiro, has evidently consulted (Jregg, and also cites Lareiiau- (liere (Mc.viiinv, I-IT, who gives the date as l(i;)0, not l.V.Hl). See also— none nf tlieni containing original or additional material — Princa'ti Hist. Sk:, 1 il li; V'nvjvro I'liii; xxvii. 144-."); .Uai/cr'.i Mi:r. Azf.ec, i. 174; Mdhii!\i2,iiii) M(l'<, ].'!.")-(!; IhitiKiiirli'.t DcM'Hx, IS."); Miirnujs Cttth. (.'/(., 74-0; Xaiiv. Ann. I'".'/., cxxxi. 2.")."); Fiini/iiin'.s .Mi:i\, 2.'{; Moi/i'rn Trurdlt'); ii. 71-2; Jlin/onn J/iin'l- liook; S8S-'.t; Midler, lic'iKvn, iii. 188; Mnijliaiio'.i St. Frunrif, r)7o-7; Duri* El (irin'jo, ~',\. ■'1 albnlc to Fernandez Duro (1882) and Biv.ndelicr (1881), whose work>i :nc clsewher;' noticed. In the same interval, 1877-8.>, I have aho discovirod that the book was used in l(il'.( in a Idundering bketeh by Cordoba. My mu- prise i:i this matter lias bi'en for 10 years that the Doc. Hi.tt. Met:, the ' '/. J)oi: Innl., and the work of Villugra have not been utilized liy histoiaul students. * Villi'irn, I/ii/nrld de la Nuern Me.rieo, del Capititn Caspar de Vill''ini. Diri'jid I id Jill/ IK Fel!]ie niie.ifru .lenor Tirecrn de.ite iininhre. Alio Jt!/f>. '"ii jirii'ilei/io, en Alenln, Jior Liii/.i Miiiiiinz (Iraiide. A en.it.ii de Jiapti.di !. fi' viercader de li'nvo. llimo, 24, 287 leaves. The prelimiuary leaves contain a villagrX's epic. 113 obtained -are now ting the L'cause in [ revision given to ►, and an- uaintanco jry doc'U- Dscnted in 3pic \wem, of Onate's nly eleviMi narrated.' 1812, an.>-. '" ter cilitiou iil>'> (lUOtcd, iw\ 111 L-ct that Kn"i'; .f N. Mex., mid uro ueeaea ami J/./., V. 200-ltt. that two yiaiM ,-;i(t/i^c.s (Ic M'>-, ttlc gi'iiuim-" iii-_ Gregg, <■'..,/(. e on the 73-7; />'"'^ ,i-hoso work-! :u>j lloha. M.V ^'"•• l.Uw., th.^ ' •'. |tl hy histon>Al lar 'h' Vill':!''''- l\„o}"!ra8ado viiuos, Suspendais algun tanto de los hombres (hombroa). El grande y graue peso que os inipide, De a(piesc iniiienso globo que en justicia, Por solo vuestro bra(,'0 se sustcnta, Y prestando gran Iley atento oido, Vereis a(iui la fuer(,'a de trabajos, Caluninias y aflicciones con o tuinado, Alien ten cou hu gran valor heroico, El atreuitlo buelo ile mi plunia, Porque duata vez pionso que vcremoa, Ygualcs las palabras con las obras. Eacuchadino gran Roy (|ue soi tustigo, De todo quanto aqui seilor os digo. Or, rendering the same in Engliah as literally as possible, with an exact rv- production of the measure, antlwith a remarkably successful efl'ort not to l)u a better poet than Don Gaspar, we have: History of New Mkxico. BY CAPTAIN GASPAR DE VILLAGrA. First CatUo. Which makes known the argument of the history, and the situation of New Mexico, and knowledge liad of it from ancient monuments of the Indians, and of the departure and origin of the Mexicans. Of arms I sing and of the man heroic; The being, valor, prudence, and high eflFort Of him whose endless, never-tiring patience. Over an ocean of annoyance stretching. Despite the fangs of foul, envenomed envy Brave deeds of prowess ever is achieving; Of those brave men of Spain, conquistadores. Who, in the Western India nobly striving. And searchmg out all of the world yet hidden. Still onward press their glorious achievements. By their strong arms and deeds of daring valor. In strife of arms and hardships as enduring As, with rude pen, worthy of being honored. And thee I supplicate, most Christian Philip, Since of New Mexico thou art the Phoenix Of late sprung forth and in thy grandeur risen From out the mass of living Hame and ashes Of faith most ardent, in whose glowing embers Thy own most holy father and our master We saw inwrivpped, devoured by sacred fervor — To move some little time from off thy shoulders The great and heavy weight, that thee oppresses. Of that terrestrial globe which in all justice Is by thine own strong arm alone supported; And giving, gracious king, attentive hearing. Thou here wilt see the weight of weary labors. And grievous calumnies with which is planted The holy gospel and the faith of Jesus By that Achilles who by royal order Devotes himself to such heroic service. And if I may by rare access of fortune Have thee, most noble Philip, for a hearer, Who doubt« that with a universal impulse The whole ivide world will hold its breath to listen To that which holds so great a king's attention? A REMARKABLE BOOK. 115 with an idea that it inig^ht furnish material for a brief note as a Hteraiy curiosity; but I fouuil it a most ooin- |iUte narrative, very little if at all the less useful for hv'iw^ in verse. The subject is well enough adapted to epic narration, and in the generally smooth-flowing iMdocasyllabic lines of Villagnl loses nothing of its intrinsic fascination. Occasionally the author quits tlio realm of poesy to give us a document in plain prose ; and while enthusiastic in praise of his leader antl his companions, our New Mexican Homer is modest in recounting his own exploits. Of all the territories of America — or of the world, so far as my knowledge uDcs^New Mexico alone may point to a poem as the original authority for its early annals. Not less re- markable is the historic accuracy of the muse in this production, or the long concealment of the book from the eye of students.^ Then, being thus by thee so highly favored, Since it is notliing less to write the story Of deeds tliat worthy are of the pen's record, Than to achieve deeds that no less are worthy Of being put by the same pen in writing, Nothing remains but that those men heroic. For whose sake I this task have undertaken, Should still encourage by their acts of valor The Hight ambitious of a pun so humble, For in this case I think we shall see equalled Deeds by the words in whicli they are recorded. Listen to me, great king, for I was witness Of all that here, my lord, I liavu to tell thee. *In the prose documents V.'s name is generally written Villagran and sometimes Perez de V. He was procurador general in the expedition, as well as captain. Cesireo Fernandez l)uro, Don JJicijo de Peilalom, 148-(i0, gives ill 1SS3 an excellent summary of V.'s work, which is as I have said the first aiiiKiiiiicement to the world in modern times of its historic value. He quotes from LajHude Ilaro, Nohihirio, some slight biog. matter, from which it appears tliat I»(m (raspar w.as of the illustrious family of the Perez of V^illagni, a tdwii in tlie province of Campos, Spain, a family which included several val- iant i.'ai)tains, among them Don Francisco de Villagra, well known in coimcc- tidn witli the conquest of the Arauciinos in S. America. Luis Cabrera de (.'(irdiilia, Illstoria de Felipe, ii., Madrid, 1C19, gave a trashy account of the early explorations of N. Mex., and also a brief account of tlie conquest, in wliiili ho tollows Villagra. This is the only instance known to me in which V.'« Work has been consulted. The extract on N. Mex. is translated in Tcr- ruiu.r-CoiiipoM, Voyages, ser. i. to:n. x. p. 429-50. Fernandez Duro, Noticin de Exped., 131, part of the work noticed altove, cites under date of 1G04 Figueredo, lielacion del viaje al Nuei'o Mejiro que Itizo tli'iiyiiiui ijencral D. Juan de OiitUe, par Fr. Ro In fntrada que hizo D. Juan de Oilafe en el Nuevo Mixico, hacia el reino (/(• ToliDi, enviada al Hey, WB>., cited by Barcia. From the date those M.SS. may refer exclusively to 0. 's expeditions from rather than to N. Mex. E h h M Mf',; !i 116 oSatk's conquest of nkw mkxico. Viceroy A'^olusco oji the failure of Urtliuola's project, not favoring ass we liavo seen that of Loina.s, accepted the propositions of Juan tie Onate in the autunui of ly'.);")." Don Juan was a rich and prominent resident of Zacatecas, son of the brave and popular conquista- dor Don Cristobal; married to Dona Isabel, daujj^hter of Juan do Tolosa, granddaughter of Hernaii Cortes, and great-granddaughter of Montezuma;' and was backed by the wealth, nobility, and power of Nueva (Jalicia. Onate's petition and contract are not ex- tant; but the former with margmal notes of approval and dissent was seen bv Gregy: at Santa Fe; and his brief resume, confirmed by incidental allusions in other documents, shows that the contract did not differ materially from the earlier ones that have been de- scribed. The empresario agreed to raise a force of 200 men or more at his own ex})ense; but seems to havt- been i'urnished by the king with a considerable quan- tity of arms and anununition, and even a sum of money, bemg also authorized to confiscate the property of Bo- nilla and other adventurers if he could catch them. lie was made governor, adclantado, and captain-general of the territories to be colonized ; and his somewhat ex- travagant claims for honors, titles, lands, and other enu>luments were freely granted by Velasco so far as the roj'al instructions would permit.^ " Villa;4ni says the capitulations were concluded on Aug. 24th. In the .\'. J/f'.r., Mfiii., 188-S), it ii stated that O.'s petition was dated Sept. 'Joth, ami the contract appros'cd Dec. (clearly a misprint for Oct.) l.")th. Gregg saw t ho memorial at Sea Fe, and gives the date as Sept. '21st, which may he an error for '2'>i\i, or vice versa. Villagra's Aug. i24th may ho the date of some pn- liiuinary agreement. I have no doul)t»the final approval ))y Velasco was in Oct. It was at least before the new viceroy's arrival on Nov. 5th. Toripio- mada, i. G70-3, makes the date Sept. 30th; and Alanian, Discrt., iii. apeu. 18, say.s it was in '1)4. Volasco's instructions were issued Oct. 21, '95. ' Fernandez Duro, IIW, says I)on Juan married Dona Isabel Cortes Monte- zuma, daughter of Cortes. Arlegui, Chron. Zac, 5o-7, makes" Dona Isaliul t'le wife of Cristobal do Onate and the mother of Don Juan. Bernardez, /iu\, 31-4, coulirms the statement of Villagra as in my text. Tlie S. Luis I'i>t:'4, Jitlticion Ciraiiui., 1, calls O. ' dcscubridor, concjuistador, y poblador ' of S. Liiia 13S3, and son of Dofla Isabel ace. to Haro's NoUlario. * According to Gregg's resume of the memorial, O. offered to raise 200 nun, and to supply at his own expense live-stock, implements, merchandise, aiul one year's provisions for the colony. In return, he asked for himself tlie titles of gov., etc., for 5 lives; 30 leagues of laud with all the vassals thereou; RECKUlTIN(i AN ARMY. 117 project, H'Copt,(nl tuum of resiclcnt )nqui8ta- lau«:cUtt'r 1 Cortes, and was )f Nuova i not ex- approval ; and \n^ IS in other not dittVr I been de- ,rce of 200 lis to luivc •able (|uan- lof inonoy, [erty of 1^'>- tcli tlioui. ain-gcnerul newhat ex- and otlur o so far as l4th. Ill t^»^" -^ ; lSci)t. '2.')th, ;iud Inay lie an error [to of 80U\e vr>- , Velasco wa^ i" [v. 5th. Toniuc- \t., iii- ap^"- '^' 1, ''•)-''■ ll Cortes ^lonto- ^es" Dona Isalifl Jernarilez, /" -i S. Liiix /'"'■'-'• fador ' of S. Lui3 lo raise 200 lu.n, IcrchaiuUse, ;uhI Ifor himsolt Uic Ivassala tUcrcou; Tlio contract once sijTfncd, Dun .Tnan, securinj^ tlio siijtport of the hii^liest ofKcial.s and most intluc itial null of ^[exico, XiU'va (Jalicia, and Xucva A'izcaya, iiivokinrs, and the four l)rotlicrs Zal(h'var, lils ne])lu'\vs, and of otht r active friends," sot about tlie task of recruitinijf an army, by ni> means a lonLf or difficult one. The sari,n'nt(» mayor, ( aiilain Vicente Zaldivar, unfurled his enli.stmeiit i)aii- iier in the frrand j)laza of Mexico with a salutt; of artil- l.iv; the scenes of '.'^0 and '40 under (Guzman and ( 'oronado were re])eated; recruas came in I'rom all directions, attracted by the favorable terms oflercd and the hope of wealth and fame in the north, and the ranks were soon full.'" All was enthusiasm; success seemed assured; and prejtai-ations for an early de{)arture were wellniuli ciimph'ted, wlu-i; a chanq'e of vic(U'oys occurred iu Xovemher, (he c mnt of ^lonterev succeedin'j' A'elasco. This in itself naturally caused some delay; but more serious causes were at work. Oiiate's brilliant pros- a salary of 8,00() diieats, aiul cxoinption froui the crown tax for working iiuai's; for liis family; horoilitaiy nobility and liheral oncomiondas; fur liij army, arms andaiimiunition; fur liisotticerM, repartiinicntos of nativo lalmrers; tor liis idliiny, a luau of lIOjOOl) iiosos from the royal treasury; and for the spiritual wi'li-hcins; of all, tJ friars anil tlie tittinj' church accoutrements. Ho aUiia.skcd for iucitructions re;-ii)ectinj' the foreihlo conversion of giiitile.s a;id tho collection of tribute. Gvegi,' does not inilicate what doniamls wcrj ^.'ranted or declined in the marginal notes; nor is it apparent whether this was till.' (irigiiial arrangement or the final one as nioditied by a new viicmy. It is state I in the X. J/c.c., Mi:it., lSS-9, that Velasco accepted tho otl'cr by imliirsiiii; the several articles of the petition i.i marginal notes. Villagra says 0. jri.t .'Sl.OOO in money; Toniuemaila and (.'.die aihl also .^.l.fKK) as a loan. Ill I'iiio, Xnt. Iliit., 2-l{, and more complete in D.ivis, Sjxiii. ('(in'/., 'Jt)4-t">, is tin; rnyal order of July 8, 1G;)2, contlrming the title of liijosdalgo to IJfiat. 's aisiuiatcs for 5 years in tho conquest, according to an article of the original ciiiiti'act. '■•Tlure arc named (tov. Diego Velasco of N. Vizc.iya, Rodrigo del Rio do l.n/,1, .Santiago i.ol Riego and Maldona(?o of the auiliencia, Leipietio, Antonio ll ■ Figiuroa, the Hanuelns, Ruy Bias de Mendoza, Juan fortes — great-;iraiid- siiiiiii liciMiau — Juandetiuevara, anil Salas, the alcaMe of Zacatecas. Onati's I'loilnis Were Fernando, Cristobal, Alonso, and Luis Niifiez Perez. The Z..1- liivar brcitlicrs, whoso mother seems to liave an Oilate, were Cristolial, Fraii- lisio, Juan, and Vicente, who were apparently the sons of the Juan Z. wiio ",is a c qitain of Coronado's army in 40. Villagra and some others imply tliat the Zalilivars were O.'s cousins; but O. calls them sol/riiioi. Vicente alsii ii;arricd a daughter of Juan OAate. ''S;iliii,Ton and Niel say that GOO or 700 men M'ero enlisted, though this seems doubtful, as there was no known authority to enlist more than 200. 1 jr 'wfi !' ffi' ' if 1^' i il 1 1 'i' , j' LiLi lis ONATE'S CONQUEST OF NEW MEXICO. pects, and the unusual prerogatives granted him, had created jealousy; and his rivals and foes appear to have had more influence with the new viceroy than with the old one. Even before he reached the capi- tal, Monterey asked for a delay ; hut after Velasco had explained the matter by letter, he consented to a coni- I-lcjtion of the arrangements. Arriving the 5th of November and taking possession of his office, he pro- ceeded to investigate somewhat at his leisure the ade- lantado's fitness for his position, and the truth of certain charjjes against him. The exact nature of the accusations is not revealed; but soon everybody seems to have had something to say against Don Juan and his enterprise ; virtue, if we may credit the poet companion and eulogist, being in this instance wcl!- nigJi overpowered by calumny. A prominent cle- ment, however, in the new viceroy's policy was liis favor to one Pedro Ponce de Leon, who wished to undertake the conquista himself; at any rate, he wrote to the king on Joan de Oiluttu de Ln /A//"!-','/ Promnciax do hi Nimn Mexico: y de liui oliedienckui y vamllaje que Ini JwH'"> or 700; but only abcmt 200 ))esidc3 uegrou.i, Indiana, etc., are mentioned in any of the origi.'ial doc. or corresp. "Lle^d luego un correo con gran prieasa Pidiendo albricias por el buen despacho, 1)b las nueuas alegrea que traia, De Vuestro Viaorcy, en que mandaua, Que luego todi) el campo se aprestaae, Y que la noble entrada prosiguiesse, Y uomo esta nuis corca del engailo, Aijuel (]ue esta man fuera de sospecha, Assi fue quo el oorreo assegurado, Con grau contento ontrcJ y dio su plicgo, EI qual so abrio en sncroto, y con recato, Que niuguno suniesse ni entendiesse, Lo quo el cerraito pJiego alli traia, Y coino no ay secreto tan oculto, Que al tin lut pu reucio y se uus inuestre, ORDERS FROM THE KING Mexico a repetition of the order Th. •? J'cavy lieart thought of his m^f S- ?^^^^'^or with ^00,000 ducats alretdy spen C I ^'' ^"^ «^ *'^« come ,.//.^o and prornis^edTobev hT"^ '^^""^^^- bad news from his army for a f im: -^^^?"cea]ed the festivities. H.. .,ad no thonahf P ' ^""^ J^^"^^ ^n «^eir I>nse; and Juan Guerrf ^Soll^''^ "? '^''^ -^*^^- V-rtum of the heavy exnfnlp f / ''^^''^'^ *« ^>^^ar a new delay, which wald^ to W '"'"^^^ ^^ ^^^^ It seems unneeessar.. f . '^ ^^'^r a year feerting, and •'„„^,.e than ono. ?,?* T-'i """^tently iiicMtab e. One vkit? « "'**"' '''''"re seemed but Of.ate was abl on ea^ ':. """"'? ,«»« »d " dt «nd supplies up to tirlXd" f°^"'' '"^ ''"'■<'« 1" ins I'rotests ao-ainst til I °^ '"^ contract." ;r"tl.ersa„dfKends t'ov^erot':',^"'' \''"'" "f I'is tlie inost friendly di, position 7' ?'*'<"??'' I'n.fo.ssin-' ''« f<« w,sl,ed of course tolreak "nfl ^'"' '"^«='''"t"'lo's getlKT.and at times such ^t Xr'''""''*""' »'*<>- ennuent as well ; but -Tt f ™ *■ ''"''"•>' "^ "'o gov- - •■' desire to keep tl f„"c' tn T "'"'■° '^^''''-'J to -.'" or some other rovanvf!?."' ","*'' ^"'"■° do "■ n, some way given the c"'', """'^id""! could l«an,e discourVcd and ^rH"'"""'- ^"'''•^' "'"■•■"' ' ,'"» Wars in s,,tto of all rofno , '"'"P'^'y "'i*'' "'"st »" "■""«««. oite, if we may'Siri ^"' """■'' '-'^ credit Ins somewhat ,„.:^ «^"' '^? "Jir^:; ■■ '^■^^" !c;";s''-- - ^^i" il !f I m 1S2 OSATE'S conquest of new MEXICO. partial biographer, stood firm as a rock, sustained by his friends, and by the influence of Dona Eufemia, the beautiful wife of Alfdrez Peftalosa, who publicly harangued the men, urging them to imitate the forti- tude of their leader. Some were mutinous, and bent on going to New Mexico in spite of the king's pro- hibition; but cutting off the head of their leader checked the ardor of this party. Late in 1597 came orders to get ready, to submit to a final visita, and to start. The royal c^dula of April 2d, on which these orders were founded, I have not seen. In September Juan Frias de Salazar was commissioned as visitador, Esquivel retaining his position as comisario, and in December, when tlie army had been reunited at the Santa Bdrbara mines, the final inspection began.^' If we follow Villagrd's version, the expectation was that Onate could not pass the inspection; and the viceroy even advised him not to attempt it but to disband his force. The general's reply was that he would submit, not only to this visita, but to as many more as the government might choose to order ; and he did submit, and successfully passed the ordeal. The viceroy states, however, that Sala- zar was secretly instructed to deal as leniently as pos- sible with Onate, disregarding small deficiencies; and the records show that there was a deficiency in both " Villagri does not name Salazar, but calls the successor of Ulloa — who was sent to China — Capt Guerrero, with Jaime Fernandez as secretary. Tliia may be an error, or Guerrero may have been intermediate between UUoa iiuJ Salazar. The new visitador ace. to V. was a bitter foe of Oflate, anil tlie quarrel between the two waxed very hot. As a sample of the obstacles thrown in the way of the colony, I note the following: Instead of permitting a lialt wliilo the inspection was being conducted, as was usual and expected, the vmtiiilor ordered an immediate march. Tlien in some most un.suitable place he would order a halt, forbid the men for several days to leave thfir tents to look after the live stock, forbid the purchase of any animals, and then suddenly order the goats or some other class to be presented immediately at his office for inspection! Vilhujrd, Hist. N. Mex., 72-4. The rear division of the army hafl left Caxco Aug. 1st, and marched via Carrizal, Zarca, Los Patos, Cerro Gordo, La Pariila, Bauz, Rio Florido, ;ind Rio Bunuelos to Sta Barbara in S. Bartolonie valley, wliere they arrived Aug. IWtli, and remained till Dec. 17th. Then they pitched the camp a few leagues farther on, at the arroyo de 8. Gerdnimo, where the visita began Dec. '2'2d, and where they remained a month. N. Mex,, Ytinerario, 229-32} Id,, Mtm., 1U7-5; Jd., D'mcuiso, 44. i SUCCESS AT LAST. 128 supplies and men, of whom only 130 remained. It Avas decided that the viceroy should raise 80 men at Onatc's expense — Juan Guerra and his wife, Ana de ^Mi'ndoza, becoming sureties — and about this number were indued sent north the next year.™ Oxate's Route, 1598. ■' X. J/e.r., Mem., 197-8; Id., Discurm, 44. As wo have sr a, most au- tliniities speak of only short delays, and imply that the expeil. startetl for N. Mux. in the summer of '9G. The delays are attributed by Salmeron and Nicl to tlie ilevd, who trembled at the prospect of losing his grasp on so inaii>- tliousands of souls. Cavo, Tres Siij'on, i. 225-0, like Rivera, tells ua the delay was caused by a mutiny at Caxcc, which UUoa succeeded in quelling. mm ii'- 124 OSATE'S conquest op new MEXICO. The final inspection having been conchided the 20th of January, 1598, the army started northward six days later, and on the 30th reached the Conchos. Spanish travellers in America never encamped if it were pos- sible to avoid it, on the near, but always on the far- ther, side of a stream; therefore haste Wcts made to cross; and the bustle and incidents of bridijinij and fording the river are vividly portrayed by our poet chronicler. They remained in camp on the Conchos for a week, getting rid of the visitador, who is said to have departed without bidding the colonists good-by, but also having to part with Padre Marquez, their confessor. Arrangements had, however, been made for a new band of ten Franciscans ; and these friars, under Padre Alonso Martinez, as comisario, came nortli with Captain Farfj n and his party, who had escorted Padre JMarqucz on his return, and joined the army soon after the start. '^^ The force that left the Conchos on the 7th of Feb- ruary is given by Salmeron and Niel, and implied by Villagra, as 400 men, 130 of whom were accompanied by their families. The documentary records indicate only the 130 soldier colonists, besides a large number of servants and Indians; and it is difficult to under- stand how there could have been more whom Oiiato could not utilize to make up the 200 of his contract. Don Cristobal de Onate, son of Don Juan, accompanied the expedition as teniente de gobernador y capitan general, at the age of ten years ! Juan de Zaldivar was maestro de campo; Don Vicente, his brother, sar- gento mayor ; Captain Villagrd, procurador geneial ; Captain Bartolonie Romeros, contador; Zubia, or Cubia, proveedor; and Juan Velarde and Juan I'erez Don is, secretaries. I append a list of such names as ''^ They arrived March 3il. Their names were Alonso Martinez, Francisco de Zamora, Juan Rosas, Alonso Lugo, Francisco do San Miguel, Andres Cor- cliado, Cristobal Salazar (a cousin ofOflate), Juan Claroa, Pedro Vergara, and Juin do Sail Buenaventura— the last 2 lay friars; also brothers Martin, Fran- cisco, and Juan de Dios are named. Barreiro, Ojuaila, b, says Oflate had lio Frauciscaud with him ! LIST OF ONATES COMPANIONS. I have found ,n the various record« ^ n serving., as including the first 7eH^Z' Txr '^^''^^ P^e- thougJi unfortunately the fu J nit ^^^ ?^^ ^^^xico; ^-11 not bo ,nade to fit the Je?^^\"^ ^'^^-^ of all hcad of cattle. "" ^ ^^ ^^® *rain, and 7,000 Antiijo Ascuiiciode Archuleta ■Ayarde AIJ.Di„„i«iodeBafiueIos Jii.in lieiiitez liilwro ^''iJJt. Jtiaii Gutierrez H« n ;I"an Pore, do BuSo ^"^'^^'^g^^ < esar Ortiz Cadirao Jii.iii Cainacho Ivstevaii (Jurabajal I .urera •Ji'ii'i do Ca«o A:f^2P*->B«">ab.delasCasa« Jtian Catalan C'avanillaa Cqjt. (Jrcgorio Cesar t ordero Alf. Juan Cortes J»Iaruos Cortes t.il't KdipeEscalauto ■luaa fc.-ioarraiiial ^M.iiiuul Francisco Al\aroOarc(a I' ntiifisuo Garufa 'Jl.iroo^ Garcia J^iiaon (,'arcia i'liis Gascon Ji.irtoloa,e Gonzalez •'"iiii Gonzalez .'uaa Griego GiiL'vara Francisco Guillen Aiitonio Gutierrez A ,; '""'''I'i- '^'^ Heredia Antoau. Hernandez fwiioLsco Hernandez ;""^:tlo Hernandez i wlro Hcriiaudez the conquest of N jfex Juan de Herrera Ms-""-'- Jimenez t'apt. Diego Landin Prauc,sc„deLcdesrna Alt. Juan du Leon /^o'luago de Lizaua Cristobal Lopez Juan Lopez Alonso Ldcaa Lucfo Mallea Fr.-.r..cisco Marquez J^-ipt. Geronnno Marauez Hernan Martin ^ Juan Martinez Juan Medel Medina Monroi Worales Juan Moran Munuera Naranjo Capt. Diego Nuflez Juan de Olague .^pt.Gen.j'uanXoL'^f Juan de Ortega Ortiz *^ Regundo Paladin feunon de Paz Juan de Pedraza Alt. Pereyra oimon Perez Capt Juan Piflero J uan liangel Rascon J^'lro de los Reyea Pedro do Ribera ■i J) 126 OiJATE'S CONQUEST OF NEW MEXICO. Instead of descending the Conches as earlier ex- plorers had done, Onate seems to have taken a north- ward course to the Rio Bravo. Two exploring par- ties were sent out in advance to find a way for the wagons, and Villagril, who accompanied the sargento mayor, devotes more than two cantos of his work to a description of their adventures ; and in the Ytinerario the dates, distances, and names of successive points reached by the main army are given ; but though tlii-s was the first exploration of northern Chihuahua, the details have no special interest in connection with our present subject except as appended in a note.'^ Pro- gress with the wagons was naturally slow, but there Alonso del Rio Diugo Rohledo Francisco Robledo Pedro Rohledo Pedro Rodriguez Sebastian Rodriguez liiirtolonie Romeros Capt. Moreno du la Rua Caj)t. Ruiz Juan Ruiz Lorenzo Salado Juan de Salas Alonso Sanchez Cristobal Sanchez Francisco Sanchez Antonio Sarifiaua Juan do Segura Serrano Sosa Capt. Tabora Capt. Francisco Vaca Vu-Aa. Francisco Vasquez Jorge de la Voga Sec. Juan Velarde Francisco Vido Juan de Victoria Vido Capt. Gaspiir tie Villagril Viflalba Villaviciosa Capt. Juan de Zaldfvar Capt. Vicente ile Zaldivar Alt. Leon Zapata Prov. Zubia Zumaia. "Feb. 7th, left the Conchos; 3 1. to La Tentacion. 8th, 2 I. to Agiia del In- cendio. 9th, 3 1. to barrancas. 10th, 3 1. to Rio S. Pedro, forded in 28 4"i', remaining a month, and the uadres arriving March 3d, March 11th, 3 I. to Charcos. 12th, 5 1. to Rio de Nombre do Dios. 14th, back to S. Butiia- Ventura a short distance, whence Liindin started for Mex. 18th, 3 1. to Sierrazuela de las Hogiieras. IDth, 1 1. to S. Jose, or Sacramento, mIuto holy Tliursday was celebrated with great ceremonies. 20th, 3 1. to Sta C'luz. 22d, 3 1. to Encinar do la Resurreccion. 24th, 2 1. to Alameda de la Asuinp- cion. 25th, 1 1. to Lagnna de S. Benito y Ojuelos del Norte, a lake 2 1. iii circum. 2t)th, 3 1. to Aguage de la Cruz. 27th, 1 1. to Peftol de Velez in hit. 30°. 30th, 2 1. to Ancon del Reeelo. Slst, 2 1. to fuente de S. Fran, .le Paula. April l8t-2d, 3 1. to Socorro del Cielo. 3d-5th, 1. to Rio de la Men- tira and Cienega de S. Isidro in about 30° 30'. 7th, 2 1. to Alchicubite ilc S. Vicente. 8th-9th, 3 1. to Cienega de la Concepcion, and beginning of tlio sand dunes. 10th, 1^ 1. to fuente de S. Leon in lat. 31°. 11th, spring •■==, and HCty i-':«u,.a, ivHohod tl,c firaf '.r. ?'" ''".ys. 20 or •'•. «-.t , tl,un,lo.r, lisMnin ' Jd""P ."'^ f"^'''"'^. '^ «to,. m ""''.•-• l-HVors ..Ctl.e litanv ^ '^~"' ""^ l''^'-o» <'■'"" '•'■' 1>»- e,.„fi,t"ur X?""f '"".^l "'•••'8 league, i'V't^ ■>(■ earlier expCeS^'f «"'"*""''' '«'" tl,? t "".I ;." H.,1 tI.o pueblo of TcL;T';T '" '""'"d" »4 • Qu.-.iaou of tl,e firet two was n'"''"^^"-*S'"'«''l'"vo tt«idcs those tl.ree wla^h Z Z "*"""' S»corro tlu-re were „tl,crs rU„do!lV''f "'"''"'«» «'eunL- .■aM,c« are give„. rt " a2 ' ''"' ""'^ "'«>« "iwo " tl,e strangers, enttt^?' rtlf™ " ''""^ ^«'»'"" """■"• •■'!"l furnisl.ed suniZ^ „r .ffovornor in their «"e..rro was sent baTiTtl '■'■ *'"* ''««>'™We 1 lie „e.xt a '^''" '" *''« i'^we- II ini- 130 oSatks conquest continued. named San Juan Bautista, as they were there on tlio i24th, or Saint John's day.* Here tlie general lieaiil of two Mexican Indians left by Castaiio, and Mtartcd northward on the 25th in search of tiieni, reachinj,' Puruai, named San Antonio, in a journey of sixteen loaofucs. Here the friars were lodged in a newly painted room, and in the morning they beho'd on tlni walls life-like portraits of the martyred Kodriguez and Lopez of seventeen years ago, which the natives liad vainly tried to conceal with the paint 1 The two Mexicans, Tomds and CristiSbal, were presently brought in from another pueblo, and they proved as interpreters a most valuable acquisition to the Spaniards. Before the end of June they visited the pueblo of Tria — pos- sibly Cia— which they named San Pedro y San Pablo; and moved on three leaguea from Puruai to San Felipe, and thence four leagues to Guipui, or Santo Domingo,® This town was made a kind of headquar- ters or capital for a time, all of Onate's advance patty coming up apparently; and in this province we are told was chosen ° a convent named Asumpcion, though nothing appears later about such an institution. On the 4th of July Captain Juan de Zaldfvar was sent back to bring up the rest of the wagons and colonists who had reached the first pueblos on June 2Gth, but who did not join the advance army till August. At Santo Domingo on the 7th of July seven cliief- tains representing some thirty-four pueblos assembled to acknowledge the supremacy of new masters tem- poral and spiritual. Tomds and Cristobal, tjorving as interpreters, explained at great length the matirial prosperity and eternal happiness tliat must result froai * S. Juan must have been some dirjtance below Islcta, and must not be con- founded with S. Juan de los Caballeros. ^ Perhaps S. Felipe was 3 1. beyond S. Pedro y S. Pablo instead of Ptmiai; or Sto Domingo 4 1. from P. instead of from S. Felipe. Elsewhere in the Ytinerario Sto Domingo is said to be 6 1. from P. Not much importaiu'e cm be attiiched to exact distances in these records. Clearly S. Felipe and Sto Domingo correspond with those still so called, though it is not certain that the sites were not slightly changed in the next century. ^ ' Se elixid convento de laadvocacion de Nra Sra de la Asumpcion.' Ytin., 254. Perhaps it should b« * se erigid, ' or was built instead of chosen. d must not he con- SUBMISSION OF THE PUEbLOS '■•'Kucs-tho wagons g„i "f,^ " ,„'"'» ''".v^, or tea >"| leagues via San ilCmtno'^'"' ^""^ "^ «'"- "uLtlcss identical, or ntl^W^Xwi' Th "■■ ^"l'/"""- '"■''■"ig tlio name near the imfr 'l.^ i .1''* J""''''' stiil '""I Kio CIm,na just abovL S","'^'''? ^'o Grande ran. l.ad been jiodiced bftl e td^' '""^•''-""'"l "»ii «'as s,„,„ called San Juan /^''?.1''''-™'-«-"'i« '">■ several years was tbe SpTisb c '.^f '^"'-•'•™' ""<' I':- tl- friars to their e taUrhmet''',f *"' '''^" "?'■"«' "'•'>■ *" »»««^r pueblo noffar dltat""'' "^ """' l"'"''- 132 ONATE'S COXQL^EST CONTINUED. i«' m From San Juan on the 13th Onate went to Pieu- ri'es, or San Buenaventura, six leagues; and thence six lea^'ues farther to Taos, or San Miguel, or Tay- beron, the northern limit. Returning to San Juan he went to San Ildefonso on the 20th, and tlieiiec tive leagues east to San Marcos next day, and the next to San Cri8t<5l)al."' On the 24th and 2()th he went to Pecos, or Santiago,'^ by way of Glisteo, or Santa Aiki ; returning to Sar» Cristobal and San Marcos on tiic 2(5th, and next day going down to Santo Domingo, where the main company from below under Sahhvar arrived the same day. From the 2d to the Tth of August Ohate made a tour by way of the great pueblo of Tria — probably Cia — to thi> great one of the Emencs or Jemes, visiting also some others of the eleven ]uiel)los in that province, and finding some hot sulj)luu- s[)rings. Having returned to Santo Domingo, lie went up to San Ildefonso on the 9th, and next day proljably arrived at San Juan.'^ It was tlie next day after this arrival, or the 11th of August, tliitt work was begun on the ditches n- rpiircd to bring water for the city of San Francisro whicli it was determined to found, some 1,500 IncHuns as.->embrmg to aid in the lal)or. 1 believe that the site of til'. 5 intended city was at or in the immediate vicin- ity of San Juan, and not at Santa Fe, where the city was really built in later years. For a long tiiii(> nothing more is lu ard of it, and it is [)robable that the progr(\ss of the work was soon interru[)ted hy troul)les presently to be noticed; or tlie water-works '"S. Cristdlifil aii'l S. Marcos l)i'loimo(l apjiarcntly to tlio N;iiiil>e anil Tcsu- qiif m'diip iioi'tli tii Sta Vij, yit in later yc^ar.s tli'y sofin to havi Itvoii sn'itli an 1 aL;aiii north ot Sta Fe. Tlicy may In; t le puublos .so naineil l)y C'a.st:iriii, a.s Oiiitu had ;in lud. giil of .S. Ciistolial I'arried away hy < '. ; and ncMi' .'^. Miireo.s certain mines, called de Kuealante, are mentioned a.s l»y ('. " IVilro Ore/, a native of I'eeos earri'jd away hy K^pejo, had died: I'lit Brother .Juan de Dios of O.'s haiul had learned the language, and hclitii' Bottl 'l here. '- Thi! (liar}' in not eloar for the lOtli, there being a])i)arently an onii>-iiiii of th ' doings of that day. PIxeept for what follows about tlie new city tins Von Id have no iniportaucu, and I think there can be no doubt that they w.-nt to S. .luan. i If SANTA Ffi NOT FOUNDED. 133 niav have been completed for San Juan, and the build- iii" of the city postponed to a more convenient season wiien a cliange of site was found desirable. I tinci nut the shglitest reason to date tlie founding of Santa ¥6 from 1 508." While San Francisco was to be the name of the new city, San Pablo was chosen by the Indians as the general patron of the territcn-y. The last of the colonists and wagons arrived o)'. tlio 18th, and thus all were reunited at San Jnar. de los Cahalleros. A few days later a mutinous plot of cer- tain soldiers, including a|)parently Caj)tain Aguilar, was revealed, hut the governor was moved by tears and sui)plications to grant a general pardon,'' From August 2-h\ to September 7tli a church was built, and vledicated on the 8th with great ceremonies termi- nating with a sham battle between Christians and Abors. There was a week of general sports at tliis time which brouijht in a larw nund)er of natives from all (hrections, some of them coming, as the [io<.'t t(>lls us, as s[)ies to study the invaders' strength. A 'universal junta de toda la tieri'a' was held at San Juan on the Dth of September, on which occasion the native chiefs, including representatives of puel)los '^ ' So eiiipuzd la saca n shiwly for years or its mispension during the later iMtihks have left no i . ird. Since writing wiiat precedes I Ijnd in Viliiin-itr, Chriiii.. 101, tlie follov ''.ig, which settles the ipustiou: From S. Juan ile jo.s (ahaileros are iu sigh, {Wm 1)1) the 'eili!i,:ios . ('(tiia, '.lOi. Four men siihseipii iitly rail away for the ' tierra de pa/,,' with a hand of liorsis; liut V ili.iuni ,inil MaiijUe/ went in pursuit, hanged two of the men, and rci nveied the .iiiiiiials. ;.;oing as W claims in It davs to Sta Uarliara; and indeed On ite, :«•■''. says that they wrote to the viceroy "from Sta B. They started Sept. ll'th, iuiil returned early in Nov. n li 1 1 I 134 ONATE'S CONQUEST CONTINUED. and provinces that had before submitted and many others, renewed their formal submission, after Hsten- ing to a new explanation of the system by which the Almighty was represented in New Mexico eii lo fcntjxrral through the king by Onate, and en. lo esinri- tiial through the pope by the padre comisario Martinez. They also expressed the joy with which they would receive the friars at their pueblos as spiritual teachers and masters, after listening to the cheering assurance that if they refused or disobeyed the ])adres tlu'V would all be burned alive, besides burning later in hell. Villagni tells us, however, that while thoy leadily submitted to the king, they very sensibly toll! the padre comisario that so far as the new faith was concerned they had no objection to adopting it, if afa-r proper instruction they found it desirable, addini;- naively that of course he would not wish them to em- brace a faith they did not fully understand ! There- upon Martinez j)roceeded to apportion the pueblos among his co-laborers.^'' In n)y narrative of earlier cntradas I have given in text or notes all the pueblo names mentioned by tlio successive explorers, with such comments as seemed necessary to sliow their identity. In the records of Onate's conquest, and especially in the acts of ohcdiai- cia y vamllaje and distribution of friars, these nanu'S are very immcrous, and doubtless in many instanrcs very inaccurate as written or printed; yet I have deemed it desirable to preserve them; and for the con- venience of reader and student I append them in com- pact form, additig all the names that ap[)ear in earlier narratives. Identification is in mo-;t cases, so far as individual pueblos are concerned, impossible; indeed, there is nothing left with which to identify them, and I make no attempt at arbitrary location on my maps, though all existing data of distance, dii'cction, » tc. will be found in these chapters. Fortunately, lli'' ^■'Ohcilii'iifii) If Vdnidliip' li Su MiU/rsfad par /(i.« imlion del Piieldo de Son ■f'lC-'^ BnifUtii (Si'pt. i'l, 'its), ill .V. M. 01 Idt. SUBMISSION OF THE PUEBLOS. 135 Identity by groups or leading pueblos presents few difKculties, and in nearly every group a few names liuvo survived to modern times. The towns in the sixU'enth century occupied the same general range of territory as in the ninett onth; but most of them were dt-'stroyed in the seventeenth, and many of those re- inaining were moved from tlteir original sites. ^^ I '''Till' Ixxly of what follows is from tlio OhedlennnA of the X. Mij-., Tnis- lih/,i, iti'iiis ill parentheses being from tlio Y/incnirin, Villagni's narrativo, and nthir cloc relating to Oilate's expedition; while notes from earlier expedi- tions anil coianieuta are eui'loseil in i)rackets. UniliT care of PV. Fraiioivsoo de S. Miguel, prov. of the Pccoa (San>'ago) with tlm 7 jmehlos of the eastern Cienega, and tiie V*a(iuern, or wild tri'x m, of tliat region to the Sierra Nevada, and the jmehloa of the 'gran salina' behind tin: sierra of I'uruay; and lie.sides the jiiielilos of Quancjuiz, Holiotii, Xoiiald.s, Xatnl, Xainula, Agi,'ey, Cuza, t'izentetpi, Acoli, Ahho (Ahol, Apena, Axauti, AririNa, ( 'ouna, Dhiu, Alio, Atuyania, and Clieiii; and the 'A gri'at piiehlos of till' .hinianas, or ' rayados ' called in their laiiLTuagc Atripuy, «u'noi)fy, Que- liiti'trc^y, and i ' i ;, > itrey. In the O/W/cHftd of Oct. rjtli we liave also in this •s. K. region tiu in-".', of Chedlo M'ith the puehlos of Acoloeii, Cu/aya [C'nza aliiive], Jnnet." I'^il Paaco; aiid in the Ohcif. of Oct. 17th those of Cuehice, Xi'nii|iiie, Patiusce, and Abo. [Coronado calk Pecos Cicuye, Cituio, t'iiui(jue, Tii'UHnie, Tienicjue, or Acuique, not naming others in the region. Rodriguez imntions jirov., or valleys, of Came with ti pxnihlos, and Asay, or Osay, with .''i, sDniiwliere in the s. K. E.spejo names the j)rov. of Tamos — Tanos — one of its pui'Mos l>(.'iiig called Ciquique, or Pecos; and also the prov. of Magiiaa, or M:iL,',ias, of 11 pnehlos N. E. of the Tiguas. Sayaque f.ppears on .letFery's atlas. I Clisteo, or Sta Ana, is named isi the Yliii. \ln all tliLs ea.stern region ualacu ('2d [I nbio ciiMiing from s., ace. to IV/';).), Texa, Aino, on 'this .side ' [west ?] of tlu; rivi r; and on the olher, Pencoana, Qaioniaqui, J'eixolde, Zuinaquc , 'it'iy- triaii, I'lcyiiey [see above, repeated], Canocan, I'eytre, (v'ui-l'bain, Tnhol, Can'i iisapnc, Tcrcao, PoloocA, Trcyej', Queelqucbi, Atc|iira, 'Irula, 'I'm ypual, 'rn;i!;:iiii|nalahamo, Pilopue, Penjcacii, Tcyjiaina (Tiipana, or Socoiro, ,'{1, aiiiV' ijualaeii), and Trenaqucl ' de lamcsilla' whirli is the 1st ]i\icliloconiing Iiiini .Mixico. (Which of these were tlio ones called Nueva .St!\ dla and .S. .bi;i:i I'liintista in the Ytiii. does not appear.) In the <{. of .Inly 7th the ('InL'ua ]iueblos named are Paniete, l'ia([ui, Axoytre, I'ianiato, l^tuioyaeo, and ( aiiiti'e, or at least these were under the captain of the t'liigiuia. INiza'.J liitiintiao may possibly have been the Ti^'ua ])riiv. Corouailo wintered i:i TikjmN, Tihuex, or Tiinieq, a prov. of I'J or 1.") jiueblos; and visited Tutahaco, a |iriiv. ol 8 pueblos dow:i tliu river in the Lsleta region; also 4 towns in tlie Suiiino region not named, which Were also mentioned without being u;imed liy R.iilriiiuez and Eajjejo. R. s visit 1st shows the name I'unray or I'uara; aiiil I'., names the ])ueblo of Puara, I'uala, or I'oalas, o le of 1(> in the ])rov of lii;u.is. It is not )irob;ible tliat a single o'le of these (i;) ]iueblos of the soiith- iTM ^. I'tiiiii ol tlio Rio Gra'vde valley u stdl standing, though there are a lew 01 Liti r origin J. 'i''\i.: i 136 ONATE'S CONQUEST CONTINUED. have no doubt tliat the number of pueblos, about 170, is greatly exaggerated through a confounding of names pertaining to towns, tribes, and chieftains. Fr. Juaii do Rosas, prov. of tlie ('herea, or Clierccluis (Horos) fQucri's. TIic name Quereclios is ajiplieil liy Coroiiado and Kspojo to wild trilicM in tin? east and westj witli tlio jmelilos of tlie Castixea, or S. Felipe and Coiiiitrc. Sto Domingo or (Juipiii, Aliiioti, Chocliiti or Cochiti; that of the Ciunoga dc Carabajal; 8. Marcos, S. Crist(51jal, Sta Ana, Ojana, Quipana, del Puerto, and l'iiel)lo Queniado. In the Oded. of July 7th iire also named Tamy, Ac^ogiyii, Cachichi, Yates, and Tipotl. (Villagra gives the Querus prov. to I'. Zanmra, omitting Kosaa.) [C'oronado names (juirix, or Quivix, a prov. of " pneMcis. Espejo calls it Quires with 5 puehlos Castafto codicil it Qiiereses, naming one of tlic towns Sto Domingo, perhaps tlie same so called by Onate, and al io S. Marcos, S. Lucas, and S. Cristobal. Pueblos still standing in this region. the Rio (Irande valley, in about lat. 35° 30', retain tiie names of .Sta Ana, S. Felipe, Sto Domingo, and ('ochiti, some of them perhaps identical wifh those of tlio Kith century.] Fr. C'ristcibal de Salazar, prov. of the Teptias ('regiias, ace. to Villagra) fTehuas], with tlie pueblos of Triapi, Triiujue, S. lllefonso or Bovc, Sta Clara, San Juan [de los Caballeros] or Caypa, S. Cabriel, Trovniaxiacjuino, Xioiriato, Axol, Camitria, Quiotraco, and the city of S. Francisco 'ijue so ediiiean.' fCoronado calls the prov. Yuque-Yuncpio with G towns; and h'u Ximera, or Ximena, with Silos and other abandoned villages may liave been in this region. Espejo calls the province or the eastern part of it Ubate.s or Hubates. t)f the 10 or 1 1 Tehua pueblos, the names of S. Juan, Sta Clara, and S. ]ldef(uiso still remain in this district, and of tlie same prov. are the towns of Nand)e, Pujuacpie, and Tesuque.] Fr. Fra.ncisco de Zamora, prov. of the Picurles, with all the Apaclies \. and w. of tlie Sierra Nevada; .ilso prov. of tlie Taos with pueblos in tii;it region and upper valley of tlio Rio Grande. Taos was also called Tayberci;i and S. Miguel; and Picuries was S. Buenaventura. [C'oronado called Tmh Rraba, Uraba, or Yuraba; and his Acha prov. in this region was possibly Picuries.] Fr. Alonso de Lugo, prov. of the Emmes (Emes) [Jemes], and the puiblos of Yjar, Cuayogufa, Mecastria, Quiusta, Ceca, Potre, TreajCia?], (luatitruti, Catnio; and the Apades [Apaches] and Cocoyes of the sierra ami region. In the O'ird. of July 7th, the Emmes pueblos are called Yxcaguayo, Quianiira, Fia, Quiusta, Leeca, Poze, Fiapuze, Friyti, and Caatri. [If, as aecms likely, t!ieso are ditierent spellings of the same 5) pueblos, our confidence in the accuracy of these doc. is considerably shaken. Coro:iado ^Mentions the prnv. of Hemes with 7 towns, and that of Aguas Calientes with H. Es[icj(< calls the prov. that of the Emexes, Emeges, or Amejes. The pueldo of .lenies still stands, but not on its original site.] Fr. Andres Corehado, prov. of Trias, or Trios, M-ith pueblos of Taniaya, Yacco, Toajgua, and Pelehin. In the Ohed. of .July 7th are named Cdniidv and Ayquiyu, with Triati and Pequen, perhaps in this region. Corelia.ln's district lay westward from tlio 'gran pueblo ' of Tria or S. Pedro y S. I'ahli" (Zia, Vilhijrd.) [Cia, called ( 'Ida by Corcmailo. Perhaps the Tlascala I'hi, Caiiaiii, Coa(pieria, Halonagu, Macaqui, ami Aguinsa. Oht'd. of Nov. !Hli. [Niza's prov. of Cd)ola with 7 pueblos, one of tlieni Abacus. Coronaile's Cibola, with '2 of the 7 towns named Granada and Muzacpie, perluqis the ibout 170, unding of tains. ores) fQucriM. (I triliCM in tlie anil ('oMiitrc, :ie ( "ieni'g.i do el Puerto, ;iiul liny, Acd^'iyii, to 1'. Zaniiir.i, of 7 line) ill IS. irosus, naming (natc, and al io in tliis regidii. if Stu Ana, S, cal with those . to Villagra) or Bow, Sta i)vniaxia(juiuo, icisco ' ijuu so Dwns; and liii lay liavu heea t it Uhati'.s or m, Sta Clara, prov. are the ho Ajiaches \. .leldos in tliat lied Taybirna i> called Tans was possilily id the puililds ?J, (iiiatitruti, 111 region. In yo, (ijuiaiiura, aecins likely, ideuco in tlio ions till! ]UnV. Ks[iej(> lall.-i uljlo of .lemes IS of Taina\;i, lined Coiniir.' .. Coreh:iilii's Iro y S. VaMo aseala ol 1!hiI- I'uiiaiiies, I'll- th. [Possilily wo. EsllrjeS ler N. tliaii its I'O 1 letter " itli iarities ul' the J Also /nfii, or Agii.-""lii, of Nov. mil. ( 'orotiaiiii* , perhaiis the ZALDiVARS EXPEDITION 133 illi.. ^J.VrEKNTJi CKNTruv, 188 ONATE'S CONQUEST CONTINUED. explorf) the buffalo plains of the east, with no results of a geographic or historic nature worth noticing lieir. Some petty adventures among the roving bands nt' natives, the shooting of the first bull by the valiant major, and a grand buffalo hunt with brilliant but ncit very successful efforts to ca})ture some of the cilxihi!^ alive, claim, however, at the hands of our poet chron- icler more space than the annalist can devote to them. Zaldivar's absence was from Se])tember 10th to No- vember StJi, and he found traces of the expedition of Bonillo and Humana. His course was probably north- east. In October Onate made a tour to the salinas eastward of Pecos, and thence south to Al)6 and the Juniana territory, the formal submission of the pueblo groups being on the 12th and 17th, and he returned about the 'JOth to the Rio Grande. On the 2.']d of October the general started fntm Puarai on a westerji tour, accompanied by Paihe Martinez; and four days later received the obedieiicia of Acoma. Here ^(ccording to Villagrd he had a nar- row esca[)e without knowing it at the time. Zutuca- pan, a chic-f who had not been invited to the conferencu at San Juan, had harangued the people from the house- tops, and urged them not to yield to the haughty Castillos." He had some success at first, but wiser counsels pr made by twelve conspirators to kill Ohate in an estufa. which on one pretence Oi* another he was to be intluetil to visit. Tlu> adelantado with his small force ariiv((l, was satisfied with his friendly recejition, and \va^ filled with admiration at siglit of the penol town with its wonderful natural strenuth and defensive werks. " Si) the Slum, were generally callod by the N. Mexicans. The name isi corrujitiou ol Caatellanus. THE GENERAL IN ARIZONA. 139 Thciwi'^'" One (if tlic twelve iiivitotl Ouate to sec soinetliing vi'iv curious, l)ut ho cautiously and fortunately de- cliiicd to enter the fatal estufa. Tlic formal suhniis- sioii of the j)ueblo having been received, the little aiinv continued its march westward to Zufii and to Molioqui, wliere formal sul)niission was rendered hy the native cliieftains on the Dth and loth of November.'"* Of Onate's western explorations in what is now Arizona wi; know but little. He was everywhere hospitably entertained by the natives, who held grand limits to furnish diversion and game for their guests. A party under captains Farfan and Quesada were sent out from Moijui in search of mines, which were found in a pleasant, well- watered country some thirty lea-^ues westward, perhaps in the same regifm ])re- viously explored by Espejo.''' There were also salt deposits, and according to Villagrd pearl-oyster shells, Mliieh caused a belief that the coast was not far dis- tant. The general had intendcid to reach the ocean on tliis tour, and soon after starting had sent orders to Juan Zaldivarto turn over the command at San Juan to his brother N^ieeiite as soon as the latter should airivc from the plains, and to join his general in the "■ A'. .)/('./•., Tri'sliiilo, i:VJ-41. Ill tlie Ytiii. it is .stated tliat O. like H.spejo fdUii 1 :tt till' Znhi towns, not only crosses, hut Mex. lad. left by Coronado. '" It iiiiiy lie well to give the Y/ni. t'roni I'luirai (near Bernalillo or Sandia) te .\iiiMia, Zuiii. Moi[ui, and the mines as follows: ' '. 4 1. ti> Torronte de lo.s AliiiuK, half-way hetween heiiiL; the Arroyo de los .Minihres; 7 1. to Manan- tiid di' hi Uarraiica, and "2 1. (ai>(iarently, for the text is confusing) to Aeoiiia. (It IS ilillicult to make this agree witii the jiresent location of Aeoina with re- speot to Siindia; iiml here, as in many earlier statements, we are tem})ted to lioate A. iiuicli farther uortli. I'"pini tile i'enol de Aei.nia 4 1. to sourci^ of the Rio de Mala Nneva; 8 1. to Agiii lie la I'ena; 4 1. to ' agua (|ue va a .hiiii ' (source of Ziini River ?), wiiero .111' ;{ ruiiii-d juiehlos; H 1. to 1st Zuni iinehlo, tiiere heing (i within a s[)ace of :t 1., aii'l a taiiioiis Salina de (Irano i> 1. east (?). I"! I Zuni, I) 1. to I'ieiiguilla; (i 1. to Manaiitialejos; "> 1. to ist .Mo(|ui town; :< 1. to 21 imehlo; 4 1. to 4th, via iid. Tiiese towns are the ('astern wrstirn ?) limit of settU'inents f: hut later events at Acoma are gi- ini mi previous I'lfi' >. This western derrotero is an adilitiou without dates. v~l 1? irili 'i'u m li 1 i i 140 OXATE'S CONQUEST CONTINUED. west with tliirty iiicii. But trouble occurred, as we shall SCO, ill connection with the carrying-out of these orders, and the Mar del Sur had to wait. We have seen that captains Villagrii and Marquez had in Septeniher been sent south in pursuit of de- serters. Tluy returned at tlie beginning of Novem- ber, and the former started ahmc with his horse and dog to join his leader and report the success of his mission. At Aci»ma he was so closely questioned by Zutucaj)an that his susi)icions wei'e aroused, and ho refused to dismount. Stating that a large Spanisli force was not far behind, and pleading urgent haste ti) overtake the general, he hurried on; and sleeping that niLi;ht by the wayside he awok(( in a snow-stor'm. Soon he fell into a [)itfall that the treacherous natives had pre])ared for him, left his horse dead therein,"" and })lodded on through the snow on foot, taking the pre- caution to revers(! his boots, with a view to mishvid pursuers. After suft'ering intensely from hunger fur several davs, at last he killed his docf for food, l)ut as the faithful animal with the life-torrent pouring frniu his side turned to lick the hand of his slayer, Villagia had no heart to eat the food obtained at such a cost.'"' Soon after, when just ready to perish, he was res<'U('(l by three of Ohate's men who were searching for lost horses in the Zuni region. At the same time his pursuers — possibly imaginary — came up, but thinking the main force near at hand dared not attack." ■ M ' § ^ ^'Tlio Iiest of liistori;uis, even poeta, leave now and then a point olwoure. Peiiiaps tlio author, if lie wcru .still living, might reconcile the death ni Ms Imr.si! ill the pitfidl witli an earlier statement that at the time of writin.' he still liad the niiliU' ehaigor that bore liini on thi.s journey ! A small wuu'lcut ill eniiiieetioii with \ . h jtortrait on the frontispiece is intended, as clo?' t'-'*- a;iiiiiation Icad.s me to indieve, to represent thi.s adventure in the pit. It tor- tainly represents iiothiiiir else. -' In the interests of history, and to the saeritice of sentiment, I n^ist oUl that the want of a lire to cook the dog was not \\ithout influence on the yovt > decision. He had not thought of tliis wlieii ho did tiie cruel decil ! ^^It must lie noteil that aec. to the YNiiri-irin, 207, 275, Capt. M ii'iiu'Z was the man wlio made tills triii, leaving I'uarai Nov. 4th, and reaclui .; /uiii half deail with rold and liuiigei-: hut I think it iiiort- likely that tliis is , ^lil' of the pen than tli.it I ton ti,i-ip,ir should have; a[ipropriated the achieviiii'iit.< o! another; esiiecially as ^". was at Zuni o.i Nov. itth, as ii showa in the OU- dicuciil. DEATH OF JUAN ZALDIVAR. 141 as we [ these arquez of de- ^ovem- rsc and i of liis incd ^>y aiul lie Spanish liaste to liug that 1. SofU ivus liiul in,-" and the pre- ) mislead inger for d,"l)Ht as iug fi""iii Villaij;!^ I a cost." is rescued r for lost time his 1 thiuhing 22 loint oIisouvL'. hloatU "I i'W as oliisi- e!i- pit. ll^'^'''- I I unist ii'W loll the l"i^l ' \vt. >!»v4m7. raolui'- /■>"■" TtlusH. M^ la ui tl... '"'<• "Don Vicente Zaklivar returned from the plains on the Stli ol' November, and on the 18th Don Juan set out as oi'dered to join Ohate. Meanwhile the wily and jiatriot Zutucapan — if wc are to credit the poet cliroiiicler, who may have drawn on his imagination l;iri;('lv for his facts, or may on the other hand have ohtaiiiod accurate information from the natives later — had renewed his eftbrts at Acoma, and this time suc- cessfully; for after the orators of the former occasion liad spoken and others had added their eloquence on hoth sides, it was determined to test the boasted in- vuhierahility t)f the Spaniards by attacking them on their airival, having first taken the precaution to scatter tliiui where they would fall an easy prey. Such was the situation when Zaldivar and his companions ap- jiroached the pehid. The natives came out to meet tluiuwith o'iftsand every demon.stration of friendlvfeid- in'4. Tl ley offered all the supplies that were needed, and lu xt day the soldiers, no treachery being suspected, were sent in small ])arties to bring the provisions from (litfcront parts of the pueblo. A loud shout from the linhaiis iirst warned the maestro de campo of his peril; lie wished to order a retreat, and thus in his leader's absence avoid the responsibility of open war; but an- other officer not named — severely blamed by Villagril and accused of subsequent cowardice — opposed him until it was t(»o late, and retreat was impossible. A (les[)erate hand-to-hand fight of three hours en- sued; Zutucapan, Pilco, Anmlco, Cotumbo, and Tem- jiiil wrii," the native chieftains most prominent in the liattle; the Spaniards performed prodigies of valor in sinL;ie eonjbats; but the odds were too great, and one li\ one the little force melted away. At last the brave Zaldivar fell under the club of Zutucapan ; the native warriors set up a cry of victory; five surviving Span- iards tied to the edge of the mesa and leaped down tlierlitf, four of them reaching the plain alive. Three others had escaped from the j»enol, and all joined Altercz Casas, who was guarding the horses. Caj)tain 142 ONATES CONQUEST CONTINUED. Tabora was sent to overtake Onate ; others went to warn the padres at their ditierent stations, while tlio rest bore the sad tidin<;s back to San Juan.^^ The scene in camp when the disaster was announced to the wives, children, and friends of the slaughttn d coni[)any may be left to the imagination of the readir. Solemn funeral rites for the dead were hardly com- pleted when Tabora returned, saying that he luul not been able to find the governor; whereupon Alfeivz Casas with three companions volunteereil for the ^;ri- vice; and after many difficulties met Ofiate beyond Acoma, near where Villagrd had been succored a month before. The adelantado retired to his tent aii'l spent the night in ])rayer before a rude cross, if \vu may believe his eulogist, and in the morning made a speech of consolation to his men. Having with the least possible delay called in the several bands of explorers, he marched his army carefully and sadly back to San Juan, where his safe arrival on December 21st was celebrated by a te deum. Formal proceedings were now instituted before Juan Gutierrez Bocanegra, appointed alcalde for the occasion, against the rebels; and after the friars had given a written opinion respecting the elements of a just war and the rights of victors over a vanquished people, it was decided that Captain Vicente de Zal- dhar be sent against Acoma; that the inhabitants of that town must be forced to give up the arms of tlie murdered soldiers, to leave their penol, and to settle on the plains; that the fortress must be burned; and that all who might resist must be captured and en- slaved. Seventy brave men were selected for the "The fight took place on Dec. 4th, Ace. to Villagra and ./V. Me.r., M'tn., 213, '2'2;i, the killed won. 11, but only Spaniards wore included. The list as given in the Ytin., 21)8, is as follows: Captains Diego NuHez and Felipu de Escalantc, Alf. Pereyra, Araujo, Juan Camacho, Martin Ramirez, Jam tie Segiira, Pedro Robledo, Martin de Riveros, Sebastian Rodriguez, two lunzos, a nnilatto, and an Indian, besides Capt. Juan de Zaldfvar. The wciimleil were Leon Zapata, Juan de Olague, Cavanillas, and the alguacil real, laa Casas, who was struck twice with stones. If tlie no. of survivors is correctly indicated, Z. could not have taken 30 men as ordered. MARCH AGAINST ACOMA. 143 went to hile the nounci'il Il^httTrd e reiulci'. Hy coiH- I luul llt)t t Altcirz [• the sii'- 3 beyond ccorod a i tent ;uid )ss, if we f ^i anquisUed 3 dc Zal- bltants of ms of the to settle rned; and d and *'ii- i for the The list M land Felipu do lirez, Juiiu ae fez, two 1I1..Z08, IThe wouu.lea liiacil ri'i'i- t'^'^l trs 13 o»i-i'oetly service, under officers includin^if captains Zubia, Ko- iiiero, A^'uilar, Farfan, ViUagnl, and Marqui-z, Alfercz diian Cortes, and Juan Velarde as secretary. Tliis army started on tlie 12tli of January, 151)1), and on till! illst arrived at Acoina, Villai^ra with twelvi' incm visiting ( 'ia on the way for supplies. After Zaldivar's departure there seems to have been an alarm of threat- ened attack on San Juan, which, althouj^h it proved uiifiiunded, gave our chronicler an opportunity to des~Onatk'8 Letter — Rekneorcement — Vicerot's Report — A Controversv at San Juan — Expedition to Quivira, 1601 — Desertion up Colonists and Friars — Zaldivar in Mexico and Spain — Results — Onate's Expedh'Ion to the South Ska, 1604-5 — A New CrovKRNOR, 160S— FouNDiNu OP Santa F^ 1605-16 — Padre Zarate db Salmeron — ACusTODiA, 1621— New Missionaries, 1628-9 — Governors Zotylo and Silva — Benavides' Report— List of Governors, 1640-80 — Eastern Entradas — Padre Posadas' Report — Indian Troubles — Padres Killed — Murder of Governor Rosas, 1642— Controversy and Disaster— Penalosa's Rule and Fictitious Trip to Quivira, 1662— Afacuk Raids — Ayeta's Appeals— Aid that Camb Too Late. The history of this province, from the fall of Acoma in 1599 to the great revolt of 1G80, can never be made complete, for lack of data. The home archives were destroyed in the revolt, and we must depend on such fragments as found their way out into the world before that outbreak. I can do no more than simply bring together in this chapter more of these fragments than have ever been presented before. There were several writers of the period — notably Salmeron, Benavides, and Posadas — who might have left a satisfactory record, at least in the aggregate; but unfortunately the past and future had more charms for them than the present, and New Mexico less than the half- mythic regions beyond. On the 2d of March, 1599, the governor wrote to the viceroy an outline record of what he had accomplished, painting in bright colors the land he had conquered, (M8) NEWS SENT TO MEXICO. 147 jto the lisbecl, and sending samples of its products. The western region since known as Arizona was most highly praised by him in respect of fertility and mineral promise ; but perhaps the idea of South Sea glories in that direction was prominent in his mind. What he wanted was an increase of force with which to win for Spain the rich realms that must lie just beyond; and the cou.leur de ro.se of his epistle, so far as New Mexico was concerned, was intended for effect on the viceroy and king, since ultimate success began to seem dependent on an in- crease of resources.^ Captains Villagrd, Farfan, and Priiero were sent to Mexico to carry this letter and make personal explanations ; while at the same time, with an escort under Alferez Casas, padres Mar- tinez, Salazar, and Vergara went south to obtain a reenforcement of friars. Both missions were mod- erately successful. Salazar died on the journey, Martinez was retained in Mexico, but Padre Juan de Escalona as comisario was sent to the north with Ver- gara and six or eight friars not named. Casas also returned with the 71 men who, as will be remem- bered, had been provided for to complete Onatc's force of 200 in 1598.* The viceroy wrote to the king, who l»y a cddula of May 31, IGOO, ordered him to render all possible support and encouragement to the New ^[exican enterprise. It is possible that some addi- tional reenforcement was sent in consequence of this order, but there is no positive evidence to that effect.* ' OilaU, Cop. (le Carta, 302- 1 5. Five hundred men would not be too many to Runil to such a country, where he ia sure to gain for his Majenty ' nuovoH niundoii (>acilico8, mavores que el huen Mar({ue8 Ic di<5. ' He alludes to hiii lumt »m- liirtuucs, anil most earnestly entreats tiiat aid Le not withheld now whon 8II00U8S is almost within hia grasp. He wishes his daughter Mari(]uita to uouiu to N. Mex. '•See p. 123, this volume. ^Torquemada, Monartj. Iiid., i. G71-3, is the best authority on movements of the friars; see also Vetancur, ('/iron., 05; Aparido, Conventos, 282. On the Keniling of the 71 men under Casas at Juan Ciuerra's exi>en8e— -to inspect wliichlorce Juan Oordejnela was appointed Oct. 1, 1599 — see A'. Mf.r., Mem., 1D7-8; /,/., Di'truno, 38-9. In May 1600, before the date of the cedula of May 31st (which is copied ill .V. Mtje., Doc. Hist., MS., 492-4), we have two petitions of Don Alonso de Oftate in Madrid in behalf of Don Juan, directed to the king and council, in which he deiuauda a ratification of the ori^ual contract with Velasco, on the 148 EIGHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNALS. After the lesson tauglit at Acoma, the natives were not likely to attempt further resistance ; and Ouate in his capital at San Juan was left in undisputed posses- sion of New Mexico. The colonists were well content with the country as a home, and the friars as a field of mis-iionary labor. Don Juan was also satisfied in a sense with his achievement ; that is, as a basis for other and greater ones. True, the pueblo province was but a small affair in the conquistador's eyes ; it did not once occur to him that it was in itself his final possession, the goal of all his efforts, the best the north had to offer ; but it would serve as a convenient base of supplies for further conquests, and its posses- sion would give weight to his demands for aid from the king. At present his force of little more than 100 men was insufficient for the realization of his schemes ; and for some two years he contented him- self with preparations, with the search for mines, and with minor explorations of regions near at hand, re- specting which no record remains. The reenforce- nient of soldiers and friars may be supposed to have arrived early in 1600, but possibly later. Trouble was soon developed between the two oppos- ing elements in the Spanish camp. The colonists favored the most conciliatory measures toward the natives, and the encouragement of agriculture and stock-raising with a view to permanent residence; they were in favor of letting well enough alone. Oiiate on the other hand, with such of the soldiers as had not brought their families, thought mainly of holding the natives in subjection, of reducing new pueblos, of collecting tlie largest possible amount of food and clothing, and of preparing for new entradas. The friars regarded the conversion of gentiles as the Bround that the modificatioiw introduced b^ Monterejr were accepted only ny Don Criatdbal, w}io had no such authority from hia brother. He asks that the title of adelantado, now fully earned, oe given at once; and he wishes that other orders as well as the Franciscans be allowed a share in the spiritual conquest Pacheco, Doe., xv. 31&-22. The immediate result, as we have seen, was merely a royal order of encouragement, the main issues being held iu abeyance. More of this in 1602. oSate goes to quivira. 140 great object of the occupation, and were disposed to think the military element desirable or useful only as a protection to the missions. Of course the g^overnor had his way, and how bitter became the quarrel will presently appear. It was unfortunate for the country, especially as no golden empire was ever found in the north — at least not by Spanish conquerors. In June 1601, the general was ready for active operations. Accompanied by padres Velasco and Ver- gara, and guided by the Mexican survivor of Humana's band, he left San Juan with 80 men and marched north-eastward over the plains.* The route in general terms, no details being known, was similar to that of Coronado in 1541, for 200 leagues in a winding course to an estimated latitude of 39° or 40°. Probably the northern trend is greatly exaggerated. ** The Span- iards had a battle with the Escanjaques, and killed a thousand of them on the Matanza plain, scene of Humana's defeat. The battle was caused by Padre Velasco's efforts to prevent the Escanjaques from destroying the property of the Quiviras who had fled from their towns at the approach of the Spaniards ♦On Onate'a exped. to Quivira, see A^. Mex., Mem., 198-8, 209-25; Id., Du- ciirno, 53-8; Salmeroit, Jiel., 26-30; Niel, AjmiU., 91-4; Torqnenuula, Monniuf. Iml., i. 671-3; Piirchiis his Pilyrimea, iv. 15l>5-<>; Ponadan, NoUcuis, 216-17; J>iifui' Sjkin. Conq., 273-5; Prince's lliM. Sk., 165-6. Salineron and most other authorities give the date erroneously aa 1599; and S. apeaka of a figlit oil May 8th. Posadas aaya O. marched from Sta Fe in 1606; and tSalme.'on, foUoved by Davia, calls the place Villa de N. Mexico. The viceroy says half the 80 men were not ijente de servirio, and were of no use. Don Diego de TiM'ialosa, as we shall see later in this chapter, fitted the narrative of tliia uxpud. to a fictitioua one of his own in 1662 for use in France. '" Posadaa, a good authority, says that O. went nearly 300 1. east in search nf the ocean, reaching the country of the Aijadoa .s. of Quivira and w. of the 'IV'j.is. The natives guided him to Quivira, but knew nothing of the ocean. Tribalilo, in Puir/uw — also quoted in a fragment, chap. 22-6, of a MS. hiatory, vaguely accredited to Otermin in 1680, in If. Mex., Doc. J/M., iii. 1145-7, of no apparent value — aaya they went to tlie River of the North and to tlie great lake of Conibas (which figures in mythic geog. of the northern region), or Fr. Pedro Salmeron. None have dates; and some prob. never existed; but the last ia mentioned also in Vetaneur, Chron., 118, and apparently belongs to 1004. ^^Calk, Not., 103; Pino, Expos., 35-6; Id., Not., 2-3; Daini>' Span. Conq., 204-5. The audiencia acquiesced in this order by act of June 2U, 1604, on ZaUUvar's return to Mex, It a])pears that O.'s original demand for the go\- crnnrship, etc., for four lives instead of two was not finally granted; and as wu sliall see, he did not transmit it even to his son. " ' Como no cumplid, porque no pudo, tampoco el rey.' Salmeron, Rel., 28; V) lew' Span. Conq., 276. Cavo, Trea Siylos, i. 229, tells us that O. took the cnuntry without resistance, asked for more men, who were sent with permis- Bioii for the discontented to return, as they did, abusing a country that had yielded no treasure. 1S4 EIOHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNAUS. ducc the government to furnish men and suppHcs for northern conquests on a scale commensurate with his ambitious views. Zaidivar returned from 8[)ain in or before 1(504, and perhaps to New Mexico. Though he had failed in his north-eastern expedi- tion, there remained the Mar del Sur, which Ofiate was determined to reach ; and as soon as he had re- covered from the troubles just recorded, having most of liis original 200 men reunited at San Juan, with possibly a small reenforcement brought by Zaidivar, the governor started on October 7, 1604, for the west with thirty men, accompanied by padres Francisco Escobar and San Buenaventura, the former the now comisario.'* Visiting the Zuiii province "more thickly settled by hares and rabbits than by Indians," where the chief town of the six is now called Cfbola, or in the native tongue Havico, or Ha Huico, the explorers wont on to the five Moqui towns with their 450 houses and people clad in cotton. Ten leagues to the west- ward they crossed a river flowing from the south-east to the nt)rth-west, named Rio Colorado fn)m the color of its water, and said to flow into the soa of Califor- nia after a turn to the west, and l course of 200 leagues through a country of pines. This was the stream still known as the Colorado Chiquito, and it is not unlikely that this was the origin of the name Colorado applied later to the main river. The place of crossing was named San Josd, and farther we^st, or south-west, they crossed two other rivers flowing south and south-east, and named San Antonio and Sacra- mento — really branches of the Rio Verde in the region north of Prescott, near where Espejo had boon "According to Torquemada, i. 678, Padre Velasco was comisario after Escalona andliefore Escobar. Both the E.'s died in N. Mex. Id., iii. 5U8. Vetuiicur, Chron., 95-ti, as well as Torquemada, says that Escobar brouglit G friars, though his statement about the date is confusing. Among Escoluir'd party were perhaps PP. Pedro Salmeron and Pedro Carrasual, tlie latter Deing later guardian in Mex. and dying in 1622. Id., Menol., 92. Escalona died at Sto Domingo in 1607. P. Cristobal Quifiones, skilled in the langiiaKC of the Queres, estab. church, convent, and hospital at S. Felipe, where he died ia 1609. P. Vergara of the origiaal band died in Mex. 1646. oSatk in auizona. IM i for [ his in or pedi- jnatc d re- most , with Jivar, 3 west .ncisco e now ,hickly where ,, or in plorcrs houses e west- th-east c color alifor- of 200 as the and it name place rest, or south Sacra- lin the id been Jirio after L iii. 5lt8. [brought o I Kscoltiirs |the latter Escaloiia i langwajje Iwbere be twenty-three yonra h»'ft)re.'* It was a fertile, nitrnct- iv«' country, who.so people wore little crosses han;^nM>r from tlie liair on the forr'.iead, and were tlicrcfore culli'd Cruziwlos." 'J'lio Crussados said the sc^ was 20 days or 100 l('a<;Ui'H distant, and was reached by j^oiii^ in two days to a small river flowinj:^ into a lurj^cr one, which itsi'lf flowed int(» the sea. And indeed, Hftcen lca«;ii«'s brou^lit them to the small stream, named San Andrews, wljcre tiie tierra caliento bet^an to produce the pita- luiya; and twenty-four leagues down its course ♦he general came to the larji^e stream, and named it liio (irande de Huena Esperanzji; that is, he followed the Santa Marfa, o, ISiU Wilhnms fork, d >wn to its juim tion with the Colorado. The explorers se'^m to have had no idea that there was any connection between this great river of Good Hope and the one they had named Kio Colorado; but they knew it was the one long ago named Kio del Tizon farther down; indeed, one of the men had been with Vizcaino in the gulf, and said this was the stream for which his commander had searched." For some distance above and below the junction liv(>d the Amacava nation, or Mojaves."* Captain Marquez went up the river a short distance ; then the '■^One version roads, 'from this stream [the Col. C'hiquito] they went w., crosMJiig a piny range 8 1. wide, at whoae southern base runs the river S. Antonio; it is 17 1. from 8. Jose, which is the Colorado, runs N. to s. tlirough a nitmntain region, has little water but much g(M)d Hsh. From this river it is a tierra teniplada. 5 1. w. is Rio Sacramento, like the S. Ant. in water and fish, rising 11 1. farther w., runs N. w. to 8. E. at foot of lofty sierras, wlieru the Span, got good metals.' The other speaks of the 8. Antonio aa being ' 17 1. from the Colorailo, hero culled S. Jose.' '"It was afterwards learned, so say the chroniclers, that a Franciscan had visited this people before, and tauglit them the etHcacy of the cross in mak- ing friends, not only of God, but of white and bearded men who might one day appear. '' I'nis is not the place to so into details of Cal. geography & represented or thought to be represented by the Indians. The ocean was near, in aM directions from w. to N. B., the brazo de mar extending round to Floriilm-io, as cited I'v Fernandez Duro, l.SO, implies that O. was still serving the king in 1620, but says nothing of his having left N. •Ml'x. ^' Barreiro, Ojendn, 7, says 0. went E. in 1611, and discovered the Canibar lakes and a Rio Colorado, or Palizade, prob. Los Cadauchos, tlius gaining a ri^'ht to the eastern country. Davis, El Onwjo, 73-4, rced the natives to toil in the mines ! Fortunately, the imaginative orator committed the prcua ration of his historic sketch proper to David J. Miller, who knew more of liia subject; yet even M. tb'uks Sta Fe identical with , died '73, buried at Senecli; Antonio de Arteaga, (.'iiiMiianion of Garcia and founder of Senecti' 30; Fran. Letrado, who toiled ainnng the Jumanas and later at, Zu&\, killed by gentiles in '32; ITran. Ace- liodo, who built churches at S. Greg, de Abo, "Tenabo, and Tabira. dying in '44; Fran. I'orraa, who with PP. Andres Gutierrez andCris. do la Concepcion Went to Moqui, where God worked many miracles through him, but he was |i()i3oneil on June 28, '33; Gerdn. de la Liana, who died at Quarac pueblo in 59; Tonjaa tie S. Diego, who died in Oajaca '59; Juan Ramirez, who went to Aconia, where the arrows failed to touch him, and he worked many years, ilyiiig in Mex. '64; and Juan de la Torre, who i)ecome comisario gen. of New Spain, and bishop of Nicaragua, where he died in '63. Vetnncur, AfenoL, 7-8, lO.titi, 70, 77, 82, 135-6; Medina, Chron., 162-3, 168-70, 175-6. ^'Incidentally mentioned in Velimrur, MenoL, 24; Id., Chron., 96. Fer- namkz Ihiro, 146, cites an undated MS. report by Francisco Nieto de .^ilva, gov. of N. Mex. He also cites under date of 1628 an Expedicion del F. Fr. Antijiib [AloiMot) Peimulo d ii provincia de Mcx^ui, a, MS. in the Acjid. de Hint. IIisT. Ariz, and N. Mex. 11 148 EKJHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNALS. i no clergymen and none authorized to administer the riglit of confirmation. A bishop would save much expense, and would easily be supported by tithes, es- pecially as rich mines had been found and the popula- tion was rapidly increasing. The viceroy was ordered to investigate and report on the desirability of this change ; but long delays ensued and nothing was ac- complished.** Padre Benavides went in person to Spain, and his report to the king, dated Madrid, 1G30, although meagre and superficial in comparison with what it might have been, is the most important authority ex- tant on these times.** It shows that there were about 50 friars, serving over G0,000 christianized natives in over 90 pueblos, grouped in 25 missions, or conventos, as they were called, each pueblo having its own church. The Indians as a rule were easily controlled, and palJ tribute in com and cotton to support the garrison ;f 250 Spaniards at Santa F<5, where a church had re- cently been completed. The outlying gentile tribes — all known as Apaches and classified as Apaches de Xila, Apaches de Navaj<5, and Apaches Vaqueros — had as yet caused no serious troubles ; in fact, in the Xila province and among the Navajos peace had been "Royal oriler of May 19, '.31, citing the demand of Com. Oen. Sosa. A'. Mex., Cidulaa, MS., 1-2; also order of June 23, '36, on the same subject, and adda that the pope has been asked to grant to some friar authority to confirm pending the election of a bishop. Id., 3-6; see also Bonilla, Avuntes, MS., I; HevilUi Oiyedo, Carta de 1793, MS.; Calk, Not., 103. As early as 15JK) tlic bisliop of jGruadalajara set up a claim to N. Mex. as within his bishopric. X. Mex., Mem., 227. The statistics of the com. gen. as given iu my text would seem to be greatly exaggerated. *• fiemivides. Memorial que Fray Juan de Snntander. . .preaentO d FeUpe IV. Madrid, 1G30, 4°, 109 p. P. Santauder was the Franciscan com. gen., and pro- sented B.'s memorial with some introd. remarks of his own. I nave not seen the original, but use Benavides, Iteifveste remonstrative av Roy d'FHjmijne svr la conversion du No/ueean Me.cko. Bruxelles, 1631, 16mo, 10 1., 120 p., in the library of M. Alphonse Piiiart. I regard this as a translation of the Memori(d. Fernandez Duro, 132-3, says 'P. Benavides published in 1032 another memo- rial, proposing the opening of the rivers of tne bay of Esplritu Santo, ace. to a reference of P. Posadas. Juan Laet made an extract of tlie Deserip. Norl- sima of N. Mex. in his work, the Notms Ornis. Fr. Juan Oravenden trans- lated it (the oriqinal Mem., I suppose) into Latin; and in French it wa.) pub. in 1S31.' Extracts in AT. Mex. Doc., MS., iii. 1147-52; Nouv. .iim. Voy., cxxxi. 3a3-9. P. Benavides did not return to N. Mex., but b.jcuiuo archbishop of Goa in Asia. BENAVIDES' MEMORIAL. )01 the ach es- ula- gred this \ ac- 1 his ough at it yex- about ves in entos, aurch. d pa*' A ison :f \ad re- ibes — es de ero8 — - in the d been iSosa. A^- bject, and lo confirm MS., »; 'l5tHi the lopric iV. xt wouU T.amlFf le not seou Ikihc Kvr I'i \Memoriid. lier memo- Ito, aco. to lien trans- Ich it waa fouv. ••'""• Ut b.jcaiuo made ; and in the former, where Benavides had been, a luissionury was now working with much success." Tlie author recounts the miraculous conversion of the Jumanas, hviiig 112 leagues east of Santa Fe, through the supernatural visits of Sister Luisa de la Ascen- sion, an old nun of Carrion, Spain, who liad the power of becoming young and beautiful, and of transporting herself in a state of trance to any part t)f the world where were souls to be saved." The padre has some- thing to say of Quivira and the Aijaos east of the Juinanas; and concludes with a brief account of Coro- nado's expedition and the countries by him discovered, without suspicion that those countries were identical with his own custodia of New Mexico. The work is mainly descriptive, and has some special value as giving njore definitely than any other authority the territorial locations of the pueblo groups in the 17th century, and thus throwing light on earlier explorations. It is to be regretted that the writer did not, as he might easily have done, give more fully the pueblo names and locations, and thus clear up a subject which it is to be feared must always remain in confusion and ob- scurity.** *'Tlio Xila prov. w.-ia SO 1. from Sonecd, and I suppose this to lie the 1st \im of tho name later applied to the Rio Gila, which riseii in thia re(;ion. Navajo is said to mean graiule seinaille or 'ureat sowing.' The author haa iiiucli to say of the inaiinurs and custonis of tliese wild tri1)e3. *' Details pertain to Tcxaa rather than N. Mex. In Spain B. learned that lit- was wrong about the woman; for he had an interview with Maria de Jesus, al)l>o!4!i of the convent of Agreda, who often since Ki'JU liad Ijtten carried by tlu! lieavenly hosts to N. Mux, to preach the faith. Sometimes she made tho round trip several times in 24 hours. She described events that had oc- ctirreil in B.'s presence when she had been invisildc to all but Ind. eyes. Sho siioku of tlie kingdoms of Chilluscaa, Canibujos, and Titlas east of Quivira. Slic could easily speak the native dialects when on the ground, but not in Spain! She enclosed a letter of encouragement to the patlres in lO.'il. Pulnu, \ iilii (If Junip. Serra, 3!U-41. Tho conversion of tho •Tunianas in 1(529 is also noted by Vetancur, Chron., 1M5, who says that P. Juan de Salas and Diego LopuK went from S. Antonio Isleta after the niiracuhms operations of the laily. *^ Runavides' claasitication and statistics are as follows: Sue also V'etancur's at end of this chap. Piros, or Picos, nation, southernmost of K. Mcx., on both sides the Rio et'eil that Puriiai liad also Iteen called S. Antonio.) Qiicres nation, 4 1. above Tiguas, extending 10 1. from 8. Felipe and includ- ing Sta Ana on tlie w.; 7 puebUw, 4,(KK> Ind., all bapt.; 3 missions. Tonipiros nation, 10 1. e. of Qiieres (prob. should be Tiguas and Piros), cxtendii>g 15 1. from Childi; 14 or 1.'5 pneblos, over 10,000 Ind., all converted and most baptized; ti missions, one called 8. Isidoro Numauas (Jnmanas?); Ind. also called ^^aImeros (Salineros) living near the 8alinas. Taiios nation, 10 1. n. of Touipiros, extending 10 1. ; 5 pueblos; one mission; 4,000 Ind., all baptized. Pecos, pueblo of Jenkcs nation and lang., 4 1. M. of Tanos; 2,000 Ind.; mission. Sta Fe, villa; 7 1. W. of Pecos; capital; 250 8pan. and 700 Ind.; mission church nearly completed. Toas or Tevas (Tehuas) nation, w. of Sta Fe toward the river, extending 10 or 12 1.; 8 pueblos, includin)| Sta Clara; 0,000 Ind.; 3 missioiks, including S. Ildefonso. These were the hrst njitives Ixiptized. Picuriea pueblo of Toas (Tehuas) nation, 10 1. up the river from 8. Ildefonso; 2,000 Ind. baptized, the most savage in the province, and often niiraculously restrained from killing the jxulres. Taos pueblo of siime natiim as Picurfes, but difiering a little in language; 7 1. N. of P. ; 1 ,500 Ind. converted to Christian ideas of marriage by lightning sent to kill a woman who opiioscd it; mission and 2 psvlres. Acoma pueblo, 12 1. w. of Stii Ana (same discrepancy as so often noted be- fore); 2,000 Ind., reduced in 1029; one friar. Zufli nation, 33 1. w. of Aconta, extending 9 or 10 1.; II or 12 pueblos- 10,000 converted Ind. ; 2 missions. Moqui nation, 30 1. w. of Zufii; 10,000 Ind., who are being rapidly con- verted. ** Davis' list, originally prepared by Miller for the »nrv. -gen. {U. &'. Lniid Off. Ifej>t, '62, p. 102), complete*! by D. and revised by M. 'riie orig. had but one gov. before '80. The names and dates are taken from ref. in later doc. of the Arch. Sta Fi. I shall make imixniiimt additions of names and date.4 from various sources. I think ArgUello's rule of '40 may be doubtful. Davis' list to '80 is Peralta 1(50 J (1008 et seq.), Arguello '40, Concha '50, Avila y Pacheco '5(5, Villanueva, Frccinio '75, Ocermiu "80-3. *^ Valdes is named iu a royal urdur. lii '81 Capt. Juan Duiiuiiguez. de Men- l-L^RLY COVEHNORS. 105 cludinji Befonso: lulously is named again in 1045.** Luis do Guzman held the ottico before 1G50,*' and Hernando de Ugarte y la Conelia in 1G50. Juan de Samaniego was tlie newly appointed ruler in 105;}.*'' In 1()5G Enrique de Avila y Paclieco had succeeded to the j)lace. Bernardo Lopez de Mendlzjlhal is named as liaving become in- volved in troubles with the inquisition, and surrendered his office in 1('»G0 or the next year; while the more or less famous Don Die«^o de Penalosa Jhieeho ruled in IGGl-^"*" Next came Fernando de Villanueva," Juan de Medrano, and Juan de Miranda, the dates of whose rule are not kn»)wn. Juan Francisco Trevino siH'ins to have ruled in lG7a;''"" and Antonio Otern»in was jj^overnor in 107D-8.'}. Captahi Dominguez testi- fied in 1G81 that he had known fourteen governors, from Pacheco to Otermin, in the past thirty-eight ytars, and my list with thirteen names may therefore be regarded as nearly complete for that period, '' The eastern entradas, as far as their mcugre results are concerned, belong to tiie annals of Texas rather than of New Mexico, and have been noticed elsewhere/'* They include missionary tours of padres Salas, l*eroa, Lopez, and Diego Ortega to the country of the Ju- manas, in the far east or south-east, on a river named the Nueces, in 1G29-32; an expedition of Captain za testified tliat, bein^ now 50 years old, he had come at the age of 1*2 with i, Aguatin Hinojoa ami Bartoluine Roinelo in '41, and Aut. Gouza- lez in '07. This was, liowever, in tlio west. '"' VvUmcur, Menol, 16, 24, GO. Fernandez Duro, 133, cites the Venladtrit rcliicion de In grmidiomi converKiol^ que hit hVndo en el N. Mex., enmuUi yor el /'. Fi: EKti'tnn de J'eiri, cuifodio de /m pivrinerm .... daudole ciieiita del eKtndii de tujiteiUui coiivensionc.<, etc. >SeviIlu, 1032, ful., 4 1. This report I have nut sueiu V REVOLT AND CONTUOVERSY. IG7 serious, and which Hcems to have been tlie bciginning of ft series of trouWes that tcnninated in the j^'n^ut revolt of 1(180. The padres were blamed, and sneciul rtt'orts were ordered to avoid a costly war, which it was tiiought could not be afforded in a province that yielded no return for an annual expenditure of 60,000 pesos." Several writers mention a revolt of 1044, in which the governor and many friars were killed;^ but I sup- ])()se this is but a confused reference to the troubles of 1()42 and 1G80. In the time of Governor ArgUello, pn>l)ai>ly about 1045 or later, there was a rising in consequence of the flogging, ini[)risonment, and hang- ing «>f 40 natives who refused to give up their faith; but the rel>els were easily overpowered. In another revolt of the Jemes, aided by Apaches, a Spaniard named Naranjo fell, and in return the governor hanged 29, imprisoning many more for idolatry.'*' In 1(),')0 or thereabouts it is «, /ident that, partly as a re- sult of the preceding quarrels, troubles with both con- verts and gentiles began to assume a serious aspect. At the same time complaints of oppression on the governor's part were sent to Mexico and Spain.* During Concha's rule, or in 1050, there was a plot '''' Paln/ox, In/ornie al Cotule de SahxUierra, 1642, MS.; letter of same to king, July 25, '42, and royal onler of July 14, '4.3, in N. Mex., fed. MS. 7-8; ]!miill3, p. 441. The l.itter Hayu tlio iiiattfr was reported to the king in 164U, including an Ind. revolt, a.s well as scandalous quarrcU Itetween tlie friars and secular authorities. It appears that Rosas was stabbed — perhaps while under arrest awaiting hia n'sjilenuia — by a man who accused him of intimacy with his wife; but the Woman had been put in his way that an excuse for killing him might be found. Antonio Vaca is named as a leader in this movement. •'"('(i«e, JSo<., 103; Pino, Expon., 5; Id., Not., 2; Alcedo, Dice, iii. 184; Biirrnro, Ojcwia, 5-6; Aleijre, llitt. Comp. J., i. 327. In the general chapter (if the Franciscans at Toledo, 1G45, the plan of changing the New Mex. cus- todia to a provincia independent of the Sto Evaugelio in Mex. was discusaed, but abandoned. Ylzarlie, lt{forme, in f'inart, Col. Doc. Mex., 347. '■'^ Otermiii, Extractoa, MS., 1301, 1395-6. This is the testimony of Domin- guez in '81; consulted also by Davis, 279 et seq. D. says the 29 were only imprisoned. '"lioHtUa, Apuntea, MS., 1; N. Mex., Cid., MS., 6, 8-9. The king in his cedula of Sept. 22, '60, notes these complaints and the popular discontent and strife leading to raids by the gentiles, and orders viceroy to investigate and FLMiiudy. The viceroy replied March 20, '5.3, that ho had given strict orders to the new gov. ; the king approver and orders continued vigilance June 20, '54. 168 KKillTY YEARS OF NKW MKXKAN ANNAL8. i > t' of the Teliuas and Apaches tu kill the tsokliors and friui-H on Thursday nij^ht of passion week, when all would be in church; but by chance the plot was dis- covered by Captain Vaca, nine leaders were hanged, and many more were sold into slavery for ten years. A like result followed an uprising of the IMros, who ran away during (Governor Villanueva's time and joined the Apaches, killing five Spaniards before they could be overpowered. Several of the san»e nation now or a little later wore put to death for sorcery. Estevan Clemente, governor of the Salineros towns, was at the head of the next conspiracy for killing the tyrants, after stealing their horses to prevent escape; but Don Estevan was hanged. The Taos drew up on two deer-skins a plan for a general movement, but it was abandoned because the Moquis refused their aid. No dates are given for these happenings.®' Diego Dionisio de Penalosa y Briceno ruled New Mexico in lGGl-4, having been appointed in IGOO. He was a native of Peru, an adventurer and cmhnstcro, bent on achieving fame and fortune with the aid of his unlimited assurance and his attractive person and maimers, by which alone presumably he obtained ills appointment from the viceroy. Of Don ]Jiego's rule and acts, as in the case of other rulers of the period, almost nothing is known. It appears, however, that he visited Zufii and the Moqui town; . heard of the great kingdom of 1 ^guay through a Jemcs Indian who had been capti ; there, and also of Quivira and Tejas, and tlie Cerro .zul, rich in gold and silver ores ; and that lie planned in expedition to some of these wonderful regions."^ '. have seen an order dated at Santa Fd in 1G64 wh '\\ bears his autograph.*^ Like •' Oterniin, Extmctos, MS., followed by Davis. Zainacois, IlUt. Mej., v. 37 ti, says that Alburquerque was founded in 1G58, which iaaii error. The Ist ly, an I tiiiiik, he went to Mexieo in 10(54 or hiter to ur^o hia sehenie of north- ern eoiKjuest, and there came in conHict with the holy tril»unal, by winch he was perhaps kept lonjjf in pristui; and at any rate, in February KKJS lie was foroetl to nuiieli bareheaded throu»(h the streets carryinj^ a tureen candle, for having talked agamst the santo oHcio iuid said things bordering on blasphemy.*" Unable to interest the viceroy and king in his project, he went to London and Paris in 1071-3, and there attempted to organize a grand filibustering enterprise of con- (juest against his former sovereign, freely resorting to falsehood, and claiming for himself the title of Conde (le Santa Fe, with half a dozen others to which he had IK) claim. He died in 1(587, and his eftbrts are closely connected with the expedition of La Salle of LG82-7; but those matters pertain to the annals of Texas, and not of New Mexico."* In France Penalosa presented to the government what purported to be a narrative of an expedition to (^)uivira made by himself in 1GG2, written by Padre Freitas, one of the friars of his company, and sent to the Spanish king. He never made any such entrada or rendered any such report. The narrative was that of Ohate's expedition of 1001, slightly changed to suit his purposes in Paris. I made known this fraud in an earlier volunie of this series, but have since received the work of Fernandez Duro, published two years before my volume, in which tliat investigator, by Weaving without the gov. 'a licenae; that friendly Indians he wuU treated, Imt tliat wild tribes couiing to trade l>o not aihnitted to the towns, hut obliged to lodge outHide. Siuneil Diego de Peftalosa Briceflo. Arrh. ,St(i Fi, ^IS. This is the only orig. doc. I have seen at Sta Fe that dates l>ack of the revolt of 'SI). ''* /Miles, Dinrio, 5G-7; Alanian, Ditcrt., iii. appen. 35-G; ZdmnroLi, J/lst M'i-, V. 41'2-13. Z. tells us, p. 387, that *24 uiissiona or pueblos were estab- lulled in 1G«;M. '" See in< Xorth Mex. St., i. I:i X. Mex., Cid., MS., .50-60, are two royal orliT-s, of 1()7") and 1078, on the co:iq. of Quivira, growing out of P.'s efforts. P iilie Posadas' report of about lG8o was also drawn out in the same conueo- tiou. 170 EIGHTY YEARS OF NEW MEXICAN ANNALS .1.11 Pf '■ J |»* t Si- ill similar arguments, reached the same conclusions."" I suppose that it is to Don Diego's statements in Europe that we must look for the origin of the fkmous hoax of Admiral Fonte's voyage on the north-west coast in 1640, the story having first appeared in 1708, and Penalosa being represented as vice-admiral of the fleet."^ From about 1672 the various Apache tribes became troublesome, destroying in their raids one of the Zuni towns and six of the pueblos farther east."^ Several friars lost their lives. In 1675 we are told that four natives were hanged, 43 or 47 whipped and enslaved, and many more imprisoned for having killed several missionaries and other Spaniards, besides bewitching the padre visitador, Andres Duran; whereupon a force of warriors marched to Governor Trevino's hou.se to demand the release of the prisoners for a ransom, retiring on a favorable promise, but declaring they Would kill all the Spaniards or flee to the sierra and risk annihilation at the hands of Apaches rather than see their sorcerers punished. Pope, prominent in a *«See J/Ut. North Mvx. St., i. 38G, pab. in 1884. The fictitious narrative, Frei/ttu, lietncion dd Di-xrub. del Pim y < 'itidnd de Qvivini, given to the Freiicli minister in Kwo, iinil claimed to have been sent to the king of Spain in Itiii.S, was printed in Sfii'a's EjyMid. qf Don I)iey me from the printed ed., apparently not known to F. 1). ), who was custodio during Pertalosa's term of otfice and who mentions no .such expedition. I did not see tlie .Matlrid work of '82 or know of its existence till after the publication of my volume. Prince devotes a chapter to thisexped., not recognizing its tictitiou.s character. •"See nut. X. )\'. Coaxt, i. IM et seq. ** LWidmite, Cdff (, ] 1.1-lG. The Zufii town was Jahuicu (or Ajuico, where, ace. to y. Mcj., Doc, M.S., i. 502, P. Pedro do Ayala Wiw killetl by the gentiles on Oct. 7, 1072); those of the Tehuiia were Chilili (which Benavnl.* represents as aTompiro town), Tatitpie, and Quarac; and those of the Tuiii- piros, A1k5, Jumancas, and Tabira. One of these was very likely the fainniH (•ran Quivira. Escalante says that before '80 there were 4fl pueblos oi Christian Iiul., o;u ."I[ian. villa, and sevir.il small Span, settlements, t'alle, Not., 10;i-4, says that in '45 there were 2"- uoctrinas, wiih (50 friars, receiving from tlie king 42,()0<) pesos i)er year. C.(); and tli;it Alburquerquu waj founded earlier witli i JO .Span. familie.j. See note 01. APPROACHING DISASTER. 171 )n8.- bs in mous ■west 1708, )f the jcame I Zuni everal b four ilaved, leveral telling ipon a J houf^e ansom, g they 'ra and er than it in a narrative, ;iie Fremli [ill in 1 •>'»:'. 188-2, witli anil otlitif /)«)•(), />■'" i)yal Ai;;"l- |ch more on ;ory W'w •' .rroni'""'''y toF. 1) I. lUii no siuli listence till hisexp'l-. Leo, where, [leil l-y tlie BenaviilL* the T.iui- Itho faiii""* loueblos i'< 'nte. t'^'ll''' ., receivuii? |46. tell< '» , au-l tli^t liotc 01 . later trouble, was now a leader either of the imprisoned offenders or of the band of rescuers."^ All the trib3S were known as Apaches, except the Yutas, occupying a part of the northern plains, and with whom Governor Otermin was the first to open communication. The Comanches did not make their appearance in the rec- ords of this century ; but the Apaches del Navajo are mentioned. In 1G76 the condition of affairs was re- ])ortod to be serious. Tov/ns and churches had been destroyed and many Christians killed by the Apache raiders; while the defensive force was only five men for each frontier station, and these were sadly in lack of arms and horses. A reenforcement of 40 or 50 men was needed at once if the province was to be saved. Padre Francisco Ayeta, the custodio, having come from New Mexico for succor, was preparing to start with a wagon train of supplies lor the missionaries; and he made an earnest appeal for the 50 men and 1,000 horses to accompany the train, at an expense of 14,700 pesos to tho royal treasury. The junta ap- }>roved the measure on September 9th, perhaps of IG77; the viceroy reported to the king his resolution to send succor on January 13, 1678; the king approved oil June 18th ; and finally, after an unaccountable delay, the train started from the city of Mexico on the 29th or 30th of September, 1G< 9. The relief arrived too late, as we shall see, to prevent the abandonment of the provhice; but it prevented still more serious dis- aster anionic the fujjitive settlers and missionaries."" '"otermin, Extractos, MS., 1441-.3, 1459-66, 1480-1, being the testimony in \S1 of Doiningucz, Lopez, Qnintajia, and P. Ayeta. Eicalantc, Cnrti, 116, B:iv.-i )iothing of this alTair, but states that Uope and 46 others were arrested t(ir variouh eriines. On March 28, 74, there died at Sta F6 Dona Jiuina Arias, wi!c ii!" tlie visitador Gonzalo Suarcz. Rohks, J>iario, 159. On Jan 2.1, 75, P. Aloiiso (id de Xvda, minister of Renecuey (Senecri?), was killed by the l;id, A'. .!/(.;■. , 7).)r. , MS. , i. 502 Other friars named in dllferent records as serving in 'HO or earlier are Antonio Acebedo, Loronzo Anallza, Francisco do A^eta, Aiitiiiiio ('e Aranda (apparently custodio in 'bo), Juan Burnal (oust, in '80), Frail ( toiiiez de la Ca\. in reply, 1678, in JV. Mex., Cedulas, MS., 9-10. Starting of the train and troops, the viceroy going to Guadalupe to see them oflF, Sept. 29 or .30, '79. BolitcH, Diario, 290; itivern, Diario, 14. " Vftancur, Chron., 98 et seq. Missions of N. Mex. in 1680. See similar statement for 1630, p. 164 of this chapter. Seiiecd (S. Antonio), 70 1. above (iruadalupe del Paso, founded in 1630 by P. Ant. Arteaga, sue. by P. Grarcfa de ZdOiga, or San Francisco, who is buried there; Piros nation; convento of S. Antonio; vineyard; fish-stream. Socorro (Nra Sra), 7 1. above Senectl, of Piros nation; 600 inhab.; found>-d by P. Garcfa. Alaniillo (Sta Ana), 3 1. above Socorro; 300 Piroa. Sevilleta, 5 1. from Alamillo across river; Piros. Ijicta (S. Antonio), no distance given; where a small stream with the Rio del Norte encloses a fertile tract with 7 Span, ranclios; convent built by 1'. Juan de Salas; 2,000 inhab. of Tiguas nation. Here is the paso for Acoina, Zuili, etc. Alameda (Sta Ana), 8 1. above I^Ieta; .300 inhab. of Tiguas nation; nanu'd for the alamos which shade the road for 4 1. Puray, or Puruay (S. Bartolome), 1 1. from Sandia (Alameda?): 200 Tiguas; the name means 'gusanos,' or worms. Sandia (S. Francisco), 1 1. (from Puaray); 3,000 Tiguas; convent, wlure P. Kstevan de Perea, the founder, is buried; also tin, skull of P. Rodriguez, the 1st martyr, is venerated. S. Felipe, on the river on a heisht (apparently on E. bank); 600 inhab. with the little pueblo of Sta Aua; ofZures (Queres) nation; convent foumliul by P. Cris. Qunloncs, wlio, with P. Gerdn. Pudraza, is buried here. Sto Domingo, 2 1. above S. Felipe; 150 inhab. ; one of the best conveiitH, where the archives are kept, and where, in '61, was celebrated an auto-de-lt', by order of the incjuisition; P. Juan de Escalona buried here; padres in 'SO, l^laban (once custodio), Lorumsana, and Montesdeoca. Sta Fe, villa, 8 1. from Sto Domingo; residence of the gov. and solditirs, with 4 pay a j,'irl miraculously raised from the dead, who said it was to be duo to pruvaluiit lack of respect for the padres. All suits against the friars were tlurt'upon dropped in terror, but it was too late. A friar abroad also fore- told the event. 176 A DECADE OF FREEDOM ■M^ lU. ■ *l dar sent by swift runners to all the pueblos to make known the date of rising, which seems to have been fixed for the 13th of August, 1680.'' Despite the utmost precautions, however — no woman being intrusted with the secret, and Pope killing his own son-in-law on suspicion of treachery — New Mexico in the Seventkenth Century. * Eacalante iu print makes the date the 18th, but my MS. copy has it ISth, tus lioua iiref(g. Davia and Miller, and some of the orig. corresp., niako it Aug. 10th, the plot being revealed on the 8th. Otermin's narrative bLgiiis al>ruptly with the 10th, and says nothing of preceding revelations. The knotted cord is mentioned by the original authorities. Davis' explanation, that the knots represented days before the rising, and that each pueblo cou- senting untied one knot, is not very clear. THE PLOT REVEALED. 177 tlie influence of the friars over certain converts was HO strong that the plot was revealed, perhaps as early as the Dth, from several different sources.^ The Tanos of San Ldzaro and San Cristobal revealed Pope's plot to Padre Bcrnal, the custodio. Padre ^'olasoo of Pecos received a like confession from one of his neophytes. The alcalde of Taos sent a warninrs ill all haste to warn padres and settlers south of San Felipe to flee to Isleta, while those of the north 'The original authoiity on the revolt of 1680 i8 Otermin, Extraclott de Doc. Hut. X. Mvx., aacadon de ton auton existenlea en el ojieio del iStipn-nio gohierno de eda corte, que aobre el Levantnmivnto del ailo de lUSO formd Don A nlonlo de Oter- viiii, (jolieni'idor y civmtan general del miitiHO reino, copy from the Mexican ar- chives, ill iV. Mfx., Doe. Hint., MS., 1153-1728. This record, equivalent to a jonnial of the governor's movements, expanded by various corresp. and autoa, extenils from Aug. 10, 1C80, to the spring of 1682. It is very voluminous, and tcdidusly verbose, most of the record I>eing repeated sever.al times in various forms, and a report by tlie fiscal in Mex. being a resume that is more satisfac- tory to the reader than tlie bulky original. In the same col. of N. Mex., Dor., MS., 514-81, are several important letters written at El Paso in Aug.-Dec. 1080 by the friars. In Vetancut; Chronica, 94-104, and Id., Mcnoloijio, passim, the standard chronicle of the Franciscan provincia del Santo Evangelio, pub. ill ll)!)7, but written about 1001, before tiie reconquest of N. Mex., we find iiiucli valuable information about the missions just uefore the revolc, and the friars wlio lost their lives. Escalaiite, Carta, 116 et seq., is aUo o:ie of tlie hust authorities on the subject, the author having searched the arcliives by order of his superior in 1778, and thus consulted doubtless much missionary corre.'^p. in addition to Otermin's record. Davis, Sjnm. Cotiq., 287-335, gives a very satisfactory narrative from the archives — that is, following Otermin, a copy of whose I'Jxtractos was found at Sta Ft5. The same authority was con- .sulted by Gregg, Com. Prairies, i. 121-7, and Miller, in Sta Fi Centennial. Oteriiiin, Vetancur, and Escalaiite may be regarded as the stiuidard authori- ties ou tliis subject. Other works, to some of which I shall have occasion to refer on special points, are as follows: Xiel, Apiint., lOSetseq. ; Villwjulien-e, 11(4. Conif. Itza, 204-9; Ddvila, Mem. Hint., pt ii. 1-2; Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 57-00; Villaseilor, Tealro, ii. 419; Mange, IJiM. Pimeria, 227-8; Arch. N. Mej-., 129; Lezaun, Notirian, MS., 129etseq.; Arriririta, Cron. Sera/., 199; Ar- Ifjul, Cron. Zac., 249-50; Rivera, Ooh. de Mex., i. 252-3; Id., Hint. Jatapa, i. 1)8, 102; Sigiiettza y GOtujora, Mercurio Volante, MS., 589 et sefj. ; Zamacois, Ilitt. Mij., V. 429-37; limtamante, Gabinete Mex., i. 35-6; Alvarez, Entndios, iii. •i'Jl-O, 264-5; Lacunza, Diacursos, no. xxxv. 503; Exrwlero, Not. Chili., 2.S1; Espino-vt, Cron., 35; Prince's Hist. SL, 190-205; Carleton, in Smith. Innl. /{'■}it, 1854; Brevoort'sN. Mex., 83; Dmiipier's To?/., i. 272; Mayer's Mex. Aztec, i. 213-14; St Francis, Life, 557; DavLi' Et Gringo, 75-80, 134-7; Meline's SOW Mile.t, 130; Beltrami, Mex., i. 280-1; Xouv. Ann. Voi/., cxxxi. 255; Domenech's /A.V., 180-3; Modern Trav., Me..:., ii. 72; Ilinton's linndfmk, 388. The matter tiius referred to varies from accurate narrative to worthless mention, but con- tains no original information of value. The pages cited or the foUowiag ones iu most cases include the reconquest in 1692. UisT. Ariz, and M. Mex. 12 178 A DECADE OF FREEDOM. were to start for the capital or Santa Cruz de la Canada. Pope saw that his only hope of success was in immediate action, and by his orders the Taos, Picurfes, and Tehuas attacked the missions and farms of the northern pueblos before dawn on the 10th, "llevandolo todo d sangre y fuego." Apparently, hostilities had been committed at Santa Cl?ra a day or two earlier, and some of the more distant pueblos rose a day or two later, as soon as they heard of the premature outbreak. I follow Escalante's version for what is not found in Otermin's journal; but little reli- ance can be put in the accuracy of details. All agree that the outbreak was on the 10th, day of San Lo- renzo, and that it was premature. On that day Al- ferez Lucero and a soldier arrived at Santa Fe with news of the rising of the Tehuas, reporting that the alcalde mayor had collected the people at La Canada, and that the rebels were in force at Santa Clara. Captain Francisco Gomez was sent out to recon- noitre, and returned on the 12th with confirmation and a few details of the disaster. The governor on the 13th ordered the alcalde and sargento mayor, Luis Quintana, to bring in the people from La Canada to Santa Fe, which was probably accomplished.* He sent out native scouts, despatched an order to Lieuten- ant-general Alonso Garcia to send aid from Isleta, and prepared to defend the capital. It was the plan of the New Mexicans to utterly ex- terminate the Spaniards; and in the massacre none was spared — neither soldier, priest, or settler, personal friend or foe, young or old, man or woman — except that a few beautiful women and girls were kept as captives. From San Felipe south all were warned in time to make their escape. Many settlers of the valley farther north took refuge at La Canada a.^d were saved; but in all the missions of the north and east * Otermin is not clear about this, but I find no foundation for Davis' inter- pretation to the effect that all at La Ca&ada perished. Escalante says they reached Sta Fe safely; and it is certain that Quintana himself did so. r it lt*1 MASSACRE OF THE SPANIARDS. 179 and west only the friar at Cochitf, those at Santa Fd, and one in the Zuni province — who was perhaps ab- sent — escaped death. The number of victims was slightly over 400, including 21 missionaries and 73 men capable of bearing arms; those who escaped were about 1,950, including 11 missionaries and 155 capable of bearing arms.^ It will be noticed that the friars with few exceptions were new-comers, and that the whole number in the province was less than might have been expected from preceding annals. On August 14th the scouts returned and reported that 500 Indians from Pecos and the eastern pueblos were approaching ; and next morning the foe appeared at San Miguel in the suburbs of the villa." One of the number was induced to enter the town and hold a conference ; but he said that nothing could change the determination of his countrymen, who had brought two crosses, one red, as a token of war, the other white, indicating peace ; but if the Spaniards should choose the white flag they must immediately quit the coun- try. They said they had killed God and Santa IVIarfa, and the king must yield. The governor sent out a force to attack the enemy before reenforcements could arrive, and soon went out in person. The battle lasted nearly all day, but when the Spaniards seemed ' Tlie friars who perished are named, with some biog. information, by P. Ayeta in a letter of sept. 11th, and also by Vetancur as follows: P. Juan de IJal, Spaniard, came to N. Mex. in 71; Juan Bernal, custoilio, Mexican, came ill 74; Jose Espcleta, Span., before '5l); Josi^ Figueroa, Mex., 74; Juan Biiu- ti.sta, Span., 77; Juan de Jeaus, Span., 'G7; Fran. Ant. Lorenzana, Span., 74; Liicas Maldonado, Span., '67; Juan Montesdeoca, Mex., '07; Ant. Mora, Mex., 71; Luis Morales, Mex., '64; Juan Pedrosa, Mex., '64; Matias Rendon, Mex., 74; Antonio Sanchez, Alex., '77; Agust. Sta Maria, Mex., '74; Juan Talabun, Span., '02; Manuel Tinoco, , '74; Tomas Torres, Mex., '77; Jose Trujillo, Span., '07; Fern. Velasco, Span., before '50; Juan Dom. Vera, Mex., '74. Fur distribution, see end of the preceding chapter. Tlie surviving friars named in a letter of P. Sierra of Sept. 4th were PP. Jose (or Ant.) Bonilla, I'ran. Gomez de la Cadena, Andres Duran, Fran. Farfan, Nicolas Hurfcido, Diego Mendoza, Fran. Mufioz, Diego Parraga, Ant. Sierra, Tomas Tobalina, and Juan Zavaleta. Five captains are named as having been killed: Fran, Jimenez, Agustin Carbajal, Cris. de Anaya, Jose Nieto, and Andres ftomez. "Davis, Miller, and Gregg imply that it was on the 12th or 13th; but Otermiu's record is clear. Escalante speaks of the Tlascaltec suburb or wart;c. 'iOtli, P. Ayeta writes to the com. gen., cliielly on details of supplies. He s.'iys the army is now encamped in tlirue divisions on the river, '2 1. apart; 1st the gov., cahiMo, and 5 friars at S. I^)reuzo, so named for the day of the groat ruvolt; 2d, the camp of S. Pedro do Alcantara with 4 padre!wed w.ater in copious streauis. Arlegui, Cron. Zar., 249-50, mentions a P. Alonzo Gil who, in this rev(dt of some other, appeared at the window of the church where the Christians had taken refuge, and was shot while trying to appease the rebjls. At S. Juan, ace. to Arch. N. Mex., 129, three Span, women were kept alivo and li(>r:3 children during their captivity. Villaseflor and others state that S. Juan -6, says that for seveii years it ' rained ashes, ' while for nine years no water fell, and the streams all ilrioil up. The Tompiros were exterminated; very few Tiguas and Ji;iii''.s survived; somewhat more of the Tehuas, Taos, and Pecoa were left; and I'O Queres, protected by the walls of Sta Fe, suffered least of all. Finally, by SI ft !i 18G A DECADE OF FREEDOM. It was not until the autumn of 1G81 that Governor Otermin was ready ; or, if not ready, was required hy the viceroy's orders to attempt the recovery of the lost province. While the record is meagre, it is clear enough that there was much opposition to this at- tempt, there being two parties among the soldiers, officers, colonists, and even the friars. Many be- lieved that the opportunities for missionary work and colonization were better in the south than in the north ; they had lost their property and their families or friend.", and had not yet recovered from the terror of the massacre; they were in favor of utilizing the funds and forces lately received to strengthen tlieir position at El Paso, and of putting off the conquest to a more convenient season. Otermin himself may have been lukewarm in the cp.use, but if so the vice- roy's instructions left him no choice. Captain Juan Dominguez de Mendoza, who had served in New Mexico from his boyhood, had retreated from Iskta with Garcia, and had succeeded the latter as lieu- tenant-general, was leader of the opposition, and legal proceedings had on that account been begun against him and others." Most if not all the friars favored an experimental entrada at least, hoping that the natives, !: the sacrifice of a virgin, water was restored to the bed of the Rio Grande, and thus lite was saved, and their 'stubborn, insolent apostasy' was continiu'il. Niel also tells a curious story to the effect that of the T^nos after the revolt only half remained to quarrel with otlier nations for supremacy, wliile tlio rest — 4,000 men, women, and children — went away with their S[)aniah plun- der to preserve themselves and let their cattle increase. They went via Ztifii to Mo<{ui, and bavins induced that people to give thnm a homo, gradually gained possession of tne country an- ill Znni iiluiilly loquis til I seating iht villi y Oiinlil, rtiiiii lin- if iu>t to tvencln'l rity, tla- y hiistili- |regii>n nf |S., I'--^ ^8 'lllll>0 ])r(>n)l)ted to revolt and apostasy by the devil and a few sorcerers, had now seen the error of their ways, and would be eager for peace and pardon. Otennin's army consisted of 14G soldiers, with 112 Indian allies, D75 horses, and a supply train of ox- larts and pack-mules.'^ Juan Dominguez de Mendoza was lieutenant-general and maestro de campo; Fran- cisco Javier was civil and niilitar}'^ secretary; and J*adre Ayeta, the procurador general, accompanied tlic expedition with Padre Antonio Guerra, and per- haps one or two other friars.'® 'i >e start from Paso del Norte was on the 5th of \. 'ber, and the march up the river past Estero huii; ), Robledo, Perrillo, Cruz de Anaya, Fra Cris- t(')l)al, and Contadero, presents nothing of interest ex- cept those names. '^ From November 2()th to the 4th of December, Oterinin visited the southern group of pueblos, Senecu, San Pascual, Socorro, Alamillo, and Sovilleta. All these towns had been abandoned by the native Piros, and all ranehos along the route had been pillaged. Everywhere there were clear tnices of revolt a^jainst Christianitv in burned churches and broken images, of a revival of pagan rites in re- built estufas, aiid of later devastation, perhaps by '•'Davis, 308. .witofl r pet'tion of the old resiilents of Sta Fe that during tliL'ir alti^eiiot) oc. the ■N>.,»iiaigii their families he supported with the garrison at S. L()rL'i/.(> '.("ri'A Wis aated Sept. 18th aud Wiis granted. An original M.S. (it tilt Pi:ii.ri ?oi,, vtu'ij id-oWo tliat on March 9, 1()81, at 'Paso del Rio del Norte, conveijiou di ffra "-rv de Oi 'dalupe,' Ctov. O. took testimony of 4 lisd. lately arr.'veJ t'r . 'n ^' Mux., who said, tho Tiguas, Piros, and Apaches \\m\ fiii'nied a plot to iittAck KI Paso. In an orig. doc. of the Arrli. Sta /V, tlii^ uyuiitamiunto of Paso del Rio del Norte is name 4J;uite is the only authority for the exact force. '" Diary in f^ >. ,>, ExtraHon, 1207 etaeq., followed by Davis, Sjinn. Coiiq., 308 et set)., wui. ome slight errors. Rscalante, 120, gives but a brief out- line. Tlie stretch of 32 1. without water, from Robledo to Fra Cristobal, ia uuteil, since kuowu as La Jornada del Muerto. 188 A DECADE OF FREEDOM. Hi! V \\' iii4'^ northern rebels but probably by Apache raiders. The Spaniards completely destroyed all that was left. Isleta, in the Tiguas province, was the first pueblo whose inhabitants had remained, and it was taken by assault on the Gth of December, after a slight resist- ance. Next day, the 1,511 inhabitants formally re- newed their allegiance, received pardon with mucli advice, and offered many children for baptism. Hero the walls of the lurned church served as a corral for cattle; but the p r^ ' ^^d plenty of excuses to offer, attributing all thai unchristian to the northern apostates, who had cou co attack their town and force tliese faithful subjects of the Spanish king to feign a relapse to idolatry. Indeed, they regarded Otermin's arrival as a most fortunate event, for they had plenty of corn, and were expecting an attack from the famine- stricken rebels of the north. A few Indians had es- caped before the town was taken, and had gone north with news of the Spaniards' arrival; and now others were sent out by the governor to notify the rebels of his friendly intentions if they would return to their allegiance. From Isleta on the 8th, Dominguez was despatched with seventy men to make a reconnoissance of thi^ northern pueblos; and a few days later the governor and his army followed up the river, in a snow-storm, encamping from the 16th to the 23d at a point in sight of Alameda, Puaray, and Sandi'a.^^ These pueblos, whose inhabitants had fled, were found in the same condition as those below Isleta, except that they con- tained large stores of maize, all of which, with the towns themselves, was burned by the governor'ss orders. Dominguez rejoined Otermin on the 18tli, " Alamefla seems to be represented as 6 1. above Isleta, with the EtHuiicia de Doiiiiiiguez (not far from Albuniueniue) half-way between. The 3 puuMos iu the order named were near together. This is the best possible proof that Coronado's Tiguex, Rodriguez' Puara, and Espejo's Tigiias prov. navo liet'ii correctly located in the region of the still standing Sandia, ana Alameda almve Allmrquerquo, though of course it is not certain that either Isleta, AlaiiiciLi, or Sandta stands exactly on its original site. Everything indicates, huu < vur, that they all stood iu the same district as now. ATTEMPTED RECONQUEST. 189 having visited San Felipe, Santo Domingo, and Co- cliitf, which he had found abandoned, like the rest Avith stores of maize, but which he had not burned. At Coohiti he met a large force of Indians, who ap- proached in hostile array, but finally consented to ])arley. Catiti, their chief, professed deep penitence for his sins, shedding tears, and promising in a day and a half to bring in all the rebels of the three towns to accept pardon and renew their allegiance. He failed to keep his agreement; the hostages held were strangely allowed to d >part; and much evidence was obtained to show that Catiti's penitence was but a ruse, to gain time for the Moquis and other distant tribes to join the rebel force at Cieneguilla for a com- hiiunl attack on the Spaniards. Accordingly, Domin- giicz returned south to rejoin the governor, who severely criticised his management of the expedition, l)laining him for not having burned the pueblos, for not having sent reports, and for various other short- comings. Otennin spent the week of his stay near Sandfa, ciiietly in examining witnesses on the details of Do- uiinguez' expedition, and on the causes of the original revolt, the acts of the Indians during the past year, and their present disposition. Among the witnesses were two half-breeds, who claimed to have been forced into the rebellion, and who gave themselves up volun- tirily. The record is very voluminous,^" and many pajj^es might be filled with details that would have U'oru interest than real imjjortance. On the 23d a junta de guerra was held, and radical differences of opinion were expressed; but the decision was that in view of the natives' bitter hostility, the inadequacy of the fi)rce for a military conquest, the bad condition of the men, and especially of the horses, the snow and intense cold of midwinter, and finally the news that tlie hostile natives under Tupatii were threatening ^^'K.rmin, Extraetos, MS., 1227-1580. Davis, Span. Cmq., 318-35, re- proiU'ces many particulars. 100 A DECADE OF FREEDOM. the faithful Tiguas — it was best to retire to a point opposite Isleta, which was done on the 24th or 25th. Here other witnesses were examined, and evidence accumulated to the eft'ect that the rebels were preparing to run off the horses and massacre the en- feebled Spaniards. Matters were still further com- plicated by the defection of a large part of the Isletas, who fled to join the rebel army. Though some were nominally in favor of remaining, it is clear that none, not even Otermin or Ayeta, was zealous in the cause ; and that the chief anxiety was to fill the autos with evidence that should justify a retreat. Yet it must be admitted that this evidence, if somewhat highly colored, had much real force. j ■'< if <«': m The final junta began on the last day of the year, and on January 1, 1682, it was decided to march southward. There were 385 Indians at Isleta who still remained faithful, and who could not fairly be left to the vengeance of the apostates; therefore they accompanied the army. The pueblo having been burned, with all the grain and other property that could not be carried, the retreat down the valley began on the 2d; and on the 11th of February Oterniiu reached Estero Largo, only a few leagues from El Paso.^ From this point the governor sent a general report to the viceroy, accompanied by the autos, to which he referred for details. In this document he made known his plans for settlement and missionary work in the El Paso region, asked for more stringent regulations to keep the colony together and bring back fugitives of the past few years, and also for leave of absence to visit Parral for medical treatment. ^^ On the 25th of June the fiscal of the audiencia in Mexico "On Jan. 15th they were opposite Socorro; on the 18th at Qualaeii (one of Oiiate's names, as will be remembered) and S. Pascual; lOtli, .Scmcii; 21st, Fra Cristobal; Feb. 1st, Robledo; 4th, Dofla Ana; 11th, Estero Largd. Otermin, Extractos, MS., 1596-1612. ^Wtermin, UonauUaat Vireij, 11 deFeb., 1682, in Td., Extractos, MS., KJIS- 23. iU THE GOVERNOR BLAMED. 191 made a report, in which, after a careful resume of the ciitrutla from the autos, he conmiented in severe terms on the acts of Dominguez de Mendoza, recommending criminal prosecution of that officer; and he also blamed Otermin for not having made a stand at Sandia or 8()inc other convenient point, since the large stores of maize destroyed in the southern pueblos and left un- ci cstroyed in the north would have sufficed to restore tlie horses and support the army until help or new orders could be received. The fiscal favored, however, tlie proposed settlement and presidio at El Paso, though the New Mexican soldiers should not be permitted to enlist in the southern presidial company; and he also approved strict measures to collect and keep together all fugitives of the colony, wliether Spaniards or Indians. The governor's leave of absence was not granted. 22 be left they been that rmgont ^ave of n On [exico Qual:icu |ro L;ug"- k, 1012- With the termination of Otermin's journal in the spring of 1682, the record again becomes fragmentary and meagre. We have, however, some items of mis- sion work in the El Paso region, the succession of governors, and a few attempts to regain lost ground in tlie north."* With the 385 natives that had come with Otermin from Isleta, a few who had accompanied the original refugees of 1680, and some who came later, the padres proceeded to found three new mis- sion pueblos in the south. These were Senecii, So- corro, and Isleta.^* Not much is known of what was ^'Fiscal's report of June 25, 1682, in Otermin, Extracts, MS., 1623-1704. The copy consulted by Davia tliil not apparently include the two final docu- lueuta. On Jan. 1, 1682, news had reached Mex. that a civil war had broken out among the troops in N. Mex., the commander being killed, but P. Ayeta fsiaiiiiig. Jtohleg, DiaiHo, 3.34. -' Brevoort, N. Mex., 83, adds a discovery by the Franciscans of the Mina (lu Ins Padres, all traces of which they obliterated later when forced to give way to the Jesuits! •'.S. Ant. de Senecii, of Piros and Tompiros, 2 1. below El Pivso (or Guada- luiii); Corpus Christi de Isleta (Bonilla, AjntnUii, MS., 2, calls it S. Lor>;uzo del Rualito), of Tiguas \\ 1. e. of Senecti; and Nra del Socorro, of Piros, Tanos, ami J Lines, on the Rio del Norte 7 1. from Isleta and 12 1. from El Paso. In y,\ tlie Ind. of Socorro attempted to kill P. Antonio Ouerra and a few Span. families. The plot was discovered, and those involved fled to N. Mex., the 192 A DECADE OP FREEDOM. accomplished in the following years, and that little belongs mainly to the annals of Chihuahua and Texas; but there were many troubles with converts and gen- tiles, and most of those who came from New Mexico gradually disappeared from their new homes. During most of the decade Padre Nicolds Lopez, perhaps the same as Hurtado, held the office of custodio and pro- curador general." In 1G87 there was a royal order that twenty new missionaries should be sent to the Rio del Norte.'« The rule of Governor Otermin ended in 1G83, and he was succeeded the same year by Domingo Jironza Petriz Cruzat, though Bartolomd do Estrada Ramirez is named as an intermediate ruler. ^' Cruzat, or Cru- zate as the name is also written, held the office four years, though involved in controversies with the gov- ernor of Nueva Vizcaya, and perhaps temporarily suspended in 1084-5.^'* Captain Mange, the explorer tlin^r .! 'ii^M'. others being moveil to a site nearer Isleta, where the pueblo still stood in 1778. In '8.S ulso a mission of the Sumas was estah. at Ojito de Samalayuca, 8 1. below El P'so, but next year the converts apostatized and fled, the re- volt including Sunias, Janos, and tlie Mansos of Guadalupe, who killed 1'. Manuel Bultran and were not reduced till '86. It was also in '8.'i-4 tliat tlio padres made a visit to the Tejas, and also founded the ill-fated mission at thu junction of the Couchos. Escakmte, Carta, 120-2. See also HUt. North Mi\e. St., i. 364-6. ''^^V. Mex., CM., MS., 14; Fernandez Duro, 48, 67-74. In '85 the vire- custudio and juez ccles. was P. Juan MuAoz de Castro, and the guardian of tlie convent of Guadalupe del Paso was P. Fran, de Vargas. Arch. Sti /V, MS. Papers of indulgence for N. Mex. friars in '85. Robertsons Hint. Anur., il. 1017. Tlie Jumauas ask for padres in '84. Vetancur, Chrdn., 96-7. By Fernandez Duro, 134, is cited from Biircia a MS. ReUicion que envid el yobr. de N. Mex. al vircy de N. E.. Felipo, Pecos, Cochiti, and Sto Domingo — were so ter- HUERTA'S PROJECT. wwr preparations made for another effort in the north ; but a revolt of the Sumas demanded his attention. In 1689 Toribio de Huerta, claiming to have been one of the original conquerors of Now Mexico, applied to the king for authority to undertake the reconquost, with the title of marques, and other emoluments as usually demanded for such service. Of course, his tliief aim was the saving of apostate souls; but he also reminded the monarch that between Zuni and Moqui was the Sierra Azul, a region immensely rich m silver, and made all the more desirable by the well- known existence of a quicksilver mine near at hand. This picture seems to have struck the fancy of the king and his counsellors, for he instructed the viceroy to give the subject particular attention, investigating the feasibility of the scheme, and Don Toribio's means for accomplishing it. As we hear no more of the ni; ter, we may suspect that the empresario could not support all his allegations about northern wealth.^® rifled by the evenb of ' last year,' tliJit is, the defeat at Cia, that they would not revolt again or refuse to render allegiance; whereupon the gov. proceeds to nssigii the pueblo boundaries, generaUy 4 sq. 1., with the church in the centre, liiit soinetiuies by fixed landmarks. In the case of Aconia and Laguna, Ojedii's testimony is as to the bounds of the pueblos, and the reasons why Acoma has moved to the pe&ol (from which it had been removed in l.jitK), and why Laguna had moved near to Acoma. It also is implied that the gov. h:id ill his eiitrada visited other pueblos besides Cia. I confess that these doc. are very mysterious to me; and Icannot imagine why the gov. on such an occa- sion at El Paso, on the testimony of a captive that the rebels were disposed to submit, should have troubled himself to fix the town limits. Davis, 3;}6, found in the archives the foundation for a very unintelligible story, to the eflfect that Cruzat was accompanied by R«nero8 and Juan de Ofi;ite- '0. took with him 70 Franciscan friars, among whom was one Mar- cos de Niza (!), a native of the province. Tlie latter said he had made a visit to Ziifii, called the buffalo prov., during the reign of Philip II. At the first arrival of himself and people in N. Mex. the mhab. were much surprised, being astonished at seeing white men, and at first believed them to be gods, and reported them as such. After the surprise had worn off, a cruel war broke out, the gov. and most of the priests being killed, a few only escaping to tlie pueblo of El Paso. Among those who escaped was a Iran, friar, vho went to Mex. and carried with him an image of our lady of Macana, which was [ireserved for a long time in the convent of that city.' On this image of Nra >Sra de la Macana we have a MS. in Papeles de JctuiUtx, no. 10, written in 1754, which tells us that in the great N. Mex. revolt of '83 ('80) a chief raisud liis macana and cut off the head of an image of Our Lady. Blood flowed from the wound; the devil (7) hanged the impious wretch to a tree; but tlie image was venerated in Mex. for many years. '"A. Mex., Lid., MS., 16-23. Order of Sept. 13, '89. IM A DECADE OP FREEDOM. Before the king heard of Cruzat's zeal and success, he had appointed as his successor Diego de Vargas Zapata Lujan Ponce de Leon. In later orders of July IfiOl, he instructed the viceroy that if Vargas had not taken possession of the office, or if he was not ruling successfully, he was to be given another good place and Cruzat retained as governor; but Vargas had begun to rule early in 1691, and Cruzat was a few years later made governor of Sonora.'^ In the orders to which I have alluded, the king consented to raise the pay of the presidio soldiers from 315 to 450 pesos per year, declined to sanction the abandonment of the El Paso garrison, and suggested that Cia might be a better site than Santa Fe for the proposed restoration of the Spanish villa. »'iV. Mex., Cidulua, MS., 23-8; Mange, Hist. Pim., 228-9. CHAPTER X. RECONQUEST BY DON DIEfJO DE VARfJAS. 1692-1700. AiTnoRmRs — Entrada of 1692 — Otjcupation of Santa Vi — A Bloodlf-ss Campaign - TuPATtJ's Efforts — Submission of tub Pueblos— To AcoMA, Zdni, and Moqui— Quicksilver — Return to El Paso — Entrada of 1693 — Cool Reception — Battle with the Tanos at Santa Fe — Seventy Caitives Shot— Four Hundrkd Slaves — Events OF 1C94 — The Mesa of San Ildefonso — Founding of La Canada- Rumors OF Trouble — A Famine — Revolt of 1696— Massacre of Fuiars and Settlers — A New Reconquest — Governor Var^- •". and 50 Iml. ; while SigUenza notes that 14 Span, and 50 Iml. w. n- lett with the l>aggnge at Mejia. Davis aays the force was 200 H^mi. ami less than 100 lud. SANTA Ffi REOCCUPIED. IN tlic natives yielded without a blow. Next day they wore properly lectured and formally absolved from their apostasy; children were presented for baptism, ami thus Santa Fe became once more a loyal Spanish villa.' Don Luis Tupatii, the most ]>owerful of the rebel cliieftains since the death of Pope and Catiti, ])res- < ntly made his appearance on horseback, clad in Span- isli costume, to tender his allegiance and that of the Tclmas. He said the Pecos, Queres, Jemes, and Taos had refused to recognize his authority and might resist the Spaniards; but he offered to accompany the governor on his tour, and aid him to the best of his ability. The fifty soldiers from Parral arrived on tht> 2 1st, and joined Vargas at Gal'steo, Pecos was abandoned by the inhabitants, who in five days could not be induced to return, though a few were captured, and released bearing offers of peace and pardon. ]{eturning to Santa ¥6, Vargas ^^tarted for the north on the 29th, visiting all the pueblos in that direction.* The people took their dose of absolution with a good grace. Those of Taos ran away at first, but were soon induced by Tupatii to return; and they soon revealed a plot of the hostile nations to attack the S[ianiards from an ambush ; but also joined the gov- ernor's force in considerable ruimbers, as did those of oilier pueblos, to act as warriors or messengers of peace, as occasion might demand. Returning to Santa Fe on October 15th, Vargas wrote next day a report to the viceroy, announcing that he had "concjuered for the human and divine majesties " all the i)ueblos for 36 leagues, baptizing nearly 1,000 children born 'There is no foundation whatever for the bloody battle lasting all il:iy, or tlie allied rebels gathering for the defence of Sta Fe, as narrated !)y Davis aiiil Prince. There was no blood shed duriitg all this cainimign of lOtl'i. *S. Cristdbal, S. L&zaro, Tesuque, Nanibe, Cuyanimiquo (?), .Jacoiia, Pujuaque, S. Ildefonso, Sta Clara, S. Juan, Picurfea, and laos arc named. A fra(,'inent of the original MS., Van/as, Reconquutti de N. Mex., IIS-IU, in till' Arch. Sta Fi, records this northern tour, and t>n foUowinj^ pa^'cs later dcvi'loptiicnts are recorded. As a rnle I shall not refer to these original frag- luuats unless they contain something not in the priutod version. ir< U 200 RECONQUEST BY DON DIBOO DE VARGAS. U :t: M in rebellion. To hold the province for the kin^^ he must have 100 soldiers and 50 families; and he ret-om- mended the sendin<; of convict mechanics from Mexi- can jails to serve as teachers and search for metals '■^ Next Pecos submitted on the 17th; but Galisteo and San Mdrcos were found deserted Tlie people of Cochiti, San Felipe, and San Mdrcos" were found toj^ether, and persuaded on the 20th to reoccupy their pueblos. Those of Cia and Santa Ana had built a new pueblo on the Cerro Colorado four leap^ues from the old Cia; and those of Jemes and Santo Domingo, with a few Apaches, were in another three leagues from the old Jemes. All submitted after some sliglit hostile demonstrations on the part cf the Jenus. Cold weather and snow had now become troublesome ; and on the 27th, from the Hacienda de Mejia, Vargas despatched for El Paso his artillery, disabled horses, Indian auxiliaries, ten settlers, and a party of rescued captives/ with an escort of soldiers. A junta voted to postpone the completion of the campaign to another year, but the leader refused his asseiit. Marching on the 30th the army of 89 men reached Acoma on November Sd.** The people were ready for defence, slow to believe they would be pardoned, "Vargas' letter of Oct. 16, 1892, in ArcL N. Ilex., 129; also \n Arch. Stn Fi. Tlio gov. is about to start to coiiquer the ruinaiuiiig pueblos ami in look after the quicksilver mine. The inuasengur bearing the letter reacluil Mex. Nov. 21at, and next day there w;i8 a great celebration of tlio victoiv, tlie cathedral being illuuiinated by the viceroy's order. Rohlea, Diario, 117; Zaniaco'iJi, Hist. Mej., v. 408; Si.); the Laguna and Arroyo de S. Felipe are named between the Puerco iind El Pozo) 7 1. ; El Pozo 111.; Acnina 1 1.; R. Naoimionto or t'uboro 5 I.; Ojo del Nacimiento 3 I. ; Kl Morro II 1 ; Ojito de Zuai (i 1.; Mesa du (ialisteu 4 I. (Zuili). UigUeuzj, calls tlie tlitl Caipiinia. lUil AT ZUSi AND MOQUL 201 \h. SUi tail til Ictcii-y, p, 117; says tn the Si- I'l; \iir- I'l'lit a 1 lii-eil 111 :ii»l wluii [arlicst ik S. |;VfoMia 111: aiir and fearful of being killed for past offences; they %visl)ed Vargas to pass on to Zuiii, and give them time for dehberation; but finally they yielded to persuasion, aiul the governor, padres, and fifteen men were ad- mitted to the penol summit, where the ceremonies of submission were performed, and 87 children Ijap- tizt'd on the 4th. At Zufii the inhabitants were found to have left their old pueblo and built a new OIK! on a lofty mesa." Here the Apaches made a (lash, and drove off a band of the Spaniards' cattle; hut Zuni was restored to loyalty and faith on the 11th, about 300 children being baptized. Here the sacred vessels and all the property of the martyr mis- sionaries had been carefully preserved, and in one room were found candles burning on a kind of altar, this being the oidy pueblo that for the past twelve yours had shown the slightest respect for Christianity. Finally, having left a guard at Zuni, Vargas went on to the Moqui towns, arriving at Aguatuvi on the I'Jtli.'" The Moquis, having been advised by the Navajos not to trust the Spaniards, came out in hos- tile attitude 700 or 800 strong, but the chief ^ligutl Avas w 11 disposed, his people required but little pther pueblos were hostile, yet they all submitted without irsistance (•xcei)t Oraibe, which was not visited. These |)eoplo had a kind of nivjtallic substance, which was said to (•OHIO from a Cerro Colorado across the great river. The indications seemed to point to a quicksilver mine, and spociinens were brought away for the viceroy. ' Tlii.-i may tlirow some doubt on tlio antiquity of the niin.s known as Old Ziu'ii. On tliu Morro, or Iniscription Rock, i.s iuHcribt'il: ' Hero wa.s (m ii. it. Ilii-d du Vargas, wiio eonijuurod tor our Holy Faitli anil for tliu royal crown all New Mexico at his own cost in tiie year l(i!t2. ' C'oiiioil in SiinpKon'n Jdhi:, \i\ 71; hut S.'s translation is inaccurate, and that of Doniencch, J>iscrt.'<, i. 41 li, i-i still more so. ' ' Itimte: Zufli, Vila Hinin, to a waterless 7«wi/p, 1., l."»tli; Aj,'uage del Kn- ti'rtiiiiiiiiento, G 1., Kith; Chupaderos, 1) 1., 17th; Magdalena (only in MS.), l'^!!i; S. Hernardo de Ai^uatuvi, 10 1., lilth; S. Bernardino Cualjii. 'J'Jd; S. Uueii. do Mossaquavi (or Moxiouavi), '2'2d; S. Boruabo Jougopavi (or Xoni- iiiaii.ivi), 23d. 't ^'■^f' ' li' If*''- m w 202 RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS. The horses were in bad condition, some alarming re- ports of Apache raids came from Captain Tellez, and Vargas returned to Zuni, whence the whole army soon started for the east and south." On the way there occurred two attacks by Apaches, who wounded a soldier and secured some horses; but one of the gen- tiles was caught, exhorted, baptized, and shot; Var- gas reached El Paso on December 20th; and Captain Koque de Madrid two days later with the rear-guard of the army. Thus ended Vargas' first entrada, in which, without shedding a drop of blood except in conflicts with Apaches, he had received the nominal submission of all the rebel pueblos, while the friars had baptized 2,214 children.*^ New Mexican submission was as yet but a formality, as no Spaniards had remained in the north. On receipt of Vargas' letter of October 1G92, the viceroy and his advisers decided to supply the soldiers and families asked for;" but a little time was required to fit out the colony, and the governor, as before, started before the reenforcement came. With about 100 soldiers, having collected all the volunteer settlers and families he could at El Paso and in Nueva Vizcava 70 families with over 800 persons in all — he set out (Ui the 13th of October, 1693,'* accompanied by seventeen "The deserted pueblo of Alona was left on Nov. 29th. The route fnuii the Morro to Soeorro seeins to have been a new and direct one to tlio s. of Acoma. The itinerary is given. On the Sierra ilo Magdalena the ruins vi an ancient pueblo were found. The sierras of S.iiulia, Salinas, and Lailronts are named as seen. 1 he whole distance was l."(il. This ends the 'J. I cin- dorno of Vargas in the Arch. A*". Affx., 137. Of tlie orij^inal in the Airh. Sli Fntent in the ranks. A corporal and several soKliurs deserted and started for El Paso on Dec. 3d. Arch, Sta Fe, MS. I m 5: IB ' 1 904 RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VAROAS. out many parties to reconnoitre, but the Indians, though not very liberal with their corn, protessecl friendshii), and in turn sent their chiefs to Santa Fo. ])uring their visit, Captain Arias of the rear-guard arriving, the governor announced the receipt of news tiiat 200 soldiers were on the way to New Mexico. This made a good impression, and a quantity of food was obtained. But the Tanos soon began to sliow their independence by declining to furnish corn or to bring timber with which to repair the San Miguel chapel. They offered, however, an estufa — (juite good enough they said for divine service until warm weather should come. Then the Picurfes and others bethought them of a device to scatter the Spanish force, becoming much concerned for their own spiritual welfare, and askiiii; for an immediate distribution of the padres. On December 18th, Padre San Antonio and his compan- ions presented a formal protest against the distribu- tion. While ready to sacrifice their lives for the faith, they were not willing to go rashly and needlessly to sure death.'** The governor acceded to their views. Another petition of the colonists, through their cal)il(l(», represented that they Wore suffering from cold by reason of insufficient shelter, twenty-two chikhvn having died within a few days, and asked tliat the Tanos be persuaded or forced to vacate the casas ivahs and dwellings of the villa in favor of the rightful own- ers. Though dreading a conflict, the governor was '"Dec. 18th, petition of the friars iu Arch. X. Mix., 142-3. It is M. h/ of tliu original MS.; but only f«l. 37-71) of this cuailorno atill exist in lliu Arrli. Shi /'V, MS. Tlie friars who signed were as follows: Salv. tie S. Antonio, Juan Z.ivaleta, Francisco Corvera (the name seems to he Cervera in MS. luc- onls of the entrada of 'i(2), Juan Alpuente, Juan Ant. del ("orral, Juan .Muik'z de C;i3tro, Antonio Obrcgon, Juan Daza, Buenaventura C'ontreras, Aiitoiiin Carhonel, Jose Narvaez Valverde, Diego Zcinos (sec.), Fran, de Jesus M.irKi CasaAes, Gerdniuio I'rieto, Antonio Bahanionde, Donungo de Jesus Muna, and Jose Diez. The last 5— with 3 otliers, Miguel Tricio (or Tirsn). ^x^i Garcfa, and Bliuj Nav.arro, who perhaps arrived a little later — were fnnii tlu' college of Sta Cruz de Quoretaro (tlie rest being of the Prov. del Sto I'.viin- g.'lio, Mex.), who came to N. Mex. in "03 and departed about '%, all but liiiu, who 'rubried con su sangre la fe (|ue predicaba. J?((2«/jo,'itt, Chroii., 9-, -S--*! ArrkivUa, Vron. Seni/., 17C, 199-200. A BATTLE AT SANTA ?t. 205 o1)lifjcd to call a junta dc gucrra, which decided that tiic Tiinos must be transferred to their old pueblo of (icalisteo. The natives had attributed Spanish for- bearance to fear; speakers in their juntas had urged war, claiming that the invaders were few and weak, thi'ir governor an embnutero, and the story of approach- in<<" rcenforcements a lie. The order to (juit the villa brought matters to a crisis. On December 2Hth the Tanos closed the entrance to tlie plaza and pre[)art.'d for defence. Summoned to surrender, they demanded a (lay f )r deliberation, and then, with sliouts of insult, proclaiuKHl their purpose to resist. El Demonio they said t'ould do more for tliem than God or Marfa; the Christians would be defeated, reduced to servitude, and finally killed. - ])()n Diego caused prayers to be read for his kneel- ing soldiers, raised the virgin's picture on the battle Hag, and then the army, shouting praises to the Santo Sacramento, rushed in two divisions upon the capital. This was on the 29th, and the conflict lasted all day. Arrows, stones, and boiling water rained upon the assailants from defensive works erected by the Span- iards years ago. At last the plaza gate was burned and the new estufa captured ; but Tehua reiinforce- monts a[)pearcd. Twice did the cavalry charge and scatter this new foe, but night had come and Varuas could do no more than prevent the interference of the enemy from abnmd. Next morning the besieged sur- rendered, their h)sses being severe and their wounded governor having hanged himself. Seventy surviving warriors — only nine having been killed in the fight — iiK'lutling Antonio Bolsas, their leading spirit, vvere immediately shot, after an exhortation to penitence W Father Alpuente. The women and children, 400 ill number, were distributed as 'hostages,' to serve until tlie viceroy should decide tlie'r fate — that is, they were made slaves.^' This en^oa the year 1093 ill New Mexico. "Tilt! Pecos aidei? the Spaniiinls, having 5 killed, and this i» the founda- tion ot the current rumcr that they were faithful from 'SO. Davia says noth- RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS. !»' S ■I J : The Spaniards had now better protection from the cold and from the foe in the dwellings and fortifica- tions of the villa; moreover, they had acquired slaves and a large quantity of corn; yet their prospects as colonists were gloomy, as their occupation was limited to Santa Fe; all beyond was hostile, raids on the ctittle were frequent, arms were broken, and ammuni- tion was scarce. The season was not favorable for offensive operations with so small a force. Pecos, Cia, Santa Ana, and San Felipe remained friendly, but had all they could do to defend themselves against their angry neighbors. Early in January Juan Ye, chief of the Pecos, applied for aid against the rebels and Apaches, and Captain Madrid was sent out with thirty men; but it proved to be a false alarm invented to test the sincerity of Spanish promises. On the 9th Vargas marched with ninety men to the abandoned pueblos of Tesuque and Namb^, and thence to the mesa of San Ildefonso, where the Tehuas of these three towns and of Pujuaque, Cuyamanque, Santa Clara, and Jacona, with the Tanos of San Cristobal and San Lazaro, were encamped. They promised to come to the villa and make peace, but this was only a device to gain time for a junction with the Jenies, Picuries, Taos, and others. On the 23d there came the viceroy's letter, already mentioned, sent from Cerro Gordo by Padre Fartan, the procurador, who asked for an escort under which to send up his colony of seventy families from El Paso. Vargas in reply explained the impossibility of sparing an escort, and urged Farfan to come on to Santa Fe with the party, at the game time sending for ammuni- tion.^" On the 28th he marched again to the mesa with offers of peace and pardon. The natives professed f; ing of the friars' petition, gives the date of assault as Dec. 26th, says the native ;ov. was hangea by the Ind., and puts the loss at 160. Arricivita, Cnm., 99-200, gives 60 as the no. executed, and says that 60 of the women and children died a little later from an epidemic. '^*In an orig. MS. of the Pinart Col., V. seems to say that he did send a euard, and that they had a fight with the Apaches, killing two and captur- ing three, who were shot. CONTINUED HOSTILITIES. 207 repentance, but wished the governor and padre to come alone and receive tJieir submission, beHeving tliat if they could kill the leader the rest of the Spaniards would leave the country. Failing in this, they paid i!(i heed to entreaties or threats, and Vargas returned to Santa Fd. C-^ptain Madrid attempted to get mate- linl for balls from a lead mine that had been worked by his father near San Marcos; but the Indians had filled it up. Hostilities now became frequent, and through messengers sent from the friendly pueblos, as from occasional captives, always questioned and shot, news was often received of what the rebels were doing. It seems there was a small element among the enemy favoring surrender, but their arguments were always answered by a reference to the seventy Tanos sliot after the taking of Santa Fe. Meanwhile, efforts were made by the hostiles to get aid from Acoma, Zuni, and Moqui, and to form alliances with Apache bands. llakh on the Spaniards' live-stock were frequent, and sometimes slightly successful in February ; while Var- gas, on the other hand, had sent out various raiding })arties, taking a few captives and obtaining large quan- tities of maize before the 24th, when the natives be- gan to destroy all the supplies they could not remove."^ Late in February the governor, resolving on a vig- orous offensive policy, marched with about 100 sol- diers and many settlers and Indians for the mesa of San Ildefonso.^^ Encamping at the pueblo of that name, he sent Captain Madrid across to the west bank of the Rio Grande to reconnoitre and recover stolen animals, and finally began the attack on the 4th of March, his two pieces of artillery bursting at the first disoliarge. Charging up the hill in two divisions, the ''^Arrh. N. Mex., 149-52; Vargas, Campailas de '94, MS.; Arch. hX Fi, MS. ])avis has nothing of events in Jan. -Feb. '^'' Ace. to Arch. N. Mex., 152, and Arch. Sta Fe (a fragment of 64 p. of a kitiil of diary of events), the btaru v*ab on the 27th, and tlie force 110 Span., I)esidf8 Ind. In his Camjtailnx de '94 — an orig. MS. report to the viceroy of events from Feb. 15th, dated June 2d in the Pinart Vol. — the date is Feb, 2oth aiul the force 90. Davis, .386 et seq., makes the start in March, and ia inaccurate in what follows. Most details are omitted by me. t 209 RECONQUEST BY DON DIEOO DE VAROAS. >t^A.: Spaniards were met and repulsed in a fight of five hours, fifteen Indians being killed and twenty Span- iards wounded, eight of theni seriously. Obtaining reenf<»rcement8 and sending his disabled back to the villa, Vargas repeated the assault on the llth, fight- ing six hours, without gaining any advantage. Next night the Indians came down and made an attack, but were repulsed. The siege was continued till the IDtli, and then abandoned on account of bad weather, dis- abled horses, and lack of ammunition. The army rv- turned to Santa Ft5, having killed about thirty Indians, recovered 100 horses and mules, and taken a largo store of maize, of which 100 fanegas were sent south for the approaching families.^* The friendly Queres now asked for help against tlie rebels of Cochiti, who were said to be intrenched with others on the mesa of Cieneguilla, and to be plotting an attack on the Spaniards and their allies. Accord- ingly, Vargas marched on April 12th, joined the Queres under Ojeda of Santa Ana — the man already named as one of Governor Cruzat's captives of 1C81), now a firm friend of the invaders'" — and on the 17tli defeated the foe at their new pueblo, capturing and shooting thirteen warriors, besides the seven killed in battle, taking 342 women and children, with 70 horses and 900 sheep, and next day sending a provision train with a guard of twenty soldiers to the villa, where on the 17tli a band of raiding Tehuas had been repulsed by Lieutenant-general Granillo. The governor re- mained at Cieneguilla with 36 men; and the natives were now very penitent, desiring the release of their women and children ; but Vargas insisted on their burn- ing the new pueblo, and returning to their old homo "March 30th, V. recVl a letter from Farfan, and the supplies started Ajiril 3d. On Api'il 3d F. wrote again from Loa Patos, not apparently having reached El Paso. P. Buen. Contreras was with F. Arch. Sta /V. "A Zufli chief also joined V. at S. Felipe on the 15th, and served in the exped. He was friendly, and desired aid for his people against their foes. V. wished the Zuftis to move to some of the abandoned pueblos on tlie Rii> (rrande, and the chief promised to consult his people on this change. ArcL Sta F6, MS. THE WAR CONTINUED. 209 at Cochitf. On the 20th or 21st the Spanish camp was Hudilonly attacked, and 150 of the captives were lost, two soldiers being killed, one of them accidentally, and Adjutant Francisco de Anaya Almazan being drowned a few days later in crossing the river. The mesa pueblo was burned, and the army returned to Santa Fe in two divisions on the 25th and 27th.^^ hack at the capital, Don Diego gave his attention to the distribution of slaves and live-stock, to the ap- ])i)rti()innent of lands, and to the posting of guards, and other measures to protect the settlers and friendly natives while putting in their crops.'^ On the 21st of May the hostiles of fourteen towns, or six nations, made a raid on the real de caballada, or grazing camp, but were repulsed by the guard ; " whereupon Vargas marched to the mesa of San II- defonso, where he had several skirmishes, taking 48 animals and a few captives, and returning to Santa Fe. The Queres had also sent in five Jemes prisoners, two of whom were not shot — one because he promised to show the grave of a martyred friar, and the other at tlic intercession of the Pecos chief Juan Ye.^ The families from Mexico under Padre Farfan arrived on June 23d, and were lodged in the villa until on the close of the war lands could be assigned elsewhere. With the colonists or a little later came new stores of amnmnition and other needed articles. The Queres had again applied for aid, but the river was so high it could not be crossed. On June 30th '^The three original authorities are clear enough on this campaign, but Davis, 389 ut seq., confuses it moat inextricably. -" April i28th, Gov. V. gives 200 sheep to the vice-custodio for the two mis- siouH (proposed) at Pecos and Cia; also 100 to the padres for their support. S:ime (late, V. sends a letter to the Zuflia and MtHjuis, urging the people to submit and resume friendly relations. The letters were sent by the Ziifti cliiof already mentioned. ArcL Sta Ft; MS. Davis mentions the coming of a party of Apaches from the eastern plains, with tales of silver to be found in their country. '''• It is not quite clear whether this was at Sta Fe, or during an exped. of the pov. to Tcsuque and beyond. "One of our authorities, Vargas, Campailas de '94, ends with June 2d, when V. was confident of breaking up the alliance of rebel pueblos, which, with the coming of reenforcements, would end the war. Hist. Ariz, and N. Mex. M 210 RECONQUEST BY DON DIEfiO DE VARGAS. f ■'■ Vargas marched northward, killing eleven Tehuas of Cuyamanquo the first day, finding Picurf abandoned, and reaching Taos on the 3d of July. This puohlo was also deserted, but the people had left their prop- erty protected by crosses, which they supposed tlio Spaniards would respect, as they did for a time. Tlie Taos were in a canon not far off, but after a com})!!- cated series of negotiations, carried on chiefly through Juan Ye and a hand of friendly Apaches, nothing could be effected, and the pueblo was sacked, a largo amount of maize beinjr taken. To reach Santa Fe tlie governor took a roundabout way northward into tho Yuta country, across the river, and thence southward to Ojo Caliente, Rio Chama, and San Juan. On tlic way he had several skirmishes, and spent some day.s hunting buffalo for meat. In the night of the 12tli he was attacked by the Yutas on a stream called Saii Antonio, losing eight soldiers killed. The savages were repulsed, pardoned on the plea +hat they mistook the Spaniards for hostile Indians who had often in- vaded their country in Spanish dress, and became very friendly. Finally, having reconnoitred the mesa of San Ildefonso, where the rebels were still stronylv posted, he returned by way of Pujuaque and Tesuquo to Santa Fe, arriving on July IGth.*" Governor Vargas marched on July 21st with 120 men to join the Queres under Ojeda in an attack on the Jemes, who after his start assaulted Cia and killed five men, but whose new pueblo on the mesa Don Diego carried by assault on the 24th, after a hard fight, in which the allies of Santa Ana and Cia fought bravely, Don Eusebio de Vargas — perhaps a brother of the governor — greatly distinguished himself, and the enemy lost 84 killed and 361 or 371 prisoners. The pueblo was sacked and burned, after 300 fanegas '•There is much confusion in details, both in the printed archivo, which is most complete, and in the M8., which contains two separate but similar ru- Eorts, as also of the following campaign. V. visited what were supposed to e the ruins of Ofiate s S. Gabriel, near the stream of Ojo Caliente and G 1. >'. of the mouth of the Rio Chama, which is not very intelligible. NEW ATTACK ON THE MESA. 911 of maize had been sent to the villa, the rest of the plunder being distributed amoijg the native allies, vx- i\'|)t 10(5 animals given to Padre Alpuente ft)r his pro- posed mission at Cia. Before returning, Vargas wont to the old pueblo of Jemes, where he recovered the rt'iiiains of Padre Juan de Jesus, killed in the rev(jlt of 1080, deposited with appropriate ceremonies in the oliapel at Santa F<5 on the 1 1th of August.*' Six (lays later messengers came in to ask parilon for the Jemes, attributing all their bad actions to the influ- once of the chief Diego, whom they were willing to give up; also promising to return to their old pueblo and to render aia against the common foe. Their ofler was accepted, and Diego was brought in on the 2()th to be sentenced to death — a sentence which at the last moment, on the intercession of his people, was commuted to ten years' labor in the mines of Nueva A'izcaya. The Jemes were given some implements, promised their chiisma when they should have proven ' leir good faith, ordered to be ready for a march against the mesa, and sent home to rebuild their old town. Vargas now felt the importance of striking a deci- sive blow against the Tehuas and Tanos before the winter should set in. With all his available force, in- cluding 150 Queres and Jemes, he marched on the 4th of September, assaulted the mesa of San Ildefonso, and was driven back with a loss of 1 1 men wounded, including Captain Antonio Jorge of the Santa Fe presidio. On the 5th the native allies with three soldiers and an arriero marched up the slope, chal- lenged the foe and were put to flight, the nmleteer and '*Arch. N. Mex., 158-€2, includ. V.'s letter describing the finding of tlio padre's remains; also two records in Arch. Sia Fi, MS. Many detaila of the battle are given With this campaign Davis' record practically ends, though, UH tiie Sta Fe documents show many later details, it in not easy to unuerstand why. The Jemes campaign is also mentioned in a brief report in the Pinnrt Col. In the ArcL Sta Fi, MS., Fr. Francisco Farfan is named aa procurador general, Diego Varela as adjutant-gen., Fr. Juan Muftoz de Castro as vice- custotlio; and Vargas signs as New Mexico's ' nuevo restaurador, conquistador a su costa, y reconquistador y poblador en el, y castellano de sua fuerzaa y presidios por su majestad,' besides being gov. and capt.-gen. 212 RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS. li I ,"' liiri one soldier being killed. For several days Vargas now gave his attention to the cutting-off of supplies. At sight, however, of their fields of corn in the milk trampled by the Spaniards, and of their native foes dancing round the scalp of a fallen warrior, the Tehuas several times came down and engaged in desperate conflict; but they were repulsed, soon became dis- couraged, and on the 8th began to treat for peace, sending trifling gifts to appease the governor's wrath. Peace and pardon were granted on condition of return to their pueblos. Thus New Mexico at last, except the towns of the extreme north and west — those of the south being annihilated — became once more a Spanish province.^^ The Jemes, having proved faithful allies in the last campaign, were now given their women and children at the politic intercession of their destined missionary. On the 13th of September the chiefs of San Juan, San Cristobal, San Ldzaro, and Santa Clara came in with some mules which they had taken from the Apaches, reporting that all the Tehuas and Tanos were hard at work rebuilding their pueblos. Vargas now appointed the regular pueblo officials, and on the 17th he started on a tour of inspection, which satisfied him that tlie natives had submitted in good faith. Other tours followed, during which occurred the formal submission and pardon of other pueblos. The vi'C- custodio was notified that the missions were ready for their respective padres, and by the end of 1694 tiie friars were distributed and at work, though obliged to content themselves with very humble quarters while the Indians were rebuilding churches and houses.'" "The Arch. A'. Mej:., 162 et seq., is the only authority for this final cam- paign, and for what followed to the end of 1694. Davis has nothing on this pi^iod; nor for the rest of 1694 is there anything left in the Arch. Stu /V, '''The distribution was ad follows: P. Fran. Corvera at S. Ildefonso aiid Jacona; P. (rordn. Prieto at S. Juan and (temporarily) Sta Clara; P. Ant. 0))regon at S. Cristobal and S, Lorenzo (L&zaro?); P. Diego Zeinos at Peuos; P. Juan Alpuente at Cia; P. Fran. J. M. Casafles at Jemes; P. Juan Mufloz de Castro, vico-custodio and rom. de la inquisicion, at Sta Fe; P. Jose Diez atTesuque; P. JoseUarcia Matin at Sta Cleura; P. Ant. Carbonel at S. Feliply reduced to submission and put in charge of missionaries; but hardly had the friars bejxun work when rumors of new troubles bei^an to circulate. The Indians had lost little of their hatred for the invaders, and now that the padrt^s were ay;aiu at their stations and the military force somewhat [scat- tered, there were chiefs, especially among the implac- able Tehuas, who began to dream of a new revolt and massacre like those of 1()80, by which once more to rid their country of the tyrant foreigners. The threat- ened dangers, however, took no definite shape this year; althougli the natives of San Crist6bal and San Litzaro, cliafi: g under the loss of their lands, ran away to tlie sierra in December. As the other pueblos did not join the movement, the Tanos were persuaded without much difficulty to come back and be pardoned. "''■' It appears that in 1G95-G there was a failure of crops, resulting in serious privations,^" or even in a ment at La Caftada uiidpr an alcalde mayor, Luis Quintana. At this found- ing ot Ui'.lo tills villa was given the ' preeminonciii du antigiiedad ' over all tiiu Buttleinents of N. Mex. except >Sta Fe. Tlic poblacionea of Oerrillo aud Ber- nalillo are also mentioned in records of this year. '■^' Airh. X. Mex., H)8-9. May 31st, tlio suttlers liad been selling arms to the Ind., which Vargas forbids by a Iwindo c,f this date. Padre Zjinos shot and killed an Ind. at Pecos; but it M':i8 accidental and he was not blamed. The padre's full name was Diego de la Cassa Zeinos, and he was sec. of the cus- todia, dclinidor, com. del santo oHcio, aud guardian. Luis Granillo was still lieut. -general. .1 irh. Sfa /V, MS. ^"In Nov. 1005, (lov. V. sent to the viceroy a petition of the cabildo and vecinos for relief, as all that they bad sown had been consumed by the worms. The viceroy [lud junta in Feb. 109(5 decided to send them 201) cattle fnnii Parral, with some arms and ammunition, at the same time warning them tiiat they must luaru to rely on themselves aud not ou the govt for succor. Arch. St>i Fi, MS. FAMINE OF 1695-6. 215 Jcrrible famine, if we credit the highly colored and partisan statement made in later legal proceedings against Vargas. According to this authority, the ptople were forced to live on dogs, cat-, aorses, mules, biill-hides, 'foul herbs,' and old bones; finally roaming over the fields like wild animals, and many of them hiring themselves to the Indians to carry wood and water, afif' grind corn, over 200 dying from the effects of insufficient and noxious food. Of course, the gov- ernor's failure to distribute properly the stores of niiiize was noted as one cause of the famine; and it is also stated that four settlers, driven by their sufferings to desert, were brought back and hanged without the last consolations of religion. To what extent these statements were founded in fact it is difficult to deter- mine, but though doubtless exaggerated, they were supported by the sworn testimony of many a few years later, as we shall see." In the spring of 1696 the missionaries, who had the best opportunities for knowing the real sentiments of tlie natives, found the indications so alarming in various quarters that tlie custodio on March 7th made known to Vargas in writing the imminent danger of a revolt, the defenceless condition of the missions, the risks taken by the padres, and the incalculable damage that nmst result from a new disaster like that of 1080. Ho concluded by begging for a guard of soldiers for each mission. Two other petitions of like tenor were written on the 13th and 22d, and from diflTorent directions came reports that the Indians had already connnitted outrages in the new temples; but the gov- ernor, believing that the natives had submitted in ji^ood faith, and that the complaints and fears had no better foundation than idle rumor, either would not or could not furnish the desired escoltas. He per- niitted the friars, if they were af»^uld, to retire to Santa ^' Viinim, Aru.tncion del Cahildo de Sta Fi contra el ex-i/oliermtdoi; in Air/i. Stu Fi, MS.; followed by Davis, Spin. Coik/., 412-1.3. The i)ailru cruui.st.i who li:irutl the priuted Arch. A'. Meji. ratlicr straugely says uothiug of tliiit in; miiiue. Ill i !■ I' *■ M i 1 . ■ 1 216 RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS. F«$, .15- some of them did. In his report of March 28th to the viceroy he not only stated that all was quiet, and the danger imaginary, but used languaj^e which the padres regarded as an imputation of cow- ardice. Their pride was touched, and they returned to their stations quietly to await the crisis. It came on the 4th of June, when the Taos, Picurfes, Tehuas, Queres of Santo Domingo and Cochitf, and the Jemes rose, killed five missionaries and 21 other Spaniards, in most cases immediately abandoning their pueblos and fleeing to the mountains.^ The governor started on the 7th for a tour among the deserted towns, and "saw to regret what he ought to have believed to remedy." Pecos, Tesuque, San Felipe, Santa Ana, and Cia had remained faithful, but the Acomas, Zunis, and Moquis had aided the rebels, or at least were sheltering the fugitives, and were said to be planning new attacks. The chief of Santo Domingo, a leading spirit in the revolt, was captured and shot on the 14th; and several revolu- tionary agents were also put to death at Pecos, with the governor's consent. On the 23d of July, a body of rebels was attacked and 10 of the number killed.''' ^^Arcli. N. Mex., 168-71, and several records in the Arch. Sta Fi, MS., including the gov.'s report of July i!7th. In the Aciiaacion alreaily referred to, followed by Davis, the no, of killed is given as 34 instead of 21, and the famine is given as one of the chief causes of the revolt; that is, the Ind. tonk advantage of the enfeebled and scattered condition of the Span. The padres killed were Arbizii of S. Cristobal, Carbonel of Taos, Corvcra of S. Ildefonso, Moreno of Nambe, and Casafies of Jeines. Corvera and Moreno were shut up in a cell at S. Ildefouso, and burned with the convent. P. Cisneros of CochitI had a narrow escape. P. Navarro of 8. Juan succeeded in esci^ing to La Cafiada with the sacred vessels, etc. Ace. to Etjiiiiatu, Cron. Sera/., 260-86, P. Casafies at Jemes had foreseen his fate, and asked the Ind. to let him die at the foot of a certain cross. Summoned to attend a sick person, he was led into an ambush of Apaches, who killed him with dubs and stones at tho chosen spot. He was the first martyr of the Queretaro eol- lege, and Espinosa gives an account of his life, including his miraculous transportation by an angel on mule-back to visit unknown Texan tribes. Capt Lazaro Mizuufa, wil£ Alf. Jose Dominguezand 12 soldiers, escaped from Taos and reached Sta Fe in 9 days after in a sorry condition. Gregg, Com. Prairies, i. 128, dates this revolt in '98. '•July 27th the cabildo asked for an esoort for a bearer of despatclies to El Paso and Mex., to aak tho viceroy for aid. V. replied that he was exin'ct- ing 200 cattle to arrive shortly. On Sept. 24th the viceroy replied to \ .'s letter of July 2'/th, promising aid and his iuHueuco in obtaiuiug rewards from the king. Arch. Sta F6, MS. REVOLT OF 1696. 217 At the beginning of August an expedition was made to Cia, with a view to operate either against the Acomas or Jemes ; but Don Diego was recalled to the capital to distribute 200 cattle, which now arrived from the south.*® On the 8th he marched for Acoma, and attacked that pueblo on the 15th, capturing five natives, one of them the chief, but failing to reach the penol summit. Then he released the chief and re- sorted to persuasion, without success, finally shooting the captives, ravaging the corn-fields, and retiring.*^ Subsequently, Adjutant Juan Ruiz was sent against the Jemes. In September Don Diego attacked the Taos in a canon not far from their town, and after several skirmishes they surrendered on the 8th of October, returning to live in the pueblo. The Picuries and the Tehuas of San Juan feigned a desire for peace in order to save their crops; but Vargas discovered their plans, and attacked them on October 26th, captur- ing 84 of their women and children, to be distributed as servants among the soldiers on his return to the capi- tal, early in November. There were other campaigns, productive of but slight results, as it was difficult to find dny considerable number of the rebels together. On the 24th of November, the date of the governor's report to the viceroy, all had been reduced to nominal submission except those of Acoma and the west, Pujuaque, Cuyamanque, and Santa Clara, with per- haps Santo Domingo and Cochitf. Yet many of the pueblos contained but a few families each. The rest of the population was scattered in the mountains, among the gentile tribes, or in the western pueblos.*^ The surviving Queretaro Franciscans left the country in 1096. A few officials of the year are named in a note.^^ ^^ Arch Sta Fd, us. *' Padres Juati ile Mata and Diegc Cliavarrla, new names, are mentioned as I'haplaina of this expedition. *- i/r/t. N. Mex., 171-4; gov.'s report of Nov. 24th, in Arch. Sta Fi, MS. Tlie alcalde of La C'aflada in an inspection found at 8. lldefonso 17 men and % women and children; at Jacona 10 and 10; at Nand)e 4 and 10. Davis says that ' during the rebellion more than 2,000 Ind. perished in the moun- tains, while as many more deserted their villages and joined the wild tribes. ' " E.ipiiioaa, Crou. Apoatiii, 92, 284-0; Enciuiero, Not. Son., 43-7. Capt. n': iilU'i4 S'l 218 RECONQUEST BY DON DIEGO DE VARGAS. ( Sii ' (II The governor's term of five years expired in 1696, and Pedro Rodriguez Cubero had been appointed by the king to succeed him. Vargas had asked for re- appointment, but though the king was favorably dis- posed, the appHcation came too late. Overruling Don Diego's objections, the viceroy sustained Cubero, who came to New Mexico and took possession of the office on the 2d of July, 1697." The king approved when after long delay the matter reached him in 1699, but at the same time he thanked Vargas for his services, gave him the choice of titles between marques and conde, and granted a reappointment, to take effect on the expiration of Cubero's term in 1702, or sooner if the office should become vacant.*^ In the same cddula was approved all that the viceroy had done in connection wiuh the reconquest; and it was ordered that the presidial force of Santa F^ should be raised to 100 men, the Parral force retiring; that the force at El Paso should not be reduced, as had been pro- posed;*^ and that additional families should be sent, not from Nueva Vizcaya, but from Mexico. Meanwhile Vargas was involved in serious troubles ; and indeed, at the date of being thus highly honored by the king he had been two years in the Santa Fe prison. There had been more or less misunderstand- insjr between him and the cabildo from the first. En- Fern. Duran de Chavez was alcalde mayor of S. Felipe and the ' puesto de Es- pafioles de Bernalillo;' Capt. Roque Madrid, lieut.-gen. of cavalry and alcalile mayor of 'la villa nueva de los Mexicanos de Sta Cruz (de la CaAada);' Do- mingo de la Barreda, sec. de gobierno y guerra; Capt. Alonso Rael ile Agui- lar, lieut.-gov. and capt.-^en. m place of Granillo. The cabildo of Sta Fe was Alcalde Lorenzo de Madrid, Fran. Romero de Pedraja, Lizaro de Mizquia, Diego Montoya, Jose Garcia Jurado; clerk, Capt. Lucero de Godoy. Arch. Sta Fe, MS. **This date from a royal cedula of Jan. 26th, approving the viceroy's act, as it preceded the reappointment which it ha pointed capt. of the £1 Paso presidio, fd., 34. CHARGES AGAINST VARGAS. 819 joying the confidence of the viceroy, he had been given entire control of tJie expedition, and attending in per- son or through his agents to all details financial as well as military, he had ignored and offended the colony officials. Moreover, there had been much dis- satisfaction, as we have seen, at his policy in depriving the settlers of their Indian slaves by restoring these captives to their pueblos as a means of gaining the good-will of the natives. Cubero liad a commission as juez de residencia, and though Vargas is under- stood to have passed the ordeal successfully, he gave up his office unwillingly and made of his successor a bitter foe; and the cabildo, with the additional incen- tive of gaining favor with the new ruler, renewed the quarrel in earnest. Formal charges were presented before the governor, whose authority to consider them was very doubtful. The ex-governor was accused of having embezzled large sums of money furnislied him for the recruiting and support of tlie colonists; of having provoked, by shooting the Tanos captives at Santa Fo, and by other oppressive acts, all the hostilities of 1G94-G ; of having caused, by his mismanagement and failure to properly distribute the small remaining portion of the food supply, which had been paid for by the king but sold by Vargas in the south for his own profit, the deadly famine of 1695-6; and of having driven away by his oppression the families likely to testify against him in his residencia. Juan Paez Hurtado was also involved in the accusations, as Vargas' accomplice, and as j)rin- cipal in other serious charges.*^ Cubero gratified his *' Tlie charges in detail are recited in the origiuiil documents, still i>ro- aervcd, though not complete, in the A7rh. Sta Fe. The accusation of the cal)ililo is not dated, but was apparently written in Oct. 1G97. Oct. 20, 1(597, Oov. (). orders Capt. Granillo at El Paso to arrest Paez Hurtado and send him to Sta Fe. At the same time Capt. Ant. Valverde, Alf. Martin Uriosto, and Adj. Felix Martinez were exiled from N. Mox., probably in connection witli the same affair. Hurtaanish population was probably not less than 1,500.*" Early in the same year Santa Cruz de Galisteo was resettled with Tanos; and later the rebel Queres of Cieneguilla, Santo Domingo, and Cochitf formed a new pueblo four leagues north of Acoma, on the stream called Cubero.^ In July 1698, it was decided in a junta de hacienda at Mexico that the New Mexican colonists must in future depend on their own exertions, since the aid then furnished would be the last; yet this regulation was not strictly enforced, as agricultural implements at least were afterward supplied. In July 1699, the governor Gubero made a tour in the west. On the 4th the new pueblo of the Queres sub- mitted, being named San Jose de la Laguna; two days later Acoma, now called San Pedro instead of San Estovan, renewed its allegiance; and on the 12th La Purisima de Zufii, formerly Asuncion and later Guadalupe, followed the example of its eastern neigh- bors.^^ The Moquis, noting the submission of other nations, and dreadiiifij war more than they feared or loved Christians, sent ambassadors in May 1700 to treat with the governor, professing their readiness to rebuild churches and receive missionaries. At the same time "Airh. Sta Fk, MS. Distrib. on May Ist of a large quantity of cloth and livBvitock, including GOO cows, '260 bulls, 3,300 sheep and rams, 2,200 goats; smne of which, however, had been left at El Paso. On Dec. 10th Gov. C. orders the auth. of El Paso to permit no maize or other grain to be carried out (if tlie province, as there had been a failure of crops. * Named for the gov., probably; and this may be the origin of the name Coverii still applied to a pueblo in that vicinity. "'Niid, Apiint., 108-9, says that Moqui was also visited at this time. A doc. ill tlie .1 rrh. ijUi Fe, MS. , shows that during the gov. 's absence the friends of Vargas made an effort to cause a disturbance and make V. gov. No details. V :l:ii: • I i m h. ' '1^' ! j Ms riti- I *.. RECONQUEST BY DON DIl.YJO DE VAROAS. Espeleta, chief of Oraibe, sent for Padre Juan Garai- coechea to come and baptizo children. The friar set out at once with Alcalde Josd Lopez Naranjo/'^ and went to Aguatuvi, where he baptized 73 young Mo- quis. On account of a pretended rumor that the messengers to Santa F6 had been killed, he was not permitted to visit Oraibe or the other pueblos at tliis time; but Espeleta promised to notify him soon when they were ready for another visit, Garaicoechea re- turning to Zuni and reporting to the governor on June Oth.** In October the Moquis were again heard from, when Espeleta came in person to Santa F<5 with 20 companions, and with somewhat modified vicMs. He now proposed a simple treaty of peace, his nation, like Spain, to retain its own religion! Cubero could offer peace only on condition of conversion to Chris- tianity. Then the Moqui chief proposed as an ulti- matum that the padres should visit one pueblo eacli year for six years to baptize, but postponed perma- nent residence till the end of that period. This scheme was likewise rejected, and Espeleta went home for further deliberation.** There were in those days fears of French invasion. Padre Niel tells us that among the captives whom the Navajos were accustomed to bring to New Mexico each year for Christian ransom, he rescued two little French girls. In 1G98 the French had almost annihi- lated a Navajo force of 4,000 men; and in 1700 the Apaches reported that a town of the Jumanas had been destroyed by the same foe. Toward the Span- iards the Navajos were friendly down to 1700, but in *^ p. Antonio Miranda is also named aa hia companion in Fernandez Dim, NoticiaS, 137. *^In the Moqui, Notidaa, MS., 669, it is stated that the other Moquis, angry that Aguatuvi had received the padres, came and attacked tlie piu'lilo, killed all the men, and carried off all the women and children, leaving tlie place for many years deserted. I think this must be an error. '^Arch. N. Mex.,m-9; Moqui, Noticias, MS., 664-70. P. Garaicoechea was in charge of Zufii and P. Miranda of Acoma and Laguna. In June 1700 one Miguel Gutierrez was sentenced to be shot and his head stuck on a jiole, to show the Jicarillas and other gentile aatioua that they must not harbor fugitive Span. Arcfu Sta Fi, MS. NAVAJOS AND APACHES. 223 arai- r set anc Mo- i the 9 not t this when 3a re- .or on heard 5 with views, lation, could Chris- ,n ulti- 10 each perma- schenie me for tliat year they committed some depredations, and tlie orovernor started on an expedition against tlieni, mak- ing peace, however, with the Navajo chief at Taos. There was also a campaign against the Faraon Apaches, but of it we know only that nothing was accomplished. This same year there was trouble at Pecos, resulting from the execution by Don Felipe, the chief, of five rebels in the war of 1590. There was an attempt to raise a revolt against that chief, but the ringleaders were imprisoned at Santa Fe until they escaped and joined the Jicarilla Apaches. The pueblo became divided into two factions, which often came to blows, until at last, Don Felipe's party hav- ing the best of it, the other asked permission to live at Pujuaque. It is not recorded that the change was actually made. Lvasion. whom I^texico little annihi- 00 the lias had Span- but ia ,wte Duro, er Moquis, he piH'lilO) leaving the araicoechea , June I'OO . on a linle. not liarljor 1 1 i'.:¥' CHAPTER XI. vii -i4 FIRST HALF OF THE EKJHTEENTH CENTURY. 1701-1750. Permanent Submission— Cubero's Rule — Revolt at Zuni— Rule and Dkath of Governor Vargas — Foundino ok ALBURQUKRguE — Moyi is AND Apaches — Marqu^ de la Penuela — Navajo War — Refounu- ino of Isleta — Rule of Flores — The Yutas — Governor Martinez — The Comanches — A Controversy— Valverde in Command— Ev- TRADA TO THE NoRTH — BuSTAMANTE's RuLE — SmUOULINO— FRENCH Encroachments— Padres versus Bishop — Cruzat Governor— Ola- vide's Rule — Mendoi^a -Frenchmen — Converts from Moyui— Gov- ernors Codallos and CaI'Hupin — Mogul — Jesuits Defeated— Navajo Missions — A Quarrel — Statistics — List of Governors t(j l&t6. The submission of New Mexico in the last years of the seventeenth century may be regarded as perma- nent; the natives were now too few and weak, and the Spanish power too firmly established, for any general movement of revolt. Petty local troubles or rumors of troubles in the different pueblos were of not infrequent occurrence, some of which will be noted in these pages, as will occasional raids of the gentile tribes. These, with the succession of gover- nors, now and then a political controversy, periodical renewals of efforts to make Christians of the Moquis, a few reports of mission progress or decadence, some not very important expeditions out into the plains or mountains, feeble revivals of the old interest in mys- terious regions of the north, rare intercourse vith the Texan establishments, fears of French and Eng- lish encroachment — make up the annals of the eigh- teenth century. The archive record is meagre and fragmentary, yet in respect of local and personal de- (224) MOQUI AFFAIRS. 225 tails much too bulky to be fully utilized witbiti the scoj)o of my work. Froii 1700 New Mexico settletl (JdWii into that nionototiously uneventful career «»f intit and non-progressive existence, whif governor and ca])tain-general at Santa Fe, on November 10, 1703.^ He was urged by Padre Garaicoechea to re- ^ Arrh. N. Mex., 180-6, with letters of P. ( iiiraicoeche;i ami Miranda. Tlie liittiT wrote from Acoma that all the Zuili ])roj)i'rty had Ikjuii stoUii. t!ie iiiis.siouary's lifo in clangor, anil tliat tlie lud. of Aeouia and Cia wi>licil to no to the padre's rescue, whicli he did not purniit, fearing that tin; lio.-itiles on hearing of the apjiroaeh of a force would kill the padre Hu thought the Ziifiis might he easily suhdncd, liaving no water on the \Kii'<\; ))ut if they were not conquered the whole western country was )f «», :i> the Mo(|uis were at the bottom of the movement. M»avis, Prince, and others name the duke of Albunjuerque a.s gnv. in 1703-10, another \ iceroy of Mexico! I GOVERNOR CUERVO. 227 lla. The lliii. t!ie w i.-1k-i1 Ihiit the Hu .v the g„v. in establish a mission among tlie Zunis, with wliom tlie padie had kept in communication; but the governor lacked faith in the good-will of that people, or at least {■(iUikI no time to attend to the matter during h: • l)rief rule, and that of Padre Juan Alvarez as custodio. At the beginning of 1704 there were more rumors of revolt, but nothing could be proved except against the ever-hostile Moquis. In March Vargas staH'id on a ('aiii|>aign against the Apaches, but was taker, sud- denly ill in the sierra of Sandi'a, died at Bornalillo on the 4th of April, and was buried at Santa Fe in the parish church.'' Juan Paez Hurtado, lieutenant-general of the prov- iiico and an old friend of Don Dieoo, served as actinj; iiovernor till the 10th of March, 1705, when Don Fiancisco Cuervo y Valdes assumed the office of governor ad interim, that is, by the viceroy's appoint- ment.^ The condition of affairs was not very encour- ai,niig. Depredations by Apaches and Navajos were frefjuent, the Moquis were defiant, the Zuni rebels .still on their penol, and the presidial soldiers in great need of clothing, arms, and horses, their pay having heen cut down about five per cent in support of the Chihuahua mission of Junta de los Rios. Cuervo's luh' was marked by a series t^f appeals for aid ; but exeept a few arms and implements — and plenty of censure for complaining that his predecessors had givt n more attention to their quarrels tlian to the oouiriry's needs — nothing was obtained. On his way north he had to stop at El Paso to fight Apaches; and on i^rrival nt the capital he station(Hl his garrison in seven detachments at exposed points." Eai'ly in M-r/,. .V. Hfex., 187. '■Ill a lettt of Oct. II, 1704, tlic viceroy notified tiie king of Cuervo'.s ap- lioiiitiiicnt on ouiitof liis distinguished bervicos ami merits. Oii Juno 'Ji), I'll.'), ihc king 'ickuowledges receipt of the Iftter, and anuounceathe apponit- iiic It of I'haci. as proprietiiry gov. X. J/cr., Crdiilan, MS., 3.'). The month (it i'lwrvo's arrival is omitted in the printod Air/i. X. Mex., 188, but given in my .\IS. copy, p. ,345. It is noticeal>»e that he is liere called Cuhero, and that Tuhfrii in the royal eedulas (or at Iwist in n-y copies) is called (Jiieiio. e. WHS a knight of Santiago, and hail been a treasury oiKcial at iJuadaiajara, Hi.i rule was fro ii iMaroh 10, 170.1, to .July 31, 1707. ' I'hf wcinoa by order of the gov. presented themselves for inspection of jiii 22S FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 1705 Padre Garaicoechea went back to Zufti, and brouo'ht the rebels down to the plain to fsubmit on April 6th to Captain Madrid. In July Don Ro(|ue marched against the Navajos, wlio wore incited and aided by refugee Jemes. During this campaign the horwes' thirst was miraculously assuaged 'v\ answer to the chaplain's prayers, whereupon the foe was so ter- rified as to surrender, and the army turned back to Cia in August. In September the finding of a Icnottnl cord at Zuni recalled the dread days of 1G80, but noth- mg came of it. In 170G Governo Cuervo informed the viceroy tliat he had founded with 30 families the new villa of Al- burquerque, named in honor of the viceroy;" with 18 Tanos families from Tesuque, he had resettled Santa Maria — formerly Santa Cruz — de Galisteo; trans- ferred some Tehua families to the old pueblo of Pn- juaque, now called Guadalupe; and refounded witli 21) families the old villa of old La Canada, long aban- doned, renaming it Santa Maria de Grado, a name tliat did not last. He asked for church ornaments, which were supplied; but he was blamed for fouiidiiijj^ the new villa without authority, and its name was changed from San Francisco to San Felipe de Albui- querque, in honor of the king. It was ascertained later that in all these reports Cuervo had considerably overstated his own achievements. Captain Uribairi arms in April — 74 at Sta. Fe, 37 at Bernalillo, and 82 at La Cafiada. Arch. tStd Fi'', M.S. Sta Clara, Cochiti, Jemes, and Lagiina wery among tin; iniints where guards were stationed It Wiis deeidi'd to bring up the cavah-y at Kl Paso to Sta Fi5. P. Jnan Alvarez wiis still custo«lio; P. Juan de Zuv.deta com. del sto oticio. Capt. Valverde was lieut.-gen. and com. at Kl I'asn; Juan I'aez Hurtado and Juan de Uriharri are named as generals; LdiiiiZD de Madrid maestro de campo; eaptaiiks Felix Martinez, Juan Lucero (mmIiiv. Diego de Medina, and Alf. Juan Hoiiue (Gutierrez; aleal.le Capt. Uiei.'o Ana* de Quirds; alguaeil mayor Ant. Aguilar; rcgidore.s Capt. Antonio Moiitnyi, Ciiwt. Ant. Lucero, Fran. Romero de Pedrazji, Alf. Martin Hurtado; n- triliano Cristobal (Wngora, all at Sta F»^. At Bernalillo, captains Kr., 194-5. There 13 some confusion of diitos. P. Juan Min- g'lizis ii.'imtidasanieiiiberof these exped. Afouiii, Not., 070; FernauilfZ Diiro, X'l. l.'fT. ' Xiitwitli.standing the a1>.iniloninpnt In-fore noted, 1'. Fran, do Irazubal st'Liiis Ui have bee.i now ia charge of Aluiia, one of the Zuili pnebloa. i?i i ■!! 1' ^'llil ■ at; , |»:f $' I i i; 230 FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. was a raid of refugee Tanos and Tehuas on Zufii, Nothing more important is recorded in 1708 than the building of a parish church on the site of the one destroyed in 1680. It was built by the marques gov- ernor at his own cost, though permission was obtained to employ Indians on the work, and was completed within two years." The year 1709 was marked by a war with the Navajos, who had become ver}' bold in their depredations, sacking the pueblos of Jemes in June, but who were defeated by the governor in a vigorous campaign, and forced to make a treaty of peace. This year, also, the custodio. Padre Juan de la Pena, collected some scattered families of Tiguas/' and with them refounded the old pueblo of San Agus- tin Isleta, Padre Pefia engaged moreover in a spir- itual campaign against estufa-rites and scalp-dances; and complaints sent to Mexico of abuses on the part of the governor and alcaldes brought from the viceroy stringent orders against forcing the Indians to work without compensation.^' Padre Pefia died, and was succeeded as custodio hy Padre Juan de Tagle, after Padre Lopez de Haro as vice-president had been for a time in charge of the office. There was a quarrel in progress, of wliicli we know little or nothing, between the marques and liis predecessor Cuervo ; and Tagle with other friars fa- vored the latter, and were the objects of Penuchis con»plaints in Mexico.^* In 1711 iind the two follow- •' Prince, HM. Sf:., 223-4, notes an inscription on the church, 'Kl s fior marqut's de la IVfluola liizo csta fahrica; el alf^ruz real Don Agiistiu [Invi Vot%'ara su criado afio de 1710.' Pefluela waa not, as Prince saya, later \ie :■ roy of N. Spain. '-Called Tclmas in Arrh. N. Mex., 197-8; but they were more Iik.l>. I think, Tiguaa, tiie original oL'cujKUits of the town, home of wlioni. it w II \n renieiiiherod, had hucii suttlod l>y (rov. Otenniu near El Paso. The P. Cinui.su seems conFnHeil himself on the Buhject. '•'Ri'villa aii,'eilo. Carta de 1703, 441, says there were 20,110 tax-jiayers rcgistoru I in 1710, tlie garrison of Sta Fe beiug 120. Events of thwe yuart inAirh. N. Mr.r., 107 1>. » Arrh. N. Mt'.c, 108-9. The gov. not only complained of Taglo's hnii',' kci)t in office througli Cuervo's inthience, hut that ht; had done great iMriii liy ri-'iiioviiig P. Jose liopcz I olio fr(>m his ministry. He also charged tli;it P. Fran. Hrotoni of Taos Iiad ordered his Ind. to rebnihl tlieir estnfas. Hh coiTi])lainini{ report was on M ly 20, '12, aud it waa referred ou Aug. l^Uli to the com. gen. ot tlie Franciscans. GOVERNOR FLORES MOGOLLON. 2S1 \r\^ years, we find several royal orders on New Mexi- can affairs; but none of them has any historic importance. The soldiers had asked for an increase of pay, the friars for reenforcements, and Governor Cuervo had reported his great achievements in town fovmding; the c^dulas were routine replies, ordering the viceroy to investigate and report, but always to look out for the welfare of the northern province. Tlie sum total of information seems to be that there were 34 padres in the field, which number the viceroy deemed suflScient, though he was authorized by tiie king to increase the missionary force whenever it miiiht be deemed best.^^ Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, formerly governor of Nuevo Leon, had the royal appointment as gov- ernor and captain-general; and the marques de la Peiluela retiring at the expiration of his term of five years, Governor Flores assumed the office on October 5, 1712, ruling until 1715.'^ The Sumas of the south revolted in 1712, but were reduced by Captain \^al- verde, and settled at Kealito de San Lorenzo, a league and a half from El Paso, probably at Oterniiu's old camp of 1681, In May 1713 the natives of Acoma and Laguna, offended by the anti-pagan zeal of Padre Carlos Delgado, thought favorably of a proposition to kill him at the instigation of a Zuni Indian — at least so Padre Irazdbal reported; but nothing could be »^V. Mex., Cidulas, MS., 35-42, orders of Feb. 9, 13, Jan. 17, March 2, 1711; Dec. 10, 1712; Aug. 4, Sept. 27, 1713. Gov. Pefiuela li.ul written direct to the king, Oct. 28, 1707, on Apache troubles; on Nov. 25tii, liail for- Wiirdi'il a petition of the soldiers for a restoration of the old pay, and that it miglit be paid at Mex. instead of Guadalajara. (Jov. Cuervo, on April 15, 170(), had forwarded a complaint of 1*. Alvarez ou neiilect of the mih.sinns; on All!,', 18, 1706, had asked for more friars; and ou June 13, 18, 23, 17'M>, had reported his founding of Al'iunjuorque, etc. The cedula of Dec. 10, '12, asks for information on the pay of Gapt. Felix Martinez of the Sta Fe company. The order of Aug. 4, '13, relat«'s to the soldiers' petition, but does not clearly show whether it was granteil or not. "Arch. N. M(j:, ISW Davis, I'rince, and the rest find room for another viceroy, the duke of Lvaares, as gov. in 1712. Prince, I/iit. Sk., 224, tells na, and accurately so far w I kiK>w, that Flores was commissioned at Madrid ^<\it. 27, 1707, for 5 u^trs; qualitif i t)ct. !»th; did not come to .Mex. lor a long time; was recomniissioned i "'' by the viceroy Feb. U, '12; aud mstalled at Sta Ft Oct. 5th. His aakry w^»a ^2,000. : ■«: iiSJi It FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. proved. In October of the same year Captain Soma with 400 soldiers and alHes defeated the Navajos in their own country; and besides this achievement tlie Faraon Apaclies were warned to desist from their dep- redations! In 1714 the Yutas and Taos had many fig'hts, but the governor restored harmony by an en- forced restitution of stolen property. Navajo raids on the Jemes had again to be checked by a campaign of Captain Madrid, while Captain Valverde marclu>d against the Apache hoards of Pharaoh, as did also the I'rench from Louisiana. A junta of civil, military, and missionary authori- ties was held to deliberate on two questions deemed momentous: First, should the Christian Indians be deprived of fire-arms 1 The military favored such a policy, but the friars opposed it, both to avoid offence and afford the converts protection ; and the governor at last ordered the arms taken away except in the case of natives especially trustworthy. Second, should the converts be allowed to paint themselves and wear skin caps, thus causing themselves to be suspected of crimes committf^d by gentiles, or enabling them to commit offences attributed to gentiles? Governor Flores and his officers, with some of the padres, were in favor of forbidding the custom ; but the rest of the friars took an opposite view, holding that no Christian Indian had ever been known to use his paint for a disguise to cover crime, that it was impolitic to accuse them of so doing, that painting was the native idea of adorn- ment, and in that light no worse than Spanish methods; and finally, that the custom was objectionable only in connection with superstition, in which respect it must be removed gradually by Christian toacliings. The decision is not recorded. ^^ Like other years of this " A rch. JV. Mex. , 201-4, including a letter of V. Miranda, who mado himself the chanipiou of the Ind, On tlie other nido are named PP. Lticas Aiuviilu oi' Taos and Jose Ant. (^lucrrero of Sta Fe. The junta was on July *>, '"'-t- In M. Pinart's col. is au original order of ( Jov. F. this year, that a new estufa at P(;cos he suppressed and great care talieu by all alcaldes to prevent any- thing ut the kiiid. MOQUI DirLOMACY. 288 and most other periods, 1715 had its vague rumors of an impending revolt, ever dreaded by the New ^[exi- cans, not traceable to any definite foundation. I find also the record of one of the typical campaigns against A[>aches on or toward the Colorado Rlvor, made by Juan Paez Hurtado, with no results of importance/'^ It must not be supposed that nothing was lieard from the Moquis, for I find original records of five juntas de guerra at Santa Fe on their account/^ In June 171.3 an Indian named Naranjo was refused per- mission to visit the Moquis, but in December two natives of Zuni, through Padre Irazabal, obtained the license and were given letters. They fi)und the ]\ro(piis eager for peace and alliance with the Zunis, l)ut the controlling element under the chief of Orail)e Lad no desire for the Spaniards' friendship. In March r/15 a Moqui appeared at the capital with favorable reports, and was sent back with assurances of good- will. Xext, in May a chief from Oraibe came to make further investigations, reporting that a grand junta of all the towns had decided on peace and Christianity. This chief was sent back with gifts, and in July eight Moquis came to announce that after harvest the for- mal arrangements for submission would be conqjleted. Thus all went well so long as the Moquis were the ami )assadors ; but when the governor sent messengers of his own choosing, the truth came out that the pre- triidi'd ambassadors were traders, who had invented all their reports to account for their visits and insure tlirir own safety, the Moqui authorities being as hos- tile as ever! (Governor Flores was an old man in fct'ble health, wl n resigned on account of hi-^ infirmities. He was sua't.eded by Captain Felix Martinez, who asvsumed ^^ HHrttulo, I'atnixiila cindnr iw AjiiichcK Aijoxto-Set. 1715, MS., in Piiiart OV., i.u'luiliiig ili ,, H), juut-a ile guerra, corresji., etc. Tliu force was 2o0 sol- dioi's ;ui(l allies. '" Mfxpii, Jmtnx (Ip (lut'.rm, 171 -f-h', ..rig. MS. rsistent apostates were mentioned in a ro^-al order, from which it appears that the Jesuits were trying to bo put in charge of the Moqui conversion, a phase of the matter that belongs to the annals of Arizona in another chap- ter of this volume."^ From the same document it appears that there was a dispute between the bishop iiKist of the party, including the French guide. Ritch, Aztlaii, 244, niuiitinus tills I'iiwiu'e iiiassacro as having boon i)n tlie Missdiiri. Ill a letter of Feb. 1886, l>r J. F. .Suyilci' of Virginia, Caaa Co., III., inlorniH uie that a massacre of SpautanU l>y tlic Mi.sMOuriij, mistaken lor Pawnees I>y the victims, in 1720, is nientiomil i:i all the early histories! (pf tlio region. Ho cites the narrative as given in /'e;/iioli/^ I'ionrcr 111.4. af llUimi.^, 34, ;inil also cites Cluirlevoix, Jo\ir»nl, that autiior having obtained soni^jSpan- isli relics in the north, said to have been obtain^'d at a great massacre of the New Mexicans. There is much variation as to details, but the ge.iend ver- sion is that tiie Spaniards came to drive out the Fieneh and met ili.sa^ter l.y conliiling their hostile plans to a tribe that was friendly to the Freicli and led tliein into an ambush. Dr S. has been shown the spot in Saline ( 'o., Mo., wlieie tlie affair occurred. It would seem that tlie expedition must have been that of Villasur, or one sent out after Valverde's return, and in Con8e((ueriee of liis reports about the French. It is unfortunate that no original records have been found. It is possible that Villasur reached the Missouri; but it is strange that such a disaster has left no more definite trace in the archives. -'' .\rch. Sta t'e, MS. In these years Mig. Tenorio de Alba, Mig. Enri(piez (le Cabrera, a;id Alonso Rael de Aguilar appear as govt secretary. Capt. l'L'(h'o do Villasur was lieut.-gen. The alcaldes mayores were Alf. Cris. Tiirres, Sta Cruz de la Caflada; Capt. Luis (larcia, Albunjuerque, Bernalillo, Sta .\na, Cia, and Jeme.s; Capt. AIon.-;o Oarcia, Isleia; Capt. Ant. do L'i'i- harii, Laguna, Acoma, Aloua, or the Zufii region; Cajit. Alonso Kuel de A>;iular, Pecos and Galisteo; anil Capt. Mig. 'ienorio (le Ali)a at S. (!ero:i. (le Taos. la 1718 there were complaints from Cociiiti against tlie alealde mayor, Migurl de Vaca, for beating and otlierwiso almsing the I:iil. Tliey led to an investij .-ion and an order of the gov. for more care in I;if)vern()r Bustamante the same year." Early in 17-4 the Yutas committod depredations at Jomes; and the Comunches attacked the Apaches at Jicarilla, forced them to give up half their women and childrtjn to save their lives and town, burned the j)laee, and killed all but G9 men, two women, and three boys — all mortally wounded.^" In 1727 Bustamante notified the viceroy that the French had settled ut Cuartokjo and Chinali, UIO leagues from Santa Fe, proposing an rxpcditi(m to find out what was being done, and askijig for troops for that purpose; but it was decldrd that siuli an entrada was n*)t necessary, though all possible iiifoniiation should be obtained from the Indians.^ Tlic Jesuits still desired to convert the Moquis, and ohtainiid in 172G favorable orders from king and vice- roy, of which they made no practical use. Padres ^liiaiida and Irazilbal visited tlie province in 17'J4, ohtaiiiing what they considered favorable a.isurances for the future; and in 1700-1 padres Francisco Ar- cliuudi and Jose Xarvaez Valverde seem to have had a like experience. The Moquis had no oljjections to an occasional interview so long as they could put off their submission to a convenient time not the present.^* " -V. ^fex., Cid., MS., 45-<5, orders of March 10, 'i.'J, and March 7, '24. It was iliiirgo'l that N. Mex. traders went to La and bouglit $r.;,0 JO worth of gddJs. liov. B.'s order ahout trade with gentiles, Apr. 3, ''l'.\, in Airh. A\',i / ' , MS. The people were allowcil to trade with genL.lcs who came to Taoa aiiil Tecos, Init some wure accustomed to go out in tl»o pi ins to meet them. ^M.ettiTs of rP. Mlrahal and Irazd.l);:l, in Arch. Sla /V, M.=i. Tlie i)a.lro8 tlioii'rlit as the Jicarillas were Christians and tlie Co..iaachea had hcun iioti» lit' I iif it war oa the latter was justifiable aoc. to scripture. I'aez llurtado w.is (iriiiTcd ill Fch. to make aa cxped. wiJi 103 men, but I have not found any n port of result!. lu '23, Rivera, DUirio y Drrrotero, 2.1-9, muntiona Ar>iiripier(iue as a villa of mixed Span., mestizos, a:id milattoes, mostly scat- ters I oil the rauchos. Bonilla, Apuiifcn, MS., says t'.i -t in '26 a roc nfnrcc- iiu lit of troops was ordered; also that Brig. Tedro de Klvera vi ut^il N. Mux. to irorganize the presidio, the force being couseiiuently fixod at SJ men with .*^i;i.) (uuii. P. Ni.l, Apunt., 90-100, gives 80!iio geojjraplilo untos of '29 for till' N. Mux. settlements that seem to b j confused rofereueos to earlier records, ami are so faulty that I do not deem t'.iem worth reproduction. "Orig. MS. in Pinart collection. ".V. Me.r., Cid., MS., 4;i-8, order of March 20, '2r>, and viceroy's t. sport of May 11, '25. See later chap. o:i Ariz.; X. Mcr., Djc, -M-i., iiii-8, sUte- 240 FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. E There was a complicated controversy in these and later years between the missionary and episcopal autliorities. The bishor of Durango claimed Niw Mexico as part of his bisnopric, insisting on his rii^ht to appoint a vicar and control ecclesiastic matters in tlio province, which the friars refused to recognize. Bishop Crespo, in his visitaof 1725, reached El Paso, and exercised his functions without much opposition; but in August 1730, when he extended his tour to Santa F(5, though he administered the rite of confii- mation there and at a few other towns, at some of the missions he was not permitted to do so, the friars ob- jecting by instruction of the custodio. Padre Andn's Varo, and he, of course, obeying the instructions of his superior in Mexico. The bishop also appointed Don Santiago Roybal as juez eclcsidstico, whose au- thority was only partially recognized. Crespo began legal proceedings against the Franciscan authorities in Mexico, and besides demanding recognition of his episcopal rights, ho made serious charges against tho Now Mexican friars, alleging that they did not proj)- erly administer the sacraments; that they did not learn the native language; that the neophytes, ratlitr than confess through an interpreter, who might reveal their secrets, did not confess at all, except in (irfir"lo 7nor(is; that of .SO padres provided for, only 24 wero serving; that the failure to reduce the Moquis was their fault; that some of them neglected their duties, and others by tlieir conduct caused scandal ; and that tithes were not properly collected or expended. Tlnse charges, especially those connected with ignorance of the native language, were supported by tho formal testimony of 24 prominent officials and residents, taken by the governor at Santa Fo in Juno 17"'l. monts of PP. Miranda, Irazll)al, Archundi, and Valverde. Tlio latter UmI served in N. Mex. since 'ihJ. It iloes not clearly appear here that lie li.nl vis- ited Moqui; but Fernandez Ihiro, Xoliriits, \'A7, citea a MS. of I'M (iji. m tlio Acad, de Hist., entitled Vnbrnh, Erped. d hprov. de Moqui, 1730. On .\r- clnindi's cntrada, see also Cn-xjui, Mem. Ajitjtt., 51, where it is said tli:it m i'U entrada of '31 a pa Ire sacrificed his life(?). Some time before Nov. ':!•_', f. Frau. Tuebooiiui uut«red Mwiui and brought away 5 Tisuas to Idleta. Id., '>4. FRIARS VERSUS BISHOP. 241 ])etails of the suit are too bulky and complicated f»)r iKitice here. There was a royal order of 1729 favor- iiltlo to the bishop, and ant>therof 1731 to some extent sustainiiijjf the position of the Franciscans; but the (Itc'ision in 1733 was in substance that, pending a final (Iccision on the great principles involved, the bishop IiikI, and miglit exercise, jurisdiction in New Mexico; and as we shall see, he did make avisiki in 1737. In Spain, the case came up on appeal in 173G, and amain feature of the friars' plea was the claim that the testi- iiioiiy against them was false, having been given by had nioii, moved by prejudice against the padres, who liad opposed their sinful customs. To prove this, they |)i(t(hiced the evidence, taken by the vice-custodio, I'adro Jose Antonio Guerrero, in July 1731, of an- (itlitr set of officials and citizens, to the effect that the missionaries had performed every duty in the most cxeiiiplary and zealous manner, though it was not pre- teiidod that they knew the native dialects. Counter- cliaigt's were also made that the governor and his ofHcials abused the Indians, forcing them to work witliout pay. The record from which I take this iu- fonnation was printed in 1738, when no permanent decision had been reached.^^ '■^ Crenpo, MemorUil ajtuttwlo que. de drden del connfjo supremo de fndinn se hi hcchr, lid pli'i/to, que siijiiid el Ulmo. Sor Don lienUo Crenpo, oliiipo qiw J'ue de UHiitiitjn, y lo conliiiiui el Ulmo. Snr Don Martin de Elizticoerhen, m mtrveiiMor en ilir/it) iiliUpiulo. Con la relijion dc ^V. P. S. Friinciiieo, de la Rvijular Oh/ifnriicin, jl Kii prorurador general de Ins Indiiw. Soltre viinbir, y exerrer lo9 arto* de la juiisilirrimt dioresdna en la cmUxlia del N'uero Mexico en la Nne^^t Expitil i, jv)ner ficiiiii) j'oraiieo, y otras co»a«. Madrid, 17118, fed., 64 1. The patlres accused of iiugloot, HO far as named, were PP. Ant. Oaltaldon of Nainne, Juan de la Cm/, (if S. iluan, Cirlns Dulgadn of I»leta, Manuel Sopena of Sta Clara, Joae Yri^joyon of S. Ildefonso, I>oniine<) Anma of Sta Ana, Ant. Miranda of Cia, IVili'ii .Montano of Jemes, Juan Miral>al of Taos, and Juan Ant. Hereiza of rioiinort. Some of the witnesses aj^ainst the padres were Capt. Juan Oonza- If/, iilc. mayor of Alburquerquc; Diego de Torres, lieut.-alc. m. of Sta Clara; Jiutii PuLK Hurtado; Ramon Careia, ale. m. o.'' Bernalillo; and Miguel Vega, all' III. of Taos. Witnesses in f.ivor of tiie padres included Capt. Tomis Niift z lie Haro, Capt. Ant. de Uriharri, Capt. Seliastian Martin, Capt. Alonao Rati lie Aguilar, Andres Montoya, ale. m. of S. FeliiMj, Capt. Nicolas Ortiz Nn'iii, and some of the opposing witnesses on certain points. P. .Juan Mig. Mi'iicliero was in N. Mex. as vi.sitarced to pay the costs of trial.^ His successor was Gervasirt Cruzat y Gr6ngora, who ruled for a full term of five years. The period was a most uneventful one so lar as we may judge by the meagre record in the shaj)o of detached items. A mission of Jicarilla Apaches Avas founded on the Rio Trampas, three or five leagues from Taos, in 1733, prospering for a time under Padre Mi- rabal; no Indian campaigns or troubles are recorded, and nothing is heard even of the apostate Moquis/' From the governor's part in taking evidence for tiio bishop in the great controversy already noticed, it may be presumed that he was not regarded a.i a friend l>y the friars. A successor was appointed — ad interim, by the viceroy — on May 17, 1736, in the person of Enri(|uo de Olavide y Michelena, who, however, may not have assumed the office till 1737. This year Bishop Eliza- coechea visited the province, without opposition so I'ar as is known, and extended his tour to the Zufii towns. In 1738 Governor Olavide visited all the pueblos, ut each publicly announcing his presence and calling upon all who had grievances against the alcaldes or indi- viduals to make them known ; but nothing more serious was submitted than a few petty debts of a horse, cow , ** Bustamnnte [Juan Dam.), JResidencia del gc/ttrnador y Cnpitan genernl i/ne fui 0; C>■e.-^^, ew or ni'">-' loiitafi" lit k aii.l with imlfatliur. totlu'g"^'-. igedii with 35, 0"V. C. g_a iiiie of II for I'l'l- ame on r-' ,0 in '33-0. or pair of drawers. Let us hope tlmt Don Enrique's orders for payment were promptly obeyed. Tlio {Tovernor's residencia was pro.secuted in January 1 7;V.), by Juan Josd ^foreno as jucz; and as tlie answeis to the twenty-eight routine questions by twenty-four witnesses, half of them Indians, were uniformly i'avor- a!»le, the decision was most flattering to a ruler re- specting the occurrences of whose rule little is known. '^ The new governor, appointed by the king on Ma}"- 1'2, 1737, and assuming office in January 17;^.), was (fuspar Domingo de Mendoza, who ruled till 174:{. About 1740 a small party of Frenchmen came by way of Jicarilla and Taos, two of them remaining, and the rest departing by another route; and this iMcur- rence is rather vaguely connected by certain writers with a plan of the French to take possession of tlie Kio Colorado region.^" In 1742 padres Delgado and Ignacio Pino went to the Moqui towns and succeeded ill bringing away 441 Tiguas, who before the great revolt had lived in the pueblos of Sandia, Alameda, and Pajarito, which the friars now wished to rees- tablish, though the governor declined to act without si)ecial instructions. Meanwhile the recovered neo- "■ Feb. 1, '37, gov. issues a bando forbidecame involved in troul)le», and was slint in the plaza in Mendoza 's time. Coilallo* y Rnlml, TcHtimoiiiii, etc., in A/. Tlio French criminal sentenced to death, 'sacadoel corazon por las espalilas,' is mentioned by the gov. in a letter of '43. X. Mcx., Doc., MS., (iltl. Ace. til tiiis, the Frenchmen came in '.39. They are also mentioned in Minchn-o, Ihrlnracion, MS., 7'2f», who says that for their country a settlement near Islota was named Canatl^. Salvador, VoimuUn, GOi2-.3, says tiiey were on the way to settle in the west; and VilUiseflor, Tratro, ii. 410, tells us that they settled at a place near Alburquerque called Caflada, and later Limiiia Con- ctpeion, or Fuenclara. Ace. to reconls of land grants, published with transi. ill r. S. Land Off. HepU, 'M, p. 291-8, it appears that the settlement of Tome Doininguez waa founded iu 1739, by some 30 settlers who received lauiU. 244 FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. t.' phytes were distributed in different missions.*" Mota Padilla, the historian of Nueva (Jalicia, devotes soint; attention to New Mexico, and gives its population of Spaniards in 1742,. not including the soldiers and tluir taniilies, as 9,747, living in 24 towns.*' Mendoza's rule ended late in 1743, and his residencia, conducted l>y his successor, brought to light no complaints or un- favorable testimony." Joaquin Codallos y Habal was the next governor, ruling for a little more than a full term, from the end of 1743 to 1749." Colonel Francisco de la Roolia was appointed in 1747 or earlier to succeed Codallos on the expiration of his term; but Rocha declined on account of his age and infirmities. The viceroy wislud to appoint a substitute, but the king would not permit it, appointing to the office Tomds Velez Cachupin, wlio took command as early as May 1749, and ruled to and beyond the end of the half-century covered by this chapter. New Mexican affairs in these years, some- what more fully recorded than for the preceding, may be most conveniently grouped — except a few detached items given in a note** — in four or five topics, to each of which I devote a paragraph. ♦"Letters of gov. M., and PP. Delgado, Pino, and Cris. Yraeta (at Kl P.iso) in '42-3. Mmjiii, Xotieidn, MS., 0*8-92 P. CJabriel Hoyuela is naim'l as eustodio (still holding the office in '45 with P. Juan (iaruia aa sec), anil I'. Fran. Bruno de la Pefia is mentioned, and P. Jose M. Lopez. P. Yract.i blames the gov. for not aiding the missionary projects, and says twici' as many might have Iwen rescued from Moqui with proper aid. It was jiin- posed to try again the next year. The gov. nnintelligiuly mentions misnicms called Vini and Sargarria. Villaseflor, Tentro, ii. 416, mentions the entry nf the '2 padres, and notes that in Oct. 440 Aioquis came to Sta Fe to ask tnr protection ami friars. They were settled in dififerent pueblos and given ^2,000 in live-stock, etc. *' Motit PailiWi, Coiiq. X. Oal., 319, 515-16. He calls Alburqueniuc tli.' capital, witlj a garrison of 80 men. The Apaches and Comanchea are constant ia their raids; the presidios are expensive and of little use. The estimate >'t pop. is more than twice too large. *' Memlcat (Oin^jtnr Domimjn), RfnUltucia. . . .contra el tenknte coronel. . . .'Id tiempo que /tie ijobr y rap.-i/en. deenti' reiiio 1744> MS. of 133 1., in the Piii;irt col. "That is of course excepting 1747, when ace. to Davis, Prince, and (itlurs another viceroy, GUemes y Horcasitas ruled ad interim! Gov. C. was ,i major in the army. ♦*The viceroy in a report of Nov. 8, '47, notified the king of Rocha s in- ability to serve, and the king in an order of Jan. 20, '49, forbids the appuuit- NEW EXPLORATIONS. (at i:i Is naiiu'il ai.a 1'. Yraeta Itwicf as vas l>i'<'- inissiciiis leutry of ask I'T |ul givi'" fcrqiu' till' [foiistant tiinati' of \d. ■■■''' I le riiKirt 1,1 otliirs ■was a cha's ill- api Mihit- But for the route from El Paso up the Rio tlcl Xorte, the region between Santa Ft and Zufii on tlie iiurth and the frontier presidios of Janos, Corodcgua- clii, and (xuevavi on tlie south was a tierra incognita occupied by savage tribes. In 1747 the viceroy or- il'ivd a combined movement or campaign in this country. Thirty soldiers and as many settlers and fVii'iidly Indians were to march north by separate I'outfs from each of the four southern presidios to met t a corresponding force sent south-westward from Santa Fe. They executed the movement and readied tilt' Aeoma region late in the year; but Governor ('otlall«)8 was unable to cooperate, on account of a Comanche raid, not reaching Cubero until the others luul departed. Therefore nothing was effected against the Indians, at which the viceroy was angry, and ey had to pay a tine. .1 »•'■//. St I /V, MS. This year 33 Frenchmen visited the Comanelies at the Kio lie Jicarillaand srid them muskets. The gov. thought tliat in this party must liave been some of those who visited N. Mux. before, and tliat the Knnch had hostile designs. Id. The gov. recommended a presidio of 50 men at .1., but the viceroy declined to authorize it now. Id. Taking of a census orilered by viceroy. Id. Royal order against gambling and other excesses imli. by (iov. C. in '49. MS. of Pinart col. 'Original corresp. of gov., viceroy, etc., in.^rcA. Sta Fe, MS.; Tamaron, VUUa, MS., 97-8. I : Mh-;i!i ilJ 146 KIUST HALF OK TIIK KHMITKKN'TH ( KNTUKY, !:) 1^' h ui' t<» tilt.' Jiisuits was a tliorn in tho flesh of tlio Francis- (iii.H. Tliuir ^reat acliiuvoinent to provoiit tliu clian^ff was t!»e (Mit»'a(la of 1742, in wliidi 441 ajxwtatL'H wiic rt('(»\ cred, as already rt'lated ; hut they continued their elloits, mainly with the |K!n, the venerahle Del^adi) Ik iii^f the leadinj^ spirit. In 1743, an Indians, who listened j^ladly to their preaching. Of course tluy made the most of their success, ridiculed tlie idea that the natives had exj)res8ed a pi'eference for the padres pridns instead of the padres aziiles, and tluy e\en sent in ghjwing re|>ort8 on the wealth of the .Sierra Azul and grandeur of the great city or empiic of Tejiuavo, with a view to reawaken interest in the Noitliein Mvsterv. Meanwhile the king was imhictd to change his mind and to helieve that he had Ixt ii grossly deceived respecting the geographical situation of Mocjui, the hostility and power of its people, and the vain eft' )rts of the soldiers and friars to reduce t!iem. Surely, if two missionaries could go alone, with- out a cent of expense to the royal treasury, and hriiiL; out 441 converts, the Moquinos couhl neither he so far oft" from New Mexico, nor so confirmed in their apostasy, as had been represented. So reasoned thu king; and in a royal cedula of Novend)er 28, 1745, lie ox[)lained his views, took back all he had said in favor of the Jesuits, and ordered the viceroy to support the Franciscans in every possible wa}'. Thus the aztilrx won the fight, though the Moquis were not nuK h nearer salvation than before. In 1748, however, the rescued Tiguas of 1742, or some of them, were united at Sandia, and their old pueblo was rebuilt at or near its original site.** **In '4.1 P. Delgailo not allowed to visit Moqui; sends a Relacioii 'l''J" Sierra Azul, oa gatliured from 4 lud. Mvnchero, DecUiracion, MS., 700 73. NAVAJO MISSIONS. m aiK'is- i wire \ ill* ir I'ljj^iult) . 1744, s tl»t y ou uiul jtrovt'll. '^ " . . ,e, NVitli II ul vis- luliaiis, coursi' U'd tho unci' tor ,ml tluy r enn>ii'<' t in tlu' iiuliu't tl lad l»'»'" situation )\)k', antl o roiliu'o iiu', Nvi th- ai l>ii»!4 lor Ih' j^" in thi'ir >netl the 1745, lio I in i'avor pport tlio _ le aznk^ liot much over, tin' re unitcil ,t or ntai' {elacioii 'I'' ''' IMS., "*J'' '"'• 1 The Navajos attracted still more attention than tlio Moquinos. Padres Delgado and Irigoyen started ill ^Fareh 1744 by way of Jemes lor the Navajo country, and found the Indians ap|)arently ea^er til hei'onio Christians and receive missionaries, 4,000 of thoni being ' interviewed.* They promised to come the next full moon to see the governor, and did so, being received with flattery, gifts, and [)romi8es of jtrotoction, as well as salvation. The padres wrote of this in June; the governor advised the sending of sev- iiai new missionaries, and prospects were deemed ex- icllent, though as usual there were vexatious delays. The viceroy ordered a complete investigation ; and in 174;') a dozen witnesses formally told the governor all they knew about the Navajos, which was not much. The king heard of the 'conversion' of 5,000 gentiles, and ordered the viceroy to sustain the friars and help ah>ng the good work. The viceroy authorized the t'ounding of four missicms in the Navajo country, with a garrison of thirty men for their protection. This was in I74G, and Padre Menchero, the visitador, to()k iiji the enterprise with much zeal, visiting the gentiles in person, and inducing some 500 or GOO to return with him and settle temporarily at CeboUeta in the Acoma region. The hostile Apache bands in various direc- tions made it impossible, in Governor Codallos' opin- ion, to spare the mission guard required ; and a year or two later a bitter war between the Navajos and '44. 1). intends to go in July to bring out tho reinaina of the inartyreil I)ailr<'s. Moi/ui, Xotirias, MS., 700. June 18, 1). writ«i8 to his superior on the risks the Jesuits will run in entering MfMjui. Jf tliuy go with soldiurs luul liliisttr. all will lie lost. A". Mkt., Doc., MS., 77!> 8.T Stpt. 14, '4.'), (Jov. C'uilallos at ZuAi iterniitn an entrada, but has no solilicrs to spare. Arrh. Sin Fr, MS. Visit of the 3 padres in Sept. '45. The Ind. told of Jesuit etl'orts frmn Sonora, in which they had Ijcun driven back by another tribe (see later cliap. on Ariz.). N. ^ft•J•., Dor., M.S., 78G-SH). P. Delgado's Noticia di-l iinni Ti'iniii/f), 200 1. N. w. of N. Mex., where the j)adre proposes to go the next yt'.ir. I,/., I'M 5. Royal eedula of Nov. '23, '45, in X. Mfjr., Cal., MS., 49- 54. It is a h>ng doc., iu which the king gives a long account of preceding f '44. Arch. 6'fai /V, MS.; also letters of PP. Dulgadoand Irigoyen, in.^. Mrr., />'>'••, MS., 692-704, 777, etc. Delgado gavu away his clothes, and begs lii» .fuiio- rior for more — old ones, not new — so that he may with decency meet people. He thinks liis late achievements will shut the mouths of tiie bishop aud Jc:iuiU !> 6! 1 INDIAN AFFAIHS. 240 Of the Yutas and Apaches during this period wc know nothing definitely, excejit that in most yeuiH tlit'V gave trouble in one way or another; but respoot- iii^' the Coinanches our infi. 'Nation is soniewliat less iiicomplote. In June 174G !hey made a raid on IVc'os, killing 12 inhabitants of .i;at pueblo, and also coiiunitied hostilities at Galisteo and elsewhere. The popular clamor for a campaign against them was meat, and the governor asked for increased poweis. Till! auditor in Mexico made a long report in October (jii the preliminary efforts that must be made befr.re war could be legally wa«^ed, and corresponditjg u- structions were sent by the viceroy. In October J 747 Codallos, w?t'' over 500 soldiers and allies, over- took the Comanches with some Yuta allies beyond Ahiquii'i, ud killed 107 of them, capturing 20(1, with nearly 1 ,000 horses. Four Yuta captives were shot. Ill January 1748, with a smaller force, he repulsed tlie foe at Pecos, though with some loss of Indian allies; yet a month or two later he gave a friendly reception to 000 Comanches at Taos, on their assur- ance that they had taken no part in the war. Later in the year, by the viceroy's orders, a junta was held at Santa F6 to determine whether the Ct)manches sliould be permitted to attend the fairs at Taos for purposes of trade. All admitted the unreliable and treacherous character of the tribe; but a majority favored a continuance of trade because the skins, meats, and horses they brought for sale were much needed in the province ; and moreover, their presence at the fairs would bring them within Christian in- at least. Taking of testimony in '45. Codallos y Rnfxil (Jotii/uin], Ileilurrion (/<■ /of Indioa ijent.ileti tie In Promiwid tie iV(i?Yt/o, H^S. Tc/itimoiiio li In letrii tie iw Autos, etc., MS., in tho Pinart col. Koyal order of Nov. 'lA, '4.'), in y. Mix., L'ld., MS., 48-9. Viceroy's order of June 28, '4(5, and econl of later (I'ivelopments, in Arch. Stn Fi, MS. Letters of PP. Mirabal, irigoycn, and Toledo to their superior on Menchero's efforts. N. Mex., Doc., MS., TWa-SOU. Rt'cord of '49, petition of P. Menchero, and orders of gov. and viceroy. Mtm clwm (Jutm Mitjuel), Petkion solire Conversion de los Ntnxtjtks, con otros fxipeUs, -MSS., ill the Pinart col. Troubles of '50, with official record of the investiga- tiiiiia and report of P. Trigo to Mex. Triyo {Manuel tie S. J. X.), Ir{f'orme mhre las Misionea tie In Cebolleta y Encinal y sua acaecimientos en este Aiio de I'io, MS., ia N. Mex., Doc., 1090-1134. 250 FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. ^;!^ f fluences, especially the captives they brought for sale, who might otherwise be killed. The governor deciclod accordingly, against the views of the padre custodio.** The bishop, who had practically won his case, docs not appear to have attempted in these years any exer- cise of his episcopal authority ; but the quarrel started by Crespo's charges was still in progress, as appears from two long reports of 1750. Juan Antonio de Ordenal y Maza in some secular capacity visited New Mexico in 1748-9, and made a report to the viceroy, in which in a general way he represented the padres as neglectful of their duties, oppressive to the Indians, often absent from their posts to engage in trade, neither learning the native dialects nor teaching: Spanish to the natives. Don Juan advised that the number of missions should be reduced by consolida- tion, and that some of the Spanish settlements should be put under curates. This being referred to the Franciscan provincial brought out from him a long reply, in which he denies the truth of all the charges, deiends his friars, and impugns Ordenal's motives, accusing him of being merely the mouth-piece through which Governor Cachupin expressed his well-known hatred of the padres.*® The other report was one written by Padre Delgado, who had served 40 years at Isleta, and was now in Mexico, being called upon probably to write something that would counterbal- ance current charges against the friars; and the veteran missionary did so with a vengeance. He ** (riiemes y HorcaMtofi, Medios para In pacijicaeion tie los gentiles Cumniirlii.^. Decreto del virey 26 de Oct. 17^0, MS., in the Pinart col. Coitallos y J/nUil, Tentiinonio d la letra 8of>re Camaiiclu/i, 17 4S, MS., in Arch. Sla Fi. ** A'. Mex., In/oniie del S. P. Provincial al virey impwjnaudo e.l que di6 con- tra los iiiinioneros de N. Mex. Don Juan de Onlenaly Mazn, 1750, iu X. Mix., Doc., MS., 1-99. I have uot seen Ordenal's report, but its substauce is given in this. Tliere is not much of value in tlie reply; indeed, the writer's main position is tliat O.'s charges are general, vague, unsupported by evidence, aii:ovinces, were the victims of oppression from Span- ish officials, many of whom were bent on pecuniary gain, and were favored by their isolated position; but 1 find in the records nothing to support, and much to contradict, the supposition that the rulers were for the most [)art blood-thirsty brutes, practically sustained in their rascalities by the Franciscans.^ *' Delijndo {Cdrlon), Iti/orme que hizo el R. P. a N. R. P. Jimeno sohre. las (j-ernililes Itostilidiules y tiranias de los goltenuuloren y . 'cables mayoven fniitra los i!|||h^ en connteiiuicion de la cuxtodia, ailo de 1750, in N. Mex., D'lc, MS., 9*.)- 1 28, dated March 27, '50, at Tlatelulco. The alcaldes are creatures of the giiv., uupoiuted oa couditioa of making all they can and dividing with the gov. f'rom each pueblo they take a squad of 30 or 40 Ind. to do all their wiii'k of tilling the soil, making adobe*}, building, etc. ; others are employed to trade with gentiles and drive live-stock to Chihuahua, none receiving other pay than an occasional handful of tobacco or glass beads. Those k-ft at the pueblos have to weave each year for their oppressors 400 maiifn-i and 400 mli(iiiii.H, besides tilling their own milpag. When harvest time come.j they are forced to transport nearly all their maize to the villas and sell it on credit, the payment of worthless trinkets' being in three instalments tarde, mal, y hiiiicK The Ind. women are used for the gratification of lust. Once, iu the pailre's presence, a woman came to upbraid tiie gov. for taking her daughter, MJiorcupon he gave her a bufifalu-skin to make it all right. Any slight dis- obcjieuce is punished by the stocks :uid flogging. In his visits to the gentiles tlio padre has found apostates generally covered with scars and refusing to be Christians again at such cutiiio, Ii{/oi-me, MS., 170-7. " Menchero (Juan Miguel), Declaracion, 1744, in ^^- Mex., Doc., MS., 704 73j Bonilla, Apuntes, MS., 37G-81; Villaseilor, Teatro, ii. 409-23. In Hjxin. Empire in America, 89-94, is a slight descrip. of N. Mex. in '47. la wiiiit follows the figures in brackets are from Bonilla; those in parentheses frmn Menchero; the rest chiefly from Villaseflor. Sta Fe, villa [9C5 Span., 570 Ind.], 300 (127) Span. fam. and a few la.l. under a curate (2 PP., M.). Sta Cruz de la Caflaila, villa [1,205 Span., S.SO Ind., including mission and ranchos], 260 (100) fam.; 1 padre; new church being built in 44. Alburquerque, villa, with suburb of Atrisco and nii.ssion [500 Span., 200 Ind.], 100 fam.; 1 padre. Concepciou, or Fuenclara, !Sii;in. settlement of 50 fam., under padre of Isleta. M. calls it Oracia Real or later Canada, from the Canadians who settled here in '40; not mentioned by B. It was prob. the Tome of '39. The following ranchos are named by M. and V., their pop. being vicluded in B.'s figures: Chama, 17 fam., and Sta Rosa Alii- quid, or Rosa Hawicuii, 20 fam., under padre of S. Ildefonso; Ojo Caliciito, 46 lam., and 4 other ranchos 10 fam., uudc-r padre of Taos; Soldedad, 40 faiii., under padre of S. Juan, 7 1.; Embudo, 8 fam., under padre of Picurles; Bocas, 10 fam., under padre of Sta Ana; and Alameda, 8 fam., under padre of Alliur- querque. Few of these are named by V. Missions, each with one padre, including some ranchos of Span.: Taos [125 Span., 541 Ind.], 80 (170) fam.; with an alcalde mayor; the mission of Jicarilla, 5 1. N., being abandoned in '44. Picuries [64, 322], 80 fam. 8. Juan [346, 404], 60 fam. Sta Cruz, included in La Ca&ada. S. Ildefonso and its , 5 STATISTICS AND LIST OP GOVERNORS. 1 1748, 1 1744, mation tldle of Dsentcd itistioal ■o agree Bonilla, jlerably s. The iigure, I 12,14-2, number itemeiit. n as 530* i70 faini- es in the of about tion. Of 1 of mixed nologic 184().'' ro 18. Serrano, MS.,7(M 73; In Sjxvi. Ill wliiit ntheses from a few I;i'l )5 Span., ''SO new church anil mission clara, ^V-^. Real or later led by B. It Y M. and v., ta Rosa Al>i- , Caliento, 46 lad, 40 fain., luries; Bocas, of Alliur- Span.: Taos le mission of am. S. 'Iiian Ifonso ami ita viMita. Sta Clara [89, 631], 100 fam. Tesuque and Pujuaque [507 Ind.], 50 and ]8(S0) fam.,bothvi8itasof StaFe. Nambe [100, 350], 50 fam. Pccoa (1,000 In74 Ind.], 100 fam. Sta Ana [100, 606], 50 fam.; on Rio Bernalillo, Cia I KM), 6<')0], 50 fam.; 2 ranchos. Laguna [401 Ind.], 60 fam.; 3 ranchos. AcHiiia (750 Ind.], 110 fam. ZuAi [2,000 Ind.], 150 fam.; 2 pdres. IsleU [I. HI, 'J.')U], 80 fam. Sandfa, not founded till '48, and not mentioned by M. or N. n. givus it a pop. of 400 Ind. in '49. TciMK', or Valencia — called by V. Oenizaros, made up of ill-treated neo- phytes- is mentioned by M. as a settlement of 40 Ind. fam., who were cap- tives of the Apaches and Comanches, sold to the Span., and released from servitiulu by the gov. in '40 to form this visita of Isleta, being 2 1. a. of that mission. Hi e note 39 of this chap, for origin of another Toni^. The £1 Paso est;il>lishments, presidio, and 5 missions, not included iu the figures of my text, iiR'hiiled about 220 Span. fam. and 330 Ind. fam. [1,428 Si>an., 1,431 luil. in '49. Bonilld]. Villaseflor tells us there were a few unprohtable and abandoned mines ia the country; the Ind. rode horseback and saluted the Sp:in. witli ' Ave Maria '; the route up the river to Alburquerque was infested witli savages; and there was some trade via El Paso, where fairs were held. In '48 P. Juan Jose Perez Mirabal was custodio; Man. Zambrano vice-cus- todio and ex-visitador; Man. Sopcfla discreto and min. of Sta Cliira; Ant. (i.ilialilou cx-visitador, discreto, and min. of Sta Cruz; Juan Ant. Ereiza eX'\'iee-cust. at S. Ildcfonso; Ant. Zamora at N.imbe; Juan Martinez, sec; Tnludo at Zufli; Irigoyen at Albunjuerque; and Delgado at Isleta. Anh. .>jti Ft. Additional padres named by Alencliero ia tlie reports of '50, some of their; doubtful, were Andres Varo, cust., Pedro Fiao, Man. Berniejo, Mig. I'dlhiehi, Jose Urmiiroi, Jose Tello, M.'ircelino Alburn, Ant. Roa, Fran. Con- cejieion < lonzidcz, Trigo, Ouzman. List of .Span. a:id ]Slcx. governors and captain-generals of N. Mex. : .Tuau de Ortate, 1598-I(M)8. I'e ho lie Peralta, 1608- FrHpe Zotylo, (1621-8). .Nhumel de Silva, 1629. rein. ero, 1697-1703. Diego de Vargas, etc., marques de la Nava de Brazinas, 1 70.3-4. Juan Paez Hurtado, acting, 1704-5. Francisco Cuervo y Valdes, ad int., 1705-7. Jos«3 Chacon Medina Salazar y Villa- seftor, marques de la Peftuela, 1707 -12. Juan Ignacio Flores MogoUon, 1712- 15. Felix Martinez, ad int., 1715-17. Juan Paez Hurtado, acting, 1717. Antonio Valverde y Cosio, ad int., 1717 22. Juan de Estrada y Austria (?), ad int., 1721 (?). Juan Domingo de Bustamantu, 1722- 31. Gervasio Cruzat y Gdngora, 171^1-6. Enrique de Olavido y Miehelena, ad int., 1736-9. O.iapar Domingo de Mcndoza, 1739- 43. Joaquin Codallo? y Rab.al. 174.1 J. lironza Petriz Cruzat, 1689 Francisco de la Roeha (apj)t'(l), 1747. Tomas Velez Cachupin, l<49-.')4. Dieuo lie Vargas Zapata Lujan Ponce Francisco Antonio Marin del Valle, ue Leon, 1691-7. 1754-60. n I 'i 254 FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Mateo Antonio de Mendosa, acting, 1760. Manuel Portillo Urrisolo, acting, 1761 -2. Tomds Velez Cachupin, 1762-7. Pedro Ferminde Mcndinueta, 1767-78. Francisco Trebol Navarro, acting, 1778. Juan Bautista de Anut, 1778-89. Manuel Flon (appt'd), 1785. Fernando de la Concha, 1789-94. Fernando Chacon, 1794-1805. Joarjuin del Real Alencaster. 1805-8. Alberto Maiuez, acting, 1807-8. Jose Manrique, 1810-14. Alberto Mainez, 1815-17. Pedro Maria do AUande, 1816-18. Facuudo Melgarea, 1818-22. Francisco Javier Chavez, 1822-3, Antonio Vizcarra, 1822-3. Bartolom^ Vaca, 1823-5. Antonio Narbona, 1825-7. Manuel Armijo, 1827-8. Antonio Vizcarra, acting, 1828. Jofl^ Ant. Chavez, 1828-31. Santiago Abreu, 1831-.3. Francisco Sarracino, 1833-5. Juan Rafael Ortiz, acting, 1834. Mariano ('havez, acting, 1835. Albino Perez, 18.35-7. Pedro Mufloz, acting, 1837-8. Jo8< Gonzalez, revolutionary gov., 1837-8. Manuel Armijo, 1838-46. Antonio Sandoval, acting, 1841. Mariano Martinez de Lejanza, actini!, 1844-5. Jose Chavez, acting, 1845. Juan Rautista Vigd y Alarid, acting, 1846. CHA.PTER XII. LAST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 1751-1800. Seqi'ente of Events— RfLE op Cachupin and Marin del Valle — Indian (AMPAUIN.S — MkN1H)ZA AND UkRISULA — COMANCHES— CaCHITPIN AOAIN — Visit of Rubi— Flood at Santa FA— Reolamento i»e Presidios— MoQt'is — Escalante's Writinos and Explorations — Tour of Padrb (lARCEs — Bonilla's Report — Provincias Internas — OovERNOR Anza —Comanche Campamn of 79 — The Moq'.'i Famine and Pestilence— Flon, Concha, and Chacon — Morfi on Reform — Fkiars versus (tovERNOR— The Mission System — Consolidation of Missions — Secu- larization — College — List of Padres— Industries of the Prov- ince — Agriculture — Stock-raising — Trade or Barter — Annual Faiiw at Taos and Chihuahua — Imaginary Money — Commercial Evils — Statistics of Population and Local Items. Existing records for these fifty years are much more vohiminous, and in several important respects more satisfactory, than for the preceding half-century. They include several general reports of secular and missionary authorities, with statistical information that is comparatively complete. They throw much light on the mission system, on the condition of the pueblo India ^ on the Franciscan friars and their con- troversy with governor and alcaldes mayores, on the commerce and other industries of the province ; but these and other general topics will be detached from the chronologic narrative and presented in a later part of this chapter. As to the series of happenings from year to year — the succession of rulers, campaigns against the various gentile tribes, the never-ending question of Moqui conversion, and occasional com- plaints of impending ruin, with corresponding projects (255) '- . tU 8S6 LAST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. rir ^ by wliich it might be averted — both events and tlio record are as before somewhat fragmentary and meagre, though there is little reason to fear that any momentous occurrence has been buried in oblivion. Governor Cachupin marched against the Conian- ches in 1751, setting fire to a iular into which he had driven 145 of the foe, killing 101 and capturing the rest.^ This elicited commendation from the viceroy and was reported to tlie king. It may be well, how- ever, to bear in mind that according to the friars, wlio were particularly bitter against Cachupin, the gov- ernor's reports of Indian campaigns had often no foundation in fact. At the end of his five years' term in 1754, Don Tomds was succeeded by Don Francisco Antonio Marin del Valle, who perhaps served ad in- terim by tlie viceroy's appointment,^ and who was also cordially hated by the padres. In 1755 Padre Rodri- guez de la Torre, with a small party of neophytes, visited the Moqui towns, being well received and per- mitted to preach ; but whenever the masses showed any sign of yielding to his persuasions a 'cacique ende- moniado' would rise to talk on the other side. Tlie padres were good men, he said, but his people were too sensible and strong to become slaves of the alcaldes.^ ^ Arch. Stn Fi, MS. The Comanches had raided Galisteo. Gov. C. hail 164 men, of whom only one was killed. Forty of the captives were released with the women and children, but 4 were held as hostages for the ret irii of earlier prisoners. In 1752 the Cosninas, 30 1. from Moqui, 10,000 souLs in 11 rancherias are said to have asked through P. Menchero tor Christian instruc- tion. Id. '■' He signs a doc. as ' gobernador politico y militar 'on Nov. 26, 1754. Arch. Sta Fi. I think he was regularly appointed by the king. Davis and Prince name him as acting gov. in 1761-2, which I think is an error. Ace. to Prince, (tov. Marin and wife presented the great carved stone reredos, or altar screen, in the Sta Fe cathedral. ^ Kodriijiiez de la Torre (Mariano), Entrada en la prov. de los Mnqninm 1755, MS., written in '70. In 2'f. Hex., Doc., MS., 842-53. He remaineil 14 days. A curious story heard by him was that the Moquis had a board (ui which they had made one mark each year since the revolt of 1680; when the board was covered with marks, then would they submit to Christianity. A MS., Domiiiijucz (Ahvumo), Exped. Ul a Prov. de Momii in '55 is cited in Fer- nandez Dnro, Not., 1.38, as in the Aca^.. de Hist. ; uut I suppose the date should be '75. In '56-7 Bernardo Miera y Pacheco obtained permission to remelt the old useless cannon and mak new ones. It was not his trade, ''ut he thought he could do no harm by trying. He was then alcalde mayor of Pecos and Galisteo. The result is not recorded. MS. in Pinart col. i\ 1 THE BISHOPS TOUR. 257 tl»o and any (\. iiKin- 3 luul r tlie ceroy how- i, who S CTOV- O en no ' term lucisco ad in- as also Rodri- phytcs, lid pcr- sbowed e endo- The ere too Jdes.' -)V. C. liii'^ [e released ret vru of fsouls in 1 1 |au instruc- 754. Ari-h- ml Triiice to Priiii-'n, |s, or altar M Mnquiiio» ainaiui'il 1* (a boanl on when tlie kianity. A [teil in /"'■'■• Ic the date tiniasio" to , trade, ''Ut |e may>J'' *^' Til. The leading event of Valle's rule was the visit of IVisliop Tamaron of Durango, who at the different scttloiiients confirmed 11,271 persons, besides 2,973 in the district of El Paso. The visita was from April to July of 1760, and met no opposition on the part of the missionaries.* Later in the same year Mateo Antonio do Meridoza acted as governor for a few months, and ill 1701-2 the position was held by Manuel Portillo Urrisola.^ Don Manuel distinguished himself, if we take his word for it, by killing 400 Comanches in a fij^iit at Taos in December 17G1." The governor had hoped that tliis victory would settle the Comanche (juestion and strike terror to all gentile raiders; but was disappointed at finding his successor averse to en- ergetic and warlike methods, and the country conse- (inently not yet saved. That successor, who took command on the 1st of February, 17G2, was no other that Cachupin, who, (lis[)ite the bitter opposition of the Franciscans, had been appointed by the king for a new term.^ During * Tamnron (Pedro), VinUa del Ohumode Durango 1759-63, MS., p. 123-53, KV) 1. There were 64 in the party from El Paso in Apr., including the P. (.'iistixlio and a guard of 22 men. The bishop's carriage was once overturned, Imt he fell on top of the custo., CiduUm, MS. Besides the .x>Miili:ig of veteran troops, B. recommends as necessary measures the reforma- turn of Span, settlements in compact form, the organization of the militia, a garrison at Roltledo without reducing the Sta F^ force, tlie execution of ex- isting orders respecting tlio Paso del Norte district, and more careful treat- incut of the Christian Ind., perhaps including measures of secularization to get rill of the friars. B. did not favor the presidio at Taos, because he tliuught it better to spend money at present oa active measures rather than oil iiurinanent establishments. Morfi, Viitje de Imlioa y Dinrio del N. Mex., is misleading in its title. It is a (liiiry of the visita of the Caballero de Croix in 77, but does not include N. Mix., at least as printed in Doc. Hid. Mex., 3d ser., iv. 305. In Nov. '77 tlieru was a fight with the Comanches and Apaches, who in one of their raids had killed 11 persons, and who now lost 30 killed and 40 horses. The gov. was ordered to make peace, if possible, with the Comanches, so as to use tliuiii against the Apaches. Arch. Sta i\ MS.; M^S. in Piuart col. it ■ ;iv 264 LAST HALF OF Ti.XE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. ili-"^' i fi:? V. :jr! i m space at my command; yet, as they are m a general sense an essential part of the history of all the northern regions, I refer the reader to the annals of Nueva Viz- caya and Sonora in the last quarter of the century, as compactly presented in another volume of this series." Governor Mendinueta retired in March 1778, leav- insf Francisco Trebol Navarro in command as actinaid to petty offences. The Navajos are at peace, but are si\iil to join the (iilcflo Apaches in rairresp. had, but nothing effected down to 170.3. Nnv. \',\ 1764, the viceroy orders Gov. Cachupin to see to it that the Ind. learn Sjkiii., and that the padres attend zealously to their duties. Recent reports imli- cated that the friars were not careful enough to destroy idols and luMtlun temples, or to study the native character. MS. of Pinart col. HmiiUi, ApHidcx, MS., 308-9, in 1770 advises a careful investigation of the friars treatment of Ind., with a view to learn if the missions shouM not bo .sfoiilar- ized. In I7S4 Unv. Anza was onlered to see to it that the Ind. wen.- [>ro- tected iu all their rights. Arch. SLi Fi, MS. MISSION AFFAIRS. 271 verse circumstances and of the 'custumbre del pafs,' ami relapsed into the customary inertia. If reproved l)V tlic governor or bishop or provincial — for even the latter occasiondly complained that the New Mexican friars were beyond his control — he had stored up in his memory no end of plausible excuses and counter- clicUjxes. The Indians were in no sense Cliristians, but they liked the padres in comparison with other Spaniards, and were willing to comply with certain harmless church formalities, which they neither under- stood nor cared to understand. They had lost all hope of successful revolt, but were devotedly attached ti) their homes and their ancestral ways of pueblo life; dreaded apostasy, because it involved a precarious existence among hostile tribes of savages ; and thus, as a ehoicc of evils, they lived and died as nominal Chris- tians and Spanish subjects, or perhaps more properly slaves. 3S ^^ Tri'jo {Manuel de S. J. X. ), Informe sdhre las M'mones del X. Mer. , 17o4, MS., in X. Mex. Doc., 283-.'}26, is devoted mainly to uniinportaut descrip. niatttr on each mission, with particular ref. to the personal service rendered liy tlie Iiul. to the padres instead of olm'ncionai, fees, or taxes. Many details (if tliu mission routine are found in Ruiz (Joaquin de J. ), Gotiierno dc Its Mi- mii(.-i, 177 d, MS., in X. Mex., Doc., 1059-70; and also in Serrano, Iiijhrme, of 'Gl. Humboldt, Ens. Pol., 305-0, gives some attention to the condition of the X. Mu.x. missions. Davis, Spati. Conq., 416, notes a decree of the audien- cia (if Mex in '81, prohibiting the Ind. from selling or otherwise disposing of their lands. Ilzaroe, Informe del P. Provincial, 1787, MS., in Pinart col., cumjilains somewhat of the diflieulty of getting reports from the N. Mux. friars, but praises the efficiency with which they perform their duties as mis- sionaries and teachers. At Sta FtSthe padre was supported by fees, elsewhere by tliu sinodos of §.330 per year. I. says the reduction of the nuinlx-r of mi.i- sioiis or of salaries is a wrong to the friars, and interferes considerably with niissiim discipline. His complaints are more strongly urged in his EMndo of 17SS; and tlie bishop, Dnninjo, Informe del Ohit^po sohre Mi■^ione.^<, J78!>, MS. of I'mart col., declares it has been impossil>le to get satisfactory reports from the X. Mex. custodio. Viceroy Revilla Gigedo, in his Carta de 17U,t, 443, etc., }.'ivis much information on the condition and management of the missions. The jiucl)lo is ruled in local matters by a native gov., or alcalde, war captain, and various subordinates elected each year under tlie supervisioa of the akiiMe mayor, with approval of the gov. Tliese officials also render aid ag iiust tlie gentile foe. In internal affairs they often act arbitrarily. Tliere is no comnninity property or formal distril)Ution of lands, each fam. regarding a< its own the land held by its ancestors, cultivating it ace. to needs or fancies; yrt as the puelilo lands are the best, the Ind. got a living more easily than tlie Siiaii., the latter having sometimes to rent land of the Ind., or even to work fur thcni in bad years. Good crops and much live-stock. The Ind. do not gcncially dress in Span, stylo or sp -ak Spanish, though many of them undcr- 8l;iri(l It. They hunt deer and buffalo, or barter for them with the gentiles. Xo brotherhoods or ccjfradian; churches generally iu a statu of decadence; m^ 272 LAST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. J:l Countercharges of the friars against the governors and alcaldes mayores, as embodied in Padre Delgado's letter of 1750, were repeated in this period, especially in an exhaustive report of the provincial, Padre Pedro Serrano, in 1761, which included long quotations from a letter of Padre Varo, the custodio, and from state- ments of other friars. The last governors, Cachupin, Marin del Valle, and Mendoza, are represented as the worst, but all as speculating tyrants, without skill or experience in matters of Indian warfare or government, habitually sending to Mexico reports of campaigns never performed, bent only on enriching themselves, treating the pueblo Indians most inhumanly as slaves, using their women and all female captives for the gratification of their lusts, cheating the gentiles, and by outrageous treatment keeping alive their hostility. The alcaldes are mere tools or accomplices of the gov- ernors, and jueces de residencia are also in the ring of oppressors. The Indians are the chief victims of these rascals; but the Spanish settlers are hardly less unfor- tunate, and even the soldiers are cheated out of half their pay. The padres are the objects of hatred, and if they open their mouths in protest are by perjured and suborned testimony made the victims of outra- geous calumnies, their reports to Mexico being inter- cepted on the way. The partisan bitterness and prejudice of the writers, with their allusions to oft'ences, terrible only in the eyes of friars, and the sicken- ing cant and priestly verbiage in which they clothe their charges, indicate clearly enough that the accusa- tions are too sweeping, and often grossly over-colored ; yet enough of candor and honest evidence remains to Inil. ignorant of the faith. Tlie chiM is baptized, but does not keep his bap- tismal name; he attends doctrina from the a^e of 6 or 7 years, but soon ft>r- guts after marriage the little he has learned, and dies for the most part like tiie pagans. The Span, are but little better. The Arch. Sla Fe, MS., contains records of various formal inspections of the missions by the gov., who fimls affairs in tolerable condition, though the Ind. are much too fond of their old ways. Gov. Chacon, in his report of '99, says each pueblo hav 1 league of land assigned, though at some pueblos more is cultivated. We have seen, however, that in the preceding century 4 sq. 1. bad been assigned to somu of the pueblos. PREVALENT ABUSES. 278 jiistifv tlic conclusion tluit New ]\[exioan affairs wore ill a s;ul plight, and that the j)Uoblo Indians were little Iti titr than slaves. With all their shortcomings, the |iartvn in el X. Mv.r., J7!'.', MS. in /'/., .SSI 4.")0. 1 ^'ivir a few details of the accusations, but liave no space for most. Eiglity jii hiJ iiavc lost their lives in N. Mex.; yet, l»y the governor's fault, little lias lie ii lu'eomph.slied. At Zuni 4,000 Ind. live without religion, tlie siuyle p;idre ^'.\l^•l•tin^' tieath, and the gov. refuses a:i escort. The gov. and his friends iiitcniipt jiadrcs during divine service, declaring the king to be the pope's fil'.iiil, entering church on horseback after accused persons or even Iriars, (iftou tliri'ateniug to put padres in chains. In '50 the gov. forbade the i.isu- aiKe iif any certiticates to friar.s, so that they can send no reports; before that tini : ro}iiirts were dotditle.ss stolen on the way, except a few sent by returning pa Irt'.-i. Tlio gov. had threatened to turn out all tiio padres and substitute .Ji'suin or Eranciscans of Zacatecas. Tlie gov. collects all tlie wool lie can, uii'l divides it among the pueblos for spinning and weaving, and tlie Ind. have til tiMiispiirt the product to Sta Fe. All agric. work, slielling and grinding ciuii, liiul.ling, tending stock, etc., must be done by the Ind. without pay; an I tlu! slight product of his own fields must Ijc sold on cre^ best- lookuij; Women are selected for service at t\w pilnrio, and usuidly return to their puiblo enceinte. Many Ind. refuse to marry because ashamed of their wiv.s having children of light color. Wiien anything is accomplished against the Li'iitilcs it is by vecinos, not the soldiers. Militiamen are selected, not for miUt iry .service, but as cheap servants of the gov. Once the gov. sold all the li'iw |( r and L'ft the militia without any. The artillery at (ialisteo wa< cii j- mouiitc il, and tlio iron made into implements for trade with the Jnd. Morii tills us that tile alcaldes inayorcs are rarely of Span, blood, the most ignorant au.l vicious of all the inhabitants. They rarely visit the towns under their charge, rcijuiriiig all they ueeil to be brought to them. They are the only ones «ho trade with the pueblo Ind., and get all their property for little or iiiitliiiig. Few girls escape infamy. The worst of the gang have been Cle- iiieiitt! ( iutierrez, Fran. Trebol (once acting gov.), Balta.sar Vaca, Pedro Pino, Ntriu Montoya, Manuel Vigil, Cris. Vigil, and Jose Mig. de la Pefla. Mur- lIisT. Aiiiz. AND N. Mex, 18 ''it'M ;i;t II 274 LAST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Tlio population of pueblo Indians docreascd Iiv about 2,400 during those 50 years, local particulars and approximately exact figures being presented in tlie final note of this chapter. Of mission histoiy proper in addition to what has been given in otlur coimections, there is little to be said. In ITOZ the four establishments of Santa Fe, La Canada, AlKui- (juerque, anns was reduced by consolidation in 1782, Jemes, Santa Ana, Acouia, Nambe, Tesuque, Pecos, San Felipe, and San Ude- fonso being reduced to the condition of visitas. a saving of about $4,000 in sinodos being thus cH'eeted. The friars were naturally dis[)leased, and down to tlie end of the century were constant in their etlbrts to obtain an increase of missionaries, or of salaries, or tlu' ])rivilege of collecting parochial taxes, but without success. In addition to somo references and particu- lars of these and other matters, I give in the iip- pcnded note a list of friars serving in 1751-1800, including all the names I have found in the various documents consulted, but doubtless far from beiiiL,^ complete.''"^ tiiu-. {Diiinia)!), Cnrtn nl P. Mwfi, J7n.?. :MS., in X. Mex., Dor., 4r)0~s:?. .im- t;ii'.i.s iiiJiny of tlio items cm wliicli Morti's nport rests, ami also coiisiiltr.ilile infoi'iiiiitioii on iiiinenils, etc., of the iirovince. '■'S:iuti:igo K()yl);il was still vicar and jiiez ecles. in '06, and apparently in '(50. MS. of Piuart col. ; Tiunaron Visitu, -MS. Ace. to an articL' in tin; V/''. j\I<.r. f/io;/., BoU'tln, 2da ep., i. 371-2, the G doctrintus of the El I'aso (listiiut were secularized in '5(5, l>ut the curates were replaced by friars again in 71. The secularization ordtrs of 'G7 for the 'A villas and El Paso api)ear in oii.iuiil conmnniications of the viceroy and com. gen. de Indias in July of th;it .\i aj. MS. of Pinart col. Tlie expense of supporting the friars in '70 was \^Ai'A pesos per year. Ji'ci'ill i (rijiilo, Ciirta, 442. Pino, Hxponifian, .S")-(>, cilisn royal order of June .SO, '77, and a pope's brief of Nov. 17, '7'.), for the nli^-illll• ary college. He say.s a convent was built and lands were assigned, but noth- ing more ri-i"'" hat >>■;»■• as 1 >».•*:;! fiti'S a lui^-i""• Imt n"ti>- (I I mliliiy ,1. M-^' "' Xi \v ^fox icaii iiR lust rii's wrvo a-'iifulture, s •itock- niisiiiiL;', and ImrttT. TIkti^ was no Miiniiii,'', though (iccasioiial indications of mint ral wialtli wi-re foiuul. ]^[iuiufactiir I'S, 1)0 vol id til 10 |)r('[);iratiou o f si lOlls f..l- liDiiio uso or a soiitliorn inarkot, tlio wcavinLf "I" <'ot- tmi in small quantities at a few piicl'lns. an. I tlio uiakinLf of pottory at otlici's, wtic fonlinrd to tlio t'al>ri 1M1«S111|IS. .l/v/,, S/,i F<\ MS. Kovilla <;iirc(h), (juta ilf \\. 41.'{. ;;ivi's iii(i-t jiartiiu- lirs ahimt thu cli.s.-4ali.slac'ti(>ii of the {lailrus with thu r.ihuttioii "t iiiissioiis till' S'J; Imt ill tliii A nil. Sf'i Fi', MS., in a rtcKiil nf tiouMfs at Sta Clara uml S. lliKloiiso, wlicre tliu jiadru ohjci'tcd to serving hntli jilaci-.s lutMiisi' tin; liver lli'MJiii' lietweeu them was iifteli unt Idiihihle, ami hoeail.su .Sfo I'oiniiii .1 Co. hiti, though nearer tdgetiier ami on thu s.uiiu .side of thu river, had ntpt heeu united, oil account of tliu gov.'.s unfair favoritism to the jndru there. The re was more controversy in 'Sli. 17!K), iietitiim fur a vieario eastreiise and ele.s. ill N. Mex. A/. In itl ther (• was ail on ler f. r an examin. ot 11 iliiotrineros for til thi u liositioii of curate; hut the hishoii writi's tliat m N. Mex. iru no examiners hut tiiu iiadres to liu exaininud; hesiihs the order is I'diitiary to law. MS. of I'inart col. .Mliluilietieal list of friars serving in \. .Mex. in 17.")i) l.so.): I'P. .M.uiuel I.siiidro Ahadiano hufciru '01. Kifael lieiiavides at Zuiii '.SS. HI is li( uitrz at ((Ue SS. .Fuan IJcrmejo Nuiie/., (.-hajilaiii at Sta Ke and eust. Iroiii All PI ,|i: '61. l.Viiilru.i B. heforo '01 ami .lose B. at Aliii[Uiii in '.sS maj' he dill'c rent men.) Cayetano Jose- Ifin. Uei'iial at J.sleta "!>•_>, at Seneeu 'SS. .lo^e IJdihis at Taos 'fSS. Fraiu'isco Bueiio at Canada "SS. Fran, de Biiigos at .Sandia 'S8. (.Maiiiul do ]5. of 'O.j-Tlt, perhaps the same.) Ant. (/ahalh im at (.'nuiiiti Si', .\llnir(iuernuu '88. Cris. Calvo hufore '01. Aut. Cam]ios at Kl I'aso "88. .In Castro, custoilio ",■>"). Ant. Ceiiizo at Cochiti "88. .(cpse Corral at Latriiiia "88. Patricio Cuellar 'O-'j-TO. Fr; .r. Uavila at I'ieiiin. 8-J Fran. Atanasio Dominguez, visitador '70 (i, at Cia "8S. Fra:i. Uueu.i.s at Sta I 'SS. Silvostre V'elez Esealantu at Zufii '74-8. Ign. Ivstarroua Ix fi '('•I. SulM.sti ernandez "80, at Coehiti "88. onias Silv. 1- eriiamltz at enma '82. Ant. (ialfarzozo at Sta Fe "88. Andres (larcia 'OJ-70, at Ziini '.1^0. (Angel ( iarcia perhaps the same. ) Feniamlo Ant. (onuez, see. "io. Ant. (i It rujiKupiu "88. J L'Z at Sta Clara "82, at S .luaii '88 uaii .l( Arnli Hernandez l)ufore '01. Hezii A.'iistiii Ant. Iniestra "(m-70. Jii iinuuera a t S. J uau (U. Die .Josu I Ml no|os,i, e ust. "1. .1. idsio 2, Taos "88, custodio "V.S. Juaii .lose Onui/'o from Fran. ()-io at .sta (oalk. I'l 1; ;i1m. () J rontaro). Jose I'aez hefore '01. .Ii Pal, leios a It J-.. t La iao at A Aeoma oO. Jose Prado Kl P.is 't;o. l, liivc-i some account of tlie aniDial caravans, and notes th.it the one ot iKI was attacked hy Ind. hctween KI I'aso and Cliiii., losing; their horses. M.ii- tine/, ('(irtii, MS., 411 7, gives many details of trade. He notes that inilnv. Caclinpin's time tine gold was assayed, hut no mines worked; also silver, (i'|i- per, and (luicksilver. Ju (iov. Mendinueta"s time a hall of line silver w is found. In "()7 the f,'ov. ohjccted to the viceroy's proposition to enlmce tlie tohaeei) idanco, as very little real tohaeco was u-seil in N. Mex., only jmii':'", ami liy the ]nd. a leaf called iintto; yet in '7<) the fstmiro was ordered to lie eid'oreed, an, gov. forhids citizens of any class t.) vi.it the Yutas for trade. Ms. in I'inart col. lioiiilln, A}mii/cn, MS., coiit,-..,'!.' some eonimercial matter. Se|it. '77, Oen. Croix refuses toaholish the 'J percent tax on exports, on the greiin.l that it is simply addi'd to ])riei'S, and is therefore home hy the Chili, tiadei.-i. Arch. Stii /■'(', .NIS. Oct. '2'), 'iSS, (Jen. Ugarte makes a long report on N. .Me\. trade, reconinieiiding the encouragement of Chill, industries, now heing ahaiiiloiied on account of the decaileiice of mining; also the sending of iirti^.iu instriietors tf> N. Mex., exemption from taxes, etc., so as to iiierease iiiamil. and j'ive the prov. a halance of money. A/. In Aug. 'Sfl M. Louis IMaiic, comi. at Natchiiloclies, writes to (ieii. Ugarte, urging the opening of trade het. -V. Mex. aiul Louisiana, hy estahlishing a presidio among the Jumanas. Tiiis woiilil prevent smiigeling and tend to keep the peace with Iml. trihes like the Osages. Tiie journey with freight was only 40 days, through a fertile country. Pierre Vial ami a party had recently made th-j trip. (Jen. U. -^i "ds tiie letter to (iov. Concha for his consideration and report. A/. A little money after '98. Piiin, Xnt., 04. Slight ment. of N. Mex. resources ia Aiifptctil'ii Univ. llkt., ix. uGG. Morji, l)ea6nknes, MS., contains the best NEW MEXICAN TRADE. 277 vss at $;;<>, 000. The departure and return of the caravan were the jjfreat events of the j'ear. In 177G the j2:<»v- cnior delayed the publication of an imjtortant bando till the people had returned from their 'ordinaria an- ual salida;' and the provincial in 1788 explains the impossibility of obtaining reports from New Mexico until the people come down to the January fair. There was no trade as yet with the French in Ijouis- iana, or with the Spaniards in Texas. Tlu re was no ('i)in or other monev in New Mexico, but the traders for their accounts invented a svstem of imaijfinarv cur- nncy, including four kinds of dollars — pc^os dc }>}iita, Wdith eight reales; pc^os dc proj/rcld, six reales; jksos uiitli/KOfi, four reales; and pesos dc hi tlcrra, two reales. j:;i'ipr;il presontmont of the country's coiiiniurci.il condition ami nti'dM, ex- I'liiiiiuL! tlic system of iniagiuiiry nionuv, anil giving instances of enoniums in'iilits. Kuvilla (jtij'oilo, ('ar/it ili- 'U.I, 444, gives this j)ii;tiii'u of tliu general cuii.litiiin: 'No sou mcjores [in coiup. with the Iml.J resi)eetivainente las eos- tiiiiiliies do los vecinos espaiioles y ileinas castas, eiiyas polilacionos consisteii I'll lasas dranclu)s dispcrsos, ilonde no tieneii testigns (juu descuhran lus vicios y li ilisiilucioa oninie su i>rostitiiyen, iniitaiulo^ los indio.s enlavidii oeiosa, y n-iliuiendoso todos sus atanua y coniercio a la perniuta wsuraria do seiuilhis y I'l'iitos, y a la venta que liaecn ellos eu la villa de Chihuahna, adoude hajan en idrdiia caila anoy se provecn du los guneros, efectos, y utunsilios para sus Vfotuarios, ateucioues doniistiuas, y labures del canipo, ' 278 LAST llAf.F OF THE EIGHTEKNTir CENTURY. Pi::-M' »f N I, Tlie ItnauU of tliis systoin was tliat the traders al- ways b()U,L;'lit lor tlic cheap pesos and sold for tliu deanr kinds, all being 'dollars' to the Indians. Profits were enormous, a trader bv two or three bar- ters in a year often getting $(54 for a piece of cloth which cost him six. Advantaoe was also taken of the Indians' weakness for baubles and ignorance of their real value. Seiior Trebol bought a guacamaya, or macaw, for eiglit dollars, and sold the gay feathers for $41)2. Another system of swindling commerce was the habitual selling of goods to be i)aid for in future pro- ducts. Thus, for a little seed grain six fanegas at liar- vest were promised; or for a bottle of brandy in holy week a l)arrel was exacted. The natives through debt became practically slaves, besides losing tluir land, and the poor settlers were hardly less tlie vic- tims of commercial oppression. While the settlers and pueblo Indians were always in debt to the traders, the latter in turn were debtors to or agents for Chihua- hua merchants, who thus monopolized all the profits, and nothing was left for New Mexico, except for ( or- t:iin traders, who as alcaldes mayores utilized their political authorit}' for private gain. Padre Morfi's p,ro[)oscd remedy for these evils was the encourage- nuuit of home manufactures by sending artisan teachers and machinery to the province, with a view to render the inhabitants independent of Chihuahua. His plan was to send criminals of the better class, whose offences were chiefly due to drink and the temptations of a city, from Mexico to the far north, and through them to reform the New ^lexican industrial system. This expedient was tried in California later without any brilliant success. The population in 1750 has been given as 3,770 Spaniards and f2,142 pueblo Indians, a total of 15,1)21 in New Mexico proper, or 18,721 including; the district of El Paso. In 17(10 official reports show that the number of Si)aniards had increased to 7,0 GO, STATISTICS OF POPULATION. 279 tliat of Indians decreased to 9,104, and the total was 1(1.770, or 21,752 including El Paso. Down to 1788 there was slight change in the figures, but in the final (.leiade there was an inexplicable doubling of the Spanish population; and at the end of the century the figures stood as follows: Spaniards, including of course the castas or negroes and mixed breeds, 18,826, Indians 9 732, total 28,558, or, including El Paso, ;U,138. Details are shown to best advantage in tiie a|?ponded table, though some of the figures are con- fusing, in consequence of varied groupings of the pueblos in the different reports. I also add some local items not given in the table.*^ *'^ T.al)le of population iiiN. Mex., ] 750-1800: 17fiO. 1788. I7i;3. 17 J8. 17 «. Settlements. Span. Ind. Total. Span. Ind. Span. Ind. Span. Ind. Allnirijuerque Santa V6. 2,146 1,6.50 2,27i) 4,020 603 1,2«;> 2,244 2,41'J 4,194 314 l.ii Cafinda L.M.i 816 1.070 1,0:50 2,.5!;4 7,351 1,079 Abiqiiiii 617 lii6 l.isi 1,147 210 1,.573 i7t; 'I'llOS. . 160 208 328 578 212 403 1,310 518 2.54 78J 566 251 1,351 782 I'icurles Sail hiaii 57.') 277 316 2.')7 452 2,173 635 2tW 139 1,'J71 1,84:) 202 1.3 Santa Cliira San Ilih'fiiiiso 30 J.).« 152 1.50 18J Cni'llitl. . 140 450 400 720 425 5u5 Santo Itnmiiigo. . . . 424 608 6.50 2.57 1,488 San Felipe ...... 458 M'i 421 2S2 Jellies. ..... 373 , 375 4S5 314 272 3E8 1,166 Cia. .... rm i,oa5 275 . .. 202 Santa Ana . 404 8.5!> 8t 6,34 Sandla (Alameda) 2-22 2J1 696 810 nin pxi 230 1.4J0 1,.513 Meta, ToniO, lielen. 620 304 2,103 2.680 410 1,771 603 Aionia . 1,W)2 10 820 ...,,. 757 l.au'iina 8.) bUO 1,368 1,017 fili8 ir> 802 15 1,559 2,716 y.ui-ii 664 9,104 10 1,'./3J 9.275 ' 2,710 10,762 7 18,82:1 Total 7,ni'.o 17,153 16,1.56 16,065 9,7.12 Kl I'a.-odUtript. 8,i>8h 1,3:4 10,4U8 4,1)27 22,080 8,022 1 l,i.00 , . . . 4,143 23,769 (37 • iriiml Total 11,2.54 19,778 11,175 10,3fU Tlie o report.* embodied intho tahle are as follows: Tamaroii, VUita, /W, Ms., in wliich tho 1>''-'. )p expresses tho npiuioii that the padroiiof Sta Fo doc's not .siiow more tl ■■■ .alf tho real pop.; llzarl>e. (J. padre later. Alburquerque (S. Felipe Neri), villa of Span., with a friar acting asounile, and a vicar api)ointed by the bishop iu '60. Militia force 80 in '00. TIkui^Ii nominally a villa, it was scattered many leagues up and down the valley, tiio people living on their lanchos, chielly at the Alameda, and only coming to tlie town on Sundays. Two padres in '88; bapt. 89, marr. 21, deaths 26. la (iO the bishop confirmed 732. Belen, Span, settlement of .38 fam. in '66, included in pop. with Islcta. A considerable number of gonizaro fam. lived here also, and at tlie settlement of Tome, near by, 60 in all in '92, having much troulde with the Sp:iii., why tithes; 2 churches an I another almost completed in Gi), built by {i'i MAnn dul Vallc. Pop. 2,324 in 'GG. Lnfom. In 88 Gen. Uf.Mitij ipprovi'il (Jo,-, .'nucha's project of reforming the villa and building a cuartil, I ■• p ■■ isii'i.i, !j;:,0!}0 being assigned for the work. Tliore had been siuiie lal'.v -if hmldi ST t; • . «,cf'-l a* the sulnirb of Analco, and even of moving the villa to St 1 P'imiu;. irizcil to use hi tlio'iL'h both ' iunos a!i 'GO; had a good church under padre of Isleta or Alburi|uer(iue. Zurti ((Jr. *alupe), mission ]tuel)lo of many Ind., tliough a largo part of the IKili. was -u.. 'y scattered; 2 pailres in '88, bapt. 3.'>, marr. 23, deaths 47. Ill lilt, wii' ; :, vanchcs, had a jjop. of 1,121. Air/i. Sti Fi', MS. Kl I'lso !.v ,1 ;,'i'a del Pilar y S. Jose), presidio and later town, with 2 friai-i an! 2 prii,o s; captain and alcalde mayor, later lijut.-g»v. El Paso was I 282 LAST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. famous for its vineyard? ami orchanla; anil except tlie raids of hoatile pen- tilti^, its ciiiuf concern was about its irrigating ditches and the dam of the Rid del Norte, which supplied thcni. This dan» was usually carrie Moyii.s — Meehake-i in THE iSiiuTH-EAST — Election ok a Delegate to the Cortes — Pedko Uai iista I'iNoCrOES to Spain — The Loi'isiana Pukchase ani> Boinkauv (^ies- riiiN Lai.ande ami Pcksely— Zeullon M. Pike — Attemits at Trade — " li'K N niHT— Choteac an d Ue M in — ( Jlen n, Bccknell, an d CoOI'ER — I'lUMi.ATioN — Local Items — Trade— Ac RicrLicRE — MANiKAtTiREs — .MiNiN(i — Institutions — (Government — Militahv — Missr)n.s and Bish- oi'iiii— Charges aoain.st the Fkiaiw— War ok Independence — Viva lltRIUDE! Thk same kind providence that causes rivers to flow luar large towns, the moon and stars to shine at niujlit, wlieii their feeble light is »>f some use, sends snow only ill till' winter, when there is no hot sun to melt it, and |K it'oi ins other beneticent acts, is iu)t always unmind- tlil of the annalist's needs. Thus, when the history of tlir last years of S[)anisli rule in New Mexico seemed likrly to resemble the famous chapter on snakes in III land, not only was it put into the head of the 1 iiitfd States government to send an explorer to this fai-ofl' province, and of tlie people to send a delegate to tlie (ortes of Spain, but both explorer and delegate Were inspired with the idea of writing a book, as the friur Benavides and the conqiieior Villagni had been ill earlier times; and the result was a mass of infor- mation which goes far to make this chapter as long and as interesting as those that have preceded it. (283) 284 LAST YEAU8 OF SPANISH RULE. For tills, as for earlier periods, I do not deoin it Tiecessary to consider lu-re tlic complications of niili- tary and civil rn Mexico, a subject that is as fnlly treati d as till! nieaucrc records permit in another work of this series,' '^riiere was always a ijovernor or actinij ()vei-nors, just as tlu-y brou«;ht sever 1 vict^roys of New Spain to rule the province in earlier times. (Governor Chacon vn\vd until the sprinjj^ of 1805, wlicii he was succei'd* d hy (\)loiU'l Joaipiin del lli'al Ahii- caster." The hitter's name does not appear after I SOH, and AlbcTto Mixinez is named as actintj^ i^overnor in IS()7 8, and next in the list is LieutiMiant-colonel Jom' Mai»ri(pie, rulini;' in 1810 14, pei"haj»s ad interim lor j)art ofth.it period. Maini'Z ruled a last i^overnor under Spain, and was succei^dtnl on July f), 1 H'2'2, hy Fraucisco Javier (^havez as jefe politii'o, rulinij;' in 182*2 li, thou<,di Antonio Viz- carra also held the oliice for a time in 1822.* ' flixf. X'vdi .Vr.r. Stit>:% i., ii. '■^ I liiul ill tliii .1 (•'•/(. S/ii Fv, MS., an order of Cliacoii in March, and of AlciH'asU'r in May ISO."). Tlui latter name is a fiir.n of the Kiiglisli Lancas- ter, more often written, exeejit in N. Mex., AK'neastre, as in tiu^ ease of tlut viceroy of that name. I'iiio, Eijm/i., 40, seems to say tliat A. was gov. frmii l>Si(,") to ISlL', and this may indicate tiiat his suecossor in 1808-12 was only acting gov. ^ Also in '14, ace. to Davis. El Grhnin, 8;?, who saya that in tiiiit year :i consjiiracy was formed hy (.'orp. Antonio Arniijo an'. Lund Hvjnrtx, and my original notes add nothing of importance. INDIAN AFFAIRS. 285 Troul'K'S witli the Indians were much less scrioi\s ;iii(l constant than in former years, tlic combined (■Hurts of the frontier «^arrisons, with a consistent sys- ttiu of treaties and jjfifts, producing apparently excel- 1( lit results. Tlie Conianches, in particular, were fiiciidly, being zealous in bringing information and luiiiors respecting the movements of Americans in ilir north-east, and ex'en eager to aid Spain in crush- iii'4 the insurgents under Hidalgo; and the other tiihos were often in the same mood.'^ The Navajos were hostile, however, in 1803-5, having intrenched tlicinselves in the canon de Chelly— since famous for its ruined ]iueblos — where they deemed their position iiii|ir(>gnable. Governor Chacon led several expedi- tiniis against then), as did Lieutenant Antonio Nar- liiiiia after Alencaster's accession, and in 1805 they \vt i(! reduced to submission and friendship." In 180G Lieutenant JVIelgares was sent up from Chiliuahua with 100 dragoons to join a force of 500 militia in an ^ Piiiri, A'-i-j'^M., 42^. This author says the Ind., by gifts, etc., had Ituen kijit I'liiiiilly f(n- tlio most purt hiiico Aii/a'ti timu down to lISl 1. ''.I;ui. "J."). ISO."), Niirliona to jxov. rojiorts from Ztiilia fight in ("helly canon, \v!i"ii' lie killed !I0 huck.s, with -') women and children, huiriiles capturing 'M, w nil nil Women and children; al.-fo SO horses and .S50 .sheep. H(! had only one liiii. chief killed and 04 wonnded. Chelly is a vei-y Htrong position, and a l;ii-L;.r force will ho rcipiired for further movements. Arrh. Sit Fe, MS. In iMIt the coin. gen. refu.ses to grant arc(|uest of the Navajos toacttlcut ('cl)o- 11. t, I. MS. of i'iuart col. March 2!'t, ISOo, (lov. ('. announccH the terms to 111' L.'i:iritcd the Navajos. Tiiey shall have no claim to Celxdlcta or to livc- .-iiuk in possession of the Spin.; for their 2 captives 4 women might he rc- lii^ d; tluy must not go with their live-stock beyond the canon de Juaii T.iin\,i, Kio del Oso, and S. Mateo; whenever they commit any rohl)ery or ag^ris.-,ion they are to be punished by force of arms, uidess they return stolen lirn|iri'ty and snrrentler the aggressors; when visitir.g Sta Fe they must e.x- p it no gifts except sustenance; and tiiey must give up 4,00;) sheep, 1 JO cat- tli\ :rid 00 horses which they have stolen. Anli. Sta Fi, MS. Pino, Ej-]to.i., -ill I. X'l/., 8.") 0, narrates in general terms the final efl'orts and success, the full i<( Clielly, and the treaty of KSO,"). It seems that Lieut. Narlmna was Ht'iit II]) from Chill, to join (iutierrez, Vaca, and others. Iji'Ut. Vieente Lo|i ■/. al^^o defeated the foe at Chaca, but was suspended for .some intrigue in 1W)S. Aiiiil ISOO the Navajo chief coinphiins that he nreivcs no gifts from tiie king, as do other friendly tribes; but is inforineil by (len. Salccdo that tiiey must di']iend on their own iiiclustries for sustenance, though later, when tliey >1m11 have .shown their good faith by abstaining from petty roblieries, cU' , tliey may obtain so-ne gifts. Airh. St i Fr', MS. I think that Prince, //'n., 41-1; Xot., 84-8. P. notes that the Comanche cliief at this time was a sou of the old chief Maya, educated at Sta Fe, and a linii ir.mA of the Siian. He also says the Americans had estal)lishedgiiu faet()rie> (.) amoug the Jumaiias and Cahiguas, and muskets and powder from this simrio were obtained for N. Mex. (This is in a note, which may possibly be of laar date.) la connection with Sarracino's exped., respecting thj dite of vliuh Pino may be iu error, it is well to note that in Aug. 1808 an Ind. from t!:o Tulares arrived at S. Fernando, Cal., with a thg that had been sent tlinHi;'! a conlillera of 10 tribes by a captain who wished to know if it were tni'' tiiat there were jtadres and ijeiitr de /■■iznii west of the sierra. Jli4. dii, ii. ^•''- } may notice also tliat in 1801 a project for opening commuu. bet. Cal. and N. Mex. by laiid was diiiuussod and dismiasod in Mex. /(/., S-4. NAVAJOS AND MOQUIS. 287 anil othiT •igiiiatiiii; [■.' ck-,iny reported in Mexico in January 1819, that Govcrn<>r Mcl^ares had in December forced them to sue for juace; but it appears that tliey had to be defeated twice more in February and ^larcb, and that the tKaty was finally signed on August "ilst." A notable trature of this affair is the fact that the Navajos, being haril pressed, settled near the Moqui towns, and the Miujuis sent five of their number to ask aid from the Spaniards. This was deemed a most fortunate ocnir- 1 lice, opening the way to the submit^sion of this nation after an apostasy of 130 years. It was resolved to take advantage of the opportunity, but of the practical rtsult nothing is known, since this is the only menticm (if this renmant of a valiant and independent people that I have been able to find in the records of the [)ei'iod. Under the decree of the 'junta central de las Es- paiias,' dated February 14, 1810, New Mexico was entitled to a diputado in the Spanish C()r' .'S. Ac- cordingly, on the 11th of August the alcaldes and leading men of the province — tliere being no ayunta- mieiitos — assembled at Santa Fe, Governor Manrique presiding, to select a delegate.^" From the three can- ^Oaceta tie Mex., x. (xxxix.-xl.) 18'.), 559-G'2, iri7-33; Xoticiato Ooi., Juno U. Got. '21), '19. In the 2il exped. 33 were killol ami 1-4 ciiiturol, with \\'t'\ shoi'p aii;l 24 horsea. The treaty is given in IS articles l)eini< sigiieil liy Xivajo eliiefj. A native general was to be appipiiite.l a ul to live as near Jollies as possible, being held responsible for hij natio?i; 4youtlis or one eliief were to be liehl as hostages; the N. were granted all their old territory to c:ifi,iii Largo, boea d^l cafton de Cliaoa, and Ai;u:i Az.il; uu I tlioy bound tluiiisclves to respect theriglits of the Moipiis. Notwithstanding this troaty, we are toll by Davis and Prince, HM. Sk., 2.'i2, Eld'riii'/o, 83-i, tiiat in 1S20 a jiaity of Navajos coming into Jenies to make a treaty were foully niurdtred liy the inhal)., under their alcalile, Juan Ant. Vaea. Tiio ringleaders were a:re.sted, but the proceedhigj dragged along till '24, when they were released, only to be killed by the Nr.vajos 10 years later. I am disposed to (inestiou the aoeuracy of this stateui-nt. '''These representative men wore Jose Pino, capt. of militia and ex-alcalde of AUnirquerque; Ant. Ortiz, alferez real; Diego Montoya 1st ale. of Sta Fe; .lo'ose Ant. Chavez, 1st ale. of Albunpierqne; Manuel (larcia, for 24 years ale. ot La Cafiada and partido; Mig. Ant. \ aca, 2d ale. of All)urc(ueniue; C'leto -Mura y Paoheco, ale. of S. Ciirlos de la Alameda; and Xo-iuis Ortiz, ale. of laos. f- it f' !,;j: ill. LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULP]. didatcs receiving the higliest number of votes tlie delegate was chosen by lot, and the honor fell to 1*l;- dro Bautista Pino, an old and influential resident. Provided with instructions, not only from the junta that elected him, but from several prominent nun, Don Pedro started on his mission in October 1811, being, as he believed, the first native-bo 'n New^Iexi- can to visit Spain. He had to pay the expenses of his journey; but the patriotic people contriljutcd $9,000 as a donativo to the cause of Fernando VII." Of Pino's labors in Spain wc have no other record than his report of November 1812 to the cortes, pul)- lished at Cadiz the same year, and 37 years later at Mexico. This report is by far the best source of in- formation respecting New Mexico for the peridd covered by this chapter, being a very complete de- scription of the province, with its institutions, condi- tion, and needs. Of course, much of its contents is only confirmatory of what appears from other original sources in earlier chapters, but the rest is utilizetl in difi'erent parts of this chapter. The author was an enthusiastic admirer of his country and its people, praising in high terms their purity of blood,'"- tluir loyalty to Sj'ain. and their bravery in defending tlieir h'unes against the savage tribes. He exaggerated — and perhaps intentionally, as the best means of arous- ing the attention of the o^overnment — the dan<>"er of agi^ression from the Americans in union with the In- dian tribes of the plains. ^^ The military defence of tlie " The other two cindidates were Antonio and Juan Rafael Ortiz. Pino took witli him his grandson Juan de los R<3yoa Vaca y Pino, aged 1 l,Baitnl.i- nie Fernandez as clerk, who died on the voyage, and tlie retired sol.lier S:il- vador Leiva y Chavez. Padre Fran. Osio (Hocio), for 20 years ch.iplaiii at Sta Fe, furnished a I'rospcclo 6 pldii mlire diferentes mlicitiules; also v rittiu suggestions from Mariano de la Pefia, Iguaeio Sanchez Vergara, ale. of Juiirs, Jose (lutierrez, Capt. Bart. Vaca, and Juan Jose Silva. To raise tlie >\>,fM Bouie of the citizens are said to have 'sacrificed the liberty of tlieir son.s.' '^ He says there were absolutely no negro cajiti is in N. Mex., only Spnii. and Ind. blood. This, I think, is not strictly true, as in earlier time.-* tln'ie had been complaints of mixed-breed colonists and a vicious mulatto element in the population. " Pino states that the Amer., noting how N. Mex is neglected by Spain, have tried in various ways, by oflfera of liberal and protecting laws, aJvau- PINO IN THE CORTES. 289 rouiitry was naturally held out as the great object to lie lu'pt in view, and accordingly Pino demanded, not (iiilv a reorganization of the military service, including tlif payment of citizens doing duty as soldiers, but the t'i)Uii/ exUidintiemt de It antijua ymriiii-hi lUl yuei'o-Mexieo, prenenhuins por «it diputado en curies D. Pedro Buti- tiil'i Pino en ( 'ddiz el ai'io dc IS 12. Adiciomidns por el Lie. 1). A iilonio Uarreiro III lS-'".i: y uUiiiiainente anoUidiui por el Lie. Don Jo.ie Aijiistin de E'Hiidiro, pnrn hi ruiiiisiiin e.', Svo, 98 p., 2 1. Tliu work of Barreiro alluded to I have not seen, but have his oj'wlit sciliri' Xiirro-Me.riro, of 1832, in which there is no allusion to Piao, though liis Wdik niiiy have been used as a base. Juan Lopez Cancelada is sai 1 to have ijeta the writer of the Ejyonicion, using information supplied by Pino; a. id it is til bu notieerl that in the paragraph entitled Itei/alox ijiie se haven li lo.t ' iNiiticias, p. 87-8), the initial capitals of the sentences spell I'.'s name. TliL' live presidios asked for were to be at El P.aso, Rio de Pecos, Socorro, T.uis, and (;is a depot of supplies, etc.) at S. Cristobal. The term of service fur Settlers should bo reduced. Tlirougli Pino the people also a.skeil that the lirnviiicu should be divided into .S, each with a gov. Tliese positions should he of ;f grades, in respect of salary and rank, and each gov. should begin with the hiwest grade, being promoted for good conduct and experience. The salaries slinuld be ;?25,000, S3o,000, and 54."),()00, respectively, whicli in the •iKgi't'i-'ite would not be much more than the govt now costs, and besides imuh larger Stavings might be eflFected by suppressing useless positions in Mexii.ii, sucli as that of viceroy! Clearly Don Pedro was a man of some cheek. Hist, Ariz, and N. Mex. 19 m 290 LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RU1.R. r 1 1 .ijll'iii illl!i i' V ! i' U : ■;; if decided to return lionie, 'no ol)stantc sus descos (K- servir A la patria.'*'' All of the old Louisiana territory west of the Mis- sissippi, ceded by France to 8i)ain in 17G2-3 and ic- turned to France in 1800, was finally ceded to tliu United States in 1803. From this date to 1819 tlic question of boundary between United States territdiy and Spanish possessions was an open one. Negotiatidiis on the subject belong proi)erly to the history of Texas, and are treated in anotlier work of this series.*® Near the coast the line betv.een Louisiana and Texas liad by long occupation been practically settled for many years to the satisfaction of all but partisan theorists; but in the interior no boundary had ever been fixed nr needed, and indeed, little was known geographically of that region. An equitable line would have bccii one from a point on Red River above the settlements extending north-westward to the Rocky Mountains at a long distance from the New Mexican outposts. J^y way of bluster, the Americans, without a shadow of right, sometimes claimed all to the Rio Grande, and the Spaniards, with but slightly better reascms, all to the Missouri; but the real ideas of the two nations did not differ materially. The Americans thought that Red River miffht rise in the mountains and flow south- eastward, so as to constitute in itself the proper boun- dary;" the Spaniards of New Mexico in a sense regarded the Arkansas, or Napestle, as the practical limit of the territory explored by them in their Indian campaigns ; and thus the territory that might plausilily ^'^ Diario de CiUtcx ExtmonUnnrim, Oct. 21, 1821, vol. ii., MS., 10; /Irqx-, Idea ijemml, iiO. In I'iuo's letter to the t'drte.'J explaining liis nou-atteinlance, he complains that the decrees of that body in resj)onse to his Erponiaoii , thdiiirh confinneil by royal order of May 1), '13 (probably on the bishopie, etc.), lnul not been carried into effect. "'SoeZ/w^. NorthMex. States, ii., with references to the original corrcspdiid- ence. '^ Pike's narrative, to be noted presently, shows this general idea; yet some earlier maps — see, for instiince, that of Lf Page du Pratz, 1757, in [list. A'. IC Coast, i. 601 — represent, not only the Red River, but tlie Arkansas, as ti-n far south in the interior to serve the purpose, having their sources south oi .Santa Fe. UNITED STATES BOUNDARY. 291 1)( tlic subjort of {liH|)iit(! was of sliuflit extent and value, and would tiisajJjK'ur when on exploraticui Hod River should bo found not to have its source in the nioun- tiiiiis, but far south t>f the lej^itiniate Spnnish houn-, tlary. And indeed, in the final settlenuMit of 18 II), thi- Spanish proposition was accepted, and the Arkan- sas from the njouutains down to longitude '2'X became, anil most equitably, the permanent dividing line. Between Louisiana and New Mexico there had be(!n no trade or habitual communication before 1800, though some slight efforts had been made to open siK h intercourse. From l)()th directions, however, a flourishing trade with the Indians had grown up. In 1804 William Morrison of Kaskaskia, despatching the Creole trader Baptiste Lalande up the IMatte, instructed him to carry his goods to Santa Fe, with a view to test the commercial prospects in that direction. Oluying his instructions, Lalande succeeded in being ancsted by the Spaniards and carried to the capital. The New Mexicans liked the g(K)ds, and Baptiste liked the country so well that he resolved to settle there, and even omitted the formality of accounting to ^lor- risoii for the consignment. '** In 1805 James l*ursley, a Kentuckian who left St Louis three years before, after many adventures among the Indians, was sent by the latter to negotiate for Spanish trade, and after succeeding in this mission he also settled at Santa Fe, working as a carpenter." Zebulon M. Pike, a lieutenant of the sixtli United States infantry, after an exploration of the U[>per Mississippi while Lewis and Clarke were engaged in their famous expedition to the far west, was sent with twenty-two men in 1806 to explore the country of the lied and Arkansas rivers, and to establish a good '"Pjifce'* Acct. of Exped., 195, 210. P. foiiiid L. at Sta Fe in ro.liioed circumstances in 1807. Escudero, in Pinn, A'oL, 74, saysL. died inN. Mex., loiiviiig a large family and great wealth. '"/'/'/.•(''« Acct. Ej-peiL, api). iii. 10-17. Pike seems to l»e the source of all tliat is known of Pursley and Lalande, l)eing followed by re[)iirations might ho nia^le, and to which the rest of the party might be hrought, as a few of them soc»n were.^'^ I give a cop}'^ of tlie western portion of Pike's map, showing his roiiti' in Colorado and New Mexico. The litiutenant's instructions required him to l)e very cautious as he approached the Spanish frontier.'" His idea of the boundary, however, seems to have \hv\\ pecuhar, for he built his fort, not on the eastern or American side of his Red River, but five miles up a western branch! Here he raised the stars and stripes. He desired to extend his exploration into Spanish territory, or at least to learn the geographic nlation of his fort to Santa Fe; and he had a pretext ready, for he had brought William Morrison's bill ai;aiiist Lalande, and with this document I)r Robinson started alone on February 7tli for the city of Holy Faith. Ten days later a Spanish dragoon and an Indian made their appearance, regarded by Pike as spies, who said they had come from Santa Fe in four days, and that Robinson had arrived in safety; learned the location of the fort, and Pike's intention to de- scend the river to Natchitoches; and departed. An- other ten days passed, and then canie a force of 50 (haijcoons and 50 militia urdor lieutenants called in tlie i>arrative Ijjfnacio Saltelo and Bartolome Fernan- dez. Mow Pike was informed that he was not on '" The 8 names marked with a Btar in note 20 are those who did not <.'oine t(i till! cami) before Pike's departure. They were brought into 8ta Fe a little latii', l)ut I lind no definite record of wiiat l)i'(;aiiie of tliem. P. hatl 8 men with iuin. The map is takeu from tlie French edition. •^ 'As your iuturview with tlie C'oiuanclies will probably load yoti to the liciid l)ranches of tiie Arkansaw and Red rivers, you may liud yourself upproxi- iiMtoil to the settlements of N. Mex., and there 't will be necessary you kIiouIiI move wich great circumspection, to keep cK:ar of any hunting or reeon- iiditiing parties from that province, and to prevent ala'-ni or offence; because the all'airs of Spain and the U. S. appear to be on t!>e point of amicable ailjiistiiietit, and moreover it is the desire of the president to cultivate the fric'ridslii]) and hannonious intercourse of all the nations of the earth, and lurtioiilarly our near neighbors, the Spaniards.' Plke'a Acct, ExpeU., 108. Tliu lustruc. were givea by Gen. Jamca Wilkiosou. mM. m \ i! 294 LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULE. Red River, l)ut on the Rio del Norte, his camp beincr on the Conejos just abo\c the junetion; wliereupon he at once h»wered his Hag, for he could but admit — Pike's Expkuition, 180G-7. especially in the presence of 100 soldiers — that the Spaniards miglit have some legitimate claim to terri- PIKE ON THE RIO GRANDE. 295 tory occupied by them for over two centuries. The Spaniards were most courteous and kind, supplying the lialf-starvcd and half-naked explorers with food and blankets; but the officers presently admitted, what riko liad supposed from the first, that the Americans must go to Santa Fe. Accordingly, they started on the irth, part of the Spanish force remaining behind to bring in the eight explorers who had not vet reached the fort.-* The route from the Conejos was across to the Chama and down that stream })ast Ojo Caliente and San Juan. The people were uniformly kind and hos- pitable in their treatment of the strangers, though their nondescript and ragged apparel, consisting of ()\t'ralls, breech-cloths, and leather coats, without cov- ering for the head, prompted the inquiry if the Amer- icans were a tribe living in houses or wearing hats. Baptiste Lalande and another Frenchman tried to Main Pike's confidence, but were regarded by him as spies. Solomon Colly, one of the Nolan party, was liv- ing in New Mexico, and served as interpreter.^^ The arrival at Santa Fe was on the 3d of March, and the a(l\ enturers were questioned by Governor Alencaster, wiiose conduct was courteous and dignified, but who said that Pike and his men must appear before Cicu- eral Salcedo at ChihuaJiua. Pike denied that Dr '^* Pike accuses the Spanish lieut. of deceiving him, by claiming at first to have come from (lov. Alencaster simply to aid the unfortunate explorers and to tsooit them via Sta F») to the real Reoiaa luteruas required the gov., ami very propurly, to arrest and Sind to (.'hihuahua any Amer. who miglit be found in SlKiii. territory, always avoiding, if possiltle, any violent measures. Pike's entry may liave been, as he claims, an innocent error, yet the location of his fort, a.s already noted, even on the Red River theory, and Robinson's coming almiu to Sta Fe as to a place not far oft' or very ditiicult to find, were su.spi- iin\w circumstances strengthened by minor details of Pike's later conduct. Wi' are told that, while the leader recognized the necessity of submitting, SOUR' iif tile men were disappointed at not being allowed to test the strength of tiieir fort against the foe — or having a (/«.s< with tlie Spaniards. Commu- nication w!us chiefly in French, Pike knowing but few words of Spanish. " See Hid, North Mex. States and Texas for Nolan's adventures in Texaa au'i Chih. I !f! ■i V 296 LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULE. Robinson was a member of his party; attempted by a ruse to prevent the examination of his papers, deem- ing himself sadly 'deceived' when the governor shrewdly prevented the success of his trick ;^*' and occasionally deemed it his duty as a free-born Ameri- can to ])e suspicious, independent, and disagreeable to the verge of insolence. It was never quite clear to any of Anglo-Saxon blood that a Spanish official might rightfully interfere with his personal freedom to do as he pleased. Yet Pike frankly admits the kindness with which he was treated, and says much in praise of the Spaniards in New Mexico. As men, lie and his party were well treated; as Americans, they must needs have a grievance. Though assured lie was not a prisoner. Pike insisted on receiving a cer- tificate that he was obliged to go to Chihuahua. They left the capital on March 4th, after a dinner given by the governor in their honor, Alencaster tak- ing Pike in his coach drawn by six mules for three miles. Captain Antonio Almansa commanded the escort, and the route was by way of Santo Domingo and Alburquerque to a point below Isleta,"' whore ''•Pike distributeil the important papers among his men, showinc his trunk containing the rest to the gov., who seemed satisfied and returni'd the trunk. Tlion P. collected the papers, fearing the men, who were driiikiii)^ pretty freely, migiit lose them or give them up. But next morning tlio guv. called for the trunk again, and Zobulon was outwitted ! '■'"The places named liy P. below Albunjuerque are Tousac, S. Feriiaii^lez, Sabinez (Sabinal), Jaeales, and Sibilleta (Sevillota, or CoboUetii, ace. to I's iiuc). Tliesc may be supposed to include Isleta, Tome, and Bclen, Sabinal iieing tlie only name m hich may be approximately correct. Sibilleta, on the east .side of the river, is described as a fine and regular village, and such a place is mentioned in several Span, records as the starting-point of the caravans, sometimea garrisoned by 7 men. Of its founding I Imd uo record, nor is it mentioned in statistical lists of '20-1. At Sto Domingo rich paintings and images were noted in the cliurch; at S. Feliiie a fine bridge across the river. Hero Padre Rubi was found t» be a liberal and educated man, showing a valuable sfcitistical table. Saiidui is called St Dies. At Alburquerque P. Ambrosio Guerra was hospitable, thougli sadly disappointed that he could not make a Christian of Pike. Here a party of beatitiful girls contributed to the entertainment, including two of Kiighnli parentage, who had been rescued from Ind. captivity. Apparently at l>lfta (not named) Dr Robinson was added to the party, and told the story ot lii« adventures. Tliey were welcomed with a danco at Tousac (Tome ?); and at S. Fernandez met Melgares, who sent out an order for the handsomest jiirla of the region to l)e sent in for a fandango, ' wliich portrays more clearly t!:;iu a chapter of observations the degraded state of the common pooplu. ii ;- THE a:mericans in cuihuahua. 297 Lieutenant Facundo Melgares, returning southward with his dragoons, took charge of the party. For Ahnansa and Melgares Pike has nothing but words of praise. Starting on March 11th, they reached El Paso on the 21st and ChihuaJiua on April 2d. Here Gonoial Salcedo treated them ujuch as Governor Aloiicaster had done, but insisted on retaining Pike's papers. The Americans were finally sent home through Coahuila and Texas under an escort, leaving Chiliuahua at the end of April, and reaching Natchi- toches in July. Pike's book was published in 1810; he was promoted to brigadier-general, and lost his life at the taking of Toronto in 1813. His narrative was interesting, and at the time of its publication of much value. Naturally, it adds but little if anything to in- formation derived from Pino and the archive records, yet I shall have occasion to cite it on several points.^ Moved by Pike's account of the New Mexican country, and entertaining an idea, perhaps, that Hi- dalgo's revolution had removed the old restrictions on trade, Robert McKnight, with a party of nine or ten, crossed the plains in 1812, and reached Santa Fe. The result was that their goods were confiscated, and they were arrested, being held in Chihuahua and Durango as prisoners until 1822, when they were re- -'*' Pile (Zi'hulon MonUjomei'y). An nrrount of erpcditimu to the sourcfx of the Mi^i-'xippi, imd thrmujh the wvxtern jxirts of Louisinini to thi'snurremf the Arkiiit- i>iiii; Kiui.% La J'liUte, and Pierre Jaun, rirers: yerfnrmetl liij order of the i/orerii- iiiiii/ iif the United Stales, durinij the yearn ISo'i, ISdf'i, anil IS07. Ami a tour tlirniiiih the interior jxirtfi of NeiP Spiht, irhen romliirted throu'/h thene prorinerx, hij nn/ir of the captain-ije.'iernt, in the year IS07. By Major Z. M. I'ile. litii.t- traii'd III/ inapn and ch -.itx. Phil., 1810, 8vo, with portrait. Parts ii., iii., ctni- tiiiii till! cxped. to N. Mex. ami L'liiii., from p. 107; also ilcscriptive and (lin'uiiioatary appendices to parts ii., iii., separately paged. Also an Kngli-ih wlitidii, from a copy of the Al.S., with a few verltal corrections and notes iiy tlieiilitor, Thomas Rees, under the title I'ike'n Erploratorii 1'iairl.t, etr., Lon- don, ISll, 4to; and the French translation of M. IJreton, I'tke, I'liyaije 1 leased by Iturbide's order. Efforts had been made in 1817 in their behalf, at the intercession of John Scott, the Missouri congressman, by Secretary Adams, tiirough the Spanish minister Onis; but tliougli thu latttT wrote on the subject both to king and viceroy nothing could be effected.^ In 1815 Auguste P. Choteau and Julius de jVImi formed a partnership, and went witli a largo party to tlie upjH'r Arkansas to hunt and trade with the In- dians. They claim to have confined their operations to American territory, which was perliaps soniewluit elastic in their eyes; at any rate, we have only tlicir version. Visiting Taos and Santa Fe in 1816 they were most favorably received by Governor Maincz, a very polite old gentleman, who said there would bo no objection to their trapping and trading east of the mountains and north of Red River. He even thouulit he might get from the general for them a license to hunt beaver on the branches of the Rio Grande. Re- tiring to tlie nt)rth to await the desired permission, they were often visited by parties from tlie settlements, who came to trade. But earlv in 1817, after Gov- ernor Allande's accession, there was a decided change of Spanish policy. A force of 200 men under Lieu- tenant Francisco Salazar, marched out to search for an Anjcrican fort, said to exist on the Rio de las Animas, with cannon and 20,000 men! This fort was n(»t found, but in June Sergeant Mariano Bernal \vas sent out to arrest the Americans, and not only did ho bring in Choteau, De Mun, and 24 men as prisoners, but opened their caches on the upper Arkansas, and ""^ Sta F<', MvMiiije fromtlie. •president of the If. S., trammitlinij. . .iii/orwuti'in rcln/ire to tin' nrrcst (uid wiprLionineut q/' rertiiin Ainerkdn citiziiin at Sin I'e. Wiusli., April li"), '18, 8vo, 28 p.; also Amer. St. Ppiiiliii|:^ to congn^ss for relief In 18-0 -(J the connnittee of foreign relations reported "tliat tlie demand ought to be made and jiressed with an earnestness })roportionute to the magnitude of tlie iiijvny anil tlie unreasonable delay which has arisen in making satisftiction for it." Ex parte testimony in such ( laims for damages must of course be taken with (.lue allowances/*' With the indei)endenceof 1821-2 the Santa Fe trade proper — legitimate but for some liberties taken with Mexican custom-house regulations, and unobstructed cxcejtt by difficulties and dangers of the journey across tl)e plains — may be said to have begun; and it will be a prominent topic of later annals. Captains (ilenn, Becknell, and Stej)hen Cooper were the men who in 1821-2 visited Sante Fe with small })arties, making large piofits on the limited (quantities of goods they succeeded in bringing to market, and laying the foun- dations of future success. About these earliest trips ve liave but little information, exce[)t that the traders, uncertain as to the best route, endured terrible sutt'er- ings fiom thirst. Becknell made two tri[)S. Major Cooper still lives in California, as I write in 188(5; and from Joel P. Walker, one of his companions, I liavi' an original narrative of their adventures.^^ ''\sVri Fe, McsK., etc., as in note 29, a larger p.art of the pimplilet being ilcnotiil to the (Jhoteau claim than to tlie McKnight atl'air. The tlou. iiulmle a Iniig narrative hy Jnlius de Muii, at St Louis, Nov. 25, '17, and a sworn statement of 11 nieiidicrs of the party — French (Canadians all signing witli a 'X'— dated Sept. 25, '17. On the claim in 1.S25-3G, see U. S. xiv. 47; xvi. 272; xxvii. 312. There was another claim, for the imprisonmeat of .1. Kiirro, but no [larticulars are given. ^' W'tilkn- (J. J'.), iV(., 75; Niks' liej., xxiii. 10, 177; xxvu. ;Uj; xxviii. 21)1); Prince's JJist. Sk., 271-3. ti ;,!■ H nw- ' W-M aoo LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULE. The general subject of early exploration, hunting and trapping, and Indian trade and warfare, in the great interior, though one that is closely connected with the history of each of these Pacific States, can- not, of course, be fully treated in any one of my vol- umes. In each I note those expeditions tliat directly concern its territory, and refer the reader to the annals of" other territories, as given in different volumes of this series. Some chapters on Colorado and the regions farther north will be found useful in connection with New Mexican liistory ; and matter that is especially interesting may be found in my volumes on the North- west Coast.^^ During these 22 years the population of (jcnfr dc razon may be said to have increased from 11), 000 to 30,000 in New Mexico proper, excluding the El Pa.so district ; while the number of pueblo Indians remained practically unchanged, between 9,500 and 10,000. ( )tli- cial reports establish these figures with tolerable accu- racy, but afford no satisfactory basis for more detailed classification.^ The capital villa of Santa Fe reached, ^'' Coi/iifrs Lost Trappern, Cm., 1859, is a little work containing iimiiy in- tereitiiig ami valuable details of the early trappers' experiences; Imt i i t'.ic j)art concerning N. Mex. there is evidently a serious error in dates. Work- man and Spencer in 1807-9 are represented as having crossed from the iipiior Arkansas, south of Pike Peak, to the Colorado, descended that river to tin; ford, 3tarteut on account of the meagre records, frequent discrepancies, and irregular grouping of the settlo- iiicnts in partidos, local items of population have little significance. In number, location, and in all n s|»ect8 except an increase of Spanish population at certain points, the settlements remained as before, and 1 refer to the final note of the preceding chapter."* Conimercial methods continued as before. Pre- siiinably, fairs were still held at Taos for trade with the Indians, though I find no direct indication of the fact in this period;"' each autumn tiie great caravan (Itpartcd for the south; at El Paso, to a greater extent tliaii before, the company was divided, small parties seeking ditierent markets; and large Hocks of sjieep were now driven from the province. In 1805 the viceroy decreed that all goods bartered by Xew Mexi- cans at the annual fair in San Bartolome valley from the lyth to the 23d of Deceuiber should be free from tlie payment of taxes or duties.'"'" Down to about 1 798 '* Aoconling to the official reports cited in note 33, tlio Span. pop. of the Iculiii!,' town.s, most or all inclndiny oiitlyinjj rancluis, in ISO.") aad IS'.'O was :i.s luUdws: Sta Fe, 3,741, O.O.'W; La Caiiada, 2,188, l.',(>3:!; Albnniucniue, 4.'J',M. •_',."i(>4; S.Juan de los Cal)alleros, 1,888, '2,l'2o; Al.iquiii, 1,'JIH, i;i82 (lUt'.Mii'LM): Belen, l,r)88, 2,103 (1,75G in '21); Taos, 1.337, l,2r)2; Sta Clara, IHiT. I.llli: Isluta, 378, 2,,324; Picuries, 17, 1,041. In tlieru{)ort of '21 Si.corro i.^ uivuii with a pop. of l,r)80. Tliu largest Ind. puuhloj in 20-1 were: Taos, 7"'l; S. Ildffonso, 527; C'ochiti, 053; Sta Ana, 527; Laguiia, 950; Acoina, 821); Ziifii, !,,V.)7; and Isleta, 513. ilnndjoldt for 1803 gives Sta Fe a pop. of 3,000, Alluinnieniue, 0,000, Taos, 8,90J; Pike in 1S;)7, with a good doscrip., gives S:,i Fc 4,50i) souls, and I'ino in 181 1 a pop. of 5,000. Pjcoj, ace. to Pino, was ou its list legs, liaving but 30 fighting men in '11, an 1 in '2J its pop. was 58. An (illii'iid report of the ayuntamiento gives the pop. of El Paso in '22 as S.M^4 sduls, of which married couples llJl, single men 2,207, single women li, ITo, widowers 3J5, widows 417, farmers 2,072, artisans 081, lalmrers -li'.l, teachers 8, priests 2, merchants 5, manuf. 0, retired soldiers (i, stu- ilints 3, treasury otiieiuls 2; total value of property §2.'14,018. Arc/i. Sia /' , MS. Pike describes Ojo t'aliento as a tow:i of 500 iuhab. and a mill; and Ins m iition of several unknown names in the south has bee:i noticed. ' .Vpril 24, 180(), (ren. Saleeda orders the trade with lad. at the settle- ment* to lie encouraged. J/W/. St i Fe, M.S. Possibly the Tao.i trade declined, I'r was r.iore seatterelentiful harvests, though the improvident settlers were sometiuies caught napping and suffered from scarcity. All reports praise the agricultural, and especially the stock-raising, advantages of the prov- ince, under proper encouragement. ^"^ Spanish artisans tliem using their own capital. Everybody trades in hia own way, often a very bad way. Pino describes the preparations and outfit of the caravans, starting 500 strong from La Joya dc Sevillcta in Nov.; and lie nutcs that a smaller force starting in 1801) was attacked by Ind., losing several kilKd ami .300 horses. For Pike's statement tliat two caravans left N. Mex., one in tlio spring and the other in autumn, I find no foundation; an 1 the same n mark may be made of iiis assertion that 30,000 sheep are drive. i each year fiiuii tlie province. Pike gives some current prices as follows: Hiuir, 5=2 per \00 His.; salt, !?5 per unile-load; sheep, $1 each; pork, 25 ct.s per lb.; beeves, 8.") eaeli; wine del Paso, .§15 per bbl. ; horses, §11 each; mules, i^.'lO eaeli; siiprrtiiie cloths, 825 per yd; fine do, S20; linen, §4; and other dry goods in proportion. And Pino: native tobacco, 4 realos per lb.; wheat and maize, ^1 per laiuga; cotton, §3 per fanega (!). '■>' Tlio imports included SGl.OOO of European goods, $7,000 Asiatic, .'SSI.IMIO American, and — though N. Mex. wa^ a 8tock-rai.«i;ig country — ?jl0.o()0 ot horses and mules. Yet the gov. in 1803 says that (iOO horses and mule.s were annually sent away. ^' Chacon {Fernando), Tnforme del fiohcrnndor snhre Ind nutrias del N. JIm'., 1S03, in Arch. Sta Fe, MS., datoil Aug. 2Stli. T>)l):icco raisetl for home ccm- sumption even by the padres, and but tor the estanco on cigars, snufF, etc.. t!ie product might bo vastly increased. Books on agric. and stock-raising Miiicli uceded. Wool, sheep, auda little cotton exported. No use made ot timber. TRADE AND EDUCATION. 303 iiicluik'cl a few carpenters and blacksmiths, but nearly all nuclianical and other work was done by the In- di.iiis, who still made pottery for home use, tanned li iitlur, from which bridles were niade, and wove ]nr*j;c (jiiiintities of coarse blaid<(^ts. They also made some progress in weaving cotton textures of low grade under an instructor from ^lexico."*" (governor Chacon, in 18<);{, says that copper is abundant, and ajt[>Mrently I'uli, but no mines are worked, though there is nnicli (ual of good quality. Pino, in 1812, also notes the iNistence of rich deposits of copper, gold, and silver, (if which no use is made; but Pike, in 1S07, states that a copper mine west of the river, in latitude 34", yields 20,000 mule-loads of metal annually, while ves- sels of wrought copper were among the country's ex- ports. Bartlett tells us that the Santa liita mine — really just below 33° — was worked from 1804; and Prince gives more details, to the effect that the mine was discovered in 1800 bv Lieutenant-colonel (\irrisco, who sold it in 1804 to Francisco jVIanuel Elguea of Chihuahua, by whom work was at once begun, 100 mules being constantly em})loyed to transport the metal to Mexico for use in the mint.*" I think there is room for some doubt as to the early working of this mine, though a beginning was probably made before 1822. Pino says that old silver mines were found closed up, with the tools inside, and doubtless the prospect-holes made by the Spaniards before 1G80 were thus found occasionally; but there is little or Pino tflls us that maize yields 50 to 1 00 fold. Tithes "•mount to about slO.OOO, ami are distrilmted sis foUows, giving an idea of the country's produots: maize .'{.0(10 taiiegas, wheat 2,000 fan., vegetahles 1,0riest had been produced in New Mexico. Tluro were a few j)rivate teachers in the larger towns, and at Kl Paso from 180(5-7 a school seenis to have ixi n maintained,*' The only medical man in the countiy was the presidial surgeon at Santa Fe. Of social manners and customs we have nothing })ertaining t s- |)ecially to this period, except the somewhat superli'ere still essentially military, as they had always been, the governor being also military chief. There were no ayuntamientos or other nmnicipal bodies, no coints, no taxes, no treasuries or municipal funds. Each of the eiirht alcaldes attended to all local matters in liis own alcaldia, being responsible to the governor, from whose decision the only appeal was to the audiencia of Guadalajara. An audiencia at Chihuahua was deemed an urgent necessity. The governor, with a salary of $4,000, had no legal adviser or notary, hut ♦' The yeso ia mentioned by Chacon and Pino. ^Tive hundred and eighty-four children in attendance in 1806; 400 iu 1S07. Arch. Sta Fi, MS. Pino says there were no beggars or vagrants, EDUCATION AND (iOVKUNMENT. 30S was aided l)y two lieutenants and two alfereccs. The alialdcs wtTo vecinos, who «;ot no )»ay. A Hc^utenant (if tlic yjoven.or in his niilitary capacity ruled at El J>.is() for a Hidary of $'2,0()0." Till' rcj^'ulur military force supported by the royal ti't a>ury was lUl nuii, iorniinfif the ]>residial or veteran (Kiiipaiiy of Santa Fe." J^ut Pino stat« s that an av- t'la^c force of 1,500 men had been recpiiretl to defend tilt province, wiiich the settlers had furnisiicd without itav. and even armed and e«jui[)j>ed at tlieir own cost, thiis suvini,^ the kin«( 84:{, 01)0,000 in the past UH \(ars/' There was i)roi)ably a dejL^ree of exa^j^geration ill this, but the deputy complained, with reason, that till: system was an intolerable burden, urgini^ that X( w Mexico should bi; p.'t in this respect on the same basis as other })rovinces; that the militia should be ]»roii» il\ organized, paid, and armed; and that five }>re- .>i(li()s should be establislu^d or transferred from the south. In January 181*3 Pino uru-ed this part of his sclitine anew in the cortes; it was referred to the rnnns.'nn (iltni mariiia ; and in May some kind of an (ii'Icr lial been issued by the r(\iL;[ency to the viceroy, ]ii()l)aljly one to investij^ate and report/'' A year later l)(iii Simon Ellas, bein<^ called upon for his o|)inion, re- ]i()i'ti.'(l ajj;ainst the transfer of the southern presidios to \('\v Alexico, but favored the establisliment of two new ones on the Rio Grande between Sevilleta and El Paso/' So nothin*^ was done. At this time " n.ivis, El Onnijo, 83, notes the execution of a soldier in '15 for a petty tliift ';in Ml evidence of tlie iron rule that iirevailcd in those days.' By tlie fipiistitutioii a [jrov. of less than 00,000 pop. was to be joined to tlio adjoining I'liiv. I(ir the election of a diputado. Sto Domingo was an exception, and I'iiio argued that N. Mex. slioidd be another. " I'istrib. as follows, ace. to Pino: 39 in the real de cahallada, or movable ilitailimciit, 12 on guard at the capital, 7 at Sevilleta on the southern frontier, ;iiiil tlie rest scattered at various points with the militia. The pay of a sol- dier uaa 1*240. Pike. Explor. Tniv., 344, talks of a force of 1,000 dragoons at Sta Fe. " I'hin, Ervos., 14-20; Id., Xol., 41 4. In 1808, 3 companies of militia were nrgaiiiz.il under captains Ijoreuzo (iutierrez, Jo.sc' Fran. Pino, and Bartolonie Vuia, til men in each com^i. ; but down to 1812 they had received no pay. "■ hMi-ii) ,1,' (^(irten, 1813, xvii. 50; xix. 307. *" Miiy 20, '14, report of Eliaa, in Piwut. /> >-•. Hist. ChU,., MS., 15-24. Cost of SU Fe coiiip., 127 men, in '14, S3(i,(i44. MS. of Pimtrt Col. Hist. Ariz, and N. Mex . 20 r\ :l I 306 LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULE. the presidio of Carrizal, formerly at El Paso, was no lonjjfer considered as beloimiiii; to New Mexico. We have seen that the nuui'oer of christianized pueblo Indians neither increased nor diminished jxr- ceptibly in these 22 years; nor were there any clian;j,(s in tlie svstem of mission manacjemont. There were from 19 to 22 Franciscan friars in charge of the mis- sions; but they lived chiefly at the places havinLT a large Spanish population. Pino states that in 1.^1! in 19 purely Indian pueblos there were but five mis- sionaries. There was one secular priest at Santa F6, and there, as at Alburquerque and Santa Cruz, the friars were supported by fees; the rest by their siiiodos of $330 from the royal treasury."*^ On one phase of tlio earlier controversy — complaints of the patUvs aiifainst the governor and alcaldes for ill-treating the Indians — I find nothing new, though there is little reason to suppose that any practical reform had been efl'octrd. Lieutenant Pike found the natives virtually slaves, and cruelly treated by the Spanish officers. On the otlur hand, the friars' shortcomings were still a current topic of d'spute. In consequence of a petition from the natives, the exact purport of which is unknown to mt\ Protector-general Andrade at Guadalajara in lsli> appointed Felipe Sandoval 'protector partidario" (»f the New Mexican Indians. Sandoval in his repnit stated that the padres were content with sim[)ly f^ax iiiu' mass, and the neophytes were in reality deprived of spiritual instruction. This brought out a reprimand from the bishop of Durango; and the vice-custi (Ho, Padre Sebastian Alvarez, called upon the friars for a defence in 1818. They indignantly denied the tiuth of the charg'js, declaring that the 'protector' was not *" Piiin, Xot., 15-10, SS; E.rpoK., 7-8. He notes that an Ind. woman will not luNir n'ore tluiii 4 cliiUlren, taking provfutivo drinks. In '•_'0-l, tlnio were 10-'2I pailres, with 11 sinodos, auiouuting to 8S, '2811 or .*.'{, ODD. '/,,/.•.«, fii/oniit', Ms. I niiike no attempt to rcconl the names of padres servoi:: ■lur- ing tliis and later periods, tliougli many of them iiiiglit probably bo obtaiiU'l from old uiiasioii registerd ojid > 'ler records sail e.xistiug. MISSION AFFAIRS. 807 only influenced by evil motives but was a tliit f.*" No bisliup visited the province after 17()0, and thoret'ore there were no confirmations. Delej^ate Pino, a New Mixican 50 years of age, bad never seen a bisbop until be came to Spain in 1812. He urijently de- manded the erection of his province into a separate hisliopric, and the carrying-out of the royal order and papal bull of 1777-9 in favor of a college. His idea was that the tithes, yielding $'J- 10,000, as disadvan- ta^eouely rented, were an'.jiie to pay the episcopal salary and all othor necessary expenses; besides, the sinodos of six miss-,ions might justly l)e added, since the fits at Helen, Isleta, Abiquiu, Santa Clara, San Juan, and Taos would suffice for tue friars' support. Ac- cordingly, on January 2(5, 1813, the erection of a hisliopric and establisl.ment of the college were de- creed by the cortes; and s(^me supplementary instruc- tions were issued in May; but practically nothing was done under Spanish rule. 50 It is to be regretted that nothing is know'n of polit- ical events and sentiments in New Mexico during the war of independence in lHll-21. There is no indica- tion that the great national struggle sent even a ri[)pIo of I'xcitement to the northern interior; and we may rtasonaldy co!iclude that oihcials and ])i'ople here, as in California, were content to await the issue, in which *'Apl>(iiiitiiieiit of Sandoval Aug. 20, ISUt. in Arrh. S/n /■'», MS. Dfyclop- iiii'iit.s lit 1818. X. Ml J-., I)(j'i iixii.i lie MiiiiiiivriM, ; i lil. On M.in'li 'Jt'), '18, tlii> giiv. iiiul l.i. l-. hmrh ill Ciiftrs, IM'-', xvi. |f.(t; I8i:{, X.\. Ul-l'; r, „■(,:<, Cnl. ih' J>irn/i,-, iii. 'JOO; A rriWit/n, /i'm''i;i , 1S30, ]t. 1)5 (5. In liis Ai/iriniii-'f to Pino, ji. ;U of \nfirl,i.i, Harreiro s|M aks of a decree of Jan. '2i\, '18, in favor of the hi.shopric and colegio. Some- tiiiiiL; wa.^ also attempted lu ''J3. aos LAST YEARS OF SPANISH RULE. ;i i s 1^ jifi i' they took but slight interest, and of which in its de- tails they were to a great extent kept in ignorance. In New Mexico, the element of private correspond- ence, so important an aid in tracing the annals of this period in California, is entirely lacking in the records within mv reach. We have seen that in 1822 Governor Melgares was succeeded by Chavez, and also that Vizcarra ruled for a time in the same year. Besides this brief record, we have one important doc- ument of 1821, which shows how news of Iturbide's accession was received, and which may indicate that New Mexicans were not behind Californians in the ver- satility displayed in accepting the successive changes of government, with prodigious and suddenly acquired enthusiasm for each. It was on September 11th that the 'dulce voz de libertad' was first heard, and lovers of the country and religion swore to the independence at Santa Fe; and on December 2Gth — |dia glorioso! jDia de admiracion, y dia tan eternal para los Nuevos Mexicos, que de pa- dres a liijos se ira trasmitiendo hasta la mas reniota posteridad ! — came news of Iturbide's entry into Mex- ico. Dozens of citizens received communications in writing and print by the mail of that day, which they road aloud to the crowd at the post-office, the gov- ernor reading a patriotic address from the city of Topic, with a poetic elTusion of that 'liberalisiino (iuropeo' Don Pedro Negrete, on listening to which all, from the '+ierno parvulito' to the 'treniulo an- ciano,' were beside themselves with joy, and filled the air with vivas, as Melgares shouted, " New Mexicans, this is tlic occasion for showing the heroic patriotism that inflames you; let your sentiments of liberty and gratitude be published abroad, and let us show ty- rants that although we live at the very extremity of North America we love the holy religion of our fathers; that we cherish and protect the desind union between Spaniards of both hemispheres; and that, with our last drop of blood, we will sustain the iii:'r Ti'URBIDE AND THE EMPIRE. 309 sacred indepenr'ence of the Mexican empire!" The 6th of January, 1822, was set apart for a formal cele- bration, which should, if possible, excel that of Topic, At dawn the salutes of artillery and the marching; of processions began; and with dawn of the next day, ended the grand baile at the palacio. Never did Saiiia Fe behold such a splendid displa)^. The inde- poidientisimo postmaster, Juan Bautista Vigil, ex- celled himself in painting decorations; the excesivo i)}ilependie'>^*e alcalde, Pedro Armendaris, led a tri- im\\A\Sii\t paseo ; and a grand loa de las tres garantias was performed, by Alferez Santiago Abreu represent- iiiii; independence. Curate and Vicar Juan Tomas Terrazas religion, and Chaplain Francisco Osio the union. All through the day and night the villa was jiainted red with independence or death, and Gov- ernor Melgares wrote a flaming account of the whole affair for the Gaceta Imperial.^^ Doubtless Don Fa- cundo, realizing the side on which his bread was but- tered, saw to it that nothing was lost in telling the story; and presumably the fall of Iturbide a little later was celebrated with equal enthusiasm. There was nothing mean or one-sided in New Mexican patriotism. •'"' Mtlijnrts ( Facundo), Demostraciones qiiepara mhminzar la Indejiendevrin del Imyeno hlzo Ui ciwitul de SUi Fe, 1S22. In Gaceta Inij)., March 23, '26, "2'2, ii. 85-"JI{. Proclamation of the plan de Iguala in N. Mex., 1821, nientioneil in Alamnn, Ifint. Mej., v. 237-9, from the same source. It is noticualilc that in the celebration the gov, is called jej'e politico, and an ayuntainieiito is men- tioned. Sept. 10, *22, N. Mex. was made one of the 5 Proviiicias luternas Hiiiler a coin. gen. at Chih., corres. to the earlier intendencia; that is, there wa.s practically no change in N. Mex. Mex., Mem. (juerra, 1S23, p. 25. P ' ' CHAPTER XIV. w A MEXICAN TERRITORY. 1823-1845. SirccESSioN OF Ruler;'.— Tkrkitory and Department — Civil and Mii.it u;v (ioVEKNJlENT — CHRONOLOGY — InUIAN AfFAIRS — REVOLUTION OF IS'M S — rKKK/, (JONZALKZ, AND Ak.MIJO — TeXAN SaNTA Fe EXPEDITION (iK 1841 — 1/i.KEAi' OF THE Invaders— Texan Raids for Plunder in 1S4:!— McDaniel, Warfieli), and Snively — The Filibusters Foiled — Tup. Santa 1'e Trade— Com.mekce of the Prairie.s — Map— Events ami St.vtl>*tic.s — Storks and (Jreoo — P.vttie's Exploit.s — Califok.ma Caravans Industrial Condition — Mines and Missions — Schools— Newspaper — Population. f 'ii The ruler at Santa Fe during the Mexican repuMi- can rojj^imo of 1823— iG was known as jefe politico until 18:57, and later bore the title of gobernudor, The list, as made up from those of Prince, Mcliiio, Ritch, and the United States Lind-t>ffiee reports, with slight corrections from original sources, is given in a note.^ As a rule, nothing is definitely known respect- iniX the acts of the.se officials or the circumstances of their accession to power. Until lS'2-i Xew ^Mexico was a province, one of the Provincias Internus, until, by the acta constitutiva of January 31st, it was joined to the provinces of Chi- 1 List of governors of N. Mex., 18i!.'i-4G: Antonio Vizcarra to Juno IS'JIt; Francisco .Tavier Cliavi'z, Juno and July, acting; Bartolonie Vaca, IS'J.') to Sept. 182"); Antonio N:ul)ona, Sept. 1825 to May 1827; .Manuel Ariu'jd, 1827-8; Antonio Vizcarra, acting in 1828; Josii Antonio Cliavez, 182S 'M; Santiago Abreu, 18:!l 2, or iicrhaps to 18;>;J; Francisco Sarracino, 18.'?IJ to May 1835, tiiough Juan Rafael Ortiz seeina to lie named in the archives in Oct. 1834; Mariano Chavez, acting, May to July 1835; Albino Perez, 183,V7; Pedro MufidZ, acting, 1837-8; Jo.se (ronzalez, jireteudant or rovolutiuiiary gov., 1837-8; Manuel Ariiiijo, Jan. 1838 to 184(): Antonio Sandoval, acting', 18-41; Mariano Martinez do Lejanza, acting, 1844-5; Jo.stS Chavez, ai'ting, Sept. to Dec. 1845; and Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid, acting, in Aug. lt>40. (310) REPUBUCAX GOVERNMENT. 311 huahua and Durango, to form the Estado Interno del Xorte. Durango, however, protesting against this arrangement, because the capital was fixed at Chihua- liua. the two southern provinces were made states, and from July 6th New Mexico became a territory of the re[iul)lie. At tlie same time the El Paso district was joined to Chiliuahua, but no eastern or western bdiiiiils were assigned to New Mexico, it being under- stood that the territory extended in those directions far out beyond the settlements, and in the north to the Arkansas, the Hmit of Mexican possessions since 1819, Under the new constitution of December 1836 the territory became a department, and was so called to the end of Mexican rule.^ Under the new forms of the republican regime there was practically no change in the government, all I ranches being controlled somewhat arbitrarily by tlie governor. Tliere was a kind of legislature, or execu- tive council, of four or six members, known as the diputacion provincial, or territorial, from 1824, junta cle|iartamental from 1837, and sometimes asamblea in 1S44--5; but this body is stated by Barreiro and others to luive been a nullity, and very little is known of its aets,^ Instead of the alcaldes niayores of Spanish times, there were ayuntamientos at a few of the 1'irger towns, with ordinary alcaldes at the smaller settl nnents.* In 1844, by a decree of the asseinl>ly, ^July 19, 1823, decree alluding to N. Mex. as one of the Provineias Int. lie Occiik'iite, and providing that tiio civil and military coininand be supa- rati'd. Mix., Col. Ord. y Decret'M, ii. 147-8. Acta const, of Jan. 1824. Mcr., Col. (iiH-it'd., i. 3. Decree of Fob. 4, 1824, N. Mcx. to send one diputado to t'.io diputacion provincial of C'liih. Jle.r., Col. Onl. y D (Pulndo), l>44-(), p. 81. ^Birreiro, Ojenda, 27-8. In 1831 the niemhors are named, Ant. J. Mar- tiiitz htiug the first. Arch, Sta Fi, MS. In 1844 Jesus Maria (iallcg(n wa.s pre.s. and J. B. Vigil sec. Alwrt'n liept, 479. In 1845 the asamblea had lour iiKiidiurs, and one suplente not named. .S'. Miguel, Rev. Mex , 60. 'In 1827-32, ace. to Barreiro, Ojeruin, 42, and a talile by Narlwna, in Pino, Sot., 27-30, only Sta Fe, Caflada, and Taoj had ayuuta.uientos. The parti- 's ! i hi 312 A MEXICAN TERRITORY. '.m published in a bando by the governor, the department was divided into three districts and seven partidos; and presumably prefecturas were organized, since one or two prefects are incidentally named. Of Now Mexican representatives in congress, I have found no record.^ I i if ' ,is^ f I 3 l| m doa were Sta Fe, including S. Miguel del Vado, Cochitl, Jemes, Sandfa, and Alanietla iiiuler alcaldes, and also Tesuque, Pecos, Sto Domingo, C'ia, Sta Ana, and S. Felipe; Alburquerque, including Isluta, Tome. Belen, Soforio, and Laguna as alcaldfas, and also Sabinal, Acoma, and ZuAi; and Cafiadt, in- cluding S. Juan, Taos, and Abiquid under alcaldes, with Sta Clara, .S. lldu- fonso, Pujuaquc, Nambe, and Picurles. The division into districts und partidos on Juno 17, 1844, was as follows: Central district, cabecera Sta Fe, which is also capital of the department, with three partidos: Ist, Sta Fe, in- cluding S. Ildefonso, Pujuaque, Nambe, Cuyamanque, Tesuque, R.io Tesuque, Cienega, Cicueguilla, Agua Fria, Galisteo, Real del Oro, and Tuerto; 2il, Algodoncs, including Rayada, Cochitl, Peiia Blanca, Chilili, Sto I)omiui.'o, Cubero, S. PY'lipe, Jemes, Cia, Sta Ana, and Angostura; 3d, S. Miguel dil Vado, iucluding Pecos, Gusano, Rio de la Vaca, Iklula, Estramosa, 8. Jcise, Pueblo, Puertecito, Cuesto, Cerrito, Anton Chico, 'iecolote, Las Vegas, and Cepillo. Northern district, cabecera Los Luceros, with two partidos: Ist, Rio Arriba, capital Luceros, including Sta Cruz de la Canada, Chiniavo, Truchius, Sta Clara, Vegas, Chama, Cucliillo, Abiquiii, Rito, Colorado, Ojij Calicnte, Rancliitos, Chamita, S. Juan, Rio Arriba, Joya, and Enibudo; 2d, Taos, capital Don Fernandez (S. Fernando de Taos ?), including S. Francisco, Arroyo Hondo, Arroyo Seco, Desmontea (Dos Montes?), Cicnu- guilla, Picurfcs, Sta Barbara, Zanipas, Chemisal, Llano Peilasco, Muni, Huerfano, and Cimarron. South-eastern district, cabecera Valencia, with two partidos: 1st, Valencia, includiug S. Fernando, Tome, Socorro, Liinitar, Polvaduras, Sabinal, Elatncs, Casa Colorado, CiboUeta (Sevilleta), Sabind, Parida, Luis Lopez, Belen, Lunas, Lentes, Zufli, Acoma, and Rito; I'd, Bernalillo, incliKling Isleta, Padilla, Pajarito, Atrisco, Placeres, AlbuniiiiT- (jue, Alameda, Corrales, and Sandia. Doc. from the Arch. Sta Fe, translated in Almri's liept., 477-9. Abert and Prince choose to call the partidos ' cnun- ties. ' '^ Except of Jose A. Cliavez, in 1827-8, described in tne Semhlamas de Dijm- htiloH as ' consigned ' to P'rancisco Tagle. Gregg, Com. Prairies, i. 222, 2H;}-8, and Davis, El Gringo, 105-7, give an account of the administration of justice by the alcaldes, or through tlio arlii- tratioii of homhres Ixieiton, appeals to the governor, penalties of tine and im- prisonment, not very impartially awarded, absence of all the legal forms of court routine, exemptions under the military and ecclesiastical fueros, tlie inq)ossibilitj' of obtaming justice, and the consequent prevalence of thefts and other putty ofl'encea. In these matters N. Mexico was like all the distant Mexi- can territories, and much light will be thrown on them by a perusal of tlie an- nals of California, where the records are n\ore coniplete. In Me,r., Mini. JuHtiria, ] 82(), p. 0, it is said there was no juoz de letras nor lawyer iu N. Mex . , and litigation had to be carried on at enormous cost iu Durango, Zacatceas, etc. In III., 1828, no. 2, p. 14, there is said to be a juzgado de distrito at Sta Vi; also that the circuit court of Parral has jurisdiction iu N. Mex. In lil., 1831, p. 7. 18, §3,000 has been assigned for a lawyer to serve as juezde ictra.s. Yet in 1832 Ikirreiro, Ojeada, 38-9, who has served two years as asesoi-, or legal adviser, complains that ' jamas se castigan los delitos, porque no liay en lo absoluto quieii sepa foruiar una sumaria, evacuar una defensa, ni llevar la voz fiscal;' tliat few are able to carry their cases to Mex.; and that he de- spairs of being able to iutruduco order iuto the admiuiatratiou of justice iu ■i iJ MILITARY AFFAIRS. 313 Down to 1839 the territory was under the military rule of a commandant, called militar, principal, or de annas, who was subordinate to the comandante <^en- cral of Chihuahua. At times the civil and military odiiiinands were held by the same and at others by ditlereiit men. In 1824 the presidial company at Santa Fc had 119 men, including officers, at a total cost of $35,488. A Mexican law of 182G provided for three permanent cavalry companies of 100 rank and file, each at a cost of $87,882; and for two com- panies of active militia, each of 100 men. Barreiro, however, writing in 1832, states that the territory liad still only its one company, urging an increase of force and a transfer of the presidio to Valverde. In 18;3o, on the coming of Governor Perez, who was also comandante principal, some slight effort seenis to have boon made to reorganize the forces, without definite results. In 1839 New Mexico was separated from Chdiuahua, and made a comandancia. Governor Ar- mijo having later the title of comandante general. From this time, also, in Mexican reports the existence of the three companies is iioted, though with cmly men enouffh for one. The truth seems to be that here, as in California during the larger part of Mexi- can rule, the military organization hardly existed ex- cept on paper.^ N. Mox. He urgca the ' reestablishment ' of a juzgado de letras. In the ustiiiwites of 1838, Me.r., Mem. Hac, 2il pt, the ministroa anil fiscales are to reitive .<4,000 eacli. Prince, 229, names Ex-tov. Abreu as chief justice down til KSH7. All is very confusing, and it is hard to determine whetliur the ter- ritory over had any courts except those of the ordinary alcaldes. ''l'i)inj)any report of Dec. 1824, showing that the captain was jefe politico, with .'St.OOO pay. MS. of the Pimirt Vol. Law of March 21, 182(i, establish- iiij,' presidial and militia csmpanies. AnilUvjn, liccop., Jan-June 183(1, p. 193- 201; /i'«'.s;/o and V(il;. 1, 1834, Bias Hinojos was capt. of the company and comandante prin- cipal of N. Mex., signing a proclamation in favor of Sta Anna, whicli is also signed by sergeants anr(iiiiiiti ymra iiivjomr .sii cititdo, e ir profporcionaiulo suj'uturd felichlinl. Foniiiida par el Lie, Antonio Bnrreiro, u-scsor de dicho terntnno. A pelicinn ild CKCiiio. sf'iin'- m'niMro (/uej'iii deju-tliciii Don Jone /ijnacio E-fpinoHii. Y dedicid i al eiicmo. neilor vice-prenidente de Ion Entadoa Uniilos Me.ricanon Don Amvitmio Bi(.fUiiiiiinte. Puebla, 1832, 8vo, 42 p., 2 1., 10 p. This somewhat merito- rious littki work was also embodieil in a later edition of Pino's Notkkis Hii- tdricii.i. Fr. Juan Felipe Ortiz, vicar-general of N. Mexico. 1833. Sarracino, gov. Visit of the bisliop of Durango, whose reception is described by Prince as very enthusiastic. 1834. Sarracino and Ortiz, gov. Grand demonstration of civil ami uiili- tary authorities on Aug. Ist in favor of Santa Anna and the pronuncianiieuto of Cuernavaca. El Tiempo, Sept. 28, 1834. 1835. Serracino, Cliavez, and Perez, gov. First newspaper of N. Mi>xit'n, El CrepuKculo, published at Taos by Padre Martinez for four weeks. Found- ing of l.as Vegas. Mora grant. War with the Navajos. 1830. Perez, gov. Under the new central system N. Mexico was to be a department, and the ruler a governor instead of political chief. 1837. Perez, (ionzalez, and MuAoz, gov. Revolution, as narrated else- where in this chapter. Fatal typhoid epidemic, which, with the follnwiiig small-pox, according to . Sottlement of La Junta. Ti-eaty with Moscalero Apaclies. 1 843 -5. Continued troubles with the Texans. 1844. Martinez, acting gov. Destructive lire at Sta Fe. Ihj'cnxor dn In Iiiti irn/itl Xnrioiial, Sept. 25th. 1845. Chavez and Armijo, gov. Pronunciainiento of the gov. in favor of tSaiita .Viina. Aniljo del PuMo, Aug. l!)th, y. !)!). 1 S4i). Armijo and Vigil, gov. Occupation of N. Mexico by the U. S. ■■ KS;2.3. Indians constantly making raids. Mex., Mem. llii, lS"2.'i, p. 57. Treaty made by Gov. Vizcarra in Feb. with Navajos, who restore' I captives, but claimed to be dying of hunger and unable to pay for past robburies. They Were given 4 months to decide about conversion and settlement. Arch. St:i /■V, M.S. More threatened dangers in Aug. 1825, but averteicii>.i i;l gohernador, lo .sincitaroii el ulzaiiiieuio. ' This w,i< ]ir(ili,ilily not true (if tlio trailers, tlreg'^f tA\i in tliat they even fiiriiislu.'d 111 'Ills t'.ir ijiielliiig the revolt. Hj also says: ' S i:i)e tune Iteioro tliese tragic L'VL'.its tcMik iilaco, it was prophesied a:aoug them [the puehlo ludi.iusj tliat a new r:ice was al)0'it to appear from the east, to redeem them from the Spanish viiko. 1 lieard this spokjii of several months before t!ie suhjeut of the insur- rectiuu lia 1 been seriously agitated. It is probable that tlio pueblos liuilt tlitir iidiif s upon the Americans, as they seeme I as yet to liave no kuowh'dgj lit the Tixaiis.' He also says the rebels proposed seudiiig to Texas for jiro- t itiiiii, thougli tliere liad been no previous uiiderst:in ling. Wiiile tliere is no iliiiuiueiitary proof, it is wellnigh impossible, considering tlie date and cir- cumstances, to believe that the Te.xans had no iutiueuce directly or indi jctly iii tlio atifair. '-The alcalde was arrested at the governor's orders by Ramon Abreu, who IS calie I prefect. '■•Davis gives a translation from an original M:s. copy in his possession. ! i' 31S A MEXICAN TEURITORY. $^'h ! I Itroakinj:^ up for Helf-j)ros('rvati()n, the t^ovornor and a (lozfii or inoro of his aHsociates wcro killed, the In ad of IVrez bfing carried as a trojdiy to the iiisurut iit head(iuarters, and the bodies of Santiago Abruu tind otheis Ikmiij; barbarously mutilated.'* It was on August Dth or 10th that the rebtds todk possession of Santa Fe, where they conunitted ii;iiel .Serua, .lci,ii|um Hurtado, and Madrigal; Sergt. Diego Sai.s, or Saenz; Mareelino Abreu, l.ortto Romero, I'^suoto, and Ortega. '•"Ritoli tells us that 'aeeonling to tlie original M.S. of the proeeedinL's. a committee was appointetl to prepare an address, and to i)roceed in ])>rsoii tn present the same to the supreme govt. In the njeaii time, as resolvr.l, all were to yield ohedienee to (iov. (lon/.alez until suiih time as the com. ((Hilii re[)ort. " Armijo was a member of tliis eommittee. '"So says Bustaihantc, who seems to follow Ariuijo's reports, as pid>Iisln'il in the J)i(trio del Goliierno. Tlius A. claimed to liave preven^ed tlie ' perdida total ' of the country, since the rebels had resolved to join the .savage tnl'cs against the province. Most writers inii>ly tliat he was recognizeil only at Sta Fe, the rebels keeping up tlieir organization in tlie north. Davi-, lu'W- ever, says the rebels were 'kept in a state of comparative peace by \\\>' au- thorities, under the pretext of desiring to treat with tliem ' until the tiiinjij arrived; aud Miller tells us that A. marched ou Sept. 13th against Guii/aliz ,,l . i: THK TKXAN SANTA FE EXPEDHIOV. 319 his ])atriot'K' acliiovoineiit to tho Mexican «^()vi'rnm(>Mt, and asked for roeiifonviiU'iits. Tliose, to tlio luimlRr (if :!()0 or more, of tlio Kscuadroii do Vom ('niz and IIP sidial troops of Cliihuahna, under Colonel .Justini- iiiii. airived before the end (»f the year. The I'l'hels liail aiL^ain assembled at or near I^a Canada, and were (It I'cated in battle on January *27, IHMS. (ionzalez ami several of his assoeiates were eaj)tured and shot. Aiiiiijo. in reeoij^nition of his services, was ;j^iven the rank of colonel, and cotiHi'ined for eioht yeais in jiis assumed positions of governor and couiandante gen- eral.'^ TJt>sides the revolution of 1S.'?7, the onlv notable event of New ^[exiean history in this period, thouLrh uiic that in most of its piiases belongs proi)orly to the annals of another territory,^" was the capture of the Ttxan Santa Fc expedition of 1841. Hitherto there had been little or no direct intercourse betwi'en the Xt'W Mexi'^ans and their neighbors of the adjoining nud his lii'lit. -fjov., Antonio Domingo Lopez, at PujufKilU', iniliiciny tliuni thiciiijli tlie intluence of a priust to nugntiatu for peace, luit linally iiisi.sting 111 :iu \iiieonilitional surremler. But MiUtr spcakst of no later ti-oiililcs. ' linstaiuante gives most iiartioulars of the battlt^ or ratlier of tlie two liiinlcs, tlie first at the Pujiiaijue pass, and the otlier nearer (.'anaihi. Tlio ti'iHips niuiiliered ")8'J, Justiuiani giving tlic chief coiiinianil to Ariiiijo. Ftiur ih;i-iiiiiis were killeil and others wouii(h!il in an ainliusli. The rehels were avi8 says that (louzalez, the hrotheis Desiderio and Antonio A. Montoya, and Alealle Ksiiuilpel were shot hy seiiteneo of a eourt-niartial at Sta Fe. Otliers inii>ly that there v,as no i.iniial trial. Gregg and others accuse Arniijo of cowardice in tlie liijht, at- trihiiting the victory to (.'apt. Mufioz, of the Vera Cru/ trooiis. .Miller nien- tiipiis no light; hut says (!oii/alez, with Loj)ez, his second in conimand. was li;iiii;ed at Sta Cruz on Jan. '-'.^tli. Prince tells us that the .Montoyas, Ivstjiii- liel. and t ien. 'Chopon'were shot near the garita in Sui Fc; Juan Antonio Vinil 'executed ' near Cuyaniannue; and tlonzalcz killed by the ininiediatc Cdiiiniaiid of Arniijo. iiustaniante, ilnlnnete, Mc.i'., i. .33-(), gives a narrative in 1S42, founded iiHiiiily on Arniijo's report puMished in the hinrio i/t I (I'li'iii'i-im, Nnv. ;!i), IS.'IT. (ire:;g, Cdin. of the Frairits, i., writing in lSl4, was at Sta Fe during the re- volt. K(Midall, A''nt Lamar fitted out an expedition of about 300 mer,, in six companies, under the connnand of Hugh McJjeod as brevet brigadier-general. Three commissi( ners were sent to establish Texan authority in the wt'st, »sell provided witli proclamations explaining the ad- vantages of the proffered freedom; and a numher of traders and travellers joined the expedition in ([Uest of gain or adventure, some of tliem possibly ni»t t'ully understanding its real purpose.""^'^ It was not proposed ''•* 111 uXilf'-'i' Ri'j., Ixi. (]l, 100, IS a letter from Sta Fu, whi<;li rcprusi'iit- all the jmelilo Indians and Anieriuans, with two thirds of tin; Moxioaii.i, a.'' anxious for till! Texans to come. The gov. tolls the writer that he iieither (;;in nor M'ill resist. That such reports were tirculated aiul believed in Texas aiu' tho U. S. is shown by the general tenor oi' all records of the period. ■'"The conimissiouers wero Win (J. Cooke, Jose Antonio Navarro, and Richard F. lirenliam. The captains were ^Vin P. Lewis, J. S, Sutton, W. I'. Houghton, Katclitf Hudson, Matthew Caldwell, and J. H. Strain. The pui- port, of the proclamation, according to Kendall, was ' that the exped. was sent INVASION BY TEXANS. 321 lit ■St Iv ■a all Ills thu ui.l 1 1, ur- rllt ('x;utly — at least, sueli was tlio explanation oflered later — to undortaku with ;300 men the coiKjuest of Xi w >rexico against the will of the inhahitants; l)nt it' ill'' people were found not i'avoring or ready for re- \(»h the exj)edition would be co'.itent with trad*', and would retire to await a more favoruhle opportunity. This, however, has no real bearing on tlie chara( •• of tlir party. They were simply armed invaders, who iiii'^ht expect to l)e attacked, and if defeated, to be tii'ated by the ^Fexicans as rebels, or at best- since Texan belligerency and independence had been recog- nized by several nations — as prisonta-s of war. « hey Irt'i Austin in June, and in September, aft<;i a tedious iiiaich bv the worst routes over an unknown countrv, they arrived ragged, worn out, and half starved on the Xi'w ]\Iexican frontier. Meanwhile, the Mexican authorities fad long ex- ;ii,'(ted an invasion from Texas, and special warnings, with jironiise of reenforcements, had recently tx'i'ii re- inived from the national capital. While there was no lark of disaffection in certain quarters, the masses of the ju'ople were far from ready t<» acce[)t the so-called tVee(h)m ottered by filibusters, and the rulers still fur- ther from any intention to ])ermit a change of govern- iiieiit. Every possible etlbrt, on the contrary, was made to prepare for defence, and to foment tlie current ]i()|iidar idea of the Texans as valiant but reckless di's- [leradoes, from whom might b ' expected, not libei'ty, hut [lillagc, murder, and outrage. .Vll foreigners were i|iise!y watched, and se\ cral wcu'c arrested on suspi- 'idii )f complicity in schemes of invasion.'"'^ Satisfied iiir tlif \. iipii.so. of trailing, iiiul tlmt if tlio iiiluiliitimts wvw nut disiHistd to i'lin |iu,u'L'iilly tlio Texan staiidartl, tlu; i xiicl. ^^a.^ tu I'ufiri' inuiu'iliati'ly (|). Tli's ■ pi'dci wero jiiic.tud in 'kiIIi Siiaiiish ami Kuj^lisli, ami nut a ilniiiit tx- nt.'ii tliat til" liliL'ial lui'ins (lU'crcd would \>c at oiicu at-cidid toliy a |>(i|iiila- tiuM ilNJML; \vi hin tlit; limits of Ti'xas, and wiio had Ion;,' liui ii gioaniii;,' undi r I iiiisiiilc tJR' lost tyi-annical.' N'irr., 'IIO. Sl'i,' al.M) .Slio-T. "' AcL'ordiii ; to an aci'oiint followed liy Hu.-taiiiaiite, ' I'lii Julio di,' l^:i',t lo.s istr.iMi^i'ros lU Xortu en Sta VC\ ko jirctrsto di' jirdir jii^tuia atciitaron dcs- ' tr.idaiimnto • itra ol goliieriio, do i|uirn ixij^iaii jior la fiui/a di; las annas i|ii!' SI- fusilari i jior el inisnio j,'ol)ei'n idor, (J se lis entretjascu umis iros (jiio '11 l^;f7 mat.'i in a un cstranjicro. Itcixentatiaii estc ati'iitado ( iiiilliriuo I'l-idiMi y Santia'.'ci QmT(|ii-; f.l aiiH'. IIlsT. Ar.iz. ANO N. Mi;x. Jl Kiikci'J cjii'j eoiiiandalta una gavilla de in ■ ! ' 1 32'i A MKXICAN TKUKITORV. that danger Mas near, GoveniDr Armijo sent soutli- wartl an appeal for aid, ordered a elose watcli of foi eigners, wlio were forbidden to leave their plates <.t' residence, and sent C'a})tain Di'unaso Salazar to recon- noitre the eastern frontier. On Septoniher 4tli Sala- zar sent in as captives three men, who were reLjai'dtd as spies from the invading,' army. They wore forbid- den to leave the ca[)ital, ])ut escaped a week later, and on being recaptured, were put to death. "'^ On the 15th a Mexican named Cilrlos and an Italian, HiIl; noli, who had been with the Texans in August, wcif found, and induced to tell what they knew of the in\;i sion. Meanwhile, I'very eflbrt had been mad(^ for ef- fective defence; the rurales, or militia, called intn service and sent to the frontier und<-r Jjieutcnant colonel Juan Andres Archuleta; Prefect Ant<»iii.i Sandoval sunnnoned to the capital to act asgovenKn. while Armijo set out on the HIth with the i)r(si(lir,l troo])S. On the same day tive men, sent on in advaiicr of the foremost division of Texans, wei'e captuiid. disarmed, and put in jail at San Miguel del Vado.' Next day Colonel (^ooke and Captain Sutton, with 1)4 Texans, surrendered to Armijo and Salazar at Anton (^hico. The governor establisluul his Inad- quarters at Las Vegas, distributed among the captor> iiidios siiliuaiids; iii;ii< su rcsistio a vA\i> cl goljeriiiulor. I.)('.s;li' a((Uull,i ('pin' i liiista ultimo ilo agosto tie 1841 sc sust'itaroii (•(iiisiiiracioiu's ])nr ililii'('iit<» puiitiis ilul (lo])art:iiu('iiti> contra el gohieriio, y »i eii todas no Iiaii siilo los (.■> traiigi'i'os los jiriiuMiiali'M niotores, a lo luenos hau tcnido iiartc ha ili^ a>,'ostii la tlirigia I'l Aiiiurioano .Tnliaii Wurkeman, d (juicii los Tfjanos toiiiati aiioilc- rado I'll rstu ilui)artaini;iito, con el solo olijeto do que t'orniara la rcvoluiion. para lo . Wilson, O/i.-k rnifion^, MS., who had lived in N. Mcx. since KS.SH, tells us tli.at not only Rowland and AVorkmaii, Imt about 'JO iiiori', including himself, joined the t'.il. Jiarty because, on aecoinii of Texan complications, they did not deem it safe to remain. '--Tiicy \\ ere llowland, Baker, and Roseiiburg. The lattci' was killcl in ri'sistilig recajiture, and tlie otliers were exet'Uteil later. This is called iriiir- der by Kendall, but the ;ict si'enis to have been justifiable. ■■'These wer(! (',i]it. Lewis, \'an Ness, Howard, Fit/gerald, and Keiididl, The Spanisli account makes the iniinlier li. I ;i . KATK OF TIIK TKXANS. ■•f.'lj tlic ])roperty taken from i\\c. Tcxans, inadi- a l)ontiro in the plaza of Jjaiiiar's |)roclainations, sunt otf Cooke and liis fellow-prisoners under a guard o{' 200 men for Mixieo, and sent out explorers to iind the rest of tJie invaders. These, under McLeod, about 200 in num- li( r. finally surrendered to Archuleta, at a ])lace called Lacuna Colorada, on the oth of Octohcr; on the IGth Aniiijo was given a pul)lie and most enthusiastic re- (1 ption at the capital, and next day the last of the prisoners left San Miguel on their tedious march to Mexico, where tluy arrived in several divisions at the lie'_.inning of 1S42. A few were released in Aj)ril, or till lier, at the inteivession of foreign ministers, on the pit a that they were not Texans, and had joined the ( xpedition without knowing its real ohjects. The rest, alter confinement at different Mexican prisons, some ef them being compelled to work in chains on the mads, were finally I'eleased by .l*resi(.lent Santa Anna nn ' ' 'aint's day, the l;]t!i of Juiu'. The only excep- tiei w.i in the case of Xavarro, who was at one time t(indem?UMl to death, but finally escaped and returned te m .11 exas. ''riic' l)cst narrative of those events, from a Mexican staiul-iioint, is that u HustaiiHiuti', (liihitKti' Mciicitiii), ii. t21()-'J.">, entitled ' ivsjx'ilieion di! Ids Tr- illins rendiili. a las fuerzas del Oeiieral Ihni Maniul Arniijo en ."> d(^ Octuhre le JNll." (ir 'una nienioria i|ite se me ha n'nntido ile Santa Fe de Nuevo- VI. .v I.. I , ,,,,., iw. ....i.i...i.. I,. v,:,riiio,.f,. ' Ti... M.'iti<'.. |. ■ j« n'v.i' 1 |RhI{> il Mk E < lis B ' 11 -1 K ' J nM M ' «m\ Wimi :t !'■ !i*{ 324 A MEXICAN TEKKIT(3RY, h -it. There can be no doubt tliat (jroveriior Ariuijo was fully justified in seizin^' the Texan invaders, disarniin,;- them, confiscatiiiL'" tlieir property, and sendiny' tliem h> Mexico as ]»risoners of Avar. He and his otticeis aiv accused, liowevcr, of having induced their victims to surrender by false assurances of friendshij) and false promises of welcome as traders, the givino--up of tin ir vols; al«() luter editions. The author was one of the editors of the Niw Orleans Pinii/iiin', in (jnest of adventure and material for a hook, lioth uf wliieli he found. He was one of those v.ho tlainielo(Mitliir>ty wretch, an imprineipioa liliertiiie, and a hoastful coward, whose fort\iMe wiis founded on early success as a sheep-thief, and whose only good quality w.is a fine jiersonal a]ipearance. Captain Salazar and other oliieers are disciihcd as worthy followers of sudi a chief. The author'.s views of Armijo are supported to a cnusidcrahle extent ])y (Iregg anil other Anu'ricans wlio knew the ■j.i>\- ernor, ami they liave heen adopted more or less fully by later writers. Ken- dall narrates minutely the capture and treatment of his own little party, aiiil he gives particular attention to ('a))t. Lewis, whohad lived in Spanisli-.Vnirri- can provinces, knew the language, an, and induced Cooke and McLeod to surrender, hy false assnnmees of kind treatment and false re[)resentations of tiie enemy's force. Of ccmrse, tile suli- jeet of Lewis' treachery and tliat of Ki'ndall's wronys, real or pretended, n an innocent citizen of the U. S., have very little importance as part of tiie annals of N. Mex. Franklin Condis, another of the prisoners, Avrote a Xnrrnliiv, whicli wis published in the newspapers, and n\ay he consulted with other matter, iiiehul- ing a list of the nu inliers of the ex[iedition in .Ur.rlro in JS.'/.', p. "JIW.'iO. An account of some parts of the affair liy Lieut. Luhhoek is (pioteil hy Keini dl and others. Thomas Falconer, an Englishman, who was set at lilierty iiiiine- diately on reaching Mexico, wrote A'oi'cx of a jDiinici/ throwik 7'''.'''M ainl .N'"' .)f('.vico ill tin' ifidr'-i IS/fl (iiiil IS.'/.', pnldished in the LdihI. Hi'mj. Sor., Jour., xiii. 19i)-'J'J(i. His notes are chicdy devoted tn a description of tlie couiitiy. He claims to have joined the expeilition without any knowleoc. ;V_'."), H. Ex. Doc. -liii. is found the l)ulky uorrespondence lietween the .Mex. and L'. S. representati\ e-, as ahove referred to in Spanish. See also same ses.-,. J/oiiia Jour,, IS.'i, '2'M. 14S0; and Coii;/. (.'lohf, 181! '_', ]). i;?l, i»77-S. Waddy Tliompsoii, V. S. min- ister in Mex., in Jiis lt."{()-il; l)iinr.<' LcHir.t, 'J3S-41; Wil.'jon.i A iiirr. Hist., ()(i.")-7; Youiiijs Jlist, Mcj:., 12S0-0, Jiid most works relating to the annals of Texas. ALLKGEl) OUTKAOKS I'.Y MKXK AXs. 325 arms Ix'ing represented as a mere formality imposed on all \ isitors to Santa ¥6. Their arms once secured, it i> said the hves of one partv wen; saved oidv l»v the intervention and protest of (^regorio A'i^'il, and of another by a majority of one in a vote on the propo- sition to slioot tliem. And after tiieir surrendei-, par- ticularly on the march to VA ]*aso, it is clainu'd they were starved and otherwise iidiumaidv midtreate<|, >niiic five or six of their numher, because of their ill- in -s and inability to keej) u[), having' btM'ii deliboi'- atcly shot down, and their I'ai's cut off, to be carried to ( 'liihuahua as])roof that they had not escaped. Theiv i>, of course, nothin;j' to be said in justification of such aits, if the charju'es are true. ]\[y knowled^'e of Ai- iiiijo does not lead me to say in his defence nuicli nioic than that he was certainly not so bad a man ns lie is itprt^sented; nor am I prepared to say that Salazai' was not a brute, or that some barbai'oiis acts niay not lia\(' been connnitted by irresponsible and unmanane- alile suliordinates. The Mexicans claim to have offered but life as a condition of surrender, and to have treated their captives with all the courtesy due to prisoners of war. It is well to consider the ex ]iartc nature of the evidence aii;ainst them, and the - vidcnt bias, amounting to hatred, of Kendall anters by the nuserably organizecl soldieiy of X<\v .Mexico was no slight undertaking-, and small wonder if in such a struggle some of the kid-gloxc niceties of i-egu- !ai' warfare wei'e not observed : moreo\-er, the march to a! xico was necessarily attended with much hardship and suffering, and some doulit is thrown on the chai'ges of niuriK'r l)\- the stAtenn-nt iA' J^owhatan J'^llisto Wrb- stor, that <->ne, iu>olviug the shooling of three pris- I li •MG A .MKXICAX TKUIUTORY. ; oueivs, was a 'fabrication ' translbrrcd from a iiortlicrn iiowspapor to the cdluiiiiis of tlio Si;/lo Dicz y Xncre. Again, if t]io jironiisos alleged to have been hiokeii were given in good faith to the I'exans as peacet'iil traders, Ariniio ^\■as i'ullv justified in hre'akinu' tlicm on learning', tlirough liewis' ti'eaeheiy and Lamar's j)i"oelauiati(jn, how he had been deceived; if, on iJir «-<;ntrary, th(; Mexicans, knowing the real chai'ad.r <)f the exj)edition, made the promises, intending to break them, as a dexicc to get possession of the «'iit - my's woa})ons, the trick was at the least not luoic di>- lionorablo thaji that attemjited by ^FcLeod and ( '(;<)k( . The Texan adventurers were, at be u, engagi'd in a risky invasion of an enemy's territory; fortune wa^ against them, and disaster resulted, for which tliry deserve but little sympathy. Armijo and his nicu, i^i the contraiy, laid the most wonderful good luck in defending their country, and merit but little of ti;- ol)loquy that has been lieaped upon them.'"' Naturally, the Texans were grievously disappointed at the utter failure of their grand filibtistering expi'di- tion, and loud in their threats of vengeance for what they chose to r- gard as the treachery and barbarity nf the New ]\Iexicans. Active preparations began ;is soon as the captives of 1 841 had returned. The retali atory enterprise, as talked aljout in advance through the ])ress and otherwise, had a wide scope. Not only was New Mexico to be invaded and brought und' r Texan sway, but prol)ably the banner of fi'cedoni would be uid'ui'led in C'hiliualiua. and all of Nortluiii Mexico revolutionized; and at the very least, Armijo and Salazar, with the traitor Lewis, were to be taken, dead or alive. For these ])ur[)oses a foi'c(^ of ."iOn oi- -■'Thero i.s a n(>* nlo siiniluiity iu sovoriil ruspei'ts hctwooii the nilo < i Ar- mijo ill \. Mux. iin.l tluit of Alvui-iulo in ( ':il.— suo J/l-^f. ('"(., iii., iv. th.' revolts Hgaiiist 'joiitfalisiii iu lS:{()-8. uml the following troubles witli Nu'- finiiiifs ill ISU, as rcpro.sontcd by tlio 'rcxiiu i xprditioii ami the (Irahiuii affair. Kotli nilurs wiTf grossly almsoil l>y forcii;ii critii's, Kcu'lall s lavin.i^s iic-'ariiio a markfil restniihlauet! to those of Farnliani. (Miargcs against AH i- railo were for the most part false; of Ariuijo and hi-i acts much less is ki:'"^:i. TEXAN 1;A1I)S of KS4:{. ;i-j7 SOO Jiieii, uiulur (*(il(»iul .facol) Siiivclv, was t<» !)»• raised, the only difliculty l>oiiijj!' to kct-p tlio iiuiuhti- ildW II, sucli was tlir popular eiitliusiasin at home aiily, a lai;ne force was sent north from Chihuahua, under (Jeiieral Jose \\. .XFonterde, to sup))ort Armijo, who, as the result [itoved, had little need of reenforcements. Tliis o-rand scheme of vengeance, invasion, and revo- lution reduced itself in the execution to a raid foi' |iluiider on the Santa Fe caravans; for this trade, of which much more is said in this chaptei', was now to a ((iiisideraltle extent in the hands of Mexicans. First. .loli'i McDaniel, a Texan caj)tain, or calling himself so. enlisted in ^Missouri fifteen vajrahonds, and witli tliem in April 184:3 attacked ai»d plundered the cara- van of Jose Antonio Chavez on the Little Arkansas, ill United States territory. Seven of the numl»er, with their share of the bootv, at once started back foi- the Missouri settlements; and the other eiyht did likewise^, aftt-r nmrderinj^' Chavez for the gold al»out Ills person. This outrage was a little more than e\ en tlie Ti'xan sympathy or aiiti-^Fexicau [)rejudice of the sHiitli-westeiii frontier could justify ; ten of tiie jiarty Wile captured and c-ondenmed to death or iiiijtrisou- iiMiit, according as their ci-ime was murder or simply r'ibl)er\'. About the same time, ( 'olonel Wartiebi, \\\\\\ a similar party of twenty-foui' adveiiluri'rs, at- triiipted a raid on the little Xew Mexican settleniiMit III' Mora. Hy a surprisi' lie killed li\-e .\rexicans of a paity of hunters, and took a few horses, wliich lie jno- ciitly lost, with Jill his own. when the lot turned on liiiii. and he was foi'ced to i-etreat on foot. Warfiehl, willi a t'ew of the fugiti\'es. succeeded in Joininn' ^iiively; another [larty disbanded and found their " tfi il * '0- If 3-2S A MKXICAX TERHITOUV. Avay iiortliward; while still another of five iiicu \\a^s captured and apparently taken to Santa Fe. Afeanwliile, ('olonel Snively, with his L^rand armv of" Dot (SOO or oOO, hut ahout ISO men, reached tin; Arkansas late in ^Fav, to lie in wait for the tradiis The caravan of the year, coni[)osed of hoth ^Mexicans and Americans, hound to Santa Fe from Indcjun- di-nce, was aj)proachinjjf, escorted l)y two i'om[)ani(s (if Ignited States dragoons under Captain Cook; and (iover-nor /Vrmijo. witl) 500 men or more, marclicd out of liis caj)itid on ^VFay 1st to meet the caravan at tlic Arkansas. ( )n June 1 9th the Tcxans succeeded in cuttiiiL;' off an advance party of Armijo's force, ahuut 100 militiamen and Indians under A'^entura jjohatn, killing" some twenty, and making prisoners of tlu' ic.^t. (;\cept one or two who escaped to the govei-nniV camp.'"" Ten days later, as the force was deemed ion small to attack Armijo, and as it was thouglit tin caravan might hove turned back through fear, almiit HO of the Texans started homeward ; hut ( a])taiii ( 'ool^ soon came uj), and forced one detachment of tlie rc^t, greatly to their disgust, to give U[) their arms, chiini- ing that they were on United States soil. Ahout r)ii now started for Missouri, while the remainder- ])ait of whom, und(T Captain C-handler, had been ahseiitat the disarming, and another part arc said to liii\e de- ceived Cook l)y giving up oidy captured Alexican weapons, concealing their own rifles — could not agree on any course^ of action until the caravan had dv^sid the river and gone on their way unmolested. Then the renowned 'Texijui Invincihles' went home, losing some men in fights with the Indians on the way. In July and August the ]\Iexican minister emu plained to Waddy Thomjison that the ITnited State> goN'crmnent was responsible for thi' so-called Texan ^''IJiistiniiiuiti'.s statement that Snively 'a tndos los pasd a euchiUiis doH plies Iltl'r(l(.' uiarclicd iioithwanl to New Mexico with some 7(J() uicii ; and he and Arniiio flattered tlieinselves tliat thi-v liad >a\cd tlieii' country, (iood luck and a hioad desert tVuiiticr had done more to defeat Texan schemes than till /ah] of Mexican patriots.'-' W'l' have noted the adventurous hen'inninj^s Ix^fore 1 >■_'■_' of the trade hetwi'eii Santa Fe and the Missouri |Ji\(i'. Witli the end of Spanish rule ceased all ojtpo- sitieii to tlie traffic on the part of Mexican authorities, and a jirofitahle market was assured lor n'oods fVum ilic I'nited States. The eastern I'ende/vous was Fiaiiklin, Missoui'i, down to 18:!!, and later Indepen- (Inice. From this }>oint in May of each year set out till trains, or caravans, of |)ack-aninials in 182;), hut snlist'(|uently (/f wagons, drawn at first hy horses and mules, but later by mules or oxen, four ])airs usually til each waL;on, but sometimes live or six pairs, with ■' III tin; Ari'h. Stii /•'( , MS., i.s Aniiiio's Liln-odi' ( >rili'n<'-s, .show in:; .soiiictliiiiL; lit his (i[)i'r;iti()iis t'rmii May 1st to .liilv 1st, iiicluiling the c;i[iturc oi .") Tf.xuiis , tells lis of tho ' nmva iiivasidu (lu Niu;vo-Mi!.\ic() por h(.s Anglo- Anicrioainis.' '1 ho diplomatic cor- rci]Mii(lL'nce in Mo.x. is given in Mcr., Mem. Itii, 1S44, doc. Ixiii.-ix., and the iillair is also noteil in liurieio I'iiarte. (ireng, ('nm. I'rii'irii.-<, ii. ]()(>-77, givi's auexeellent account lit t'iie ex|iedition, and though hi.s sympathies arc not wholly against tin livaiis ho shows that they acted very unwisely, even from their own point ot view, in killing Chavoz, whoso family \vas not friendly to Arniijo, and wlio.- ■I 4 huu"ative;and liniilk'x Wistrrn U'ili/--, (iO-SO, a faiitastic one, iiuriiortiiiL; t'l III' hy one ot Warticld's mon, and evidently fouude I im f ut in the earlier liarts. flf ■'m'i I ; .'!!' '' : i 3:)(i A .MKXICAN IKKltrrOKV a load of r),OU() pounds. Cotton j^'oods wviv tlic stu|il.' aiticli' of ti-afHc, but there was also can-icd a mix. 1- laut'ous assortment (tf d»y «;oo(ls and liartlware. Tin route <»f" over 8()U miles lay in an almost direct liur west-south-west to San Miguel del N^ido, and tlinic, north-west to Santa Fe; hut this I'oute, with sitnir of tln^ most common variations, is l)est shown \>v tin ma|). Muh A't] way (»l the |oui'ney was tlio ci'ossmi;' ol tli th Aikansas, the houmlary between I'nited States aiid Mexican territory; Jind the route corresponds maiK. in a oencral way, with that of tlie Atchison, 'ro|i(k:i, aiK I Santa Fe railroad of later tin les. Th aiTnal was u'enerallv in .Itdv, and the rt>turn depaituiv in August. Tlie selliiii;' })ri<»;ular autumn caravans. J)ut ies, after an 'umli'i standino-' with custom-house officers — for verv sli"lit attention was paid to the national aranrrl de (Icnclids — were from 25 to 50 per cent of cost, and the trad- ers' net profit was as a rule from 20 to 40 pel' ceiit, though some cargoes were sold at a loss. The g I> were ])aid for mainly in gold and silver coin, thoui^li a considerable quantity of furs and blankets was takin, a I id the wagons were sometimes partly laden witli woo 1, tl lere Ijcmo" no dutv on expo )rted pro(hiet^ I 'llio tax on oxiinrts was rt'iiiittod in favor <>( \. Mox. l>y a ilecrci' of Ji i!l, lS--':{, for? yoais; . l.Hl; IS.SS, \). J4:{; IS4.")-(), \k'X^ li; ilso (itlief eoUeetions (if laws. The ruecipts of tlio N. Mex. custoin- iciioi ted to tlio Mix. <'ovt, as t( illows, accofdint: to /'rk/o, L'lii!"-. "JM, •A -th lo sums m pai'eiitheses oeiiig Iroin the j;ovt iiii'nionns dille soinewhaf; IS'J."), S months, .S-'.O"!:! {Vl mo., sa,.")'.!.")); lS-_'(), 10 mo., .<|ii,:;'.il : lv_'() 7, SS,(i(»7; INI-'T S, .S'),!):iS; IV.'N II, .S-_>7,()()« (.s-_>7.!t()7); lS-_".t :<(», ■•< 1 •.',(.'.• I : is;;o 1, .•S(»,()0(t annually eolh^'ted, nearly half has lieeu emhe/./lcd. It was l>elieviMl at first that the N. Mex. authorities were ooUuetinj,' ni nu tre th.in tin' Mt'X. l.iw jiermitted; hut it the ease. There u:i-i a prohiliitory duty of f^\ per pound on toliaeco, IIOTTK (II' IIIK SANTA KK ( AKAV AN." .TU ( 1 ; ' i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) t ^ // ^/ A f/j 1.0 I.I 1.25 IIM 11112,5 iiM 'HO m M i.8 1.4 1.6 P /2 ^ ^ ^-^ /}. rf si >/ A 7 /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 f/j >> i 33'J A MEXICAN TEKUITORY. iiijiko no attempt liero to picture tlic pleasures and perils connected with this 'connnerce of the ])iuirio!s/ or to present details of coninieroial methods, rcfrninn the readiT for such matter, to the standard and often- cited work of (jrrei^;^, from which, however, Ixfniv proceedini^ to notice the Santa Fe tvudr in some (tt its chronologic aspects, I append a tahle showint^ the Ij^rowth of the trade from year to year."" It sliouU -'"Talde showing aiiproximato amounts of nii'rrliandisc, miniver of waiioiis. liirfil niiMi, proprietors, antl tho amount of goods sent south, cliitllv v, i'hilnialiua. Your. iS'22. 18-23.. 18-J4.. 18'J.") . 18-.'(1.. 18'_'7.. 18-_\S., 18'J<.»., I8;w). I8:u . 18;« I8:w. 1834. 1835. 183U. 1837. 1838. 183!». 18K). 1841. KS4'_'. 1843. 1 1 1 Mii.sp. 1 \VH|,'ons. Mfu. '^llllJl■r^. 00 THrliil,. $!ir.,ooo 70 l'.»,(XK) 50 30 3.), (KM) '2ti 100 80 .•?.'{,0(H) (),"),(K)0 37 130 !H) .'i.lMKI !W,(K)() (M) 100 7i) T.IKKI 8.-), 000 .)<> !H) 50 .S,(Hlll 150,000 1(K> •2(M) 80 'JO.IKHI ('.0,000 30 50 •20 ."i,(HHI 1 '20,000 70 140 00 •ja.lNK) •250,000 l.-W 3-20 80 MI.IKNI 140,000 70 150 40 50.(XI(I 180,000 105 185 00 Ml.dlHI 150,IH)0 (-■ lUO 50 TO.IHN) 140,000 140 40 70,(11111 130,000 , i:» 35 lid.lKlll 150,(KK) 80 KK) 35 MI.IHOI '.H),000 50 100 •20 4II.IMNI 1250,000 130 •250 40 IIIII.IHHI 50,000 30 (iO i) ID.INMI 150,000 (50 100 12 Sd.lKMI 1()0,000 70 1'20 15 '.(ll.dOO 450,(N)0 •230 350 30 1 :!ii(MMii> In Fiini/i'im'n Mi:i:, 33, is givt-n the estimato of Itavid Waldo. 3(1 ycar.s in till" trado. of tlii^ liusiiiiss of iS40, as follows: oost of };oods, !:<'. 137,5110; rust i.l outlit, insurance, wagos, t'ti'., .'5414.750; [irolit, .IviCJOjOOO. Tlu'ie wnv ;t7'i wagons, l,7 mules, 2,(M(() oxen, and .")(K) mini. Ciiiiuiii Iff of tliv J'miruM; tir //ii' jonrnul tij' a iimiltt Fe trmlir, ilnriifj liihi (•x^iitlititiiiM orross tin' ijimt ins/fni Jirniriii, iiinl a rrsii/mrt'. oj' t.'drii/ liim: >i"iK hi Siirllii ril Jli.ilri). lUiistriilnl irilli iiiiijis iiml fii'imriii'is. liij ,ln.-i,il( ^'/v;/7. N. v.. 1S44. 12mo, 2 vol. J liavo also tlio4tli edition of' I*liil.,"lS,".(l; aii.lllwl of J'liil., 1857, under the title, Vivhcs ninl Jinii/int-i in tin' W'l.^lirn I'r'ih-i 1 • I.. 1.: . i:...t i. ■ ;.i. ii c 1...M1 11: 1. ; . ii 01 I ini., IO.IJ, iiiioer ine iiiie, niiinx niiii i iiriiiiiim in inc iii.iiiiii 1 i'i'i"~. iiregg made his lirst trip witli the earavan of 1831. His work is tlu' pi'iin'i- pal source of all that has lieen or ean lie writti'U ahout the Sta Fe inul- diiwii to 1843; and it also contains an ext'ellent description of the e''intr,\, pcii|ilc'. and customs of the northern states of Mexico, with many hisioiic items 11' value. After (iregg"s work I have found the extracts and coiiis|ioM.ltMre in AV/ct" /?»7/(V<'C, from year to year, the most tiseful source of infoiiii;ili"ii. I may also refer to J'rinn'.i J list. Sl\, '1M\ 84; ltltr||'.^ A-Jlmi, '2ir. M«;i'i- Mri: Azfn; ii. 304; Hm-jx r.i .l/.(;/.. .hdy 1S80, p. 1S7-00; Xkiii: Ann. I'"'/.. xciii. 308-13; E^rinlvn), in l'iii'\ .Vulifiis, 75 0; Hiirniiv, Ojidihi, '24 "1; /?■'»• cOMMEUCK OF J'HK I'UAIKIKS. pleasures and r the prairit'.s' lods, ivfcrriiio- 'Ud and oftcii^ \Vv\oi; lM,f,„v I«J ill soim.' of B sliowiiiu- til,. It should IUlll|]l«T(pf W,11.'(>1|S, t Sdlltll, ,|||,.||v t,', "luUtT>. TnCllil,. (JO 30 SO .•?.'i,(HtO !K) ri.(NMi To 7,(HNI no .S.(H)(I so 'JO.IKNI I'O ."i,(NH( Co '.'ll,(ltj() so .SO.IHK) 40 ."ll.tlOll <)0 MI.IIIMI no TiMHK) 40 70.01(11 :!^ *i0,(NH) .{,> S(M)UI) •JO 40.IKNI 40 l(UI.(NH) ") lIMNX) IJ .SII.()(KI \:> 'III.IKMI :to .'illll.(KII) aid,., ;< > yi'ars in ■•l^O.'tT,.""! Ml; cpst^l' Thfie Ml i'u H7."i »'/' /•, (// (/•/■//;/ lijhl i."irlii llilli: lllilfit li,l Jns ink lirc'lij. ..'l.s:.o iiii'l lliat WliIiih /',■.-/,■;. .. rk is t 11' )iriiiiM- :i F.; ti ail'' ilowii i" 'iiiti\ , l>i'o|.ic. iiistiirii items m' (i'ns|p(i i.lc'iii-o ill iiifiii'ir atioii. 1 ". '.'47 Miiiitr ■< 'diii: A III. 1 '»*/.. 'ul<, •1\ ■>: /;■(»- ;ils() 1»t' noted that before many years had passed Santa Fe nierohants of Spaiiisli race fitted out regular ciiniviins and eontroHed a large portion of the trade. Fi( i'jht was carried hy paek-aniinals till 1H24, Avlien wagons were introduced as an experiment, and iiiaklni;" the trip without ditticulty were used exclu- >i\( ly after 1825. These first waj^ons seem to have taki'ii the Ta(*s route.™ ]^y the success of this experi- iiKiit was attracted the attention of wealthier men than any that had })reviously engaged in the tradi-; and these men lost no time in bringing the matter hrfore tlie government. ^lemorials were sent to con- orcss l)y the peo[)le and authorities of Missouri, «.le- iiiaiiding ])rotection for the new industry, by treaties witli Indian tribes, the marking-out of a road, estab- lisliing of a fort on the Arkansas, and the api)ointment of agents at Santa Fe and Chihualiua to prevent extortion in the collection of duties. Senator ]^enton took u[i the project with his customary zeal, and laid hcforo the senate the statement of Augustus Stori's on the history and jtrospects of the prairie commerce. Finally, in January 1825, a bill was passed, authorizing tlie marking-out of a road, and ap[tropriating .$.'50,000 for this [)urpose and that of obtaining the Indians' consent to the road and its unmolested use."^ The <-r«jY.sS. Mix. Minrrl, MS., 12, I.S-IT; /^llllf'■^ Mirr/i. Mnij., xi. 47."), ."tOI 17; Miiniiii'i; yni/iiiji'iirii A'ouirtni.i; ii. 'J!>-t>4. See also rofureiicus of tho following llCltL'S. '^ Stnrrn' Saiitti Fc Trnili' in JSJ.'f He giv.'.s the route as from Ft Osage \v. s. w. to tile ArkaiiHUH; iin the Ark. n. of \v. *J40 miles; s. to tho Cimarron; >i|p till' ('. W. 100 mile.s; amis. w. to Taos. Oregg, i. ■_'4-.">, iniiilies that the wagons reached Sta Fe, and liis inap hIiows no route to Taos. Storra ae- iiiiii[iaMied the caravan, and his narrative, or »tat»iinent, drawn out in govt iiivcstigiitions, wa.s puhlished in A'/Vcs' Idij., xxvii. .'mJ-lO, as also in govt doc, asi'ited in the next note. Itwas the liest aeeount extant liefore that of Oregg, wild eiiiisiiltcd it, andwhohatl also a iliary of Marmaduke, later lieiit.-gov. of Mil. The year's caravan consisted of SI men, I. "lO horses and nudes, and 'JiJ \vaL;oiis, making the round trip in 4 months ami 10 days. Storrs, however, speaks of 4 jiarties starting in Keli., May, Aui:., and Nov.; and gives t!;u piuiluet of the year's traile as ?(■. C.l; Aini«i< i'f' dw,,., \^-l\, p. •i70:M; linitnn'.i IM.,/,.<, viii. lot!, ll'O :W; \il's h'.,,., xwi. I'.kI 4; xxvii. :.'J0- 1, 301, Sll' 17, ;u,s, :i.-.i. »Ht: 1 1 I '••I'UMMIIA'I 3S4 A MKXICAX TERRITORY. im", ml New Mexicans were i)ot less eai^er than the Anicricaiis for the protection and development of trade; and in June 1825 Manut. Simon Escudero of Chihuhua \vas commissioned by Governor Vaca to visit St Louis and Washington,'^ The same year a treaty was made with the Osages by the payment of a small sum; and the survey of the road was begun, to be conjplctod- that is the route partially marked by a series of mounds — from Fort Osage to Taos two years later;' It does not appear, however, that the traders vwv made use of the road as surveyed, preferring to follow the earlier trail, with such modifications as the condi- tion of ijrass and water sugijested. Meanwhile, the trade grew in proportions, and tlic caravans made their yearly trips "'* without notahlo ad- ventures, except that the Indians — probably not with- out fault on the part of the traders — became incrcas- ^'' Exrudero, in Pino, Xot., 70-7. Not inuuh is defmitely statcil as to tlic natuiu uiiil ivsults of tliis iiiiH.sion, Imt tlie assuniiioesi from I'. S. aiitlidiitu'.s ami Mi'x. ininistL-r wero encouragiiij,'. E. arrived at St Louis in Oct. Silrs />'<■;/., xxix. 85. In 1824 tliu gov. of N. Mex. wnn «ai(l to have aniKiuiKid liis iiitcntioii of iiiurcliiiijf witli J, 500 men to C'ouneil BluiTsi to secure tradi', inicify Inil., etc. /(/., xxvi. 'i.Vi. ^^Tlie U. S. coiinnisMioners were Benj. Reeve.s, (Jeo. ('. SiUley, and 'I'lionias Matlier; and the surveyor J. ('. lirown. This road struck tlie Arkansas nwir Phiin Butte.s, and followed it up to Ciioteau Island; thence s. to tlic (.'iiiiar- ron; up the C. 87 miles; thence to Ralil>it-Ear Creek, and contiiiiiinj.' went- Ward entered the mts near tlie source of Ocatu Uiver, terminating at Taos. Wtirrcii's Mimoir, 2()-7. <'re^g and I'rince, liowever, state that the rnail ■was never marked hy mounds beyond the Arkansas, and only in [lart to that river. ^'In 1 8'_'5 a party left Sta Fe in June, and arriveil at Franklin in Am;., witii rjOO mules anil hor.ses, being attacked by the Osage Ind. A caravan also left Franklin in May with 81 men, 'JOO horses, and ^'$0,000 in goods; much siillcr- ing. Tiicre were already complaints tliat, the trade was ovcnlonc. SHi-^' Iti-ij., xxix. 54, 100. 2*53. Another, of 105 men, ;U wagons, 240 mules. Moiny scarce, but I'iniles and horses to be had for §10-20 to ^20-;{0 ca.sli, fur t; 1> at 100 per cent profit. / a piii'ty i>i 182G lost 500 horses and nmles, and (.lie of IS'J8 over 1,000 animals, havirg, beside;;, three 111(11 f>li«>t. This caused a renewal of demands for gov- (iniiK ntal protection; and the connnittee on military artiiirs liaving reported to congress in favor of a mov- alilc escort rather than a fixed garrison, Major Rile}- was ordered to escort the caravan of 1829 to and from the Aikansas, with four companies of the Gth infantry fidin I'ort Leavenworth. Soon after the traders h^ft the troops at the Arkansas, they were attacked by the liidiaiis, losing one man; whereupon, Riley came uj) and ^Uiiided the caravan for a short distance into Mex- ican tcnitory. The troops waited at Choteau's island till Octohor, and the returning caravan was escorted tip this point by a Mexican force under ( \)lonel Vizcarra. Tliiiiitih tliere was some further discussion of the mat- t r ill congress, the escort was not contiimed.^^ Ill 18:50 oxen were first used by the traders, the I \pciiiiioiit having been successfully tried the yi-ar ii(iiiiv hy Riley's supply train. 1831 was the year of (irc;^g's first trip, and of Jedediah Smith's death.'" Tilt re were also hostilities on the Canadian in 1 S;52-8, St veial men being killed; but in 1834 an escort of GO «), ill /(/., iv. '277-80. See also NHv/ /{i;/.. xxxvi. IfS'i, mil •-•tH); xxxvii. 2:H), 1»74, 291, 40.-), 410; xxxviii. 57, 101. There was sniiiu iima\(ii-alil(! ei'itic'isin of the action of govt in fiiruialiiiig 4 coiiiji. of troops to IHntiit ,1 traile wrest the Santa Fe trade from the United Stat( s was not successful •/" and the troubk'S experienced hy tlif caravans of 1843 at the hands of Texan robbers liav. also been recorded. Notwithstanding these outrages, ^'Dccreu of Full. 17, l.s:{7. I'rieto, KeuUin, '204; Arnlliti/ii\\. Doc. 472. See also /, including a letter from one of iIm- • d. emigrants, periiaps Toomes or nii,i;iiig 880,0(K) to jmrchase goods. The caravan of '4'2, Mex. and .\iner., stiiit^ d m -Nlay with li-2 wagons, 800 mules, and 81">0,000 in goods. The expitidiniiv of 8.">,0()() Iiy tile Mex. for wagons and hitrness at Pittsburg gave the lup-.i'i of tiuit town a chance to puff its prospects. Jd., Ixii. 1!>, l'.»-'. MiUlUUIlft>l PATTIES ADVENTURES. 337 tlio y,\ar's business was very large and profitable;** vet President Santa Ainia, by a decree of August 7, lH4.i, dosing the frontier custom-house of Taos, put ail (ikI to the Santa Fe trade, much to the disgust of New Mexicans as well as Missourians. "Should the ohiidxious decree be repealed, the trade will doubtless k" jirosocuted with renewed vigor and enterprise," wiitcs Gregg; and it was repealed almost before it liad gone into effect, on March 31, 1844, so that the triulc of 1844-G was as large as ever, though selling juices, and therefore profits, had been constantly di- iiiiiiisliing for fifteen years.*" Besides the regular traders of the caravans, there were others, who resided permanently or for years in N\w Mexico; also many fur-trading trappers and miscellaneous adventurers, whose experiences would fill a most fascinating volume, as, indeed, in one case — that of James O. Pattie — they have done. Pattie and his father, with others whose aim was Indian trade and trapping, came to Taos and Santa Fe with a caravan of 1824, and for four years engaged in a series of the most remarkable rovings within and be- yond the limits of Arizona and New Mexico. Fre- (jiieiit encounters with hostile Indians and beais diversify the story of long journeys and the many jierils of a hunter's life; while the claimed rescue of Jacoba, daughter of an ex-governor, from the savages, adds a slender thread of romance. Finally, in 1828, the Patties arrived in California, the elder to die, the younger to continue his exploits, as fully recorded in another work of this series. Probably in the east, as "Many items in NiUs' Beg., Ixiv.-v. It appears that after the Texan trouhlua of May-June, another caravan of 175 wagons left Independence in August, still escorted by Capt. Cook. There wa.s some complaint again.'^t this use of troops. If. S. Oovt Doc., 28th cong. 1st seas., H. Ex. Doc. 2, p. (i.'l. *-Prleto, JientdA, 204j Oreaifs' Com., ii. 177; Mle.i' Re,]., Ixv. ICfi; Ixvi. 281, :{,V.>; Ixvii. 13.3, 385; Ixviii. 31, 148; Ixix. 416. The custom-house hail beun only nominally at Taos, goods being really entered at Sta Fe. The l)U.sin(!ss of '44 was estimated at ^750,000, l)ut this year and the next there Wiis some loss of animals, and traders were also perplexed by rumors of im- pemting war. A caravan left Chili., iu Dec. '45, being at Sta Fe in Jan., and at lu'lopendence in Feb. '46. Hist. Ariz, and N. Mex. 22 ^KUUttftit \ 338 A MEXICAN TERRITORY. ''X^ m certainly in the west, there is much of exaprnroralion, not to say falsehood, in the story of personal ad venture; but there is sufficient groundwork of tact to make the story valuable as well as fascinatiiiif.*' Benjamin D. Wilson was another of the pioneers who liad a varied career as trader and trapper in Arizona, New Mexico, and Sonora, before coming to settle in California.** Communication with California began in 18:50, when Josd Antonio Vaca visited that country with a small party of his countrymen, and Ewing Yoinii,', with a company of foreign trappers, possibly including Kit Carson, made a fur-hunting tour in the wostorn valleys.*^ In 1831-2 three trapping and trading parties made the journey under Wolfskill, Jackson, and Young, the first-named opening the long-followed trail from Taos north of the Colorado River. From this time the route was travelled every year, often by parties of only a few individuals. Trade between the two territories consisted (jf the exchange of New ^lex- ican blankets for Californian mules and horses ; and it •' T/ie Personal Narrative of JameJi O. Pattie, of Kentuchj, diiriihi mi is- pe'litionfroin St Lotiin throinjh tin- nut reijiom he.tineen that pliu'i' ami llv f'lirijii' Oreitii, ate, etc. Edited hy Tiniothji Flint. Cincinnati, 1833, 12ino. For iiioro hihliographic tletails, and a full ficcount of I'attie's Cal. advciiturcit, ami his return by sea and land via Muxico, see IiiiIexican settlers in C^difornia were members of the Vaca, Pcfia, and Armijo fann- lics, while many well-known Californian pioneers had s})c'nt some years in New Mexico.*^ Industrially, there was for the most part no cliaiige, cxrc[)t a slight deterioration in some branches, fr-om the unprosperous conditions of former years. Of home records on the subject I have found none of any vahic ; and while Grey,i; and his followers, in connection witli commercial annals, give excellent reviews of tlie countrv's industries or lack of the>n, their remarks Would apply as well to the Spanisli as to the ^lexican *'' nut. CiiL, iii. ,S8G-8, 39.5-6. Cliarlefonx was a Canadian in coiiiinaiid cif .'{(I (ir 40 ' t'haguanoso ' or Shawnee ' traders,' who took .some jiart in tlio sectional iiolitics a'ld warfare of t'al. in '37-8. A/., iii. 4'.(J, 518--'J0. Aliout tliiise matters I find nothing in N. Mex. records. *'■ nU. Vol., iv. 124-5, 27(>-8, .342-3, ;W. ''Among these may 1)e named Cyrus Alexander, I>. \V. Alexander, F. Z. l?r;iui li, Lewis Burton, Moses and 'Kit ' Carson, Wni (i. Chard, .lol) F. Dye, Will iliirdon, Lsiuic (Jraham, Wni Knight, J. 1*. Lees(!, J. L. Majors, Wni I'l'pi', .Antoine and Louis Roliidoux, John Rowland, Isaac Sparks, J. .1. War- ini, Is.iiie Williams, B. 0. Wilson, John R. and Wm Wolfsidll, Wm Work- man, Kwiiiy Young, and (leo. C. Vount. See hist. t\iL, Pioneer Register, t'lir l>iiig. sketches of these and many mure. 1 \ 840 A MEXICAN TKllKITORY. ' f ii period, beings confirmatory of wimt I have; written in curlier chapters. It is possible, liovvever, that tin; (lecaWence noted, as in siieep-raising and the nianu- f'ucture of blankets, was more apparent tiian real, ln-- iny; founded on an exagj^erated idea of what had htrn accomplished in the past.*" In U)inin slieep were annually driven to soutlieru luarixots, iiiid Moinetiiiies, perhaps, ati many as 500,000; and sheep were still tiie priiuiiMi artirle of oxportiition. Naroona, in Pino, Not. Hint,., 24, j{ive< tlie Itvi -stHil; of tlie country in 1827 tis cattle .5,000, sheep and goats 240,000, iiorsts ami mules :;,0(K»; total value S«22l,»)50. •'"rattie, A''»mt/!/(v, 71-81, 112, 115, 123, 129-32, says that the niiiu' « n workeil Ity a Spanish superintendent, .luan Onis, for tiie Span, owuit, Fim;i- ciseo I'aldo Lagera. 'Witliin tlie circumference of tliree miles tlieic is a mine of copper, gold, and silver, antl i>esides, a cliff of load-stone. The silviT mine is nid workeil, as not hcing so proHtalile as either tlieco[)pL'r or gul I mines.' The Ind. were very troublesome, and the trappers did good nc-rvico in keeping tliem in order, by force ami treaties. Finally, the I'attius livi.ii'il the mines for 5 years, at $1,000 per year, and the elder I', rem lined tiiiT>', estahlished a stock rancli on tiie Mimlires, and made money. Hut in IS'.'T, ■when he thought of hnying the property, a rascally Span, agent, in trusted with .$10,000 in gold, ran away with the money, and mined I'attie. .\t tlie same time the owner was exiled as a Spaniard, and it is impliecl tliat the mines were ahandoned. "^Oi-ejijs Com. I'miriea, i. 102-77; Prince n Hint. Sk:, 241-3; Melim's .','"W EDUCATION AND MISSIONS. Ml wrltttii in that the lie iiiaiiii- I real. \k-- had hoon ftiiij'' the ^fopt tho r I'attii-;'" ^()l(l were irty iiiilfs jrs ' wtTe ' ill ls:!ii. ) luT ytar tlic latt(T s ill LSI."), $:i:)0,()i)u. 'atiT was lly iiiclU'd isistiiiLT of orciuiK'is ods. At uiil, and 'S Wt'PO er mines that is, in icirkt'ts. iiiiil lio jiriiifip.ii livt-stoi'li luii'SL'.s ami niiiR' w IS iicr, Fi III- tlu'i'i' i-i a Thf silver nT or '^"\ 1 Hill now 11(1 ttioH IcU.Si'll null til !•.■, lit in l^■.'7, intiMistoil At till! 1 tliat the Hill's J.'iOO III . (liicational matters a .slight increase of interest is to 1)0 noted, thougli with very meagre results. In IHJi! the diputaeion territorial was about to establish sonif kind of a oollejjfe at the capital, under the pro- tectorship of A^ustin Fernandez de San Vicente; and f'i(»in 1M27 to 18.'{2 archive records show the existence of piiiiiary schools at several of the princi|>al towns; hut in IMlU there was no school at Santa Fe, and j)r(il>al)ly none elsewhere, as the diputaeion announced that there were no funds, and called upon the ayun- tamiiiitos to reopen the schools, if possible, by private oontrilxitions.^'' About 18.'J4 a printing-press was hicni^dit to the country, and with it in 18^5 Padre Martinez issued for four weeks at Taos the CrepOaciih, the only New Mexican newspaper of pre-Gringo tiinrs.-''' Tho missions continued as before, there bein^ no fiirnial secularization, but were missions only in name. The Lyovernment still paid —or at least made appro- priations for — the sfnodos of from 23 to '11 Franciscan Mills, 171-2. These and other writers cannot refrain from comparinj; tiie Ihiur sliiiwing of iniiiin<; industry at t\\'\* tiuiu, not oidy witli t!iu ilevv-lopinuiit^i of l.itor yuara, l)Ut witli tliose of tlie 17th century. *irugg even attei:iptti to iiuilu! (if ', tells us that Unv. M irtinez was a special friend of education, sending young men to IHirango an I .Mexico td lie educated, besides establishing govt seliools at Sti Fi. Riteh, A.tlaii, 'J4'J, speaks of private schools established by Vicar M irtinezatT.UH, by I'.idre Lciva at S. Miguel, and by other priests. All writers note the pruval.;nt ig- nnraiice of the New Mexicans and the absence of Itooks, also noting tho facta tliat tliere were still no physicians or lawyers in the country. •'^Umiijs Com. Prairies, i. 200-1; Priiin-'s Hist. Si:., 2.34. Gregg says the editur's object was to get himself elected to co i^ress, in whic!i etifort he sue ei'c li'd. He also states that 8om3 primers iinT catechisms were printed on this press before 1844; but I have never suoii any of those e i;*ly productioas. Ill the newspapers of 187(5 is noted thj daith of Josui M. Vaca, who was a printer o.i the Crepiuculo. 148 A MKXK'AN TKUlillOUV. ;il !•! fnurs; l»ut those wt'iv lor tlie most [lart artin*,' cjiratcs at the Mt'XH'an scttlriiH-iits, makiiijj; ocrasioiiul visits to the liuhaii |iU('hlo8 uiuier their spiritual cli.ii'j^r,.. Only five of tlie latter had ri'sideiit inission.uiivs in 18;52."'* The Mex lean eon^^ress ill 18'J:}, and ayiiin in 1H;{(), decreed the earryin<^-out of the <>ld Spanisji unler H>r the estahlishinj^ of a bisho|»rie; hut notliini,' \v,is ett'eeted in this direction. Ainon^ the vi(ais a|i|M;irs in l82;")-(; the name of Afjfustin Fernandiz iU Suii Vi(H!nte, the famous ean6ni<^o who had visite; and I'rince as haviny^ been marked hy «ifreat enthusiasm."' Tlie poj»ulation has been rr'won as 30,000 whites and 10,000 pueblo Indians in 1H22. In these '2i years I 8\ippose that the white population was snnirwhat more than douhled, and that of Indians slij^htly dimin- ished; or that the total in 1845-0 was not far from 80,000, though there is one official report that makes this total much lar^'er.'* ''* fi'irmrn, Ojciuiit, 15, .'{',•-41; Eirwhrn, Not. Chih., 31. Yearly apprn- priatioiis tor tlic stiiioiuL. ( 'm-rro tic lii Ftl., (>i;t. 14,'I8'J"; Mi'.i:, .\li n. /hi'\, 1H'2(). .1.K-. 1.-); A/., Mem. Jii-^t., \S'M, ai )X. 8; A/., Mtiii. Ilnr., is;)-.', <1(h . N; /(/., 18H7, annex. F; Iil,, 1844, presuj. leato 7. Tlie no. of friars '.'7, with ^,880 ill .stipumU includes Kl I'aso, Narlioiia in 18l'7 givf.s tlu' iiinnln r ni ciirate.s as 17. The statement of Ritcli, AztUtit, 249-5(), tli.it lieforc |s4tiall till! pinlres from aliroad had Itoun HUiiiilmted by native-born N '^v Mrxuit.u) suum.i doubtful. Aug. 26, 181*2, order of the president autliorizini; tlio ^nv. and junta to grant lands of the Ind. pucblus where there were few Iuiir- queniue 2,547, Tome 2,043. Caflada 6,508, S. Juan 2,915, Taos 3,tH>ti. aii.i Aliicjuirt 3,.">57. Pop. in 1831 estimated at 50,000. Mex. Mem., Ii„.■<, Mem., 26; DeBrnvD Eiiqf., 268. Cortina, ia Iiulituto yuc. Bol., no. 1, p. 18, gi\es a STATISTICS. ai.i poll ,,f rxm ill 1829 an.l T.T.lTtJ in IS'M. Ton. in '.18, "30, or 'JS. HI Am. ' ' ••4 woniun, or total 5.'),40:i. I liii'ii ail U In 1840 (lov. Annijo, Piiu), Xot. II M., r>5, I'oi.. Ni'i'. Htiitu, as <|Uiitu(l liy (iriigg, who uImo alluiluit to a ceUMUH of 'A'l an in 1841 alnui t fio.i (MM) Span. llCf nliiiwiriuT'.',(l*>(). (iruKK> ''<""' l'rnirieM,i, 148 t), uHtiniattiH, howuvur, thu iio(i. Ill 14 It TO.tNN), of whom IO,(NN) tn. in oonncction Willi till' iliviaion into diHtri-t. ut'*. mak.m a total in '44 ot IH>,'2(>4; or l>y prti.l.«-Sta V6 12,.VM), Sta .. a i Ej-ptil., 36, ^ivvH thu pop. oa l(jU,UOU. Wizlizuuua' givva 70,0U0 m\ tbu liguru iik 1)M0. •Isi CHAPTER XV. PIMERIA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. 1543-1767. Earliest Annals of a Non-existent and Nameless Province— A ("en- Tt'RY ANn a Half of NECiLEcr — Entradas of Espejo and Onatk Down the Colorado TO THE Gulf — Conversion and Revolt ofthk Moi^iis — Progress in Sonoka— Pimeria Alta — Maps — LAitoiis of Kaiiikr Kino— Explorations in Arizona — The Gila and Casa Okamik- Mange's Diaries — Kino's Map— First Missions in 1732— Ijac and GCEVAVI — BOLAS DE PlATA — REVOLT — .TeSUIT EFFORTS TO KntKU IIIK Moyui Field — Triumph of the Franciscans- Explorations of KKt.i.KR AND SeDELMAIR — Up THE COLORADO — LasT YeARS OF THE JesIIC Uk- (iiME — Decadence of the Missions — Tcbac Presidio — Ranchkiua of Tucson — Apache Raids and Military Expeditions. ii f I'i;' m-'"imi^^\- Now that eastern annals have been brought down to the end of Mexican rule, it is time to turn again ti> the west, to that portion of our territory known later as Arizona. In Spanish and Mexican times there was no such province, under that or any other name, nor was the territory divided by any definite boun- daries between adjoining provinces. That portion south of the Gila was part of Pimerfa Alta, the north- ern province of Sonora. Except a small district of this Pimerfa, the whole territory was uninhabited, so far as any but aborigines were concerned. A siiuill tract in the north-east was generally regarded as be- longing to New Mexico, because the Spaniards of that province sometimes visited, and had once for a brief period been recognized as masters of, the Mo<]ui pueblos. Not only were no boundaries ever formally indicated, but I have found nothinc; to show how far in Spanish and Mexican opinion New Mexico was rc- (344) A NAMELESS PROVINCE. 345 jrardcd as extending west or Sonora north. Each was dicined to stretch indefinitely out into the dcspoblado. (.'iilit'ornia, however, while no boundary was ever fixed officially, was not generally considered to extend east of the Kio Colorado. The name Moqui province was soiiu'tiuies rather vaguely applied to the whole region north of the Gila valley. Arizona — probahly Arizo- nac ill its original form — was the name given by the natives to a locality on the modern frontier of Sonora, a:i(l was known from just before the middle of the oii^litcenth century as the name of the mining camp, or (hstrict, where the famous bolas de jtlata were found. It is still applied to a mountain range in that virinity. Nearly all of what we now call Arizona has no otlur history before 1846 than the record of exjJor- ing entradas from the south and east. The excei)tion is the small tract, of not more than sixty miles scjuare, from Tucson southward, mainly in the Santa Cruz valK'V, which contained all the Spanish establishments, find wliose annals are an inseparable part of those per- taining to Pimeria Alta as a whole, or to Sonora, vhich included Pimerfa. Thus, the only history our territory has in early times belongs to that of other jrovinces, and is given elsewhere in this or other works o[ this series. To dispose of the matter hero, however, hy a mere reference to scattered material to be found tisewliere, would be by no means consistent with the unity I have aimed to give to my work as a wlu)le and to each part. The story must be told, but it may he greatly condensed, reference sufficing for many de- tiiil.s. Neither tlie condensation nor the repetition involved can properly be regarded as a defect, each contributing, if I mistake not, to the completeness, clearness, and interest of the record. The negro slave Estevan, closely followed by the Sj)anish friar Marcos de Niza, crossed Arizona from south-west to north-east in 1539; and these earliest 'll[ imiiiiii 846 PI.MERIA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. explorers were followed in 1540 by Vasquez do Cure- nado, who, with an army of Spaniards, marched from Sonoi" to Zuni, extended his exploration north-west- ward to the Moqui towns and the gnat canon of the Colorado, and recrossed Arizona in 1542 on liis lo- turn from eastern exploits and disasters anion jr the New Mexican pueblos. These expeditions, the hegiu- KJng of Arizona annals, are fully recorded in the ,sec- < iid and third chapters of this volume; and the map, biiowing also one or two later entradas, is here rej)i()- duced. While Coronado's observations were rceortled with tolerable accuracy, no practical use was made of the information gained, and all that was accurate in the reports was soon forgotten. A century and a half was destined to pass before the Arizona line should again be crossed from the south. But it was only forty years before the territory was again entered by Spaniards from the east. Antonio Espejo, with a few companions, in 1583, coming from the Rio Grande valley by way of Zuni, marched to the Moqui towns, and thence penetrated some fifty leagues farther west or south-west, listening to tales of great towns said to lie beyond the great river, vis- iting maize-producing tribes, obtaining samples of rieh silver ore in the reoicm fortv or fiftv miles north of the modern Prescott, and returning by a more direct route to Zuni.^ Fifteen years later the eastern Yim was again crossed by Juan de Onate, the coniiueror of New Mexico, who, at the end of 15*J8, very nearly repeated Espejo's Arizona exploration, starting out to reach the South Sea, but called back in haste to Acoma by news that the penol patriots v/erc in arms to regain their independence." - In 1G04 Ohate re- sume I his search for the Mar del Sur, and i\>uud it. With thirty men he marched w^estward, still via Zuni and Moqui; crossed the Rio Colorado--as he uamt d the branch since known as the Colorado Chiquito; ' For Espc jo'a entrada, see p. 38-9 of thia vol, 'Sou p. 130, thia vuluiiiu. ai ,sm AlUZONA IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 847 C'lx'apua (Sonoiti ^"..i ?(•< -if iVVP / Eakliest Explorations of Akizona. ' 1' I ! 348 FIMBRIA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. I I li f ir I . gave the names San Antonio and Sacramento to two branches of the river later called Rio Verde in tlio region north of Prescott — a considerable portion of his route corresponding in a general way with tlio line of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad of more mod- ern centuries; and kept on south-westward to and down the San Andres — Santa Maria and Bill Wil- liams fork — to its junction with the Rio Grande do Buena Esperanza, that is, the Colorado. One of the captains went up this river a short distance; and then all followed its course southward, fully understandin;^' its identity with the stream called Rio del Tizon in Coronado's time, to the head of the gulf. The main eastern branch, or Gila, was named Rio del Nonibro de Jesus. In January 1G05, they reached tide-water and named a fine harbor Puerto de la Conversion do San Pablo; and then they returned by the same route to New Mexico. Nearly two centuries passed before the region between Moqui and Mojave was re- visited by Spaniards. Onate's expedition to the South Sea, though of the greatest importance and accurately narrated, like that of Coronado had slight eftect on real knowledge of geography, its chief effects being to complicate the vagaries of the Northern Mystery. ' There were no more explorations from any direction in the seventeenth century, and Arizona annals tor the whole period are confined to a few meagre items about the Moqui district as gathered from earlitr chapters of this volume. It may be well to state here, however, that the name of Arizona's chief river is aj)- parently used for the first time in a report of I (!:}(), being applied to a New Mexican province of Gila, or 'For Ofiate'a exped. of 1604-5, sec p. 154 of this vol. Native tril)os on the Colorado, from north to south, were, above the (jila, the Ainacavas (later Yainajabs, Amajavas, or Mojaves), Bahucechas, and Ozaras; between tliu Gila and tide-water, the Halchedumaa, Coahuanas, Tlaglli, Tlalliguaiiiayiis, and Cocapas. Among the contributions of this expedition to the Niirtiurn Mystery was the existence, as reported by the natives, of Lake Copula, wluro Aztec was spoken and golden bracelets were worn. The Spaniards also ie lived from that period. In 16D2 they had, like the other nations, professed their willingness to submit to (iovernor Vargas; but in the following years no at- tempt to compel their submission is recorded. In 1 "()(>, however, fearing an invasion, they affected peni- tin lerniitted a friar to baptize a few children, and iiendtiated in vain with the Spaniards for a treaty that shonld permit each nation t») retain its own religion I^' Meanwhile, during this century and a half, though, as I liave said, the Arizona line was not crossed from tlie south, the Spanish occupation was extended nearly to that line. In Coronado's time the northern limit of settlement was San Miguel de Culiacan. The ' nni'iriihn, npt/veufi' Rvnionsf. S.'e p. 1()2-.1 of this veil. ■'Oil Moijui items of loDD-lTOO, seu chap, vii.-x., this volume. mi 350 PIMERIA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. "■' .! villa of San Felipe de Sinaloa was founded in 1584, after the failure of several attempts, a little farther north. It was in 1591 that the Jesuits bej^an their missionary work in Sinaloa, but they had no pennu- nent establishments north of that province before IGOO." The Fuerte de Montesclaros, giving name to the Rio del Fuerte, was built in IGIO, and in the same vear Captain Hurdaide, after a series of hard- tout,' ht battles and several reverses, made paace with the Va(|ui Indians. In 1613 and 1GI7 respectively, missions were established among the M£«yos and Yaquis, and a bojjinninj; was thus made of Jesuit work in Sonora. From 1()21 eleven padres served G0,000 converts in the northern, or Sonora, mission district, called San Ignacio; in 1G39 the spiritual conquest had extendid to the Sonora valley proper, the region of Ures, among the Opatas, where the district of San Francisco Javier was organized; by 1G58 this district had been extended so as to include missions as far north as Ariz|)c and Cuquiarachi; and by 1G88 these northern missions — beyond Batuco and Nacori, in Pimeria Baja, eigliteen pueblos in six missions partidos — had been formed into the new district, or rectorado, of Santos ALartiies de Japon. The next advance of missionary woik northward will bring us to the subject proj^cr of this chapter. It should be noted here that in 1G4U 50 there was a temporary division of the province, north- ern Sonora above the Yaqui River being called Xiieva Andalucia. In consequence of a quarrel with tlie Jesuits, the governor of the new province attempted to put the missions in charge of Franciscans; Imt, though a small party of friars came to the countiv, nothing was accomplished; and all trace of the chanp', secular and religious, disappeared about the middle ut the century.^ *Fnr particulars, see Hint. North Mer. States, i. 107-23. This rcftrciice includes Ibarra's expeditions of loti4-3, which may possildy furnish .111 I'Xiip- ticin to my statement that tliu Arizo.ia liuj wai not cro.«ed till ncirly tlio end of the next century. ■ See auuaU of Sinaloa and Souora, 1000-1703, in Hist. North Alex. oL, i. 202-50. MISSIOJ^S OF SONORA. 351 'm SiNALOA AND SONORA. 352 PIMERIA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. ifi ' P' . ^ Pimen'a Alta, home of the Pimas, but also includ- ing that of the Pdpagos, Sobas, and Sobaipuris, he- sides other tribes in the north, was bounded on the south by the rivers Altar and San Ignacio witli the latter's southern affluents, on the north in a gciural way by the Gila valley, on the west by the gulf and Ilio Colorado, and on the east by the San Pedro, the country farther east being the home of Apaclus and other savage tribes. This broad region was explored within a period of twenty years at the close of the seventeenth century and beginning of tlie eighteenth by the famous Jesuit, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino. Over and over again, often alone, sometimes with associates, guides, and a guard, this indefatigable mis- sionary traversed the valleys bounding the region on the south, east, and north, and more than once crossed in different directions the comparatively desert inte- rior, besides giving special attention to the gulf shore and Colorado mouth, for his original purpose was to reach and convert the Californians from this direction. He found the natives, grouped in a hundred or more rancherias, most docile and friendly, displaying from the first a childish eagerness to entertain the jiadre, to listen to his teachings, to have their names entered on his register, and to have their children baptized. They were, above all, desirous of being formed into regular mission communities, w^ith resident padres of their own; and at many rancherias they built rude but neatly cared for churches, planted fields, and tended herds of live-stock in patient waiting for mis- sionaries who, in most cases, never came. Kino's great work began in 1687, when he founded the frontier mission of Dolores, his home or headquarters for the rest of his life. For six years he toiled alone, till fathers Campos and Januske came in 1693 to take charge of San Ignacio and Tubutama; and only eight padres besides Kino worked in this field during the latter's life, there being rarely, if ever, more than four at the same time. Missions were, however, estab- uiu,hiV\n \' \ MISSIONS IN PIMERlA. 8S8 lislied, besides the three named, at Caborca, Suainca, aiul Cocospera, with a dozen or more of the other raiichi'iKis as visitas. Those which became missions or visitas before 1800, with the presidios and other settlements, are best indicated on the appended map. I'^^aJoijeria Sooolto" f-^*.^ ArivacaM Tnl Gaevavl Missions of Pimekia Alta. The great difficulty, and one that caused Kino no end of anxiety and sorrow, but never discouragement, was that, besides the zealous padre himself, no one seemed really to believe in the docility and good faith of the Pimas, who were accused of being treacherous, hos- tile, and in league with the Apaches. Even Jesuit visitors, when once they were beyond the reach of Kino's magnetism and importunity, were disposed to regard the padre's projects as visionary and danger- HliiT. Abiz. and N. Mex. 23 I ' ni|!W(.l,ft«| t54 PIMERIA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. lil!^ I 'I vi; ous, thus furnishing the Spanish authorities a plausi- ble pretext for withholding pecuniary support Tliere were no other establishments in these times except a garrison, or presidio, at Fronteras, or Corodeguachi; this and a compania volaiite being charged with resist- ing the almost constant raids of savage tribes in the north-east, and often requiring assistance from other presidios. All this region was under a comandante de armas, residing generally at San Juan Bautista, far- ther south, and there was no other government in the north. Captain Juan Mateo Mange was detailed with a part of the flying cor^pany from 1694 to protect the padres in their tours, and his excellent diaries consti- tute our best authority for events to 1702.^ Tliere was a revolt in 1695, in which Padre Saeta, of Ca- borca, lost his life, several servants were killed, and many of the churches were sacked or destroyed. Yet notwithstanding the oppressive acts of military men and Spanish employees, which, according to the Jesuits, provoked the revolt, and the murderous slaughter by which it was avenged and the natives were forced to sue for peace, the padres seem to have had no difficulty in regaining all their earlier influence in a year or two ; and the Pimas and Sobaipuris soon proved their fidelity by aiding the Spaniards most effectually in warfare against the Apaches, who in turn often raided the Pima rancherias, destroying the mission of Coc6spera in 1698. Still, by a perplexing combination of satanic influences, missionaries could not be obtained for the far north ; and the old preju- dice against the Pimas was no sooner partially con- quered than it was transferred in full force to the Gila tribes, where Padre Eusebio, with a view to his Cali- fornian projects, desired to establish missions. Kino died at his post in 1711. ^ Mange, Historia de la Pimeria AUa. MS. of the Arch. Oen. de Ma., printed in Doc. Hist. Afex. Hardly inferior as an authority, and exteniling over a longer period, is the ApoatdUcoa A/anea, made up mainly from Kiiio'3 letters; and Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jeans, is another standard work. Full details in Hist, North Mex. States, L in( m( \vl in< rai Fnnt.i.hiii)\\' ARIZONA EXPLORATIONS. SB8 Haviiif? thus presented a general view of the Pi- meria missions, it is necessary to notice somewhat more in detail explorations north of the Arizona line, whore there was no mission with resident padre dur- iii<' Kino's life, thouj^h there were churches at several raiicht'r(as in the Santa Cruz valley. Kino may have crossed the line as far as Tumacdcori with Sal- vatierra in 1691, and he is said to have reached Bac in 1<'»1)2; but the records of these earliest entradas are vnjj^ue, and doubtless some of his later tours in the Santa Cruz valley have left no trace. In 1694, how- ever, he penetrated alone to the Gila valley in quest of ruins reported by the Indians, reaching and saying mass in the Casa Grande, an adobe structure that had probably been visited by Niza and Coronado in 15311-40, and still standing as I write in 1886. In 169G another visit to Bac is mentioned. Thus far, however, we have no particulars. In November 1697 was undertaken the first for- mal exploration in this direction of which any detailed record has survived. Lieutenant Cristobal Martin Bernal, with Alferez Francisco Acuna, a sergeant, and twenty soldiers, marched from Fronteras via Terrenate and Suamca, while Kino and Mange with ten ser- vants came from Dolores. The two parties united at Quiburi, not far from the site of the modern Tomb- stone; Coro, a Sobaipuri chief, with thirty warriors, joined the expedition ; and all marched down the Rio Quiburi, since called the San Pedro, to its junction with the Gila, now so called in the records for the first time, though, as we have seen, the Gila province of New Mexico was named as early as 1630. Down the main river went the explorers to and a little be- yond the Casa Grande, which is for the first time described and pictured by simple drawings in the diaries. From the Gila they returned southward up the river, since called the Santa Cruz, by way of Bac and Guevavi, reaching Dolores at the beginning of December. They had marched 260 leagues, had been ^labiii))) V il: PIMKRIA ALTA AND THK NKMiUI PROVINCE warmly welcomed everywhere, had re(>;isti!ro(l 4,700 natives and baptized 89, besides confeninj^ badnt s of oltice on many chieftains. Some details of this tiiu first of Arizona explorations definitely recorded are given in a note." '' Benin I, IMnriou, I'lOT, in Dor, IlUt. Mex., .3d seriea, pt iv., p. 7!»7 809; NiUi'jt; IIM. J'iiiicrKi, *i74-9l; uImo lioth iliiiries in MS. Ikniiil Ktt Curddu- giiiU'lii Nov. .'ith, iinil inurchud to Surratiiiiiini du Ouauiii, H 1.; tUli, tnTcrrf- iiati!, 12 1.; Ttli, to Stfi Marfii (Suiiinca), 12 1., where P. Contrcius' niiisitni •W'jw in a jinrnpornns condition; 8tli, to tlio valley and rancheria of S. .luainiiii, ]'2 1.; and Uth, to the rancheria de Qiiil>iiri.s, 8 1., wliere Kino wu.s inct. Meanwliilo Kino and Mange, leaving; Dolores Nov. 2«1, iiad niarelied tnUnmu- dioH, 8 1. N.; 4th, to Cocdapera, 6 1. n., wiiero wan P. Contreras; otii, to S. Lazaro, 6 1. N. on another stream, which rittes near Suainca and mikcM a great circle (the Sta Cruz, see map); thence eastward up tiio river to .Sta Alaria (Snamca), G 1.; 0th, over plains and rolling hills to 8. JckuiuIii liaso- Bunia, 14 1. N.; 7th, the Sta Cruz do (Jaihanipitea, (i 1. K., on a hill on wust bank of a river which rises in the plains of Terrenate (tiiat is, tlu^ S. I'rdni; there are ruins known as Sta Cruz a few miles w. of ToMd)stone on the river). Here they were received in a house of adobes and beams built for tlui p.ulre. Here they joined Martin, and went 1 1. N. to Quiburi on the S)th, being inter- taiiied by Coro and his warriors, who were dancing round Apache sealps. (There is a slight diflference between the two diaritll as to date ami place of meetintr. Later I use botli diaries together.) Nov. 11th, from Quiburi down the river to Alamos, 101. N.; 12tli, to H.iica- deat, 13 1., passing some al>andoned ranc'heria><; 13tli, past the fartliest ]iiiint ever reached by Spanianls — a narrow pass wliicli had been visited liy ('apt. Fran. l{.amirez — to Causae, 21., and Jia.spi, or lio,sario, 21. (Beriial savs the day's journey was 31.); 14th, past Muiva and other ramJierias to Ariliaiha, or Aribabia, ii or 7 1. ; 15th, past Zutoida r.nd Comarsuta to the last ran< luria 4if the river called Ojio or Victoria, !) or 11 1. N. Two others, Busac itml Tulio, were on a creek flowing into tiie river (perhaps the Arivaipa, thougli .said to flow east). The valley is described as pleasant and fertile, witii irrij;atiiig ditches and its rancherlas — witii 'A'M hou.ses and 1,850 inhabitants emiiited — prosperous though nuich harassed by the .Jocomes and Apaches of the east. lUtii, to the Gila junction, 01., and 2 or 31. down the Gila to a place named Mange. Nov. 17th, down the Gila at some distance from the river, to S. (lrej;ori(» spring, 81. w. ; and to S. Fernando on the bank, 21.; 18th, over tlii! plain '.ll. w. to Casa (Grande, Sergt Escalante swimming the river with twocoiniiaiiions about midway of the journey to examine some r -ins on the nortli side, lie- sides describing the C '.sa Grande and other ruins. Mango gives a tradition of the natives respect .g their origin, 1 1. to a rancheria on the river bank; " "~ W., over sterile jdains; 20th, to 8. Andres, 7 1. w., Baseraca, and had been baptized at l^olore.'*, wluru icksilver mines in the n. w. and of white men win) ned with muskets and swords — ]ierhap3 Enj,'iish or ■nt probfvbly only the apostate Mociuis with .stolen Tusonimd, or Sta Isabel, 7 1. e., and 3 1. s. into tin; xl tank, or pond, 4 or 5 1. s. ; and to ranciieria of 14 or 15 1. s. ; 23d, up the dry bed of the river (Sta .iley of Correa, 91. s. ; and to S. Agustin Oiaur, (i 1. 24th, to ranch, of Bac, Biatosda, or S. Javier, 1. a. This Wiis the lari,'e.st rancheria of all Pimeria, 830 persons living in 170 houses; and there was an adobe house ready for the padre, with a wheat-field and some live-stoek well tended. 2eth, to Tumacacori, or S. Cayetano, 18 or 20 1. S.; 27th, to(iuevavi, 6 1. s.; and 7 1. to Bacuanos (Bacuancos), or S. Autouio(?); 28th, to S. Lazaro, lyth, to Tusonimott 4. whose chief had visit ' rumors were heard of came to the Colorado shipwrecked Spaniards, tire-arms (!); 21st, back desert; 22d, to an artiti Sta Catalina Cuitciabai^'. Cruz), to ranch, of the ' nTi|ii.)iil\v.v\' KINO'S TOURS. 3o7 A'^ain, in 1008, Kino returiu'd by way of Bac to tlio (iilii; and from San Andres, tho limit of the prcvions tri|i, (ir from tho R'«^ion of the Pinja vilhijjfcs of m(»d- (111 niaj'S, he crossed the country south- westwardly to SoMoi'aand tlie «jfulf shore ; hut unfortunately, Manj^'e's (lace was taken i)y Captain Carrasco, and no particu- urs athcting Arizona are extant.'" In the next tour of Idl'D with Mange, he went first to Sonoita via Saric; and thence crossed north-westward to the (iila at a point al)out ten miles ahovc +he Colorado junction. Tlif natives refused to guide him down the river wliere lie had intended to go; therefore he went up tJie river castwaril. cutting off the big bend, sigliting and nam- ini,' the Salado and Verde rivers, from a mountain top, rojuliiiig San Andres Coata where he had been liefore, and returning home by the old route via Encarnacion, San Clemente, San Agustin, and Bac. In this trip he called tlie Colorado Rio de los Mtlrtircs, tlic Gila liio do Ids A])6stoles, and the four branches of the latter — that is, tlie Salado, Verde, Santa Cruz, and San Pedro — Los Evangelistas." In October of the same 7 1.; ami to Cocdspera, fi 1.; 20th, to Remedios; Dec. Ist, to Dolores. Kino's iiiu't>' left Bunuil on the 2(itli, and the latter by the aatiiu route arrivcil at l)..l(irL's ])w. 2il. '"AV/zo, Carta, in Sonora Mat., 817-19; Aponf. A/anvn, 27*2-4; Aletjre, lli^t., iii. '2it;{ 4; Lwhman's Tnir. JesuiU, i. .'Joa. 'liio dutails given atl'ect only o!)- scr\ lit inns on tho gulf shore, to wliich sutHcicnt attention is L'iveu elsewhere. " Mmii/i; J/Lst. Pimeria, 21)2-310. Route from S. Mareelo Sonoita: Feli, 17tli, down the stream w. 10 1. to a carrizal; 18th, 6 1. n. w. and 14 1. n., hy nuioiihglit over sterile plains to the watering-place of La Luna; IDth, 12 1. N. w., and w. to a small raneheria not named; 20th, 15 1. over barren idains aihl past nuncrnl hills to Las 'iinajas; 21st, (i 1. N. w. to tlie Oila, where were (ilK) I'imas and Yuinas, the latter now visited and described for the first time. Maiigd from a hill saw the junction of the Colorado, on wliich river the Alche- (iiiiiias were said to live. M. also found some slight tradition of Oiiate's visit ill Ilk),"), and heard of white men who sometimes came from the north coast to trailo, tlie reports rese.nbll.ig those heard before at S. Andri's cand C'asa Grande. Fob. 23d, 12 1. E. up the river; 24tli, 10 1. e. up river; 2.")th, 4 1. to r;un;li. S. Matias Tutum; 4 1. to ranch. S. Mateo Cant; 20th, 14 1. up tho river to ranch. Tides Vatpii; 27th, 3l. across a bend to a ranch, ini tlie river; to ancvtiu'r S. Simon Tucsani; and to another of Cocomaricopas, 12 1. in all; 28tli, S 1. H. w. (s. E. ?), leaving the river on account of the big bend, past 5 raiicluTias, to one of Pimas, who welcomed them with triumplial arches, etc., agdiul place for a mission; March 1st, 11 1. E. over a rocky and sterile country to a sjjriiig; 2d, 131. E. over a range of hills from which they saw the rivers Venlu and Salado — perhaps flowing from the famous Sierra Azul of N. Mex. annals — to the river 3 1. below the junction, where was the ranch, of S. Bar- tolomtj Comae; 3d, 10 1. up river to S. Andrea Coata, where they had been in ii.k«t\;vt 358 PIMERiA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. M i ! . lifi; is, : : [i « • ii '.'A year, with Padres Leal and Gonzalez from abroad, they went again to Bac. Here the moving of a stoue, thought at first to be an idol, uncovered a hole on the top of a hill, and produced a hurricane which lasted till the stone was replaced over the entrance to this home of the winds. From Bac, they took a south- west course to Sonoita, registering 1,800 Papabotes." Padre Francisco Gonzalez was delighted with Bac, declaring it to be fit, not only for a mission of 3,000 converts, but for a city of 30,000 inhabitants; and he promised to return as a missionary. Mange states that he did come 'mucho despues,' or much later, but that he remained only till 1702, being driven away by the hostilities of two rancherias not far away. It would seem that this must be an error. In April and May 1700, Kino went again to Bac and laid the foundation of a large church, which the natives were eager to build, but respecting tlie further progress of which nothing is known. In September he reached the Gila, by a route for the most part new, striking 1697. They had registered 1,800 men, Yumos and Cocomaricopas; 4th, E. past Encamacion 91. to a fertile tract; 5th, s. B. away from river, 9 1. to tlie tank or cistern built by the people of Casa Grande, when they went suutli to settle Mexico (!); 131. (or 4) s. to Sta Catarina; 6th, s. past S. C'lemeute to S. Agustin Giaur; 7th, up the river ». past 4 rancherias, 61. to S. Javier ilel Bac, where 1,300 natives welcomed them with dances and songs, a inagniticent place for a large mission; 9th-10th, 7 1. s.. Kino being very ill; 11th, 13 1. ». to opposite S. Cayetano Tuniagacori; 12th, 6 1. to Guevavi, 7 1. to Bacuaucos; I3tli, 16 1. to Cocdspera which had been destroyed and abandoned; 14th, to Remedies 6 1., 8 1. to Dolores. '^ J/anye, JIUt. Pirn., 311-20. Route: left Dolores Oct. 24th, 8 1. to Re- medics, where a fine new church was being built; 25th, 6 1. down one streiim and up another to Cocdspera; 4 1. to Rio Sta Maria at S. Lorenzo (S. Liizarn?); 26th, 111. down river to S. Luis Bacuancos, past Quiquiborica (one of wliicli may have been the later Buenavista); 27th, 6 1. to Guevavi, or Gusutaiiui, iit the junction of a stream from the E. ; 41. to S. Cayetano, Jumagacori (Tumiiea- cori); 28th, 61. N. ; 29th, 10 1. to Bac, west of which was a ranch, of Oteaii. Nov. 1st, 2d, Mange and Kino went on down to Oiaur, 6 1., and 15 1. to .Sta Catarina, Caituagaba and S. Clemente, and returned; near Bac two ranch, of Juajona and Junostaca are mentioned as existing later; 5th, 10 1. w. to springs; 6th, 6 1. w. to Tups, where they were shown silver ore; 3 1. w. to Cops, or Humo, of t?'e nation Pima-Papabotas; 7th, 8 1. W. over plains to S. Siiuliii Actum, where they were visited by natives from S. Fran. Ati; 8tli, 1*. Leal left the party for Tubutama in his carriage; while the rest went on N, w. ami W. 13 1. to kS. Rafael; 9th, 9 1. more N,, to Baguiburisac, N. 16 1. (or 7), to Coat and Sibagoida; 10th, 33 1. s. w. and w. to Sonoita; 11th, 12th, 60 1. k. and s. K. to Busanic, where they joined Leal; and l.V18th returned via Tu- butama, Magdaleua de Buvuibava, S. Igiiacio, aud Kemedios to Dolores. ;S ,'. ■• SALVATIERRA AND KINO. 809 the river east of the bend, following it down to the Yuma country, thence following the north bank to the Colorado, and giving the name San Dionisio to a Yuma rancheri'a at the junction. The diaries are not extant, and such details as we have relate mainly to Californian geography, having little interest for our present purpose.^' In 1701 Kino and Salvatierra went by way of Soiioita to the coast, but could not carry out their in- tention of reachir.g the Colorado. On the return, how- ever, parting from Salvatierra at Sonoita, Kino and Manj^e crossed the country to Bac, and returned home by tlie old route." Later in this year the venerable explorer crossed from Sonoita to San Pedro on the Gila, went down to San Dionisio, and thence down the Colorado past Santa Isabel, the last Yuma ran- cheri'a, to the country of the Quiquimas, whence he crossed into California; and on his return he may be supposed to have made the map which I append. Early in 1702, Father Kiiio made his last trip to the Gila and Colorado, very nearly repeating the tour of 1701, but reaching the head of the gulf; and it was also, so far as can be known, the last time he crossed the Arizona line. The rest of his life was devoted to constant efforts, with the aid of padres Campos and Velarde, to prevent the abandonment of the old es- tablishments, ting new enterprises. They could not visit the nortliern rancherias, and they could not give nuich en- couragement to visitors from distant tribes, who came to iiKjuire why the padres did not come as promised. All conniiunication gradually ceased, the Gila tribes forgot what Kino had taught them, and even the nearer Pimas and Sobaipuris lost much of their zeal for mission life. Only two or three other padres are known to have worked in the field before 1730. Yet tlierc were spasms of interest in the north; the bishop became interested in the subject; some favorable or- ders wt're elicited from the king; a presidii:> was talkod t)f on the Gila; and, as we shall presently see, '■'A fow rumors of padres stationed there can be traced to no dofinito smircf ; and tlie whole tenor of such records as exist is aj^ainst tlicni. On the aiuiaNitiiiir Aguatuvi and obtaining some favorable assurances for the future, they did notliiiig — except, perhaps, witli their pens in Europe — in self-defence until 174'J, whin, the danger becoming somewhat more imminent, two friars went to the far north-west and brought out 441 apostate Tiguas, with whom they shortly reestablished the old pueblo of Sandia. Again, in 1745, three friars visited and preached to the Moquis, counting 10,,s4() natives, obtaining satisfactory indications of aversinn to the Jesuits, and above all, reporting what had been achieved, with mention of the Sierra Azul and Te- guayo, and the riches there to be found. Tneir etioits were entirely successful ; and the king, convinced that he had been deceived — that a people from among wlinm two lone friars could brinof out 441 converts could be neither so far away nor so hostile to the Franciscans as had been represented — revoked all he had coneeded to the Jesuits. With the danger of rivalry ended the new-born zeal of the padres azules, i.iid for 30 years no more attention was given to the Moquis!^' The project of extending the Jesuit field frf)ni Pimerfa to the Moqui province was perhaps at first but a device for drawing the attention of the govern- ment to the northern missions, and securing a presidio in the Gila valley, with a view to the ultimate oeeii- pation of California. Kino and his associates more- over greatly underrated the distance of the Mo(juis from the Gila, and correspondingly distorted tluir geographical relations to New Mexico. From about 1711 various reports are said to have been received, throuijh native messenijers across the mountains, and also from New Mexican sources, that the Moquis de- sired Jesuit missionaries, and had a horror (»f tlie Franciscans. The project was greatly strengthened *' See chap. xi. of this volume, passim, for more particulars. JESUITS VERSUS FRANCISCANS. 365 bv tlic support of the bishop of Durango, whose quar- rel with the Franciscans of New Mexico is recorded elsewhere in this volume, and who in 171(5, with authority of the viceroy, attempted to put the Jesuits in chai|L(c, but failed. The king, however, in a cedula of 171!> approved the bishop's views, and ordered the viceroy to make the change, the viceregal orders to that etfect being issued in 1725, and approved condi- tionally by the king the next year. There seems to be but little truth in the statement of Jesuit writers, that the company declined to interfere in territory claimed by another order; but delays ensued, which were largely due to various schemes for conquering the Moquis by force of arms, and also, perhaps, to a channo of opinion on the bishop's part. The viceroy having in 1730 reported such conquest to be impracti- cable, and additional testimony having been obtained respecting difterent phases of the subject, the king by a cedula of 1741 positively repeated his orders of 1711>. How this incited the New Mexican friars to renewed effort I have already told. The king's order of 1741 also inspired an attempt on the part of the Jesuits to reach the Moqui towns from Pimeria. Padre Keller went up to the Gila in 174:5, and attempted to penetrate the country north- ward; but he was attacked by the Apaches, lost most of liis horses and supplies, had one of his nine soldiers killed, and was forced to return. This disaster was known to the Moquis, and through them to the New -Iv./ n friars. In the same year Padre Jacobo Sedehnair of Tubutama reached the Gila by way of Sonoita; and in 1744 the same explorer set out to visit the Moquis. He reached the Gila in the region of the Casa Grande, but the Indians could not be in- duced to guide him northward by a direct course, and therefore he went down the river on the north bank, for the first time exploring the big bend, and crossed over some forty leagues to the Colorado.^** At the "^ Unfortunately, the diaries of this and Keller's expedition are not extant; but in hid Jielacion, 849-50, Sedehnair names the rancherias, beginning 12 1. 866 PIMERIA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. point of departure from the Gila was a warm spring, probably that still known as Agua Caliente, and a fine spring, called San Rafael Otaigui, was found where the trail struck the Colorado, perhaps near the modern Ehrenberg. Sedelmair went on up the river to near the junction of "another rio azul, near the boundaries of the Moqui province," where the main river seemed to emerge from an opening in the sierra and turn to the south-west. The Moquis were understood to live not more than two or three days' journey away, liav- ing frequent commercial intercourse with the Colorado tribes; but for some reason not clearly set forth, per- haps the refusal of the natives to serve as guides, the padre had to return without reaching the object of his tour. His branch river was clearly the Bill Williams fork of modern maps.^® In a cedula of 1744, the king called for new infor- mation, Sedelmair was summoned to Mexico, and elaborate reports on the northern projects were pre- pared, both by the Jesuit provincial and the Francis- can procurador general. Without attaching much importance to the Jesuit claim that the company had no intention of interfering with Franciscan missionary work, I still find in the evidence strong indications that the principal aim was to secure the establishment of missions and a presidio in the lower Gila valley, with a view to a further advance to the north-west or north-east, as circumstances might decide. But the argument of Padre Oliva, representing the Francis- cans, proved altogether conclusive so far as the Moquis below the junction of the Salado (where he representjs the big bend as l)egiii- ning ?) as follows: Stue Cabitic, Norchean, Gohate, Nobcaric, Guias, Cocoigui, Tuesapit, Comarchdut, Yayahaye, Tuburh, Caborh, Fipiaca, Oxitaliibuis, Aicatum, Pitaya, Soenadut, Aopomue, Atiahigui, Cohate, S. Felipe Uparcli, Aritutoc, Urchaoztac, Tubutavia, Tsihapit, Amoque, Shobotarchani, Aqui, Tuburoh, Tucsarea, Cuaburidurch, Oitac, Toa, Caborica, Cuduriiiiuitac, Sudac, Sasabac, Sibrepue, Aycate, Aquitnundurech, Toaedut, Tiibuich, and Dueztumac, near which is a warm spring, about 45 1. above the Colorado junction. Tliese rancherfas, all of Cocomaricopas, lie along the river for about 36 1. The author says the Colorado tribes were also kindred to the Gila Cocomaricopas. Rio Colorado, that is, ' red river,' or buqui aquimuti, was the original Pima name of the river. ^* Sedelmair, Eelacion, 846-64; Id., Entrada, 20; Apoat. ^i/anea, 351-8; VenegoH, Not, Cat., ii. 530-6; 4l^re, Hist. Cmip. Jems, li. 283-4. th tei ho n!i)i.iii«\»\- SEDELMAIR'S ENTRADAS. 887 were concerned; for in a cddula of November 23, 1745, the king confessed that he had been deceived by false testimony respecting the geographical position, the hostile disposition, the strength, and the apostasy of the Moquis, as well as the lack of zeal and facilities for their reduction on the part of the friars ; and he accordingly revoked the order of 1741, thus putting an end to the company's project.'^" As I have said before, the Moquis were now left to their own salva- tion by missionary orders for some thirty years. The Gila and Colorado field still remained open to Jesuit effort, but various obstacles prevented any notable success. An effort seems to have been made to reach Moqui in connection with the military movement of 1747, but nothing was effected. Sedelmair, however, made two more entradas in 1748 and 1750. In the first, from Tubutama, by a route not described, he reached the Gila at a point near the rancheria pre- viously called San Felipe Uparch, and went down the river, noting the 'painted rocks,' to the point where in 1744 he had turned off to the north-west. Here he named the warm spring rancherfa, in a fine site for a mission, Santa Marfa del Agua Caliente."' Thence he went on for the first time on the north- ern bank to the Yuma country, and finally crossed over to the Colorado at a point about two leagues above the junction, subsequently going down to the last Yuma rancherfa below the Gila. But the Yumas were not very friendly, and it had been a year of drouglit for all the friendly Cocomaricopa tribes. The padre's return was by the same route.^" His second and last tour was made at the end of 1750, "•iV. Mexico, CididoB, MS., 46-55; Huit. North Mex. States, i., chap, xviii. -xix. Tlie latter version is here somewhat moditied and extended by the former docmueuts. *' lie say.s the spring had never been seen before; but it, or another near by, is montioiied in his Relacion of 1745 or 1746. Above the ' piedras escritas ' ia uamud a sierra of Sibupue. '" Sc(li;linah; Entrada d la Nacion de los Yumas (fentiles, 1749 (8), in Soncyra, Mat., IS-'J,'); Apost. Afanea, 3C0-1. A mission site on the Gila was called S. Jitdas Tudoo; that near where he struck the Colorado, S. Jos6; aad that at the junction Nra Sra de Loreto. 1 It uuiiiiinitu ll.MttiU\ 368 I'IMERfA ALTA AND THE MOQUI PROVINCE. and about it wo known only that lie went farther down tJio Colorado to the Quiquima or Quimac; ruii- chori'as, found tlio natives hostile, and returned aeiuss the desert by way of Sonoita."^ During the remaining years of the Jesuit period, 1701-07, the missions of Pimeri'a Alta barely main- tained a precarious existence. The Spanish Jesuits in many cases had been replaced by Germans, and all were more or less discouraged and disgusted by tlio complicated and fruitless controversies of earlier years;. There was no progress, but constant decadence. As I have said in another volume, ''a few neophytes were induced, by the persuasions of the padres, and by the hope of occasional protection from the presidios against the Apaches, to remain faithful ; the missions were, moreover, convenient places for the Pimas, Sobas, Pdpagos, and Sobaipuris in which to leave their women, children, old, and infirm, while living them- selves in the mountains, or, perhaps, aiding the Seris or Pimas Bajos in their ever-increasing depredations — convenient resorts for food when other sources failed, and even well enough to live in occasionally for brief periods. The natives lived for the most part as they pleased, not openly rebellious nor disposed to molest the padres, so long as the latter attempted no control of their actions, and were willing to take their part in quarrels with settlers or soldiers. Missionary work proper was at a standstill; the Jesuit establishments had only a nominal existence ; the mission period of Sonora history was practically ended. But for the hostility between Pimas and Apaches the Spanish occupation of Pimeri'a Alta would probably have been confined to the four jjarrisons, with a few bands of adventurous miners risking an occasional sortie beyond the protection of the presidios." These afeneral remarks from the annals of Sonora may be applied especially to the northern establisli- ^Apost. A/anes, 302-4. PRESIDIO AND MISSIONS. 309 mcnts of the later Arizona; but particulars rclatini^ to llic latter, wliieli I wt»ukl gladly present here in full, are extremely meagre. A presidio of fift}' men was ( stablislied in 1752 at Tubac, or San Ignacio; ami under its protection the two missions of Guevavi and IJac with tlieir half-dozen pueblos de visita were cnahlcd to exist, as was Suamea, some of whose visitas were also north of the line. Exactly how long they liad been abandoned after the revolt of 1750 is ii(^t known; but in 17G3 Padre Alonso Espinosa was in charge of Eac, as he was still at the time of the Jesuit expulsion (»f 1707. At Gmsvavi the minister was Ignacio Pfefterkorn in 17G3, Padre Jimeno in 17<)4, and Pedro Rafael Diez in 1707. At Suamea Padre Jose Earrera was in charge in 1700-7, while jiis predecessors from 1751, according to fragments of the mission register before me — some of them doubt- less mere visitors — were Keller, Vega, Nentoig, Diaz, Alava, and Labora. The rancherfa of Tucson was a visita of Eac in these years, and a few Spanish set- tlers seem to have lived there; but hi 1703 it was, like the mission, abandoned by all but a few sick and infirm Indians. This state of things, especially on account of the gente de razon at Tucson, called out much correspondence and several plans for relief which brought no relief. There were also nearly 200 gente de razon at Guevavi, Santa Earbara, and Eueiiavista. The visitas of Tumacttcori and Calabazas were com- posed of Pima and Piipago neophytes, but the latter bad run away in 1703. liespecting the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1707, nothing is known except the names of the three padres, Espinosa, Diez, and Ear- rera. The whole number of Arizona neoi>hytes in 1704 7 seems to ^.lave been only about 1,250.'^'' '" Li~fiznin, liiforme, 17G3, p. 080; Somn:, Molerialex, 124-.'?8; Tnmnron, l'!^!f'i, MS., 112-10; Sonora, Ikm-fip. (leo^j., 170, p. .500-84; rimirt, Vol. I'liiiii-ia Altn, MS., passim; Cowpai'iia da Jesus, Cntdloijo; also J/iM. North Mry. Si'ilfs, chap. XX., tliis series. 'I'uscdii, ij 1. N. of Bic, was its only visita, and there is no mention of white |)(ipulation in 17(>4-7. The visitas of S. Miifuel Guevavi were Cala- b;izi.s, 1^ 1. N,; Sonoita, 7 1. E. N. E. (distinct from the western Souoita); and Hist. Aiiiz. AND N. Mex, 24 S70 PIMEIllA ALTA AND THE MOQUI rilOVINCR ouTOANH iroi 4' .y f3^ 1»W) "V.^', A P AC H I S HOAaO NOMA! »»•■ . V I %// y U M A 9 "^ \ ? Vi.lt.r.* B.Buiiirtirluo au.rTClOPA»,« »^»M' . ttomi »jJttAIIA UTIiMj*. cliUUI oAgutk EirunJIdft Jih'v' — J''" "J"'*' o il.MRrrrlu ^ "I o L« Jl«rrril "V „ A"'''* 9"'''"''" • ' . r«iir.ll|j. S-'"" - '" O.rrlj.l -,,•'', S4U«afii.lnl>'>U1.5.L0rtENI0<, . . e N T I L E'sTy*»^rS^ V 'M ■*, Iluinnlc o t: Aqulitiur) X.SI....n, p ConwiM-rti j.AVrt.'^iMiia ..M.MH(}ddlCIW 'oTt .IB ri^ 'Cliiii>i|iii liipllit oTI.i o (l|Kjljr.l.- a1^'" IJoWiitlil^orte .1^ ''' lliiii..ii III .->, ' . 8,>1l», and Tiihac. One of th(!se expeditions seems to have heen ahiinst exactly like another, but only a W'W are re- corded at all, antl those very means were of the sliulitest advantage. If the diaries were extant, they Avould furnish some inti;resting items of early geo- ;jrra[»hie knowledge and nomenclature; but as it is, the mere mention in fragmentary repf)rts is of slight value. Several of these entradas in 1750-8 and ITdj-f), directed to the upper Gila in the rc^gions alx-it the later boundary between New Mexico and Aii/coria, are somewhat fully reported, l)ut so con- fusedly as to yield nothing more satisfactory than a mere list of names. These campaigns were made by forces under the captains of Fronteras and Janos, Captain Anza of Tubac, and Governor Meiidoza. They had some success in killing and cai)turing Aj)aches, found several groups of ruins, and satisfi(>d themselves that the !Moqui t(,)wns mi 'Jit conveniently !)(' reached by that route if deemed desirable.'"' Tiuiiuoacori, 8 1. N, N. w. The viaitas of St;i Mari'a Suaiiiea, some of tlioiii iiiiitli (if till' liui!, Mere: S. .Tiuiii C^>uilmri, Saiuiago 0^iUi,.l)o, S. Audi-O.s E:si|Ui,'- l«;ij.' (ir Badz, S. I'aLlo BdiUcat, S. J'oilro Turi.uii, ami .Sia Cm/ livM.si. Tlio imsiilio (if S. Felipe (ri-acia Ileal ilu Terreuato i i eil as 4 1. N. (K. ?) friuii SiiaiMua, jiop. 411 geiite ile razou, i.ioliuliiig the garrismi of ;;0 m,u under (apt. Francisco Elias (ioiizah'z. T!ie presidio of S. liiiac'o dj Tnhac was 4 I. N. of (luevavi, pop. de razmi 4"_M, including 'yO sol'.icr.s iiiidiT Cipt. .Tiiau P). Anz'.i, vh.-i.plain Jose Miiiiud l!i.:z d.l Cirpio. Arizon:i i* iiami'il as a vi.sita of Sane, o 1. N. K., where were the 'Bnlas du I'lata do Av;iia C'alieiite,' pop. 4") geiite de razoii. ■'Jl/'i/. \or/h Mex. StdtvH, i. chap, xx.; Suirla-z, Carta, 17o7, in Suiiora Milt., i. 88-94; 77., Carfi df In'^S, in II., 1)1-7; Mi'mlnzi (Juan), Car/a iltl (!.''irniat/or (k Son., J7.'7, in 77., 84^8; V:idnx'>Ia, iarli.t, lSr)_'20(i; A)iza, Cilia lie l':(:i;^ in S'n. i/ Son., Cniax, ICS-l'J. The places uamed seem to he I'hictly iu suuth-westeru N. Mexico. ¥ 1 I • ;i ^ii CHAPTER XVI. ■i' I ■! 'l\ llrll |1 < I u FIMBRIA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. 1768-1845. A Meaork RF.roRD — Ekkor.« of Modern Works — Exaogeratioss of Early Pkoshehity — Coming of the Fuanciscaxs — State of the Missions— Military and Presidio Annals — A New Apache Policy —San Javiki'. del Bac— Presidio of Ticscn — Ti'bao— Pima Comtany— GrEVAVi ash TiMAOAcoRi — Calabazas— Aribao — Explorations in the North— (Iarces, the Franciscan Kino — Tours to the Gila and C'olouaihi— 4xza's Trips — Cresi'o's Views — Escalante — Font's Map— (Iameh Visits the Mogris — Colorado River Missions — The MoyrisPERisii— The Pk.halta Land ( Irant — Minino Operations — Later Annals— Ki;a OF Prosperity — Final Riix — Apache Wars — End of the Missions- American Trappers. No chronoloo-io narrative of early Arizona annals can ever be formed with even aj^proxiniate aceuiai, S. F., 1.S7S; the ///•^fori/ of' A rizona Tirriti'i'i/, liuliiislitid l)y Elliott & Co., S. V., lS8t: Saiinul W. L'ozzeiis' TJk' Af irrdli^in Coiiiitri/, Boston, etc. (1874); Edwards Rohcrt.s' IIV,7( t/,i- Im-mhi; S. F., ISSo; and ' :' iok Haitiiltou'8 T/ie /itMiuirc'i 0/ A rivm", S. F., 3dod., 1SS4. I'erhaii;) soiii'.. ., |Usti'-'e is done by naming these ImmiUs in a group, since tli«y ditl'.T greatly in their value so far n^i modern Arizona is co:'cerned; hut these differ- emv'.s to some extent will ajuiear in later chapters. From all a very good .sketch of modern condition and progress may lie formed. Tu their tru.itment of early times they vary also — from had to very had.. They ci^ni.iin soiiio accur.'ite statements drawn from well-known autliorities on Niza"s and Coro- iiii'l.is expeditions; and it should be added that Hiutou icinuduce.- for the Iu^l time a valuable early map. 41! 'M miiiliiiifeMMl i III 374 riMEUIA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. Guevavi, with a fuw rancherias Co visita, under resi- dent padres from 1732, or possibly 1720, and protected in their precarious existence by the Tubac presidio from 1752. The misleading Spanish saint names were sim})ly those applied by Kino and his associates to the rancherias visited on their exploring tours, whose in- habitants, in some instances, were induced to make preparations for the reception of missionaries promised, but who never came. The Arizona missions Mere never more than two, and they were never pro ;peroiis. So, also, the rich mines and prosperous haciendas, with which the country is pictured as having been dotted, are purely imaginary, resting only on vague traditions of the Planchas de Plata excitement, and oil the well-known mineral wealth of later times. The Jesuits of course — though the contrary is often alleged — worked no mines, nor is there any evidence that in Jesuit times there were any mining operations in Ari- zona beyond an occasional prospecting raid; and even later, down to tlie end of the century, suoli operations were, on a small scale, confined t;) the vicinity of tlie pi-e.sidios; and the same remark may be made of agri- cultural operations, all establishments being often abandoned, and oftener plundered by the savages. And fmallv, it has been the fashion to reijard Tucson as a more or less prosperous town from a very early t'.me. Some writers even date its foundation in the sixteenth century; though, as a matter of fact, it is not heard of even as an Indian ranclieria till the mid- dle of tlie eighteenth, and was not properly a Spanish settlement till the presidio was moved there in later years." "For extreme iastancca,' says Roberts, Witli the Livndei; 1\C>, 'Tiu'so!i i< an a;iciciit city. Antedating Jamestown and Plyniout'.i, it M'a.} viisiti^cl by Coninado in lo-lO, lived i i l>y Europeans i.i 150,), and had itn first iiiissioii- ariej in 1581. But long before 1540 there was a;i l:i lian. vilk'^e existini; on the site of the present city, so that Tucsonians can, if thoy plojuo, cl.ii.ii an a j'e f(ir tlieir town as j.'reat as the Santa Feans claim for the!:-*. But fm' all practical purposefi 1540 is a sufficiently early d.ite.' An I Hodge, .( ■lyii", 17-18: ' Al)out the year 15(5;) a parmanent settlement was male by the Si)an- is!i explorers and Jesuit (1) fat!i;Ti near where xucson now i^. It nny '>o uieutioned iu this couuectioa that Santa Fo was auyijojed to have been set- FRANCISCANS IN ARIZONA. 375 On the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767, all mission property, being regarded as belonging to the Jesuits and iu)t to the natives, was confiscated by the Spanish government, and its care was intrusted temporarily to royal comisarios. Respecting the definite acts of these officials in Pimeria Alta we have no informa- tion; but respecting the whole province, the viceroy wrote in 1793: "There is no reason to doubt that they either wasted or embezzled the rich temporalities of all or most of the missions, and that these funds being lost, decadence or ruin could not be prevented."' Tlie southern Sonora establishments were secularized, but those of the Pimerfas were put in charge of four- teen Franciscans of the college of Santa Cruz de Qiieretaro, who arrived and were distributed to their destinations in June 1768. Our chief authority for the ensuing period of mission history, though meagre ill respect of most details, is the standard chronicle of the Santa Cruz college and the operations of its friiirs.* On the condition of affairs during the few following years, I quote from another volume of this series. " The missions were found by the Franciscans in a sad shitc. Some of the establishments had been plun- der 'i hy the Apaches, and were again plundered, as at SiiKij, a and Bac, during the first year of Francis- in c .\/(pation. In some cases the comisarios had gvosslv nos>iccted their duties. Everywhere the neo- pliytOL. )' ui been for a year free from all control, and had not been improved by their freedom. Not only had they relapsed to a great extent into their roving and improvident habits, but they had imbibed new itleas of independence, fostered largely by settlers and soldiers. They regarded themselves as entirely free 'ill in 1555' (really about 1615), 'Tucson in 1560, and San Augustine, Fla, • iTioj, thus niukiag Sta F^ the first, Tucson the seoonil, ananct.s, had taken pains to make them regard the measure as a release from honilage. This had much to do with the independent spirit that proved so trouhlnsiiiiie to the new missionaries. Yet it is to he noted that the Franciscans juiiicil moie readily tiian was warranted hy justice or good taste in the prevalent habit of decrying the Jesuits and their system, as is shown in the correspmnl- ence cited, where it is often implied that the difficulties encountered were largely due to the oppression and neglect of missionaries in former years. Naturally, the friars were disposed to magnify their troubles and throw tin; blame on others; but the only charge that Wiis to some extent well fmuuleil was that the natives had not been taught to speak Spanish; the systciins fol- lowed by the two orders did not differ in any important respect, ami the Jesuits were by no means responsible for the evils, that now beset the iiii.s- sions.' ' By no means all existnig troubles,' however, 'arose from the natives' new-born independence of missionary control. Each establishment had a large number of native officials 1» ho quarrelled among themselves; and tlio few settlers of Spanish or mixed blood had their separate jiiecea reiilc'*, wli" were not slow to interfere in matters tiiat did not concern tliem. There was likewise confusion iu ecclesiastical affairs, for the friars were forbidden to exercise control over any but Indians. ' MISSION AND MILITARY AFFAIRS. 377 view to extend the mission field, as we shall presently sec. In 1769 the eight miiHsions and sixteen visitas" of Pimeria Alta had 2,018 neophytes and 178 gente de razon; in 1772 the two missions and three visitas of Aiizona had 607 neophytes ; but all other statistics of the later part of the century pertain to all the Soiiora establishments as a whole, and throw no light on the north. It is probable, however, that there was a uiurkeu gain before 1800; and Pimeria Alta is also said to have been somewhat less unprosperous than more southern distrii.*^*. It should be noted moreover that from 1783 the Sonora missions were organized as a custodia of Snn Cdrlos, and thus removed from con- trol of the college. The change seems to have had no important bearing on our present subject; at any rate, the friars were not pleased with it, and in 1791 the old order of things was restored. Besides the work of Arricivita, and the viceroy's report of 1793 already cited, a leading authority for developments of the period, is a report of the Padre Antonio de los Reyes in 1772.^ Military annals, so far as our special territory is con- cerned, are no more fully recorded than those of the missions; yet in this case, as in the other, the general situation of affairs is clear. The coast and island tribes of Sonora had become even more troublesome than the Apaches, and in 1767-71, while these tribes were being reduced to submission, campaigns on the northen frontier were for the most part suspended, and attention was confined mainly, without notable success, to the protection of the presidios and missions. Then aggressive campaigns were resumed, though we have no particulars. By the reglamento of 1772-3, the service against Apaches was rendered more effect- ive by certain reforms in military discipline and Indian policy; and at the same time changes in "Arricivita, 402, has it 8 visitas, but the larger number would seem more likfly to be correct. ' Itcjit'a, Notirian del ent'iflo actual de Ins mmoncs, in Doc. HUt. Mex. , .3d ser., lit iv., ]). 724-65. Other references in Hiit. Nirt'i Mex. St'itci. The viciniy's re])ort was founded largely on one by Bidhop Reyes in 1784, not c.\t;iut. '^:i mmm 378 PIMElirA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. f i! the sites of the four frontier presidios at Altar, Tu- bac, Terrenate, and Fronteras were ordered. ** These changes, except at Altar, were made, inclu(liiif them settling near the Spanish establish- ments, and being supported by the government at a cost of $18,000 to $30,000 a year. Detached bands sometimes made trouble, as did gentile and renegade Pinuis and Papagos, requiring constant vigilance and bloody chastisement; but in comparison with its con- dition in earlier and later times, the country in the last decade of the century and first of the next was at peace. Then it was that the Arizona establishments had their nearest approximation to prosperity, that now churches were built, that mines were worked to some extent, and haciendas. Unfortunately, we may not know the particulars." San Javier del Bac, known as a rancherfa since the seventeenth century, and as a mission since 1732 or 1720, was, in June 17G8, committed to the care of Padre Francisco Garces, who wa,4 its minister for eight or ten years, but whose successors are not named in any record that I have seen.^'^ The neophytes were scat- ^^friilecs, ItiHtmcckmes d U'jnrle, 178G; Escwlero, Not. Son., C9-70; Soc. Mux. C.'Oij., BoL, V. 312-13; x'i. SJ;'I!eriila Gl.\' 382 PIMERfA ALTA OR ARIZONA. r : before 1777, and probably by order of Inspector Hmo Oconor, given during his visit of about 1775, so that the date of tiie founding of Tucson as a Spaiiisli set- tlement may be set down as probably 1776/" The In- dians were quartered in a little pueblo adjoining' tlio presidio, called from this time San Agustiii del pue- blito de Tucson, the presidio also being sonutiiiKs called San Agustin.'" Annals of this place are a blank for many years, and practically so down to 1846, since we know only by occasional mention tliat the presidio maintained its existence!; that the garri- son numbered, in officers and men, about 106 men, though the ranks were often not full; and that there was frequent complaint of inadequate arms, ammuni- tion, and other supplies. We have no statistics, hut the population of Tucson and the adjoining districts, in the last years of the period covered by this chapter, may have been about 2,000, including the families of the soldiers.^" Tubac is a name that first appears in 1752, when a presidio was established there. In 1764-7, and for some years later, it was under the command of ( aptaiu Juan B. Anza, and had a population of nearly 500. Under orders following the reglamento of 1772, the ^^Arricivita, 448, 449. On the latter page lie says the Tucson i'h\iri'li, like that of Bac, was of hrick and 'de hdvedas.' This writer ])niVL's tliat tliu l)residio cliange was before 17SH; but that it was Ixifore 1777 in .shuwii liy a petition, dated S. Agustin de Tiison, Nov. 'J4, 1777, written in thu iiitircst of Tiibae, and asking for a restoration of the fort to the south. Tiaiislatinu in tlie Yiinia Santind, April 13, 1878. The cliange had not yet been niailo in Out. 177.^, when Tiiison, or Tuguison, is named as a pueblo iiy Au/.a. Diaiio, MS., !), and Font, Journnl, G. '■' Some modern writers say that S. Agustin was founded in 17C9; but thu rancheria, before 1772, was calleil S. Jose. '^"F. Pedro Arriquibar, chaplain in 1819, Tii'xir, Lih. Mil., MS. Cost iif the garrison of 4 officers and 101 men in 1824, ^29,744. Pimirf, Doc. llUt. Son., .\1S., i. ."K). Six officers and 94 men in 1828 cost .§27,8,')4. .McahUs de policia. Fine climate, but cold winters. Nivtiijo and I'aldi'.i, Mem. />/'"/. In 1838 the comandante was Jose M. Martinez. Ho had so few nu'n ami horses tliat he had to hire Apaches to go and look tafter a party of Americans 25 1. away. livHivtrador Federal (Arizpe), Jan. 1(5, 1838. In 1842-3 Aiit.niio Comaduran was comandante. Tlie comp. liad 89 men, or 1 1 less tliau re- quired by the reglamento of 182G. He writes complaining letters, /'hmrf, Col. Dor., MS., no. 40-1. Velasco, Not. Son., 113-14, tells us that Tursnii liad but (iO cavalry, and the district had become so dangerous that tlie pupu- lation was reduced to less than 1,000 men. ilibMU.V TUCSON AND TUBAC. 383 presidio was transferred, in 1770-7, to a site farther north, at Tucson. This left the few settlers of the region more exposed to the depredations of the Ajiiulies, and they wished to quit the country, but were prevented from doing so by orders from the gov- ormiHiit to be enforced by severe penalties. They sent ill, however, many petitions for a restoration of t!ie presidio, or for an increase of troops;^' and at a (late not exactly recorded, but before 1784, a conii)ai)y of Pima allies was orsjfanized and stationed here. Sub- sequeiitly Spanish soldiers seem to have been added to tlie oarrison; and the law of 182G provided for a presidial company at TuHac as well as Tucson, though ill later years the company seems to have been one of iiifiintry. Tlie post has no other annals than an occa- sional mention of its existence and force. In 1828 a silver mine is spoken of as having been worked for several years. In 1834 all the Arizona establishments wvw. organized as a partido with Tubac, or San Igna- eio, as Cabecera. In 1842-3 a rancheria of friendly Apaches lived here. Spiritual interests were atten<' 1 to by the padre of the adjoining mission." ■^' The document of 1777 already cited. Yuma Sentinel contains the follow- ing: ' Daily experiencing more violence from the enemy because ho is awara (i; tlic few troops that we possiiss, we have desired to break up our homes and s.U our cH'ects. . . .And now, tiaally, the last month the Apaches tini.slied with tile entire herd of horses and cattle wiiieh we guarded; and at the same time with bill Iness destroyed the fields and carried away as much corn as they were alilo. Since the fort was removed to Tucson these towns and missions have ex[)erii!ueed some casualties; so much so tliat they have I)ee:i obliged to burn the town of Calabazas — a calamity it never before experienced. Also, but few (lays ;igo the cavalcade, whicli the Apaches brought from tlio west, was grazing for three days in the vicinity, falling every d ly upo;i tlio fields to loa 1 with eorii, and to run away with those whom they found there; a. id lastly, they not leaving the neighborhood, we momentarily exi)ect t'uit they may servt! us and our families as they have served our property.' Tlie doeumeiit gives some description of tlie Tubac region, whervj ovei- tJ.) ) fan 'g .s of wheat and maize were produced each year, not one third of the liiid be iig oecupied. "For 1814-24 1 have some fragments of the Tithac l/ih. Mit., MS. The place is denominated both presidio ami 'pueldo y niision.' Cipt. Nicolas llenera is named in 1819; Alt". Juan 1$. Romero i;i 1S'2I; and Lieut. Ignacio Ellas ( Jonzale/ as coinandante in 18'21. This same ye ir the books were in- sjieeted by the bishop. The law of March 21, 1S26, providing for two pre- sidios, is mentioned in Rienr/OAnd Valdes, Mem. Ed id., 2,5. la IS2S the E'lma coin))., called 'de Buenavista,' had 3 officers and 81 me i, cost 61:?, 373; silver mine worked. Pinnrt, Doc. Hist. Son., MS., i. 37, 00-4, 109. -Inly !, 1834, order of Son. congress, organizing the partido of S. Ignacio. LL, Col. Doe., print, no. 302. Nov. 1, 1842, the company, apparently regulars and not I il HittttliV.I' 884 riMEUIA ALT A, OR ARIZONA. Guevavi, in Josuit times called San Miguel and also for a time San liafael, but by the Franciscans termed Santos Angeles, was a mission wliicli, like Bae, dated back to I7li2, or [)erhaps 1720, and in 17G4-7 liad 111 neophytes, or witJi its tliree visitus, 517. Padre Juan Crisostomo Gil do Ik^rnavc was its minister for several years from 17r)a. Ho Ix'canic l)re-iident of the missions, and in 1778 was killed hv the Indians of his new mission of Carrizal, Soiiora. :i m w| ul iti Tl G Missions of Arizona, 1708-184G, Pimas, had 33 men, rank and file, under Lieut. Roque Ibarra of Pitic siiuo 1840, when Lieut. Salvador Moraga had been retired. There wa.s a iipitaa du indios, Jose Rosario. About half the garrison Avere absent at C'in,'mipc; and Rayon. One soldier was a prisoner of the Apaelies. A raiichcria ot Apaehes, 169 aouLs under Francisco Coyotero, aa chief, lived near t ic inusidio. /(/., MS., no. 2. In 1843 the force remained as before. J<1., pa.-isiiii. In 1 'ii'. 1844, Jose Rosario, the captain of Indians, joined the pronuucianiiento ol the garrison at Urea in favor of Paredes. Id., Doc. Hist. Son.. MS., iii. -23-4. imn^ur^ GUEVAVI AND TUMACACORI, 385 111 1772 Gucvavi had 80 Iiulians, and with itw visitas, ;{;i7, Tlif cliurch was a pooruttair, and the estahhsh- iiieiit was often rai(«•. y/,V/!. Hon., MS., i. 3.)-l. In 1844, l)y .i pailre who admits ho knows very little about it, Tuniacacori is described as having an elft;ant church and bi'ing a visita of Bac ! /a(hts, and to have their children baptized. The friar could do nothing but pron.ise great things for the future, and on his return a severe illness interfered, for a time, with his plans. In 1770, however, a year in wliich the measles raged among tlie northern tribes, he was ^''Map ill Somm Ma'^riaks, MS.; Aiiza, Dcsctih. de 1774, ^^^i 1'"""' '^'f'"- tinel, April 13, 1878, Oct. 18, 1879; ZuiVya, Hapkla Ojmdu, 33. TOURS OF PADRE GARC^S. 387 seiic lor by some of the sufferers, set out " equi[)ped only \vith charity and apostohc zeal," and again reaclKid the Gila, where he was as warmly welcomed as Lcfore, and from this time the project offounduig missions in this region took firm possession of his mind.^' Tho project was approved in Mexico, both by Fran- ciscan and secular authorities; five additional friars were .sent to Sonera, to be in readiness; and the early fouiidinix of the missions was regarded as a certaintv, thouyh a change of viceroys and of presidents caused some annoying delays. Mean.vhile, Garces deemed it necessary to make additional explorations for mis- sion sites as well as to explain to the natives the slight delay, thus preventing dissatisfaction ; and accordingly he started August 8, 1771, on a new tour, accompanied only by a single Papago, with a horse to carry the apparatus for saying mass. He reached the Gila on the 22d by way of Papagucria, and for about two months he wandered in various directions over the region of the lower Colorado, possibly crossing that river to the California sido. Though Arricivita gives a somewhat minute nanuLlve with extracts from the cx[ilorer's diary, it is not possible for mc to trace his route, though I attempt a resume in the appended note.-** ^' Amrh'itn, Cr6n. Sfrdf., 40S-4, 410-17. There ia nothing to indicate his exact route or even tlie re^io.i wliei'e he struck tlie (lila, A diary of t';e '2\ trip w.w written Imt '\a not piihlished. In the 1st he say he went west, north, ami siuith-we.st tlirough tlie country of tho IVipagos. Of tho i2d, more details iiru givuii. He left B.ic Oct. 18th, through a new valley past the ranchen'as of ( 'uitoat, Oapar.s, and Tid)asa; ll'tli, west, seeing ranclieria of Aqiiituu; 2()th, i'b;k'Ir'i1 the ranch, of Pitac on the (J. la; '21st, to the place where he had hecii ill I7iluld s])eak I'ima, had never seen pidrcs, and desired to know if he wa.s man or woiiiau 'y otras iinportiiieiicias igu;dcs d. su r'ldeza.' At ono ranch, they liail scou white traders from Moipii. Hero he turui'il south; on the 'iiih saw six hid, from tho Colorado; turned east and in three days across the desert readied the Piipago rancherias. ''" A n-iarifa, 418-26. Aug. 8, 1771, west past several rancheHas, includ- iug Ati, to Cubac on tho l.'ith, and perhaps Sonoi (SonoititV) on the Kith. Tlii'iuie his conrse ■was by thj sierra, or volcano, of Sta Clara and broad sand pliiiH to tho Oila at an unoccupied well-wooded spot, where he arrived ou till' 22d, Soon was seen a brouch river conjectured to bo the Rio Azul, >Mil«»,t 888 PIMERIA ALTA, OR ARIZONA- *'l m. ': fe'i 1 In this tour the padi-e was always well troated, though he had much difficulty in obtaining guides, each tribe being anxious that he should not risk his life in the territory of their foes. But the prosjx'cts for an early founding of the missions, deemed f;a encouraging just before, had now mysteriously dis;i[i- poarcd, and no further movement was made for tliice years. In 1774, however, Captain Juan H. Anza Indians came from across the (iila, some of them called NoragiMs. '2'M, among many others came the gov. of the Pimas from helow auil vcihiii- teered as a guide; but all refused to guide him to the Colorado and iiKide every possible effort to prevent his going in that direction. At last he sturtt'.l apparently from I'ima rancherias, vent 2 Jays s. W., but had to return. On St'pt. 8th he started again, was soon deserted by his guides, but kept on aldne. At one rancheria he fcmnd houses burned and many wounded in a niiiit attack of the Quiquimas. His course was dow the Gila to near the Colunulo junction, theuee turning south on Sept. 1-lth. This day and the mxt he wandered s., E., N., and \v. among marshes, pools, lagunas, and tulaivs to the bank of a river wliich seemed larger than the Gila, but smaller tliaii the Colorailo. (Of course it was one of the two.) lOth, started s. to reiuh the mouth and ace the Quiipiimas, but turned back with some lad. he iiirt to Yuma rancherias, Avhcre he M'as well treated, but the best he cor.ld iln wiis tr persuade an old Ind. to go with him to the 'junction of the rivei-;;' l,i;t this old man soon left him, and the padre going on alone became invoh id in such a network of iuud-holes that he returned to the Yuma town. ' Seeing himself on the other bank of the river (?), it seemed hard to return without seeing all lie could;' so he went with some Ind. from tlie w. on the l.'Olli, a. id on the 21st, still w., past well-peopled ranchos to a laguna many leagues lung, which he crossed on a baLa, and came soon to another very large body of water which seemed to be the Colorado, whence he turned back to the r m- eherias. 22d, followed the ' current of that large laguna 'past rancherias wluro there was some knowledge of Christianity, to some poor ranchos. He dirhmd to cross (reeross ?) the laj^uiia as the Ind. wislicd; and the Ind. refuse. 1 to accompany him west, but he M-eiit on alone on the 23d to the N. w., and 'Jtlh, N. E. and K. 2uth, to west past a large pueblo and to the sierra, willimit finding the Colorado, and back to the pueblo, v hen he heard much of the padres in S. Diego and N. Mexico. 2Sth, X. w. all day and night to where lie coulil see the Sierra iladre, and what seemed the pas-f or opening where t!iu Colorailo entered the sea. From this point he seems to have desired to t.il.u an eastern course (homeward';); but tlie I'inias sent messengers, urgini,'his return to tlieir ranc'.ierias, else he would be lost anil they would be lilaimd by tlie Spanianls. So on Oct. Sd he set out with the Ind. 8(Uith {':), and presently north, and tlien ea.stwanily in quest of the Gila; theiiee up t!io river to tlio place where the Yumas had fought with Cocomarieopas, Ojias, and Gilenos, arriving on the lOtli. On the lltli and 12th niourniug cere- monies of the Yumis. 12th, tlie YimiiTS offered to guide the padre ♦(> tlie Ind. of Cujant or to Ziiniga in four days. He chose the former i" order to go direct to Sonoitac; and so turned back and recrossed (?) the Oila on t'lf bUh; and on tlie l.'jtli started liy the ' customary route ' for Caborca, where lie arrived on the 27th. I am aware that this resume is very unsatisfactory, but apace does net permit the reproduction of the full narrative, wliich is even more confu'iii ;. On p. -l.'O, l')i, 4;i!), Atricivita states tliat o:i this trip (tarces had crimed tlio Colorado and visited the rancherias farther west; from the narrative 1 ;iiii unable to determine ^^ hether such was the fact or not. ANZA AND GARCES. 389 obtained permission to explore a route by land to California, being influenced largely, as the Franciscan chronicler states, by the arguments and diaries of Garct's, who, still bent on carrying into execution his mission project, was glad to serve as guide or chaplain for the new expedition, being also accompanied by Padre Juan Diaz. Anza's party of thirty-four men Kit Tubac on January 8th, and marclied by way of Cahorra and Sonoita to the junction of the Gila and Colorado, fording the latter river the 9th of February. Returning from California, this party went up the Gila, and by way of Tucson and Bac to Tubac in May."' The Yumas at the junction, under the chief Captain Palma, whose residence was on the island of Trinidad, formed by the two rivers, gave the Span- iards a most friendly reception ; and thus, not only was the practicability of this route to California demon- strated, but new interest was awakened in the pro- posed missions. Garces had instructions to investigate till! possibility of connnunicating with New Mexico, ■'. !»:'(, Dencnhriniknto de Sonora I't Callt'orniitA en el niio fir 177.}, MS., in the iiillcctioii of A[. I'iiiart; Arrkiinta, Cron. Serd/., 4r)0-<>; Mi^e also J list. Oil., i. '_'21-4, tliis soriei. TliL' route was as follows: Jan. 8, 1774, from Tubac 1 1, tfi ford of S. Ig- naciii; '.)Ai, s. W. to Arivac valloy; lOLli, s. s. >v. to Agua Escouiliila, 7 1.; lull, iL'tli, ditto (?); 13th, to Saric, 7 1. 'From this inissioa it is 81. N. to Aiizima. Tlie mother vein has not been found.' 1-ith, to La E.stancia, 4 1.; I.")i!i, H. w. to Atf, 5\ 1.; Kith, \v. to Oquitoa, 6 1.; 17tli, to Altar presidio, 2 1.; l.Uh, w. N-. w. to Pitic, 5 1.; 20th, to Caborca, 2 1.; 22d, N. w. to S. lllilouso, a now name, 4 1.; '2'.]d, to Aribaipia or S. Eduardo, 9 1. in the I'apiinuoria, w'nch exicnus (*.) it 70 1. \. and s. by ;?0 or 40 1. K. and w., and lias •_',oOO soul.s 24th, to pool of S. Juan de Mata, 4 1.; 2.")th, C 1.; 2(Jth, W. N. w. to ranolieria of Quitobac or S. Luis Bai'apa, 1.; 27th, N. to foot of a hill, i)\ 1,; 2.Slh, N. N. K. to Sonoita, 5 1.; 2!)th. w. to Carrizal, 1) 1.; .30th, N. N. \v., (i I.; 31st, w. .V. W., 9 1.; Feb. l.st, n. \v. to I'uriticaeion, 3 1.; 4Ui, to siiriiig'i, ril.; 'i.h, to Agua Ejcondida, 7 1.; tlth, s. w., 0} 1.; 7th, to Trinidad i.sl. and r liiia's ranclierfa, 10,^ 1., called by the Jesuits S. Diouisio; 8th, forded the . bank of the (iila, 3 1.; Kith, ditto, 9 1.; 17th, ditto, past the watrriuy- 1 1 11 !■ i 1. to Tubac, 103 1. froni S. Dionisio. ! I B 990 PIMERIA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. Nil> ' '■ ! and with this in view he remained behind at San Simon y Judds on the Gila, attempting to penetrate the northern region, and send a letter to the New Mexican friars; but he was unable to reach the Moqui towns as he wished, and returned by a differ- ent route from that followed by Anza and the rest, arriving at his mission of Bae in July.^" About this time Apache depredations were more frequent and deadly than usual; and the friars, count- ing on the renewed interest felt in northern affairs, deemed the opportunity favorable for securing some needed reforms — such as an escolta and a second mis- sionary for each mission — in Pimeria Alta as a neces- sary preliminary to the proposed advance; but though the viceroy issued a favorable preparatory decree, nothing was effected in the direction of increased pro- tection for the southern establishments. As to the new ones proposed, Captain Anza, having gone to JMexico, and being called on for a report, advised that they should be founded, not on Hie Gila, where they would be exposed to Apache raids, but on the Colo- rado, and there only after new explorations and uiukr the protection of a strong presidio to furnish a guaid for each mission. At the same time came orders iVom Spain to send reenforcements to California. It was therefore decided that Anza should conduct the Cali- fornian expedition by the Colorado route, and that in connection with his expedition the required exi)h na- tions should be made. A letter of Inspector Oconor to Father Garces also shows that the proposition to transfer the presidios of Horcasitas and Buenavista to the Gila and Colorado, respectively, had been a[i- ** Arricivita, 455-6. At S. Simon or Onarsoitac (called Upasoitac liy Aiiz.i, 38 1. above the junction, and below the big bend) Oarces proposed to visit tlie Yavipais and Niforas, but the Ind. would not guide him nor fiui-y tiie letter. Then he travelled 30 1. to a large laguiia of the Jivlcheduuts, ami theneo to another, seeing farther up many people, and liirge tieidaj but ii:i\_- iug reached the frontier of the Quilmurs, a hostile tribe, said to be Ti or 7 days from the people who made the 'mantas prietas,' ho deemed it uii.sale to go farther up tlie river (Colorado or Sta Maria) for lack of water, left tlif I't- tier, and was guided by a Jalehedun, back to the Cocoms-ricopas, wiio esim teil him in turn to the Gileflos, aud theneo he went by a new route to Bac, aniv- ing July 10th. PROPOSED MISSIONS. Wl proved. At the same time the Quer^taro college, resolved to turn over the missions of Pimeria Baja to the l)ishop, in order to have missionaries to spare for the new service. Thus the prospects seemed bright again. 31 I have before me a report of December 1774, ad- dressed to the viceroy by Governor Crespo of Sonora, who had been requested to give his views on tiie pro- posed expedition. His chief recommendations were, that Anza should marcli, not through Papagueria, but Ijy way of Bac, or better still, down the San Pedro and Glki; that instead of going down to the Colorado junction he should cross over to the Jalchedunes coun- try, crossing the river there, and proceeding directly to Monterey, thus avoiding the southern California deserc; and above all, that in connection with this ex[)edition, steps should be taken to explore a way to New Mexico and vhe Moqui towns, which the writer believed to be easily accessible from the south-west. ^'^ It was in this connection, also, that the government ortllcd upon the New Mexican authorities and friars for their views on the best way of reaching the Mo- quis from Sonora or California. This phase of the subject has been presented earlier in this volume as a j)art of New Mexican annals.^^ Father Escalante was tlu! leading spirit in resulting efforts. He not only visited the Moquis, counting 7,494 souls, and earnestly advocated their subjection by force of arms, but he gave in detail his views as to the best routes of ap- ])roach. He thought the way from the south and the (lila would present no very serious difficulties, but was sure that from the west and Colorado would bo found ini[)racticable, and had no doubt that the best route '^^Arridvitii, 456-61. ''^'Cimjio {Fniiici-nco Antonio), fti/ormc que him nl Virrry el i/oherna/hr de So- mm iiremi del denruhniniento de X. Mexico pint Monterey. MS., in N. Mex., I)iy. His/., 8(h!-'J8. The writer favors a presidio at the iiioutli of tin; S. IVdro, ami a mission among the Oileiio Piinas. He also encloses a letter of Inspector Ocoiior, wlio reconimends an sites for the tiiree frontier presidios S. Bi'rnardo Xaguionar, Sta Cruz, and .Junta de los Rios. As we have sceu, the ouly iliaiigo maile was that cf Tuhac to Tucson a little later. ^••Soe chap, xii., this volume. 392 FIMBRIA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. Hi !-; ■ ! K I of all was one from Monterey, directly east and then south-east to Santa F«5. The zealous padre had the courage of his convictions, and soon started with Padre Dominguez on an exploring tour to the north-west, bent on reaching Monterey; but he had to turn hack from Utah Lake, returning by way of Moqui, only to learn that another Franciscan had successfully trav- ersed the central route which he had declared the most difficult of all. Anza, now lieutenant-colonel, left Tubac on his sec- ond expedition the 23d of October, 1775. Besides the California party of 207, he had twenty-five men — including ten soldiers and Padre Pedro Font as chap- lain — who were to return to Sonora, and also two friars, Garces and Tornds Eixarch, with six servants and interpreters, who were to be left on the Colorado. His route was by Tucson to the Gila, and down that river to the Colorado, which he forded at the end of November; and early in December, leaving the two friars, he went on to California.^* On the return, Anza crossed the river on May 14, 1776. Padre Eixarch, whose experience among the Yumas had been most satisfactory, here rejoined the party, but Garces had '*Seo Ifist. Cal., chap, xii., this series. The original authorities are .!»;", Diario, MS., Font's Joiirmil, MS., and O'irci.% DUirio; witli also an extcmliMl account in Arricivita, 4G1 et seq. The diary through Arizona was a.s folinws: Oct. '2;kl, Tubac to La L'anoa, 4 1.; 24th, to Llano Grande or I'untii Av los Llanos, 4 1.; 25th, to Biic, 5 1.; 2(Jth, to a point 1 1. past Tucson, Tui.sim, or Tuquison, 5 1.; 27th, to Tutuetacj or Frente'Negra Mts, or Llano del Azu- tulo, 5 1.; 28th, to Ditt-pax, pueblo viejo, or Oytapayts, or Oitapars, G 1.; 2l)tli, to Bajio de Aquituno, Quitcac, Ttacca, or Mt Taoeo, 5 1.; 30th, t(i Ca- niani, or La Laguua, on tho (iila, 10 1.; 31st, devoted to rest and to an t-xam- ination of tlie Casa Grande; Nov. 1st, down the rivv-r to Tutunitueiin, di- S. Juan Capistrano de Ulurituo, or Utilltuc, 4 1. ; 2d, to Encarnauion Sut:i"-us(in, liist of the Piinas (other Pima rancherias were S. Andres, Tubusoaltors. Atison, and S. Sorafino del Napcub), 2 or 4 1. ; .3d, to Laguna del Ho.spital, ".t far above the junction of the Asuncion, 2 1.; 4th, Oth, detained by illiie.s.'s of a woman; 7th, H. W., to cut off the bend, to Puerto de los Cocoiuariciii)a.s, (i 1.; 8tli, to S. Simon y Judas de Opasoitae, or Upar.soitac, or Posot'iom, 7 1- : I Itli, to raneherias de S. Martin of the Opas, 1.^ 1.; 12th, to S. Die.i^o on tlie river, 4 1.; 13th, to Rinconada, or Aritoac, across the river, 4 1.; 14tli, to .\gna Ca- liente, 4 1.; lUth, to S. Bernardino, 7 1.; 17th, to El Poscadi^-o, in Vinii;i country, 1.^ 1.; 18th, to S. Pascual, recrossing the river, 3 1.; 22d, to hill of Sta Cecilia, or Metate, 5 I.; 2.")th, to Laguna Salada, 4 1.; 2l>tli, to cerios drl Cajon, 4 I.; 27th, to Los Cerritos, 3 L; 28th, to junction of the ii'dn (wliieh was crossed) and Ccjlorado, 4 1. The distauces arc from Auza; Font often makes them greater. ANZA AND FONT. 393 gone up the Colorado and could not be found. the Vuma chief, also joined the Spaniards Pahna, for a trip to Mexico; and the return march was tlirough Papa- gucria to Caborca and Altar, where they arrived on the 1st of June.^° '"* Though the diaries of Anza and Padre Font's Mai* ok 1777. 'May 14th, ford of the Colorailo below tlio (Hla; lotli, up the (iila to (Y'lTds ilil Cujon, .") 1. (or 7); Ititli. ditto to Laguiia iSalada. 7 1. (or 4); 17th, iLMviiig the river for thu s. f.., to I'ozos 'j Euniedio, or Zacatal Duro, S 1. (or 111; iNth, K. ^'. K. past Tiiiajas lie C';v ' .aria, to I'lierto Hlaiico, or Llano del I'li/.d, \) 1. (or IS); liltli, s. K. to Arroyo del Sonoitae, or ( 'arrizal, SI. (or 10); -iltli. past tlio ruined mission of S. Maroulo de Sonoitae, )'2 1.; 21st, past S. LuK ;)iiitohac to S. Juan de Mata, 14 1. (or 17); 2'Jd, past S, Eduardo de Arili.icpu; to 8. Ildefouso, U!, 1. (or 1;")); '2M, to Caborca. I) 1. !?'(■ if;L!r (I * PIMERfA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. Font, and doubtless the report of Eixarch, contained much information about the Yumas and other trills, there was no real exploration, such as had been su(r- gestcd in the preliminary correspondence, exce])t that accomplished by Garces. Left by Anza on the Colorado, Father Garoes im- mediately set out on his explorinj^ tours, leaving- his companion at Pahna's rancheria to prepare the Yumas for mission life. In December he went down to the mouth of the Colorado, and in February IZZH, up the river to the country of the Yamajabes, or Mojaves; crossed the country westward to San Gabriel in March, explored the great Tulares valley in April and May, and returned to the Colorado. Details of these Cali- fornian wandering-s do not belong here.^® Thougli in receipt of Anza's letter, the explorer resolved to visit the Moqui towns, and set out from the Mojave region on the 4tli of June. This journey, as the second throujjh this re;rc were a few cattle and liorses from Moqui, also iron implements. Tliis si^tnii the largest r. of the Yavipais. Tlie river runs w., u. w., and n. into tlie Colorado near by, water used for irrigation; 25th, 21. s. to summit of a sierra, 3 1. .s. E. and N., through forest, to r\ Cabezua r. ; 20th, 4 1. .s. E. and s, to a place in sight of the deep gorge-s, through which flows the Colorado, tliicimli a cut in the blue sierra uameu Bucareli Pass, toward the e. n. e., but dithcult MOQUIS VISITED BY GARC^S. pidbaMy in tho region of the later Fort Mojave, or latitude 35°, and the winding and complicated route c(irrt.sj>onded in a general sense with that of Onate in 1G04-5, and the line of the modern Atlantic and Pa- citic railroad. Garces was most kindly treated every- where on the way, but on the Moquis even he could make no impression. They would have nothing to do with liim, and took no interest in his picture of hell ami heaven. Some visiting Zunis offered to guide to icacli; also saw in N. smoke of the Payuchas N. of the river. From the .sierra stretcliiiig w. the Rio Asuncion is thought to rise, 4 1. h. k. to a pinal; *J7tli, 4 1. s. E. auil E. ; 28th, 3^ 1. S. E., s., ami E. to Rio Jaquevila, or S. l'v\ro, wliich runs w. N. w. into the Colorado a little above the Puerto de Jiiuait'li, through a deep canon cut in living rock, 8 1. N. by another cajon to a r. (it Yavipais, where two Moquis were seen. .July 1st, l.\ 1. E. s. E. to a river that seemed to be the S. Pedro de Jaque- sua, luid a ruined pueblo said to be of the Moquis, 6 1. across treeless plains; 2d, S 1. K. s. E., 3 1. E. and s. to the Moqui town of Oraive, called by the Yavi- ]iais .Muoa; much descriptive matter; 3d, 3 1. toward another pueblo, but ivturiifd; 4tli, started on return, 12 1. E. N. w. to Rio S. Pedro Jaquecila. The naiDos of tlio Mo(|ui towns in Yavipais language are Sesepaulaba, Masa- (juevc, .lauogualpa, Muqui, Concabe, and Muca, called Oraive by the Zuflis; ;uli, 1 j 1. E. N. w. to Yavipais r. ; heard of the Guanma, Guafiavepe, Gualliba, aii.l Agtiauhaclia, also difl'ereut tribes of Yavipais, including the Yavipaiatejua ill tlk! siurras of the Rio Asuncion; also on the Colorado the Yutas, Clicmu- gnalias, Payuchas, Japul, Gualta, and Baquiyobi, probably only r. of one nation; (Jth, 4 1. H. w. to Rio S. Pedro again; 7th, 2 1. N. w. and \v. L;> near a cave; 8ili, over the Sierra and past the Bajio, 4 1. vv. and s. w. to Pozc de iSUi Isaliul; 9th, 5 1. N. w., 3 1. E. N. w. to r. in the cajones of the Jabcsva, .staying (5 days; lutli, 5 1. w. and .s. by the new Canfran, thougli the natives wisiieil him to go by tho E.:!calera route; 16th, 6 1. w. to Pozo de las Rosa.-; ITtli, .s. w. past Sierra de Piualus and S. Diego to Arroyo de S. Alejo at a Yavipais r., leaving the former route; 18th, 1.^ 1. down the arroyo N. w. over liiU.i to valley of Lino witli much wild flax, 3^ 1. w. to a r. ; IKth, i 1. N. to A;,'uai;o tlio Sierra E. 2 1., I 1. N. to r. with 2 pozos, in siglit of a valley n;ai- the river, 41. to a r. of the Cueroniachos. 2oth, 2 1. 9. w. to Sierra of Santiago, w. to Aguage de Sta Ana, 1.^ 1. s. w. to Rio Colorado, 2 1. .s. down the liver to Punta do los Janiajabs; 2()tli, 2.j 1. s. downriver to r. of S. Pedro; 'JTth, 1 1. s. to anotlier r. ; 28th, 3 1. s. E. tor. de la I'asion. The lud. here said lie could safely go through the country of the Yavipaistejua to the Co- coniarieopas, but he preferred to keep on; 31st, 2 1. s. .s. w. to r. Aug. 1st, 2 1. s. to Sierra de S. Ildefonso, at end of the Jamajab country, a good place for 2 missions; 2d-oth, down tho river s. 14 1. to Rio Sta Maria (now .so named. Bill Williams FH. On xlugust 1st of the same year, Peralta applied to Cilrlcs III. for a confirmation granted by indorsement December 2, 1772, and by a formal approval of Janu- ary 22, 1770. By his will of 1788, Peralta bequeathed the estate to his son Miguel Peralta, who in 18 ,'•:>, re- siding at San Diego, California, obtained from I'resi- dent Santa Anna a certified title, that is, copies of all records in the case from the Mexican archives, with the president's assurance of its validity and sufficiency. From the younger Peralta, the title passed in 18G-1 to *^ See chap. xii. of this volume. PERALTA flRANT-MINFA 300 Cioorcff^ ^^. Willing, Jr, ami from tlio latter in 1807 to .laiiit'S Addison Jifavis, the present owiicr.*'^ This iiiiiiniisf jjfraiit of over 2,000 square miles extends from tlio r(uii>ii of the Pima villa<^es eastward, for some si'Vtiit) -five miles Uf) tho Gila valley, including,' valii- nl»li' iii'itions of three counties. Respeetinj^ its va- liJitv, (Ifpendin*^ on the genuineness of the documents and on various legal technicalities, I have of course no (iniiiinii to express. In a sense tho title is plausihlo (.iKUigli on its face; but it is somewhat remarkahlo tiiat the annals of the province, as recorded, contain no allusion to Peralta, to tho cahallero do los Colorados, or to the Caudal de Hidalgo. ( )f mining operations in Arizona, during any portion of the Spanish or M<3xican period, nothing is ])racti- cally or definitely known. The records arc harely siilficient to show that a few mines were worked, and t lat the country was helieved to he rich in silver and -old. In several districts have been found traces of these early workings; and these, with traditions aris- Iiil;- from the Planchas de Plata find at Arizona pro})er just south of the line, are for the most part the only toinidation for the many 'lost mines' of which nmch lias been vaguely written, and more said. I have al- ri'ady remarked that modern writers have greatly exaggerated the country's former ])rosperity in mining and otlier industries, and it may be added that they have as a rule given the wrong date to such prosperity *'/.'<■(()'«, 'El Caudal de Hldal:/o' {Piralla flrniit). Be/ore U. S. Simvynr- wwral of Arizann, He. Brief and un/uiiiciit n/ jwfllinnfi: S. F., ISS-t. Mr U(«ivi.s lias calao shown me his MS. documents in the case, inchiding photn- grapliio Odiiiea of the original papers, disuno, etc., from tlie Mcx. archives, fuini-liucl l)y authority of the governor of Jalisco and a (iuadalajara court in ISMI ami 1!S83; also photogra))hs of doc. from tlic archives of S. Javier del ]iac. Aiciinlingto the original survey of 1758, the initial point or centre of the we.st- t'lri liiiuudary line was fixed in tho current of the Gila, the line ■ xtending tliuu((! wuith hy the haso of the Maricopa mountain on the east of the Sierra Kstii lla, Clearing to the west of the Sta Cruz valley, a distance of 5 leagues to a iiDJiit in tiie south boundary line; and from tiie same initial point north, aci'dss the (lila and Salt rivers, 5 1. north to a point in the north boundary line. I uuderstaud Mr R. to say that artificial corner marks have also been fuund. 400 PIMERfA ^.LTA, OR ARIZONA, II' uw vPr as did exist, by assigning it to the earlier years of the Jesuit period. Contrary to what has been a soiiie- Avhat prevalent impression, there are no clear indica- tions of prehistoric mining, that is, by the Pueblo In- dians, when their towns extended over a large part of the territory; and there is no proof either that the Jesuits ever worked any mines, or that in their time there were carried on any mining operations excc[>t on a very limited scale near the Tubac presidio, though in occasional prospecting tours it is probable that some discoveries were made. In Franciscan times for over two decades the same state of thitigs continued. But from 1790 for twenty or thirty years, the period of C(miparative peace with the Apaches, the veritabh; era of Arizona's early prosperity, there can be no doubt that many mines were opened from time to time, and that some were profitably worked, though we have no definite record of particulars, and though there li, no reason to believe that there were any very extensive or wonderfully rich developments. It is to this period almost exclusively that "we nmst trace the old work- ings discovered in later years, and also all the tnnW- tions of lost mines that have any other than a })urf in- terest in this connection, without attempting to re})ro- duce or analyze the manj- newspaper reports on the ancient mincs.*^ *'From the report of 1777 on tlic Tiibac region, Yuma .Sentinel, April 13, 1878, I (luote as follows: 'Tlicre are ixuniy mines of very rich iiK'ti;.t! to tlio W( st, iu the vieinity of Aribac, at a distance of seven leagues; tluTc are three particularly in the aforesaid vicinity, one of which yields a silver iii.irk from one arroha of ore, the other ^i marks from a load, and the 'M a little less. Three leagues beyond, in the valley of Babocomori, there are fine jroM placers examined by D. Jose de Toroand this whole population. After three visits, which tliese people made with D. Jos«5 at great risks, and by reniaiiiing over 3 davs at each trip, it was verified by their having brought awuy anil spent with two traders, who at tl-'s time have it, as much as ^'200 in gull. Iu >Sta Rita moiiata and its environs, which is distant from Tubac 4 1., tlioro have been examined 5 silver mines — two have been tried with lire, am! 3 with quicksih'er, and with tolerable yiild. All this is notorious aninng thi.s entire population, and they do not work them because there are Apaches in all these places.' Anza, De.trnhriniiento de 1774, MS., also says that in tlio Aribae valley there were gold and silver'mincs worked till 1707. Nug;.'t't.s »{ considerable size had been found. In the Ures Entrella de Occiden/e, Xcv. 9, 1800, it is stated that the Arizpe archives bhow an investigation at Tucsuii A PERIOD OF PROSPERITY. 401 "What hasoccn said in this chapter, though relating luaiiilv to the eighteenth century, also includes nearly- all that can be known of the country's annals down to l,s4.') There are no data on which to found anything like a chronologic record of events from 1800, and the few items of local interest that are accessible have ahi'.uly been presented. The prosperity that began in I7'.i0 may be regaixled as having continued to about 1S.10. Imt as having disap])cared entirely with the end of Spanish, rule in 1822. During these three decades the Apaches were for ^he most part at peace under tivatirs which by gitts and rations it was made their inti'icst to observe. Many of them came to live in lanchcri'as near the presidios. At the same tinie the pnsidial garrisons were vigilant, and with the aid of frit iidly Pimas and Papagos had little difficulty in piotccting the couiitry from the occasional raids of the ilistaiit and h(>stile bands. It was the golden era of ill till' time of \'i(iToy Oalvcz in the case of a man accused of liaving bought a L'lilil iiuygot of I.") marks "2 marks .").]. o;;., almost piiic, uiiiih he presented to the museum. He recommends moving the Altar pii'siilio to the Arroyo do Arizona, so that new discoveries and si.'ttlcments iiii-lit inllow. In J/iiif.oii't JJ(Ui ■ 402 PIMERiA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. 1 s; ,1 i ,v Pimcria history,, though only so in comparison with past and future misfortunes. Naturally under these circumstances, not only were the missions somewhat prosperous, as shown particularly by the magnificont church structure at Bac, but mines were worked as before explained, and stock-raising ranches and liucicii- daswere built up in the region extending from Tiieson to the south-east and south-west. The ruins of these establishments are yet to be seen at many points." Then auring the last years of the war for inck'pon- dence — which, however, in itself produced no direct developments in connection with the liistory of this far north — and especially in the early years of ^Texi- can rule, all this was changed and all prosperity van- ished ; the Apaches resumed their depreciations, the garrisons became demoralized, and all other estal)lish- ments were practically abandoned. The causi's of this radical change must apparently be sought, not in any modification of ])olicy in treating the savages nor in any new feeling of hostility on the part of the Apaches, but simply in the neglect of the presidios by the government. Hitherto strict discipline had been enforced, soldiers and officers had been promptly paid, experience had taught the best methods of man- agement, and the military organization was in every way effective. But from 1811 money and food hegan to be inadequately and irregularly supplied; credits, discounts, and paper money began to do their work of demoralization; official peculations and speculations became rife; and discipline and vigilance began to be relaxed. The Apaches, hostile as ever at heart, as soon as their rations ceased to be furnished lilxn-ally and regularly went on the war-path as the second best way of making a living; the friars, from feelings "f loyalty to Spain and disgust at independence, gradu- *• Especially in and near the S. Pedro valley, not occupied iti i-arlier Spanish nor in lat^ir Mexican times. Indian outhruaks in 1802 and lS-7 are mentioned in the Ariz. I/iir., 27, with no details or sources. See ///'•<(!. ^()lill Me.r. St(Uf<, ii., for Apauho wars in general, 1813-19, with references to the meagre aourcos. RENEWED MISFORTUNES. 403 allv li>st interest in the presidios that had protected the existence of their missions; and the settlers, harassed by the savages, depriv mi of protection, and burdened by taxes, failed to give a hearty support to the soldiers, and gradually abandoned their ranchos. Finally all was desolation and disaster. This fatal ntu' 'ct of the presidial organizations has been more fuilv set forth, so far as details are concerned, in the annals of California, where, however, in the absence of tbriuidable foes, the results were much less disastrous. Don Ignacio ZiJiiiga, who had served for years as coniniunder of northern presidios, writing in 1835 on th(^ condition of Sonoran affairs, gives an excellent idea of the Pimeria disasters and their causes, though it is probable that he somewhat overrates the pre- ceding:; prosperity. He declares that since 1820 no less than .5,000 lives had been lost; that at least 100 ranelios, haciendas, mining camps, and other settle- ments had been destroyed; that from 3,000 to 4,000 settlers had been obliged to quit the northern frontier ; and that in the extreme north absolutely nothing was left hut the demoralized oarrisons of worthless sol- diei's. though in the most recent years, for lack of anything worth plundering and on account of the hos- tility of the Pimas and P;ipagos, Apache raids had been somewhat less frequent than before.'*^ This wi'iter's [dan was to restore everything as nearly as p(issii)Ie to the old condition. The presidial companies must, he thought, be discharged and new ones organ- ized, to be paid and disciplined as in Spanish times; control of the temporalities nmst be given again to *' Zi'iiiiiia, Rdpidn Ojeada nl cMmln ilr Sonnrn, d'lruj'ida y dedicaihi (d Sii- piniio iinliiiriio ill' In narioii, jior el < '. Iijimrin Ziihiijn, nntnntl dii nii'Oiio c-ftiv/o. Mtxicii, ISIt."), Svo, (iO p. Says llaiiiiUoii, /A.svxovc.s of' Ariz., '20: ' During the ri'iiiiiio (if the mission fal.!;"r.s many jirosiiecting and exploring jiarties piuie- trattil soulliern Arizona, and a nuPilur ot settlements were established. 15e- siiics tlio iM-esidios of Tucson and Tubae tliere were fiourisliing haciendas at S. lieruardino, Biirbacomari, S. Pedro, Arivaea, and Calabazas. These settle- iiiiiits possessed largo tlocks of .sheep and lnTds of cattle. Mining wa.s also jiroMCMted vigorously, especially at Arivaea and ( 'aliabi. After tlie Itrcakiiig- iip ot' the missions (1828) these prosperous colonies mhto despoiled by tiie sav- ages and abandoned by those who escaped the tomahawk and tho torch.' U1, i;it„ f'\\ ', 404 PIMERIA ALTA, OR ARIZONA. the friars; colonists of good character must be sent to occupy the deserted northern ranchos; souiu of tlio presidios should be moved to better positions; and finally the Colorado and Gila establishments sliould be founded as proposed in the past century/" As a matter of course, no such reforms were carried out. The Sonora record shows a period of jnreneral war- fare against the Apaches in 1832-G, ending in Sdino kind of a patched-up peace; also troubles with the Piipagos in 1840-1; and a little later serious revolts of the Yaquis and Mayos.*' Unfortunately political and revolutionary controversies introduced new com- plications into Indian affairs, Gandara and other ]iar- tisan leaders being accused of trying to advance tlieir own interests by inciting the Yaquis and Pa[)agos to revolt. Moreover this political warfare was most disastrous in its effects on the frontier preHidii)s, tlie commandants ueing often called from theii' [)i'o])cr duties to aid in sustaining the state government. For tlie period of 1842-5 I have a large number of de- tached fragmentary records, which, while not surticiiig for a conijilete chronologic narrative, give a very sat- isfactory idea of the general condition of afiliirs on the frontier. There is no indication that in Arizona an\' Mexican settlement existed, except at Tucson and Tu- bac, where under protection of soldiers a few settlers still managed to live. From the two presidios coin- plaints of inadequate force, arms, hor.ses, and other sup- ])lies are frequent. In 1842-;J the Papagos and (iilii. tribes were concerned in hostilities at the instigation of <"Iu ITOo, 1801, anil 18'2;i-0, tlicro had boon some slight a,^'it;lti0; Boiimn, Pnrccor -lohrc d }iro//rr/o ilc iihrir via. . . ,11 ext.alih'cer uu prcsii/iod la cn/rm/ii i/c Wo Colnccdo, tS'il; A'C'', Jii/iimic, ISOl; Jioitiaro. Doc. ■nlatlrii.'^ d la c.rpct/icion del cdyilmt I\'. jmro (dim- c iiiii/io, ISM-C. All iiu'so being MSS. in tliu Air/i. Ctil. Capt. Jose Koiiiri'n actually made ti>e trip from Tucson to L'al. and back; and in connect imi n\ 'tli Ills trij) (len. Figtieroa also visited the Colorado. Tlio corrcsp. is bulky. I'Ht wo have no diarie.s. The result w;is that all sclienics of laud coniimuiic^itioii were al>andoned. In later years, however, small wellarnied parties not ui- frcMueutly made the trii) to and from Cal. l)y the Gila ami Colorado route. *' See Ilkt. Xort/i J/e.c. States, ii. im APACHE WARFARE. 405 G;'iii(liii';v as was charged, but they became repentant and Welt' jiiU'doned m ^Tay 1843. There were still rau- cIk ri'as of Friendly Apaches at Tucson and Tul)ac, who ovtu served a.s allies of the Mexicans in various cani- jiiii^iis; and some of the distant Apache bands were (rniendly well disposed; but others were constantly on the wai'-])ath. Not much damage was done in Arizona hi'catise there were no ranchos left to be plundered, l)Ut farther south disasters to life and pro])erty were uiict'asing. On hearing of one of these raids, Captain Cmnaduran of Tucson generally started to cut off tlie ivtrcating foe; several such campaigns are recorded, including one on a larger scale under Colonel Narbona in .luni! 1843 ; and results at best were a few Apaches killed a few women and children captured, a few cattli! 1 covered, or perhaps the chief of some band forced to sue for peace, with a never-ending sup- pi v (if plausible reasons why no more could be aceom- })lislied. The reports are strikingly similar to those we read in the news})apers of 188G respecting Apache warfare in the same region. In April 1845 Colonel Elias Gonzalez made a full report on the condition and needs of the frontier presidios, showing no im- provement in the general state of affairs; and at the same time he presented a plan for a grantl campaign with over 1,000 men in August. In September, when the forces had been united and all was nearly ready for the start. Colonel Elias was sunnnoned to tlie south with his troops to support the governor in suppressing a revolution. It was decided in a council of war at Tucson to disobey the summons and go on with the Apache campaign; but we have no record of ivsults, except that Comaduran in December, with a force of 155 men, succeeded in killing six Ai)aches.'*"* *" /'itiiTrl, lynr. HIM. Son., MS., iii., piissiin. including extracts from tlie I'o/n (//' .Vo;(.>ni jind otlier newsj)a|iers of tiie i riml. Cdl Klias (ioii/.alc/ rc- jini't nii'l ])!iiTi iif Ai)ril SO, 184"), in a MS. on p. 'J.Sl-44. I'lie Tucsod Council t. Snii., '2'M 7. In connection with rairs Ri'mnrrci, 20; also ^IWs. IlUt. (Elliott & Co.), 52. ''' III 1828 P. Groiizaloz at I'ahorca asks tlie ayuntamieiito of Altar if it is true the padres must go at once as onlered liy the com.-geu., or await oi'ilcis of civil authorities. J'inart, Dor. JJhL Son., MS., i. 122. lu KS4-4 a iiaiho sjieaks of the missions having lieen destroyed, and the teiiiiioralitits takfii hy the govt. /(/., iii. 181. Ziifliga, as we have seen, in ISIij roeoinmeuili'i! that the missioii.s he re.stored to tiic padres; and there are other sueh alhisinMs. Still the mission hooks of most of tlie estahlishments of Piiiieria Aha show the friars still in eharge, perhaps practically as curates. In 1843 there was a. decree perniittiug the Jesuits to estahlish luiasiuus iu Souora. m^\ PATTIE AND THE TRAPPERS. 407 the Gila down to the Colorado, and made their way to Calit'"inia.'" The narrative is devoted mainly to per- sonal adventures and encounters with bears and In- dians, having more fascination than real value. Of the i'i'W traj)])ing parties which may have preceded thuso with which Pattie was connected, and the many that followed them, very little is known; but there were few of the later 3'ears in which the Arizona streams were not trapped to some extent. Pauline Weaver was a famous pioneer who traversed the country as early as 1832, as did Kit Carson perhaps still earlier. In 1829-32 the parties of Ewing Young antl David Jackson crossed Arizona to California, as did a party of New Mexicans under Jose Antonio Vaca; and many of the early trapping and trrding pioneer.s mentioned in the annals of California had visited tliis country sooner or later, though the regular route foi- trading parties and immigrants from Wolf- skill's trip of ]831 was bv a route north of tiie Colo- rado.''' Down to about 183G the Apaches are said to have been friendly to the Americans; but about that time the famous chief Juan Jose was treacherously killed with many of his people by one Johnson, and the Apaches immediately attacked and killed Charles Keni[)'s party of 22 tra[)pers on the Gila, as well as othei' parties farther east in New Mexico."* '•'- /'"///('x Personal Nai~rative; see also this vol., p. 337-8, and Ifisf, Cal,, iii. lil-J :•_'. ■'Sic /lint. Cnl., iii. 172-5, and chap. xiv. •'lii'iij. I). Wilson, Olm'rv'ttioii.% MS., 2-18, gives the most cnm])lete ac- emiiit, having lioun oncainpod on thu (iila at tho time. Ilia party was al.so attaki-il, and several men were killed, Wilson heing captured and barely escaping with his lite. James Johnson di I not get the rewanl t'rdia tlie Mexi- cans tliat he had lioped for, and came to Cal., where he died in great poverty. His iKciiiiipUeo was a man named (Uisson. Gregg, Com. Pr(iirtr.<, i. 'JlJii-H, also mentions this atl'air. An exploration of tiie Colorado moutli hy Lieiit. Hardy in lS'Jo-8 is mentioned in Uarilclt'f I'i'r.i. Xan:, ii. 17tl I; and in (V- tnrs llinr (i/ till' !(>.<<, 1"),% we are told tliat in ISIU a trapi)ing party of 2tK) men i\\ the Roeky Mt Fur Co. crossed from Bill Williams Koik to tlu' Moipii towns, « here several trappers plundered the gardens and shot lo or "JO peace- ful .Miicpiis who objected to such treatment. Ii luuuumiiiii CHAPTER XYII. Ih'l AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO. 184G-1S47. The Mexican War — Kearny's Army of the West— The MaiiiiiMis- sioN OF Cooke and Macokfin — Plans for Blooolkss Convii;si Alt- MiJo's Phei-akations and Flicht — From Bent's Fout to Las \'i;i,\s_ Santa Fe Occupied — Kearny's Proclamation — Tocr in imi. Sm ik — Doniphan in Command— Turhu lent Volitnteeks— Pi;i( k anu hie Mormons — Navajo Tkeaiy — Chihuahua Campaign — Civii. dm ikn- MENT and Kearny Codf; — Plots of Ortiz and Akchilkia— tlnoiNns OF Complaint — Revoli uf 1847— Murder of Govep^nop. Hkn r lus- asi'ers at Taos, Arroyo Hondo, and Moka — Pkice's Ciimi'ah.n — FiiiHTs AT Canada, Emhudo, and Taos — Fuutuek Trouiu.ks wiiii L\- .'jUROENTS AND INDIANS — EXECUTIONS. In 184G the Unitocl States began a war a<»iiiii.st Mexico for the acquisition of territory. This war and its causes are treated fully in other parts of this series devoted to the history of Mexico, of Texas, and of California. New Mexico and Arizona, except in the mere fact of being parts of the territory to ho acquired, figured very slightly, if at all, in the [trchiii- inaries of the proposed conquest. There was, it is true, a claim that Texas extended south and west to the Rio Grande, by which shallow pretence the gov- ernment of the northern republic managed to atlniil some comfort to the national conscience, on the |iK'a that the defence of this 'disputed' tract by Mcxicn was the first act of war. It should 1)e remarkrd, however, that the field of the first hostilities — of the Mexican invasion! — was not on the New ]\[exic',in frontier, but farther south-east.^ 1 1 have the CmifdcnUal Cirrultr of :May l.Sth, with the aiitograpli of Janus Buchanan, containing the ileolaratiou that war 'exists.' 'The triitli is, tluit (108) KEARNY S ARMY. War, or its 'existence,' liavirii^ been declared, an ariiiv «if tlie west was organized at Fort Ijeaven- \\vy\\\ ill June. Its commander was Colonel Steuhen W. Kearny, its mission the oceu]>atioii of the broad territtirv stri>tchin<^ from Xew ]\Iexieo to California, and also if practicable cooperation with other branches of the army in operations farther south. The advance divi-ioii of this force consisted of 300 rei^ulars of the first United States drao-oons under Major b]dwin X. Sum- ner, a regiment of mounted volunteers called out by (Jiivt iiior Edwards of Missouri for this campaign, and conmiandcd by Colonel Alexander W. ]3oniphan, and five additional companies of volunteers, inckuling one of infantry and two of light artillery, or a total of nearly 1,700 men. The second, or reserve (hvision, (oniprisfd aiujther regiment of Missouri ^•olunteers under Colonel Sterling Price, a battalion of four (•(unjtanies under Lieutenant-colonel Willock, and the Moinion Hattalion, in all about 1,800 men. The ad- ViMiee, or army of conquest, left Fort Leavenworth late in June; the long sup[)ly train of over 1,000 nndes was soon augmented by the 400 wag(jns of the annual Santa Fe caravan; and all the companies, except the artillery, were encamped at the beginning of August near Bent's Fort on the Arkansas, after a tt'dlous but uneventful march of some 650 miles across the plains. An advance guard of four com- wc had c'Miliiieil so iiiaiiy insults ;iu(l grievous wrongs from Mexico, witli siicli uiicxaiiililLNl jiatiuncc, tliat at tlio last she must have mistaken our furliuar- aiicc f .r imsillanimity. Encouragt'il, probaMy l»y tliis misapinoluMision, jier aniiy lias at k'ligtli crossed tlie Del Norte lias invaded the territory of our cmuitry ami has shed American hlood uiion the American soil.' Lurkiii's ]>'«•. ilU. Cni, MS., iv. IL'I. Prince, llUtorirnl Sb-trhi'x of Xeir Mr../ro, ll'.IO '>'2~, devotes two chapters to tlie 'American Occuiiatiou ' and 'Revolt of ]N47.' Mis treatment of the suhjeet is excellent, and in almost every res[iect satisfactory; but I can hardly agree with his preliminary statement, 'suffice it to say that the origin of the hostilities' — that is, of the Mexican war as sliiiwii Ity the context — 'was found in the dispute as to the ownership of the teiritory hetween the Rio Grande and the Nueces River.' This is also allinued on p. 'J40. • l/iit/lie-i' />oiiiphnn's Expedition: rontainimj an acroiint of the Coiii/iii'»( of New Mexico: Oeiieritl Keoniei/'s oeeriinil expedition to ('(difoniia: J>oiii}i/i(in'.i cniiipniijH iuinin-- (tin/. CiiiciniKiti, KSriO, liJiiio. I li;i\ : also ed. of Ciii., IM'.t, 8v(i; ninl lln.Te an; 0(1. of ('ill., 1848, and apparently 1847. Tliia work i.s a .stiiinliinl iiullnprity on tlio canipaigii, written in a clear and pleasing style, and with an ai cuiai'y that lias not, I lielieve, been questioned, thouyli the author, like othi is nt hia time and class, takes an ultra-American view of most que.4ioiis, and Iju.s no doubt of the entire riyliteousne.s.s of the war against perlidious .Mexicans. There were apparently 5 companies of the 1st U. S. dragoons. 1 have Imuid no record of tlie eonipany organization, but the officers were captains Ivlvviu V. Sumner (act. major), I'hilip St George Cooke, Thomas Swonls (asnt. Q, M.), Benj. IJ. iMoore, Joliii H. K. IJurgwin, Henry S. Turner (adj. giii), Abraham R. .Jolinston. and Philip R. Thompson (some of whom wiir pinli- ably lieutenants at the start); and lieut. Patrick Noble, Tiionias (.'. liaiii- inoud, Rufus Ingalls, .lohn W. Davidson, Joseph MeElvain, C. J. L. Wilson, aurts liacl prcviou.-ly boon re- ccivrd IVoiu ^[ajor Howard and the inountaineer Fitz- |(iitiiik. From Bent's Fort, also, Captain C'ooko, ^vith twelve picked men, was sent in advance, iiomi- iiiillv as a kind of ambassador to treat with (^lovernor Ai'iiiijo for the j)eaceful submission of eastern New Mexico,'' but really to escort James Magoffin, the veritable ambassador, intrusted with a secret n ssioii at Santa Fe. To send an army of 1,700 men, niainly c()iii]»"scd of undisciplined volunteers, on a inarch (jf a tliou.suiid miles over a desert occupied hy hostile sav- ages, to conquer, by force of arms, so jiopulous an iiittrior province, and one so well defended, at least b}'" nature, as New Mexico, was on its face a very hazard- ous enterprise. It was a radically different nuitter from the proposed occupation by naval forces of a coast province like (California. In the aimals of the latter country we have seen, however, what agencies Avero relied on by the government, acting through Consul Larkin as a confidential agent, to insuie a bloodless victorv, thouixh the success of the plan was seriously impaired by the l)lundering and criminal dis- obetlience of another and subordinate agent. These complications of the farthest west are now well known in every particular.* That the jiolicy respecting Xew Mexico was similar in its general features, there can be no doul)t, though most details liave never come to light. During the past years, the Santa Fe traders, both American and ^lexican, had done much to make tlie condition and disj)osition of each })eoiile well known to the other, to convince the New Mexicans ^ ' My mission. . .was in fact a pacific one. The general had ju.st issued a proclamation of annexation of all the territory c(iaY of tliv Rio(!raiide; the giiviriiiiieiit tiius adopting the old claim of Texas' (the procl. of July .31st, as j^ivcn in CiiUh t'onij.,4'2, the only one I have found, co- i,ains no such propo- .siticiu), 'aiid thus manifestly, in a statesman's view, a hlooiUe.-is process would luail to its confirmation in the treaty of peace; and the population w AMKItlCAN OlCUrATK.'N' Ol" NKW .Mi:.\l((), liow I'litilc inuHt 1h' any nttcmpt to resist tlir rnitid States, and tli(> Aiiicricaiis how (.'usy would lie the o«'cii|)atloii of Santa Vv. I )oul>tli'ss, certain inoiiiiiicnt tradeis had Keen at work virtually as secret, a'^en s of the j;'over'nin(>nt at Washington, which tVoni their iv- ])oi'ts had come to helievi; th;it no serious o|i|i(isiti(iu was to he ex])ected to tin; chani^u of ila^. It was uiiderst )od that tin; N»'W Mexicans, after Iohl;- \i ar.s of ncLiflect and so-called oppression, liad retained hiu u nominal alien'iaiice to ^lexico; that many inthinitial citizens, fi'om motives of personal interest as tradcis or land-owners, desired the downfall of Mexican rule; tliat mr.ny others wi're convinced that resistance wmild be useles-;, and nioro tlian half convinced that the cliange would he a hcnetit; that prominent oilicials were already dis[)osed, or mioht l>o influenced hy cer- tain app<'als to their love of ^ain, or and)ition forollicc, to suhmit without a struiifi^le to the inovitaiile; that the masses might he controlled for the most part tlirough the leaders; and that Hnally, any o|>]>(»itiun based on pride, patriotism, or prejudice of race or iv- ligion, must he more; than counterbalanced by lack of unitv, of leaders, of arms, and other resourciis, Tims Kearny's army of the west was sent to occupy, not literally to conquer, New ]\Iexico. Nevertheless, the enterprise was one attended with many risks. Man'oftin, or Don Santiago, was an Ii-ish Kentuck- ian, long in the Santa Fe trade, a man of wealth, with unlimited capacity for drinking wine and making friends, speaking the S[)anish language, and on friendly terms with most of the leading men in New ^[exiro and Chihuahua. At Washington he was introduced by Senator Benton to the president and secretary et war, and at the re(|uest of the three agr"ed to accom- pany the expedition, professing his ability to pieveiit any armed resistance on the part of Governor Armijo and his officers." Cooke's party, without adventures <> nciitniis Thirty Ydirfi' V!ni\ ii. OS'2-4. In tlie Cnl. ami X. Mij:, .!/'«. and Dor., l8-',n, p. Ii40-1, are liitter.s of -Iniie 18tli, from Sec. Miircy ti> Kuaiiiy ami to tliu coiniiiaudaiit of the Cliiliualiua ex^juditioii, introducing Mugutliu MAOOFFINS MISSION. 418 rciniiriii'JC notice, arrivi-d tlio I'Jtli of Aujjfust at Santa Vr. u licii' lie was liospitalily rocinved l»y Aniiijo, who, altliiiii!4li \\o "sci'Uicd to think tliat tht; apjji'oach of tliL' iiiiiiy was rath«T sudtK'n and rapid," coiu-hidt'd to send ii connnissioiuT in tiiu pijr.son of ])r Connelly, with wlioni tlu' captain sot out next day on his ri'turii t(i meet the army." Moanwhilo, according to Benton, our niily authority, and as there is perhaps no reason to (Idiiht, Ma!j;dtfin easily prevaikul on th(.' o()Vfrnor to j)r(iiiiis(! that no deh nee should he made at Aj)acho ('.iiioii, a point on the ap[)roach to Santa Fe whicii iiiii^lit have heeii held hy a small force. Ho had more (lillieulty with Archuleta, the second in command, hut bv ii|'|»ealing' to his ambition, and sug'4estins2f that l)y a pioiiunciannento ho mio-ht secure for himself western New Mexico, on wliich Kearny had no designs, ho at jeiintli overcame that officer's patriotic ohjections, and thus ,s ;curetl an open road for tho army/ as .1 iii;i;i ngarik'il Ijy the prasident as ono who could romler important ser- vices. M.i^dtliii WMs ai'coinpaniL'd liy a frieml, i. Il-'iiio. The diary of this advanee trip is found on p. 0-34, and there fiillnw 1,'iiiid aeeouuts of later events, the mareh to t'al., etc. ' \\ iiil(!, as 1 have said, there may he no reason to question the general aicuiaoy (if IJiiiitons version, or to doiilit that Magotlin really obtained tiiese liKniiises from Arinijo, Archuleta, and others, yet it is iirolialde tliat there is iimrji exaggeration in the implied opinion that the U. S. relied mainly on, (ir tiiiit iveariiys success was due mainly to, M.'s negotiations at tliis time. M.'s elinits wiji'e ratlier the su]iplenient or conclusion to a long chain of investiga- tiiiiis and negotiations hy iiimself and others. Kearny's immunity from armed oiiliiisitioii of a serious nature rested on something more than Migotlin's abil- ity t(i manage the N. Mexican leaders. !!■ i. imiiHtitu 11 ...— •' t h; 414 AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO. Unfortunately we have no definite information from New Mexican sources respecting Armijo's prejvira- tions, real or pretended, for defence; and tlic fra*f- mentary rumors that found their way into cmrriit narratives are meagre, contradictory, and of no value. The governor understood perfectly his iiiability to make any effective resistance; and all that he did in that direction was with a view merely to 'save bis responsibility ' as a Mexican officer, even if he did not, as is probable, definitely resolve and promise not to fight. The people were called upon, as usual in such cases, to rise and repel the. invader; and n, considcr.vhle force of militia was organized and joined the two or three hundred soldiers of the army. These nu.x li- aries were, however, but half in earnest and most inadequately armed. If any considerable portion of them or their officers ever thought seriouslv^ of fiu'ht- ing the Americans, their patriotic zeal rapidly disap- peared as the numbers and armament of the invaders became more clearly known from returning scouts, who, in many instances, were captured and released by Kearn3^ With perhaps 2,000 men — tiiough Ameri- can reports double the number — Armijc) seems to have marched out to Apache Canon with the avowed inten- tion of meeting the enemy; but on the last day, in consequt'nce of differences of opinion between the gen- eral and his oflScers, tlie former dismissed the auxili- aries to their homes, and with his presidial troops retreated to the south by way of Galisteo, near which point he hft his cannon. Arniijo was blamed hy the many who were hostile to the invaders and who were ashamed to see their country tlius surreiidtud without a struggle. Doubtless the governor, had he desired it, might nave waged a Ljuerilla warfare that would have given the foe much trouble; and there is much cause to believe that his reason for not doing so was not a [)raiseworthy desire to prevent the 'is^h.^- shedding of his subjects' blood.^ *'In BvMninnr)tr, Nnrrn Bernnl Dim, ii. 103-5, is an account of the X. M"X. afifair nu'dc up from newspaper artiuleii founded on information from Cluliua- KEARNY S MARCH. 415 trasx- Kearny's array left Bent's Fort on the 2d of Au- mist. The route was nearly identical with the later lino of stage travel, and differed but slightly frcm that (if tlio modern Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroad. The march was a tedious one, there being iiiaiiv cases of fatal illness among the volunteers. Thr(»ui4li some miscalculation or mismanagement of the sui>i)ly trains, the men were on short rations for a larger part of the way; and it was be: i'jjs a season of drouuiit. Tlio advance was in seroial divisions, by sliohtly different routes from da-y lo day, in order to utilizo the Scanty water and grass. Fitzpatrick was the guide, Robidoux the interpreter, w4iile Be».t coni- iiiaiuh'd a cr nipany of spies. After the settlements wei(.' reached, American residents, such as Towle, Bon lit' V, Wells, and Spry, were met, and gave infor- mation respecting the state of things at Santa Fe and Taos. Small parties of Mexican scouts were also fre- quently captured, or came voluntarily into camji, where they gave vague and contradictory accounts of Armi- jo's ])rcparations for defence, and whence, being set at lihei'ty, tht\y carried back exaggerated reports of the American force and cannon, with copies of Kearny's prochunation. On the 14th, 15th, and IGth, respect- ively, the army reached Las Vegas, Tecolote, and San ]\riguel del Va4(); aial Iria de Eana, Dec. 12, 184G. Ill I i|^ rll ^1'^ ; mi !l ■]• I ,-,[. 11 ':;„!i 'ti 416 AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO. Arniijo, and pfoniisiiig protection to the lift', pr(i|)crty, and religion of all wlio should peaceably suhiiiit tn the new oi'tler of thintifs; and the alcalde, and in some cases the militia officers of each town, heiii^- induced more or less willingly to take an oath of allegiance to the United States, were continued in office. A letter was received from Armijo, makhig known his purjiose to come out to meet Kearny; but whether as fiiend or foe, the vague wording did not clearly indicate. Cooke and Connelly were met at Tecolote, hut tlic message brought by the latter is not known to the chroniclers. Among the men and subordinate offi- cers, there was an expectation of having to encounter from 2,000 to 10,000 foes in the mountain defile; but the general is said to have borne himself as coolly as as if on parade, as indeed well he might, knowing- how slight was the danger of a conflict. At San Miguel a jMexican officer was captured — Salazar, son of the officer with whom the Texans had to do in 1841 — who reported the flight of Armijo. On the 1 7th the army passed the rums of Pecos; and on the isth, marching without the slightest opposition through the famous canon, the Americans entered Santa Kc at G p. M., being accorded a friendly reception by Juan ]1 N'igil, the acting governor. The flag of the United States was raised at sunset, and saluted witli thirteen guns. (xcneral Kearny slejjt in the old palacio, and the army encampetl on an adjoining emi- nence. Thus was the ca[)ital of New Mexico occu- pied without the shedding of blood." 'If Crfiicnil Konrny over made a detailed report of this cainpaiu'u I Imve not found it. A hriiif stateiiiont is fo\iiid in liis letter of An;.,'. '..'4tii, on p. 5,1 (!0 of C'utt.s" 'J'/ir Coti'iWKt of ('iili/oriiiii anil Acw- Mcvko, hij llif fairr^ of lln' i'lii/ii/ Sfdtr.i, ill till' i/nir-'i ISZ/d iiiii/ /Sj7. By ,liiiii(>.'< Mmlmm Cult-', irillim- iirariii-j-', jilans if hitlt(i\ ; tlian lactssary to put (hiwn any opposition tliat can ]>ossibly be lirought against liiiM, and tlierefore it would be fidly and maihirss for any diss.itislii' I or di.fc.iiiitinted per.sons totbinkof resisting him. Tiie ntidersigied iias in-lrue- tioiis lioiii his govt to respect tlie religious institulion.s of N. Mex., to ]iiiileet tlio jiro|i(rty of the eliundi, to cause the worsiiip of tiiose belonging to it to lie iiiidi>tui Ixd, and their religious rigiits in the anijili'st niamier piiscrveil to till Ml, Also to protect the persons and jiroperty of all (piiet and jn ace- alili' niliahitants witiiin its boundaries, against their (Miemies the Utis. Nava- jo.s, aud oth IS. And while he ussiires all that it will be his pleasure a.s well lU.r. .Uui. .v.Nu N. Miix. '.7 \ { "■■m uiiillllilT Mwmm ;Mf '.I i; , 11 418 AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO, From tlie 9th for many days representatives of other towns, of the Indian pueblos, and in some cases of Navajo, Yuta, and even Apache bands, came to listm to the general's explanations of United States jxilic v, and to offer peaceful submission to his autliotitv. Many among the ignorant ])opulace had been l.d to believe that they would be r<.)bbed, outraged, or mur- dered by the Americanos; and many of a higlior class hail left the city with their families in fear of insults from a lawless soldiery; but these fears were to a considerable extent removed by the general's words and acts, and many of the fugitives returned to tlicir homes. A flag-staff to bear the stars and strijies was raised in the })laza. Captain Emory on the IDth selected a site for a fort, and four days later work was beo;'un on Fort Marcv, an adobe structure commandiu'T t ' O the city from an adjoining hill. The animals were sent to the region of Galisteo to a grazing cam|> guaidcd by a detachment under Lieutenant-colonel llutf. On the '2;!d and following Sundavs the ufeneral and staff attended church; on express for tlie states was de- spatched on the 2r)th; and in the evening of the '27t\\ as liis duty to comply witli those instructions, lie calls upon them to ixcrt thiMnsclvi's iu preserving onhr, in promoting concord, .ind in maiutaiiiinjf the auliiority and efficiency of the Liws; to recpiire of tiiosc sviio have hit their lioiiie.s, and taken up arms against the trooi>s of tiie U. N., to rrturii foi'thwith to them, or else they will he considered as enemies and traitois (!), suiijeeting their persons to punishment and their ju-operty to seizure :iiiil coiitiseation f(U' the hcnetit of the puhlic treasui'y. It is the wish and iut.-ii- tion of the U. S. to j)rovide for N. Mex. a free govt, witli tiie least |m>ssiI.1' delay, sinnlar to those iu the U. S., and tiio peo[)le of N. Mex. will tiicii lio called oil to exercise tlic rights of free men in electing tlu'ir own npiisei.ti- tives to the tiTritorial legislature; but until this can he dcin<', the liws hitherto iu existence will he continued until changed or nuiditied l)y cdiiiih!- tent authoritj'; and those persons holding office will contiinie iu tiie saiiic ini- the present, provided they will consider tliomselves good citizens and wilhiij,' to take the oath of allegiance to the U. S. The undersigned herel>y ahsolvcs all persons residing witiiiu the boundary of N. Mex. from further alh'i^iiia'i; to tlie republic of Mexico, and hereliy elaims them as citizi'us of tlie V . S. Those who remain (piiet and peaceable will lie considered as good citizen-^ iiid receive protection. Tiiosc wlio are found iu arms, or instigating uliurs against tiie U. S., will bo considered as traitors (II, and treated a<'i-oiiliiiL'l> ; I)on Manuel .\rinijo, the late gov. of this deiiartinent, lias tied from it. 'Ihu unilersigiied has taken possession of it M'ithout tiring a gun or slu'diliiig a ilro[) of blood in which he most truly rejoices; and for the prest'iit will becoiisnKivil as governor of this territory. Hiven, etc., Sta Ke, Aug. '2'2, \S'M\. I!\ ilij' (loveriior. S. W. Kearny, Brigadier-lleiieral.' The copy in r»//v reads .s. W. Kearny, lirig-geu. U. S. A., by the governor, .Fuan HautisUi ^ igil y Alarid.' KEARNY AT THE CAPITAL. 419 Kianiv s^avo a grand ball to officers and citizens. Minor military niovenieiits, sucli as the arrival of .small partii s that had lagf^ud on the way and the stationing of local detachments, need not be noticed in detail. Tlicio were unfounded rumors of hostile pre[)arati()ns ill tlif south, and that Colonel Ugarte was approaching with a .\[exican force from Chiliuahua, which caused Kearny to march down the river with nearly half his army. This tour extended to Tom^, occupied the time from the 2d to the 13th of September, and re\ealed no iiKhcations of hostility among the abajenos. r);ick at Santa Fe, the general sent strrnig detach- ments under ]\lajor Gilpin and Lieutenant-colonel Jackson, who had succeeded lluti* by election of the volunteers— to Abiquii'i and Cebolleta on the Navajo frontier; and gave his attention to the organization of a civil government put in operation on the 2'2d of Se])tember. Then on the 25th, he set out on the march to California by the (;!ila route, with his 300 dragoons, two thirds of which number, however, were jtnscntly sent back, when Kit Carson was met with the inaccurate news that the conquest of California had already been accomidiwhed.^' Orders left were to the eli'ect that the AEormon Jiattalion should follow the general to California, and that Doniphan's regi- ment, on the arrival of l^rice's to take its place, should mai'cli south to join General Wool at Chihuahua. Among tlie volunteers f)f both regiments there was much sickness, causi'd to a considerable extent by in- (hd;^ence in the various dissipations of the Xi'W ^lex- icaii metropolis. Some 300 of the Missourians art; said to have been buried at Santa Fe. There \»as also a great scarcity of supplies, the eonunissary de- paitnieiit of the army of the west l)eing grossly Src /lit/. Cut., v.. for till' ctitKiucst of Ciil., indiiditij^ Kraiu\".i iiuinli arruvs tlio ci^tinviit, ami ilisastLT at S. Pa.scual. Emorif.H X ,fi -i is tlio iiio.st i'iiiM|ili'tu ti«Tative of tlio iiuircli. Ci.rsoii was mot on Oct. (itii, aiul .') nl tho t5 loiiiiKuiH* wi're s»'iit I'ack. It was on Oct. l.'itii that Kearny kft tlic Kio • Jraiiiir. Ill aliout lat. 'X\ '20', to utriko olF wistwanl to tho (Jila, whii h river lie fnllowrd ilui»n to tho Colorado. I shall say more ot \\\i nuiroh across N. Me\. ami Ari/ a little later. !■ n: 420 AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO. ']{ 111 .^;;:|tiS misnianaged, as it appears. Provisions must be bougtit from fellow-citizciis, not seized, as in an en- emy's country; and even the money fuinishtd tlie troo[)s was not apparently of a kind that could he utilized, to say nothing of exorbitant prices. The men were profoundly disgusted with the country and its |)eople, and their conn)laints were douijtltss sonievvhat too highly colored. Moreover, the ic- straints of military life were irksome to the MLs- Hourians, They were willing to fight tlie ]Mexicans, hut could not understand their obligation a.s soldurs to work on the fort, wear their coats under a hot sun, observe petty regulations, or obey orders against tlie propriety of which, as American citizens, they could ])re- sent strong arguments. The popularity of the otliccis was tlujrefore in inverse ratio to their knowledge and enforcement of disci})line. Brawls and arrests Inr insubordination were of not infrequent occurrc ncc. Yet amusements were not wanting, among ^\lii(h wei-e theatrical performances by a company of military amateurs. ^'•^ Coidiiel Price with his 2d Missouri volunteers ar- rived at Santa Fe about the 1st of October. '■' The '^lu Xili'M lieijiMcr, Ixx.-iii. j)a.ssim, are many items from various souroi'.s on all pluise.s of tlie N Mex. caiupaiun, iiichnliiig many coniiilaiuts lioiu llu; viihuitriivs. Tlie ili.sorilers anil in.sul>i)riljnatiy llii:;lu's auil (itlur.s, vho often ilo^'end the volunteers and condemn tlie ollieers. Jjiriit.- eol Uiiir was mucli disliked, and the ijiialitii'S tliat made him iinpoiniliu' jnn- eiired liini a captains eoiniiiissimi in the reuulirarmy. A private was cleLtcd to till liii place over the major. (!eo. F. Kuxton, Adrvutiirix in Mirini mnl the A'."/// Muiiii/iini.-i, N. Y., 1848, p. ITS ',10, an English traveller who wrote from pcisdiial ohservation, pronounced the volunteers 'the dirtiest, row^liist crew I have ever seen collected to;,'ether;' and he gives a much more uiita\ m- alile account of their lack of discipline in camp and lawlc'ss conihict in town, than any otlier writer — prohaMy too unfavorahle; yet he admits they were good tigliters. Cutts, ('on'iiici/, 'J'JO-l, gives a programme of the theatrical perforii' ice on t hristmas eveniag. .1 ('(iiiipdii/ii III AV«' JIfjiro irilli Cotoiiil Don'iplinii. Bii Frank S. Ediriu-il", a TrAuiit< ir. With a iiKip of the nmtc, (Uni er l;>t]i, tliev found it impracticable to find a way for their wagons toward the west, and accordingly directed tlieii- course farther soutliward to tlie San Hcrnai'chno nincho on the later frontier, and thence marched i)y Tucson to Kearny's route on the (xila. The adven- tures of the l)attalif)n from its organization })ertain to the historv of California rather than to that of Xew .Alexico.'^" Orders came back from Kearny that Doniphan be- fdiH! starting for Chihuahua should undertake a cam- paign in the Navajo country. In September, as we liave seen, Lieutenant-colonel Jackson with three com- panies had been sent to Cebolhta on the frontier; and from this point, a])parently before Kearny's last orders weie known, Captain lieid, with thirty volunteers and a chief called Sandoval as guide, starting the '20t\i of October, had in twenty days made a somewhat remarkable entrv far to tlie west and north into the lii'ait.of the Xavajo country. He met the head chief Xaihdiia, found the Indians well disposed toward tho Americans, made ari'angements foi- a treaty council at Santa Fe, and returned to Cebolleta. Major (iiliMii, who had been stationed at Abi(|uiu in Septend»ei', had made an oxpe(Htion into the Yuta, country, and had hidught some GO leading men of that nation to Santa Fi', where a treaty was made on Octolu'r l;')th. 1 n- "Si'o fli.if. Ciil., v., chai). \viii., this sories. For tlu; nwircli tlie a\itliiiiitu;8 arc Ti/lrr'n Hixtonj; Bijlci's iJiiri/, MS.; Cookr's Jminvil: Id., Rfjuui: hi.. hi: tajutunttSIf •*nw\i\* i'tHWVIlt 1 II 1 t :, ■■ i; !^ 1 :!1 A-2'2 AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO. der tlio new orders, Gilpin left Abiquiii on tlic 22(1 with his two conipunies, reunforcod by G5 [mi^hio and Mexican allies; went up the Chama, crossed to the San Juan, descended that river, reached the Clidly canons, thence apparently turned eastward and hv way of the Laguna Colorada reached a place called Ojo del Oso, or ]^ear Spring, on the 20tli of Xovtin- ber/^ Meanwhile Donii)han left Santa Fe on Octo- ber 2nth, but from Albur(j[uerquc sent most of lii.s force down the river to Valverde to })i'otect the caia- van of traders and make pre[)artions for the nuir( h tu Chihuahua,'" With a small party he then went to Covero, whither Jackson had moved his force fiom Cebtdleta. From this })oint, having received a de- spatch from Giljdn on the San Juan, and sent in I'cply order's to ass.Mnbhi as many Xavajos as [K).ssil)lc at Ojo del Oso, Jjoniplian witJi Jackson and 150 men started on the loth toward the headwaters of the l^ierco and thence nortli-westward, toilin<>- tliroui-ii the dee[) snows and over the mountains, and j<»iiiiiii'' ^lajor Gilj)in on the 21st. There were about JUO Navajos present, including the chiefs of many bands. They professed friendship and admiration for the Aniericans, but had nuich difficulty in comprehending- why the new-comers should interfere with their war- fare against the detested Mexicans, At last, however, '■'I do not finil this spring on tlic maps, hut suppose it was not far from Red Lake, N. K. froui Ft ncliancc, in tliu later ^'avajo roscrvation. Itoiii- plian's report states that (iilpin rtiaeheil the Little ('(>l(ira and cattle were re- peatedly run off hy Indians and otliers; and two viduut'H'rs were killeil hy the savages. An Eiiglisliman came as ambassador to induce the traders to dismiss all American teamsters and guards, tr.ist the Mexicans, jiay Kt ei nts per lb. on their uoods, and enter Chihuahua uuniolestiil. Some were iuchncd to acee]it tliis propositnm: but Walton sent a. force to Fra Cristobal to pro- vent the passage of any part of the caravan., NAVAJO CAMPAIGN. 428 oo,- after a day of spoecli-uuikiiii;', they consented to a tiviitv, wliicli was formally signed ou the '2-d hy Doni- jiliaii. Jackson, and Gili)in on the one side, and t'our- tic'ii chieftains on the other.'" Its terms included "a fiiiii and lasting |)eaee" between the Xavajos and Anuricjuis— the latter to include New ^lexicans and I'lU'hlos; nmtual free trade, including visits i'or tiading i)uri)()scs; mutual restoration of all captives, and of all |)t(i|»iity takeii since the I8th of August. Gifts were oxciiangcd, and then the parties separated. The Am(!r- icaiis returned by difierent routes, one division with till' tlirec regimental officers and a few native chief- tains going by way of Zuni, where on the 2(Jth a tivaty was concluded between the Zuhis and Navajos. All were reunited at Yalverdo about December I'itii. Tlu! tr'caties, like dozens of eai'lier ones with the same triltes, had but slight })ractical effect; but the journals (if the different branches of this complicated campaign if txtant would doubtless furnish many hiteresting and \aluable items of geographical information.'"* Before the coh)ners return from the Navajo cam- paign James ^Magoffin with Dr Connelly and a few otlieis Acntured southward, but were arrested at El J*as() and carried as prisoners to Chihuahua; tlie trad- ers also started in advance of the army, by which they wnv overtaken on the way; and a company of vohm- treis known as the Chihuahua Ranwrs left Santa Fe en December 1st under Captain Hudson, with the idea of o|»ening conmumication with General Wool, but tiny also turned back to join the army before reach- ing VA Paso. Finally Donii)lian's army of about 900 men left Valverde in three divisions on the 14th, '"Tlio treaty of Ojo del Oso is given in Huijlu'-'i' Donqihun's E.iyci/., l.SS-9. '^'I'licre is a very brief undated report ot the eani|);iigii by Col Doniphan in th(' ihicuiiietits aceonipanyiiig the president's message of Dee. 7, 1847. r, S. dart J)oi\, liOth cong. 1st sess., Sen. l']x. Doe. i., p. 4!M). .A. ditailiMl r('|i(irt is promised, hut I have not found it. Tiie most eoiiiplete narrative, and a vtwy satisfactory one exeopt in certain fieograpliic respects, is that in llii'i/iis' J>,iiiipl)iiii'.i E.rpi'f/., 143~!)4. The subject is aUo recorded more or loss fully in the other narratives already lited in this cliapter. Collins, in /ml. ■ [f. /'ijiort, l.S.")8, p. ISS, tells us that the conditions of the treaty were not ohjurved by the Indians, who continued to murder tind steal aa bufuio. , AVI iwwm %>: ^ pi i i^it' 1; I. ' i^ !;i iiHl \ K i: 1] 1 ^ ■ 'i I ;] i ; ■ j ; i- I i :■•!'' k |,: : ' .,:■ 1. ■ i- LI™ ff ' ,! '■ 1 ] 424 AMERICAN OCCUrATIdX OF NDW ^rKXI(■(). IGtli, and 10th of ])c>cc!inl)cr. After passing flm Joniada (lt;l ]\Iucrto all were reunited on the JJ.l at Dona Ana, including Hudson's company and tin- trad- ers. Two Mexican scouts were killed with oiiu Imllet on tlic 24th; and at Kl ]^racito, sonic 30 niilos Ik low IJona Ana, on (^hristnias ai't(!rnoou a force ct" tlio enemy, estimated at about GOO regulars — A^M-a ( 'ruz dragoons, witli cavalry and infantry from C'hiliiialuia —and 500 El Paso militia, M-as encountered. T!k's(3 troops, connnanded by an ofHcer named ]\)n((' do Leon, made a charge upon the Americans, l)ut iM'iiid- met by a volley of ritlc bullets at short range were forced to retreat, pursued for a short distance, and los- ing perhaps thirty men killed.^" No furtlu'r <))>iM»si- tion was encountered, and on ])ecember 27tli, Doni- phan took possession of El Paso, the citizcMis liaving come out to meet him with a white flag, oH'ciing surrt^nder and asking for clemency and protection. After a stay of forty-two days, and being reenfrnved by 117 men of the artillery batallion under Clark and Weightman from Santa Fe, the army marclicd on February 8, 1847, for Chihuahua, which city tiny occupied at the beginning of March, after a brilliant victory over four times their own nundjer of !^[exi(■un troops at Sacramento. General Wool was not licre, and after holding the town about two months toawiiit orders and protect the traders in the sale of tlirir goods, ]3oniphan marclu-d on to Saltillo, presently returning): by water via New Orleans to ^[issouri as the time of the volunteers had expired. The ex[)cdi- '^Semi-dflicial report of Lieut. ('. 11. Kibbeu of tlio artillery in Cn/Z-i Coiiq., 77; UrddL'fi' (anqin'Kjn, Hi!) 71. K. says 'the immlitr of their driiil k saiil to 1)0 iit least 30; that of their wouieleil was slight so far as aseertaiiiril.' IJrooks, p. 87, says the Mexieaii loss in killed ami woimded was ahoiit '_'((() men! Hughes, J)nni]>/i(ni'.i E.i"}iri)., '2()(i, puts the los8 at 71 killed, 5 piisnu- crs, .and not less than loO wounded iiuluding their general, I'ouee de Lcun. The ^lexieans also lost .a cannon. The Ann lieau loss was 7 or 8 wouinLiI. Some adilitioiud refereiiees for the N. M x. camjiaign in general are //<;'-. li'i/'.-> W'lirwilh ih.riro, i. 27()-S(); Fiirhcrs Tn-ilrc Mmillix' Vnbinlicr, 247 li^i, 4;'')7, etseq.; Jriikiih' JIM. Mr.,-. Wresentatives to the t(,'rritorial legislature. It is foreseen that what relates to the civil o-overmnent will bo a difficult and uii|il(asant part t)f your duty, and much must neces- saiily be left to your own discretion. In your whole (Olid net you will act in such a manner as best to con- ciliate the inhabitants, and render them friendly to the Tnited States.""' Kearny's proclamation of Au- ,<:;ust 2ild, more or less in accordance with these instructions, though going in certain respects far l-Hyond their letter, has already been presented in tliis (liapter. From the first day of oe<'upation, Cap- tain \\ aldo, of the volunteers, was si^t at work trans- h'Ji ! ;• a" tho Spanish and ^Mexican laws that could hi' rniiiid at Santa Fe; while Coh»nel J)oni[>han, a lawv r hv ])rofesHion, aided by Willard P. Hall — • II '^ *^ » ec!r([ to conn-ress durinir this absence — busied lum- m '!,:;■ ■M'lusi! iiistructioiia may lio ooiiveiiicuitly consulted in Cutts' Conquest, -l!i /, Ihiiiinli (iftfii n'lH-'atud lil.suwliuri!. t:' Sill;]- ; m Mimm IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) A 1.0 I.I IE 2.5 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 .^ 6" - ► V] #^ >-'^ -^ >■ v> o // / yss Photographic Sciences Corporation 73 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 072-4503 i.'^ 426 AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO. self with the preparation of a code of laws foundid in part on Waldo's fragmentary translations, hut mainly on the laws of Missouri and Texas. Finally, on the 22d of Soptemhcr, the general published this code - still in force in New Mexico down to 1886 — |)iiiitr(l in English and Spanish with the old press and ty|ie found at the capital, and at the same time his a|>[i(iiiit- nicnt of governor and other officials, thus (»rgaiiiziii(r the civil government deemed nccessary.^^ With tlic code was submitted to the government at Waslnii^^tdii an "organic law of the territory of New Mexico," which provided for a permanent territorial (»rgaiii/;i- tion under the laws of the United States, namiii«f tlie first Monday in August 1847 as the day fur eUctiiii; a delegate to congress.^"'* It was noticeable that Kearny's proclan»ati(»iis ii;- nored the old theory that eastern New Mexico be- longed to Texas. A still more notable feature was the clearly announced intention of retaining the coun- try as a permanent possession of the United States. This was the first open avowal of the administrations real purpose to make tip war for the acquisition of territory, and not, as h;i een pretended, for the pro- '■" Sept. 22, 1840, Kearny '.s rcjiort on the cmle and its publication; alsn liin apnointnient of ofiieer.s, in Ciitt'i' Vonquvd, (>4~5. The latter reads: ' IViii;^ duly autliorized by the pres. of the U. >S. of America, I hereby iiiakf tlu' tul- lowing appointments for the government of N. Mex., a territory ot' tiu' I'. S. Tlie officers tiius appointed wdl be obeyed and respected accorilingly.' fiuv- ernor, Charles Bent, iiart owner of Beat's Fort, married to a native of 'I'jns; secretiiry, Uonaciano Vigil, a nativeof New .Mexico, of long official ex ihtIciicl' in various civil and miliUiry positions; niarslial, Richard Dallam, an .\iiii n- can mining operator at Los Placeres; di.strict attorney, Francis 1'. IJIiir', .Ir, in later years somewhat famous as congressman iind politician; treasiii'ii', Ciiarles Blumner; auditor, Eugene Leitzendorfer, a Sta Fe trader, niiiri ;t 4 to a daughter of the former go\ernor, Sanlifigo Abreu; judges of tlie miipriior court, Joab Houghton, a lawyer of Liter i>roniinence in the territory. ,\iitnmi) Jose Otero, of a prominent and inlluential Spanish family, and Cliarli s l^iaii- bien, a j)ioneer ol 1827, married to a native wife. Ihe biographic items iiie from I'riiicvH IliMt. SkclrlieH, 3(57-8. The Kearny code, with the pn rtiUiit bill of rights issuetl on the sivmo date, may bo found in Xcw Mvdko, Voiniiinl Lawn, SU Fe, 188i>, p. 82-129. '"U. S. Gov. Dnc, 21tth cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc. 19. I have nnt s.ni this document in its original form. Most of the papers ;!.'e reprinti'd in ')///<' Cniii/., and elsewhere, but not the organic law, which was not approvi'd at Washington. Cooke, Vow/iii'Mt, iVa, gives the date fixed for the election; also m Allen' lieij., Ixxii. 48, where it is stated that the whole doc. as printed lill'd 115 pages. NEW MEXICO IN CONGRESS. 427 toct'iHii of Texan boundaries, the avenging of past wKHius. iiiul tlie. obtaining of indemnity for just claims. This luDii^lit the subject before congress, wliich body ciilltti "11 the president for all the instructions that liad Ik* H given respecting civil government in New ;M(\i((» and California. In the debates this subject was utilized chiefly as a basis for attacks on the ad- iiiiiiistration and denunciations of the war for conquest. Xolxidy cared what was done at Santa Fe except as itn»ul(l furnish material for arguments on one side or the other of the gi'eat and complicated national strug- gle f<»r political supremacy between the north and south. i^elligerent rights were, however, pretty thoroughly discussed; and it was clearly shown that a temporary civil government might be, if the people were submissive and friendly, a legitimate and proper fiatuio of a concjueror's military rule. This whole siiliject and others clos J/isi, Crf/., v., chap, xxii., especially pp. (K)l et simj. with rof. to r. S, (htri. I),ir. iiiiil Couij. d'tolii'. C';»l. auil N. Mex. were ii- preeiNt^ly the wiiiie jiiiMtiDii, siiRo the preteuJeil rights of Texas were at this time practically Ignored. 428 AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NKW MEXICO. ,' . The president in his reply of December 2'J(1, ftiinish- ing tlie desired information, declared that K(aiiiv'.s acts, so far as they purported to establish a pcnnaiiJiit territorial gov^ernment, and to give the inhuliitants political rights as citizens, under the constitution of the United States, had not been recognized or jn»j)i()vid; but that otherwise his acts, and the instructions on which they were based, "were but the amelionitioti of martial law, which modern civilization requires, and were due, as well as the security of the coiKjuest, to the inhabitants of the conquered territory ;" and more- over, "it will be apparent that if any excess t»f [xtwer has been exercised, the departure has been the ofl'- si)ring of a patriotic desire to give to the inhabitants tile privileges and immunities so cherished by the pfo- ple of our own country, and which they believed cal- culated to improve their condition and promote their prosperity. Auy such excess has resulted ui no |>ra(- tieal injury, but can and will be early corrected in a manner to alienate as little as possible the good feel- ings of the inhabitants of the concpiered countiv." '* As I have remarked, congress paid very little atteii- tention to the matter, except as indicating the intention of permanent occupation, which the president did not pretend to deny. Kespecting the actual operations of the civil government in 184G-7, practically notliiiii,' is recorded; })robably there was very little to rect)rd. From the first there had been occasional rumors of intended revolt amonu the natives as well as of attack by forces from the south, but such rumors could he traced to no definite foundation, atid at the time (tf ])oniphan's departure no danger was apineheiuled. l*rice had nearly 2,000 men with whose aid to k( ep the ])rovince in subjection, though many of them we)e on the sick-list. The main force was stationed at Hiinta Fe, but detachments were posted at otlur points, including the dragoons under Captain ]3uig- ''* U, S. (iwL Doc, aiid Cutis' ComfieM, as in note 22. TROUBLE IMMINENT. 429 win at Alburquerquo, a company under Captain Hcik1I>\' lui investigation is affirmed to have been the (lisclosuie of a carefully devised plot to regain possts- sioii (if till' country by killing the Americans and all iiativt s who had espoused their cause. The leaders ucro Tniiuis Ortiz and Diego Archuleta, who under the 11" NV regin^e were to be governor and comandante tri'iKial I'espoftively ; several of the j)riests were |inijiiiiunt in the plot, notably padres Juan Felipe Ortiz and .lost^ ^[anuel Gallegos; and manv K'adinjx citi/tiis of the northern sections were involved. Mcttiiigs were held at the house of Tonuls Ortiz; jilaiis were minutely discussed and arranged ; ])arts Will' assigned to the leatlers, who secretly visited till,' (lirttient towns to incite the lower classes of Mi'xicaiis and pueblo Indians; and the IDth of J)e- ci'iiilxr was fixed for the rising. This date was sub- scijiHiitly changed to Christmas night, when the town wiiiild ho crowded with natives, and the Americans, hy i( asoii of the festivities, would l)e off their guard. IVtuic tliis time, however, the plot was revealeo, |Hihajis by the mulatt(> wife of one of the c()ns])ira- tnis, and many of the alleged leaders were arrested ii\ older of Colonel Price, thoueople throughout the wliolo north of the terri- ti)r) Jiad Iiee.i bucrelly notitied, and wore only uwaiting news of the rising Ml Ji 490 AMKRICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MEXICO, From tlic meagre details of testimony extiiut, as repeattid in substance by tlie difierent writ* is. fVoui tlic faet that no positive evidence could be found against the parties arrested, and from the confidence IVlt by the authorities that all danffer ended with the iwi la- tioii of the plot, it would appear that not veiv inurli was broUjL^tii to liu^ht by the inve.sti*2^ation, (tr ratlur that the conspiracy had not assumed any verv for- midable jiroportions. There is no reason to doubt, liowever, from this testimony and later developiiRnts that Ortiz and Archuleta had really plotted a lisinn-, and had found many adherents, though nothinij; liku a general consent of the leading men of different sections and dirterent classes had been secured. Perhaps the only wonder under the circumstances is, that tli(! iimvc- ment was not more witle-s))read. Xo blame <>r taint of treason could be imputed to the New ^[exieaii peo- ple — except to individual officials who had itroiiiised at Sta Fe to join in the ruvolt and make it a sure succeas,' Says Col i'ricx', in his n'liort of J-'cl,. 1."), 1847: 'About the l.")th of l>ec. last I rutiiviil inidr- inatioii of ail attcniiit to excite the jieojile of this territory against tiie Annri- can govt. This rehi'llion was headed liy Thomas Ortiz and l)iego Arc liiilit:u An ollii'or, formerly in the Mexican service, was seized, ami on his inrsoii was found a list of all the diahamled Mex. soldiers in the vicinity ot St.i Ki'. Many otiier jiersons supposed to ho iin[)licated were arrested, and a tiill in- vestigation proved that many of tiie most intluential citizens in tiie iiorthi ru part of this territory were engaged in the rehollion. After the arrest almve mentioned and the tlight of Ortiz and Archuletii, "the rebellion appeared to In; suppressed; but this ap[tearance was deceptive. Std Fi, Cimi[., '27-8. Oa Dee. 2(ith, (Jov. l?ent M'rites: 'On the 17tli uist I received information from a Mexican, friendly to our govt, that a conspiracy was on foot aiiioTig the native Mexicans..,.! immediately brought into requisition every humus in my power to a.scertain who were the movers in the rebellion, and iiavi! kikv ceedeil in securing 7 of the secondary conspirators. The militaiy and oivil ollicers are now botli in pursuit of the two leaders and prime moveivs. . . .So far as I am informed, this conspiracy is confined to tlie 4 northern eountioa of the territory, and the men considered iis leaders cannot be said to he intu of nuK'h standing.' After secu;ring information, etc., tiio gov. turned tho the matter over to the military authorities. A'. Mi.r. oiid C'lL, J/<.<<. mid Doc, July t>4, 1848; U. S. Oort Dor., 3()th cong. 1st sess., H. Ex. Doc 70, p. 17. Tlie only di'tinite and literally preserved testimony of tiie time is that of Jose Maria Sanchez. He says that on Pec. I'jth (from otiicr soiircfs it appears tiiat the 1st meeting had been held on the ll'tli) he was siimiuuMcil by Miguel Pino to a meeting at tho house of Ortiz. Ho found there Toiniid Ortiz, l)iego Archuleta, Nicolas and Miguel Pino, Santiago Armijo, Muinel Chavez, ])omingo Vaca, Pablo Doniinguez, and Juan Lopez. Toiiuis \'aca. Bias Ortega, and the priest Leiva are also named. (Prince says tliat sexural of these men jtroved their innocence, notiibly Chavez and tho Piiios.) Thcu lie narrates tho plottinga substantially as given above in this note. Siv. /''', Cowj., 27. CAUSES OF REVOLT. 431 all( '^ianoo — had they chosen to rise in a hoily against tlie American invaders. The temptation for such a i'Imwj: was strong. The national pritle of many leading titiztiis liad been deeply wounded by Armijo's dis- (riiu'iiiil surrender of their country without a struggle. Hio'li (ttficials might naturally feel that in Mexico they would l)e regarded as implicated in the general's actions and regarded as traitors. The American occupation liad ;is yet brought no benefit to the country. The natural bitterness of the lower and middle classes had hccn aggravated rather than appeased by recent occur- rt'iict'S. The situation was somewhat similar to that in sDutliern California just before the Flores revolt. We luive no positive evidence of gross outrages or (i|)|)nssi()n of the natives; indeed, in a sense, the efibrts (if tlic American authorities were constant and gen- erally eftective to protect them in their legal rights; liut the volunteers were overbearing, abusive, and (juanu Isome, taking no pains to conceal how nmch they Jispised all that was Mexican; and instances of indi- vidual insult and outrage were freijuent. The natives wtie naturally revengeful, many of them vicious, ii^nmiant, and ready to listen to the exaggerated charges and promises of the few reckless characters, who from nintivi's of ambition or resentment were bent on stir- ring up a revolt. Moreover, the Xew Mexicans noted the inroads of sickness among their invaders, their (lithculty in obtaining supplies, their comparatively sni.dl number, and their distance from reenforcements. A'.r.iin, they probal)ly n^ceived false news respecting M'xiian successes and pros[)ects in the south; and it is not uidikely that they heard of the Californian n\ (lit. There was much jealousy against those natives wild had been given office on the part of tiiose who li.id lost their old positions; and it was asserted by Si nai(»r Benton tliat Archuleta's hostilitv aros(^ fi-oni the {a<'t tliat the Americans had not k»'pt their prom- ises of leaving the western country to his control. Y( t notwithstanding all thi.s, so strong was the inilu* 432 AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF NEW MFA'ICO, m ence of those who had directly or indirectly espoused the Aineriran cause, of those whose interest ?((iuiit(l a continuance of the new re^^ime, and of those who realized the impossibility of a revolt that should he permanently successful, that the masses of the jHoiik' ooked witli little favor on the movement, and it was practically abandoned, as I have no doubt, on the tlight of Ortiz and Archuleta. But the embers of revolt were left smouldciiiiir among the Indians of Taos, and they were f;uuu(l into riame by a few reckless conspirators, who trusted that once begun the revolt would become general. Governor Bent — having on Jaimary otli issued a proclamation in which he announced the discovery of the plot, the flight of the leaders, and also the victory of Doniphan at El Bracito^" — believing that all (huiiicr was past, went on the 14th with Sheriff Lee and «>ther.s to Taos, his home. On the 19th, the Indians eaiuc from their pueblo to demand the release of two pris- oners. On this being refused, they killed the sheriff and prefect; then attacked the governor's house, kill- ing and scalping Bent and two others.-' Messengers were at once despatched in all directions to announce that the first blow had been struck, and to urge a gi ii- eral rising. It does not clearly appear that the Taos outbreak had been definitely planned in advance, though most writers state that such was the case, as indeed it may have been. Many Mexicans at once joined the Indians. At Arroyo Hondo, some twelve miles away, eight men were attacked on the same day at Turley's mill and distillery, and seven of them killed after a desperate resistance of twi) days.'"^ Two '"In Cw^ttTom/., 218. ■•" The vietiiiis were Charlca Bent, gov. ; Stephen Lee, sheriff; Janu' W. Leal, circuit attorney; Corneho Vigil, prefect; Narciso Beaubien, sou t> tin- judge; anil Pablo Jaramillo, brother-in-law of Bent. ^"Tlie victinia were Simeon Turley, Albert Turbush (or Cooper), Vm Hatfield, Louis Tol(|uo, Peter Robert, Joseph Marshall, and VVni Ans in. John Albert, thougli wounded, escaped, and reached a camp on the Aik ui- sas. Ruxton, Adveiu, 203, 227-30, was encamped there at the time, and gives the most complete account ot the fight as related by Albert. Tlu' two killed at Rio Colorado were Mark Head and Wm Harwood; at Mora, Waldo, Beuj. Prewitt, R. Culver, Isuyai, and others not named. REVOLT OF 1847. 433 otlior Anicricans were killed at Rio Colorado; and at Mora, (;ight traders who hud just arrived in a wannii from Las Vejvas, including L. L. Waldo, hrotlitj (if Captain Waldo of the volunteers. At Las \'rgas the alcalde not only fulfilled his oatli of alK'yiaiiet', i>ut induced the people to remain quiet. Through intercepted letters fnmi the rebels, calling for aid. Colonel Price at Santa Fe heard of the revolt oil tlie "JOth. Ordering reenforcements from AUmr- (|iiei(jU'% he marched northward on the 2'M with 353 111(11, including Angney's infantry and a company of Santa Fe volunteers under Captain St Vrain,"' and fiiur howitzers under Lieutenant Dyer. The enemy, 1.500 strong, as was estimated, and commanded by Jesus Tafoya, was encountered on the 24th near La Canada, or Santa Cruz, and put to flight with a loss of 30 killed, including General Tafo3'a. Price lost two men."^" Four days later, at Los Luceros, reen- ftrceuicnts came up under Captain Burgwin; o»i the 2!)th tile foe was again driven from a strong position at the pass of El Embudo, with a loss of twenty killed ; and tlie 3d of February, after a hard march through (leoj) snow, the army reached the pueblo of Taos, within wliose ancient structures the rebels had forti- fied thtMuselves. A hard day's fighting on the 4th, marked by a continuous carmonade and several as- saults, put the Americans in |)ossession of the church and that part of the pueblo west of the stream. Aliinit 150 of the Indians are .said to have been killed, including one of their leaders, Pablo Chavez; while the American loss of se\'en killed and 45 WDiinded — many of them fatally — included Captain Burgwin. Next morning the Lidians sued for peace, ■^"Prince gives the muster-roll of tliis eoiiipuiiy. ("apt. Cer.iii St \'riiii, Lit'iit. Charlfs Metealf and George Peacock; rank ami iile 05 iiioii. 'J'inTc are .sovcimI .Spanish names. ^ Tiicc's report of the campaign, dated Feb. l.')th, as given in Cutis' din- ijiiiit, •.'!•;{ .'{ I, and in several of the narratives, is the hest aiitliority. In X. Mi:r. mill ViiL, Mess., July 24, 1848, pp. 18 et hcij., are several report^! and pidLlaiiiatioiis of Acting Gov. Vigil during the campaign. Prince, I/M. Sk., SI '.I, tells us that the .S. Juan Indians, who had joined the rebels uuder com- pulsion, surrendered before the fight. Uiai. Ahiz. ahu N. M£X. 28 1 iihMu^r\>i\v AMKRICAN OCCUPATION OP NEW MEXICO. \n, 1 whirli was orratitod on their jjjiving up Tonuls. one ct'tlic Icadiiijjc conspirators, wiu) was soon killod in tlu- i^u.ird- lioUHc hy a private. Paldo Montoya, anotlur I. .nl.i. also fell into tlio hands of Price, and was liaiii^nl o,, tlu^ 7th, after which only one of the chief conHpiiiiturs, Manuel Cortes, survived. The anny returtied tu tlio capital, whei'i!, on the llJth, occurred the funeral crrL'- monies of (Governor J^entand Captain Bur^'win." *' IViii's ri'iiort iH found in iV/Vri' AV^., Ixxii. 121; ami then' is ,ii>o anntluT diary of the (;iini|>ai){u in /(/., llU-'20. I hiivn jilans ol tliu tiirii- liuttlcs of L'l CiiAiida, Kiiiltudo, and T;uin, in Mr.r. U'nr Cni, v. uu, 'ji;. Ilosters of troops in I84»i 7, witli Iohhcs, etg., in U. S. (l(h:, Hist vnug, 1st Hess., H. Ex. l)oc, '24. Also lists of easuiiltius in Xili/ I'lj., l.wu. I'JH. Tilt; roniains of Hurgwin, Ht'iidlcy, iiiid otiiiT oliiccrs were liter in tlw year ri'inovi'd from Sta Fe to their Iioimuh in tliu Htates. Iluijlici, WXi. Unfortuiiiitely on tiic revolt as on tlic American occuitation v.i- Ihm' praetii':illy nothing of real value from Mexican sources. Must it( m-i m Klexican newsjiapers nnd otiier ]iuhlioations are niero inaccurate icttTciircs to tiie fact tiiat a revolt had taken place. Others dwell on and |iii'liiji<4 exavKcrate the oppressive conduct of the Americans jirovoking the revult; and generally cxagjerato its succes.s throughout tlic year 1747. Si>^ Busta- niarite, /iiiir^inn ite lo.i Aiiii rirmios, MS., Oti; 'Con l>;ist;int(! tciiior cstiiy respec-to de N. Mex., donde so frustro un al/.:imieuto cpio estal)a ii pmitd dc reali/.ai'so y lo evitd ini nuevo-mexicano denunciante; halnan ya toiiiiidn dos cai'iones y tuvieron (pie devolverselos. Han conietidii crimencs hiiiiilili.'i exigiendolcs taudiie'u una contrilmcion de SO.OlK) iiesos. El alma dc esti .sidi- Icvai'ion file el cura Ortiz de Sta Fe. A(plel puelilo lui recihido un tn.ste di.seiigauo de lo nue son y dehcn proineterso de tales inalvados, a i|iiirn > tenian aleccioiies por un comercio proveyendose de cuanto necesitalp;iu, y (|iir no son lo niismo comerciantes ipio con({iii3tadores orgullnsos." Niitiie of (iov. Bent's death in Jif., Mn,i. ///■.(!., M.S., March 11, 1S47. In I'I..-M1, Apr. l.'ith, it is announced that the N. Mexicans hail killed l/Jntl "i tliu A;nericans. ' Ksto esel verdadero modo de recolirar la lilnirtad.' In /■' . vii. II ]•_', May 4tli, the ontlireak is said to have oiiginated in the kdliiif,' liy a N. .Mex. of his wife whom a Yankee hiul seduceil and carried to thf ciiarti;!. A moll formed to support the native; the troops brought out '2 oanmm. Imt did not lire tiiein from fear of killing Amer. in the crowd, and made a cliar;.'e; tiien a hy-stander fired the cannon in their rear into the crowd of frieiidi and foe-i; and the ('//lo/rw ttwk advantage of tiie slaughter and frigiit to enter the cuartel, seize tiie arms, and kill 'a cuanto ])int'il>a en Yankee.' 'It is .Mnl that I'adre Orli/. is mareliing on t'hiiiualiua with 4,(HK) Ind. and N. Nhxi- oans ' ! In A/., May 8tli, it is said that the Yankee invaders of I hih. i I'hmI- piian's army) are retreating on account of the news of a general .sl.iiii^litiT ni the north. The N. Mi.jx. were aideil by the Navajos. And on .Inly 'Jstii, A/., lt)4, more of the triinij'o en A'. Mijico, where only 300 Amcr. win' ictt who Would soon be cxtiM-minated. The Sonorcime of March ;">. I S47, copies from the h'cgiMro Ojirial of Diirango an account of the failure of tin- ist plot, revealed l)y a friend of the ' infamous ' Vigil y Alarid. However, a new niovcment w;us daily exixicted, which would wipe out tl\e Yankees, who iiad lost their liorses and wagons, and hail no money. Conllicts art' liciiiKiit, caused by the outrages of tlie soldiers, wiio, except .IIK) veterans (tlie dr.igiMiiis), are chiefly Irish and Ifcilians ! Hie N. Mexicans are very Bad at heing deemed allies of the Y^ankees, whom they detest. They carrieil otl '2 (11111(111 from the plaza, but had to give them up. See also A/., May 28th, Aui: -IHli, Nov. 12th; El Ifnzomdor, Oct. 30th, Dec. 11th; Iris EipMlol, May Stii, 'uiw 12th; Arco Iria, Aug. Ttii. .hM\i\n >'.\v A GUERILLA WARFARE. 435 Witli tlio exception of Prico's report of tliis caiii- ])ai.;ii, tlitre does not exist, and euiuiot l>o fornu'd, any- tliinu like a continuous record of tiiu insurrection, or (4' tilt' siibscMjuent ainials of tlie year. After tlie defeat iit Taos, it was oidy east of tluj mountains, and cliictly iiiidi r tin- direction of Manuel Cortes, that li(»stilitie3 \\\\v continued. At the first, as we have see',, ^^'aido iind party had heen killed at AIt»ra, hut Las \'i;.;;as had lutn kept in subjt'ction by the eftbrts of the al- caldf. and the presence of Captain Isaac K. Hendley with his company, lie occu[Med Las Vejjfas on Janii- aiv "JOth, concentrated his s^razinji^ guards, and on the •_'4tli appeared with 2'J5 men before .Mora, w luir ho uttuckcd several hundred insurgents, killinj.^ 2.') or ;?0 and capturinjjf fifteen prisoners, but was himstlf killed with a few of his men, and the party was repulsed. .\ little later Captain Morin reni'Wed the attack, and drove the inhabitants into the mountains, destrovins^ the town and a large suj^ply of j^rain. In Mi y a Ljraz- iiii*' partv and also a waijon train were attacketl, one (U- two men killed, and a largo number of horses and mules driven oft*. Following the marauders' trail, Major Edmonson overtook them, .'500 or 400 strong, in a deep canon of the Rod River, but after a fight of several hours, in which he killed manv of the Mexicans and Indians, and lost only one man, ho was forced to I'etire. Next morning the enemy had fted. Late iu June there was trouble at Las Vegas. Lieutt-nant Jioltert T. Brown and three men, pursuing liorso- thieves, wore killed ; whereui)on Edmonson made an attack, killed ten or twelve men, f()und indications of a new revolt, captured the town, and sent some fifty ]iiisoners to Santa Ee, also burning a mill belonging to the alcalde, who was charged with complicity. In July a party of 3 1 soldiers was attacked at La ( 'ionega not far from Taos, Lieutenant Larkin and five others being killed. On the approach of reonforcenients, however, the enemy ftcd. In the same nionth, Ed- nitjusun is said to have destroyed the town of Las ..M«!\^\'>V 43n ANrKIUCAN (XH^UrATIOX OF NKW MIIXKO. Pins(?) M'ith considoral)!*^ loss to the fo**, and to Imvo inurcliotl l)y way of Anton Cliioo to La Cucsta, win n- were HoiM«^ 400 insurjL^onts under Cortes and ( Jon/al,/,. Fifty eaptives were taken, tlic rest Hoj'iiijjf to tlic iimnn. tains, and many Ijors^'s were rec( vered. After .lulv we liave no definite re<'(»r«l of liostilities. Of tlic prisoners hroui^lit to the eapital \>y I'ricc. and sent in later by hisotHeers, some fifteen or twt iitv, |»erhai)s more, were tried by court-martial, scntmnd to death, and exeeuted. These inclu, and one of the four convicted and .sen- tenced to ly the src- retary of war for the g()vernment took the yroiuul that, while the New Mexican insurgents miiLfht |»ini>- erly be punished even with the death penalty for tlu ii- offence aj^ainst the constituted authorities, tluy cniild not bi! prosecuted for treason against the United States, since tliey were not yet citizens. For similar reasons the j)resident declined to pardon Trujillo, but counselled mercy in his case. Apparently, he and others con- victed at the May term were discharged or jiardomd by I'rico or the governor; but not, as is stated by soiae writers, by the president.^" While Indians from some of the pueblos were aid- ing the insurjjent Mexicans in their jfuerilla warfare '^Corrcsp. in X. Me.r. and Cnl, Mfxi^., .July 24, 1848, p. 2G-34. rriiicB status that 15 weru uxccutcd in all, 8 Mexicans and 7 Indiaus. IN1)1AX HOSTII-ITIKS. 487 aiji'iii'^t till' Aiiioricans, with ai. *ty, hui^e or snudi, traders or Mildirrs, crossed the |tlai.;s without sufrerint? iVoni their (it [H'cdations. Many were killed, and ]ar«jf(! nuini)tMH (if lioist s, mules, and oxen wi'ie lost. Jji«'Utenant L(»vc. with a company of st Ids jiiiinials in June. J^ater in the year com]»aTative se- curity was I'estored l>y the statioinni; of ■» tops at , '-'40 S; //iiu/n:^'- Diiiiiyliiin'x Kijm/., 4():{ "i; Aiti^' A'' /., Ixxii. iii.; |ia.s,sini; J/imolitlu I'liljinisinti, iv. fS!); Airo Irk, .lu!y "i, lti47; linl. Aif. Ii'i'l, IN.">H, 1). 1,S8. (!(iv. Mont liatl liucn ex-otlicio «upi'riiiti'iiih'iit of linl. ali'airs; ami lii.s report on tlie varioiiH trilius and nieauM to keep tlii'in in sulijtctioii, dated Nov. I((, lS4t», i» given in Col. (iiul X. Mfx., Mis^. iinil /tor., |.S.'p(l. pp. I'.tl et seij. lie e.itiiiiatos tlieir niiiidier ;im H(1,1K")0, Init this iiiuludes triluv* whose range oxtunihtd far heyond N. Mcx. proper. Siiiiu' additional refereiiees for tlie U. S. occupation, ami the revolt in iNTt'i 7, areas follows: /'a/toii's llUt. U. S., 'J'AH-A\; S. F. r,ili/'iir)iliiii. May '.".I, IM7: /'/rW'., Mcj: U'nr, 1.'17. 'JIH, L'-S.-)-l»0; 7'-f«w Co. J/>;;ti~40; Anii/'s Criitri). Onitioii, i!4-7; ,S]>iiHi((rilK ill X. J/cc, .MS., I,'}; Jtiinrrri/'/'.i Xnr Mc.r., Miirrl., M.S., Iti; >•. /■'. r, /. S/,r, Apr. '24, May •_'•_', -Jit, Oct. it" If., IM7; Jlnryrr's Ma,,., July IS>S(t, p. I'.tl '1; Mitrnii/'x I'h-t. Hist. U. S., 474-5; O.-oniltl, Cnli/or'ni'ii, ^'2; Aiiirr. \hiiir. Ilrij., i. 14; Jiitrrisoii's Jiiittlrfirli/.i, 4.'{.")-7, 44i) iS; Slii Fr Crtilrii., 'J4-(i: Lox- New— REnri-An Tnoors— Civil Okveknment- Treaty of 1848 — Governohs VuiiL, Washinc ion, AND Monroe — Petition to Coxhress — Salaries — Tekrit(ikiai, (us- VENTioN OF 1841)— State Convention of 1850-^Stai'k Ai'iii((1!iiii.s not RkI'OUNIZED by the MiLITARV OoVERNOR — CoNFLICIIVi; I'lild- KIE9 — Dekates in Conoress— Texan Boundary — New Mk.mio Mauk A Territory — Indian Affairs — Caluoun as Agent — Raiks hf Sav- A(iE.s— Washington's Xavajo C'AMPAKiN and Treaty — Exflokations— WisLiZENus, Emory, Jonhston, Cooke, Auert, Fremont, Simi-hon— The Boundary Sirvey of 1850-1— The Line as Surveyed— Mai — Mexican Citizens undeb the Treaty. i'l At Santa Fd and in the sottlcinonts generally for six montlis after the revolt, the state of atfairs was far from satisfactory, worse in every respect tiiaii before. For a time, indeed, a greater degree of vigi- hmce and disciphne was observed; but the fornitr, with its accompaniments of severe punishments, habit- ual distrust, and oppressive regulations, rapidly de- stroyed the confidence and friendliness befi)ie sliown by large portions of the native population; while tb.e latter soon became relaxed, and the soldiers iiioro turbulent and unmanageable than ever. The New ]\Iexicans were regarded as at heart deadly foes, and were treated accordingly. Sickness continued its ravages; supplies were still obtained with difficulty; the Indians constantly attacked the caravans on the plains; Navajo raids on the settlements never ceased, there being some reason to believe tha.i they were imt discouraged by the Americans so long as directed (438) '!■!• ;:! IIIJ A BAD STATE OF THINGS. 489 af,'alnst tlic natives; and the situation was still further cumi'liti^ted by disagreements between military and civil authorities, and by serious dissensions among mili- tarv otiieers, there being much dissatisfaction with ('(liiiiitl Price's management/ The volunteers' terms of enlistment expired at (iitl'iicDt dates from June to August, causing I'eai'.s that tlic country would be left without sufficient protection auaiiist a new revolt. At the same time, however, a new volunteer force was organized in Missouri for tliis st'i'vice. On the Gth of August a company of the 1st Dnigo'nis, Lieutenant Love, reached Santa Fe with 3;')j0,000 of government funds. On the 17th Colonel Price, leaving besides the three dragoon coiiijiaiiies a battalion of reenlisted volunteers under Litutenant-colonel Willoek, started with his men for ' It is fair to state that there was a strong political element, and therefore pn^iiir liiiy iiiore tiian one aide in the Price controversy. ''J'lio soldiery Livi' drgi iieriiteil into a military nioh, are the most open violators of law and (irilcr, and daily heap insult and injury upon the people.' No protection agiiiiist Indians as promised by Kearny. 'One half the captains do not know tlio iiuiiilierof tlieir men nor where they are to he found; and tiicy theniselves aio t(i lie sci'u ni;.;]itly in fandanijos and even less reputable places of dissipa- tion. The soldiers are never drilled or mustered; all is insubm-diiiation, niis- nde, ami confusion. About one tiftli of tlie whole command have ilied from the etlrits of dissii)ation. . .The want of ability and military knowledge in tlie cdiiiMiandcr, added to his inability to control his otlicers or soldiers, can only |iroiluec the strongest feelings of disgust and hatred, and desire to rel)el among the native inhabitants. . .It is certain that if such a state of things Wile to lie fouml in any of the territories of the U. S.. neither the civil nor inilituy govt W'otild exist for a week.' Letter in A'/Y.'i, -lii, 2&6, SO."); Umilu'x' Ihinp/ian's Kijxd./'MH, 4{)'>1 ; Ct(tf..t' Coiii/.. 240; /!r'"irtl's U. S. Caviilrii, 122; and cwpecially, on the Cliihualiua canipaigii ami Maj. (lilpiii's operations against the Iiulians, U. >'. Goot Doc, 30th cong. 2(1 »(.'.■-!<., H. Ex. D.io, 1, p. 113 .-)1. ^We have but few details of military m.-vtters in 1848-0, except cert-iiii Ind. eani])aigns and exph)rations to l)e noted later. One eonip. of horse art ill. and one of 2il dragoons eanie with Washington from Chih. in Sept. IM"^. Co. (J 1st dragoons, Lieut. ^Vllittlcauy, was statioued at Taos in Oct. In THEORIES OF GOVERNMENT. 441 AVi- ]iavc seen that the government at Washington, while not ostensibly recognizing General Kearny's acts so far as they made New Mexico a territory — and its people citizens — of the United States, did recognize his right to establish a temporary civil gov- crnnu'iit for the management of territorial afliiirs. Cliailcs Bent as governor, and other officials as already named, were appointed in September 184G, the native pr I'tcts, alcaldes, and other local authorities being for the most part continued in office on taking the oatli of allegiance. During the last months of 1846 very little for good or bad was done by the new civil authorities; and after the revolt their powers were ht 11 further subordinated to those of the military, a state of things causing many complaints on the part (if the people. On the death of Governor Bent in January 1847, Secretary Vigil became acting gover- nor, lie desired the appointment of a successor, rcconmiending Ceran St Vrain, but the authorities at Washington disclaimed all powers in the matter, and in December Vigil himself was appointed governor by < ienoral Price. In the same month a legislative assembly met at Santa Fe, accomplishing and at- of importance, so far as can be trm[>tn]g nothing Xdv. t!io force was .Scotnp. Ist rlragoons, 1 cotnp. 2<1 drarroons, and 1 battery ;i'l iiitilk'iy. Ill lS4i), 4 coinp. Sd inf., aixl 2 coiiip. 2d artill., arrivfd in Jiiiir: 1 ciniip. 2 1 dragoons came from Vt Luavonwortii July lltli; 2 coni[). of thi' saiiii! Uit C'al. to relieve the 1st dragoons; 4 coiiip. 'AA infantry and 2 loiiiii. 'Jd artill., Lieut. -col Alexander, came from Ft Leavenworth July 2Hd; and i! cmiip. 3d inf., Alaj. Van Horn, arrived at El I'aso Sept. 8th. Tlius in Nov, )iS4i), tJiere wa.s a fitrco of SHiy men stationeurr|uer(|ue, ditto; J)ona Ana, ilittn; S.K'orro jiart of 1 coinp., ditto; El I'aso, (i comp. 'M inf. ; for posts to ho (■-taMi.>lii(l 1 comp. 2d artill., and 4. comii. lid inf. N. Mexico formed tlie '.•til military department. Adj. -pen. 's reports, etc., in f. S. Gort /'or., 30th n.Mg. -Jd .sess., H. Ex. Doc. i., 101-2, Km, 22."); Jd., Slst cong. l.st sess., H. Kx. l»oe. 1, pt i., p. 182, 184; I -Jltl -;i')l; also Aiaj. W.'s reports lS48-!», in /r/.,31st cong. 1st sess., H. Ex. lioo. o, p. 104-1(3. Oct. 13, 1S48, sec. war to Maj. Washington, presumes the volimtcers will "nave departed; cannot send more regulars before Juno Mil. Id., 31st cong. 1st se.ss., H. Ex. Doc. 17, p. 2(;3. The payment of vnluntoers' claims fort^erviees against Ind., etc., in N. Mex. in 48 et seq., V IS still hcfme congress in '()(t-3. Id., M)t\i cong. 1st sess., H. Com. no. r)37; ;>yii cong. 3d seas., 11. Com. no. iVJ; al.so in 1S70-1. Coinj. Ololn; 1870- I, p. niiit a purely civil succes-(or to Vigil. The .state of things was like that in California, in the his- tory of which country the reader will find some addi- tional matter on the general subject/ This solutioai lit' the difficulty was, perhaps, as satisfactory as any that t'ould have been devised; and the New Mexicans (lid well in following the advice of the president "to live jxaecably and quietly under the existing govcrn- iiHut" for a "few months," until congress should attend to their civil needs. Senator Benton, how- ever, took it upon himself to give contrary advice.® DccLiiing all that had been done by the military autli<»rities to be null and void, he counselled the ]ii'o[)le "to meet in convention — provide for a cheap and simple government — and take care of yourselves until congress can provide for you." And they did hold a convention at the cull of Governor Vigil on October 10th; which body, however, contented itself with sending a memorial, or petition, to congress, asking for the "s})eedy organization by law of a ter- ritorial civil government;" and at the same time protesting against dismemberment in favor of Texas, vnd against the intr. ductiou of slavery.^ ■St'c IfiH. Pal., v., chap, xxii., this Herics. In C;il., howcvor, the treaty fdiiinl tlie military governor alroady in possession of tlic civil powur. J have foiiinl no (iiliiiite orders or reasons assigned for not iiaving eontinuetl X'igil in jinwi r, or appointed a suecessor; l)ut I suppose there were onlers siniiliar to tlui>c sent to Kearny and Mason in Cal., Itut of later date. 'Hiiiton's li'tter of Aug. '2S, 1848, to people of Cal. and N. Mex., in A'i'fcs' Ri'ij., hxiv. 244-."). 'Utccird of the convention in liMi's Blw-bonk, 09-100. Ant. Jose .Marfci- npz \v;is pres., J. M. friddings clerk, Henrj' ili\nrio intcri)reter, and Thus White doorkeeper. Kx-gov. Fran. Sarracino, iiov. Vigil, J. H. Qniun. ,iiid .liiim I'erea wtTe appointed as a committee to prepare a memorial, whiciv was fiu'ind Oct. 14th, by A. J. Martinez, Elias P. White, .Tuan Pirea, Ant. .viis, SiutiiL'o Archuleta, .Tames H. (iuinu, Manuel A. Otero, Don. Vigil, Fran. Siiricluo, (Iregorio Vigil, liamon Luna, ("has Boauhieu, and .lose I'iey. Tile inein. was sent to Beutou and Joliu M. Clayton, with a request to repre- 444 MILITARY RULE IN NEW MEXICO. ; J' ffl'il: Ml' ((; ' II I The expenses of the civil government wore partlv paitl during the mihtary regijne by the duties on jiu- ports; and after February 1848, General Price or- dered a duty of six per cent to be still colltctud on imports from the United States. Tlie citizens uiid traders lield meetings in August to protest auainst such illegal exaction on goods introduced from mu' part of the United States to another. Price (ledincd to modify the order, which he regarded as a ineasure of absolute necessity, the only source of revenue; Itut the government at Washington sustained the jji'oplc, and in October ordered the refunding of all duties cnl- lectcd since the 30th of May. Consequently, sjiluiies and other expenses went for the most })art unpaid, and in 1851, when the old regime came to an end, there was a debt of $31,5G2.*^ sc'iit the territorial interests at Washington. It was received in tlui senate J>cc. l.'Uh, evoking a littlo storm of comment, especially from southern iiitu Mho were astoniuled at the 'insolence ' of the N. Mexican claim. A/7'.-t' //<;/., Ixxiv. 407. Nov. 8th, Maj. Washington to sec. of war, mentioning thf iduvi'ii- tiou, stating that the Kearny code was still in force, and representing tin' im- portance of tixing a permanent system as soon as po.ssil)le, C S. '.'<"•< />.«■,, 'Mst cong. 1st sess., H. Ex. Doc. 5, p. 104. Davis version, El (•riii,/o, lii'.l, is as follows: 'In the fall of 1848, Wni Z. Angney, a lawyer of very (•oll^ill■ erahlo talent, and late a captain in the army,. . .returned from Missnuri lull of the idea set forth in Mr Renton's letter, and endeavored to iiidiioi' the people of N. Me.x. to follow the course he recommended. Col \V;i.shini,'tuii, . . .finding that an excitement was growing up on the subject, issucil a pnic- lani.'eo. of tiie same year ' (the dates must be wrong) 'ji convention. . .assenililrd in Sta Fe, and memorialized congress for a territorial govt, but none was j.'i-.iMte(l during that session. . . .N. Mex. not having a repres. in Wash. . . .the peoplo resolved to send an agent there. A movement to this effect was put nii foot in May ]84!t, which resulted in Hugh N. Smith being sent, .. .his expenses being borne by an association of private individuals. This begat an oppusi- tion on the part of certain gentlemen who coveted the position for one ef tiieir own nundjcr, . . .mainly Maj. Weightman and Mr Anifiiey, who stiireil up the public mind, and held several meetings at Sta Fc. Then followed Keall's proclamation, and the convention which elected Smith as a delegate, as narrated a little later in my text. "Meetings, etc., at Sta F6. Xilfs' /?(v/., Ixxiv. 259-GO, from St Lmm U<]'v'>- liran ami Std /■''t JJoc., 3'2d cong. 1st boss., Sen. Ex. Doc. 71.. It coutaina several couimuuicatious !' U ■ rTai»*w\u\\»"A« CONVENTION OF 1849. 445 Tn Si'i^tomber 1841) another convention asseniMcfl at Siiiita Fo, eonsintinjjf of nineteen delej^ates elected Itv tlie jx'ople under a ju'oclaniation issued hy IJeu- triiMiit-enlidiel Bcall, actin<^ as ij^overnor in NTajor Wasl.piiu'ton's al)sence. Tliis body proceeded to elect Jluyli N- Smith as a delej^ate to congresrs, to a(lo})t a pliiii. er hasis, for the territorial jj^overnnient, tlie es- taidisliiiHMit of which he was to ur; secretary— salary §1,200— iJonaeiano Vigil from Sept. '_''2, '41!; :milit>M- salary !<'2iiO — Eugene Leitensdorfer from Sept. '22, '40; .losepli Xautilo trill, 1 ,linie 1, '4'.(, Kiehanl Owens from July 20, '.">(); treasurer -ij"J.")0 — ('has lihiiiiiui- tr. Sept. 22, '40; attorney-general— ?2.")0—Hugli N. Smitli fr. Oct. 1, 4ii, Murray F. Tuley fr. June 2r>, '49, Merrill Ashurst fr. Oct. 2, TiO; at- tiirmy ot southern (list. — SI2.")— James H. t^uiun fr. Oct. 19, '4(i, Klias 1'. \\\>t ir. Aug. 21, '49, M. F. Tuley fr. Nov. 29, '49, M. Ashurst fr. Oct. 2, ."ill; aiiiirii.y of north dist.— .?12.")— ,Tau)os W. Leal fr. Dee. 10, '40, Theo. 1). Wiuatiiii fr. .Mar. 29, '47; U. S. aLlorncy— .^oOO— F. F. Blair and H. Dal- lam Ir. Si|it. 22, '40, to June 22, '47; prefects — S2tK)— Sta Fe, Ijicien F. Tliiirstdii fr. Aug. 18, '4(i, Fran. Ortiz fr. Feh. 18, '48; Sta .'Vna, Fran. Sando- vilfr. jiic. 1, 40, Miguel Montoya fr. .Se))t. 22, '48; S. Miguid, .Manuel A. \'aia fr. I>cc. 1, '40, Herman (irolmau fr. Sept. 22, '48; Rio Arriha. Salvador l.iu'rro fr. 1 >ec. 1, '40, Jose P. (jallegos .'r. Sept. 2, '48; P. Jo.se A. .Man/.a- narcs fr. .'Vpr. 29, '49. Salv. Lucero fr. Aug. 12, '50; Taos, (^ornclio \'igil fr. Idc. 1, '40, N'icente Martin fr. Feb. 10, '47, Jose M. Valdes fr. Sept, 22, '48, S. II. (.luinn fr. Apr. 10, '49, Roht Carey fr. June 19, '49, J. .M. N'aldes fr. Fill, l.'i, '50; \'alencia, Jose M. Sanchez fr. Jul. 16, '47, ilamcs L. Huliliell fr. Stli of May.' The proclamation is found in L'. S. GortDoc., 31st eong. 1st .sess.. Sen. Ex. Doc, 00. '-Tins constiliition in its essential 2>:o-ts is given in the Aiinr. Qimrf. Ihijlitri; iv. 582 et se(j. I have not found the journal or list of mendiers, ])ut in iiniiiliir and personnel this convention was probably similar to that of INI'.'. The constitution was dated May 2.")th. The Imundai-y as detiiied was iis tnll(]\\.s: I'rom the irrigating dam of the Hio Crrande just above IT I'aso, ei^t to lOOth parallel, north to Arkansas River, up the river to its source, til' ini; liy a .straight line to where the Kio Colorado is intersected by tho lllth pMrallel, south to the Gila, up the Cila to the intersection of the west line (if N. Mex. as it shall be determined by the boundary com., along tho natiiiTial boundary to the Rio CJrande, and doM'u that river to tlie place of starting. Davis tells iia that tho constitution was drafted by Joab Houghtou amUM.'F. Tuley. ^ W' ' 1 mKi: . 1 Ec^ '- ! ( m ■\ wj ; r ■ ' si^*' I4M|^'' r ■ [ Jff'^ i ilit«u\tun\\t\ 44S MILITARY HULK IX KF:\V MKXICO. n, state undor said constitution, except such jut-; ns may l)o nocessuiy for the |>riinary steps of oriranjza- tiou and tlic [)resontation of said constitution jdojuilv before tlie congress of tlio United States. Tlu' pies. ent o(>vernn)ent shall remain in full fore(> until, l»y the action of conjjj'ress, another shall he substituted." '^ At the election of June 20th, the constitution was adojitrd by a vote of 8, .'371 to 30; while Henrv C'onncllv iiiid Manuel Alvarez were elected governor and liiUttii.int. govt'rnor by a large majority over the opposing candi- dates, Vaca and St^'rain. William S. Messervy wu:^ chosen as representative to congress." The newly elected legislature assembled at Santa Fe at the beginning of July, Alvarez acting as ;^'(>v- crnor in the absence of Connelly, Francis A. Cuii- iiingham and Kichard H. Weightman were ek-ctid United States senators; appointments were made; and eli'ctions for local officials were ordered for August. The intention at once became apparent to put the state government into inmiediatc and full operation, without waiting for aj»])roval from Washington ; to put an end to the existing regime, without regard to the condi- tions clearly expressed in Monroe's proclamation. Tliis led to a controversy, into the developments and merits of which it is not necessary for us to enter minutely. The military governor declared the election proclama- tion, and anv others emanatiu'j: from the new authoii- ties, to be null and void, instructing ])refects that "the state tiiin('(l." And this position lio suct'cssrully iiiiiin- taiiii'l to tlic ciul, notwitlistuinliiiL^ tlio pi-otcsts uiitl iii^iiiiH'iits of his iulversjirics, who rathrr lorcihly cittMl as ii iMvccdi'iit for MoiiroL' the siihiiiission of llilcy in Ciililniiiia under similar cij-cuinstaMcts.'' ||( >|it(tiii!jf tlie civil wtatus of the newly ncquired tciriioiirs after the treaty and hefore eon^-rtssional artii'ii. there wer(> sui)stantially tlii-ee theories, in sonu; ])lia>( s toK'T'ahly distinct, in others ]>eri)lexin;4ly in- t.ilaii (]. Fiist, that the treaty ])ut an end to the Mtxican system anil to the tempoi'arv svstem of the iiiilltaiy regime, leavini^ no jj^overninent at all, hut a li^lit oil the [tart of congress to im[»ose a govc^rnnieut, '.V'"' Mrrini, Ciirri'sjiDiti/nii'i' nil lli(> sn'ijift nf ciril iiif'tir-i, l>>"i!), in ,'tlst coiii;. •Jil .M'^s, S,ii. I'A. Dcic. I, \K !f_' l()!t. Tl'iis (•('.!!. ■ctioii iiii'lii.li.'s, 1st, .Minimo tii.nlj. i;tii., .Iiiiv llitli, ii n'|i(irt of tlu; wlmlc iiiattir'; "Jil, .\!.'.s i)tci(l. oc May '.Nth; "i.l. M. to It't'l^l., thily 4lli, lias inn'iiiiiiiiuiiiv.itiou tolii.ikc; Itli ami oti., Ileitis III M. ami Alvariz, .hily lltli, I'.'tli; (itli, Alvaii'/ to M., a inn,' ilrtuiieo (if Ills I'liurse, 111' of tiio stato govt, llu claims tlio iiimi]i1i3 hi. I a rij;lit to or- g.iiiizi' a ciN il pivt without coiistiltiiig the mil. ;;ov.; that any inivatc citizen iiii;.'lit li ivc issu il the )irocla;iiatioii; that in the ahsoiice of coiii^icssioiial Icgis- l.itiun. tlii; iii'ii[ilu of X. .M"\'. hail as ^ooil a riuiit to foiiii or rcmoili 1 their (ijil system, or cstalili.sh ;i \u--ff one, as tliu jieuiile of N. Y, or Va; that Moil- rue s civil jiiiwer coiilil Ik; no greater than that of tho jiresiileiit; ainl that the imsiilciit hail never iiretemleii to have the jinwer to iiiaki; a govt fur N. Mex., er iii.-i~t on the ohl one; hut that tho jiresiJeiil's instructin is ami all others friuii \\'ath, transmitting the following iiqiers; Kith, icsiihitiiiiis of tlio house and .•■•CMate, signed liy \V. Z. Aiigney, .^inaker, and .Iiisr[ih MaiiLile, spealier, duly l.">tli, a|niriiviug tlie position taUcni liy .\lvarez; 17th. Lewis I ». siiutz, sec. stat ', .Inly 17th, transinitting the inecedilig to .Miiiiiiic; iMh, ■■\lvarez to people, Aug. Slh, no otlicer elected or a|>pointe)l uiiilir the slate govt will attein[it to exercise any jiirisdietion until after Nov. Ijt, iir until duly coinmissioiie I to act as siieli. (This is liy a joint resolution lit the legislature, and may indicate a kind of compromise.! I'.lth, M. hy Vigil to prefects, Aug. lltli, no olistruction to lie otfc^red to, and no ]iart to he taki M ill, the stato elections of tlu; I'Jth Aug., hut ollicials .liM'ted are not to lie ivciigiiized; '_>()th, .see. war to -M., Sept. lOtli, in reply to M.'d loiter ui July lot.i, ilic dilliculty removed by act of cougrusa. Hist. Aiiiz. and N. Mex. 2'J 1^ 'ii^ li(i«*«H\«U\>««ira 480 MILITAKY mu: IN N KW MKXK'O. ^ I'ijM i 1 !:il !| jukI (til till' |»art of tlu5 |k'(i|»1i>, |)('n(rni. wdv still ill foiv(>, and must still continue in torn' till (•luin'''ed l>v eoinpetent authority; that is, hv tli;it n\' congress; meanwhile the military rominaiidant was civil inovernor. This was the position assuiihd tur u time l»y (Jovi'rnor Uiley of (alifornia."' Third, that the tein[»orary system (A the militaiy interrcLj'imiii. virtually tlu) Mexican law as modified l»y luccssity, remained in force as a do facto government with tlic C(tnsent of the people, a consent presumed as an ;ihti'- nativo of a state of anarchy, and coidd he chaiiLivd only hy compress. This theory, in a practical sinso not diflerinj^ nmch from the second, was that In id la- the administration at Washinjifton, and inculcatrd in various instructions to otHcers in New Mexico and California, and it was virtually the one maintained to the end in the former territory. Kespectinj;' the merits of these confiictin<^ theories no final decisiftn was tvci- ronderi'd hy competent authority. In a practical st use, most differences wore sli'ress tor approval. The administrati«)ii at first sim}»ly advised them to submit to the do fact(. o-overnment restiu'j, on their presui \vd consent, but a later administration favored the ithdrawal of that consent and the aj)- plicatioii fo, admission as states. In both sections of the new i Titory this was done. As to the iv;d status of tht nc^v governments as organized hotore approval or di ipproval by congress, the only ini})ortaiit practical question at issue, there was no decision. Riley in California, under instructions from Washiiiof- ton, though expressing grave doubts on the legality "■'Royt-e, Citli/oriiin, 24G ot seq., the host treatment of the whole siilijoct extant, is 'ailvised by gooil authority that Riley's position, in so tar iu iio oousiiituatly held to it, waa no duuht sounder than the opposing views.' rli(it«flH\\u«u» I LA( K OF PUBMC SKNTIMKNT. 4ol (,f tlii:^ (•()urs(\ HurrciHh'ivd his civil autliority nnd |i(iinitft'(l tlu! iu!\v j^ovcrmiH'iit to i,n> at oik-c into iiiii Tiitii'ii, as iiick-cd lie had |H()iiiiscd to do in his nvdiV tor the rlrction ; this heiii'j; in a sense approved |,y till' adinissioii of (jihrornia as a state. M(»ni"oe in N. w Me.\i('<», more consistetitly hut also under in- stiiutmns, inserted iti his eleetion or I -««■ If i i 1 1 ! i i ' . ; f ■ '■ ■ ' i 452 MILITARY RULE IN NEW MEXICO. spacG at my disposal liorc, and tlic subject doos not properly belong to New Mexican history at all. Somewhat more attention is <>-iven to it in other volumes of tliis series on California;'' hut tlie whole matter belongs to the great national controversy: and nothing that was done or left undone in Xew ^lexico, nothing in the needs or wishes of the people, had any real weight in congress. The territory belonged to the United States, and the necessity, or at least pro- priety, of providing for it a regular system of govern- ment was obvious to all. Neither was the task in itself a difHcult or comi)licated one. The south pro- posed simply to extend n;iti constitution of holding slaves in the territories, tliougli many dt)ubted that any considerable |)ortiou of the country in question would naturally become in the end slave territory; they hekl, nn)reover, that it there was any doul)t respecting their position, or respecting particular ]K)ints -such as the etlect of old ^Mexican laws ai)olishing slaveiy — the question sli<»uhl be decided by the courts; they favored compronii>e, '"Sou J/ist. i'ld., v., c'liap. xxii. ; vi., chap. xiii. [i(i(l4«*»\»\(V SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES. 453 fdUiidod on mutual concessions, such as the admission (if I'll (• and slave states in e(jual numbers, or a geo- rrrjipliif line like that of the Missouri compromise; and thcv ])rotcsted against an aggressive and oliensive policv on tlic part of the northerners, who would lis- tiii to no compromise, and would give southern institutions no standing w^batever in the newly ac- (|uii('il domain. And mdeed, the northern position was nulicallv ao'oressive ; but if on the face of tlie matter and o'l the points innnediately at issue there was a degree of unfairness, it was believed to be justi- fied bv the political trickerv on the other side that had led to the present complication, by the irrepres- silile nature of the great sectional contlict tiiat had heyuii, and especially by the great moral question at is>ue between slavery and freedom. The fight in con- oT'Ss was a lonu' and bitter one, most ablv fought on l)oth sides; but, as I have said, the record of its details and the discussion of its merits do not belong ill this work.^" There was, however, one phase of this controversy that did directl}' affect Xew ]Mexico, and in which lur people took a real interest, though their wishes liad very little w^'ia^ht in congress; and this was the qiu'stion of eastern boundary. As wo have seen, Texas had claimed since 1H3G the Rio Grande from its ;i!outh t ' its source as her western bound, relvinu', so far as it was deemed necessarv to rely on anvthing hut repeated asseverations, on the treaty signed by Santa Anna as a prisoner — a tieaty never confirmed l)ut al\va3's repuchateil by ^Texico, and never entitled to the slighest consi(hjration from any point of view. For two centuries and a half New Mexico had been ruhil continuously as a Spanish and ^[exican province, and Texas had never for a day exercised any sort <»f jiuisdiction over any jiortion of the province, but Juid, on the contrar}', been disastrously defeated in her oidy '"Sci' r()»(//v.sw;o»'r/ Gliihe, 184.")-r)0, 2!Uh to .Slst coiig., as per iiulox' liuail- ings, \. Mexico, Calil'oniia, Utah, Texas, Slavery in the Territories, L'ompro- iMisf liill, eto. l>lin«H«(t\Ul\l 454 MILITARY RULE IN NEW MEXICO. ii'M f'*il ri!! i! "' attempted invasion. As I have before stated or im- plied, the claim of Texas as against Mexico or Xuw Mexico never had any real foundation in fact or jus- tice. But against the United States ufter the tieatv of 1848, the claim assumed in some respects a didiiin't aspect. In annexing Texas the United States liad m a sense taken her side in the boundar}' dispute agaiii.it Mexico ;^^ and they had still more definitely assuuicd that ground by regarding the crossing of the lilo Grande by the Mexicans as an invasion and declara- tion of war. Again during the military occupation, while from motives of policy the Texan claim was virtually ignored by Kearny and his successors, vet in repl}^ to the complaints, or inquiries, of Texas, the president explained that the civil government organ- ized as a temporary expedient at Santa Fe was hy uo means to be considered as interferinac with i\\v uhi- mate rights of Texas;'"" and the military governor was a little later instructed definitely not to interfere with the exercise of Texan authority east of the l\io (jrande."-' Thus while the administration gradually assumed the ground that there was a question to he settled l)y congress and the state, yet in an ini[)ortant sense the national government was committed to the justice of the Texan claim. Meanwhile the Texaiis at home and at Washington constantly asserted their claim with an earnestness that almost leads tlie n-adcr '"True, in the act of anncxatii.-i tliorc was an adjustnicnt of iKntmlaricH left to conuivss; Iiiit tins ailjustnu'it might naturally and proinrly !](> ir- gardcd as aU'tetiug the riglit-i of Moxii'o t)nly. It furnished, however, a sonn'- what jilausililt! iiasis for a diii'erent view. ■^"X. M<:,: 1111,1 Mi'.'^s., .July '24, l.s4S. '^' ' With resjieet to that portion of the instructions which is in the follciw- ing Words: "In rciiard to that jiart of what the Mexicans called N. Mcmco, lying east of the llio (iraude, the ci\ il authority whicii Texas has estaliiished or may estahlisli there is to lie respected, and in no manner interfered wiili liy the mditary force in that deiiartnient, otherwise than to lend aid on jiio|iir occasions in sustaining it," I have to remark that it is not expected Texas will nndeitake to extend her civil government over the ri'mote region di ^ig- nateil; hut should she ilo so, you will eonline your action, under the claiiso aliove cited, to arranging your command in sucli a manner as not to eonieinti) eontlict with the ivutlioritii^s so constituted. On the claim of Texas to any or tiie whole of N. Mexico east of the llio Orandc, it is not necessary to give an opinion, as eongiess anil that state alone have the power of adjusting! it.' .Vc, war to com. N. Mex. March '20, 1S4"J, in Col. and X. M(.r., Mi\»\v.»l THE TEXAN BOUNDARY. 4B& to tliiiik they really believed it a just one; and the state liad also contracted a debt, based on the 'full oxti'iit" of its domain, so that the interests and ri<^lits of 'iiiiiorent tliird parties' became involved. To dis- imini)(i" Xew Mexico would be an outrage; still, some- tliiii.u" was due to Texas, I find no very definite record of what occurred in this ((iimection at Santa Fe; but it appears that the Tfxau legislature went so far as to organize a county gu\ (riunent for New Mexico, to give that county a li^Iit to one representative, to pass acts regulating the militia, to establish a judicial circuit, and to aiipoint a judge to hold court in the Rio Grande valley." Says Davis: "Early in the spring of 1850 Texas sent a commissioner, Robert S. Neighbors, into Xew Mexico, with instructions to divide the country east of the Rio del Norte into several counties of that stati', and to liold elections in them for county officers. Uiiou the mission of Neighbors beinjjr known, it was loudly denounced in public meetings throughout the territory, and a very strong opposition was raised against him and the objects he had in view. He issued a proclamation fixing time and i)laces for an election, but nobody went to the polls, and the matter to the ixround."^ In congress, while Texan re[)re- ^ ^„ — ^. ■- Sfc \ilcs /'irM El (I'riiii/o, 110-11. He adds that the state party favored Neigh- Imrs and the Texaa sclieiiie, whili! the territorial party took tiie opposite viiw; liut this SL'eins hardly jiossilile, as tliere was nothing west of the river to make a state of. I'rohalily tiie territorial party ti'ied to make capital ngiirist their oiiponents hy charging theiu witli secret favor to Texas. Ace. to Furl ill ('irir.'iiiur'/i fioiUi: t) ( iil., 4, Maj. Neighbors was accoiupau ed liy li. e'. Sidlivau, A. 1). Ncid, and l)r .loliu S. Ford, with a party of lii.iians, ."tinting ill March l.S4;». Says Thrall, ///s/. Tc.nis, •.Hi): 'In 1847 (io.-. Hen- il( isciii liad called the attention of the legislature to our claiiu to St.' Fe; and ill I^IS a hill passed the legislature extending the laws fif T^ .,as over that liiirtinii of N. Mex. east of the llio (iramle River, and Judge Beard was sent tliiie to hold district court. Col Munroe paid no atte.itiou to the 'I'exas jiiiliic, and proceed, mI to order an election of a territorial delegate to tiu' U. S. ciiiigrrsi. (idv. Wood re(iucsted the legislature to put the whole military Imurr of the state under his control, tiiat he migt'.o enforce the claim; liut in ■I iiHiesp. witii the state dept at Washington he w;is notitied that if Texaa att( iiiiitt il a forcible posseasiou of Sta Fe the Texaus would be treated aa hlitl«U\|(t\r,l1 456 MlLITAllY RULE IN NEW MEXICO. ^\y':i m m- mv 'i it'i;' sentatlvos never lost can opportunity of dofljiiniiiio- on tlie uncjiK'stionable validity of their claim, tlitiv \v-,s much difference of opinion, even among SdWiiitin members, on its original merits; but in tliis. ;i> in every phase of the whole matter, all was nici^vd in the slavery issue. Texas was a slave state, jiiid ciist- ern New Mexico, if decided to be a p;nt of Texas, would be an immense territory gained at once Wiv the south, whatever might be the final ri'sult I'aitlier west. This was the ordy real strengtii of the Tt xan claim in congress beyond the zealous efforts ef the Texans tliemselves, among whom, however, as we shall see, a new motive soon became jtoteiit in the matter. This phase of the slavery question also caused northern mend)ers to favor a ti-rritorial gov- ernment in New ^NLexico, as a choice of evils, even if slavery could not be })rohibited. Earlv in 1850 tiie ^reat battle in contjress readied its heiu'ht. and so hot and bitter had the struu'jle he- come that conservative leaders on both sides wiie seriously alarmed at the possibility t>f a scn'tional cuii- flict, which might disrupt the union. Tlu'refoic the idea of compromise gradually gained gi'ound. excii among noithern members. A new and wou(h!t'iil in- dustrial development and growth of po[)ulation, nsult- ing from the discovery of gold, had not only fitted California for innnediate statehood, but had iiia(h' it aj)parent tliat slavery could never exist in the nmtli, though the south still made a struuule for a possiMc slave state of the future in southern California. In Texas, the idea of relinquisiiing the claim to New Mexico for a money consideration from the Ciiited States rapidly grew in favor, being powerfully sup- ported at Washington by a lobby representing the iiitni Icrs. Ill the lientof the controversy some of our writers cdiiteiKlcd tliat if tilt! ili'li'i;,ite tiom N. Mex. was ailmitteil to liis seat lu cDiiiXiess, tlio 'l'i'\;is (leleifuttM sliimli] witlidriiw, ami tlie state resume lier sc|iar,ite ii.itiniiality. Tl''s (nicstioii, like that of the settlement of the puMie (lei)t, was left tiii tin; next adniiuistratioii. ' In the "Jd sess. of the .SOth eoiig. there was eoii-^idii'- able disuusaiuii of this Texau matter without deliaite ro.iults. Ofiij. (I'lo'ii; I84b-y. ,;fi«*««\»\k'.»«»» FINAL ACTION OF CON'ORESS. 457 state creditors. In JanUcary Mr Clay introduced in the senate a series of compromise resolutions, tlie con- tents of which, in variously modified i'onus, atlorded itiiitti r for a complicated and excitin^* dehate of six iiiduHis. These resolutions were not adopted, and various eompromiso bills, embodyinii^ provisions of a soinewliat similar nature, were, as a whole, defeated; l)Ut nevertheless the ideas involved hecanie tirndy rrioted, and enough conservative votes on each side were i;ained to adopt se[)aratt'ly the compromise nieas- un s, wliieh became laws in September. 1)V this action the south gained a mon^ satisfactory fugitive slave law than had before existed; while the iidith secnred the proliil)ition of slave trade in the ])isrriet of Columbia. California was admitted as a free state. Xew ]\[exico and Utah, endn-aciuLT all the rest of the newly acquired domain, were admitted as ter- ritoiies, without conditions prohibiting sla\-ery. And tinally, Texas was paid $10,000,000, abont' half of whicli amount may bo regarded as having gone to pay iny her New Mexican claim. Thus eacli jjortionof the region wrested from Mexico got the gt)\'eniment best suited to its condition, and so far as local interests, ri^;!;ts, and needs were concerned, the solution \vas emi- nently a satisfactory one. It was hardly K ss .so as a t(in[>orary compromise of the great sectional struggle. The south won the main point at issue by defeating nil measures designed to prohibit slaveiy in the terri- tories, but lost a possible chance of making southern California a slave state; while the north, though fiiiccd to recede from its original uncompromising po- si(ion, gained a free state, and mad(^ ik) ]>ei'manent con t'ssion to slavery, since the great (piestitm oi' the light to hold slaves in the territories was left open- to he fought out, to the ultimate triumph of freetlom, ill the greatest war of modern times. The senate passed the Texas boundary l)ill on the 7tli, and the bill providing a territorial government foj' Xew Mexico on the 15th of August; the two bills Wi m iiin«u\i\\\uut») vrjthiiiu'^tv 458 MILITARY RULE IN NEW MEXICO. If were joined by the hfdse, came back to tlic senate on September Dth, and were signed by the piesidtut ou the same day. The act was not, however, to go into effect until the general assembly of Texas should li;iv. Congress rcserv^ed the right to divide tliL- territory, or to attach any portion of it to any otJKr territory or state. When admitted as a state, Xiw Mexico was to be received with or without slaveiy as her constitution might prescribe. The new gcnern-, ment did not go into actual operation at Santa Fc until March 1851; and it may be notc^ here tliat a memorial of the legislature, received in coniiTcss after the passage of the territorial bill, excited some tVars, real or pretended, of an attempt on the part of the north to admit the state after all; also that Senator- elect AVeiglitman made his a|)pearance, and vainly tried to collect his mileage of $2,000 on the plea, sup- ported by several in the senate, that his position, so far as mileage was concerned, was identical with tliat of the senators from California."'' ^*I take this iliito from T/,mll'.H Hist. Texn.<>, 307. In U. S. Corf. /)'<'•., .31.st t(iiii,f., '2(1 soss., H. Ex. Doc. 8, is tlie message from Texas, foi-iiially a,i- nouiK'iiig the iigreumeiit. '■'■' Tlio Ixmiiiliiry was as follows: ' Beginning at a point in the Colorailo liiMi- where the boundary line witli the republic of Mux. crosses the same; ihi iul' eastwariUy witli the said boundary line to the Rio Grande; tlienci! tdUnu iiii; the main channel of said river to tlic parallel of the 32^ nortli lat. ; tluiiCL- east witli said degree, to its intersection with the 103" long, west of (iriuii- wich; t!ience north witli said dc{,'ree of long, to the parallel of 38' north lat.; thence west with .said parallel to the summit of the Sierra M.idrc; thiiKU south with the crest of said inountaiiis to the 37° north lat. ; thence we.st with isaid parallel to it.-i intersection with the l)ound:iry line of the state of ('alifnf- jiia; thence with said boundary line to the place of Iicginning.' Tuat part lying west of long. 10!)' was detached in 18(53 to form Arizona; and that pait above lat. 37' in I8fi7 was attaelied to Colorado. There was also a lirge a '- dition in IS,")-! by the tJadsden purchase, iiKist of which was dctachtd wii.i Arizona. Utah as organized in IS.'iO included the later Nevada, lltali, and those parts of Colorado and Wyoming which lie south of lat. 4"_*' and west nf the mountains. There was a little strip of the territory ac(juired tmni Mi \- ico, lying between lat. .38°, the mountains, ami the Arkansas River, tliiit d(ns not seem to have been ])rovided for in the tinal settlement of IS.h). •■'"ro/;-/. Olol,,', 1849-50, p. 1808, KS'JH, l'.»33-.'), V.USS). See also, ou_ the general subject of the debate and liaal settlomeat, Bcutoiia Ddialcs, xvi. u'J-- iilitt«Wrt«\U»V INDIAN AFFAIRS. 459 Tlif treaty brought within the limits of the United States about 120,000 Indians as was estimated at the time, over one fourtli of whicli number were in New Mexiio, or a still greater proportion if all on the froiitici's were included. The government liad assumed the ol 'ligation of ])rotecting the province from the in- oursiniis of hostile tribes, an obligation it could by no iiicaiis fulfil, especially in the first years. The military fiirce was altogether inadequate, the local authorities had Httle skill or experience, and the failure of the Aimricans was even more complete than that of the Mexicans in earlier times. Never had the condition (if the province in this respect been worse than in 1848-50. Doubtless this unfortunate state of thinjjfs was clue largel}^ to unavoidable results of the late war, to the presence and acts of the Missouri volunteers in 11S4G- 7, to delays in substituting a ]>roper force of rei^uhirs in 1848-9, and especially to bitterness, dis- .SLtisiniis, and lack of confidence between the Americans and Mexicans growing out of the revolt of 1847. The Xa\aj<)S and Apaches were as always the country's oliief terror, and their raids for nnirder and plunder were unceasing. The Navajos, who were rich and pio.s[)erous at home as well as valiant warriors, made the stealing of live-stock a reijfular business bv which tit increase their wealth, openly declaring that they Would long ago have exterminated the ^lexicans had it not been deemed more profitable to use them as sho[)herds. The Apaches came to regard their raids as a legitimate occujiation, their only means of gain- ing a livelihood; and they were generally on friendly terms with a disreputabk^ S^^^^% <^^' Mexican and Amer- ie.in traders, through whom they carried on a ))r()fitablc trade in stolen articles, including women and children captured in the Sonora towns, they being sometimes at ))eace with Chihuahua, and drawing regular supplies at Janos. The pueblo Indians were peaceable and "i; I"-'/'. ()uar. Reiiister, iv. r)4-()0; v. <.)-31, 86-7, 5.17-9: North Amer. Ih'view, Ixxi. •-'•.'! -:>!; Aowi/y'.v HiM. U. S., 4yy; Cbuikcy'ii Pol. Text-book; 117-1nee of IS4I)- 51 contains a larij^o amount of Aahiahlc information respectinuj the numl)ers and (hsposiii'Mi of the dillerent trii)es, advice as to the appointnieiit of suba-^ents and stationing- of garrisons, earnest apjx als on the most urgent necessity of innnediately increasinn- the military force, and a mention of many excnts et' Indian warfare."" Besides Calhoun's correspondeinf, '^' Ciil/ioiin's /I'rpnr/.'i r.f' (1)1 hiilhtn iriici/t ill S/n Ft', IS'iO—'il. 'I'lu' ('oiTf-]), of 1S4'.> is touiid ill ;Ust fdiiii. l-*t Hcss., H. V.\. ])-.")0, ill .Hist f iiig. I'll soss., Si'ii. Ex. J)nc. 1, ]i. 1"J.') 4;i, .iiid thiit ni ISriO-l, ill .'<'J(l coiiif. 1st suss., II. lv\. l)iie. '1, ji. 44S-(i7. Tlu'so rt'Uicint's al.si) iiu'liidu Calliouir.s iiistnictiims, etc., and a U-.w coiiiiiiuiiiuaticms Iiumi otluT nun (III liid. airaii's. Ho was apiminti'd Aj)ril 7, l.S4!t, at a salary nf .*!I.r)OI>, the wiuvlt' L'Xpoiiso of tlic agciioy not to oxccuil .s;{,,S.>(). (inv, \\:\\\\ report of liS4() was fiirnisliod as a sort of hasu on wliifli to liiiild ii|i iiituniii- tion. }Ie arrived at Sta Fu ■Inly 'J'.'d. In Ids report of Get. 4tli he ;,'ive> tlic Pueblo pojmlatioii as (),r)24 above .") years of ai;o, not inelndiiig tliu M(M|iiis, \u per eensiisof 1n47: and in this and other reports lie dwells on the iinportiiMLO (if protecting and improving these superior natives, both as a matter oi justici' .and of policy. Tlie Pueblos, by reason of their thrift, weix; favorite victiius of the savage raids. Oct. oth. Bent's Fort has bi'cii buriieaign.s. Iiidcfd, the histt)ry of Indian warfare in these coun- tries for centuries is made up of items, for all of which one iveord mioht almost suliice if blanks were left to 1)0 tilK'd in with dates, names, find localities. VVatch- iiirges, and .S1,.")SI cattle. See also 3.")th cong. 1st seas., 11. Hx. Doc. 1'2;^.) There is mucii complaint from natives rt'spccting tiie in- elHi'ient manner in which the troops p\irsue the raiilers. In 1851 Calhoun was governor, l)ut continued to re]iort many details of Inil. afl'airs, and on All,'. ,'{lit writes: 'Without a dollar in our territorial treasury, without iiiuiiitioiis of war, without autliority to call out our militia, without tiie eo- (iliciitioii of the military authorities of this territory, and with numberless ciiiiiplaiiits and calls for protection, do you uut perceive I niUot be sa lly em- barrassed iuid disciuietcd '! ' rj! I 'k ,J 402 MILITARY HULK IN NKW MEXICO. ir! ments in some particular direction, a triUc is foiccd to make a treaty, wliieli is obscrvi'd as long as the intor- cst of the Indians seems to retjuire it. It must lie adtlcd that outra«i,e and had faith were hy n»» incaiis eonfined to tiie Indians; but were fre<|Uent on hntli sides, so far as individuals and small parties were coii- eerncd, neither side having to go far hack for |ilausihlt! j)ret('xts. The Americans had better arms than the ^lexicans of earlier times, and there was less red t;i|>o in the fitting-out of their expeditions; i»ut ior snino years tluy had less experience in this kind of warfare, their movements were slower and more in accoidaiue with militai'V rules, thev did n( <' y.V;/., Ixxiv. 68, 2*24, 2.Jl; Ixxv. 340. luspector-gunoral (ieo. A. .McCall's Li'KcrnJ'ioin (he Front'nra, I'hil., 18GS, p. 400 et H14., contains two very valiialik' rc'port.s of Jnly and Doc. 1850 011 the general condition of the coiuitiy, in- cluding much information respecting the Indians, an ^lajor Washington repeated the operation, starting from Jcnies on August 22d with .350 men, and lu'ing accinnpanicd hy Inilian-agent Calhoun. On the 30th at Tuiiiclia several hundred Navajos were met who imifessed a willingness to submit to the Ignited States, attriltuting recent depredations to bad and uneo!»trol- labli' men of their tribe. They gave up some animals ami Iii'^an the negotiation of a treaty; but thei'e was a dispute about a horse, and when Washington ordered itssei/Aire the Indians ran away and were fired at, los- ing several men, hicluding their great chief Narbona. Oil tlie nth of September the army reached the ( 'lielly Cafioii, where on the 9th a treaty of 'lasting jn'ace' Mas signed. The Indians gave up three captives and SOUK! jiroperty, agreeing to surrender the rest at Jemes a imiiith later. The return march was by way of Zuni, Laguiia, and Alburquerque. The Navajos, it is m-ed- k'ss to add, did not appear at Jemes as agreed, but they had a good excuse, having been iidbrmed, as they said, by Mexican traders— after they had col- lected the plunder and set out for the rendezvous — that the Americans were coming to attack them.^'^ Aiiioiig the most notable of Indian outrages was the killing of White and party of seven or eight at J*oint of Rocks on the way from the states to Santa Fe, in is 2,'_'II0 men, of whom at least 1,400 should ho mountod. Stations are sug- gested i'(ir the detachments, includin:,' 4.")0 men in the Navajo eountry, 4J0 a:iKi;ig t]\c fa.-iteiM Apaches, and .'{01) on the (iihi. See also on Ind. all lir.s of I8.'i), njioi-ts of see. int. and com. ind. atl'air.s in 31st eong. 'Jd sess., H. Ex. Doe. 1, ji. L'fS-IW, 4-2:{; 1(1., pt ii. 07-7."), '21>'2-:J(X); /, 10-14; Bmckvti'a i\ S. Car., 127-S; and Vvciiiomj.i Li/e uiiiiiiij lid' Ap'ir/ir.<, passim. This author spent some (j mouths at the Copper luiiir Mr;ir the (iila, with the houtulary commission. ■"Jir/. Aff. /,' Of't()l)(r I SH). Mi'H White and (.hiu^^'itcr of ton viars wore at first spared hy the Apadies, but tlie Iniiu. r was sixtii kiilfd. Ciilhoun made cvorv ixJSsihK; i\]\>\\, and etMi^nss voted ,*$1,jOO, t clleet the giiTsi icxuf, but witJHtut sueeess."' The annals of Xew ^fexieo in the early years (if Anierit'.in occupation would not he complete witlieut mention of the geoj^raphical and other scientitic in- t'ormalion ai»out the country ac((uire(l and piihli>lii(l at this pei'iod — oi' rather of the various explorutimis by which this information was gained and of tlic books where it may be found, for obviously my space will pei'mit nothinj^ more. A. Wisli/enus left IikIl'- penchMicein May 1840, with Si)eyer'8 trailin;^' cara\aii, and from S.inta Fe went to El Paso and Chihuahua, finally joining' Doniphan's army as physician. His tour was mainly srientiHe in its purposes, and the w- sultin^' memoir contains a considerable amount of tiriginal and valuable data on New ^[l'\ico as well as the rei.;ions farther south."'' In all the narrativi's that have been citi.'d on the c)rth by Bent's Fort to Santa Fe ami thence dow.i t!ie Rio Grande and to California hy the Cila.'" Captain Abraham K. Johnston's [iiiiited journal also covered the iparcli from Santa Fe to the California frontit'r.'" l^Iii'ip St (k'orge Cooke de- scribed tlu! march to Sauta Fe and the later one to ^^ Citl/i'iini's AVjj/s, 2'2(); MrCill.t Liflcr.t, 49;$-4; U. S. (,'(>•'( Jhr., ."Ust cting. 2.1 SONS., H. Kx. Doc. 1, p. •»)-'M, i'2 .i. •"^ Mciiiiiir iif (I Tour to \or{liirii Jl<:ii<'n, cnuucrtiil irith Col ])oiii]iliiiii ■■>' cj'pedition, in JS.}(j and IS/f7. By A. \\'i-ilizciiu-<, M. I), [with a xriiiilinc nypnidi.r iiirl lima mii]t.i\. Wash., 1S48, 8v(i, 141 \i. (I^Otli eiini,'., Istst'ss. iSi'ii. Misfi'l., no. 20.) Al>:o translation, Jh'iitii'/iri/t iilrr vim: lliisf um-h ^ofd- Mc.i iL\), etc. Aiii i/i'iii Kii;/li-si'/ii'ii i'dnrlrivjuH ron di'orji' M. von /i''«-^, tte. Braun-icliwuiu, 1S,")0, Svo, 211 p. ^^ A' /(()/■// "s' Xo/i.'i (if a MiUt'inj I'fcon no/Kin nrr, Wash., 1S4S, with iilatcs, scientilio apiu'n., ami talikts; also Aliurt's notes of the jouruoy as far as Brut d Fort, as a hrit'f noto l>y -Maj. C'ookc. '■^* Jo/iii.-tiiii'.-i Jouiiiol, attached to Emory s jN'o^c'' as i>art of IWth coiig. \>X 8CSS., E.x, L>uc., no. 41. It cuutaius Dointi cuts of auti(|uitie:i. EXI'LOUATIONS. 46S Clllig. 1st Calirnniiiv, in which, with the ^[ormon Battahon, ho (tptiH (I a wat^on-rcmd by a routo iaithrr south than Kearny's. Ills writin{c. 1, aiip. p. 2;{8-10. ■" Vim Traiiip (John C), Prniric (Did J^orl'if Montitnin Ailrrnt'inn, or J.i/i' in the Far Wist, tic. St Louis, liSOO. Tliis is a Honu'wliat trashy colii'i'l ion of material from various soiirees. Rrewirtou';; narrative is uu ji. 17- ~"'ti, hut it i.-s not (juito ilear how luueli tif it is 11. 's M'orlv, nor is it stateil fmui MJiat Boureu it was olitaiueil. It is called an ahriilguient. The route was liy the regular Sta V6 trail north oi the Colorado. '"Mrs Freuumt's Ycir o/ Anur. Tnnrl, (iO et soq., contains the cai>t'nu's letters from N. Mex. narrating this disaster. S(^o i\\m\ Jiirn(»rs Wasliiimtoii ail I ^Toiiroi!, aiul of other otBeials in the same yt^ars. Ill Ajiiil 184U, Lieutenant Jaiiu>s Jl. Simpson made an txiiloring" tour from Fort Smith, Arkansas, Avest- Avard to Santa Fe; and hiter in the year Captain ^laiiv, comiui^ from Fort Smith by tlie same route, Mint down the river to Dona Ana, and tluMice crossed an unex])k)red country eastwai'd to Pn'ston, Texas.''' J]ut by far tlie most notable and valuable of the ex- jilonition records to be mentioiu-d in this connection is tlmt of Lit'utenant Simpson's tour to the Navajo country and Chelly Canon, returning by wa}' of Zuni. The author accompanied Governor Wasliington's ex- pedition of 1849, and his journal is filled ^vith tlu; most interesting and valuable descri[)tions of physical featun'S of the country, towns, natives, and relies of anti(|uity, being illustrated with excellent drawings, Avliicli are especially important as showing the won- derful ruins of the Cliaco and Chelly and i\u) records at Inscription llock.'^ It should be added that in 184D-50 tiie California immigrants crossed Xew ^[ex- ico ill considerable numbers, both by the old Santa Fe trail and by the new southern routes. Tlie survey of a bouiidary line between the United Statt'S and Mi'xieo nndi'r tiie tri>aty of Cuadalupe "(^i//ir-.;,)i ,s ffrporM, p.usiin. Ii> Oi-t. 1S40 \h' sw'iit to Wasliinfitnti Miijur II. I.. lv> iidrick's Tuldi' ;g. 1st scss., SiMi. Kx. I».ic. 12, iiiul H. Kx. ]''H'. I.'i, witli iiiapn; also W'ttrnn'n Ji'iimir, .'>(> J. In the .s[nin^' r J'lhii S. Fiiril aw'oiiiiiaiiioil M-ij. UoIh rt S. Nfii^lilioPH, tlu; Tcx.-m lummis- siciiicr, from Austin, Tixas, t(i l'"l I'as ), liy a [laitially lii'W iniito. Find, in (':■( ni'^mr'.s Riik/c. to Ciil., 4-5. Ni'i! alsn nports (if niuti's friim Tixas tn I'jl I'asK Ml KIst I'diii,'. 1st m!ss., II. K\. l>. '2Sl-'Jit; olst coug. 2(1 f 1. I'.x. J)oL'. 1, jit ii., 11. 'M'2 2;i; also Lieut.. MirliUr'.s iciiort "ii rnuto tiiim St;i l''o ninth in ;tlst corn;. 1st si'ss., ]|. i'lx. \hn-. tJT; aihl a rconniuiis- .s;mii! (if till! Rii) J'coim in IS.'iO hy It. 11. Ki'rn, in U'lirnn's M< .n., t>2. ''' Sinip^iii {Jdiiii.^ J/.), Journ'il of a li:il/liiri/ rii'diin'-ifnn 'irr, j'ruiii Siiiilil /V, J^Vll' J/.M'/,'o, to tlir SuHljo, iii'"'i' iritk the tri»>)).-i Uiuli r i-oiilli'i!i>'l ■( «<•.,.'< 1st eong. lau acsn., bi.:i. I'lx, Doc. Hi, m itli iiMC; r('sniin3 in W'lirnn'n Mtmoii; CU-7. iklHMUUUAU 468 MILITARY RULE IN XEW MEXICO. Hidalgo Is properly noticeu here, so far as it affocts New Mexico, though it extends chronologically beycmd tlie limits of the chapter. In the west, from the Pacific to the Colorado the line was surveyed bi fore February 1850.^* ^In November of the same j^our the new commissioner, John Russell Bartlett, arrived with his party at El Paso, having crossed Texas from tliu coast; General Pedro Garcia Conde, the Mexican connnissioner, soon made his appearance; and before the end of the year several meetings were held at which the initial point and other preliminaries were decided. Active operations in the field began enrr.' in 1851 ; the American party had its headquarters for several months at the Santa Rita copper mines, Colonel Craig conunanding an escort of 85 men; and though there were sonic vexatious delays and contro- versies, resulting in part from the tardy arrival of Gray and Graham, by September the region from El Paso to the San Pedro had been explored and the boundary line partly surveyed — to its full extent, in- deed, by the Mexicans. Then Bartlett went to Sonora and California, returning cast to publish his narrative in 1854." Lieutenant Whipple went down tlie Gila; **,Tohu B. Wdlor was the first U. S. commissioner, and the Cal. survey wa« made from June 1849 to Feb. 18.")0 hy Andrew B. (iray as surveyor ami A\'iii H. Emory as astro'iomer. Tlie commi.ssiou then adjourned to meet at El Pa.so in Nov. John V. Fremont was appointed to succeed Wellcr. hut resiuiiiMl, and John Russell Bartlett war appointed in June. Uniler Hartli'tt (iray was still surveyor till sueeeeded hy Emory in Nov. ISol; Col Joliu Mi- Clellaii was astronomer— succeeded hy Lieut. -col J. 1). (iraham in Oct. IS."(), and he hy Emory in Oct. ISol — aud Lieut. A. \V. Whipple assistant astrua- onier. *■' P)'r.ionnl \arr(ifire of E.rplonifions anil iiiridoitu in Ti.rnn, Ki'ir Mi.ncn, Ciill/orni'i, >'So)ior(i, (iml Cliiloiiilain, eomwcU'd irii'i the United Stule'i (nnl Mc.n'oiii lioiiiit/ari/ cii)iiiiiif:.iioii, diirimj t/if i/>'itrs IdoO, ';'>!, 'oJ, and '5.1. By J nil ii Ji'iii-:ill Biirflcft, Viiifi'd »SVi'/(>' coiiiniissifiiii'r dttniiij tluit jtcriod. In tiro roliiiiii:i, irilh iii mid illHstmtioiis, N. Y., 1S54, 8vo, 2 vol. This has always been regarded as a standard work, containing in pleasing form much original and valiiahle information on tlie countries visited as well as the author's personal aiiveii- tures and a history of the survey. Bartlett hecau.e the author of se\ei:d other Works of good repute esiiecially some of a hihliographic nature. He was for many years in charge of tiie famous Carter Brown collection of Aiiuri- cana, aud as I write, in ,luue 1)S8(>, news conies of his death at an aclv.iiK'cd age. John C. Cremoiiy was interpreter for the U. 8. commissioner, ami his //{/'(' AnioKij the Aixir/ii's, S. F., 1808, is tlevoted to a considerahle extent to his experiences in this exploratiou, which, however, he erroucouslv dates 1840-50 instead of iSoO-l. Tiitili»wtt\»«»"' ^m m" THE BOUNDARY SURVEY. Mixiro, „ llw<.<: a nils, irilh viiluiililo I ;iilvi'ii- St.' V oral IV. Hu AiiK'i'i- haiu'cil anil lii.s itt'llt to V ilatus Garcia Conde died in Sonora; and the survey was siLsneiided for a time, to be resumed and completed, oil the Rio Grande at least, in 1852-3 by Robert H. Caiiii)l>cll as commissioner and W. H. Emory as astronomer and surveyor.^" Particulars, whether of exploration or adventure, can of course find no place here. Still less is it possible or necessary to chronicle tlie cf)niplicated series of quarrels between Bartlett, ]\IcClellan, Graham, Gray, and others, which seriously retarded practical operations, and the record of which fills tlie larger part of two volumes published by the government.*^ Then? was, however, one question re- specting the boundary itself that merits further notice. By the terms of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, the line was to follow the Rio Grande up "to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico ; thence westward along the whole south- ern boundary of New Mexico (which runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination ; thence northward along the western line of New Mexico until it intersects the first branch of the river Gila [ov if it should not intersect any branch of that river, *'' r. S. and Mcx. Bouvdary Survri/ {/S'i4-o). Report of Win If. Emory, \\'\A\., IS")?, 4to, 3 vol. This ia a report of a later survey under a new treaty; lat iu his 1st chapter Emory gives au outline liistory of operations under the tnaty if 1848, with severe critieisms of Bartlett's acts. He says that when ho a'-rived in the field, Nov. 1851, 'the commissioner was absent on an cx- peiiit:.iu iiito Souora, the commission was in debt, and not one cent M'as at n:y -I'sposal to prosecute the survey. Beycmd running an erroneous line a di'i^ri ■' c!!'! .1 half west of tlie del Norte, and starting a party with limiteil II 11.1 under Lieu* Whipple to survey the (Hla, and another to survey the Tilp.), is a report of Aug. 1852, containing Orahanin Report on Bonndiiry Line liiiii'ien the U. S. and Slexieo, with a nia.ss of accompanying iloc. Graham j!:vis a diary of proceedings after Bartlett s departure till the survey was suspi'iided. See also Warren'n Memoir, 82 et seij. The quarrel was a dis- gra litiil one, growing mainly out of jealousies between the military, civil, and Hc'ieiiiidc branches or the commission; also to some extent founded on unlit Hi[i(iinttiients by political inlluence. Bartlett blames Graham chiefiy, and vice > ersa. I da not meddle with the merits of the matter. The volumes cited contain also, if life were long enough to search out the items, a tolerably coinplcti: record of exploring operations. m MUmmW 470 MILITARY RULE IN NEW MEXICO. then to the point on the said hne nearest to such branch, and thence in a direct hne to the same); thence clown the middle of said branch and said river until it eniptiis into the Rio Colorado." The southern boundary of New Mexico had indeed been somewhat definitely fixed at one point as just above El Paso, leavin<,' that town in Chihuahua; but I have found no evidence that any western boundary had ever been fixed at all, or even thought of There may have been, however, a kind of tacit agreement, as on a matter of no practical iui- pcntar.'o, that the line between Chihuahua and Sonora. that its, ■ between Janos and Fronteras in aKoiit longitude S° 30', extended northward indefinitely, lu no other sense had New Mexico a western boundary ; and in equity, had the treaty gone no further, tliis should have been the line adopted. But the treaty contained an additional provision that "the sontliein and western limits of New Mexico, mentioned in this article, are those laid down in" Disturnell's map of Mexico, edition of New York, 1847.*^ This map shows an irregular dotted line extending westward from the river just above El Paso about 180 miles, and tlicnce northward. To locate this line was therefore the uidy duty of the boundary commission; but in locating it, should its latitude and longitude be considered, or its distance north of El Paso and west of the Rio Grande? This was the question, and an important one, for on the treaty map the town was some 30 minutes too far north and the river some two degrees and a half too far west. The com[)lication will be more clearly under- stood from the appended map. Garcia Conde of course claimed the determination by parallels as most I'avorable to his nation, while Bartlett for like reasons favored the other basis of settlement. I think there can be no doubt that the latter was technic lly in the right; but he yielded one point by consenting to fix the initial monument in latitude 32° 22' on the river; wliile *" A copy of part of this map is included in the volume cited iu note 45; also in various etlitious of tlio treaty. I llt'.ftN«tt\tUU» CONTROVERSY AND MAP. 471 the .\[exican commissioner yielded the other by con- seiitiii^" to the extension of the Hne 180 miles westward from the river. Bartlett's concession was severely E X ; I c o Fronteras Janos„ The JBoundaky Question. A B C is the line as rtetermincd by distances from the town and river, the cxtri'iiio claim of the U. S. commissioner. 1) E F is the extreme Mexican cliiiiM, or the line as fixed by lat. and long. D O C is the line adopted as a cniii]iroiiiise. A H I would have been the eqiiital)lo bounihiry if DisturneU'a Ilia]] had not been mentioned in the treaty. A I. M is the line said to have lieuii liiially fixed by the U. S. surveyor, under the treaty of 1848. A H J K ia tliu huuiulury under tlie later treaty of 1853 and survey of 1854-5. criticised ; but if his solution of the difficulty is rcj^ardcd as a compromise it was a wise one, since the tei'ritory galiKul would have been more valuable than that lost. But i^artlctt's line is said to have been rejected by his government and a new line adopted on latitude 31' 54' 40" from the Rio Grande west to longitude 10!)" 37', and on that meridian north to the Santo Domingo 'irMi»«H«tl\IUUUU fci' 'i 471 MILITARY RULE. IN NEW MEXICO. y, 1 River, though I have not been able to find the record of such an agreement or survey.*'' Under the treaty, citizens of New Mexico iiiicrht leave the territory or remain either as citizens of the United States or of Mexico, but such as should not within one year make known their choice wore to become citizens of the United States. Althougli I find no very definite records on the subject, it appears that many declared their intention of retaining their Mexican nationality, some of these departing and others formally withdrawing the declaration, wliilu of those who departed some came back. It was esti- mated that in 1848-9 the territory thus lost only about 1,200, though in 1850 a considerable number of wealthy hacendados withdrew with their peones and possessions to Chihuahua. '^° The Mexican govern- ment made an appropriation to aid its migrating citi- zens, and in 1849 Padre Ramon Ortiz and Manuel Armendariz were sent as connuissioners to promote the movement. Ortiz claimed that in the first county visited, that of San Miguel del Vado, 900 out of 1,000 families cigerly agreed to go, and that the whole number of emigrants was likely to reach 80,000; but that the territorial authorities, frightened at the pros- pect, threw obstacles in the way. For this reason, or because of financial difficulties, or because the peo- ple became on reflection less desirous of quitting the land of their birth — to say nothing of the possibility that the honest presbitero greatly exaggerated the *• It is so stated in Warren's Memoir, 84, a good authority, but without the author's usual reference to his sources; and Emory, U. S. and J[Ie.r. Hound., 16, also says that Rartlett's line was 'finally repudiated l)y the government.' Later records connected with the new treaty of 1853-4 simply show a dispute but no settlement. I think tliat B;irtlett's opponents may have surveyuil the new line and reported it to the govt, which did not perhaps formally approve either. Besides the survey of a boundary line, the commissioners wurc to explore the country for a railroad within one league north or south o( the Gila, this railroad to be the subject of subsequent agreement between the two republics. Neither of the lines . considered, however, would have given tlie U. S. a railroad route. Bartlett's work, published in 1854, seems to imply that his line was the one approved. '^ McCaWs Letters, 496. iiSHH',n\«H'>Vi\« MEXICAN CITIZENS. 473 original enthusiasm — very little was actually accom- plished." •"■i Ortiz' letter of June 9, 1849, to Gov, Mila of Chih., in Pino, Not. HmL, 92-S, vitli other correop. ; Mexico, Mem. liel., 1849, p. 14; JiL, 1850, p. 22. Tlie prooeedings were under the colonization law of Aug. 19, 1848 Mexico, Cut. LiijM ij l>ecretos, IS^S, p. 309. It appears that the governor obliged Ortiz to suspend his personal visits to the different counties, alleging that there was danger of a revolt or popular tumult. He consented at first to the aiipointiiicut of suljagents, but suspended abo this privilege as soon as it bcciiiie clear that the desire for emigration was so g'-'ueral. These orders are given in Pino's work as cited. Ortiz also claims that previous to his visit, iiiifiiir means had been taken to prevent the citizens from making the formal (k'clarations required by the treaty. I am inclined to think there i.s much truth in his statements, as well as a degree of exaggeration. Mexico had aiiprnpriatod §200,000, of which only §25,000 was available, and Ortiz esti- mated tliat Sl,()53,.342 would be needed ! The allowance was ?25 for an ailult, and §12 for children. There was also some trouble about the transfer of property, and about Ortiz' official status. lu 1850 a Mexican consul was tiuut tu attend to this and other matters. ■m yuyim """"*""■"■■ CHAPTER XIX. liU- ANNALS OF ARIZONA. 1846-1854. Affairs ik Pimeria Alta — Apache Raids — Turac Abandoneii — The Mkxic'ax War— Exi'lokations — Kearny's March — Cooke ash tiik Mormons — Wagon Road — Graham's Dragoons — Treaty and Bdis. DAHY— Whipple and Bartlett — Sitgreaves — Railroad Sikvkys— Parke's Explorations — Overland Emigration to Cai.iiokma— Hayes' Diary — Indians — The Oatman Massacre — Colorado Ki.i:i:v AND Camp Calhoun — (Ilanton's Octrages — Fort Yuma EsiAiii,isiii:ii — Colorado City — Navigation of the Rivek — Derby's 8ukvey— Tiik First Sieamers. .4,, in nlH, itiiiJ That part of the country known later as Arizona remained a Mexican possession down to the siuiiing of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, and all soutli of tlie Gila, the only portion inhabited by any but Indians, for five years longer, or until the siiiiiiiiif of the treaty of December 1853, or its approval in 1854. The annals of this southern region, the an- cient Pinierfa Alta, might almost be disposed of ly adding 'et cetera' to tlie chapter in which the record has been brought down to 1845.^ That is, the ^Nlexi- cans under the Sonora government barely maintained a precarious possession of Tucson and a few otlier es- tablishments in the Santa Cruz valley. The A[)ac]us continued their raids, sometimes driving off live-stock from under the very walls of the presidios, lietalia- tory raids of the soldiers became less and less ellVct- ive, though the Piipago allies were somewhat more successful in repelHng and pursuing the savages. There was a constant diminution of the population, 'See chap, xvi., this volume. (474) Mlad thus nigraiits ad route )urrhasc o (^ila 10 >ra tliat riii com. urii. r^'aniziiiL,' a L'vaciiati il '■•<(', .(an. I, \i from tliu :)oc. '2: /./., s/, 138-72, Purhifi!' the war there were no more explorations or marches across Arizona to be noticed here; hut in 1S4S. after the treaty of peace, a battalion of di'aijfoons iui(hr Major Lawrence P. Graham marched from C'hiliuuhua to California. Comin:n^ from Janos this party reached San Bernardino the 4t]i of Octtdjer, but instead of following Cooke's trail, Graham kept on snuth of the line to Santa Cruz presidio, and thence fnllowed thq river down to Tucson. The Gila was reached at the end of the month, and the C(jlorado en the 22d of November. The Americans were deli^lited, as had been those under Kearny and Cooke, with the hospitality of the Gila Pinias, and the thrift displayed at their villajTfcs exceeding anythini:? elsewhere seen in the transcontinental jour- ney. Owing to the drunkenness and consetjuent in- comjietence of the leader, this party endured greater jiardships than either of the preceding. No narrative of tliis march has ever been published, but I have Ca})tain Cave J. Coutts' manuscript diary, which con- tains an excellent account of adventures on the way, and many valuable notes on the country.^^ Tlic treaty of 1848 adopted tlie Gila as the inter- national boundary, so far as Arizona is concerned, except that the Bartlett line on latitude 32° 22' and longitude about lOt)'' 50' — and the corrected line on latitude Sr 54', longitude 109" 20', and the Santo Domingo River — gave the United States a small tract soutli of the Gila. The survey in 1851, under com- missioners Bartlett and Garcia Conde, has been re- corded in the preceding chapter. ^^ The river, as a natural boundary, hardly required a formal survey, witli map; Ti/lcrs Hist. Mormon Bnltalion, 211-40; Bhjlcra Dhirii of a Mor- iiinii. MS. Leroux and Charboiinoau.x wore the principal guulcs; Stephea C. Foster served as interpreter. Saya Tyler, wlicn at the Pima villages on tiiu (Jila: 'Colonel Cooke very i.V, approximately on the route followed by Padre Ganes in 177G, reaching the Mojave region on the Colorado, November 5th, and following the main riwr south to Fort Yuma, where he arrived at the end of November. The condition of the anhnals and lack (if supplies had not permitted this expedition to accomplish all that had been expected of it, but the result of this first exploration was an interesting iiin- erary, a map of the route, and various scientific reports on a new region.^'* Sitgreaves' exploration was followed in 1853-4 by the 3ath parallel Pacific Railroad survey under Lieu- tenant A. W. Whipple. With Lieutenant J. C. Ives as chief assistant in a corps of twelve, and an escort of the 7tli U. S. infantry under Lieutenant John M. Jones, Whipple, liav'ng completed the survey from Fort Smith across New ]Mexico, left Zuiii on Noveni- ber 23, 1853. His route was for the most part some- what south of that followed by Sitgreaves, tliough ainl ji. .")'.l7-t)02, Lieut Wliipplo's report of the trip down the Gila. Another iviKiit (it \\'hipple ia attacliod to Grd/iam'n Reyort, 32(1 cong. 1st sess., Sen, Kx.'l)nc, I'JI, p. 221-5. See also, on tlie killing of Craig, Webb's report, etc., in r. .V. Clort Doc, special sets., 1S5.S, Sen. Doc. 121), p. 125-36. Sue also M'.c. iiwl U. S. Botiudiirij Siirrq/, 32(1 eong. 1st sess., Sen. Ex. Doc. 119, iiassiiii, L'spocially reports of A. }J. Gray, on p. 267-S), 300-7, and that of riiiis II. \Vehl), sec. of the commission, p. 405-8. (iray states that mouu- muiits -Here erected all along the line. '* Sili/ri'iivci, report q/ an E.ipedition dimi the Zuiii and Colorado rirrr.'i, hy Cii]itiiin L. Sitgreatvn, corps tnjyoi/nip/ikni cnginci'rs. Accompanied liij maps, di''i'li'.<, rli'ici, and illustrations. \Vaah., ISJ.", 8vo, 198 p., 80 pi. and map. Till! iiiiix'iidicea are Wood/iouse {S. IV.), Report on the A'utural JlLitori/, with chapters on zoology, botany, etc., by ditfereut men; and iVoodhousp, Medical R(']x\rt. The plates are many of them colored. The party consisted of C'apt. Sit^iciivos, Lieut. J. G. Parke, Dr S. W. Woodhouse, physician and naturalist, K. 11, Kern, draughtsman, Autoine Leroux, guide, 5 Americans, and 10 Mexicans, packers, etc. An escort of 30 men of the 2d artill. was com- luauJeJ by Maj. H. L. Hcndrick. lIisT, Abiz, and M. Mix. 81 ,,t i llll««««\l«HU i*Vt Iiiiiiinivi 482 ANNALS OF ARIZONA. 3', i ri!'- I il ' -it his survey covered the same region. Descondino; the Zuiii, and Colorado Chiquito, and later the Santa Maria and Bill Williams fork, this party reached the Colo- rado the 20th of February, followed that river up to latitude 34°, 50', and thence in March continued the survey across California. The resulting report as published by government, though of similar nature, is very iimch more elaborate and extensive than tliat of Sitgreaves, containing an immense amount of the most valuable descriptive, geographic, and scientific matter on northern Arizona, profusely illustrated by fine colored engravings and maps." The Mexican government having permitted, a little in advance of the new treaty, the survey for a rail- road route south of the line, Lieutenant John G. Parke with a party of about 30 and an escort under Lieutenant George Stoneman left San Diego Januiiry 24, 1854, and began his survey at the Pima villages on the Gila. He reached Tucson the 20th of Febru- ary, thence proceeding to the San Pedro and eastward by a route somewhat north of Cooke's wagon road for a part of the wav, known as Nuo-ent's trail. Coniinir again into Cooke's road on March 7th, he followed it to the Rio Grande.^* Again in May 1855 Lieuten- " Whijyido, Report of F.rploratinnn for a railway route, near the thirty-jifth ■paralldof north latitude, from the Mixdnsippi Rixvr to the. Pacific Orenu, h;/ f.iru- tenant A, IT. Whij'ple, coz-jw of tojioi/raphieal ewjineers, lustiiMefl lnj Liiuiinant J. C. Irei, etc., ISoo-4- WasJi., ISoti, 4tt), being vol. iii. of the /'iirijir Utiil- rmul Jiejiorti, 33il cong. 2(1 sess., Sun. Ex. Doc. 78. Tliere is .in intriMliiction consisting of extnieta from Whipple's preliminary report, IH\ pages; tliun Parti., Itinerary, 13Gp. (the Arizona matter being on p. G7- 1'20); I'art ii., Report of Topograpliical Features, 77 p.; Part iii., Whiypl", EirhdnL; ami Turner, J^iport upon the Inilian TriheK, 127 p., a standanl anthority (in tlie subject, with many colored plates, resumes of aboriginal traditions ami Span- ish history, etc.; Part iv., Report on the geology of the route, 17.") p., maps. Whipple's preliminary report may be found in 33d cong. 1st sess., Ex. I>i)i\ 129, with maps. Also in Pac. R. R. h'e]it.i, i. 1-134, passim, is some iutdrina- tioii on this route in doc. attached to the report of the ^c. war, Fili. -'7, 1855. E.xeellont resumes of this and other surveys may ..o found in Wnrrt'ii'.i Memoir. Tlie principal members of tlie corps were J. M. Rigelow, siii-jzeon and botanist, Jules Marcou, geologist, C B. R. Kennerly, physician ami naturali.st, A. H. Campbell, railroad engineer, H. B. MtiUhausen, topovTapher and artist. The 'l\me1nich einer Retire inn MisaixHijrpi nar.h den Kiidcn iler Sitdxer ron lialdwin Mollkinfen, Leipzig, 1858, 4to, 499 p., colored plates, map, is an excellent narrative of the same exploration. "■/'('/•/•<', Report of Explorationx, etc., hetween Dolla Ana and Pinias ViUaijn on the t.lila, iu Pac, R. A'. Ueptu, ii., no. (3, 28 p, CALIFORNIA IMMIGRATION. 483 ant Parke with another party started from San Diego for the Pima villages, and made a more careful survey hv several routes of the country stretching eastward from the San Pedro." After the discovery of gold in California, emigrants in larujc numbers began to cross southern Arizona, froin Sonora and other Mexican states in 1848, and from tlie eastern United States in 1849. Of this movement, which continued for many years, we have naturally no records except for a few parties. The route followed was by the Santa Cruz and Gila val- leys, though some Mexican parties preferred to cross Papa^ucrfa; and the Americans reached Tucson from the Kio Grande for the most part by Cooke's wagon road of 1846, though various cut-offs were likewise attempted. It was a journey of much hardship always, and especially so in seasons of drought, though not more difficult apparently than on other routes. The experiences of the gold-seekers on any of the great lines of travel to California would supply ma- terial for a fascinating volume, but only a few of the diaries are extant, and not even one of them can be closoly followed here. The journal kept by Benjamin Hayes in 1849 is the most complete that I have seen, minutely describing the events of each day's progress of his largo party from the end of October, when they left the Rio Grande, to the end of December, when they (•' on.'Crl the Colorado into California. The tedious march, novel features of the country and its products notetl, the search for grass and water, petty accidents to men and mules, occasional meeting with Indians, f' Hf '■ Pin-he, Report of Erploratiniis from f/ic Pirnn Villnqes to the Rio Grande, 18ri4 .'i, in Pur. If. R. liefti), vii., pt ii. \\\\. I'J 42, witli maps. Dt'scriptioii of tliu iMuiiitry and colored plates of aceiicry. See also Wttrreus Memoir, l^ll I. In El Nnciomtl, March 24, 1854, is a coiiirniinication from Ayud. Iii- spt'itcir Beniabe Gomez at Tucsou, dated March 2d, reporting Parke's airiMil to survey houndaries. In Ih-oirti's Afiaclie Country, 18-10, is a mention of exploring expeditions in tlic.-n' years, which is repeated substantially in Hinton s Jinnd-hook, ;<2-H, Uiiiii'dtoii'.^ ReKources, 21, Arizona Hid. (Elliott & Co.), 62-3, and in other ^Vdrks. Tliis would seem to be a carelessly prepared record, omitting some explorations and adding others that did not reach Arizona, i- I ' ■'■5i^M' «ii)i«iiiau 'M i'.:'- ■' I 4S4 ANNALS OF AKIZONA. the frequent and careful perusal of records kft an trees and rocks by precediniJj parties, delays taused by illness and occasional deaths, passing the graves uf earlier emigrants, discussions on the route and specu- lations on the prospects offered by the land of gold, and the thousand and one petty items that make up this journal and hundreds of others written and un- written — all give a strong fascination to the nionoto- nous record, but all resist condensation, or if condensed show simply that an emigrant party once on a time passed that way. The parties numbered hundi-eds, and the emigrants tens of thousands, but details nuist and may safely be left to the imagination/** Both exploring and emigrant parties had occasional troubles with the Apaches, who could not always resist the temptation to steal animals, thougli thi'ir chief fury was directed against the Mexicans, and tlioy often professed friendship for the Americans, and even aided them for compensation. Large parties with due vigilance had no serious difficulty in Apacheiia, but small and careless companies were sometimes less fortunate;''' and after 1854 depredations seem to have increased. The most notable, or at least the best re- corded, of their outrages before that date was the Oatman massacre of 1851. Roys Oatman, with his wife and seven children, left Independence, Missouri in August 1850, with a party of about 50 emigrants, part of whom remained at Tucson and the rest at the " Hayes { lienj. ), Diarji ofajournetj oi-erlniid from Socorro to Warner k lianrh, 1840-50. Autograpli MS. preseutcil by the author. Tliere arc many .'■cut- tered items in books and newspapers about individuals and parties who crossed the plains by the southern route, but none of tliuse seem to niiuire notice in connection with Arizona history. Information about the cciuutry is better derived from the ofticial surveys. The journals of the explori'is, Iidw- ever, often note the meeting with an emigrant party. ''•Tn liitrlliiCs Peru. Narr., and Creinonyn LiJ'e aiiioihj the Apae/ien, as well as in the journals of other railroad and boundary surveyors, are found many items of Indian affairs; others are given in such works as ('r,z:.rii.\' Mi'rrillniis Countri/; and many more in newspaper records, thoug!; tlie latter arc otti'ii indefinite in respect of date and other details. Arizona was in those yc'arsa part of New Mexico, and much that is recorded of Iiid'an affairs in the :iiiii.i1h of that territory as given in governnietit reports may be applied to tliis west- ern region. April 11, 1840, John C. Hays is appointed sub-Iudiau agent for the Gila tribes. Cal. d: N. Mex., Mesa., iSoO, p. 230-1. dli liiUVVWll* THE OATMAN MASSACRE. 48S Pima villaf^es, while Oatman and his family went on alone in February 1851. He was passed on the 15th bv John Lecount, by whom he sent a letter to Major Hiiiitzoluian at Fort Yuma, asking for aid.^" A few (lavs later while encamped on the Gila just below the h\cr bend, at a place since known by his name, he was visited by a party of Indians who seemed friendly at first l)ut soon attacked the family, and killed father, iiiotbcr, and four children, leaving one son, Lorenzo, a^ed 14, stunned and presumably dead, and carrying ott'as captives two daughters, Olive aged IG, and Mary Aim a girl of 10. The Indians are said to have been Toiito Apaches, though there was some doubt on this point not yet entirely removed, I think. Lorenzo ()atnian recovered and found his way back to the Pima villages, thence going with the other emigrant families to Fort Yuma, and to San Francisco. The commandant of the post, on the receipt of the letter, sent two men with supplies ; but on hearing of the disaster did not feel at liberty to pursue the savages or atteni])t the captives' recovery, because the mas- sacre hatl been committed on Mexican soil."^ The captive girls were carried northward into the moun- tains, and after a time sold to the Mojaves. The younger died after a year or two, but Olive was kept as a slave until 1857, when, chiefly by the efforts of a ^'I have thin ori(;inal letter, furnishoil by Capt. Cr. C. Smith, U. S. A., at Ciiiiii (liiiiit, A. T., ill 1877. MmU. Hixt. P, xviii. 11-15. ^^ An excellent guide-book for emigrants by this route was the Route friwi the Gulf of Mexico and the Lower Mississippi Valley to California and thel'ncijic Ocean, illustrated by a general map and sectional 7naps; vith. tHrections to /'•'"'- eliers. Compiled by Robert Crenzbaur, ISp. N. Y., 1849, 16mo, 40 p. This book is made up ciiiefly of extracts from official diaries of the explorers; huucc its comparative excellence. H***%* FIRST CHILD BORN IN ARIZONA. 487 the fort, ?_east to •tivo liad in Some L'X|xrted. 'SO of lier Colorado l8ol has )ut they and the it ill the 'e not at constant n at war some aid mandiiio- iVhipple, I side at niontiis -seekers, iTatirr nf life 'I'J iircouiil of ; the iKinriii' Odtiiiiiii: tin '/of ( Hire. I. D. mill Olive R. B. Strat- lie siuiiu, M a iiuLst fas- rest was, or r fustian iu tlie captive 1 booivs anil nan died in enuss taktn ho S. JJii '10 I'itli tiu; re- us, in r. S. [ief liy Cal. 'crtxyn, liuL, liontcfrmi I (/icl'il'-ijic )//.•( lo h-ili'- p. This rers; hence whose arrival is noted almost every day.^* The 1st of Xoveinber there arrived a flat-boat wliicli had made the voyage down the Gila from the Pima vil- laijes with Mr Howard and family and two men, a doctor and a clergyman, on board. During this voy- ao-c, also, a son was born to Mrs Howard, perha[)S the first child of American parents born in Arizona, and named, as Coutts tells us, Gila. The lieutenant is understood to have purchased the craft, which plied as a ferry-boat during the remainder of his stay, and was then transported to San Diego, where it was used on the bay. Such was the history of the first Colo- rado ferry."^ After the departure of Coutts, the Mexican surveying party remained till the end of the year, and the ferry service — perhaps with another boat — was continued by the officer commanding the es- cort."'" Early in 1850, Lincoln seems to have engaged in the business of running the Colorado ferry, soon fbrm- ■i* Cvii/s' Dinni, MS., 128-C7, cxteniling from Sept. 14th, when lie left S. Diego, to Nov. 'J'Jd, not long liefore he left the Colorado on his return, the diary terniinating ahruptly. It is a very interesting and amusing narrative of the otlicer's experience in attending to the complicated wants of tiie scien- tists, the emigrants, and the various hands of Indians. Several parties of U. S. (illicials, in ditl'erent hranehes of the service, also passed that way, and one of these, ('apt. Tiiorn, was drowned with three companions on Nov. IGth, by t!ie upsi^ttiiig of a canoe. ''('oiillti l>iary, MS., 165. The author does not mention the purchase or any ferry; but many pioneers remember crossing the river on his ferry, E. H. Hdward, in tiio S. F. Bulktin, July 8, 1885, gives the most complete record. He says the boat, 16 ft long by 5 ft 6 in. wide, was built for tlio trip, and lii'st launehed on Lake Michigan, being mounted on wheels for land ser- vice, hut used to cross rivers on the way. The writer sailed in her later oa S. Ihego Bay; and he says the boy born on the (iila is still living in Lake Co., Cal. See other letters, in Id., July 10th and Aug. '24tii. One writer thinks the iustiuition was not properly a ferry, because skilFs and canoes liad lieen used at tiie crossing before. Some writers imply that Coutts' hoat remained at the (.'iilorado for the next season. I tliink there may be some doulit about its having lu^'ii carried that year to S. Diego. -'' lliniis Dhtnj, !MS., 143-0. 11. crossed on Dee. 31st. He found a rope strett heil across tlie river, by which the boat (nliLMl tliiit all this occiirruil in 1849, which is hardly possible. Three men arc saiil to luU t- escaped, e". 0. Brown, Joe Anderson, and another. In the Ariz. ll'iM., (iO-1, John ( Dilantin is named as leader of the scalp-linnters, and is said to have been engaged in driving sheep from N. Mux. to Cal., being killed by the Fu- rnas with all liis gang, and iJl other Americau sheep-drivers. There is evi- dently some coufusiou here. Tlllf.«K)l««i lUW" AFFAIRS AT FORT YUMA. 480 lie irov- the lace, later called Arizona City and finally Ynnia, seems not to have begun until about 18G4.""^'' The early navigation of the Colorado is a subject demanding notice in this connection. When Maior Hriiitzelman was ordered to establish a military post at Vuina, an exploration of the river was determined on with a view to the furnishing of supplies by that route. Lieutenant George H. Derl)y, of hiter fame as a liumorist under the name of John Pluenix, was ]iut in charge of the survey, and sailed fron^. San Francisco, November 1, 1840, on the schooner I)n'i)i- ciblc, Captain A. H.Wilcox. The month ii-«r.;iii (Jaeger) became so enthusiastic over the prospect- ive rise » Take Tucson— But Retreat before the C.vlifoknia Column — lilllLKKJRAPHY OF THE PERIOD. On December 30, 1853, James Gadsden, United States minister to Mexico, concluded a treaty by which the boundary line was moved southward so as to give the United States, for a money consideration of $10,000,000, all of modern Arizona south of the Gila, ail ttlbrt so to fix the line a 5 to include a port on the oiilf hoing unsuccessful.^ The treaty was first con- cluded on the 13th of December, but in consequence 'Tcjxt of the Gadsden treaty in A'cc Mv.ricn, Compiled Lnir.i, 38-44; U. S. llmiDof., 33d coug. 1st sess., H. Ex. Doc. 109; 47tli coug. 2d isoss., H. Mis. I'lic. 4."); ihxicQ, Leijidacion J/yVcnc/, Jiiiiu-Doc. lS.>t, 117-3'2; Duhlan and Ijoum, Li-(jMacion Jlej., vii. 2()l-4; Ariz., JlnirrU Cndr, 482-"); iiiid eluewheru iiitfii I'cpeatud. Tlie boundary as fixed by tiiis treaty was the Rio Grande up to lit. 31° 47', due west 100 miles; s<")uth to lat. 31" 20'; west on that jiunilU'l to hmg. Ill'; thence in a straiglit line to a point in the Colorado Uivfr 20 miles below the Gila jiinotioii; up the middle of the Colorado to tlu iiit('i\si!(;tioa of the former line (that is, to mouth of the Gila); and thence on till' I'lirnier line to the Pacific. Tins is the line as it still exists in 1887. Be- siili's tlie boundary changes, the U. S. gained by this treaty two important ailviiiitiiues: 1st, by art. 11, a release from the responsibility for outrages by U. S. Indians in Mex, territory, art. 12 of the former treaty being abrogated; and 'Jil, by art 8, free railroad transit across the isthmus of Tehuautepee, (491) I.' .' 'i ■.i Pl't I'llllllllllll tm % 1 4^ lit li n 492 THE GADSDEN rUUL'HASE. of HOW instructions from Wnsliinijjton was iiiddifiid on tlio JiOtli. A<;fiin it was flianiL;»Ml - iiotaMy liv iv- diK'inj^'' tlio ])ri('u from twenty to ten millions l.\- ih,. United States senate. In Juno IH54 it eanif luick with ^[oxican aj)i»roval to Wasliini^ton ; on tin I'^ih and 2i)tli, after' nnich debate in the houst>, a hill apjuo- priatinj;' the money was passed hy conujress;" on tlio 30th the treaty was j)uhlished hy J?resident ricicc, and hy I'residont Santa Amui on tho 2()th of .liilv. Of tlio ])reliminary negotiations and the successive modifications of terms, not much is definitely known; hut the latter may probahly have included, not oulv tho reduction of prii-o anil the introduction of tlio Tehuantepe(! concession, hut also a reduction of terri- tory— ])erhai)s involving tho cession of a gulf jiort — and the omission of an article making the I'niitd States responsihlo for filihustering expeditions across tho line."' On the face of tho matter ti:ts Gadsden treaty was a tolerahly satisfactory settlement of a boundaiy dis- puto, and a jiurchasc by the United States of a mutu for a southern railroad to California. Under the treaty of 1848, the commissioners, as we have seen, had agreed on latitude 32" 22' as the southern houn- dary of New Mexico, but the United States surveyor had not agreed to this Hnc, had perhaps surveyed another in 31" 54', and the Xow Mexicans claimed 2 See (lol)atcs in Con;/. Olnhc, 1853-4, p. U()G, 1470, l.")19-()8, ]i;issiiii. Tlie treaty huil to lie ratiliud hoforo Juin; 3l)tli, ami as it was iprcscincil to con^ri'ss (111 tlio 'Jlst the appropriation bill had to bo passfil in a linny. Frionds of tliu muasuro would not permit tlie passage of a resolution cdhng on the president for instructions to (iadsden and correspondence mi tliu treaty; and opposition was based — nondnally at least^^on nnwillingiu'ss tn vote money for a treaty whose true inwardness was not known, espeiially ;m many mysterious rumors were current of stocii-jolibing schemes and farniu h- ing political intrigues of the administration and of the south. Tlio lull was passed in the house by a vote of 101$ to G2, and in tho senate by 34 to (i. ^In JUirni, Hist. Jaln])«* ('oiii)ititriotii.f, April \'2, ISoS, in a defence of his policj', says that tiie Imuu- dary was moditieil, and that hu rejected ( iadsden s propositions for a ccssinn of Jiaja t'al. and parts of Chili, and Soiiora. ««II««R THE MKSILLA VALLKY. 498 tlio ^[('silla valley l)etwiH'n the two linos as part of their tiifitory. Tliu United Status were, to some extent, hound by the aet of their eoniini.ssioner; hut Mexico, Ijesides beinij wrong on the original })roposi- tioii. ^vlls not in condition to quarrel about so unini- pnrtaiit a matt<;r. On the other hand, the northern repuMic could afford to pay tor a railroad route tlin)Ui,fh a country said to be rich in mines; and ^Icxico, though national pride was strongly op})osed to a sacrifice of territory, was sadly in need of money, and sold a region tliat was practically of no value to her,' In both C(»antries there was much bitter criti- tisiu of the measure, and a dis[)osition to impute hid- den iiif)tives to the respective administrations. I am not prci)ared to say that there were not such motives; hut 1 find little su})[)ort for the common belief that the (iadsden purchase was effected with a definite view to the organization of a southern confederacy, tlioiigh this theory was entertained in the north at the time. It is a remarkable circumstance that in Mexico, both by the supporters and foes of the meas- ure, it was treated as a cession of the Mesilla val- ley ill settlement of the boundary dispute, though that valley was, in reality, but a very small and unim- portant portion of the territory ceded. AVilliam H. Emory was appointed United States conunissioner and surveyor to establish the new houndary line, Jose Salazar Ilarrcgui being the Mexi- can commissioner, and Francisco Jimenez chief en<;i- neer. The commissioners met at El Paso at the end of 1854, and the initial monument was fixed on Janu- ary ;U, 1855. In June the survey had been carried *As tn the abrogating of art. 11 of the treaty of 1S4S, Santa Anna do- claroil — .( HU.H Cniiij)., 8-11 — that lie liad never for a moment exijecteil the U. S. to koc:ii their agreement hy paying for damages done by t'le Indians; vhilc ill the U. S. this was held out as a great gain in view of immense prospec- tive il liins on tlic part of Mexico. It was at least a release from embarrassing pruimscs which never would have been kept. On the Gadsden treaty, see also /'umicois, Hid. Mfj., xiii. 770; Domenech, Hist. Mej., ii. 202-6; Jlex., Ml III. Ilrlnc, 1870, p. 410-11, 43.*?; and most other histories of Mexico; also iiiiiitiiiii in most works on Arizona and New Mexico, including Johmoiia Hid. Ariz., 24. ■■• r KauoiiiiMillTA 1 illllii 1 I i. 1 ' V 1, 1 i ■ i ' 1' I i i k\ \r if; 31 ■> 1 1 1' r} 494 THF GADSDEIN PURCHASE. westward to Los Nogales, or longitude 111'. ^Foan- wliilc Lieutenant N. Michler arrived at Fort Yuina at the end of 1854, and was occupied until May 1855, with Salazar, in fixing the initial monument (ni tlie Colorado and surveying the line for a short distiuiee eastward toward Sonoita; but they were obligod to suspend operations for lack of water, and proceeded by the Gila and Tucson route to Nogales, whore thty met Emory in June, and before the end of Aii^nist completed the survey westward. There were no con- troversies in connection with the operations under Emory and Ilarregui, the Mexicans and Americans working in perfect harmony for a speedy and economi- cal termination of the work, and all being in marked contrast to the disgraceful and costly wranglhigs of the former commissions. There was nothing in tlie personal experiences of the surveying parties that calls for notice here. The published report contains an excellent description of the country with various scientific appendices of great value.^ Besides the boundary survey, there are but few offi- cial explorations to be noted, though by prospectors and Indian fighters the whole country was ])retty thoroughly explored in these years. In 1857 Ed- ward F. Beale opened a wagon road on the 35tli ]iar- allel, following nearly the route of Whipple and Sit- He left Zuni in August, and reached the greaves 11; * United States and .Vextcan Boundary Siin-ey. Jieport of ]Villlan> If. Einnn/. Major Ji rut carnlry and U. S. comtnminm r. Wach., 1857, 4t(), .'} vol.. iiiiiiiy fine eiigniviiigs auns uudcr Lnicrieans cconoini- n marked iglings of ig in the •ties that I" contains li ^■arious } few nffi- ospectors .s pretty 857 Kd- 5 5 til par- and Sit- died the " //. Eiiinri/, Vol.. many :ul Miflil. r, , iill L'.VJ p. my, aiui zd- of .st.iiic (ir skt-'trln's ipf ! sitt'unt' the —iiiiglit l)e and (mIou- ! .•;<.(, 0( Ml, I H).) tiio l)i'f;in- li;iil taken ;y or tr.iiis- lU'Ilt ct tlio mill.' .llinut iiu us licro. Colorado in January 1858. The steamer General Jcitiip Avas waiting in the Mojave region to carry this partN across the river, but Beale with twenty men re- turned to New Mexico, thus proving the practicabiHty of his road for vdnter travel.^ Another important ex- ploration was that of Lieutenant Joseph C Ives. In Xovembcr 1857, he arrived at the head of the gulf on a schooner froni San Francisco, which also brought an iron scern-whee/. steamer fifty feet long, built for the trip ill Philadelphia, and named the Explorer. On this craft, launched the 30th of December, Ives left Fort Yuma on January 11, 1858, and on March 12th had passed through the Black Canon of the Colorado and reached the mouth of Virgin River. Returning from this point to the Mojave villages, he sent the boat down to the fort, and with part of his scientific corps, being joined also by Lieutenant Tipton with an escort of twenty men, he started eastward by land. His route after a little was to the north of that fol- lowed by earlier explorers, including the canons of the Colorado Chiquito and other streams, and also, for tlio first time since tlie American occupation, tlic Moipii pueblos. Ives reached Fort Defiance in IVIay, and his report, illustrated by fine engravings of new scenery, is perhaps the most fascinating in all the series of government explorations.^ Besides the Beale ^ lii'iilf (Edward F.), Wagon .u'oad /rom Fort T>pfianep to tlw Colorado H'wer. Rrpart of the Superintendent, April 2tJ, ISoS, ia (J. S. Oort Dor., 35th cmig. 1st .stss., H. Ex. Doc. 124, with map showing route, with those of .Sitgreuvea and Whipple. Beale used camels on thia trip, and declared them better aAiptiMl than mules to the service. lu ('iiiriiiiiiitiM' TraivlnonllicweMeni slop' of the Mexican Cord Ub'rn, 336-51, is an accouiit by H. S. Washburn, deputy U. S. surveyor, of a trip from Ft Yuma up the Clila to Tucson, and bacK by way of Altar and Simoita in IS'jG. ' Iri.f f!i'jiort vpon the Colorado Jiircr of the MV,s<, cjylorcd in. IS57 and JS^'S hi/ Lii-iiii'iinnt Joseph C. hr.t, corj^s qf toj>nijraphir(d emjinecn under the dirertioa of tli<' iijlice oj eijilorations ami unnrtj/i, A. A. Humphries, ctiptnin ((yiioijraphict'l eii;iiiiirr^ in ehanje. By onlcr of the Secretary of War. Wash., 18(11, 4to, 131, 154, 3i), ('), 3'2 ])., with plates and maps. U. S. Govt Doc, 3()th eong. 1st ses.s., H. ];x. Due. IH); see also 3oth cong. 2d sess.. Sen. Ex. Doc. 582; Jd., H. Ex. ]>(ie. •.', p. (iOS H); 34th cong. lstse.ss.,H. Misccl. Doc. 80; Sen. Mi.scd. Doo. 30. M.lliausen, liei^en, i. 116^44.3, ii. 1-139, 144-5, map, who had been with ^Miijililo, was also with Ives as artist, etc., and gives a full narrative. Capt. A. I), nynl, for seven years a pilot on the Colorado, published in 1804 a new cliart of thct river. Browne's L. Cal., 47. lu the S. F. Call of April 9, 1877, m 11 imiinnw I'j ;i!'''l'U ill! I, '\ !' ^1 ;« 'A IM, 49G THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. road In the north, another was opened in the south by Superhitendent James B. Leach and Engineer >'. H. Huttoii. This corresponded largely with the Cooke road of 1846, but led down the San Pedro to the Ari- vaipa, and thence to the Gila, 21 miles east of tho Pima villages, tlms saving 40 miles over the Tucson route, and by improvements about live days for Masons. The work was done by Leach and Hutton froui the Rio Grande to the Colorado, between Octobor 25, 1857 and August 1, 1858.^ Over this road ran in 1858-GO Arizona's first stage, the Butterfield ovcilaiid line from Marshall, Texas, to San Diego, carr^iuo- the mails and passengers twice a week, until the service was stopped by Indian depredations.^ It was not until 185G that the United States took military possession of the Gadsden purchase by sond- ing a detachment of four companies of the First Dra- goons, which force was stationed at Tucson and later at Calabazas. In 1857 a permanent statioii Avtis selected, and Fort Buchanan was established ou the Sonoita about 25 miles east of Tubac. The site was afterward deemed to have no special advantages, and no buildings worthy the name of fort were erected. There were various other temporary camps occupied in the following years according to the domaiuls of the Indian service, the force being from 120 to o75 is an account by Capt. John Moss of his voyage down the Colorado thrmigh all the canons on a raft in ISGl. If performed as described, it was a iiiost extraordinary exploit. ^Cdiiij'litil {Allifi-f, I/.), lic-poH vjion the Pactfic Wafjon Iioivln, lS-'f>, p. 9-12, and lltUtoiig Ihpo -f, ElPiv^oainl Fort Yuma Wmjon I?oluI, in /(/., 77 100, with map; 35th cong. 'Jd sesa., H. Ex. Doc. 108. '••UiKler act of congress of March 3, 1857, bids were received ft. U. S. Kutll in ISiilt. liitut. ,1. 11. CooUc coninianded 07 men at Ft Urerkenridge in ISdO. Ill IS(il the re[iiirt inentioiis no troo|i.s in Arizona, tlionnh Ft Mojave. e^tah- hsluil liyCol HiiU'nian, is .said not to h.ive lieeu ahandorieil till .May IS(il. Ill till! Moiitli Col .Morrison is said to have snceeedeil KwtU in IStil), and in- fiiitry to have heen suhstitutiMl lor the eavalry, though 1 liiid nothing of this ill tliu iiiilitiuy record,' S.'c also on forts, with many dates and names not auruiiiig u ith the original repoii-, n'iiiiil/oii'< /{'■•idunr-i, '2'2 S, 110; //iiilnii'i lliihl-M.; ;i()S IS; Ariz. /l>sf., 'Jo'.t ,'_'•_' 1 ; Hiu/rs'Srniji'f, Miiiiii:/, v. I(i 17; /'/., Aii:., V. '.'."I'.t- :t07. In /'/., A iin'-l'''!, viii. i7'.>, is mentioned a Ft Floyd, tliangc d to '•'t Ml l.ane in 18111; and in U. S. Siinjinn-'ji'iii'r'il'.s Cin'tilur, 8, \i. ri.VJ, a Camp \'ei'd(^ ismcntioiieil in IStil. In Sept. IS.')'! the Mex. garrison at Tueson. 2(1 iiii'ii, «as eommauded Ity Capt. llilarioa trarcia. I'inart, Col. Doc, MS., uu. loo-4. UisT. AiMZ. .\Ni) N. Mex. 02 ■^1 Ii;! MM ir i' i! 'i.il! l;«Ki««t Mi; l!['i''l 498 THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. The Ajo copper mines in the Sonolta region, wliicli had been discovered by ^Mexicans, was worked liya San Francisco company from 1855/^ Charles I). Poston with Herman Ehrenberg, after a preliminaiy tour in 1854-5 from tlie gulf coast, formed a coiiiiiaiiy in the east, and in 1856 began the development on a large scale of silver mines near Tubac. Half a dnzeii other companies in this and the following years uiidcr- took similar operations in the same region, that is, in the mountain rani-es on both sides of the Santa Cruz valley in the southern part of the territory. The garrison at Fort Buchanan afforded protection to a certain extent, and the laborers employed wore cli icily Sonorans from across the line. Fuel and water were scarce, apparatus and supplies of all kinds were ob- tained only at an excessive cost by reason of the Ioiilj and difficult routes of transportation, and the IndiaDs were troublesome; but many of the mines woie ridi and even under such unfavoral)le circumstances yiel(!((l a largo amount of bullion. Developments extmdtd over a wide region, including mines of copper and gold as well as silver, especially in the cast on the New- Mexican border; and prosi>ecting operations, olVeii with great success, were extended to the up] per and lower Gila and even into the unexplored regions far- ther north. Tucson recovered something of its old- time prosperity ; Tubac became a ilourishing little town of some 500 inhabitants, where the first Arizona news- paper was published in 1858-00;'"" a few ranchos were established, including several in the Gila valh y on the stage route; and the American p(>])ulation iii- creased to several thousands. Eniiefrants continued, thougli in diminished numbers, to cross Arizona by " In the Yiinn Sentinel, March .'?^, 1S7S, is an account l)y ono of tlif i' irfy, fitti^d out to.«c'arch for tlie famous I'lanciias dc I'lata in Soiiora, souio oi' uliorse munil)er.s tunicil asiilo to tako jiossossioii of tlui Ajo luiiicH. '■^Tliu wuukly Arizoriiiiii, often cited iiiC'al. new.siiapcra of these yiiirs. S3C liarlou-^ JUirrtori/ iif Tiirmn, ISSl, )>. |(); Tiirxmi Stiii; Dee. 4, IST'.I; iS. /'. Bulletin, Mareli 'J'i, I's.-.O; Hiiitajt'.-) Hand-hmk, 40, J8(i; Ariz. I/isL, 'JllO. The pipiir was iiioveil to Tucson iu l.S(50, ami suHpenJed iu ISGl, tlie ollici: furni- tiu-c— two derriugers— bciug advcxtiscd for aulu,_ [iTiii«Kl««« AFFAIRS OX THE COLORADO. 499 tlie southern route, and many of tliem remained here for a while before uoino- on to California,'^ Fort Yuma, on the Colorado side of the Colorado, Mas occupied continuously by United States troops, affording much better protection to this [)art of xVri- zona than was enjoyed in the south-east. Steamers continued to ply on the Colorado; the ferry did a prosperous business; the f)verland stage had a station licie; and much teaming was done in the trans[)orta- tion of supplies and ores to and from the copper mines in Papagueria and the silver mines by the Gila route. Tlie settlement on the Arizona side known as Colorado City and Arizona City is often mentioned as a thriving town, as under the circumstances it should have been; hut the more definite of current items reduce it to a vcr} f"W buildings, mostly destroyed in the Hood of ]8(;i-2.^* In 1858 gold placers were chscovered on "()ii Arizona mining hofore lS(i.3, including companies, districts, jiurticii- lar iiiiucs, colonization ami prospecting parties, with naturally nmcli on In- dian trouhlcs, tiio cataloguing of the complicated ami often vaguely recorded (Irt.iils lieiiig oliviously inipracticalilo liere, see J/ni/a^ Si'rcp.'^, ilhiiixj, v., p.i.s- siiii; /(/., Ariz.y i. v., passim; California newspapers, especially tlie S'i<\ i'liimi. Much 2-2, Oct. I'J, lS."i4; April i'o, May 2-), June ]:{, 17, Aug. I'.', Nov. 2S, U r. I.-), 18.')7; March 31, Oct. 'Z2, Nov. I, .3, S, II, 12, KJ, Dec. 11, 20, 2S, •211, ;iO, IS.'.S; Jan. 3, 20, March 14, Aprd IJ, .May 11, 14, UJ, June 10, IS.V.t; Kh. 24, May 2:5, June 2S, July 9, 14, Nov. 3, 17, ISOO; April 17, Mav l.'i, 21, Juno 27, lS;;i; Fell. 10, 1SG2; S. F. Alia Cat., Marcli vi, An-. 21, is.Vl; -Vim. 2ri, Oct. 14, IS.-.d; :\lay 29, Aug. 21, Sept. (i, ]>S.')7; Jan, IS.^March 12, 27, April IJ, 27, May 11,21, Juno 3, Nov. 2, (i, 7, 12, 2."), Dec. 21, 24, 27, 31, I-."S: ,lan. II, 19, 24, 2(i, Feh. (i, 11, March 1, 10, 21, April 3, 4, «, 13, 1."), 21, May 11, ]7, 22, .June 3, 28, July 8, 23, 2,'), 31, Aug. 8, Sept. 12, Dec. 12, .'il, I'^.V,!; Juno 17, ISOO; .March 18, June 27, July 17, IS.Il; July 30, (Kt. II, l^ii2; S. F. JliiilUin, March 14, ]HM; April 13, Mav II, 12, Sept. IJ, O.t. .'iO, ^'nv. 0, 11, 1.3, 17, 2(), Dec. 9, 17, 18, 18.JS; Jan. 3," 10, 11, 2(), Feh. 4, 11, 1.3, 1 1, 2S, M.irch 12, April 7, 8, 27, May 9, 12, 14, 2:'., 27, June ."), 8, 24, July IS, 2^ Aug. 20, 27, 18:)9; May 24, ,lune 10, Ki, 18, July 9, 14, IS, 21, 22, 28, An..'. I, 28, Sept. 3, 10, 21), Oct. 10, Nov. 21, I8vi2; Yuma Sdituid, Jan. 12, Much .30, 1878; Jan. 7, 1883; /VWom'.s Ari-.ma, m /:l., .May 7, 1873; Mhihn) M:,iiuii,<; i. l-I."), 243, 321-2; ii. 83; ix. 383-4; x. 33.">-(i; Jfurpcr'.i Ma,,'., \\\\. .5.")7-00, 090-2; J/9-G0; .vlii. 117; xl.v. 242-3; Dii'dui and Lozano, Le,ji.-i. Mi.r, vii, .■i21 2; J/hi/nii'.t Uanil-I»x>l; 32-42, 18,1; Ari-Miin, Hist. (KUiott & Co.), (i.i, 201, 207-10, 220-2, 24-1, ,301-2; Arivma 8rrl.r>ii., 317-34; iuMiii'.-^ Fict. An:.., iMi; Jirawiic'i Mill, lii-.sdutrc.-i, 13(), ]■;■.: l,")(i-9, 4()(); Jd., Apurhe Cn'infri/, \kih- •Mm; hi'f.. AjT. h'rjif, I8(i2, ]). 327: Sonora, Ihic. Ili.it., MS., iv. 174 7; Sites' Iti'j., Ixxv. 348; Hall's Hoiun-u, MS., 72-3; lUvA Mowri/\i Works on Ariz., pay. Mill. "Tlio ino.st definite and most fliattering statement that I h.ive seen is that ill the .V. /•'. Jiiillrlin of Aug. 9, 1S.")9, which states that Colorado ( ity ha.l huf cue huuac, of adobe, iiud Uocd aj a custom-huuse; Arizona City had hah 4 !f. M>i ««i««i LLLiuimii'jv 500 THE CJADSDl'^N PURCHASE. 11- :;.*■:' i: ft; i ^ ■ I the Gila some twenty miles above the junction, Imt extending tor several miles along the river; and a luw town of shanties sprang into existence, undur tin; iiitiuc of (jiila Clt}'. Five hundred miners or mort^ were at one time at work here;, some of them very suecossfully; but there was great difficulty in getting Mater, tlir ri(dicst digging's hcinij: several miles from the river, and before 18G2 the glory of these i)lacers had de- ])artt'd, and the city was destroyed by the Hood.''' There was no settlement north of the Oila, tliouL;li j)ros[)ecting was carried on in different directions, u few emigrants came over the Beale wagon road, and Fort ]\[ojave, as we have seen, was garrisoned from 1858.^" For five or six years after the American occu|)atioii, tlie Indians caused comparatively little trouble, though constant vigilance was re(|uired, and petty di'[)re(la,- tions never ceased entirely. The Yumas, not a nu- merous tribe, Were kept in control by the garrison and rai'ely molested Americans except as pilferers, though (Idzon ailobo l)uil(lin,i.'s, including 2 stnris, 2 saloons, and a imst-oflico; \vlrli' at tlio ferry, a inilo liclow tlio (iila j-.'.iction, was tlio staifo station, 'J stures, 2 hlauksniith .sliS.")7; May 27, ISr.il; bYh. II, 1M)2; /Sfc. i'nhw, April l>, IS.")!); S. /'. Jlci-il'l, 1»(m'. IS, 1S.")7; AHzoHd, ]llv tiie llood. Coiikliii, I'i'-t. Ariz., S4-5, deserihes tlio city— which had had 1,2CH) iiilial). in 18i>I as liiing in 1877 a stage station, with stalile, corral, '(rila Uoti'l,'anil kennel, and coiitainiiig liy a ceusiia made at the time 'J inhahitants, iiieluiliiig 'S do^^s, K'pKnv, and papoose. "^ Here may Ijo noted that in 1802 Maj. D. Fergusson made a reconiinj-i- sance of a route from Tucson to tiio j,'ulf, with a view to opiniing a shorter and cheaper way for the transiiortation of supplies to the Arizona mines. He found no serious impediment to travel, and pronounced the porta of Lih(ii'., 37 Cong., spec, .sess.. Sen. K.\. Doc. I, 22 p., ma[is. In ISHO, (iov. resi|iieira had, liy decree, permitted the transit of U. S. merchamliso through Sonora. y/-»//«V Srnijix, Ariz., v. 311-12; ](]-7 Henry A. Crabb of California had at- tempted a filibustero conquest of Sonora under the "/()(/. AjV. /fcporti, 18.57-(>.3, reports of agents and others in \. Mexico anil Arizona. 'Tlie arrival of the Cal. cohunn under ''('i;«, Arii.; and each of the general works on Arizona narrates a few of the disasters, though not nineh ndiance can be placed in details, which I do not atti'iii[it to catalogue. See I'liinpelly's Acros. near Tucson, talking no part in the hostilities of their people. Hamilton, h'cuourrt'-t, 1()J>-!), i;ives a good account of the beginning of the war in IStiO. Lieut. Bascom, a youiig West Point graduate, was sent to Apache Pass to recover some livt'-stock which a settler had lost. Cochise, the chief, said his tribe had not taken the property, but ho would try to find and return it. Next daj' Cochise and his warriiu's were invited to a 'big talk, ' and having assembled were surroiimliMl and told they wonhl be held as hostages till the cattle and a captive wcri' n- stored. A desperate struggle ensued, in which several were woundid and six warriors captured, includhig the ciiief's brother; but Cochise escaped though badly wounded. He declared life-long war on the Americans, and kept his threat. The troops had a narrow escape, and the six captives were hanged. iM«K««««li CRABB'S FILIBUSTERS. £503 (Tuisc of colonization, counting on the support of one of tilt! two contending factions. With an advantxj naitv of iOO men he crossed Arizona from Yuma to Sdii'Mta and Caborca, but was defeated and shot with all his companions. A party of thirty went from Tucson to his rescue, but were too late and barely es- caped sharing his fate.^** Crabb's ill fortune prevented later attempts of a similar nature ; but the spirit of fililnisterism was potent in Arizona, and the Sonoran autlioiities were always fearful and suspicious. Sono- ran laborers of a vicious class were employed in the inities, and were accused of many robberies and mur- dt!rs, l)eing hardly less feared than the Apaches. Another prominent and but little better element of tlie |)opulation was that of outlaws and desperados froia (Jalifornia and Texas, who looked with contempt after the manner of their class on all of Mexican blood. There were public meetings held to urge the expulsion of tlie hated '<»Teasers' from tlie mines and from the countr'v. A war of races at times seemed imixnidino-. Even before the withdrawal of troops enaljled the savages to take possession of the country, broils, mur- ders, rf»l)beries, duels, and outrages perpetrated in the name of vigilantes were of constant occurrence, and created perhaps a more disgraceful and disastnms condition of ati'airs tlian is elsewhere revealed in west- ern annals. After the abandonment of the countrv, Sonoran marauders are said to have crossed the line to steal or destroy any petty remnant of property left by the Apa(»hes." xVrizona, besides its Apaches and outlaws, had during iiig this period its politics and j)oliticians, though not !iiii(di g(jvernment. From 1851 to 1854 it was a part of the territory of New Mexico, and was theoretically divided into five or six counties; that is, the boundaries "■ Fur details of the Crabb atfair, see //Lit. Xorfh M<:i\ Stnfi'.i, ii., this seiies. ''■'1 foUow C'al. ami Soiiora iiewspaj^ier items, besides the general acioiuit.s given in Works that liave been cited. All autliorities agree in the uutline and ciiliirinji, though not many particulars arc clearly recorded. One of tlie most fiuiious duels was that between Lieut. Mowry and Editor Cross at Tubac iu Ibj'J. It was fought with rities, and uobody hurt. LiUliliiiiugi .1 il ^ ' : f' H- (M THl: GAUIiiDEN PURCHASE. of the New ^[oxiran couiitioa oxtciidcd west to Culitor nia;'"^ but as Arizoiis — north of the (lila, the oiilv pari beloni^hig then to Ne\v Mexico or the United Stiitcs— liad no settlements, there existed hardly the senihl.iiuv of county jurisdiction. By act of congress, AuL;ii.>t 4, 1854, the (ladsdeu ])Ui'chase was added to Xrw Mcx- ico; and hy fict of the legislature, January IS, IS;!'), it was attached to J)ona Ana county, a part of wiiich it remained till 18G3."^ In rcH'ords of the time. Imw- ever, the only indication of county rule is the occasiun,;! sending of a criminal to ^Icsilla for trial. There were also justices of the peace at Tucson and perhaps else- where. From the first, ilwrv was mucli C(»m[)laint that the country was not and could not be; pro])erly govermd from Santa Fe, with corresponding petitions for a sepa- rate territorial orefanization, the !^lesilla district makiii"' common cause in tliis matt(>r with Arizona pioper, l)eing separated from the capital by the Jornada del ^luerto. A convention was lu^ld at Tucson on August _',>. 1850, which resolved, not oidy to send a nuMiiorial to congress urging the organization of a territory of Arizona, but to send a delegate to Washington. The memorial was signed by some 2(;0 names, and Xatlian P. Cook was in September elected dt>legate." He was not admitted to a seat, but his mission was brought before the house in January 1857. The committee en territories n-ported against a territorial organizatieii. because of the limited population, but recognized the unfortunate condition of the people, and reconnnemhd -" Set! ^V('»' ^fv.r., Conip. Liviv, sees. 242 et seq., for the county liuuH. ]>ofui Ana cdunty inchuk'd a .small area of Ariz, south of tho Gila. ^'('o////. Gliilic, lS."):{-4, ji. 'J'-'OT; A'. Mcx., Coiiip. Litwn, see. 277. m1 l»y tlio scnati! in Fehruarv, but was not acted uiidii liy tlio house."'' '^I'lio ])rosidcnt, in liis messages (if ls."i7-8, recouunended a territorial i;'overi 'iient; Senator Gwin in ])ereinl)er 1857 introfluced a liill to (iruaiiize such a j^overnnu'nt for the (iadsden purchase, under the name of Arizona; the leiLifislature of New M' xiio in February 1858 passed resolutions in favor (if tlic uieasure, though reconuni'uding a north and sdiitli houndarv liru! ou the meridian of 101), and al>o the removal of all Xew ^[exican Indians to northeiii Aiizona; several favorable petitions wer-e received I'lmii (lifl'erent paj'ts of the union; and in an election licld at Tucson in September 1857, tin; ])eople had ]ir( pared a new j)etition and chosen Sylvester ^fowry as a delc'iite to congress. The delei»'ate was noi ad- initted. and G win's bill was not passed.'-^ In the fol- InwiiiH- vears Mowrv continued his efforts with much zeal and no success, being reiilected as delegate; other MfoHr/. f!y>'\ hsr)()-7, p. 815-21, S:»; V,\\\\ cong. .^d sess., II. K.pt 117; H. .Tour. ,'>ir); Hr)tli ccirig. l.t sie.ss., 11. Jour. l.'!7, 'JIO. Tlu; liU jiusscil tliu sciiiiti! I'\ li. 'Jl.-it, anil was .still lirtDri: tlio liousc; in .l.m. lbr)8. It was a Icins^ ami coiriplicatcil Mil, tloaling with tlio many I'nniplicatioiis of Mexican laml titles, iti. ; and this seems to havo been tliu cliiuf ground of ee. 17, l^'i7; reported with an aniendment by the com. on territories Apr. S, bS.S; ]iipst|iMued on June 14tli to Dec. ; reuonniiitted Dec. Kkh; and ad\-erselv ro- l".ite.l Feb. 8, IS.')!*. U. S. Onrt Pnc, 'AMi cong. 1st. se.ss.. Sen. Jour. 47,' :V.".), 7111: Coiij. 4'_'; l.S.VS-'.t, p, 4S, IDS. Also on N. Mex. memorial and other preliminaries. Sen. Miscel. Doc. '-'08; II. Miscel. Her. iOl; .Sell. Jour. 41, 52, 245, 2'.H); H. Jour. 524, •'"!; president's ines- sagLs, in II. Ex. Doc. 2, p. 2(); H5th cong. 2d soss., H. Ex. Doc. 2, p. I'.t. 1 find no authority for the statement in ..1 /VS., Jonr. 1st Lei/i.i., II, that (Jwin's bill 'was defeated by ca decided vote.' Of the election in Arizona 1 tind no more (tetiuitu record than tlio statement in a letter of S. Warner from Tucson, Miiirri/'.i Mini., 22, tJKit it was held on the 1st Monday in Sept. Ls57. Mowry was already at Washington, whither his certitieate of election was sent. This (Idcuiiicnt was presented to congress in Jan. 1858, and excited some debate, th(iii'.;ii on purely parliamentary points. Com/. Olohe, 1857-8, p. 312. Sec al.so S. F. Alta, Feb. 8, Mar. 23, May 13, Aug. 15, 1858. !ir i\ I .i; [;««««««« \p BOC TllK GADNDKX rullCllAsK. l)il]s of sliiiiliir nature wwo iiitriMlurcd but deft ji tod; and the [U'ojtle of Arizona lu'ld other nioetiii'^s, iiiid sent more menioruds, to whieh little attention \V'i> piiid. ' As a rule, there was no dcsbate on these bills, s. » that tile uround of o|)j»osition is not very t'leai'ly indicittd; but it Mas doubtless founded inaiidy on the (dd sec- tiouid (juarrel tji'rowiiijj; out of tho slavery (jUtstion, thoiii^'h the exact force of the slavery issue in Ari/t.na is not very aj»[)arent, or the j)roj»er time to raise tliat issue would seem to have been in 1(S54, when the ( lads- den pundiase was attached to New IVIexico. Hut the jiundiase had been a southei'ii measure, the coun- try was in southern liands, and it was felt that the territorial oi'^anizatit)!! nnist be in some way a stliriiiv for soutliern a^;ni'andizement. ^loreover, the |»n|)uiu- tioii re|)resented as from 8,000 to 10,000 — and thu country's need of a y'overnment were thou,i,dit to he exaggerated, and it was feared the whole project was that of a. few otfici'-si f'kiuij;' speculators in niiius nr lands; so that the measure could not command the full su])|)ort even of the democratic party, while ef course tlic noi'th was not stroni;' cnounh to ornanizc tho territory with any kind of Wilmot proviso. In 18G0, from the I'd to tlic 5th of April, theiv was '■'On iK'c. 10, 18."S, ,1 liill M-aa iiilrodiu'od in tho lionse l)y MiKiMnii, ami tiuiitliir liy Stcjilions .Ian. 'JO, IS'i'.t. 'Iliis was laid on tho talih: \<\ a vote nq)huh'>d tiiat no court hail he c u iield south ol tlie Jornada del Mnerto for 3 years, declared tiiat tiu' .--outh would take no jiart henceforth in N. Mc.\. elections, favored an clecticui I'lr delegate on Sept. 1st, apiiroved tho acts of Mowry (wiio addressed the im it- ing) and nominated him tor ri'election, and sent representatives of eacii toMii to a convention to ho held at Tucson on Juno '27 th. /fi\i/t'f' Srrii}i.i, Ariz., v. 2.')3 4. The Tucson meeting was lu'ld July 'M, .lolm Walker presii>ects goml if he were reelected. A/., '2t)4-5. He was reelected almost unauiuiously, reci iviiig 2, 1(U votes at the Sept. election. /|.;ii,|-'' lis, s.. tliiit iiidiiatcd; ic (lid sec- ; question, in Ari/,.,iia I'fii.sc tliiit tlic (i;i(|,s- J>ut the till' Cdun- '' that til.. ' a si'liciii,. "• p'lpiila- aiid the ^■lit to he ■•)i''('t was iiiiiics (ir :uaii(| the wliih' (if ' ()i;naiiizi' ■*o. liei'o was -McKil.l.cn, il«' liy a vote was (illcreil iws. <;„„i. -'•■<. -r.s, nil; ('ill. ICinlll- IS.'iN, \> .'id. as .A. l.Mcas rt'soliitii.iis t ha :TUT1()NAL COXVEMION. 607 ]iel(l at Tucson n (•(•nstihitloiial (•()nvcnti(Hi ('(unposcd lit';! I thh'^^atcs, wliicli jnocccdfd to "(irdaiii and ( stul)- !ish ' a |>i'()visioMjil constitution to I'cnuiin in lorco ■until cnnyi'css shall (»f^aniz(! a tcn-itorial j^ovciiiiMcnt ,iiiil 111 I lonn'cf." The new teiTitoiT included all of Xt w .Mexico south of" latitude -VX 4illa; three judicial districts were created, the iiidjcs to l»c ajipointed hy the novcrnor, as \\v\\\ al.x) an attorney-general, litHitenant-novernoi', and other nfhfials; a lei^islatun.' of nine senators and eii^diteen iv|iii .Miitativcs was to bo elected and convcniMl at the noMiiior's order; jnovision was made for orjj;ani//in!;; ijif militia; an election of coiiuty olticers was called fill' M,iy; the general laws and codes of New Mexico Were a(l(»pte(l; and the recortls of the con\(Mition, silicdule, constitution, and governor's inaugural ad- divss were printed at Tucsctn in what was, so far as I kiinw, the first book ever imblished in Arizona.'" If aiiytliiiig was done under this soi-disant government lieyoiid the (dection and appointment of olHcials, I have Inund no record of the fact. In November, Eilwai'd jMcGowan, district judge under the new regime, and somewhat n(»tork)US in California annals, ■'' AriziiiKi, The. Coii/' t/ii' ciilimilioli In 1.'cs, (J. H. Oury (cliief justice), S. H. Coz/ens, and Kdward Mtflowau; ilistiiit attorneys, R. H. (lleun, Rees Smith, Tiios J. Mastiii; major-j:eueral, V\ . ('. Wordsworth; adj. -gen., Palatine Rohinsnn. See also S. F. iiewspa- liors lit iopulati<)n of (),a()0 and 4,000 (dvilized Indians were entitled to a protection and a < ivil o-oyonnnoit as citizens of the liiited States, which tliey had not received anihir d('l)ate, the lijH \v,is j)ost|)oned from June to lJccend)er; l)ut cann! u|» liiially in February 18(]3, when, under the chain- liioiislilp of Senator Wade, the clause fixing' Tucson as the capital beinn' removetl, it was passed by a vote of '2o to \'l on the '20th, becominu' a law on the 24th.''" =''r„»;,. (;i„i,r, is(ii~'2, V. VM\--2, '2i))i:w.\(), 2:m) 7'2, no;):?; I'l., isc-j :?, 11. lli'.'i '.I, IlliUJ. Soiiiitiir 'i'l Miiliull It'll tlio (iiiiHi.sitidii, jiiiil McOoiiLiil of r.il. «■,(> Hii u:uMH'st aiivdcuto i'' llie lull. Sih; text nt' tin: act in /'. S Hurt Dm:, .'iTtli cdiig. 'All SUMS., Acts anil ro.sul., 41) 7; /'/.. I'ulilic Laws, ()()4 Ti; Ariz.. Cii lip. Liiir.'i. i;<; lil., Jniir. Li'jU., I Silt, p. '.\ \. Cluirlis 1). I'n.-toii, Ri ,iiiiii.ii!;i'i-s.s in Deo. 1S(!"_' I ntiiiiHil to \\.i,'5hini;loii, iiiailo frii'inl.s with Liiu'olu, ami lll■llpll^sell llio or'gaTiizatiuu of the ti'ir. (il Arizona. Oiiry'(\vhii I .sii]i|n)si! liail hern eli-etocl ili^legate in '(i'i to siiivci'.l MelJiAVan) 'was in Rielinnuiil, fonlinu; liis XvAa in this ante-eJianili.'M III tlh' eiiiife.lerato eongross wiihuut jiaining ailniis.sioii as a ilele^ialc from Ai'iziiin. Miiuiy was a ]H'i.-iiiMer in Yuma, enolin,;- liis lu/ail from tlie politieal .'uvir uhieh had alilieteil it, atul nieilitatin;.,' on the de' lino anil tall ol a \\'est I'liiiil :;niihiati!. There was no oIIkm' ]iei'.-ion in W a.-ihiiiuton, sa\i (len. Jli'iiit/.iiiiiaii, who took any iutere.st in Ai-i/ona allairs. Tln^y had something il-i' to neeiiiiy tiieir altenlioii, and did not even know wliei-e Ai'i/.. was. Ohi liiMi W .ide, ehairnian ot the sen.ite eoni. on teiritorii's, took a lively and hold iinii'e,t in the (cganizatioil of Ihi; torritory, and Ashley, ehairnian of tluj L'li'.ii. ill tin; liousi', told liij how to aeeonijilish the ohjeet. . . 1 le said there wei'o a inniilier nf meinln-r.-: of iho exiiiring eongress, wlio li id Keen ilele.iled in tikir own di.strict.t for the next term, who wanted to ijo west and oiler their Imlitir.d serviecH to tlie " galoots," and if tlu^y eoiild lie grouped and a satis- fictiiiy slate made, they wonld have iatliieneo enonL:h to earry tlu^ lull tliroii^di coiii;ii;.--s. (Junsuipiciitly, au "oyster siippor " was oigauizud, to whieh tho ■ llii i i 't I f^' 'ill I m I'M tl i 5'0 THE (;adsi)en purchase. Having thus recorded the acquisition from ^Mexico in 1853-4 of southern Arizona, or the Gadsden pur- chase, and the boundary and railroad surveys iiiiiiicdi- ately following; having noted the establishuuiit of military posts, the influx of seekers for precious metals, the rapid development of mining industiv, tlie opening of wagon roads, the establishment of the overland stage line, the journeyings of immigrants to California, the Yuma ferry, and navigation of the Colorado; having chronicled in a general way tho depredations of hostile Indians, filibuster outrages, troubles with vicious Sonoran laborers, the lawless proceedings of adventurers from Texas and C"ali!"(irnia, and their o})pression of the native or ^Mexican popula- tion; having given somewhat mere miimte attmtion to the country's politics, to the i)eople's well-founded comiilaints of neglect by the government at Santa Fe and Washington, to the successive efforts to secure a territorial organization from congress, and to tlu: tinal success of those eiforts; and having mentioned inci- dentally in connection with all these topics the dis- astrous happennings of 1801-2, which involved tlio withdrawal of the troops, the suspension of the ovir- land mail, the ruin of mining and other industries, the triumi)h of the bhxxlthirsty Apaches, and the murder or flight of most of the white iidiabitants — it only remains, in order to complete the annals of Arizona as a i)art of New Mexico, to notice more particularly the immediate cause of the country's misfortunes; that is, the war of the rebellion, or the confederates in Arizona. Records on the subject I have found ex- tremely meagre. Confederate plans respecting the south-west belong "liunc iliu'ks '" woro invited, ami tlicu aiiTess.'''" It was oi)enlv asserted that the eoun- trvs misfortunes were tluc; to neglect of the govern- iiiiiit, and that this neglect arose from Arizona's well- kiiiiwn and patriotic devotion to the soutlu'rn cause. Mest officers serving at the south-western posts were i" Sfo Jliiii. Col., vii., this series. "- Ti(r.^nii. Arizniiiiiti, Aug. 10, l.Slil, in .V. F. Alf'i, Sept. 21. 'Ilio cleotiim took jiliieo the preceding Monilay. Tlirre were only (iS Aiiier. vnters at TiU'sdii, when the 'eleven stiirreil hanner ' was then waving. Tnliao hail liieii ulianilniieil on the IM. Violent ileaths -■since 1S.")7 hail nunii)ereil III Anil r. ami ;")? Mcx. out of an averaL'e pii|iulation of IM. It is said that Mdiowan, elected delegate in lS(iO, had instructions to apiilx' for admission tip the soutlu'rn congress, should secession he ett'ccted; hut I iiavc no jiroof of that, and I have fonnd no detinite record of the convention wliich resi.lved oa sei'iision. Evidently there was such action, else uo delegate Mould havo been ii[ienly elected. rf M \ llU'.liljimiTMi. ,vw ll ! S J ■ A f ^ U I ■ 612 THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. soutlicrners wlio iiiado liaste to join tlio oonfodorate annv, tliou^h the privates arc said to have r( nminod faitliful to their government ahnost without exccpiidn. Captain Ewell, ooinniandiiiii^ in Arizona, became |)ii)in- inent as a confederate general. In July J8()l Lieutenant-colonel John R. Baylor, with a Texan force, entered the Mesilla vallc\-, ;iik1 took possession for the confederacy. In a ])r()(laiua- tioii of August 1st, he declared the territory of Ari- zona to comprise all that part of Xew ^lexico south of latitude 34"; that all offices under the laws (jf •the late United States' or of the tcsrritory \ver(,' vacant; continued in force all laws not inconsistent with those of the confederate states; made ]\[esilla the capital; and organized a military goverinni'iit with himself as govci'uor. Tlie next day he apjjointed territorial ofhcials, including James A. Lucas as secretary, M. H. ]\lcWille attorney-general, and E. Aiig(r>triii treasurer."'^ On Baylor's approach the officeis in com- mand at foi'ts Buchanan and J->reckenridge were ordered to abandon those posts, destroying the Ijiiild- ings with all military stores thatcould not bereiiioxul, and maich eastward to the llio (irande. This older was obeyed, and, all military protection being with- drawn, the Apaches, as already related, took posses- ^■'Suo more details of Baylor's operations in chap, xxvii., lliisvol. Hu creatL'il two juilicial districts, the tst iiicliuhiig all east of Apache I'ass. Hi.s a]i[)oiiitineiits were for tliu 1st l. Nov. I9,'l8()2, are found general accounts of Lyiide's oTv rations on the Rio (Irande, one of them from the Misilla Tiiiuts of .\ng. In, 18()l. Svo nUo flai/r.'t' y()ii ox- clianged. Captain William P. Calloway was next sent up the Gila with a stronger force to rescue .M(^- Cleave. At the Pima villages he heard of a c.tiileil- erate detachment of 10 men under Lieutenant Jack Swilling, and sent Lieutenant James Barrett with IJ men to cut them off. Pursuing the enemy into a chaparral Barrett was killed with two of his iiirii. one or two of the foe being also killed and three taken prisoners. This was the only skirmish of the campaign with confc^derates, and it occurred on tlie lath of April at a spot known as El Picacho. ^'For more details of the organization of Cal. regiments, see I {14. C'l!.. vii., this series; also Cdt,, Ad/.-iji'iiend's /'ijioii.'i, 18(J1 et se(i. The miihHhI C'aliloniia column couaisti'd of tin; 1st regiiiK^it infantry, 10 cotnpauiis. Tol Carlutou, Liout.-col .losoiih K. West: battalion of 1st cavalry, .5 comiKiiiii-^, Lieut. -col Eilwaril E. Eyre; 5 or (i coin]>ani(!s of the 5th infantry, some ot wiiich dill not go hcyond I't Yuma; ('ol (Jeo. W. Bowie, Co. H, 'Jd c.iv^chy, Cajit. John C Crcmouy; and Lieut. Shiun's liglit battery belonging; to Vo. A, U. S. artillery. ^'" West was at Yuma in Nov. 1801, guarding the ferry and lii(|iiiiL' a sharp lookout for rebel messengers aiul correspondence; for it appear-, tli.it the I'exans were in constant c(uunnuiication with sympatliizcrs in i ,il., wIh' sent not only iuforniation but aid and men. (tTt^HKitV* i,t,^onc(3 that > Vuiiiu an, I ^lie Culitor- I JaiiK's .11. ' in (li'tacli- lat(>r I (lu -iig-i'lcs ami II May t'dl- prc'vioiisly ! athaiicc.'''' tliesc Wfiv tlic ('(iiitVd- des[»at('lics er, ^\•ll(» w. to, Itcariiii,' n oceuiiied, rst r.'ivalry, turi'd with I of Aprih s soon cx- ■\vas lU'Xt esc'iu' Mc- :' a (.■tihfcil- iiant -Jaric tt with 12 ny into a liis au'ii. and three ish of the I'd on thi; o. iw Hhl. Cnl.. Thv s;o.,-iillc.l )iuiiaiLirs, Vol cdiiip.iiiies iitrv, some ot 5, 'Jd cav.ilry, llgiii;,' to Co. (Ill kwpiiiif a ;i]i[".';u'N tlwt ill (.'al, wIk> THE CAUFORNIA COLUMN. 515 It seems to liave been on May 20th tliat Liouton- aiit-coloiKjl West with the advance of tlio Cahfornia (iilinnii raised tlie stars and stri[)e8 asj^aiuover Tueson. Captain Hunter liad retreated to the Klo Grande, losiiii,^ several men and mucli property on the way in a fi,L:lit with the Apaclies. The Cahfornians K'ft a irariisoii at tlic I*ima vihaj^es, naming tlie ])ost Fort JJaintt in lionor of the only officer killed by con- tVderati.' bullets in Arizona. Forts Buchanan and Brcckenridge were rooccnpied, the latter being re- uamrd Fort Stanford, but l)oth positions were pres- ently abandoned, as the sites were tuidesirable and the l)ui]dings liad been destroyed. A ])ost was also e.stal)lislied at what was later called Camp Lowell seven miles from Tucson. There was a hard fight with the Indians at Apache Pass in the east, and there Fort Bowie was established. Early in June Culoiiel Carlcton. arrived at Tucson, where in an oidcr of tin; Sth he proclaimed the news of a tei-ritorial organization by congress, and declared the territory iiiuler martial law. Good order was easily preservetl, the most violent rebel partisans having departed with Hunter, all being required to take the oath of alle- ;4ian('e, turbulent and undesirable characters bt'iiig easily driven away by threats of arrest for disunion sentiments, and a few union men finding their way hack fi'om Sonora. Some "JO [)olitical prisoners were arrested and sent to California, one of the number heiiig no less a personage than Syl\ ester ]\Iowry, cap- tured at his Patagonia mine, ^vhich was confiscated. He was accused of having' triven aid and encouragement to the rebels; but probal)ly certain personal jealousies and the sj)irit of the time, recpiiring reprisals for some of Hunter's acts, were the real causes of his arrest; at any rate, after a long imprisonment he was ac(|uitteil e I hial, and his property seems to have been at least nominally restored to him. Carleton was made brigadier-general, and a little later put in command of the de[iartment. Fron June ' .'! hi li:Jil \m tM«iii Q Ll.l'liUlU'iua ■ 'i -11 ■H t li^Mlftill: r ' if. Pii; THK GADSDKN rURlifASE. to AuLju^'t a larli.--lLiil so tar an 1 know, tliougli such a work umiM havo much iutoivst as a coiitrilnitioii to tliu liistory ot tlie war as well a.'i tn that III' Cal., Ariz., and N. Mcx. I have iircparcil my resume mainly fidin (.nrresiioiiil "iH'o in tho San Francisco and Los Angeles iiewsiiapurs, most hI' wiliLih is eoliected in //((//c.-i' Hrrajis, Ariz., i., v., passim, especially v. ;!'J,"i S4. L'a)it. Cremoiiy's /,//(,■ (iiiioinj (lie Apiiclii!^ contains some details of advciitiiivs with tlio Lillians in this campaign; and 1 think V. was also the corrcspim 1. t;nt ot' the Altn. Nee also A rt.,>i,a Hi"!. (Klliott & Co.), 74-9, 'ITA-'l. On t!io Alowry ndue confiscation, see also U. S. Govt Dnc, 38th eong. 1st si'ss., Srii. Doe. 4!l. Anjorig the works relating w holly or mainly to tiie (Jadsdeu ]nirchasi' in I8.")4 (l;!, tho most important are. those written hy Sylvestc.T MoMry, wlm went to tho country as a lieut, iu the U. S. A. in IS.')."), i)ecame an cutluisi:i^t in all pertaining; to the teri'itory's a;« wi/ 'I'irrl/oi-i/ nj' A rtj)iiii, lii/ .Si/lri -•:t' /■ Mnii rif, ^''. .V. A., (lili'jiili: ilrrf. Wash., IS.")!, 8vo, 30 ji., and map. It cmi- tains a description of tlic country with its mineral wealth and oljur resiiunes drawn fi'oni the author's personal knowledge and from the c.xploratidiis nl t"ol .\. \i. (!i-ayiif tiie lioundarj' survey; an argument rit/i/. Bi/ }loii. Si/lirs/cr M'lirri/, dj' AriMim. \iir Yorl; Fi'lifiturii-l, IS''.'. I'ulilisliiil III/ thr iSoditi/. Wash., IS.'i'J, 8vo, 47 p. This covers in a sense tiio same ground as tlic Mi iiinlr, but gives more information on early history, mi the liiilians, and on tho state of Soiiora, containing as an apiiendi.x extracts from the speech i wiuli'iiiij nt Ili>< t'oiiil, late U I' lite limit third artiUrnt, U. S. A., ainrsjxmdiiiij iik'iiiIk r of tk Aiinrifilu lii.-itiliiti', late. U. S. Iiouiidanj coiiiiiiimoiii'r, eir....A tirir alilinii iriik oj>]i, iidi.r. S. F. and N. Y., ISti:!, Sv.l, 1'J4 p. The title i.s self-e.xplaii.itnry. 'Ihis edition contains hesides tiio originai address a preface written alter leii- gre.-.s had passed the territorial hill. Tlie new apjieiidix gives, 1st, the lustnry of the country and its mines since ISo'.t, including tho author's arrest and to- lease after six months, with severe crilicisiu of (Jen. Carleton's course th)'iiut;ii- out the eanipaiun; 'Jd, 'the mines of Arizona,' hy F. Biiertu), Feh. isiil, a dtiisuriptiun of the various uiiues and their prospects; 3d, about uO p. on tiio UUit MOWllV, ro.STON, AND lillOWNE. 517 iiiine.^ nor;i and Cliiliualmii; 4tli, a note on tlie Aiifiches, Mcvil.s,' or '\\ulvi:s. '1 In; Jintlior .says 'tlic Ajiaclics aro not a serirms olistaclc ti> llio wdrkiiij; "t minus in Ari/mia. Tim ilangirr to In; ajuircliciuU'd is on tlic niads; Mini tills I'.iM lie avdidcd liy (irdinai'y cantitm. . .TIutu isonlyonf way tn waiio Mir ai;:iin>t tin; AjiaelioM. A steady, pirsisttnt canipaign must ln' inado, ful- liiHiii" tlu'iii to tlii'ir liannts — Imnting tliuni to tlio " ta.stiit^ssLS of tlui inonn- tiiiiis. 'I'lu'y must l)u surroundi'cl, starved into coniiug in, surjirisiil, op iiivciLjli'd — l>y wliitu tiags or any otl'iiP nititliod, liuniaii or di\ inc — ami then iiut til diatli. If tluviu iduati .shock any wcak-mindi'd iiidiviilual, who thinks jiiiiisilf a philan.tiiropist, 1 can only s.iy I jiity without rcsjxMitim; his mis- takou syMi|i.ithy. A man might as wi'll have symiiathy for a ratth^snako or a tit,'!-''" ' and .Ttli, Itittcrs from S. W. Iiigi', ('. K. ]!i;nu(tt, Josejili Lams .lolin ('. Hays, .h'hu Xugi'iit, and Miguel A. Otero, on tin; wealth, iiopiilatiini, and iiuiils of the country. A 3d edition is entitled Arh.oiin titiil SoiKint: tlif [fiij- nyldi, liMnn/, (iml riwums of the xUvit ri'ijion. <>/ ^'nrt/i Aiiiirirn. lii/ Siilrm- l.i- Moirri/ of A rizDiia, c/r. Thinl iditinn ri'risi-d d/ii! r)il. J{(;siiles new uutcs l>y the; author, this ed. contains a ehaiitur fnuM U.iss IJrowne's work, and an extract from H'iih/'k Mtxira. It also in- ihiik's as one of its chapters a reprii>t of the folluwing pamphlet: VY/c Miiiff uf tilt' \\i.4. Sill I II till' , 1SS4, and rcproduccl ui Arhiiia HUturii, '-'(•7-10. These hrief sk<;tches have much interest and v.alue, hut it is iiiifdrtuiiate that we have no more complete record of tliis pioiiccr'.s recnllec- tiiius. The author is an intelligent, active, and somewhat eccentric man. The Spii'rh o/C/iiirlc.i J>. Potion, of Arh.onit, on IwUnii ajfolr-i, i/clinTi'/ in llic llnmf if Il'l>ri.y the govt of the U. .S.' Still later appeared Aparln-litnil. lii/ Vharks D. Po.-/on, of Arizona. 8. F., 1S78, I'Jiii", 1 il p., witli portrait. This i.s a poem not without merit, though some of the rhymes and measures would make an Apache's hair stand on end. Ailri iituris in tin; Ajuifln; cotintri/: a tnnr (lironiih Arizomt and Honorii, n'itli notes on till' nili'ir mini'-'< of \i r-nl'i. liij J- I'os.-t limn-ni, inithor of, etc. flliis- loiliil i'l/ tl,r iiittlioi: X. Y., 1S71, I'Jmo, ,">:>") p. ci'.l'J p. on Arizona), is a work wliicli, though descrihiug a visit in l.S(ll!-4, helongs historically here, sinci; it (lescrihes the country's condition as it w.is after the disasters descriiied in this cliaptei', anil before the work of regeneration hail made much jirogress, Ije.sidcs narrating incidentally many events of the preceding years. The woi'k was lirst piitilished in //urpir's Afu'/nzine, xxix.-xxx., 18(14-"). The author ai'coiiip.uiiid I'oston in his tour as Indian agent: his skill as a writer is too Will known to require notice here; and thoUL:li his ridicule and sarcasm, as fllljilii'd to certain matters, have been regarded by some a.s injiirinus to the interests of Arizona and Xevada, yet no otlu^r -work gives so vivid and inter- esting or more accurate account of the country as it actually was. ()l it, ia eiiueliision, ho says: 'I believe it to In a territory wondi'rfnlly rich in min- erals, hut subject to greater drawbacks tJian any of our territorial ]iossrs>iiins. It will hi' niany years before its miner.il resources can be fully ami fairly di'- vrlnpr.j. Kinigration must be eneourageil by iiicri;ased military protection; capitul must be (;,\peudeil without the hope of immeiliate uud extraoreliuary i .! '^ 1 iiii m ir va fc !:i'! < li^ I ail 11 ,i 518 TllK (iADSDKN rUlKJHASIi. returns; civil law must l)o OHt.alilisheil on a finii hasiH, ami fiiiilitios of com- inmiicutioii foxttTi'il hy Icf^islatidii of ciMgicHs. Nn cnuiitry tii.it 1 liuvu Vit visitttil jircst'iits MO many sli-iliiiig aiininalic.f. With iiiilliiiiis ot arrus of tlj,. Hiii'st aralili) 1;iiic1h, tlicrt! was not a .siii^lo farm uiidfr ciilti^'atioii; witli tln' rii'iitist mini's, |ia|nr money is the common lurruncy; with Inils inmiunniiili-, thiTu is si'aiccly any jirotci'tion; Milh cxttaisive pastures, tiieic is little up im stoek; with tlie liiiest natural roails, travelling is lii'setwith ilillieiilties; with rivers throuj^h every valley, a strani^er may dii^ of thirst. Hay is eiit with i hoe, and wootl witii a spadii or mattock. \n .January om; enjoys the liixiirv of a hath as under a trojnoal sun, and sleeps under ihmlile hlankets at iiij^lit. There ail! towns witiumt inhaliitants, and deserts extensively jMiinilitcd; vei.'otatio!i whei'o there is no soil, and soil where tlu^-e is no V( .letitidii Thii'e are Indi.ms the most docile in Tsorth Ameri<'a, yet travidlers are mur- dered daily liy Indians the most harharous on earth. Tlie Mexicans li.n- ilriveu t!ie I'apagos from their southern homes, and now sick iMoiectioii fnnn the Apaches in the I'apago villages. Fifteen hundi'ed Aiiaclie warrier.v, lieaten iu every ll;4ht hy the I'inias, Maricopas, ami I'apiigos, kicp tiicse aii.l ail other Ind. closed up as in a corral. .Mines without miners and forts with- out soldiers are common. Politicians 'without policy, traders without traili, store-keepers witiioiit stores, teamsti'rs without teams, and all witiiuut means, form the mass of the white population.' Airasti Aiiicnra mid Axhl. Xatcs of d Jim year.'i' jon dh n itroiiml tin', irndl tliitl of I'ls'nlriii'C. ill A rizniKi, JiijHiii, diiil, I'/iiiin. I'lj l!(i]iliiiii I'liiiijuili/, jii',- j'ls.ior in lliirv,iril UiiirirKilii, iiii'l snimfhiie iiiiiiiinj I'lii/iiiirr in t/ie gt'rrirr uj' (I,,- Cliiiwac mill Jdjiiiiii.si; ijiiiTniiiniif.'i. 'I'liinl eilitiitii rcrisnl, N. Y., ISTO, Nvcr, 4.")4 p. (1)7 p. (in Arizona), illustrations and majis. The autlior went to Ari- zona iu 18(i(t, to take charge as mining engineer of the Sta Rita silver mines, and was di'iven out hy tlie Apaches in KSiil, many of his couipauions hciii,' k lied. As a ditseriptioii of the country visited, as a narrative of pi'i-.'^oiid experiences, and as a philoso[)hie view of topics conueete. ■1.1 iiiiiiiiiiinililt., 1-1! is littl(. ,.riic') lilliciiltii.,; will, iiy i.s oil I witli-t Joy.s tlic liixiirv llllo^s ;it iii,;lit'. '"fly l"'IMll;it(.il; 111) Vc-rt.ltii.ll, '■11l'|-.s ;in; i„ii|>. .Mi-xii'.'iMs liavi. [Iflltliclidll iViHii •ii'liu Wiirrim-,, ki' 1> tlii.,su;ui.l iiii.l fi.rti with, willidiit tniilc, il iill witiiimt lUml lln; \i\ii-U I'lllllplllll^ J,,;,. i: iicrrii;- (,f tl„, Y., l.sro/svo, • M-unt to Ari- I silv(.r iiiinui, liiiiiidiis liciiii/ u (if j)ir,scpn;il Jiiili.in all'iiii's, ^11 tilt! ]iiiliaii iir iiiti'rconrsL" II till' jimtM- pllrity sit l.y I liy an iMi-- ■I'atliiTM iiiailo luiii, tlicre i.s r tliu fiivatur ■- nut of all leriif au'ririil- IS, tiiialili' til Irivcii til till! iif g.uiif .ire vuly at (ir.st until fiiv.t'il llilrr. tin; ri'- t W.ir; siiliii.'- oik; |i,ii'ty, niass.iiriii,' |iy lii'lniv the -rrg.irilnl ■ Aiiifiii'.aii.-i. iitcil ill tliii mciit iif the tliu lii'liaiis, liu.ihliy ami ! Iiiili.iiis are liiav ill- an- iy,.,r li\ the " tlio ,-iiiall- COZZ ION'S AND DUNIIAR. 519 pnx, aiiil till' pns.sca.sion i>f liriiUo.s liraiilcd fnuii tlm liair nf .HOiilpcil viitiin.'^ mill ileei'i.iti'il with tuctli kimckiil fniiii tiii' jaws of living woiiiuii — thunL' iiro hcrme faet.s aiiiong many of mir tiDntiurMnK'n.' Till" MiirviliiHn < iiiiiitry; or, Tlinr Yinr-t In Arizoiiii ami Ni'w Mfj'irn, tlir AiHii'li' •■<' /"!""'• Vonipii.iiiK/ II ilisfrijifion ';/' (/ii.'< irniii/irf'iil (•(iidilri/, iU hnnirnxi' mhin'iil ii'i'iltli, Uh niiiijiiijiccnt, iiKiini/nin smiiiij, the niin-i of iitivicid toirti-i ninl cilii'< I'liiiii'l tlicri'iii, vitk II coiiijilitr /listnri/ of tin' A]i(ic/tii triln, inn/ ii i/i nrriji/iiin (if I he iiiitliitr'x ijiiii/i', ('of/ii.sr, tin', ijniil Ajmrln' n'urrliii'j'. Tin' irlmli' iii/i r■■^pl■l^.^l^ll 'iritli'ti'iiKili' vri'iits tiinl niln'iitiins. liij Saiiiinl Wiunhrortli t'ozziiii. IHiiMrntnl I,)/ iiyiriii-il< oj'oin' liiniilnil cinjniriinjx. I'Mistoii, fti'. (I.S74j, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I "^illlM lillH iU IIIII2.2 m !.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 .< 6" - ► ^ ^m ^ w /}. "^ ^^ <$> '^ y /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 873-4503 S: t 'is ^v \\ ^ ^ o^ <1? y> r-i>^ ^,* i',' i ' :h II in ^1 \^ r CHAPTER XXI. POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA. 1864-1887. Origin of the Name Arizona — Territorial Oroanization— A Mi(;uatinci Government — At Navajo Spring — Governor Goodwin anu Con. ORESSMAN PoHTON — FiRST LEGISLATURE — SeALS — POLITICAL Al KAIliS— KuLERs — The Cai-ital Question — Prescott versus Tucson— Oukmnal Counties— Map — Boundary Dispute at Yuma— Statistics of I'dit. LATioN — Immigration — Mormons — Powell's Exploration ok hie Colorado — Wheeler's Surveys — Floods and EARTiiyuAKi>t— Lists OF Federal and Territorial Officers — Members of Council and Assembly — Kesum^ of Legislative Proceedings. Now that we have at last reached a period when our territory has legally a name of its own, it is \\\11 to devote a few lines + liat name, mainly for tlie purpose of correcting alent errors respecting its origin. Arizona, probably Arizonac in its original form, was the native and probably Pima name of the place — of a hill, valley, stream, or some other local feature — just south of the modern boundary, in tlu' mountains still so called, on the headwaters of tlie stream flowing }>ast Saric, where the famous Pkinchas de Plata mine was discovered in the middle of the eighteenth century, the name being first known to Spaniards in that connection and being applied to tlie mining camp, or real de minas. The aboriginal nican- int»' of the term is not known, though from tlie ct)niiii(»ri occurrence in this region of the prefix ari, tlie root son, and the termination ac, the derivation ought not to escape the research of a competent student.^ Suih ' Prof. Alphonso 1'iiiart tolil me tlmt lie hiul iliscoverctl the derivation of tlio name, but I am uot acquainted with hia coucluiiiuua. THE NAME ARIZONA. 621 guess( s as are extant, founded on the native tongues, offer only tlie barest possibility of partial and acci- dental accuracy; while similar derivations from the S|iaiiish are extremely absurd.^ The oft-rej)eated assertion that the original S{)anish form was Arizuma lias lu) other foundation than a misprint in some old book or map. The name should properly be written ami pronounced Arisona, as our English sound of the : does not occur in Spanish. Suggestions for the k>;al name were Arizuma, Arizonia, Pimerfa, and (iadsonia. Pimeria would have been in some respects more appropriate than Arizona — as being of })rovin- cial and not merely local application — and quite as euphonious. Tlie territorial act having been passed by congress ill February 1803, and officials appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln in March, the whole party of emigrant statesmen, headed by Governor John N. Goodwin of Maine;' started in AujjTUst for the far west, leavintr Leaveiiwortli on September 25th, Santa Fe Xovem- ber 2<;th, and Alburquerque December 8th, under the escort of troops from Missouri and Xew ^lexico. It was on tlie 27th that the party crossed the merid- ian (if lOU" into Arizona, and two days later in camp at Xavajo Spring, the gt)vernment was formally organized in the wilderness. The flag was raised and cheered; a prayer was said by H. W. Head; the oath ■Of the former class may be mentioned the following: ari, 'maiden,' and znii, ' viilk-y, ' from tliu Pima; am and Kitiii'it, or uriiin, tiie sun's hulovud, from tlie Miijiivf; *(/•/, ' few,' and ziiiii, ' fmintaiiis; ' iiri, ' beautiful,' and tiie Spanisli i/^iiii: A liziiiiiii, A/.toc for 'silver-bearing; ' A n'ziinio, an Aztec (jueen; .1 rizutinn, 'the beautiful;' Arizotiut, tlie maiden ijueen or godiless wiio by iiiiinai\d,iti; cniUTjition gave being to the Zuni Imlians; also tlie meaning 'little ercek ' is uivin. of the Hecond class we may note nrrczitje, a country coveri'd with linisih-wood; tiriila tonn, or an arid zone or region; and wirizomt, a big-iiosicl wiiiiNiii ! Accurate results are randy, if ever, readied l»y tlie favorite method (if sii kiiiji for similar sounds in various languages. ■■Sii.' olhcial list at the end of this cliajiter. Of the original appointments, Jiiliii A. (lurley of Ohio was governor, but died Aug. KStli, and (ioodwin was a|pii(iiiited on the 21st, (Joodwin being succeeded as chief justice liy 'I'linicr. .Iiiiiii 'I'itus of Penn. was the original district attorney, his place being taken bvli.igu before starting. Tlic surveyor-gen., Jiashford was appointed May 2tith. ^%. I I' yiii I -'■ H lill 628 POLITICAL ANNALS OP ARIZONA. of office was taken by the officials; and a proclama- tion of Governor Goodwin was read, in whi'h tlio vicinity of Fort Whipple, established only a iiKnith earlier by Vlajor Willis of the California column, was named as the temporary seat of government: and here all arrived on January 22, 18G4. In Alay tlio fort was moved some 20 miles to the south-west, and near it by July a town had been founded on (iranito Creek to become the temporary capital. It was named Prescott, in honor of the historian. Meanwhile the governor made a tour of inspection in the south, and other parts of the territory; l)y j)roc- lamation of A})ril 9th three judicial districts wi re created, and the judges assigned;* the njarslial was instructed to take a census; and an election ])r()('la- mation was issued on the 2fith of May. Accordinolv, at the election of July 18th, there were cliosen u council of nine members, and a house of ciglitetn;'' also a delegate to congress in the person of Cliarlcs D. Poston.* The legislature was in session at Pres- cott from September 2r)th to the 10th of Novendu r. Besides attending to the various routine duties, and passing special acts, some of which, for this as tor other sessions, will be noticed elsewhere, this hody adopted a mining law, and a general code of laws, prepared by Judge Howell, and called in his lioimr ♦The 2(1 district included .ill west of long. 114°; Allyn, judge, court at La Piiz; 1st district, all east of 114', aud south of the Gila; Howell, judgr. (■.■\iit at Tucson; 3d district, all east of 114°, and north of the Uiia; Turner, imi^"', court (Kxed a little later) at Prescott. On May 11th the gov. at Tiusnii appointed municipal otKcers for that town. •'.See note at end of tliis chapter for members of this and later legislatures. "Poston, as supt ind. atfairs, had not come to Ariz, with the rest, Imt liy way of California, whence in company with Ross Browne— see Ailfii. in AjMu'he CoHiitry — he made a tour for the inspection of the friendly Iii'liaii tril)es, and the distribution of supi>lies furnished for the govt, sulisiMjiuiilly continuing his tour for electioneering purposes. Poston seen\s to lia\ r lnni nominally a union candidate, and Charles Leib was another, W. 1). liriilj-ii aw being the democratic camlidatc. Tlie customary charges of trickery iiii'I ras- cality, of secessionists masquerading as union men, of rebels, Sonorutis, ami Pdpagos allowed to vote, wlnle loyal teamsters and sobliers were deniiil the right, etc. There was also nuich hostility to the new government, the tinr- rison at Ft Wliipple in April signing a set of resolutions in which thi' terri- torial otlicials wore accused of various sliortcomings, such as selling for tlicir own profit stores furnisheu by the govt, llayvs Scraps, Cat. Politics, vi. i'iO; Id., Ariz., i., passim. THE LEGISLATURE. 623 tlio ITowcll Code, being baaed mainly on the codes of Xow York and California/ It also divided the t«jr- rit(»rv into four counties under the aboriginal names ot" riiiia, Yuma, Mojave, and Y'^avapai;'* and adopted a territorial seal, though for nearly 20 years a dif- ferent seal appears to have been in use. Both are shown in the annexed cut." It is not my purpose to attempt any minute resume or analysis of legislative proceedings. Much of the iiidst important legislation was connected with Indian atlairs, mining, and other subjects that will Ik; noticed iiiotlier chapters; and at the end of this will be found a nitto, in which a few of the more notable measures adopted at the successive sessions are cited. In the same note is given a list of all federal and territorial (ilHeials from the beginning to 1885, together with the names of members and officers of both branches of tiic legislature at its thirteen consecutive sessions.'" ' Thv llowrll Cfulf, Adapleil hi/ the jfrxt LcijiKlnt'iv Ali/ of the. Tcrritni-' ofAnzoiiii. Si'Msioii liei/uii, i'tc. ProscDtt, 18(>."), Svo, 4l)l p. Arizmin, Mh Liir t/ till' Ti'rritori/ of. Prijscott, lM(i4, 8vo, 18 p. In the title an 'N ' \ t!ic si.le lilies cut out waa made to do duty for a 'Z,' wliicli was apparently laLkiiii! ill the font. ' .\ ri-.oiKi, Comp. Lawn, ."ll, where, however, the date, Oct. 11, 18(i4, is not triviii. I'iiiia CO., capital Tucson, ineludeii all east of long. IVA" '20', and .Miiith of the (Jila (subsequently divided into 5 counties or parts of counties); Vuiiia C(i., capital La I'az, all west of long. IKr'JU'and south of }iill Wil- li, niis fdik, and the Sta Maria (never changed); Mojave co. (ollicially hut iiudin L'tly written Mohmv), capital Mojave City, all west of \\y i*' ' and iioi'tli III' Hill Williams fork and the Sta Maria (as it still exists but for the l(i-s i)f the part joined to Neva As.iiii,lil,/, Prescott, 18G5, 8vo, '2.50, xviii., j)., to tiie consents of wliicli the varidus writers have added notliing. Tlie /lW2ht i^overnoiv. GOVERNORS. 625 >vcnitirs. appointed at Washington, as the custom is, more tlir(.)U<;li political inHuencc than a consideration of tho couiitry'.s needs, yet as a rule with fairly <;oo(l results, as follows: John N. Goodwin in 18().'3-5, Kiehard ^fe- Coriinck in 1865-9, A. P. K. Safford in ISdl)-??, John P. Hoyt, aetinle and intelli- iri'iit men. In a general way their acts call for no further criticism, fuvorable or otherwise. One of the immher should be well enough known to readers of my history of California; but Fremont was ap])ointe(l merely that his chronic poverty might be I'elieved; and ill Arizona he se(;ms to have done nothing worse than neglect his duties. Delegates in congress were not less zealous and intelligent men, being in politics union, or republican, to 1874, democratic to l'^84, and then republican again." Though working with due zeal at Washington, the delegates, as is true for most territories, have been able to accomplish but little for the advancement of Arizona, since congress contented "Tliovoto and politics of the 12 elections for dck'g.ite wcn^ .is follows: 1st, IStii, I'oston, union; Rruil«liaw, (Ifiiiocriit; Leili, iiii. ; vote imt founil. 'J.l, i.SiU, (iooilwiii, un., 707; AUyn, un., '.i'ti; Postoii, un., i!(i(>; totiil, l..'{4;i. 'M, Ifitii), Riislifonl, rejiuliliuan, I,(K)it; I'ostou, reii., r>l8; .Saiii. Ailains, inilfp., KW; total, 1, ()».'). 4th, 1S()8, Merormick, ro)!., \,'2'M; John A. Uusli, d.in.. KWk A.lain.s, in.leii., ."iS; total, '_M0.'). oth, 1870, MoConiiiok, l,SS-.>; IM.r H. Uraily, doni., 8;V2; total, 2,714. (itli, 1S72, .NK'Corniuk, 2,.V.'2; total, 2.re_». 7tli, IS74, Stevens, indop. diMii., 1,442; Bfun, rvu., l,()7ll; .John Sinitli, nj)., !");!; total, 3,089. 8th, 187(), Stevens, I,l!»4; \V. H. Hardy, fp., l,0'.l'.l; Oiiry, duin., 1,007; total, 3,2.50. Utli, 1878, C-uiipliell, deni!, 1,4.")2; A. K. I'avirt, rep. and granj^er, 1,0!)7; Stevens, deni., 1,()'.K); K. S. Woolsey, imlep. •Kill., S22; total, 4,401. 10th, 1880, OUry, dem., 4,0!t.'> (or 4, I7fi); Stewart, reii., .'(.(MM) (or 3,778); total. 7,701 (or 7,!to4). 11th, 1882, Oury, ti.PJl; I'or- tlii- tures of 18G4-5-G could not agree, llepreseiitativi s of the first district were not quite strong enou^li to decide in favor of Tucson, to which town undonl.U'dlv at tliut time the honor belonged; but they were uMc to defeat the pretensions of Prescott. It was a barren victory, however, since by the governor's ])ro('laniation from year to year the legislature was convened i.t Prescott as the temporary seat of governnunt. Li 18()7, however, the tables were turned, and by a ma- jority of one vote Tucson was made the capital, Ww. sessions of the legislature being held there; until in 1877 the northern combination was in turn trium- phant, and Prescott has been the cajtital ever since. Agitation on the subject is by no means at an ciid, but Tucson is thought to have but slight cliunce of regaining its old position, though a change in favor of Pha'uix or some other town of the central ri.7, internal revenue of 18G(>-8, devoted to the Imildiiii,' ot a penitentiary; 180!), sessions of the legislature to be biennial; 1870, salarii's of justices to be §.'{,(KH), and S'2,000, appropriated for a law library; 1878, council not to exceed \'l and house 24 members at §4 per day. '•■In tlie ori^'inal bill, as introduced in congress, Tucson was !iaiii:'i'. as capital, )»iit on final passage that clause was removed, and thus tlie 2ov. was left to select a temporary and the legislature a permanent capita. ^^ liy Goodwin selected a spot so far away from the settlements is not charly <'x- plained. Possibly he ttiought Prescott likely to Ixjcome the centre of ]i(i]iula- tion, or was influenced by certain personal interests of his assoeiat ■.", :iiirn Arizona, without success; while Arizona's t'tloit of 1877 to annex Grant county, New ^[exico, was tqually unsuccessful. Maricopa county was civatfd in l.")71; Pinal in 1875; Apache in 1879; Cdcliise, Graham, and Gila being organized in 1881. Tlius the number of counties was increased to ten, a ti( r of four being created in the central or Gila re- gion, while Yavapai in the north and Pima in the sdutli were each divided by a north and south line, l^ouiidaries as they now stand are shown on the map. s:iys I'rescott was selected by iiiriuence of C'arlctoii, and iigaiust lii.s own ad- vui . Ill tlie legislature representatives of tlie 1st district voted solid aj,'ain8t I'rcstott, trying to gain a vote or tW'> from tiio oiipositioii by favoring suc- fcssively La Paz, Walnut (irove, and a town to be called Aztlan, at tlie junc- thiii lit the Verde and Salado; but tliey had lost one of their members of the liiiiisc by death, anil the members from the 2d and 3d district gave i) votes to X ill f.ivor of Trescott. In the council, however, there was a vacancy in the lM district, so that the vote was a tie, 4 to 4. In the session of ISli;") the (•(iiini'il voted 4 to 1 in favor of Prescott, but in the house the matter was in- di'liiiitel y postponed, vote not given. As 3 members of the council and 8 of till' liiiiise were not in attendance, this action may indicate luagiianimity on till' (i.irt of Yavapai — perhaps. In KS(1('» the bill in favor of Prescott was de- fiatiil ill council ny a tie vote of 4 to 4, Yuma and I'ali-Ute joiiiinj,' Pima in till' tight. In 1807 it was Yavapai against the liidd, but the best this county ciPiiM ill) against Tucson was to gain one Yuma vote for La Paz, Mojave and Pail Ite in the hou.se deserting their northern allegiance, and Prescott was ilrt'iitcd '.) to 7, and 5 to 4 in council wIuto Mojave voted fur Prescott. At tliif .session a minority report ojiposcd Tucson on the ground that a majority ot till! pojiulation lived outside of Pima co. ! On this ba.sis it would be hard to liiiatf a e:ipital in any of the U. S. I'oston, Hctniii., 'JIO, says that McC'or- iiiick by his inrtucnce gave the capital to Tucson on a promise of .sup[Mirt for •Irlcuate. In 1875 there was a vote for Tucson, which is not ipiite intelligible (siii; note on 8th sess., p. 541, this vol.). In 1877 the northern population had ciinsiileral)ly increased, and by united action gave 12 votes to (5 fur Prescott ill till' house, and 5 to 4 in the council. If later or intermediate agitation ever took the form of bills introduced and not passed, such bills have escaped my uutivti, I. ; m « i n I ■+ t ,.'i: t 628 POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA. Yuma alone has rotainocl its original extoiit, ^'ct not without a houndary dispute. It had doubtKss Immh the original intention that the Colorado sliould lie the boundary between Arizona and Calif'orni.i, l.ut COUNTIKS OF AkIZONA. owing to a peculiar bend of the river, the line as cor- rectly surveyed from the Gila junction toward San Diego left a small area south and west of the Colo- rado opposite Fort Yuma, technically in California. On this area was a considerable amount of taxable A nOUXDARY DISPUTE. priipi rty, iiit'ludinjjf the ferry buildiiicj^s, Tlio Ari- /.(iii;i It L;i>^laturo rather indiscrt'otly askud conyn-ss for til,' land ill 1804-5; California took tlio liint; tlio iirojicrty was taxed l)y both Yuma and San J)it'go {•(iiiiitiis; and a spirited controversy was earrird on from aliout 18G7, eacli claimant ridieurm<,' the (»thcr's alismd jiretenaions. In 1871 there seem'^ to have lit (II some kind of a decision at Washini^ton mi favor (if Aii/ona, and after 1873 I find no trace of the dis- IiUtv." Till' wliite population of Arizona — that is, of Ari- Zdiia county, New Mexico — accordingly to tlu; some- what (louhtful census of 1860, was 2,421, or perhaps 11,4^1. includin<5 all Mexicans and mixed breeds. DuiiiiLT the disasters of 18()l-3, the number was jiciliaps reduced to 500 or 600.'^ After the organ- izatinii of the government, the first territorial census (if ISfW) showed a total — excluding Indians — of 5,52G; and the second, 7,200 in 1807."^ The United States aiisus of 1H70 shows a pojmlation of 5),r.j8;'' and the ti-ures in 1872 and 1874 were 10,74;} and 11,480, res[K." The federal census of 1880 raised the fig- urcs to 40,440.'" For later years we have no accurate ''Sic j^'overnor's message, in Ariz., Jour., 1S7I, p. .')"); /(/., ISO", passim; I'l., iMis, p. l.S',(-i(2; also, not S7H. '' II niton, Ilnml-lionh, 44, gives the pop. in 11S(J.'{ as.'JSl. Mowry, Arizona, 71, .L'iii>>ly overestimates the numher in lSt>4 as 'Jt),(MK). "(Hivcrnor's report in Ariz., Jnuninl, ISdfi, p. '.'(U-f); Id., 1807, p. 2.59. '' r. S. ('(■ii.iUH, 9th. The total included 12(5 negroes, 20 Cliinamen, and .*?! Indiaii.-i; no. of citizens (males above 21 years) 3,;V.)7; native (U. S.) horn 3,M.'), cif whom 1,221 born in Ariz.; foreign born 5,80it, of whom 4,.'J3!) in Mivir,,; i„:iK,s (i.SS?, females 2,771; families 2,29(); dwellings 2,S22. En- pij;iil ill auric. 1,285; in professional and person.il service .'{,1 1,"); in tr.-wie anil trails] nutation 5'Jl; in mininj,', maiiuf., ami mechanical industries I,o:.>; in mining, manuf., and mechanical iuduatriea 7,374. II 1ST. Abiz. and N. Mix. 34 umyi sno rOLITUAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA. statciiionts; Imt the population in 188G sliould not be less tluiii 7 J.OOO.'-'" In foniUT years, iiniuij^ration to Arizona dejMiidtJ mainly on the varyin;^' prospects t)f tho mines, tlimurh by no means all inimi!:;rants were miners. Of lute, liowever, it lias lieen cleaiiy deinonstrati'd that tlio country possesses a j^'reat variety of resources, and is capalde of sujtportin;^ a largo ndscellaneous poj ulu- tion, though hero, as clsowhere, attempts at eoloniza- tion have mot with indifferent success.'' It is certain that the land possesses in ahunilanco two of the three great sources of wealth — mining and agriculture- iind to devol«»p them oidy the industry of man is n'Miinl. Together with her largo area of grazing and aiuhjc lands, the territory contains nearly every variity nf mineral, and in her valleys can bo raised all kinds df cereals, vegetables, and fruit, the citrus belts o\' south- ern Arizona being .Icstincd at no very distant day to rival those of California. Among the early settlers were the Mormons, who in 18G8 had a settlement at St Thomas, in l*ah-Utc county, a region later attached to Nevada. In Is7.'i the authorities in Utah formed a plan of coloni/atioii, and a pioneer party if 700 men was sent south, in- tending to get a start by working on the Texas Pa- "•Oov. Tritlo's estimate was 75,000 for 1884, ace. to Ariz., Hi"!. (K. k, Co.), ;iO. ilamiltou, IlrmiurrcM, J)?, gives a pop. of 8'2,!)7t) in IMS".', and that from a oenHns; but I supp(i.su there can bo no real authority for so largr a tig- lire. I'lTliaps tlui fact tliat in 1!S8'2 Ariz, was Heekiiig aihiiissioii a.s a statu had some intiuence on thin report. •" In 1S71 is mentioned a soliemc to introduce as colonists the liettor classi's of the Freiieh eommunist prisoners at govt expense, C 1). I'oston l»iii^' iiiti r- ested in tiie project, with nnieh encouragement, it is saitl, from tiu' I'lciah ministry. S. F. Cull, Aug. 21, 1871. Again, in 1873, a French oil, my u mentioned as having a large grant, and proposing to build a railroad trdiii (Uiaymas. .S'. /'. Uulktiii, Feb. 'J7, 1873; JIhijih Sfrny*, Ariz., v. Kfl. lii 187(>-8 \ve hear of the Arizona Colonization Company of Boston, innli i- tin uppose, \vl stotl over '_'(K) colonists for the Colorado Chiquito region. The first jiai ty i>i presidency of Co/.zens, author of the Mdnvlloun Country, I suppose, wlurh cii- listotl over '_'(K) colonists for the Colorado Chiquito region. The first jiai ty i>i 45 arrived in May of tliis year, but they soon liecame disgusted and scatlcriil to seek employment at the towns. Another party is said to have been (Hi tlio way, but 1 timl no definite record that any colony was established, t'nidliiii Pirt. Ariz., .3.V_> 3; Aiidheim Oazc/te, May 20, 1870. In 18S2 O. \V. A\ <1'1> is named as the .agent of a company which had constructed a ditch and pn4">se(l to found a kiml of Arizonian Uiveraido in the Gila valley. Yuma Sailitul, Jan. 28, 1882. THE MORMONS. 6S1 ;ina clo|>(Mi(lod IlillfS, llldinrh ■I'-s. Of hu,, UmI tliat tlu' mrccs, iiiid is looiis poiiila- s at c'oldiiiza- It is iTitain • of tlio tlirro •ulture- iiiid in is n<((l(d. f and ju'iililf y variety .4' all kinds (if dts of soiith- stant dav to )rnions, who in l*ali-l'tc a. In is7;i olonizatioii, t south, iii- 3 Texas I'a- iriz., HIsl. (K. k. ill I.SS'J, and tliiit for so lai-f^i' a lig- isxidii iiM a state the hettiT classts iston luiiij; iiittr- from tlu' i'lHiuli ["Viiiicli culiiiiy \i I fi railrouil tidiii /•«., V. l.'il. In oston, iiiiili r till) })])()«(', wlurll I'll- riiu first jiarty "I vil and Hi'atttTiil have ijt'iii (in tiie lisiicd. ('iiiiUiii'i G. W. W.'l.l) is oh and pniiHised Yuma Hailimi, r (ific IJailroad, Init hooamo discontented with the pros- ]Mper Colorado Chiquito and on Salt River. At a melting held at Salt Lake City, in January 1^7(), missionaries w»rc present^ from different j)arts (if Utah, and an orjjfain '>t,ion was effected under Lot Siiiitli lis president. The first party arrived in March ;it, tht' Sunset crossini^, and soon the camps of Sunset, Allfii, Hallin<^er, anil Oljcd were established. Proj^resa was slew, the first season's crop not suffieinj; i' r the (dloiiy's needs, and teams havinijf to he sent t«» Utah \\>v >ii|>[>lies; but the pioneers were resolu^" men, and thoiigli many, first and last, abandonee, the entir- |iris(', ;tt j'te end of 1877 the mission numbered bOA Miuls, and a year later 587. In 1884 the t (pulatiun ! <;ivcn by the newspapers as 2,r07, the chief S(;ttle- imnts being Sunset, St Joseph, and Brigham City."' '■ !.'ii{i/'.i Little Coloriu/n St (tlev}ents, MS., 1; Ha i/m' Scraps, Ariz., vi. I2Gj S. F. H>ill,ti„, Fi.'l). 4, .July 14, 187;{. "'liic iirijiinal leadt-Ts, each at tlie head of saints from some neijihhorhootl in I'tali, wi'ie l.ot Siiiitli, lleo. Lake, \Vm C. Allen, and Jesse O. Ballinger. Niiiitli's lamp M'as called Niinset, hut was moved the Ist year 2 miles north. Allen's caiiip was renamed St Joseph in 1878. Lake's camp Wiis calli'il Oh<'il, iiliiiiit '«' III. west of Allen, but was abandoned in 1877 on aicount of fever anil iiiiiie. Hallinu'er's camp was named Brigham City in 1878. Woodruff was louiuleii in 1877, 2.) m. above St Joseph. Moan Coppy, in Yavapai co., .%° ell tlie iciail to Lee's ferrj', was founded by Lamanites in 1877; ..Iso in that viiir l*'lll■(^st l)ide in the south. Taylor, near Brigham City, was founded in bTN, hilt soon abandoned, and a new settlement esfcib., which wjw later kiKiwii as Siiowllake. In 187(5 nuu'h damage was done by floods; but forts of I'lW ami .stone W(m-c built, and a steam saw-mill was started in the MogoUon .\hs, 40 III. w. ofJSunset, sometimes called Millville. A tannery was later in "l«i itidii liero, but the mill was sold in '81, and removed to the eastern stake. In Is77 a grist-mill was built near Biillinger's, horse-power having been used liL'fiiie, and a reenforeement from the soutlicrn states, under A. P. Beebe, arriveil. In 1878 occurred anotlier flood; the Little Colorado 'stake of Zion ' w;i.( (iri,'aiii/,ed, with Smith as pres., Jacob Hamilton and L. H. Hatch aa I'niini'iliors, and bishops (ico.: Lake, L. .M. .Savage, John Bushman, and John Kiiitiliiim. Also the stake of eastern Ariz, was set ofi', the dividing lino bo- iiiK the Berado rancho on the I'ol. rhi(i. 187'.l was a year of good crops, and (liiirj iiig Was carried on in I'li'asant valley, 40 m. W. of Sunset; a woollen fuutiiiy at .Moan Coppy; Wilfonl WoodruH' at work im missionary, and exLtrad- ill},' Ins efi'orts to the Laguna and Isleta Ind. in N. Mcx. 1880 was a bad yeiir, with poor crops; Brigham City w.is nearK abandoned, and the saints regarded themselves as cheated in the count of votes at election. In 1881 cr(i|is Were also bad in many places, and a flood destroyed dair-s, also carrying awiiy tlie bridge at Sunset. Brigham City was nearly abandoned by the Miirinoiis, the site being turned over to the church, and sold to Adams, tVhitiug, and Company; yet this was the headquarters of the Mormon con* 532 POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA. The settlements of this region were in 1878 orjjfanizid into the Little Colorado stake of Zion ; and at thu same time an eastern Arizona stake was organized in the region about St John, but I have no details uu the annals of tliis stake. The Salt River settlements, later Maricopa stake, above Phoenix, were begun in March 1877 by nine families from Utah, organized at St George by ]Jri.r. ham Young, under Daniel W. Jones as president. There were 71 persons in the colony, the settlement being called successively Camp Utah, Utahville, Jones- ville, and finally Lehi. The Utah ditch was constructed by the incorporated Utah Irrigating and Farniin(r Company. Elder Jones had some troubles with his flock, tlie site of the village seems to have been slightly clianged once or twice, and in 1884 the population was less than 200."* In January 1878 there arrived from Salt Lake City — part of the members coming from Idaho — another colony of 77 saints, including the Sirrines, formerly of Brannan's California colony. They declined to join Smith in the north, faikil to make a satisfactory arrangement with Jones, and so founded Mesa City, four miles from Jonesville, incor- porating a new company for the construction of a ditch, by which at a cost of $43,000 about 5,000 acres have been reclaimed from the desert. The population was about GOO in 1884. Jesse H. Perkins was pre- siding elder from October 1878, and A. F. McDonald tractors on the A. & P. R. R. Here ends my only detailed authority, the SettlcmentK of the Little Colorado, Arizomi, MS., prepared for my use liy S. (), Ladd. Soe also, on these settlements, Yuma Sentinel, Mar. 18, lS7l>; Xnv, 17, 1877; Nov. 2, 1878; Avuheim Gazette, Dec. 16, 187G; llintons Hninl-lmk, UIH); Pirxcott Miner, Sept. 19, 1879; June 25, 1880; Salt Lake llvrabl, Deo. 1, 1877. Elliott & Co. state that in tlie latest years tlie Col. Chiq. farms liavo proved a failure, on account of alkali, and possibly the pop. given in my text from newspaper authority may be too large. It includes, however, the east- ern stake. ''* Maricopa Stake, M8., by Chas J. Robson, one of the pioneers. The oriL^iiiul company consisted of 1). W. Jones, P. (J. Merrill, llonry C. Itugi'is, Thos liiiigs, Joseph MoRae, D. J. Merrdl, Isaac Turley, (ieo. E. Steel, lunl Williams, all with families. F. E. Robson taught the l.st school iit I/hi in 1S78. See also Salt Lake Herald, May 5, 1877; Aug. 12, 1880; rimu.c Herald, July .^0, 1880; Pnsrott Miner, Oct. 19, 1877; Los Aw/. iVj)/. .sw, Ap-il 14, 1877; ^\ Lain Ob. Trilmie, July 28, 1877; Ariz., Hist. (E.'& Co.), "^M. ul! THE MORMONS. 533 878 or^,^1lliz,,l i; and at the i organized in no details on aricopa stake, 1877 l)y nine orgc by ]]rig. as president. :ie settlement diville, Joiies- is constructed and Fariiiint' ibles with his been slightly le population there arrived ibers comin*'' its, HK'ludin"' fornia colony. rth, failed to ones, and so isville, incor- ructlon of a 5,000 acres le population dns was pre- '. McDonald ed authority, tlie ' my use liy S. (J, .r. 18, 187(1; Nov. ntoii's l/'iwl-liiiiik, ■e Jhrolil, Ikr. 1, ( 'liiq. farms li.ivc f^ivcii in my text owever, tliu l':l.^^ o pioneers. The lonry C. Itogurs, oo. Vj. Sti'i'l, ami st school !it Lrlli 1880; J'l.niiir. !op, Mesa being divided into 2 wards, Mii!i 0. M. Stewart as bishop of Alma. 1st Sunday school 1880, under V. J. Kiilisoii; Mutual Iinprovemeut Assoc. 1880, C. J. Uobsoupres. ; Relief Soc. ISMI, Sarah Phelps pres.; 1st school taui^ht l)y Miss Ursula Pomeroy. In J /■/,:., ///>/. (li & Co.), 282-4, is an account of the Mesa colony, with view on ]i. hW, and sket(Ji of Pres. McU. on p. 209-300. See also Preacutt Miixr, Fcli. ], 1.S78; S. F. C/irohlrle, Aug. 6, 1883. ''' .lames H. Martineau's Sdlleinents in Arizona^ MS. The St David jii'iiKiis were the 4 or 5 Merrills, Geo. E. Steel, Jos. Mcllac, and ^\. O. \\illiams. It was named for David Patten, the martyr. The bishops have liiiii l>. 1'. Kind)all, H. J. Horner, W. D. Johnson, and M. H. Merrill. The ri:iiaiiii>neers were I'ogers, Teeples, Haws, Welch, and Dall, Rogers beini; \^u> \nA\i\[> to 188,"). Curtis was founded in ISSl by 3 Curtis families, Moses M. Curtis h.iug the bislio]). Graham in 1881 by Jorgenson, Skinner, Andcison, ainl Wilson, with Jorgenson as bishop. Thatcher in 1882 by Moody, Pace, aal ithtTs, Moody being succeeded by Sam. Clearidgo as bishop, e'ciitral ill I'^NJ liy Hishop Jos. ClufF, Clemons, Young, and Witlieck. McDonald was 111 I'U' a ward in 1883, H. J. Horner bishop. Hill, Hoops, and other si't tiers. Liytnii, iKiiir SatFonl, in 1884 by John Welkor bishop, A. Welker, I?. Peel, uti'. A si'ttlement in Sulphur Sjjring valley, founy tlie torrent through the tortuous channel of the ii'ieut canons, whose precipitous sides towered to a height of several thousand feet — sonu'times over a mile -above the vo3'agers' heads, '^he river proved a succession of rapids and whirlpools: each days' ad- vance brought its new perils and toil; hairbreadth ^l: ,i:'ir ^m imiu 536 POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA. r. ,■ 'I ■(ii escapes from destruction were of frequent occurniico' one of the boats was lost; and the supply of instru- ments, food, and clothing re portion of Arizona was for the first time accurately mapped." 2S 2" (Pnirtil), Erplorntion of flic Colorado Riirr of the WeM, and iU Tnliiifnries, exploivil ill ISt'i'J, IS7i\ IS7I, and. 1S7..', under the i/ircctioii of t/n- Sri-ril,nij of the i^niitlisniiidii Iiistitiifion. Wash., 1875, 4to, xi., 291 p., with illnstiiuidiis ami maps. Hc^: iihi) Scrili>ier\i Mnii/lili), \n\. ix. ; Ajyjili'tnii'x Journnl, si.; Pnjnilar Sckiirc Moiitlilji, x\.:iSi)--m); xlii. 070-80; U. S. (inrt Dor., 4'2d wiv^. Ist.-.ss., H. Mis. Doc. 37; 4'2il cong. 'iil soss., no. 173; 42(1 cong. 3(1 .sess., im. 7ii; 4licl Cong. 1st scss., no. 2(55. Wheeler's explorations arc recorded in /'. .V. '/riy. Siirni/ U'fxf of lODtli Meridian, A iiiiunl Jicportu, 1871-8, 8vo, with atlas, maps, and 4to vols on scientilic branches. A hill for the admission of Arizona as a state was introduced in funiiress by delegate Oury in 1871. Not many years should he re(iuir(!(l to raise tlic population to tlie reipiired figure; whether political obstacles cm l)f as quickly removed, is another question. Notwithstanding the territory's general characteristic of extreme dryness, floods are of not infrequent occurrence, especially in the Gila and Salt Uivir valleys. Tlie inundations are caused by heavy rains and so-called tddUillmrsts in the mountains, subsiding rapidly, but often doing considerable dania^'e to settlements and farms on the river banks. The Hood of Sept. 18(j.S was per- haps the most destructive ever known, destroying three of the I'iiiia villaj.'es and a largo amount of property on the lower Gila. 1872 was also a season of heavy rains, during which the levee at Yuma City was broken. ISTii was another year of high water. In 1883 cloud-bursts did mucii damage at Silver King, Florence, and near Tombstone. Yuma was again flooded in ISSl, tlie R. R. bridge being carried away. No severe earthciuakes have lieen kiinwii hi Arizona, though shocks are reported at Prescott in March 1870, at Y'uiiia in 1872, and at Indian Wells in 1 874. AKIZOXA OFFICIAL LIST. Governor, 1863-5, John N. (Joodwin; 18()5-9, Richard C. McConiiick; 1869-77, A. P. K. Satford; 1877-8; John P. Hoyt (acting); 1879-81, .loin, (', Fremont; 1881-2, John J. Gosper (acting); 1882-5; F. A. Tritle; 18S,-, 7, ('. M. Zuliek. Secretary, 18G3-5, R. C. McCormick (H. W. Fleury, asst in ISCm 7); 1860-9, James P. T. Carttur; 1870-6, Coles Baahford; 1870-8, John P. ll.;yt; OFFICIAL LIST. 6S7 1870-Sl, John J. Oospcr; 1883-5, H. M. Van Arman (asst H. P. Oartliwaite); ISSJ 7. .lames A. Hayanl (asst T. K. Farisli)- .lustucs, lH(W-4, \Vm F. Tuniur {C. J.), Win T. Howell, Jos. P. AUyn; ISli') li, Turner (C. J.), Henry T. Iliiekus, Allyn; 1807-70, Turner (C. J.), Ilakiis, Harley H. Cartter; KS7t)-'-', .lolin Titim (C. J.), Isliain Iteavis, ('. A. Twioil; lS7;}-4, Titua (C. J.), Tweed, l)eforest Porter; IS7r), K. F. Dunne (('. .1.). Tweeil, Porter; 1875-8, V. (r. \V. French (('. J.), Tweeil. Porter; 1S7!> SO, Fienuh (C. J.), Porter, ( 'hasi Silent; 1881, French (('. .1.), Porter, \V. 11. Stilwcdl; 1881', Frencii (V. J.), Stilwell, W. W. Hoover; 1883-5, Fieiiili. anil later Sumner Howard, (C J.), I). H. Pinney. A. \V. Sheldon, aii.l hittr \V. S. Fitzgerald; 1885-8, J. C. Shields, W. ^V. Porter, and W. H. Baruud. MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE. l.st session, 181)4. Council, 1st district: Coles Rxshford, Francisco S. Leim, Mark Aldrich, Pfvtrick H. Dunne; 2d dist: (Jeo. W. Leihy, Jose M. Keiliiiuln; ;M K(-"raekin. Sj>eaker, Jones; clerk, Jas Anderson; chaplain, H. W. Fleiiry; translator, VV. C. Jones. 2d si'ssion, 18(15. Council, Yavapai co., K. S. Woolsey, K. W, Groom, H. A. Biuclow; Mojave Co., Wm H. Hardy; Yuma, Manuel liavena; Pima, C'nlcs IJasiit'ord, F. S. I^eon, P. H. Dunne; pres., Bigelow; sec, Jas Anderson. Hfiiisi., Yavapai, Jas S. Giles, J. MoCrackin, Daniel Ellis, Jas O. Robinson; Mojivi', Octavius 1). (Jaso, Converse W. Rowell; Yuma, Peter Doll, Alex. McK'.\, WniK. Heninger; Pima, D. H. Stiekney, and 8 members who did notaltcnd. Speaker, Giles; clerk, J. E. McCafFry; translator, Midvey. ;^il sosion, 18();rave; sec., J. T. Alsap; chaplain, Kev. CJ-. A. Recdt'i-. lldusi'. Yavapai, John H. lk>han, Wm Cede, Fred, llenry, Thos Stoniliousu, Hciirv Wickenberg; Maricopa, G. H. Oury; Yuma, C. W. C. Rowell, ,]. M. Ju". dondo, C. H. Urinley; Yuma and Mojave, (ieo. Gleasoii; I'iiiwi, Joliii 15. Allen, Wm O. Davis, Lionel M. Jacobs, J. S. Josberg, F. M. Larkiii, .Inlui L, Smith, Jidiu Miiutgomery, John W. Sweeney. Speaker, Oury; clerk, Hylt-r Ott; chaplain. Rev. Ant. Jouvenceau. 8th session, 1875. Council, Yavapai, J. P. Margrave, .T(din G. CaiiipbtU, L. S. Stevens; .Maricopa, K. S. Wotdsey; Mojave, A. E. Davis; Vuiiia, J. M. Redoiido; Pima, Wm Zeckendorf, S. R. Delong, P. R. Hiady. I'res., Woolsey; clerk, E. S. Penwell. House, Yavapai, C. P. Head, Huuo Kieh- ards, A. L. Mt)eller, Levi Hashford, W. .1. O'Ncil, (iideon IJrook; MariLniici, J. T. Alsap, (i. H. t)ury; Yuma, H. (iohlberg, Sam. Purdy, Jr, R. B. Kelly; Mojave, S. W. Wood; Pima, F. M. (irilHn, John .Montgimiery, (ico. H. Stevens, Alphonso Stevens, S. H. Drachmau, J. M. Elias. Speaker, Alsap; clerk, Andrew Crouly. ytii session, 1877. Council, Yavapai, John A. Rush, Geo. D. K<'n. South- worth; Yuma, G. W. Norton, J. F. Kuapi); J'ima, H. M. \V. K. Wardwell; (!ila, W. C. Watkius; Graliam, James Sias; Mari- copa, .r. S. Armstrong, Deforest Porter; Mojave, Wm Innis; Pima, E. W. Aram, (J. W. Brown, S. M. Franklin, E. W. Risley, H. (i. Rollins; Pinal, Levi Kiij;i,'k's; Yavapai, 1). J. Brannan, J. A. Brown, R. Coniiell, L. P. Nawh, W. H. Kohhins; Yuma, S. Purdy. Speaker, Rollins; clerk, Morris Gold- wiitiT; chaplain, J. M. Greene. ]4tli session, 1887. Council, Yavapai, C. B. Forster; Apache, J. H. Breed; I'iiial, .J. W. Anderson; Maricopa, L. H. Goodrich; Yuma, Isaac Lyons; Mo- jave, E. L. Burdick; Pima, C. R. Drake; Cochise, L. VV. Blinn; Graham, G. li. Steplieiis; Gila, R. C. Roliertson; at large, n<)rth, A. Cornwall; at large, sdutli, W. C. Watkins. President, Cornwall; clerk, Charles DriscoU; chap- lain, J. l,50O to Certain seliools; autiiorizing the raising of rangers and a loan to pay expenses of an Aiiache campaign; aUowing soldiers to vote and hold mining claims; pniviilinj,' for government exjienses; protecting possessory titles inlands; and t(ir the henelit of several individuals, including a divorce. The resolutions iMclu.led thanks to most territorial oflicials; invitations for the delivery of leetures; instructions to the delegate in congress on mails, arms, and surveys; pulilieation of laws, etc., in Spanish; the purcliase of books for a territorial lilirary; and a protest against tiie recent expulsion of Sylvester Mowry by (i-cii. ( 'arlotou. The memorials asked for the tract of land in the Colorado houd ojiposite Ft Yuma; for an increase of salaries; for ^loO.OOO for placing the ( "uliirado Ind. on a reservation; ^I'oO.OtK) for Apache warfare^ and $150,000 ti> improve the navigation of the Colorado. LM sessiim, 18G5. Acts, creating county of Pah-Ute from Mojave (later iiir the most part attached to Nevada); re])ealing a previous act for stay of pnieeedings on foreign indebtedness; creating boards of supervisors for the eimnties; securing liens to mechanics, etc. Resolutions, on national affairs; on the importance of surveying territorial boundaries, with a view of getting fur Ariz, tiie Yuma land, and perhaps the Rio Virgen settlements of Utah; (Hi the library; on C. D. Poston's attempt to contest Goodwin's seat in con- gross. Memorials, for improvement of the Colorado; for the land at Yuma; fur a separate land district and surveyor-general; for Ind. reservations on the '! I,... ! n tw\ ; i \ r :] 1:1 St ;■ I : ir m 640 POLITICAL ANNALS OF ARIZONA. lower fJila; for nn increase of military force. Tliis yeur Utali tricil tn (ilitain a part of nortlicrii Ariz. IfOili, Actn, 18(1"), p. 91-l». Htl session, 18(i(i. Acts, crcatiii>{ tlio oHici-s of district attorney and aiiilj. tor; i>roviilirig for tlie location and n'^istration of mint's, R(>ohiiinii,-<, of tlianl^s to Aiiz. volunteers and to several otiioials. Mianorials, ai,Miiist tliccis- 8i(»n of I'ali-l'te to Nevada; for new mail routes; and urging the iuiiKniainL' of a soutliern I'ae. U. R. 4tii session, 1S((7. Acts, permanently locating the capital at Tuscoii (>ee Ariz., Coiiijiilfd Lroviding for the incorporation of religious, social, and benevolent societies; and ailding to Maricopa co. that part of Pima north of lat. 32° 34' and west of about Imi;,'. 112° 6' (as it still exists south of the Gila). Resolutions, expressing satis- faction with (ien. Crook's methods of fighting Apaches. Memorials, asking for a reduction of the White Mt Ind. reservation; for a donation of Ian 1 inr artesian wells; and for school lands. On Cal. boundary dispute, see Jlayes Scraps, Ariz., v. 175; Ariz. Sentinel, April 12, 1873. 8th session, 1875. Acts, creating county of Pinal, with county seat at Florence, from Pima, Maricopa, and Y'avapai (boundaries complicated Imt about the same as on map, except in the N. e. corner, including Globe); tax- ing net product of mines; on fences and trespassing animals; on coinpiilsmy education; abolishing office of attorney-gen.; transferring Mojave to 'M judicial district; providing for a census; and to locate the capital permaiieiiMy at Tucsoo. (Approved Feb. 12th, ace. to Acts, p. 121, but vetoed ace. to Join:, ACTS OF THE LEOISLATUIIE. Ml I tried tiiul.tni,. Sfll-'J. The! j,'ov. says he lias ri'oinvcil tlircM! acts, ono fixing tlio ca])ital at I'rwi'ott. aiicl aiiotlirr at Pliu'iiix. Jt i^^ nut cU'ar why an act wah iicuduil in fiiviir >'t I KcsoM.) Ku.solutioii, tliaiikinu (Icii. L'rook. Memorial, S. mill An/, milling laws, treaties, ami rules ol the supreme court. lull scssiciii, 1877. Act.s, to iicrmanently locate the ca^iital at Prescott; til traiistVr .Maricopa to 2tl jud. district; to make Mineral Park the county so.it 111 .Mcijave; to detinu the hnumlarics of Marieo[)a (cxtemling it on tlio t;,st I'riiiii tiic iS. t'iirlos to long. 110 ; ami sli;,ditly changing the central parts 111' tlic V. line, as still existing; see map); to incorporate the city of Tucson; tiiaiitlioii/e a comp. of volunteer Ind. fighters; to extend the w. boundary of I'liiiil I'l. (mo as to inoludo a small isolated triict in the n. w. which had appar- i:i;ly liciii left in Pima liy the actcreatiiig Pinal); to provide fur the revision ami iiiililication of the laws; and t() divorce many coupuis. Mcmoriiils, for an iiurra.^c (it tlie council to 13 and the houae to 27 inemhers; for the annexation iif ilraiit CO., N. Mcx. Kttli .Ms.sion, hS7y. Acts, creating Ajiache co. (all of Yavapai ca.st of lull.'. I !!•' 4.")', as it still exists, exccjit that tlie portion south of lUack Kiver lii.s lii'iii added to (•rahani co.), county seat at Siiowllake (moved to Spring- irvillc the next year); authorixing lotteries to raise funds for various puhlic |.iii|i(isc.-<; and 04 other acts, none of which can he singled out as of especial iiupoitaiicc. Memorials, asking for a mint at Florence, an assay-otlice at the ciipital, and a, special mail agent. lull .session, 1881. Acts, to fix county seat of Ajiache at St Johns; to cn.ito tlic county of Cochise from eastern Pima (houndarics as still existing; SCO iiia[ii, c,00(); fur iinproviiiK m nf Colorado navigation; for the purchase from Mexico of that ]iart i>l' Si ri West of long, lir ami north of lat. 30°, so ai< to give Ariz, a po.it; fur tliv appointment of residents as territorial officials; against the pnijectril Itasinu ot U. >S. grazing lands; for authority to control and dispose of S(lii»i| lamls; for the reinovalof the Apaches and throwing open the reservation to stttlu- meut; and for uii appropriation of Jf IU0,U00 to dig artesian wells. CHAPTER XXII. INDIAN AFFAIRS OF ARIZONA, 18G4-1886. The Fkienplt Tribes — Superintendents and Agents— The Yumas— Ml).? AVES — Hi' ALAl'AIH — YaVAPAIS — SUPPAI — MoyUIS — I'lMA.S AND Makicopah— Papa«o.s — The Apaches — Early Hostilities — Errors of TIIK (il)VERNMENT — KoRTS AND CaMPS — A THOUSAND VUTIMS — CaKLE- ton's CAMPAKiN — (JeNERAL MaSON — WaLLEN, LoVELL, (iREOd, AND CiirnENDEN — Devin AND Wheaton — Popular Indionation — A Mili- TAKY Department under Stoneman — Camp Grant Massacre — Crook in Command — Peace Policy— Colyer and Howard — More War — Peace in 1873-4 — The Apaches on Reservations — Concentration- •- Kaitz, Willcox, and Crook again— Raids of Reneoade ChiricA' iiiAs— Exploits of OERdNiMo — General Miles — Success at Labx— Prospects — Crime . nd I..awlessness. The aborigines of Arizona in 18G3-4 numbered about 25,000, slightly less than two thirds belonging to the friendly tribes as distinguished from the Apaclies. In 1886 there are left about 18,000, not including in either estimate the Navajos, trefited in this volume as a New Mexican tribe, though their home has always been partly in Arizona.^ I may state at the outset that it is not my purpose to at- tempt any index or classification of the sources for Indian affairs. The principal of these are named in the appended note; and only for special purposes shall I make more minute references or cite additional authorities.^ In considering modern annals of the ' Tlie primitive condition of all the tribes has been treated in another work of thi>i series. For manners and customs, geog. distrib., etc., see Native AifM, i. 471-555, 591-603, on Apache and Pueblo familius; for myths, etc., iii., first half, passim; languages, iii. 680-705; material relics, iv. 680-805. ^Tlie cliief sources are tlie annual Ind. Aff. Rcptu, 1863 et .seq. ; U. S. Govt JJoc. (if the different classes by congress and session, especially military re- (543) I' "< 1 1 H ■' i ' ■n ;, II 1 1 Ir ' ' I ■ Ml INDIAN AFFAllW OF AllIZONA. Arizona Iiulians, let us first glance at tlio frii luHy tril)cs. W'licn the territory was cn-atetl, CliarleH J). Postou came as superintendent of Indian att'airs in ISC. I, iiial<. iug a tour with Ross J^rovvne, but auin»lenientiii,; liis rejtnrt with his resignation in Sej>tenih»r, (iioiiry W. Leihy then held the ofliee until Noveniln'r ISCpI;, when he was killed hy Indians. O. W. Dent m rvtd in lH(J7-0; CJeorgc L. Andrews in 18(11) 70; and II. liendell in 1871-2. After 1872 the office was ahnl- islicd, agents reporting directly to the conunissiotit r at Washington. Special inspectors were, however, mi it hy the government from time to time to visit thu agencies." The Yumas were formerly a numerous and power- fnl tribe, of fine physique and war-like nature. My readers will remember their old-time thirst for Chris- tianity, and their uiassaere of the padres and settlers in 1781. Their home was about the Gila junction on both sides of the Colorado. In Spanish and ]\re\ieaii times they were alternately hostile and friendly, hut suffered much in wars with other tribes. Later tlie tribe was kept in order by the American garrison at Fort Yuma, but its strength was broken in 1857, when its grand 'army' was almost annihilated in a war with the Pimas. Since that time the Yumas have been worthless but harmless vagabonds, though cultivating' small patches of ground in the Colorado bottoms, catching fish, and doing odd jobs for the wliitcs. l^ascus has been their most famous chief; and their numbei is now about 1,000. They have never been purta in t \e of the sec. of war for each year; the governor's annual mes- sages and 1 ver legislative matter hi Ariz., Jour., 1804 ot sotj. ; (ik'.s nt' Cal. ncwsiiaperw lotably the S. F. Bnlletiu, Alta, Chronicle, and Sm'. Uiwur, ami especially /. 'jv/ Scrap-books, Ariz., i.-vi., containing elassiiied cliiiiiirii.'.'' trmii the journalr? /f southern C'al. and Arizona. The leading modern wurks, lliii- ton'/i IJiiiid- nk, Ariz. Hist. (E. &Co. ), and Hamilton s Jicioiirces, like iiinst otlier work-i on Ariz, uanicd in these chapters, contain much on lud. atl.iirs. It wdl be nnilerstood that all have been utilized, but space does not permit repeaced citation or a pointing-out of discrepancies. * Before 18(54 an agent at Mesilla had merely nominal control of the ^Vri- zona lud. iMilP THE YUMAS ANIJ MOJAVKS. 543 1 of tlio ^Vri. williii,' to settle at the up-river agency, Imt in lato viur^ii nservation has been set apart for theni on the ( 'aliforiiia side at Fort Yunm.* The Mojaves — Yania- jiilis iir Aniajabas of early times — livinj:? orjffinally on Itdtli >iili's of the Ct)lorado above Williams fork, a |M<(i|.lc wliose intercourse with Padre Garces in 1774- () will \)v recalled, and who sometimes appear in the Spiiiiiisli annals of California, were also a brave tribe, wlioe ^ood qualities have for the most part disap- |)(:iri'(l. Their hostility to Americans ended with their defeat and the foun-V.iijif of Fort Mojave in 1858 -'J. In 1804 Poston selected a reservation on the river bottom at Half Way ]^end, in latitude 34°, and the land was set apart by act of 1865. It was in- teiidrd f(»r all the river tribes, and for the Ilualapais and Vavapais; but onlj'^ the Chemchuevis and half of the Mcijaves could ever be induced to occupy it per- luaiiciitly. Aj^riculturc depended on the annual over- How of the river, and crops often failed. A canal was duii; in 18G7-74 for nine miles at a cost of $28,000, but was not a success ; and a system of water-wheels jirovfd likewise a failure. The Indians took much iiitenst in these experiments, and even did a large amount of hard work; but the outside tribes, grad- ually h»sing their confidence in the white man's ability to control the elements, declined to come in; and the Mojavcs — about 800, under Iriteba down to his death iu 1874 — learned to depend chiefly on government aid. • Uamilton'ft ReKOurce^, 299. I have seen no original record of this reserva- tion. A school at the olil fort in 1884 is incntioucd in Arh., Jlinl. (E. & Co.), 244. In 18G4 Francis Hinton was employed by Supt I'asttm a.s agent for the Viiiiias, liut later t.huy were nominally in charge of the Mojave, or Colorado, agency. Fcirty years of intercourse with white men has had a iiuwt purni- cidus cllcct on this pv,i)ple, especially through tlio prostitution of the women ami iiidiilguuce in strong drink. Hxcept some slight and irregular gifts, they have n'T4, and May 15, 1876, extending and dufmin^ the boundaries, see reiiort suo. int. in U. S. Govt Doc, 47th cong. lit sess., H. Ex. Doc. 1, pt 5, p. 304. Its area in 1874 is given as 200 sq. miles; in 1884 by Hamilton and others as (iOO sq. m. It extends from a point four miles above Ehrenberg some 45 niilos up tlie river, including a tract occupied by 200 Chemihuevis on the Cal. sitle. Cum- fortable adobe buildings were constructed from 18G7. In 18S'2 t\w Iml. were reported as living on govt rations, on agric. labor, and on natuial prii- ducts of the soil in about equal proportions. They owned a lew horses, used only for racing, and of no advantage. At Camp Colorado, near the agency, was posted a small garrison at times. SUPPAI AND MOQUIS. 647 .red somcwliat it the Atliintic egion. Ill all icted to . FUiii- niing iu 1882, In 18G4 the Moijui.s are said to liavo sunt to Salt Lake City for aid against the Navaj().s. Poston named John Moss as agent. Kit Carsuii made a visit in 18(>4, and Vincent Colyor in 18i;i), l)oth ovcrestiiimtiiii,' llio pop. as 4,000. In 1800, the gov. says, the Moquis h:ul sent delegatus to Tros- cott, and were willing to be removed to the Tonto IJasin. It was uiiilorstfiuJ that in 185.")-0 and in 1800-7, tlie towns were temporarily ahandoned on iie- count of small-pox and drought; hut there is no foundation for tlie oit repeated statement that tlie name iiioijiti means death, and was of iiio'Uth appliiatiou. Among the recent descriptions of Mo(pii manners and customs may lie iiu'ii- tioned ( 'apt. John G. IJourke's 7V/e Swdv-dancfo/t/ie Moquis nf A ramm, Jlmtg a mtrraiive qf a journey from SaiUa Fi, etc. N. Y., 1884, 8vo, xvii., 371 ]>■, platea. THE PIMAS. 549 vcirs, from 18G8, serious troubles with them seemed iiuiiiiiH'iit. Presuminjy on their miUtary services and past immunity from all restraint, they became insolent and augTcssiv^e, strayiny; from the reservation, robbing travellers, refusing all satisfaction for inroads of their ]i()rs(^s on the settlers' fields, the young men being Ix'vuntl the chiefs' control. Swindling traders had establisliod themselves near the villages to buy the Indians' grain at their own prices, and even mani[»ulate (rovernnient goods, the illegal traffic receiving no check, hut liither apparently protection from the territorial authorities. Whiskey was bought at Adamsville or fruin itinerant Mexicans; the agents were incompe- tent, or at least had no influence, the military refused su])jK)rt or became involved in profitless controversies. Worst of all, white settlers on the Gila used so much of the water that the Pimas in dry years had to leave tlie reservation or starve. General Howard deemed the difficulties insurmountable, and urged removal. Had it not been for dread of the Pima numbers and vahjr, tlie Apaches still being hostile, very likely there might have been a disastrous outbreak. But from 1874, for reasons only partially apparent, there was a marked improvement. Copious rains for several years prevented clashing with the settlers; several chiefs visited the Indian territory and talked favor- ably of removal; there was less friction between autlioritics. In 187G-82 the Pima reservation was considerably extended, and a new tract on Salt Kiver helow Fort McDowell was finally set apart, making the whole extent about 275 square miles. A sclu)ol lias boon kept up with some success, a little missuon- ary work was done, and a native police, until disorgan- ized by whiskey, did something ti) prevent disortler. Vet the old troubles are slee[iing rather ^"han dead. There is still nmch popular dissatisfaction on various phasi's of the matter; and in view of tb j non-progress- ive nature of the Indians, the large extent of their lantls, the growing white population, and the agricul- ,.tLI ^ •!■ uiiyi I i> w imv , f 550 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. tural prospects of the Gila and Salt valleys under an extensive system of irrigation, there can be little duuU that difficulties will increase, and the Pimas poonur or later will have to quit their old home.^ The Pdpagos have been regarded as the best Indians of Arizona. Thev were of the same race and lanuuaiSl, R. G. Wlieeler in 1881-2, A. H. Jackson in 1882. In number tlie I'inias liiivo increased slightly, between 4,500 and 5,000. The Maricopas arc a small frag- ment from farther down the river, allied in race to the Yunias, but for many years living with the Pimas, whom they resemble in habits. The Pinuis make some rude pottery. They have received comparatively little aid from tlie govt, and often complahi that the Apaches are treated much better. Mor- mons have favored the Ind. more than other settlers. Rusliug, Arrows Amer- ica, 309-72, describes the villages in 1807. In 1870 the agent siirveyeil an extension, which, through the legislature's intluence, was not approved. By order of Aug. .SI, 1870, additions were made on the s. E. In 1877 the kgisla- ture tried to have the Ind. removed from Salt River, but Inspector Watkiii.s in ] 878 reported against this as inhuman. An order of Jan. 10, 1879, extoiuKJ the reserve K. to that of Wliite Mt, but this was cancelleil by tiie onler of July 14th, setting apart the Salt River tract and making other additions, atill further increased by order of May 5, 1882. \ii: THE PXPAGOS. 661 eys under an e little douU las .«ooiier or liviiii^^ on the reservations or near Tucson, while the rest are scattered through Papagueria or live across the Mexican line." rcsou' \it 1 "'"n^>.' TuDacftV I it It"|'"#'?^ I _j. ( J —^..^^ S< )J A; J' /ChWcKl.uisj Indians of Arizona. 'Agents for this tribe were M. 0. Davidson in 1804-5, Levi Rugglcs and C, H. Lord in 18G6 et see]., R. A. Wilbur in 1871-4, and John W. Cornyn in 1.^7"). A school has been kept up at S. Javier, with good success, under the sisters of St Joseph, thougli sectarian attacks on tlie Catholics have not Win wiiiiting. The principal fault of the Papagos has been tlieir possession pf so much valuble land near the city. There were many encroach men ta by wocl-cuttcrs, and many settlers held on to their farms till 1882, when they wore forcibly ejected by the Ind. under Agent Wheeler. This led to appeals from the legislature on behalf of the settlers, and to much controversy. In 1S85 a sheriff attempting to serve a writ waa forcibly reaiated by the military; iitti ' ? ;iff H >mU ill, i'ti 'Mr" 062 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. The Apache country proper was that part of Ari- zona lying east of the Santa Cruz in the south, and of the Verde in the north. In 18G4 tlic Apaches had for several years wa<:?ed war upon the whites, hostili- ties bein<; for the most part confined to the soutli-east, because tlie north was not yet occupied by AnKricaiis. From 18G2, however, the Colorado gold placers drew a crowd of miners, who pushed their operations east- ward to the Prescott region. They were not much troubled bv the Indians at first; but from ISflo, as Apache land was penetrated by prospectors, and the frontier became settled, the war was transferred, or rather extended, to the north-west; and with tlie dis- affection of the Hualapais and Yavapais, mainly caused by outrages of the whites, the field of hostilities was \videned to a considerable distance >vest of Prescott. For about ten years this warfare was continuous and deadly. During this period about 1,000 men, women, and children were murdered by the Apaches, of whom perhaps 2,000 were killed, with a loss of probably not over 150 soldiers. The loss of live-stock and destruc- tion of other property was of course great, and all i-cal progress in the territory was p- evented. The Apacdies did not fight battles, except when cornered; their idea being primarily to steal, and then to kill without being killed. They attacked individuals or small ])arties from ambush, and fled to their mountain strongholds, often inhumanly torturing their captives. By nature and the education of centuries, they were murderous thieves; and they looked forward to a life-long stiug- gle with the whites as a natural and their only means of subsistence. The people of Arizona, feeling that they were entitled to protection, but appealing for it anil the saint year there was a threatened war with the Papagns, in cnnse- quencc of a quarrel about the possession of a spring. The lud. nsfiii'd a Erisoner from the shcriif, and a force of volunteers marched out from Tiusoii, ut an amicable settlement was finally reached. Ariz., Lawn, 12th aoss., 'J'.il-2; S. F. Chronicle, May 9, 1883; Sac. Hecord- Union, March 9, May I8-'J0, 1.S85. I have seen no original record of the Gila reserv. of 1882, but it is shown on govt maps, and mentioned in Ariz., Hint. (E. & Co.), 179, where is given ;i list of the 15 Papago rancherias, with a pop. of 2,92o. A few Piipiigos li:ivo al- ways lived with the PimaB, and a few Apaches Manses with the Papagoa. THE GOVERNMENT AT FAULT. 553 in vain, became excited and desperate as tlic years passed by, doing and countenancing many unwise and cvc'ii criminal acts. The government at Washington, va<^U(.lv aware that there were Indian troubles in Ari- zona, winch were very expensive, and not realizing any diti'trence between Apaches and other hostile Indians, simply furnished from 1,000 to 3,000 troops to garrison the posts, made imperfect arrangements for supplies, witli an occasional change of connnandcr or military oruaiiization, ignored for the most part all appeals, and loft the problem to solve itself Officers and sol- diers did their duty well enough, striking many hard blows, which after a long time became in a cumulative sense effective. If any of these parties is to be blamed on tlio whole, it is not the citizens, the military, the Ajtaclies, or even the newspapers and Indian agents, but the government, for its half-way measures, its des- ultory warfare, and its lack of a definite policy, even that of 'extermination,' which is sometimes attributed t(t it. True, a somewhat consistent policy was devel- oped in the end; but I cannot think there was any need of so long and bloody and costly a process of ev- olution. From the first there was no real difi^tTence of o[)inion among men with practical knowledge of the Apaches respecting the proper policy to be adopted. Tlie Apache must first be whipped into a temporary or })ar'tial submission, then made to understand that it was for his interest to keep the peace, and finally watelied and taught, if possil)le, better methods of life. The result might have been etfected, so far at least as it ever has been eflfected, in two years. I shall not here chronicle the series of Apache atrocities, name the victims, or even summarize the record for places or periods. Neither is it proposed to (U'tail the military record of campaigns, or deal minutely with annals of companies, conunanders, or posts. Still less shall I find room for the many con- troversies that continuously arose from one phase or another of this unfortunate Apache business. To l^ , '5 y\A 554 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. mf treat all these matters in such a manner as to utilize fully the mass of evidence before me with justicu to all interests involved, would require a whole volume. Yet though compelled by limitation of space to avoid particulars, especially in relation to persons, I hope to present all the general aspects of the subject in a clear and impartial manner.^" We left the Arizona posts, as part of the depart- ment of New Mexico, garrisoned in 18G3 by the Cali- fornia volunteers. In 1864, having had much success in fighting eastern Apaches and the Navajos, General James H. Carleton turned his attention to the west, confidently expecting to subdue the foe and remove '" My general authorities are cited in note 2. Additional references are mainly to other and special sources. Here sliould be mentioned Jlmtnicirti oj the Mouidabis. A Hkto)~y of the Indian Wars of the Fur Went, liij J. P. Dunn, Jr, M. S., LL. B. Illustrated. N. Y., 188G, 8vo, ix., 784 p.', map. Chap, xii., 'death to the Apache,' and xxi., 'cruelty, pity, and justice,' re- late to my present subject. This book is the latest, best, and indeed almcist the oidy connected view of the Apache wars extant. Both in matter aiul manner it merits high praise. Military conimandors in Ariz, were: Oen. J. H. Carleton, 1864-.'); Ocn. John 8. Mason, 18G5-G; Col 11. D. Wallen in the north, and Col C. S. Ldvell in the south, lS(JG-7; Oen. J. I. Gregg and CJen. T. L. Crittenden, 1S(;7 JS; Gen. T. C. Tevin, 18G8-9; Gen. Whuaton, 18G9-70; Gen. Geo. StonciiKUi, 1870-1; Gen. Geo. Crook, 1871-5; Col A. Kautz, 1875-7; Gen. O. B. Willtox, 1877-82; Gen. Geo. Crook, 1882-C; Gen. Nelson Miles, 188G. 'I'he principal or permanent forts and camps in Arizona are as follo\v.s: Ft ^V^lippIe, named for the explorer, in Yavapai co. near Prescott, cstalilislicil in 18().'J in Cliino valley, over 20 m. farther north, but transferred in 181)4, and later made headcjuarters of the department. Ft Verde, named for the river, in Yavapai co., was cstab. in 18G4 as Camp Lincoln, the site being sliglitly eluinged in 1871. Hero was an Ind. reserv. for several years. Cuiiip Date Creek, in a. w. eor. of this co., was estab. as C. Mcl'herson in I8G(), the name being changed in 18G8. Here also was a temporary iisylum for liul., and when the Ind. were moved in 1879 to Verde the post was abainhnail. Ft McDowell, named for tlie general, in Maricopa co., was estab. in 181)5. Ft Apache, in Apache co., was estab. in 1870, and was known as C. MognUon, C. Ord, and perhaps C. Thomas. This fort was on the Ind. reserv. cstih. in 1870, tlie agency being later moved to S. Carlos. Ft Mojave, in Mojiivc co., was e.-itab. in 1S.">8, being abamlonod for a time in 18G1-3. Camp Thomas, named tor the general, in Graham co., was estab. in 1875, on the G-ila, almvo the site of old Camp Goodwin of earlier years. Fort Grant, in Graham co., was originally from 18(i2 at the junction of the S. Pedro and Arivaipa, where Ft Breckenridge liad been estab. since 1859. It was transferred to its present site in 1873. Camp Lowell, in Pima co., named for Gen. C. K. Lowell, "m the Tucson post from 18(i2, permanently estab. and named in 18GG. Ft lliia- chuca, Cocliise co., named for the mountain range, was estab. in 1871), hut had been preceded by C. Wallen since 1874, a little farther north; that by C. Crittenden farther west, in Pima co., in 18G7-74; and that by the ohl Ft Buchanan of 18,J5-C1. C. liucker was a post farther east after 1880. Fort Bowie, in Cocliise co., named for the colonel of a Cal. regiment, was estab. by the volunteers in 18G2, becoming a permanent post from 1803. W^ rr CARLETON'S EFFORTS. 555 the humbled survivors to the Pecos reservation of Bosquo Redondo. The people were equally hopeful, and for nearly a year active war was waged in tlifFer- ciit directions. The result was over 200 Apaches killed, but very slight perceptible progress tinvard permanent success. The general was, of course, se- verely criticised, and his grand campaign declared a failure; yet there is really little fault to be found with Carleton's policy or his general management. The radical error was that the means were not suj)pliod for proi)erly following up his blows." The great war between north and south was now ended, but instead of sending 10,000 troops to Ari- zona with authority to raise two or three regiments uf native volunteers, the government transferred the territory from the military department of New IVIexico to that of California. General McDowell rent Gen- eral John S. Mason to take command, with a reen- forcement of California volunteers, raising the force to ul)()ut 2,800 men. Four companies of Arizona volunteers, two of them composed of Pimas and Papagos, were also mustered in, doing excellent ser- vice. Mason took command in June 1865, but for want of supplies, and by reason of various blunders con- nected with the change of departments and command- ers, preparations were not complete till November; and the following campaign, though including sev- eral effective expeditions, was on the whole perhaps even less successful than that of Carleton. ^Eason was not a very brilliant Indian fighter, and did not esca[)e abuse, yet it does not clearly appear how any " A company of volunteers iinder King S. Woolaey took a prominent part ill tills cam])aign, beginning operations before Carleton arrived, and l>eing w.-inidy connnended by the legislature. Ariz., Jour., 18t!4, p. 44, li-'T, 244; /'/., Ar/.i, 1804, p. 08-9. One of the Wixilsey's acliievenR'nts, the ' I'inole tiiNity,' has been condemned a.s an outrage. Fifty Tontos, being assembled ill what is now Gila co. for a liig talk, were attacked at a sigiuil and ;il (or 11) as some reports have it) were killed. W. claimed to have knowledge of in- tiiidcd treachery on the part of the Ind. A few days later ('apt. Tidball ami lii.s Californians killed 03 of the same tribe. For memorial to congress for aid against the Apaches, see U. S. Govt Doc, 38th cong. 2d sess., H. Mis. Due. 18, 19. Sue also Postoii'i Speech, iu H. of R., Mar. 2, 1805. 556 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. officer could have done much better in his place. Jn April 18()G he reported DOO Apaches on a teiii|>nrjirv reservation at Camp (jroodwin, and believed that hV oii'eriiig on the one hand food and protection, and (,n the other incessant attack from all directions, jm inm. nent success might be achieved. But the caui[iai'^ii was interrupted by the gradual withdrawal of tlie Vdl- unteers; and in jVIay or June Mason was removed.'- Mason's successors were Colonel H. 1). Wallcii in the north and Colonel Charles 8. Lovell in the south. They were succeeded by General J. I. GregL;' and General T. L. Crittenden, respectively, early in ISii;, The volunteers had been replaced by regular troops to the number of 1,500 or 2,000, soon consid( rahly increased. In October Arizona was formally declared a military district by order of General Halleck. ]\lo- Dowell visited this part of his department in ])e(iin- ber. In 18G8 General T. C. Devin assumed the command, being succeeded apparently for a time in 18(59-70 by General AVheaton. General Onh tlio new department commander, visited Arizona in 18G'J. ''■'During this period there was comparative security in tlio s. k.; lint in the Prescott region the Apaches were worse than ever, tlio Vuvaiiais anil llualapais being also on the war-path. Of the Cal. vohmteciN, all mustered out in ISfiti, a good account is given in the S. F. ('"II, Aug. I!, 188G. Tlie reenforcements of 18(io included the 7th inf. Cal. vol., I'dl Charles U. Lewis, and tiic 1st battalion Native Cal. cavalry, Maj. Sulva- dor Vallejo, and later .Joliii C. Cremony. On the Ariz, volunteers, also iinis- tered out before Oct. 1S8(), see report of adj. -gen. in Ariz. Join:, ISiiii, p. 2.")0-4. (!ov. (ioodwin went to Cal. to work for the interests of his teiritniy, returning withOeu. Mason. In Dee. '05 acomp. of rangers killed 'J.') A]iiiilii-'s 85 miles K. of Preseott. In Feb. 'CO Lieut. Gallegos with his Ariz. vol. kilkJ 30 or 40 in a three-days raid from C. Lincoln. In March Lieut. ( 'erviiiitis in tlie same region killecl'J'i, and the Piuuis in a raid from their villai^'cs killid 25. In July the settlers were ordered by the Ind. to quit Skull valley, ami at a ' big talk ' on the subject, Lieut. Hatton having arrived with rLiiilmvf- ments, and the Ind. making a treacherous attack, 32 were killed. In '(ili there was a false report widely circulated that 2,000 Ind. had taken Ft (luuil- win and killed all the garrison. It was in Nov. '0(5 that Sui)t Leiliy ami his clerk, W. H. Everts, were killed by Ind. at Bell's Cafion. For tabular .state- ment of Ind. depredations 1805-75, see U. S. Oort Dor., 43d cong. "Jd. sess., .H. Ex. Doc. 05; 43d cong. 1st sess., Sen. Rept 12; H. Mis. Doc. Iti. (iwell in 1866, was broken up at the end of 1868, Gen. Devin stop- ping rations because the Ind. would not surrender murderers or agree to settle permanently; there had also been a temporary reserv. at Camp Grant, wiuie many I'inal Apaclies wore fed in 1S67-8, but this was also abandoned, the Ind. refusing to agree to proposeil terms. At Camj) Reno in 1869, how- ever, ! )elche's band of Tontos and others were at peace, and doing some work fcr white's. In Pima co. for the year ending July 17, 18()9, 52 whites were killed and 18 wounded by Apaches; and in the next year 47 killed and six wnun.led, boniiles the destruction of property worth §10,000 according to lists mil), in the papers. In 1870 Delegate Mct'ormick presented in congress a list of 14-4 murdered recently by Apaches, stating that this was not over half the real luiniber of victims. In 1870 special etlbrta were made without mucli success to organize and arm the militia. A member of the legisl., A. M. Er- win, was among those killed in 1868. Ariz. Jour., 1868, p. 269, /'oweU'ii Ex- phi:, l'2()-;il, and Tijkrs Posts and Stations, .S, contain some information for ISO'J et sen. ^"^ ^l**** Overktnd Montkly, i. 202-9; Clifford's Overl. Tales, 309; S'i ill '..' i 1' p '!: T * (J i h I « ( 558 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. In these years the people of ArizoTia booamo dis- eouraj^ed, not to say exasperated, and clanioious tnr various reforms. They deelared the force utteily in- ade(|uate, and repfular troops unfit for Indian service; complained that they \vere not j)ernutted to raise Vdl- unteers and finish the war in their own way; dcsind Arizona to be made a separate department; wiiu in- dii^Miant at the suggestion of any policy but tjiat of incessant warfare; and protested against all liall'-way measures. They regarded the temporary reservations and feeding-stations as so many depots of sujiplics where the Apaches could recruit their strength tnr new atrocities. Newspapers of Arizona and rallfoi- nia reechoed the popular outcry. Governor and lrL,ns- lature were in full sympathy with the people. There was much difference of opinion between military in- spectors and other officers as to what should be done. It was a period of excitement and exaggeration, of intemperate expression, of unreasonable views, of nu- merous outrages perpetrated upon tlie Indians. And the people as a whole are not to be blamed. It is not easy to be calm and philosophical while one's relatives and friends are being butchered from week to week. As a result of this agitation, or at least in the midst of it, in 1869 Arizona and southern California were formed into a military department with headquarters at Fort Whipple; and in the middle of 1870 Gcneial George Stoneman assumed command. The war went on as before, and mainly because the change failed to bring any immediate relief, the new general was cen- sured even moro i-,<;verely than his predecessors. He Hohhs' Wild Life, 316-.39. A memorial of the legist, to congress in 1870, Ariz., Acts, 1871, p. 142-3; U. 6'. C'oH Doc, 42(1 cong. 1st sess., H. Mis. I>oo. l(i, was published m pamphlet form as Arizona, Memorial and AjfidaviU xiiDmmj oiitrniji's perpetrated by the Apache Indians in the Territory ofArizomi, during the years JSOO and 1S70. Puhlinhed Iry authority of the legislature of the T'iri- tory of Arizona. S. F., 1871, 8vo, 32 p. The affidavits show 178 iminlers, and 3,708 head of cattle and horses stolen. See also McCormick's spctchus in congress Feb. 28 and July 11, 1870, in Hayes' Scraps, Ariz., iii. 13<); Coitij. Olohe, 1869-70, app. 615-18. Gov. Safford's iVrtrraiiue, MS., 42-7, contains a study of the Ind. troubles; Conklins Pkt Ariz., passim, contains much on the subject; as does the A^iaona Resources, etc.. S. F., 1871, pub. by authority of the legislature. STONEMAN'S RULE. C59 was tliouijht to spend too much time in red-tape de- tails of military organization, in establishin<^ now posts ami imjtrovlng the old ones; while he also looki'd with too much favor on the feeding-stations where the Iiitliiiiis continued to assemble in increasing numlx'rs. At tlie same time Stoncman was blamed in the east for ills excessive severity in attacking all Apaches for the oti'enccs of a few! I find in liis theory and ])rac- tioe little ground for censure. He believed that l)y funiisliing rations and blankets to a few he could in- duce others to come in and thus advance the work of suliduiiig all. The temporary reservations proved that progress had been made, being an essential link in tlu! evolutionary chain; but the people feared, with some reason, such apparent success as might result in a i»atched-up peace, a suspension of campaigns, and a reduction of force, to be followed inevitably by a new and more disastrous outbreak. Unfortunately, the popular feeling led to the commis- sion of a gross outrage. In the spring of 1871 a band of Apaches surrendered to Lieutenant R. E. Whit- man at Camp Grant, and being unwilling to go to the White Mountain reservation recently set apart tem- porarily by Stoneman, they were allowed to live near the post on the Arivaipa, rationed as prisoners of war, performing some useful work, especially in the cutting of ha}', behaving well so far as could be known to the officers in charge, and increasing in number to about 300. The citizens were indiijnant at this feeding of the A})aches, refused to believe that they had sub- mitttcl in good faith, and found satisfactory evidence that the unceasing depredations in the south-east were conniiitted by these very Indians, At the end of April 40 citizens and 100 Pdpagos from Tucson and vuinity marched out to the camp and killed 85, all women and children but eight, and captured some 30, wlio v;ere sold by the Pdpagos as slaves. The per- petrators of this crime to the number of 108 were tried for murder later in the year and acquitted. li < till m 1:! r ' ;; !! i! ■^;i' i til y 5G0 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. i i Wlictlicr the Arivaipa Apaches were guilty of tlio thefts and murders imputed to them it is nnp()>siii]e to know, strong evidence being produced by tlu' citi- zens on one side and by the officers on tlie otlier; but in any case the massacre of women and chikhen was a crime in justification of which nothing can be said.'* In June 1871 General George Crook succeeded Stoiiu- man in command of the department. His re})iitiitioii as an Indian-fighter gained in other fields, his ojunly ex])ressed condemnation of the vacillating policy and desultory warfare of the past, his idea of a reservation as a place where the Apache must be forced to remain and work for a living, and above all his encr^ntic preparations for an effective campaign against tlio hostiles, won for him at once the confidence and ad- miration of the people. For three months Crook carried on his preliminary operations to culminate in a general augressive movement from which the Lircat- est results were expected by all, when the good work was interrupted in a manner that was most t;xas[)L'rat- ing to all but the Apaches. In 18G7 a board of peace commissioners for tlio management of Imlian affairs had been appointed at Washington, being made permanent in 18G0, and the '*Tho act was generally excused and defended by the Arizona jiri'ss aiiil people. Lieut. W'liitniaii, though a worthless fellow in several ri^pccts, seems to have had reniarkaiile tact in gaining the coatidence of Indians, iiiuiiy of wiioin, persuaded tluit the military had no part ir. the outra^'e, v i ri' in- duced to return under tlieir chief p]skunenzin; but soon one of the returMiiii,' parties, hy some hlunder not clearly explained, was tired upon liy a scpiad of soldiers, and tlie Indians lied to the mountains more hostile than ever. Tlie trial of the C. (irant nnirderers is reported in the 6\ /'. AUii, Fi'h. -I, 1S7-. Wliitman's report is in Intl. Aff. Rr'pt, 1871, p. 69; and a good account of tlic whole atl'air is found in J>uiinn Mn.'>.''iicirn, 719 et seq. The Prc-fCoU Mim-r (if Oct. 14, 1871, gives a list of SOI persons killed by the Apaches since ISi'i4. In May Lieut. II. B. Cashing was killed in a tight with the foe. In Nc v. tlie Wickculiurg and La Paz stage was attacked, and six men were killi>l, in- cluding Fred. W. Loring, a young man of literary and scientilic attiiinmnts connected with Wheeler's survey, whose fate made a sensation in tlic cast, doing nnich to call attention to the real state of affairs. I met him in S. F. earlier in the year. Tlie day before his departure for Ariz. lie had li.s liair cut very short, jocularly remarking in my Library that the Apaclx's -vouM find it dithcult to take his scalp. The gov. in his message of tliis year pro- sented a very gloomy jiicture of the prospects. There had been reports in Feb. about abandoning many posta and reducing the force; indeed, such orders seem to have been ijsued. THE PEACE COMMISSION. 661 niovfiuent being warmly supported by President (iiiuit and many other prominent military men and civilians throughout the nation. The feeling that led to this movement, and that actuated the board in its (Iterations, namely, the desire to protect the Indian tii'iii injustice, and to establish a uniform and benevo- lent policy for his improvement, was worthy of all jiiaist', and of the hearty support it received from all Aiiu'i'icans of the better class. The movement re- sulted, moreover, in great good throughout the Indian (duiitry of the far west. Yet in some phases of its practical application, and notably in the theory that the Arizona Apaches could be subdued by kindness or iiilluiiiccHl by other mcttives than those of fear and .s'U'-intercst, the new 'peace policy' was a sad mis- take'' The commission had exerted an influence in the si'tting-apart of temporary reservations during Stoiu'maii's command; but its Hrst direct interf-rence ill Arizona was marked by unfortunate blunders on 'III ISliT a joint special cniiimittcc of congress, aiipoiiitcil liy act of ISC),"), iind iimile an (.'laliorati.' n^port on tlic condition of tin; trilics ami tlu'ir trcat- iiiciit liy civil anil military antlioritics, thongli tiiis ruiiort contained very little on Arizona. Intl. AjF. H('}it Joint, S}Mr. Com., 18()7, Svo, .'>;!'_' p. Says I'liuii, MiiMiirir.t, in, refcrrinj; to the operations of the later coniinission: 'UiilMrtnnatily for the Indian, the feeling in liis favor wandered oil' into the ili;iiiinl of alistraet coinpliinent. From a demon, he vas raised to tlio posi- tiiiii cif a teiiipiiral deity l>y the extremists, who were nnw f,'ivt^n an oiiportu- iiity tn aid him. Tlie gentlemen who wrote the reports of the commissioners R'Vc Urd in riiitons imaginations and disv'arded facts as a part of the old and otl'iiHive regimo which was iu i; "toith to iie aliandoned.' 1 think that Onnii, liuwevcr, is inrlin(!il to draw too h.ir]) a distinction lietween tl.o 'extermina- tiiiii' pulley of lS()4-9 and the ' peice' pulicy of latcT years. Instead ot any siiiMrii cliT.ijj, of policy ill •.vhicli the peo)ili; of Ari/oiia and the military were ciiiiipillc:! to acipiiesce somi Aiiat niiwillingly, there was simply a gradiiAl :iM;ik'iiiiig mi the part of tli(! govi'rnment and piMvple of tin; U. S. to thi^ trutli, a-; realized in Ariz, fro'ii the tirst, that the Aiiaches must lie forced iijioii rcsei'vatiiins and then iiroleeted. Tlie 'exti'rmination ' talk of c( rt.iiii iLissrs, :uid the ultra 'persuasion' rot of certain others, were mere txcres- LTiicis that niver had much real iveight with practical men of any class. .\iiil iiiderd, I >nnn wisely remarks iif ilic ii.iiliir period: 'Although e\li rmi- iiiitiiiii was not lieiiig satisfactorily aecomplishecl in Arizona, tlu' legitimate f' ' if war was heingohtained. 'i'he Aiiaches were gradually lieiiiL; hrou-ht t'- .. .■•iliz^ition that peace was .i 1 letter mode ot life than war. They were k',iriiiii:4 that their enemies conld invade their liohMis, destroy their property, aail kci'p them in constant ap)ir(Oieiision of disath. Some of them w-re ri'ady til live pi'aceahly at places where they conld lie protected, i)iit f:r this result, wliiili oiiHlit to li.ive lieeii tiie primary object of the war, thur',' iiad It.eii no aik'nuate pre[iaratioii.' IhsT. AlilZ. A.M) N. Mi;x. ;W i fu fi 11 ;!ii 502 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. t f !■ both sides, at a time w^en prospects were brio-liter than ever before. On the one side was the ('(nu], Grant massacre; on the other — thou<:^h prompted largely by that outrage — the sending of A'inceut ( \)1- yer of the commissioners, an ultra fanatic, with full powers to settle the Apache question. Colyer, who had visited New Mexico, and even reached the Moqui towns in 18G9, arrived in AuL,''ust 1871. Cook, in obedience to his orders, sus[H'ii(led military operations, and Governor Safford issue d orders for the commissioner's protection, with a view to re- strain the popular fury. Colyer came fulh- iinhiiu with the belief that the Apaches were innocent vic- tims of oppression, and the whites wholly to Maiio for past hostilities; and he would listen to notliiuL;- not confirmatory of his preconceived views, scorn iii;j to seek information from the rascally citizens, t\w bloody- minded officers, or anybody else who knew anytliiiiu; about the real state of aftairs. Protected 1 )y an eseijrt, he visited tlie posts and met several bands of Apaelies, just then disposed by the destitution arising from past reverses to come in, make peace, and be fed. From tliem he got all the testimony he desired on their peaceful and harmless disposition. He ai)prove(l or selected temporary reservations or asylums at eiini[is Grant, Apache, Verde, McDowell, Beale Spring, and Date Creek; tlien he went on to California in Octo- ber, followed by the curses of Arizonans, but fully convinced that the Apache question was settled. If let alone, the Indians would gladly come upon the reservations, eager for peace and civilization. Slnudd there be new troubles, the whites might quit the country, or, staying, comfort themselves for the nuir- der of their families and loss of their property with the thought that all these evils were due to ancient or modern aggressions of their own race. Colyer's mission did perha})s some good by calling attention in the east to Arizona; its harm was the sus[)ension of Crook's operations for a long time, and the encourage- fo brio-] iter the Ciiiii]) proiiiptud incL'iit ("ol- ^, with full , and oven ill Au,L,^ust sus[)cii(lLd sued orders view to re- dly inihiM'd nocon^-, \ic- y to hL-;(; .^ luthiiin' ""I' scoriiiiiu^ to ihe bloodv- •V auytliiiiif Y an i',s(.'(jrt, f Apaches, ;• from past .'d. From on iiL'ir )proved or at camps l)rino\ and a in ( )ct()- l)ut i'ullv ttled. if u])on the kSIiouKI (juit the - the niur- )erty with to ancient Col vers tentioii in K'usion of ncoura<>'e- COLYER'S MISSION. 563 mcnt of Apache hopes that a new era of protection for their great industry of plunder had dawned/*^ Within a year from Colyer's arrival, the Apaches arc known to have made 54 raids, and killed 41 citi- zens. The absurdities of his report were somewhat apjiarcnt even at Washington; and though his acts were approved, orders were sent to Crook througli General Schofield in November 1871, not only to en- force strict measures on the reservations, but to wage Avar on all who refused to submit. February 1872 was fixed as the date before which all must coino in, or take the consequences. In April, however. General 0. (). Howard came as a special commissioner to pro- te(^t the Indians, persuade them to sul)mit, and ad- vance the reservation work in general. While he was not to mterfere directly with Crook's operations, his mission had practically the eftect to postpone the campaign till late in the year. Remembering C'olyer, the Arizonans were prejudiced against Howard ; but 'H'olycr's preliminary report of 1SG9 is found h\ Iml. Af. licpt, 1870, \>. 70 ft si'(i. ; ii.iil th'ltof 1S71 ill /(/., IS71, p. 41-1)5, with much matter hciriiiLf (111 tilt! goaeial suhjcct in other parts of the same vol. Dunn, Mii.-" ill.'. Much may l)e urgeil, moreover, .igainst the right of a foreign race to take from the Indiana their country, and very little in defence of .Spanish or KiiLilisli treatment of tlie aborigines from the beginning. A white man's risrrvatioii, under Apaclie control, would be somewhat more in aeeDrd.iiice Mitli the eternal principles of justice than tin; present state of alf.iirs. J do net lilanie the Apaelies for defending their liomes and liberties in their own Way. ]5iit as there was no pro[(ositiou or possibility in the case of Ai i/.mia to tiiiu liack to the Jirst page and ln'gin a new recunl, I am disjioseil to doubt that a consideration of the ancient ov modern short-comings of Uieir raei^ re- i|uiied the Arizona settlers to submit to plunder and murder, or even to (put t'le country, to believe that they wtTe entitled to the protection of their gov- I'liiiiieiit, and to deny tliat there was ever a time, in this century at least, whei, the Apaches could lie controlled liy kindness and justice. As huiui (•a; s 'no warlike Indians ever submitted to reservations until he had been wiiippod,' There was ample room for the application of our limited snpjily of bcuuvoleuco and fair treatment after forcing tho Indians to submission, ■liiii ' mn ; ! !ft i: IJ 1 1:1 1 I f .ill if i If 1 Hi 1' 1 it: ''. . 664 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. the latter was a very ditt'ercnt man, his peace thooiiis; being strongly tinged witli eonnnon sense. He (■( in- sulted the people freely, and found them reasonable, if not very strong in faith, respecting reservation and treaty success. ALutual respect, if not entire agiv c- ment of opinion on certain phases of the Apaclio (jur>- tion, was developed by the intercourse. Howard visited the posts; did much to encourage the submis- sive bands; made treaties between Apaches and tluir Piu^a and Papago foes; changed the Camp (^rant resc'^n+'on to the Gilr., naming it San Carlos; o ,d came ay some chiefs on a visit to Washington. In the .; .tunin he came back to complete his ^\■(l^k, makiuijf several chanu'es. He abolished the asylums at ]\lcDoM^cll, Date Creek, and Beale Spring, ]>eniiit- tino- the Indians to choose homes at the other reser- vations. But his principal achievement, though as it proved an unfortunate one, was to visit Cochise at his mountain home, receive that chief's submission, and establish the Chiricahua reservation in the soutii- eastern corner of the territory. Then, in 1 872-4, General Crook waged a continuous and eil'ective war on the hostiles. For the first tiinr all departments were working in harmony under a definite policy. As the governor put it in his messaLic, Howard had offered the olive-branch, and Crook, ^\ itli the sword, was enforcing its acceptance. Half-sul)- dued bands often left their reservations to resume their raids, but such Avere hard pressed, not only by the troops, but by Apache warriors, whose submission was evid(Mitly not all pretence, and whose services weio most profitably utilized. As before, I atteni]»t no record of the canipaign in its complications. By the middle of 187;b the last of the Tontos, Huala[)ais. and Yavapais had submitted; and in 1874, %\h.li the del'eat of several renei>-ade bands, the war was regarded as at an end. In a sense, and for large portions of the ter- ritory, the peace proved lasting. The great mass (»f the Apaclies was now under military control on the GENERAL CROOK'S SUCCESS. reservations. The people and territorial authorities iruardecl Indian troubles as practically at an end. General Crook was deservedly the hero of the tiine.'^ Xotvvithstanding this peace, which in a sense, as ahc'iuiy remarked, was permanent in the north and AVest, the south-eastern frontier region in Arizona and New Mexico, after a few years, was for another de- cade to be the scene of Apache warfare, several times devastated with deadly results by renegade bands from the reservations. This result was due, not only to tlie savage instincts and ineradicable hostility of some of tlie v v ""st Apache tribes, but also and largely to mismanagement. An outline of reservation annals is ^iven in the appended note, including brief mention of the principal outbreaks.^" In 1874 control of the " Some details respecting the final campaigns, for which I have no space, iiKiy liL' found in Hamilton's work and others ot' recent years. Crook's merits, which were very great, have doubtless been exaggerated in view of liis success hy those who have forgotten the similar if less Itrilliant eiforts of his prc- (lucessors. He was the best Indian-fighter of all, but by no means the only oiif. He had a firm grasp of both branches of his task. His cneri.'y and skill ill currying on a military expedition were not more marked than his tact iu managing Indians in council, and gaining their confidence, or his uariicst elldits iu behalf of justice and fairness on the part of liotli races. He fully uiiilcrstdod the Indian character, exercised practical good sense in all lie iiii- (icitook, being unaffected by sickly sentimentalism on one siile, or cxttrmi- iKitiiig vengeance on the other. Yet in earlier years liis success niiglit Jiave hccu much less complete; and for a comparative failure on one later occasion, he was condemned by Arizonaus much as other commanders had been in tai'lirr times. '^\jlache reservations. The White Mountain reserv. had its origin when Maj. ilohii (Ireen in 18(59 found a band of friendly Coyoteros there. Jii .fuiie ISTO he established Camp Ord (later called Ft Apache), and gatlieriMl 1,043 lii'l. His favorable reports led to a corresp. between the peace com. and mil. ■luthorities; ami in April 1871 the reserv. was set apart byiitui. Stoneinan, hcini,' a[iproved by Colyer, and confirmed by exec, order of Dec. 14, 187-, which also added a tract s. of the (Jila, and abolished the C f J rant reserv., thus creating the S. Carlos agency. (There were thus two agencies, S. Ciir- Id.s and Ft Apache on the Wliite Mt reserv., but as the nortliern agency was later discontinued, the name S. Carlos came to be commouiy applii^d to the wliiilo reserv.) In 1872 Gen. Howard foundand caused to be recalled an unler siispcuding rations, and appointed Dr Milan Soule to succeed Maj. Dallas in thar^'c. In 1873-4 James E. Robert was agent, and the population increased t(i l,!S()(). The Ind. behaved and worked well, being apparently content and t'liciwiug some interest in their fields ami ditches. In Oct. came an order fur tluir removal to S. Carlos, which was effected much against their wishes, but withniit the use of force, in .July 1875. A considerable number, however, re- mained behind; and in 1881 some 500 were living on Cibicu Cr. in the ex- ti'enie >-. w. of the reserv. The arrest of a medicine-man who professed to liiiiiL,' dead warriors to life caused an outbreak in June, 10 soldiers and 8 eit- i/iiis being killed, and Ft Apache being once attacked. The friendly se44. Later in the year much progress had been maile in agrii;., budding-:, etc.; the lud. seemed well disposed, and prospects were consiilcic.l good, liiit to tlie great displeasure of the natives and against tlie protest of (ien. Ci'i'idv they were removed in March 187'), in charge of Siiecial Coiiiinis- sinner J'lidley to the S. Carlos reserv., the Tontos anil Yavapais liaviiii; en ilie way ,„ ti;jht among theiiiselves, in which live were killed. Tile Cliii-icaliua resei-v., including appro.ximately that ])ortion of CduliisL' CO. lying east of the Pragoon Mts, v as estab. in (.)ct. 1872 by G<;n. Hnuuil, on the conclusion of a treaty with the chief Cochise, and the failure ef ;dl attempts to induce this tribe to leave their old homes. The reserv. was s; t apart by exi'C. orlant, going on tlie war-path, and committing many depredations. Ac- cordiiigly, by the iulluence of (lov. SaB'ord and against tlie advice of (la. Kaulz th"n ill command, the removal of all the Lid. was ordered. A band of 110 went to Hot Spring; 'A'2') under Taza were sent to S. Carlos in .Iiiiic; ami the rest — 41X) according to Jeli'ords' figures, the accuracy of which has ln>eu (piestioned— ran away to commit depredations on the frontier. The reserv. was lestored to the public domain by exec, order of Oct. 'M, 187t>. The S. Carlos division of the White Mt reserv. originated in 1872 with the ab(disliment of the C. (irant reserv. (which also seems to have been moved to the I'cgion of the mouth of the S. Pedro at first). Records of the change, which was not completed till Feb. ]ST,\ are not very clear. The successive agents in 1872—4 were Ed, C. Jacobs, Geo. H. Stevens, H. R. Willjur, C. F. Larrabee, W. H. Brown, J. E. Roberts, and John P. Clum. There were from DiMJ to 1,800 Lid. on the rolls, but from some mismanagement or fre(Hieiit change of agents there were constant troubles, desertions, and recaptures. POLICY OF CONCENTRATION. 5G7 Crook should have been left for several years at least ill full control. From 1875 the policy of concentrat- Iii May 1873 tlicro was a plot to kill all the whites. It was discovered ia tiiiii'. imt Lieut. Aliny was shot, and three chiefs with their bands tied to the iiiDUiitaiii.s. Tht'so Iiid. were harassed for a year, and not permitted to re- turn till they had killed the three chiefs. In Jan. 1874 other serious trouhles occuitimI, residting in the flight of several bands, and in six months of war lii'fdie all submitted. Still considerable progress in agric. was reported. Tlii'ii^ Mtre I,(XK) of the original S. Carlos Ind. in Sept. ISI'i, besides 1,400 will! had come from C. Verde in March, and 1,800 from l'"t Apache in July, or a tdtal of 4, '200, who got no rations except in payment for labor. In Juno ISTC) the Chiricahuas, 325 strong, were brought m from the south; from Oct. the troops were removed, and reliance was placed on the native police, not only to preserve order, but also to pursue renegades; and Clnm took 25 of his Aiiaches east to the centennial fair. In May 1877 the renegade Chiri- c.ilniiis having joined the Hot Spring Ind. in depredations, it decided to break up tlie Hot Spriui; reserv., and 453 Ind were transferred to S. Carlos, Vic- tnrio and 40 warriors escaping to avoid the transfer, and 300 of the 453 escap- ing in Sept., though about 190 of them were perhaps brought back before the end ol the year. The renegades did bloody work in N. Mex. Clum claimed that no depretlations were committed by his reserv. Ind. proper, and that all was j)ros])ero«s, but his reports may have been somewhat highly colored. Jluimwhile the exec, order of Dec. 14, 1872, creating the reserv., was supple- mented l)y several new orders. That of Aug. 5, 1873, cut off all the Gila valky above ohl C. Goodwin, or about 110° 5', and that of July 21, 1874, all east o? long. 109' 30* (the reserv. had at first extended to the N. Mex. line). That of April 27, 1876, cut ofif a strip on the east; that of Jan. 2(5, 1877, a tract of 7,421 acres in N. E. corner; and that of March 31, 1877, the s. w. cor- ners, of tlie Gila. RcptSec.Int., 1882, p. ,309-11. As left, the reserv. contains 4,440 sq. miles. H. L. Hart was agent in 1877-8, AdnaR. Chaffee in 1879-80, J. ('. Tillaiiy in 1880-1, Phil. P. Wileox in 1882-.3, G. Fordin 1884. Tliuuj,'li the [irt'sence of many dififerent and mutually hostile bands necessitated their separation to some extent into distinct camps, there were no serious trouldes with the masses; the native police rendered good service; and fair progress was reported in agriculture. In 1878 about 400 Apaches were absent, working in the mines, etc., and giving no cause for complaint. In the same year mining discoveries in the N. w. at McMillan's caused some complaint of en- croaeiunent on the reserv. In 1879 the pop. was 4,052; there were 2,000 cattle and horses; and 5,000 lbs. of barley were sold. The taking of water from the tJila above the reserv. caused some fears. The Apaches were gen- erally disarmed, and the use of timriii, the native liquor, was prevented. Apailie Women were as a rule chaste, but habits of prostitution, with result- ing disease, had been brought to some extent by the Colorado River bands. In KSiSO the renegade chiefs Juh and (ierouimo, with 108 Chiricahuas, were hronyht in from Mexico. Another chief, Vietorio, continued his raids on the herder until killed by the Mexicans. In 1881 Nane, Vietorio's associate, continued his dejiredations; and Juli and Naehez with a party of Chiricahuas ran away from the reserv. in Sept., and after a fight were driven into Mexico. Petty disturbances increased somewhat; whiskey sellers at Globe caused some trouble; but notwithstanding a tloml, goods crops were raised, livestock increased, good ijuildings were completed, and a school was taught by A. B. Ross and wife. The discovery of rich coal deposits this year introduced new complications for which no solution has yt^t been found, though there has been much discussion of the subject in Ariz, and in congress. The jieople are eager to have the mining tract restored to the public domain; while on the othrr hand is advocated either the working of the coal mines by the Ind., or a lease for their benefit. It should be stated, however, that serious doubts Were liually thrown ou the accuracy of Agent Tili'any's favorable reports on :•'■ t I ) n I « . 'i }'-'n tt\ ' 1 i 5G8 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. iiiijf all the A]iaclies at San Ciirlos was cnforcod. Tlioso of forts Verde and Apache were traiisi'ei icd in Mareli and July; the Chiricahuas m June 187(1; .uid the Hot Si)ring bands in May 1877. While in a ocu- cral way this policy of concentration may have iH-en well I'ounded, while some changes were prohahly neces- sary — notably at the Chiricahua reservation on the Mexican border — and while no policy would have en- tirely prevented the subsequent troubles, yet the re can be no question that nearly all the later outbreaks and disasters may be traced directly to these transl'tis. The Indians were naturally unwilling to (piit the re- gions in which they had been born or which they liad chosen, which, as they understood it, the goveniiueiit had given thejn for permanent homes, and where in some instances they were making progress; many of them obj(^cted })articularly to the Sau Carlos tract; besides their aversion to any change and their sjiccial oh'n^'- tions to the new home, there was much fear of their new neighbors; and the mingling or near approaeli of so many distinct and hostile bands — which had never agreed on any proposition except that of hostility to the whites — was sure to make serious trouble. \\ itli the special reasons assigned for the change, the mis- conduct of certain renegade bands or turbulent char- acters, the masses of the Apaches at each point had little to do; and in some cases the influence of whites coveting the reservation lands was a controlling mo- tive. (General Crook protested earnestl}'' against the first transfer, that of the Verde Indians; Init he was removed to another department to tight the Sioux, and was succeeded in March 1875 by General August V. Kautz. This officer also opposed the cluxnges, and in connection with the removal of the Chiricahuas uid resulting depredations of renegades, he becanh> in- volved in serious controversies with Governor Sati'ord, tho coiulitioii of affairs. From 1882 the roservatiou was jiractiiMlIy umlcr ciiiitrol of tho military commaii>>, Mii their depredatious ou the border. VICTORKJ ANU CiEKONIMO. 669 wliicli finally led to his removal in 1878, his successor Kill- (General (). K \Villcox.'=' On tlie transfer of tlie Cliiricaliuas in June 1870, a considerable numher cscu})etl, went on the war-path, and in four months killed 20 persons. On the trans- fer of the Hot Spring bands in May 1877, Vietorio and I'lii'ty escaped to AFexico; and in Se[)tembi;r {500 cscaprd from San Cilrlos. The ensuing pursuits, tights, surrenders, and reescapes are too complicated for detailed record here; but large numbers of the reni'oiules, while sometimes submitting in New Mexico, refused to be removed to San Carlos, and ran away every time it was attemptc'd. Resulting depredations, sometimes exaggerated by the citizens and news- jiapeis, and perhaps underrated by the military, were constant and serious on the border, es[)ecially in New Mexico; and for j'ears the warfare was almost as dciuUy as ever. From this time the Indians were well armed with repeating riHes, and pursuits by the troops ^vcre generally fruitless. In 187.. Vietorio came from the south, wa"^ reenforced by various renegade bands, and killed 73 victims before ho could be driven back into Mexico. He was killed in 1880 by Mexicans, while Juh and Geronimo, with 110 Cliiricaliuas, were brought in to the reservation. In 1881 occurred the Cibicu Creek outbreak, as mentioned elsewhere ; Nand, Victorio's successor, made a bloody raid from across tlie line, and part of the Chiricahuas, under Juh and Xacliez, ran away from San Carh)s. In April 1882 these were followed by Geronimo and the rest of the renegade Chiricahuas, with Loco and his Hot Spring ''•'TliG gov. accused Kautz of inefficiency in Ind. warfare against the rene- gadt's, and in his message of 1877 called on tiie legisl. to raise a force of militia or Ind. soouts to protect the cmiiitry, since the military were doing nothing. .1;/;. Jour., 1877, p. 238^. Botii parties wrote severe letters for the iiews- piquTs, ami Sati'ord made an eti'drt to have Kautz removed. The general de- fends iiiniself at length in his regular rei)ort of Aug. lo, 1877. U. S. Govt />oc., 4.")th cdiig. 2d sess., H. Ex. IJoe. ii. IIW^O. Hoyt, Leadinij ErcnU, MS., 15 etse(|., says that Kautz was a little later court-martialed and reprimanded fur iiulilisliing a pamphlet reflecting on Judge-advocate-gen. Dunn. Though tliu Udrtli was generally spoken of as heing at peace, Kautz' report .siiows suvtial expeditious in the C Vurdo region, iu which 38 lud. were killed and 42 captured. 570 INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. I ! I ll band. Further trouble occurred on the resorvafmn, and the general outlook was very discouragiiii)-. ^MHi. tary men were nearly unanimous in the o{»inion tliat all these later troubles were due to the disturhaiieo of Crook's plans, the turning-over of the reservations to the Indian bureau in 1874, the unwise concentration of the Apaches at San Carlos, and sub!se(iueut mis- management on the part of civil agents with the re- sulting controversies. It is clear that this view of the matter is to a considerable extent well founded. In 1882 General Crook came back to relievo Gen- eral Willcox, to whom, however, no special fault avus imputed. A treaty was made by which Indians niin'ht be [lursuod across the boundary by United Statts and ^Mexican troops, respectively. And with Crook's re- turn there came about rather mysteriously, as Dunn remarks, "a reasonable harmony between represintu- tives of the Indian bureau and war department in Arizona." He found the reservation Indians sullen, suspicious, and discontented, complaining of wrongs at the hands of their late agent, distracted with rumors of intended attack, disarmment, and removal, and dis- posed to go again on the war-path as a choice of evils. With his old tact the general made them understand that war was just what their enemies desired, and peace their only means of saving their reservation. The old system of strict discipline, metal tags, and frequent roll-calls was restored, and the native police reorganized. Confidence being restored, Crook per- mitted a large number of the Indians to leave the river agency and live in the northern part of the res- ervation without rations. They succeeded so well that about 1,500, or one third of the whole nuinher, were soon living in the north and almost self-sustain- ing. Meanwhile, Ger6nimo and the rest were raiding in Mexico; and in March 1883, Chato with fifty Indians crossed the line and killed a dozen persons in Arizona, including the family of Judge McComas. With about f'h CROOK'S CAMPAIGN. 671 50 soldiers aiul 200 Apache scouts, liavinuf fortunately s;nuiv(l the services as :L^uicle of a chief who had tle- scrtcfl from the foe, and having' made arranL,^fmcnts for tlie cooperation of the ^Mexican forces, Crook iiiiu'clud in ^lay to the Ai)ache stronghold in the JSii'iia Maih'e — a place never reached hy troo))s before, ami which could not have been reached without the si'i'vires of the guide. A com])lete surrouiKhng and surprise <->f the foe was prevented i)y the ha^y tiring of the scouts; but Chato's band was defeated with a loss of nine killed and five captives; and the rest eiiti'icd into negotiations. Finally, tlu'y oil'ertd to surrender on the condition that j)awt offences should ])(' foi gotten, and all be settled on the reservation. lliTUUse a successful prosecution of the campaign at this time and in this country was impossible, Jjccause ti) withdraw and await a more convenient opportunit}^ (tf suiprising the foe would involve renewed disaster to tlie scattered settlers, and because the Chiricahua outlireak had been caused to a considerable extent l>y unfair treatment. Crook accepted tin orms and Ijrou'dit back to San Carlos neai-lv 4UU rene!>"ades, including Geronimo, Chato, Nachez, Loco, and all the cliiefs except Juh, who had escaped. For two years these Indians under military management be- haved well, and it was hoped that the Apache ques- tion had been at last settled."*^ '" Aiiiiuiil Heymrt of /i7'i(inifii'r-'je))i'rl(>gist for tlic Chiricahuau — they are l)ad Ind., probahly tliu very worst on tlic lontinent. ' 'An Ind. in liis modu ol warfare i.s more than tlio tijiiil of the white man, ami it woidd ho i)racti(\.liy imiiossihle with wiiitr .sdltiicis to sulidue the ( hiricahuas in tlieir own liaunt.s.' He thinks tlie Ind. •-hdiiM oMii tlieir lands in severalty, as most of them desiiu. To disarm tlnin lie believes im[iossible and undesirable; they must have arms for jirnirctin;! against lawless whites. 'Their removal would bring on the blooditr-t Jml. war this country has ever experienced.' But the general goes imuli tnu i';ir i:i urging that the ballot should be given the I. id. In his reimrt of i^ivt, aftci a year of peace, t'rook expresses great satisfaction with the prn-n^s made, and the prospects, niitwithstandiiig certain ibstaclcs — notably thi' ix- tortious of trailers. One cliief, for making waihko speeches, was anisteil, tried, and convicted — all by natives — and sent to Cal. for imprisdiiiiinit. (Jeri'iamo and Nacliez are among the most successful farmers. l'ni[n nf tlie season were S.S.'iO.OOO lbs. corn, y.'iO.OOO lbs. barley, r)4,(l(H) lbs. beans, 'Jll.Oiti) lbs. potatoes, r)i),000lbs. wheat, 200,000 pumpkins, and 00,000 melons, in spitu of some bad luck caused by freshets. It should be noted here that there is extant in Arizona a tneory tli.it in the camiiaign of 188.3 (ien. Crook, through jdacing too much eoutidtiui' in his scouts, found himself really in the power of the Chiricahuas, ami win obliged to accept (ierdnimo's terms. I have not attached mueli iinportaiue to this theory, though the events of ISSj-ij tend soiuewluit to give it pliiisi- bility. lS85,r,er(^- Cliii'I'-iIiiia sullied tlifir 5 of tlir liii,.. >\VI1, tlldUnh ctuic t>\' (is. I; and latrr inst his life, wisduiii (it ast ti'oiililcs ']iaiii;c,s and spii'idii tliat l)y ]iis tliid- IMllillL;' -Vrt and fiirrful :>aollO Cdiild )e(>n so near ■it past '.U'isiii, 1' i 'itll the aid 1 — wlio was Nrexicans— )ra, and in li.'iu. 1 am iiiit tlio very worst than tlio I'ljiiil wllitf .SdltliriN tliu Iiid. shiiuM isariii tlinii lie t'(ir jinitiTtin.! l)l(i()(liust Jllll. 18 lUUl'll tnci I'lir •e[M)i't of IsjW, li tlio J]^lli;|■l■,■i^ iKitiilily till' (.x- wa.s iii'i'osteil, iiiilirisdiimi'iit. t'i'ii[).s 111 tlie ii'aiis, '.'iMIiti) llL'lollS, ill spitu tlicnry tli.it ill i.'t be made a secondary matter. Above all, c'ariie>t, honest, practical men nmst be put in charge and paid for their services. The survival of tlie fittest must be encouraged. If any nmst perish, let it bo the good-for-nothing; if any are to be lielped, let it ho those who arc disposed to help themselves. 1; :■'! i'! OTHER OUTLAWS. 575 Apaches have not been the only outlaws who have afflicted Arizona. Acts of lawless violence, includ- iiio' murders, robberies, and lynchings, h:ivc been but t(n) counnon throughout the territory's history. Yet such irregularities have not been greater but rather much less than was to be expected under the p(;culiar circumstances, in consideration of which Arizona's record is not worse than that of the other western rerfious. The Indian wars in themselves, during wliith every citizen's life was in constant danger, tended strongly to establish the habit of reliance on force rather than legal forms for protection from otlu'r foes. Desperadoes might always commit out- rages with a fair chance of their being attributed to Indians. The geographic position of the territory coiitril)utcd to the same result. Mexican outlavs of a peculiarly vicious class frequented the frontier dis- tricts, easily escaping after the commission of crimes into Sonora, wdiere tlioir punishment, by reason of endless complications of international red tape, was generally impracticable. These Mexicans, bad as they were, had like the Indians to bear the respon.^i- hility for hundreds of otfcnces they never connnitted. The native population of Spanish race, liere as in other border regions of the United States, has often been the object of most unfair treatment. Too often has there been a pjopular clamor for the expulsion of all Mexicans from some mining camp, innate race prejudice being aggravated by the acts of a few out- laws, and the result being utilized by designing des- peradoes or politicians of another race for the cariying- out of their various designs. A sparsely settled mining country is never a favorable field for the proper enforcement of law; and Arizona for many years, by reason not only of its Indian troubh-s, but of its undeserved reputation as a desert unfit for homes, was chiefly attractive to the least desirable class of adventurers from California, Nevada, Colorado, and Texas. Again the long and unprotected stage Ma .* i- 111' ■ H-'" \m ;!;t % m. : lit ■*#!!, i? *M I ' ; ill- It '\ 57G INDIAN AFFAIRS IN ARIZONA. and express routes over which rich bulhon prizes were carried, have furnished especial temptations and faclH. ties for highway robbery. And it must be admitted that tlie combination of national and territorial autlior- ity has not always been favorable to the administra- tion of justice; and that locally the qualities of ener^fy and bravery required in officers of justice have liein too often sought in men more or less identificnl with the criminal element. It is not n^y jmrpose to pre- sent a chronicle of Arizona crimes and criminals, though I append some items and references in a note. While it can hardly be hoped that troubles of this class are at an end, yet constant progress in the ri^lit direction and growth of proper public sentiment are to be noted. With ri^ilroads, agricultural deveh»])- ment, and increase of law-abiding population, scents^ of violence will be more and more confined, as th* y have been for the most part in late years, to new- mining districts and isolated frontier settlements. '' '•"Sonic items on Ariz, committees of vigilance, etc., may lie foiiinl in my Po])iil(tr Tiiliuuiili, i. 7-2 ct si'(j. In his mes.«age of 18G8 the gov, coniiili- meats the Mex. pop. for tlieir ohcdit^nce to law and general gooil (.haiMcti r, Down to this time there have been no special eoiaplaints of law Kssiicss except hi;foi'e 18(4. In "OS, however, the gov. otters a reward of .'f^IiOO fur tlio arrest of a murderer. Ariz. Jour., ISCiS, p. 'll'l. From '70 nnuMkrs and nJi- beries attributed to Mex. heeame frenucnt on the (iila. Three Anier. Mere killed at Mission t'amp. A reward of Sl,0()0 was ottered, and an iv^vwi w;is sent to Sonora, hut (iov. Pes(pnira deelined to givi- up the criminids. /./., 1871, p. r):{-4, i.")7-0, Hi;}-!, -J-J-J S, 'j:i4-8; Jhtnis Sn-iq^x, .1 (•;:., iii. Inh liaker and family were murdereil at Blue Water Station in Dec. '71. /'/.. iii. 'J8!t-'.n, ;{I'_', 'M'v, [■. S. (7orf. Do,:, 4l!d cong. 3d sess., H. Kx. Doe., i. M.Noii, 411-12; and many newspaper articles. Four or live murders are iioteil in '72. There were also complaints on the Sonora side of outrages on Mix. Esti-dla th cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc., i. 734. In '7'.l the Phcenix stage was robbed 4 times in as many nu>nths; (!ov. (U)spcr nHcreil S.nOO for the killing and §300 for the arrest of a stage robber; and several lynchings are recorded. Ariz. Srrop,i, 120; Plmni.r. Jf,ri'lil, June 2."). '>*><); PreacoU Miner, Doc. 3, '80; .S. F. BullMn, Aug. 22, '70; 6\ /'. ClirviM, , Aug. ACTS OF VIOLENCE. 577 23, 'TO- -III '80-2 matters assumed their worst aspect, stage robbers were lyialieil, cowboys attacked some of the towns, sheritTs and their posses were ni'teu iisisted, bh»ody afi'rays occurred between Anier. and Mox., an emi- grant tiain was attacked ]>y robbers, and several legal executions are rcconU'l. Tombstone was a centre of lawless operations, the U. S. marshal wassli'it, and several bloody fights took place between the desperadoes and scarcely less desperate officers of justice. The citizens were at last fully aroustMl; money was contributed, and a volunteer force raised; tlie president of tilt! l'. 'S. issued a proclamati(m; and in '83 quiet was restored, and the iirisiiiis were full. See files of Tombstone and other newspapers in tliese yoai's; also Ariz. Jour., 12th legis. ass. 30-2; (I. S. Oovt Dor., 47th coiig. 1st sess., H. Hx. Doc. 188. The last serious trouble was at Bisbee in Dec. '83, wlu'ii live armed men deliberately and openly robbed a store and kille