CIHM Miorofiche Scries (Mmiographs) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Caiwdtewlii»tittt£3forMI»toriMl l >( Mcf< wpf o < M ctiom/ln«tftMtc«w^^ Technical and BibNographic Notes / Notas tochniciues at bibHographiqijai Tht tatthiiB hM aNMnplMlto obWn ttw bwt offginiri oopytMiMitarflMnB. FMww of Mi oopy vvMoh imy bt bMtoorapNorily unlqiit, mMoh imy liv any of ttw ImaoM (n ttw raprodiiotlon, or wlileh nwy •ionlfiewiliy olwno* ttw uMMi nMttwd of fNmino art D D D Ooteuwdo o wi i / D D D [Zf D D CouvortMO ondomnnoio Co¥ow iwi oi ad ondtorlominoHd/ CoiMWIuro iMluirto otfou poMnjMo Covtr tMo mMng / Lo ttio do oouvwlufo manqut Cotourtd maps / CortM giogfOphiquM on ocuhNjr CokMNOd ink (Lo. olhor than bkjo or Uook) / Eneio do ooulaur (Lo. auiro quo Mmjo ou noiio) Colouiod pMoo andfer ausmrtono / Planehoo ot/bu MuitraHons on couiaur Bound wMhothor malarial/ RaM avac d'aulioo documanta ONyadKionavailabia/ 9WM oonon onponaNO TloM b inding may cauaaahadowa or dWortlon a lo n g biMor margin / U loHwa aamta paut cauaar da rombro ou do la dMoraton la lorig do la marga imMaura. Blank iaavoa addad during loalofalkma may appaar wNNnthataxL Whana«orponl)lo.thaaahavabaan omttlMl from filming / Waapaulqua c art ai naapa g aa blanchoa ajoutioa lora d'uno roatauratlon apparadaaant dana la taxla. mala, toraqua oala Malt poasi)la. caa pagaa n'ont paa «t* fibnioa. AddWonal commonta / Commomairat auppidknantaifM: LlnaMuta M poaBMa da aa pMraqulaonl oonpNqMa, qui ouquipouvml mtoioMmi lo maaaur aalgar una modaoaMon owam pla l i o qtfi fcil a diWto da oalaMiin* du point da vua bMh una bnaoo laprodute, oana n maavh Ookxaod Pagaa dtaooloufod. alalnad or foNad / Pigaa dioolo ri oa. ta ctt alia a ou plq u iaa D I I Pagaadat ach a d / Q SlwwttNough/Tranaparanoa □ Quality of print variaa/ QuaHM Mgala da nmpraaaton □ Inchidaaauppiamant a iy malarial/ Comprand du maMrial iuppiimantaira I I Pogaawlwlyorpartialyabaeuradbyanalaallpa, I — ' tia8uaa.ale..havobaanrafilmadtoahaurat»wba8t poaaibia Imaga / Laa pagaa totalamant ou poitialtamantobaeuiciaaparunfauaatd'amda.una pokm. olc. ont M fftnioo linouwiou do fBQon « obtanir la m aaa ur a Imaga poaifcia. I I Oppoaing pagaa with varying colouration or ■ — I diaookNwatkNiaaraflmadtiMioatoanaufothabaat poaaUa imaga / Laa pagaa a'oppoaantayantdaa eotorattona variabkM ou doa d«coloratk)na aont fikn«oa daux foia alin d'oblonlr la maaaura knaga IMS Ita 14x tlR tax atR Mi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1^1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Itx Ita a BK MX J Tha copy fUmad h«ra has b««n rtproduead thanks tatha sanaraaHyof: National Library of CanaOa L'axamplaira fUrnA fut rapreduh griea i la g4n«rosit4 da: Bibllothiqua natlonala du Canada Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia eanaidafin« tha eondldon and lagibUlty of tha I. ^inal eapy and in kaaptng with tha fHmlne eontraat apadficationa. Laa imagaa auivantaa ont At* rapreduitaa avac la plua grand soin. eompta tanu da la condition at da la nanatd da raaamplaira fllmd. at an conf ermltd avac laa conditions du eontrat da fUmaga. Original eoplaa in printod baglnning with tha front covar and anding en tha laat paga with a printad or Hkiatratad Impraa- alon. or tha back eovor wfian approprlata. All othar original copioa ara fUmad beginning on tha first paga with a printad or Nluatratad impraa* alon, and anding on tho laat paga with a printad or Muatratad im p raasion. Laa aaampialraa originaux dont la couvarturo an paplar aat Imprimda sont flimds 91* commancant par la pramlar plat at an tarminant soit par la damMra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaalon ou d'iUuatration. soit par la saeond plat, salon la eas. Tous laa autras a«amplairas originauK sont fHmds an eommanfant par la pramMro paga qui comporta una amprainta dimpraaaion ou d'iNuatratien at 91% tarminant par la damiira paga qui comporta una taila amprainta. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microflcha shaH contain tha symbol ^^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Un daa symbolos suivants spparaltra sur la damiira imaga da chaqua microfiche, talon la cas: la symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbole ▼ signifie "FIN". Mapa, plataa. charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Thoaa too large to be entirely Included in one eapoaura are filmed beginniftg in the upper left hend comer, left to right and top to bonom. aa many frames ea required. The following diegrems iilustrste the method: Los cartaa. planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atra filmte k dee taux da rMuction diffArsnts. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour itra reproduit en un soul cllchd. il est film* i partir da Tangle supdrieur gauche, do gauche k droita. at da haut an bas. en prenant la nombro d'imagea ndcassaire. Lea diagrammes suivants illuatrent le mSthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MCROoorv MMuinoN ran omit (ANSI ond no TEST CHART No. 2) /APPLIED IM/GE Inc leU Eail Uoin SIrmt RochMtar. NM YoA 14609 US* (7H) «2 - 0300 - PhonT^ (716) 288 - 3>a9 - Fa> THE CURRENTS AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE BAY OF FUNDY AXIJ OX THK STKAM.SHII' WHTK.S IX ITH Al'l-KOACHEM OFF SOUTHERN XOVA SCOTIA FROM INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TIDAL AND CURRENT SURVEY IN THE SEASON OF 1904. W. Bfil Dawson, M.A., D. Sc, F.R.8.C., M. Can. Soc. C. E., Engi XKER IN CliAROR. I'lBLLSHKI) HY THK UKPARrMKNTOFMARINK A^TI) KISHKKIES OTTAWA, CANADA. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTIXlJ BURt.^U 1905. .r^ THE OURKENTS AT TH« nmuNja or THE BAY Ci' FUNDY AMii ox TNI wnuiwHir mwtm w m ai^mmohm OFF SOUTHERN NOVA SCOTIA. Ottawa. Feb. 30, 190S. During the seuon of 1904, from May to Septmnber, the onmato were euaiaed it the entruioe of the Bmj of Pundy, in tbe region entmidin|r *«»» Onuid Mmum Hi nii toCepeSnbU. The ourrenU in thie region were »n entire oontiMt to thoee e»«iMd ia the prerioaa MSMin, end required a oorreeponding UMdiAoetion in ^tpliuioee end mthods. They were strong, iteady and deep ; instewi of week end often raperSeinl •Bd eerily diatnrbed by the wind •■ on the tonth-eeet ooeste of Newioandlend. Thie region is of the flrat importMiee to neyigntioo. ae it indodee watm that lie on the lines of ocean eteaoMhipe running to St. John, N.B., at well aa eteamere from United Sutai porta which round the Mmtbem end of NomSeotia, on their way to Bnrope This it the flret time that the onrrento on theae loatee have been syetematioally invea- t^ed with modem apnUancaa. Theee outer watare an abo d mon importanee to Bari«MJon than the tidal ttreame in the more reetrioted part of the Bay of Fnndy. It hu there the character of an eetoary, in which the cunmto ran parallel to the thorn • tod tbqrh^vethu little tendency to let a veaeel onto! itaooune. ' — ' <^MNOM.— The tteamer OtUnmre which waa employed in titii inr» r red at pointa carefully fixed in poeition ; and theee aUttooe were nity of the tteamthip routes to obtain information of the moat practical 4. They were thus tar enough from diore to avoid the local infiuencei _ .ilands and ahoals which are numerous on Uiis coast within the 30-ftithom line. The anchorages were made in all depths up to 100 fadiome. A brirf mention of the ap^iancee used wUl suffice. The strength was determined from actual meuurementa of velocity with a ourrwit-meter registering electrically on board. The meters used were rated by the makers. A special method of susprasion WM deviled to avoid error from the rolling of the steamer. When the rolling was considerable, an allowance was made by count for the excess. For the direction of the current, a float of special design was used, which waa attached by a line from the stem. It wu msde visible at ni^t by an electric light operated frtMn an auxiliary battery. The onder-currait was observed by means of a pendulum weight, suspended on patent toonding wire. This was the same in principle as the Uwop fan used for the a p.— IJ lf>' tig^ie Tsloet ■ toandat. I I I? m A.. MPdaTMMtrr ow uaksm astd n»M§Mim \ owimto MM wbk ia iMhM bUf ; Md l» WM flMwi l»«««d to U7 dMii«d dapih. iMKwtad : MMi to aiiwfib VWtlMi, M mMMNd by • For ihM* tlraagw mmato th* dw^ o# b««i toblng 4 lack* o«ldd. dfcMiirt«r MdT TM dU«9tioa of the «iMhrHmrrMt wMid thw bt clwrii •«• k»i«WB «Im> from tlM a.,,!, ol Um win withiu Wit it will bo nnmrn ii M i y to n^n Uw fchaiodiyoi of tbo rwfaetfon. MMMud dopth of 18 Im( ; Mid tba diraoUoo wm ukoa ovorr bftlf htm, «»tore of tho nrfMO w» tor wm uk.n u.adl- 2^.J!?^^°™**'1 ^"•^*-*»*»-H- of hotter trMiB,th.n,ov.™I ^ t ::l^ T"' « board tho «««.r „.• . oouUnoo^^rf of XS ^.^ !; ^ !^ WMv.la.bl. in McrUining if oflbot upon the ^t InthooMO of tpod.! .tonu, Mldition.1 d.U wm Mcurad from the meteoroiJL -•*-», but no nN»>d mvMtlgrt,on wm nrnd. reg«ding th. condition, of Ita prev.l«.«. In thM. obMrvatioo., Mr. H. W. Jone. Mid Mr. S. C. H.TdM »ave exc*ll«i iZ'^rillfr* '°''*»"~*'y' '* 7" °~^'y »o oontinnotiU kf inL eveniago, rf^r Budnight to .Mar. ««. «.ximum or turn of th. c«rr.nt. Th. regular^l.. S^tJn ^ h^'oSr;rr "' ''' ''^' ^^- ^"•"- -«'-™**- ^" '^^ ^' Th« Curhihtb; thbik DiB«cno.v, SxREsotH, asd timk of Tuhhin.;. tr^Jftr^ «A«'^<«^«ic. 0/ tKe tide and current.~U h«l .lr««iy been ..certwnd from tid. gauges placed .t . sene. of port, in southern Nov. Sooti. in 1902, that im It CVMMMirn AT TMB BJfTMAMOM Of TUB BAT Of fUSDf aifiliM«««twMfd,ilwUdweM l» MiialMlorUy ralwrMl to •«. Joha, N.B. ; »bU« Mitowd ol QKft 8dbit» Umjt CM Im raim«i to fUlUbi with gnUtm adYMtof*. It i> thi* Botowordiy tMtara ol tb* tkiM ia tb« Buy of FmmIj Ngioa, thM (ko meB't dii- uaMiHMBoriiBflMMoapoothontlioaMijroUMrfMtor. Tba diArmm in rMft bo- t«WB qiriiv tidw, wbioh UXi %% pwigM aad »t apo^oo rwpoMiTolj, k m |nM m tho I iltmnm bolwMn Man tpriaffi aad ntipa. On tho oUmt iwBd Um (Unnui iaoqMlity. •Ueh ia a doninant faotor in parta of tlM Ualf of 8t Uwraaoa, ia not rory itron^y Mtrkad in thi« ragion, alttiough •till •|uito approoiaUe. Tha oamnt i* atronulf tidal in itM ganeral oliaraotar, and anjr othar laataiaa it pt*- Mat* ara ralativaly nnimportant, ttirougbout tb« ragion axtaading frwii Capa Sablo wMtward to tha month of tha Bay of Fundjr propar. Tha current haa tharafore in gaaa- nd the laaM faaturaa aa th« tida ar. al r^ rxplalnad. Tha flood aaU northward toward* tlw Bajr, and tha ebb aonthward. There .* little indication of anjr ganaral movement of the water in a dominant direction, nor done the carrent veer widely or continooual; •round the coinpass h in rooat of the region* previouely inveetigated. It may b( Mid in general to turn without much loe* of time from the flood diraetion to the ebt dinetion, althouK'i there i* more tendency to a wider veer in proportion to the greater diitaace of the point of otnervation from the «hore, which appear* to be a charaeiarittio of tb« current on all open coaaU. The current* are thus on the whole remarkable for their itrragthand regularity, and throughout the *aaM>n they were seldom dietarbed by wind. Tinv qf ulack My»/«r.— This i* the most important relation Utween the current. and the time of the tide, as it enablen the time at which the current turn* to be known from the tide Uble*. It requires »ome care to determine the time of alack water cor- ractly on a vc**el at anchor far from «hore. The current beoomea weak kiefore it turn* ; ud • ve»»el moored by a hawser having two or three time* the depth of the water, wiU make a wide *weep in turning. AUo, if there i« wind, the ve**el will head round into iu direction when the current (lack*. With thf complete ayatem of obcervatiooa em- ployed, there is more than one way in which the time of slack water can be arrived at. There is firstly, the tine of :,»4arMB9T Of MAUMk AMD FUMtfitm tlwi ol Ik* •»(.».. .^^LTl! • . "*"*• "^ l**^ ta • «»«fa« form. TJw i» o«rr«..«.JZ^^«ri^^ '^-riU- with .: Mr-^yo«lUii jZ^JTlSa •""''•'*^ *'"• tU «d. M r««rd«I .i,„ul, tiM oflbf of OhM Mih w«t..»i ♦iT! "*r^"^"*«- B"» •• •>! oU»r ttotiont, fro« • — i^i-T^iti-rdiS^irrv^.^'ri^ifr'^ ^ '^ '"^" ^"^ which w.„ tdien oo„tinuou.l/d.y .nd nS D„^ 'T °*^""^*'?'" »' S'"'"" J. lOth to ISth. tb. .bb o.n,« .t nUt w« 7 B^^n?*» oon^tiv. tide., Augu.t -r.r^ ; .nd th. .i, oor™.ponding til^/t Z 71 Z"^ '"""lu **" "'^ ''^ ''"" which WM 8 p« -«^ ''''•" le wo..d e.den«, be Jplr^/i'^ - rotrr^^^^^^^^^^^ irregiuriy^Zu itrhot^i'::;''*"' "T^ ""^ *-»'«> definitely without veering r- rw.6 cnart. it wm found on investigation that the maximum CUMMMMTt A T TMM MITTMAMCM OF THM BAT Of FVSDT f ilmg*'> «< >wth Itood mkI 'bb wm olowljr proportioMl lo IIm i iw or lail of tho cnnm podUH U'k at Ht. Jolm. ThU ludioMM • noUiod with % niion%\ or phynlwl bMia by friiMi tho vakwily of Iho oarr•B^ M dUhrMit X\mm oad piMiot, cm Im oomot:/ ooa- |Mtd. It WM fovBd bMt lo Mlopl • rufo n ii a diraet iadicotioo of tho niotivo itroaf th of the vnrront »t difforant tlmM, wo givo ia tho tablo bolow tho ooa- pontivfl MDOunto both at Ht. John and at tho hoad of tho Haj of Faady. Tho Agaroa for 8t. John an from tidoa regUtorwl dnriag titiii, S. II. riiniln-rlaml Hwin. I IUliH>- in fw-t. At iVr. Hanir* »t H|irinK Tiden '.«7 ■ III At Alaifr**'' R«BKt> i»t Mpriim Ticlen 'Matt Mtirinir raiiite. Mumi of tliv kIkivo j a»"2 N<«l> niiKc, »t Mmm'N uwMt iliiit«nc<< 17 *< iiiir- ••wtiw. KuniP' in feet. Dill- ] 4M ao 1 i .V. 86 i "■"■"I 41 H7 a»-7ft ISU 13 191 At both the above localitiea, the difference in the range of the I at perigee a&J *P0K^ >a greater than the difference in the range at ordinary Mprii ^ and neap ttdoa. Thit ahowa the dominating influence of the moon'a riatHnce u. this region ; and the variation in the stroagth of the current is found to fullow th*^ '<»iiie law. The range of 24 feet at St. John, taken aa tiie itandarJ ut uompariaon, ia thua the mean spring range ; or the range at spring t.uoa «/hen tha moon is at itH mean dia- taace. This ia aa good a value aa could be adopted, with which to correlate the actual velocities of the current as observed. MeUtod of rtduetion exemplified. — To explain this meUiod more clearly, it may be illustrated by the following table. This shown some of the most ec,jal and unequal currents met with. At Station J, off Brier inland, the currents were the strongest found anywhere during the season, aa the obaervatiomt there were taken at the apring tide* which coincided with the moon's perigee. There is a diurnal inequality in the curreatt in evident correspondence with the inequality in the tide itaelf ; and for thia, allowance \% alao made by the method employed. - « • 1 (L \ lii y> D»ABTMMMr OP MAUMM AWD nUUMiMi [O. June 10. 18 H 8 J. Aug. 10 11 U 11 11 12 12 12 13. l.-i 13. 18 , BtaUtNiMdDkte. Ttxm •t St Juhn, N.& RiM. F<«t. MO 3S'U MS 25-7 VaU. oxrsokmn. Am obnn-«d. Flood. Vmx. 1 1 Knot*. »4 sas Xbb. Kimti. Knot.') 9 10 2BI 10 209 10 10 12 12 8 9 28' 20'M 200 9 9 21-8 24 1 24 23-7 264 9 [) 1 I 35 1 96-9 260 2« 5 21 19 8 197 1 tt 313 1 93 1 93 a- 10 1 70 2 67 1T4 1-48 316 \-!tl\ 361 269 2S'2 34 1 27 1 ass 27-8 26-2 2-M 3 19 3 SO 3 52 j on 308 218 IHS 1 98 2 12 2 90 202 2«2 3 29 3'OH '68 333 SOU 1 41 1 98 1 7« 1 72 1-88 ITiS 8 20 2-I*) I i;:i 3 2t 3 IS 3-22 3 28 3 .12 .'{■»» .< i; L- >i .< v^ » is 3-0 3-54 3 24 ! .124 oifMMxn A r TMM JurTMJiroM or tmm bat of ruNDi % ^?7 ^**^*'*^*"* ^** «-frtmt ; rmmlting tahmfir dl le ie beeed oa dMMBiMtioM of Budmam rekKity for 179 tides •» the vhriow stetioM, eml oa • ■Mb iuieraanber of half-tide direetioiu; h for these, the rasolte obtained at night |m a s»ope oontinnoaa aeries. When the oboerrations were at the neap tides only, thm Ttlooitias wore so mneh inereaaed in bringing them into coirsspondenoe with the range of 34 feat, that a farther mean waa taken between thesp and the velocities aetoaUy obaarrad. The treitment was oonsuitent throuf^t; the object being to make the leialu atriotiy compantire. At two ol theae atationa there are irregolaritiea in the rarrant, and the period of obaarvalion was not long enough to aecora aa good averages as might be denred. At Sts^N, wiibin the month of the Bay of Pandy, the irregnUrity appeara to be dne to tha aoddai qpening of the Bay immediately inside ci Orand Manan iaUnd. At Sution ^ off Seal ialand, the Bood waa mach atronger than the ebb at the date when the obaarvationa were taken. TbU wUl be referred to again, in diacaaaing the relative rtrangth of the flood and ebb. StMkn. Period ot obeervatione. UNM. Nuii)ber of auudmum wlooity meHumnenti. Vekwity oorrMpond- iiiRtoMfeetnuige. lUtiooftbeKM vekwity to the FuWD. Flood. EbU H. Jal]rl6to» JnoelBtolB "j Sept 7toia. j Aug. 8tolS JoM SltoSa 1 »flood;8ebb. SM 1-82 SSS 1 67 387 187 S19 163 lOlperoent Ittperomt 96 per cent C. J. 8 flood; 7 ebb 8flood;9ebb M IS flood; 10 ebb. Ang.l6tol8 / 97 per cent Mattm innftk iff flood and M.-ln the above table, the ratio of the ebb velo- city to the flood ia given for four atationa lying in the order ahown, between Cape Sable ««d the month of the Bay. Theae are the beat adapted for the comparison, ae they are the moat open atationa, leaat liable to local inflnenoea. In obtaining the retios. the velocities are first reduced to correapond with the rt«d«rd tidal range of 24 feet at Sfc John. The advantage of thia treatment wiU be •»i*wt from the reaaons already eiplained. To arrive at any better refaction of flood »abb, . long >enes uf obaervationa wonld be reqnired ; or elae obeervationa at two amwent bmos at whidi the diurnal inequality is revrrwd. According to thia comparison the current in the flood and ebb directions does not 0*r more than 3 per cent in ite strength. This is probably as near m a comparison «»• kind oan be reUed upon. This reeult has two diflbrent bearings which it wiU be ■•'"••'y to consider aepara t ely. & r.— 2 it • Ijrpun, H M0MUI7 to toke the underoarwnt into Mconnt alao. m it ia • ooft.ti«, «»' '^•l°«i«« ''•" found, both th. eorface and undercurrent were much .tnmger during flood tide. There wal lit! ^nrjfl;'th^ 'r "'• r^* '-'•>^- "«-nt winddlZlt nnrf«r-.n«-n* 'T'^, ""« *««»««J, u 38 per cent stronger than the flood, when (he in tnmin- v«« »^»l/i ' '""_P"*''*' *»* the ooaet; and at sUck water the current bLlZttZll^^"'*^"''"'^*^"— • The waterha. thus, tendency to ^th^teXTr'nlJ;"' ^^ -"-^ -^"^ * ---«^ — — '^ »fcle..^t ^liri'L^'^r '^ ^'^ ^'^'"•"»' "^ oheervation. at the sp™« tWe^ It appear, that the ebb u 6 per cent .tnmger than the flood; the ebb dir«S CUMMMft AT TBB MVrMJLSOM 09 TMM BAY Of rUXDT || Mtlb ««KX b. infcmd with ««tidatj fc«„ th. pnMnt ob^rrrtion.. ^^ Tbi UwDBK-oDBanrr. At .U tlw atAtiona the murimom ttnngth of the undar-oamnt, at aMh flood Mid . . »" ««^"y m-Mured. ThM. obwrvatioDa .Ami dir«>t dmdtuiaoiu oompariMiu «itk tho tarfao. oarruit from whioh the proportioiml strength of the undercurrent «m biifcHiKl The moTement of the under^rrent i. nlway. of much »d.Unoe in deter- i^g the reUtive strength of the flood wd ebb, and it thus hdp. to indio.te «y tadencjr of the water to make in • dominant direction. The obserrations were taken with the appliances deeoribed, at a st«>d.rd depth of SO &thoos; and if the depth of the vater did not admit of this, which was quite eiosptional. adepth of 15 fathoms was .adopted. In such observations it is always ■ M. Oraiid Manan dil. ,, Tin^ofOsiumo/the under^rrmt.-It was found from the longest series ol dtaenrstions obtained at stations which were occupied on several difTerent occasions. M»t the turn of the under-current was practically simultaneous with the turn on the I!r*" ^It tJ""^ '' ''" '^*"° ^^^ *"■ *•" ™'"'*" «' *»»e same time; and it ^^A^T^'f " *~'"- "^^ '*"°'' "" °^^*^^ •» fi^« •**««» ^Weh were the MM adapted for securing such a comparison. so< athoiiM. 96 per cent, of surface ourrrat 16 II M M „ ao H VH M „ so « S8 M It so tl 106 .. tl so It 107 tt »l i • itMfABTMMMr or UAMiMM AMo fumaum AMMy>Mi«»«u• BMlMd aiiMdy MpbbMd : bMMua •» the tim* th. ».. udfidlof th* f WiKD Dmtcbbakob. whieh th. wind y«« or cUurn^ iu dir.oMon ^ V^T 'u ^ .""''"'^ '**'"^ » ol wind from a W »nd 8 w^Ji^nT^ ?. I "*^ " '"'"'• ^^^ »»*^ ■»«-«• inwwd drift oua«l bv tl>. h-,- Z/^I "Iter the wind lell, to make up for th* •ontrwy to ito direction. ^ north-we.t wind, which u OUMMMimi AT TMM MITTMAXOS Of TMM BAY OW FONDT DtrriRnci a thr OcRRnr. with oaAiroR or Fbnnoir. • IomU* In tlM oum^u, whioh maj d«Mrve mention. Thi» ia do* to Uknda which ittwUyoB tho route whioh the earrent wouM otherwiM tdte; or to the greet rlM (tkitidik 10to38 ieet, whioh ia raffioient to meke the ooBflgnretioa oftheahore -'-^Uy diffcrent at high end low water, in the vicinity of ahoala and iaianda. Hm principal obatraction in the way of the currant, ia Grand Manan ialand and tiHfonnding ahoda, which lie in the entrance to the Bay proper. Thia ialand appeara Dohitmcr, the ebb mora than the flood. The flood and ebb ara fairly equal in the haoMl to the weatward, and alao on the atraight Nova Scotia ahora orawaite to it iBat offiU aonthem end (Station K) the ebb ia e>ceptionaUy atrong. and nearly double ^ flood ttrangth. Again, on iU eaatem aide (Station L) the flood is obatruoted and Iqnita weak. Thua a» pointe in ita vicinity which ara only a few milea apart, thera ia a Inirkad change in the current, and a full hour of dUfcrence in the time of alack water • lu wiU be Men by comparing Stationa K and L in Tablea I and II. Theae apparant lirrtgnlaritiea ara no doubt due to the configuration of thia ialand, and iu poaition. At Sution M, in the channel weat of Grand Manan, at low water alack the aet ia iKrotf the channel to the northweatward. Similarly at high water alack, the currant l» taming veera through the aouth-eaatem quarter. Thia ahowa that both the riae and Ifaliofthe tide begin flrat on the Grand Manan aide ; thua causing a oroaa currant in Ithe channel, though necesaarily a weak one. Alao, the nnder-cn rent seta in the ebb Idireetion firat, while the aurfaoe current in atill veering. Thu tenda to make up for the Igretter ..trength of the flood, and helpa to equalize the flow in the two directiona tikrouirh I this channel. Thsre ia no doubt that aimUar local irregularitiea would be found in the curranta Iwnong the iaianda and ahoak b»-dering the aouth-weatem end of Nova Scotia. The hfaova ezamplea may aerve to show how auch effecto may be explained when all the circamstancea of topography tide and under-currant are taken into account. Such local efccu were avoided in theae inveatigationa ; aa the object was to obtain information on the leadiDK steamahip routea which keep outaide the 30-fathom line. CKavrje in the eharaeter of the current with ettange in pontiof(.—Vfht>n an anchor- 1^ waa made a aecond time at the aanie station, the current waa found to act aa before Th« direction of the current and the time of aUck water ia thua remarkably conatant at Mj given point, the only variation being a fluctuation in atrength aa uaual wiUi the course of the month. But it ia important for the navigator to note that a change in poritwn of only a few mUea, may make a marked alteration in the atrength of the current and in the time at which ahuk water ia met -vith. This ia a noteworthy feature I m the behaviour of the currents in thia region. The following examplee may be given m illustration. r j o If a vessel entera Uie Bay of Fundy along its centre line, from Station A to N nudway between the 60-fathom lines on each side, it would find an ebb current of only li to 4 knote againat it ; but if it passes nearer either shore, aome eight milea to the nght or left, it would have againat it a current of 3 or 4 ki.ota or more at the springs. Abo, as regards time, at five milea oflF Brier ialand, (Station J) the ebb continues wntB for IJ hours after it Hacks at an offing of 15 mUes. A vessel would thus f.nd I H M OMt^dMTMgMT OF MAMIITM AWD ntBEMtm !^^™ .0^ ««- f-rU.* on. . .t««g Hood woaH b. »^ which would „, i^st^^^'^^ ltJ;^«W.«y between th. rin^l «d U., ,„^^ .^r^Jd^iii ^1"" *° *»>• 'om of . Ourront ch.rt. from which th. relti. w^ri. tS^^^ r,"^* «d U.C ti«. of Hack water .t th. v.riou. ,Uti J wiU b. rMdUy uwUntood. A UUlo ooiukleration will aUo .bow many ways in whfc ^«'oc::2onmr.'"'"'"sr ''"""' ''-^-^•^ ou^nrmLTu::" Tabl. 1. to enable any nangator to plot them on his own chart, if de.*Ld for refe«L" Tbhpiratou of the Wat*h. with^tlTT*"" °^ *''• *'*" *" **''~ ^''"« •' *""•»«' -"d on the runs ^ ^ two ohjecu in view : to tn«e any g.n.«l movement of the water; and from^ f^^r.n?^'^- T? "* ''•"' *^ *^'" •* *''• •'•*^<«* " '*r down u .30 t^7 wh^h thT '*'?'*» "* '^^ '^"•'" **'~" «^''' °-'y »« t^ken at .lack IZ'^1 tt r* * :•"""! ~-'I«'^» o' the temperature, at the end of .he tare with the progre«. of the «^n. The value. «. in degree. Fahrenhrit throughl Rdatwe t^peratures o/Jhod and «W.-The temperature of the .urface w.«r s^i^n wL *''"S"~' '•?' '^^ P^ o' t-o to dx day. or mo^ during which th, ;^.^TldT!Jl '''u'" •r'^'^-o'StaUon.F .nd G off Cape V the* ^«ge. seldom differ more than a fraction of a degree at any of the Vtations in the region. rntJ^'^t «J.];"t^,of determination, below the surface for thi. purpose, deserve, to be HfaS; fin ?.*: */*»*""'«• »" '»•• tempeuture in the two directions, it i, more d»tu.ct at 10 or 16 fathoms than on the surf^se ; while at 30 and 50 fathoms the t«n- pe«ture is agam more uniform, as it usually is at such depths. The most definit, Ivir 1 r #T T"". ^ *' '^' '"°"*'' °' *•>• ^y o' ^"'^'Jy. ^^^^ th« depth i, over 100 fathoms. The following average resulbr at the depths indicated, are from CUMMMMT8 AT TMM MNTMAXOM OF TMM BAT OP FUKOr 11 rfwW«KJ ■ ,1,^ d«l»ari„,tloa, rt , .erie, ol d^h. in J«».k and right ^^ abefo«indH«|Kd«lMgir«i:~ JuM » to ai IVpth 10 F. Aftor the flmxl «r.7 . D»pth U Jf. .. «• 4 Auf. W tu 1» Dnpth 10 F. AfUr tha flood .W.4 H Dqith 16 r. ., nr.i Aftvr th* abb 45'.fl Aftw the aUi 4r.« «r.o At both d»tw there ic thai a m«M) diArance of 3*-8. The ebb water froa the Bey ktaUn- then the inooming water hj thia aatount ; and the other temperaturea of the WfiM ihow that thia ia the oaae from the tarfaoe aa far down aa fiO fathoina. It b not I eMf to explain why thii ahonld be, without more extwuied inveatigation. Sffoet ofitlandi and tkoaU in modi/ying th* UimptnUurt oftha i«i<«".— Thia effect ! it T«y diitinct ; and it appears to reault from the itirring np of the water. It oaniM « k»g trail or wake of colder water to extend from ialanda or ahoala along the line of thtmirrent; aa for example, north and south from Lnroher shoal. Whan the water movM to and fro in an unbroken sheet, as it does outaide the 50-fathom line where clear of obstruction, the surface temperature is more uniform ; and the rise in temperature with the progress of the season is more easily ascertained. The lower temperatures on the 30-fathom bank off Cape Sable may thus be exj^ained. In the middle of July the surfaee temperature as found from runs in the \Tdnity of Yarmouth, and also on the south-east ooast of NoTa Scotia (Sution E) was vr to 51' ; while at SUtions F and O off Cape Sable, it was only 45* to 47*. This wobW oomspond with water at a depth of 16 fathoms, brought to the surface by the shosl. Where the islands and shoals are numerous, the general effect of these strons ' cBrrenta is to chill tho water in the vicinity of .tie coast, by mixing the nurface water with the colder water from below. It ia possible that this may have a bearing on the formation of fog in these regions, by the lowering of the surface temperature. Ritt in tempei-aiura ivith the progreu of the $«aaon.— From runs made at different timw in the same vicinity, and stations occupied twice at different dates, the beat com- pwative resulte are as follows. They are the averages of 8 to 55 individual observa- trau. YaruMHith t« Station B. .Tune 7, Temperature 4H^ .Inly 12 *!, Teti>|wratiiie 51' Station A. .Tune 3-5. „ 43F Aug. 1&-1H „ n.V 47° Sept. 6-12 C. lft-18.. Brier i^Und tii StHtion C. .Tuly 6, „ tiranrl Manan island auuth-eaitt Ui Station N. m°. 1 and I« .Mi' US' MOTB SUMMARIZING THK CHARACTERISTICS OF THK CURRENTS. The following notes ara given in the endeavour to summarize the leading character- atici of the current is this region. They refer to the currents at an offmg of 3i to 15 miles from shore, on the routes usually taken by steamships, and they are lot intended to include the currents among the islands and shoals nearer shore. (1) The currenU era predominantly tidal in their character, running strongly dnrmg flood and ebb in tiie two directions, which are usually opposite. Any veering, or •MlBft MPAfTMMMT 09 MAMIMt AMP MBaUUm H wWHKf r?.''!-"^. Wf^*^*^fc«^«h* «"*■'*»■ —««»fdow, to. dtpth of »« ^tt . change dAr«ti«toed,Mcordingtoth.oilnggfr«,j «d to oh«aoto wd p^iga, there nuj U • diflbrmioa. botwrn tbo oentr. wd Um. ddo*. of « hour in the UmTof .lack w.t*r olj^ ^SlSi »•'«-«»«» "-"^t •«" running H««gl, fa th. old direction, fMtnro. will bo ««, on girfag . liul. .tndy to T.bto. I and II girVn oppoeite, .nd comparing thmn with the Current ehert "Ppo»iw, •na Respectfully submitted. W. BSLL DAWSON, Engineer in eharffe of Ttdal and Current Survty. ovMamnt a w the mrMAMOM or tmm bat of wmtDt n TABU L-AT MLUf TIDI. lOfiM of Mm OwTMl M bdf iMt;Mid Vtvoom in kaon, oommmdiaf wteh liw MU nrii« iMf* «< S4 ImI •! Hi. Joiw, M.& Itaa obMrMkiH ia th» ■MMi ol 1904 ; Jm to StplMibw. ■MtMMHi PMtkM. Fuwa Km. VahNtoy. DimtkM. ValMity. DimtiMk & FW & Kwiwty 1 g M* K, U M • M MMMkwir. «-iB KIN. A . 0k|»8aM*;tVW,aiM .. tro w.w.w. 910 Kar. r Barw.isiM IW N.W. » W •'M ata ai. aa& H H 8«li«lM4Ufbt|8r W, HM t'M N.W. ft N ••«r rio K - 8WW.UM SM N.tW. P. . Urok(.il»iMl;Hn*lS,«lf tao N.tC su a C, HMrW, lOM im K. &K. I'vr a»a aaw. i. . BriwUMMlUflhtsSM-W, SiM S-K N.N.K. Bin K. » PMitPHHfoi N3rW,9|M f-ao M.C. S'40 aw. A. i« B.N.E. ras w.|a K. » OmibM rock ; » «r B, 5 M. SM NXftX. 440 w.»a 1* M BiirDaekiiiand: N«r>;3«M 0(15 XortlMriy. iTo a»K. H. .. W. Quoddy Ihrht : fl ir W, 44 M SM) N E. ft K. 9-iO aw. » w. w.*a D. » Moon PMkk light; 8 4rK,«M 1 00 N.B.*N. iw TABUI tL-BhAOK WATBR. Tim o< Sbck WaUr bafon or after High and Low Water at St. John, N.B. Podtian. Dvpth. »F..... 84F..... J«F 44F. ■ . SlMk Water M High Tido. Staek Wktw at Low Tide. IHuiuDlJ .. F 2: J0'brfor»HighW»ter... I: W S': ?S before Low Wrtw. 1 : 17 1 : i<3 ■• ., H. 1 ! 13 .. B 2S after High W«t«r.. 28 30 •. IS 34 10 after Low Water. 85 1. Lurcher iiliaaL Station P 88F. ... 68F 80F 98F..... lOBF... . 4ftF.... 70F 48 J* 42 F .. C. 22 .. J ,. N 44 1:00 •4 41 43 4U before Low Water .. A .. K 05 before High Wati-r . . 56 36 after Low Water. 1 : 4<) •■ .. L " M .. V 30 after High Water. . . . Oft 10 1:06 M r ^^I*^* J0^ 'b' \l; OF I TIDAL AND OURRCNT SURVEY v^ DEPARTMENT Of MARINE CANADA HALF TIDE HART SHOWING GRtATEST STREH6TH or FLOOD AND EiB MRRESPONDING TO A RANGE OF 24EI AT S^JOHN NB Jk liiWTtCM. MlkCS Jl S* \ m^M \ \ \»' ■■i TIDAUAMOOUnRCirr •URVBV HALF THH& Coi^ST or FLOOD AND Oi 0«Wi3POND II IB TO A RAI«E or ifO AT yjOHN NB mmmmmim^ mi