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MICROCOPY MSOIUTION TIST CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHATT No 2) 
 
 ^ APPLIED IIVHGE 
 
 '653 East Moin Street 
 
 Rochester. New York U609 us* 
 
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 ■ 'le) 288 - 5989 - Fa« 
 

 THE HEART OF 
 
 CANADA 
 
 i7i 
 
 l!i>S 
 
 
 THE ORCHARD 
 AND DAIRY REGION 
 
 Kt issued by direction of Yl 
 
 |'1hon.frankquver.mini5terof the interioam 
 
 OTTAWA. CANADA. ' 
 
 iJLv/ £j^i^i 
 
LMPOHTANT 
 
 KAH.MKHS, KARM LAHOl'ilKKS 
 
 AM) 
 KKMALK DO.MKSTIC SKK\ ANTS 
 
 ARE THE ONLY PEOPLE THE CANADIAN IMMI- 
 GRATION DEPARTMENT ADVISES TO EMIGRATE TO 
 CANADA. 
 
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 OF EMPLOYMENT IN CANADA BEFORE LEAVING 
 HOME, AND HAVE MONEY ENOUGH TO SUPPORT 
 THEM FOR A TIME IN CASE OF DISAPPOINTMENT. 
 
 • \1 
 

 ©r 
 
 wmK 
 
 mm ommm^ 
 
 By H. A. KENNEDY, < of the London Times Staff > 
 
 LONDON. KNO. 
 
 iHMiicct hy itirectioii <>f 
 
 Hon. KKXNIi Ol-IVttR. MlillHtcr ..f tlie Interior 
 
 Ottown. Cmi'Hlii 
 
 14«0 -1 
 
/ 
 
 ( ONTKNTS. 
 
 ChapUr I. BY THE SIDE OF A CHEERFUL SEA 
 
 Til.' I'ruil ll.'ll iin llii> Nnrth Mm. re llff.Ml of ili.' (ir.'iit I,nkp« 
 nil Cliiimtf Till' Kir-I Si'ltl.T> rimii'tT Hiiril-liips I'n-, 
 A Civili/.cil l.iiiiil 'I'lic Citv o( Tnr'nilo -\ .luiinii'V iilmiif 
 
 111!' I.iiki' f<l'.iri' Kirlil- unci ('rii|),- (i I S(pil ('(iloiir iiml 
 
 Viirii'ty ill III.' Si'fiif Wlicri' tlw A|i|ili' i- Kintf Tin^n- 
 mill Villiiiri"^ ••-liMWii iiiwl Hn«iiiiiiivill<- Miiiiiifiioturi'- • 
 " ("nn- " mill " Itipn't ("iin- " in tin- (tnluinl" I'lirt Hupr - 
 ('(ilHiurir Urmli' '11 Trcnlni, KiuIhux- Tin- <'ily <>t 
 Kcllfvll'i' -Hv Mi'h.r Cnr tlimuirli I'rinri' Kilwiiril ('Kiiiity— 
 Kiiiiil- -Applf- on till' I'.fiirli - Hiiiiic-i of (■(niifiirt — I'irtiiii. 
 
 THE ORCHARDS AND THE APPLES 
 
 I'ri'i's mill till' (Iriiwii-up- -Stonily Work miil Steinly 
 
 M 
 
 Chapter II. 
 
 Till' Itiili 
 
 I'riilits -•• Till' HiiUL'li with tlir Siiioi'.th " Tlu' SriTi'tn 
 Sii('ct'f.» A Vi'iir'i* Work Tliiiniinir tl l''riiit -Si'lliiiu tlu' 
 ('r(i|>~-Sin iiiB till' Miililli'iMiin'.- I'rnlit— ("u-npcriitivc 
 S(>cit>ti(>- -t4!l piT ViTi' I'rnlil Kiivoiiritf Winter Apples— 
 Nil Dmikri'r of Over -iipply - \ppl<'.-i Ahviiys ro,iulMr— 
 Kniit-tfrow iim -till in its Infmicy— How Qunlity iiihI 
 Qiimitity ciiii Itotli lii> Iniprovi'il— Mr. K. 1). Smith's Stntf- 
 iiiiMit -■'"() Itiirri'ls per vcn- (ioml Apples uUviivs hriim 
 (ioixl I fire- -\ Iliul (inliiiril iiiinle (iooil- I'm k ii'hI 
 (Jrml.- Hetter -lioxi's insteml of llurrels The F.xpi >•♦ nml 
 HoiiH' Miirkets The Western Deinmiil for \ppli's — (loy- 
 erniiient Help for l'"iiriiiers- Supply in>f th. ('mineries - 
 ("ariiieil Ajiples in the Olil Ciuintry— Drieii Apples— Apple 
 I'ulp for (ierinmiy anil Krmipe. 
 
 Chapter III. OTHER CROPS BESIDE APPLES 2i> 
 
 •■ Mixeil l"'!iriiiiiiL' " Kfiit-LTowiii;.' mul Dniryiiis; ("oiiihined— 
 Siigyestecl Division of l,iihoiir--Ap|ile < >riliiirils I'liy heforp 
 the Apples eonie-Sniiill Fruits mul Venettihles lietwppn 
 tile Trees— Striiwlierrie- mul Uiispherries— I'limis mul 
 Pears — Nut: — I'oiiiiitoes— Miiize-l'eiis— A Visit to n 
 ('minery— Its T.iihour I'rohleiii— lt> Prices to the Cirowers— 
 Cheiip iiiiil (l.oil K l--Miirket (lanleiiint;— Maple Syri"' 
 
 Chapter IV. LIVE-STOCK AND DAIRY-FARMING 11 
 
 liee- anil Honey -Poultry mm i:i.'i.'s— ("iittle for Beef— Cheese 
 mill Hutter Faetories — A (ireiit linproveuienf in Herils 
 hetjiiinini.'— Sl.i ep -Hou'-rai.imr— Canmlimi versus ForeiRn 
 Uaeoi — A \Uft Fiiriii -" ("mii. Ilmk to the l.anil." 
 
 Chapter V. THE OLD-COUNTRYMAN'S CHANCE 34 
 
 (Jrent liu'rease of the \rea uiiiler Itreharils — Searoity of Men 
 to Cultivate them— Fiiriiiers' Sons Slayiiiif in the Country 
 —Keeping nut the Wroiiir Sort of Kmitiraiit— Worthless 
 I,al) >iir— .Men who I.earn— Kminraiits who have " .Made 
 (iood " — A Welsh Diiiryman — A .Man from Norfolk— 
 Uesult of F'ive Years' Work—" .Viiythin^t Like this in 
 FiUlhinil ■ " — The Failure; — <'oiiiphiints of the Country 
 anil People — Letters from Kmijrrmits — Wapes of F'nrn' 
 Lnhour — Free House, (iarden. Fuel and Milk— The 
 Worker's Cottajfe— A Year's l•:n^;aePnlent— Hours of Work 
 — ReKulnr Kest Times — The Poor Man's Opportunity — The 
 Man with Capital— (Jet Fxperienee hefore liuyinR Land- 
 Farms for Sale mid to Ront — The Capital Required — Loans 
 on Mortpa>.'e — Prices of Farms— Chances in a Poor Farm. 
 
 00tl<!50l8 
 
TIIK AI'IM.E MKN OF LAKE ONTAHIO. 
 
 niAl'TKU I. 
 eV THE SIDE OF A CHEERFUL SEA. 
 
 ■^lli^ i- li'i (iiiir\ |iiiliiri' I liiiM- im iiiiiiil In iniilvi' " i'\<r\ tiim^i' 
 II -will!." I'Vi'ii "III II Ciiiiinliiiii liilo'. imr t<p liiv llii' n.li.iir ■■n tm. 
 Iliiikh ill imitihiiU i\''li ii ('iiliinlliili liiiiil.-rii|it'. -till li'-- l^i I'-l' '■iil 
 ('iiiiiiiliiiii lift- 11^ iri'i' (mm rvfry ill tliiit nniii i- ln-ir t.. Nh rfM.l.T- 
 iiiiiy tliiTi'fnri' 111' lire llifil .( I ll»<' ii -Iroiin m.iil i.r |T;ii-i' it i- 
 lii'i'iiii.-i' iKitliinit lr~- will ii(( ,irr c!y licscriln' the tHctf. 
 
 " Whiit in worth Iiiiviiil' i- 'Mirtli liuiitinir." I niicc ln'iird ii wi^i' 
 
 itiitii -iiy. .Villi it is fi|iiiillv trin- tliii> wliiit i» wnrtli liiiviiiit i- oftiMi net 
 
 to \iv Liiiiiil without liuiilimf It is liy no iiifiiii- tin' fii.-.' tliiit licniii-.- 
 
 you iiivcr hciini of n iiiirtuiiliir i|i,-lrii't it •■iimiot In- one of tin' liffi 
 
 III all Ciiiiii'lii. Hiiiidri'il.- of thou,«iiiiil- of |i»'o|)li' from 
 
 A ti" HM Coiiiitry liiivi' I'liss.-d tlirouirli tin' di.-trict I iini 
 
 Wondprfnl jo-l (.'oiiii: to ti'll iilioiit. on tlifir wiiy to Toronto mul 
 
 Fruit furtlit'r wi'st. .iiiil |HTtiii|>s liiivf bi't-ii M'ltli'il in tlii'ir 
 
 Caamtry. new lioiiics for niiinv yriirs. witlioiit iiii hit ■! ilint tluTc 
 
 i- iiiiv tliiiii: in it piirticiiliirly «ortli> of ntti'iition Vrt 
 
 it i.- oni' of tilt' liiiL'st fruil-growinit district- in tlic wurM. 
 
 All apple nrctiaid in Mi on;. 
 
 Tin- (iri'ii* I.iikfs, to I'liildri'ii wlio liciir al.oiit tln'iii in uconnipliy 
 U's.son.s. lire siniplv n curious fciitiirf on tlif niii|i of ('nnida. How 
 niiiny people realize > at a vast difference they make to the life and 
 prosperity of the Ca'iailians;- They make an extremely useful water 
 hinhway, for one tliinii. more t an !,()(!» miles lonit, from the head of 
 Lake Superior to the point wli- re Lake Ontario overflows into the St. 
 Lawrence River.— a jrreat water liiiihway traverseil liy couiitlp=^ 
 steamers, 
 
 Tl'.p (ireat Lakes have a hetter use even thiol that. We all know 
 what a modifyint: and sid'teniii!.' inlliience the surround:, i'. sea has on 
 the climate of the \'nited Kinudom -how much milder the winter is in 
 
 U60-1J 3 
 
II,.' f.nii-li l-l. - 111. Ill .ill 111.' II ■i'.'tili"iiriiis: . •iitii.'iil ..( I.iir..|»' Hi" 
 
 (iniit l.iiK.'- liMM- III. -II rl ..I ••K'-'l "ii Hi.' .Iiiinil.' 
 
 EVrrl ..( III.' .'..iiiiirv -iirr.iUii.hii'.' tln'in In 'li.' .ilv ..( iMtiiw.i. 
 
 •r Ike l..'i.,h.| ili.'ir III lii.ii..- 111.' .n.rML'.' t,.iii|.."iiiiir.', Inkiii'.' 
 
 I.«lii>a •■ -iiiiiiii.T .111.1 «iiii.r L.^i'ili'T 1- 'I- t. Ill Hi.' ■■it> ..( 
 
 CUmikte. r..r..nt.., ..n \..iU>- ihiMri.. ii i- (I 'i. "f iiiT.' Iliiin -is 
 
 .(•jr.'.- IiI'jIkt Ii i- -iill m.'i'.- iiit.T.' iiiic i" ii'.ti.'. 
 
 vUi.'li «.■ \«"k ii.l-i til.. .I.'lail- ll.;il uliij,' tl..' I.ik.. Iili.'- Hi' 
 
 HJiiiiT ri.l.l. tfisiiit' ■r..r..iiiii 111! iiMrnii.' ii iii|«-iiiiiri' t..ii .lc..'ri'i'- liiuli.i' 
 
 limn (Minuii'". ii iit-i iiin.liiii- III- li.'iii, (i.r T..r..iit.'. tlmiiirli i ii 
 
 {iirlliiT -.mill, ii.-liliillv li;i- n -iimhihT ti'iii|,.'rai nr.' n liMJ.' I..«.r llmu 
 
 lllllt ..( UllllVll 
 
 1 
 
 A •If, I'll, r "11 l.iilM lliil.in 
 
 Tlio >li"r.' Ill l.iU" 'liiliiriii. 111.' "h.-Utuiiiii.-I "I lli" <T":il l.iiUi -. 
 .MIS .■i.liiin/.'il v.Tv "nrly iii llir lii-imy "I fiiiiinln iiinl.'r III" l!rili-li 
 II, iL'. It \v:i- ..riL'iiiiill\ -"III.mI liy 111" I'liit".! I'.Miiiin- 
 The Flr»t I,,iviili-i,, \\li... uli'-n lli"ir .•iiu-" \v:i.- il"l";il"il in tin- 
 Settlers. Iliirl""ii l!rili-li Culoii.'- sniitli "f Cii-'iulii. w.T" .■m- 
 |ii.ll".l -"V"ii If ihi'V IiikI «i-li«'il to rt'iiiiiiii -I" li-nv" tli"ir 
 liiii.l.s iiiul iiniperly iiml lifi:iii lil" iiii"» in I'xil.'. Mniiy of lli" l.ovn- 
 lists rec-ci ■! from Hu' Krili^li Cov.Tiiiiii'iit jili-t- of liiml iiloiii: tli.' 
 
 Ciinmlinii slm. f l.nk" Ontiiriu. I you will .-till IiihI tln'ir il.'-i-fi- 
 
 ilimls fnrtiiiiis; wIlT" 'li.'ir cxiU'il iimustor^ starluii to clcnr iiuiiy Hi" 
 
 f,,ri-t ii.'iirly l.«» > l'o. Tli"y ocrtiiinly liii.l n hiir.l (Mnnii-'li -lnic.;l" 
 
 III lirsl; M p: .11"". ..f" ill 11 tlii"kly w l".l liiii.l. I."fi.r" Hi" dm- ..f 
 
 niilwiiys iinil slpiiiiisliip- mul teli'iiriiiiUs uml t"lf|ilioii. n"".'-^s:irily 
 ciilU'd for .-trcniioiis toil iiiid |ialifut I'lidiiriiuio. 
 
 If tlie |."..|>1.' who l"iiv.. Ill" Ol'l Cniiiitry lor nnltin.. t..-diiy tliiiik 
 llipy arc «oiiis to »iiid imlure " in tlu- rough " and to have Ih" licr- 
 
 cuW'iiii task of nuikiiiL' it -i 'h. -lik" th" ■' S"ttU-s in ("ana. la " in 
 
 ('a|)taiii Mirryiit'- -lory, who ar.' ilescrihed lis taking up 
 
 A land on the north slmr." <.f Lake Ontari.i .^oso to 
 
 CiTlUzed ixiinrston.— well, thev can make th"ir minds easy. The 
 
 Iiand. fact is. the iiione.'r work was don.- for them long ago hy 
 
 those old Loyalists and the Itrilish immigrants who s.-ttled 
 
 anion.' tlu'in and their .lescendants in the early part of the last 
 
 4 
 
,,.iiliir\ ill.' iiiiiii iiii.l wiii'iiiti «hti tft. •■lit t.. -mil " .li-iri.i h I iim 
 
 ,„,« .1 ril'iiiu. t>i "'lit I" II Imi'l "( iiiliiwit.Ml liiriii- miil ..r. hiir.l- ; ■■( 
 
 li.r.l- nil. I iliiiri.'-. m| |..>i - iiii'l Mllnf.-. -ili....t. nii.l rinir.l hilv 
 
 |M)Mr- iiii'l •liiily |i<.-t- 
 
 \. 111.' I ilii' 1- ti... rti.lf I" -I'" iiiT..--. wIh'II >..il -Inn. I |....klM:r .ii' 
 
 iri.iii ii« ii'irilifi'ii r\u>Ti< \..u li't-l II' i( Villi »"jrr h\ iln- -iii-i.l.' \ii.l 
 the liiki.' inliih' ffiillv |iiit ill n mtv u'.i...1 rliiiu. • ■ l.i' iiiIIimI II -i. 1. 
 
 1,. v"i ""iil'l r.'ii.hly imriT. ir m.ii Iim|>|»'Ii.>.I I t "ii n m n 
 
 -I. .nil. |.|l.lilliU iiImI r..lllliu iili.iiil III 1 hull' -Iimiiii1...iiI, ii- I liiiN.' I". H 
 I, I ,, • ,, I „|||, I, hlf..r..|irr." ||..«..\.T N.iii I'Mii 111- ^..11-1. k i.n 
 il III r.'iiu'li ". I'li.T, I'll' II iii.'ri' L'liiiic'' ill I'- ii.il'l -tii.ri . with tlii' 
 
 vfL'.'tiiii.'ii niiitiiiii: .I'.^Mi ill -' I" 'II'' "•I"'''' ■ '•'If' ii"iir.- m'U ilm' 
 
 it- hiuuu-t wiivt"- .ir.' ri|i|ili'- .'..iiiiiiir. .1 l" llir im^lii'- l.ri'iik.T- ..f tin- 
 Mliiiiti.' 
 
 Oiii .li" full' iiw.ii-'.ii;; -i.i|.i..' Ill 
 
 h |. ii,,|,"',l II in, "1.11', I'll: nil. I 111'' 'I-'''--, uliii'i' '"'I''! 1'" -'iiii''"l 
 
 I iii,|M,\,'n-li."l i.ii nil I'M I I'lil'l "I "iir i-ln' I'-l ll"ili'i-'i 
 
 i'\.-.M'.lll|.^lv ill II- ln'i'-'ll'i.ilivlii"..|. 
 
 ('..111.' uitli II. '• I'.r ;i lililc riiii iil- •- iic.rlh'ii. .-In.ri' li\ tin' 
 
 (;iMiii| ■rriuik K.iilu.iv. jii-t to L'ct ;i |'r<'liiiiiiiiirv idfii ,.l tli.' Imm.I-ciii"' 
 
 :m,.1 -fiisciii"'. I.oi II- -III'-' li'"iii T"r..iil". II- till' ciii'itiil iif 111'' l'r"\- 
 
 11,.-.' It 1- II liiii' I'.rili-li rilv'. lull ..f I'liiTL'v ami I'lil.'i- 
 
 Tlie pi'i-i'. |i liii- '.'- " int-'Mii -If.'. 'I-.' liki' iiiiv ..III''!' 
 
 City of ^I'l.'iit ii'.".'ii>i;iitiiiii "f liiiiiiiiiiiu ; Imt il- I'.irliiiiiii-iit ll.iil.-t'. 
 
 Taionto. it- I'liiM't'-iiv, it- City Hall, lui.l ^..iiic "i it- .'i ,r,'ln'-. 
 
 u,,iil.| I I'liiiiiH'iit- t.i :iii,\ (•'■iilr.' nf |in|iiiliili.in ill til'' 
 
 w.irlil. I'.l.'i'trir li-iii -i-iir- run in all ilirfL'timi^, -UL'Stwar.l, f'.r 
 in-tiiiu'i'. t.i III'' l''air Cfi.iin.l-. -iihl ii"rtlu\ar.l t.' ii u'reat n-i.l.'i.iial 
 .|iiiirl.'r nf liaii.l-i'iiir li.'ii^''- in l.''aiitil'ul i:ar.|.'ii- aLuiL' Ir. ha.l<'<l 
 
 ll\ rlllll'-. 
 
 It i- i'a-\' 111 iniauin.' tin' iii.nin-.' ibhaiitaL'. a l'.ii..|-pr.iiliii-iiiL' 
 
 (■i.iiiiiiimity I'liji'V- l.y I'l'iii'.; uilliiii i-a^) ri'acli 'I a city ..1' ii.' irly 
 4(i0.llOl» irlialiilant-. 
 
 \Vi' li'i\'' til.' ( ity at tii'ii' i:i tin- iiH.riiiii'-'. ami have liari'ly linii- 
 
U, .-kiln "ir.mi-'li tin- |iii|HT. -for tlio Turiuitn piipers liiivc ii lot in 
 
 tliiMii.— Ipcl'ori' we feel irresislilily coiiiiicllfcl tn l(icil< 
 
 The Railway mit nf llif winilow instciid The liil«>, iis «<■ skim 
 
 alonK iiloiii; lu-.-icIc it. is ttlnvviiis blue iiiul .silver in the sun. 
 
 the Lake. A roiiuh riiininirt of JMiiilders niul lot-'s hiis hcen 
 
 thriiwii up to protcet the liTie. whii'li often runs fciir- 
 
 le-sl>- iiloiiL' the very edu'e. Ktirni-house.-. too. stniid with perfect 
 
 assurMiicc of .-;ifety elos(; to the shore. 
 
 .An adult orcliaiil. 
 
 Fields 
 
 and 
 Crops. 
 
 .\s the ^cmst winds uently, with shallow buys imd low headl'inds. 
 the railway's straight eourse takes us .away from the lake and tlirou^ih 
 \vi<k-stretehinK meadows,— tields of the tall and almost tree- 
 like maize, or Indian eorn, which is alwavs called siTuidy 
 ■• corn " in Canada.— tields of clover.— more pasture, with 
 herds of milch kine crazinj,',— more fields, now bare, for it is 
 inid-Septend)er and the wheat is reaped and mucli of it 
 probably sent to market by now.— more pastures, more fields, more 
 herds, more corn. The fenees are commonly of wire; but often you 
 may still see one of split cedar loys. surviving from a time when trees 
 were cot-wnoner ihan dirt, and indeed were regarded as obstructions 
 to be cleared off the fertile dirt as soon as possible. 
 
 .\ smart-lookinfi pas.-ent;er in the next .seat starts a conversation 
 about silver mines in the backwoods of the north. He is interested 
 in a '■ ureat proposition " up there. With some difficulty I 
 Good convince him that the " dirt " I take an interest in is of a 
 Dirt, nuu'h more useful sort than even the highest grade silver I're 
 yet discovered at Cobalt,— the dirt that rises in .sap and trans- 
 fipures itself into api)les and corn. 
 
 We cross mild little ravines, miniatuie valleys, lined with lir 
 trees'. .Most of the trees left standing here and there in field corners 
 are of the deciduous kind, and any day the maples may be 
 Colour, laittinp on their gorgeous autumn robes of fiame-colour. 
 I'hey i.r ■ green enough now, and scores of horses and cattle 
 are sheltering un.ler their thick foliage from the sun. (ireen. too, are 
 the lower pastures. lint there are brilliant streaks of purple and 
 
A iH'oiiiiM' iif a reconl j icld. 
 
 yelldw, wild n-tcrs iiml yukleii-rcKl, (Hi tlie slopiim hiiiiks of Viilleys 
 
 where stHtely bulrushes rise from iiiddest (.'reeks. 
 
 Near Oshiiwa. .'« miles from Tdrontii. iu Oiitiirio Cnuiity, tlie 
 
 wayfaring eye is caught by a young and elean-lookiug orihard, idaiidy 
 a recent development of a farm wliicli al.-o sliows acres 
 of beautifully cultivated garden vegetables and a strip of 
 the more usual corn and i)unipkins. The orchard may be 
 taken as a signal that here or hereabouts we enter tlie 
 realms of the Xortli Shore apple. While apples are grown 
 
 from one end of the Lake to the other, the industry lias reached 
 
 7 
 
 Entering 
 Apple 
 Land. 
 
Mild 
 III ]'.)m. this 
 1005 it liiiil 
 
 pprliniis its liifilicst puiiit of (I'vclopriiciit in tlio centre of thi:- lielt. 
 
 He lins nil ii oniipoly even here, fliis kini; nf fruits. He 
 
 The Apple is ii tolerant iiinnnreh, ns we sliiill presently (ind. — 
 
 U King. niiiiiy other veiietjihle prii:ces liolilint! strong positi<ins 
 
 in the reiihii. Nevertheless lie is the Kins?. 
 
 A hiisy little town of (i.(HK) si'iils is Oshiiwii; :i nianuliietiirini: town. 
 hut without the smoke Mini jrlooni that we assoeiate with the idea of 
 ^.'reat tnaiiiifai'turiii!; industries. Sweetness and lislht 
 0«hawa. spreail far and wide from Oshawa, for the music of its 
 pianos is lieard in homes all over the Dominion, and the 
 mukiiiL' of tias lixtures is another of its specialties, while larpe quanti- 
 ties of fruit are also distrihnted from this centre. The Osh.iwans 
 miike farm implements, too, and carriages, and woollen good 
 whitewear. and wire fencini;. and leatlier. and harness, 
 town sent out mannfactiires valued :it t2(0.0f)0; hy 
 increased its output to C-IUd.OIIO. 
 
 Krom a flat stretch of farmland, veir.ed with meanderiiiLr strcims. 
 we climh a gentle heiglil that gives us grand views of the gleamini.' 
 grey-oliie sea. We pass an avenue of luxuriant maples shndinii a road 
 that runs <lown to the water's edge; a mighty elm standing alone in a 
 field; more acres of clover and corn; more orchards, some of tlieiii 
 old estahlished, hut also well cultivated, not left to take care of them- 
 .selves like so many picturesi|ue hut poor old orchards in our own 
 oountryside. 
 
 I'assini; Darlington, we arrive at another pleasant little centre of 
 l)U?y life, the town of Howiiianville, which has a great reputation for 
 the making of organs, — the parlour instrnments 
 Bownianville. which are too often known in I MLrland ns ".Vmerican 
 organs," thouuli nothing made in the I'liited States 
 can surpass the organs made in tliis t'amidian town. Its population 
 i.s only ahont .'i,(XH), yet its manufactures are valued at ahout Clhi.lXK) 
 a year. 
 
 There is plenty of variety in the scei:e as wi> roll away ag.iiii to 
 the east, past Newcastle ami Xewtonville, — liere a stretch of land 
 clearecl as bare as your hand, every inch availahlc for cultivation; 
 there, land sprinkled with trees, singly or in little woods, especially 
 thick in the dells. There is variety ahove as well as on the earth. 
 The Canailian climate, tliougli not fickle like ours, does 
 Variety. not go to tlie other extreme.— like that of Kgypl. for 
 instar.ce. wlicre most of the time the sun starc~ .iiid 
 glares with merciless monotony. To-day there is just enouuli cloud 
 to tleck tlie sky and relieve the dazzling sen with streaks of shadow. 
 
 To lie quite fair to the Old Country, it is not in Knglaiiil alone 
 
 that you can find uncared-for orchards. Here is one that has been 
 
 allowed to go to rack and ruin; half the trees are dead. 
 
 Care, and and yet left standing unrephiced. \\\v' a tale of 
 
 Don't Care. slotli and slovenliness it tells! And what a contrast 
 
 to the trim and tidy orchard of the neighhour. whose 
 
 trees are cared for like the treasures they are. and loaded with fruit. 
 
 l''or Some time we have lieeii passing through the county of 
 Durham. Just lietore entering Xorthumlierlaiid we stop at Port Ho|)e. 
 This is the junction for a branch of the (irand Trunk Kailwiy run- 
 ning north to the inland counties of Peterborough and Vic- 
 Port toria. 1 should like to take you up llieie. but the atlraclions 
 Hope, of the (ireat Lake are too strong. Just look out upon it now. 
 A wonderful change ha.- come over it with the clmnuing skv, 
 8 
 
— II ^treti'li of inirplc. m streiik i>f linlit yri'fii. tlioii piirplf iimiiii. 
 liKlitt'iiiiiif sudilfiily into silvur. aiiil hfvoiid tlinl ilnrkoniiii; into liliio 
 I'nrt Hdpr has n imiiie siiuiokinj; :;trniii;ly (if t!io clu'erful <i':i A 
 siodil ii.itne, iii'.d a pood pliice. Notice the dock.-, with ii steamer jii-t 
 eoiiiiiic in through the harmless waves of tlie hiy. It is a hiisy place, 
 like its iieichhoiirs; not crowded and io.-tlinir, to he sure.—liMik at 
 that orchard in the middle of the town —hut husy all the same. Its 
 5.iHHl inhahitants increased their ri)aniifactures hy nearly .'lO pc cent 
 in livi- years.--from ei.'il.mxi in I!mki to CIM-t.dtNi in irtOa. 
 
 .V l"iiiiitfoe« yiclil. 
 
 The next town has (piite a clnracter of its own. It is holli cosmo- 
 politan and fashionahle. i[any rich folk from the United States, to 
 escape the oppressive heiit of their own cities, have 
 Coboiirg. come over and estahlished summer houses for them- 
 selves at Cohourg; and Cohoiirg has become a great 
 international seaside resort such as can hardly he found elsewhere 
 in the Dominion. The '" business of life." you might think as yc 
 wander along the shaded avenues and watch the visitors in the 
 gardens or on the lake, consists of lawn tennis. 
 American bathing, golf, boating, and bowls. But the 
 
 " Snmmerers." Cobourgers themselves have a good deal of busi- 
 nc.-s besides catering for the " summerers." Fruit- 
 packing and shipping you naturally e.xpect to find; but you may be 
 surprised to discover a fully equippe<l factory of railway cars. Tlie 
 last available returns sliow n manufacturing output of CITn.noo in 
 inO,5. from a population of only 4.205. 
 
 The engine bell rings, and again the panorama rushes by,— a baby 
 orchard, newly planted: then its six year old sister, already yielding 
 fruit, for men and boys are picknig apples into barrels: and also its 
 rugged old relation, not p.ist work \et. for a wagon-load of full 
 barrels is just coming out into the road. For a while we skirt the 
 IICO— 2 !t 
 
t'llyt' of llu' liikc. with iiiily 11 nnrrinv strip licfwet'ii tlu- mils iiikI tlic 
 wiittT; tlu' IiiikI fxrt'i'ii tiiiil spriiikliMl witli wild tlnwers. tlu' wiitcr cIim>|i 
 liliie iiiiii spiiii^'lcij witli silver; on our It'ft. tItmntiiiK corn iiikI liunilili- 
 root crops. II Minn plouiiliiim a brown liillsiili' with ii tciiin of the 
 lllossiest l)rnwn liorses. m hirdly wiihint tri'<» in the niiildlc of n lidd. 
 striiiiilit roads and crookfd rividcts runnini.' down to the laki'; -ca- 
 u'ulls Hoatin'j ami I'irclini.' over all. 
 
 I'nst Colhornc village wo spy a sandy patch or two; hiit poor land 
 like this is ran', for handsome lioiiscs arnonn licidthy youiiL' orchard- 
 
 ~pcMk haidcr than words of tlu' fanners' prosperity. Next 
 BrlRhton. it seems, we have tfot to Hriirhton. It is a nevor-eiidinL' 
 
 sinrce (jf much mild amusement to Old Country traveller^ 
 to cdiiie upon the towns and vilhiL'es in Canada— there are hundreds 
 and prohalilv thous.ands of them - heariiiL: names of familiar plnce> in 
 
 >^'*^. 
 
 -:# 1.. 
 
 >'^.. '■ 
 
 iymim: 
 
 
 A well kept orclianl. 
 
 the motherhmd. and to notice the contrast between the oriKinal and its 
 namesake. The Canadian Hripliton. like the Kiisriish, stands on the 
 northern shore of a narrow sea ; hut there the likeness ends. Insteail 
 of a crowned " London on the sea." we tiiul ourselves in an abode of 
 run 1 |)pnce. Not an abode of statrnation, ndnd you. but an abode 
 of peaceful and well-rewarded industry, with well kept and roomy 
 and comfortable houses whose fjarden lawns run down to the neat 
 cement sidewalks under the sha<le trees of a mapiiificent public avenue. 
 
 UoUiiij; aloiip to the east, we soon reach the end of Xorth- 
 Trcnton. inid)erlan(l county, aiid arrive at Trenton, in Hastings 
 
 county It is ((uite a small town, but with rather a 
 "citified" air, and is a place of more importance than you would 
 imafiine from the fact that it,s population is only about 4,000, It may 
 be described as coiTUiiercially a strategic point. Here the peninsular 
 county of Prince Kdward joins the mainland: and from Trenton rail- 
 ways run both up to the !iorth through Hastings and down to the 
 south and east through Prince Kdward. Here also is the mouth of 
 'he Trent river, where irreat cannlizitic works are being cjirrierl out by 
 the federiil government. The to'vn is likely to develop into a manu- 
 facturing centre of some consequence, by reason of the water power 
 thus developed at its door. It may also develop into a great summer 
 
 10 
 
ri'nort ; Niitiiri- Ims cnilnwi'd it with ii winiiliTl'iil iulviiiitii>.'t' fur liuiit- 
 iiiK mill liatliiii); in llic cxpanst' of siiii>i)tli water bi-twciMi llii' iiiiiiii- 
 liiiul iiiul f'l' slicllfriiii: [>ciiiii-nl;i nf I'riiici' I'.dwiiril— tlii' lii'iuitifiil 
 Hiiy iif Qiiiiitc'. 
 
 A twenty iiiiiiutes run trnni Treiitcjii liriny.- us to lielleville, uliieli 
 is also on tile sliore of the Hay of Quinti'; and you will lind a|i|ili! 
 ori'hards tlourishiin; on j:oi.'! soil hereahouts, or even further oast 
 ulonif the lake as far as Kincstoii, wliere the river heiiins; hut the 
 apple is no loii(,'er kins:. 
 
 The apple country I am speaking of. tlnaigh it has n>> clearly 
 defined frontiers, at |ire>eiil consists cliielly of a strip aloni; the lake 
 
 t iiit'icrinir Ontario tonjiktiiiit. 
 
 front in Durham and \orthuMd>erlan<l, with part^i of Ontario an<l 
 Hastiiif»s counties, and prnotically the whole of Princft 
 The City Kdward. When you get to IJellevillo you are far on into 
 of Hastini;^ county, where, as in the other couTities of 
 
 BelleTille. Kastern Ontario, the firea' source of wealth is not the 
 orchard hut the dairy. Vast (piantities of cheese come to 
 tliis city for transportation to the Old Country: but there is also fruit 
 enouuli comiii}; in to keep an evaporator at work, anil a canninir 
 factory. The city's manufactures, which were valued in 1!MH) at about 
 ,tl 12.000. exceeded t.'WO.OOO in I'.tDh. haviiif.' nudtiplied nearl,- three- 
 fold in five years. 
 
 .\fter this little trip alonfi the lake shore, let us turn back to 
 Trenton and cross the bridfie into I'rince Ivlward County This 
 county Used to be a peninsula, joined to the mairdand by 
 Prince an isthmus of rock three-quarters of a mile wide, which was 
 Edward known as the " carryinjr |ilace," or portage. In tlio earlv 
 County. days of settlement, not much more '.han half a century a«o, 
 when Ontario was covered with forest, there was no roaii 
 even along the lake shore from Kingston to Toronto. — nothing but a 
 bridle path. The white pioneers all over Canada, doing as the Indian 
 natives bad dune from time immemorial, u^ed Ilie water a.s a bigliway 
 wherever lakes and rivers were available, and that was almost every- 
 where. When they came to a spot where tliey had to cross a bit of 
 1160— il II 
 
dry liiiiil from orii' rivt'.' or lake to iiiimiIht. Ihcv |>ifki'(l u|i llicir limits 
 or niiiocs iinil iiirj:oc.-i nml curried lliciii to the ru'Xt liniiu'li- 
 Tarned iin; iilici". Tlie iiortiiL'i- ticiir Treiitoii wms ummI in llii^i wny 
 into an hy Irnvt'llcrs niiviciiliriu nloiit; tlic Inkc short- lliri>iii.'li llii" 
 Iiland. Kny of Qiiinti', Now, liowi-vir tlic rocky ohstidc li.i- licci 
 picri'cil l)y II I'iiniil. mill I'riihi IMwiini li.is liccn tiirncil iiil>> 
 Mil i.-l.iiiil, --which iiiii>t not he ciiilii-cd with " l'ri;icc Ivlwanl 
 
 '■ :n 
 
 
 
 mm ^ 
 
 h 4R| ' 
 If — 
 
 $ 
 
 
 Tolmltncs III! rill- Mill'. 
 
 I.-l;inil." the Miiritiiiic I'mviiicc Ivinj; off the imrtli con^t of Novii 
 Scotiii ill the Cnlf of. St. I.iiwreiice. 
 
 'I'lioii^'h I'riiice I'Muiird Couniv i,~ tra\ cr.-cd ly ii 
 Atrip bj 'lilwiiy we will l'o tlirouL'h it 1 iiolof cur. so ii> to he 
 Motor Car. free to .-top wherever we like iiiel iio on n^iiiin when we 
 like. I know it will .-iirprise iiiiiiiy peoiile to leiirii thiit 
 tiiivetlinff hy motor eiir is pos-ihle in ('iniiila at nil. ^o much has 
 heeii said ahout tlie poor road.- tli-re. It i> certainly .a fact that few 
 (■aiiadian road,~ eiiii compare with oiiis. and they are often very 
 had; hut the proof of the piiddiiisi i- in the eatinu' and the iiroof of 
 the road is in the ridins.'. We iiiiiiia<.'i' to yet rij-'ht across the island 
 ami hiu'k without a i>uiicture or other dama.re to the ctir. and at 
 very fair speed. To he sure. once, when we strike off the main road, 
 we do get caueht in a lane where the wheels sink deep in hiose eartli 
 Mild we have 'o get out and pu-h. hut that is only a hrief aiiiusing 
 c|ii,Midc. and the I'est of tlie jouriK-y is plaiu sailing. 
 
 The surface of the pouiity is 'ery irently unduhiting. Kunning 
 east anil west is a miniature riiiii.'P of hills, a little ridge oecnsionally 
 rising to a height of ;i(H) feet ; hut the ishiiid as a whole i- much less 
 
 12 
 
liill\ tliiiii thf I! liiil.iiiil. 'I'lif -nil v;irir- M L' 1 devil; but illiinu 
 
 \'. illi .-liMii' ;.i(i|- hiiiil tlicrc i- >niiic 111 thi' lpc-t in <';iiiinlii. wliii-li i-i 
 ^iiyiiii; a treat di'il. .Iii-t aflrr crd^.-iiiL' tin' lirnli;!' wi- (Irne i.mt a 
 liatcli III liarr r irk. ami tlicii tliriiiii.'h a Irip nf laiiil tin Iil'IiI Inr 
 l-iiit.jii-iiu 111'.' vvitliiiiit a I'll nf iiriiiiiri'; lull aliiH'-t iiiiiiii'iliiiti'h alliT- 
 uai-il- \M' -;iy a mi'.\1\ plaiili'il nrfiiaril 
 
 l'a--lliL' till- \illa'.'i' III ( 'uii-ir .11. \M' imtii liraiili- 
 
 Variety In liil lmtiIc'Ii 'Ti'jlil with a-ter-. Iii'altliy InnkniL' t:il>li' 
 
 FarmiiiR. \i".'i'talili'-. a lii'M nf liiickw heat. " [iriiiii' -tuff fnf |iaii- 
 
 ralii'-." -I'irii, rm', -. ami Imr-i'-. ami u'l'i'-i'. The appli' 
 
 ha- 111 Tiinii 111 .1\- I I'. ;i- wn ri'i |il.'iililv -I'l' Still, he is im.-liili'-' hi- 
 
 .\ riiniitrv iii;iil iii <»nliiiii>. 
 
 \vay. a- I'le ynuu: nrch i-il- hear witiie.-.-; ami in many part- ho i-^ 
 
 li'-liil\- e<t:ilili.-lieii. Here, as we pass, is iin eiuht-uf-o 
 
 A nre'iaril nf trees >till vimiiu' Imt rnverod with fruit. — the 
 
 Son-side per-i.-teiit -md pr ilitahle ISeii Diu.s. .\t Wellin'-'ton. where 
 
 Resort. we lialt i jr dinner, we Innk mit nn a heautifnl eiirvii l' hiy 
 
 frien a sea-Mile irr.ive devnled tn pienics. .\ refroshim.' se i- 
 
 1 I , ;'e hlnws in a-inni'-' the .-hadv tree>, and apples are ilrnppincr nn 
 
 the he.'U'h uhc'e the LM'een uavos hreaU. 
 
 The hiiuses and gardens ■iii'l lawii> alnirr the rnad 
 Homes -peik iintr,i-takahly nf wi'alth and eninfnrt. as the hi'; 
 of nreliard.- nf fruit-laden trees speak nf the rieli. well- 
 
 Comfort, drained -nil in wliich they flniirish. .\fraiii. lin'-.ever. we 
 are called nn tn nh-erve that friiit-'-'mwiiiL' is milv mie 
 strimj tn the i-lander's hnw. Apjiles. cherries, tnnritnes. pens, heaiis 
 and enrn : dairyiiiL'. iiiarket-cardeninL'— under irlass and in the npen - 
 heo-keepini;. jmultry rai-ina; liore is variety onouL'h, 
 
 Tlirnugli a henutifiil douhle i.vpi.ue nf inanle trees that 
 
 Plcton. shadi> thi> vornml.'ihs nf prospernus citizens we enter the 
 
 town nf Pictmi. On the iiin|) it seems a rather out of tlie 
 
 way place, away there at the far end of the little Island railwnv. 
 
 l!ut when you fiet ther-.- ynii O'lnnnt discover any synijit iins of 
 
 l.'i 
 
inciliitioii. (iiiiiil sliii|is. liiiiicUoiiii' t'liiiri'lii'^. aliiHint luxurious hnniPH. 
 mill II itt'iiiTiil i<fii>c iif IlirisiiiK iMiilfiiliiH'iil. - llu-^f art- wliiil yuii set- 
 mill fi'i'l ill IMi'tiiri, 
 
 Till- air in i«lill wiiriii as we !<|iiii Ihhik', a tliirty-niilc ilrivc thmiiKli 
 a iiK'llow aiituiiiii I'Vt'iiiiitf. till an «<• crnMH tlit- linumlnry hriilife thi' 
 ."Uii si'tK in a liliiiT ipf ulorv nwr tin. wimIitii Iuiv, 
 
 Sliri'|i III! an Ontai'iu farm. 
 
 CTIAPTKU II. 
 
 The 
 Baby 
 Tpeei. 
 
 THE ORCHARDS AND THE APPLES. 
 
 " Tlipse are my biiliit's." saiil a faniiiT wlioiii I wa.s visitiiiK. n 
 few miles north of the lake. We .vere stainliiiB on n liillsiile: 
 behind u.s, running U|) to the .-iuniniit. was a dense wood of 
 maple and elm; before us, sb^pinn down to the farm yard, 
 was a great undulatinu' streteh of brown earth dotted at wide 
 intervals with little trees. They looked so small and insigni- 
 fieant and helpless that " babies " .seemed the only fitting word to 
 
 describe them. 
 
 ■' Now come and see the grown-ups." he continued. 
 The We struck across the biiby orchard, and iiresently 
 
 Grown*nps. found ourselves among their adult relations. The trees 
 were not tall or imposing in size— they had purposely 
 been kept down in height, so as to avoid difficulty in picking the 
 fruit from the topmo.st limbs,— but they were all strong and in i)erfect 
 health. Some oi them luul already been picked; others were 
 loaded down with big apple:, till the branches almost touched the 
 ground. 
 
 '■ This is better than any golil mine," said the proud owner. 
 " I'm sorrv for tiie man that is carried away by 
 the golil ov filver '...er, always chasing round and 
 hunting for a big strike, and dying poor becau.se he 
 don't find it. It's a mere gamble. There's no gamble 
 about apples. It's steady work and steady profit," 
 " With a certain amount of risk," I renuirked. 
 
 U 
 
 Steady Work 
 
 and 
 Steady Profit. 
 
" To lie siiri'," 111' siiiil. " TIhtc'- II fiTtaiii iimiuiiil •>( ri.-«k ii- tlicni 
 i- III fviTvlliiriu I'lsf just ciKiuiili tn iimkc it iiitiTi'sliiiK. Oh. I'vf ii" 
 |>iilu'iii-i' with tin- MiMii lliii! nil-..-- a liowl uliciii-viT tlif h'li.^t lilll>" 
 thiiiu liuiiiM-iiH ti( liurt hi-i itci|. Tiiki' tin- miiirli wiHi Hh' snioolli, I 
 «ii>-. unci iiviTiUfc lliiiitfs up, mill ynu'ri' nil rixlit Snmi' yi'iirs tluTi' 
 i^ le.-..H [>t(iM tliiiii otherc. "I course, and I'v.' iii-iiili- 
 The lioiirs Unit liiivo iiimlf nil alihuluti- loss now niul tluMi. 
 
 Frnlt-Rrower's I'm- ii.>mt IimiI that iiiysfU. am! if I ha. I I woulihi't 
 Phlloaopby. Imwl. ThtTc's Mr. . dowii Ihf roa.l, piillini.' a lonu' 
 face hi-caus.' hi' ha- only not •.',''> harr.'ls an iiiTi' ; hiit 
 hi- -ofins to (oruct lh;it two yt-ars aifo lu' hail over Imi harri'ls an ain' 
 It'.- ilowiiriKht ungrateful, so it soonis to nu?, to nruiiihlr ahout a siiitfli' 
 lailiiff in lifti-i'ii yi-ars-anil that's what it was, mif faihin- to four- 
 teen suecesses. What was the eause of the small ero|> - Frost when 
 the trees were in hlos.-oin. Voii know what that is in the l»li| Cunii- 
 try, 1 lieKeve, ilon'l you - 
 
 I hail to Milmit that we were |iainfnlly familiar with frost in 
 hlossoiniliK time in ICin-'lnml. In faet. the fruit -ulfers less from frost 
 in Canaila than in Knuhiiiil. where nn-easonahly niihl weather earh 
 ill the year too often forees the tn-'s into (lower |«rematiirely ami 
 tlieii a s|irini! frost pounces ilowii ami nips them. 
 
 Our friemi who " tikes the roiujli with the smooth. " ami (imls 
 
 thiit there is much more s tli than roufh. is no exception. .Vpart 
 
 from such an occasional mi:^ha|> as I have just Tiientioned, there i:- 
 
 no tMiemy of the apple grower that cannot he ftuanled ai,'i''.ist and 
 
 defeated hy knowledge and industry. The careless inaii. 
 
 The the fool, or the sluupird. can fail at apple-urowing as easily 
 
 Secret of as he can fail at any other occupation. The man of ordiii- 
 
 Sneeeta. ary intelli(fence. who first learns what he has to do and 
 
 then does it with reasonahle energy, liods aiiple-growing a 
 
 steadily lirolitahle husiiiess, and as pleasant as it is profitahle. " Don't 
 
 care " got hanged,— it is a true proverh. in apple-growing as in other 
 
 kinds of life. The lium who doe.s care, and takes care, is the man 
 
 who succeeds. 
 
 First of all, the innii who wants to succeed takes care to choose 
 the right .sort of land. Then he takes care to choose the right varieties 
 of apple.— the sorts which grow best in his locality and are most 
 likely to find a ready and st;'ady side. He takes care to get hi.- rees 
 from n reliable quarter. He most diligently cultivates the soil of the 
 orchard, using plenty of manure. He does not allow his 
 'What the " babies " to be robbed of their nonrishment either by 
 Wise Man weeds or by the small crops which (as long as the tree- 
 Does. ri)ot.s have not spread far) may be pefpdtted to occupy 
 the middle spaces He not only " feeds his babies." 
 but cleanses them, spraying them with the prope.- mi.xtiires to 
 destroy the little pests that attack them. He jirunes their branches, 
 and when they have come into bearing he pulls off many of the yoiiii^r 
 apple.s so that the rest can grow big and tine. When the crop is ripe 
 —if he is going to do his own picking and marketing.— he grades the 
 fruit honestly, so that a barrel marked " No. I ' apples on the outside 
 shall have none but " No. I " apides inside from top to bottom; and 
 he seeks the most correct information about the markets, so a.s to send 
 his apples to the place, and at the time, where and when they are 
 likely to be most in demand. 
 
 It is not every fruit-grower who does all these things or does them 
 all as thoroughly as they might he done. There are various grade.? 
 of apple men as there are various grades of apples. But, just as the 
 
 15 
 

 
 j-^^4^^_.^ ^ 
 
 Uiitari'i 'I'l-i-.'^ 'I'lir Sujfar .M;i|ili' 
 
 hi'-t prii'i' is alwiiy- U< lie L'nl liy tlii' •' No. I " i\\>]:\o. •<< the ■d\<\>\v 
 triuli' <if Ilif fiitiir.' will nicrc iiinl iiniri' lull iiiln tlic liiui.N of tln' 
 " N(i. I " men. 
 
 •• I liiiul unit spn'iid iiumurf in tin' wiiitiT. " s.iys diir frii'iici. 
 
 ■rniii iilioiit the middle of Kel>ruiir,\ In tlic midilU' nf Mnn-h is prun- 
 
 • j; time .\s soon lis the iironiid is lit to work, say the liei'innim.' of 
 
 April, we cet on t.T it mid start ciiltivatin!?. Wi- niuleh 
 
 The roiiiid the trees with straw to keep the moisture in the soil 
 
 Year'm M least twiee in the summer we spra> tlie trees to keep 
 
 Work. down the pests. Ifi .June we sro round and puU off a lot of 
 
 the Iruit where ii i:- In" ihuk. ' .\ ^leal iiiaii> eliardnren 
 
 leave out this item of the propramnie; they liave not the time, tiiey 
 
 say. and help is searee. Hut it ouphl to be done, if possible. \nt 
 
 only does the thinning out help to produce a erop of unitorndy fine 
 
 16 
 
.i 
 
 (ruit, but It prevents tht- tri'p (rotii liuiiiK no exIiniifliHl '■ v nn over* 
 heavy yield nne yenr ttuit i' cnn milv iirixiuou u very litflit crop Ilia 
 nest year. 
 
 'I'hi' ii|i|iIm Imrvt'-t lit'Ki».4 wi tlin enrly vurivliiM nbout tho 
 
 first i)( September, find iniiy last nil winter celn in. M'i;<t ot th« 
 
 (iirni<!r.>4 »n\v tlii" trouliln <p( pii-ltiiiK by FDlllriif the crop 
 
 ■•lliai im it Mtitndit to a deiiter in a neiithbimritikt town, who Hend>« 
 
 to It gnixg out, cbjiirH the treeH. pix-kn the Iriiil. iind ithipil 
 
 Dealer*, it iiwiiy to niiirket. There i^ something to be xiiid (or thi* 
 
 nyrttuin. U sets the dinner free to do other work; it »iives 
 
 hint Iroin tlio trouble of Keeking iiml enuii«in« hihour, and tho risk 
 
 of a drop ill prirpM. Hin ri^k eiiij^ when the ileahT huH taken and 
 
 paid for tho orop. 
 
 On the oilier hand, the ri.-k it un-ni ; ami the dealer'^ 
 
 profit, takiiin one yenr with another, i.-i hirne. Why slwmld not 
 the fanner tak" the ri.^k and l'*'* tho niiihllenuin'n 
 The firotlt-' If an imlividiial fanner make.-) the attetnpl 
 
 Mlddleman'e by hiini^elf. plainly he cannot expect the sanio nd- 
 Proflt. vantace art a dealer, who irt used to handling large 
 
 luantitie.^ of produce and is in touch with laruo 
 customer-^. IJiit a niitnber of farmorH toifelher. uniting in a co-opera- 
 tive af<.*oclation, can u'et all the iidvnntniren of a dealer's position and 
 all the protits thit he (.'et.s. 
 
 The farmers are (indiuK this out. Many of thoni 
 Co-r,eratiTe found it out vi-ar.-. n»;o. and th> y have about sixty 
 Soeletiei. co-opiTative orpanization.-i in iliffereiit parts of On- 
 tario. 
 To show how co-operation act-» in the applB-K'rowini.' busincs.-", let 
 me quote the experience of a society with its heaihiuarters in a to"n 
 on 1/ake Ontario. It is not one d the largest societies, but it ha^i 
 about 100 mendiers. It is organized as a joint stock com- 
 Wkat pany, with $5 (£1 Os. 10<l.i shares The (piantity of fruit that 
 TWy any member can disjiose of through the society depends 
 Do. on the ntiinber of his shares. For each slnire, he can send 
 100 barrels of apples. If he has subscribed $bO (£10 8s.) 
 tow.irds the capital, by taking ten shares, the company will handle 
 1,000 barrels for him. .\ manager is appointed: a store is hired iii the 
 town; the apples are collected from the member's orchard, and 
 shippeil away to some conwiiission firm, genernlly in Liverpool, Man- 
 chester or Glasgow; and the money they fetch is passtd on to the 
 grower. 
 
 " If I sell to a dealer," a member ut this ^ ciely said to me, " I 
 get $1 (4s. 2d.) a barrel all round. (') In fact, till we formed o'lr 
 society it was hard to get as much aa that. Through the society, I 
 have been petting from $1.50 (6s. 3d.) to $2.5<) (lOs. 5d.) a barrel, 
 according to (juality, and now that prices are good I am expecting 
 from $2.50 to $3.50 (lOs. 5d. to Hs. 7d.). ,\ few years ago, certain 
 varieties were bringing .1i3.60 (15s.). From these prices, of course, 
 you have to deduct .'<5 cents (Is. 5Jd.) for the barrel, about 10 cents 
 (5d.) for picking. 15 cents (71d.) for packing, and 10 cents (5d.) for 
 other expenses, making a total deduction of 70 cents (2a. Ud.). We 
 are getting barrels cheaper, too; we used to pay 38 or 40 cents (Is. 7d. 
 or Is. 8d.); now, as I said, they are 35 cents." This society has in 
 
 ') Thrrc ;irp, iif course, fliiL-tuatiunr id tlif itt.tfk.-t jtrie*- f>f ai>i»!>'= as in tbi> ra 
 
 of all iirices It will lie nnderstiKHl tli.'vt prieca (Hioted ' 
 the »aiiie way are those riilinff at tlie time tlif ilata 
 |iani[ililet wire ohtained. 
 
 f^ in ottier intitantew in 
 preparation of this 
 
 17 
 
 U6fr-3 
 
unt> ypnr ooM lO.MK) l.iirrol. ..r n\>t>U>^ tut It- Mi.>ni»»'r», nu>\ li<t »<>riie 
 iiiiloiilt-rx. who |iny lln' xmjfiv ft jmt ft-iit iiiiiiiiii«-i"ii 
 
 t.ct mo put III hiT<' 111.- I'll tiniiiiiiiil r.-iiltx ol (.riliiinU '>«n<'i| by 
 iiii'miImth ol iliB Nordilk ('..luity Kruit-ilrow.T-' ,\..in.iitiii.n Nurt'ilk 
 U ill tin- l.ukp I'.rlo "It-irH't, hut lh<- llgtiren iir<> (iiirly ii|.|»li>iil.l« t.> 
 till- iliMirict K|M-iiallv iiimI.t ri'vit'w Hire iirt- ili- rt-ci-ipix ul mi 
 orcliiinliiiHii who riiiM-il tn» hiirffU of npplpK from h iktd. - 
 
 ii:iHirr.l...e N... I .ii.|>l«.iii »:« :v»n:«.. 'III.) . • sui lo 
 
 i;i ., •.' .. AinuVi: «il.t .... f"!:* ""• 
 
 Hio .. :t J 'if'tll -.1 l.'i"'' •■■" 
 
 ftl „ t „ a ;if>(ii». »■».! ii.i ».■• 
 
 ti „ ., :i aiiiMfi .. 111.),. I"* •"• 
 
 11... Show ..,.|.l.'. ;,;"' 
 
 8 1..V,.-. I'..1..|H .__il 
 
 »a,iwi .'.".( fiiHi. 
 
 An lliituni. |iu-tiirf. 
 
 £49 
 
 per Acre 
 
 Proflt. 
 
 The !HX ImrrclH cost -ll.'tMH.c^M (£rtl) iiixl j^priiyiim iiiiiteriiil $-.1».l<» 
 (£G); II foiiiinission of 2<) icnts (IM.) a hiirrel wiik pnid for the .'iiilo 
 of !XW hiirrel:*. and the profit received by the grower was 
 $l.rt»o.,^)l (111... lit i:.'104) or i;4!» nil ncrc. From this, "f 
 course. liUiour liiis to l)r> paid; but prowiTs who include 
 liihour in tlieir account of fxpenditurc do not i)Ut it at a 
 very hiiiii fiuure. Tlie liigliest is $wi (about £1») on a 
 production of r)09 barrels. In this account, too. the sprayinir 
 material fiKures as high as $0.5 (over £13), Yet tlie apples, scllinir 
 at from .fa to $,3.50 a barrel, brought in a net profit of «974 {iiaftl). 
 
 From a little orchard of one acre and a half, the owner in 1!)01> 
 sold 220 barrels of apjiles and made a profit '4 $!>30 (£112). In VM\ 
 this orchard, liavim.' been allowed 'o i-'i .bnvn, only pr.xluced t>l 
 barrels: but bv proper cure and culll^iltion tli. yield was brought up 
 to 100 barrels in 1»«H and 220 barrels in IfMHt. Nothing is put down 
 in this account for labour, -which p' Uably means that the owner 
 did the work himself, 
 
 .\nnther man reiiorts u profit "! (■>*■'■> on 202 barrels raised from 3 
 acres; another, £170 on 401 barrels raised from 4 acres; and so on, 
 the results differing with varying circumstances— very largely accord- 
 ing to the age of the trees. 
 
 This region adniiral)lv .suits t'le winter apples, which keep well 
 
 18 
 
■lilt tliert'forx ili> n<>t liiiv)> tn Iik thruwn mi lli<* iimrkst. rcgnritl- » •>( 
 
 |»fji'«, »hi-llnT theri' Ik II ili'iirtli "f II bIiiI <•( (riiil QimntillPh ,1 Un- 
 
 " (all " or initiiiiiii iippli'* tin- •till ifruwii. Ih ugh IhfV art- 
 
 Tli« iiiiniiiinillv.'lv |ii"r ki"|NT», lunl iniiiiv gr<iw«>r» niH-iik iiin-l 
 
 Favaarlt* hiKhty i>( thciii im iMoiioy gt>ll«ir»; liiit tiin linitf ki>«<|iiiiu 
 
 ■•rts. wintiT varii'tii'M an* mi Huctcnfui In tliJK liikoiilu ilinlrii't 
 
 that fXiHTtM ailvii»< their rultlvutlnti in |iri'(cri'ni't> to olhfr 
 
 Kortri. liiiw whII tlii'np apiiliM k(><'|i in lii>t »•■ WKJi'ly kimwii n* it 
 
 hIiiiuIiI ho. If th>' a|i|ilt>« art' pirki'il In kihhI i-iin<lltiiiii ami initiii'ili- 
 
 ati'ly put into i-'ild Htnram'. thi-y can bi' taken out in th»' (ollnwitiu 
 
 April anil (•iiiihl iiJ criHp ami jiiii-y iii pviir In (nrt. at Ihf I'liil ■'( 
 
 Uilcihi'r, I liavi- i-ati'ii in I'jiiiliinil aiiplfn tluil »iti' pioki-il in Ciiniula 
 
 (imri' than a year lii-fnro 
 
 Till' winli'r appli'!* inrliiilp thi- Nnrtlii-rn Spy, thi- King, tin- lliiM- 
 win. till' Hi'ii Davix. Mil' (irefninft iiihI thi UunKct Ditd-rpiit jrruwer-i 
 have iliffi-ront (avuurili'i-. ami eai'h viirn'ty hn- HiiiimihinB to b«' saiil 
 (or it. Th • Spy i* n inannifli'mi fruit Thu trcf i.-i about Ifi 
 Tk* voarH olii lioforii it yioM'i a | i^..tiliihli' crop, iinii it ili>Tiianil-i 
 ■vjr. thorough culliviitinn ; hut thi-n it Ini- a viiroroiM ri.iHtitiition. 
 it bloHiiiiniH latt', ami tin- (mil m-rcl not Ix' picki'il till hito in tlio 
 your. This ii|ipli' hiw a ratlu-r ilrliiiiti' ,«kiii. ami liii'* to hi> ran-dillv 
 paekril to avoiil liriii->iiiir, »o it in not ii« ('oiiitnouly koiii .n Krn/laml 
 an it nhouhl he; hut I have i<(>vt>ral tiini'n Ki-nt burrolri of it l<i (rioniln 
 in thi> Olil Country, anil it always arrivml without injurx ami iiston- 
 i»heii tlif (oik here by its ilelicious fragrant richni'.''H. 
 
 The Kinif apple'.- dill miine i.-i Kinu' of Tomplvi'i.- »' •iiiity. Thi" 
 
 in not the only case o( iliiiiiil\ hi'in); li>.-,-i'm'(| rather than iiicreii.-oil by 
 
 the aililition iif titles The Kiiiii is niiite of roynl rank iiiiioiig 
 
 The apple.s, but it lives up to its niiiiie hy beini.' rather seari-e. 
 
 KinK. .\s an ollioial pomologist of the Untari. (iovornriienf says, - 
 
 " On account of it.s excellent (|u'ility for cooking, its |H>ciiliarly 
 
 rich aromatic Havimr, its beautiful apiiearnnco ami large »i/.e, this 
 
 apple is taking the hinhest place in the great iipi'lc niiirkets of the 
 
 worlil. rnfiiriiimilely the tree is a | r learer. ami coi: .ei|iieiitly 
 
 unprotitiil'le as an orcharil variety, unle-s iimli r exceptional circuin- 
 Htaiu'cs. Top-t(rafteil on Tolniati Sweet, it is sniil to he more uliic- 
 tive. Kor home use it is excellcil by iin iipple." 
 
 Tiio Hiililwin is very popiilnr ami prolitahle. as it exports vsell, ami 
 
 is very prolilic. .\ full grimn tree yielils nf average of 
 
 Tlie eight barrels of appleii, at any rate every second sea.son — 
 
 Balduria. (or it has its " off " a« well as its '" mi " year, like most 
 
 of its i-miipi'iitors. 
 
 The Hen I)avi< might be ciilleil tlie iipple nf discoril. there is an 
 
 much controversy between its deiractnr.- and its defenders. The fact 
 
 is, the lien Davis is not a very lut-'h class apple. It 
 
 The cannot be named in ihe sime breath a.s the Spy. But 
 
 Ben DaTis. then the tree is iincimmmily liard.v, it comes into bear- 
 
 ina at the early age of five years, ami it [iroihioes great 
 
 crops of fniit, which keejis easily riglit tliroiiijh the winter. " Poor 
 
 an it is," >av.-> one grower, " it pay.s belter tli in any ihiit is. if you 
 
 take advantage of its keeping qu'ilitv. It is a folly to sell it in the 
 
 fall, when the market is .stocked with apples tint have to be sold 
 
 because they won't keep. Of course people doti't want it when they 
 
 ran sot .iomcihing better. I'.ut krrp it in .iT..ro till .=priiig, wlieii the 
 
 aristocnilic varieties are sold and eaten, and see how even the 15en 
 
 Davis is snapped up. I sold some in February and only got lO cents 
 
 (2s, i;d.) a barrel. It wasn't worth while sending them to market, so 
 
 19 
 1160 .1} 
 
A liit of Oiitarii) sccm-iy. 
 
 T (jnve away a lot. Hut I kept soiiii> till tlit? third week in April, and 
 they actually fetolied $4.'.'f) (17s. s,l.) a barrel." 
 
 The (Irccuiii? is one of the fine.st cooking apples known- 
 Green a hifX solid fruit of fine flavour— and as it does not pro- 
 and fess to be roo.I for a dessert apple its green skin does not 
 
 Brown. keej) people from buying it. The yield is high: one tree, 
 about a lnindre<l years old, has produced 20 barrels of 
 apples in a single season. The Russet is another productive variety, 
 and is capital eating, but there is a prejudice against its brown skin in 
 son-.c quarters. •'It ?oes w^l! in T,ondon." says an exporter, "^but 
 Glasgow won't look at it." Some people " eat with their eyes," as 
 another fruit man puts it. Almost everywhere a good-looking red- 
 skinned apple is preferred to one with an unattractive appearance, if 
 
 the inside is equally good. 
 
 20 
 
 mmm 
 
 mmum 
 
Apples 
 Always 
 Popular. 
 
 nls(. 
 
 " Is there any danger," I can imagine some readers asking — " any 
 
 dunper of an over-supply, with so nuuiy new orclinrda sprinirins; up ? " 
 
 That is always a question that has to be lioiiostly 
 
 Danger faced when it is proposed to increase the production 
 
 of of any article. Iti this case there can not be any 
 
 Over-Supply, hesitation about tlie answer. There is no danger 
 
 whatever of an over-.supply of good apples, in any 
 
 future that is near enough to bo reckoned with. .\s one apple man 
 
 observes. " there has been an over-production of poor fruit, but there 
 
 never was and never will be an over-produition of g<iod fruit." 
 
 .Another leading authority, Mr. .\. \V. Peart, of Burlington, siiys:-- 
 ■■ .\ better system of distribution, the increase of population in our 
 towns and cities, and the advancing tide of inmiigration towards our 
 .Northwest, are creating a demand for our fruits, both fresh and 
 cainied, the potentialities of which are practically as unlimited as 
 the vast areas of virgin soil that are still unpeopled." 
 The apple is universally and perennially popular. Many 
 articles of food satiate the appetite if eaten regularly 
 day after day. The apple is not one of them. It is 
 like bread; people do not tire of it. It is a food that is 
 a medicine. 
 
 " .\n apple a day 
 Keeps the doctor away." 
 
 There is a great deal of truth at the bottom of that old rhyme. 
 Kruit of this kind is being more and more recognized as about the 
 most effective and valuable article of diet for koepiniZ the body in 
 health. 
 
 Where the apple is easily grown, or easily obtained, there is 
 iilready an enormous demand for it; and there is every sign tli.it tlu' 
 deiiiand will increase as fast as the supply, perhaps faster, even 
 under present conditions. And the conditions can be greatly 
 improved. A vast quantity of the apples now seen in the shoi>s ar<' 
 very unattractive in appearance and poor in taste. Kven if the total 
 i|uantity sent to market did not increase, if the quality improved 
 there would be a very large increase in the amount of money th.-it 
 the growers would receive. It may be sai<l that the poor people can 
 only afford poor apples; but there are vast numbers of people who 
 would not object to paying a little more if they could get a better 
 article, as well as a large number who are perfectly willing to pay 
 first class prices for first class apples. 
 
 There is no reason, moreover, why first class apples should not 
 be put within the reacli of tlie multitude at prices considerably lower 
 than they are now charged by retailers, and without reducing the 
 .unount that finds its way to the growers. Most of the orchardmen 
 ean increase their production per acre, as well as raise the fruit to 
 .1 higher .standard of quality, by improving their stock and their 
 methods of cultivation. By the more general adoption of co-operation, 
 and by its extension to more branches of the trade, they can get a 
 higher proportion of the sum which the consumer pays. 
 
 To say that the apple-growing business is " only in its 
 
 Apple infancy " may provoke the retort —" .\ gooil-sized infant, 
 Growing surely." Yet it is true enough. When tlie apple-growers 
 
 in its have acquired all the technical knowledge that is already 
 
 Infancy, to be had for the asking, when tliey have all adopted the 
 
 most profitable methods of producing and marketing the 
 
 fruit, when they have perfected their organization and developed 
 
 connections with all parts of the world that can possibly be got to buy, 
 
 21 
 
they will look l>nck with a stiiile on these enrly years of the twentieth 
 century and say, 'Ah, yes. ii|>|>k->:rinwiig was only in its infancy 
 then." 
 
 It any one doubts that Ontario's apple output could be vastly 
 increased, let him ri'ad a reiiiiirkahle statement by the President of 
 the Provincial Fruit-Cirowers' Association. Mr. K. D. Smith, in their 
 report for l!tin. There are in Ontario, he says, about 7.000,000 apple 
 trees in boariniJ. At an extremely modest estimate, they 
 What can sliould produce every year at least one barrel per tree, 
 be done. or 7.<MM).(KH) barrels, of first and second grade apples 
 (\o. I and No. 2. as they are called) in addition to the 
 smaller and poorer apples. In.stend of that, tliey probably yield not 
 more than ;i.,^)()0.(HK) barrels of Xo. I and No. 2. This poor average. 
 lie points (.ut. is simply due to the funs-'us and the codling moth; 
 iMid both of these pests can be absolutely controlled even in the worst 
 section of the country. " We must start at the bciiinning and 
 enforce the production only . f good fruit. With thorough spraying 
 we can grow the linest Spys in the world, and the Spy is. taken 
 I'll round, perhaps the most valuable apple in the world,— at nny 
 rate grown in Ontario. There is no country that can be.at us in 
 -rowing Baldwins. It .st :iis to me that in those parts of Ontario 
 where these apples thrive a national specialty ought to be made 
 of them. The ordinary fruit-grower or fanner or packer can scarcely 
 realize what might be made out of these fruits when properly grown. 
 There is no diffieulty in getting .''.O cents per barrel more for well- 
 grown and well-coloured fruit than for that which passes as the same 
 grade but merely passes. 
 
 " As an instance of the result of thoroughness, this season Mr. 
 Joseph Tweddle, of l-'ruitland, grew and packed upon twelve acres 
 of Spy .•rchanl over 3.200 barrels of apples (that is. 
 Two hundred 2()(j barrels per acre), the great majority of which 
 and sizty-aix were No. 1, and he was obliged to throw out not 
 Barrels inore than 4 per cent of the total production of the 
 
 per acre. rees on account of codling moth; whereas, in other 
 
 orchards not so thoroughly s!)rayed, a large propor- 
 tion of the crop, in some cases one-third of it. even in well-sprayed 
 orchards, had to be thrown out on account of the ravages of the 
 codling moth. These apples at the modest price of $3 (12s. 6d.) per 
 barrel for such choice stock brought a gross n-turn of .$800 (£106) 
 per acre from land that is only worth $100 (!;2I) per acre, in the 
 Township of IMiibrook. where they were grown. 
 
 " I know of no kind of fruit-growing anywhere in Cana<la that will 
 I)ro(luce greater returns than this, except in very special cases indeed. 
 I have seen crops of plums, peaches and blackberries bring consider- 
 ably more money, but it happened ti> be a happy combination of a big 
 iToj) with big prices. Now Mr. Tweddle's crop was undoubtedly a 
 big one, but the price can be imiintained nue years out of ten for Spys 
 of the grade and quality that tlicse were. 
 
 " There is scarcely any limit to the possibility of apple-growing 
 
 in Ontario. There are lnnidriMU of thousands of acres of the choicest 
 
 apple-nrowing hind in the world still untouched. Our 
 
 Goot! Apples m.arkets are expanding and will expni\d more rapidly 
 
 always in the future if we put up only a high grade of apples. 
 
 bring We have never had a year when a very high grade of 
 
 Good Prices, apples did not bring a profitable price in the Tiriti.sh 
 
 market. Our own market, west, is growing ra|iidly 
 
and will absorb ononnous f|imntities of liigli prude npples. They are 
 willirif; to pay an t-xtra prire for a imnil grade of npple. Kven tlie 
 United States market will frequently take largo quantities of liiph 
 srade apples, especially Spys." 
 
 ITere is a remarkable example of what can be done with even a 
 
 run down an<l neglei^ted orchard by sensible and energetic treatment. 
 
 Mr. Mux Smith, of iturlinfiton. Ontario, gave the facta at a recent 
 
 meeting of the I'rnit Cirowers' Association. He said:— "T might just 
 
 instance one particular orchard of forty acres which had 
 
 A Bad never been s[)rayed nor pruned nor plouehed nor fertilized 
 
 Orchard in twenty years, so you can all (inure about the shape that 
 
 made orchar<l was in. I got possession of it in ^^arch, and I 
 
 Good. sent about six men there to prure it. and I put on ten 
 
 IKiunils of strong conmiercial fertilizer around each tree; 
 
 and I spniyed it very tliorou'.'ldy. I [ilounhed that orchard and tried 
 
 .-\ tii'll of Oiitaiio ipiiiniikiii>- 
 
 fo keep it cultivated all season, and I harvested over 2.000 barrels of 
 beautiful apples. I luive known that orchard for the last twenty 
 years, and for the last ten years particularly, and the apples in that 
 orchard have been perfect rubbish; in fact, a year ago I refused the 
 orchard for the picking of it. 1 controlled the fungus, and failed to 
 find any fungus of any description in the orchard. I controlled the 
 codling moth to the e.xtent of about 80 per cent, whieli I thought very 
 good under the circumstances." 
 
 The profits of an apple orchard can be increased not only by 
 
 growing the best apples but by packing them in the best way. There 
 
 is very great room for improvement along this line, though 
 
 Pack cases of downright dishonesty have been reduced to a small 
 
 and number by stringent laws. " It would be an ideal condition 
 
 Grade in apple-packing," as .Mr. K. I). Smith says, " if a merchant 
 
 'Well, in England or any distant place could be sure when he 
 
 bought a parcel of apples as No. 1, that they would come up 
 
 to a given standard, a uniform standard. There would then be no 
 
 23 
 
Apples 
 
 In 
 Boze*. 
 
 Nearly 
 
 Double 
 
 Price. 
 
 The 
 Export 
 
 and 
 
 Home 
 
 Markets, 
 
 (iifflculty in findiii« ii iir rkct for every barrel of apples packed in 
 Ontario at the shipping point at a liiRhly remunerative jirice." 
 
 Most of the apples are put into biirrels, containing about 140 pounds 
 each, or 3i bushels. It is now being felt that reall;- good fruit deserves 
 and repays better treatment. A friend of mine who grows 
 the Spy, the Stark, the (ireening and the Ben Davis, now 
 puts ail except the Hen Davis into boxes. " A box is the 
 thing," he says. " A box meiisuring 20 by 11 by 10 inche.i* 
 (inside) contains a bushel, or 40 pounds. In 1909 I got H.s. 
 a box, and the apples were not the best. In 1910, I had little diffi- 
 culty in getting 10s. and 12s. a box. The apples are protected by 
 sheets of corrugated paper lining the box, and it is better 
 still if eacli apple is wrapped in i)nper. For fruit in boxes 1 
 get nearly double what 1 was getting fi>r the same fruit in 
 barrels." 
 
 The United Kingdom seems likely to remain by far the 
 largest outside purchaser for Ontario apples. It is, indeed, a magnifi- 
 cent market. lUit the home demand is very large als;) This is not the 
 case with every i.roduct of ttie Canadian farm. Cheese is 
 a notable example. It is by no means a universal article 
 of diet in Canada. .\ very great proportion of tlie output 
 of Canadian clieese factories comes to tlie Old Country. It 
 is ((iiite otlierwise with ap|)les, whicli are as popular at 
 home as abroad. They are not only eaten at meals. It is 
 a common prac.ice in man" Canadian homes of my ac- 
 quaintance to leave a basket or plate .pples on the sideboard where 
 all and sundry can help themse' ..t any time of the day; and wlien 
 I have been calling on my friends I h.ive more often been offered an 
 apple than a cigar o." a cigarette, and much more often, I am glad to 
 say, than a glass of w'.isky. 
 
 The rise of popvilation in the West helps the fruit- 
 growers directly as well as indirectly. The prairie grows 
 grain, and grain of the highest quality known in the 
 world; but it does not grow the larger fruits, and 
 accordingly it wants a large supply of apples from such 
 districts as I am describing. 
 
 The advantage of being able to grow fruit that will " keep " for 
 months is plain enough. The advantage is enormously increased if 
 the fruit can be kept for years. And that advantage is 
 The now possessed by the Ontario orchardmen, in the shape 
 
 Canneries, of " canneries." The cannery gives them otlier ad- 
 vantages, too. It buys not only the highest-class fruit, 
 —if the grower for any reason does not want to put it on the market 
 fresh. — but tlio second class apples which the fresh-fruit buyer 
 might turn up liis nnse at. It doe.- not matter what an apple's 
 skin looks like, if the skin is going to be taken off and the flesh 
 cut up and packed in a tin. 
 
 I know there is still a prejudice surviving in some folk's minds 
 
 against eating cinnod food; but the prejudice is dying o>it, and in 
 
 the case of the Canadian canneries of my actiuiiintance 
 
 Canrsd there is certainly no ground for its survival. As a matter 
 
 Food. of fact, there is at least as much risk in eatiim " fresh " 
 
 fruit and vegetahl-=. wliirh have iiprp==;irily iins!<od 
 
 through many hands before they reach your lips, as in eating food 
 
 which har never been touched since it was taken direct from the 
 
 farmer's cart at the cannery door and packed (largely by machinery) 
 
 in a clean tin. It is a <-.)od thing that tliis is so, for canned food is 
 
 24 
 
 The 
 Western 
 Demand. 
 
 M 
 
 tm 
 
 Ml 
 

 K 
 
 not only a boon to the poor, but a necessity for all classes in many 
 lands, espeoially in tropical and Meiiii-lropii'al odiMitries. where tho 
 fresh food desired by white folk is either hard to Ueep or impossible 
 to get at all, and in new countries where tlie people are so thinly 
 scattered that few can expect to have a shop within easy reach. In 
 the newly settled West of Cannda itself, for example, 
 enormous quantities of canned foods are used. Even in 
 the Old Country there is now a large demand for canne<T 
 (roods from over the sea. I know hou.sehold.^ where the 
 apple pies are always filled from the gallon tins of deli- 
 cious Ontario apples which you can buy in London shops 
 for Is. Id. or Is. 2d. (The gallon tin contains about " 
 In quality, the pie is certainly as good as if it had been 
 
 Canned 
 
 Apples 
 
 In the 
 
 Old 
 
 Conntrjr. 
 
 poundf 
 
 ^ 
 
 ado from apples bought at a fruiterer's or from n street stall, wliich 
 
 Dairy Cattle 
 
 would cost perhii|)s at least 2d. and probably M. or 4a. a pound 
 before peeling and coriiifi All tlie trouble of that process is savea, 
 and so is all the waste. 
 
 I may add tha lar^-'e quantities of fruit arc "evaporated" and 
 sold as dried api>les; and that considerable quantities also are used 
 to make cider, which is turned into vinegar, --excellent vinegar it is. 
 too. 
 
 Germany is one of the best customers Canada has for the jiroduce 
 of the evaporators. The very peeliiisa and cores of the apples are 
 dried and sent over to Germany in the form of pulp or 
 " chop," for use in making cheap jam. Millions of 
 ■' cuiijj "—apples too small to peel, being less than two 
 inches in diameter— are treated in the sa le way. Tiiey 
 are sliced tip an<l dried and shipped over to France 
 and Germany. More of this " chop " is landed at Havre 
 than at any other port, and it is believed to bo used 
 for cider, the favourite drink in Normandy and Brittany. .\ hundred- 
 pound mass of dried " chop " represents about 16 bushels of apples 
 from w' he moisture has iiecn evaporated. Tli.' French cider- 
 
 maker! 10 difficultv in rf^storing tlie moisture and swelling the 
 
 mass U 'Tiginal sizw ai ' eight by simply addiiiL' the required 
 
 amount o. w..ter. 
 
 " Chop " 
 
 for 
 
 France 
 
 and 
 
 Germany. 
 
 2" 
 
" Mixed 
 FarminK " 
 Comtinnes. 
 
 ClIAPTKR III. 
 OTHER CROPS BESIDE AMPLES. 
 
 KviMi 111 this p.'ciiliiirly fiivmired npple n-gion <iii the shore of Lake 
 Ontiiric), there nre iiiriutii(>riible (iiriiiH whire fruit-)j;n)\ving is a mere 
 " side issue," nr even neglected iiltogether. 
 
 It would he foolish to say that because a district aa a whole is 
 well fitted for iipple-growinR therefore apple orchards should cover 
 every acre of the prouiid. The character of the soil and 
 the " lay of the land " may vary greatly in different 
 I)arts of one ilistrict.— even in diff-rent parts of the 
 same farm. If a man grows apples at all, even on a 
 single acre or half-acre, let him grow them in the very 
 best way. Hut it is quite possible that his farm as a whole has 
 !■• culiarities which (it it more for some other kind of farn.ing. That. I 
 um afraid, is not tlie rensori why you see so much " general farming." 
 or " mixed larniing," in this region. The true explanation, as a rule, 
 is that the farmers in (piestion are simply follcving old traditions,— 
 doing as their fathers did before them,— without seriously considering 
 whether ii change would not be advisable. Still, let us recognize the 
 fact that great deal of energy is still devoted, and in some ca-ses 
 quite wisely luul [irolit,il)ly devoted, to other branches of farm work 
 than apple-growing in the apple district. 
 
 It may also be said that oven if a man is a specialist in apple- 
 growing It does not follow that he should do nothing with his land 
 but grow apples on it. 1 know fruit specialists who hold very strongly 
 that this exclusive policy is a mistake,— not so much 
 Frnlt because it is " putting all your eggs in one basket," as 
 
 and because the fruit trees themselves need the manure 
 
 Uve-stock. that is supplied by live-stock. " Therefore," say these 
 folk, " let us combine fruit-growing with dairying." To 
 be sure, if cattle are kept, a good deal of farm space has to be given 
 up to growirg food for them; experts say that many Ontario farmers 
 spend far too much in buying cattle-food that they could more profit- 
 ably grow themselves; and this cattle-food itself demands manure. 
 
 When high autliorities differ, it is not for me to decide. It seems 
 reasonable, however, that where there is considerable variety of soil 
 in a district, the farms or portions of farms peculiarly fit for live-stock 
 and fodder crops should be devoted solely to that purpose, and the 
 farms or portions of farms peculiarly fit for fruit-growing should be 
 ilevoted to fruit-growing alone. The capacity and in- 
 genuity of the farmers may be able to work out a co- 
 operative scheme by which one set of men can devote 
 their whole time and talents to specializing in fruit and 
 anothei set of men to specializing in live-stock, even if 
 that involves an exchange of land, or an excliange of the use of land, 
 between them. .\Iready, as we shall see in iUL^ther chapter, farmers 
 are getting into the habit of exchanging work. 
 
 Kven in an apple orchard itself, while the trees are too young 
 
 and small to need the whole of the soil, there is room to grow a good 
 
 deal else between them. This, of course, is only 
 
 a temporary measure; and the farmer who is 
 
 really dttermined to get the utmost profit from his 
 
 apple trees does not hesitate to clear away all the 
 
 " fillers," profitable .as they may be in their time, 
 
 as soon as the apple tree routs begin to come in competition witli 
 
 theirs. 
 
 26 
 
 Snggeited 
 
 DiTiaion of 
 
 I<abonr, 
 
 Orchard Profits 
 
 before the 
 
 Apples come. 
 
Huyiii^ Time. 
 
 T(p show wlint c;in ho don;' to make an ori'li:iril profitabli" cvl-u 
 Ijefore llie apple trees begin to boar, let me (jiiote tlie experierne of an 
 Ontario farmer as '.'iven by him h< the Fruit-drowers' 
 "Filler!." Association. In I9(M he took four aerex which haJ been 
 under clover the year before, and planted apple trees in 
 row- *» feet apart, with " fillers," including cherries, plums, pears, 
 strawberries, raspberries, and a hoe crop. (He ad<l<>d peaches, but they 
 are not recommended for the district we are now concerned with.) 
 He estimates that the boo orops were enough to pay for the cost of 
 cultivation. The fruit g;itbored In four ye;irs. lIKli to inO<), inclusive, 
 brought in $3,0;{1 (ttiJiO) gross, or .$1..').W (Vittt) net cash after paying 
 for the trees and plants, tlie fertilizers, picking, packing, freight and 
 comiTiission. 
 
 The second crop from the strawberry bed in this orchard yielded 
 over 12.000 boxes from an acre and a half, bringing in .$800 (£166) 
 gross und costing $75 (ui.der tlfi). He admits th.at it 
 Strawberries is impossible to say yet how far the future life of the 
 and apple trees may have been impaired by this process; 
 
 Raipberries but be does not seem to have any misgivings in his 
 amonK own mind. Wliile some say that raspberries had 
 
 Apple*. better not. be grown in an orchard, this grower 
 
 observes that seven old Spy trees, which yielded 
 12 barrels of wormy apples the year before he planted the raspberries 
 among tliem, yielded 50 barrels of sound apples in 1909 after being in 
 company with raspberries for five years, while the raspberries them- 
 selves yielded over 6,000 boxes. This is bow ho sums up his experi- 
 ence:—" 1 have reared a young orchard to the bearing point without 
 costing anything, and have a handsome profit to its credit from the 
 ground crop of small fruits." 
 
 A good deal is done in plums, which make capital " fillers " in an 
 
 orchard of slow-maturing apple trees like the Spy and other fruit. 
 
 T have seldom tasted finer pears than I found srowing on the 
 
 Plums land of one of the most successful apple-men on this north 
 
 and shore of Lake Ontario. Big, luscious, exquisitely flavoured. 
 
 Pears, the fruit seems to melt in the mouth, while it ^ives the 
 
 teeth a little mild employment. Pears, however, are com- 
 
 27 
 
Cherries 
 
 and 
 Berrie*. 
 
 parativelv uuoerfiiiti in price. At one time they bring in n hiith 
 liaure; at iinotli.T time. thmiKli o.|iially good, thev scarcely pay the 
 <;<>sl of sendintr tlirtn to market. Tliere in no guci. v> jlent fluctuation 
 in tlie price of good apples. 
 
 TImro are soine (Itie otierry orchards hdri '<r. m, and tlie owrier.< 
 are evidently satisfied with their paying capacity. Some men. too 
 (like our friend with the niiscelluneous orchard quoted 
 above) are doinu; very well with strawberries and other 
 i^tiuill fruit, which thrive amazingly,— as, indeed, tlioy do 
 in ahiio,-<t every part of the Domininii. Strawberries do 
 not grow as larjfe in Canada as in the Old Country, but 
 our.-i cannot beat iheni in llavour. No country tan be more con- 
 genial than Caniida for small fruit, such as raspberries and currants, 
 which in a state of nature are constantly surprising and deliKlitini: 
 the traveller in still uncultivated regions. 
 
 One .strawberrv grower repi^rt.s that hi.s crop of 512 crates (each 
 crate cniit.".iniii(t LM bo.xes, and each box about four-fiflhs of nn 
 Imperial quart) brought him in over 4 cents (2d.) a bo.t net cash, 
 after piiying for packages, freiu'lit and commission. 
 
 I'rolmbly a third or even a half of the strawberries and rasp- 
 berries grown ill Ontario are taken by the local jam factories an<l 
 ciinnerio.-i. .\t one lime it pays the farmer best to dispose of his fruit 
 in this way; at another time he can make more by sending it to the 
 towns for .-iaie fresh. 
 
 As for nuts, they are rarely cultivated. The walnut tree crows 
 woll, but it is chi..'tly valued for its timber. The wild butter-nut. 
 which is iireferred to the walnut, is gathered in considerable 
 Wut«. quantifies, at'd so is the hickory nut. Before the deforest- 
 ation of the country the beechnut was a natural product of 
 some value to the settler as food for his pigs. 
 
 " Love-apple " was an old name for the tomato; and some people 
 
 still ask whether it is " a vegetable " or " a fruit." Whatever name 
 
 .vou give it, and however you classify it. its taste will be just the 
 
 same, so we may safely leave the riddle iinanswered. 
 
 Fields If it is a " vegetable," it is a nrince of vegetables. 
 
 of Stewed tomatoes are one of the simplest and easiest 
 
 Tomatoes, dishes to prepare; indeed, all you have to do with a tin 
 
 of tomatoes is to heat if and empty :he contents into a 
 
 dish. On the otlier hand, most elaborate and savouring kickshaws 
 
 can be made of the tomato with the aid of .-iich ordinary trifles as 
 
 bread-crumbs, chopped bacon and parsley, and a sprinkling of jirated 
 
 cheese. Of the virtues of tomato sauce, Mr. Pickwick's testimony 
 
 stands on record and needs no corroboration. 
 
 In its natural state we are well acquainted with the tomato as the 
 crown and coini>letion of a salad. lUit, after all, in this country we 
 only know the tomato as an imported foreigner, or a delicate raised 
 under plass. In the warm open air of Canada it luxuriates. I have 
 often !<;oke(| out from my window on a tomato field; and on a hot 
 day a ripe tomato picked off the plant and eaten like an apple is as 
 refreshing and th.rst-quenching as a bunch of grapes,— i)erhaps more 
 
 The tomato pays exceedingly well— if it gets a chance. Many 
 farniers in Prince Kdward. wliere .special nttmtir.n ha= been t'i'-cn Id 
 the tomato, declare that it pays them better than any other 
 Tomato crop. They often pet 500 bushels off an acre, and occasion- 
 Profits, ally 600 bushel: In a bad year I have found different 
 growers getting from 200 '00 bu.?hels an acre. When the 
 28 
 
yield fiillH ti> the lowi-st nf tlicMf flifiireH tin' prutit in reduci'd to the 
 viiliinhiiiu lioiiit,— hut WKt IdiflioN at 2f) it'iit* (Is, 0»<l.) will inoiiii ii net 
 |)ri)(it nf iilmut Cia iin iKTf. As u tniittpr of fiiol. experiiiietits liiive 
 hliowii tluit tlio Idiimto yii'lil niii lit; riiist'd to I ,n<l() IiuhIihIh iiti acru. 
 At (iuelpli, wluTe tlio (tnturii) (invi'miiH'iit 1ms its iiifriiiiltiinil cnlU'ge, 
 20 varieties wero tested (nine pliuits (i( eaclii and yieldeil averages of 
 2(i» to a5j pound* per plant, of Kood ripe fruit. The plants were set 
 four feet apart, in row-i live feet apart ; and they received no special 
 
 An Ontiuiii IWn. 
 
 Maiie. 
 
 Pea*. 
 
 treatment. The tomato is urown ehiefly to be canned. So is the sweet 
 corn. This averages about three tons of preen ears per acre, 
 and the takings are only about $20 (or £4 3s. 4d.) per acre; 
 hut the corn is more easily handled than the toiriatoes, and 
 gives food for livestock as well as for man. 
 
 Peas are another ci'jp very largely raised in this 
 
 district, partly for canning and partly for sale as seed. At 
 
 cannery prices, peas will bring the farmer about $50 (ElO »s.) an aore. 
 
 I spoke a little while ago about the canneries as a market for the 
 
 orchard-man's surplus apples,-or for the whole of his apples, if for 
 
 any reason he does not want to sell them in the natural state. As you 
 
 will have seen by now, the canneries take many other 
 
 kinds of farm produce. — such ns corn, tomatoes, peas, 
 
 pears, plums, and small fruit. It is a groat and growing 
 
 industry in Ontario, that of canning. Less than twenty 
 
 years ago there were only half a dozen canneries in the 
 
 whole Province. Today tliere are about seventy. I-et us pay a visit 
 
 to one and see what is going on. 
 
 " We are only canning corn to-day." says the manager as we 
 
 enter. That is enough. We covild have no better example ' the 
 
 magic of machinery. To be sure, the outer husks are torn off by 
 
 hand,— by the hands of men and women, and even boys 
 
 and "irl?, i"r i* i= Pntnrday, and .1 number of children 
 
 have come to help their parents. The big solid heads of 
 
 corn are raised by machinery to an upper story, where 
 
 more machinery seizes them, scrapes off the grain, and 
 
 discharges the woody core on to an ever-increasing pile,— to be carted 
 
 29 
 
 A Vlalt 
 to a 
 
 Cannery. 
 
 Conjuring 
 with 
 Com. 
 
A 
 
 Labour 
 
 Qneation. 
 
 Prloea 
 
 to 
 
 Grower*. 
 
 Imck to tliG (arm fi.r hnrxcrt iiml ciitlli' Id niimt'li Tho iMfii il»«>l( it 
 iriixod with biiiliiitf wiitiT f.mtuininn' ii litlh' fiiifiir iiiid -nit. nnd 
 jMiurt'il into ftiinttuT iniic'iiM.- wliu li autoriMiliiiiUy piitn jiicl tlio rifjht 
 iiinniiiit into niicli tin ii!< it I'oriH's u|> to W til|p,l Till' llijs iirt! soI.IitpiI 
 on liy inncniniTv . Iraviiiif only a littl.' vt'iit-liip|p tn li.> M>|.|iT«'d l)y 
 hand. 
 
 Thu canniiii.' «ca.<on la»l^ from tho bcirinninif o( July till Oetoher 
 or Novomber. .\n iiidiiMlry Ihat only Kivcs employment for half tho 
 year mu-t plaiidy have fomi- ditliciilty in kpi'|>intf up i'* 
 labour hupply. Sotoc of the cannerieH make thi'ir own 
 tins and p.il toiri'llier their own pa.-e^ In the r)ff .hi.msoii. 
 Ml that they can five work to a certain inindier of nien in 
 111.' H inter and be sure of their servii'.-- when the cainiitiir 
 .-(•a,-on beuiiiH inrain. " Wo vim'* jfet the help wi; want." -ay.- one 
 manager. " s|m|)ly beeaii.-e we can't offer work all the year rnnnd." 
 Wtill, flomehi'W or other eiioujrh worker.- are !^era|HM| together. ,;nd one 
 combination of thirty-otin canneries ioatia(.'e.-i to turn out every year 
 about a million cases. .\s eaih ca.-e contains LM two-pound tins, that 
 means forty-eicht mill im poinids of food. 
 
 To keep up the supply of the.r raw material, the cainiers will L'i\f 
 the farmer a contract to ink.' all le v'rows of the crop they want 
 1 found farmers welting from the caimery $7 (litis. 2d.) ii 
 ton (or corn. 2r> cents (In. n»d.) a bushel (or toinatocs. 
 $2.5 (£.1 4s. 2d.) n ton (or shelled peas,— the cnimer doo.s 
 the shellinir.— nnd $2M to $3 (lOs. 5d. to 12s. M.) a ton 
 for pumpkins. About .fl (-Is. 2d.i a barrel was beitiL: 
 u'iven for apples, .and :n_ to .1 cents Old. to 2Jd,i a |.ound for straw- 
 berrjes. tor whiiOi. Iioucmt. (1 cents (.'td.i had been irivon not many 
 months before. 
 
 To keep lip qnality as well as quantity in the -upply. the i-iniiers 
 t'p.w -eed corn and peas ,,f just the varieties needed, lor sale t<< -uch 
 fanners a< will ctiltivate them and brin^ in tle.> produce. 
 
 1 fniind. by the way, that at the time id my visit tho caniiers uero 
 selliiur corn at 05 cents (2s. Wl.l.i per dozen tin.-. This, it was claimed, 
 was only alaait cost price; they were accepting such a low- 
 figure in order to clear off the previous year'.s stock. How 
 ever that may be, there is no doubt that if corn can be s.>Id 
 wholesale at the rate of two pounds for 2M. there ought t.. 
 be a large market (or It retail among the poor i)eopIe o( tho 
 Old Country, —if they only knew how delicious and nourishini; it was. 
 Camied peas were being sold at the same price, and canneil tomatoes 
 at 70 cents (2s. lid.) a dozen. 
 
 .Market gardening is practised to scaiie extent in this district, but 
 
 it is not till y(aj get back to the neighbourhood of 
 
 loronto that this industry becomes very important. 
 
 \.s the other towns grow, their demand (or flowers and 
 
 early vegetables may bo expected to grow too. 
 
 We all know by this time that the maiilo leaf is the national 
 
 emblem of Canarla. The virtue of the sugar maple was discovere.I 
 
 very early in the country's history, and pioneer .settlers, waging 
 
 destructive war on the forest which covered their futtiro 
 
 Maple fields, generally spared a patch o( these particular trees. 
 
 Syrnp. The sap. whnn it he!;ii-= tc run strong under tho sprio- .-mi. 
 
 is drawn off through holes bored in the tree, nnd is boileil 
 
 down to make sugar.— or, more commonly now, to make syrup, wliich 
 
 may ho used to glorify many insipid articles of (ood, and in company 
 
 with liuckwheat griddle s is su(>reme. 
 
 30 
 
 Cheap 
 
 and 
 
 Good. 
 
 Market 
 GardesiiiR. 
 
Til. 
 ij< mil' 
 
 B«cs 
 
 •ad 
 
 Xeaajr. 
 
 ( IIAPTI-.U IV. 
 LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ■ liiiJ'V l)fi>. th.' -iiiiillf^l \iirifty III livi'-l'.ik ki'|i» in rimiulft, 
 i( till' (riiit-nriiHir'M bi>-' (rii'iiil". tur iii III'- riniri-i' "l il^ tlitflit 
 it fiirru'-i till' fcrtili/mi.' ((dIIcii Ifun l)lii!>-"iii tn liliixniiin. 
 Siiiiii' Mn'ii kfi'p lit'!'- •iiiiply fur lliin |iiir|Mij.f. Iniyiiiu' a 
 freuli tiupi'ly t'VfTy yeiir nnd letlif« iIkmii «»iirni oil '\'\f 
 n<>is)il>iiiiriiiu firrluirdmt'ii iic well mx tlu' iirtiml ii\viiir». nf 
 roiirxi'. JM-ni'tlt liy til.' riiimmii! n( tlu'-i- cxciiipliiry iti-t'i't^, 
 * nlttiivc II tfi" :l niiirki't fi.r Imniv. if ii iiuiii ciiri' •■« ax iii f^r 
 
 (Jniin KiiM. 
 
 On nciirly every f.iriii yon will liiul fciul- iiickitii! up ii livini,' fur 
 
 thenKSclves in stiininor. iiml tlio iiinnluT is inorou-iing. Very few 
 
 fiiriiiorH; iniikc a .«pefiiilty nf poultry; but experinietits on 
 
 Ponltrjr ii con.-idcniblo scale have pnived that lions <'an bo niado 
 
 and t(i lay all throiiL'li tbo Canadian wint.T \\-''iiait any arti- 
 
 Egg». ticial boat in tboir bousos. an<l ihr iMai.~oiiuoiioo is that 
 
 ninny fnrniors are tbiiikiiisr nioro nnd timre of the lowly hen 
 
 as a substantial contributor to tbo credit side of the balance sboot. 
 
 The prices obtainable are corl.iinly encmrasing. I find poo|ilo 
 giving 16 cente (M.) n dozen for eiigs in tbo hens' busiest laying 
 season, and 2"J cents (lld/l in the aiituiiin. Not many years ago. 10 
 cents (5d.) a dozen was reckoned a pood price. Ciood-sized chicken.'! 
 fetch from ".'> cents to $1 (3s. Md. to 43. 2d.) a pair. For turkeys also 
 there is a large demand, especially as Thanksgiving liny and ("brist- 
 ma.s approach, and you will find tbeni selling in the market at from 
 .$1 to If,"} (4= 2d ♦" 12^'- (ill ^ apioce, or nhnut !2 cents (Gd.! a siound. 
 Ducks and geese are not raised on a large scale. 
 
 Taking the eastern counties of Ontario together, the greatest of 
 agricul'aral ind'Ttries is dairying: and the farther east you go the 
 greater vou fin A. The whole Province, according to returns col- 
 
 31 
 
Icoti'it ill tht) Kiiiiii <>( lUIO. c<i|i(iiiiiit 'J..'KlT,|-iM hoiiil (i( outtla. o| 
 
 wh cli r A minority nro lined (or (Ulrylng, th« cxnct 
 
 CattI*. (iBuri-f .itf iiiili'h cow*. I ,f>ft2.7«I. niid other cattle, l.fiU,- 
 
 .'l>Ti. .. .it ill Ititrliiiin itri<l N'ortliuiiiimrlniid, iiillch cuwk iiri) 
 
 Rtill in a iiiiiiority. In I'riiiPo Kilwiird, howcvor, ami »till nioro in 
 
 HaHlirniM, thi-y an- in ii Inrito majority 0( all tli« lilty oounti«» in 
 
 Ontario, nion'ovi^r. only one cxcmMlii HaHtlinfM in ihii xiin o( itH dairv 
 
 liiTiJ <>( )|i(> i-nttli> raixuil (or moat I nxcd .-tay liltl« 
 
 'or Meat. Miimxt nil I'.iiiadinns oat hpt'( and pork in i|iiantitiiM 
 
 wliiili iIh- [Miorur olasMcs in tli<> Old Country could hardly 
 
 triiHt thcniKolvcK tu dr>'am o(. 
 
 "^'lo dairy (ariiii-r:< t,( Ontario liiivn hiiill u|i mi <'iioriiioim IniKiiiPsn 
 
 with tlu> Old ('(iiiiitrv. Tliry have Imtii ftialilcd to do X\\\n 
 
 Where hy thi' <'Mtiilill!.|iiiifiit id liiilldri'dn o( cIiim'!*!! iiimI bultiT 
 
 tke (aitorioK all over Itio Provinco. 'I'Iu'mi' ar« co-oporativo or 
 
 Cheeee joillt-^|ll|•|< concfrnn. tliu Mharei* heinj.' owiii-d liy tho (armnrs. 
 
 Comee Tin- milk in ni'iit i-vrry second day (or every day, in sum- 
 
 Froai. iiitir) to tin- (artury. where it i» mad» into choeMe of a Rood 
 
 uniform i)uality; this is !-!iippoi| over to the Itritinh IhIch. 
 
 anil the money comet* hack to the (arm in |irof>ortioii to the milk 
 
 which that (arm ><up|>lied. 
 
 The ^linfle ciiiitilv o( Hajitin(!» wondu u-s iihout i:4()0.(H)0 worth o( 
 
 ctlee^:e every year. Tlie whole iiniiuiil output o( the 
 
 Cheese Ontario (iutorie!), in cheosio alone, amouiit.s to about 
 
 Faetorlee. t.t.OOn.lHKI .Many o( the (acforica make butter when the 
 
 -ea.-ion (or clieise i.^ over; hut the home demand (or 
 
 butter IK MO lari{o that comparatively little can be spared (or export. 
 
 \ wonderful improvement in the dairy farmer's jMisitimi has coiiie 
 (roiii the establishment o( tlii-i (actory system; but we shall see at 
 least as wonderdil an improvement in the (uture. 
 
 Before the days of co-operative dairying, when uverythinij was 
 done on a small scale,— when each farmer had to nioko his own butter 
 
 and sell it as iiest he could, a man wnuVJ '. n two or 
 
 Bemeflta three cows. T<-dfty, when ho only has to suppiv tlie milk, 
 all and the co-open tivo dairy turns it into cheese and money, 
 
 Ronnd. he keeps a dozen or so; and many a farmer keeps two or 
 three score. This means a largely increased income to the 
 farmer; larjjely increased business to the merchants and manufac- 
 turers, who 8ui>[)ly him with yooda of all sorts; a largely increased 
 number of men employed by the merchants and manufacturers, and 
 therefore a largely increased demand for food products of the (arm. 
 The larger henl o( I'altle ;ilso means more manure, and there(ore more 
 fertility f(;r tlie soil. 
 
 While the number of milch cows kept by the (armer.-< is increas- 
 ing a marked improvement in the class o( stock is taking 
 Waste place. In the past too little attention was devoted to 
 of the selection o( the breeding stock, and farmers wasted 
 
 Enercy. a good ileal o( energy in keejiing a comparatively unpro- 
 ductive class of cows. 
 Happily, the very (act that cnws are (ound on Ontario farms 
 yielding over h'f.OdO pounds o( milk shows that the process of improv- 
 ing the herds has begun, and on sonie (arms has 
 IniproTement gone very far indeed. I hear of one Ontario dairy- 
 golac on. man who has brought his herd of fifty cows up to an 
 average of 8,(X)0 pounds of milk per head per year. - 
 not (or the best cow, hut as the average for the whole herd. Many 
 farmers have increased their milk yield 20, 25, or 30 per cent, simply 
 
 82 
 
Iiv l»i) nr tliffi' -.Ifi'tiuin ill liri'."liiiu l( moii that iii<>i|i>>t iiiin-ii-i', 
 oiiy 'Jh |wr <'<>iit, limi Ixm-ii iu'Iiii>vi><| n<| riiuml, lliv Oiilnrin fnrnit'ni 
 wimlil tip iiiiikiiiir nii I'Xlrii tl.TMt.fHIO i» ynir. TIh' prfm-iit diiiry i>iit|iiif 
 <,l till- I'roviiit'x i' iilioiil X'.IMNI.IMMI. With nil ii>|ililii>li <>{ '£> |mt r<Mit, 
 It witiihl h» t-^.TNlfUMt 
 
 Ilntf-riii9-iiii; iliivi'liiiN iiitliiriilly iiit<< clulryiiiu'. ih<- 
 Hb« «b4 .\hi"> hriiiitfhl hmli (rmii th« I'hi'f-i' fiirtnry um'* it hiiiw' 
 
 Cowi wii\ 111 f hlltf lh«' ]i\if*- At ; .iiUuiiiMHT. I!>I0. thi'fi' WiTr 
 
 toietkcr. I .'>)il ill'.' "Wiiii' in itiitiiriii, iiiul IIh' iMiinlii'r y>'<l\ <>r 
 -hiiiuhti'riMi ill the |iri'Ci-ili- .w<'lvi'iii>>iilh uiim I.H-l-t.'to'i 
 Th" l'ri'-i<li'iit "I the l»iiirviin'ii'« AHxiH'ilitiiiii >•{ \Vt'«tt>rii <Mii;iri'. 
 -iiv" " ll I- •■■•ii'ipiiim ri r..jiii/i.,| iimri' iiiiil itmri' fiifli \>'iir thiil iini 
 
 Suililik' nil l.ak' )l|ilallo. 
 
 only arc IhiTi' |iri'fit- io In' (ihtiiiiicil in i ihiiinl ilairyiiiu ami lii^'- 
 
 rai.-in;;, hut also that tlifrt> is iic> dthor >y>li':n nf farniini: thai uill 
 kcc;) up the fertility of tho snil ami iiicri'iisi' Ihr viiliii' nf tin. lau'l with 
 a- tiuu'h (iriifit as ilairyiiii.'." 
 
 HtTc acaiii. is an indii-try with a urcat future hcfnre it: f^r it i- 
 
 a littlf ililliiult til iinaniiii' tlu> huinaii raiv. ami imr own pi' iplc iii 
 
 partiiiilar. hi-iii'.' thi'ir taste for liacoii and ham and purU 
 
 Bacon The only i|iie^tinn is— where shall we (let them from- There 
 
 and i> no reason whv the Canadians, nml those who t.'o out (rorii 
 
 Hnm. this eountry to jnhi them, should not supply u- with a fir 
 
 laru'er proportiiiii of the hardii nnd ham we eat. \t pre-eiit 
 
 we draw far too mueh of (air -iipply from foreign ooiintrie-. 
 
 The Professor of Animal Hiishandry nt the (iuelpli \L'rieiiltiiral 
 
 College has l.L-eii telling his fellow-Canailiaiis that there is no g I 
 
 re.isoii why thev should lianil over the l!riti.--h liaeoii market 
 
 British to the people of Demnark. He says Canadians " have an 
 
 TeT9li9 ImnuMise advantage in the matter of eost of production, and 
 
 ForelKn we coulil drive the Dai.e out of the Uritish market if we 
 
 Bacon, went aliout it the right way. 7\tv Dane has learned to 
 
 supply his oust' mer with what he wants When we learn 
 
 sson. Ciinnda can once more assert her supremacy in the 
 
 the same 
 liritisli market." 
 
 33 
 
TliiTf i.> iiiir fnrniiT III' iii> :ici|iijiiiitiiiici' In Hii.-liiiL',- ('mnity who 
 
 i.'1't- Mliiillt tlilHI .1 MMI- IriiPi Ihr lllill< III' flirty row-, ^iliil i- :ilili' In l<i'i'|( 
 
 :iliMiit CliMl unrlh nf Iiol'-. 'riiis iiinii l':irrii.- mi ii liirv'i! 
 
 ' ■.ilr, :inil. -till lii'ttrf. Ill ii t hi iriHiL'li l.v -y-li'iiiiit Ir uiiy. 
 
 B „ • jii'^i. \\;i,- 111,1 ;i fni'iii.'r til Im".'Iii uiih; In' li'l't tin' i'iinii 
 
 I III- (.■illuT IkiiI cli'iiri'il iriiiii thr fnri'.-l. ;iiiil niti'iTil 
 
 jirii. III,'. Iiiit hi' runic ■' Imck tn the liiiil." iiml -n' uhiit lie 
 
 Iki- iii.hIi' iif it. Tl Ill l';iriii h:ii| >iiiin'tliliii.' dmt .MKI iu'Vi'- in It; 
 
 hi' h.i- lIu'iT.i-i'il it to i.HKI aiTi'-. I li;i\i' iin'iil loiii'ij 
 
 "Came Back hi- hoi'il- of kino iiiiil -uliu'. Ilr ;il-o Im- four ii|i|ilo 
 
 to tlip orolrii-'l- : |io;ir- :iiiil |iliiiii> :iii<l rhori'li'- lio^lilo-. 
 
 Laud." 'III.' i|Uaiiti!) of iiiai/.o that ho i;|-ou.- to |iro\ii|o 
 
 hi- iim- uith -in-riili'iit ulnti'i- fooil inM.\- ho liiiaoliioij 
 
 f|-oiii tho fai-l that hi- -ilo, hiilll of ri'iiiont. I- 111 toot hloh ami l.'« fool 
 
 In illiiiioloi' 
 
 ( IIAl'TKi; V. 
 THE OLD COUNTRYMAN'S CHANCE. 
 
 Whou I -a\ that I .IKin.iHin a|i|ilo tno.- wofo phinlcil in Onhirio in 
 Olio \oar (ItHiii. ho-ii|o> -Jiri.tKHi |ioar ivoo-, •.'Tit.lKKI cliorry troo.^. iJti.i.lMin 
 lilillii troo.-. 4i|i|.n(IM poaoh ti-o;- .-iiiil lir>.(MM( LTapo \ iiio-. you ran 
 iiiiaolno what a \a-t Inoroa-o ilioro has hoon in tin- aroa iiiulor fruit, 
 anii what a iloiiiaiiil llioro iini-t ho for tin'ii to uork It. 
 
 .\lro,'ii|\. Iiolli in tho Iriiit ili-trioi- anil In part- ilovotod 
 The to L'onoral aorlrnltiiro. fariiior.-^ havo oiiiii|ilainoil that tlioy 
 
 Demand raiiiiol L'ot oi l'Ii ooin|iotoiit iiioii, .soinctiinos that they 
 
 for Men. oaniioi ovoii L'ot iiiooni|iotonl iiion. Tlioy iiiako tlio bi>.«t of 
 
 a hail joli. !!>■ tho iiitroiliiotinn anil iiii|irovt'iiielit. of 
 
 l.-ihoiir-.-avin-.' iiiaohinorw ami hv tho o.xchiinflo of liihnur with 
 
 thoir frirml-. llio\ arc •.'oiiorally ahlo to " .-craiiihlo tliroiijih 
 
 soiiiohow "; hilt tho.v havo ofton hoon [irovoiitoii fr oulti'-ntiiii; tho 
 
 laiiil a- uoll a.- tlioy oii.oht. Tho ah.-oliitoly nocc-sary 
 Labour work 1.^ ijot tiiroiioh. porhap.s. hut iiiiich iiinro oonli! ho 
 Scarcity dono that uoiihl iniroa.<o tho fiiriii pri.llt ami woiiM 
 and its ho ,lono if tlioro wito iiion to lio it. Knr instanoo, many 
 ElFects. orohanl-iMon. who ailiiiit that tho fruit oii|;ht in a lioavy 
 .\oar tn lio tiiiiiiioil out. say tlioy simply liavo not tho time 
 to do it. If that liii- hoon so In tho past, wliat will ho tho case now 
 with all ihoM' iiiilliiiii- of now troos to ho onltivatod !- 
 
 Tho situation will ho .i llttlo ridiovod hy tho farinors' sons staying 
 
 III tho ooiintry. In tho old days tliiro was so miioli h: id.-hip and 
 
 drmlL'orv in farm work, and >o llttlo was undor.-tnnd i the uroat 
 
 pnssiliilitio- of M'iontiho ayrioulturo. that hoy.s cot 
 
 Farmers' Sons into tho lialiit of dosorting tho cnuntry for the town 
 
 Staying and (.'ning in for tho othor pnifossions. Tho onndi- 
 
 in the linns iiiul prnspi'cis nf farmiii!-' aro now so mm-h 
 
 Country. hotter and plena.'ititer that farinovs' soii> who havo 
 
 hoon well educated in high sehools, oven if thoy 
 
 have not had tho greater advantage of a course ill an acriciiltural 
 
 college, are eoiiiing back to enter their father.s' husiiiess. 
 
 Several e.vaii.plo.- of ihir- meiir lo me at llie iiiomeiil. .\ man wiio 
 has lieen piowing fruit till he is " worth." as the saying i: , a matter 
 (if C(i,0O<), has two snii- linishing their course iit a High School in the 
 neighhouriiie town, lioth are coming hack to the fruit-growing. .\ 
 
 3* 
 
Oiit:iri<i Trci^ I'miiOak Tni. 
 
 ii.Mi.'lil>(>ur uf his liiis four sons, luid lie i- Iniyii.i; ii farin Inr rvcry c 
 
 .•( tliein. A fi'W vi'.-irs jiii" tlifs:' Imys w.mld liiinlly liiivr 1 Ii iilil.' In 
 
 rr: i.-l the Iriii|il;itiiili t,!' city nr,,\ " j.r-^f"--i"n:>l " !•;:;■,•.■!■ . \ii-.! 
 immln'rless otlitT cxMiiiiili iniglit I)i> (.'iviMi. 
 
 'I'lien, irmiiy iif llic yiniiit; '"''" ^^'i" ''''' n"' «:iii' '" f-'i\'' u|i fMriii- 
 iiiL' iiltopetlier were siiiitleii l)y tlic " wcsI.tii fcviT." iiiid jdiiioil in llii- 
 
 35 
 

 Keeping 
 ont the 
 " Wrong Sort 
 
 to I'luroiio 
 
 Rules 
 
 about 
 
 EmiKrants. 
 
 ru.--li to tlie I'riiirii' rmviiicfs. wIutc tlu'v cmikl p't Innil for iiutliini; 
 and iiiiike iiioncy by wlieiit niisiiii.'. Xowjiihivs. n l'oikI many wlio 
 would liiivi> dono tliis nrc finding; llwit they i':in do iit iiny riito just ns 
 wi'll in the Province where tliey were iHjrn. 
 
 Still, onee ii habit has yrown up it does not die out in a day. 
 Many boy.s will contiiuie to go away into the towns or migrate to the 
 West; and for years to come there i.s certain to be a great deinnnd for 
 men on Ontario farms, especially a.« the amount of work to be done is 
 increasing so largely with the extension of the orchards. 
 
 \<'cordingty. both the Dominion (iovermnent and 
 the Provincial (iovernment are trying to get men of 
 th(> right stamp from the Old Country. To keef) out 
 men of the wrong sort, various regulations linv,> 
 been ma<le. Immigrants with a bad moral record, 
 (•r i>hysical disabilities likely to make them a burden on tlio comj- 
 munity or a disgrace to it, are kept out altogether, or sliipped back 
 when the facts are knijwn. .It has also been decrccil 
 that ordnuiry emigrants nnist have tfi c.'icli in their 
 possession on landing, — or £10 if they go over in the 
 winter. Hut emigrants who are going to do farm work 
 are so badly wanted that they are specially exempted 
 from this rule, if tliey have some deliiute .situation to 
 j;o to,— which is very easy to arrange, na the Government officials anil 
 the best eiidgration orgaiuzations always have the iiame.s of thousands 
 of farmers asking for men. They nnist also have the necessary means 
 of getting to the point where employment awaits them. 
 
 It is the experienced and qualilicd man. naturally, who is w.intcd 
 
 tMost ; and, next to him, the man without experience who is deter- 
 
 ndned to learn and !o become qualified. I'i'fortunately 
 
 a great many men have gone out from England who 
 
 seem unable <'r unwilling to learn. They imt only 
 
 exasperate tin- larmers who give them work, Imt create a 
 
 piejudice atr.-iin^t their fellou-lMiglishmen wlio are of ipiile ii different 
 
 stamp. 
 
 .Many men who have gone over without any knowledge 
 of farm work have by sheer determination gained experi- 
 ence enough in a very short time to make tlieniselves 
 highly useful and therefore liighly valued. 
 .\ friend of nune in one of these orchard districts, a man who 
 knows practically every farm and its occupants, says;—" Most of the 
 liired help around here is from the Old Country, - 
 Immigrants generally l-lnglishmen and Scotsmen, with some 
 
 "Making Good." Irishmen. Some who came from towns have had 
 rather a hard time (jf it. chiefly because of their 
 own defects; but nearly all the innnigrants have done well and are 
 saving money. The next generation of all these immigrants will be 
 our farmers, and they will be enii)hatically all right. 
 
 " For example, there's Mr, .\. When he came over five years ago 
 he was so poor that I had to help him. Now he has a rented farm i>f 
 100 acres and he is doit :g really well on it. Then there's Mr. B., who 
 had been a coachman or hostler near Ediidnirgh. He has a rented 
 farm, got some live-stock, and is going ahead. Mr. C, another old- 
 c:mntryinan, has bought a 25-acre farm and is doing well. Mr. I).. 
 iHi PX-iwHcpman fr-'>m Cdn=sow, a nHigniflcent tiiaii. started here as ;i 
 farm-labourer, worked his way uj). and was able to help C. by lending 
 him £100." 
 
 On a fruit farm in the satne district I found an ICnglishinan who 
 
 36 
 
 Worthless 
 Labour. 
 
 Men who 
 Learned. 
 
went cut a few years niso with very little experience, ami is now 
 niaiiaL'liiir the wliolo place f(ir tlii> nwner, who has a liusiiios else- 
 where. A youiiiier lirolher nf this fariii-liailiff «i>iit out to join hiiii 
 4ifter leavinp the army, and lias also pr iveil liiiiiseU " the rit'ht stuff." 
 .\nionK the older inhabitants I found a Welshman who went out 
 alxjut 2') years ago. ithout money, and worked for otlier.s till he could 
 rent n farm for himself. Step hy step he advanced, fill 
 A a few years ago he was able to give $7,000 (over £1,400) 
 
 Welih for a farm of 150 acres. There lie and his family live 
 
 Dairyman, happily in a comfortahle hrick house surrounded by its 
 (jarileti and beautiful trees; "and nice, clean, tidy 
 people tliey are," as one of bis neichbo\irs said to me. He has a pood 
 orchard, but goes in more for dairying, selling milk to the town close 
 by; and his herd of cow.s must be worth £400. 
 
 .Vnd here is an Knglishman, the son of a Norfolk farm labourer. 
 
 whom I met in Prince Kdward County. He went out as a young man. 
 
 worked for a farmer till be could rent a farm of l.'fu acres, — 
 
 A Man taking it for five years at £60 a year, — and IH years ago 
 
 from was able to buy bis present farm of 112 acres with a good 
 
 Norfolk. si7.e<l bouse and other buildings, for .$4,5<K( (over e!H)0). 
 
 Lately, be bought another farm, of 100 acres, for bi.s son, 
 
 l)aying $600 (say £120) of the price in cash and leaving the rest (over 
 
 CHOOi on mortgage at the low rate of 4 per cent interest. 
 
 Here is a letter from an KngHshman. who begins by sayinu: — " I 
 
 .shall feel well rewarded if this short sketch of my life in the Province 
 
 of Ontario would be the means of encourasjini; men and families like 
 
 mine to start for t'anada." He and his eldest daugliter. sixteen years 
 
 of age. went out together. The day after their arrival in Ontario tlie 
 
 father found work in a large greenhouse establishment at 12* cents 
 
 (Gld.~) an hour. " My pay has inerea.sed year by year. My pay after 
 
 ,"> years, was 24 cents an hour. The same firm now pavs 
 
 The Result to fresh i"e- ]5 cents (Tid.i an hour, steady work all 
 
 of the ye '. ^^y dauglitiT soon found employment 
 
 Five Years' at goot er pay is now .30s. per week. It may 
 
 Work. interest know that wlien I got niy first wages. 
 
 all the money 1 had left was 2s. I left my wife and 
 
 si.\ daugliters in Kngland with 20s. to get along with, and had to 
 
 support them out of my earning.s. I accepted a loan of £40 at six 
 
 per cent from a friend in Kngland to enable me to get my 
 
 familv. — the younsjest a liaby, — out to Canada. In nine months 
 
 after my f.imily's arrival, I paiil the £40 back with six per 
 
 cent interest, and furnished a home, all paid for, in less 
 
 Anything than one year. Now, after live years in this country, 1 
 
 like this in have a brick '■ -e, two storey, and a buibling lot for 
 
 England. which I jiai^. ,j,2I0 (£247), and a valuable six-acre 
 
 ))lot of land for which I paid $1,200 (£245^ cash down. 
 
 (You men with growing families and thrifty habits, can you do any- 
 
 thintr like this in Kngland ?) I am now working my own land as a 
 
 fruit farm. .My d,iughters can find ])lenty of work at good pay." 
 
 1 am always on the watch for cases of the opposite kind, — men 
 who have not succeeded, — and where complaints of failure 
 The are heard they should be honestly examined to discovor 
 
 Failures, what is at the bottom of them. 1 am bound to say that 
 in ner.rly every cusu the failure is due to the ii'an him- 
 self, or sometimes, to the wife, who has proved a hindrance instead 
 of a help. 
 
 Thirtv vears' experience of Canada and the Canadians compels 
 
 37 
 
riic III rf..ivi' Willi the iilun >l ,-ii-|iicinii tln' .-lit oiil,- o| r imi ulm 
 
 Ihi-dw 111.' I. hill). • 1. 1' Mii'ii- I'liiliirr nil clilicr Ih.' cniintrv nr lln' ii<'.,|,liv 
 'liici'c ii>-(. Iiliicli >!i,., -I ir.11,11'.' Ihc (' !ii:i.|i;iii- xvlio winiM liiUi' lulviinl- 
 
 ;iui' 1.1 ,-1 -irM.iL'tT, ii- iIh'v wmilil nf ii fc'lliiw-i'iiiiiilr\ ■ 
 Coniplainti. iniin. I'.iil ■! ipiiii nm-t lie on lii- liimnl iiL'niii-l rii>c,il- 
 
 111 liny iipinitry. .inil I kiinw i4 iki Innii ulicrc lln' 
 .-liindiini of iHTMiMiil liciiii'-ly i- liJL'lifr lluiii il is in Cnin.lii. TIi.tu 
 lire iil.-i. <'liiirli>li folk who mw -iii|i|.i.-li nn-wiTs tinil innorr ilir 
 i!clii.'liniil liutii's of lio>i.itiilily ; Liu lli,.\ jiri' Ijioinsi-lvt's llic wor-l 
 sllfferiTs liy tlii'ir .1-fi'cl of chiinicliT. iilhl tliry I'liil In- Icfl .-I'ViTclx 
 nloni'. riiH vast iiiiijorilv of Ciiniiciiii"- nrc u'l'iiiiiiwly lio>|,itMl,l,. mul 
 
 A \ i. «■ of the AKiitultiiri.l Colliv at Ciielph. 
 
 o|><Mi-liciirtfcl lo iiow-conier> who do not I'ithor hol.l aloof or sliow 
 sifjiis of ciiif>tion-ilj|o characlor. 
 
 I ni.iy (|iioU' hiT!' from a few other letters, sent lioiiie 
 
 Letter! from to thi' Ontario Oftiee in London hy recent einiirrants. 
 
 Emigrants. who ineiilentally toneh on the reception given to new- 
 
 eoniers ill tliat I'mvince. One ninn says :— 
 
 " I like my plare very well. 1 am ein.'at.'ed for twelve months and 
 
 1 have twenty dollars a month, hoard and lodgiiii; and washing. The 
 
 people are very nice with me There is ))Ieiity of work for farm iiands 
 
 out here; if any youm.' men want to come out to Canada, tell them 
 
 to go on the farm, for thai i- the work that pays •< single man.'" 
 
 .\nother KnglislimMii writes;—" I am very .-omfortahly iiuartered 
 on this farm (KXI acres mixed), T am engage<l here for a year, after 
 which I propose to go to tlu' college at (iuelph for scientilic instruc- 
 tion, i am more than pleased with the life of tliis "ountry. and the 
 people t >o. No man need feel dull,— though far from village or 
 town; there are debating societies and good libraries of reference, 
 and scientific books which are i; wiluable. There is considerable 
 demand for "labour here, atul riuti <.f the ' right .-ort ' can always 
 obtain good quarters." 
 
 In a third letter I read;— "1 am awfully comfortable here: I 
 have practically the u.se of a horse and buggy whenever I like, nml 
 
 38 
 
i- MT\ iiii'i' mill iiitiTf-tiiiL', 
 
 il llii'v don't 
 
 tlu> work, tlioiiL'li Iriril 
 piisli lit nil " 
 
 A iirtji uritcr siiys ■" I iiin licliu'litc'il willi CiiiiiKlii iiikI its 
 |icn|jli', mill till' iiiiiii' I SI" nf it till' iM'iri' it ii|i|iciils to nil'." 
 
 A tilth i'rirri's|ioiiilt'iil a rites- "I think I .-hiill like fruit I'iirni- 
 inu' vi'ry iimcli. iinil 1 don't think tlicri' iiri' iiiiiny yoiins; iiii'ii thiit 
 would not like it. It is much niori' lu-iilthy thiin workiiiL' in thi' rity" 
 
 'I'll iniiki' up the liiilf dii/.cn. Ii't Tiii> iiuoti' oni' othiT iimiiii;r;int. 
 'villi jilso liiis settled in ii fruit distrii't ; — " It is .-i very nice coiintry 
 here. There seem to he plenty of op|iortiuiities for one to L'et out 
 here, iiiid 1 wonder there iire not more people eoiiiint.' out Truly, 
 Caniidii is :i yreiit eountrv." 
 
 1 r-ee in mi ollieiiil |iiiiiiplilet ii -tiiteniei.t tliiit the WM'.'e- ol 
 
 experienced fariii limid.- in Ontiirio run from t4 to O'l 
 
 WaRe* of :i nioiitli, with hoard, while the inexperieiieed men 
 
 Farm L'et CI l.'i>. to L.'i. iilso iricludini; hoiird. The writer 
 
 Labourers, adds: --"So much depends upon the iiinililic:itiiiii> of 
 
 the iipplicmil thiit the liuiiri" emi only he iipprn.ximiite." 
 
 Tliiit is M lair statement of the cn.-e. .\Iy own ini|iiirii's conlirm the 
 
 ollicial IJL'iires, so far as tliey iro ; and I can l'o a little further. 
 
 .\ friend of mine with a eoii.-ideralde orchard, relies to .-ome 
 
 extent on men livinu; in the nciLdihoiirhood f.ir help 
 
 House. in the liii.-iest .-ea-on. They work liy the day; hut he 
 
 Fncl. al.-o has an l-aiLTH.-hnian in his permanent employ. T" 
 
 Milk and this man he pays .S.'!.') (tTds.i a nioiith for ei^'ht months. 
 
 Garden and .^-Jlt ( e4 .'is.* a month for the re.-t of the year, mak- 
 
 thrown in. ins; CTd \2> f.T the twelve-month in cash. I'.iit in .iddi- 
 
 tion the man has a live-roomed cottaf;i'. wood.-' ed. fuel. 
 
 a daily ipiart of milk, ami burden jiround eiioiiirh to t;row all the 
 
 vepetahle.s he wiiiits for his family— all free of cost. 
 
 The ordinary \v;iu;e of a eapahle man in these fruit districts is .$2;') 
 
 or $30 (Cti 4s. or CG ,'^is.) a month for the season of eight months, with 
 
 hoard and lodging. It is not every fanner who Im.s n sppariite c ittage 
 
 for his man to live in: hut the wisdom of providing this 
 
 The is heiiig Miore and more recognized. If a man has a com- 
 
 Worker's fortahle little hnnie of his own he is less likely to have a 
 
 CottaKe. restless desire to move uwiiy. He can hring up a family — 
 
 which is a good thing for all concerned. The wife and 
 
 children eiin pet plenty of liealthy work ahout the farinhouse and 
 
 orchard, which adds considerahly to the family income, and at the 
 
 same time relieves t)>e farmer of anxiety when extra lielj) is wanted. 
 
 The farmers are also finding the advantage of engaging a good 
 man hy the year, even though there is comparatively little to do in 
 the four winter months, -instead of letting him go at 
 A Year's the end of the eight nionths' season and trusting Pro- 
 
 I ^agement. vidence to send another man i .ne spring. A new- 
 comer should always try to get a full > ear's contract ; 
 and if he is really competent he will generally succeed in doing so. 
 
 More slowly, but surely, the farmer is coming to see the advisa- 
 
 hility and possibility of regular working hours, so that his 
 
 Honrs men can know exactly what time they will have for theni- 
 
 of scivc.-^. \M:cn this aiiiuunt of coii.siilcratiori is shown them, 
 
 liabonr. they are foisnd to be perfectly willing to give the extra time 
 
 necessary in the busiest part of the season, 
 
 A fanner who has aih pted this system on his combined dairy and 
 
 39 
 
fruit fiinii trl!s uir llint llic rc-ult liiis liccii nlKiL'clliiT tt'»<>\ " A 
 
 rii'iL'lili'iir dl' mini'." lie -iiy-.. " ki'c|i- hi-; incii iit WTk lis 
 
 RrKiiUr lonir lis lio cjiii. Tlicy iir.' often up lit fmir; tli.'V do not t't't 
 
 Rc»t iinv rest timi' iit lirciikfiist. nor ii full hour iit iiouti. The 
 
 Honri. i'oii,,.,|UfMcc is they nn> tiri-il nil tlu' time-. On my iiliicc. 
 
 wi' >t:irt at liv.', Iiikc u full liour iit hreiikfiist iiml iiiiolhor 
 
 hour at iliiincr tiiin', iimi knock off iigiiin iit liv.-, iiftiT which there's 
 
 notliiiii.' to he .lone i'xce|.t the eveniiii; niilklie.'. The work is hctter 
 
 iloii,., mill the men lire -iitislie.l. 
 
 I h:ne never hid any troiihh ahoiit help, iind I hiivp threo rii-ii 
 
 whi. have hceii with me lor ei).'ht years. One reason for the trouhle 
 
 -oni;> larmer- have is that they turn men ailrift f.ir tlie 
 
 Effect winter. 1 alua... uive a yearly contnicf. and there- enough 
 
 of a uork in winter to make it worth while. 1 have live men in 
 
 Good ri'iit-lree hoii.-e,-. The foreman flets .y.'SLT) (UiT U?.1 .a year, ti 
 
 System, lioine wo';i. .fiKNl (C.'H Kiv I ii year, and ii i;ardcn with all 
 
 -orl- of fruit, lie has two cows of his own, liesii|(>s ^,i^•J. 
 
 and poultry. Kiieli of tl iher men L'ets .»27r. (t.'.T (Is.) a year, with 
 
 a hoti.-e and cardeii, ami I keep a cow for them. For eifrlit months 
 in the .vear 1 employ e.xtra men at $1.2,") (,">s. 2d.l a day. .Ml my men 
 at pre-eiit are ( ■,iiiadiaii-. hut I have often had KiiLdishmen and 
 Sci.t-meii. and when they are u.-ed to th(> work tlie,\- are as good as 
 al]>-." 
 
 Tile Hid t'oniitr,\-iiian who v.ants to taki' up fruit-i.'row ing \inder 
 
 the I.e-t CMiidiiions. with a practically certain prosiiect of succes.s, has 
 
 a really line o|iportiinity in the region 1 have des- 
 
 '^''•' crihed. If he lias no ea|iital, he will, of eonr.so, hc^irin 
 
 Poor Man's hy workiiiL' fi>r ii friiit-.'rower who is alreaily pstah- 
 
 Opiiortiinity. li~l,ed. if p,,>-,il,l,. ,,nc who is thorouL'hly up-to-date in 
 
 his mi'thods. 
 
 \ man with a little capital will do the same, if h,. is well ad- 
 
 \ <-<■■]. lOven if he i,~ .■in experience, I farmer him.-elf, and knows 
 
 i-'""'l deal .il t fruit-L'rowiii.' in the Old Country, he 
 
 The Man will gain immen,-ely i.y i;ettiiiL' practical cxperio.'cc of 
 
 with the new countr.\- and it.- method.- before ho sets up for 
 
 Capital, himself; and the I. day will give him not only this l,,cal 
 
 experience hut the additional capital he needs to start 
 
 indc|iendent operations. 
 
 liven if a man has capiliii enough, 1 should strongly advise him 
 to fake tlic .-aiiie coiir.se, hiring himself out. -as hundreds of edu- 
 cated men have done, -for ,it l.'a>t one season, and workinu' as if he 
 had not a jienny in the world. However eonlident he mav he in his 
 own judsxmeiit. he will h,. far hetter aide after that experieiuv to 
 .judge hetwi'cn the various orchard lands offered him. and to make 
 the hest use of the land when at last he Iniy-. .\,- I have 
 More said hefore. what is worth haviiii.' is worth huntiiiL'. .\ new- 
 Haste comer may pos.-ihly run across " the very place for liim " 
 Less before he is a week in the country; hut he is far more likely 
 Speed, to get it if he has cho.-en it deliherat.dy. from a number (if 
 plaees oft'ered. after careful invistigation. Karms oonie into 
 the market for various reasons. In a new country, for one thing, the 
 people are not so immovably rooteil to the spot where tiiey live, as 
 they often seem to be in the Old Country. .\ nmn may have 
 Why a very good farm, but he has no hesitation about selling it 
 Farms at a prolit if he thinks he can afford a better ime. More- 
 are for over, healthv as a farmer's life is, he cannot live for ever. 
 Sale. and when he dies some one else must .step into b\s place. 
 
 ^'I'O' <•'» "iil.v the farmer retires from business while still 
 
 40 
 
Iialf iiriil lii'arli . liiivi'iL' nmdf plciitv ti. Ii\c mi witlii.ut. Wdrkini.' tn tlie 
 I'll. I i4 lri> .liiy.- TliiiUr-aiMl,- i.i tli,'~i- i-filr.'il fiiriiii'r- iriiiv lir fiiiiinl 
 livini; ill |MMci' aii'l cniiifiirt in tlii> villriL'f- iiml lnuii> ni iMitari'^, If 
 iliiTi' iirc im -CI1I-. nr it tin' .-■ n- liav.- iikhIc Ihiin.'- for ilii'iii-i'h i- ■ il-.- 
 whiTr. till' I'ariM i- L't'iicr:ill\- -ulil. 
 
 Uiit.iri.. Tnr, I'.hi k .M,,|.l.-. 
 
 ^'■111 iiiiic.~ tl uiHT (.filer- ti. L'ft a leiniit. i.r to •■:iii'u-t ili.- 
 
 lanii t.. a |ii-artical man uli. will u..rU il ■'on -harfs," that j-. tin- 
 iiwiiiT ami (irrii|iii'r (livnIiiiL.' tlir |ir.H',-,N I- i,f tlir ri-..p Tin- 
 Farms i;ivi-. an i.|i|:i>rtiinit\- t . the cxi'crii'nrr.l man v>lii. i- n.'t 
 to Miii''' r"a.|y to lui\- a place of lii- nun M..>l t,f the faiaii- 
 
 Rent. in Ontario, however, are tlu' freehold of the fanni'r- who 
 live on them. an<l iiio-t of the men who >.'o the''e from the 
 Tnitecl Kini;(lom will lie ii\;\i\ to fin.l theni.-ehe- in a eoiiilr.v w hero 
 they eaii lie their own laiiillord.-. 
 
 The oapital reipiired varies not only ai ei.rdiiii.' to the luiid and 
 size of farm and hiiildiiiL's. Init aeeorrliim to whether the luiyer wants 
 to pay ea,-h in full or in in-talmei.t.-. The stdler is 
 Capital iienerally (|iijte willina to take a in.TtL'aL'e for the L'r 'ater 
 Required, (inrt of the price, ehart-'int: moderati' interest I 1 men- 
 tioned one ea.-e in whii'h the rate wa> as low a- -I piT 
 41 
 
rent, tint fi nr r>' IHT cfril i- iihTi' il-iinl nii iiiii<>iirit> li'ft dwiiiK. > 
 
 There lire plc'iit\ of ri|mliilile 'rni-t ( 'ii|ii|iniiies iiml indivulu il> always 
 
 re.ulv til mlviiuce iiii'iiey nil riinrtita'-'e. if the M'Her iii>i>t> mi (ii>h 
 
 'lim- Smimc fiiriiier- -ii> they Iiml it Minre |irii|itiihli' U> 
 
 Loam |>iil tlieir -.ivinu^ haek iiitu iheir k'Mi farms, im|>r(iviii<.' 
 
 on the himl ami IhhIcIiiil;.-. nml eiihiriiim.' Iheir nreharil-*. - 
 
 MortKBRe. than ti> |i:iy nff their iiii'rtj:ai.'e-. Thi^ imliey iiiiiy ho 
 
 carried to (lancermis »'Xtreiiji's; hut the iiieilerate ii-e 
 
 (if leirniue.l i-ii|iilal. when a re'.Milar sum i .-et Hfide everv year f"r 
 
 re|iii\ liiiMll, i- hel|ifiil Iiml in -t iliihle. 
 
 It i- u'eiieriillx e-lmialeil that M mall with *ri,IMl(l (-ay CI. Hill) i> in 
 
 a |ni,-itiiiM III liii.\ a i:iiiiil hun.lred-Mere farm. If he has *'J.(l(Kl (>iiy 
 
 kHliii. he ran -till hiiy the farm, hut nf I'oiir-e he will have tn |riy 
 
 iiitere-t, -a.v *IM) nr «l(i.'> (CM! r>-. (ir C.'M 7-, lid i fur the lir-t 
 
 Price* \ear, tu he redueed a- fii-t a- he re|iays the iirimapal. 
 
 of Thc-e hL'iire- tal;e ^aO (CIO '*-.) an aere as tlie freehnld 
 
 Farms, prii'i' nf a uimd averai/e firm, iiieliidim.' hiiildiiiL'- Ihil the 
 
 |irii-e- iif farm- vary i;reallv. frnm *2(l In $HKI inr, >ay, 
 
 Inmi C4 III C'JIII an aere, aeenrdiim tu all nllieial statement (Ire 
 
 fiirm ha- I n liept in heller ennditinn than aimther, nr -i lavtrer pm- 
 
 pnrlinn nf It- area ha- lieeii hrnii'-'lit under eiilli\ at inn, nr it has 
 hetter hiiildiiis:s, nr i- nearer a railway statimi or market tnwn 
 
 ■• Thee ean't pay tun miieli fnr L'nnd l-ind, and pnnr lami i> de.ir at 
 aii\- priee." .'sii -aid a wi-e nid (JiiaUer in I'rim-e Kdward ('mints 
 
 N'everlhele--, a | riy eiillivated farm, with a \er.\' 
 
 Clianres lllnde-l dwellilll.' -n InllU a- the -nil i.- L'nnd, llia\' he 
 
 in a jii-l the place fnr a man with -mall capital w Im has the 
 
 Poor Farm, -kill tn wnrk it up viv'nrnii.-l> iiitn hit'h c mditinn, - 
 
 which,! f e urse. will an Inijli value if he wants tn s 'II. 
 
 A man >vith emi-iderahle means, nil tin' other hand, will prnhahly 
 prefer a farm already in lirst rate order, with a sronil house ami other 
 Iniihlinns, ami will he ready to pay the price, 1 may here supplement 
 what I have -aid ahmit the lahoiir -iipply hy poiiitiiij; out that a man 
 who does thiiiL'- on i lar>;e -rale is able to offer steady work at unml 
 wanes, and is the more liki'ly In uet uood men; while the man who 
 takes a small place can at a pinch do a larL'e proportion of the wnrk 
 himself. If a man has children of an a^re to do n hit of lis-'ht work, 
 the f;iiiiily has a treinendous advantage. 
 
 .\ reiristcr of farms for sale is kept hy the Ontario 
 
 GoTernment (invernineiit, -which nl.so, by the way. keeps lists of 
 
 Registera. farmer- wlm will take new-comer- (of course without 
 
 the " premiums ' that some men ask) and pay them 
 
 such wayes as they may he worth fmm the -tart, he-ide- tiiviiitr them 
 
 hnard ami lodgiiii:. 
 
 Here, however, I will simply sjive a few actual examples of farms 
 iiiul farm prices which I have come across in the course of my own 
 investigation. 
 
 For example, a farm of !■«) acres nas hUely sold for $5,50() (CI, 14.")). 
 on its ownei's retirement. The same pnce is a.sked f >r a fartn of 100 
 acres, owned hy a man wlio has no sons. .\ i>lace of 150 acres, in- 
 cludiiif; ii good hrick house, u " tenant house " for the hired man. 
 and a ham. is priced at $6,()00 (£1,250). 
 
 '■ ! lioucht a farm of 80 acres four years aao." says one of niv 
 informants. " just outside the town where 1 live, and jmid $G0 
 (£12 10s,) an acre." making .$4,800 (£1,000) for the v,liole, "The 
 land was in fair condition, and included a ten-acre orchard. 27 years 
 old. which had been poorly cultivated, hut in our second year we 
 
 42 
 
 mpp 
 
 wm 
 
Ontiiiid Tills — I'istiiiit Hick'iry. 
 
 t..(,k 7(K1 liiirrels off it. There wiis no lioii^e, Init n fine Imni. ini'iisur- 
 iiij; KM) by 4(i feet, and good unilerssrouiicl stalile.'*. Th,' iirire of L'ood 
 liiiiil hereatwuts avernffes from *«> to $100 (.tl2 10s. to C20 lOs.) mi 
 iicre." 
 
 " My fatlier took ii farm of HHI acres," sny,< anotlier friend, 
 ■• worked it for over ,30 years, and (.'radually enlarged it to 'JIG aores. It 
 has now heen soM for $10.(KK) (C'2,0X'J). Tlie pureliaser. hy the way, is 
 a nu\ii who has l)een fanning in llie rough country in tlie north of 
 Hastings County, but he lias made enough to make a substantial 
 liaynieiit on account." 
 
 We arc all sorts, we (Md-Country folk. For a few adventurous 
 
 43 
 
»|>irit!<, tiiithitiK will (li> Imt I'.h- Wilil W»»».f,— thmiKli nnw-n-ilnys llii-y 
 liiive to K" prt'tty (iir l<i llntl wiMiu>HH even in Ihn West. For tliu 
 onliiiiiry iinin. eHiifcially llif fiiiiiily ninn. with enterprine oiioukIi to 
 critM the neu but a Ftrotig decire .'or a jileufiniit homo nnd con»r»'iiiii 
 ocpupatioii in a well-oottled coiiiniuiiity. 1 can inmRine no hnppior lot 
 tlian the lite of an apple man on Lake Ontario. 
 
 DOMINION OOVXRNMENT EMPLOTMENT AGENTS. 
 
 The Federal Immif^ration service lian iin ori^.tni-Antion throuKhoiit 
 Onturio for the purpose of plaeing (arm labourer.-* and iloiiif:-tie 
 fervants. This includes ninety employment agents*. These nKentu 
 keep informed in regard to labour conditioim in their diMtrictn. 
 ThrouRh them the Kooking .\gents in the United Kinui'.mi are ailvi-ied 
 
 where labour is required iti order that the new settler.s may be I ked 
 
 III points where work eun be weeured. When new ^ettlerH are booked. 
 Ilie IlookiiiK Agents* »en<l notiee.H in advance to the (ioveriiineiit 
 Kmployment .Agent in the (h.-^trict to which the settler in goinsj, .-^o Hint 
 the Kmployment .\gent may have time to look about (or a .-uilable 
 place for the new-comer. Thi.-* lervice ia paid (or entirely by the (inv- 
 ernment. No fees* o( any kind are charged the new arrival. 
 
 IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS. 
 
 Kvery iiinnigrant arr'vina in Canada has to e<sme iiii to the pliywi- 
 ciil. mental and 'iioriil .^tiindurd.-t pre.-*cribed by the Cauiidiiiii Imiiiiura- 
 lion Act, otlierwis<e iie or >he in refused admittance. 
 
 PROHIIUTKD CLAPSKS, 
 
 The foUowii.g classes are absolutely prohibited by this \c\ (roii, 
 cntcriiiK Canada: — 
 
 Persons Mentally Defective — 
 
 («) Idiots, imbecile.'*, feeble-minded person.*, epileptics, in-nne 
 per.'<oiis, and iwrsons who have been insane within five years previous. 
 
 Diseased Persons — 
 
 ('») Persons alllicted with any loathsome disease, or with a disease 
 which is contagious or infectious, or which may become d.ingerous to 
 the public health. 
 
 Persons Physically Defective^ 
 
 ('•) Immigrants who are dumb, lilind, or otherwise phy.-ically 
 defective, i> .less in the opinion of the immigration authorities they 
 have sufficient money, or have such profession, occupation, trade, 
 employment. or other legitimate mode of earning a living that they are 
 not liable to become a public charge or unless they belong to a fsimily 
 accompanying them or already in Canada and which gives security 
 satisfactory to the Minister of the Interior against such ininiigrants 
 becoming a public charge. 
 
 Criminals — 
 
 {'') Persons who have been convicted of any crime involving moral 
 turpitude. 
 
 Immoral Persons — 
 
 (»') Prostitutes and women and girls coming to Canada for any 
 immoral purpose, and pimps or perso- - living on the avails of prosti- 
 tution. 
 
 44 
 
Preeurart — 
 
 ift I'erHoiiH Willi priHun- or alt.-inpt I" Itring in. ni'iilii pnmti- 
 taten, or wnineii or uirl* (or iIh- imriKir-e o< prontitatioii or oHht 
 tlllMKirill r>u''i>"»'«'. 
 
 B«M*<'* •"«* V«ir«nU— 
 
 (»n I'rofei««ion.»l lii'iiK"''!* or viiKruntH, or |>t«r>.onM Uktly to btuoiin! 
 a |iul)li<- rhiirge. 
 
 ill) IirmiiBrnnts to wli'iiii irimn'.v Iiim Ui'oti givfii or l.miu'il liv iiiiv 
 olmritiil.lo oruiiiii/ation for Ih.- imrpiiM' of fiuibliiiu tlii-iii to .|imlifv 
 fur luiuliii« in ("iinmlii uii<li-r t\\\* Act, or wIiom- paM-iiii.- to Canula lin^ 
 been imiil, wholly or in |>art, by nny oliaritalil.- iir)!aiii/.ution. or out 
 of public nioncyH, unlp!<n it i* shown that the iiuthority in wrilirit-' 
 of tho SupcrinttMiilent of Iriiininriition, or in cime of pt-rj-onM coinini.' 
 from Kuropp. the authority in writing of the Assintant Su|*rintcnil<Mit 
 nf Iiiiiuigration for Canada, in I-onilmi, hn« been obtaincil for thi> 
 
 lundiiitf in Canada of such perttonx. and that m\v\\ authority hax 1 i 
 
 acted upon within a period of cixty dayH thcrcaftiT. 
 
 It should be pointed nut that the prohibition in rpRard to charity- 
 aided ininilgrnnts doen not apply in cartel where money is privately 
 loaned by one individual to another. 
 
 MONKY QI'ALIFICATIONS. 
 
 There are certain reifulations ri'tfarding thf anioimt of mmii-y 
 immigrantw must have in their poK.-e.HHioii in order to become eliuilile 
 to enler Canada. However there aie two elasne.s of immigrants who 
 ore exempt from the.oe regulations. They are: — 
 
 1. Male immigrants going to asHured employment at farm work 
 iind having the means of reaching the place of such emi.loyment ; 
 female innnigranta going to assured etnployment at domestic service 
 and having the means of reaching the place of such employment. 
 
 2. An immigrant of any of the following descriptions going to 
 reside with a relative of one of the folhiwing descriptions (who is able 
 and willing to sujiport such immigrant) and has the means of reach- 
 
 the place of residence of such relative-.— 
 A— Wife going to husband. 
 B— Child going to parent. 
 C — llrother or sister going to brother. 
 D — Minor going to married or itnlepeiulent sister. 
 K— Parent going to son or daughter. 
 All other immigrants must coniidy with the regulations regarding 
 money qualification. The purpose of these regulations is to provide 
 that the new arrival will have enough money to maintain himself 
 until he has had time to look about for suitable employment. 
 
 The regulations provide that the immigrant must have in his or 
 her possession at the time of arrival a specified sum of money belonc- 
 ing absolutely to such inmiigrant. The amount varies with the season 
 of arrival. The regulations call for— 
 
 March 1st to October 31st $26 (£6) 
 
 November 1st to last day of February $60 (£10) 
 
 And in addition to such money the immigrant must have a ticket 
 or a sufficient sun. of inoney with which tn p«rrh«=e a tii-ket or trfins- 
 port to his or her destination in Canada. 
 
 In the case of a family immigrating together it is not necessary 
 that each member of the fa..iil,v should individually comply with the 
 money regulations, but the head of the family must possess a sufB- 
 
 45 
 
j-ieiit •IIMI of nM<ll«*,V In !>.• fiiutvitlflll ti> Ihi- ilifUffKIIti- i-illli'il Inr on tlir 
 
 (lllloHJIlK llHMiM — 
 
 Miirili li.t to «»<i(ili«-r .ll*! -»afi (t6t III rt-KHril lo i-acli loliilr of 
 |H yeiirx or over m the fiiiiiilx ; ll'i.M) it'i lOx.) In ri't;Hr>l 
 to i-iic'li iM-r-oii III till- fiiiiiily iHfT than Im vi'iirn of iiuf 
 
 NovfiiilitT l-i to lii.'.l (liiy of Ki-linmry ffifi (tloi in ri>Kiiril lo 
 •■ncli inliilt iiiliiT of till' (iiiMil> . tiiiil $'J.'i (Kfi) in rfifiir.l 
 
 to ••'K'll chilli 
 
 Ami ihi- iM'ili.-y iiiu»t hi- |>ori'c»i't'i| ni lulilition to lickctM or ii -inn 
 of inoni-y i>i|iiivnli-nl to tho cufI o( lriin^|M>rt for all the int'inhfr- of 
 till- fiiinih to thi'lr |i|iiri' o| i|i--tiniition in ('aiunla. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 Kroni tiiiif to tinii' loii or Mir.iitmn- niiiv !..• nnnli* in llir ri'>tric- 
 livf ri'KuIalion • in mror'l.inii' uilh varyniK coiidition,* aiwl iiriMiin- 
 >itnno«»x. Knll inforniMtion in -I'lruril tn thi'i'c ami any othfr foatiiri'- 
 of till' Iiiiiiiiirriition Act miiy h«' ohtiiiiu'il hy a|>|ilyinir to any ot the 
 ('aiiuiliiin (iovermiK'nt liniiiiKration A(fiMit< in the I'liitccl Kiiil'iI 
 
 O 
 
 4« 
 
J 
 X 
 
i 
 

 CANADIAN GOVERNMENT AGENTS. 
 
 En» nd 
 
 J. Obed Smith, Assist.iiit Su|ieriiilondent nf iMiiiKratidii 
 11-12 Charing Cross, Lon.lcri, S.VV. 
 
 Mr. A. F. Jury, Old Castle llliliis.. I'rce.son'a liow, Liverpool. 
 
 Mr. G. H. Mitchell, l.'ii* Ci'rporution Street, Birniinglmiii. 
 
 Mr. Alex. McOwan, 81 Qiioeii Street. Kxeter 
 
 Mr. L. Burnett, U; I'iirliiUii<3iit. Stn-et. Yiirk. 
 
 Scotland — 
 
 Mr. Malcolm Mclntyre, Xi-'M St Kiiocli S.iu.ire. Cliisgow 
 Mr. John McLennan, ■Jil (injld Street. Alierdeeii. 
 
 Ireland — 
 
 Mr. John Webster, I7-I!i Victnriii Street, llelf.mt 
 Mr. Edward O'Kelly, 44 1>m\vsmii Street, DiiMiti 
 
 NO FEES CHARGED BY GOVERNMENT AGENTS. 
 
 M