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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent ia mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Ji- ^ OF ThI t ■ ■ .\ ^ ■ ■ ' .■■■»-.» GEOGIIAPUY AND iriSTOIlst ', '-3. FROWt THF. i)ISCOVERY OF AMERIC-V TO THE V : UEIGN OF QTJ EErf* VICTOR U 'r x .w f APBA^OED IS A PECU^lAB 4IANNEK, VIJIC^ BEN- V^aa XT •APPMCABT^.wi'fH'BE A9 A CATECH^^iM OH A HBADJSG BOOK : ,.f « ton. BCHOOLS Inij rRXVATB IJfaTBtiWlOW. Ilhistratetl by a Map. '_,.« — 000- ■t. -X i' PfiVNtllO AND VtlttIilSHCT> FOn THK .iUTBUH AND SOLD »y AJ-L B00K!SECW5^? : Price One ShilUfifi and Si.tjf}»nc!f. 1838. •.1'' e AF ^■ — Comprehensive outline OF THE GEOGRAPHY AKD HISTORt OP NOVA SCOTIA. IFROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE REIGN OF aUEEN VICTORIA I. ARRANGED IN A PECULIAR MANNER, WHICH RFN- DEES IT APPLICABLE EITHER A3 A CATECHISM OB A READING BOOK. rOR SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE INSTEUCTIGW. Br JOHN CROSSKILL. .000- HALIFAX, N. S. MINTB© AND PUBLISHED FOB THB AVTHOB. 1888. I- si/* 3 R ('^ /^ kyO 'r ^ I have attentively read Mr. Crosskill s work ri the History and Geography of Nova Scotia. 1 iu'cessity ofsuch a work for the use of schools \vJ he readily admitted by all, particularly when it coij tains within so small a compass the very marrow J larirer works, and combines cheapness, utility, at| simplicity of lanjrnage, the most valuable i-^ssentia| of an initiatory book, intended for o-onr^ral use. Tl| Author has, in my humble opinion, very happily su, ceeded in the v^rv dilTicult task he undertook, f compiling a well linked narrative of historical ai! political events, in a mode servinor the double purpo of a readino- book and art excellent catechism. ' sincerely hope that this laudable attempt may mei With such success as will encourage its author aO others in the honorable task of enlightening aij informing the rising j^eneration. , July 12th. JOSEPH CLARK! From Mr. James Fitzgerald, Master of the Catho^ School, Halifai;. , L I have hastily looked over Mr. Crosskill s book on t| History and Geography of Nova Scotia. The plan,! well as a great portion of the language of the work,| original, audits concise and attractive style will, I ffj satisfied ensure for it an extensive circulation, July 13th. JTAMES riTZGERAL From the Rev. A. Romans, A. M., Minister of Jamts Church, Dartmouth, and Rector of the clad cal Seminary, Dalhousie College, Halifax. < I have perused with great satisfaction the newly puj lished Catechism of the Geography and History of No| Scotia. The minuteness of description with regard f the boundaries of the Province, and the vast and varij mass of useful information for which it is characterize cannot but render it worthy of the public regard, Ei nating as it does from the pen of a Novascotian, it peculiar claims oil the community. But independent! such a circumstance, the merits of the work are suf cient in my opiuioh to ensure Us success. JulyUth. AROMATSfl jjiorate ] Scotia mplote t ice of t kt pers^ ik, mlgi Irrative t) attent' icssac Ive witli Teuce Incies i it those His to PiiEFACE. iv, follo-^'lng brief pa-es require not an Lborato preface. Tliat the youth ot No- S-otla nii'iiht no longer he suffered to jnplote their scholastie days in total igno- re of the History of their native land ; it persons of every age, capacity, and .ik, might be supplied wltli an historical [rrativc suiliciently interebflng to. repay b attention of a leisure hour— thai all who Lsscssacopy of Haliburton's History might ivc v^^itliln their reach a manual for ready t'erence to correct tlie numerous discre- [ncies in that otherwise valuable work ; kt those Schoolmasters who have ^.dopted b History of Kova Scotia as part of their item of instruction, m.lght have assistance I their eilbrts— and that others might be [luced to extend this laudable but too iich neglected practice :-— such were the btives which impelled the author to his sk— such the prospect which urged him to J completion. iNo capricious alterations Lve been made in the language of the ithors whose works it was found neces- Iry to consult; a Ust of which is sup- ted on the last page, for the convenience those who are desirous of extendmg their u 'I r II PREFACE. I ••] knowledge of Nova ScotPi. ^VliiU* it v, ;i 4 neccssarv to i .>u(lonse th;^ Tiarratlve into ; | small compass, care hs been taken to ii • tice every i]]torestlng' fact, and lo (ontiiu;, the liistorv to tlie' prei^i-nt yenr. Som. iinolo^y Id necessary for the IMap. v^lii ' docs not inclad<^ the adjaceiit Proxin'ty. ,•: proposed. The omission is m:jde iVo, causes vhich the author covdd not contiii^ Inniicdiattiy after tlie appennnice of i !i 1 advertisement, he njis ];chtelv iJrej-enU'l withahe^ntiful and correct d^-aft, exiC'inlii.i to Lake Ivrie, west— Phihuhdphia, soutli- ' Labrador, north.— and Newtonndhuid, ca t^ This was forthwith put inti) the hands ( | the ein^raver, hut the dif^iiudties and dehi}| attendin;.5: th- execution oi* it, induced hi»r| to abandon th- object, 'ilie Map s_ubjoiuc(l| hoM'ever, contains tbe new Coiuities, and i<| otherwise sulEciently correct for all ordin;u rv purposes. ^ [. ' To Mr. James McKenzie,^ deputy^Sur.| veyor, whose inj:enulty sn])pUed the ih"aft| above spoken ol'; to \V. B. Hamilton, I'scj.,! Secretary of the Exchan^?:e Reading Hooni,^ and other ^i^entlemen from whoTn the fMitboTJ has received files of Newspapers and oth(^| volumes for reference, he begs to tender^ his warmest aclaiowledgments. TORXT C1^<^^*^1^"1LT.. Halifax, July 16, 1838. hilo it \va<; Ivo into ; ken to u().. ((Hitiiui^ i\v. Sonul i;vp. V,} ()\in"c^'. ai lOt COHti'ttil ilU'C Of ill, , CXf^TuliiJ IhiiuU ca r ' liaiHls ( i avui ^lt-'^:iy[ ) subjoiiiivdj It it's, and i'J • idi ordiii.'u 1 \ f;puty^Suri 1 the drafi ilton, l^f^((.j img KooTiil I the ^mfborj 'S and otbo| ^s to tendeil ^KTT.T.. H rtl, Ut 4-1-1. ',IJar>'l'r"l< if'^ r/. ^f "^1 II I\m.-P MiIIIHII C- T t^.ll.r- , lliinter. . , ,^:^^^ t>l',vuilhft'iit > ,^%Jlir,,/!ix.-,xll s',^.""^'^' Ji-^Ssl'iii.miiif I I, , , rinritlnr Uinii'lufii - iy-v/v--^ 1/ iK/l^ ^ ^-v,^ '\ / \\.itii-ii''' •••'• '■'"'■/> // i^?S?^?:^ A JVKir MAJ' OF Ciipe IVpftoii. Soiai>yr.UJ\.««li.i-. lj,ilil',i.< .A'>*. u. I /rf .JO llritifli StHtutr Miles GEO< CATECHISM OF THE [geography and history OF NOViL SCOTXA. CHAPTER I. [tUATIOK, extent. and liOUNDARIES OT IJOVA SCOTIA. ]^&:^!^Lin.e of Bntish America, id includes Nova Scotia proper and Cape Breton. Describe Nova Scotia proper. j-.,„ ^..f Sova Scotia proper is a Peninsula, standing out the Atlantic ocean, on the eastern coast ot >rth America. It is of an irregular figure, and etches in a direction about north east and south St, 255 miles in length, and varies in breadth ,m25to 80 miles. It embraces a surface of ;,617 miles, and lies between the 43 and 4> igrees of north latitudef and between the 60th id 67th degrees of west longitude.; ;How is Nova Scotia bounded? ■ „„,. i,„ Kova Scotia is bounded on the north east by 16 Gut of Canseau, which divides it from Cape 'eton; on the north by the Strait of Northum- rland which separates it from Prince Edward s land ; on the north west by New Brunswick, to ich it is joined by an isthmus, and by the Bay Funday;— all other parts of the coast are ihed by the Atlantic ocean. It was deemed unnecessary to mark the questions . answers by * Q' and « A', in the usual i«ode, as the Terence in the size of the type used for each of them 11 sufficiently pojai out the distinction. Latitude, distance from the equator. . •'vtl V K. as tl 'he ] rou O GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY How doyou describe Cape Breton, and its situation with respect to Nova Scotia proper? Cape Breton is an Island of irregular features. lying one mile beyond the north eastern extrer itv*ar..o , of Nova fecotia proper. It is 102 miles long and j*.^^^ (>3 miles broad, and it extends one degree further £^r north, and one degree further east than any pare^"' ot the adjacent peninsula. >' ^ What distance is Sable Island from Nova Scotia ? The Isle of Sable lies about 80 miles south ea&t of Caj)e Canseau, the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia proper. It is a low, narrosv, sandv Island. 30 miles long, remarkable onlv for beinff dangerous to vessels sailing near the coast <^rtl T'J-fT ^^" y«^'-^Iate of the name Nova bcotia and of its former boundaries? -^ Nova Scotia is the Latin term for New Scotland, f ^j Wl,en the nunie was fii;st given, it embraced Ne^^,,J^^^l Brunswick and Prince Edward's hland, as wellX"™ as Cape Breton. It has superseded the naineiX Jfl F^n^b • P""°"''^ ^"'" '° "^« ^^"""'^^ b/lh^g^;;;'^; CHAPTER n. ^,^ History of Nova Scotia. ^ow fa To 1497, DURING THE REIGN OF HeKRY VIJ. | Spirit of enterprise in Europe— Discovery of America hrA Columbus and Cabot. " What was the chief cause of the discovery of America? t» r boon after the year J400, an ardem desire v^gl ?'"° miuMiested by the Commercial nations of^rZi,^^ ^^l^r^,?'^^'^^' ^'"^^ ^^ '^'^ East Indiesri^i^ What tended to promote a spirit of enterprise ? ^^re ar Pd hP ..^' *^°^"- ^.""^"^t^^'^^ a German, discover- i^redl ed the art of printmg, which aided in the diffusion*e befc of nautical and scientific knowledge through § Some Eiimpe, and was introduced into England by#rs say Wilham Caxton, in 1471. ^ ^»n the jrage rel houg rout Portu Geno RY OF NOVA SCOTIA. nd its situation guhr features, tern extrer ity liiles long and degree further than any pari' >va Scotia ? miles south » extremity of narrow, sandy )nly for being coast. :he name Nova as the desired Passa;rc to India discovered ? ■he Portuguese* at length found India by sail- ^ round the African coast in 1487; but Ions; bre this event, Christopher Columbus, a dis"' guished Genoesef navigator, had matured Im ms for the grand discovery he soon after made,. [ielate this great discovery. 'Convinced that the world was round, Columbus ceived the bold idea of finding India by filing st, and having after many disappoinHentg :ained the assistance of the Queen of Spain, he inched into unknown seas— encountered innu- irable difficulties, and at length on the 12th ol* tober, 1492, discovered America, which wag in emphatically called The New World.- [pw ^rntUr, ? W^^ ^^c* '^^d this discovery in England ? nbraPPH Npw !^ ^P""'^ of Commercial enterprise, already pre- and fl« ^vZ'?!^'''^ ^" ^'^^'^"^' ^^« increased by the news of 'd thP Tinm«% ^^^"^ ' ^"^ •'^"^ CABOT,t an experienced and. )untr^ hv hAr#*^^'^^' mariner, having represented to King uuy uy moHpni-y ti^^ seventh, that a shorter route might bo '#nd to India, his Majesty assisted Cabot and lis three sons to undertake a voyage of discovery. How far was this expedition successful ? 3RRy vij. Though Cabot§ did not succeed in finding a ' of America by^ ^°"^® to India, he discovered a new continent. . rv of AmPripnV I Portuguese, of Portugal, a kingdom of Europe, nt dptirP wn« I 9^»oese, of Genoa, a city in the north of Italy. i«! nfFMrrTr *,'^^"'' ^^^^'^ "^^^ A viativG of Yenice. at that time a uiii^urope I place of Commercial ortance. He was attracted ^asi; Indies. »: England by the profit, of her growing Commerce. ;rpri.e if There are slight grounds for believing that Cabot dis- an, discover- 'Oirered Newfoundland so early as 1494, in a .oya^reha the diffusion »|de before he applied to the King of England. *^ Ige through J Some accounts attribute this voyage to John Cabot ; England byflN*'^ say that soon after receiving his commission mpi the King on March 5th. 1495^ he died, and the '"^age related above was performed' by his son Sebas- • Certaia it is that Sebastian Cabot gained 8 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Relate the progress of Cabot's voyage. Having sailed from Bristol with 7 vessels, a 300 men, in May, 1497, on the 24th of June came in sight of land, and the first part of t Continent he touched vi^as within the anciei boundaries of Nova Scotia. He then crui along the coast about 1500 miles north, and it same distance south of Nova Scotia, and returnl to Ei^nd. rid a' *ntry iQ||ephar age. tVhat I n 15 Wh£^ relation did this voyage bear to the disco verj of Columbus ? Columbus had not at that time extended . voyages beyond the West India Islands ; cons^ quently. Nova Scotia must have been the first laij discovered on the Continent of America, ail Cabot has credit for the discovery. CHAPTER XXL From 1497 to 1602 — IIenky vir, Henry viii, E WAR» Ti, Mary i, Elizabeth. Other voyages — Baron de Lery — Giovanni Verazzam Stephana Gomez — Jacques Cartier — Sir Humphry G hert — Sir Walter Raleigh — Marquis de la Roche — i?c tholomew Gosnold. "What is the next account we have of a voyage bei made to Nova Scotia ? It is supposed that Nova Scotia was next visitf in 1518, when, it is said, the Baron de Lery French nobleman, made an unsuccessful atteii to form a settlement at Canseau. [See Map.] Who else visited the Continent from IVance and Spai In 1525, Giovanni Verazzano reached Ameri from France, and sailing along the coast frc great reputation as a navigator. After returning fn America in 1497, he entered into the service of Spi «« TTC13 ictaiivu lu x:iiigiaiiu vy JCjuWarQ Vlt ftQQ Bilif Grand Pilot of England in 1548. ;e ma le nan What ( lOn til Irt sai lizabe jwfou fown Wher Aftei the] Jgust lips; 'that ] liandec Snglan J. What I In 15 Sir" I Rem Yv'ho 1 In l\ ranee, ttlem i * Flor l^ates, 8 "'" t Nev Great B lies fr jSir iga of rORY OP NOVA SCOTIA. ?«*• ith 7 vessels, ai 24th of June e first part of tl lin the anciej ie then crui !s north, and tl :ia, and returni to the discoverii ne extended Islands ; con 3en the first la f America, aii IeNRY VIII, ABETH. ^anni Verazzam ^ir Humphry G| e la Roche— Bi rida* to Newfoundland,t he named the whole ntry " New France." A few years afterwards phano Gomez, a Spaniard, performed a similar age. iVhat other French navigator came to America ? n 1534, Jacques Cartier visited Chaleur Bay, e map,] and took possession of the Country in e name of the King of France. >Vhat expedition afterwards sailed from England ? On the 11th of June, 1583, Sir Humphrey Gil- rt sailed from Plymouth, by authority of Queen izabetb, and on the 5th of August, landed at wfoundland, and took formal possession for the own of England. fAVhen did Sir Humphrey quit Newfoundland? ' After establishing Her Majesty's title and honor % the Island, Sir Humphrey sailed on the 20th of gust for the Isle of Sable, with three of his ips; one of which was wrecked on the shoals that Island, another which Sir Humphrey com- anded foundered at sea, and the third arrived at gland on the 22nd of September. What other voyage was made from England ?. In 1584, two navalcommanders, sent to America Sir Walter Raleigh,t visited and gave name to IRGI^^IA, in honor of Queen Elizabeth. Vv'ho made another effort to colonize Nova Scotia ? In 1598, the Marquis de la Roche sailed from ranee, with the intention of forming a permanent ttlement in Nova Scotia. of a voyage bei was next visiti aron de Lery,? ccessful attem' [See Map.] France and Spai^* Florida, the most southern extremity of the United •cached Ameri'pates, about 1500Mles south-west of Nova Scotia. the coast frd ^ f Newfoundland,'^ large island, now a province of ©reat Britain. Its south-westwardly point is about 60 er returning h^^^ ^^^^ Cape Breton. service of SpaM % ^^^ Walter Raleigh was a famous historian and na- ?iga of James I. on & charge of JBigh Treason. ara y it ana mi •S&. 10 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Did he succeed ? ^''fc'tVi 1 He landed a number of convicts on Sable IslaM-rivei ^nd alter exploring some of the harbors in Noalsed Did Aft( [ndai: Ire an flow lie ntere ills, tecotia, returned to France, without having ucco l)lished his object. What became of the Convicts ? Of the miserable outcasts left on the desol Island, all perished except twelve, who w rescued 7 years afterwards, and pardoned , then' offences by the King of France, who life Avise gave each of them 50 crowns. .^^ns Eoditf "^^^''' succeeded that of the Marquis de Ibord'e In'l602, Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, f^o f ^ iiUglaud, gave name to Cape Cod. [See map] Pot CHAPTER IV. io eh FnoM 1602 TO 1605._Elizabetii, James i. First voyage and settlement of De Monts—His return ■ France, Who established the first colony in Nova Scotia? Monsieur De Monts, an intelh>ent and ante prismg Frenchman, at length successfully attemri P ,ed to form a settlement in Nova Scotia. ■ ^® What was his first movement ? Having been appointed by the King of Pram Governor General of the extensive countrv b tvveen the 40th and 46th degree of north latitud under the appellation of Acadia, with a monopo: ot the fur trade, he formed an extensive assock tion to assist him in his enterprise. When did he leave France ? Accompanied by a number of volunteers,* i) Monts set sail from France w^wo ships oL il r.U^'' distinguished names among these voluntee were PoNTGRAVE and Champlain. The former mad several voyages to Canada previous to this period ; an iTntrV'^? " v" '--vuipa.ucu Dv uaamplain, who then se lected the site for a colony he afterwards established. arbo if grar fjJBxed JPORT for hi Wh De disco^ 5valua •ihey of th( We "<■ were < i Th • IV 3 TORY OF NOVA SCOTIAt 11 .«th March 1604; and on the IGth of IMay he ts on Sable IslaiJtnve(i at the southern shore of Acadia, and exer- harbors in NoMised his authority l)y capturinj,' a trading vessel. ut having accoy Did he proceed any further? , , .„ c? 1 1 After a rnontii's delay, he doubled Cape feable, [nd anchored in St. Mary's Bay, where some iron ire and a mineral containing silver were discovered, flow did he continue his course ? „ _ , lie then sailed into the Bay of Fundy, and i on the desola ^Ive, who we| id pardoned fL **^ . . - . ranee, who liMntered a spacious basin, surrounded by romantic ns. ^ills, from which descended refreshing rivers, he Marquis de bordered with beautiful meadows and filled with fejdelicate fish. I Who formed a settlement at this place ? Pontrincourt, De Monts' personal fi-iend, was «o charmed with the beauty and safety of this 4|arbor, and the fertility of the land, that he received l| grant from De Monts, and sailing 18 miles inland, ifxed ids residence on»a point of land, and called it Fort Royal.* He soon after returned tu France ;|br his fiimily. V Gosnold, fro . [See map] Tii, James i. nts — His return JTova Scotia? igent and ente p:«fi,ll,roftr"si Whither did the rest of the party proceed? esstuiiy attem[:f De Monts and his adherents re-entering tlie Bay ' A discovered a copper mine at Cape d'Or, and some Kinxr nf F..nn. %aluable chrvstalsat Parrsboro' [see map] ; wlienco velmmtr^^#»^ey sailed into a great river on the north side ve country bi «^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^jf^y ^^^^^^ gt^ joh„. Were the adventurers pleased with the country they Iwere exploring ? i i • They were here struck with wonder and admi- ration by the romantic beauty of the scenery, and the extent of the river, the fish with which it was filled, and the grapes which grew on its banks. Where did the party go to spend the winter ? Quitting the river, ey coasted along the Bay south- westwardly, to an island which they named 'north iatitudj ^ith a monopoli tensive associj* volunteers,* T ivo ships on ih these volunteei. The former ma^ - this period ; an lin, who then sc i established. k 12 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY St. CroiXjf where De Monts built a fort and re i: solved to remain till the spring. What happened to the settlers at St. Croix ? Here they suffered for want of fuel and fresf water, and 36 died of scurvy during the winter. AVhere was the settlement removed to in consequence In the spring, De Monts was about to return ii France, but Pontgrave, his Lieutenant, havini arrived with supplies, and 40 men, the whole part| removed to Port Royal, and were soon comlbrta bly setded on a commanding spot of land. When did De Monts return to France ? At the approach of autumn (1605) De Monts sail for France, leaving his friends to explore tb? interior. How did the new settlers act towards the Indians ? Both at St. Croix and at Port Royal, the French had the good fortune to conciliate tht affections of the Indians, who supplied them with venison. CHAPTER V. FnoM 1605 to 1607 James r. Second voyage of De Monts -^His return^Ts deprived oj^ his Commission, ^ When did De Monts again sail for Port Royal ^ On the 13ih May, 1606, De Monts and Pontrin- court quitted France in a vessel of 150 tons, with supplies for Port Royal, were they arrived on the ^7ih of July. t The Bay in which this island is situated was likewise named St. Croix, [or Holy Cross], as was also one or both of two large river which descend into it. The l)ay IS now called Passamaquoddy Bay, and the name of the lidand is changed to that of Deer Island. The souths erly river retains the name St. Croix, and that further north is OaU^A Mo^arorm^l^..:^!. «: rrt ^ -i a fort and re 'Jroix ? fuel and fresl f the winter, in consequence )ut to return ti OF KOVA SCOTIA. 13 What took place on the an ival of DeMonts. The infant settlement now revived, and irn- ovements were made in the cultivation of the What new voyage did Pontrincourt ""^fl^l^^^. ,^^^ De Monts, having been unsuccessful m former .«. .V, X..UW. i.«>yage9 to find a better place for settlement further enant, havin Jkuth on the American Coast, now prevailed upon he whole party^ntrincourt to renew the attenip^. ^ soon comlbrta when did Pontrincourt sail on this voyage . f land. Ue accordingly quitted Port Royal on the 28th s? tf August, and on the same day De Monts em- } De Monts se lterl What took place when the winter had termmatea . I Early in the spring, the French prepared their iardens, erected a mill, built two vessels, and \ laught plenty offish, several hogsheads of which Ihev sent to France. What interesting scene were they gratihed witn f ¥^ A«..:i A(\c\ T^fiinn Wnrrioirs who had assem- )led near Port Royal, passed dowa the mer in : I u GEOGRArilY AND HISTORY their cnnoes, witli great regularity and order- »iglit wliicli the French viewed with udiiiiratioai What intelligence arrived at Tort Royal from JVIonts? On tho morning of Ascension day, a vessel rived from France, hearing tidings from De Men' that his Commission was cancelled, in con.^t qaence of misrepresentations made to the Frenc cOur: hy persons who were jealous of the priv| leges it conferred upon liim. How did this measure effect Pontrincourt? Though distressed to find that De Monts In quitted all connection with Acadia, Pontrincoui ^ was determined to reside at Port Royal ; and tal ,^^\. ing an affectionate adieu of the friendly Indiaui '^pontrv jbe returned to France for supplies. Did he arrive in safety ? , | jjo\« He landed at France in September, and present '^ The ed to the King some valuable specimens of ili )|^onts ^|hithe .renev 'his death, taken by tb productions of the country. CHAPTER VI. Froji 1607 TO irv^.... James i. l^'ormation of the London avd Vhjmouth cc nftniet-. Sir John Gilbert*s arrive i'l Amtjiica What extensive measures had been Cn^lish to commence settlements in America? Previous to 1607, two associations were formei I'fairs in England for colonising America — they wen ^^art i called the London and Plymouth companies. ^guide Relate what progress they had made in 1607. U Wl They had received from the King, grants of th( I Mi whole coimtry lying between the 34th and 45tl Mtlie d degrees of north latitude; and in the summer o iwas 1607, by the agency of the London Company, M "VVj James Town was built in Virginia. ;J Hi What other attempt to colonise was then made ? xjuiiii^ liiu saijic; year, iDii «;uiiu vriiDuiL ruvivcu^ the claim of Sir Humphrey, bis brother, and land * cour at xi RY y and order- h adiniratlo*' lloyal from ^, y, n vesFt^l m from De Mon led, in const e to the Freiif 3 of tlio priv tourt ? De Monts In iu, Pontrincoui iioyul ; and tal iendly Indiaii: ir, and preseni ecimens of ili rE3 I. uth cc/npaniea- ^a — his death. n taken by tb lerica ? IS were formei ca — they wen Qmpanies. n 1607. I, grants of thr :i4th and 45tk lie summer o Jon Company, ben made ? n:ii 4. :.,«J uriiuui t icvivcii ther, and laud OF NOTA SCOTIA. 15 L on the hnnka of the Kennebec river, novv in J.e prate of Maine, [see map] intending to establish r colony; but he Jlied during the ensuing winter. mid the"nttcmi»t was abandoned. niAf.in Did not this settlement infliieuce the claims of IJntain •/. hor transatlantic dominions? r 'no residence of Sir John Gilbert, as well «b •tl.o Ibi-.nal possession tuken by Sir Ili.niphrey, and •d .liscovcry bv Cubot, are cousidered the foun- i^ition of the title of the Crown of England to US possessions in America. ^ CHAPTER VII. ^ FnoM 1608 TO 1613 — James i. Pontrincourt renews the settlement at Port Eoijal—New Colony at La Have. . k How was the settlement at Port Royal revised ? .^ The Kinc of France, having confirmed Ue Monts' grant of Port Royal, Pontrincourt returned ,^ither early in 3G08, with several families to 'ienew the plantation. ., r. i o r What addition was afterwards made to the Colony r" ^ Two Missionaries, Fathers Beart and Masse. -7010 likewise conveyed to Port Royal, after much fpposition on the part of Pontrincourt. How did he as Governor act towards them ? ^ He forbade them to intermeddle with the at- %airs of the Colony, telling them that it was his i^art to rule them on earth, and theirs merely to 'guide him to heav«p. . i What melancholy incident occurred at this time? I Much grief and sympathy were novv caused by Itlie death of the Indian Chief, Mambertou, who iwas 100 years old and a warm friend of the Colony. 't Was he not buried with much ceremony? I His funeral was attended by an immense con- i course of Indians ; and his remains were interred M . r»-....p 1 ««frU yviHWarv hnnnrst bv the T rcncn. 16 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY « \il\ "Wft How were the Missionaries treated at Port Royal ? The Colonists were not pleased with the resi. dence of the priests among them, and in the absencP! of the Governor to France, Biencourt, his son, even threatened them with corporeal punish- ment, in return for their spiritual anathemas. What was the consequence of this treatment ? The accounts which they sent to France, induc| ed their patroness, a French Lady, in the spring ( of 1613, to despatch a vessel to Acadia with 25 emigrants, under the command of Monsieur Sau&t saye, who removed the priests to La Have, esta- blished a new Colony, and called the place St. Savior. CHAPTER VIIL 1613. — James i. Captain Argall destroys the settlements at St, Savior an^ Port Royal, Did the settlers at St. Savior remain unmolested? Scarcely had the new colonists effected a settle- ment, when they were surprised by the appearance of an enemv. Relate the circumstances which led to this surprise ? The English settlements at James Town had not been neglected, and in one of their fishing and trading expeditions on the coast of Acadia, Capt. Argall, who commanded a ship of fourteen guns, discovered the French at St. Savior. How did Captain Argall act towards them ? He immediately captured thfeir vessels, destroy- ed the settlement, pillaged the fort, and conveyed the settlers to James Town, where they narrowly escaped being executed. Under what circumstances? Saussaye, when required, could not produce the French King's commission to him, as Captain Argall had discovered and concealed it. that he might not be reprobated for plundering the prison- ers, \vh |irates fj How I Shoe #mplo3 rgall roduc f the Wha This f the mmec fessel Ho^ 4 Fat enteri ^en. ^ Wh ^ Th Jfecipi I wee I India settle . Wt - So otbei - Engl Fc . destr ' T] and the ' that Gov *i ^> thu yes u? lA Port Royal ? with the resi. I, and in the Biencourt, his ;)oreal punish- athemas. itment ? ^^rance, indue- ^, in the spring Acadia with 2a [onsieur Saus- La Have, esta- the place St. t St, Savior and anmolested? fected a settle- he appearance this surprise ? les Town had eir fishing and f Acadia, CapL fourteen guns, lem? ssels, destroy- and conveyed they narrowly Dt produce the n, as Captain' led it. that he log the prison- or NOVA SCOTIA. 17 L who were forthwith condemned to death as S ktr-acting without national authority. ' nit werethevvescuetl from execution? ' sK^S^he fatal issue of a stratagem he had imoloved onyforthe purpose of plunder, Captam IS fraXly confessed the part he fa»d acted- fScedle royal commission, and saved the lives of the unfortunate Frenchmen. ?Wh!i fac-s were disclosed by the Commission? ^ Th^ d^n^t intbrmed the English Governor LfThfFrenr settlement at Port Royal, and he CediateTy despatched Argall with three armed vessels, to destroy it. ^ How did the expemtion proceed? „., ^j Ffltlier Beart accompanied Argall as f""]' """ Jefi the Basin of Port Royal, ihey landed 40 nien. _ „ , o ■ What took place at Port Royal t . «„. » . The French Fort was destroyed, and after, a iedwiA Portion of counteracting claims be- C Biencourt and Arg.Ul,-durnig whiei, an Jmi-mn endeavoured to conciliate them-the French Settlers were dispersed. •; lome'orthem 'mixed with the Indians and otfeTwent to Canada; the rest were carried to Pnrrlina and thence returned to t ranee, ■■ptwhal reason were the French settlements thus ^'"Srde'US"*f 'st. Savior was sanctioned ,„i thpexDedition to Port Royal authorized by ?he Governor of Virginia, under the supposition :lhat Acadi was within the chartered limits of his «*^ matTncLion is made to the P-^^ing account ? The first effectual settlement in Nor h America, 4 thus terminated, in 1613, after an existence of 8 yeurS. 18 GEOGRAPHY AND BISTORT ,i ■■ IS 1 CHAPTER IX. Trom 1613 TO 1627 — James i, Charles t. Sir Win. Alexander prepares to Colonise Nova Scotia—, Fatmaiion of the Company of New France — Capture of their vessels. How many years elapsed before the English prosecuted these advantages, by pre paring to settle in Acadia? Eight years after this period, in 1621, Sir WxU Alexander received from James I, a grant of the wliole country lying east of a line running north- erly from the river St. Croix to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. What was peculiar in this grant, and Sir "VFilliam'a intentions ? In the patent given to Sir William, {being writ- ten in Latin,) the country was named *Nova Scotia * and he intended to colonise it with Scotchmen. ' Were efforts made to commence a settlement ? For this purpose, Sir William, in the autumn of 1622, despatched a number of emigrants, who turived in Nova Scotia in the ensuing spring. What became of there emigrants ? Finding the country pre-occupied by a number of the early settlers and other adventurers, they returned to England, and published an extrava- gantly flattering- account of the climate and pro- ductions of Nova Scotia. What other encouragement did Sir Win. Alexander receive ? In 1625, Charles I. ascended the English throne- and warmly patronizing Sir Wm. Alexander, he confirmed his grant, and created the order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia. Under these circumstances how did Sir Wm. act ? Thus encouraged, Sir William, in 1627, assisted toy Sir David Kirk,* fitted out an armament to dis- -.-- ^-«Tia j.viii;;n. — uc wQS 3 Hativc of Dieppe, a French Calvinist, and had sought refuge in England Igetl rhen i OF NOVA SCOTIA. 19 HAKLES T. ' Nova Scotia—^ ce — Capture of jlish prosecuted I Acadia? 321, Sir Wm. a grant of the mining north- J Gulf of St. I Sir William's (being writ- Nova Scotia/ cotchmen. ment ? le autumn of i grants, who J spring. 3y a number iiturers, they an extrava- te and pro- n. Alexandef :lish throne; !xander, he le order of fTm, act ? )27, assisted ment to dis- f Dieppe, a in England ke the French, and commence a new settle- jnt in Nova Scotia. ^Vhat efFovts were now making in France to extend ionization in America? in April, 1627, " The Company of New France** jis organized upon an excellent plan, by the [ench King and many distinguished noblemen of court, for colonizing North America upon an tensive scale. Jow tlidthoy commence operations? fin the same year, the couipany despatched a ^mber of transports filled with men, cannon, and lji|pplies,to strengthen Port Royal and Quebec.f -^Was not this avniament di?persetl ? A^The ships fitted out by Sir Wm. Alexander fell || with the French transports, and captured 18 of Hem. How were the French affected by their disaster? The efibrts of the Company of New Franc© l^re tliusfor a time, paralized andbrol^en. CHAPTER X. Fbom 1627 TO 1632 Charles i. ^laude De la Tour s expedition and failure — removes to ]^rt Royal — Conquest of Canada — Sir Wm. Alexander resigns his title to La Tour — Treaty of St. Germains. M "What remarkable person was captured by the English 11^ their recent encounter ? ^ Among the prisoners taken in the transports, |ras Claude de la Tour, a French protestant, pos- li^ora religious persecution in France. He is said to have possessed great firmness of character, resolution, ind energy. f The City of Quebec was the capital of Canada sinoe is first settlement. It was founded on the 3rd July, [608, by Champlain, one of the most active adventurers rho accompanied De Monts in his first voyage, and who ms invested with the supreme command of New France rhen it was conquered by Sir David Kirk, in IC29. 20 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY sessing an enterprising spirit, and a considerabU^rj private fortune. «^t' Have you any thing to relate concerning him ? ^Si t He made engagements with Sir Wm. Alexande;^^^_ to settle Nova Scotia with Scotch emigrants, am iT" to procure the submission of his son, who conii manded a French Fort at Cape Sable* What two objects did he gain in England ? During his residence in England, he married [ Maid of honor of the Queen, and was created; Baronet of Nova Scotia. FiipM 1 How did he commence to fulfil his engagement ? Biticillai In 1628, with two ships of war, he sailed witl^J)/. d' liis lady for Nova Scotia, and arriving at Cixplfl^ La Sable, summoned his sou to surrender. ' Joi How was he answered ? IfThen He received in reply, an indignant refusal, hififf^a Sc attacks were m*3t by determined resistance, anc i|inni( being unable to reduce the fort, and asliamed W^^ G return unsuccessful, he accepted an asylum froiwl^tia his son, whilst the ships returned to England. C%nma When did La Tour quit Cape Sable ? ^f of i In the following year he removed with somi What Scotch emigrants to Port Royal. The "What remarkable event now took place in Canada ? WW'eei In the summer of 1629, Sir David Kirk havinj^toude fortified Port Royal and Cape Breton, sailed Uf Jlo wh the St. Lawrence; and on the 19th of July, conr pelled the Governor of New France to surrender Quebec, the capital, to the English crown. How was the English settlement in Nova Scotia un^ fortunate? Thirty of the settlers at Port Royal died durins the winter of 1629, and much expense and difS^ culty otherwise attended the infant colony. What was the consequence ? SirWm. Alexander was therefore induced, iii| * Cape Sable, the most southerly Cape of Nova Scoti r)RY OF NOVA SCOTIA. I a considerabli ling him ' 21 ifeO, to convey his title to the whole of Nova ung mm : Mi^'^ (^^^^pt Port Rojal,) to his friend, Claude Win Alexande^i'^ ^^^^'' i emigrants, aril W^f"^ the French again get possession ? son, vvhoioni^^'^^^*'^J^P^^P^»S^^«"s w^re making by the '^^mpany of New France for the recovery of ebec, Charles I. ceded the whole country to \nce by the treaty of St. Germains, in 1G32. ble.* jland ? d, he married d was created CHAPTER XI. .^•M 1632 TO 1651.— Charles i, Commonwealth igagement ? SmillaU Governor of Nova Scotia— Dies— Is succeeded he sailed w'll^^M. d'Aunaijde Chamise— Hostilities between Charnisc living at Capj^ La Tour— Madam La Tour defends the fort at St. ider. 3 John— Ishetraped— Her surrender and death. . r 1 ^ ,J^i^ ?"? ^°^ '^^'^ *^® French take possession of ant refusal, Jifif#a Scotia ? *^ resistance, aw immediately after the treaty of St, Germains ii nd ashamed W^ Governor named Razillai, arrived in Nova an asylum fron»tia from France, bearing a commission as o England. l^mander-in-Chief; and a grant of the river and ved with sonji ace in Canada? id Kirk having eion, sailed iif th of July, com* ice to surrender I crown. 1 Nova Scotia un^ yal died duriiih^ pense and difiSt : colony, ore induced, ini )e of Nova Scotia of St. Croix. ^^hat other persons had grants in Nova Scotia? he other parts of the Province were divided veen Charles Etienne de la Tour, (son of ide de la Tour,) and Monsieur Denys. Po whatrirer did Razillai's Government extend? I he river Kennebec was then considered the Kh west boundary of Nova Scotia. yhat happened to produce a change in the Govern- ^Zillai died shortly after, and the supremo imand passed by Royal Commission to d'Aunav L^harnise, who took up hid residence at Penob- -river. [See map.] fo whom did Chamise become hostile ? soon became involved in open hostilities La lour. nnrl loim^l .^^^^^ *_ . rder from the King, dated February 13ih, f if It ,1 1G41, GEOOriAPHY AND lilSTOilY his opponent, and send him prisoE) arros er to France. Did Charniso accomplish his purpose . He attacked La l^our's ibrt, on the nver Si John : but La Tour procured assistance fron Boston,t repelled his besieger, and pursued him t(; Lis fort at Penobscot. ITow was the contest rencv/oil? Charnis6 entered into a treaty of peace witli th Oovornor of new England, and hearing that ii ^ronr was at Boston, he again sailed to the lot. ut Sr. John, and laid siege to it. ' Was his attempt successful? , , _ ., . i\ladain La Tour defended tho Fort with euc resolute courage, that Ciiarnis6 was ohligi^d to re turn to Fenobseot, with 20 men killed and 1 vvounded. . , , , , o By what other circumstance was Charnise troubled ? La Tour still found means to obtain supph from Bot^ton, in exchange for his furs. Was he not cafterwards di'iiicxl tlna privilege .'' C!ianus«'3 luivinir retaliated, by siczingn Bo3to vf-^sel and threatening the Governor of New Ln^ laud, buccors were withheld from La lour, i^ whose absence Charnise again besieged the lo^ at St. John. , " How was ha received In tins attempt j- Madam La Tour defended tho Fort for 4 dav| with undaunted heroism, and though sne \n baselv betrayed by a mutinous bwiss, when sli] Ibund that Charnis6 had mounted tne wai!, e. boldly ascended at tl^o hetid, of her little army,| contest the possession of it witii him. ' Who made the first ofiTer to desi^ t ? , , » , Charnig^, dreading to be twice repulsed by female, proposed a capitulation, which, to savet I Boston, the capital City of the State ofMassachuset ill New England. (Sea map.) ilY md him prison® OP NOVA SCOTIA. 23 2 the river Si . | ssistuiice fron pursued him K 'pcacG with th(] Ijearing that Li< ilod to tho for Fort with euc! IS obliged to re J>; \ killed and l-ij irnise troubled ? | obtain suppii(| 'urs. rivilege? iczinij n Bostof lor of New En^ )m La Tour, i| lesieged the for* t? ForS for 4 da)] though she wa 5wiss, when f.l| {j tha ^vail, d ler little aniiy,i| him. repulsed b^l '/hich, 10 save tli 4 - ^ 'HT A^^««MV«ii(?An g of her brave followers, waa accepted by dame La Tour. ,as not this treaty immediately broken ? .carceiy had Charnis6 entered the fort, wheu he ■fidiously hanged the survivors, and wishing ;o rade the intrepid spirit of the woman who ^ met his power with defiance, his fear with piearance, and his treachery with detestatioii, compelled lier to witness the inhuman specta- at the scaffold, with a halter round her neck, id she long survive her misfortunes? ^o powerful an effect had this disaster, and tlie ^Is it produced, upon the mind of Madam Lji (ur, that she died soon after. ow did Charnise profit by this enterprise ? _he stores and other property of imiuensfi ue at St. John, were all removed to Penobscor, . La Tour, poor and dispirited, went to trade h the L']dians in Hudson's Bay. CHAPTER XIL m 1651 TO 1667.— COMMOmVEALTH, CnAELES 11. Tout reinstated hy the death of Charnise — Conqvat S'ova Scotia hj Major Sedgev^'-!;, — Grant to La Tuvr, Thomas Temple.and Wm. Crowne — Treat*j of Breda, In what year and in what manner did a change occur Itlie Government of Nova Scotia? )n 1651, La Tour was recalled by the death of famis6, whose widow he soon after tnarrieil, became reinvested with tho possession^ and |e of Nova Scotia. >id not another rival rise against La Tour? ]e did not long enjoy tranquility : La Tour h^ Irgne, a creditor of Charnis6, obtained a decree \m France to take possession of Nova Scotia, tow did Le Borgne make use of his power ? le suddenly fell upon Monsieur Denys aitd It him in irons to Port Royal, destroyed his iblishment at the head of Chedabucto I5ay, [s<30 34 GEOGRAPHY A5D HISTORY * %hat M >: f »' map,] burned the buildings at La Have, and m preparing to attack La Tour, at St. John, when h met an armed force under Major Sedgevvick, des patched by Oliver Cromwell,* in 1656, for the re covery of Nova Scotia. JJ elate the success of this expedition. The English soon subdued La Tour, Le Borgnt and the garrison at Penobscot, and thus fourr themselves for the third time in possession c Nova Scotia. What became o£ the French inhabitants ? While the English resided only at Port Royal the French still extended their settlements. What new misfortunes befell them ? They did not enjoy perfect tranquility: a wood ii en fort which they erected at La Have was sooi :Mata oj after destroyed by« the English ; and Monsieui i|-Dwct*ed? /"illiam Phipps' > ships, moum^ rnen : and th ^ only 86 mei jpou bonorabli , and Sir Wm plundering th men, carryini nt, 38 privates subdue ? to, which wai he successor a "n s to be. I Mr. Nelson, the Governor of the Coiony, and sent England in I65(i § him captive to France. What succeeded this transaction ? A long contest ensued, during which, Iberville, a friend of Villabon, captured the Newport, an English frigate, and in conjunction with Villabon, the Baron Castiue,* and 200 Indians, compelled lwhneSirW.wap a Ship-carpentei ■ England, Sheri^ lions by land anil and Governor 0^ ;erprising geniu?^ n, in Feb. 1695/ mi - ine Bakon of St. Castike was born at >>erne, the Capital of Switzerland. He became an officer in (he 28 GEOGRAPHT AWD DISTORT 4 mM i Hi 'XlTJT " ""? "^'" Kennebec to surrender How did a reaction occur against the French ? Iberville then proceeded to Newfoundland; bui II bv a1; Sn' r 'if'JI''"'"''' 'i" ^'- •'""n. was cnptu ed by an English fleet and carried to Boston. ' How was this success followed up? , .„ir»° irnP'"™'"' 2" ^"S"''' Commander, then •ailed to Chiegnecto* with 500 men.who plundered the Acadians, burned their hous^ and Chanel How did France regain possession of the Country ? I Massachusetts having petitioned to be relieved from the protection of Aova Scotia, it was once more restored to France, on tiie 10th Drcember I 3C97 by the treaty of Ryswick, by which the boundary between the English nossesaion, „n^ Acadia was fixed at the rive?St. cEf ' CHAPTER XT. FnoM 1697 to ITIO—William and Mart Anne I I^icholson. ' What was now the conduct of the French -> i fecarcely was tlie Peace of Ryswick proclaimed,! mTiv?n7"'^/-^"^P''/''""^ ^^^ ^^'^''^ of Acadia to hi, i^ative mountains, and the simple habits of the rovii I Indian, to the blandishments of civilized society f connected himself with the Abenaqui t i^e by S^^^^ and resided among them about 20 years. He^asZ' Zllli'^^T rf'""'' ^"^ virtuianksogahfed'he'l bacliem or Leader, and reverenced him as a superior ' • Now Cumberland. [See map.] c.^o ri: r rdexrjiisTS^ tLf^' «- OP KOVA SCOTIA. 29 a, it was once [when Villa I)on threatened to encroach upon the T^nglish possessions as fur as the river Kennehec, ind upon the declaration of war in 1701, Brullion, ^ho was then Governor of Aradin, and resided at iLa Have, employed pirates to plunder the traders [of New England. What measures were adopted in consequfnee ? To retaliate these injuries, three n\en-of-wnr, 1 14 transports, 3G whale boats, and 550 men were Idespatched from Boston under the command of [Colonel Church ; who, proceeding successively to Ipenobscot, Passamaq noddy. Port Royal, Minas,* land Chiegnecto, destroyed several populous vii- [jages, robbed and imprisoned the inhabitants, |burnt their houses, and demolished their dykes.f What other steps were taken against the French ? Two successive attacks were made upon Port Royal in 1707, but the brave resistance made by Baron Castino and Monsieur Subercase, U'ho suc- ceeded Brullion as Governor, rendered them un- I successful. When and how was a third attack made ? On the 24th September, 1710, four men-of-war, carrying 4000 men, under the command of General Nicholson, arrived at Port Royal from Boston, and attacked the fort. What was the conduct of the French Governor ? . After acting a week upon the defensive, Suber- case, who had only 260 effective men in the fort, on the 13th of October, complied with a summons to surrender upon honorable terms, and the garri- son was soon after transported to France. • Minas, or Grand Pre, in the present township of Horton. [See map.] t Dyke — an embankment of earth ' to protect marsh land from the encroachments of the sea. There are dyked marches of several miles in extent, in various part3 of Nova Scotia. 30 GEOGRAPHY A!^D HISTORY What forco m'.is left to retain possession ? Colonel Vetcli was appointed Governor of Noval Bcotia^ with a garrison of 200 marines, and 250| volunteers. How did England assist in this enterprise? T!ie expense of conquering Port Royal, amount j ing to £23,000, was borne by the English nation. CHAPTER XVI. FnoM 1710 TO 1713. — Anne. Attacks of the French and Indians — Battle of Bloodi Creeli — Treaty of Utrecht. What succeeded the reduction of Port Royal ? Tbe French Court soon began to awaken to i sense of the importance of Nova Scotia ; but coul find no person to undertake its recovery. Who was induced to make the attempt ? At length, Baron Castine, having been appointed Commander-in-Chief of Nova Scotia by the Gc vernor of New France, attacked Port Royal, ond only waited succors to complete its conquest By what circumstance was he discomfitted ? Assistance from Canada was intercepted by the arrival of an English fleet in the Gulf of St. Law-| rence; Castine^ therefore abandoned the seij^ and the Acadians within three miles of the forj again submitted. What memorable reverse did the English sustain ? A detachment, sent up the river from Port! Royal to reduce the other inhabitants to obediencef was surprised by a powerful body of Indians, whcj killed the Fort Major, the Engineer, and all the boats' crew, and took between 30 and 40 prisoners.'! * The reflective mind cannot view the scene of this! disaster without mentally contrasting the stillness whicti! now reigns around, \ni\i the terrific warwhoop of the! Indian Warriors, springing from ambush upon theiij victims, QDd all the other horrors incldeut to tbe caUmi« Of NOVi. SCOTIA. 81 What succeeded ? I Emboldened by this success, 500 of the Ac^- dians again took up arras to attack ihe lort, but they soon after dispersed for want cran exi>e. Iiienced commander. "When was peace cflectua'lv restored? In the midst of these troubles, by the treaty of I Utrecht, on the I lih of April, 1713, France cedetl I to Great Britain all right to Nova Scotia. CHAPTER "XVII. From 1713 TO 1744.— Anne, George i, Geokgb ii. idnnapolis Royal^Governors Nicholson and Phillips— ■ The Acadian*. What were the first acts of the English, after gaining possession of Nova Scotia? The name of Port Royal was now changed to Annapolis Royal in honor of Queen Anne, and m 1714 General Nicholson was commissioned as Go- vernor and Commander*in-Chief of Nova Scotia. What course 4id ha pursue towards the inhabitants of French origin who then remained in the country ? He proposed to the Acadians to become subjects of the British Crown, and retain their possessions, or to leave the country within one year ; but they uoiformly declined taking the oath of allegiance. In what year was a new Governor appointed ? In April, 1720, Governor Nicholson was suc- ceeded by Colonel Phillips, who immediately appointed a Council of 12 persons for the govern- ment of the Colony, and sumrapned the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance. How did they meet this summons ? ,. , , Qply 880 of them eventually complied; the rest tous circumstance which gives the spot historical celebri- ty: It is called Bloody Creek, and can be seen by the passing traveller, about 12 miles above x^nnapo.is, on the main post road to Halifax. Ml a -m m I 111 "it 32 «EOGIUFHT Af«D HISTORY ll declined, alleging that they had been refused! leave to depart from the Province. What privileges ware they allowed to exercise ? They were then permitted to choose deputies to I make known their wants to the Governor and Council; they enjoyed their own religion, and| paid no taxes. WTiat estimate is formed of their strength The male population of the Acadians, capable] of bearing arms, amounted to 4000 men. How was the settlement of Nova Scotia retarded? Fear of the Indians and French, at this time! very prevalent, prevented English emigration to| Nova Scotia. CHAPTER XVin. From 1713 to 1744 Comcluded. Louishurg founded — Indian Wars — Peace, What were the French about at this time? Cape Breton being now the only place of pro- tection for the French fishermen, that Governmentl adopted a plan, equally minute and judicious, for making it both more secure and populous. What part of this plan was soon after executed ? Kaving selected a harbour on the South-east I side of Cape Breton, they laid the foundation of| the celebrated fortress and town of Loxjisburg. Who took refuge at Louisburg ? The Indians soon resorted thither in great num- bers, and as they still continued hostile ^in Nova I Scotia, the Governor remonstrated with them that the whole country had become English property] by treaty. How was this remonstrance regarded ? Amazed at a transfer they could not com pre* hend,the Indians broke out in unrelenting hostility; and ilnding at Louisburg an asylum from tfceir j committed the most daring outrages upon the OF NOVA SCOTIA. 33 English at Canseau, Cape Sab!e, Annapolis, and Passamaquoddy, plundering the inhabitanta of their vessels and stores, and sacrificing those they captured with savage vengeance. What signal loss did they sustain ? In August, 1724, an expedition from Boston, of 1 208 men, gained a great victory over them, at their principal village on' the river K^nnebecL* Did not a period of peace succeed ? By this, and other measures of severity, the I Indians were terrified and humbled, and did not again disturb the general tranquility which reigned 1 for the next 20 years. CHAPTER XIX. From 1744 to 1745 George ii. War — French attacks — Conquest of Louisburg, When and how was this tranquility disturbed ? On the 20th March, 1744, France declared war [against England; and news of this event having reached Cape Breton much earlier than the English settlements, the Governor of that Island deter- mined to take advantage of the circumstance, by surprising the English. How was this resolution carried out ? He immediately despatched an armament, I which, being joined to large bodies of Indians, destroyed the fort and buildings at Canseau on die 13th of May, and on the 2nd of June laid siego to Annapolis; but after remaining four weeks I without making a regular attack, the French were • Pere Ralle, a French Missionary was killed during this contest. His literary attainments had been respect- able, and he was beloved and idolized by the Indians, who bathed his mangled remains with their tears» and buried him on the site of the Chapel where he had long cele- brated the rites of rdigloQ. i m 34 GEOGEAFEY AND BISTORT ii n I , ii t 5 50 obliged to retire,~an English rcmforcement Imv- ms arrived from New England. What measures followed this assault ? The women end children at Annapolis were then removed to Boston for safety, and tne Go- vernment of Massachusetts denounced the Indians aa rebels, and offered premiums for Uien- scalp9.=» What other measure was projected ?^ The English then prepared to eiude attack them- edves, by effecting the conquest of Louisburg. How was this bold attempt coraraenced /^ 4000 men were raised in New England, and under the command of Wm.Fepperal,^Esq.,saded for Louisburg on the 24th of March, 1/45. Where did thev receive a reinforcement ? AtCanseauthey were joined by Comxnodora Warren, who proceeded t- cruize before Louis- burir, where ho was joined by the fleet and army on the 13th of April. How was the assault commenced ? ^ , , The men being landed, Lieutenant Colonel Vsughan first brought up a detachment, and sa- luted the French city with three cheers, burned their warehouses, took possession of their Grand battery, and turned its guns against tlie fortress. How was this advantage followed up ? The Governor having refused to surrender, the geige was pressed with great vigour and spirit by the provincials, who overcame incredible obstacles. What new advantage did the English gain ? Commodore Warren captured a French 74 gun g^ip^a circmnstance which he turned into an ad- vantageous sti-atagem, by directing the commander * Scalp, the integument or skin of the head. It is considered a most valuable war trophy by the Indians, who deprive the victims of it with amazmg celerity, by passing a knife round the skull, and tearing off the icalpby the hair. OP N0V4 SCOTIA. 35 1 gland, and Esq., sailed 45. !om/nodor« fore Louis- t and army ml Colonel jDt, andsa- ers, burned their Grand I fortress. rrender, the lid spirit by le obstacles, n? inch 74 gun I into an ad- commander \ bead. It is the Indians, ig celerity, by aring off the „f the captured vessel to write to the Gorc.-nor of Tousburg, infoi;ming him of the fnencUy Ueat- meiu he Md his men received from lhei.usb.h. •What effect had this letter ? , While attacked on all sideg. and despa.rmg of Buccor tl'e Governor of Louisburg wa.tl.use,- i S of sood treatment from the En;rl,sh, and »rrordin<'lv surrendered on the 17th ot June. Ta c ity found to have been strongly fortmed? On e tedn" tlie fortress the stoutest hearts wer& |„p?aUen its strength, and acknowledged tha 'Spracticahility of taking it by assaul . Wl-at fortunate occurrences caused success. The mutinous spirit of the French gatr.son- thei. wrt of pro'vision-their incorrect estmm 8 . „f thP nmnber of the tesiegers-the remarkably «n?cleTweathev tha. prevSiled-the capture ot flf-Viffdant-and the general, though unaccount- ilKcentr^tion tolouisburg of eve.7 Bj. ^^ bU n.of-vvar in Amevioa— all combined to thiow no tt victorious hands of a fovv und.se.phnc d , JiuniS^rs, the Btrongest.and most ve^larly con- Etructod fortress at that tune m Amenta. ■What succeeded this conquest I Ai. F.nfflish earrison was soon alter sent lu to"sbur What settlement was made during his administration . In the summer ofl753, the town of Lunenburgh [see rnapl was founded by 1458 Germans, who suffered much loss of life and property m their struggles with the Indians. , ,. ^. ,, What le"-al tribunal was soon after eptabhshed f ' In 1754, Jonathan Belcher, Esq. was created Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, and a new Judicatory, Btyled the Supreme Court, was organised. What other occurrence is worthy of mention ? During the same year. Major Charles Lawrenc. assumed command as Lieutenant Governor, in th« absence of Governor Hopson. CHAPTER XXV. 1755 George ii. The French power in Nova Scotia subdued. What warlike measures were commenced in 1756? E«.lv in the spring, 53000 men were raised m Massachusetts at the expense ol the x^ngmu m m p^l 42 GEOGRAPHY AITD HISTORY Crown, and placed under the command ofColo. nels Monkton and Winslovv, to dislodge the. French from their encroachments in Nova Scotia. To what extent was this force siiecesstul? The Provincials sailed from Boston on the ^Oth of May, and on their arrival at Chiegnecto, being loiiied by 300 regulars and a small tram of Artillery on the 4th of June, they routed a body oi French and Indians at the river Massaguash, captured fort Beau Sejour on the IGth, and on the following day reduced fort Barge Verte. How were these successes followed up ? ■ The Acadians found in arms were pardoned-- ljavin<^ been forced into the service; the French troops were sent to Louisburg, andEnglisn garri- sons placed in the forts ; the name Cumberland was substituted for Beau Sejour, and Monkton lor Barge Verte. 1,1. jo How was the French power eflectually destroyed f In the meantime an armament of three frigates and a sloop under command of Captain Rous, appeared before the river St. John to attack the French fort; but they saved him the trouble, by l)ursting their cannon, blowing up their magazine, destroying the works they had raised, and taking refuge in the woods. Recapitulate the results of these successes? The English had but 20 men killed awl about the same number wounded in the whole of this expedition, the success of which secured tranqui- lity, and the ascendency of the British flag m Nova Scotia, * Colonel Monkton was in many respects, a meri- torious officer. Colonel Winslow belonged to one of the most ancient and honorable families of Massachu- setts. He possessed great influence in the Province of which he was a native, ana in nis uhuiacici rr^.^, «,..,^- firraness of purpose and humanity of disposition. OF NOVA SCOTIA. 43 1(1 of Colo, the French ;ia.* )n the 20tli leclo, being of Artillery \l of French li, captured following pardoned— the French iglish garri- ;; umber I and ^lonktoii for lestroyed? iree frigates iptain Roup, > attack the trouble, by ir magazine, and taking es? ;(l ami about whole of this n-ed tranqui- flagin Nova pects, a men- nged to one of Massachn he Province of] sition* CHAPTER XXVI. 1755.- GEonoE IT. Jnerense of the French power — Expulsion of the Acadiann, What succeeded the conciupst of Nova Scotia? The congratulations atttMuling the reduction of the French power in Nova Scotia were soon damped, upon intelligence tluit several English nttncks upon Canada had Iteen frustrated, that Louisburg had been reinforctMl, and that the In- dians were let loose upon the defenceless English settlements. What measure was forthwith adopted in Nova Scotia ? Aware that if the French again made an irrup- tion into Nova Scotia, they would exact contribu- tions and assistatice from the Acadinns, Lieutenant Governor Lawrence and his Council, on the 28th of July, 1755, after grave debate, and with the approval of Adtnirals IJoscawen and Moystyii, resolved to expel the Acadians from th.e Province, and disperse them among the other Dritiyh colonies. What was the state of the Acadians at this time ? The whole number of these j'pople was 18,000 Fouls; and they are descrihed as living in the most perfect association of industry, benevoletice, peace, l)ietv, and contentment. lly what names besitk- Acadians v\-:'re they known? They were termed Neutrals, as they professed to take part on neither side in the (juarrels of the French and English; but instead of being pre- served from injurv, they suffered by holding this character; for while mistrusted and oppressed by the English, they were hated, abused, and robbed by the French, and effectually protected by neither. Who executed the sentence against them ? Colonel Winslow, being ordered to carry into effect the decree of the Governor and Council, neremotorily summoned the Acadians to assemble at Iheir churches, in different parts of the country, 44 GEOGRAPnr AND HISTORY I 'TTi the otli of September, to bear bis Majesty's de- termination conceiiiing tliem. Tv'hat ensued upon this proclamation ? Those who obeyed the summons were inforned tbnt by his Majesty's command they were to bo transported from the Province, and that their poa- po"?sions were forfeited to the crown-; they were then declared the King's prisoners. Manyoftlie Acadians, liowever, escaped to the woods. "What measures were pursued towards them? In order to prevent their subsistence, the country was laid waste by fire ; thousands of buildings were bin-ned, the prisoners were tlireatened to be made the victims of the obstinacy of the delin- quents, many of whom at length surrendered voluntarily, in preference to hazarding their lives »mid the active terrors which surrounded them; wiiile others escaped to Canada. CHAPTER XXVII. FaoM 1755 to 1756 — George it. Expulsion of the Acadians — concluded. "Vrhat particular scene is h^re worthy of notice? The removal of the Acadians from Grand Vrd or Minas (now [Jorton) was peculiarly interesth^g. At that place were assembled 1,923 souls, and the lOth of KSeptember was the day fixed upon for their departure. Ifow were they affected at this crisis ? Although they had received their sentence with resignation, and borne their confinement with for- titude ; yet, when the hour arrived, when the ties of aflfection were to be severed — when they were to leave the land of their nativity for ever— to part from their friends and relatives without the hope of over seeing them again— and to be dispersed among strangers, vi^hose language, customs, and reiigjou were opposed to their own, they were overpowered with a sense of their miseries ports -? or r?ovA SCOTIA. 4,^> ijesty's de- e informed were to bo t their p03- they were [any of the is. n? he country ^ buildings ened to be the delin- irrendered their lives ded thera; IT. led. tice ? and Pr6 or nterestlnc. Is, and the d upon for tence with It with for- en the ties they were er — to part the hope of dispersed itoins, and they were ries^ How were their feelings of affeclion sxpr(?s«'-etl ? Being drawn up six deep, at the cliapel, a roile from the shor(3, the young men refused to go on board without their friends; but they wore com- pelled first to proceed, followed by the seniors ; and the whole road was crowded with women anil children, who on their knees greeted the prisoners with tears and bless'.ngs, as th'.iy ?!owlv ad- vanced, weeping, j^raying, and singing iiymns. Relate the p »rticulars attending their removal ? The mn!es were embarked on board of 5 trans- ports, eachgnruded by 86 soldiers ; and their wives Hud children beiiig pnst in other vessels, they were fill transported fmm Nova Scotia, leaving their once beautiful fields and comfortable dweilings in one vvitle spread mass .of smouldering ruins, whilst the lo wings of their cattle, and the mean- ings of their faithftd dogs sounded in doleful tones amid the surrounding desolation. How does this description otberwise app'y? In nearly the same manner the Acadians fi'om Annapolis! CundDerland, and other ])arrs of Nova Scotia, nnniberine: in all 7000, were conveyed away, and dispersed among the other colonies. Where were many of them landed ? 1000 of them arrived at Boston, and became a public expense. 450 landed at Philadelphia [see map] in a deplorable condition, and the Govern- ment of Pennsylvania, to relieve itself of their maintenance, proposed to sell them with their own consent. What answer was returned? The Acadians rejected this expedient with in- dignation, urging that as prisoners they expected to be maintained, and not forced to labor. What remarkable desire did they evince ? Notwithstanding the revolting retrospect of their sufferings, the forlorn Acadbns gighed in e^KiJe to revisit their native land. 4(1 GEOGRAPUT AND HISTORY To what action did this feeling prompt them? That portion of tliern vvljicli had heen sent to fjieorgia,* actually set out upon their return, and, by a dangerous coasting voyage, even reached Boston, where, however, they were detained, by an order from Governor Lawrence. What course did the other Acadians adopt? The others drew up a pathetic memorial to the King, bewailing their unparalleled miseries, repu- diating suspicions of their integrity, and accusa- tions against them, as utterly false and groundless, and petitioning for a legal hearing of their case. What effect had their memorial ? This appeal failed to accomplish a redress of their grievances, and the majority ofihem perished in exile, by disease and distress, proceeding from an unconquerable antipathy to their disconsolate situation. What have you to remark in conclusion of this subject ? Whether the exf)ulsion of the Acadians from Nova Scotia was or was not a justifiable act, is a question which has excited much debate, and which, to bo correctly decided, requires the im- partial voice of an unbiassed tribunal. CHAPTER XXVIII. Fkom: 1756 to 1757.— George ii. Projected attack on Louishvrg — Lord Loudon and Ad^ miral Holborne arrive at Halifax — Disasters of the fleet. llow stood the English efforts against the French power in other parts of America, at this period ? Some reveryes befel the English arms on tho frontiers of Canada, during the campaign of 1756. What new operations were projected ? Lord Loudon, then Governor of Massachusetts, had required the attendance of Gov. Lawrence at • Now the next State north of Florida, m? en sent to turn, and, 1 reached tained, by )rial to the ries, repu- d accusa- ;roundless, eir case. rech'ess of n perished 3ding from isconsolato on of this dians fioju e act, is a 3 bate, and es the iin- OF NOVA SCOTIA. 47 ir. Ion and Ad- s of the fleet. the French od? ns on the jn of 1756. sachusetts, awrence at the annual Military Council at Boston, in January, 1757, wiiere it was determined to direct the whole disposable force of the Colonies against Louisburg, and to make the reduction of that post the com- mencement of more extended operations. What were the first movements for that purpose ? Halifax being fixed upon as the place of rendez- vous, Admiral IIol borne arrived there on the 9th of July, with a powerful squadron, and 5000 Bri- tish troops, under the command of Viscount Howe; and was soon after joined by Lord Loudon with 6000 men from Netv York. What detained the armament in Halifax harbor ? Information received by Admiral Holborne of the strength of the enemy at Louisburg, deterred him from attempting an attack till the middle of September. How did he then proceed? Having received a reinforcement of 4 ships, he sailed from Halifax, and arriving before Louisburg, endeavoured to draw the enemy into battle, until the 25th, when he wjas overtaken by a violent storm, lost one of his ships on the rocks, and re- turned to England with the rest in a shattered condition. CHAPTER XXIX. FuoM 1757 TO 173S. — George ir. Second conquest of Louisburg. What succeeded the unfortunate occurrences xvitl* which the foregoing chapter concludes ? The discomfiture of Admiral Hoi borne's fleet, and the success of the French arms in Canada, left the Colonies in a gloomy state ; but in the autumn of J 757, they received from England assur- ances of zealous co-operation against the French. ■rm-_4. 4.\ — C J. — ^»..1<.„ ^4^ .V>7r< /I r»*o.»rini n a*i r»n ? VV Hill, were IIIC IJI'St IC3Uli:3 ui 111J3 viv,n_i liit?.!-.-^-"-- - Early in the spring of 1758, General Amherst, ■i , !■ I At GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY who h.id ariived at Halifax with 12,000 Provincial and regular troops, Vi'as joined by Admiral Bos- cawcii with a rorniidahle fleet from England. Wliither did these; forces ])roc'eed ? The whole armament consisting of 157 sail, and 14,000 men, quitted llalifcix on'lhe 28th of May, nnd having anchored on the 2nd of June within 7 miles of Louisburg, the troops, headed by Bri- gadier General Wolfe, landed on the 8th, under n U'emendous fire of musketry and cannon. Was the expedition cveiitually successful? Ably aided by the spirited conduct and deter- mined courage of the gallant Wolfe, the English Oommanderrf compelled Chevalier Drucor, then Governor of Louisburs", after a vigorous resistance, to sign a capitulation on the xG'tb of July. Particularize the terms of the capitulation. By these articles. Cape Breton and Prince Ed- xvard's Island were surrendered to the English, with 5G37 prisoners and 239 cannon, beside which, the enemy liad lost nine men-of v/ar. What measure was forthwith adopted ? Captain Amherst was immediately despatched to England with intelligenee of this conquest What trophies did he near ? He presented eleven pair of French Colors to His Majesty, who ordered them to be cnrried to St. Paul's Cathedral, where they were deposited under a triumphant discharge of cannon and with general rejoicings. What other signs of gratulation were exhibited ? His Majesty received addresses from every part of his dominions, congratulating him upon the success of his arms against Louisburg.* • In the following year, General Amherst and Adrai- f al Boscawen received a vote of thanks from the Hous« of Commons for their services in reducing Louisburg, Qeueral Amlierst was aa active officer ia the Canadian QV NOVA SCOTIA. 49 ProViJJcial mira! Oos- gland, >7 sail, and ^thof May, uue witiiiii ed by Bri- tb, niuler n n. and deter- be English uoor, tbeii resistance, V. *rince Ed- e English, side which, lespatched quest- Colors to ; carried lo ; deposited n and with 'ited ? om every him upon CP * t and Admi- n the Hous« 5 Louisburg. le Cauadiaa T\'liat other advantages were gained by the English ? Dining the same year the French were deprived of two important posts in Canada. CHAPTER XXX. 1758, — George it. Convention of a General As semhhj — Outline of the Cofh- ^titntiony hy a correlative view of the Imperial and Provincial Governments. "What important event occurred in 1758? In compliance with an order from Mis Majesty, Governor Lawrence bad convened a General As- fjembly of 22 members at Halifax, and commenced the but^iness of the session with an opening speech, on the 2nd of October, 175S. Mow was the Government now composed? The Government of Nova Scotia now consisted of the Governor; a Council of 12 members, acting both as a board of advice to his Excellency, and. as a distinct branch of the Legi^hiture ; and the General Assembly : — these three branches nearly corresponded with the King, Lor(J&< und Common* of England. ITow did thp Governor resemble the King? Thus, the Monarch of England, who possessed pov/er by hereditary right, and was advised by a privy Council, or Cabinet of Ministers, chosen by himself from among the most popular and able men in the Kingdom — was represented by the Governor whom he ai)pointed for Nova Scotia, and who received advice from the Council, liko- wisen chosen by the King. campaigns of 1759 and 60; during which, he took possession of Ticonderoga, Crown point, Isle Royal, and Montreal. He was afterwards Governor of Virgi*. nia, Governor of Guernsey, Baron of Holmsdale, twice Commander in Chief of the British army in England, and a Peer of the realm. His military character staad# high io the history of Eoglaad* iS:J i t I;?", ; vj 50 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 81* '^Yhat branch did the Council resemble? The Council in its Legislative capacity bore resemblance to the House of Lords, — composed ol' Peers, created at various jjcriods by the reigning Monarchs of England, and whose honors descend- ed to their heirs. What Body did the General Assembly resemble ? The British House of Commons, a body chosen by the people, and holding power for certain pe- riods fixed by law was the model after which the Colonial General Assembly was formeti — possess- ing similar powers, but dependent on the Liiperial Parliament in questions concerning the interests of the whole Empire. "What exclusive powers did the King exercise ? The King alone declared war, and made all ap- pointments of officers, both civil and military ; he could at his pleasure convene, prorogue, or dissolve the Parliament ; and the Governor in obedience to His Majesty's commanils, exercised these powers in the Colony. What exclusive power was possessed by the Commons? Neither branch except the House of Commons had any right to originate a bill for granting mo- ney or taxing the people; and the General Assem- bly claimed the exercise of the same power in Nova Scotia. What power was common to all of them ? No law could be enacted or enforced without the concurrence of the whole three branches : — King, Lords, and Commons ; or Governor, Coun- cil, and Assembly. Who represented the Governor in his absence ? The Governor was generally assisted by a Lieut. Governor, who represented him in his absence ; and in case of the absence of both Governor and, Lieutenant Governor, the Chief Justice adminis- tered the Government. or NOVA SCOTIA. 51 acity boro imposed ol' le reigning s descend- mble? >dy chosen certain pe- wJiich the — poseess- e Imperial Q interests ise? ide all ap- ilitary; he )r dissolve edience to se powers Commons? Commons nling mo- al Assem- power in d without inches : — Of, Coun- ice? >y a Lieut. absence ; ernor and, adminis" CHAPTER XXXI. From 1758 to 17.59 — Georot] it. First Sesnon of jhtembhj - .Emigration to Nova Scotia. JJy what dispute was tlio first Assomhly distipTuished' Scarcely had tiie bu.siness of the session coml menced, when contentions arose between the Council and Assembly, upon the question whether the latter had authority to regulate the foes of the Registrar of the Court of Vice Admiralty, which officer held a seat at the Council IJoard. How did the dispute terminate? The Council strenuously opposed the right; but the House persisted in it, and passed a Bill to dis- qualify public officers from holding seats in either the Council or Assembly. This Bill however, was rejected by the Council, and the subject thus rested unsatisfactorily. ■\Vhat business was accomplished? Notwithstanding their disputes, many necessary and useful laws were enacted by the Council and Assembly, whoso members received no j)ay for their services, and the session, in which was a recess, terminated by a speech from his Excellen- cy, on the 17th of April, 1759. Were not General Assembh'es subsequently convened? The high privilege of British subjects to choose members for one entire branch of the Legislature, has been continued unimpaired to Nova Scotia ever since the first convention of a General As- sembly. By what means was the population of Nova Scotia increased at this period ? During the session of 1758 and '59, Governor Lawrence issued proclamations inviting the peo- ple of the other Colonies to settle on the lands of the banished Acadians. How were the Proclamations regarded ? In consequence of these liberal proposals, many hundreds of substantial farmers from New Eng- -n' 1" t|4 GEOCRAPHT AND HISTORY land, and WO from the north of I-eland, with a constant succession of new adventurers, laid the foundations of those beautiful townshipd which li« extended upon the borders of the BayofFundy, aud the Basin of Minas. [See map.] CHAPTER XXXII. FiiOM 1759 TO 1760. Canadian Campaigns— The fall of Quebec and death of General IVolfe— Destruction of the French power ia America, What important measures were now progressing against Canada ? Tiie reduction of Louisburg emboldened the English Coniniauders to attempt the entire con- quest of Canada. How far were thuy successful? Such was tlie vigor of their operations that iho campaign of 1759 terminated in the conquest of the forts at Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, iuid Quebec. Which was the most important conquest ? The fall of Quebec on the 18th of September, was an event immortalized equally by its national importance and by the death of General Wolfe, who fell in the arms of victory, and at the same moment finished the glorious career he so bravely opened at Louisburg, and sealed with his blood the ascendency of the British arms in America.* ♦ After sevejj^l unsuccessful attempts to reduce Que- bec, Wolfe conceived and as boldly executed the design of ascending a precipice 200 feet high, by which he reached the plains of Abraham, and drew the enemy into an engagement. During the battle, Wolfe received wounds from three musket balls, and being carried to the rear of the line, while in the agonies of death, he heard the cry of " they run," and on being informed that it was the French wuo rau, uu lepiica, x«cn s. 1**%; happy," and expired. The French Commander, General ..^-' nd, with a rs, laid the I which Via ot'Fuiidy, nd death of ?/i power in progressing dened the entire con- ns that iho ;onquest of t, Niagara, Septemher, its national eral Wolfe, t the same I so bravely 1 his blood iirnerica.* "educe Que- d the design hy which he IV the enemy olfri received ig carried to of death, he iformed that 4er, General br NOVA SCOTIA. 55 JfTow was the event celebrated at Halifax ? The people of Halifax demonstrated their joy Upon this occasion by bonfires, illuminations, en- tertainments, and other evidences of their sincere participation in the general triumph. How was Canada wholly subdued ? After the fail of Quebec, the French Governor retired to JMontreal [see map]; but iiaving receiv- ed intelligence of the approach of liord Colville, with a powerful fleet Irom Halifax, and being hemmed in on every side by the English Com- njanders, he surrendered the whole of Canada to His Britannic Majesty, on the 8th of September, 1760. AVIiat completed the disasters of the French ? The destruction of a French armament in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by Captain Byron, then se- nior officer at Louisburg, completed the annihila- tion of the French power in America Recapitulate the English successes over them. The English had deprived them of every ])0i'- session except the infant Colony of Louisiana; and soon after procured the submission of the French inhabitants and Indians of Canada and Nova Scotia. What measure succeeded the English victories ? As the maintenance of an adequate garrison at Louisburg was deemed disproportionate to its value, its fortifications were wholly destroyed, the cannon were removed to Halifax, and this once celebrated military depot, has now become an inconsiderable fishing port. Montcalm fell, mortally wounded at the same moment. The account of this triumph of the British arms was hailed in Great Britain with the most enthusiastic and extrava- gant expressions of rejoicing; and Parliament afterwards factifiorl tlio rrpafifiijla /-»f tKo ««♦!"" ♦" ffio immnrt-nl "Wnlfi^^ b/ erecting a monument to him in Wesminster Abbey . i ^ ■ m 54 «IEOGaAPaT AISD HISTORY CHAPTER XXXni. FnoM 17G0 TO 1763 — Gi:()Rf:E ii, Gkorce nr. Death of Governor Lawrence — Is svccvptlcrl hjf Picsidcni Ik'lchcr — Capture and ?<' •capture of Nly i-earetted as lie liad been uni- yersally respected and hfdoved ; and tiie [louse of Assenddy Jionored his memory l)y cansinir a mo- nunjeiit to be erected to him in S^l. Paul'b Chnrch, ttt iialii'ax. Who MOW assumed the Government of'Mova Scotia ? Upon the deatli of Governor Lawrence, His Honor Chief .fnsiice IJelchrr, sncceeded to tiie adminisfialion of the Go\ernmenr, as President. What was the lir.t iaiportant nit-asuro 1il> ffVccted? Tiie As>:enil»ly having beetj (fiSMLdved by the ileatli of George the Se^'ond, on thelGlh of Octo- ber, 17o0, President iiolcher juid liis Conncil altered the scide of rej)resontation, and made an increaf-e of menihers. What were the other acts of his Presidency? On the 12ih of J>iicen)l)er ho ntade a favorable represenlalio)! of the state of the Colony fo the Board of Trade ; convened a new Assembly on the Lst of .Tidy, 17(il; and executed a treaty with tije Mongnash tribe of Indians. Wi:at change o 'curred (hiring the Stitne year ? Presi(K3nt Behdier was created LieJit(.'nant Go- vernor of Nova Scotia, on the 2Lst of November. What advantage was gained l)y the Frencli, in 1762? s.ii\^ iTiai-^ v I ! J c:::vpii;:ij •.; i;iUII DUoCvh.iieJI, V» ilS disturbed by intelligence of the destruction of the Kn«ili.sb capture arrived t How w The p o( this p Lieut, t pinture of that fhhuid by a Kroiich fleet, whick arrived there on llie*24th June, 17Hr?. How was this intt'llif^ence rt'ceived in rv'ova Scotia? The people of Nova Scotia re-^eived the account of this petty triumph with the utmost alarm; th« Lieut. Governor laid nn embar^ro* on the ship- pin^% and declared the existence of martial luvv.f What other cxtrava-yant measure was adopted ? More than 130 Acadians were forthwith collected and transported to Massachusetts; but as the Le- gislature of that Province uotdd not permit thein 10 hind, they were rciu-ned to llalilax, and again in)j)risoned in October. ]I()w were the French at Newfoundland siilxlued ? Lord Colville had, in the meantime, sailed from Halifax with a small fleet, and recovered New- foundland with the loss of about ^0 men. AVhen was a pacific treaty executed ? Further hostilities were arrested by the si^ninjf of preliminary articles of peace, on the 3rd of November, and on the 10th of February, 1763, a definitive treaty was signed at Paris — l)y which the Government of France yielded to Great Bri- tain, all Nova Scotia, Canada, Cape Breton. Flori- da, and the Islands in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. t CHAPTER XXXIV. FaoM 1763 to 1783 — George irr. Domestic affairs — Political and Statistical changes* "What local occurrences succeeded the peace? About the middle of the year 1763, Londonderry was settled by Irish emigrants, the township of • Embaffjo, s. prohihition to sail. f The principal feature of which is, that persons ac- •used of treasonable practices, are judged in a summarj mode by a Court of Military Officers* ' !.fr lif ! I'm 56 GEOGRAPHY AN1> HISTORY Horton was founded ; aiul on the SGth September, Mr. Belcher was succeeded as Lieutenant Cover- nor by the honorable Montague VVihnot. What were the principal ovents of the follow! nf^ year ? On the 31st of May, 17G4, Lieutenant Governor Wihnot was elevated to the office of Governor; and during the same year, Shelburne was settled, tlie township of Granville was granted to 158 pro- prietors; and orders came from His Majesty, that in case of the death or absence of the Governor or Lieut. Governor, the Chief Justice should not ai- sume the administration of the Government. What alteration was soon afterwards made ? In 1765, an alteration was made in the scale of representation, by which Cape Dreton was entitled to send two members to the General Assembly. What changes occurred in the ensuinj; year? Upon the death of Governor Wilmot, in May, 1766, the hon. Benjamin Green, as senior Council- lor, administered the Government, till the a[)point- ment of the hon. Michael Franklin, as Lieutenant Governor, on the 23rd of August. Mr. Franklin was relieved on the 30ih of November, by the ap- pointment of the Right Honorable liord William Campbell, as Governor of Nova Scotia. Relate the principal local occurrences of Lord William Campbell's administration. During the six years after his appointment, Prince Edward's Island \^8 granted to 67 pro- prietors, and placed under a separate Government; Yarmouth, Clare, and Argyle were settled ; Cape Breton was annexed to the County of Halifax, and deemed to be represented by its members ; and in 1772, the total population of Nova Scotia was stated to be near 20,000. Who succeeded Lord William Campbell? The next Governor of Nova Scotia was Francis Legge, Esq., who assumed command on the btfa of October, 1773. By wh Mr. 1 till the ed by M on Rid 1777, a the 31st What On tl was sue Septem Andrew What Fron pttentio tionary bond most 01 In wh Atth Paris, i from r upwarc possess prise, I blishm< agricul What tory to In tl Parlian Coloni< ments. not b( 1 September, inant Gover- ot. illowingyear? ;nt Governor »f Governor ; was settled, i to 158 pro- Vlajesty, that Governor or »uld not as- nnent. de? the scale of was entitled \ssen)bly. year ? Dot, in May, lior Council- the a[)poiut- s Lieutenant Mr. Franklin ', by the ap- iord William a. Lord William ippointment, d to 67 pro- Government; 3ttled ; Cape 'Halifax, and ibers ; and in tia was stated 1? , was Francis id on the btb OF NOVA SCOTIA. 57 By what Lioutenant Governors was he assisted? Mr. Franklin remained Lieutenant Governor till the 27th of Ai)ril, 1776, when he was succeed- ed by Marion Arbuthnot, Esq. The office devolved on Richard Huj^hes, Esq. on the 17th of August, 1777, and on Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, ou the 31st of July, 178L What odicr changes were made? On the 9th of October, 1782, Governor Legge was succeeded by John Parr, Esq. ; and on the '^?d September, 1783, Edward Fanning succeeded Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, as Lieutenant Governor. CHAPTER XXXV. From 1763 to 1783 Continued. The American Revolution, What subject here demands some attention ? From the domestic affairs of Nova Scotia, our attention is naturally turned to the great revolu- tionary convulsion, which burst in sunder the bond of connection between Great Britain and most of her American colonies. In what state were the colonies at this period ? At the termination of hostilities, by the treaty of Paris, in 1763, the British continental colonies from Nova Scotia to Florida were inhabited by upwards of two millions of people; who generally possessed a vigorous spirit of commercial enter- prise, paid great regard to their educational esta- blishments, and had made a gradual progress in agriculture. » What measure was projected, that proved dissatisfac- tory to them ? In the year 1765, an act was passed by th« Parliament of England, which extended to the Colonies, and ordained that deeds, bonds, agree- ments, and otlier such articles in writing, should not b© valid unless executed upon stamped ■ ( ^9 !M •EOCnAPHT AND HFSTORY paper, upon which a duty ivns paid to the C What was (he iate of the Stain rowi. p act This h\w was s^dbmifttMi to, hy Nova S r«„„ • J V>, ^-'""^"i^" I", i'j iNova Scotia, Georgu,, «nd Canada ; but the other colonies of the Bnt.sh Parlmnient had no rioht whatever to %L I vV .""''^ '^ .r^' ^''^^-efure repealed on the I2nd of Fehritary, 176b*. AVhat measure succeeded? In J767, the Parliament, still persisting in a ri^rht -to tax the colonies, imposed a duty on c^lass, pa- I>erpaniter's colours, afid tea, imported into them. IJow was the act rec -ived in America ? f^.L.^ .^ ^''"f ''"P^»«<^^J f»''"ved so obnoxiong, that the spnit of opposition spread over all the colonies except Nova .Scotia and Canada. I What was the first result of this opposition? I feo rapjdiy did -eneral disatrectinn increase, that on the 5th of March, 1770, an affray occurred at lioston, between some soldiers and citizens, in -wfnch some of the latter were killed. What was the next act of a hostile character? ihc colonists had resolved that none of the -dutiable articles should be consumed by tliem and in 1773, a number of Boston citizens, act' Ing upon this determinaiion, disoui.ved themselves as Jndians, boarded some Briiish shi|)f', loaded with tea and threw 349 chests of it into tiie sea. JJow did these hostile indications proj^ress? Dissatisfaction with the measures of Government now ripened into a p^eneral and determined revo- utionary s}>irit; which at length was displayed by a battle between the colonists and British sol- diers at Lexington, on the 19rh of April, 1775. What succeeded the hatde of Lexington ? 1 he unhappy conflict, called the American Re- ▼olutionary War, was now vigorously prosecuted; Srl.'^".*^' ^^ 5'f Ji»Iv,1776, depuLe. from the »*«««uSMed c©iQiiies am ui New York, atid tl«^ I .,*»*»»^, the Crowi. I dared \h Nova Scotia, f colonies of 3 ^Toimd that vvhatever to )eale(l on tljo ingin a ri^^ht )M t^laas, pa- id into them. obnoxious, over ali the 1 da. Ion? n crease, that occiirred at citizens, in cter ? lone of the id by tiiem, jitizeiis, act themselves i|)f', loaded to tlje Fea. 'SS? government nined revo- s displayed British tjoj- I, 1775. lerican Re- prosecuted; 2 ^ from tha OP NOVA SCOTIl, Sb em to be free and inde[)endent, under th« appellation of "TIhj United States of America.'' AVhat measures succeeded tliis declaration? Tiie British Government resorted to the most vi^^orons measures to recover possession oftljo colonies, renouncin-,^ all ri<>lit ot'taxiiiij them, ex- cept for the rejrnlalioii of commerce ; but' the Revolutionists having strengthened themselves by painiiio: the open alliance of France, on the Gth of February, 177a~-Grejit Britain at lennii, acknow- ledged the iiHle|)enda!ice of the United States, by a treaty whi<;h was signed at Paris, on the 3rd of November, 1783. Whaf coJonies remained true to Great Brifain ? Neitlier Nova Scotia nor Canada joined tbn standard of revolt. The charixe of disairectiou v/as indeed impntod to t!ie inhabitants of two .ir tliree towKshijJS of Nova Scoiia; but it was after- wards testii^jed iliar tlieir di^saiisfaciion arose fro/n the mal-admin!stiation ofjiisdce bv pnblii* officers, and frotrj other causes, disconnected vvitij revolu- tionary ])rincijdes. CII AFTER XXXVr. From 1783 to 17.92 — Georgr tii. Increase ce William Hem",* Kinds' College at Windsor was founded, and the Bourse 01 Assembly impeached the Judges. The'H^rl' 7a ""W° ^"PP°« -education? ^Zr^J^^' •^°''S: an/an"a'n° u-^f sl^'i-f ±-400 ster ing for its support. The Imnprinl P«^ Imnem also granted ^fooo to I^gV^le^e Who succeeded Governor Parr ' ^O'^ege. ^i/pon the death of Governor Parr on fho 9^th of November, 1791, the hon. RiS ButVaO^ J4 • ^ Afterwards Kinsr Willinm ♦Kz/t? oyrth. "'ft^'Vt*.-^. r5»;. ■ifl le Provincial 3ns who had a during the 'fleeted ? Sreton were s fronri the e following established the Govern-. ime to ap- the British itenant Go- r and Lieu- Dorchester mmand, aa in 1786. le Governor and com- mainderof Insurance 11 anddin- i-y,* King's the House ion ? ) to main- aid in the lal sum of >erial Par- Ilege. the 25th LilkeJ^ a^r OF NOVA SCOTIA. 61 mtl'ui o^f%?""T."cS'"\"'^ ^^"•^»- Councillor, till the 14th of Ma.v, 1792, when John Wentworth Lsq was sworn into office as Lieutenant Govein,r mat preceded l,is appointment ? ^oveinoi. I he Great Pictou Road was opened during the administration of Mr. Bulkely. ^ CHAPTER XXXVIT. Fhom 1792 TO 1 SOS—George III. Lieutenant Governor Wentworth's administration FrTnVp 7''r'''f ""'"' ^" 'i^" """ administration ? l^iance declared war against England, in 170'^ • and one of the results of this declaration was the IXs^frr^'Zl^ men-of-war, by his^Ma/et ty s ships, Thetis and ITussar, which vessels arrived at Hahtax with their prizes in 1795. What other occurrences are worthy of mpntion' During the same year,Governor Wentworth was preferred to the dignity of Baronet of Nova Scotia : and Parliament granted an additional sum of £500 towards completing King's College, at Windsor. ll i4q f"'?."^^'^*''^^^'^^ ^^'•^ ^^««» ^ft^^r shown? m 1/98, tne Louse of Assembly voted 500 gui- neas for the purchase of a star, to be presented to Prince Edward, Duke of Kent,* and the irihab^ * The Duke of Kent was a brother of their Maiesties George IV. and William IV, and father of Queen Vic- toria. His Royal Highness was born on the 2nd of ^ZITw'l-P^^^ 'n "^ '^'''^ y'^'' afterwards, having luut i^^"" ^f Commander of the Royal Fuzileers, he built the Prince s Lodge, on the margin of Bedford i3asin, about six miles from the town. His Royal Hio-h- ness was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the forces in British North America, in 1799, and it was from him that Prince Edward s Island received its present nam^. On the 5th of June, 1800, the Duke laid the corner nprjq of M^son s Hall, in Halifa^. He died in Jan., 1819. I J ea GKOGIIAPIIT AND IIISTORT c II tantsofNova Scotia subscribed nlmiit £10,000 for the siip))ort oi'the war witli France.* What calatnity happened in the sa-ru* year? On the 2oth t)f SepteiTil)er, a dreadful stoi m de- itroyed properly at Haliiax aiuouiitiiiL' by estima- tion to £100,000. When did the wnr witli France terminate? On tlie 18th of November, ISOl, a ^jeneral pence was announced ; upon which the town of Ualilax was brilliantly illuminated. For what was the ensuing year distinguished ? In May, 1802, a iloyal Charter"was ijranted to King's College ; and the shi)) Princess Amelia, bearing the furniture of Mis R(«,'d Highness the Duke of Kent, was lost on Sable Island, and every soul on board, 200 in nuud)er, peri.shed. What results succeeded tliuse occurrence's ? In the following year, an establishment was erected on the Isle of Sable for the reliefof ship- wrecked mariners ; and in Septejuber, the Univer- sity of King's College was o})ened lor instruction. V/hat national calamity was proclaimed? Renewed hostilities between England and France, by the dissolution of the peace, were announced in 1803. Name the principal local event of the ensuing year. No apf)ropriation Bill passed in 1804, in^'conse. quence of a disagreen.-ent between the House and Council, upon which the Lieutenant Governor undertook to pay the several items which had l)een agreed lo by both branches, and likewise the usual salaries. What important event transpired in Europe ? On the 2nd of December, 1804, Napoleon Bo«. KAPARTE, who, by his military genius and ambi- * Towards this object, the hoys of the Halifax Gram^ mar School gave £>-I3 18s. sterling, out of tbdr own O* WOVA SCOTIA. t £10,000 for :»ar ? [ill Storm de- g by estiina- enernl pence rn of Halilax shed? IS .ii:rantei] to fess Amelia, lig|j!irss the fl, and every J. s? aliment was iliefof ship- the Univer- instruction. and France, ' announced siiin^ year. :, in cojnse* '■ House and t Governor which had nd likewise po? 'OLEON Bo^ and ambi- iHfax Gram* of their Qva 6Sf tious views, kept Enroi)e in arms for ncarlr 20 years, was crowned Emperor of France Thl^r'-fl"'"*'''. "l'^^*^'^^"*^ progressing \n Amenc.-, » th^Z ^«r. *'^'''^^'«"« hetween England and th« United fetates, were violently disturbed by the discovery o( several En^.li.h deserters on board be American fvipite, Chesapeake, from which Wliat were the consequences of this collision ? A war between England and the Unrted Stateg was now anticipated ; exports of provision fro.'n No- Va fecr)tia were prohibited ; and the militia in many pans ot the Province called out and armed. Vj hat measures were taken by the United States ? J be American con-ress, in retaliation of th« commorcial restrictions of Great Britain, imposed «n embargo on all American vessels, and com^ iiifinded all British ships to quit their Ports. Hon- was the administration changed at this time ' In the midst of these difficulties, Sir John Went- worth's mhninistration terminated, by the appoint- ment of Sir George Prevost, as Lieutenant Gover- nor of Nova Scotia. Was Governor Wentworth popular? During his administration of the Government for nearly 16 years, Sir John Went worth gained the es- teem ot the peo[)le of Nova Scotia, and the Asi^em- bly voted him a pension of £500 per annum, on liis reiiremei:t. CHAPTER XXXVin. From 1808 to 181 1 —Geouge iit. ^iiV George Prevost's Administration. When did the new administration commence ? Sir George Prevost v.as sworn into office on th« I3th of April, 1808; but in the autumn of that year he sailed to assist in th.e veAuvxSov. of J^pf* tt French felaud in the West luili^js* ' fA GEOGRAPUT AND HISTORt "Who now administered the Government ? In the absence of Sir George Prevost, the Go- vernment devolved on the hon. Alexander Croake, who refused his assent to an appropriation bill, pas- sed by the Assembly in January, 1809, one item of which he considered improper, and the whole bill extravagant. How was the national commerce relieved ? In April, a partial intercourse was opened be- tween Great Britain and the United States. When did the Lieutenant Governor resume the ad- ministration ? On the 12th of April, Sir George Prevost re- turned successful from Martinique, and in June, the Legislature voted 200 guineas for the purchase of a sword to be presented to him, as a mark of their approbation for his conduct at the taking of that Island, How was the administration of Lieutenant Governor Prevost conducive to the prosperity of Nova Scotia ? Sir George is said to have been the first Gover- nor who discovered the real importance of Nova Scotia ; or who bad the abilities to direct its re-r sources into proper channels. Enumerate the measures which led to this opinion. He introduced order into the public departments ; establishecl schools in the townships ; carried into successful operation a oew style of training t^ie miUtia; founded thai; superb edifice, the Province Building ; had new roads opened ; and extended $he agriculture, ti ude, and fisheries of the colony.* When did Lieutenant Governor Prevost's administra- tion terminate ? On the 20th of August, 1811, the hon. A. Croake assumed the Gove^ ment; Sir George Prevost having been appointed Governor General of the colonies. See; McGregor'i; British America, 1st Ed., p. 134. or NOVA SCOTIA. 65 , the Go- L' Ci'oake, ibill,pas- e item of le whole »ened be- s. le the ad- evost re- in June, purchase I mark of taking of Governor Scotia ? St Gover- of Nova 3ct its re-t pinion, irtments; rried into iuing XhQ Province extended colony.* dministra- L Croake J Prevost al of the p. 134. CHAPTER XXXIX. From 1811 to 1816. — George hi. Administration of Sir J olm Coape Sherhrooke, Who was the next Lieut. Governor of Nova Scotia ? Sir John Coape Sherhrooke, having been ap- pointed to succeed Sir George Prevost, was sw^oi n into office as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia on the 16th of October, 1811. What important event distinguished the ensuing year ? The United States declared war against Great Britain in June, 1812 ; and the arrival of His Ma- jesty's ship Bel videra at Halifax, announcing that she had been chased and fired into by an Ameri- can squadron — her captain and 18 seamen wound- ed, and two killed, indicated the necessity of meeting the declaration with vigor and spirit. What measures were immediately adopted ? A press-warrant was forthwith granted to the Admu'al on the station ; the militia were called out and armed ; letters of Marque* were issued, and privateers fitted out against the Americans. How were the interests of education advanced ? In January, 1813, the National School at Halifax was opened ; and in May, a grant of 20,000 acres of land was made to King's College. What happened in the following month ? On Sunday, the 6th of June, His Majesty's frigate Shannon entered Halifax harbor, with her prize, the American frigate Chesapeake, which she captured near Boston harbor after a sever© engagement of eleven minutes. How were the ships greeted at Halifax ? As the Shannon and her splendid prize slowly passed up the harbor, the inhabitants of Halifax covered the wh ves, and rapturously cheered the victorious sailors, who rejoined by * Marque, s., pr. mark, licence for rm^ing reprisals. # . m (SKOORAPHY AND HISTORT I wavinjT their hats in silonce, fonrfiil of disfiirhing the rest of tlieir ijallant comiiiaiul(3r, Captr.iti Broke, who had rceeiv OF KOVA SCOTIA. 07 ifnrhing Daptaifi IS head. n? Captain (jflirer. iniecl at uitk aitd rs ever I rone of , peace France. sro pro- vantage ' Ghent, r. 1814. ^Miew ed? ived the I by the II wliich Velling- ingyear? n harked Lmerica. extraor- iiiiegri- GE IT. icceeded t George, office «8 Lientenant Governor of Nova Scotia, on the 12th of Oc.toher, 1816. JIow did the Earl of Dalhousie {govern the Provincp ? IJis adininistration was excct'dingly a^reeahle to the people of Nova Scotia, ajid was distinguicih- for great and nselid measures. Mention some of them. Tlie estahlislnrient of ajTicnltHral societie* throuf^hout the Province j tlie huilding of Daliiousio CoMe^^e at Halifax, and the commencement of a hridth(jr the ed by tlie icils ? sed of 20 limihitioii Executive )ore ana- rs. !? nada was troops in Canada, i resolu- irnent to ► support >s. rlh from own and , report p(l 3er, 1837; [ succeed- meeUngs. or NOVA SCOTIA. 74 ITow did the rebellion terminate? The misled peo|)lo who imd bnen persuaded to rebel were soon subdued, their rifrhta us Britisli subjects wore suspended, and the Earl ol' Durham was sent from En-land as Governor General of British America, with authority to reconcile the Provmcial disputes which had caused the rebellion. How was the coronation observed? The 28tli of June, the day appointed for the coronation of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, was celebrated in Nova Scotia in u style unsurpassed in the annals of Provincial History. What means were employed to honor the occasion ' The ceremonies at llaliflix consisted of royal salutes, a grand display of colors, rin»instival, sports and games, illuminations, martial music' balls, entertainments, bonfires, and a succession of splendid fireworks. What proved that the desire to honor Her Majestj was universally felt in Nova Scotia? Other parts of the Province joined in celebrating this event with similar demonstrations of gratu" lation. CONCLUDING HEMARKS. What may be considered the chief causes of continued tranquility in the civil affiurs of this Province ? Nova Scotia may be deemed particularly fortu- nate in having been governed by great and good men, who, by gaining the esteem of her inhabi- tants, secured their co-operation in effecting mea* sures for good government, and thereby prevented civil commotions. How have we been protected from foreign invasion ? In return for the sincere loyalty ever manifested hy the people of Nova Scotia towards their Sove- reign, and tha profound love and veneration evin- ced by them for British Institutions, ample protec- tion is aiTorded them by the Parent Governmentj which watches over the colonies with paternal care. 7JJ GEOGRAPHY A>D HISTORY CHAPTER XLIV. Geography. Divisions, takes, Rivers^ and Mountains. "What are the civil and judicial divisions of Nova Scotia? For the belter administration of Government, and the equal distribution of justice, Nova Scotia is divided into circuits, counties, and townships.* * Alterations are made in the counties and representa- tion almost every year ; and therefore the best reference that can be had is to the annual almanacs. The following tal'le will shew the present counties, with their popula- tion, members of Assembly, and the county town of each, with its members and distance from the capital. For the situation of the counties see map. Popu' Mem County Mem Miles ft 3 No 3:5 16,950 Counties. , ^. lation. Halifax 31,095 Guysboro'.. Sydney Pictou ...17,436 Cumberland. . 6,770 Colchester.... 9,629 Hants 10,884 King's 12,760 ' Lunenburg.... 11, 766 Queen's 5,281 Shelburne. .)■.,, ...-,« Yarmouth..^ ^^'"-"^ An^raVolis.*! f ^^''^'^^ rCapeBreton \ Richmond.. ^37,500 [^Inverness. .. bers. Towns. hers, dist. 2 Halifax 2 2 Guysboro'.... 2 Dorchester. . 2 Pictou 2 Amherst 1 Truro 2 Windsor 2 Kentville 2 Lunenburg. . 2 Liverpool.... 1 Shelburne ... 1 Yarmouth 1 Digby 1 Annapolis.... I Sydrey 1 Arichat 1 Port Hood... 178 144 98 128 64 45 72 65 100 272 221 150 130 333 199 230 193,409 26 added to 15, with a member for each of the townships of Onslow, London- '^"rry, Falmouth, Newport, Horton, Cornwaliis, Gran- OF NOVA SCOTIA. 73 ns. ►va Scotia? ernment, va Scotia nships.* epresenta- l reference ^ following lir popula- ;^nof each, . For the Mem Miles bers. dist. y 2 178 144 98 128 64 45 72 65 100 272 221 150 130 333 199 230 l5, with V, London- MiSf Gran- What are the characteristics of each of those divisions? Each circuit embraces several counties, and has one or more judges presiding over its courts; coun-^ ties are divisions, serving the better regulation ol' taxes and representation ; townships are tracts of land, each granted to a number of individuals, as- sociated together tor purposes of settlement. Do lakes and rivers abound in Nova Scotia? About one third of Nova Scotia is covered with lakes and rivers, which are scattered in every di- rection over its surface. Which are the principal lakes ? The largest lakes are the Bras d'Or and Mar- guerite, in Cape Breton ; Rosignol, in Queen's Countv, the Grand Shubenacadie, in Halifax and Hants"; the St. Croix, in Hants; College Lake in Sydney and Guysboro' ; and Porter's Lake in Hti- liiax County. What are the rivers? The rivers are numerous. Though none are very great, some of them are navigable for many miles; such as the Annapolis river, the Avon, the Shu!)en- acadie, the Musquodoboit, and St. Mary's ; East, West,and xMiddle rivers at Pictou, and the Mn-ay m Cape Breton. What mountains are in Nova Scotia ? The surface of Nova Scotia is hilly and undu- lated, but not mountninous; the principal high lands are the Horton Mountains ; North Mountam, running from Cape Blowmedon to Digby Gut; the Cobequid Moqntains, in Cumberland; Mount TiUe, Barrington, Argyle, and Clare, (lO,) gives a toUl of 51 members to General Assembly. The number of inhabitants above is obtained by an increase of one-fourth on the census taken m 1827. Tue distances to Sydney, Arichat, and Port Hood are by land to Guysboro', thence by ^vater. If you embark at Pictou for Port Hood, the distance is only 151 mhes. 74 GEOGRAPHY AND HTSTORT Tom^ on the Pictou Road : and Aspotogen, a mountain rising from a point of land between Margaret's Bay in Halifax, and Mahone Bay, in Lunenburg County. CHAPTER XLY. Climate, Soil, Productions , and Education, What kind of a climate has Nova Scotia? The climate of Nova Scotia, though variable, is salubrious and healthy, and, indeed, may be con- sidered one of tlie best in the world ; for we have neither the continual sultry and unhealthy heat of more southern countries, nor the everlasting win- ter of the more northern. What kind of soil has Nova Scotia ? The soil in the interior parts of the country is excellent for vegetation, the portions on the Atlan- tic shore being comparatively sterile; but the beautiful fields which nearly cover the once styled barren peninsula of Halifax,prove that the quantity of soil incapable of being made fertile, is compa- ratively small. What are the chief productions of Nova Scotia ? The soil of Nova Scotia produces almost every kind of grain of good quality, abundance of vege- tables, excellent fruits, and fine timber trees; its domestic animals g«'ow plentiful as the wild ones become scarce ; its harbours, rivers and lakes abouad with fish, its forests with birds, and the earth contains valuable minerals. What colleges and academies are in Nova Scotia? The chief places of education are Dalhousie and King's colleges — the Pictju, Horton, Wind- sor, Yarmouth, Annapolis, and Arichat academies — the Halifax Grammar, National, Acadian, St. George's, and Catholic schools, besides numerous classical and olher academies, taught by private gentiCi {11012. OF NOVA SCOTI.i. 75 rogen, a between 3 Bay, in m. liable, is be con- we have 7 heat of ing win- )untry is e Atlan- but the 56 styled quantity connpa- ia? ►St every of vege- rees; its ild ones id lakes and the alhousie , Wind- ademies jian, St. Limerous private CHAPTER XLVI. The Indians of North America. 'Describe the original inhabitants of North America ? When North America was discovered, it was inhabited by a scattered but robust and hardy race, of an athletic frame of body, and a vigorous and warlike i of subsistance ? Chiefly by the noble exercine of hunl'uig, as well ashy fishing, and by some sliaiit attempts at agri- culture, the roving Indians gained a sufficiency for an appetite, amazingly limited and easily satisfied. By wiiai means has their jjrimitive state been altered? A great change has been wrought in their con- dition by the settlement of Europeans in America. l^escribe this diange. Thousands of them have since been cut off by diseases, emanating JVom the is(3 of intoxicating liquors, others hav fallen by the sword of the white man, or in colonial wi.r.-, caitsed by European disputes, and the Lnited States are no'«/ prosecut- ing measures which are i'lmt t^l^grminating them from the face of the earth In whttt condition are those who remain? The greatest number of * hem, driven far l»W!k from the eastern sliores,retair: as much m^ possible of their original habits and huriirter; others Imve willingly adopted gome of the arts of civifized Irfe ; luiii a few, whu have degcijeratea irorri tr ■ml i nw ii I inw ii'i ii r i i «y»«a«i' mroi » » ' i i w xff Ibbv^ AVERllSEME^TS. M tr^CLEMENf. 0. -3 EL.trH E R, IJookseller AM>p, |-.||U Stationer;**'. flas cbn.stantly on hand the laieBt|^|i 'p«t'ditions of e'lcfrantand popular peiModj^cals, Books ofkr^^s r'l'aoverv variety from- the best Jjondon" WarelioaHce ; %c»S' I [^^govt^ry variety 1^^ ^^'■'^vincial works is«f'« e very description Lii 3 Maps, Charts, and Stationery <^ iSf'^j and »Tjperiror quality. _^ ^-^j. Ipiriilplt; «3co{tijih ChriKtian Herald : Church ^^^ -<''^>sr- 1^?] fS hivi Ma£:aziiie / Wilson's Border Talofl ; Ch": ib.:r&' 0, ^'^ Fi(1ii>biir>o-li Jcurniil, do. Iiiforiiial';6"Ti for th^^ ^V.''!-^^-) lii' d<5. Jjducational Ccursc ; Comb's . C<::jsUwV%;b'7 '''l^'-jj'i _ .. tVian; ^-c.ott'R Fhronology in havmoriV v/ith j W t:k'"i;.» ^-^ pitures ; London Peiin^ MagaziiiC ; llattou*; Malhe- llj (1fiatics,'by Frofessor Hatnsey } Taylori) l..vi;rir Tc jljles ; XValhice's ^Practical Mechanics' O'nidt*; £j^f|j. Bj rrofessor*|lennie's 'S'ciiTtiiic Al]ih;il>ets en i^otnny. ^T^^^:' ( runt iSii G-eolo2v, ChCTtiistry, Elfrtricilv, r'lutural Fhii-^fo- l-ri! j||ri"phy, &:c., &c., &c. Bibles; Test;vnents ; Fsfiln: |^^'; swlBooks: Praver Jioohs : Cro-skiil's History and Gi'o-^^jll SSI.Books; Prayer JiophM ; Cro-skiil's History and C v^-.|.^„., ji^irraphy of Nova Sco>ia ; School books of** all kinds ; fjj||^ jrali^teel fens; Perriari Pen?;; NotVbs'^ Nd:vi"iration ; i*-^-|'' Lilil Chartrj,, and .MallieuiatiQal liistruinents : Li>|T BooV.*?: tp-.-' 1^ Foolscap I of Room rap • ' i 1 [)ay Books. Journals, and Le\'o-€rs > ^lilitary j31r>nr *i||j Rooks ; VVrlLiiig Paper, consisting of — Pot, Post, and ^^' ; Wrappin,*/ Paper — also, alar?e assoLljf;)outiiw1 Paper and Jsordermo- ; the. v;aoie oi wii:;'*) ,-.t»j "HI v.'ili ^e sold at theit. usuaLJow prices. l!l! JOHN MUNRO, Bookseller and f^rxrw^rn, ♦^p- 1*| Iffrl nosite th» Eastern front of the Proviu;'' ' ''"' u Hv^iiis Street, Halifax, N. S., i-. constat £||v.-uli every variety of {general i^idifff 5 Ma; k'^ h .iO'i]^fe'|i fl| i^'i^p-Dd juvenile bocKs f ComnmTci'rl, Custo.i ^'Hor ^M ,3 8_i,\-.^-rSc;- J '(•■til ^'''^'^ every otK^r ai ^i iji'vf, .ir^;3ig^t^& 'C ..m