%. AJ * IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) «< ^ ^ y. 1.0 !f:i- I I.I 1^ 1^ 2.5 1.8 1.25 M||iA ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation S: ^^ ,\ «■ :\ \ V v;.^ . "^Q^ 'jfe^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 , r une ilmage es f errata d to It le pelure. n The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cove'' and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. 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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une teile empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole -^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, at de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants Mlustrent la m6thode. 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 c THB GESTURE SrEECH OF MAN. ADDRESS COL GARRICK MALLERY, U, S, A (CHAIRMAN OF SUBSECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY) BEVORE THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOH THB ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AT CINCINNATI, OHIO. AUGUST, 1881. [RBPMNTED from vol. XXX OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE AUVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.] SALEM: PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS. 1881. if r -I '^ THE GESTURE SPEECfl O ADDRESS nv COL GARRICK MALLERY (CHAIRMAN OF SUBSECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY) BEVORE THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR TUB ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AT CINCINNATI, OHIO. AUGUST, 1881. [REFRIMTED FROM VOL. XXX OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN A880CIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.] SALEM: FRIMTED AT THE SALEM PRESS. 1881. ' •iy»''y4^jKfeSfess*.»AW-»ji^ggg g 'i^fe^vW^ i , i r i V.« L ii im: I ' 11 " I iiiilt : il W i 'li i tt"""'w I r- i ADDRESS BY COL. GARRICK MALLERY, U. S. A. CHAIRMAN OF SUBSECTION OF ANTIIUOPOLOGY. THE GESTURE SPEECH OF MAN. Anthropology tells the march of mankind out of savagery. In that march some peoples have led with tlie fleet course of videttes or the sturdy stride of pioneers, some have only plodded on the roads opened by tlie vanguard, while others still lag in the unordered rear, mere dragweights to the column. All commenced their progress toward civilization from a point of departure lower than tlie stage reached by the lowest of the tribes now found on earth, and all, even the most advanced, have retained marks of their rude origin. These marks are of the same kind, though differing in distinctness, and careful search discovers the fact that none are missing, showing that there is a common source to all the forms of intellectual and social development, notwithstanding their present diversities. Perhaps the most notable criterion of ditferei' : 's in the copiousness and precision of oral language, and in t'l- unequal survival of the communication by gesture signs whica, it is believed, once universally prevailed. The phe- nomena of that mode of human utterance, wherever it still appears, require examination as an instructive \estige of the prehistoric epoch. In this respect the preeminent gesture system of the North American Indians calls for study in comparison with other less developed or more degenerate systems. It may solve prob- lems in psychologic comparative philology not limited to the single form of speech, but embracing all modes of expressing ideas. Perhaps, therefore, a condensed report of such study pur- (8) -)iii l> : i rtil* iii W'' 4 AODUKSS OK GAIIKICK MAU.EUT, 8U0(1 wi'h advantiijfcs posscsHcd by f«w porHons even in this couiitiy will, on this occiision, bo an nccoiitablo contribution as illuHliatiiif,' tlu' f?ostiiiP speocli of man. So far as the use of gentuio Higns continued, however origi- nating, in the necessity for conununication between peoples of dilferent oral speech, North America shows more favorable con- ditions for its develoi)inent than any other thoroughly exi)lorea part of the world. In that great continent the precolumbian population was, as is now believed, scanty, and so subdivided dialectically, that the members of but few bands could readily converse with others. The number of now defined stocks or families of Indian languages within the territory of the United States amounts to sixty-five, and these .litter among themselves as radically as each differs from the Hebrew, Chinese, or English. In each of these linguistic families there are several, sometimes as many as twenty, separate languages, which also diff-er from each other as much as do the English, French, German and Per- sian divisions of the Aryan linguistic stock. The conditions upon which the survival of sign language among the Indians has depended are well shown by those attending its discontinuance among certain tribes. The growth of the mongrel tono-ue, called the Chinook jargon, arising from the same causes that produced the pigeon-English, or lingua franca of the Orient, explains the known recent disuse of systematic signs among the Kalapuyas and other tribes of the North Pacific coast. The Alaskan tribes also generally used signs not more than a genera- tion aero. Before the advent of the Russians the coast Alaskans traded' their dried fish and oil for the skins and paints of the eastern tribes by visiting the latter, whom they did not allow to come to tiie coast, and this trade was conducted mainly in sign lancruage. The Russians brought a better market, so the travel to the "interior ceased, and with it the necessity for the signs, which therefore gradually died out, and are little known to the present generation on the coast, though still continuing in the interior where the inhabitants are divided by dialects. No explanation is needed for the gradual disuse of signs for the special purpose of intertribal communication when the speech of surrounding civilization becomes known as the best common medium. When that has become general, and there is a compelled end both to hunting and warfare, signs, as systematically employed ciuiKMAN OF srnsECTioN OF ANTiinorot.oov. o before, fiidn ivwny, or survive only in fornial oratory nnd inipivs- siuned conversation. THEORIES ENTERTAINEU UESPECTINO INDIAN 8I(;NS. It is not now proposed to pronounce upon tlieories. Tiie rnero collection of fiicts ciinnot, however, he prosecuted to iidviinliifio witliont predetermined rules of direction, nor can tliey be classi- fied at all without the adoption of some i)rinciple which involves a tentative theory. Now, also, since tin- <;reat principle of evo- lution has been Itrouglit to general notice, no one will be satislled with knowing a fact without also trying to establish its relation to other facts. Therefore a working hypothesis, which shall not bo held to with tenacity, is not only allowable but necessary. It ia likewise proper to examine with respect the theories adianced by others. NOT COKKELATED WITH MEAOERNESS OK LANOL'AfJE. The ever unconfirmed rejwrt of travellers that certain lan- guages cannot be clearly understood in the dark by their pos- sessors, using their mother tongue between themselves, when as- serted, as it often has been, in reference to any of the tribes of North America, is absolutely false. It must be attributed to the error of visitors, who seldom see the natives except when trying to make themselves intelligible to them by a practice which they have found by experience to have been successful with stran- gers to their tongue. Captain Burton specially states that the Arapahos possess a ver}' scanty vocabulary, pronounced in a quasi- unintelligible wtt}', and can hardly converse with one another in the dark. The truth is that their vocabidary is by no means scanty, and they do converse with each other with perfect freedom without any gestures when they so please. The same distin- guished explorer also gives a story " of a man who, being sent among the Cheyennes to quality himself for interpreting, re- turned in a week and proved his competency ; all he did, how- ever, was to go through the usual pantomine with a running accompaniment of grunts." And he might as well have omitted the grunts, for obviously he only used sign language. The similar accusation made against the Shoshonian stock, that their tongue, without signs, was too meager for understanding, is refuted by my own experience. When Ouray, the late head chief of the Utes, was last at Washington, after an interview with the , »^S?-<5gS*;^5iFt.- 8 ADHUKHS OK (lAHUICK MAM.KUY, Socrotnry of tlip Inlorior, lio iniuh' n-port of it to tlie others of tlio .U'lojiation who Iwul not Ihh-u |.ics.-iil. llu spoke without piuiHO in iiFs own liin-iuajie for ni'Uiiy iin honr, in a monotone iind with- ont u sinjile frosture. Tiie reason for liiis depressed nmnner wii8 iindoul.tedly hecause lie wiis very sud lit llie resnit, involvinf? h)S9 of land iin.i change of iioine ; but the faet remains that ftdl in- formation was conmnmicated on a complicated subject without tlie aid of a manual sign, and also without even sudi change of inllcclion of voice as is common among Europeans. All theories! l)a.ied upon the supi)osed poverty of American languages must bo ubandoned. The grievous accusation against foreign people that they have no intelligible language is venerable and general. With the Greeks the term uyM„i;n-talkers, delerminc.t their opinions. The theory also supposes a conipariv- tively recent origin of sij^n lanKUii^^fS whereas so far ns can be traced, the conditions favorahle to it existed very lonu; njjo and were coextensive with the territory of North America occupied hy any of the tribes. Some writers conllno its use to tlie Great Plains. It is, however, ascertained to have prevailed amoiip; tho Iroquois, Wyandots, Ojibwas, and at least three generaticnis back anions tho Crecs and the Mandaiis and other far northern Dakotas. Home of these and many other tribes of the United States never habiting the Plains, as also tho Kutchins of eastern Alaska and the Kutiuc and Selish of British Columbia, use signs now. Instead of referring to some past period when they did not use signs, many Indians examined speak of a time when they or their fathers employed them more freely and copiously than at present. Perhaps tho most salutary criticism to be offered regarding tho theory would be in the form of a query whether sign language has ever been invented by any one body of people at any one time, and whether it is not simply a phase in evolution, surviving and reviving when needed. Not only does the burden of proof rest unfavorably upon the attempt to establish one parent stock for sign language in North America, but it also comes under tho Btigma now fastened upon the immemorial effort to name and locate tho original oral speech of man. It is only next in dilll- culty to tho old persistent determination to decide upon the origin of tlio whole Indian " race," in which most peoples of an- tiquity in tho eastern hemisphere, including the lost tribes of Israel, tho Gipsies, and the Welsh, have figured conspicuously as putative parents. SIGN LANGUAGE NOT UNIFORM. The general report that there is but one sign language in North America, any deviation from which is either blunder, corruption, or a dialect in the nature of provincialism, originated with sign talkers in several regions. Now a mere sign talker is often a bad authority upon principles and theories. He may not be irnr^TT^aKSi-;;: "jTiSf-.-a^r'^'-'i-sse^^sr^F rT"'~i." :i?J5Et-~= 7^ T 8 ADDRESS OF (lARRICK MALLERY, ►I liable to the satirical compliment of Dickens' "brave courier," who " understood all languages indifferently ill ;" but many men speak sonic one language fluently, and yet are wholly unable to explain or analyze its words and forms so a» to teach it to an- other, or even to give an intelligent summary or classification of their own knowledge. What such a sign talker has learned is by memorizing, as a cliild learns English, and though both the sign talivcr and the ciiiid may be able to give some separate items use- ful to a philologist or foreigner, such items are spoiled when col- ored by the attempt of ignorance to theorize. A German who has studied English to thorough mastery, except in the mero facility of speech, may in a discussion upon some of its principles be contradicted by any mere English speaker, who insists upon his superior knowledge because he actually speaks the language and his antagonist does not, but the student will probably be cor- rect and the talker wrong. It is an old adage about oral speech that a man who understands but one language understands none. The science of a sign talker possessed by a restrictive theory is like that of Mirabeau, who was greater as an orator than as a philologist, and who on a visit to England gravely argued that there was something seriously wrong in the British mind because the people would persist in saying "give me some bread" Instead of " donnez-moi du pain" which was so much easier and more natural. When a sign is presented which such a sign talker has not before seen, he will at once condemn it as bad, just as a United States Minister to Vienna, who had been nursed in the mongrel Dutch of Berks County, Pennsylvania, declared that the people of Germany spoke very bad German. An argument for the uniformity of the signs of Indians is derived from the fact that those used by any of them are generally understood by others. But signs may be understood without being identical with any before seen. It is a common experience that when Indians find a sign which has become conventional among their tribe not to be understood by an interlocutor, a self- expressive sign is substituted for it, from which a visitor may form the impression that there are no conventional signs. It may likewise occur that the self-expressive sign substituted will be met with by a visitor in several localities, different Indians, in their ingenuity, taking the best and the oame means of reaching the exotic intelligence. I I I N CHAIRMAN or SUBSECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY. V There is some evidence that where sign language is now found among Indian tribes it has become more uniform tlianever before, simply because many tril)es liave for pome time past been forced to dwell near together at peace. The resulting uniformity in tiiese cases might either be considered as a jargon or as the nat- ural tendency to a com^yromise for mutual understanding — tiie unification so often observed in oral speech coming under many circumstances out of former heterogeneity. The rule is that dialects precede languages and that out of many dialects comes one language. Tlie process of the formation and introduction of signs is the same among Indians as often observed among deaf-mutes. When a number of those unfortunate jiersons, possessed only of such crude signs as were used by each among his speaking relatives come together for a considerable time, they are at first only able to communicate on a few subjects, but the number of those and the general scope of expression will be continually enlarged. Each one commences with his own conception and his own pre- sentment of it, but the universality of the medium used makes it sooner or later understood. This independent developnent often renders the first interchange of tiiought between straiigeis slow, for the signs must be self-interpreting. There can be no natural universal language which is absolute and arbitrary. When used without convention, as sign language alone of all modes of ut- terance can be, it must be tentative, experimental, and flexible. The mutes will also resort to the invention of new signs for new ideas as the\' arise, which will be made intelligible, if necessary, through the illustration and definition given by signs formerly adopted. The fittest signs will in due course be evolved, after riv- alry and trial, and will survive. But there may not always be such a pre()onderance of fitness that all but one of the rival signs shall die out, and some being equal in value to express the same idea or object, will continue to be used indifferently, or as a matter of indi- vidual taste, without confusion. A multiplication of the num- bers confined together, either of deaf-mutes or of Indians whose speech is diverse, will not decrease the resulting uniformity, though it will increase both the copiousness and the precision of the vocabulary. The Indian use of signs, though maintained by linguistic diversities, is not coincident with any linguistic boundai'ies. The tendency is to their uniformity among groups ^r^^^^^^^i&f-^''\"^^^'^^^ '^^■Sfy'^^^Pvi* .A ADDKE9S OF OARRICK MALI.ERT, Of people wl.o from any cause arc brought into contaet .•ith e d ol.or while slill speuUin, clKTerenl languages. 1 he lo g • "ul elosor su.-h eoutaot, while no eonnuon tongue .3 a.lopted. the c speakers have not become integrated In Kng- W alone the provincial dialects are traceable as the legaces of S. xo s An. les, Jutes, and Danes, with a varying amount K r. t:^e.;e. ; thorough scholar in the c^^n^^ ton<^ue, now called English, will be able to "'nlerstaud a U t^e di feet and provincialisms of English in the Br.t.sh Isles, but : ducated man of Yorkshire is not able to eo'umnu.c^ ndily with the equally uneducated man of Some.setslu e Ih \l the true distinction. A thorough sign talker would be able talkV.th several Indians who have no signs .n c-nmon and lo, if their knowledge of signs were only "-"-'-^J-; •\."^; communicate with each other. So, also, as an e.lucated Eng bsh Z" understand the attempts of a foreigner to speak u. " ; pe ect and broken English, a good Indian s,gn-expe "l apFehend the feeblest efforts of a tyro u, gestures Bu 1 e i. Jrence that there is but one true Indian s,gn l-'g-^g«' ' ^Tthere is but one true English ^-^-''^^-'/V^Ttl^T. il 1 can be shown that a much larger proportion of the Indians w lo . signs at all, than present researelies show to be the cas , u identically the same signs to express the same ideas It ^'^ a so seem necessary to the parallel that the signs so nsed should be aCol te" if not arbitrary, as are the words of an ora languag :;d not' independent of preconcert -^.f ^-'"^J^f ';;.;/ , instant of their invention or first exhibition, as all t.ue signs must originally have been and still measurably remain. ARE SIUNS CONVENTIONAL OR INSTINCTIVE? There has been much discussion on the question whether ges- tuic sh^ns were originally invented, in the strict sense of that t 1, ^" hether th^y result from a natural connection between CHAIRMAN OF SUBSECTION OF ANTHROPOI.OGr. 11 tliom and the ideas roprcacnted by tlicin, tliat is, wliotlicr thoy arc oonvoiitional or iiistinctivo. Cardinal Wisoinan {Essaiis, III, 5;J7) thinks they are of Itolii cliaracters ; hut rclerring particularly to the Italian signs and the proper mode of discovering their meaning, he observes that they are used primarily with words and form the usual accompaniment of certain phrases. "For these the gestures become substitutes, and then by association express all their meaning, even when used alone." This would be tlie process only where systematic gestures had never prevailed or had been so disused as to be forgotten, and were ado|)ted after elaborate oral phrases and traditional oral expressions had be- come common. Sign language as a product of evolution has been deveioi)ed rather than invented, and yet it seems probable that each of the separate signs, like the several steps that lead to any true invention, had a definite origin arising out of some appropriate occasion, and the same sign may in this manner have • had many independent origins due to identity in the circum- stances, or, if lost, may have been reproduced. Another form of the query is whether signs are arbitrary or natural. An unphilosophic answer will often be made in ac- cordance with what the observer considers to be natural to him- self. A common sign among both de.if-uuites and Indians for tvonian consists in designating the arrangement of the hair, but such a represented arrangement of hair familiar to the gesturer as had never been seen by the person addressed would not seem "natural" to the latter. It would be classed as arbitrary, and could not be understood without context or explanation, indeed without translation such as is required from foreign oral speech. Signs most njvturally, that is appropriately, expressing a con- ception of the thing signified, are first adopted from circumstances of environment, and afterwards modified so as to ajjpear, with- out full understanding, conventional and arbitrary, yet the}' are as truly "natural" as the signs for hearing, seeing, eating, and drinking, which continue all over the world as they were first formed because there is no change iu those operations. Perhaps no signs in common use are in their origin conven- tional. What appears to be conventionality largely consists in the form of abbreviation which is agreed upon. When the signs of the Indians have from ideographic form become demotic, they may be roughly called conventional, but still not arbitrary. I ^^^^is mimmu:i 'i miim ' ^ 'vi» ^^ !r m r'-y 12 AUDHES9 OF OARKICK MALLEKT, SOME NATUUAb SIGNS CONVENTIONAUZF.D. But wbilo all In.lians, rs all gesturing men, Imve many natural siJn" in Common, tl.ey use many others which have become con^ Sonal in the sense that their origin ^^^ ^^^^^ row known or regarded by the persons us.ng them. The con en ti^s y whicl, the latter were established occurred dur.ng long pe od when the tribes forming them were so separated as to hn^ s'taK^ished altogether diverse customs and u,ytholog,es, and Xn the several tribes were exposed to such different env.romnents It^lave formed varying conceptions needing appropnate s,gn tlie tulinauon i j. j, ^,,^,,. |,ji,r, ,s not a hair of the head, or ^y.th the removal o. ^ ,,„•„. general feature of their appearance The « '«";'«'^^" eonvenient 1 1 ■ ' i CHAIRMAN OK SUBSECTION OF ANTHROPOLOUT. 13 ^ were to assert tliat it is perfect — " Tlint faultless monster that the world ne'er saw." as to es, and nnients ite sign ms con- f all the rest of ; preco- xplored. as, even lierefore it of the is not ft ■ the hair nvenient I in some met were [IS by no wellings, In color in " race " .cterize it Vom each » from the ain tribes case, that iffer as do (■erthelcss, . of those Th the sign y with less necessarily is uniform GKSERAI- ANCIENT VSR OF THE SYSTEM IN N. A. The supposition that tiie systematic use of signs once existed among all Indian tribes receives snp[)ort from the fact that in nearly all instances where such existence has been at first denied, finther research lias discovered the remains, even if not tlie prac- tice, of sign language. This has been even among tribes long exposed to Euro[»ean influence and olllcially segregated from all others. Collections have been obtained from the Iroquois, Ojib- was, Alaskans, Apaches, Zuni, I'inuis, I'apagos and Maricopas, after army oHlcers, missionaries, Indian agents and travellers had denied tliem to be possessed of any knowledge on the subject. One of the most interesting proofs of the general knowledge of sign language, even when seldom used, was given in the visit of five Jicarilla Apaches to Washington in April, 18IS0, under the charge of their agent. The latter saitl he had never heard of any use of signs among them. But it happened that there was a del- egation of Absaroka (Crows) at the same hotel, and the two par- ties, from regions one thousand miles apart, not knowing a word of each other's language, immediately began to converse in signs, resulting in a decided sensation. One of the Crows asked the Apaches whether they ate iiorses, and it happening that the sign for eating was misappreiiended for that known by the Apaches for many, tiie question was supposed to be whether the latter iiad many horses, wiiich was answered in tiie affirmative. Thence en- sued a misunderstanding on the subject of hippophagy, wiiich was curious both as showing the general use of signs as a practice and the diversity in special signs for particular meanings. The sur- prise of the agent at the unsuspected accomplishment of his charges was not unlike that of a hen which, having hatched a number of ilnck eggs, is perplexed at the instinct with which the brood takes to the water. The denial of the use of signs is sometimes faithfully though erroneously reported from the distinct statements of Indians to that effect. In that, as in other matters, they are often piovok- ingly reticent about their old habits and traditions. Chief Ouray asserted to ine, that bis people, the Utes, had not the practice of : g*i;R^i«'::g.3»aa^-;s»^s»'ggg^'^8g M ^ W '.wK''-*'M>.'"^^ i V ^4 ADDKESS OV OARRICK MALLERT, Sign talk, and Iwul no n«c for it. This was much in the proml s lit in ;i.ich an Englishman wonl.l have .na.lo the san-o stat.. ,iont, as the hlea involve.1 an accnsation against the -v'''-^"^ of his people, whon, he wished to a,,,.ear h.^M.lv advanced AV th- in tie an> weeU I took seven I'tes, nuMnhe.s of ti>e dele.at.on .hen "vith Onrav, to the National Deaf-Mnte Colie.^e, and they showed not onlv iHMfeet fannlia.ity with, but expertness in, signs The studies thns far pnrsned lea.l to the conelns.on that at the tinie of the .liseove.y of North Anieriea all its inhabitants prac- tised si.M. laniinage, thongh with .lifferent degrees ot expertness ; an,l that, while n'n.UT changed circnn.stances, it was ^H^''^'^ ^ son,e, others, especially those who after the acqn.s.l.on o ho. s s became nonmds of the Great Plains, retained an.l cnltivated it to the high development now attained. PERMASENCK OK SIGNS. It is important to inqnire into the permanence of p.articnlar gesture signs to express a special idea or object when the system Ls been long continued. The gestures of class.c tunes are std in use by the modern Italians with the same s.gmflcat.on ; indeed the forn.er,on Greek vases or reliefs, or in Ilercnlanean bronzes can only be interpreted by the latter. In regard to the signs of instructed deaf-mutes in this country there appears to be a per- Lnence beyond expectation. A pupil of the Hartford Insti nte half a century ago lately stated that the signs used by teac hers and pupils at Hartford, Philmlelphia, Washington, C-'-'' ^'""^^ an.l Omaha, were nearly the same as he ha.l learnec . AN e st.l adhere to the ol.l sign for President from Monroe's three-cornered hat, and for governor we designate the cockade worn by that dig- nitary on errand occasions three generations ago." Specitic comparisons made of the signs reported by the Pnnce of \Vied, in 1H32, with those now used by the same tribes from whom he obtained them, show a remarkable degree of permanence. If they have persisted for half a century their age is probably nuich greater. In general it is believed that signs, coustitnt.ng as they do a natural mode of expression, though enlarging in scope as new ideas and new objects require to be included and though abbreviated variously, do not readily change in their essentials. CHAiKMAN or SrnSECTION OF ANTiniOrOI.OQY. 15 I do not present any Indinn si}j;n8 as jjiocisely tliose of primitive man, not beinji so carried away by entliiisiasni as to suppose lliein possessed of ininintahility and innnortality not found in any other mode of human ntteranee. Si%--'V¥'^^ 16 ADDRESS OF GARFICK MAU.ERT, gigna with nny freedom. Men, in Sloping for a mode of commu- nioution willi eatli other, and nsinjr tlie same general nietiiods, have been nnder many varying condilions and eireiimstances wliieh have (leterniiiied dillerently many eoneeptioiis and tlieir semiotic exeiMition, but there liave also been many of both which were similar. North American Indians have no special snperstitioii concerning the evil-eye like the Italians, nor have they been long familiar with the jackass so as to make him, with more or less proi)riety, emblematic of stupidity ; therefore signs for those con- cepts are not cisatlantic, but many are substantially in common between our Indians and Italians. Many other indian signs are identical, not only with those of the Italians and the classic Greeks and Romans, but of other i)eoplea of the Old World, both savage and civilized. Tiie generic uniformity is obvious, while the occasion of specific varieties can be readily understood. The same remark applies to the collections of signs already obtained by correspondence from among the Turks, Armenians and Koords, the Ilushmen of Africa, the Fijians, the Redjangs and Leiongs of Sumatra, the Chinese and the Australians. The results of researches in Ceylon, India, South Atnerica and several other parts of the world, are not yet suHlcient to allow of their classification. Much interesting material is expected from in- quiries recently instituted through the medium of Mr. Hyde Clarke, Vice PresicJent of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, into the sign language of the mutes of the Seraglio at Constantinople. That they had a system of commu- cation was noticed by Sibscota, in 1070, without his giving any details. It appears not only to be known to ihe inmates them- selves, bnt to high oHlcials, eunuchs and other persons connected with the Sulilime Porte. As it is supposed that the Osmanli Sultans followed the Byzantine emperors in the employment of mutes, and that they adopted them from Persian kings, it is pos- sible that the signs, now in systematic, though limited, use, have been regularly transmitted from high oriental antiquity. COMPARISON WITH DKAF-MUTE SIGNS. The Indians who have been brought to the eastern states have often held happy intercourse by signs with white deaf-mutes, who surely have no semiotic code preconcerted with any of the plain- gt. ■v>*^-^-,;;3' ll.? - a f»«t*?tgr?' CMAIUM.VN OK SIBSICCTION OK ANTlIltopoi.OdV. 17 J'oamors. Wliilo iiKiny of tlirir siifiis wt'ic idi'iitical, ami all sooner or later wore mutually iimlcr.stocjd. it U:\h licoii iiotiei'd liial llio sjifiis of tlio (k'lif-imites wimp more remlily midorstood l»y tlie In- dians Mian were theirs Ity the deaf-mutes, and that the latter fjreatly excelled in pantomimic elleet. What is to the Indian a mere ailjnnct or aceoniplishmcnt is to the deaf mute the nntiual mode of utterance. The '* action, action, action," of Demosthenes is their only oratory, not uu'rc heii;htcninj^ of it, howi-vcr valualdc. Tlie rcsidt of tiie comparisons is that the so-called si>i;n lau- j?na<^e of Indians is not properly speaking one lan,u;ua;4e, hut that it and the mn. Hut uIkto llicio Ikis cxislod !i nido I'orni of firnpliic rrpivst'iitiilioiK mimI at ni(> sami' lime !i syHlcin of idcoiinii.liic •.n'sluiv si},'ns pivviiilcil. it wniil.l 1)0 oxpcct.-l tliMl tl.c lonn ol' Wn- latter wniild appear in ti.« former. Tiiat lliis is the laet aiiioiKj; NDrtli American Indians will be shown in ii paper to he read l.efon- llie s.-etion l.y my eollahor- nlor Dr. W . .1. lloHman. .and at greater len.uth in a report l.y myself to form I'art of the tirst Annnul Report of the Hnreau of i:ihnoloL\v, now in press. This faet is of jjreat arelneoloiiie im- portance, as the repnxinelion of <,'estnre lines in the pieto«.'raphs made l.y Indians has, for obvious reast.ns. been most, frecpienl in the attempt to convey those snbjeetive ideas which were beyond th.Man-e of an artisli'c skill limited to the direct r.-presenlation ..f ol.iects. so that the part of the picto^'raplis which is the most diillcnlt of interpretation is the one which the stndy of si^n Ian- jiuajrc can elucidate. Traces of the same sIlmis used by Indians n.nnd in the ideo.szraphic pictures of the K^m ptians, and in Chinese and A/tee characters, arc also cxliibiled by illustrations in the Report above mentioned. IIISTOKY OK r.KSrrUK I.AShosi>< gives sunicient details of the performance of the Judgment of Paris to show that it re- sembled the best form of Tn(jdern ballet opera. The popularity of these exhibitions continued until the sixth century, and it is evi- dent from a decree of Charlemagne that they were not lost, or, at least, had been revived in his time. Those of us who have enjoyed the performance of the original Ravel troupe will admit that the art still survives, though not with the magnificence or perfection, ■ -^,,1^. o^^-f >=*K;Hfr=3:-?^ OIIAIIIMAN OK SiniSKCTION OK ANTlIUOPOMXiV. i;> «'H|n'eiiiIly with rcCcnMict' to serious siil'jci'ts, wliii'li it cxliiliili'il ill till' n^i- of iin|ii'i'i:il Koiiic. • ^nintiiiaii t-iivc most. I'liilpoiati' rules for f:;esliiii's in oiat.oiv, wliicli aro 8|ie('iiilly notieeiihie from tlie iinporlsiiiee iiltaeiicd to the maiiiior of (lispoMinji tlie lliijreis. He attiiiiuled to each par- tieiilar (iisposilioii a si^nillcaiu'e or siiitalileiiess wliieli is iii>l now olixioiis. The value of tliese diiiital anaiijieiticiils is, liow- over, exiiiliited hy their use aiiioiiii tlie modeni Italians, to whom tiiey have diicetly desceiideij. 'I'heir eniions elahoration appears ill the vt)luiiie liy tlu? eanoii Andrea de .lorio. I.n Mlinlrr..iK-o „„a |,Mniliar «ill. Ih.-atiical p.'iruiinal.ccs. l.nl, «lu. .Inl lu-l iiP- .U.islan.l spnlu'ii Kinu'li, luul l.a.l n. I Im.m.I or iva.l tl..- pla.V ,„• rvrn M...n an abstract of it, paid rlose attnai..n to aMrrtaiu Hl.at Ih.v rnnia Irarn of tlic plot an-l inci.ln.ts IV..n. tli.- ^.■Mn.vs nlono. 'll.is ooMl.l 1k' il.'t.T.nin.Ml in tlic six-cial play the nioio ccilniniy as it is n<.l fonnd.-.l on histoiic ."vi-nts or any known fncts. The n-Milt was tl.at, tVon. \hv .M.lianci' <.r tin- li.Moin.' .Inr- i,,., 11,.. (irsl s.'.-n.- in a p.'ucock-blm- li.lin- l.al.it to Ii.t .i.'atl. m ,1 Mm-k walkinn-suit, tlneo honrs or live a.ts later, n..nr ol tl.o Ktmlents fornuMl anv .listinct conception of ti.e plot. Tins want (,f api.rel.cnsion cMen.le.l even to nncerlainly whether 6VM7^ was married or not; that is, wlielh.'r her adventures were those „f a disohedienl dan-hler or a faithless wile, and, H nn.rned, ^^\m•U of the half dozen male persona^.'s was her In.shand. 1 h.'ro ,vcre .M.slnres eiwrn-li, inde.d rather a profnsion of then., and they were Uu.ronnhly appropriate to the words (when those were nn.ler- stood) in which fnn, distress, ra^e, and other emotions were ex- pressc.l, l.t.t in no cases did they interpret the motive for those emotions. IMiev were the dressinR for the wonls of the actors us the superb millinery was that of their persons, and perhaps a.^te.j as varnish to l.rin- ont dialo-nes and solilo.,nies in hei^d.lened elfcct. l$nt thoii-h varnish can l.rin.i? into plainer view dnll or faded characters, it cannot introtlnce into them sijjiiilicance where none before existed. The sin.i.le fa.'t was that the -estnres of the most famed histrionic school, the Comedie Francaise, were not si-niilicant. far less self-interpretinii;, and though praised as the pe"rfeclion of art, have .11 verged widely from nature. However num.«rous and correct may be the actually signilicant gestures made by a great actor in the representation of his part, th..y nn.st be in snudl proportion to the nnnd.er of gestures not at all si.n.ificant, and which are no less necessary to give to his declamation precision, grace and force. Ilistri Niiiiii' <^(>Htiii't' will iipjily to tiiiniy iind iitlnly ilivoiHf cuiiilitioiH of i'm't. Its lltiii'HH coiiMisIs III licihif tli • niiiiio wliicll til" lu'iiitT ol' till' rx|)o.sil(»i_v woids woiiM s|)uiil,'iiH'uiiHly asHiiiDt' ir yi('l(|iii<; to llic stiiiii' oiiiotioits. inid wliicli tliciiloic Ity aKsociiiliuti ti'iiils to imliii't' a Hym|iiitlictir yiiMiiiif, 'I'lu' ^jiciili'st iic'lol ill telling tliiit Ills I'atlicr nan ili'ad i-an coini'V itii> ^ricC witli a shade ol" dill't'iciicc IVom that which \\v woiihl mho if i»»v\))jr that IiIh will' li:id I'liii awiiy, liiM son liccn ancxti'd !ni' iniirder, or liiit house Inn iK'd down ; htit^ thai shade woidil not without woids ii|. t'orin iiii\ [leisoii. i|j;iioiaiil of the sii|i|i(ised exciit , \\ hieh of tho Colli' iiiisrcrtiines had (icciii't'ed. A line sij^n hin^iiin^ie, however, wiMihl I'lilly expiVMN the exael ciremiiMtaneeH, either with or willi- out any exhiliition of tho i;eneral eniotion a|i|i|n|)riate to tliein. Kveii aiiioiii;llie liesl Mi^ii-talUeis, whether Indiitii or deaf-imito, it is lUH-essMiv to e.stalilish sniiu' iii/i/itirl i(-|f4tiii!; to theiiit! or Niib- jeet-inalter. siiiei^ many ;restnies. as indeed is the caiso in tt loss fair sex. I'annifie is desirous to eonsnil. !i diiinli man, Iml says il would bo useless to apply to a woman, for " whatever it lie that they see lliey do always represent unto their fancies, and iinajjine that it hath some relation to love. Whatever sijiiis, shows or jjestures, we shall make, or whatever our Ite'iavior, carria<;e or demeanor, shall happen to lie in their view and presence, they will interpret the whole in refereiic(! to androjrynatiou." A story is told to tlio same [loiiit liy (iuevara, in his fahiilons life of the Emperor Marcna Aurelius. A youn^' Uoinan ffentleman encounlerinv,-ai 22 AUDUES8 OK GAKKICK MALI.KUV, RKSII.TS SOrc.lIT IS THK STLI)Y OF SIGN LANOIAGK. These uv.w be iVnidva into (1) its pnu-ticiil iipplicMtion. (2) its !iid to piiiloioj^ie researches, uiul (:5) its areliiuologic rehilions. li: I'RAfTICAI- AIMM.ICATION. Tlie most obvious ai)i)lic!ition of sign language will for its practical utility depend u|)on the correctness of the view sub- mitted that it is not a mere semaphoric repetition of motions to be memorized from a limited traditional list, but is a cidlivable art, founded upon principles which can be readily api)lied by travellers. This advantage is not merely theoretical, but has ln'cn demonstrated to be practical by a professor in a deaf mute col- lege who. lately visiting several of the wild tribes of the plains, made himself understood among all of them without knowing a word of anv of their languages, and by another who had a similar experience "in Italy and sou hern France, ll must, however, be observed that the use of signs is only of great assistance in com- nmnicating with foreigners, whose speech is not understood, when both parties agree to cease all attempt at oral language, relying wholly ui)on gestures. So long as words are used at all, signs will be made only as their accompaniment, and they will not always be ideographic. rOWlCUS OK SIGNS COMrAKKU WITH SPKKCII. Sign language is superior to all others in that it permits every one To limrii) nature an image to express his thoughts on the most needful matters intelligibly to any other person. The direct or substantial natural analogy peculiar to it prevents a confusion of ideas. It is possible to use words without understanding them which yet may be understood by those addressed, but it is hardly possible to use signs without full comprehension of them. Sepa- rate words may be comprehended by persons hearing them without the whole connected sense of the words taken together being caught, but signs are more intimately connected. Even those inosl appropriate will not be understood if the subject is beyond '^.-^»f«3BWwr CIIAIUMAN OF SUBSECTION OK ANTIIHOPO! ()(iY. 23 (2) its oils. 1 for its e\v sub- lions to illiviible [)lii!tl by liiis lioeu iiile eol- • plains, lowin^' li a siinihiv vever, be in ooiii- od, when ;, relying all, signs will not lits every 1 the most direct or nriision of ling them is liardly 111. Sc pa- in williout lier being Iven those is beyond the oompiehension of tlieir beholders. They would be ns imiii- telligilile as the wild clicks of his instruiiient, in an electric storm, woidd be to the telegrai)lier, or as the semaphore, driven by wind, to the signalist. In oral speech even onomatopcs are arbitrary, the most strictly natural somids striking the ear of dif- ferent individuals and nations in a manner wholly diverse. The instances given by Sayce are in point. Exactly the same sound was intended to be reproduced in the '• hilbit amphora" of Na-vius, the '•(jlnt t/lnt murmtirat uiida sonans" of the Latin Anthology, and the '• jmls' of V'arro. The Persian " bnlhal" the ''JhijJuij " of Gascoigne, and the '' zdiihcliit" of others are all attempts at imi- tiiting the note of the nightingale. Hut successful siirns must liave a much closer analogy and establish a concord between the talkers far lieyond that produced by the mere sound of words. The merely emotional sounds or interjections may be advanta- geously employed in connection with merely emotional gestures, but whether with or without them, they would be useless for the explicit communication of facts and oiiinions of which signs by themselves are vapalile. The combinations which can be made by signs are infinite and their enthusiastic teachers may be right in claiming that if they had been elaliorated by the secular labor devoted to spoken language, man could, by his hands, arms and fingers, with facial and bodily accentuation, express any idea that could be conveyed by words. As, however, sign language has been chiefly used during historic time either as a scatfohling aroun»*M»^KHp- psm CHAIRMAN OF SUBSECTION OF ANTnROPOLOGT. 25 in the presence of great people, who ought not to be distiirherl, and curiously enough "Disappearing Mist," tiie Iroquois chief, speaks of the former extensive employment of signs in his tribe by women and boys as a mark of respect to warriors and elders, their voices, in the good ohl days, not being uplifted in the presence of the latter. The decay of that wholesome state of discipline, he thinks, accounts partly for the disappearance of the use of signs among the modern impudent youth and the dusky claimants of woman's rights. IlKLATIONS TO PHILOLOGY. The aid to be derived from the study of sign language in prose- cuting researdies into the science of piiilology was pointed out by Leibnitz, in his Collectanea Etymologica, without hitherto exciting any thorough or scientific work in that direction, the obstacle to it probably being that scholars competent in other respects had no adequate data of the gesture speech of man to be used in com- parison. The latter will, it is hoped, be supplied by the work now undertaken by me, under the direction of the Bureau of Ethnology, which extends to the collection and collation of signs from all parts of the world as well as those of North American Indians. It is generally admitted that signs played an important part in giving meaning to spoken words, and that many primordial roots of language have been founded in the involuntary sounds accompanying certain actions. As, however, the action was the essential, and the concomitant or consequent sound the accident, it would be expected that a representation or feigned repro- duction of the action would have been used to express the idea before the sound associated with that action would have been separated from it. Philology, therefore, comparing the languages of earth in their radicals, must henceforth include the graphic or manual presentation of thought, and compare the elements of ideography with those of phonics. Etymology now examines the ultimate roots, not the fanciful resemblances between oral forms, in the different tongues ; the internal, not the mere ex- ternal parts of language. A marked peculiarity of sign language consists in its limited number of radicals and the infinite com- binations into which those radicals enter while still remaining 8* !l I IT I Hi i'wns9Kf)i';Wtert»»*nr.^««!^j«i«si»;^>iiw*v- 2(] ADDRESS OF r.ARlUCK MAM.KllY, distim.tivo. It is thoroforo a proper f.oM for otymologio stu.ly. 1 possible toa..ert.in the inclu.led gesture even ,n .na..y y,Hisl.\vonls. Ti>o class ropresonte.l hy tlu- .onl s,>p,'nU>na, ; U o „r ,o all.l.ul one or t.o exan.ples n.ay he g,ven no. so o .- s an.l n.ore inune.lialely conneete.l with the ,os nres o In- ,• I /m.ec/K .oncrally applied to the weakness ol oUl ., , -. :,,verward, bent at elbow with the hst c used idcwise, as if holding a statf. So tnne appears n.ore neaily , octel with the (ireek ..w., to stretch, wIhm, udornn.t.on s i , of the sign for In.rj inno. viz., : placing the thnn.bs and lore- is as if a snnUl thread were held between the tluunb and ^; i^..er of each hand, the hands ilrst tonching each other, a.ul t^ n sdowlv nK.ving apart, as if .IMclu.cj a piece oi gnn.-elasl.c. Son special resend'lances exist between the language o s.gns and the character of the oral languages found on tins oontme t. D llannnond Trnn.bnll rennuks of the compos.tun, of the • l! tl.t Ihevwere "so constructed as to be thoroughly selt- : , I nn::^iately intelligible to the hear^." In an<.her ; lion the vennuK is further enforced. " ^-^^ ' ' ;%^ luiren.ent of the Indian languages that every wor.l s all be so f r. as to adn.it of iuune.liate resolution to its s.gn.hcaut e - n by the hearer. It ,nust be thoroughly selj-aejuun,, or TMax Midler has expressed it) 'it requires tra.ht.on sc. U^v and literature to n.aintain words which can - longer be ..tmu-o' • * * In the ever.shifting State of a no- ^ll^ctt;:.^ debased coin can be tolerated in la.,gnage, no obt^re leg.MKl accepted on trust. The n.etal must be pure and *1S l«s! liUo those of higher development, sometimes ex ibii ;es of form by the permutation of vowels, but of en un torporated particle, whether snifix, alUx, or infix s ows the c ynoloiv which often, also, exhibits the same objecUve con- cepton that would be executed in gesture. There are, for .n- s C" clitferent forn.s for standing, sitting, lying, fu hng and o " tl^uling, sitting, lying on or falling from the same level or a [•Ihi; or iower level. This resembles the pictorial concept.on -^l:^::^^:^ tl. same ..ndnesstbr demonstration - «sa*dKB»^S*W'"' m m ! y - ..m i m^ OHAIKMAN OK SL'HSECTION OF ANTIIKOrOI.OGY. 'Jit which is necessary in sign hmgnMsrp, Tlio two forms of nttor- ancp niv aliivc in liicir want of power to express certain words, siicii as tiie verb " to be," ami in tiie criterion of organization, so far as concerns ii \\\»\\ degree of syntiiesis and iniix'rfect ditreren- liation, tiiey bear sni»stantially the same rehition to tiie English langnago. It may be added that as not only proper names bnt nonns gen- erally in Imlian langnages are connotive, predicating some atlri- bnte of tiie object, they can readily be expressed by gesture signs, and therefore among them, relations may be estal)lished between the words .and the signs. Such have also be(;n noticed, especially by my valued correspondent. Mr. Hyde Clarke, to exist between signs and the words of old Asiatic and African languages, show- ing the same operation of conditions in the same psychologic horizon. OrViSIONS OF GESTURE SPEECH. Gesture speech is composed of corporeal motion and facial expression. An attempt has been made by some writers to dis- cuss these general divisions separately, and its success would be pr.'ictically convenient if it were always understood that their connection is so intimate th.at they can never be altogether severed. A play of feature, whether instinctive or voluntary, accentuates and qualifies all motions intended to serve as signs, and stron"- instinctive facial expression is generally accompanied by action of the body or some of its members. But, so far as a distinction can be made, expressions of the features are the result of emo- tional, and corporeal gestures, of intellectual action. The former in general and the small number of the latter that are distinc- tively emotional are nearly identical among men from physio- logical causes which do not affect witli the same similarity the processes of thought. The large number of corporeal gestures expressing intellectual operations re()uirc and admit of more variety and conventionality. Thus the features and the body among all mankind act almost uniforndy in exhibiting fear, grief, surprise and shame, but all olijective conceptions are varied and variously portrayed. Even such simple indications as those for "no" and "yes" appear in several different motions. While, therefore, the terms sign language and gesture speech necessarily include and suppose facial expression when emotions are in ques- 11 ^-^^S^S^a'?*- A^= of cerlni.. vah.e. Ihoso. n.rsti... which are la.isht ii. i..stitution8 have hec...re co..ve..t....ial «u.l were desifl..e.llv a.h.ptcl to tra.islatio.. ii.to oral spee.-h, n - thonjih fomuWd hy the al.lu'.-U, rfCpce, followed by the ubbt- b.ca.d, ill the natural si;iB.-:5*aiSiW5"-i. ■'■''&**■-■ ^ltyv;^rj^^iS*?B^.ftv^■ltf>'t(*•i■-■'Jr*^iSS^■'*•>'■' CIIAIUMAN «)K aiMHECTION OK ANTIIIIOI'(»I,()(;r, 31 \ in (listrosH, rniHod in astonislinicnt, mid waved in tiinmpli. The flncr-rs 1110 sn:ipi)od for contcnii.t, tlu- luifliiijicr is vil.nitcd to n'lHove or tliicnlfn, and tlic list shaken in lU-liance. The iiiow i» contractod witli diNpleasmc, and the p.ves winke.j to sliow eonniv- ance. The slioidders are Hhiiicj;ij;ed to express disbeiii-f or repnj;- nanee. the e.vehrows elevated witii snrprise. tiie lips liitlen in vexation and thrnst out in snllenneH.s or dispieasin-e. (inintii- ian l.ceomeH elocpient on the variety of motions of wliieh tht- InuuU uloiie are eapalile. "The aetion of the other parts of tlu; liody assists the s|)eaker, hut the iiands speak themselves. J5y them" .lo we not demand, promise, eall, dismiss, tiireateii, supplicate, express alihorrcnee anil terror, (juestion and deny? Do wo not l)y them express joy and soirow, doni)t, eonfession. repentanee, measure. (|uanlily, number, and time? Do they not also encourage, supplicate, re- strain, convict, ailmiro, respect?" NATUlfAL PAN'TOMIMK. In the earliest part of man's history the subjects of his dis- course nmst have been almost wholly sensuous, and therefore readily exprosseil in pantomime. Not only was pantomime siiUi- cient for all the actual needs of his existence, but it is not easy to imagine how he conltl have used language such as is now known to us. Jf the best English dictionary and granunar had been nd- raculously fin-nished to him, together with the art of reading with proper pronunciation, the gift would have been vnlueless, because the ideas expressed by the words had not yet been formed. That the early concepts were of a direct and material character is shown by what has been ascertained of the roots of language and there does not appear to bo much difliculty in expressing by other than vocal 'iistrumentality all that couUl have been ex- pressed by those roots. Even now^ with our vastly increased belongings of external life, avocations, and habits, nearly all that is absolutely necessary for our i)hy8ical needs can be ex- pressed in pantomime. Far beyond the more signs for eating, drinking, sleeping, and the like, any one will understand a skil- ful representation in signs of a tailor, shoemaker, blacksmith, weaver, sailor, farmer, or doctor. So of washing, dressing, shav- ing, walking, driving, writing, reading, cluirniug, milking, shoot- ,llEtv.7J,-3SMJT7, 8S ADDRKflS OF OARIIICK MAI-I.ERY, ing, fishing, rowing, sailing, sawing, planing, boring, and, in short, an endlogs list. Wiiot lier or not sight prpcodod lioaring in order of dovclopmont, it is didkMiit, in conjcianring tlie lirst attotni.ts of man or his hypotlietiral ancestor at tlu- expression either of percepts or con- cepts, to conn*-(!t vocal sounds with any large number of objects, but it is readily conceivable that the characteristics of tiieir forms and movements should have been suggested to the eye — highly exer-'isid before the tongue — after the arms and fingers luid be- come free for the requisite sinnilation or portrayal. It may readily be supposed that a troglo.lyte man would desire to communicate the lln.ling of a cave in the vicinity of a pure pool, circled with soft grass! and shaded by trees bearing edible fruit. No sound of nature is .'oniiccted with any of those objects, but the position and size of '.lie cave, its distance an:l|•H timt Hit- coiiiicflioii lictwecii idf.'is iiiid wonU i-, dnIy (o \\y- >i\|)l,iiii(>