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'- >/ iLLisniAiiM; Tin: (iixiiiii: ^i'i:i:( ii oi mankind By GAF^RICK MALLERY ii]:i:\ 1.1 in.i r. i oi ., r. s, ai;m v W A S 11 I N « ; 1' ( » N r () V i; i; n \i i ; n r r i! i N i i m i o i ■ i' i c K 1 .s s \':' It-^'lijR^Mi^-- ■ /'.fi*jr#p^^^i^-syr»«fiWc. ■ T aMlTIlSOM'VN lx\«TlTUT10N lUIKKAlJ OK KTIINOLOGY INTRODUCTION STUDY OF SIGN LANGUAGE AMo.NC IIIK I NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS J'fY/ /Af ^.cj^//////j/nf/4 c/ pARRlCK /VIaLLERY, f\i^ |^ \^ liru.Eu o, Emsornav, \^ I J/ MAxNKIND Wdsliiiiijffi)/, I). C. I'lmsr (icl.iioirliiljir. I By GARRICK MALLERY liiMivivr i.ii:iT. (Mil.., r. ,'i. .\i;>iy WASH I NCTOX aovr. kniii;n r i'1!inti\«; oKiicr, 1 s s ■■ 6 ■.yt-?^ff-mii?:*^:'^ i\ f 'r .■i'~' I i^iS^fi^f BMITIISOMAN INSTITUT.ON IJUIJKAU OF KTllNOIiUGV INTRODUCTION 'III Tin: STUDY OF SIGN LANGUAGE AMII.N<1 TIIK NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS ILLUSTRATING THE GESTURE SPEECH OF MANKIND I By GARRICK MALLFRY iii:i:vi:r i.ii:rr. rni,., r. s. .\i;my WASH I NCTON OOV1".UN:M1;N I' IMtlNTINC OI'I'ICK I S S (» I-II m n \ . ••'■'jrttm^ m,tfii:- - >MK- t i ly U J :f^^^^^t'C?.?*:*:tr;: i Smithsonian iNsirTirnoN, lli'in;.\i ui- IvriiNoLdnv, Wiisli'niiilnn, I). ('., I'lliftiiii// I'J. l!SS(l. I'lltNt'ii yciiis ji;^ii ctliiiuMrMpliic n'scarcli ;iiimii;^- Nortli Anicricaii liidians wiis rKiiiiiKiiccd li\ nixsclf ami mv iissistaiits while iiiakiii"'- cxiilo- rations (III tlic ('«il(ira
  • K'ivcraml il> Iriiditarics. I'Voiii tliiil time- to iIk; jircscnt siu'li iii\ cstij^'atiniis liavc liccii in [irdi^rcss. DiiriiiH- this time the Scci<'tar\ of the Sinithsuiiian liistitiiliuii jilaci'd ill iiiv hands a lnv^i' aniniint ot' niatfrial cnllcclrd 1)\ its cullaliuratdrs rtdalinn' to Indian lani;iiaL;( s and nthcr matters. U> lie used, in (•(injunctinii with the materials collecteil under my directidii, in the |ire|iai-ati(in oi' a series series was prepared by myHclf and issued Milder thn lilh' of " Introdiu'tion to the Study of Indian l>an-iini;i-es ;" the seeond Ih the present. Upon Si;;ii-Lanjiiia<>i) ; ami a thinl, l»v Mr. 11. C Yarrow, I'liited States Army, desi^iiied to incite impiiry into mortnary (d)servaiices ainl hclicfs concerniii}i' the dead prcvailiii};- aiiu.nj^- the Indian trihes, will shortly be issued. Other publications of a like character will be prejtared from time to time. 'I liese publications are intended to si-rvc a somewhat tem|)o- rarv purpose until a manual for the mo of students of American Anthro- ptdoyy is completed. J W. POWKLL. -1 i i m INQUIRIES AND SUGGESTIONS T'I'dX I SKiN LANHL'AGK AMONll Till: NOUTII AMKKICAN INDIANS. JJY (JARHICK MAI.M:UV. i 1 IXTKODITTOUV. Tlic IliircMii (if KtliiioIoMy (if the Sinitlisdiiiiiii IiiHtitutioii Iwis in prcp- anitiuii a work ii|>iiii SiL;ii-Liiii<^iiit;i(! iiminiji' the Xurtli Aiiiciiciiii Iiidiaiis, and. fiirtlicf, iiifcmKMl to Itc an cxitosiiinii dt'tlic <4cstnr('-si)cccli of mankind tli(irnn;;li cnon-i'li to lie of snji'^i-cstivc ii.v.' to stndcnts of |iliilolo;:v and of antliropolo-iv in <>'i'i>t'ral. Tlur present paper is intended to indieatt^ tlio scope of that future pni)lication, to excite interest and invite; coiTesjiond- oiK'o on tlie subject, to submit su;>een united for comparison, and are most of them dillicult of access. Many of the (h'.scriptions j^iven in the lists of earlier On.IKCT OV TlIK 1MM':81:NT woijk. tliis piunplilct is addrossiMl, and to wlioiii it will bo mailed, is nr<,'(ntly iv( (nested. The [jiiltlication will mainly consist of a collation, in the form of a vocabnlarv, of all antlienti'* sij^'ns, iiudndinji' sig-nals n\ade at a distanci', with their description, as also that of any specially associated laeial expression, set forth in lani,^^)^^ intended to ho so clear, illustrations bein;.;' added when necessary, that the\- can be reproduced by the reader. The descriptions con- tiibnted, as also the explanation or conception occnrrin^' to or asetM'tained bv tile contribntors. will ln> !.',iven in tlu'ir own words, with their own illns- trations when furnished or wIkmi they v;\]\ be di'sin-ned tVoui written descrip- tions, and ahvavs with iuilividnal credit as well as responsiliility. Thesiji-ns arranged in the vocabulary will bo compared in their order with thosi- of deaf-nuites, with those of foreiii'U ti'ibes of nuMi, whether ancient or modern, and with the suiiLi'ested i-adicals of laufi'uay'es, I'or assistance in which com- p;.risons travch'rs and scludars are solicited to contril»nte in the same manner and with tlu' same credit aliove nu'ntioned. Tlu' deductions and Lii'uerali/.ations of the editor of the wovk will be separate from this vocabu- lar\, thounii 1)ascd u])on it, and some of those expressed in this preliminary paper nia\' be nioililied on i'ull information, as there is no conscious desire tit maintain an\ preconceived theories. lntOlli<;'ent criticisms will be i^rato- fully received, considered, and i^iveu honorable place. n.'ACTK Ai, vAiJi: OF sKiN :-AN(;rA(;i;. "^rhe most obvious .ipplication of Indian sion-lanj^ua^'e will for its practical utility depend, to a lary-e extent, U])on the correctness of the view submitted b\ the present writer, 'n opposition ti> an opinion ^cnerallv entertaineil, that it is uit a iner(> semaphoric repetition of traditional siji'- nals, whether or not [lundy arbitrary in their oriL:in, but is a cultivati'd art. foundeil upon pvinci[)les whicdi can \)v reailil\' appliecl l)y travelers and otlicials so as to ^ive tiiem much independeui'e of professional interpreters — a (lass danii'erouslv hinisell" nmurstood anioiiy- all of tlnMu withont kiiowin;^- a word of any ol theii- lanj^-iiaj-'cs : nor wonlil it only ohtain in connection with American trihes, beiny- apitlicahle to interconrse with sava^'es in Africa and Asia, thonoli it is I'.ot pn'tended to fnllill hy this ajivncy the schoolmen's dream of an (vcn- menii-al mode of I'onnnnnicatiou between all i)et>i)les in s))ite of their dia- leclic divisions. tSijin-lan,i>uai:e, lieiny the mother utterance of natnre, poeticalK- stxled by LvMAuriNi: tin visible altitiules of the soul, is superior to all others in that it pei-niits every uni' to lind in nature an iman'c to expn'ss his thonL;hts on tli(> most iiredfnl matters intellii;t'nti\- to :.n\- other iierson, thou'di it nmst ever heiKH'forth be inferior in the power of formnlatinji- thonL;hts now attained by words, iiotwithstaudini^- the boast of lioscins that he conid convey more varieties ot' s and to rhetorical exhibition; but speech, when liiyhlv cultivated, is better adapted to ^-enerali/.ation ,ind abstraction; thert'ibre to loyic and metaphysics. Some of the enthusiasts In sl^'us have, however, contended iliat this inifavorable dislinction is not from an\- iniu'rent incapabllit\-. but because their euniloynieut has not been continued luito perfection, and that if they liail I)een elaliorated by the secular labor devot<'d to spoken LHi:.;iinL;'e they ini;;lit in resources and distinctness ha\-e exceeded inan\- foiMus ol' till' latter. (lAi.i..vii>;:r, I'luvr, and others may be ri:.;ht in assi-rl- in^' that man <'ould by his arms, hands, and liiij^'ers, with facial and l)odil\- acciMUnation, expi'ess any idea that could be cotivevi'd b\- woi'ds. 'Idle pro- cess regard inn- abstract ideas is only a variant i'rom that of oral speech, in which the words lor the most al)stract ideas, such as law, virtue, inlinltude. and inunortality, are shown by .Max MCi.t.hu to have been derived and di'duced, that is, abstracted i'rom sensuous impressions In the use of siL;ns the countenance ami manner ;is well as the tenor decide whether objects tlu'msehes are intended, or the i'orms. positions, (pialilies. and motions ol other oi)iects which are su<>'::csted, and sii>'ns for moral and 4 All) TO DECIIMIKK riCTOCHAIMIS. intc'lloctiml ideas, foniulod on iiiialofiios, are eoiimion all over the wprld as well as anioii«>- dcaf-iiiutes. ( "oiirepts ot" the iiitanj^ible and invisible are only Icanu'd tliroiinli percepts of tan-Millie and visible objects, wlietl. t finally expressed to the eye or to the ear, in terms of siyht or of sound. It will be ailniitted that tlu; elements of the si;^ii-lan<;nayo are truly natmal and universal, Ity recurring to which the less natural sinus adopted dialectically «ir for expedition can, with perhaps some circundocution, be explained. This power of inter|)reting itself is a peculiar advantage, for spoken languages, unless explained by gestures or indications, can oidy be interpreted by nu-ans of some other spoken language. There is anrither characteristic of the gesture-speech that, though it caiuiot be resorted to in the dark, nor where the attention of the person addressed has not been otherwise attracted, it has the comitervailing benefit of use when the voice could not b(i employed. When highly cultivated its rapidity (m familiar sul))ects exceeds that of speech and ap^iroaches to that of thought itself. This statement may be startling to those who only notice that a selected sjiokeu word may convey in an instant a meaning for which the motions of even an expert in signs may retpiire a nuudi longer time, but it nuist be considered that oral speech is now wludly conventional, ami that with the similar deveh.pment of sign-langua<.e conventional exjiressions with hands and iK.dy could be made more (piickly than with the vocal organs, becuu.sc more organs could be worked at once. Witlu.ut such supposed develop- ment the habitual comnuuu'cation lietween deaf-mutes and among Indians u>iug sinus is perhaps as rapid as lietwcen the ignorant class of speakers upon the same subjects, and in many instances the signs would win at a trial of spec(l. Apart from their practical value for use with living niendiers of the tribes, onr .--live semiotics will sinvly help the arclueologist in his stmly of native picture-writing, the sole foini nf aboriginal records, for it was but one more step to fasten upon bark, skins, .,i rocks the evanescent air-pictures that still in laguu'uts or carvings preserve their skeleton outline, and in their ideography approarli tiie rudiuuMits of a piionetic alphabet, (ie.stnre- language is, in fact, i ■! only a picture-language, but is actual writing, though dissolving and sympathetic, and neither alphabetic nor phonetic. ■mii^mm%:^0^?^^-^^m^^^«"^'-^'''' ■ TIIK SYNTAX OF SI(!NS. 5 'riioiii^li written cliiirjicters are \n our minds associated with speeeli, they are sliown, by successful cniploynient in hiero^lyplis and hy educated dcaf-nuites, to be representative of ideas without the intervention of somids, and so also are the outlines of si^ns. This will 1)0 more a))pareut.if the motions expressinji' the most jjrominent feature, attri])ute, or function of an object are made, o' supposed to be made, so as to leave a luminous track impressibh' to the '?ye, separate from the members ]n-oducin^- it. 'J'he actual result is an innn;ueriate g'raphic representation of visible objects and qualities which, invested with substance, has become familiar to us as the rchus, and also appears in the form of heraldic blazonry styled punniufr or "cantiny." The reproduction of gesture-lines in the picto^Ta))hs made by our Indians seems to have been most frecpient in the attempt to con- vey those sul>jective ideas which were beyond the ran<,''e of iin artistic skill limited to the direct representation of (d)jects, so that the part of the picto- tj^raphs, which is still the most dillicult of interpretation, is precisely the One which the study of sig-n-lang-uage is likely to eludicate. In this con- nection it may be mentioned that a most interesting result has been obtained in the tentative comparison so far made betAveen the gesture-signs of our Indians and some of the characters in the Chinese, Assyrian, ^Fexican, and Runic alphabets or syllabaries, and also with Egyptian hieroglyphs. While the gesture-utterance presents no other part of grammar to the philologist besides syntax, or the grouping and sequence of its ideograjdiic pictures, the arrangement of signs when in ccmnected succession atfords an interesting comparison with the early syntax of vocal language, and the analysis of their original conceptions, studied together with the liolo- phrastic roots in the speech of tlu' gesturers, may aid to ascertain some relati(Ui Ix'twceii concrete ideas aiul words. Meaning does not adhere to the phonetic presentation of thought, while it does to signs. 'I'lie latter are doubtless more flexible and in that sense more mutable than words, but the ideas attached to them are persistent, and therefore there is not nuu'h greater metamorj)hosis in the signs than in the cognitions. The further a language has been dev(do])ed from its primordial roots, which have been twisted into forms no longer suggesting any reason for their original selection, and the more the primitive signiiicance of 6 All* TO A.MKIMCAN J.IN(illSTK'S. ils words lias disappoaivd, tlio fewer points of contact can it retain with signs. Tlic liinlicr lani^-uajres are more precise because the conscious- ness of tlie derivation of most of tlieir woi'ds is lust, so that they liavo becoui(;,couiitt'rs, oood tor any sense a,i>Teed upon ; but in our native dia- lects, which lia\(' not advanced in that direction to the denree exhibited by those of civilized man, the coimection between tlie idea and the word is only less obvious than that still unbroken between the idea and tlio siyn, and they remain strongly affected by the concepts of outline, form, place, position, and feature on wdiich gesture is founded, while they are sinnlar in their fertile condjination of radicals. For these reasons the forms of sinn-laiiguaue adojjted by our Indians will bo of special value to the student of Ami'rican linguistics. A comparison sometimes drawn between sign-language and that of our Indians, foumled on the statement of their connnon poverty in ab.stract expressions, is not just to either. Allusion has before been made to the capacities of the gestui-e-speech in that regard, and a deeper study into Indian tongues has shown that they are by no means so conlined to the con- crete as was once believed. Indian language consists ..f a series of words that are but slightly differ- entiated parts of speech following each other in the order suggested in the mind of the speaker without absolute laws of arrangement, us its sentences are not coni])letely integrated. The sentence necessitates parts of speech, and parts of speech are ])ossible only when ji language has reached that stage where senteiux-s are logically constructed. The words of an Indian t.aigne l)eing synthetic or unditferentiated l)arts of speech, are in this respect strictly anah.gous to the gesture elements which enter into a sign-language. The study of the latter is therefore valuable for comparison with the words of the speech. The one language throws nnudi light upc.u the other, and neither can be studied to the best advantage without a knowledge of the other. OlfKilX .VXI> K.XTKNT OF Or^STintE-SPEKCII. It is an accepted maxim that nothing is thoroughly underst i unless its beginning is known. Whil.. this ean uev.-r be absolutely accomplished for sign-language, it may l)e traced to, an.l claims gen -rai interest Irom, P'M ! y. '' g%fi>'"|'^CTl| % OUKilN AM) KXTKNT OK (iKSTrWi: Sl'KKCII. its illiistnitiou of the iuiciciit iiitc'rconimunication of inaiikiiul l)y f'C.sture. Miir.y jirj^iiinciits Imvo hww iuhhit'cd iiiul more may Ijc presented to prove that tlie latter preeeiUnl articiihite si)eei'h. The corporeal moveiueiits of the lower animals to exprest*, at least, emotion have been correlated with those of man, and cli.ssified l)y D.vuwiN' as explicable on the princiidcs of servicealjle associated habits, of antithesis, and of the constitution of the ni^'vo'is system. A child employs intelliji'ent j^-estnres lon^^- in advance of sjjeech, althon^h very early and persistent attemjjts are made to jjiive it instruction in tlie lattcn- but none in the former; it learns lanjvuag'e oidy tln\>ugh the medium of siue employed, or native, but not accomidished in its use, even in the midst of a civilization where gestures are deprecated, Avhen at fault for words resort instinctively to physical motions that are not wild nor mean- ingless, but picturesque and significant, though i)erhaps luade by the ges- turer for the lirst time ; and the same is true of the most fluent talkers on occasions when the exact vocal foi-mula desired does not at once suggest itself, or is not satisfactory without assistance from the physical machinery not embraced in the oral apparatus. Further evidimce of the unconscious sur- vival of gesture-language is alTorded by the ready and involuntary response made in signs to signs when a man with tlie speech and habits of ci\ iliza- tion is brouylit into close contact with Indians or deaf-mutes. Without havina' ever before seen or made one of their signs he will soon not oidv catcli the meaning of theirs, but produce his own, which tiiey will likewise comprehend, the power seemingly remaining latent in him until called forth by necessity. The signs usecl by unlnstructed congenital deaf-nmtes and the facial ex})ressions and gestures of the congenitally Ijlind also present considerations under the heads of "heredity" and "atavism," of some weight when the subjects are descended from and dwell among people who had disuses f '^stures for generations, l)ut of less consetpience in cases s\u'h as that mentioned by Cardinal Wiskman of an Italian blind man who, curiously 8 AIMiCMHNTS K()|{ IMMOlflTY OF (iKSTI'lM]. cuonyli, used the jjrcciso siji-ns iiuidc hy his iK'i^^'lihors. It is further jisscrtcd th;it sciiii-idiotic I'hihh'cu who oiiiiiiot Ix' tiiii'rht luoro than tho iiicn-st riidimciits of speech ciiii receive m (•(iiisi(h'rahh' iuiiotiut of kiiowKMhro thruiiul, siuiis and express themselves hy them, and tliat siilferors from apliasia continue to use appropriate f^-'estures after their words are uncon- trolhible. In cases when' men havi' been lonj^' in solitar}' eonlinement, Iteen ahan(h)ned, or otluM-wise have become iscdated from tlieir felhnvs, tlioy have lost speech entirely, in wliich thev reciuired to be reinstnieted tln-ou<>li f«-estnres in the same maimer that missionaries, ex})h)rers, and shijjwrecked mariners became acquainted witli tonji'ucs before tudaiown to civilization. These facts are to be considered in connection with the pristine da \s, when the sounds of the oidy Avords yet formed liad close con- nection with objects and the ideas directl}' derived from thi'm, si^ns were as much more copious for conununication than speech as the sight end)races more and more distinct characteristics ((f objects than does the sense of l'h(» ])reponderance of uithority is that man, when in the possession of all his faculties, did not choose Ijetween voice and <>-e.sture, both being- orig- inall}' instinctive, as they both are now, and never, with those faculties, was in a state where the one was used to the absolute exidusion of the other. With the voice he at lirst inntated the few sounds of nature, while with ges- ture he exhibited actions, motions, |)ositions, forms, dimensions, directions, and distances, and tlu'ir derivatives. It would appear from this unequal di- vision of ca[)acity that oral sp ech remained rudimentary long after ges- ture had become an art. With the concession of all purely imitative sounds and of the sjiontaneons action of the vocal organs under excitement, it is still true that the connection between ideas and words generally depended ^ 10 M<>l>i:i!N USI-: OF (IKSTIK'KS AM) SKiNS. upon n roiii|)!i('t 1)ot\voon tlio siH-aker iuul Iioiirer wliit-li prosiippdsos tlio oxistciici- of ii prior iikxIc of (•oniiiiuiiii'atioii. I'di' i1k' pivsciit purpose* tlic'fc is, liowovor, no need to (k-tcniiiui' upon the priority lu-twi'iMi coninuiiiicatioii of icU'iis by luKlily motion and by vocal articulation. It is c'nou->Ii to admit tliat tlio connection bctwcon thciu was s(» early and intimate that the vestures, in the wide seiuo indicated of pre- sentinu' ideas under jjliysical forms, had a direct formative eflect upon many words: that tiiey exhibit the earliest C(Uulition of the human miml ; are traced from tlie farthest aiiticpiity amonf,^ all pi'(»i)1es possessinj;- records; are universally prevalent in the savaoe sta<^e of social evolution; survive ajireeably in the scenic pantomime, and still adhere to the ordinary s|)eeeh of civili/ed man b}' motionr.of the face, hands, head, and body, often invol- untary, often pui-posel}- in illustration or emphasis. MODKl.'N rSE OF GKSTrHKS AN!) SKiNS. The i)ower of the visible <-esture relative to and its intluence npim the words of modern oral si)eecli are perhaps, with the cpialiiicatic.n hero- after indicated, in inverse proportion to the general eidtnre, hut do not bear that or any constant proportion to the development of the several lanj^naj-cs with which gesture is still more or less associated They arc atVected more by the sociological conditions of the speakers than by the degree of excellence of their tongiu'. The statement is frequently made that gesture is yet to sonu- highly-advanced languages a necessary modify- ing factor, and that only when a language has become so artificial as to bo eompletely expressible in written signs— indeed, has been renu^deled through their long familiar use— can the bodily signs be wholly dispensed with. The story has been told by travelers in many i)arts of the world that various languages cainiot ])e clearly understood in the dark by their pos.sessors, using their mother tongue between themselves. The evidence for this any- where is suspicious, and when it is, as it often has been, asserted about some of the trijjes of North American Indians, it is absolutely false, and nuist be attril)uted to the error of travelers who, ignorant of the dialect, never see the natives except when trying to make ihemselves intelligible to their visitors by a practice which they have found by experience to havo ^3^ii^^»as?«w%i>t>^¥-- INDIAN TONdl'KS NOT DHI'KNDKNT ON (UlSTCUi;. 11 liccii siicccssfiil with striiii^crs t<» tlicir tnii^iic, or pciiiMps when tlu-y ;ir»( "iiiirdiii^' ii^niiist liciii^- n\frlic;inl l)\~ (ttln-rs. In tact. inili\ idiiiils of tlin>() Aiiii'riciui trilit's s|)cciiill\- in>tiiiic('(l in tlicM,' n-ports as iinal)lt' tu convcrso witliunt ;:cstnrc, ul'tcn, in llicir iloincstic. nlntiitlim, wrap tlicmsclvcs np in riilx's or lilankfts with only lti('athili<^' hoh'S Ix'lorc the wn^*.^, so that no part of the lto(l\- is sct-n, and chatter away lor hours, tcHin^' \o\\- Ferdinand returning' to Naples after the revolt of 1.S21, and tindino- that the boisterous nudtitude would not allow his voice to be heard, resorted successfully to a royal iuhlress in signs, giving reproaches, threats, admonitions, pardon, and dismissal, to the entire satisfaction of the assem- bled lazzaroni, whi(di rivalry of Punch would, in Lon(h>n, have occasioned measureless ridicuh' and di.sgust. The dit'ferencc in what is vaguely styled temperament does not wholly explain this contrast, for the performance was 12 TIIK TSIM'K .lAIMION. crtMlitiiblc liotli to tlu; rciidiiu'ss ot the Kiii^' in ;in ('iii(ii;cii(\- midI to llic njitiK^ss of Ills people, the niaiii distiiutioii Ix'iii;^' tliiil in lliily tlicrc wiis ii rccoji-iiizcd and cidtiviitt'd IjinjiUiijiC ot" si^ns loiiu- disused in (ireiit Uritidn. As the nninher of diidects in iiny district ilecreiises so will liie ficstures, tlioiii^h doulttless tliere is mIso iidluence from the fiict not nierel\- tliiu ii hin- j''unmi)ainnieuts still persistent amon<;' Hindus. Arahs, and the less literate Kuropeinis. ^lany instanees are shown of the discontinuaiu'e of jjesturo speed i with no development in the native lanfjuaf^e of the j;esturers, hut from tlus invention for interconmHinieation of one used in common. The Kalapuvas of Southern Orefj^ou until recently used ii Hi{,ni-lanj>ua<>-e, but have robablyj. rose for trade purposes on the (Vdundjwi Kiver before the advent of Kuropeans, fouiuled on the Tsinuk, Tsihali, Xutka, etc., but now enriched by English and French terms, and have nearly forgotten their old signs. The prevalence of this nictngrel speech, originating in the same causes that i)roduced the pigeon-English or liiif/Ka-Jhiiiai of the Orient, exiilains the marked scantness of si<>'n-lan'nia<'e among the tribes of the Northwest coast. No explanation is needed for the disuse of that mode of comnuinication when the one of surroundino* civilization is recognized as necessary or important to be acquired, and gradually becomes kiu^wn as the best connnon medium, even before it is actually s[)oken by many individuals of the several tribes. IS INDIAN SIGN LAN(ii:AGH rNIVi:i;SAL AND IDKNTICAb ? The assertion has been made by many writers, and is currently re- peated by Indian traders and s(Mue Auny oOicers, that all the tribes of North America have had and still use a contnion and idci/ticdl si<>n-lan(,'.stur('-.si)(-'('i'li in liin " licscarclu's into tlio K;iil>' lli>t(iry of .Miiiikiml " liiivc inn <;r('iit dcjircc prompted tlio i)r('HC'nt in(|iiiri('s, docs not iippiiir to ]m\v iiltiiictcd tlic attention (»f' that eminent untliority. He receives tlie report witliont (piestion, and fornndaten it, that "flic same si;4iis serve as a medinm ot' converse from llndson J 'a}' to tlio (Jnlf ol' Mexico." Its trntli can only he estahhshed h}- carefnl comparison of hsts ol' vocahnhn-ies of sij>ns taki'ii nnder test conditions at widely dit- t'ereiit times and ]ilaces. l''or lliis pnrpose lists hiv(,' h(!en collated Ity the writer, lalvcii in dill'crent parts of the conntry at several dates, from the last eentnrs to the last month, comprisinji' to^^'etiier more than ei;^ht hundred sij>iis, man\' <>! them, however, hi'inji' mere variants or synonyms lor the same oltject or (piality, and some heinj^' of small value from uncertainty in description oi' autlmrit}', or both. Tlu) result of tlu! ('(dlation and analysis thus far made is that the al- loyed existence of diii' universal and absolute siyn-lan<^'mi;4'e is, in its terms of ^cnei'al a>sertioii, (au* of the many popular errors prevailing' about our al)ori;.;'ines. In numerous instaiices there is an entire discrepam-y between the si'-ns made b\ dilVerent bodies of Indians to express the same idea ; and it any of these are rej^arded as determinate, or even wid.dy conven- tional, and used without fu/ther devices, they will fail in conveyiuji' the desired impression to any one unskilled in j^'esture as an art, who had not formed the same precise coneej)tion or been instnu-ted in the arbi' ai'y motion. I'roljal.'ly none of the gestures tiiat are found in current use are, in their origin, conventional, but are only portions, more or less elaljorate, of oltvious natural pantomime, and those proviny eilicient to convey most successfulK at any time tiie several ideas became the most widely adopted, lial)le, however, to l)e snpei'seded by yet more a])propriate conceptions and delineations. The skill of any ti'ibe and the coi)iousness of its sij^'us are jH'ojJortioned to the accidental ability of the few individuals in it who art as custodians and teachers, so that the sevend tribes at dilVerent times vary in their de;.iree of prolii'iency, and therefore both the i)recis(,' mode of semi- otic expression and the amount of its ;j;'eneral use are always tluctuatin;.>'. All the siuns, even those classed as iimate, were at some time invented bv some one person, tliou;.;h by others simultaneoush' and independently, and 14' i'i.'(»( i:ss sAMi; AS amonc; i»i;ai' mi ti;s. liiiiliy i\\' tliriii liccimic turyottcli iilid were iciiiMiihd. Tlirir |H'('\ iilclicc* iiml |i(iiiiiniciic(' were ilrtcrniiiicd li\ ilic i'\|i( ricn.c uf tlicir iitilit\ , iiiiil it \N('iil(l III' lii;:lil\ iiitcrcsliiiu to iisccrtniii liow Imin n time wiis iT(|iiii'f(| (nv ;i (li>tiiictly new riiiui|iiiiiii (ir fxrciitioii in >x;i\\i cmrnicv, liccoiiic "tlin liisliiuii," set to .'|iciik. over ii Ijiiyc jiiiit of the coiitiiiciit. iiiiil to hr Hiip- |iliilitc(l li\- fi new " iiioilc " 'I'lic |)ioccss is |trcfis('ly the siiiiic lis fillioiio' tlic (Iciit'-iiiiltcs. ( )iic of those, liviiin' iiiiionj;' Ills spciikiiiu' rdiitivcs, nuiy iiiMiit si-jiis wliicli tlio liitlcr iirc t!iii;^lit to iiii(lcrstiiiiil, tlioiin|| striiiij-X'fs soiiictiincs will not, bc- ciiiisf ilicy may lie liy iio iiiciiii^ tlif tittfst cNiircssioiis. Slioiilil a ilo/cii (»»• more (li'at'-iiiiitcs, iiosscsscd diily ol' siicli cnulf si;>ns. conic to^ctlicr, tUoy will he iililc at Ill's! to roiiiinilliicatr only on a leu ( nioli snhjccts, hilt the lliunhcr ot' those and the nc.nei-d scope of eX|il'ession will he contiiiiuillv eiiliiri^cd. They will also resoit to the iii\eiitioii ^i new sii^iis lor now ideas as they arise, which nill he made iiitellinil,!,.. it' nece-sarv, tliroii;^!! the illustration and delinitioii ;:iven l.y si^ns t'onnally adopted, so that tlio iittest sif-ns will he evolved, .liter mutual trial, and will survive. A iimlti- plieatioiiot'the nuiuiiers coiitined ton(.tlier, cither of deaf-mntes orof liidi.uH whose speech is diversi', will not decrease the resiiltiii;.' iiiiirormitv, tliounh it will increase hotli the copioiisiiess and the precision of the vocjihiilaiy. The only one of tlie correspondents of the present writer who reiiiahis demonstratively unconvinced of the diversifies in Indian si"'n-laii«'-ua«>'('. lierhaps hecame prejudiced when in char;ic of a reservation where Arap- ahos. Cheyeniies. and Sioux had for a coiisiderahle time heeii kept secluded, so tar as could he done hy li'overninental power, from the outer world, and where naturally tlu-ir sinus were inodiiied >,. ;is to become common propertv. Sometimes si;iiis. doiihtless once air-pictuivs of the most striking' out- line of an object, or of the mo.st characteristic features of an acti(.n, liiivo in time become abltreviated and, to some extent, c(.iiventioiialized aiiionrr members of the same tiibe and its immediate Jiei^dibors, and have not be- eonie common to them with cli^er tribes siirply because the form of al)bre- viation has heen peciilia- In other cases, with the same coiiceiitioii and atfempt.'d characteri/atic.n, another y.-t eipially appropriate delineation lias been selected, and when both of the ditfeiiiig (hliueations have been iibbro- r.MSKs or Tin: i;iM;(»M:<>rs iti.i'nitT. I.') viiitcil tlif (llvorslty i.H vastly ilMTfiiscd. 'Hie (»ri;;iiml roiici ]itiuii, hciii^'' iiMlc|Hii(li'nt, has lu'ccssarily also varii'd, hfcaiisc all ohjccts have several cliaracteristies, ami what stniek niie set ol' |ie(»|ile as the most distiiietive (»f these would iiot always so impress another. From these reasons we cannot expert, without lioulile. to understand the et\iiio|oMy ,>f all the si<.'ns, hein;:' less ricii in ancillary material than were even the old philolo- eists, who ■guessed at Latin and (ireek derivations hefore ihoy were assisted hv Sanscrit and other Aryan roots. It is not dilli.Mdt to conjecture some of the causes of tho report umler considc'ration. I'Aplorers and ollicials are naturally l)rou;iht iiUo contact more (doscK with those persons ot" the trihes \isiteil who are experts in tho si' 'n-laneiiayc! than with their other mendters, and tho.se experts an^ selected, on account of their skill as interpreters, as {i'uides to accompany the visit- ors. The latter also .seek occasion t(» he pn-sent when the si^nis are used, whether with or without words, in intertrihal coum-ils, and then the same class of experts sire the orators, tor this lon^i' exercise in ;^vstin'e-speech has made the Imliaii politicians, witli no special <-irort, m;isters of tlie art only ac(piired hv oiu" pn1)lic speakers after lahorious apprenticeship hefore their mirrors. 'The whole theory and practice of si<>'n-lan^'ua;^'e lieinji' that all who uudeistanil its jtrinciples can make themselves mutiudly intelli^ilde. the fact of the ready comprehension and response annaii;- all the skille(l •'■esturers <>'ives the imia'ession of a couimoii code. I'^in'thermore, it tho explorer learns to use any of the si^^iis used h\- any of the trihes, he will prohahlv he under.stood in any other by the same class of persons who will surroimd him in the latter, thereby conlirmin;^' him in the "nnivers.d" thiMiry. Those of the tribe who are loss skilled, but who are not noticed, mij4ht be nnal)le to catch tlu- meaning- of siji'iis which liavt- not l)een actu- all}' tau^'ht to them, just as ij^iiorant persons amoii;^' us camiot di'rix-e any sense from ne\\ 1\ -coiiu'd words or those stranj^'o to their habitual vocabu- lary, which linf-uistic scludars would instantly understand, thouf^h never before heard, and mi^ht afterward adopt. In order to sustain the positiiui taken as to the existence of a - the speciiic identit\-, and to show that this is not a distinction witlatut 1(5 Al'TIIOIMTIKS F()|{ SKIN'S ('ITKI>. i) (lin'crciu'c, ii nuinhcr of spccimciis nvo cxtractcil tVoiii the pivsciit t'ollec- tioii of siy-iis, wliicli ;irc also in soiiio cases coiiipaivd with those of deilf- imites and witli j^'estiires made 1)\- otlier ]ieo[)les. At l'llOKITli;s I'OK Tllh; SlliNS CITi:!). The siyiis. desi"'i|)ti'>ns itf whicli are suhiiiitted in the present paper, are taken from some one or moi-e of the followinji' authorities, viz: 1. A li>t |)repared hy Wiu.iAM I HNiiAK, (hited Xatelie/., Juno 30, ISOO, collected from trilies tlu'n west of the Mississippi, l»nt prol)ahlv not from those very far west of that rivi'r, jmhlished in the Transactions of the Amer- ican Philosophical Society, \(tl. vi, as read January 16, 1801, and conmui- nicated by Thomas .letl'erson, j)resident of the societv. 2. The one pultlished in 181';! in "An Account of an I'^xpedition from I'ittslturnh to the liocky Mountains, performed in the wars 1S1!)-1820. \W order of the Hon. J. ('. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of :Maj. S. 11. Long, of the I'nitc'! States Topooraphical Kn<-ineers." (Com- monly called James' Long's Ivxpedition.) This appears to have been col- lected chiefly by Mr. T Say, from the I'ani. and the Kansas, ( )toes, Mi.s- souris, lowas. Umalias, and other southern branches of the -iTeat Dakota faniilv. ."). The one collected by I'riiuc .Maximilian von Wikh-Xkuwied in l.S;)-J-34, from the Clu-yeime, Slioshoin. Ankara, Satsika, and the Absandci, the Mandans, llitlatsa, and other Xortherii Dakotas. This list is iu)t i)ub- lished in the Mn-lish edition, but appears in the (Jermau, Coblenz, 183!), and in the French, Paris, Is In. lilliJiooTaphic relereiice is often made to this distini-iiisheil (.xploivr a> " Prince .Maxinulian,"' as il' there were not many pos>essors of that christian name amon^- princelv families. For bre\ity the referiMice in this p.ipei- will he " M'/Vr/."' 4. The small collection of J. (,. Kom,, made .about the middle of the l)re,sent century, am.m- the v Ijihwas and their iieinhbors around Lake Superior. Publishettr«-v, rontriliiilcd 1)V Hrcvt't Col.JAMr.s S. ]?iv'isi',i\, .Miijor Second ("mvmIi'V. I'niti'd States Arni\. proliahh pn'iiavud in ISTN-TH, and cliictiy taken from the ("rows, Shoslioiil. and Slonx. 7. A list i.repaivd in dnly, ISTlt, l»y ^Iv. Fkank II. Ciisiuxc;, (.f tlie Sniltlisonlan Instiinilon, from eontinned interviews with Titelikematski, an intelliii-eni ( 'he\ cniie, now I'mployed at that Instltntion, Avhose «i'estnres wei .■ anaKzed, their descilption as niaiU' dietated to n ])liononTii|)lier, and tlie more ncnei-le si^ns also photographed as made Ix'fore tlie camera. The name of tlie Indian in reference to this list is nsed instead of that (d' the collector, as .Mr. Cnsliinii' has made other contributions, to he separately nottMl with his name [\>v distincti\'eness. S. A valuable and illustrated contribution from Dr. W.vsniNGToN Mat- ■nii'.ws. Assistant Sur;.;-eon Tinted States Army, author of " KthnouTapliy and riillolo,i;\ ol' the llldatsa India. i>," &c.. lat(dy prepared from his notes and recollections of sl^ns observed dnrlni;' his lon^- service amoiii;' the In- dians ot' the I pper .Missouri and the plains. ;i. .\ report of Pr. W. .1. Hoi'imax, from observations amony- the Te- ton I>akota> while Acting- .\ssistant Suru-eon, I'nited Stati's Army, and sta- tioned at (iranil iJlvei- A-'eiicy, Dakota, during IST'J-T.'). 10 A special contribution from Lieut. II. U. Lk.mi-v, Third Tinted States .\rtlller\ , conii)iled from notes and observations taken by him ill 1S7T among the Northern Ara[)ahos. 11. Smile prellmlnarv notes lately received from Kev. Tavi.oi; F. I'iAi.v, inisslonar\ among the Ziiiii, upon the signs of that Itody of Indians. T_>. Similar notes from Uev. A. ,1. lIoLT, Denisoii, Tex., res[)ectliig the Comanche signs. i;;. Similar nolo from Very Ivov. Kdwakd Jacicki!, I'olnte St. Ignace, Slicli , respecting the Ojiliwa. 14. A .-peclal list from Uev. d Owr.x Doicskv, missionary at (^malia Anencv, Nebraska, from ol)servatlons lately maile among the INudcas and ma has. L' s L 18 DIVKKSK CONCKI'TIONS .\XI> IIX IICI TIONS. If). A lottor from J. \V. roWKi,!,, esq,. Iiidiiin siipcriiifciMlciit, Hritish ('oluiiibiii, ivlatiny to his o1)scTViitioiis ninoiit;' the Kutiiic ;iii(l otlicrs. 1(5. A special list from 1 )i-. ( 'ii \i'm:.s K McCiirsxi'v, Artiiin' Assistant Surgeon United States Army, of signs coliectcd among tlu' 1 >akota.s (Sioux) near Foi't JVinictt, hakota. during the pi'csent winter. 17. A connnunieation fn)m llev. d.\.\ii;s A {iii,KiM..\\, \Vhit(! Kartli, ^[inn., relating to signs observed among the ( )jih\vas during his long period of missionary duty, still continuing. IS. A connnunieation from lirevet Col. Richakm) I. Doix;!-:, Lieutenant- Colonel Twenty-third Infantry, I'nited States Arniv. author of " Tho TMains of the Great West and tlieir lidial)itants." i\:c., relating- to liis lar<.'o experienoo with the Indians of tiie prairies. 1!». A list contributed by Rev. (J. L. I)ki.'kkmuugii, of Lapwai, Idaho, giving signs obtained at Kamiah, and used by the Sahaptin or Nez Forces. 20. Information obtained by Dr. \V. J. IIoi'fm.wx, in assisting the pres- ent writer, from X.vtsiies, a Pah-l'te chief, who was .,ne of a delegation of that tril)e to Wa.shingtctn, in January, ISSO. l»l. Information from :\rajor J, M. IIawoktii, s|)ecial agent of the In- dian IJnrean, relating to the ('oniaiiches. The adjunction to the descriptions of the name of the particular author, eontributor, or i)erson in.m whom tiiey are severally taken (a plan which will 1)0 pursued in the linal i.ubH.^ation) not oidy fm-nislies evidence ot iiuthenticity, but indicates the locality and time of observation. INSTANCES OF DIVERSK (ONCEI'TIO.NS AM) EX ECITIOXS. Some e.xamples have been selected of diver.se conceiXions and execu- tions for the same objt'ct oi- thonniit. (Jhicf. Seven distinct signs. . 1. Foreling.M- of right hand cvxtended, pa.sed perpendi.mlarlv down- ward, then tm-ned upward in a right line as high as the head." ^Lotu,.) " Rising abo\-e otiiers." ■->. With foivilnger.. fright han.l, of which th.' otiuM' lin-ers are clo.sed, ■ l-ninting up. back t.. for"h..ad. -h.scrib,- the in,ht ..f an arrow shot up and turning down again, aUowing the han.l to drop, the lin-er pointin- d,)wu until ab..ut the nn.hlle of th.. bo.Iy. Uin.hiu.) Sam- i.h.t of Miner pen or ■•%«f|?.'*.i?k-'-V<-. <'IIIHF— DAY. 19 sli hoijilit expvossc'd conversely. Almost tlio same si<,ni, tlie liand, liowever, ])v\\\ix iii.ivcd (Idwiiwiti'il vjipidiy mid the j;esture ))rcTi'(U'd by toiU'liiii<'' the lower lip \N ith the index, the French dc'd'-nuites use tor "coniuinnd, ' "order." ;;. Tlie extended toreluif^er of the right hand, of whirh the dther fin^i'crs iire closed, is raised to the right side of the head, and above it as f;tr as the arm c;in he extended, and then the hand is brought down in front of the bodv, with wrist bent, the back of hand in front, extended forefinger ])ohit- ing downwanland the others closed, "liaised above others." {McVhcHUCji.) 4. Uegin with sign f »r "man;" then the foreiinger of right hand i)oints forwnrd nml downward, followed by it curved motion forward, outward, and downward. { 'rilrlihtiiKitsJ;}.) "lie wdio sits still and commands others." f). l{ai>c the index of right hand, which is held upright; turn the iiulex in a circle and lower if a little to the earth. {Wivd.) "lie who is the center of siu-rounding inferiors."' The air-picture reminds of the royal scepter with its si)here. (;. liring the closed right hand, forefinger pointing up, on a level with the face; tlien bring the palm of the left hand with force against the right foretiniicr: next send up the right hand altove the head, leaving the left as it is. ( Ihirsci/.) 7. Tiie Pah-Utes distinguish the head (diief of the tribe from the chief of a band. For the lormer they grasp the forelock with the right hand, jialm ItacUward. pass the hand U|)ward about six inches, and hold the hair in that position a moment: and for the latter they make the same motion, but instead o\' holiling the hair al)ove the head tliey la\ it down over the right tem))le, holding it there a moment. {XtHsJics.) Did). Sewn ^igns. 1. I'ass the indt'X-finger pointing along the vault of lu-aven from east to west. {Kohl.) Our deaf-mutes use the same sign. 2. Same motion with whole right hand. {JU-'ishiii.) ;i. Same motion with forefinger of right hand crookcnl, followed by both hands slightlv spn^ad out and elevated to a i)oint in front of and ccm- siderably above the head, then brought down in a semicircle 'to a level below the shoulder, ending with ontsp ead palms upward. {THchkriiKU^kl.) This, pr(;l)al)lv, is the opening out of the day from above, after the ri.sen sun. 20 DAY— TODAY. 4. Siin])ly iiiakc ii cii'dc with the loix'fiiiii-ers of botli IuukIs. [Binion.) The round (Hsk. f). I'ljicc Ixith liiinds ;it soino distiuice in front of tlio brcist, ;ipart, and hacks downward ( I'Vrf/.) n. Urina' hotli liands simuhaiR-oiisly from a |)i^sItioii in front of tho IxmIv, linp'rs extended and joined, pahns down one aho\-e the other, fore- arms horizontal, in a eircniarly separatin;^' mamiei' to their res|)e('tive si' is open." {LcmJit.) 7. 15oth liands raised in front of and a Htth' ]ii index tip, followed by a motion of till- list toward the orniUMl ( A'/o/'/// ), perhaps iiichidino' the idea of "now," "lu-re." In another, both hands are extemled, palms outward, and swept slowly forward and to each side. ( TitrhL-nuutd-i.) 'j'his mav combine tho idea of ),<>,(• with ui,v}i,„-^s, the first part of it rescmblino^ the yeiieral tleaf- nnite sinii for "here" or "now." A third observer y'ives as iiscl fnr the i.lca of the present davthe sio-n also used for -hour," viz: join rlie lips of the thinnl) and loretiii-er ..f the same hand, the interiMr .mtl'in. approximating a ciivl,., and let the hand pans,' at tho proper ahitudo ea>t or w.'st of th,. assumed meridian. ( L,mhi.) A fourth rep.irts a comp.Knid si-n: JMi-st make the following' .sio-n,w]iich is tliat for -now." Forelin-er of rinht hand. ,,,f which the oth.M" lin-ers are closed) extended, raise the arm perpendicularly a little above the ri-hf side of the head, ,s,, that the exteiuled fni-er will p,,i„t to the cenfr of the heavens and then bnaiohr down .m a level with th.- rl-h; breast, foreliiiner Mill pointin- up. and immediately carry it lo the position re.pdre.l in mak- DKATIl, 1H:AI). 21 iiiii' tlic si<:-ii tor day as above (MrClif.^i/ri/), wlik-li is nsvd t(» comploto tlio Hum \'<>v lii-iliiif. {McChisiii'ji.) hi'dtli, (li'dil. Seven sit;ns. 1. liiii'lit Inihl, liiiuvrs front at liei<>'lit of stoniacli, tlion, witli n sort of flop, thi'ow the liand o\cr witli the pahn up, lin;,fev pointing- a little to the riji'ht and front, liaiid hidd horizontal, {lirish/ii.) "Upset, keeled over." 2. J.eft hand llattened and held, hack ui)\vard, tlnind) inward, in Iront of and a few inches from the hreast; rii--ht hand .sliu'htly cla.sped, forelinn'er more extended than the others, and jias.sed suddenly under the left liand, the latter bein;^- at the same time j^ently moved toward the breast. {Titvlilie- ))i(itsl,i.) "CJone undi r." ."i. Hold the left hand flat aj.;ainst the face, back outward ; then ])..ss the riiilit hand, held in the same manner, undei- the left, striking- and toiu'h- in^- it liiihtly. ( W'icil.) The same idea of ■'under"or" burial," (juite differently exi'cnteil. l)r. Mc( 'lu'sney, however, conjectures this siyn to be that of won- der or surprise at hearinu' of a death, but not a distinct sipi for the Uitt(n-. 4. Throw the f relinp-r b-om the perpendicular into a horizontal posi- tion toward the earth with the back downward. ( Loiuf.) "). I'lace the left foreliiigcr and thumb a,Lfainst tla; heart, act as if tak- ing' a hair fr >m the tluunljand forelinp-r of the left hand with the forelin^'er and thmnl) of the ri-ht and slowly cast it from you, only lettin,ii- the left hand remain at the heart, and let the index-linger of the right hand point ontwai-d toward the distant horizon, {llolf.) (i. I'alm of hand u[»ward, then a wave like motion toward the ground. (j-:ai>i:) 7. Place the palm of the hand at a short distance from the side of the head, then withihaw it gently ii; an oblicpie downward direction, inclining the head and upper part of the body in the same direction. [Jaclirr.) 'Vhv last authoritv lu-tcs that there is an apparent coimection between this conception and execution and the etymology of the corresponding \vv\u> in Ojibwa: '-he dies." \> iiilm: "he sleeps." is iiUxi. The common idea expressed b\ the gesture is a sinking to rest The original signiticance of the root iiih seems to l)e " leaning;" m/ilirid, " it is leaning;" (iiiilicLireiii, " he inclines the head sidewards." The word idhd or iiihc (only in compound.s.) f)0 Kii,i,— ri:Ai.'. 10 ) ronvcys tlic idcii of "iiiylit," porliiips ;is tlic llilliiti,'- over, tli(> <^nh\ ri-ht index fallin-- from the hei-ht of tin rinht sjioidder npon tlie left torelinu'cr toward which the head is inidiiied. kill, in one sii^n the hands are lield with the edt^cs upward, and f] ri,ulit strikes the left transvei'sely, as in the act of choppini-'. This seems t. convey pariicnlarly the iK.tion of a stroke with ;, tomahawk or wai'-clnh. {LuwiA it is more delinitely expressed as follows: 'i"he left hand, tlmnd. lip, l)ack forw.irds, not very ri-idly exteiah-d. is held hefoiv the chest and struck in the palm with the outer edo-e ,,f the ri-ht hand. (Mu'/l/inrs.) Another si_i:n: Smite the sinister palm earthward with the dextt-r ti.st sliarply, in sn-o(-stion of p.ini.,; .h.wn. (/;,nio>K, .\nother: Strike out with the dex- ter Irst towanl the -round. meainiiLi' t.. shut down. (Ilurtoii: Mr(l,(s„rii.) This s.ame sinn is made hy the I'tes. with the statement that it means "to kill" or -stal)" with a knife. Iiavin- ref,.rence to the tinu^ when that was tlie most c.Mumon weapon. A lourtli : l'a>sth.. rl-ht und.a- th.. left fore- lin-er (lim-tmiX "make -o lin.h.r." The threat. " i will kill yon," appears in one case as directinn- the ri-ht hand toward the ..iF.-ud.r and sprin-in- the iinoer from the thumi) as in the act of sprinkiin- wafer [Lnu,,), the idea iH'in- perhai^s causin- l.lood to How. .,r perhaps sputterin- away the life, though this part of the si-u is nearly the same as that sona'times use.l for the discharge of a gun or arrow. I((ir, (dirard. I. liotli hands, with lingers turned inwan! opposite th,- lower ril.s, then brought upward with a tremulous motion, as if to represent the connn..u idea of the heart rising up to the throat. ^ /^iii/har.) ■2. Head stooped down, and arm thrown up ,p,icklv as if to protect it. (Long.) .'•■ Fingvrs an.l thnnd, of right han.l which droops d.,u nwanh closed to a pomt to represent a heart, vioh.ntly 1 r..peatedlv heaten a;:ainst the :%'%J^Sf^^*^:i'iV ri:Ai;~\V(>MAN— (,H ANTI'I'V, 23 left l)ivast jiisr over tlic lic;irt to iniitiitc piiljiitiition. (Tittlil.cmdld-i.) Tlic; Siuux use the smhh' si^n witlnmt cldsiii^' tlic rui;^'('rs ti) I'cpivscut ji lioart. {MiCIk'sih'//.) The I'Vrin'h (Icnf-iniitcs. besides l)ciitiii,i>' the licart, add a lu-rvdus liark- ;Nard shrinkiiiu' willi liotli hands. Our dcaf-imitcs uiiiit tlic l)catiiiji' of tlio liiart, cxcciit for cxccssixc tciTor. I. I'oint forward sc\cral times witii the index, followed by the reniain- h\<>; liii;icrs, each time di'awiiiij; tlu' index baek {Wicd., as if impossible to ke<'|i the man to the iVont. fi. May be si^^^nilied by makinj;' the sign for a s([naw, if the one in fear be a man of boy. ( Ij hiIi/.) (i. Cross the arni> over the b •ast, lists clo.sed. bow the bead over the crossed arms, ln\t tnru it a litth- to the left. ( Durscif.) W'oiinn/ has fonr sioiis; one expressinL;- the mannn;v. one iiidicatinji- shortness as eoin|)ar<-d with man, and the two most e(aiunon severally iudi- C'atin;j;' the hniiicr liair or more llowing' dress. 'i"he hair is sometimes indi- cated bv a motion with the riiiht hand as thoiiiih drawintions. 1. The Hat of the right hand patting the l)ack of the left several times, proportioned in luimlter to the (piantity. (Diinl'di:) Simple repetition. 2. ('hitching at the air several times with both hands. (Kniil.) Same idea oi' repetition, more obiecti\-e. 'i'his sign may c-asily be confounded with the mode of counting or enumeration by presenting the ten digits. ;;. Hands and arms passeil curvilinearlx outward ami downward as it forming a large globe, then hands closed and elevated as if .something were gras|)ed in each, and held up as high as tlu' face. (Lout/.) 4. Hands held scoop-fashion, palms toward each other, about two feet apart, at the height of the lower ribs, linger-eiids downward: then with a diviu"' motioe.. as if scooping up small artii'les Imm a sack or barrel; 24 I, MvsKLr— vi:s. l»nii^- the liiiiids iK'iirlv t(\t;vtlitM-, (in^^-frs .-loscd, ;is il' Iioldinu. j, imiiilxT of tlu- siiiull olijccts III cnch liaiul. iiikI ii|) ;ii;;iiii tiMla luMLilit of llic lirciist. I lirishiii.) 'I'lic Siniix make siil.st.iiiti.illy llic saiiit' si-ii, with tlic lilU'iviicc that they Iir-iii alxnit a foot and a lialf fioiii the j-Toiiud and hriiii^- the hands, lip to the IiciL:ht of the liivast. { MiClivsiicii.) ."). iioth hands cIosimI, hi-otiylit ii|. in a curved motion toward each othur to the level ol'tlie iiecU. {Tilchknmitsh-}.) Idea of i'nllliess. I). Move the two open hands toward each other and slinhrU- npward (, n icil) : the action of loi'niiiii^' or delineatinu' a hntp. /, iiii/-s,/j[ iirsr pei'sonal pi'oni'iiii. Kepres<.nted in some tribes hy motions of the ri,-ht hand npon the I'l'east, the hand sometimes clinched and struck repealedU on the l.ivast— or the tinovvs or the index alone placed npon it. ( »t!iers fandi the nose-tip with the index, or lay it iipim the fid-v of the nos,., the end ivstin- I.etween the e\ es. Som.. .leaf-nnites push the forelinovr a-ainst the pit of the stomach, others a-ainst the l.ivast, and others point it to the neck tor this personality. i'cv, allirmati\e, '"it is so." < >iie of the sions is somewhat like - tnitli," hut the f.irelin-er proceeds straio-ht fa-ward from the l.reast instead of the mouth, and when at the end of its coiir.se it seems nvmly to strike soim-thin- as if il„. snl.ject Were at nn end (Lo>n/) ; n,, lurtlu'r discussion, '•'nulf said," as is the vul-ar phrase of a-reement. Another: (,n\rk motion of the ri-l.t hand f.rwanl from the mouth, first position about six inches fr.an th<. ni.uith and llnal as lar a-aiu i.way. in the first position the index is exten.led, the others .dose.l, In ihv. iii.al the index is loosely clos,.,!, thn.wn in that position as the hand is moved forward, as tlmuyh hookiii- somethin- with it. i'alin of han.l ,^,t, ( /Jrl/rn- bdttf/l/. ) Others wave both hands straioht i;„-war.l Iron, tlu. fac.- ( /.Vr/o//), winch may be compare,! with th,- iorward nod common ov.-r most of the w..rld Ibras.ent, but that .estniv is not universal, as the New Zeahr.i.vs '•l.'vnte th,. h,a.[ and ,lun, and the Turks shake it lik u- ne-ative. _ With others, aoain, the rinht hand is .devated to the h.vel : in front -f the shoulder, the first two lin;,ers somewhat extended, thnmb restim.. aoamst th.. middle linger, and then a siuhhrn motion in a curve forward VI.:>,_<;<>(H)— IIAI>. 25 r of ■list. lice lids. ich in I III) CM I'll, tv ml ;ir so 111 It •a iiiii 1 ,l,,uiiwiinl. ( rilrlihrnifildl.) As this convspoiias nciirly with iIk; siy'ii t" 1)\ tlic siiiiM- trilics, ils (•uiii'ci)tii.ii iimy lir tliiit of rcstiiii^- iiiiKic tor SI u|)iiii or scttliiii;' a (|iicstii>ii. Still niKillicr xiii'Iaiil is wIutc tlio vi;4'ii (oiiK-) i-xtrii(l(il, iiuil iioliiliiii:- i'orwan It is llifii moved lorwanl niic or iwo tci -ivanl. {Mdtllirivs.) (inotl. Six (livt'vso si<;iis. t liaml, with the fnrcllu^'cr 1, is hchl lit'fore ami lu-ar the chest. t. usiiallv with a sH^ht .curve (h)WU- 1. 'I'he haml hel.l horizontally, back upward, describes with the arm juirl/oiilal curve oiitviard. ( f.oiiil.] 2. SiiiipU) iiori/.oiilal iiiovcineii t of th(' ri'dit hand from the breast. ( Willi.) These sio'iis may comcy the snji'g't'; {Ih'isliiii.) The Sioux in; the hand straii;lit to the front ami slightly upward. ike the same sign without the linal upward motion. {Mi-Vhv-iicii.) 4. Wa\-e the riLjIit hand Ir >m the mouth, extendii;<4' the thumb iron the index and (dosiiii^' tiie other three iinuers. {IlKrtoi/.) tl u\ml» inward, sin tiny- to the left, on a level with moutti, IdeiiK- mn\cd with curve outward, so us to present the* ■). The ri^iit hand, IniLicrs ])oiu )alm to the iierson ai Idivssed. (' Tit(likciiiutsl,i.) These last si^iis appear to '•■■ connected with a pleasant ti iste in th( inuutli. as i.s tlie siirii nt the French an il our deaf-mutes, \vaviu;j;' thence the hand, liack upward, with downward cur\i' iiiur<'rs strai,u,'ht ami joined, in a forward and he same licstiire with hand sidewise is theirs and ours for p'lieral assent ; " very well . (1. Move tli(! ri,2ht hand, [)a hu d own, over the Idauket, riiiht and left several times. (Ihirsi'i/.) llinl. The si'>ns most common consist mainly in sma the dexter lingers as if sjirinkling water, (pr Miappin rtlv throwing out <•• all the lingers from the 20 i!A I »— ( ■( »N riiM I'l -II N I m:i;sia n i >— ti i i n k. iliiiiuli. Tills limy he coiiiiiiircd with the (liMt'-miitc ^i;:'ii i>\' IlippiiiL;- :tn Iiiiiiiii- ii;ir\' ohjrcf liclwccii the tliiiiiiliiuiil .nid l!ic I'drcliiiL;'!'!", di'imtili"' soiiirtliiii"' siiiiill or ciiitciiiiitililr Tlic iiiiitidii (it >ii;i|i|)iii;i' ;i liii;^cr cillici- oii itv tVoiii the tliiiiiil* iiidisilaiii is not oiil\- ot' hir^c inodcni |ii'('\ .ilciicc in civiliziitioii, l»iit is iit 1( ;ist ;is iiiiciciit iis llic roiitcMilionii'y stntiic ot' Siii'(i;in;i|»iiliis ;it Ancliiiilc. Another si;^'^ is, hiinds open, piihiis tni'iicd in, nio\c oiic hand touiifd and the other tVoni the hod\ , then rice r< r'(i. Anotlicr h'>s loiTihlc lint (MinalU' su^'uvstivf jivsliiri' lor //^/^/isclioin;^' the hand and tlicii o|ii'iiin-^' whih' htwcr- in^' it, as if (h-opjiiii;^' out the coiiti'iits ( W'icd ; McCliisif, i/)- "not woi'th keep- in;;." It liecoinesaiiain more I'oreihK' in aiioflier \ai'ianr, vi/.: the iiand eh)sed, liack toward and near the hrea>t. then as tiie rorearin is sndih'idx extemh'd the hand is opened and the lin^cis separated lioni eaeii other. [ Mdtllntr^.) Tiiis is the (•a>tin,L: away of a supposed olijcet. and the same aiithorIt\- eoii- iiects it witli ((iitlnu/if liy rrpoi'iinn.' that the sion lor the latter is the same only still more forcihly made Aiiothei' si^i, f,,r nii/f( luiiK n\\i\ wliieh is the liiL^iiest decree of insult, is as follows: '|"he li^ht hand is shut or elinidied and held dr.;\\ii In toward tlu- (hot and on a leNcI with it, with the back of the hand down, and the shut lin-crs and thiimli np, and the expression of contempt is oivcn Iiy extcndiiiL;' out the lurnd and aim directiv ill Iroiit of the l)ody, ,it the .same time opeiiiiiL;' the thiimii and tiimvrs wido and apart, so that at the termination of the motion the arm is nearly exteiideii. and the lliiimi) and liii^'ers all radiatini;- out as it were from tlu? center of the hand, and the palm of the hand still poiiitlii-' upward. {(,'11- fiWui.) 'V\u' Neai.olitans, t.i express conremiit. Mow towards the per.son or thiii.i-' referred to. The (hsif-mnies preserve the conncctiuii „f •• had" and "taste" hy liriishiiiii' from the side of the mouth. r,„l.rstan,L hun,r, i.. very variously cxpres>ed liy manipulations in Avhich the no>e, ear, (diin. month, and l,rea.-t are selected as ohjectivo ])oiiit.s, all the motions l.einn. appropriate. Thluk ny ,,„r..s is also diver.sdy indicated. ►Soiiietimes the foivlinnvr is simply drawn sharplv across the l.ivast fnjiii left to ri-lit. {/liirfnu.) Some hit the ..jiest with .dosed list, thuinl. over the list. A-ain, the ri-ht list is h.-hl uiti, the tliiiml. I.etweei'i the eyes and propellvd front and downward We. for show of thoiioht, rest the foreliiiuvr on the forehead. There is also a lc,.s intelli.ildc Wn. in which the riyht hand, liiiuvrs and tliunil. loosely clo.-^ed, index crooked and AMMAi,s-i)i;i:i;. •-'7 wli-litlv fNtciidcd, is .lii.j.cd ever towmd iiiul sinldciily Inrwnnl tVoin tlic left slioiildcr. ['I'UrhLrniiilsiri.) All llw y'otmvs of dcid'-iniitcs ivliitiii;;' to iiitclliufiicc iiri' coimcctcil with llir lorcliiiid. .liiiiiKil.s iwv (Xiircssrd iMiitoiniinically l.y some clifiriictcnstic ol tlicir motion or fMi-iii, iiiiiinilar si-iis lor tli.> sf\cnd jiniinids: hut to this rnh- there nre iiiiirked exceptions, esp..ciidl\ in the >i-iis lor thi' se> with the hand hel'ore the tare. ( Whd.) W. W iih the ri-ht hand in iVoiit ot' liody on a le\(d with the shoulder, jni.l al^out ei-ht.cn im^hes from it. palm of the head, to imitate the ..ntspreud horns. ^Tilvhrimtskl) 'JM.is si-n is ma.h' l.y our deaf-mutes. i;. Same positi..n, eoulined to the thuml. and t-wo hrst fmi^crs of eaeli hand, {liiirhm ) Tlu. Mli<«ve sijiiis all ap|.ear to he used for the animal -I'enerically, hut the lollowin,!^' are sep.arately reported for two of the si»eeies: lUaek-tailed ^rw {(in-hicii^ iiuicralis (Say), dray]. 1. Makc^ sever.d passes with the hand heforc; the face, tln-n indicate ii tail. {]]"/('!.) •2. Hold the left han i \i:\\'.), Cniics]. IN.M the rl-lil hainl iii.il^hi Lrlniv the clM^sf, ail (Junvrs l.iit tlip index iK-in;.' iMiit. III., i.aliii hriiio. fim,,.,! as iiiii.l, t,, ,|„, iVont as |M.ssihI,.. 'I'),,,,, "■■'- ''"' ''•""' ''■ '''''<■ <" ■^i"l" " t«'n- finit.s rai|i,.|- slunlv. Tli.. arm is •'...v.'.l s,.a.v..|v. ,„• la.t al all. This sio,, ,...,nvM.|,is ih... ni..lion ..f lli.. ,|,...,.'s tiiil. {M(if/li,trs.) ''"'''"■''• '" *■ ''"' -'^"^ ^i^''^ fl". hvu tnlVlillnvrs s|iu-I„|\ U|M.1H..|, •liMwi, linrixniitally i...n.s. ||,.. I.^.a.! IVmh. li-lit i,. iHl. {Ihni'nu.) This u.-uM u.,| I,.. iiil,.|li;-il,l.. with.M.I ki,..ul,.,|n. • ,h,. ta,.| that Im.|o,v lj„. '""''"'"'••""' "'■ ""• •■-■ ■•""' "VM. y..|. ih.. .I...' has 1.,...,, n>...l f.. .Iran th,. t.'Ml-,M.h.s in n,..vin;.- ram,., an.l ,li,. .i,,, n.pn.s..,i,s th,. ,,,,11. Imlians l.ss '"""-'"•- "■Ii"'"iilr.n..n.>nhs,anlial lo,|,vs. au.l ,..u| > Hi.. mahTial to,- l-l.'s was h.ss pn...i,.u.. than ,.n ll„. plains. n..nl.| nut p,.,.ha,,s hav.. ...mipre- l""nl''l lh,s si^n. ami ih,- imav ,.,.,,..,..1 ..m is Hi,, pal,., h,w..n..l as if ,., .>iniply luw.Ti,,,. ih. hand ,., Ih,. ,,M,aM,..iuhM.f ,1... w.,|lish ah.>n;,nial l.n...,| , Wi.l : /V/.^/w.,;,, ,„., „.,^..,,,^ ,,,; ^,„. ,,^,, ^^^^.^^ ;^_ /'-'■.l''.n,.sn..ai...ll,y,l„. Indians 1 ma.h. a ..nn.pani,.,,. Th.. iMvmd. an.lAni..|.i,.and..ai.nut..sni.,n. sp...d,i..allv..xp,vs. i|i..d.,, 1...^^^^ I- <-.c... ami,, ... pain,,,H...||ii,,,. .,.,., p,^ tafni- harkm- with th.' lips. iN.sTAXcKs oi- 1'i;i:vai,i:nt skins. 'I'.'iit ai iiii.l.ll.' liiioci ,,(■ (li,, ,•,■,, lit ■''■'" "'''"^ ^""' """■•'■ ''-'■'■ ''"I-'- .".. M„.,„i„„.s i,„„;.v,.,. ,1, t ■"■'..■..........i..i.v,in,„i„,,i„. ,.i,i„ I,, ,,,,,„,,;,,„■,,,,;„, '-' ■' ""-.'^ w... -1,..^ X,... ,,;.;„;: 1 1( H!.si:-s,\ M i; -1 1 1;— SI ; im'I!Isi:-.si' n. 2i) is ti> )if olciTvcd fliiit tli'M siyii liiiM M stnni'i' rcscinltljiiicc in tin- niif ^••ivcii Ill)ii\(' l.\ < ';l)it,iill lilK ION lul' ilnii, ;iimI IIIMV 1i;i\c irt'crclicc to tile ;:irlll. It Ih HtiU IIIUIV Cllf^iK fdllfllSIll Uilll < ';l].tjlill r>l IMON's " t lli Ills , ^i'llCS.-,". Tilt' Krciifli iiilil 111 llif >.tni(lilliii;4' nt' till' iinlcx tlic iiiutioii nt' 11 trot. 'I'lic I'ti^ hiivrii >|)cciiil siyii lor //o/.w — llic lirst iiiiil little liiij^crs n|" tin* ii;ilil liiiml. piiliii ilowii. cxtciiilcil t'urwiii'd, tlir liiilh of tli.' rciiiiiiiiiii^' lingers rulliii;;' ilowii iiiiil rcstiiiu' M|ioii tlic cinl oi' the lliiimlt, pn'M-iitiiiu' ii siih-j^'cs- tioii cf iIk' iiiiiiiiiirH liciiil jiiiil ciirs. ( Mir (Icai'-imitcs iiidiniti' tlio mrs, jol- luwtil liv slra.idliii;^' tin- lilt liiiiid li\ tin- t'oiv and middle liiiLivr,-, ol' tlic ri^lit. Siiiiii . sihiiliir, is Hindi' not only aiiioiiL;- our trilies ^eiiei'ally. Itiit 1)\ llio.-e idl o\ei' the \Mirld, and liv dcal'-inntis, hy (Ateiidinii' the luo t'nreliiiLi'ers toLictlier side li\' side, liacivs ll|i\\aiil, sninetillies lliu\ed toni.jher sliitlitly lorward. When held .at re>t in lliis |i..sItion, iiiiiijKtiihiii and the tie ot" t'el- liiwshiii, what in ila\- ol' rhi\ali'\ was styled " lirothers in arms," can lie indicated, and, as a dei'ivative :\\s,t, Inishtii/d The l^'reiich and American deai'-mnlo iim' this sii^n, |>nceded l)y one show iiii;' the sex, lor " Innther"' 111" "sister." The most rciiiarkalile variant iVoiii the si;iii as alio\ e deseri!)ed w hich is reiMirted li. lie u>ed li\ nur Indians, is as follows: I'.xteiiil the fore and mid- dle lin"ei' of ihe riulit haiid, iminlini;' ii|iward, thnnd* crnssed over the other liicers. w hich are (dosed. .Mo\ e the hand downward and forward. ( /hirsci/ } An oimo>itioii to the more common siirn alio\e mentioned is i^iven, tlioiii:h not ^■em-ralK re|ioi'ted, lor //c, or (iiKitlicr jn r.^ni/, hy idacini;- one straight foretlnLier o\-er the other. I'early loiu'liinu'. inid then separateil with a mod(rat(d\- rapid lion. ( Ihntlun:) 'I'he deaf-mutes for "he" poini the tlnimli o\ er the riiiht shoulder. The principal motion for surjirisr, ir'UK/ci; consists in placiiin' tlie rii^Iit hand lielore the mouth, whiidi is open, or supposed so to Ik — a gesture .-^eeminuK in\oluntary with us, and wliiidi also appears in the M;.>'yptiaii hIeroiiKphs. 'I"he Licneral sii-n for ski/, when it Is L;iven as distiut;uished from iln// — made li\ iorminii' a cir(de with the thuniii and foi-elinp'r raiseil to the cast or alon,:::' the track of the orh — is often ,ihlire\iate(l liy simply crookinii' tlu^ elevated forelinger into an arc of a cii-cle, whicdi would mort- uaturall\- he ^nnt^mp^nnitmip 30 .M()(,\— M(;iiT-iN(,»rii;v intorprotcil as rlu> civscoiir imxm. Tt M])]M';irs tliat smiu' ti'il)os tliiit i-ctain tlie tull ilfscriptixc cii'clc tni- the •^uii iln tonii a illstiiiniii>liiiiu' rrcscciit lor til-; iiiniiii. hilt w illi the tliiiiiili and toiTliii^-cr, ami I'la- l;i'( atcr 'vj:\\ [or ■■moon" as that for •■sun," except that the tips of the Wwju'r and thumli. instead ot lieino- op]iosed. are approximated so as to I'epreseiit a ci'escent. This is not preceded liy the si^n tor iiiiihi. which, with sonic occasional additions, is the crossiiin' ,,f |„,tli h,iri/.,,iitall\- outspread palms, ri-iiT aho\-e left, in tVoni of the liody. the c. inception liein-' coN-eriii;^-. shade, and conseipieiit olisciiritv. With a sli-ht diliereiitiation. ihtrhiics^ is n^pn- seiited. and with another. Joni't, jon/oftnt. that is, darkn->s in the mcmorv. l,i'liin- made, as ainoiiu' som,- trilx's. with the tliuml) near the face, if nii-ht he mi>takeii for the derisis-e, viil-ar -estnre called ••takiii-;i si-ht," ■■doniier nn pied de n,./." descending t.i oiir small lioy.s li-om anti.piity. The sep.-.rat.' motion of the tin-ers in the viil-ar -estii're as iiv-d in our e;istern cities is. however, nior,. nearly correlated with tlu- Indian M-n for,/;,./ It may iie n.ited that the Latin "-sa-.'ix," from which is derivcl ••sa,-aciiy,- was diietly nsed to denote the keen s.^eiit tahli>hed l,etween the nasil ort^an and wisd.imorits absence, and that '•siispendere naso" was a classic phras,. tor hoaxim,-. The Italian expressions "restare con ,„, pahno di naso." •• cm tanto di naso," .\:c-.. mentioned livtlu-Camm 1 >K doino. refer to the same vnl^ar uvstnre h, ^^lncll the face is supposed to he thrust firward sillilv, The'.sim'e rot.-.tiou "I-" the uri.r. with the index and middle linger diverged over the heart, a.n..n.-.,nr Indian, means specilicallv ..c,r/,„./v. n.hri.h.,. -ncnv , hat. one '"•"'•t •'"■ a pnrpose." and a variant of it appears in ..ne „f the shnis lor ••/ iN<,)rii;v— rooi no. 31 (Uni'> biiiir." 'I'lic siiccial iii(|iiiry " 1 >o yoii kimw.'" is reported lis lollows: Sli;ik« the riiilil liaiiil ill iVoiit of tile lace, a little tn tlie riL;lit. tlie wiiole arm ele\ateil so a^ to llii'ow tlie liaiid e\eii ".villi the I'av'c and the loi'eanu staiid- iiiL; almost iierpeiidiciilar : |iriiiei|ial motion with hand, slight motion oi iorcai'm, palm outward. >l>ithiihaii the ])art of the V'reiieh shriiii,' with the lnnudied shoulders oniitled. .\ si^n lor a special t'oiin of ini|iiirv as to the trihe to which the person addressed Ueloii^'s is |o jiass the i \<^\\\ hand iVoni lei't to ri^'lit across the lace, wlrndi is answered 1)\ the .apiiropriate tribal siyii. iPotrcll.) instead of ;i direct (|Mestion the I'ti's in sii>-n-conversatioii use a iiei4ati\(! form. '.(/., to ask "'Where is \ our mother.'" would he rendered "Mother — \(iiir — 1 — see — not." I''(ii)!, Jiiiilisli. The prevailiiiu' L;'estu,re is a fiiiii'er pointed to tlf foreliead and rotated circularly — " rattle liraiued." '< he jady reporteil \ariance is whei-e the si^iii for "man" is followed 1)\- shakini;' the lini;ers held down- wanl, without reference to the held — tlie idea of looseness simply. I'"rencli deaf niutt's shake tlu' hands aliove the h(>ad after toiicl.iiii;- it with the inde\. .V'(. iirfidlirr. The ri^ht hand — though in the l)e,u'iuuiii;,>: of the si-n held in \arioiis positions — is L;-enerad\' either wa\ed lieiore the lace iwhi(h is the sioii of our dc.ifnmtes for (Mupliatic ue;;'ati\'e), as if refusiiiL;- to accept the idea or sfateiiicnl pr.'seiited, or [iiished sidewise to the rii^ht Irom either the hre.ist or face, as if dismissiiii;- it or settinu' it aside I )ne ot the sii^ns nixeii for the rah-l'les \t\ \\r^iii:s of oscillating;- the iiulex before the lace from riu'ht to left is snb-^!.^nliall\ the same as one reported frt>in Naples by 1 )k doino. This ma\- lie compared with oiii' shakini;' of the head in denial: luit thai L;-estiire is not so iinixcrsal in the ( )ld World as is popularly supposed, i'oi' the ancient (ireiks. followeil by the modern 'i'lirks and rustic Italians, threw I lie lie.id liack, instead of sh.ikinu- ib *<"' ^"- -^ ■'^'.ii" differinL;' from all the aliove is b\ makiiiLi' a ([uick motion of the open hand from tlu' moiilli forward, palm toward inonth. [ Ihlfiiihaiiiili.) The Mii-yptian neuatixe linear liieioi^hph is clearlx the L'('sture of both hands, palms down, wa\ed ,ipait. Iio.'i/.oiitall) and apparently at the level of the elbow, l)etween whiidi 32 lili;— TIM'TIl— ()FF.SlMiMN(J. iuul till' MiiNii iicii'ativc i)article ";«'r' tiivcii hv L.vxn.v tlioro is a stronsr coiiicidriu'c. Jj(\ fdlsvlnxiil, is almost universally cxprcsscil bysomc llii'urativo vari.i- tioii on the ucneric tlKMiic of a forked or (loiil)k' toiiiiiK' — "two (liircrcnt stories" — in wliicli the lirst two liniicrs on tlic riu'Iit hand separate from tlu* mouth. ( )n(' reported sii>n preceilcs the iattt'r motion hv the rij^ht hand touchini;' tlu' hrtsist oNcr tho heart. (JloJf'iiDii/.) Another instance <>iv('ii, however, is when the index is extended from the two corners of the month successivelv. (lUihi.) Still another is l>y passinii' ihe hand froi.i I'ij^'ht to left close 1)V anil aci'oss the mouth, with the lirst two linii'ers ot' the hand opeiK'd, thninb and othei' tiuLi'ers (ditsed. [Dnihic : Xafsln's.) A further variant employed l)y the I'tes is made by (dosin::' the ri^iht hand and placiiiL;' the tii)s ot' the lii'st two fiuLicrs upon the hall of the t'Xtended thund>, and snappiiii^- them forward straii^ht and separated while ])assiiiL;' the hand i'rom the mouth forward and to the left. In the same trilie the index is more commonly mo\-e(l. held straiuiht upward and forwai'd, ahernat(dv toward the left and i'ii^ht front. " 'J'alk two wavs." Tntt/i, fr/ir, is naturalK' contraihstinii'inshed liy the use of a sinp'le iin_i;-er, the index, jioiiitinji' straiiiht from the nuMith foi'ward and sometimes upwaivl — 'Mtue tongue: speetdi straiiiht to tju' front; no i;dk hehind a man" Sometimt is the initial point, as ill the French deaf-mute siii'ii loi' "siiiceiv." The dent'-mutes also i^'esture "triitli"' hy nio\iii,u- one finder straii;ht from the lips — "straight-forward speakino'" — hut distin.iiiiish "lie" by mo\iiiji' the iini^vr to one side — "side- ways spc^akinji'." (Hfsitrinn or descendant, child in iillal relation— not simpK as \(uni<'' hiuuanity — is n-eiierally denoted by a slightly Aaried dumb show oi' issu- ance Irom tlie loins, the line traced sometimes showinii' a (dose (Han'iiosis of ]iarturition. This is particularly noticeable in the folhiwinti" description: Place the left hand in front of the liody, a little to the riL;ht. the palm d(*wnward and sii-htly airhed: pass the extended ri-ht hand downward, torwanl, anil upward, fnrmi,]- a short cur\e underneath ilie left, i ll,>tl'iii(tii.) 'Hie si'Mi. with additions, means "father," "mother," "jiTaiidpareiit." i)iit its expuriiated form amoiiL;' the Frenidi deaf mutes means " parenta-;'e " «--e.ier- K'ally, for which term tlit^'e is a special sij>'n reporteil from our Imlians by rOSSHSSION— Si'KAL— TltADi:. 33 niily ono authority, viz: IMacc tin; liaiul Ijowl-slinpcd over the riglit breast, as if <^i'as])ii)^' a pa]). {Ihdf/''.) It is not uiKlei'stDod liow tliis can be distiii- • ■•iii>lKMl iVoiii OHO oftlie si}"-ns above mentioned for "woman." I'osscssioit, mine, i)ii/ property. The essential of this connnon si^-n is clinching the right hand lield at the level of the head and moving it gently forward, clearly the grasping and dis[)la\- of property. None of the deaf- mute signs to express " possession, ownership," known to the writer, resem- ble this or are as gi-aphio. Our der.f-mutes press an imaginary object to the breast -with the right hand. Steal The i)revahMit delineation is by holding the left arm horizontally across the body and seizing from under the left list an imaginary object Avith the right hand (Burton), implying concealment and the transportation that forms piart of the legal definition of larceny. This sign is also made liv o'>;r deaf-nuites. Sometimes the lingers of the right hand are hooked, as if lirabbing or tearing. {TdclilxmdtsU.) Another sign is re[)orted in which the left arm is partly extended and held horizontally so that the left hand will be palm downward, a foot or so in front of the chest. Then, with the I'ight hand in front, a motion is made as if something were grasped deftly in the fingers and carried rapidly along under the lefi arm to the a.xilla. {Matthtu-^:) The specialty of horse-theft is indicated b)- the panto- mime of cutting a lariat. {Burton.) Trade, barter, excltantic, is very commonly demited b}' a sign the root of which is the movement of the two Hat hands or the two forefingers past each other, so that one takes the place before held by the other, the exact conceit of excha .ge. One description is as follows: The hands, backs tor- ward, are held as index-hands pointing U[)ward, the elbows being fully bent. Each haiul is tlieu sinndtaneously with the other, moved to the opposite shoulder, so that the forearms cross one auorher almost at right angles. {Mnttlieics.) Another: Pass the hands in front of the body at the height of the waist, all fingers closed except the index-fnigers. {Jh'ffni- Inuuih.) This is also made by the Comanches (Ilxirorfli), Bannocks, and Tmatillas. (Natf^lu'S.) Another instance is reported where tlu' first two fiu- gt'rs of the right hand cross those of the left, both being slight 1}- spread. {Iloffmnn.) Our dcaf-nuites use the same gestiuv as first ahove mentioned ;i s I, 34 with ill 1i-ailc, ;i SHiNS IIAVINC. Sl'KCiAl. INTKIv'l .'7. ,, Imn.ls cIos.mI. All iiivitnfioii to m gcu-nil or s\ stciniitic l.nrtcr or s aiMiiiri iV.ur. one traus;wliuH, i. cxprosscl l.y vr^c-MrA taps or the „„ „,• ,„..,, iin:...r.. 'V\u- rou-h ivs.n.Mance ..f tliis si^n to that lor - cut- ,;„,." has u.vasiouc.a mistakes as to its ori-iu. li is rqiortcnl by Captam lliriovas thr roiuvi-tion of oiR. smart trader cuttiii- into thr prohts ot ,„„ilur--aiainoiHl rul (HanioiHl." Thr tra.lc si^n is, on the phiins, often „M'.l to express the nlnlr ...//-vocally nanie.l Shwop-n legacy from th,. truhTs. ^^llo uvre the iirst Canrasians met. Generally, however, the ,.;vs- ture lor /r/,;/. nuu> is hy .lesi-i.atin- the hat or ]u.a,l-e..verin- of eivill/ation. This the :Veneh (U.al-mutes apply to all mm, as .listinet from w.mien. l^^TA^■('I:s of skins iiavin(; si'I'.cial intkukst. A t''ew si-US have l)een selected which are not remarkable either for ovneral. a- limited acceptance, hut are of interest from special conception or peculiar lii;inMiioii. ■cnliar liiinraiiou. Idle relation of l>r<.ll»r^. sistrrs, and of hrolhrr awl .^Isfrr, children of .,„ ,ame motlu r, is si-nilied l.y puttiii- the two Iirst linger tips in the n„,mh, deiioiing the nourishment taken from the same breast. Ulnii,m ; Ihrrani.) I >ne of the signs for rhlhl or infant is to place the thiun)) and lln- ovrs of til.' ri-ht hand against the lips, tlieii drawing them away and bringing "ihr ri-lii liand against l!ie left fore arm, as if h^ddiiig an infant (^IhiuUn:) The Ci.tcrcian monks, vowed I., silence, and the Kgyptian hieroglyphers, ,„,tablv in the designation of llonis, tlicir dawn-god, used the linger in or on the lips for "child"' It has been conjectured in the last instance that the Li'estun^ implied, not flie moile of taking iK.nrishm.ent, but inability to sju.;ih_;//-/;,//,s'. This conjecture, however, was only made to explain tho blunder of theiiiveks, who saw in the hand pjaci'd coiniected with the moiiih in the iiieioglyph of Horns (the;^ son, " [lor-(p)-chrot," the gesture familiar to themselves of a linger on the lips to express "sih-nce," and so mis- talv'iiL:' both the name and the cluiractti'Ization, invented the (jod of Silence, llarpokrales. A curelul examination of all the linear hieroglyphs given by (JiiAMi'oi.i.lON ( Dictionnaire Kgyptieii), shows that the linger or the hand to th(! mouth of an adult ( whose posture is always distinct from that (d a child) is alwaxs in coimection with the positive ideas of voice, month, speech. l)i:STi;()YRl>— DONE— (11;AI)— DI.SCONTKNT. 35 wvlliiig-, oatinu-, drinkiiif^', ttc, and novor willi tlio iioj^iilivo idea of siloiico. Tlic ^i^rcial cliaractcr for "child" always has the abovo-iin'Utioneu part of iIk- sii;ii with rul'ereiice to iiourixlimciit fmiii the breast. An iiiiinstriu'tcd (leaf-inutc, as related liy Mv. Denisou of the Columbiii Institution, invented, to express '' sister," iirst the sij^u Ibr " female," made liy the half-elosed- bands witli tlu' ends of liugers touehin;-- the breasts, followed by the index in the lucnlh. Ikstioi/nl, all f/o)u\ )io Diore. The hands held horizontal and the ])alms nib])ed togothor two or three times circularly; the rii^'ht hand is then carried off from the other in a short bnrizontal curve. (Loiif/.) " iiubbed out." 1'iiis re.s(>mbles the Kdinlmrgh and our deaf-mute si^n for " forgive " or " clemency," the rub1)ino' out of olVense. Several shades of meaning under this head arc designated by varvin<" ccstures " If something' of little imi)orlanco has been destroyed by accident or design, the fact is communicated by indicating tin- tiling spoken of, and then slightly striking- the palms and open lingers of the hands togethei-. as if brushing dust olf of them. If something has been destroyed l)v force the sign is as if 1)reaking a stick in the two hands, throwing the ])ieces awav, and then dusting the hands as before. The amount of torce used anil the completeness of the destnu'tion are shown by greater or less vig-or of action and facial expression." {Duth/i .) Done, Jiiilshed. The' hands placed edges up and down, parallel to each other, rigrht hand outward, whi(di is drawn back as if cutting something. {Dniihar.) An c;/r/ left after cutting is suggested; perhaps our colloquial "cut short." 'i'lie I'Veiicli and (Uir deaf-nuites give a cutting' motiMii down- ward, with the right liaiid at a right angle to the left. Ghiil, pleased, conteid. Wave the open hand outward from the l)reast (ll(iiinn), to express lieart at eases — "bosom's lord sits lightly on its throne." Aiiollier gesture, perhaps noting a higher degree of happine.-^s, is to raise the riiiht liand from the breast in serpentine curves to above the head. (Wiul) "lleait beats high." Another: Extend both hands outward, pahns turned downward, and make a sign exactly similar t(. liie way women smooth a bed in making it. illoU.) " Smooth and easy." Dissalisfiiilioit. disiviitr/it. is naturrdlv c(»ntra-ited by holding the index m 1 1 1 1 )i:-1'i;a( 'i:-.sT()N i:-im,'is()n i:i;. tmnsvcrsoly ImIoiv tlic licirl ;iii'l roiatiiio- the wrist sever;)] times, iiidicat- iii-i- (listtirbiuice dt'iiie orpm, wlilch «.iir iilierii^incs, like modcni I']iin)])CiUia ])(.eti('allyre<''ar(l as tlie seat of the alleetloiis aii.l •■iiK.tioiis, not selectiiijr tlie liver or stoiiiaeli as other peoples have y t.o means getu^ral throughout the wo,ld, and in the extent to -I.H-h .t pre^uls in the I'nited States is a u.atter of national oppr.>briu,u i he pro ess>on of ju:ua, co.jM u-Hh hn-iMio>, is ofkn mad.> fVotn a cbstance by the acted spreading of a real or i.uagiuarv robe or bla,dhn\v no iinil'ormity in detaik tlie variety in ex|)ressi(>n anionj^' them and in their i )niparison with those ot (leat-nintes and traiisathmlic mimes bein.L;- in its* H' of iisycholoj>-ical interest. The .n'cnerali/ation of Tvi.ou that " li'estnre-hiiwnaj^e is snl)stantially the same amon.u' sava,i;e tribes all ove; the world" nmsl he nnderstood, indeed woidd be so understood from his remarks in another comuction, as reler- rinji' to their connnon use of si^'ns and of ,sl-ns formed on tlie same prm- eiples, but not of the same sij^ns to expre» the same ideas, even "substan- tiiillv," liowever indelinitely that dubious adverb may l)e used. C.KSTlltHSl'KKCIl lMVi:i;SAl, AS AN Ai;T. The aUvmpI h coiiirii nicai/'n/f/ h/i mV/''- 'S however, nvh-nsai amon.u' the Indians of the plains, and those still comparatively unchan-ed by civiliza- tion, as is its successful executi.m as an art, which, Imwever it may have eounnenced as an instinctive mental process, has been cultivated, and con- sists in actually poiutin- out objects in si-lit not .mly lor .lesi^iation, but fur application" and predication, an.l in su-cmIu- others to the mind by action and the airy forms proihiced by acti..n. In no other "part of the thorou-hly explon-d world has there been spread over so vast a space so small a nnnd.er of individuals divi.led by so many lin-uistic anw scores of speakers, verbally incomprehensible to all others on the face of the earth who did not, fron. M.n.e rnrelv operating u.otive, labonously ,,,,„;,„ ,l,,i, l,„:^na^e. Kven when the A.neri.an race, so styU.!, tlounshed in the oreatest population of whicli wc' have any evidence^ (at least accord- as SKiN LAN(;rA(il'; as an INDIAN AlJT. \\\'j; 1() llic pulilislu'd views (if tlio ])r(»sciit wi'ifcr, wlii<'li seem to li.nc ln'cii l';ivoral)l\- ivccivcil ), the iiiuiiiiisc muiilici' ol' I;ili,t;'ii;iL:c'< .'iiid dinlccts slill pfc- scr\( (i. or kuiiwii l)y cnrK- reconlcd t'l'iif^'iiu'iits to liavi' oiicn existed, so siih- di\ided it that luit the dwellers in a wvy lew villiiiics coidd talk to.ijretlier with ease, and all were iiiterdisfribiitod among iiiirespoiisivif vernaculars, each to the other heiny- har-bar-ous in every nioaniuj^ of the term. It is, however, noticeable that tho three n'roat families of Irocpiois, AlL;'onk;n, and .Mnskoki, when met by their lirsi visitors, do not aj)i)ear to ha\-e oi'teu im- pressed the latter with their reliance n|ion j.;'estnrcdan^'iiaL;(' to the sanu^ extt'iit as has alwa\'s been reported of the aboriijines now and fornierh' I'oniid farllier inland. It' this alisi-nce ot' I'eport arose from the absem-e of the pracllci' and n^l tVoin imperfecrion of obser\'ation, an explanation may be sm^'^vsted iVom the fact lliat amonn' thosi' fimilies there were more l)eo|ile dwellinn' near toM-etlier in socioloo-ical coimnunities, of the same; speech, tli/'i'^h with dialectic pecidiarities, than became known later ir. tlnj later West, and n<>t beiuL^' nomadic, their intercoarse with strange tribes was less indl\idnal and conversational. The iisi' ol' M'e.-.fure-siL;iis, continn''d, it' )iot ori^'inatinfi', in nocessit\- for comimniicatioii with the outer world, bcH'amt,- entri!»all\- convenient fi-om tlu; liabits of InnUers, the main occupation of all sava;^'es, depi'iidiuo- larL;-el\- upon stealthy ap|)roace to tli, without the mental conl'n>ioii ol' conventional sounds only iiitelli,i>'il)lo to one. The Indians who have Ijimii shown over the civili/ed jvist have also often succeeded in holding;' intercourse, hy means of their iii\-entioii and applieatioii of principles, in what may he called the voic >s mother nttor- ance, with white deaf-mutes, who sartdy have no semiotic coile more nearly connected with that attriluited to the plaiii-roamers than is (h-rived from their eonunon humanity. When iliey met to;.retlier they were found to imr- suo the same course as that noticed at tli- meetiiii:- top-thor of deaf-mutes who were either not instructed in any metliodical dialect or who had received smdi instruction hy dllfcivnt m ■tin Is. They seldom a-reed in the si-ns at lir.st presented, hut .^.on nnderstoo I them, and llnished hy a(h.ptiii-' some in mutual compromise, which pn.ve.l to he th >s > most strlkiii-ly appro- priate, -racfnl, and conv.mieiit, hur there still remiin-d in some cases a plnralitv of littin- si-ns U the sann- id-.i or ol.jec!. ( )n .aie of th.' most^ interesting of these occasi,,ns, at the I'eiinsylvania Inslltntioii for the Deaf and Dnmh, in 187;i, it was remarked that the si-ns of tlu- deaf-mutes were „„„.l, „„„,. ivadilv undeistood hv the Imliai.s, who were Ahsan.ki or lliin were theirs 1)\- the deaf-mutes, and Crows, .\rapaho-;. and ( 'heyemies that the latter -Tcatly excelled in panto. niin le el'fect. This need not he sur- tm 40 IN'DIANS CONVm.'SINC. WTI'II DKA I'M I'lKS. prisiiiL;' when if is rciisiilrrrd lliat wlint is to tlic ImliMii ;i mere iHljiiiirt i»r iiccoiii|ili>liiii('iit is lit till' (Irar-miitc the iiatiira! imiclc nt' iillcraiicc, :iiiil that there is still :;rcatcr iVci'ildiii iVdiii tlic tramiin'l ,>\' traiisliitiny words into actioii — instead of actiiiu' the ideas tlieiiis(d\('s — wlnii, tlic sound ol" wurds IxiiiL;' nnkuown, tliev ri-iuaiii still as tlicy ori.yiiialcd. lint aiiotlicf kind ol'sin'ii, ('Veil ai'ti'i' tin ait ot' I'eadiii:;' is a('(|iiired, and ilo not liccoiiic entities as with us. It is to lie i-eiiiarked that Indians when ln'oui^Iit to the Mast liavo shown tlu' e-i'entest plciisiirL' in ineetiii;;' deaf-mutos, itrecixdy as li'a\-(!ler.s in a I'oi'eiLin coiinlrN' aro rejoiced to lucct persons spcakiiiu' their laii^'na;4'c, with whom ihey can liolil direct coininunicatioii without the tiresome and oi'teii suspect(.'d me(liuni of an interpreter. A Sandwitdi islMiidei-, a Clii- lU'si', and the Africans from the slaver .\mistad liasc, in piihlished instances, visited our deaf-mute institutions with the .same result of j'ref' and pleasiira- !•!. intercourse, and an Miiii'lish deal'-miite had no (lillicult\- in conx-ersiiii;' with Laplanders. It ap[K'ars, also, on the anthoi'itv of SiiiscoiA, whose treatise was pnlilislied in IHTC, that Cornelius jjaua. amliassador of the I nited Provinces to the .Sublime I'orte, foinid the Sidtau's mutes to liavci established a huij^s'uaj^'e among themselves in which the\- could discourse with a speaking interpreter, a degree of ingeniiit\- interfering with the object of their selection as slaves unable to repeat coii\ersation. sicdiisTioNS TO ()iisi:i;\i:i;s. The most importmit siiggc.stioii to persons interested in the collection of signs is that they shall not too reailily abandon the attempt to disc.iver recollections of tliein even among tribes long exposed to Caucasian inHueiice and ollicially segregated from others. During the last week a missionary wrote that he was concluding a con- siderable vocabulary of signs linally procm'ed Ironi the I'onkas, although ■ lifter residiim- amono- them for years, with thorough familiarity \\ itli their language, and after special and intelligent exertion t o oiitam some ol tl leu' jil)was, though other trii..lworlhy authorities have furnished a list of sei'iis silts IVAI, IN ('()SVi;i!S.\ I lONAi, ( I IISTIKKS. 41 oliiiiiiH'd iVoin lliiil trilir. l''iirtlicr (lisnmrii^ccinciit caiiic iVmii nii Tmliaii M^^ciit j'iNiii;^' llii' ili'i'Idcd stiitciiii'iit, after I'oiir years di' iiittTcoiirse \»itli ilio Pali-l'tes, thai UK sinli tliiuii' as a i-oiiiimiuicutiuii by h'i^^'iis was known nr even reiiieiiiheriMl liy tlieiii, wliicli, however, was hjss (UlViciih to hoar because (111 ihi) day of the receipt ot' that well-inteiitioiKMl missive.! soiuo ofiii'ors of ihe Ihireau of I'-lhiiolo;z'y weru iu:tiially talUiii^;' in si^ns with a (hde<^'atioii of that very triix! of Imlians then in Wasliin-itoii, from oi" of wIumu th(! Storv hereinafter appearing' was received. The ditUcidty in eoHeetiii.u' si^ns ma V arise becaiis(; Indians are often provoki!i;.;'Iy reticent about their ohl habits anil traditions; because t!ie\ do not distinctly comprehend what is somdit to be olitaineih and because sometimes th(i art, abandoned in f^cii- erab only remains in the memories of a ft.'W [lersons intlneiiced by special circumstances or individual fancy. In this latter ivu'ard a comparison may be made witli the (dd science of heraldrv, once of practical us;' and a necessary jiart of a liberal educa- tion, of wiiich hardly a score of perM.us in the United States have any but theva-ue knowlet."d: yet the united memories of those persoi's. could, in the absence of records, reproduce all essential points on the subject. Kveii when the spe.'iiic pra.'ticcf the si-udan-ua-e has been -lenerally discontinued for mo,v than one veneration, either from tlu^ a.h.ption ..f a j,v.mn or from the common use of the ton-m- ..f the compierin- Kno-lish, "Fivnch, or Spanish, some ..f the ovstures tbrmerly emph.yed as substitutes for words mav survive as a customary accompaniment to oratory or impas- sioned conve;sation, and, when ascertained, shouhl be carefully noted. An example, anion;, mauv, mav be tound in the fact that the now civilized Muskoki or Creeks, as mentioned by Kev, 11. F. IhcKNEU, when speakuig ^^,. ^,^^. ,,^ .,.,,„ ,,(. ,,, .,,,i,„„ .,, ,,omen, illustrate their words by hold.no- their bands at the proper <•l^•vatio.^ palm up; but when describin;, the height ot usouUess" animals or inanimate objects, they hold the palm downward, ^•his, when correlated with th. distinctive si.,ns of other Indians, is an mtei- e.iin.v c-ase of the survival of a pracli.." which, so lar as yet reported, the ..Idesi men of the tribe now living, onlv renuMuber to have once existed. 1, is pn.ba!de that a collection of smd. distinctive gestures anion;^ even the 42 i;i.'i;(n;s to wiiim ( (H.Microi.'s aiM' i iaiiik iiir illiciclit sy^lciii to t'iii|iiir(r illil mil in liis sr;iirli (li,-,co\cr riM|U(iiH iiiuHt civilized ludiiMH uoiiM r('|M'i»(|iicc ciif.iiMli ,,1' (| lie \;ilii;ili|c, even if ||ic |i. r-,is|(.|it '^ •' "'" il-^ siir\iviiiy «'iistM(|i;ii|., ,.\,.ii iiiiioiiM. ('lull,,;, or rhcivlvi, I or Alicii.iki, ivi;iiii;illi ov Niitkil. Aliotlic'i; ivcuiiiiii,.|i(l,it'(.ii is |ir,.|ii|,|,.,l l.y liic ("ic) tli.it in tlic cuII.tI an.l (les,Ti|)fiM„ of I,Hli;iii siu,,s thnv is .laii-.T IcM iI,,. dvili/.r.l iiii,IriM,.,,i,|- ili.y ol' tho ori^iliiil C'OlU'cptiMii iii.iy lie liii-;t,ililily to "lis Mrc ii.it t;i!:"ii dliciil\ iVdin IJi.. i\tii as iilitaiiUMi at 'I'ciiiid liaiid rnnii \\liit( "•.idcrs. trapiH.rs.aiid iiiti.ri.n.t..rs u li.-, tIir.iu-lMnisc,i,„viiiinn in tli,. I,,.:.-!,,- niii-Miid tliMi-nuii iiiUMdiictiMii or ni.idilicati.iii ..f nvstmvs. have pnidiircd ■•1 jarp.ii ill tlic sin^ii ;is well as in the (iral int that liis iiiti'rliiciit| M nd-ipt ill'' "I " tliat seems t(. be ivcunnii,,.,[ ,„. ,||,|, uiiieli ji'reaterdiilicnlfv ln' lias I IS |iressed ii|iiin liin Ultil with wliires hel'in'c atreiiiptini^' f •■'"'""•'' '"I'l'i'l'tted many Inivinn terms iis,.,! ewn I'ace. 'j'liii eaded a /ii/n/ta-f't ' "'••I'll'''' tl"'!!' liin-'iia-v, Imt never vvitli I lis s there,. nuNv, ai,d,H.rl,a,,sahvays|,aslH.en, uhalmav I, ffiia-Jnij/ni in tlio si^'ii voeaimlarx-. it ma\- 1 t/ie tribes of the pljiins haviiin- learned I; I'' .•isecrtaiiicd that yc.xperieiu'ethaf while visit t.) receive certain sinus really (.riyinatiiip- with the 1, intercourse, just as they sometimes do the \v,ir.l> IM'S expect Itter, use them ill tl icir cori-ii l)tions ot tile Ah '■•^'jiKiw an M pa|)(i()se as the ]Oiii:'lish t ■onkiii, and one,, as meaniiin'U.ss in tl onus "w.iinan-'and ■'child," but which the I If prevent West lia\in;4' learned them (ui the Atlant ll'st pioneer; li.U'ible. 'I'iiis process of ad; If coast, insisted Ml re ported iptation mav be one of tl niii\ei'sa! code loii as ^'eiieialU- ilitel- le explaiialioiis o|' the It is also lii"!d y pl'oh; lial siij'iis w "dians who may be pressed by coll,.,.t,irs lor tl ill be in\ri \vhi(d 1 si-ns ot course form no part of the current I '•'•d by indi\idual '••111 to express certain ideas a<'t sh,)uld, if jiossible, be asc, ii'<' not vahudess merelv I 'I'tiiiiii'd and i",Viia-e; but whil,. that I'i'ported, tl '(•••aiise the\- are origin, ,1 H- sin-ns so invented "'•y are made in i-ood faith am! ■''iio iH'l tradiiioiial, if "I'l III accordanct; with tl 10 principles of sin-ii- ■ i(»L/.:.„ INSI'ANCI'; OK «)VI.I! /i;.\L 43 ritriiiiitinii. 'riif prui'i'ss rcsciiililcs the cnliiiii;;' dt' new udrds to wliicli tin' lii;;Ii('r limi^ilii^'cs owe tin ir i'(i|ii(ilisiu'ss. It is uitticc*! in llu( si;^lis iiivciilril li\ Iiiijiiiiis lor cacii new pi'tiiliift nl' ti\ ili/.iitinii hroiiniit Ic tlicii' iinticc Less (I rnr will urisc in this (liivciion timii iVoiii the iiiisintia'pn'tiitic-n ul the idea ilitcliili'il to he coiixcycd iiy sjMilitaiicoils sin-as. Tho iilwiirdity to wliidi ovi'i'-zoiil uiiiy bo cxpoHud i.s illitstrakMl l»y iiii iiiu'C(l..t(! loiiiid ill scvcnd versions aiid in sovoriil lan;,nm;;'os, hut rciu'iilcd as a vcritalilc Scotrli Irncnd by Duufaii AiidcisoM, i-scj., principal of llio (!las'.o\v Itistitiitioii lor tlir Di-al" and Diuub, wluiU ho vijiitctl Wiishinyton in is" Kin;;' .lames 1 of I'ji-land dolrinu t" plii\ i" li'i«''<- 'il'"" '''*' ^l'""''^'i litioii, lait who had a ( I'olchct in his head and)assad»)r, a man of ;;ri at cni npon sii;'n-lan;i'na^f, ni of that scicm-c in forniid h'ui that there was a distin-^aiisluMl professor that I best I ilace, l)rece( the Cniversiiv at Al)erdeen. The ambassador set out lor led bv a letter from the Ki)i-' w itli instrm-tionrt to make tla^ inn. There was in the low ;i om (Jeordv, a bntcher, blind of one eye a I'ellovv of much wi t and droUerv. Ceordy is told to play th:-, part of a pro- wled, wi;.;-,!4'C(l, and |)laced lessor, with the warnim-- not to speak a word, is n-ow in a (diair of slate, when the an done together, 'resenllv the not) nbassaihtr is shown in and they are lelt 1 ^•'•eath' jih-ased with lenian came on tl le e.xpernne t, claiminu' that hi^< tlu'ory was demons trated. lit! ^nid, " When 1 entered the room 1 raised one llimcr, to siLinify there is one (iod. He replied b\- raisini;' two iin^vrs to sija'iu l\- that this liein;;' rules o\er two worlds, the materia 1 Mild the spiritual. Then 1 raised three lin.^.TS, to say tl lere are three persons m the( loillieai I. lb lien I losed his rni!>-(n's, e\i- deiitlv to sav these three are (nx. tl le nobleman (I'ol'essors sent took phi'-e in the reeitatioii-rooin. " When tin- crazy man eiitere as innch as to say, I had but one ev that I could see out of my one eye : When he raisei After this explanation on the part of for the butcher and asked him what lie appeared v ry aii.ury and said, here I was lu^ raised one liiiLi'er, I I raised two tin;;ers to signify I out of both of his. the room w e. a.iii well as he coiih I tlinr limivrs, as much as to say there w( re but Ihree eves 'tween us, 1 (huibled up my list and if h»^ hiid not gone out of that r ooin 111 a luirrv I would have kimcked him (h.wu. m^ 44 sim:i:l'iies and stdimiis dhsikkd. Hv tar llio most satisfactorv iiukIc of nnim'ai'ciiratc sio'ns is to indn the Iinlians to t(>ll stories, make spi'cclies, or hold tall of tlieiuselvos as inlerprerer in his ,,wii oral laiioMia-e if the lattei is nml stood by the observer, and if not, tin. words, not the sio-iis, shoul lateil b\- an int..M-mo(liarv wnit CO 'rms and id 'I ol tliat ai'isim:' out of extdnsiNcK' mi? ■ree a tran.slalion of the lliblc l I'as. aiKt then ti tionary from the artiiieial result. A littl le ahoriLi'Mial •siouary pur- rom a toni^MU' not compile a ,L;rannnar and iVn- intelligont or conipl; f.rwl in-vmiitv will diivct the nion iisanr -esturers to the expression of the thou-ht ncii ai'o snceialK s, sl^•ns and talks witi ■^ou-iil : and t'nll orderl tl ' Of I veil nithout anah'sis and illu.- y descriptions of siii'li tah lan any other h'rin ol' eoiit have been found in print, and die I riliiilioii. Xo such d iralioii are more desired escriptions ot' aii\- \aliu' correspoiidcm.,1 ,,j' (| emulation will I le present writer i,- >•' excitnl. It !.>, th, )est one thus far olitaiiied 1 hrouL;li tlie s ,L;'iveii l)elow, witli the 1 lope that (Spectacles), uieill eiue-maii of tin. \\' ICll on Ins departure from the Wicnita Ai;' ■■M-eweil address of Ki,, ('hr-rss ii;i-. to Missioiiar\ A. ,1. i|.,i/r vncy, in the words of tin. hiit er, A SI-KKciI IN siii.\.> TI t> placed one hand on mv breast, th Ins two hands t li' otliei- oil hi> ".a'ellier after the ma: own, then clasiici JriniiN. II,. plarod one hand iiicr ol dur coii^;rat Illation^ »i '' (iir on me, tiu' ot In-st two tin irers ol his ri^'ht hand I ":'• "" liiniself, tluMi placed llu •elweeii his lips,— ||V arr I. placed Ins n^'lit linked tiie lii-st 1 (!<■ Illl l»:i,tlni\ 11,. laid 1 l'-"id over my h.-art. his l,.fi hand ni-ers of his n;.ht and Irft hands,--0,,r h Ih 1 11 III rs. over Ins own hearl. ti lell lis riu'Iil hand wllh thekiiuckl..s liuhtlva-ainst 1 'iriir/s (irr IniL-iil "" ""■ 'i^li'l.v. then put it to his mouth. lis lips, ai water from the ri,-lil-!i;ind Ibrel "I ;na(|c the niot loll ii'oin the iiiouth a foot 'ii:-;''r, eaeh Hip cast.nu. th,. h ' I'liis I'ejiealed ll or so, tncii briiiM-in..' i| | e. Illppilio' iiid and arm >acl^ in th !■(■■■ or moi'o In '• same jiositiuii. iie>, sij.'nilyiii^ "lalk" or alknii;-. ) If iliiii sim:i;('ii oi' kin ciiRiiss. 45 niiulo ;i iiiotiuii with liis i-i^hl liaml ;is it' lu' wci'c r:iiiiiint;- liis I'ij^lit t^ar ; tliis repeated, lie tlu'ii extetuled liis ri^ilit liaiiil with Iiis iiuh'X-liuu'er poiiitiiii;- Iso hriiiL;' tiinieil upward, — )'l (jO (urivj. i'ointiiii;' to his lireast, he clinched ihe same hand as il it held a t' he Were ir\ iii^' to strike somethin;^- on the le slick lieM ill an iipri,i;ht position, — / .s7(^//, or stick, and made a inotutn ;is i <;r(Uiud with tlie liotlom 1 slajl r if/lit lie ft acins^i' Ins ri^lit hand on me he placed hotli his hands on 1 lis breast and l)reathed deeply two nr three times, then usiii"- the iiidex-iiii<;-er and tliuinl) of each 1 laiiil the two iianiis in this po as it' he were holilin^' a small pin, tie placed read ill eacli hand itioii as ii' he were holdinu' a ill and between llie ihuml) and torelin-vr of each hand close to.i^ether, and r, still luddiu-;' his liny-ers in the tlien h't his hands rece( le from each otiu lettinu' a thread sli)) between them until his l.a\iiii;' his rii;lit hand on iddinir it from name position, as it hi' were bauds wer.' two I'eet apart,— )'"/' Hi'f <'»" ""'■ liis bri'ast, tiieii exleiidin- his t'oivliii-vr of the same liiiii ai half-arm's len,i:ili, the lin-i r pointliur nearly upward, then nioviii-- ami bi.- iiaiiil, w ilh the liiii;er thus exteiidci as a man steps ii 1 walking:', each time lettinj. 1. from side to side about as rapidly his liaiid i^'ct farther from him for tlirei' or lour limes, then -iidd position with the iiii:;'ers exteiK ill\- li! aciii^ his left hand in a ho.-i/.ontal leil and tot;ctIier so that the iiahn wiis side- vvis(\ lie used he rieliiliaiid | aim e\ tended, tiiiL;-ers toj;('ther, as a batchet, and broiieht it down smai tl\ . just missiue- the ends o f the liuners (>f the lett. hand hell iilaciiii;- Ills led ham lis heart, he liroii then, a: il he Wv'i'e lioldiii;. moved his riL^lit hand away as il I. with the tliiiml) and foreliui^'er (dosed, to rhi his ri'.Jit hand, lin-vrs in the same i)ositioii, to his lett, etweeii his thumb and fore linger, ho )wl\ castin,^- a hair frou. him, ^nlilelliniL;' h lie were si rr 4G si'KKcii «)i' Kix ciir: KSS. liis k'lt liaiid roniJiiniiio' at his breast, and liis cyos followinn- his liu-lit — / ahmi (I lUlIc ivhilv Ion ff" (or will dii '/',; hilt will In: cut off sliiiytlii anil III I'l; // sjiirit /rill f/o ii/rai/ U'lii^' the tliiuiilis and lorelinyvrs ayaiii i 11 siicli a j)()siti()n relin^^cr of each hand, as if he held a small thread hetwreii the tlunnh ami f( and the hands touching- eacdi ether, he drew his jiands slowl other, as if he were stretohin- a piece of onn,-e!asiic: th,.,, lavino- ], hand \- fr oni eacli is rinht, on me, he extended the left hand in a hori/...ntal positicn, iin-'er- naers extended iiigers of Ids left hand; tl len extended and closed, and brouoht ,h)\vn his rioht hand with 11 and toyether, so as to just miss the lips of the i placino. his left forefinger iind tlmml, against his heart, he acted as if ho took a hair from the forelinger and thnnd) of his Ictt hand with the fore- linger and thund) of the right, and sh,wly cast it from him, only k-ttin.- his left hand I'emain at his 1 Jioint outward toward tl placmg- his k-fr hand upon himscll' and 1 tl »rcasr, and let the indrx-tingvr of the rig-ht Jiand (I loiiil time ijou (lie, Wlien le distant horizon, — .1 /h leni u 1 pward over his hvnd and clasped them there,— Jr* lis right hand njion me, he extended onitmg' upward, then to himstdf, then t< Ct/U'll lilli't in ll (■(ircii. finger of his ri^ht hand, 1; me, he closed the ihird and littk first and second i lying his thumb over them, then extending- li IS to his eves, liutivi ingers about as far apart as tl up th s pointing outward. 10 c\QA, he lironght his hand cr<\ Pointi and shot his hand outward. — / JOOK, tl 11,^- to uie, then giving- the 1; ■svr 110 It 1st above-d K-n ])oiining to himself, he made th escribed smn o piece of gum-elastic I then made tl letwi'eii the iini;'ei> 10 sign of "ciit-olF" I)efore d ■^igii as if stre1(dniig- out a his left and vv^hx hands, and lorizo ]»alm of the right hand 1 then suddenlv threw it lial ntall ('••-scribed, and then extended th v a foot fr oni ins waist, inside d ownwai'd over and Iroin l.'im, as if cm ]• ironi the nac of the hand (tl ^■ou were to t( II '<■ again ina( e made th lie neL;atl\e sion. •same si-n again, only he Mt \u< I lair '^ A STOltV IN SKiNS. 47 4 with tlui Cn n ■ (i 11, n'cr iiiul tlmiiil) of his li^lit luuid, rolling the hair several tiiiu's hi'twccii the (iii^'ers, — j\nlil(i(l,- iikui nilivan'ti. Then rubbing' the back of liis liaiul and niakiug tlu' negative sign, rubbing the back of my han.l and making tlie negative sign, feeling of one of his hairs with the thumb and forethigcr of his right hand, and making the negative sign, then using b(»tli hands as if he were reaching around a hogshead, he brought the fore- iiii"-cr of his riglit haml to the I'ront in an upright position after their man- lier of counting, and said thereby,— A'o liuUan, m ivhite man, no Hack man, all one. lAIaking the "hogshead" sign, and that for "look," he placed the foreiiiiger of each hand siik' by si(k> pointing upward, — All look Ihc same, or alike. Hnnning his hands over his wild Indian ctistume and over my clothes, he made the "hogshead" sign, and that for "same," and said tliereby,— J// ''."'■« "/'/'<; '/"■'''• 'l"''^" wdVw^ the " hogshead" sign, and that for "love" (hugging his hainh), he extended both hands outward, palms turned downward, and made a sign exactly similar to the way ladies smooth a bed in making if, this is the sign for " happy,"— ^1// mil he happi/ alike there, lie then made tlie sign for "talk," and for " Father," pointing to himself and t,-. me,— )'"/' pnni /or n,r. lie then made the sign for ^^go anwj," pointing to UH', he ihrew right hand over his right shoulder so his index- ilnger pointi'd Ind.ind liim,— Von r ,ura>i. Tailing his name he made the sign for " lo.dv" aii.l the sign of n.-ation after pouiting to me,— /v/« Clie-tiss «rc ijoK no more. Tlu. Iblh.wing, which is presented as a better descriptive model, was obtain<..l by Dr. W. J. lloii max. of the Ihireau ..f I'.thnology, fr<.m Natshes, the' I'ah-r"t.' .•hi.'f <-onn..rre.i uith th(. delegation before mentioned, and ivfeis t<. ai> expedition n>ade l,y him by direction of his father, Wiiine- ^^^,,^.^„, ii,,„ic|,i,.f of the I'ah-rn.s, to the iKMthern camp of his tribe, partlv'for the purpose of preventing the hostile ontluvak of the Bannocks which ,.e..urred in IsTS.and more pani.'ularly to prevent tlu.scl'ah-Utes tVom being ii/ lltnr l caiiir, (C) indicate a spot on tlio ground l)y (piickly raisin^' and de|)ressing- the right hand with the index l)ointing downward.— A^ a sh.jqnuji plan; (7) grasp the forelock with the right hand, palm to the forehead, and raise it about six inches, still holdiu"- In the hair upward,— ///c chief of the tn1,<' ( Winneuuu'ca), {X) touch the breast with the iii,hx,— /»c, (0) the riglit lian, (l(i) toueh the breast with the ri-ht f '* linger suddenly,— r/;,^/ /»//,sr//; (17) h.wrring the hand Wiu-d and tbrward witli tlh' index still extended (tl ore and pointing dov.n- le i'emaniin thmnb bein- looselx closed) Indicat.' an imaginarv Hue alon^' tl g Inigers and le i^round A STOIfV IN Sir, MS. 40 toward \ho ('Xtrcinc ri^lit, — iroif, (iS) extend the turei'uigor oi' the cdosod loft hand, iind place the sopm-ated fore niid second linu'ers of tlic ri^lit astrachllt; the forolinji-cr of tlie h-ft. and make a series (»f arched or curved movements toward the ri;^lit, — ro'lf l/drsi'hiii-':, (l!l) keepin";' the hands in (heir rtdative position, place them a sho\t distance Ixdow the v\'^\\\ ear, the head beinjj;' inclinrd townrd that side, — .7rr;;, (_'()) rep.'at the sijrns for ridii/fj (No. IS) i\\u\ slcrj/nifi (No. r.») three times,— ;/o/r/- (l(i;/^aii(l iiii/h'.s, (21) make si- that it «y?.s one of the ramps oj' tliit hand acros.-, the throat from left to r'vj:ht,—ll(iiu>ork, fiC) draw an imaizinary line with the same extended index, pointini;' toward the around, from the ri,u'ht to the l)ody,— came from the north, (27) a-ain make -esture No. -l^-eanip, (2S) and follow it twice 1)\- si;.in o'iNcn as No. IS (f'"'<■■ (-'■') !'"'■ ^''*' ^»"*''^ ^'^'^^'^ ^"'"^^^ ^''^"'^ ^^''*^' ^''^ extended index of the left.— ///'//«», i. e.. the narrator's own tribe, Pah-Ute, (.".O) ele- vate both hands side by si.le before the brea.st, palms forward, tluunbs touchin|.', then, after a short pause, close all the fin-ers and thumbs except the tw.router iinovrs ..f ih.- ri-ht h:uu\,—t>rrlre. (;",!) a-ain place the hands si,h- bv si.le uith fm.iivrs all spread or separated, and move them in a Iw.ri- zontal' curve f.ward the rl-lit,— ^n/,/ out of ean>j>, (.'12) and make the si-n „•,.,.„ ,,, X,, •_.-,_/.„„;,,,/■ (;l,r) that of No. '2—rau>i>, (.'U) then join the hands as in N.). .".l, fron. the ri^ht towards the Wouu—Pah-Utcs rctimml, (35) clo.se tlu' riuht hand, Ic; viu- the index only extended, move it forward and downward from tlu' moath three or four times, pointin- forward, each time endin- the n.oven.ent at a different point,-/ talked to them, m) both hatuls p„int-n..- upward, f.n-ers and tlumd.s separate.l. pahns faciu- and ab.mt f.,„, iuehes apart, hel.l in front of the b-nly as far as pos.sible m that posi- •t s I. 50 A STOi.'V IN SKiNS. ti,,ii, — ///,■ nun III (oiiiK/l, ['M) point towiinl the t'nst witli tlii' index npiKir- Idwinviinl o\(-T the horizon, then j;ra(ln;illy flcviite it to iui i'iitl\' ciirvnii:' ( illitudi' oi' lA . — Idlhd (ill iiii/lit mill iiiilil iihiri)'ihiil; iiv.rt iiinniiiii/, (.'JS) l)rinj,^ h i'ordinLicrs cxti inK'd, npwnrd iind torwiiril from tlioir the cldM'd hands, wit icspcrtivo sides, and plaiT tlicni side l)y side, palms forward, in front, — )iiii hrolliir. (.'ilO followed by the i^'esture. No. \^, directed toward the left and front, — mdr, (40) 1)\- No. 7, — tlir limd cliiif, [Al) and Xo. L', — uniiji. (1-J) Continue 1)\- plaeini;' the hands, s;"i>-htly enrNcd, palm to palm, holdiui;' them ahout si\ inches Ixdow the rii^'ht ear. the head beinj^' incdined considerahlv in thai ilirt'ctioii, — (nif slvcp {uii/lil), (l.'i) make sij^n Xo. 1-1, — irliilc iiKiii, (11) raise tlu- left hanil to tlii' levcd of the elliow forward fi'om the Iclt 1 (45) up. ln!L;'iTs pointinL;' upward, thundi and foretinyer closed, — tin re, 15) and in this position draw t\n-m toward the hody and slii^'htly to tlio ri<;ht. — nunc, i Huthen make i:'estur*( Xo. 4i, — sicp; (47) point with the riiiht index to the eastern horizon. — in tlic iiioniiiiii, '-IS) make si<^'n Xo. 1-1. — t/vVc /y/^/y/, ^ 411), hold the left hand nearly at arm's Iciii^th before th(! bo(l\ , l)ack up, thinnl) and ioi'ctiiiirer (dosed, the remaining;' fniLi'ers ])ointiny downward. — ihiii\ (,')(') witli the riii'ht index-liiiLicr make j^esture Xo. o5, the ino\(nient lieiuL;' directed towards the Ict't hand, — talbd la llicin, {f>}) motion aloiiL:' tlu' i^i'ound with the left hand, from the body toward the left and I'roiil, retaining; t!ie position ), — fli(f) iruit. (,")■_*) tap toward the i^round, as in j^csture Xo. (i, with the left hand iicarK' at annV IciiLi'th. — /(* flirir iuii No. (i, haxiiiL;- the liuui'i's and thnml* collected to a point, — ninip nf ilii' irhili' inc',1 ( ,"i.'» I ( "lose both l;auds, with the t'orelini^'ers of ea(4i iiartly extended and crniikrd. ami place one on either side o tl It me lorelieail, Dalms or- forward, — tiilh' (a steer). (.'iC) hold the left hand loosely extended, back t' ward, about twenty inches licfore the breast, and strike the liack of the ])artly eMen-led I'iiiiit hand into the h ft, — shut, {'u) make a sliort upward curved iiio\ cnieiit with liotli hands, their position umdiai mcii, over and downward toward the ri-lit,— /r// ^-rrr. /.//Av/, (oS) then hold the h4t handu .short distance bel'oiv the body at the height of the (41)ow, i.alm downward, k^ filiU' ors ( A STOlfV IN SKINS. loscd, with the tlinmh lyin;^- over the sec lilK 51 I juiur (•!' the loH'- iiiilicr, ex 1)V Vlli' klllll'Kli'S tend till' iliittiMicil riL;lit Imii 1. cdiiv down. Iiclorc tlic ln.dy, just \\n- left and. draw llic liand ti.wanU tlic li.xlv, iviicatni' tlic niiiNfUic ,,|^_,,/,/;^,Vrv/, (;.!)) Hiakf tile sinll .LilVCU U .th No. ■_>."), — Ilanii<)i'h\ ((10) place l)()tli lianils witn s pi-cad lin^vrs upward and palms uirwanl, 1, tlm iui> to timinli, hclorc till- ri-lit shoulder, niovni.L;' ihi'ni wllli a trenndoiis nioliou tow a I'd tlie left and iVoul, — • '( ilir III, (I) (i.) make tliree short uioveiuents d th toward tlie '^roi md in iVont, with 1 )o'in Uw; downward, — "";/;/ the left haiKh iinpTs h.osely curved, and (,•_*) then with tlie rijrht. ,1' ilic llifir irliitc inrii, ( hand opei I am 1 llatteneil, ed-'e down, cut lowar ds the hodv as well us to th /(■(if, ( i;,".) ami make the pantomimic <;-e sturc of rio-ht and left, — iiit "/' '/"' " luuidbui it aroiiiiii i'> Ihr ri-^il"ry. , , . i i ((U) M.ke si.-i V... r.. the movement hein- dire.-ted to the hdt hand, ■IS hehl in \o -11.,-/"/,/ //.■ irliilr iiini. ( Co ) -raspiiii.' tlu- hair on tlu" ri-ht side of the head with the lel^ hand, and drawiii.^ the extended ri;xht hand with the ed..v towards and across the side of the head fnan hehin 1 lorward,-/o scalp; W) .lose the ri,h. hand, leaving, the index partly expended, and wave U i;!! time. Muiekly inaii .ide to side a .hort distam.e helore the iac^ sli-htlv shakin,. the head a. the same time.-.., (OT ) make ,estu.v ^a 4 ,,; ,,;;) repeat No. (.o,-. >. i';., and raisin, the lorelock lu,h w.tU the "i; Ld, trai,h,en the whoh. .Vanie with a triumphant a,r,-..r ..^ ^ 1,1; (TU) (dose the ri,lnhaml with the index tnlly extended, place I ifth^nluh and direct it hriniy .orward and downward towardt^^^ Ja _..,,, U n then placin, thMiands, pointing upward, side 1.V side, ;^; tonidmi. and all .he .hi,ei. ..parated, niove them Irom near d. t out.ard toward the ri,h., pahns laciii, that direcnon at terunnpon Lvement.-//. // i.r,. in.f ,. .ir ..I. U2) ^.U the r„lu hanu "' "" • ,.,iHt toward the weslcTU horizon. dosed, iiuh'X curvei i, palm ilownward. p and at arms U h dill the iin.ii'i nirtn dil r downwa rd. — nfii'i' ■''■""•''■ (UK ^ture u'lveii as / /. (.7.")) COH' Xo. 14, — ii'i'it'' III"'' *. * ■[) pc.intliiLi- to the heart a 7, (To) make tin in No. h— •hide 1»\ makin-' 'j;^' ^ture No IS tivim near hodv toward the left. h>ur time the end eacli t ihe hands remainiu;^' ni sa me i)osition, throw 11 sliii-htly u|)W moNemeii ard, — ivr Jour cscajici tl 10 / oil horseback. r>2 OltAL I'AKAl IIIJASH OK TIIH STOWY, Tho iibovo WMs ])Mrai)lirnsc(I oriilly bj'tlio iiarnitor as follows : Tr('!inTir» of tlic trouble in tlio north, I started eastward from my camp in Western Nevada, when, u|)on arriving at Winnemncca Station, 1 roeeived telegraphic orders from the head cliiof to go north to indiuuf our bands in that region to escape the approaching dilHculties with the Mannocks. 1 started for (!amp .Mcl>ern>it, where I remained one niglit. I^'aving next morning in com- jjany with nine others, we rode on for four days and a half. Soon after our arrival at tiio Pali-Ute camp, two 15annocks came in, wlu'n 1 sent twelve I'ali-l tes i(» their camp to ask them all to come in to hold council. Tlieso messengers soon returned, when 1 collected all the ['ah-Ttes and talked to them all niulit re'>-ardin'ers of an alliance with the Bannocks and of their coiitiuuiince in that locality. Xe.xt morning I sent my brother to the chief, Winnennu'ca, with a report of [)roctedings. On the ioUowinn day tlu'ee white men rode into cam]), who had como up to aid in persuading the I'ah-Utes to move away from the border. Next morning 1 consulted with them respecting future operations, after which they went away a -^hort distance to their camp. I then i'ollowed them, where I shot ami killed a steer, and while skinning it the Bannocks came in, when the meat was distributed. The Bannocks being disposed to becouu' violent at any moment, the white men bi-came alarmed, when 1 told them that rather than allow them to be scalped 1 would be scalped myself in defend- ini:' them, tnr which action 1 would be considered as >>'reat a chief as Win- nenuicca 1)\- in\ jenulc. When I told tlu.' IJannocks to cease threateiu UiT the white men they all iuovimI to one side a short distance to hold a, war council, and at'ter the sun went down tin- white men and I mnunted oiu' horses and lied toward the south, whence w t! came Sniuc ol the above signs seem to reipiire explanation. Xiitshcs wa.< lacing the west during the whole of this narration, and by tl U! ri; -lit h to th signiheil tile noitli: tins will explain the signilicance of his gesture right ill Nus. 11 and 17. and to the left in No. 7,'). No. J (repeated in Nos. 2-_', 21, oo, and 11 ), designates an Indian bru.sli lodge, and altluuigh Natsju-s has not occupied one for some years, the ges- ture illustrates the original conception in the round form of the foundation of pcilcs, branches, and brush, the interlaciiiti- of which in tl le construction f! UKMAUKS ON TIIK SIC.NS i\ Till: SHJItY. 53 of tlic wii-k'-i-up has siuviv.'d in }.-ostiircs Nos. o mid 23 (tlio hitter ivfiMTiii and r.',»). lias its origin fn.m tlio tnidlticn amoiijr the I'ali-Uti'S that the Uannocks w.t in t..i' habit of cnt- tlu}>- tho throats of tla-lr victims. This sii-n is made with the index instead of t^iu- similar <--osturo with the Hat hand, which amonj,^ several tribes denotes the Sionx, but the Pah-Ttes examined h;id no si)eciiic sij-'n for that body of Indians, not having- been in siUlicieiit eontaet with them. "A stoppin-i- idacr." referred to in Nos. C, 12, 02, and M, represents the settlement, station, or eamp of white men, and is eoiltradistinnuished by merely dnttinj;' toward the yrouiKl instead of indicatin«,' a circle. It will also be seen that in several instances, after indieatin}-' the nati(m- nlity,the fnig-ers previously hs.mI in represc-nlinn- the nundjerwere rei)eated witii.'mt its previously aeeompanyin- specific jresture, as in No. Gl, where the three fingers of the iJft hand represented the men (white), and the three .nove- ments t..ward the g-round signified th.- camp or tents of the three (white) men. This also occurs in the gesture (Nos. 5!l, (iO, and 71 ) emjdoyed for the Bannocks, which, having been once specified, is u.sed subscpu-ntly without its specific preceding sign for the tribe represented. The rapi.l com.ectiou of the signs Nos. 57 an.l r>S, an.l of Nos. 74 and 75 in.Hcates the couiunction, s<. that they are severally jvadily understooul I." The same remark applies to Nos. 15 and IG, "the nine and I." In the examination of the sign-language it is importatit to f.>rm a clear disti.K.ti.m between signs proper and synd.ols. All characters in Tndian pletnre-writi..g have been loos<.K styled synd.ols, and as there ,s no ogn-al Ilisthiction between the characters in.pressed with enduring torn,, and when mereh Iv (Uitlined in the andtieut air, 1 Indian gestures, motion.s, and atti- tud es ni iu-ht with (Mpial appropriateness be called symbolic. While, how- ever, a 11 svnd)ols come un der the generic head of signs, very few sitius are ni accuv ate (dassificat'on syn ,d>ols. S. T. COLEIIIDGV has defined a symbol ■hided in the i(h'a it repi it is intended thai an ordinary sign is e to be a sign im ■eseii ts. This may bt' i ntelli"ible if jxtraneous to the Cimce^.t, ami, r itl itlier 54 svMi!(H,s. i;mim,i:m.s and skins. ,!,;,,, that of the Tiiited are th(-ir emblems iii'ecisi .*>tares. Iiut there is iiMtliiiiL;- svniliolic in any ol' them. So the si^^'us tor indi- vidual chiefs, when lint merelv translations of their naiiU'S, are emlilematic. nf dieir I'amilv tutems (ir persdiial di>tiiictioiis. and are no more symliols than are the distinctive shoulder-straps ol a riiiv ollicers 'idie cni.r dii^ (itii aim the circle hirineil o w f as inveiilKiii was iiecessai V a snake llitill^■ its tail are svndiols, liut consensus V for their estaldishmeiit, and our Indians have prinhlceil \\n hiuu' ss liiLililv metaphysical ideas, indeed is so emi iloved liv ('(liicated deal-mutes, liiit t( Mexicd .\ verv few of their si^^ns mav at iirst appear to lie sNiidiMlic. \et even tlinse oil clnser exaiiiii latioii will i)rol)a])lv lie r(d(!- ateij ill llie cla- eiiililems. as was the case ol that lor •"fartisan liiveii l)\ the I mice o f \v 11, n. Ilv that title I le meant, as indeed was tiu' common 1 1 .\nMi;i;\ lAiinN and imciuction. ',)0 <'X|tn'ssiiiii I.I' tlu'(':ui!i(li;ni \oy;i;j' nrs, ;i leader of iiii occn«i(innl or Vdliinteer wjir |iiirty, iiiid the ,si^;ii lie icpoil-- ns I'nilows: " Make lirst tlie sij^u of tliu pipe, alti-rwanls open tlh' llninili ;iuil iiiu('- «'eeded hy feastin;i', of a luediiine oipe without ornainent, wlii(di the leader of tile expedition afterward l»ore liclore hiii as his liadj^c ol' anthoi'itx', and it therefore ualin'ally iieeanie an euddenialie si;jn. 'There nia\' lie inter- est in uiitini;- tli;'t the "("aleiidar nf ilie I )akota \ation" ( Hulletin l'. S. (I. and (i. Sur\e\. \ol iii, No j ;, oisi-s a liji'ure (No. 4o, A. I >. l(St*J) showinji' "(»nc l''eatliei'," a .*>iou\ chief who raised in that \car a lar;;'() wai' part\ an'ainst thi' ('rows, whiidi fact is simpl\- denoted iiv his hold- inji' out demonstrativcK' an unoi-iiauK nted jm|h-. The point urj^ed is that while an\- si;:;ii or endilem can he conveitid Iiy convention into a s\ inhol, or he explained as such h> |)erwrttd iuLicnuily, it is futile to seek ior sNudiolism in the stayo akota ( 'alendar (i-dited by the lattei', and a mere ii^ni'alion of successive occurrenco) as a numerical expo.sition ot' the i;reat doctrine- of tiie Sun ndi;;iou in the eipiatious of time, and pro\ed to his own satist'action that oui' Indians preser\'ed lier- nieneiiticall\- tlie lost ti'eonietric cultiis of pre-Cnshite scientists, lie* nii^^ht as well have deciphereil it as the talmlated dynastios of tlie [)re-.\ilandt(j King's. A lesson was h-ai'ued by the writer as to the abbre\iatiou of si^us, and the possibilitv of d!s"overiny the original meaning:- of those most obscure, tViMii the attempts of a < 'lieyenne to convey the idea of e/r/ iintii. lie held his rij.dit hand forward, bent at (dhow, limbers and tluind) closed sidewiso. ^'liis not con\c\in;:- an\- sense he found a loii^- stick, bent his back, and sup- •p li\- the stiidv held, as was befoi'e only npil ai^e dependent on a stall'. Thi! oi'ted his frame in a totterniL;' sii inia^inei I. There al on ce was uei M (KNTKNi r.S ANM SYNTAX. l)riiicil)lc nt' iililucviatioii or iciliii lion uiiiv lit- illiistnitcil 1».\ siipposiii^^ a person, unilrr circinns iittciition toil pi tini.vs lorl.id.lin}.- tlio ns.' of tlio voi.v. scckin-' t<. ciill 1 tiiilini;' to do so l)\ iiicrr iinliciitioii. irtii'nliU' liii'd i>n ii iitc. iint ))cscripli\(' si^iis iif" rcsovlrd to. pnliiips sn^;';i'('s liird, its niiinncr ol' clin-iiiL:' to llio \\\'\'j; hold it lictwccii tiny thcltill iiiid \viii^rf*<»t" tlit) ill) its feet, its size 1)V sccnnn^' to ijcriijiiis l)\' the j\( th,. hands, its color l>_v pi.inliii- to ohj.Tls ol' the sanic Inic ; tion of .shootin-' into a tree, pickin- np the supi)o.s.'\'j:u or L;i'onp of si;^iis jn'oxc iratcd oil tlK next oi'caMoii o\ lioth p to he siicc(s>lid that will he ro- il, and when hi'coniin;^; • r-ons (■n;:a;i'(' familiar iictuti'ii Ilici this d UMI'L'C oiih . w n and otht'i's will he more and more aUlnvviated. To lien liie si"iis of the Indians have from ideographic form hecome deiiiolic. are the\ conveiitiona Land nolle o f them are arhitrarv, hut in them, as in ,ill his act ions, man had at first a delinite meanin;; or purpose, ton'etlier With im thod in their at'ter clian^i'.'s i ir nioditicatioiis. he forma- tion am I receptiim of siM■n^ npoii a generally umlerstood prliu-iple, l»y whicdi thev ma\- he comprehended wlun seen loi the first time, has heeii heforo t' the caiiM'S of the report of a common code, as (»iit (d il ppropriate to express a parti.'iilar idea, an oh- lioticed as one o varieiN' oi 'estiM'i'S. each a •terser inav readil\- have met the same one in several localities. It were needle tl le "cs tare to siijiji'est to any <| iieecli no or;:aiii/.ed si'iileiici' such as is ill iialilieil ohserver that tlien^ is in te"!'! ■(! in the laii- {.•uaiioiilil he reiiurti' def e ami exact collet I. 'Idle want hefore meiitioiieit. of a sullicieiitly com- tioii of tales and talks in the sinii-laiiyuayc of the Imlian-, leave.-^ It impos>liile to i\\\( •11 now iiiHin their s\ntax, hiit the suh J eel lue I'uceiveil mmdi discussion in connection with tlii' or( ler (d' deaf-mute Wnwiis AND SKINH NUT r()NVi:i{TIIII,K 57 si^nis lis cuinitiircil witli oi'mI --iificli, sumc inptcs of wlilcli, ctnnlcnHcd lV<»m lllf s|Mrlllllfiiilis lit' \' \l,,\l'i; illlil utlicrs, ;irc !is InlldWs: 111 iiilliiic n»iisliiicl!(iii tlicrc MIT til lie coiisidt'i'i'd ImmIi (lir nrdcf in wlilili llic si;;iis >iicrri (1 oiif jimitln'r Jiiitl tlu' it'liitivo pusitiiijis in wliicli tlic\ iiro iiiiitlc, tlif Litter ri'iiiiiiiiiii;,^ luiiucr in tlic nu'iiini-y tliiiii tli<' luninT, iiiitl M|Hik{'ii liiii;^iiii;; \ci'v Vfiriiihlc II iiii.tions jiiiioiii^' wlioiii tlio ;il|iliiil>ft u.is inti'oiliiccd willniiit tlic iiit(!'iiii'ili;i|-y to iiii\ ini|ircsMiv(; d('<;r»'0 of pictnrt-writin^', tlir oidir KiiiiL;'. I, liin^iiuiji'c of si^^iis, almost siiiKTHcdcd l>y. ■_', spoken l;in^iiiij;e, tind, .'!, ;il|ili;il)etii' writiii;;', men would write in tlie onler in wliicii they li;id lieeii ;ic(ii>toineil to spi'iik. I»iit if at a lime wlieii s|Mtk('ii laii;iiia;;(^ was still riidimeiitiirv, inrercotirse lieinj^- mainly carried on l»\' si;j;iis, liNnrati\e writiu'^' was invented, llie order ot' tlie fijiiires will Ito the order of the si^iiis, and the same order will pass into the spoken laii- jinaj^i!. Hence Lciiimpz says truly that " the writing:' ot the ( 'I inese ini;>'lit seem to have Keen iincnted l»y a deaf iieisoii," Their oral laii;iiia;^e has not known the phases which have ;^iven to the liii|o-Kiiro|K'aii toii;^ii('8 their formation and i^raiiimatical parts. In tint lattor, si^fUH wuro comiiU'rcd h\ speech, while in ihe former, speech received the yoke. If the coll(»cation iniiiiif,' with the ilominaiit idea or that supposed to lie best known. So far as studied li\ the present writer the Indian si;.;n-utt('raiice, as well as tliiit iiatui'al to deaf-mutes, appears to retain t'.,' characti-ristic, of pantomime in lirsl the principiil li^'iire, and in addiu;^,' tlu^ accessories successively, I'lvin'! the ideo^i'raphic expressions hein;^' in the ideolo;^ical order. As of seiiti-nces so ol words, strictly known as siicli, tliere can ite no th accurate translatiDU. .hs. tl ie\' do IK ly derived from them liy 58 'LASSlFirATlON AND ANAIA.SIS. I'lu' USL' O IS so W'U |(. ;i (IciKU'tiUT tnun pniui f words i:. tonuulation, still mow in tmi.inolo-v, tivo con-litions as to be incoiiii)at:i)l»' with tl ic only )> riinonlial laii<>-na;xo yc td ISCONCl't'l 1. No dirtionai'V oi sij-'iis wil cx haiistivf I'ov the shiiple ivasoi 1 thai till' siii'us arc cxhaustk' ss. nor wi n hv C'xai t ht'causG thoro ram lO t l)c' a convspondi'ni'o hetwccii si.uii^ an( \vor( Is taker individually. Words and si^nu l)(,tli ehani^'e their ineauin from the eontc rcndei> d only tor a iHUuberot words. xt. A sin-i'le word may express a eonip ilex idea, to he fully \)\ a, li'! •MUi) of si'^Mis, ant rersa, a sin"'l( means intendei! sii-'n may sutHeo 1 to the present pamiihlet i.^ l)y no II of headinu's or titl es o if siiiiis arran The list annexe. f.,r exact translali.m. hut as a su.-jgestiu ovd alphahcticrdly lor mere convenience It w intercstmi:' to iisccrtani wi th >iL''n-lanu'u;i.ii'e a.non;. th d u' niendiers ot tlie s proj tl ortion sess anv skill in it, the nveraj^'e amoui he varvinu' extent of familiarity several tribes, how lur<>'0 ii it of their vocal)ulary, th le deu'i'ct to which women become pro ilicient, and the a<.>-e at whudi clul- dren conunence its pir.ctice The statement is ma lie bv Titchkematski that theKaiowa and ComaiK the rh hr women know lu 'venne women an versed in it. A: •thiimof the siiiii-laii-jrua-ife, while however, he he IS a CI leveiino ma \- not have a hu'ii'e ci releof feminine ac(j uamtaiices he\ond his own tribe, aiiM his ne ative testimo uv is not va luabh A 1 lore •neral assertion is •et that the si"iis u- derstood, and some n whether the commeiic 1 bv males and females are dif.'erent, thoao'h mutually un- liiior points of observation may •meiit of countin.n' upon the iin the ri-ht or the lett hand, and whether Indians take paii be hidlcated, such a? in-ei:i is upon those ot IS to look toward the south when si uiTU'estinti,' the course <> f tl le sun, w hid 1 W'(Ulld Ul\e tl 10 mo tion from left to ri;:ht CLASSIFICATION AN1> ANALYSIS. An imiinrtant division o icdl, the latter beiii"' sometiim f the (kaf-nuite si^iis is i ito iinlnrtd and in ■Ihoil- s ca Jhit si^'us may be ar tificial — that is, na lied arillicial and sti.ijniatized as parasitical, tur.d. but improve(l and enriched by •n-r — and even arbitrary, withoiu bemii' ^ rt of t..^ instruction < trict!\- what is termed nu ■thodicai, the latter hi'im:' pa f deaf-mutes, Ibunded upon spoken lanunaii".' and ail ,pU ti lie Wo rck and L;iauimatical I'orms ( .f I lose an- I t if I i I I ! 1 HlNCiLK SICNS. 59 vS ^•iiMfres. Tliis (livisiuii is not nppropriiite to tlic sio-ns of liKlians, wliicli aro iill natural in this sense, ai d in their heautx', ;;rai'e, and inipressivcness. In another meaning' of " natin'al,'" Liiven l»y (h-af-mute authorities, it has litthj (listin<'ti()n Irom '-innate," and still aiKither. '•cduveyin^' tlu; meaning;- at first .siglif," is hardly deiinite. The si^iis (if (inr Indians may he divided, in atMioi'dance with the mode III their consideration, intn innate lu'enerally emotional) and invented; into (lexclojied and aliridu'ed ; into radical ai:d derivati\e : and into, 1. Indica- tive, as directly as |i(issilde ot' the nliject intended; 2. Imitative, rejiresent- in;;' it liy cdnfiLurative diawiiiL;-; o. ( ([icrativt-, rcferrinji' to actions; and 4. I'',x|iressi\e, liein^i' chielly |'a<-ial. As they are rhetorically as well as «lirectl\- lii>iirative, they may lie (dassitied under tlu; tienes of metaphor, s\ iiecd(i(die, meton\ in\ , and catachresis, with as miudi or as little advantage as lias lieen ;:ained \)y \\n; lahelin^' in text hooks of our ii^'ures of articulate; speech. '^riie most useful di\ision, however, for the analysis and reimrt with which collectors arc; concerneil is int'i siitr/lf and coinjiDinHl, each incdudiny a inindier ol suhdrdinate tirdnp-. examples of which will he useful. Some of tliM^e here suhmitted are taken tVom tin; selected list helore introduced to discriminate hetween the alleged universality of the si^iiis themselves and ol' their use as an art, and the examples of deaf-mute sii^iis ha\e het'ii extracted from thosi; L;iven for the same iiurpose by Mjii'. I >. 1>K lI.vr.i.'M'; in his adinirahle aiialvsis of those si^ns, which also has been used so far as ap- jjlicahle. Those will he eipially illustrati\-e. hoth the Indian and deaf-nnite si^iis heiiii;' liut dialects ol' a common stock, and wlule all the examples mi^lit l)e taken I'ldin the colL-i-tion of Indian si^iis already made, the main ()l>joct of the present work is to vt'rifv and correct that ecdlection rather than to l)ul)lish more of it than jweessary, with possible perpetuation of error in some details. *j«/;i,i-; ,s|(iNs Slno'le siinis have been o^fteri stvl^'d '•simple," which term isobjection- .able l)ecause liable to lie (•n\\{lIowiii<^ ari' tlic principal t'onns Avliich they take : 1. ImlkatioH or representation of the oh/ect to he described. This is the Indicative division before mentioned. All the si^^ns for "J, myself" f^iven above, are examples, and another is the wetting- of the tip of the iin^^er by deaf-mutes to indicate humidity, the species bein^- in the latter case used for the jienus. 2. Drawhtu the outlines of the object, or more jjenerally a part of the outlines. The Imitative or configurative division of signs reappears in this class and the one following. Example : The above sign for '' dog," which conforms to the outline of its head aiul back. 3. Imitation of the condition or (ftlic aetion. («.) Imitation of the condition or state of being. Under this form come nearly all tlie designations of size and measun?. See some under t' Quantit}'," above. {l>.) Imitation of the action, or of activity in coomection with the object Jlost of the ideas which we expres.s by verbs come in this category, but in sign-language they are as properly substantives or adjectives. They niay be Imitative when the action, as of " eating," is sinuulated in pantomime ; or Operative, as when " walking" is actually perfornm-d l)y taking steps ; or Expressive, as when "grief," "weeping," appears in facial play. 4. The contact had icith the object, or the mwrmcr of mimj it. For "break" an imaginary stick may be snapped and the two jjarts looked at as if se})- arated. See above signs for "destroyed." {Dodye.) A knife and most other utensils are expressed by their use. 5. One part tahen for the tvhole, or parfii^tdar sif/ns made to represent all the sifjHs of an object. This class has reference to synecdoche. The Cheyenne sign for " old age " given above is an example. G. Ilow an object is produced or prcjiand. Here is metonymy representing the cause for the etfect. An examphi may )je found among us when a still wine is indicated by the action of drawing a cork fmni a bottle, elVcrvescent clianii)agne Ijy cutting the wires, ami coll'ee by the imaginary grinding of the berry. COMI'OUXn SKiXS. 61 7. Tl. ,lacr .Jure th. ,.!„., Is in J, frn.nl, oitl.or according to its natnro or jis a oenoral rnlo. Hero is M.ain ,l,o application of nictonyn.y. Exan.ple : "White" expre.se,l 1, tonci.in, the toe.h ; " black," the hair (.hi^-h nearly ahva;. m. that CO ... .n,on. Indian.) ; " red," the lips Articles of cloihin. are similarly indicated. ° H. The effect, result, wjhmiee, o,„l ,noyal mpression of the ohjeet In tins ,.lass are specially c-o.nprised the substantives, adjectives, and ^erb. whu-h .xpivss the .lispositiuns and impressions of the soul h. Kxpressne j-estnre or sig... dominates here, as niioht be supposed. It IS o.on,.rally the eHx^ct tor the cause, by metonymy, which is expiLed Amon,- the si^ns for '-.nod" and "bad," above ,nven, are several examples: COMPOUND SICtNS. ■ Compound si.ps are thos. which portray several sides, features, or qualities o the obj.^ot designed. They are generally more developed than those winch aiv called .>ino-K, although they also can l,e, and in fact often are, abridged in practice. The various ...tcgorics of compound signs may be reduced to certain heads, forming the following classes : 1. Objects that are represented by a ffenericol or rmJieal indication, ivith me or more speeiji, n»ni,s. Example : The dc^af-.nnte sign for " rich," whirh is tl... .eneric sign for "man" and the spcM-itic sign of nativity in counting out money. I 'no. ^ns chist* are arranged (a.) The attributes, either adjective or participle, employed to indicate stare ..i- parenta-e. whether th,^ g^-nerical sign is expressed or understood. The signs for - otlspriiio." and "woman." giveit above, .■Muibined, mean " dauirhter." f/O The designation of mio,4 birds and nniny animals. Example: The deaf-mutes lor ••g..os(." ima-ke tAie g«Hieric sign for "bird," viz, an iiraJitation of flying, and add tii.it of ;i warf^lliet;:' walk. (r.) Th.' d,.NigiiatH*»i 4il tti*w..jv,;uid plants. Kxample: The deaf-mutes gesture " r,...." by the sign ..f -flower," growing trom the fingers, and the action of sMielliny, then the sign tor "red" f 62 COMl'OlTNl) SKiNS. 2. ScirraJ parts or specific marls. " Hail " is sliown by tlie si^n foi* " wliitc," tlicii its tnllinii' nipidlv iVoin above and strikint;' lieail, arms, &('., or 1)^ si^iis for " rain "' and " hard." .'!. . The i(se, or employment, i.s expressed by the position of the hands or armis, or l>v a pantomimic movement of the whole liody. A good exaMi(^4e is " lios[)itiil," composed of "house." "sick," and "manw"" (!. Oittliiii- (f till' olijccf aud the ptotc wkt"re '«t is foHnd. Kxampli' : The horns drawn from the head in one o*' tin? signs given above for " deer." i^THchkematsld.) 7. Slia/ir, ami one or more specif c marlxs. ( )ther sigrw given for "deer" may be instamed. S. Wiifi nf Hsiiii/ aiifl specif c marks of fiUf olijcct. '^CIimITv " would be distinguisiii'd fnnji " pen," liefore given, hy the sign of " white "" followed by the action of wrlTing. \}. Sliajir, mixir of Itsiiifi, and specif' marls. "Paper" would be sli(»wn by tracing its length sMwd breadth, if necessary by tlie motion of folding. siu'c(jeded by tlwa,! <4' writing. *nd, to make it still UKa'e distinct, by "white" ID. £.iid for ichirli on iJijcct is ascd, or its mal,-i\ and flic place icliere it ;." Joaint. Kxample: "Swt>rd,'" by drawing from a sii[iposed sheath and strik- ing; and "milk," by sig-iis for -'white,"" "milking,"" and "drinking." 1 1. Pliirr ami sjicrilic mark, 'i'lie (lc;if-'iinte slmws "'spider"' l)vo|tening Tin: i'i;i\( iiMj'; of oim-osition. 63 all tho fin-crs ..fl.nth l,:n..ls. ,,oint;,,i,. with tl.c Ul hand to u wall, then to a corner in the wall shnwn l,y the uuh'x of fh., rio'ht. 12. Plan', nia,H,n- <.f nsimi. ny mnl. nf amuniniinit. The pantomime of p.ittin- on shors ur stn,kino.,s In u'hltcs „r uiorcasiMs l.y Indians indicates those articles. m. Nvfiafh'ii nf Ihr irnrsr of what it is desired to dcscrU>e. Examples: '•F.>nl— n..,"'niv,.n al.ox.., wonld be '-wise." "fJood— no," would be "bad." ^n.is mode of expression is very iVe.pient, and has led observers to report the absence of positive >i.-,.s for the ideas negatived, with sometimes as lit- tle propriety as if when an ordinary speaker chose to nse the ne-ative form "not --ood," it shoidd be iidernMl that he w,is in^norant of the word " bad." 11. Attr,ni <,r diiiiiiadl'n/ of ait ohjrrf strm/f/rr or t/reatcr than that which it />'/'v//VY(' A) /vyyrr.vr//^ and the converse. /V^/^/ynvonld be"wet little"; cool, "cold— little": hot, "warn--nnu'h." In this comiection it may be noted that the de-ree of motion sometimes indicates a different shade of meaning, of which the graduation of the signs for "Ijad" and "contem])t" {Motthnr.s) is an instance, but is more fre(piently used for emphasis, as is the raising of tlie voire in speech or italicizing and capitalizing in ])rint. The meaning of tlie same motion is often modilied. individualized, or accim- tuated by associated facial changes and postures of the bodv not essential to the sign, which emotional changes and postures are at once the most dilHcnlt to desciibe and the most interesting when intelligently reported, not only Ix'cause they infuse life into the skeleton sign, Ijut because they may iielong to tiie class of innate expressions. Facial \-ariations an* not coufuied to use in distinguishing synonyms, Imt amazing successes have Ix't'i' r >rded in which long narratives have been couununicated between 'her as the hei<>ht to be expressed is calliuraphv in siyn-lanfjuaue, thouyh no reco<>'nized ortlKif^-raphy. It is nevertheless better to describe and illustrate with unnecessary minuteness than to fail in reporting a real dilferentiation. There are, also, in I'act, manv signs formed l)v mere positions of the lingers, some of which are abbreviations, but in others the arrangement of the fuigers in itself forms a picture. An instance of the latter is one of the signs given for the "bear," vi/,, midille and thii'd linger of right hand clas])ed down by the tlnuub, lore and little linger extended crooked down- ward. {Tifrlil'cim'tts];}.) TJiis reproduction ol'the animal's peculiar claws, with the hand in anv position relatl\e to the liody. would sullice without the ])antomime of scratching in the air, which is udded oidy if it should not be at once com])rehended. In order to ])rovi(le for such cas(\s of minute rej)- rcseutation a sheet of "Tyi'i.s ok Uv-Vi) Positions" has been prepared, and if none of them exactiv coi-respond to a sign observed, the one most nearly corresponding can be readilx' altered by a few strokes of jien or pencil. The sheet of " Oitltmcs ok .Vi;m Positions," giving front and side fi'i-nres with arms pendent, is also presenteil as a, labor-saving device. The directions upon thes(> sheets as ilhistrated by the sheet of "ExAMl'l.Ks," which concludes this pamphlet, are, it is hoped, sulliciently ample t(» show their proposed \\^^', and copies of them, to any recpiisite nund)er, will cheer- fulKbe mailed, together with ollicial stamps for return postage on contribu- tions, by a])plication to the address given below. LIST OF SKINS DHSIULD. '{'he following is a condensed list, pre])ared for the use of observers, of the headings under whicli the gesture-signs of thi' North American Indians liavc been collated for comparison with each o*.her and with tho.se of deaf- ."» s L t 66 LIST OK SICNR DHSIIMCD. mutes and of foreign tribes of men, and not intended to bo translated into a mere voeabulary, the nature of the eh^mentary ijrinciples governing;- the eombinations in th,' two nio(k>s of expression being diverse. ^lany syno- nyms have been omitted whieh will readily fall ''i^o plaeo when a sign f )r them may lie noticed, and it is probable that many of thoui. iV'-ending upon the context and upon facial exjiression will bo separately distinguished only with great difliculty. l-iVen when the specific practice of the sign-language has been discontinued, the gesture formerly used for a sign as substitute for words may survive as a customary accompaniment to oratory or impas- sioned conversation, therefore should bo noted. The asterisk [)relixed to some of the words indicates those for which the signs or gestiu'cs made are specially desired — in some cases for their supnosed intrinsic; value, and in others on account of the incompleteness of their description as yet obtained, but it is not intended that signs corresponding Avith the woi'ds without an asterisk will not be welcomed. Observers should onl}- i-egard this list as suggestive, and it is hoped, will add all signs that may be considered by them to 1)e of interest. Those for many animals and utensils, weapons, articles of clothing, and similar connnon objects, have been omitted from the list l)ecause the number of them of a merely configurati\ e or pan- tomimic character in the present collection Avas sufHcient in comparison with their value, but when any distinct conception for them in signs is remarked it should be contributed. Printed forms and outlines similar to those shown at the end of this pamphlet, prepared to diminish the labor of description and illustration, will be furnished on request mailed to CoL. Gakkiciv Malleuv, it. S. A., Bureau of Efhnolngij, Smithsonian Institution, , P. 0. Box OS,-), Washington, D. (!. ♦Above. Add, To; more. Admiration. AiiKvr. Arrow. Arrow, To hit with an. Autumn, I'ali. IJattlc. IJcar. I5t>a\('r. ♦r.cforc. * lU'^^inning ; commence- nu'ut. * Ueliind. ♦IW'iow; under. MST OF SKINS DKSIIJKlJ. iiimu, (iMilliild.) lilack. liliic. I'Oilt, fillKIl'. lioW, \t('i||lol|. iJiavc. Jhc'iik, hioKcii. IJiinj.-' to iiK'; or to us. liroail. JJiotlicr. Cjipliiic, To. Cliicr. , Wiir. Cliild ; Itiiliy, iiilinit. . (>ll'sj)riiiii-. Clciii'. 67 Kiist. HikI. «loiia Hiioii^j'li. M not know. Doer. *])eliaiiee. ** Destroyed, ruined. *])itleient, e,onfraste<; Discontent, dissatisfaeti(,'i. Creeii. *'>i'^f;'i«l. Miriet; s(nTow. J>'>«- *<;row. To. Drink; drinkiiij;-. (inn. JOarth, -round. , To lilt with a I-aiice; spear. J-ar/jc, yivat in extent. in i|iiantity. •Leaves, of a tree. lae. falsehood. liie, (hiwii. Iii«iit, dnylitjiit. ill weight. I'i.uhtniiif''. Fisten, To. Little; small in quantity. , ill size. Lodji'e: tejiee; wijjwain. Filtering a. Long, in extent of surface. ill lapse of time. Look! See! w <5H LIST OK SKiNS I)|;SI|{KI). Ii(M»k, To. Love. iilVfctiori. Miilr, j|)|ilii'il tu iiiiiiiial.s. Mitii. Miiiiy. Jliiicliiii;;', Inivclinjr. * McdiciiiC'intiii, Sliaiiiiiii. Mi'iliciiit' ill liiili:iii .sense. Mine; iiiy inoiierty. .Mdllll, IIIMIltll. IMiiriiiii^'. ."Mittlicr, iMotintain. Miifli. Near. Xr;.;i(). Ni-lit. No, ii('};ati\('. Ndiic; I liavi' none. Notliiii;;', Now. Niiiiiliei: (|iiantity. ()l>laiii. Old. < >lili(isile. Out; ((111 ward ; williout (in l)()sition). Taint. Parent. * Past; over (in time). Patieiiee. Peace. Pistol. I'iror. lean. * , indigent. I'rairie. i'rayei'. J'retty; handsome. * I 'ride. Prisoner. , To take. Proj)erty; jMissession; liave; lieliiiiu'. * J'rudeiit, cautious. (Question; inquiry; what? l!ain. lied. Ifepeat, often. I'etreat ; return through tear. Hidge. IJiver. K'oeky. as a hill. I'liii; rllnllill^^ Same, similar. Scalp. Search, to seek for. See, To; seeing;. Seen. * Shame; ashamed. * Short, in extent. *Sho!'t, in time, Sick, ill. Sinj;. Sister. Sit down. * Slave, serxant. Sleep. Slow. Small. Snow. Soft. Son. Sour. Speak, To. •Spriiifi' (season). Steamboat. *Stin-y. Stone. Storm. Stroll",', streiiffth. *Sulimission. •Summer. Sun. Sniuiso. Sunset. Surprise. Surrender. Surround. Sweet. Swift. Talk, conversation. *Time. Taste. Tiiiiik. 'I'huiider. Time of day; hoiu'. • a Umii time. • a short time. Tired, weary. Told me, A person. Tomahawk; a\. Trade, liarler, l»iiy. Travel, To. •Tree. True, It is. Truth. •Try, To; to attemitt. Understand. Understand, Do not. * Vain, vanity. * \'illa;;i', ln,.r .1 •1.0 .on.nhut.ir. '" 'l"-''"i •' «'>•■*'"'- 's necessarily loft to the iiiginm y of Word o, 1,1, a « ^,M<.**M d by siKa : _ DESCRIPTION: CONCEPTION OR ORIGIN: Tvibo : Locality :.. Observer. w TVl'KS OF IIAXI) POSITIONS IN (IKSTUUIvLANCaJACJi:. A— 7Ut iinlin "iitwnrd liciil II Fixl, Iiik k (Uitwiucl, oli. (,'— CIliii Ik il, wKli Hiiinili ex- D- I'lim IhmI, liiill iif lliiimli i:i,ii(;-l. Uinii iiimiinl. li iiiliil jiKiiirinMiin lliiiii r, nuiuvHl iiiliMli' iil Imi" UllliKllI, lllUO UlllHUIll. Illll.. I, ■iWiM"!', "liwiiiil, liaini (low II. E— nnoUcd. tliiiiiiliiii.'iiiiist F— Ilodlic.l, lluiiiili iiiri.liiat G — l''ln«or« ri>Btintf iiisaiii»t Il-Anliiil, llnirnli licnizoiilul ilirlnriiiii lin ■1I-, iLiiil;;hl, niilr olfminii^ir.oliliiiui-, IwU of Ihuiuli, buck up- iiKiiiiiHl ciicl cif hirrliiincT, cdUf im'waiil. jii\lni uulwanl. wurd. back ii|iwiiril. I_('l(isccl A.ciit foicniiL'cr J— iMiicliiiu'iT sti iilnlit, lip- K— I'orcllngrr oblltiuclv ex L — Tluiiiili vertical Imcflii- crimkcil a"aiust ciiil of ri^lil, iilliora clnacil, iiil^o tciulcil iiiiwaiil, otluirs ^'ci- liori /.cmt al, iillicia llmmb, iipiiHht.iialmuiit- oulwanl. doscil, cd;,'!^ outwaul. cliiscd, i d^c outwaid. WiUll. JI— I""nnii"crliori7(iulal. (in- N— Fii»t and scc.piid liiii;ci'.s O-Tliuiiili, lirsl and sccciid I'— !• iii'icis and tliiiiiili par- uMs and llMinili closed, Hlraiiht u|nvard and scji liiiiii rMsiiiaialcd,Hliaii;lit liall.v c nivcd npward and iiiliii MiilMaid. araliil, r. Mi.iinin'.' IhiL'crs ii|i«unl. ivniainin'i tin- Hcparalcd, knuckli'.s uut- and lliuMili 1 liiscd, palm ycrs cnivril cd^c nnl ward. ulltwar.:. ward. 70 I TVPKH (,K HAMM-osmON. ,N <;Ks'n;KK.I.AM)l AtiK. 71 '^-S.I-''>'-";r'-;s.^^^ v-y .i;;:i:;ir.::^^.«'i;l,!;;,.;r"'' ' t^"^i^i;rt:^;.x::^ - »iiiii. ■llainl lii.ii/niiial, Hal, imiIiu (liumwiiril. -Iliind lii.ii/i.niiil, (iiil, iiiilni iiliwaid. Y— Nntiirully ivliixcil, iidiniiil- iiscil »li,.,i ||,ii„l siiiMilv i-,,r. '""^ "I'll "illi no iiil,rilii)i,al lllS|HI.S||iol|. N. J!.~'riii' posit inns an (ohIiihv the ivl.iiiiiii.s i.r III an. ,n ,.„ as , „,• a,.p,.„r (.. a„ „l.s..,.v,.,. fo.l... ,,,0 K..st,„vr, a,„l a,v ,l,.sif.n...I I.<'.ly, Whi.l, MHIst I.,. sl,„uM l,v ll„. onlliH-s (sr,. shr,., „r ..(, 'Tl.iM-s „i.- .\,:m V„si,,ox.s") ,„,l,.s,ii„. :;ir:;;:;::;:;:::;;;:-;-:;;:::;:u;:7:;TV'":"- irr::r::;:;:-:- 1:;::;:;:::::::;:::, ;;;::::::::■' <" ^ - - ~4'i::;;:::r:;:;:,: \./ EXA]\IPLES. 'Word or idat t'xprisKtd by siiju : To cut, willi an a.r. DKSCliU'TIOX: .ill till- riulil li.iiid tl.iltiiird i X iIkju^ciI (o rij;lil iiislfii.l nl' Irl'i^ palm ""'■*+ iiiiwiiril, niiivcil i1ii\mi\n:ii'i1 tn the left .-idc n'lprali(ll,\ Cicuci ililli rent rlcv!>- liwus, riiil'"," •ii'/h strciUi' at llic siiiiic pi. int. C'oi. ■■■;■.. ioi. (11- (uifiiii: Vnnii the act of I'rllinj; a tree. f -^ Word or idea t'.rjircsscd hi/ siijn : A Uc. ni:.-;ci;irriiiN: ^^ Tcmcli till' Irt't brrast nvcr llir lirart, anil jiass tlii' / / '/ llj""'^ lianil I'nrwaril from tlir mnutli,llii' two liisl tiiii;i rs only / ',- y^~^ liriiiiXfXti iiili'ilanilslit;lin,vsrparati'il(l., 1 — with I liumli ( ./ l■c■^lin^; on lliinl fin^rr). • ' Com Till ion or origin: l)onl)li-lon{;niil. 1j, 1. I N, 1. Word or idea c.vprcsscd hi/ siijn: To ride. ]'\:\vr llir Tiist two lui';ri-s of tlir rij;lit liaml. tlmnili ixtiiiili'il i\, 1 )ilown\v;!iil, astiaililli' tlii'lirst t wo joiniMl ami siraiulil linjiris of \.\\'^ ' .'{■•■■y-. \ \ ihi' li fl ( T. li. sill, ■wisf, to till' I'iKlit, tlii'n niaki' .si'vi-ral .--lioi-t airlinl Vj \_ [.y' \r )V< ; U I movrmriil> forwaiii with hands so joinod :\i [ '■■^' X-l Comrptioii or orii;in: Tlif Liirsc ii 'iintrd .ami in motion. T, 1. 1 lull id llms iudii ati- movcmi'iils to place the hami ami ann in i)osilion to coinniciico ihr >iun and not foiiiiim; pait of it. > Imlicatcs lommcnccmcnt of inovcimMit in i-cpivsciitin^c sisi", of pari of sinii, ....... 1 )a .his indicate the eonisc of h.iml emjdoyeil in the sign. K'.prr-ciits ihc liTminalioii ol' movements. TmcI ill cniiiieetioii willidaslics, slioWH tile eoiiiseof the latter when not othorwiso liillji. inleni;;illle. t i p^wil"^i^i^p^^lpp ■^■'mmmmn *W"