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1 2 3

32X

Section IV, 18<m(.

Trans. Roy. Sou. Canada.

If- — On Fossil PhinlH from the ^i nil/ la in mi Vallen nnd otli<r /ihicrs hi Ihr Southern
Infi.rior of BrUish Colinnhici.

liy Siu J. William Dawson, C.M.Ci., F.1{.S., &p.

(Road Alftv L'S, ]S!)0.)

In the year 18T7 a .small colleclioii of plants from the Similkainceu lilver, in British
Columbia, collected by Dr. G M. Dawson, was j)late<l in my hands for i xamination. A
rough list of these plants was prepared, includino; nineteen species, most of which were,
however, too imperfect for certain dcterminalion.' One of the species, an Equisetum, of
which there were a num})er of specimiMis, was described as AJ. Siiiiifkumensc ; the others
were referred, with more or less hesitation, to previously described Tertiary species. The
general aspect of the collection was .stated to be Miocene, or, po.ssibly, Oligocene. These
plants, with others from Qucsuel, Blackwater and North Thompson liivers, were subse.
quently noticed in my memoirs on "Fo.ssil riants from British Columbia," in thesi'
Transactions for 1882. In 1888 an additional collection was obtained, including some of the
former species and others not previously seen, and enabling more satisfactory comparisons
to be made. I propose in the present paper to notice these specimens, and to discuss their
bearing on the age of the Tertiary Lak«! Basins of British Columbia. It is proper to state
here that since the publication of the Report of 1877-78, specimens from Chigneck Bay and
Unga Islands in Alaska have come into the hands of tln> late Prof. Lesquereux, which seem
to be of similar age, and include several of the same species. They have been described by
him in the ' Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum' (Vol. •"), 1882), and have been sub-
sequently noticed in the 'Reports of the U. S. (reological Survey,' Vol. viii, "Cretaceous
and Tertiary Floras." Lesquereux doi's not seem to have seen my contribution on the
Similkameen plants in the Canadian Report, but has evidently met with some of the
same species. These papers will be referred to in the following pages, as well as notices
of "Fossil Plants from Oregon," contributed by Dr. Newberry to the ' Pmlletin of the U. S
Geological Survey,' No. 51, 1888.

It would appear from these papers that in Alaska, as in British Columbia, there are
deposits containing fossil plants which ranye from the lower Cretaceous, e(juivalent to the
Kootanie and Queen Charlotte Groups of British Columbia, to the Miocene Tertiary, and
the collections which have been described by lleer in the ' Flora Alaskana,' as well as
those in the papers above referred to, represent in all probability these horizoiis, as well
as intermediate portions of the Laramie and Koceiit>. In the State of Washington the
Laramie would seem, according- to Newberry, to be represented in the so-called Puget
Group. The plants of the Similkameen beds of Hritish Columbia, which have also
afforded a rich insect fauna, described by Dr. Scudder,- are tht>refore of interest, not only

'Heport fSeol. Surv. Can,,' 1877-78, p. lS(i,

' ' Report (leol. Surv. Can.,' 187"-78, p. ll.">, B, &c.

SIIJ .1. U'lFJilAM l>AWS()\ 0\

with rt'spoct 1.. til.' fvid.'iu.' which lh,>y alibrd us to a particuhiv portion oJ the fossil Horn
••t Caiiada, hut as throwiiifr li^fht on thai ol' Ahiska and Or.'irun.

I'rof PonhaUovv. ol Mcdill I niveiMty has kindly <>xamined and descrihed lor mc
w)nic ol th.^ nion! diliicull an.l critical new speci.'s, to which liis namo will b»« found
atlarhcd. The .Iniwin-s lor the linnrcs .-nv hy Mr. L. M. Lamh. artist to the Gcoiofrjcal
Snrvcy.

CrYPTO(}AMIA.

/u/iiisidtiii Siini//cnmrnst: ' Kep. Ct»»oI. Survoy,' IHH-s. p. 18*7, H. (Fig. 1.)

Ii... 1. _/.;/„;,,,„,„ Slmllbnn,!,.-,. „, SI.mii, h, ,,,,,1 ..fslM.alli, ,•. ilall.-n.-.l luxle, '/, Rinl will. Iiil^^rs

8tt'ras naked or with remains ol slender branchlets ; ordinary diameter, ni'teon milli-
metres, hut some much lari-er ; lacun;e and rihs. as many as sixty in larye stems; walls
thin, with small exterior hv iinie . nodes in some stems as dose as one centimetre, but
olten furth.M- aparl ; sheaths, al.out six millimetres in length, with about thirty-live teeth,
varying IVoin a long and very acutely-ix.inted tapering form to a short form with some-
what obtust! tips, one-nerved.

IMiizomata, smooth, obscurely striate, with oval or rounded tubercles or bulbs in
rows on the sides of ])ranihes ; rootlets slender and branching.

The stems and roots ol this line species are very abundant, in a brown, lamin-
ated shale from the south fork of the Similkamoen Kiver. They are associated with
grass-like jilanls and with coniferous and dicotyledonous leaves, probably blown or
drifted into the pond or swamp in which the l':(|uiseta were growing. The specimens of
this plant are abundant and well-preyi«rved, and very characteristic of the locality. When
Ihittened obli(iu.]y, thi- stems often uppear .is rows of discs [V'vx. Ic)

Of the described species known to me. E. Wi„l,lm\ Heir, and /;. liniosrl/„m, Heer, the
variety with l,ir<r.', round .shenths. make the nearest approach to the; i)resent species.

It is Just po.ssible thai the Iraginents from Alaska noticed by I'rof. Lesquereux in the
Jii'port above referred to. under the name Eq^kehim iihbuhstni, may belong to the above
species, but the material is not sulUcient for comparison, and the root tubercles are more
globular in Ibrm.

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM TIIK SIMILKAAfFF.N VALIJ'.Y 77

Atofiophi/Hnm prinirrvmii. Ponhallow. Gdi. et. Sp. (Kig. 2.)

Plants moss liki', 1-2 cm. high, pinnately Iminchod and deltoid in outline. Leaves
small, imhrivatod in two rows and i-lobed, the lobes round or ovoid. Capillary rootlets
numerous. Conceptacles conspicuous and of two kinds.

Fid. 2. — AznUophijlhim iiriiim nitn.

" The specimens upon which the above description is based are from the collection of
Dr. (j. M. Dawson, and were placed in my hands for determination by Sir Wm. Dawson.
They wer»f obtained from the Miocene Tertiary near Stump Lake, IJritish Columbia, in
1SH8, and are imbedded in a ferruginous slaty matrix. Some of the spei^iniens show
simple impressions only, but the greater number show the carbonized remains of the
original plants, among which the fruit, consisting of conceptacles of two dimensiou.s, is
conspicuous. The plant was one of such extrein.- <lelicacy. that only iiere and then" are
the leaves well defined, but the deierminable characters bear .so close a resemblance to I he
modern Azollu CaroliniaHa as to justify the name given. It is also of considerable int»'rest
to note, as pointed out to me by Sir William Dawson, that this furni.shes the eirliesl
record of a plant bearing .such close affinity lo Azolla, at present known, wiiile it al.«o
servos as a connecting link with other plants of a similar character, previously recognized
as occurring in earlier formations." (D.IM'.)

Uf/pninH Col mil hia mini. I'enhallow. (Fig. :'• )

V\i-. ii. — IliJinmm Colmnlii'Hinvi.

" A specimen in the Peter Tledpath Museum, donated by the Greological Survey of
Canada, and «ollected by them at Quosnel, B.C. Phe plant is imbedded in a very fine
argillaceous matrix, and is somewhat diHii'ely branchinji. The branches are slender and
arise from opposite sides of the stem. The principal axis is for the most part obscure.
Leaves lanceolate, appressed or slightly spreading. Fruit not recognizable, though pos-
sibly present, as indicated by a number of dark bodies of indeterminate form."

SIF{ J WII.LIAM l»AWS()\ ON

" In the iihsence of fruit, only th»> yvneral characters ol tho phint can he dopendod
iipon as agui(l«' to its determination. These show it lo he ii llypnum somewhat ch>sely
api>roachin!? If s/i/emkus.'" (DIM*.)

CONIKKH.K.

S(i/ishurt/ii adianloules. (?) Ung. (Fis»-. 4.)

The few specimens, while nndonl)todly of tliis i^enus, are not perfect, and it is impos-
sihle to separate them irom the above species of (he Miocene of Europe, and credited hv
Ward to the I'ort I'nion Laramie. It is so ii.'ar the modern S. (uHantifolia, that it is
doubtful if it should bo separated from it.

North i'ork of Similkameen IJ.

Piniis trunculiis. s.N. (Fis". ">.)

Vu,. b.—Pir\m tTmnatIn». ((.Leaves, /«, fruit..

Needles of a species of Pinus appear in the specimens from Stump Lake, and in some
cases the sheath or base of attachment remains with three needles proceeding from it. In
the same beds are found winged seeds, which may have belonged to this species. The
seed, including the wing, is two centimetres long, straight above and regularly curved

KOSSifj PLANTS I'Uo.M Til K SIMI LKAM KKN VAIJjKV.

Im'Iou IVom lh»' point of the \vin<;' to the seed, which ocoupies about oui'-fouith ol" the
Icumth. The wing is obscurely striate l()ni>ilu<li!ially. These eharaeters indicate a pine
of the type of Pii/iis iv^ila or P. lucili, or nearly allied to these and belonginu' to Bub-s^enus
7'rt^^A< of lindlicher. Pines of this type are believed to have existed from the .lurassie
period, but are perhaps most characti'ristie of the Middle Tertiary. They still abound in
the American flora. The seed is near in form to that of /'. Mondinn, MuUer, which,
according to lleer, occurs in Spitzbergen in Tertiary deposits.

This species also occurs in colloclious made by Mr. IJowmau at Tranquillo Uiver.

Tnxodiim dinHchiim {Miocetnnn), Heer. (Fig. 6.)

Vici. (1. — Tii.iiiJiinn illnltvlium.

IJranchlels of this common species are frequent from the shale of North Fork, Simil-
kameeu lliver, and also from Stump Lake. They present the usual characters seen in
this species, which seems to range from the Laramie to the Modern.

The same species occurs in collections of Mr. Bowman at Tranquille lliver, and also
at Coal Mine, Coldwater lliver.

Gh//itnsln)hnii .' (Fig. 7.)

Vi(j. 7.—Gl!iploi>lrolntn, Kj).

Branchlets and cones occur at North Fork of Similkameeu River and at Stump Lake,
which are sufficiently near to G. EiiropcrMS of the European Miocene, but the cones are not
sufficiently well preserved to determine the genus with certainty, and the leaves are a
little more obtuse than in the specimens figured by authors. It is indeed Just possible
that in the absence of determinable fruit we may mistake for Olyptostrobus branches of
Sequoia or of Thuja.

SIK J. Wir^MAM DAWSON ON

In the speciiiu'iis IVom Stump Lak« are hmnchlets of a Coniler, with somewhat
luoad, (If. urreiit, spirally arranjred leaves, with a strong mulrih and very obtuse point.
They may he referred to •yetuis Sequoia, but do nf>t agree with any species known to me.
They might l)e regarded as an overgrown or exaggerali'd form of S. LaiigKilordii, and are
possibly young, vigorous twigs of this or one of the allied species.

Sequoia Sp. (Fig 8.)

I'ld. 8. — S\'iiioi(i, Sji.

Specim»'ns probably belonging to the same species occur in the collection of
Mr. ]iowman at the Tranquille Kiver, and also at Coal Mine, Coldwater lliver.

The above species are sufficient to indicate an abundance of coniferous trees in the
vegetation that surrounded the ancient Similkameen Lake.

Angiospermek.

Myrica (Co..ip(onia) CHS/mfata, Lesquereux. 'Proceedings U. S. National Museum,' Vol. 5,

p. 445. (Fig. 9.)

Fk!. It, — Mijnca {Complonin) Vunpiihtln.

Several leaves in the collections from Similkameen liiver correspond so closely with
Lesquereux's description of the above species from Coal Harbour, Unga Island, Alaska,

FOSSIL PLANTS TROM TIIK SIMILKAMKKN VALLKY

Ihat I can scarcely tlouht their identity. Lcsqueroux's specimiMis \v»>ro. hovvovor, inipt-r-
lect, and I may extend his dosv-ription as follows : —

Leavi's about (! cm. lonu", narrow (1 cm. in grtalfst breadth), linear, terminated by a
long aciculate point, basal hibes. opposite, triann'ular, with turved Ixise and slightly
pointed upward, so that the i»air has ;i broad heart-shape. Two or three basal lobes are
ol" this character; a!»ove thi.s the lobe.s become more curved and pointed and turned
upward, and are alternate. They an- divided quite or almost to the midrib. The middle
lobes show two or three delicate veins, the upper eurvinu' to the point, the lower eurvinn-
almost parallel with the base, surface apparently smooth ; texture somewhat coriaceous.

This species is a near ally <»f C. (Kintiiicnsis, lleer, from tht' locality whose name it
bears, and of Miocene mn: It is also near to C. ohliisihha, Unmt , from the Mioc»'ne of
IJilin and tiotzka, in Hohemia. and to ('. i/n/aii(/mitUs. \ naor, Irom the latter place. So
near indeed are all lhe.se lorms, that they may bi- varieties of one species. All the Euro-
pean species named are Miocene.

Cuwfi'uHta Cuhimbiam, s. N. (Fig. 10.)

l-'ni. le. — (. Mi'loniii Columbiiiiiii, h. .v.

U'af 7 cm. long, about I cm. broad or a little more, slightly larger and more denst-ly
arranged, and less coriaceous I han the prceding, and (liHeriiig in the form of the lobes,
which are larger, alternale. curved upward, and with one or two not. lies at the point of
each. Nerves two, and only slightly curved, the upper stronger than the lower, and run-
ning to the point or i)oiuts of the lobe.

From North Similkameen and also from Kamloops.

This leaf is closely allied to C Matherinnu, Schimper, from the Oligoceiie of Armissaii,
and is also allied to C. partihi, of Lesquernix, w^hich, however, has only one nerve in each
lobe, and is denticulate on the lower margin. The lobes of our species are also a little
larger and more parallel-sided. I mention these diif'erences, as in my former list I referred
fragments of this leaf to Lesquereux's species, which is from Elko, Nevada, in beds
believed to be Miocene. Our species is also not far removed from Comptouiplitjllinn Jajioni-
cum of Nathorst, from a corresponding horizon in Japan.

I regard these two species of Comptonia as of some importance, with reference to the
age of the deposits in which they occur. The genus Myrica extends from the Upper Cre-
taceous to the present day, but the peculiar type represented by the genus or sub genus

Sec. IV, 1890. 11.

SIU .1. WIlJilAM DAWSUN ON

Comptonia, though iippoariiiij in tho Eor«'no. socms lo culininiitt' in tht^ Mio«-«n»', or ()lijj;o-
tt'iio and MiocoiH', wheic Npi-tics allied to our fornmou C. ns/ilenifhlia occur in groat
numhcrs, hoth in Europe and Aun'rica, while in the hitter they have not as yet Iteen
recognized in any ohler i'ormntion. The presence, therefore, of two species ol'this typo is
in ilseU'a strong evidence of Miocene, or, at K^ast, Oligoceno ago.

Lomaliii sirinosa? Lesqr. " IJeport on (Vetaceous and Tertiary PlantH,' Vol. viii, ' U S.

Geol. Survey.'

This 8i)ecies is represented only by a few fragments which appear, however, to have
the characteristic form of that described by Losjiuereux Irom the probably Miocene beds of
Florissant.

AnthoHlhes. Sp. (Fig. 11.)

I'll). 11 — Aiitliolithci'.

A slender peduncle, with lateral frnits or pairs of fruits, subtended by long narrow
pointed bracts. I mention this here as it may have belonged to Lomatia or to Comptonia.

Populus obtrita. s. N. (Fig. 12)

■X.

/ nN

rui. 12. — Poptdm obtrila.

This species may be described as follows : — Leaf broader than long, with concave basal
margin, so as to give a somewhat broadly kidney-shaped form ; but when perfect there is
a slight acuminate point at the apex, though this is not always distinct. Margin obtusely
dentate below, the teeth turning slightly upwards. On the sides and upper part these

I'().SSI|, PlwVNTS I'HOM Till-: SIMII,K VMKKN VALM'.Y.

teeth ar« represented merely hy a rounded crenuliition. I'rin. ipiil ribs thr.'e. with two
minor ones at base, till wiivy or undulated, and l»ran< hini? obtusely towards th margin
Petiole slender and apparently very lonjjf-

This leaf is that whicli from imperfect sperimejis I identilifd witli /' liiti<n- of Hronjf-
niart, but it is (|uite distiint from that species in v. -nation. It is, however, n^'ar in venation
to P. iivefini, Heer, and is probably tlie same leaf referred by lii'scpiereux in the paper
already cited on Alaska plants to that species. It is also closely allied to /'. m>lntian'<n</fs
of Lcsquereux, and to V. IremulnfoliH ofMaporta (not of lhon<;niarl). The former is from
Point of Uocks, Arkansas. It is also near to one of the varieties of /'. s/inu'osa of Ward^
from Clear Creek, Montana. In short it belonys to a type of poplar leaf rave in the modern
world but very common in Tertiary times, and found represented by many spe( ilic and
varietal forms throughout the Eocene and Miocene periods. In regard to speciiic distinc.
tions, these leave.j are so variable and so near to each other tliat it is perhaps not easy to
determine to what extent the forms distinguished by different names are really distinct;
and in giving a name to the present specu - T do so without any certainty that it may n)t
really be conspecilic with some of those abov o named.

The wide diffusion of leaves of this lype in the Kainozoic period gives them com-
paratively little value as indicators c ,)re«ise geologi. al age Their abundance, especially
u» the exclusion of the m(»re modern types, may, however be held to imlicate deposits of
older or middle Tertiary age.

Po/mlus i/aplni<><ren<tvfes .^ Ward. (I''ig. IS.) " Types of Laramie Flora."

Survey,' No. 37, p. 20. Plate vii.

'Bui., Am. CJeol.

I'lii. i;j. — Populiut daphnogcnoldm.

I refer to this species, with some doubt, a smaller and somewhat narrower leaf than
the above, pointed at apex and with margin sharply dentate, but like the preceding, with
three principal veins, and rudiments of a basal pair. Ward's leaf is from Seven Mills
Creek, Montana, from a formation probably older than that of the Similkameeu district.

This leaf, like the forri'r, is not one which can give much idea of precise age. Indeed,
the study of the varieties in recent species causes me to agree with Lesqiiereux that poplar
leaves are so variable in th«' same spedes and at the same period, and in some cases so
similar to leaves of other genera, that little confidence can be placed in specific deter-
minations, based on either venation or marginal characters, except in so far as what may
be termed subgeneric types are concerned.

SIR .1. WrLTilAM hAWSON OX

Iromlho?!'' 'T ''^"1"'^?' ''i;^ V" '^" "'""' 'P""'" '' ''^"^ ^''^y '^'"'« "^ ^ift«'--»t aspect
r«.„ those .o abundant ,n th. Upper Laramio east of the Rockies, and which I have

noticed in previous papers.

One ditrerence which applies more or less to the whole Similkameen assemhlaoo is
lie indication „. amore arid and possibly cooler climate than that of the Laramie eas't of
1- l.ock,es,as il he present conditions of the interior of British Columbia were already

in some degree established on the borders of the Tertiary Similkameen lake.

Ceanof/iifs ? (Fii>\ 14.)

ViG. U.—C amlhii.i.

W about three centimetres long-, oval, pointed below. Margin entire, but sliohtlv
waved, as il Irom a tendency to lobation. Texture apparently coriaceous, with traces of
two vems originating- above the base of the leaf and curving parallel with its side.

Has some resemblance to Pali.rus Fionssanti of Lesquereux and Ciunanumun, Scheuchsen
ot Heer; but its general affiiiities maybe regarded as quite uncertain.

North Fork Similkameen River.

Cinnamomum'; (Fig. 15.)

Fin. 1,"). — C'mnamomum.

A fragment of a leaf with elongate or lanceolate form, three ribs and entire or sci • rily
toothed edges. May be compared with C. affim Losq.. but is not certainly the same. This
leat has indications of the basal vein noti-ed by Lesquereux in one of his specimens His

I'OSSlTi PLANTS FROM THU SIMI f.KAMKKX VALLKY

specimens vere Irom the Laramie of Croklon, Colorado, hut he compares the Ibrm with
C. Mmissip/netixe, and also with such European iorms as C. ^/tfdahife, Ileer, Irom the Swiss
Molasse.

North Vork 8imilkameen River.

PliDifni loni<ifi>li(t, Lesq. (I'ig". 10.)

V\<\. 1(1. — Planini liimi'ifolid.

This leaf is certainly not distinguishable from some of the forms from the Green River
Groixp (Oligocene), included by Lesquereux in this species, which seems to he the
American analogue of P. Unfferi of the Miocene of Europt;.

North Fork Similkameen River.

Quercus Dalli, Lesq. (Fig. 17.)

Vki. 17. — QxtircuH Dulli.

This leaf is described by Lesquereux from Cook's Inlet, Alaska. The leaf figured st>ems
to belong to the same species, which Lesquereux compares with lleer's Q. (I'ncnhiHdira amU
Q. Olafseni from Greenland, which, however, dill'er in tbrm and venation. He aho com-
pares it with European Tertiary leaves referred to the genus Paulinia ; l)utit certainly has
little resemblance in venation to either genus.

North Fork Himilkameen River.

SIR J. WILLIAM DAWSON ON

Alniles curia, s. N. (Fig. 18.)

Leaf small 2 c. m. long and a little more than one brosid. Form oval, slighUy cordate
and oblique below, obtusely pointed above. Midrib and petiole strong, veins about 9 on
each Side, opposite below, tending to alternate above, slightly curved and mostly bifurcat-

:<,), f^^-

a. I-

Fia. \'^.—AMh»curUi. ((.Leaf, t, stabile, e, section of do.

ing toward the margin, which has rounded teeth in which the divisions of the veins
terminate. Allied to Ahius truncata, Lesq.. from Florissant. Lesquereux compares his
species to Belula crenala and B. similis of Goeppert, from the Miocene Tertiary of Bilin, etc.
With these are found what appear to be catkins of Aluus or Betula and a few scat-
tered seeds.

North Fork Similkameen ]iiver.

Areriles Neiiundifolivm, s. N. (Fig. 19.)

Vid. \^.—AcerilcK Negundi/olium.

U&f about 1 centimetres in length, five-lobed, lobes narrow, elongate, veins in two
sets, two below and two more than a centimetre higher at angle of 40° to 45° from stem.
The minor venation is obscur.', but the veiulets are pinnate and diverge at a somewhat
more acute angle than the veins. The margin seems to bo dentate. This leaf, which is
not so well preserved as some of the others, may possibly be that of an Aralia, but its
association with the seed next described tends to favour its affinity to the maples. The
leaf is not unlike the terminal part of the leaf of Nogundo, hence the name applied to it.

From Stump Lake, B.C.

FOSSIL PLANTS FKOM TllK SIMILKAMKKN VAIjLKY.

Acer, (fruit.) (Fig 20.)

Fruit of modium size, seed elongate oval and pointed, wing broadly rounded at distal
end and strongly oblique. I'ossibly the fruit of the last species.
From Stump Lake.

lio. -JO.— .If.r.

Carpinus grandis, Ung. (Fig. 21.)

Fia. 21. — Cbrpinun grandis.

An imperfect specimen, seems referable to this well known European species. It is
at least closely allied. Lesquereux has referred to this species leaves from American
Tertiary localities, from Alaska southwards.

From Stump Lake.

Nelumbium pygmceum, S. N. (Fig. 22.)

Fiti. 22.— AWumWuHi pygmaum.

Leaf orbicular, petiole subcentral, veins about 14, netting toward the margin, which
seems entire or slightly undulate. Diameter about 2 centimetres.
Mill Creek, Ulupsaw, Similkamecn lliver.

SIU J. WJLLIA.M DAWSOiV ON

(The Jollo,ring are Jnm the earlier collevlious, and re,,resenled hy few and m,,erled ^

sjierimens.)

Vacciaophyllum qutestum, s. n. (Fig. 23.)

Small nearly circular, base rounded or slightly cordate; nerves in three pairs, much
curved. Margin above slightly serrate.
Similkameen JJiver.

f'/mitcs /ixsi/hts, s. N. (Fig. 24)

Tki. L'3. Fig. 24.

A small inequilateral leaJiet with curved midrib, broadly lanceolate, toothed, rounded
at base, acute at apex.

North Similkameen River.

AUanthophyllnm incertum, s. n. (Fig. 25.)

Fiii. 25.— Aihxnthojihjillum incertum.

Leaf about 8 inches long, apparently ^ inches broad in the middle, and narrowing to
either end. Veins pinnate at an obtuse angle (60° to 05°.) Intermediate veins very
delicate and short. Surface with open delicate netting. The venation is like Aifanthu.
toHgtfohvs of Lesquereux, but the form is quite different.

Tranquille Kiver, collected by A. Bowman.

FOSSIL PLANTS FKOM THK SIMILKAMKHN VAI.LKY.

Carpolilhes ilentulus, Penhallow. (Fig. 26.)

Specimens in the Peter Redpath Museum from the Geological Survey collectious ol'
1888. These specimens were obtained from near Stump Lake, and are embedded in a ler-
ruginous clay matrix. They are obviously winged fruits or seeds. None of them are
perfectly preserved, but from three of the most perfect the following characters have been
obtained : —

l'i<i. 20.— C(ir/*o/(</i. 8 rfen/d /«.«.— (Kniaru'odi.

" Fruit oblong, apex acute ; the carpel extended into a veuiform wing. Margin of the
wing strongly toothed, the teeth acute, sinuses l:«-oad towards the base, but becoming
narrower at the summit Veins prominent. Tlie whole fruit measures txlO mm."

"In the accompanying ligure there appears what looks like a secondary wing project-
ing from the fruit on the left. This is in all probability a portion of the periearp which
was displaced by pressure, os other specimens show iiothing of the kind. This fruit in
some respects approaches Carpinus, but not sufficiently to jastify reference to that genus
It may, therefore, be referred provisionally to the genus Carpolithes as C. ikntatus."
(D.P.P.)

Various species represented by fragnwnts. (Fig. 27 to 31.)

Fig. 27.-i'Vc.i.v .' Fm. i^.—Qaenux f Fig. 'iW.—MixgiwUu > Fui. W^.—heluki f Ym. ■M.-Qmriks ?

Among these are leaves referable, with more or less doubt, to Ficus, Quercus, Mag-
nolia and Betula ; but in a fragmentary condition. The Ficus-like leaf is very similar to

Sec. IV, 1890. 12.

SIR J. WILLIAM DAWSON ON

(

v\-

F. asiminifoHa of Ijesquoreux from Colifornia. There are also fragments of mouocotyle-
donous leaves, which may be designated as Cyperites, but without any distinctive char-
acters. (Figs. 27 to 31 )

General Remarks.

The dimatal character of the Similkameen flora may be described
as warm temperate. The foliage, it will bo seen, is generally of small
size, compared with that of the Cretaceous and Laramie, and would
seem to indicate a dry climate, po.s.sibly with hot summers and cold
winters ; in this respect resembling the climate of the interior of
British Columbia at present, though probably less severe in winter.
This would accord with the orographical conditions of the interior of
British Columbia in the later Eocene and Miocene periods, as de-
tailed by Dr. Dawson in his paper on the Physiftgraphical Geology
of the region in the present volume.

In the ' Reports of the Geological Survey ' of 1875-6 (p. 259), and
in that of 1877-8, already referred to, as well as in my paper on Cre-
taceous and Tertiary plants of British Columbia, 'Trans. R. S. C
1883, reference will be found to plants <ollected by Dr. G. M. Dawson
in beds of Tertiaiy age at Quesnel, Blackwater River, and the Indian
reserve North Thompson. Among these Castnnea Ungeri Heer from
Alaska, or an allied species is very plentiful. In addition to the
plants referred to in the above reports, a few additional specimens
from Kamloops have been placed in my hands with those from the
North Similkamsen. One of these is a Comptonia, apparently the same
with C Columbiana of the above pages. Another is an Ulmus not
distinguishable from U. Braunii of Heer, a well-known European
Miocene species, and also found in the Florissant beds by Lesquereux.
A third is a narrow-pointed leaf six inches in length, beside the
petiole which measures an inch, and an inch wide at the middle. It
is sharply pointed at both ends, entire below and serrated toward the
point. The venation is unfortunately destroyed, except that there is
a strong midrib. This leaf may be presumably referred to the genus
Salix, and it has a close resemblance to some of the forms of Salix
Varians, Heer, a well known species of the European Miocene, and
found also in Alaska and in California and Oregon by Lesquereux. It
may be provisionally named S. Kumloopsiana. (Fig. 32.)

A few of the specimens in these collections, from other parts of
British Columbia and presumably from Tertiary beds, are the same
with those at the Similkameen ; but the majority are different, and
some of them have affinities with the Eocene or U|>per Laramie flora.
For this reason they may be supposed to be of somewhat greater age.
In other words, assuming the Similkameen flora to be Lower Miocene
or Oligocene, some of the plants above mentioned might probably be
Eocene, and would represent a more equable and moist climate. I would not, however
insist too strongly on this, since in a region like British Columbia, local conditions may
produce great diflerences both in climate and flora.

\
\

Fig. 32.

Sulix Kamlonpniana.

TOSSIL PLANTS KHOM TllK SIMILKAMKKN VALLKY,

Itmay further bo affirmed that the Similkaraeen ilora is closely allied to thos.' des-
cribed by Lesquereux as the Green IJiver and Florissant floras, and which ho regards as
Oligocene or Upper Kocene. It is to be hoped that ere long thi- discovery of Mammalian
remains may throw further light on the precise a,^^^ of the Tertiary lake basins of British
Columbia.