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Section IV, 18<m(. 
 
 Trans. Roy. Sou. Canada. 
 
 If- — On Fossil PhinlH from the ^i nil/ la in mi Vallen nnd otli<r /ihicrs hi Ihr Southern 
 Infi.rior of BrUish Colinnhici. 
 
 liy Siu J. William Dawson, C.M.Ci., F.1{.S., &p. 
 
 (Road Alftv L'S, ]S!)0.) 
 
 In the year 18T7 a .small colleclioii of plants from the Similkainceu lilver, in British 
 Columbia, collected by Dr. G M. Dawson, was j)late<l in my hands for i xamination. A 
 rough list of these plants was prepared, includino; nineteen species, most of which were, 
 however, too imperfect for certain dcterminalion.' One of the species, an Equisetum, of 
 which there were a num})er of specimiMis, was described as AJ. Siiiiifkumensc ; the others 
 were referred, with more or less hesitation, to previously described Tertiary species. The 
 general aspect of the collection was .stated to be Miocene, or, po.ssibly, Oligocene. These 
 plants, with others from Qucsuel, Blackwater and North Thompson liivers, were subse. 
 quently noticed in my memoirs on "Fo.ssil riants from British Columbia," in thesi' 
 Transactions for 1882. In 1888 an additional collection was obtained, including some of the 
 former species and others not previously seen, and enabling more satisfactory comparisons 
 to be made. I propose in the present paper to notice these specimens, and to discuss their 
 bearing on the age of the Tertiary Lak«! Basins of British Columbia. It is proper to state 
 here that since the publication of the Report of 1877-78, specimens from Chigneck Bay and 
 Unga Islands in Alaska have come into the hands of tln> late Prof. Lesquereux, which seem 
 to be of similar age, and include several of the same species. They have been described by 
 him in the ' Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum' (Vol. •"), 1882), and have been sub- 
 sequently noticed in the 'Reports of the U. S. (reological Survey,' Vol. viii, "Cretaceous 
 and Tertiary Floras." Lesquereux doi's not seem to have seen my contribution on the 
 Similkameen plants in the Canadian Report, but has evidently met with some of the 
 same species. These papers will be referred to in the following pages, as well as notices 
 of "Fossil Plants from Oregon," contributed by Dr. Newberry to the ' Pmlletin of the U. S 
 Geological Survey,' No. 51, 1888. 
 
 It would appear from these papers that in Alaska, as in British Columbia, there are 
 deposits containing fossil plants which ranye from the lower Cretaceous, e(juivalent to the 
 Kootanie and Queen Charlotte Groups of British Columbia, to the Miocene Tertiary, and 
 the collections which have been described by lleer in the ' Flora Alaskana,' as well as 
 those in the papers above referred to, represent in all probability these horizoiis, as well 
 as intermediate portions of the Laramie and Koceiit>. In the State of Washington the 
 Laramie would seem, according- to Newberry, to be represented in the so-called Puget 
 Group. The plants of the Similkameen beds of Hritish Columbia, which have also 
 afforded a rich insect fauna, described by Dr. Scudder,- are tht>refore of interest, not only 
 
 'Heport fSeol. Surv. Can,,' 1877-78, p. lS(i, 
 
 ' ' Report (leol. Surv. Can.,' 187"-78, p. ll.">, B, &c. 
 
76 
 
 SIIJ .1. U'lFJilAM l>AWS()\ 0\ 
 
 with rt'spoct 1.. til.' fvid.'iu.' which lh,>y alibrd us to a particuhiv portion oJ the fossil Horn 
 ••t Caiiada, hut as throwiiifr li^fht on thai ol' Ahiska and Or.'irun. 
 
 I'rof PonhaUovv. ol Mcdill I niveiMty has kindly <>xamined and descrihed lor mc 
 w)nic ol th.^ nion! diliicull an.l critical new speci.'s, to which liis namo will b»« found 
 atlarhcd. The .Iniwin-s lor the linnrcs .-nv hy Mr. L. M. Lamh. artist to the Gcoiofrjcal 
 Snrvcy. 
 
 CrYPTO(}AMIA. 
 
 /u/iiisidtiii Siini//cnmrnst: ' Kep. Ct»»oI. Survoy,' IHH-s. p. 18*7, H. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 Ii... 1. _/.;/„;,,,„,„ Slmllbnn,!,.-,. „, SI.mii, h, ,,,,,1 ..fslM.alli, ,•. ilall.-n.-.l luxle, '/, Rinl will. Iiil^^rs 
 
 8tt'ras naked or with remains ol slender branchlets ; ordinary diameter, ni'teon milli- 
 metres, hut some much lari-er ; lacun;e and rihs. as many as sixty in larye stems; walls 
 thin, with small exterior hv iinie . nodes in some stems as dose as one centimetre, but 
 olten furth.M- aparl ; sheaths, al.out six millimetres in length, with about thirty-live teeth, 
 varying IVoin a long and very acutely-ix.inted tapering form to a short form with some- 
 what obtust! tips, one-nerved. 
 
 IMiizomata, smooth, obscurely striate, with oval or rounded tubercles or bulbs in 
 rows on the sides of ])ranihes ; rootlets slender and branching. 
 
 The stems and roots ol this line species are very abundant, in a brown, lamin- 
 ated shale from the south fork of the Similkamoen Kiver. They are associated with 
 grass-like jilanls and with coniferous and dicotyledonous leaves, probably blown or 
 drifted into the pond or swamp in which the l':(|uiseta were growing. The specimens of 
 this plant are abundant and well-preyi«rved, and very characteristic of the locality. When 
 Ihittened obli(iu.]y, thi- stems often uppear .is rows of discs [V'vx. Ic) 
 
 Of the described species known to me. E. Wi„l,lm\ Heir, and /;. liniosrl/„m, Heer, the 
 variety with l,ir<r.', round .shenths. make the nearest approach to the; i)resent species. 
 
 It is Just po.ssible thai the Iraginents from Alaska noticed by I'rof. Lesquereux in the 
 Jii'port above referred to. under the name Eq^kehim iihbuhstni, may belong to the above 
 species, but the material is not sulUcient for comparison, and the root tubercles are more 
 globular in Ibrm. 
 
FOSSIL PLANTS FROM TIIK SIMILKAAfFF.N VALIJ'.Y 77 
 
 Atofiophi/Hnm prinirrvmii. Ponhallow. Gdi. et. Sp. (Kig. 2.) 
 
 Plants moss liki', 1-2 cm. high, pinnately Iminchod and deltoid in outline. Leaves 
 small, imhrivatod in two rows and i-lobed, the lobes round or ovoid. Capillary rootlets 
 numerous. Conceptacles conspicuous and of two kinds. 
 
 Fid. 2. — AznUophijlhim iiriiim nitn. 
 
 " The specimens upon which the above description is based are from the collection of 
 Dr. (j. M. Dawson, and were placed in my hands for determination by Sir Wm. Dawson. 
 They wer»f obtained from the Miocene Tertiary near Stump Lake, IJritish Columbia, in 
 1SH8, and are imbedded in a ferruginous slaty matrix. Some of the spei^iniens show 
 simple impressions only, but the greater number show the carbonized remains of the 
 original plants, among which the fruit, consisting of conceptacles of two dimensiou.s, is 
 conspicuous. The plant was one of such extrein.- <lelicacy. that only iiere and then" are 
 the leaves well defined, but the deierminable characters bear .so close a resemblance to I he 
 modern Azollu CaroliniaHa as to justify the name given. It is also of considerable int»'rest 
 to note, as pointed out to me by Sir William Dawson, that this furni.shes the eirliesl 
 record of a plant bearing .such close affinity lo Azolla, at present known, wiiile it al.«o 
 servos as a connecting link with other plants of a similar character, previously recognized 
 as occurring in earlier formations." (D.IM'.) 
 
 Uf/pninH Col mil hia mini. I'enhallow. (Fig. :'• ) 
 
 V\i-. ii. — IliJinmm Colmnlii'Hinvi. 
 
 " A specimen in the Peter Tledpath Museum, donated by the Greological Survey of 
 Canada, and «ollected by them at Quosnel, B.C. Phe plant is imbedded in a very fine 
 argillaceous matrix, and is somewhat diHii'ely branchinji. The branches are slender and 
 arise from opposite sides of the stem. The principal axis is for the most part obscure. 
 Leaves lanceolate, appressed or slightly spreading. Fruit not recognizable, though pos- 
 sibly present, as indicated by a number of dark bodies of indeterminate form." 
 
78 
 
 SIF{ J WII.LIAM l»AWS()\ ON 
 
 " In the iihsence of fruit, only th»> yvneral characters ol tho phint can he dopendod 
 iipon as agui(l«' to its determination. These show it lo he ii llypnum somewhat ch>sely 
 api>roachin!? If s/i/emkus.'" (DIM*.) 
 
 CONIKKH.K. 
 
 S(i/ishurt/ii adianloules. (?) Ung. (Fis»-. 4.) 
 
 The few specimens, while nndonl)todly of tliis i^enus, are not perfect, and it is impos- 
 sihle to separate them irom the above species of (he Miocene of Europe, and credited hv 
 Ward to the I'ort I'nion Laramie. It is so ii.'ar the modern S. (uHantifolia, that it is 
 doubtful if it should bo separated from it. 
 
 North i'ork of Similkameen IJ. 
 
 Piniis trunculiis. s.N. (Fis". ">.) 
 
 Vu,. b.—Pir\m tTmnatIn». ((.Leaves, /«, fruit.. 
 
 Needles of a species of Pinus appear in the specimens from Stump Lake, and in some 
 cases the sheath or base of attachment remains with three needles proceeding from it. In 
 the same beds are found winged seeds, which may have belonged to this species. The 
 seed, including the wing, is two centimetres long, straight above and regularly curved 
 
KOSSifj PLANTS I'Uo.M Til K SIMI LKAM KKN VAIJjKV. 
 
 79 
 
 Im'Iou IVom lh»' point of the \vin<;' to the seed, which ocoupies about oui'-fouith ol" the 
 Icumth. The wing is obscurely striate l()ni>ilu<li!ially. These eharaeters indicate a pine 
 of the type of Pii/iis iv^ila or P. lucili, or nearly allied to these and belonginu' to Bub-s^enus 
 7'rt^^A< of lindlicher. Pines of this type are believed to have existed from the .lurassie 
 period, but are perhaps most characti'ristie of the Middle Tertiary. They still abound in 
 the American flora. The seed is near in form to that of /'. Mondinn, MuUer, which, 
 according to lleer, occurs in Spitzbergen in Tertiary deposits. 
 
 This species also occurs in colloclious made by Mr. IJowmau at Tranquillo Uiver. 
 
 Tnxodiim dinHchiim {Miocetnnn), Heer. (Fig. 6.) 
 
 Vici. (1. — Tii.iiiJiinn illnltvlium. 
 
 IJranchlels of this common species are frequent from the shale of North Fork, Simil- 
 kameeu lliver, and also from Stump Lake. They present the usual characters seen in 
 this species, which seems to range from the Laramie to the Modern. 
 
 The same species occurs in collections of Mr. Bowman at Tranquille lliver, and also 
 at Coal Mine, Coldwater lliver. 
 
 Gh//itnsln)hnii .' (Fig. 7.) 
 
 Vi(j. 7.—Gl!iploi>lrolntn, Kj). 
 
 Branchlets and cones occur at North Fork of Similkameeu River and at Stump Lake, 
 which are sufficiently near to G. EiiropcrMS of the European Miocene, but the cones are not 
 sufficiently well preserved to determine the genus with certainty, and the leaves are a 
 little more obtuse than in the specimens figured by authors. It is indeed Just possible 
 that in the absence of determinable fruit we may mistake for Olyptostrobus branches of 
 Sequoia or of Thuja. 
 
80 
 
 SIK J. Wir^MAM DAWSON ON 
 
 In the speciiiu'iis IVom Stump Lak« are hmnchlets of a Coniler, with somewhat 
 luoad, (If. urreiit, spirally arranjred leaves, with a strong mulrih and very obtuse point. 
 They may he referred to •yetuis Sequoia, but do nf>t agree with any species known to me. 
 They might l)e regarded as an overgrown or exaggerali'd form of S. LaiigKilordii, and are 
 possibly young, vigorous twigs of this or one of the allied species. 
 
 Sequoia Sp. (Fig 8.) 
 
 I'ld. 8. — S\'iiioi(i, Sji. 
 
 Specim»'ns probably belonging to the same species occur in the collection of 
 Mr. ]iowman at the Tranquille Kiver, and also at Coal Mine, Coldwater lliver. 
 
 The above species are sufficient to indicate an abundance of coniferous trees in the 
 vegetation that surrounded the ancient Similkameen Lake. 
 
 Angiospermek. 
 
 Myrica (Co..ip(onia) CHS/mfata, Lesquereux. 'Proceedings U. S. National Museum,' Vol. 5, 
 
 p. 445. (Fig. 9.) 
 
 Fk!. It, — Mijnca {Complonin) Vunpiihtln. 
 
 Several leaves in the collections from Similkameen liiver correspond so closely with 
 Lesquereux's description of the above species from Coal Harbour, Unga Island, Alaska, 
 
FOSSIL PLANTS TROM TIIK SIMILKAMKKN VALLKY 
 
 81 
 
 Ihat I can scarcely tlouht their identity. Lcsqueroux's specimiMis \v»>ro. hovvovor, inipt-r- 
 lect, and I may extend his dosv-ription as follows : — 
 
 Leavi's about (! cm. lonu", narrow (1 cm. in grtalfst breadth), linear, terminated by a 
 long aciculate point, basal hibes. opposite, triann'ular, with turved Ixise and slightly 
 pointed upward, so that the i»air has ;i broad heart-shape. Two or three basal lobes are 
 ol" this character; a!»ove thi.s the lobe.s become more curved and pointed and turned 
 upward, and are alternate. They an- divided quite or almost to the midrib. The middle 
 lobes show two or three delicate veins, the upper eurvinu' to the point, the lower eurvinn- 
 almost parallel with the base, surface apparently smooth ; texture somewhat coriaceous. 
 
 This species is a near ally <»f C. (Kintiiicnsis, lleer, from tht' locality whose name it 
 bears, and of Miocene mn: It is also near to C. ohliisihha, Unmt , from the Mioc»'ne of 
 IJilin and tiotzka, in Hohemia. and to ('. i/n/aii(/mitUs. \ naor, Irom the latter place. So 
 near indeed are all lhe.se lorms, that they may bi- varieties of one species. All the Euro- 
 pean species named are Miocene. 
 
 Cuwfi'uHta Cuhimbiam, s. N. (Fig. 10.) 
 
 l-'ni. le. — (. Mi'loniii Columbiiiiiii, h. .v. 
 
 U'af 7 cm. long, about I cm. broad or a little more, slightly larger and more denst-ly 
 arranged, and less coriaceous I han the prceding, and (liHeriiig in the form of the lobes, 
 which are larger, alternale. curved upward, and with one or two not. lies at the point of 
 each. Nerves two, and only slightly curved, the upper stronger than the lower, and run- 
 ning to the point or i)oiuts of the lobe. 
 
 From North Similkameen and also from Kamloops. 
 
 This leaf is closely allied to C Matherinnu, Schimper, from the Oligoceiie of Armissaii, 
 and is also allied to C. partihi, of Lesquernix, w^hich, however, has only one nerve in each 
 lobe, and is denticulate on the lower margin. The lobes of our species are also a little 
 larger and more parallel-sided. I mention these diif'erences, as in my former list I referred 
 fragments of this leaf to Lesquereux's species, which is from Elko, Nevada, in beds 
 believed to be Miocene. Our species is also not far removed from Comptouiplitjllinn Jajioni- 
 cum of Nathorst, from a corresponding horizon in Japan. 
 
 I regard these two species of Comptonia as of some importance, with reference to the 
 age of the deposits in which they occur. The genus Myrica extends from the Upper Cre- 
 taceous to the present day, but the peculiar type represented by the genus or sub genus 
 
 Sec. IV, 1890. 11. 
 
82 
 
 SIU .1. WIlJilAM DAWSUN ON 
 
 Comptonia, though iippoariiiij in tho Eor«'no. socms lo culininiitt' in tht^ Mio«-«n»', or ()lijj;o- 
 tt'iio and MiocoiH', wheic Npi-tics allied to our fornmou C. ns/ilenifhlia occur in groat 
 numhcrs, hoth in Europe and Aun'rica, while in the hitter they have not as yet Iteen 
 recognized in any ohler i'ormntion. The presence, therefore, of two species ol'this typo is 
 in ilseU'a strong evidence of Miocene, or, at K^ast, Oligoceno ago. 
 
 Lomaliii sirinosa? Lesqr. " IJeport on (Vetaceous and Tertiary PlantH,' Vol. viii, ' U S. 
 
 Geol. Survey.' 
 
 This 8i)ecies is represented only by a few fragments which appear, however, to have 
 the characteristic form of that described by Losjiuereux Irom the probably Miocene beds of 
 Florissant. 
 
 AnthoHlhes. Sp. (Fig. 11.) 
 
 I'll). 11 — Aiitliolithci'. 
 
 A slender peduncle, with lateral frnits or pairs of fruits, subtended by long narrow 
 pointed bracts. I mention this here as it may have belonged to Lomatia or to Comptonia. 
 
 Populus obtrita. s. N. (Fig. 12) 
 
 ■X. 
 
 / nN 
 
 rui. 12. — Poptdm obtrila. 
 
 This species may be described as follows : — Leaf broader than long, with concave basal 
 margin, so as to give a somewhat broadly kidney-shaped form ; but when perfect there is 
 a slight acuminate point at the apex, though this is not always distinct. Margin obtusely 
 dentate below, the teeth turning slightly upwards. On the sides and upper part these 
 
I'().SSI|, PlwVNTS I'HOM Till-: SIMII,K VMKKN VALM'.Y. 
 
 88 
 
 teeth ar« represented merely hy a rounded crenuliition. I'rin. ipiil ribs thr.'e. with two 
 minor ones at base, till wiivy or undulated, and l»ran< hini? obtusely towards th margin 
 Petiole slender and apparently very lonjjf- 
 
 This leaf is that whicli from imperfect sperimejis I identilifd witli /' liiti<n- of Hronjf- 
 niart, but it is (|uite distiint from that species in v. -nation. It is, however, n^'ar in venation 
 to P. iivefini, Heer, and is probably tlie same leaf referred by lii'scpiereux in the paper 
 already cited on Alaska plants to that species. It is also closely allied to /'. m>lntian'<n</fs 
 of Lcsquereux, and to V. IremulnfoliH ofMaporta (not of lhon<;niarl). The former is from 
 Point of Uocks, Arkansas. It is also near to one of the varieties of /'. s/inu'osa of Ward^ 
 from Clear Creek, Montana. In short it belonys to a type of poplar leaf rave in the modern 
 world but very common in Tertiary times, and found represented by many spe( ilic and 
 varietal forms throughout the Eocene and Miocene periods. In regard to speciiic distinc. 
 tions, these leave.j are so variable and so near to each other tliat it is perhaps not easy to 
 determine to what extent the forms distinguished by different names are really distinct; 
 and in giving a name to the present specu - T do so without any certainty that it may n)t 
 really be conspecilic with some of those abov o named. 
 
 The wide diffusion of leaves of this lype in the Kainozoic period gives them com- 
 paratively little value as indicators c ,)re«ise geologi. al age Their abundance, especially 
 u» the exclusion of the m(»re modern types, may, however be held to imlicate deposits of 
 older or middle Tertiary age. 
 
 Po/mlus i/aplni<><ren<tvfes .^ Ward. (I''ig. IS.) " Types of Laramie Flora." 
 
 Survey,' No. 37, p. 20. Plate vii. 
 
 'Bui., Am. CJeol. 
 
 I'lii. i;j. — Populiut daphnogcnoldm. 
 
 I refer to this species, with some doubt, a smaller and somewhat narrower leaf than 
 the above, pointed at apex and with margin sharply dentate, but like the preceding, with 
 three principal veins, and rudiments of a basal pair. Ward's leaf is from Seven Mills 
 Creek, Montana, from a formation probably older than that of the Similkameeu district. 
 
 This leaf, like the forri'r, is not one which can give much idea of precise age. Indeed, 
 the study of the varieties in recent species causes me to agree with Lesqiiereux that poplar 
 leaves are so variable in th«' same spedes and at the same period, and in some cases so 
 similar to leaves of other genera, that little confidence can be placed in specific deter- 
 minations, based on either venation or marginal characters, except in so far as what may 
 be termed subgeneric types are concerned. 
 
84 
 
 SIR .1. WrLTilAM hAWSON OX 
 
 Iromlho?!'' 'T ''^"1"'^?' ''i;^ V" '^" "'""' 'P""'" '' ''^"^ ^''^y '^'"'« "^ ^ift«'--»t aspect 
 r«.„ those .o abundant ,n th. Upper Laramio east of the Rockies, and which I have 
 
 noticed in previous papers. 
 
 One ditrerence which applies more or less to the whole Similkameen assemhlaoo is 
 lie indication „. amore arid and possibly cooler climate than that of the Laramie eas't of 
 1- l.ock,es,as il he present conditions of the interior of British Columbia were already 
 
 in some degree established on the borders of the Tertiary Similkameen lake. 
 
 Ceanof/iifs ? (Fii>\ 14.) 
 
 ViG. U.—C amlhii.i. 
 
 W about three centimetres long-, oval, pointed below. Margin entire, but sliohtlv 
 waved, as il Irom a tendency to lobation. Texture apparently coriaceous, with traces of 
 two vems originating- above the base of the leaf and curving parallel with its side. 
 
 Has some resemblance to Pali.rus Fionssanti of Lesquereux and Ciunanumun, Scheuchsen 
 ot Heer; but its general affiiiities maybe regarded as quite uncertain. 
 
 North Fork Similkameen River. 
 
 Cinnamomum'; (Fig. 15.) 
 
 Fin. 1,"). — C'mnamomum. 
 
 A fragment of a leaf with elongate or lanceolate form, three ribs and entire or sci • rily 
 toothed edges. May be compared with C. affim Losq.. but is not certainly the same. This 
 leat has indications of the basal vein noti-ed by Lesquereux in one of his specimens His 
 
I'OSSlTi PLANTS FROM THU SIMI f.KAMKKX VALLKY 
 
 85 
 
 specimens vere Irom the Laramie of Croklon, Colorado, hut he compares the Ibrm with 
 C. Mmissip/netixe, and also with such European iorms as C. ^/tfdahife, Ileer, Irom the Swiss 
 Molasse. 
 
 North Vork 8imilkameen River. 
 
 PliDifni loni<ifi>li(t, Lesq. (I'ig". 10.) 
 
 V\<\. 1(1. — Planini liimi'ifolid. 
 
 This leaf is certainly not distinguishable from some of the forms from the Green River 
 Groixp (Oligocene), included by Lesquereux in this species, which seems to he the 
 American analogue of P. Unfferi of the Miocene of Europt;. 
 
 North Fork Similkameen River. 
 
 Quercus Dalli, Lesq. (Fig. 17.) 
 
 Vki. 17. — QxtircuH Dulli. 
 
 This leaf is described by Lesquereux from Cook's Inlet, Alaska. The leaf figured st>ems 
 to belong to the same species, which Lesquereux compares with lleer's Q. (I'ncnhiHdira amU 
 Q. Olafseni from Greenland, which, however, dill'er in tbrm and venation. He aho com- 
 pares it with European Tertiary leaves referred to the genus Paulinia ; l)utit certainly has 
 little resemblance in venation to either genus. 
 
 North Fork Himilkameen River. 
 
86 
 
 SIR J. WILLIAM DAWSON ON 
 
 Alniles curia, s. N. (Fig. 18.) 
 
 Leaf small 2 c. m. long and a little more than one brosid. Form oval, slighUy cordate 
 and oblique below, obtusely pointed above. Midrib and petiole strong, veins about 9 on 
 each Side, opposite below, tending to alternate above, slightly curved and mostly bifurcat- 
 
 :<,), f^^- 
 
 
 a. I- 
 
 Fia. \'^.—AMh»curUi. ((.Leaf, t, stabile, e, section of do. 
 
 ing toward the margin, which has rounded teeth in which the divisions of the veins 
 terminate. Allied to Ahius truncata, Lesq.. from Florissant. Lesquereux compares his 
 species to Belula crenala and B. similis of Goeppert, from the Miocene Tertiary of Bilin, etc. 
 With these are found what appear to be catkins of Aluus or Betula and a few scat- 
 tered seeds. 
 
 North Fork Similkameen ]iiver. 
 
 Areriles Neiiundifolivm, s. N. (Fig. 19.) 
 
 Vid. \^.—AcerilcK Negundi/olium. 
 
 U&f about 1 centimetres in length, five-lobed, lobes narrow, elongate, veins in two 
 sets, two below and two more than a centimetre higher at angle of 40° to 45° from stem. 
 The minor venation is obscur.', but the veiulets are pinnate and diverge at a somewhat 
 more acute angle than the veins. The margin seems to bo dentate. This leaf, which is 
 not so well preserved as some of the others, may possibly be that of an Aralia, but its 
 association with the seed next described tends to favour its affinity to the maples. The 
 leaf is not unlike the terminal part of the leaf of Nogundo, hence the name applied to it. 
 
 From Stump Lake, B.C. 
 
FOSSIL PLANTS FKOM TllK SIMILKAMKKN VAIjLKY. 
 
 87 
 
 Acer, (fruit.) (Fig 20.) 
 
 Fruit of modium size, seed elongate oval and pointed, wing broadly rounded at distal 
 end and strongly oblique. I'ossibly the fruit of the last species. 
 From Stump Lake. 
 
 lio. -JO.— .If.r. 
 
 Carpinus grandis, Ung. (Fig. 21.) 
 
 
 
 Fia. 21. — Cbrpinun grandis. 
 
 An imperfect specimen, seems referable to this well known European species. It is 
 at least closely allied. Lesquereux has referred to this species leaves from American 
 Tertiary localities, from Alaska southwards. 
 
 From Stump Lake. 
 
 Nelumbium pygmceum, S. N. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 Fiti. 22.— AWumWuHi pygmaum. 
 
 Leaf orbicular, petiole subcentral, veins about 14, netting toward the margin, which 
 seems entire or slightly undulate. Diameter about 2 centimetres. 
 Mill Creek, Ulupsaw, Similkamecn lliver. 
 
88 
 
 SIU J. WJLLIA.M DAWSOiV ON 
 
 (The Jollo,ring are Jnm the earlier collevlious, and re,,resenled hy few and m,,erled ^ 
 
 sjierimens.) 
 
 Vacciaophyllum qutestum, s. n. (Fig. 23.) 
 
 Small nearly circular, base rounded or slightly cordate; nerves in three pairs, much 
 curved. Margin above slightly serrate. 
 Similkameen JJiver. 
 
 f'/mitcs /ixsi/hts, s. N. (Fig. 24) 
 
 Tki. L'3. Fig. 24. 
 
 A small inequilateral leaJiet with curved midrib, broadly lanceolate, toothed, rounded 
 at base, acute at apex. 
 
 North Similkameen River. 
 
 AUanthophyllnm incertum, s. n. (Fig. 25.) 
 
 Fiii. 25.— Aihxnthojihjillum incertum. 
 
 Leaf about 8 inches long, apparently ^ inches broad in the middle, and narrowing to 
 either end. Veins pinnate at an obtuse angle (60° to 05°.) Intermediate veins very 
 delicate and short. Surface with open delicate netting. The venation is like Aifanthu. 
 toHgtfohvs of Lesquereux, but the form is quite different. 
 
 Tranquille Kiver, collected by A. Bowman. 
 
 I 
 
FOSSIL PLANTS FKOM THK SIMILKAMKHN VAI.LKY. 
 
 89 
 
 Carpolilhes ilentulus, Penhallow. (Fig. 26.) 
 
 Specimens in the Peter Redpath Museum from the Geological Survey collectious ol' 
 1888. These specimens were obtained from near Stump Lake, and are embedded in a ler- 
 ruginous clay matrix. They are obviously winged fruits or seeds. None of them are 
 perfectly preserved, but from three of the most perfect the following characters have been 
 obtained : — 
 
 l'i<i. 20.— C(ir/*o/(</i. 8 rfen/d /«.«.— (Kniaru'odi. 
 
 " Fruit oblong, apex acute ; the carpel extended into a veuiform wing. Margin of the 
 wing strongly toothed, the teeth acute, sinuses l:«-oad towards the base, but becoming 
 narrower at the summit Veins prominent. Tlie whole fruit measures txlO mm." 
 
 "In the accompanying ligure there appears what looks like a secondary wing project- 
 ing from the fruit on the left. This is in all probability a portion of the periearp which 
 was displaced by pressure, os other specimens show iiothing of the kind. This fruit in 
 some respects approaches Carpinus, but not sufficiently to jastify reference to that genus 
 It may, therefore, be referred provisionally to the genus Carpolithes as C. ikntatus." 
 (D.P.P.) 
 
 Various species represented by fragnwnts. (Fig. 27 to 31.) 
 
 Fig. 27.-i'Vc.i.v .' Fm. i^.—Qaenux f Fig. 'iW.—MixgiwUu > Fui. W^.—heluki f Ym. ■M.-Qmriks ? 
 
 Among these are leaves referable, with more or less doubt, to Ficus, Quercus, Mag- 
 nolia and Betula ; but in a fragmentary condition. The Ficus-like leaf is very similar to 
 
 Sec. IV, 1890. 12. 
 
r 
 
 90 
 
 SIR J. WILLIAM DAWSON ON 
 
 ( 
 
 
 v\- 
 
 F. asiminifoHa of Ijesquoreux from Colifornia. There are also fragments of mouocotyle- 
 donous leaves, which may be designated as Cyperites, but without any distinctive char- 
 acters. (Figs. 27 to 31 ) 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 The dimatal character of the Similkameen flora may be described 
 as warm temperate. The foliage, it will bo seen, is generally of small 
 size, compared with that of the Cretaceous and Laramie, and would 
 seem to indicate a dry climate, po.s.sibly with hot summers and cold 
 winters ; in this respect resembling the climate of the interior of 
 British Columbia at present, though probably less severe in winter. 
 This would accord with the orographical conditions of the interior of 
 British Columbia in the later Eocene and Miocene periods, as de- 
 tailed by Dr. Dawson in his paper on the Physiftgraphical Geology 
 of the region in the present volume. 
 
 In the ' Reports of the Geological Survey ' of 1875-6 (p. 259), and 
 in that of 1877-8, already referred to, as well as in my paper on Cre- 
 taceous and Tertiary plants of British Columbia, 'Trans. R. S. C 
 1883, reference will be found to plants <ollected by Dr. G. M. Dawson 
 in beds of Tertiaiy age at Quesnel, Blackwater River, and the Indian 
 reserve North Thompson. Among these Castnnea Ungeri Heer from 
 Alaska, or an allied species is very plentiful. In addition to the 
 plants referred to in the above reports, a few additional specimens 
 from Kamloops have been placed in my hands with those from the 
 North Similkamsen. One of these is a Comptonia, apparently the same 
 with C Columbiana of the above pages. Another is an Ulmus not 
 distinguishable from U. Braunii of Heer, a well-known European 
 Miocene species, and also found in the Florissant beds by Lesquereux. 
 A third is a narrow-pointed leaf six inches in length, beside the 
 petiole which measures an inch, and an inch wide at the middle. It 
 is sharply pointed at both ends, entire below and serrated toward the 
 point. The venation is unfortunately destroyed, except that there is 
 a strong midrib. This leaf may be presumably referred to the genus 
 Salix, and it has a close resemblance to some of the forms of Salix 
 Varians, Heer, a well known species of the European Miocene, and 
 found also in Alaska and in California and Oregon by Lesquereux. It 
 may be provisionally named S. Kumloopsiana. (Fig. 32.) 
 
 A few of the specimens in these collections, from other parts of 
 British Columbia and presumably from Tertiary beds, are the same 
 with those at the Similkameen ; but the majority are different, and 
 some of them have affinities with the Eocene or U|>per Laramie flora. 
 For this reason they may be supposed to be of somewhat greater age. 
 In other words, assuming the Similkameen flora to be Lower Miocene 
 or Oligocene, some of the plants above mentioned might probably be 
 Eocene, and would represent a more equable and moist climate. I would not, however 
 insist too strongly on this, since in a region like British Columbia, local conditions may 
 produce great diflerences both in climate and flora. 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 Sulix Kamlonpniana. 
 
TOSSIL PLANTS KHOM TllK SIMILKAMKKN VALLKY, 
 
 91 
 
 Itmay further bo affirmed that the Similkaraeen ilora is closely allied to thos.' des- 
 cribed by Lesquereux as the Green IJiver and Florissant floras, and which ho regards as 
 Oligocene or Upper Kocene. It is to be hoped that ere long thi- discovery of Mammalian 
 remains may throw further light on the precise a,^^^ of the Tertiary lake basins of British 
 Columbia.