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CAESARS BELLUM BRITAXXICUM, lNTl!(>nr(J^»R-V;>r(')TI(M:S, NOTES, ^'o.Ml^M.Kt^ VoCAl'.ri.Ai; V, A SKUIKS »F i;,\i:iK"rsKs i-"ur ni:.'Ti!'.^\si,AT,l|i.\. and (;i;ai)Ki> : '^r. ^ T'ASSACKS I'ol! SKIHT IflLXDlNlJ. K J .^ .jrNlTTT^-t*+7.'»s^ST:s IX HKill SCHOOLS AND STITDKNTS KEADINii KOU TliH TKIMAKV KXAMINATIOX. UY JOIIX HKXDKItSoX, M.A.. II1:M> MASTKU ST. CATllAltlNKS ((II.I.K/ lATK I NSTnTTK.. !]■ Axn K. \V. 1 1 AG Alt TV, r..A., CliASSICAt, MASTKR llAKHOIiD ST. (( U.I.Kiil AlK IN'^TM 111:, T l!ii )N I'd I.AIK l-KI,Ii<»\V BY COrHrKST .lOIIN'S IKU'MN.S INlVI'.ltsri'V, H AI.TIMOH K. TOIIOX 'I'O: THE cori', ( i,\i;k COMPAXV, I^LMITKI), '.» KijoxT stiu:ht wkst. ffliysc.-. » • I Entered jiccordiiiu: to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in tlie year one thousand ei^'ht hundred and ninety-five, by Tmk Coi'p, Ci.ark Comi-anv, Limited, Toronto, Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. • 1 PREFACE. 4 4 This edition of Caesar's P>ellum Britannicum is intended to supply the wants of students reading for the Primary Examination for the years 1896, -97, -98. It would be an ideal course in Latin to have a student thoroughly conversant with either the First Latin Book or the Primary Latin Book before attempting Caesar, but as many attempt Caesar before taking a thorough elementary course in grammar, a number of graduated exercises forming an easy introduction to the difficulties of Caesar have been inserted. To provide for the requirements of the Education Department, a series of graded passages for sight reading have been added. It is to be hoped that these new features of the book will commend them- selves to all. The exercises at the end will be found useful, and a good test of the pupil's knowledge of the Latin text. J. H. E. W. H. A 7^ 2/ mmmm^mmm^mi I i If immMimmfiM miiiniii I I ^.-i- LIFK OF CAFSAR. Caius Julius Caesar' was hmn on tlic i2tli of July, nnmi. P..C. icxx- lie was iluissix years yoini-cr than Ciccn', nud I'o.npcy. His family i^^rjn Ju/m) was not merely in, /amHu. one of the oldest, hut was also one of the most respected of the patrician fan-.ilics of the capital. It traced its descent to Iiilus, son of Aeneas, and thus throuuh Venus ch.imcnir/>r^ and that ^ ■'•^"'''"'' died suddenly at I'isa, l;.C. ^|. 'Jlie education of youn^; Caesar •-• ms to have heen directed chiefly by his mother! y1u?W/a, who was a woman of 1 )fty ambition and a firm' believer in the nol)le destiny of her son. His early train- ing, according to the fashion of that day, consisted in accpiiriug a knowledge of numbers, grammar, music, and in practising physical exercises. He is also said to have devoted consitlerable time to verse making. » 'Eadi Ilonuin cHizei, had usually three names: callo.l tin. pmeuomen (iiuukm- U.o imlir-dual), the mmen (.losiKnatin- the gens or dan) and the avpwman (telli.ij; the famil!,). Thus Caius is a pmenomca. Julius is a vomea, and Caesar, a cu,jnomen. Sometimes an armomcn was added for honorary distinclion as Afrlcanus to P. (^ornelius Sciipio. SMonnnsen (Hist, of Home, Vol. III., 15) ar-ues that Caesar was horn 102 B.C. llis main reason for assi-nino; this date is that the h'x nnnalu which preserihed the minimum age at which a citizen could hold certain offices, \\;:s observed in Caesai-s case. 15y this law no one could liold ihe quaestorship before he was .•II, the aedileship before 37, the j.raetorship before 41, the consulsliip before r.i. l!y referring to the chronology of his life, the i.lausibility of the argument would appear. In answer to this we may say that : (1) the law was not always ohserxed ; (2) Suetonius represents Caesar as 1« years of age when his father died; (;i) Plutarch Suetonius and Appian, state that Caesar \\as .',0 years of age when he was assassinated. ^Laiulen Ilerculis and Oedipus were among his youthful poenus. ;li ^'mtnat^am t VI LIFE OF CAESAIl. Jiffirn'r,'} ( 'iirjii'lia. Rolaiedto His aunt Julia was nianied to C. Marius. To this Ifl flTWt^ relationship may be ascribed the fact that Caesar at the early age of 14 was appointed to the ofilce of priest of Jove {Jlamen dialis)^ by virtue of which he was a member of the sacred college and received a handsome income. We may also ascribe to his connection with Marius the bent of his political opinions. Caesar after the death of the great dictator led the popular or democratic j)arty as opposed to the senatorial or aristocratic. Bi-irothoil to He was at first betrothed to Cossutia, a wealthy heiress, Cussxitm. i^yj Y\e broke off the engagement on the death of his father. In the following year (83 B.C.), he married Cornelia, daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, the leader of the popular party and the avowed opponent of Syl'a. This union was displeasing to Sylla, who ordered Caesar to divorce Cor- nelia. This Caesar refused to do. Through the interces- sion of Aurelius Cotta, Caesar was at length pardoned. In consequence of having thwarted the will of Sylla Caesar incurred his enmity and found it unsafe to remain at Rome. He went to the East, and served his first cam- paign under M. Minucius Thermus. He seems to have remained in the East for about four years, distinguishing himself for personal bravery at the siege of Mitylene and in the war against the Cilician pirates. On the report of Sylla's death, 78 B.C., he came home. The tactics that Caesar adopted at this time to further the interests of his party showed his consummate skill as a political leader. The Koman Senate had become utterly powerless to deal with the duty of administering properly the government. The lower classes filled with turbulent crowds the cities, m consequence of the free labour of the Italian provincials being in a great measure supplanted by that of slaves. Ever since the days of the Gracchi opposed to this democratic element was the Sen- Cnmposition .^te, conservative in its nature, being composed of men Smate. whose interests were likely to suffer if the democratic element should get any power in the state. In the mid- (locn to the AW.sY and acnvii his Jirst cam- pai(jn. Returns home. Tactics q,' Cacnar. i I f i I LIFE OP CAESAR. I Vll way between these two forces we ha^•e the wealthy class The three led by such men as Crassus, without any aristocratic ^'."'■^'''** antecedents, on the one hand opposed to democracy as '""'' men of affluence naturally are, and on the other opposed to the old families who prided themselves simply in tracin^r their descent through a long line of ancestors. In fac^t the history of Rome from the middle of the second century B.C., down to the time of Augustus, presents little more than the mtrigues of wily politicians who by unscrupu- aousness endeavoured to supplant each other in the favour of the people. Caesar attempted to show that the Sena- toriah government of the provincials was thoroughly C«..«r corrupt, He indicted Cn. Dolabella (78 B.C.) and C. "l^j^m Antonius {77 B.C.) for extortion. Though Caesar lost"'"' these causes, he really gained a triumph, since he proved^"'""""' the utter corruption of the courts which were filled by the Senatorial faction. To improve his style in oratory, he went to the school of Molo, at Rhodes. On the voyage ^'"'« '« th.ther Caesar's vessel was captured by pirates at Phar- ^^ed 6v macussa (now Fermaco\ one of the Sporades. He was^*""^''" detamed for forty days, and was not released till a ransom 6f $50,000 had been paid. During his detention, he is said to have joined these marauders in their sports and to have jestingly told them that he would, when liber' ated, have them crucified. This threat he afterwards made good. Landing at Miletus, he collected a small fleet, captured them, and brought them to Pergamus where they were executed. He stayed at the school of Molo for two years. When absent from Rome, Caesar was elected ponttfcv. Ki.,a 1 his office could be held only by one residing in the capi ^"'"">'^^- tal, and thus he was compelled to return. A reaction had meanwhile set in opposed to the policy of Sylla. With «ST the Consulship of Pompeyand Crassus (70 B.C.) a reform S^ had been mtroduccd by restoring the rights of the tri ' bunes and the censors, and by remodelling the Senate Both Pompey and Caesar supported these reforms. In 68 B.C., Caesar became guaesfor, and by virtue of this JJSt »? ■«•esjtuK^MmmbmmvBm f vm LIFE OP CAESAR. Marries I'onifwia, V.A'. 67. Elected curtile aedile. Cnemr jtontifex inaximus. FAcA'tcii praetor. office lie was entitled to a seat in the Senate. Me went soon after his election with Antistius V'ctus into Spain, and took up his residence at CordiUya (now Cordcnni). One of the chief duties of the quaestor was to attend the provincial assizes {com'ciitiis), and settle the disputes that arose between provincials. In this office he displayed a spirit of equity and moderation in striking contrast to the policy of his predecessors. His popularity gained for him many adherents, who, in after days, tlocked to his stan- dard at the battle of Munda. It was during this year that he lost his wife Cornelia. Cacs u- married I'ompey's cousin, Pompeia, in the fol- lowing year. No doubt this union was concluded for political reasons. PomiJcy was now in the height of his fame. This very year he was appointed by the Gabinian law (/(.'.r Gabinia^ sole commander of the Roman fleet to clear the coasts of the Mediterranean of the pirates who infested it. Next year he was equally successful in defeating Mithradatcs, king of Pontus. In 65 li.C, Caesar was elected curulc aedile. While holding this office, he increased his popularity, as well as his debts, by the costly gladiatorial shows he gave to gratify the depraved tastes of a Roman populace. He also showed his devotion to the memory of Marius by causing the trophies of that great commander, which had been destroyed by Sylla,to be replaced. Many a veteran, reading the inscriptions recounting the victories of Campi Raudii, Aquae Sextiae, and over Jugurtha, would recall the memory of the greatest soldier of the age, the deliverer of Italy, and the sturdy supporter of popular rights. In the year 63 B.C., a year noted for the conspiracy of Catiline, Caesar hccMT\c pofiti/ex viaxivms. On the trial of the conspirators, Caesar advocated the penalty of per- petual banishment, while Cato advocated the death penalty. Subsequent events proved that Caesar was right. In 62 B.C., Caesar was elected praetor^ and while in this office he openly opposed the party of the Senate, On ' I tmmswmttlimM LIFE OF CAESAK. IX I resigning the office, he went as />ro/>rar/or to Spain, when propmrtor he managed to gain money enough to pay off his enormous ''•^*^^«"*- debts. On his return, he united with Pompcy and Crassus to form the coahtion called the Fz'rs^ Triunnnrate. First Tri- Pompey may be said to have been the representative ^f """'"■«^''• the aristocratic classes, Caesar of the democratic, while Crassus was an exponent of the moneyed party. In the ^ next year Caesar was Consul. To further cement the ''^■'^'^'c. union, Pompey married Julia, Caesar's daughter. During Julia his' Consulship he brought up several reforms, especially J^J^'J^J^^ a bill for the division of the lands among the people '>narriedtu IJefore laying down his Consulship he procured the "'"^''^' passage of a bill by which he was invested for five years Goes to with prpconsular power over the Gauls and lllyricum. ^'""^• ^ GALLIC CAMPAIGNS. Nine years were spent in the subjugation of the Gauls. In the first campaign, Caesar at IJibracte (now Auttm) drove back the Helvetii, who were moving westward ^^f^'nU^iUand attempting to subdue Gaul. In the same year he ^^. -^rwvistus' fealed at Basle Ariovistus, a German King, who at the instigation of the / rverni and Scquani had been invited to take their part against the Aedui. In the second campaign, Caesar defeated the Belgae at ^-^ '''^■ the river Sabis (now Sambre). '^^^" ^'^'i''" Caesar in the third campaign broke up a coalition of the kc. .w. tribes of the north-west of Ciaul, which had united a^j-ainst ^^"^ J'^w*. him. During this year, he renewed the agreement with Pompey and Crassus, who covenanted that his command should be extended to five years further. In his fourth campaign Caesar crossed the Rhine, but n.c. r,-,. remained only eighteen days on the German side. Liter l%l; '„']', d on in the same year he crossed over to Britain, Britonti. The next campaign was chiefly against Britain, which, n.c. f>/,. however, he only partially subdued, being recalled by a ^'■'''*"*- sudden uprising in Gaul, which he suppressed 53 li.C. He in the next campaign crushed the general revolt, «.C 5?. under Vercingetorix, of the subject tribes in Gaul. With ■^■f^^^m^mmmmUmm LIFE OF CAESAR. the fall of Alesia, the power of the Gauls was crushed for ever. BC.51 In his eighth campaign, he was complete master of Gaul, having reduced the tribes one after another to sub- jection. B.C. m. The last campaign is uneventful. He remained in Cisalpine Gaul, and returned to Transalpine Gaul for a short time in the summer to review his troops. QUARREL WITH POMPEY. chamjcx During Caesar's absence in Gaul, Crassus was slain at SmfL'^S^'the battle of Carrhae, B.C. 53. This really broke up the Triumvirate. Pompey began to view Caesar's career with distrust and alarm. He entered into a league with the aristocracy and the Senate. A demand was finally passed by the Senate that Caesar should disband his legions. This Caesar refused to do, unless Pompey fol- lowed the same course. Finally a decree "that the Con- suls should provide that the State should receive no hurt," was passed. This order was equivalent to a declaration of war, and was regarded as such by Caesar. With one legion he crossed the Rubicon, the boundary between Gaul and Italy. Soon Italy came over to his side. Pompey and the party of the Senate fled to Greece. Caesar marched to Spain, defeated the party of Pompey at Ilerda., and took Massilia in Southern Gaul. Caesar then prepared to follow Pompey. For some time both armies encamped on the Apsus in Illyricum. Finally the decisive battle was fought August 9th, B.C. 48, at Pharsalia. Though Caesar's forces were but one- half the number of those of Pompey. the superior general- ship and the courage of despair won the day, and Pom- pey's troops were completely routed. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was treacherously murdered by an emis- sary of the king. Caesar followed and became involved in difficulties in settling the succession to the throne. Soon after he crushed the Pompeian party at the battle of Thapsus^ in Africa, 46 B.C. Caesar was now the master Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Pharsalia. B.C. AS. I I 1 \i Thapsus. B.C. UO. >i^mmmimim I LIFE (jF CAESAR. of the Roman world. ^^^ returned to Rome, celebrated his thice triumphs, and published a general amnesty to his opponents, lie reformed the calendar, and introduced many aseful measures for the internal economy of the State. In AS ^^ C., the two sons of Pompey had collected a force in Spain. Thither Caesar marched, and at Mu,i^/a Munda. totally defeased it. The Senate conferred on him nearly all the offices of State, and thus the whole authority was centered in one man. A conspiracy, Iieaded by R.utus and Cassius, was formed against hln^. They were actuated partly by mis- taken patriotic motives, and partly by personal jealousy and hatred. Caesar fell March 15th, 44 B.C., pierced hy D.atho/ the daggers of the assi^ssins just as he had entered the ^Tc.V Senate house. Caesar was tall, and (^f commai.ding aspect ; his fea- C'^cwr's tures well marked and prominent: iiis ,:omplexion fair ;" his eyes keen, black, and expressive, in latter life he was bald, which he somewhat concealed by vvearing a sort of diadem. His robust frame was inured to hardship, and exhibited remarkable powers of endurance. With regard to dress he was very fastidious. His private life was sing- ularly free from many of the vices 01 the ao-e. XI appearance. m BRUT0S, THE MURDERER OF CAESAI^ { , «^.awwwKsiqg^jJB Xll LIFE OF CAFSAR. 11. THE WORKS OF CAESAK. (i) Extant:— (a) Commcutarii dc Bello Gallico in sciicn books. This work contains an account ot the conquest of Gaul from B.C. 58 to B.C. 52. In tl)e first Ijook we have the con- quest of the Helvetii mentioned, and in the seventh book the death of Clodius is referred to as lately having taken place. As the death of Clodius happened B.C. 52, we may assume that the events recorded happened between these two dates. An ei-hth book was added by Aulus Hirtius to complete the events to 51 H.C. ^ (b) Cimimcuiarii de Bella Civili in three books. This gives an account of the civil wars down to the time of the Alexandrine war. The history of the Alexandrine, African, and Spanish campaigns were afterwards added. Hirtius probably wrote the account of the Alexandrine campaign ; Oppius, that of the African ; the account of the Spanish war was written probably by a centurion of Caesar's army, accoRling to Niebuhr, who discovers a change in style and expression from that of the other two accounts. (2) Lost Works:— (a) Antkato. A reply to Cicero's panegyric on Cato Uticensis, who fell at Thapsus, B.C. 46. (d) Dii Aftalogia. or as Cicero calls it, Dc Rationc Latine loquendi. Dedicated to Cicero and written when Caesar was crossing the Alps. (c) Libri Auspiciorum or Auguralia. Published B.C. 63, when Caesar was Pontifex viaxinius. (d) De Astris. Published also B.C. 63. (e) Apothegmata or Dicta Collectanea. A collection of witticisms made at different times. (f) Poemataj nearly all written in his youth. To ' "■■^^mm-t.KiU'mmm ' LIFE OF C'AKSAR. tliese Ijcloii^' Oedipus, L., to give to his fellow-countrymen of his own ««m*w»i*««:ai»M»,j{iJ| LIFE OF CAESAR. time, and to leave on record for all aj^cs to conic a jjcn- picture of himself and his army as tiiey figured in these years of Roman aggrandizement in Western Europe. With how bold jet delicate a touch he paints (1) himself, as a considerate and humane officer, " slow to blame, quick to praise," (see the episode of Cicero, Bk. V., 46-52, and Bk. VI., 42,) ; as a cool-headed strategist, a merciful conqueror, and a just judge; (2) his subordinate officers, Cotta, Sabinus, Labienus - Cicercy, their faults and their virtues ; (3) his foes, the Britons, the Germans, the Gauls ; their chieftains (Cassivellaunus and Ambiorix) ; their modes of fighting and other national char- acteristics ; (4) his own legionaries, with their intrepid zeal amidst fearful odds of peril and hardship ; (5) and even Pompey, not yet an avowed enemy, conceding something to "friendship and the good of the commonwealth." These features combine to make books V. and VI. an mteresting study even from the literary stand-point. III. >" THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. In the year 600 B.C., the Greeks of Phocaea, in As\n Gre^k Minor, emigrated and'settfed at Massilia (now Marseilles). ''"'^"'^»'- On the conquest of Asia Minor by Cyrus the Great, many of their countrymen joined the Phocaeans ; and soon the young Greek colony rose to power. The inhabitants of Massilia became the leaders in learning and commerce, and established colonies along the neighbouring coast of the Mediterranean. As the Greek colonies encroached on the wild barbarians, wars naturally arose. In 1 54 B.C. the Ligurians besieged Antipolis and Nicaea, two depen- dencies of Massilia, when the Massiliots called in the aid XV 1 y XVI llinnans. Aijuite Scxtiae. I'\ ads. LIFE OF ('AKSAR. of the Koiiians, by whose aid tlie Ligurians were de- feased, and pari of the lerriloiy of ihe Ligurians given to the Mittisiliots. Another attack soon alter (125 li.C) was made by the Ligurians, wlio were reduced a second time. The army of C. Scxtius Cahinus, afier thiee campaigns, pknidered their territory, and re(hiced the inhabitants to slavery. Near Massiha, he founded the town of Aquae Sextiac (now Aix)^ which obtained its name from the h(jt springs of tlic neighbourhood. About this time, the Aedui and AUobroges were at war. The Arverni, the most jx)werful of the GalHc tribes, aided the AUobroges, while the Aedui conckided a tieaty with the Romans. In 121 B.C., Cn. Domitius defeated the AUobroges at Vindahum, a little above Avignon; and in the same year the (lallic confederates were defeated by tiie united armies of Cn. Domitius and Q. Fabius Maximus, near the junction of the Isere and the Rhone. The country of the AUobroges was reduced to a Roman province, and received the name Provincia. Massiha however, still retained her independence. Within the next succeeding years, the Romans enlarged the boundaries of the original Provincia, which extended at first from the Alps to the Rhone, by reducing that portion of Gaul from the Rhone to the Pyrenees, thus keeping open the road to Spain. In 113 B.C. the whole of Italy was thrown into conster- nation by the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutoncs. After wandering about the Northern Italy, they entered Gaul and attacked the Roman Province. In 109 B.C. rf«/mY.sn/"/'/(flthey defeated the Consul, M. Junius f^ilanus. The Romans. Romans sustained another defeat two years later when they attempted to keep back the Tugurini, one of the Helvetic cantons who were attempting to enter Gaul. In this battle fell L. Piso, the grandfather of Caesar's father-in-law. In 106 B.C., Q. Servilius Caepio sacked Toulouse, which had formed a league with the Cimbri and Teutones. This temporary gain was followed by a crushing defeat inflicted on the Romans near the banks of the Rhone by the Cimbri and Teutones. Cimbri and Teutoncs. i I "" ^•"fmrnm LIFE OP CAESAR. XVll 1 The Cimbi-i separated from the Tcutoncs ami hmi rhnbri and waste all the land between the Rhone and the Pyrenees. I/!«;'S While the Teutones remained on the East of the Rhone, the Cimhri turned back from the Pyrenees, joined the Teutones, and then passed the Alps. Marius who had gained great glory in the Jugurthine war, was sent against the invaders. He hastened to Southern Gaul, ,),^,„^ „^ and defeated the '! eutones at Aquae Sextiac, 102 li.C. '^'''""'"'"'^ In the following ye r lie met the Cimhri at Vercellae and ""''^''"'"'" crushed them in battV'. Dui ing the ci\ il war, Sertorius, a follower of Marius, stirred up the Aquitani to revolt. J he revolt, however, was unimportant. During the Consulship of Cicero, Cat- intrigues oj ihne attempted to carry out his nefarious conspiracy. He ^'«'''''"'• and his associates attempted to gain over the deputies of the Allobrogcs, who were on some mission at Rome, to \ join the conspiracy. These deputies betrayed the pro- posals 10 the Consul. The Allobroges not being success- ful in their mission, and perhaps instigated by the repre- sentations of Catiline, took up arms and defeated Manlius Lentulus. In a second battle, however, they were de- feated by Pomptinus. The y>cdui, proud of their alliance with Rome, began to lord it over the other tribes. The Sequani formed an alliance with the Arverni. These two tribes invited Ario- Ariovi,tus vistus, a German, to assist them against the Aedui. Soon *"'"''*''^- the Aedui were reduced to submission. Their chief, Divit- iacus, went to Rome, and implored the aid of the Senate. The Sequani meanwhile found out that Ariovistus from being an ally turned to be their master. He demanded a third part of the territory of the Sequani, and being re- fused, defeated them in the battle of Magetobriga. After this he ruled them with unbearable insolence. In B.C. 60, a report reached Rome that the Helvetii ^ ■ like the Cimbri and Teutones, were preparing for a great ^Str emigration. The plan was under the direction of Orgetorix a wealthy Helvetian noble. Seeing the fertile plains' of I 1;, XVlll LIFE OF CAKSAU. Carsftr t'onntU. Seta nut Caul. to (laul, tlic)- were dissiilislieil with their own hiiid. In tlie previous year a ilecree had been passed at Rome, that the (lovernorof (iaul for tlie time heinj^ shoiihl protect tlie aUies of the Roman people. In the next year 59 B.C., Julius Caesar was Consul. During his Consulship, I*. V'atinius projxised a law J4i\ in^ Caesar the go\ernment of Ciaul and illyricum for five years. Caesar's object was to complete the concjucst of (iaul. lie remained at Rome till after the exile of Cicero. Soon after this, B.C. 58, he hastily set out for Gaul, on the report that the Helveti were on the move westward. 'it i ROMAN SOLDIERS, FROM TRAJAN'S COLUMN. IV. THE ROMAN ARMY. In ancient times of Rome, the army was drawn in a solid mass {/f/ui/a/ix), a method very common among the •.,tS ^ ^ i '"**•'•'■ '^«i^fc-wJI I i 3 I -J I LIFK OP CAKSAIt. Macedonians, and perhaps derived from them. Camillus (circa, yjo I5.C.) is said to have broken up the ///,f/r//u- into smaller bodies called maiiifiuli, capable of acting inde- pendently and also in concert. The whole legion was arrangctl in tiiree hnes. In the first {haslati) were the youngest nun, in the second {principcs) were men in the full vigor of life, and in the third {triarii) were the veter- ans. Kach line contained ten nianipuli, arranged in the following fashion ; I fas tat i : — — — — Principex : — — — -. . Triarii: - — — — — Each manipuius of the two first lines contained two centuriae, each commanded by a ccntiirio. The centurion commaiuli. ■, the right century of the manipuli was styled centiirio prior, the one commanding the left century, ccn- tiirio posterior. Light armed troops {velites) were at- tached, twenty, to each century. Thus we have : ILntali : lo m.inipuli, 120 men = 20 centuries, 60 men= 1,200 Principt's : 10 " 120 " =20 " 60 Triarii: 10 " 60 " =20 " 30 XIX << 1,200 " = 600 30 60 3,000 To every century, 20 velites= 1,200 4,200 This was the triplex acies referred to so often by Caesar. To each legion was attached 10 turmae, or squadrons of cavalry of 30 men each, each ttirma being sub-divided into three decuriae of 10 men each j each decuria was headed by an olificer called decurio. To Caesar or Marius is ascribed the custom of drawing up the legion of cohorts. Each legion, when complete, had regularly 6,ood men, divided into 10 cohorts {cohortes\ each cohort divided into three maniples {vianipuli\ and each maniple into two centuries {centuriae) The spear {hasfa) was given to the triarii, who also seem to have XX LIFE OF* CAESAU. Officers. Centurionn. Tribunes. Legati. A rms. been armed with the pike {piluni). Hence the first two lines were sometimes called ante-pilani. The officers of the army \\ere : (a) Ceniun'ons {Ccniurioncs) : These were the leaders of the centuries, two in each maniple, six in each cohort, and sixty in each legion. There was a reg- ular system of promotion in the Roman army. The hiirhest centurion was the first centurion of the first maniple of the first cohort, so the U)west would be the second centurion of the third maniple of the tenth cohort. As a badge of authority the centu- rions carried a staff. (b) Milittuy T)-!buncs ( T7-ibuin Miltliini) : These were six to each legion : hence ten centurions were under each tribune. (c) LiciitouDitx i^Lcgati) : These were next the gene ral in rounnand. The ca\alry were under the command oi \\\c p) crft'cti eqiti/u»i and dccurioncs. The "U't'dpons of the Roman so'dier were of two kinds : (i) Ojji'nshw weapons. 'Hie ordinary soldier {miics Iigionariits) was armtd with (a) //ir ja7>cliu. Of this there were four kinds : pilinn, ia^tilimi., /lasta, huicea. The piiion was a strong heavy pike, con- sisting of a sc[uare shaft of wood four feet long, to the end of which a strong, sharp iron point about two feet long was attaclied. The huulinn was a lighter dart used for hurling, while the hasta was a long spear used for stabbing. The lancca was a light spear with a broad point. The infantry used the ;^/7/^w, while the caval y and light armed troops, the uiculuiu., hasta., and /antra. Some of the latter rai ried bows {ara/s), and arrows {sag/tfac), slings {fnndac). (b) The s-i'ord {gladtus) was short, broad, double- edged and pointed, more used for stabbing than for slashing. It was kept in a light scabbard fastened to a belt {hal/eus). i ■i »^-'iw»*fe!ra«(fc.»|i ,^' Life op caksar. xxi (2) Dejeusri'c weapons. The soldiers of the legion had : (a) a brazen helmet (oiss/s), surmounted ^ith a crest ; (b) a cuirass (/ori'ea), made of leather, or of strips of metal fastened on the leather, or of metal- lic scales, or of brazen plates : (c)^^rea7'es (oereae), reaching as hi-h as the knee ; (d) a shield either oblong, made of boards, covered w ith leather and surrounded with a broad metallic rim {scutum), or made of bronze and of an oxal shape {clipeus\ The light armed troops had a small buckler {parma\ and a helmet of leather {i^alea). The soldier had beneath liis armour his tunic {tu7uca\ a thick, woollen under-garment reaching nearly to the knees. His cloak (sao^um) was of heavy, woollen stuff, fastened by a broach on the shoulder, and open in front. The cloak of the general was called p( iliu lame f it u ni . The standards of the Roman army were : (a) Aquila, Standards. or eagle, the standard of the legion. This was of gold, silver, or bronze, with expanded wings. See Vocabulary; Aqnilifer. To lose the eagle was a great disgrace. The standai-d of the maniples was called (b) signum, and was of various designs, sometimes a wolf, dog, horse, serpent, figure of victory, &c. (c) The vextllum was a square or oblong l>anner carried by the cavalry. The musical instruments of the army were : (a) tuba, Musical in- trumpet, was straight and deep-toned. This was used for *''''""«^"'''- the signals of adA-ance and retreat for infantry (b) coniu and buccina were crooked, and had a shriller note, and generally used to indicate a change of watch ; (c) lituus, was formed like an augur's staff, and used for cavalry. I XXll LIFK OP CAESAH. V. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH. The army on the march may be divided into three divisions ; (a) agincn primuui^ or van ; (Id) e.xrra'tus^ ag- vien legionum^ or main body ; (c) agincn novissimum, or rear. The van was generally composed of liglit armed troops of infantry or cavalry. Their chief duty was to find out the force of the enemy, or to hold the enemy at bay until the main body should arrive. The main body with the baggage train {iinpcdi))icnta), followed. The rear generally consisted of cavalry or light armed troops. The average march {iter iiistuni) was from six to seven hours, or frotn fifteen to twenty miles a day.- On the forced march the soldiers often covered fifty miles a day. On the march, the soldier carried two Roman pecks of grain {Jriimentiim\ cooking utensils {vasci)^ his arms, blanket, and two rampart stakes {valli). The private baggage of the soldier was called sarcina. I % ,^ VI. THE ARMY IN CAMP. When the army was on the march, men {meiatores) were sent forward to select a suitable place for a camp. If possible, a high ground {hens superior) was sought. The camp was usually square or oblong. An embank- ment {vallum)^ formed from the ground thrown up from trench {fossa), surrounded the camp. The camp had four gates : ( i ) porta praetoria^ near the praetorium, or general's tent, faced the enemy ; (2) porta decumana was opposite to this ; {'^ porta principalis sinistra on the left; and (4) porta principalis dcxtra on the right. Connect- ing these two latter gates was the via principalis, and parallel to the street was the via qiiintana. Connecting the porta praetorta and porta decumana was the via prac- toria. 4 a^- LIFE OF CAESAR. The pickets were generally called exxubitores; vtgiliac were night watches ; custodiae were sentinels to guard some particular post. The average pay was about 6X cents per day. Caesar doubled this. A centurion received 25 cents per day. Besides the regular pay Caesar often gave them the money that accrued from the sale of booty. «•4 XXUl 4 EXPLANATION OF PIAGRAM. 1. I'raetorium, or Genera» s tent. 2. Ground for horses and l»ajfy:ai,'e of the Tribuni inilitum. 3. Tents of tlie Tn'hitiil tniUtiitn. 4. Ground oecujticd by hoi'ses and ba;,'<,^a^'c of jiraefccti socioniin. f). Tents of 2»'(i('f*'cti nocionoii. 6. Street KK) feet wide, called ■jirlnn'j^ici or rltt jirhicipaltf, 1. Cross street, 50 feet wide, on both sides of wliieh were the tents of the Roman eqnHea or horse. 8. The eijiiltoit of two Roman le<,'ions, in 10 turinae or troops each. !). The triarii of two Roman legions, in 10 inanipnli ea(!h, forming on two different streets. 10. The two streets, each GO feet wide, ])etw'een the triarii and j)ri7icipes^f two lejjions. 11. The jirinciMt'K of two Roman lei^ions, in 10 nianipuH each. 12. The hnntati of two Roman legions, in 10 inanijmli each. 13. Two streets, each M) feet wide, between the haxtntl of the two Roman lej,'ions and the horse {equitea) of the allies. 14. The liorse of the allies. 15. The infantry of the allies. 16. The quintana via, a street .'50 feet wide. 17. Quaestorium, the (juaestor's tent. 18. The tents of legati ; in front of them and the quarittvrium was the forum where thinjjs were sold. 19. The veteran horse (evocati equites). 20. The veteran foot (emcati j)editct<). 21. The horse of the consular life jjuards (ahlrcti pqvitex). 22. The foot of the consular life j,mards {abh'i'ti prditcs). 23. A cross street, 100 feet wide. 24. A street, f>0 feet wide. 25. Extraordiimrii rqnitcs, a part of the allied horse to serve in nonstil's body ffuard. 26. Extraordinarii prdifeii, a part of the allied foot to serve in constil's body j^uard. 27. Quarters for stranf,''ors cominfjf into camp. 28. A span of 200 feet between tents and rampart. 29. Rampart (i>fflWj 8 e V 3 a 9 12 |2 in 12 13 12 ii J 13 IC 12 13 12 13 12 13 14 IS 14 15 14 •5 14 15 14 IS Irt 14 IB 14 IS 14 IS 14 IS 14 13 23 n e& 38 _30 ;3d| 33 DIAGRAM OF CAMP. NOTE ON ROMAN HISTORY. History, or rather chronology, was cultivated in a somewhat crude form by the Romans in the earliest times. P'rom the early days of the Republic the magistrates were required to keep certain records of their doings while in office, and these records formed for many years the sole history of the State. The following may be regarded as the chief original sources from which subsequent history was derived. (i) Annales (i.e. annales libri, yearbooks) were records kept by differ- ent officers recording the events of the year. Those of the pontifex /uaximus were styled annaks pontificuvi, annales tnaximi, and recorded little beyond the eclipses, prodigies and events of a supernatural nature. Most of these records perished in the taking of the city by the Gauls in 390 B.C., but, as far as possible, were replaced and continued down to 133 H.c, when they were discontinued. The anna'es consnlares, of which a copy may be seen at the end of Smith's Classical Dictionary, gave the names of the consuls and the wars waged. (2) Cominentari'' saceniotum seem to have been a kind of almanac for the benefit of \\\q priests, telling for what event each day was noted. We also hear of the commenlarii angnrutn kept by the augurs fir a similar purpose. The Fasti of Ovid appears to have been constructed after the manner of these. (3) Libri praetoruvi were records kept by the praetors. (4) Libri lintei were linen rolls containing historical records. Little is known of these except that they existed in very early times, and are men- tioned by Livy as containing an accouni of the first treaty with Carthage in 509 B.C. (5) Tria millia tabularum contained the acts of tlie Senate from the foundation of the city till the burning of the Capitol in Vespasian's reign, 79 A t,, ' ■ pus civ/ lis legis, collected at different times. These were the docuiricats en w'rich the Roman historians chiefly based their works and [xxvi] J: JIO.MAN IIISTOKV. XX vu ■4 wliich tliuy consulted. The burninjf of the cily by the (iauls caused tlie destruction of many important records. This accounts to some extent for liie obscurity of the early part of tlie Roman history. We may (bvide the hisloriial compositions of the Romans into three classes : (i) Aniuu'es, (2) Historiae^ (3) Coinincutarii. The difference between Aunalcs and Historiae is still a matter of discussion. Cicero says that the Annales were written in imitation of the pontifical annals and were merely memorials of the times, men, places, events, without any ornament, and provided the meaning was intelligible, the chief excellency lay in brevity. The Historiae added the ornaments of the orator to the narrative, aimed at descriptions and were varied with speeches and harangues. Auliis Gelliiis says the Annates observe the order of the years, narrating under each year the events that occurred in sequence of time, while the Historiae did not ob- serve the order of occurrence. ^^;t7//5' gives his opinion that the Annales were records of events that took place in former days, while the Historiae treated of events that took place during the lifetihie of the Author. The Commcniarii were records, or rather notes or memoranda. Under this head come Caesar's Commentaries. It is probable Caesar intended to work up and present his in a different form, but, as Cicero says, their merit was such in the eyes of the discerning that all judicious writers shrank from the attempt to alter them. There aie t/nre periods of Roman liistory. (1) i:\\Q first e-xtends from the beginning of the second Piinie 7var to the birth of Caesar. The compositions of tliis period went generally under the name oi Annales. (2) Tile second period extended f I om Caesar s birth to the death ofAugtisttis, 14 A.D. 'Yhiifoiirishing period o^ Roman history is contemporaneous with the development of oratory and poetry. The narratives of the historians are more ornate, the language more refined and the treatment of history better understood. (3) The third period may be dated after the death of Augustus. Tlie only historian of note is Tacitus, who flourished under the fostering care of Trajan. The decay of history was caused by the death of political liberty. All his- tory, as well as all poetry, that was not adulation was treason under the gruel despotism of the successors of Augustus. XXVlll «O.MAN JllSTOHY The following is a list of the principal Komm llistoriauo ; — Names. FliOlTRIHIIKl). Works. Q. FabiUB Pictor. 220 15.C. Ilislory of IMmic Wars (in Greek). L. Cint'ius Alinu'iitus. •220 |{.('. History of IMiiiic ^^ ars(iii (ireei<). C. Aeilius Glahrio. 220 |{.(:. History of I'unic Wars (in Greek). M. PorciuB Cato- 220 15. C. Oriitines. L. CassiiiH Ht'Miiiiii. ir)0 I5.C. Annales, Q. Fabius Ma.xinius. ir>o H.c. Aniiales. C. Faniiiius. 150 J5.C. Annales, 0, Seniproniiis. L. Caelnis Anti]);iter. ir). T. Livius. 10 B.C. Annales. Velleius Paterculus. 10 B.C. Historia;. Cn. Cornelius Tacitus. 70 A.D. Histori;e and Aiuiales. C. .Suetonius Tan|uillas. 70 A. I). XII. Cii'saruni Vitie. Q. Curtius Itufus. 1(K> A.I). Alexandri Ma^^ni \ita. L. AiiiKL'us Florus. 100 A.D. 1 e Helms Rninanis. C. Plinius Sec-undus. 100 A.D. De J5ello Gerniano Hisloriie. ■^ -(^» INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO BELLUM BRITANNICUM. Britain in the earliest times bore the name of yf//-/^^;/, and was visited long before the time of Caesar by Plioenicians, Carthaginians and Greeks for the ])urpose of ol)laining tin. Roman Connection with Britain (henceforth called Britannia) dates from 55 B.C., the year of Caesar's fust invasion, to 410 A.D., when the Komans, hard pressed in Italy by the Gotlis and the Vandals, were compelled to withdraw their forces from Britain in order to defend them- selves at home. Caesar did not occupy Britain. He simi)ly made two military landings for the purpose of completing the subjugation of Gaul by intimidating the British Celts from givi::g further aid to their Gallic kinsmen. Hence it is that the chapters known as ^' Bclhim Britannicnin " were written as part of I! frc 'iK' iii ''i hi f UOMAN HISTORY. XXIX < iic'sar's cuniincntarics Do Inilo Gallico. The history of these two hxmlings ill 55 B.C. and 54 ii.C. comprises Chapters 20-3O of Hook I v., and Chai)ters S-23 of B(-"k v., iVlhun (iallicum. We learn from the concluding cha[)tt'rs that the only result of Caesar's invasion was to humhle Cassivellaunus, under whom the Britons had temporarily united, and to secure hostages and an annual tribute to be paid by iJritain to the Roman people. Caesar withdrew his forces and Britain was not again molested for nearly a hundred years. Roman Occupation began under the Emperor Claudius in 43 A.D. I'oityyeuis later the great Roman general Agricola, after defeating the "large-Iind)ed and red-haired" Caledonians at Mor.s (Iranipius, pushed north as ixx as the Moray P'irth. lie built a chain of forts between the Clyde and the Forth, and did more than any other Roman general to civilize the Britons. In 120 A.D., Hadrian's Wall was built between the Solwayand the Tyne, anil this hencefoi th fornieil the boundary between Caledonia and the Roman province Ihitannia. The Roman capital was York ( I'lboracum). The witluliawal of the Roman military forces in 410 A.D. left the island a prey to jMrates from Germany and the North. Hence the advent of the Picts and the Scots, the Angles, Saxons and Danes. Roman occu])ation of Britain has left behind many lasting traces. Dining this jieriod the inhabitants first learned to live in towns and engage in industries. Christianity was first introduced into the island through the medium of the Roman military. Ronian roails still stretch in many directions through the islar.d. The luins of Roman walls and camps are still to be seen in various parts of England, and m.any geographical names owe their origin to Latin words, e.g., Lancaster, Chester, Lincoln from cnstra and colonia. Thus it may be said that Caesar's two demonstrations of Roman power in 55 and 54 i!.c. paved the way to the modern civili- zation of Britain, as exhibited in the social condilion, the icligion, and the iangitage oi \.\\Q people. Hence the Bellum Britannieum must for all time possess a special interest for English-speaking readers the world over. 'illE ROMAN EXrEDITIONS TO BRITAIN. J si lixpidition. 55 ]!.c.— At the close of this year Julius Caesar lands, but stays only a few days. 54 H.C.— Caesar again lands, defeats Cassivellaunus, King of the Cassi, and penetrates as far as St. Albans, I XXX HwMAN lll.>T<)liV. 2ntt ]''..\pii{Hion. In i«)nsoi|uence of the civil wars from 49 U.i".- ^F B.C., Iiritaiii u.is ncgliitc'd by the Uomans. 'Ilic policy of Aumislus (31 i:.c. i.|. A. I). ) was iu)ii-a<;rc'.ssivc, anJ Tiberius (14 A. I). -37 A.D.) adiicicil to the example «jf his predecessor. Calij^iihv (^7 \.i>. 41 A.i>.) intended t(j suIkIuc Britain but nothing \v.i> (lone. 43 A.D. — IJericus, :v iictty kinj,', liavini; been expelled from the island, ap])ealed to Claudius, who took up his cause. Aulus Plautius was sent out and defeated CaractaCUS and 'rogudunnni-. Claudius also in person conmianiled at a victory which he gainc. Ostorius .Scapula succeeded, and built a line of forts from the Axon to the Nen. He defeated the Silures and made Caractacus a pristnier. 59 A.D. —Suetonius T'auiinus succeeded, and defeated the Iceni and Trinobantes under Boadicea. J id E.\pcdition. 7S A.D. Agricola succeeds, and reduces Mona (Anglesey). 89 A.D. — He advances as far as the Tay, and defeats GalgaCUS, at the fo .t of the Grampians or Mons Grampius. After this period the Romans maintained a pacific policy towards ])rilain. 120 y\.D. - Hadrian's wall built and the Romans retire to the south of it. 410 A.D. — The Romans withdraw. .'riVAs--..,. i»,. t- aiul INTRODUCTORY LESSONS IN TRANSLATION. [N.n. -These lessons are specinlly desit^nctl for hej^itiners in translation who liavo not had the advantage of an extensive course of exercises in the Inuoductory Latin Hook.] Lesson 1. Translate into lutsrlish. 1. Kxij,aui pars aestatis rcliqua est. Caesartainen in Uritanniam proficisci contendit. 2. Exij,aia parte aestntis rcliqua, Caesar, ctsi in his locis niaturac sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniani proficisci contondi 3. Hostibus nostris inde subministrata erant auxilia. Hostibus nostris inde subiiiinistrata (esse) auxilia intelligebat. 4. Tempus anni ad bellum gerendum deficit ; tamen magno milii Usui erit, si modo insulani adiero, genus honiinuni pcrspexero, loca cognovero. 5. Si tempus deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adisset, genus hominum perspexisset^ loca cognovisset. (In the above exercise the attention of the learner may be directed to the ubtatiTe absolute, accusative loitk infuiitive, the difference between the tenses of tJie infin, {siibinhiisti ata esse and /^/v), and the more important changes of person, tense and viood from Direct to Indirect Discourse.) Lesson 2. Translate into Latin. I. Caesar nevertheless sets out for the island. 2. The Romans were hastening to set out. 3. A small {pan'us) part of the year remaining, they set out. 4, Although in this place the winter is early, I will nevertheless set out, visit the island and become acquainted with the locality. 5. The time of the summer fails (me) for waging war. 6. The people (not populus) of the island have furnished aid to our enemies. 7. Aid has been furnished by the people-of-Britain (Britanni). 8. I think that aid has been furnished. [xxxi] XXXll LESSONS IN TRANSLATION. Lesson 3. I'liinslatc CJinp. 20, Bk\ /V'. fo craui iihos^niia. Lessor 4. Tra?isI(Uc inio E)ii!;lish. I. Nccjuc enini practer iiiercalorcs illoadit quisquam. 2. Ncque mcrcatoribus ij)his qiiicqiiam practcr oram notum est. 3. Evocat mcrcatort's. 4. ()uanta est insulac niagnitudo .? Magna est insula. 5. (2uae nationcs incolunt.'* 6. (^)ucm usum belli habent .'* 7. Has res reperire non possum. 8. Evocatis mcrcatoribus, has res reperire non poterat. 9. Quanta asset insulae magnitude, rejierire non poterat. 10. Ouanta sit reperire non potest. 11. Magnam esse insulam reperit. 12. His institutis utuntur. 13. Quibus institutis utuntur ? (C^bserve in this exercise (i) tlie dilTerence between Direct and Indirect Questions; (2) SciiuL-nce of 'lY'iise. ) t : Lesson 5. Translate inio Laiin. I. The traders are summoned by Caesar. 2. He is unable to tind out many things. 3. How great is Ihitain .'* 4. He cannot ascertain how great l^ritain is. 5. He could not ascertain how great it was. 6. How great tribes inlial)it (it) ? 7. He finds out how great tribes inhabit (it). K. He found out how great tribes inhabited (it). 9. 'I'hc Romans cannot find out wliat customs they use. 10. They were imable to learn what customs these (people) used. Lesson 6. Translaic i/ir iaiicr haif of CJiap. J(\ />'/(•. /v. Lesson 7- Trans iaic inio K mulish. .•s' I. Ad haec. cognoscenda A'olusenum cum na\ i longa praemittit. 2. Idoneum esse arjjitratus \'olusenum praemittit. 3. Huic mau- dat ut ad se quam primum reveriatur. 4. Hue naves ex finitimis regionibus et classem quam superiore aestate effecerat iubet convenire. 5. 7>anslate Chap. 21 to iubet convenire. f I *, 1, 1; I !WTS V^«-' l.KftSONS IN TRANSLATION. XXXlll Lesson 8. Translafc into Euirlish. I. Concilio ciiis cognito ct ad liritannos perlato, ad eum Icgati 30 veniunt. 2. Lcgati veniunt qui pollicentur (note the mood) obsides daie. 3. \^eniunt ut polliccantur. 4. Lcgati veniunt qui ( = utii) ])ollireantur. 5. Ouibus auditis, eos hortatus est ut in ea sententia permanercnt. 6. Ouibus auditis, hortatus ut in ea sententia pcr- ^ maneient, eos domuni remittit. 7. Una cum iis Commium, quem I ipse regcm constituerat, cuius virtutem probabat, cuiusque ■ M auc toritas magni habcbatur, mittit. i Lesson 9. I Translate CJiap. 2t from in/rri/n coiisi/io to iniltit, /I ' Lesson 10. TraJislate into Em^/ish. X ^- Huic impcrat (ut) civitates adcat. 2. Adit hortaturque ut populi Roinani fidem sequantur. 3. Imperat Caesar Vohiseno ut civitates hortetur (note the mood) ut fidcm Caesaris sequantur. 4. Ego celeritcr eo veniam, 5, Me cele.itereo venturum (esse) nunti?, Volusene. 6. Caesar Vohiseno imperat (ut) se celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. 7. Vohisenus Caesarem eo venturum (esse) nuntiat. 8. Huic imperat (ut) adeat, (ut) hortetur, (ut) nuntiet. 9. Adit, hortatur, nuntiat. 10. Quae in Britannia perspexisti, Volusene? Ea, Caesar, sunt quae perspexi, 11. Caesari ea quae pcrspexerat renuntiat. 12. Quae perspexisset (why this mood.'^ See lesson 4) renuntiat. Lesson 11. Translatt' Ch t/\ 21 from Huic iinpaat to tJie end. ■M W •' ■(: f ^; " I ■<-8* *4 C. lULI CAESARIS BELLUM BRITANNICUM LIBKR OUARTUS (BEI,T-UM C.AI.rjC'UM.) FIRST INVASION OF BRITAIN. XX. — Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, Caesar, etsi in his locis — quod omnis Gallia ad septcntriones vergit — matiirae sunt hiemes, tanien in Britanniam proficisci contcndit, quod, omnibus fere Gallicis bellis, hostibus nostris indc Caosardc- subministrata auxilia intelligebat : et, si tempus anni ad [nvade^^^ilri- bellum gerendum deficcret, tamen niagno sibi usui fore *'''^'" ' '^l^ ° _ . . . reasons for arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adisset, genus hominum crossinf--. perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset : quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. ^>eque enim temere praetcr mercatores illo adit quisquam, ncque iis ipsis quicquam praeter oiam maritimam atque eas regioncs, quae sunt con .1. . Gallias, notum est. Itaque, evocatis ad se undique me'\.:iir. ibus, neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo, Ui v;u< ciuae auf quantae nationes incolercnt, neqMe qucni iiSLir. 1 cili haberent, aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui esr^ciiL ad niaiorum navium multitudinem idonei portus, re()erire poterat. XX I. --Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum faccret, idoneum esse arbitratus Caiuni \'olusenum, cum r.avi longa praemittit. Hulc mandat, uti, cxploratis omni- bus rebus, ad se quam ])rimum revertatur : ij)se cum onmi- hns copus la Monnos iirotuiscitur, quod mde crat bie\ issi- seim-, who ir.- li' "'ritnnniam transiectus. Hue naves undiciue ex fini- '■t'^""'"'" "'"• 1 reports lo timis . gionibus ct, quam superiore aestate ad \'eneticuni •«i»»- [I] ( ,' i '■ a. lUTJ CARSARIS Caesar lev host ayes from till' Morini. bclliip.1 fccerat, classem iabet convenire. Interim, consillo eiu: coyiiito et per mcrcatorcs ptMlato acl Ihitannos, a compluribus eius insnlac ci\ itaiibus ad cum Icgati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsidcs dare atc[ue imperio Populi Rom- ani obtemi)crare. Quibus auditis, lil)craliter poUicitus, hortatusque ut in ea scntentia permanercnt, eos domum remittit, et cum his una Commium— tpicm ipse, Atrebati- bus supcratis, rej^cm ibi constitucrat, cuius et virtutem et consilium probabat, et quern sibi fidelem arbitrabatur, cuiusque auctoritas in lis regionibus magni habelDatur — mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit adeat civitates, horte- turc|ue ut i'oinili Romani fidem sequantur, seque celeriter CO \enturum nuntiet. Volusenus, peispectis regionibus, c[uantum ei facultat'' dari potuit qui ravi e^redi ac se barbaris committere i " ■ ■< ierot, quinto die ad Cacsarem revertitur ; quaeque ilj' i- * oexisset renuntiat. XXII.— Dumin his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moralur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad cum legati vencruiit, qui se de superioris temporis consiHo cxcus- iesarcnt, quod homines barbari, et nostrac consuetuchnis imjjcriti, bellum Populo Romano focissent, sccpie ea quae imi)erasset factuios polHcerenlur. Hoc sibi satis oppor- tune Caesar accidisse arbitratus, quod ne([ue post tergum hostem rchnquere volebat, neciue belli gerendi, jjropter anni tcmpus, facultatem habebat, neque has tanlularum rerum occupationes sibi Britanniae anteponendas iudica- bat, magnum his obsidum numerum nni)eiat. Ouibus adductis, eos in fidem recepit. Navibus circiter octoginta onerariis coactis contractisque, quot satis esse ad duas trans[)ortandas legiones existimaljat, quicquid praetcrea navium longarum hal)ebat, c[uaestori, legatis, ])racfectis(|ue distribuit. Hue arcedebant octodecim oiierariae naves quae ex eo loco ab millibus passuum octo vento tenebantur quominus in eundem portum pervenire possent. Has e([uitibus distribuit. ReHquum exercitum Quinto Titurio Sabino et Lucio Auruncuieio Cottae, legatis, in Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum, ab quibus ad eum legati "if .t,v 15ELLUM BinTANNICUM, LIB, IV. 3 non vcncrant, dcducendum dcdit. Piil)Iiuin Sulpitium kiifiim legatuin cum eo praesidio, c[uod satis esse arbitra- Ijatur, portum tenere iussit. XXIII. — His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad na\ iganduin tempestatem, tenia fere vigilia solvit, equit- esque in ulterioiom portum pro^redi, et naves conscen- dere, et se sequi iussit : a quibus cum id paulo tardius csset administratum, ij)se hora diei circiter quarta cum and reiu-hos priniis navibus Hritanniam attigit, atque ibi in omnibus ^^''''"'"" colliljus cxpositas hostium copias armatas conspexit. Cuius loci haec erafnatuia : adeo montibus angustis mare continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in liti.s tclum adiici posset. Hunc ad egrediendum nequacjuam idoneum arbi- tratus locum, dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad lioram nonam in ancoris exspectavit. Interim Icgatis tribunisque militum convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno cog- nosset, ct quae fieri vellet, ostendit, monuitque— ut rei mil- itaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae res postularcnt, ut quae celerem atque instabilem niotum haberent— ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis adniinistrarentur. Hisdim- issis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo et sublatis ancoris, circiter millia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus nperto ac piano litore naves constituit. XXIV. — At barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito, prae- niisso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consucrunt, relii I r I I M C. JL'Lirs CAESAB, C. lULI CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIORUM LIBER QUINTUS. CH. 1-7.— CAESAR IN GAUL PREPARES FOR THE 2ND INVASION OF BRITAIN; WINTER OF 55-54 B.C. CH. 8-23.— SECOND INVASION OF BRITAIN, 54 ]i.C. CH. 24-58.— ATTACK ON THE WINTER CAMPS IN GAUL. Caesar leaves dh'cctions for Iniildifig a Jleet on the coast. Dtpa7fs for lllyricwn to quiet the Pirustae^ j. Returns and finds satisfactory proi^ress. Marches against the Trevefi^ 2-4. Caesar^ at Portiis Itius, prepares to sail, j". Vumnorix^ the Aeduan, gives trouble and is slain^ 6, y. Caesar orders ^•— L- Domitio, Ap. Clauclio consulibus disccdcns ab aHeettobe hibcrnis (".'les.'ir in It.iliam, ut quotannis faccrc con- built. -..I-.' V, l^-M suerat, legatis inijKM-at, quos leyionibus praefecerat, uti, quam plurimas posscnt, hieme nfixes acdificandas vctcres(|ue reficiendas curarcnt. Eatuni niodiim fonnanique denionstrat. Ad celeritatem oncrandi subduclionesque pauIo facit humiliores, U m ■1' ) 'I' I, I J jiiil i2 O. lULI CAESAR» quam quibus in nostro mSri uti consuevimus, atque id eo mSgis, quod propter crebras commutationes aesluum niTnus magnos ibi fluctus fiSri cognoverat ; ad onera ac multitudinem iumentorum transportandam paulo latiores, quam quibus in rellquis utimur maribus. Has omnes actuarias impgrat fieri, quam ad rem humilitas multum adiuvat. Ea, quae sunt usui ad armandas naves) ex Hispania adportari iubet. Ipse conventibus Gal- give hostages. ^'^® citerioris peractis in lUyricum proficiscitur, quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vastari audiebat. Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat certumque in 16cum convenire iubet. Qua re nuniiata Pirustae legates ad eum mittunt, qui dSceant, nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos ess^ demonstrant omnibus ration- ibus de iniuriis satisfacere. Percepta oratione eorum Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certam diem adduci iubet ; nisi ita fecerint, "Sese bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat. lis ad diem adductis, ut imperaverat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poe- namque constituant. II. — His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis, in '^praise(?fo7 citcriorem Galliam revertitur atque inde ad exercitum their zeal, proficiscitur. Eo cum venisset, circuitis omnibus Fleet ordered to ^ . ... . . rendezvous at hibernis singulari niilitum studio in summa omnium Portus Itius. . ^ ._ . .^ ^ . rerum inopiacirciter sexcentaseius generis, cuius supra demonstiavimus, naves et longas viginti octo invenit instructas, neque multum abesse ab eo, quin paucis diebus deduci possint. Col- laudatis militibus, iis, qui negotio praefuerjint, quid fieri velit ostendit atque omnes ad portum Itium convenire iubet, quo ex portu commodissimum in Britanniam traiectum esse cognoverat, circiter milium passuum triginta a continenti : huic rei quod satis esse visum est militum, reliquit. Ipse cum legionibus expedltis quattuor et equitibus octingentis in fines TrevSrorum proficiscitur, quod hi nSque ad concilia veniebant neque imperio parebant Ger- manosque Transrhenanos soUicitare dicebantur. III. — Haec civitas longe plurimum totius Galliae Tl)6 Xrcvcn and their rival equitatu valet magnasque habet copias peditum, tains. Rhenumque, ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de principatu inter se contendebant, Indutioinarus et \ L iLLUM imiTANNICUM, LIB. V. IS Cingetorix ; e qutbus alter, simul atque de Caesaris legionumque adventu cognitum est, ad eum venit, se suosque omnes in officio futures neque ab amicitia populi Romani defecturos confirmavit, quaeque in Treveris gererentur, ostendit. At Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque cogere iisque, qui per aetatem in armis esse non poterant, in silvam /^rduennam abditis, quae ingenti magnitudine per mSdios fines Tieverorum a flumine Rheno ad initium Remorum pertinet, bellum parare instituit. Sed postSaquam nonnulli principes ex ea civitate etfamiliaiitate Cingetorigis adducti et adventu nostri exercitus perterriti ad Caesarem venerunt et de suis privatim rebus ab eo petere' coeperunt, quoniam civitati con- siilere non possent : veritus, ne ab omnibus desereretur, Indutiom- arus legates a'd Caesarem 'mittit': Sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, qiTo facilius civitatem in officio conti- neret, ne omnis nobilitatis disces'su plebs propter ipiprudentiam laberetur : itaque esse civitatem in sua potestate, seseque, si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum, suas civitatisque fortunas eius fldei permissurum. IV. — Caesar, etsi intellegebat, qua de causa ea dice- hono^edTnd ^entur quaeque eum res ab institute consilio deterreret, Indutiomarus timen, ne aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur, omnibus ad Britannicum bellum rebus compar.itis, Indutiomarum ad se cum ducentis obsidibus vfinire iussit. His adductis, in iis fllio propinquisque eius omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, consolatus Indutiomarum hortatusque est, uti in officio maneret; nthilo tamen seclus principibus Treverorum ad se con- vocatis hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod cum merito eius a se fieri intellegebat, turn magni interesse arbitrabatur, eius auctoritatem inter suos quam plurimum valere, cuius tam egrggiam in se voluntatem perspexisset. Id tiilit factum gr^viter Indutiom- arus, suam gratiam inter suos minui, et, qui iam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit. V. — His rebus consti'iutis Caesar ad portum Itium ^^''^to toiL ^"^^ cum legionibus perv^nit. Ibi cognoscit, quadraginta naves, quae in Meldis factae erant, tempestate reiectas cursum teiiere non potuisse atque eodem, unde erant profectae, re-> iMfi y> i" 1 ' i ".;,.^^,.:,V^."T'' " ~SuWH.it liJ n 14 0. lULl OAESARIS |i ! I vertisse ; relTquas paratas ad nS.vigandum atque omnibus rebus instructas invSnit. Eodem equitatus totius Galliae convenit numero milium quattuor principesque ex omnibus civitatibus; ex quibus per- paucos, quorum in se f Idem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reli- quos obsidum Idco secum ducere abesset, motum Galliae verebatur. decreverat, quod, cum ipseJt/./j* VI. — Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de giveBteoubfe. ^^^ ^"^^ ^^ nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum nova- rum, cupidum imperii, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctori- tatis cognoverat. Accedebat hue, quod in concilio Aeduorum Dumnorix dixerat, sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri ; quod dictum Aedui graviter ferebant, neque recusandi aut deprecandi causa legatos ad Caesarem mittere audebant. Id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. I lie omnibus primo prficibus pet ere contendit, ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod insuetus navi- gandi mare timeret, partim quod religionibus impediri sese diceret. Posteaquam id obstinate sibi negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta, principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos, hortarique coepit, uti in continenti remanerent ; metu territare : non sine causa fieri, ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur ; id esse consilium Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur, hos omnes in Britanniam traductos necaret ; fidem reliquis interponere, iusiurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi consilio administrarent. Haec a compluribus ad Caesar- em deferebantur. VII. — Qua re cognita Caesar, quod tantum civitati i^mnoiiic Aeduae dignitatis tribuebat, coercendum atque deter- rendum, quibuscumque rebus posset, Dumnorigf»! statuebat ; quod longius eius amentiam progredi videbat, prospici- endum, ne quid sibi ac reipublicae nocere posset. Itaque dies cir- citer viginti quinque in eo loco commoratus, quod Corus ventus navi- gationem impediebat,qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam, ut in ofificio Dumnorigem cont.ineret, nihilo tamen secius omnia eius consilia cognosceret ; tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem milites equitesque conscendere in naves iubet. A| omnium impeditis animis Dunmorix cum 1 \ 1 HKLLUM BRITANNICUM, LIB. V. 15 IS o •- i- e iii-t)') t b ! equhibus Aeduorum a castris insciente Caesare domum discedere coepit. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar intermissa profectione atqire omnibus rebus postpositis magnam partem equitatus ad eum insequendum mittit retrahique imperat ; si vim facial neque pareat, interfici iubet, nihil hunc se absente pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille enim revocatus resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implorare coepit, saepe damitans, liberum se liberaeque esse civitatis. Illi, ut erat impera- tum, circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt ; at equites Aedui ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur. SKCOND INVASION OF BRITAIN.— CH. 8-23. VIII. — His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum Oaesar*! second ^ ., , . ., , . .... j 1 ,. ^ landing in tribus legionibus et equitum milibus duobus relicto, ut ^'^'^'ro. ^* portus tueretur et rem frumentariam provideret, quaeque in Gallia gererentur, cognosceret consilium- que pro tempore et pro re caperet, ipse cum quinque legionibus et pari numero equitum, quern in continent! reliquerat, ad solis occasum naves solvit et leni Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento intermisso, cursum non tenuit et long^us delatus aestu orta luce sub sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Tum rursus aestus commutationem secutus remis contendit, ut cam partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis non intermisso remigandi labore iongarum navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Britan- niam omnibus navibus meridiano iere tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visas ; sed, ut postea Caesar ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multitudine navium peterritae, quae cum annotinis privatisque, quas sui quisque commodi fecerat, ainplius octingentae uno erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant. ■ |i.1 _ ^ . IX. — Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castns idoneo The Briton» ^ . . . . • 1 , . oppose his capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo m loco hostium in*rch inland, ^opiae consedisscnt, cohortibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit, eo minus veritus navibus," quod in litore molli i (i^l '-h. Id 0. lULI CAKSAltlfl 1 r atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navi> busque Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu progressus milia passuum circiter duodecim hostium copias conspicatus est. lUi equi- tatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coeperunt. Repuisi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt, locum nacli egregie et natura et opere munitum, quern domestici belli, ut videbantur, causa iam ante praeparaverant: nam crebris arboribus succisis omnes introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae testudine facta et aggere ad munitiones adiecto locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignorabat, et quod, magna parte diei consumpta, munitioni castrorum tempus relinqui volebat. ..^ — X. — Postridie eius diei mane tripertito milites equi- ^e"fleeV*' tesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur. His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum iam extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui nuntiarent, superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope omnes naves adflictas atque in litore eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque subsisterent neque nautae gubernatoresque vim pati tempestatis possent : itaque ex eo concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum. XI. — His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatum- builds new que revocari atque m itmere resistere mbet, ipse ad •hips. naves revertitur ; eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat, coram perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter quadraginta navi- bus reliquae tamen refici posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continenti alios arcessiri iubet ; Labieno scribit, ut, quam plurimas posset, iis legionibus, quae sunt apud eum, naves instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione coniungi. In his rebus circiter dies decem consumit, ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus castrisque egregie munitis easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio navibus reliquit, ipse eodem. fML^. BKLI.UM BIIITANNICUM, LIB. V. 17 t unde redierat, proficiscitur. £o cum venisset, maiores iam undique Car.8l- '" ^""^ locum copiae Britannorum convenerant, sum- ▼ellaunua. mJi imperii bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivellauno ; cuius fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter milia passuum octoginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continen- tia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni hunc toti bello imperioque praefecerant. DESCRIPTION OF BRITAIN.— CH. 12, 1 3, 14. The people. XII. — Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos in insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt, mari- tima pars ab iis, qui praedae causa ex Belgis transierant — qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti ex civi- tatibus eo pervenerunt — et bello illato ibi permanserunt atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est infinita multitude creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia; pecorum magnus numerus. Utun- tur aut acre aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed eius exigua est copia ; aere utuntur im- portato. Materia cuiusque generis, ut in Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gall i nam et anserem gustare fas non putant ; haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia, remissionbus frigoribus. The island. XIII. — Insula natura triquetra, cuius mium latus est contra Galliam. Huius lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orien- tem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter milia passuum quingenta. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut exist! matur, quamBritannia, sed pari spatio transmissus, atque ex Gallia est, in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula quae appellatur Mona ; complures praeterea minores subiectae insulae existimantur ; de quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt, dies continues triginta sub bruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctes videbamus. Huius est longitude lateris, ut fert V V I \ IIM m t r 18 a lULI CABSAmS ■ : H illoi um opinio, septingentoium milium. Tertium est contra septen- triones ; cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius anj^^ulus lateria maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc milia passuum octingenta in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum milium passuum. XIV. — Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui Manners and ** ' ^ customs. Cantium mcolunt, qua regie est maritima omnis neque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique fru- menta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Rritanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc honidiores sunt in pu&^na aspectu ; capilloque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. Uxores habent deni duodenique inter se com- munes, et maxime fratres v,um fratribus parentesque cum liberis ; sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habcntur liberi, quo primum virgo quaeque deducta est. thh: war continues. More fighting; XV. — Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio death"ora^trl- ^""™ equitatu nostro in itinera conflixerunt, tamen ut bune. nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas collesque compulerint ; sed compluribus interfectis cupidius insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, intermisso spatio, in.prudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione castrorum, subito se ex silvis eiecerunt impetuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris coUocati, acriter pugnaverunt, duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum, cum hae perexiguo intermisso a spatio inter se constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris per medios audacissime perrupe- runt seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Quintus Laberius Durus tribunus militum mterficitur. lUi pluribus submissis cohorti- bus repelluntur. British mode XVI.— Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis of fighting, omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est, nostros propter gravitatem armorum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad huius generis hostem, equites autem magno cum periculo proelio BKLLUM niUTAN'XiOUM, Lin, V. 19 « dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam consulto plerumque cedcrent cf, cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris autem proelii ratio et cedenlibus et insequentibus par atque idem periculum in- ferebat. Accedeb.it hue, ut nunquam conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur stationesque dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent integrique et recentes defatigatis suc- cederent. . „ .^ XVII. — Postero die procul a castris hostes in coUi- TheBntonsre- , . . '^ ^ , . pulsed. bus constiterunt rarique se ostendere et lenius quam pridie nostros equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie^ cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. Nostri acriter in eos impetu facto reppulerunt neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt, magnoque eorum numero inteifecto neque sui colligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus, quae undique convenerant, auxilia discesserunt, neque post id tempus unquam summis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt. XVIII. — Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flumen ^^th^^Th'^me^ Tamesim in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit ; quod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest. Eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas. Ripa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis munita, eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixae sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque Caesar praemisso equitatu confestim legiones subsequi iussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua extarent, ut hostes impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent. XIX. — Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, Cas8?veiiaunu8 ^^^^ deposita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, milibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra servabat paulumque ex via excedebat locisque imped- itis ac silvestribus sese occultabat atque iis regionibus, quibus nos i(i .■I 30 a lULI 0AR.SARf9 i> ) iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compellebat ct, cum ecjuitatus noster liberius praedandivastandique causa se in agros eiccerat, omnibus viis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat et magno cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iif confligebat atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. Kelinqueba- tur, ut ncque longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus nocere- tur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites efficere poterant. XX. — Interim Trinobantcs, prope firmissima earum The Trinoban- . . . iv/t i i *• j i tesaubmitto regionum civitas, ex qua Mandubratius adulescens *^'****''' Caesaris fidem secutus ad eum in continentem Gall- iam venerat, cuius pater in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfect- usque erat a Cassivcliauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt poUicenturque, sese ei dediluros atque imperata facturos; petunt, ut Mandubratium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defen- dat atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadraginta frumentumque exercitui Mandubratiumque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque miserunt. XXI. — Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni mih- **ta?be»***' '""^ iniuria prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancal- ites, Bibroci, Cassi legationibus missis sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit, non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivel- A British '^uni abesse silvis paludibusque munitum, quo satis "town." magnus hominurn pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impediias vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae causa convenire consuerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum legionibus ; locum reperit egregie natura atque opere munitum ; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppugnare contendit. Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppi H eiecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus, multique ih sunt comprehensi atque interfecti. XXII. — Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivei Four Kentish , j /- *• j , , kings launus ad Lantium, quod esse ad mare supra demon • defeated. stravimus, quibus regionibus quattuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segonax» nuntios mittit atque I f i ! n ■ »( . -^ BKf.HJM nFlITANNinUM, MH. V. SI his imperat, uti coactis omnibus copiis castra navalia de improviso adoriantur atque oppugnent. li cum ad castra venissent, nostri eruptione facta multis eorum inlerfectis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus hoc proelio Oaasiveiiaunui nuntiato tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, treat* of peace. ,^axime etiam permotus defectione civitatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continenti propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse inteliegeret, obsides imperat et, quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Romano Britannia penderet, constituit ; interdicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubratio neu Trino- bantibus noceat. XXIII. — Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad ^''ToGjHii'"" inare, naves invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat et nonnullae • tempestate deperierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero tot navigationibus neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla omnino navis, quae milites portaret, desideraretur, at ex iis, quae inanes ex contin- enti ad eum remitterentur, et prioris commeatus expositis militibus et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero sexaginta, perpau- cae locum caperent, reliquae fere omnes reicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra expectasset, ne anni tempore a naviga' tione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angus- tius milites collocavit ac, summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit omnesque incolumes naves perduxit. ".,»1 • i^t m ii'i f I f (J WBBBBBmm l ► !i u : 'li^ ,,' :rt • i i u p m N () T i: S. Pff ;| \4 ha^iM !' wmmmmmm If t , 1 !' i ii ^ i !i I ^ N O T E b BELLUM BrJTANNICUM. fit BOOK IV. NB— I?i the irraminatioal references, F.L. means First Latin Book; P.L., Primary Latin Book. In the c-ase of tlie former, llie mimbers refer to i>aritaiii in the subsequent literature of Rome shows liow poj)ular such an expedition was. si—a\i^/io7i{.ss (Greek idror) wns a subdivision of the j,'«7/.v. maioinin ntnu'nin : he refers to the transports {narrs onerariai), CIIAPIKK XXI. fn'nsi/iiam —fatrrrt : " before he maile the attempt " : when does finiist/Htvn take the indicative and when the subjunctive? F.L. 201, 5; 1M-. III., 99, (0, l\'. Note the original meaning of /t77V/. ill., C'hapter ix. 'I'iiey occupied the district from the SkiA/is (now Scheldt) on the east to the Sainam (now Sonune) on the west. Their chief town was Ci'soriiuuui, afterwards Bonnoiiia (now Boulogne). The l)ir7'issi/nns tnxicctus is, of course, the Straits of Dover which is 21 miles in width between Dover and Calais. Veneticuin helium : see B. iii. This war was carrieil on n.c. 56. eiiis— Caesuris. — pc '.ato : " havinj; been reported." qui poUii'eantu)-=ut ei polliccantur '. F. L. 184, i; 1M<. in., 99, (a), I. dare', rarely do we find a present inlinitive ami an omission t)f pro- nouns with verbs of /^vw/V/y/i,"": F. L. 1 10, I ; I*. L. III., 101, ii. liberaliter pollicctiir : "makini^kind i)romises to them." — cio/uu/n : F. L. 85, i; r.L. III., SS, (-). Alrchatibus superatis : the Alrebates a peoi)le of Gallia Hcl}^'ua occupied what was once called Artois (probably a corruption of the name), but now named Pas-de-Calais. Others say that Arras (Flemish Atrecht) is a corrupt form of the name. They were defeated by Caesar at tlie river Sahis (now Sambre). A portion of them, after their defe. it, crossed over to Britain and settled in Berkshire on the Thames. It is cpiite ]>robable that Caesar may have been influenced in sendinj^ Commius to Britain by the fact, that he being king of the Atrebales on the continent would also exercise an intluence over his countrymen in Britain. magni — habebainr : "was highly esteemed": tnai^ni is the genitive of value: F. L. 150, 2; P. L. in., 81, (g). Jinie — Comniio. possit, scil. adire. — adeat \ I'.L. 96, 2 ; P. L. 11., 95. Often ut is omit- ted after ///(/;/. >k ri/or tuWiynv. Caesar uses botli /idT'i egft'iii ov l\\ ii,:7'i ti^^wiii. /I'l s/t'xissf/ : dependent (juestion : 1*".L. 176, 2; I'.l,. III., 99, (d). i CHAPTER XXH. dioii-- nioialiir : note tliat diiDi, expressintj time merely, meaninj^ "while" always takes the /^irsri/t indicative except in 11. Vll., 82, even when the piincipal verb is evidently /<7j/. i'/nriiiif, qiti polliccrcntur se fitcturos ea quae impi'i Lisst't. hoc accidissc \ "this was a tolerably good streak of fortune." For another meaniiiLj of ixccidit see note 15. ill., Chapter II. quod—7'o/tihif : the indicative as giving Caesar's own reasons. — J>ost ter^iiin " behinil liini." has — an/cpoiit'H(fas : "this business consisting of such trifles": for descri[);ive genitive : I'\L. 130, 7, S; P.!.. 111., 81 (e). Jh-itaiiuiac — lraiccliii in Britaniiiain : "to ins ex[)edition to Britain" : 'I'his condensed niuiK' of expression {/>i cuhj'/o^y) is common in (Ireek and I.alin poetry: Kniim ;\(i.piTKTn/v oiioidi : "hair like (the hair of) the graces" : So Shakespeare Coriolanus, Act II.: sc. 2, 21 : /lis astc'iit is not so easy as those wito, etc. quihiis additcds I'os : qiiif)tis referring to the hostages : i\>s, to tlie Morini. — /// fidr»i : "as a pledge" that the ISb)rinl would carry out their agree- ment. BOOK IV. m coactis—contraclisqiic. "having hccn collected nnd nnistercd."— r has the idea of collection under compulsion : contractis implies only their assembling. quic(juid—habebal : ** all the ships of war he had besides." Note the use of quicqtdd iiaviuvi = omnes naves : cp. II or. Epist. 5, I : «/ Odfonmi quicqiiid in coclo regit : Livy, 3, 9 : per qiiicqtiid deorutn est. hue — accedebant: "here were to have joined them." The imperfect expresses sometimes an tmfnlfilled intention : F.L. 216, 3, note I ; P.I.. III., 191 (b). ab — octo: "at the distance of eight miles." We sometimes fiml ab with the ablative of distance, and generally it is so used when the place is not mentioned, but understood from what precedes, Zunipt (§ 396) in- clines to the idea that in the mind of the speaker the place is mentally governed by the preposition. We also find the same idiom in Greek : «TTO aTiuUiOV EUiUaiV T/'/g KO/iEUg. quo minus ~ut to minus', goes with tetiebantur, a verb of hindrance: F.L. 185, 2; P.L. III., 99, I., I Q. Titurio Sahiiio. Sabinus and Colta were legati of Caesar, and seem to have been highly esteemed by their commander. They perished in an ambuscade ])lanned by Ambiorix, king of the Eburones : V>. v., 37. When these two are mentioned, the name of Sabinus comes first : B. IV., c. 38 ; \\. v., c. 24 ; 15. v., c. 52 : 15. VI., c. 32 ; but in B, VI., c. 37, the name of Cotta occurs first. Sabinus was probably the senior officer and higher in command, though both are styled legati. Menafios : a peojile of Gallia Bch^ica who inhabited both sides of the Rhine. Their chief town was Castelliim Menapiorum (now Kessel). .?. 1 1 CHAPTER XXIII. his eonstitutis rebus : express this in other ways. tempestatcfii : " weather " : a general term either good or bad according to the context. tertia vigil ia \ the night was divided by the Romans into yj7«r watches, each of which would average three hours. Caesar would set out about midnight. It was generally held that tlie date was the 26th August. As to the port from which Caesar sailel many conHicting opinions are held. Mr. Airy, the Astronomer Royal, contends that Caesar started from the ■M t A zkA 30 NOTKS. i! t " h t '1 1 estuary of the Sommc, and laiuled at the bcacli oi Pi-vcn^ey, on tlio c<>a-.t of Sussex, near the spot where William the ('(Jiniueror (ii.-aike(l eleven centuries afterwards. Monimsen favours the idea that the inf.intry em- barked at Ainhleteitse (which he identifies with portiis I(iiis), and the cavalry at IVi'sstint, east of Cape Gris-A\'z ; (IIi.->t. of Rome, IV., 7). Strabo also g\y/i^% partus I'ius for the first expedition. Others s;iy that the infantry started from Gesoriaeum (/you/opie) and the cavalry at Ainble/eust. solvit, scil. uavrs '. "he .set sail " : for the omission of na7'L's x cp. Cic. de Off. III., 12, 50: de Murena, 25 ; cj). the Greek expression alj)eiv ram/, or vd'vq. eqtiites — progredi : so that they might embnrk in the eighteen ships that were wind bound. naves — consceruiei'e : " to embark " : C}). FTrtlniVFtu vavct, or e'ln^ahtiv nq pyag. With conscendere \vc hiw^i ii\[\\cr uavem or /'// navem. In the same way Tacitus uses ascemiere : A}in ii., 75. cum — administratum esset : the subjunctive after cum gives a reason for his starting with the cavalry. — /ii)iiiv: ripa = Greek «A'^//, the bank of a river : f7;'(^ = Greek <1/vt//, the bank of land on the water. ad—cgrediet?dum, scil. ex tiavihus : see note B. IV., Chapter XXI. nequiquam idoitcuin ', "altogether unsuited " : litotes. dum — convenirent \ F.L. 201, 4; P. L. III., 99, (f), iii. in ancoris cxspcclavit : a pregnant construction for na7'es ad ancoras deli^avil d cxspcclavit ; "lie cast anchor and waited." I' n BOOK tV. n legatis — convocatis : as the ifuperator, le.;aii, tribuni^ militum an(l primipiliis formed the council of war, Caesar may here refer to its beinj; called. cognosset — vellet '. dependent question: F.L. 176, 2; P.L. III., 99, (d). monuitqtte '. followed by the clause tit postularent which is also followed by the clause (,ut) admiitistrarentur. The construction is loose and very doubtful Latin. With the reading the full construction is : vionuitque {ut) otunes res administrarentur ab Us ad nutuin ct ad temptis itt rei militaris ratio, etc.: "he warned them that everything must be done with strict regard to the signal and the time, since military practice and especially maritime affairs required this, inasmuch as these latter had a rapid and ever-changing movement " : for the omission of «/": F.L. 181,3; P.L. ill., 124, 27, f., K.—ut quae '. F.L. 196,4; P.L. HI., 99, (g), iii. sublath — ancoris : '* having weighed their anchors " : cp. n'litratfat rag const it uit : "he moored" : cp. err' ayKi'png upuElv. ab eo loco : fro.ii Dover, probably towards the northeast. aperto ac platto litore \ between Walmer Castle and Deal. 1 i : i CHAPTER XXIV. at : generally denotes a change in the narrative. essedariis : the word essedum or esseda is from the Keltic ess, " a chariot." It seems to have been used by the Gauls and the Germans, as well as by the l5ritons, cp. Verg. Georg. ill., 204 ; Cic. ad Fam., 7, 6 ; Phil., 2, 58. It appears to have reseml)led the ft'n^wq of Homer, but to have been heavier, and open in front as well as behiiul. The anrigae mentioned in Chapter XXXIII. seem to have been the masters, while the fighting was done by the clientes or retainers. The word essedarii includes both aurigae and clientes : cp. Tac. ag. 12: auriga honest ior: clientes propngnant. This was the reverse of the Homeric method, where the driver {''p'^nX'K) was regarded as a mere attendant (f^fpaTwp), while the warrior (w^wf) was the chief man. qtio—genere : this statement does not harmonize with that of Tacitus ( Ag. 12) : in pedite robur : quaedain nationcs ct cttrrii proclianttir. — cousnerunt = ionsucverunt \ see note B. III., Chapter I. re iquis—subseqituti: "following close with the rest of the forces": cp. II., 19 ; II., II, where cnin is used. *' It must be observed, as an exception, ^ll !.|j Sij NOTRS. '! !l lliat tlic ancient writers, c-pccially C';ic-nr nml I-ivy, in speaking; of military movements, fre(|Uently omit tlie prepcj^ition ttnit, and use the ablative alone." /umpt, 437. oh has oiusas : " for the followinj^ reasons." Note that hie refers to ivhat /oh'ou's as wi'M as to ii'haf />nri(iis. Wit!» the former it is ecjuivalent to the (iret'U To/iiaiW, ('iA( , aiKJ llic latter to orrdr. ro/oirnr. ijuod ■ potcntiil : tjivint^ Caesar's own reason. What would /c.vj^;// mean ? iiiihlilnis anti'in — i mil illi : the order of the clauses is inverted. The second should come U\^\ -^w.ai aiitcin ~*^i , and ,iiiu = inv. For the case of mi/i/i/i/is : \\.. 173, 4; IM,. iii., 15.', 105; u{ Lxis: F.L. 85, 3; \\\.. III., 161, 125, (a). - ('/>/>;•<>>/.,■ of course agrees with mililihus, "weighed down."' Translate: " the soldiers, moreover, weighed down with a great an«l heavy burden of ainiour, were compelled at one anrl the same time to leap down from the ships." The arms of an ordinary soKlier {^utiles legion- ariiis) were (1) (ii[ft'iis!7't\ consi-ting of a shield {srutiiiii or t/ipt'Hs) ; a helmet {i^a/cii) : a coat of mail (/onra) ; grciaves {ocrea) : and (b) offensive, a sword {g/di/ii/s) ; two javelins {/>i/a). omnibus — cxpediti : " having none of their limbs 1 urdencd with armour." pfdestribns proeliis : " in battles by land " : cj). peaestres naxhxlesqne pugnac', Cic. de Senec, 5 : pedcslria itinera : Caesar, B. Jii., 9. CHAPTER XXV. Quod — adrertit : the usual construction with aniiiiiim adTer/ere in the classical period is, aniinitm adzwrlcrc ad a/i(/iiain rem or alieiti rei. The construction with two accusatives, one being a j)ronoun, id, /loe, iiliid, etc., is ante-classical and tln)Ugh it occurs in Caesar and .Sallusl is really are/iaie. Cicero uses the form of aiiimad7'erlere which Caesar also uses. — (jttod may be taken as (i) the accusative of speciiication or (2) as governed by the preposition in composition. naves longas : see note Chapter ix.. 15. ill. speeies : (cp. nt^oe) "appearance," embracing size, colour, shape, etc.: yf^"-///,; signifies "outline." The Britons like the Veneti (15. ill., Chap. Xiv.) were unaccustomed to see large vessels propelled by oars. wofits expeditior : '* the speed of which remlered them more suitable for .service. '*—t>un>eri : **to be driven off and disloclged " : an example of hysUron proterou, inagno usut : note !'<. iv., Chap. XX. paulum inodo : "just a little," "only a short distance." atque : at the ])ej^inning of a new sentence atijue is rare and marks a strong contrast between wiiat follows and uhat preceeds : "and then." cunctantihus : ahl. absolute. Cm tins distinguishes the roots in muttor, " to hesitate "' : (eonnected w ith ciArwi ) ; cnuctus ( lOTiUt/us or ni/'/tUi/us), "whole," ** nW" ; au(\ percoutof, " to enquire " (connected with cotitus, K6vToq) "a punt pole." qui aquilam ft'nhat = aquilijer\ "theen 'e bearer." A bronze or silver eigle {aqui/a) was adopted by Marius in his second consulship (104 IJ.C. ) as the standard of the legion. 'Ihe standards of the cohortcs were called signuy and seem to have been different for the different cohorts of the same legion. A figure of victory, a round ball, a har.d and other end)lems were used. The standard of the cavalry was a kind of banner called kwxillunt. The honour of carrying the eagle belonged to the first centurion of the first maniple of the triatii. He was called pn'iiii pili ccnturio or piincipHus, and he had an oversight over the other centurions. Along with the trihuui niilUum, pratficli, legal ti\\v\ imperalorh^t formed the council of war. lie held the rank of an eques. — dccimae leponis: the tenth was evidently Cac?>ar's favourite legion: cp. V>. I., Chap. XL.: huic Icgioui Cacuir d proptt-r virhitcm confidcbat vmxhne. The legions were nundiered prima, tenia, etc., according to the order of enlistment. conteslalus deos: the Romans entered upon every important undertaking with an approjiriate/c^rw/zAz of prayer to the deity or deities likely to aid them. ea res : "his undertaking." — commililoncs: "comrades." nisivullis: F.L. 210, 1 ; P.L. ill., yy, (h). To lose the standard was U\ V ;,• ',']■ 34 NOTES. always looked upon as most disi^raccful, e-ii>ccially to tlio standanl-lieaicr, since it was a violation of the niiliimy oath {.uuramcninm), wiiich bound the soldier "not to desert their standard through a desire to escape or through fear, nor leave tlu-ir raideni) t\ dedecits'. "disgrace," i.e.^ the loss of the e.aj^le. imh'ersi: "in a body," "to a man." tx vavihns : the ships nearest the enemy, composinj^ the first line. CHAPTER XXVI. fui^iiatum est'. F. L. 164, 2, note 2; P. I., in., 72, (h). Note and account for the position ai acritcr. nostri tamen answered by hostes vcro. We should have expected hostcs 7vro first followed by nostri tamen, but the order is often inverletl as in Chapter XXIV. quod—poierant'. as giving Caesar's own reason. What would /(7.WdV// mean ? alius — ags^rei^abat \ literally, "one from one ship, another from another, collected around whatever standard he chanced to meet." For tlie con- struction of j//;//j : F.L. 120, 2. singulares : "one by one " : rarely used in the plural. pJw es pauios : note the vividness of the asyndeton : construe //«r^.c hostes cireu 'nsistehaut paiieos Romanos. alii', we should have expected alii before conspexerant to balance alii here. odoriebautur — eircutnsistehaiit — coniciehant : note the foree of the imper- fects : F.L. 216, 3, note; P.L. ill., 291, (b). ab latere aperto : see note B. iv., Chapter xxv. P\ir the use of ab : cp. S ; < ' nooK IV. tt ah /losfihts, ".m the side «f the enemy " : .r /,v>,/r ; ah on'nt/, ; „ uohis stare. quod—auimadvertisset \ see note B. IV,, Chapter xxv. scapJtas—uaviiun : " the cutters beh)nj,Mnjr to the men-of-war."— jra///a : cp. Greek ff/c«^//, (7h(i<;w;f from «TAf/Trrw, " to hoIKnv out.'' spectilatoria navv^ia-. "the spy-boats," built specially for (juick sailint;. laborantes \ "in distress." simtd—constitcruHt'. " as soon as they set foot on dry land."— i/ww/=i siinitl ac^ or siinul atqiie, stris: "their comrades."— /^//^^mj : ««to any great distance": Fee note B. IV., Chapter xxni, ra/>fre; "to reach." They wrre at U'issant or, some say, at .tmble' tense, unable to sail on account of a storm : cp. Chap. X.Wlll. ad pnstiiiam : i.e., in this respect alone his success was incomplete. i'H' ciiai'ti:k XXVII. deface: "to treat for peace." chsiifts da/iiro.<, soil, se esse : 15. i\-., Chapter xxi. im/ycmsset = hnperavisset '. subjunctive o^ oratio oh/iqua x F.L. 306, 4; P. L. Jii., 106. qii,'»i—frac>utssii»i : the jilupf. afrects/.;vcw/.s-.v//w ; '« who, as I previously mentioned, had been sent forward." cnm—perfenrt \ F.T,. 198,4; ?.L. in.. 99, 0r«///. i ;'!,• ■'fi I ^•<* I. n I i 4 i II I 'I K NOTKS. CIIAPTKR XXVIII. /it's rt'^us : " by these measures " : instrumental ablative. f>os( — ventum — qtiarlo die posUjuain in Briianniani Teneritut'. note the doul)Io constiuction : diem qiiartmn is governed by /cv/ as if /£»^/ were a preposition, tlioiij^li it is really a i);\rt of tlie conjunction postquam : tp. ante diem qnarttim Ktilendas Januarias. Since the Romans reclvoned botii days in an expression of time, liiis expression would be equivalent to our "three days after." Caesar set sail at midnight on the 26lh of August, and landed on the coast of Kent about lO a.m. August 27lh, and the cavalry started on the 30lh of the month. L>r. Halley calculates that the moon mentioned in the beginning of the next cha])ter was full on the night of the 30th. riote the varieties of expressi(jn iox post diem quart 11 m qiiam : po'A quatnor dies quam : qtiatuor diehiis postquam : qiKirto die tostquam : quarto die qtuxm with post onutted. — est vcntiifn : F. L. 164, 2 ; P. L. III., 96 (b). sttpra : Chapter XXV. snstu/enmt : "had taken on board." lenivento : "with a light breeze " : i^roperly an ablative absolute : "the winil being mild." The portiis superior where the cavuhy had been weatherbound was Ambleteuse. solvent nt '. "set sail " : here said of the ships themselves, although the word is generally used with reference to the crew. ex castris 7)iderent/ir : " and were visible from the camp. " It is probable that Caesar's can^.p was pitched on an elevated ,0!, not far from the sliore. sed '. construe j^c/ {tanta tcmpcstas siibito ioorta est ut) aliae referreiitut eodem. — eodem : "to the same spot," aliae — deicerentur \ "(while) others were <1 riven down." — propi us x con- 6. > j strued herewith the accusative, as is u^iial in Caesar: J!, iv., 9: V. It may also be construeil with a dative or an ace. with ad. jnagtio — periculo ; " with great peri! to themselves" ; sui is an objective genitive vSi^x pe-ieuh. quae -petierunt : "while they, in spite of the fact that their anchors had been dropped, were nevertheless {famcn) filling with waves, putting out of necessity into the high seas in the t(.eth of night they made for the continent." qiiai : join this with cuin.- 'a ///en i)\ivo< '\ to aneoris iaetis, •—aduersa nocte : abl. abs. : F.L. 100, 5 ; T.L. 111., 130, 4S. I ii nooK IV. 37 CHAPTER XXIX. eadem node : the night of August 30th. qui dies — consuevit: we miglit expect quo die luna consuevit. The con» struction is loose, and the sentence shoultl be divided into two for an Knglish translation. " It unfortunately happened on the same night that the moon was full. On the day when this liappens the moon is wont to cause very high tides on the ocean." Another reading for qui dies is quae uostrisque: scil. militibw:. The influence of the moon on the tides seems to have been known to Cicero : cp. de Divin. 2, 14 : quid defvetis out de tuariuis aesti- bus dicam ? cum aatssus et recessus (flow and eN>) luuae tiiotu gubernanlur. This work of Cicero did n<)^ appen,. however, till 44 B.C., eleven years after the invasion of Britain. The ii^e and fall of (he tide in the Mediter- ranean is hardly perceptible : hence the ignorance of the Romans respecting it. At Dover it rises to the height of 19 ft., at Boulogne to 25 ft. uuo tempore : "at one and the same time." exercitum— cuiavcrat : "had liad the arm^ brought across." The meaning of the gerundive with euro is peculiar. It does not mean necessity, but supplies the place of the present participle passive ; that is, it has the meaning of a continued passive state: cj». B. I., \2'. poutcm Jacieudum curat'. \\. v., i.: iiaTcs Oidificaudas curareut. With the infniitive (7/w is generally limited to negatives. quasquc — coniphbat- et cos uai es quas in ariaum siibdiiAirat aestus com- plcbat. Xoie thill subai.ccre uafes is " to liaul up" on shore, opposed to di-tincar >ia7is "to launch." oncrai ids- (y^l'ctnhat : "and the storm kept dashing together the sliips of burden \\iiii:h vere riding at anchor." Willi oncriiruv:, scil. Uiirrs. Note the foi'X of the imperfect a^/ictabat sm well as of the J' cquculative: F.L. 216, 2 , I'.L, II!., 191, 199. iieque — dabatur: "nor was an opportunity afforded our men of manag- ing (llie vessels) or of kMuliiig aid." coi>ih!it> ibus — fractis '. "after the wreck of several vessels," Express this ill other ways. cum — iiiutii'es : "since the others were unseaworihy owing to the los.s of their ro[)es, anchors and other tackling."— ^///«//;«j — atnissis : causal abl. al)s. The fuues (Clk. nytnia) were strong ropes by which the anchors were held or the cables by which the ships were fastened to the slioie. The ropes of the rigging were called rudeutcs ((Jk. Tortla). — armamentis \ see note B. in., Chapter XIV I'll' r I 'I M .LL. 38 NOTES. ! I maj^na : note the emjiliasis given to this word l)y its separation from the noun. ill quod —aicidcrc "as was unavoidable": hterally, a thinj^ which could not hut hai^pen." — quod ace idere ; the acc. with the inf. is tiie subject of iit'Ct'sse era/. quihiis rcf^ortari posscnt — ut eis rcportari possent x subjunctive of result. — quihiis : al)l. of instrument. Usui', dative of purpose : F. L. 134, I : I'.L. iii.,' 8:: (c). et — erat '. "and because it was jreiierally understixxl that they had to winter in Gaul, corn had not been provided in these [)laees for the winter." omnibus coustabat '. literally, "it was atjreed by all." Instead of the dative oiiniibus we also find constare iufrr oiniws : H. Vll., 44, 47. — iu hie- num : when predetermination of future time is meant, the Latins use /;/ with acc. Translate: "he called the Senate for the next day": "he called the Senate on the next day." CIIAPIKR XXX. quibus rebus cognitis : express this in other ways. principes \ subject of duxcruut. inter sc collocuti'. "talking; with one another" : F.T.. 223 ; P.L. III., 9,'. cum —iutelligerent — coi^^nosrereuf '. "when they understood — observed." — iutellii^ere denotes a rational discernment by means of relleclion : co'^nos- cere, to learn by the senses, hoc : "on this account," "for this reason," explained afterwards l)y quod: causal ablative : F.L. 71, 3; IM,. in., 85 (m). impedimeuiis '. distinj^uish impedimenta, baggage of the legion : sarcina, of the individual soUlier. optimum fact w. literally, "the best thing in the doing," ;'.<•., the best course. The supine in — u is the abl. of respect. rebellione facta : "after the renewal of the war." Express this in other ways. fntmento commeatuque : "from corn anil other supplies" : abl. of separa- tion : see note V>. in., Chapter ui.: F.L. 158, 2, (i); I'.L. in., 85,(11). rem— produce re: "to drag along the war": cp. rem trahere \ bellum ^otra/ure or extrahere. BOOK IV. 39 hi^ sttfcrads — iiitirchisis : oquivalent to conditional clause = .?/ /// siiprrnti essenl - ittUrclitsi cssittt.-— With itu/idi; cp. 15, I., 8.: coninicadtpro/ithtn: (ouinratioui' facta : '' forming a league '' : here used in a good sense : cp. coniurant : see note 1!. in., Chapter viii. riirsus -re 7'cisiis : " back again " from peace to war. faulatini : "little Ky little": opposed to itfm'ersi. de. VII., 86. quotidie '. "daily," expressing simj^le repetition : in dirs siir^ii/os, said of things daily increasing or decreasing : cp. note 15. III., Chapter .\.\ 11 1. quae naves, earum—earum luniiiin qitae. — uavcs : antecedent expressed in relative clause. ad eas res — eis rchiis : " for the.se purposes." adiiiinisirairtKr : impersonally, " it was carried out": i.e., his direc- tions were carrieil out. duodeciin — ainissis : concessive, " though twelve ships had been lost." reliqtiis — effccit: literally "he so arranged that it might be suitably sailed with the rcs[."~-/Y/i(///is may be either (i) ablative instrument or (2) ablative of accompaniment. Cn.M'lF.k XXX! I. dtt/n i,^^>u/t/tO' : see note Chapter .Wli., 15. m. fyumeniatiini : " on a foraging expedition ": F. I^. 174,3; 'M- m., 105. ad id tenipKs : "up to thi.s time.'' .;} •:i 40 NOTES. i 'li ff^ I • i ////<« snspiiione iuterposita : auy suspicion having arisen " : F. I.. lOO, 5 ; P.L. ii..,85, (o). homimim: "inhabitants": \\G\-Q — Bntannoru»i. ventitaret \ "continued to come": note the force of the frequentative. So we liave actito (from ai^nc) ; lectito (from A;;'o) ; scriptito (from scribo')\ Iiaesito (from /nu'iro) ; visito (from video). How are frequentatives formed? F.L. 303, (a); P.L. III., 75, iii. ill s/a/ioiw: " on guard " : called statioues. For tlie gates of a Roman camp see plan (introduction p. xxv.) — statioves were properly guards at the gales of the camp : exculnae, guards by day or night: vioiliae, night guards only ; custodiae, guards to defend the fortification. The guard was inspected by cii'cuitoresy and changed every three hours, i.e., at the end of each watch. qiiatn consuetudo ferret '. "than was usual"; "than custom admitted of." — lit is omitted after qtiam. For another reason for subjunctive : F.L. 195, 3; P.L. III., 99, (g). in ca parte — in qua m partem \ the repetition of the antecedent in the relative clause is frequent in Caesar, and occurs when distinctness is required. In rendering into Fnglish omit the antecedent in the relative clause : see note Chapter I., li. 1 11. id quod erat suspicatns'. scil. ^jj^. The indie, crat is used because the words are inserted by the writer antl are not dependent on snspieatiis. Note that ?V/ is used merely for emphasis as in Cic. de Off. 2, 6 : male se res habet, eum quod virtute effici debet, id ttiiiptalur pecunia. alliqidd novi consilii : "some new plan": literally, "something of a new plan " : partitive genitive. in stafioneni succedere : "to take their place on guard." Note the idea of motion conveyeil by the Latin succedere ■xwX hence /;/ with accusative. confestim : "immediately." Note the emphatic jiosition of the adverb. It is coiMiected with the same root as mfestino, "to hasten." aci:;re sustimre, scil. /lostes : "with difficulty were keeping the enemy in check." Compare the adverb aegre eonferta legione : the Tiblative absolute denotes the cause of their being under a crossfire : "in consequence of their being crowded together." nam quod: "for since." — ;mw is taken with .■/i. I., 28: genus hoc era/ piigmie. primo \ "at first." V>o\\\ priDio, and pn'niiim means, "for the first time " : primo, also means "at first" : priniti/ii, " firstly." ipso — eijuoriim : " by the sheer dread caused by their horses": ablative of instrument. What genitive is equonim? stripiiit: "rattling" : cp. Claudian Epigram IV.: csscda miiltisonora. ordines, scil. Jwstiiiin. insinumh-7 ivt : future perf. indie: literally, "they shall have made their way." In English we would say, "they hnvc made their way." pedilnts: "on foot"; E.I.. 71, 3 ; V \.. ill., 85 (e). aitrigae ; see note 1>. iv.. Chapter xxiv. — interim: refers to a momen- tary space of lime: inteica, implies continued duration. tlli: refers to the retaineis {clitutes) : see note B. IV., Chapter XXVI. praestaiit : ' ' secure. " tcuilum — efficiimt \ "they became so proficient by daily experience and practice." in — loco: " when the ground is sloping and even steep." Since the verb sum has no pn >^t-nt ])articiple in use, the prepositional ablative absolute is used for it. I'Or the use o{ ac. brevi, scil. tempore : "in a short time " ; " in a moment" : cp. h fipaxei, scil. ;t/"o»V» per temoium : " along the whole length of the pole." According to Max :H \i !? 1 ii' ;. i 42 NOTES. Miiller (Science of I.anguaj^e, Vol. ii., p. 402), (c_i^>no^=ietno x connected w\ih lignum. Varo (L. L. vn., 78), derives it from lenco, as holding the yoke. CIIAITKR XXXIV. quihiis rebus \ some take this as a causal ablative: "and owing to tliese facts." Others supply /'<'/7//rV//.r or addiuticf. Others ayain take them as ablative absolute : *' when matters were in this state." Others make irbits the ablative of cause depending on perlitrhads, or as a dative depending on tulit. namqiiex op. k(u }<'if): "and (this was evident) for." Naiuqtie in Caesar and Cicero is usually used before a vowel ami always the first word of a proposition. eius adTciifii : "on his arrival " : ablative of time when. quo facto \ concessive abl. abs. : •' though this was done." ad lact'sscthiiii};, soil, hostes : "for jirovoking the enemy to battle": others take lait'.\Si'ndnin a geruntlivc with proelinin : " for provoking a battle." alienum : "unfavourable. — alienus is rarely ajiplied to things and when it is, it is opposed to sum or opporinnus : cp. locus suus : " grouml of his own choosing," /.d'., " favourable ground." ., suo — loco: for the omission of /// : cp. li. iv., Chap. iv. brn'i — intcrniisso : "and a short lime having elapsed": F.L. lOO, 5; P.L. III., 85 (c). dum — geruutur'. see note B. iii., Chapter xxviii. continuos dies: ace. of duration of time : T. L. 69, 9 ; F.I,, in., 83 (c). — continuus denotes an unbroken succession : used (l) of time, as Ji. i,, 48; v., 13: (2) of disaster, B. vii., 14. tcmpcstates : see note on B. iv,, Chai)ler xxiii. quae — contincrent ~ tales ut — contiucrent : F.L. 18S, 4,,5 ; P.L. in., 99, (b). pracdicaverunt : " openly boasted." I )istinguish pracdico, pracdJco. pracdac facie ndac \ ''of securing booty." The phrase does not occur elsewhere in Caesar. , BOOK IV. 43 in pcrpetuuin : either supply tetnpus ox perpeltium in neiit. adj. used as an abslnict noun : " for ever " : cp. uq ui(h(iv. St — cxptilissent'. "if they should succeed in drivinj^ out " : the i)luperfL'ct denotes the accomplishment of the expulsion, and the subjunctive is useil because of the virtual oralio ohliqiia in demonstr.ivcmnl. diirettir\ "was offered": dependent question: F.L. 176, 2; P.L. ill., 99. (»!)• his rebus : "by these representations," to their countrymen. ! {| 1 CIIAPTKR XXXV. idt'Di : subject o{ fore and explained by the appositive clause /// — effit- f;crint. — i-Jfiii^Yrcii/ : means, they had escaped in the past anil would do so in the future. trigiiifa: some commentators give ccc : otliers, xxx. The MSS., liow- ever, the latter. diutius : join this word with non : " they could no longer stand." quo.^ ct cos : F.L. 232, note; P.L. II., 195. (auto spaiio — potuerutit \ "for such a disiance (as far) as speed and st length alloweil." Others take spatio as ablative absolute : " the distance being so great." — ciirsn et virihits : literally, " by running and strengtli " : ablative of instrument. ocdderutii, scil. nostri milites, \ )istinguish in meaning occTdeniii/ and oaiderunt. oiitiii/>ns — iiic,iisis : "all the property far and wide being destroyed and \n\ru\.'' - (r////i^rre~- S!>/o aty/itin". "to level to the grouml." Another read- ing is acdificiis iiuciisis. CHAPTER XXXVI. his — dtiplicanit ; dtiplico follows the construction of ivipero by analogy. qiicin ante impemverat : see IJ. I v., Chapter XX VI I in coutinentein : " to the continent " : see B. IV,, Chapter xxvii. propinqua — aeqiiinoctii : " as the day of the equinox was near " : ablative absolute. The date of the equinox was September 24lh. This remark shows how stubbornly the Britons opposed Caesar's advance. He landed on the 27th of August, and though he had been nearly a monih attem[)ting N'i 'i :!i I i 11 i ' if ■■ \l'.: '•■V 44 Nuri;s. to gain |n>Nscssu)n of tlie island, \vc find liini still at tlic sea shore. — i/u's is ((-ininine liciv, as it usually is, wlu-n it ini'ans /■/'/;/<• generally or in the sjnse of ?i Ji.xed ov af>potn/cii ([\xy : C[). die conslilnta, die liicla, iufir)ins — exisii/finlhii i literally, "lie did not think that the voyage ought to he cxjiosed to a storm, his ships being unseawnrthy," /.e"., "he did not thiidv that he on his voyage should run the ri-k of eneountering a storm, seeing that his ships were unseaworthy. " injiniiis naiubus'. abla- tive absolute or some say ablative of instrument with '* unseaworthy ships," not a dative of agent with sitbiiicuiiXtn. — /iwiiii: dative of indirect object governed by J«^/V /<■«. Vii., 77: ct pcrpeluae servitiiti {Galliatn) snb'uere. rosdei/i — porlits : J^ouloj^nc or Amhleteuse. pauIo stin/ : were earried down the channel below Gcsoriacum (Boulogne), ^» rliaps as far as the modern J'",ta[)les. c:iiArTi:K xxxvii. (•.V iitfi/'HS—t\\fosifi\ scil. ill icnaiii. This refers to \\\. iii.. Chap, xxvii : vltimae nationes hoc Jaioe nri^hwcriint. Dion Cassius gives this as a reason for Caesar's second invasion of Lriiain. his rebus gcslis : "owing to these exploits" : causal abl. abs. c\\ "in accordance v;'\\\\'' \— dienim viginti: genitive of description : F.L. 130, 7, 8; J'.L. III., 156, 115. suppliiaHo : the word may be either day of thanksgiving for national suc- cess, or a day of humiliation for mtional disaster. When a general gained a victory he sent a letter wreathed in laurels {litterae laurealae) to the Senate. If the victor deserved it, a thanksgiving {supplicalio) was usually appointed, which generally lasted several days. The thanksgiving for Caesar's victory over the Belgae was held for fifteen days, an honour which Caesar says no one had obtained before: B. ll., Chapter xxxvil. The thanksgiving for his victory over Vercingetorix also lasted twenty days : B. VII., Chap. xc. W H ii -il 5 !l! I „ 4* if 'U ft /) NOTES. BOOK V. N.B.— Tb th« (rnmmiitloAl references, F. means Pint Latin Rook ; P., Primary Latin Book. Ill the case of the former, the nuniheni refer to pages ; of the latter, to th9t$etion$ot Part IIL, except where otherwiue indicated. If J'» CHAPTER I. Luct'o DcmitiOf Appio Claudio consuHbHS : abl. abs. ; F. 102, 3. Note ! P. 85 (o). Tlie e/ is often omitted between the names of consuls in this phrase. The year was A. U.C. 700; B.C. 54. The Romans marked their year by the names of the consuls in office ; the Athenians by the name of the chief archon, hence called &px. 51 veritusne: F. 185, 3 ; P. 11., 154. sese: oblique narration is often introduced with dixit or some similar *vord omitted. Give rules for obliqtte narration : F. 205-209 ; P. 106. Change this into diiect nanation. quo facilius: why not ut facilius? F. 183, 5 ; P. II., 26. laberetur: literally " might fall off" from their allegiance, i.e., *' might revolt." in sua potestate .' '* at his mercy." CHAPTER IV. dicerentur: subjunctive of dependent question : F. 176, 2 ; P. 99 (d). evocaverat scil. Caesar, in officio: "in allegiance." nihilo tamen secius: ** none the less however." The comparative secius is rare because the positive secus has a comparative meaning, secus is from sequor?iV\6. primarily means "after," then "less," so that nihilo secius means " less by nothing," i.e. nevertheless. quod—valere '. "because he was of opinion that this was done by him (Caesar), not merely according to the deserts of this one (Cingeto'ix), but also he thought it was of great advantage that the influence of that one should be very great among his own countrymen." Note that quum — turn =et—€t. — meritox F. 71, 3. — magni: F. 150, 2 ; 166, 3 ; P. 81 (g). perspexisset : virtual oblique narrative, hence subjunctive in dependent clause : F. 206, 4 ; P. 106. It may be explained as causal subj., cuum^ cum eiuH : F. 198, 4 ; P. 99., (g) iii. graviter tulit : ** greatly annoyed." quissquippe qui: ** whereas he had already been " : F. 198, 4, Note : P. 99, (g) »". inimico animo I abl. of description : F. 131, 9; P. 85 (c). hoc dolorix "at this grievance." — exarsit from exardesco. , 1! i \m CHAPTER V. Meldis : the Meldi or Meldae were a people bordering on Gallia Belgtcit. Their territory lay at the junction of the Sequana {Seine), and ♦^he Arar (Afame). revertisse : in the present and derived tenses revertor is the form : in the perfect and derived tenses the active form alone is used in the ante- Augustan writers. Distinguish in meaning revertor, to return on one's way, and redeo^ to return after attaining one's object. II 52 NOTES. obsiJnm loeo : when joined with the genitive, loco has a semi-prepositional force, " instead of," "as." So we have in numero : cp. crimiuis loco, '* as a charge," pracmii loco, "as a reward." It seems a substitute for the dative of purpose, which, however, is restricted to semi-abstract nouns. ^uad — verebatttr: when does quod\.x\ie the indicative and when the sub junctive ? F. 198, 2 ; P. 99 (g), i. quutn -abesset : when does quum take the indicative and when sub- junctive ? F. 203 ; 188, 3 ; 196, 7 » P. 99 (0. (g) and (i). \: CHAPTER VL Dumnorix had conspired against the Romans in 58 B.C., and was par- doned l)y the entreaties of his brother Divitiacus (B. I., 20). Fearing that he might a second time stir up strife, Caesar desired to lake him to Britain. His name is said to be derived from domun-rig, " king of the world." antea : B. i., 3, 18. in primis : '* particularly. " quod—cognoverat: give the syntax of quod : F. 198, 2 ; P. 99 (g), i, eum, scil. esse. animi — auctoritatis : genitive of description: F. 130, 7, 8 ; P. 81 (e). accedebat hue : *' there was the further consideration that," literally, " to this was added that." The subject of accedebat is the clause quod dixerat and sibi deferri is in apposition to quod governed by dixerat. graviter ferebant : as the Aedui annually elected a magistral called Vergobretus, so called from the Keltic Feor-go-breith, '' a man for juflging," or Guerg-breath, "strong in judgment," they naturally were annoyed that this right of election had been taken out of their hands : B. I., 16. Cae- sar (B. VII., 33) states that the person holding this oflBce could not leave the state during his term of ofhce, and that no person could be elected, if a living member of the family held the post. neque : *' and yet — not." recusandi — causa: **to protest or urge any plea against it." quod timeret : gives not Caesar's reasons but those of Dumnorix : " be- cause, he said, he feared" F. 198, 2 ; P. 99, (g), i. religionibus : "religious scruples." The root — LIG (cp. ligare), points to the binding or constraining force of the unseen world. id : the request to be left behind. sevocare '. "to hold secret meetings" : from se, vocare to call apart to some spot. coepit: what verbs are perfect-present? F. 145; P. 72 (a), (b). Ex- plain the construction in principes sollicitari coepti sunt ; principes sollici- tare coepit. BOOK ▼. ns tgtrifan : either a historical infinitive or supply caepti. Bring out th« force of i\i^ frequentative. F. .S03 (b) ; P. 75, iii. fieri, scil., dixit. Note the litotes in non sine causa. nobilitate: abl. of separation. F. 158, 2 ; P. 85 (h). in—Galliae : ** in the presence of the Gauls " : cp. in conspectu imperk^ (oris: B. 11., 25. interficere—vereretur ; verbs of fearing take the infinitive in the sense "to be afraid," " not to have the courage " to do anything.— /«/«ry/^^cr*?, to kill in any manner, and from any motive : necare^ implies cruelty or injustice. fidetn—interponere: "he pledged his own word to the rest," i.e., to those not in the power of Caesar. iusiurandum and iuramentum, a civil oath : sacramefitum, a military oath by which the soldier binds himself to serve the State. i { i !'t CHAPTER VII. quod—tribuerat: B. I., 33. Explain the indicative with quod: F. igS 2 ; t*. 99 (g). i. posset : scil. Caesar eum coercere et deterrere. longius: "too far": F. 58, 5. amentiam : " a person is said to be af/iens when he acts without reason like au idiot: he is said to be demens when he acts like a madman." — Doderlein. proipiciendum : scil, statuebat. ne— posset: scil. amentia: "to prevent his folly harming him or the state to any degree" : —ne : F. 185, 3 ; P. 11., 29. —quid: ace. of extent or degree. itaque commoratus : ** therefore seeing he had to stay " : or some take it ** during h\% stay." Corns: the N. W. wind : also written Caurus: unfavourable to any one setting out from Boulogne. partem : ace. of extent. F. 69, 9 ; P. 83 (c). temporise anni dabat operant : ** he was careful." mi/$tes=pedites : as often in Caesar seeing that the foot formed the main strength of the Romans : see Introduction, j4rmy. conscendere in naves : we also find in Caesar conscendere naves. impeditis animis : " when their attention was distracted " : cd Cic L^M I* 3» 8, impediio animo. ^' \\. » fifl I h ftt| 11« 1 ' -I 54 KOTEfl. I ;.;■ inscienti Caesart x ** without Caesar's knowledge t " abl. absolute. domum : explain construction : F. 85, i ; P. it., 93, (a). intermissa—postpositis : " giving up his departure and every thing else." retrahi imperat : the more usual construction would be ut retrahatur : F. 181, 3; P. 11., 27, 28. si faciat : " if he should offer resistance." pro sano : " like a sane man." praesentisy scil. Caesaris. neglexisset : what would this be in direct narrative f manux "in a hand to hand fight": cp. Livy ii., 46; pugna iam ad nianus venerat. civitatis : predicate genitive : F. 124 ; P. 81 (a). r "\ Ii CHAPTER VITI. contitunte: words in — ans, — ens^ when used as substantive or as actual participle, especially in the construction of the abl. abs. have e — in the abl. sing. We have with continens, however, continenti and continente. pro tempore et pro re: "according as time and circumstances would permit." pari numero quern = eodem numero quemx i.e. 2,000: ch. 5. soils occasu: another rendering is ad so/is occasum. The date of the first expedition is fixed at the l8th or 20th of July. Africo: called by the Greeks At^, as blowing from Libya. The S.W. wind is still called by the Italians Africo or Gherbino. intermisso : *' having calmed down." longius : Caesar probably passed the South Foreland and on the return of the tide he made his way to the shore. remis contendit — caperet : " he strove to reach by rowing. " As to the port from which Caesar sailed many conflicting opinions are held. Mr. Airy contends that Caesar started from the estuary of the Somme, and landed at the beach of Pevensey^ on the coast of Sussex, near the spot where William the Conqueror disembarked eleven centuries afterwards. Mommsen favors the idea that the infantry embarked at Ambleteuse (which he identifies with partus Itius), and the cavalry at Wissant, east of Cape Griz-Nez (Hist, of Rome, IV., 7). Strabo also gives partus Itius as the place of embarkation on the first expedition. Others say that the infantry started from Gesoriacum (Boulogne), and the covalry at Ambleteuse,. admodum: properly, "according to measure" i.e. "in as great a measure as can be." In combination with numerals it denotes approxim- ation and occurs frequently in Livy and Curtius. In Cicero we find it only ■ BOOK T. 55 in thr phrase nihil admodum^ "in reality, nothing at all." Translate : '• was highly praiseworthy." non — labore ; ' ' since they made no relaxation in their exertions in rowing." accessum — navibus i "all the ships reached Britain:" for the dative, See F. 164, 2, note ; P. 82 (d), ii. mm : " though " : F. 196, 7 ; P. 99 (i). iii. annotinis: scil. navibus: some say "added to the ships used in the former year " : others, '* added to the provision ships." quas—fecerat : "wliich each one had chartered for his own service." Some explain sui commodi as governed by causa understood. It is not usual to have the omission of causa except with the genitive of the gerund. It is then explained as an imitation of the Greek idiom when ivtKa or virtj) is omitted : cp. IV., 17 : si naves deiciendi operis essent a barbaris missae. The omission of causa with a substantive is perhaps nowhere else found in a prose writer. amplius octingentis : the nominative ociingentae would be more regular : P. III., 85 (f), and II., 123, c, 2. ae — abdiderant : distinguish in meaning in loca superiora and in locis superioribuSy seabdere. CHAPTER IX. exposito exercitu : the full expression is exercitum ex navibus in terram txponere. castris governed by idoneo : what adjectives govern a dative ? F. 60, 2 ; P. 82 (e), V. consedissent : subjunctive of dependent question : F. 176, 2 ; P. 99 (d). eohortibus decern : not a legion, but two cohorts from each of the five legions. qui— essent: "to guard the vessels": for the two datives: F. 134, i ; P. 82 (c) and (b). de tertia vigilia : *' in the course of the third watch " : the expression implies that the third watch had been set. The Romans divided the night into /our vrsitches : prima vigilia from 6 to 9 p.m.: secunda vigiiia {xo\\\ 9-12 p.m.: tertia vv^ilia from 12-3 a.m., and quarta vigilia from 3-6 a.m. Veritas navibus : "fearing for the ships." The dative is not common with vereoTf though common enough with metuo and timeo. molli atque aperto : " smooth and clear of rocks." praesidio: dat. of purpose : F. 134, I ; P. S2 (c). «a w3«* governed by prae—m praefecit. F. 120; P. 82 (e), ii. equitatu — essedis : abl. of instrument. 7 i!^i (''1 Ii "ia !=: ill i:i :»G NOTES. ii^ ! ■ If ^t: U fonspicatits est : " caught a glimpse of : the word conspicor !■ common in Caesar and Plautus : not common in Terence : never found in Lucretius, Vergil, or Cicero. ad flumen : the Stour near Wye, the north bank of which is much highei {Jocus superior) than the south and would thus form a natural defence. se in silvas abdiderunt : distinguish in meaning se in silvas abdiderunt : "they hid themselves by fleeing into the woods 1" and se in silvis abdid- erunt : ** they hid themselves when in the woods." opere : explained afterwards by crebris arboribus succisis. Such breast- works were often made in the American Civil War by felling trees. ipsi—propugnabant: "they in scattered bands throw their javelins out of the woods." Others tianslate : "they came out of the woods in small bodies to fight" : but compare B. VII., 86: ex turribus propugnantes. testudine facta : "forming a testude." This movement was done by the soldiers of the inner files locking their shields above their heads, while the outer files protected the sides. The resemblance of the locked shields to a tortorse shell {testudo) gave it the name. longiusi "too far." prosequi : " to follow up the pursuit," " to continue in the pursuit." In the next chapter persequor is " to make a pursuit," " to pursue." munitioni castrorum: "for fortifying the camp": by digging a trench and throwing up a mound. As this M'as indispensable, castra munire ha? often the meaning of castra locare» castra ponere, CHAPTER X. postridic eius diei: literally "on the morrow of that dAy.**—postridie =posteri die seems to be a locative form for postero die, an ablative in onlinary Latin. The genitive eitts diei is pleonastic and may have arisen from the analogy of the Greek in which iarepo^ takes a genitive : cp. B. I., 47. —pridie eius diet: Tacit. Ann. XV. 54: Tacit. Hist L, 26, postero iduumssvaripa eidav. milites^pedites : as we find elsewhere in Latin. in expeditionem : " as a flying column." aliquantum itinerisx partitive genitive: "some distance on their journey." extremix "the rear" of the detachment sent out by Caesar were still seen by those remaining in the camp. qm nunciarent-ut ei nunciarcnt : F. 184, I j P. u., 25. «^i^Ai#; <* shattered." ■^ BOOK T. b7 in litore eiectas esse : •* were stranded on the shore." Some read in iitus. The difference between the ablative and the accusative is that the latter would simply imply that they were driven on shore while the former would express that they were still remaining there. subsisUrent : *' held," •• kept them in position." (oncursu: "collision." incommodum : a mild way of stating the actual loss that occurred m consequence of the disaster. CHAPTER XL Ugionesi wamilites—peditts. desistere itinere : abl. of separation : F. 158, 2 ; P. 85 (h), revert itur : see note v., 5. coram perspicit : " he sees with his own eyes." sic ut : sic is here superfluous. The regular construction would be to omit sic ut and use the accusative with the infinitive in the clause reliquae — viderentur^ since it really depends on cognoverat. negotio'. '* trouble." fabros : these were not necessarily a part of the legion, though they fre- quently accompanied it. They were a sort of Engineer Corps who looked after the mechanical work to be done, and were under the direction of the praefectus fabrum. Here, in the absence of the regular fabric Caesar calls for volunteers out of the legion. iubet — scribit : note the force of these presents. nullae operae ac laboris: "though it was a wearisome and laborious undertaking : F. 124 ; P. 81 (a). subduct : subducere naves opposed to deducere naves. iraesidio navibus : for the two datives : F. 134, I ; P. 82 (o) and (b). !odem i to the fortified place lately taken from the enemy. summa imperii : ** the whole of the command." huic—intercesserant: "constant wars had sprung up between this one and the other stales " : for the dative huic : F. 120 ; P. 82 (e), ii. permoti : in presence of the Romans the Britons forgot their broils and Appointed Cassivellaunus a leader. CHAPTER XII. fuos — dictmt : " of whom the inhabitants state there is a tradition that Ihey were born in the island itself." The original inhabitants of Britain belonged to the great Keltic family that occupied in Caesar's time all the western part of Europe. The belief that they were autochthones seems to '[' l,.| I! 11 ■fr !i H w t ^ I ,' 58 K0TB8. li 1 , 1 « \ ' have been common among the Romans : Tacit. Aj»r. II. : ee/irum Britan- niam pti mortaUs initio coluerinl, indigeitae an adveeti. ut inter barbaros, parum compe>tum. So also were tlie Carians according to Herodotus (B. I. 171) ; the Sicani (Thucy. vi. 2) ; the Aihenians (Eurip. Ion, 29). maritima pars scil. imolitur ab its. So also Tacit, ^.gr. 11.: proximi Gallis et similes sunt; Hominibus : that is, there were tribes in Britain and on the continent with the same name as the Atrebates, Belgae and Farisii. hominum : ** of the population." fere GalUcis consimtlia : with Gailicis scil. aedificiis : " like in the main these in Gaul. taieis examinatis : "iron bars of ascertained weight." A good deal o\ discussion has arisen on this passage, because the Greek paraphrast renders the word ta/eis by 6aKTv7uoiq, " finger rings." By comparing the present passages with B. vii. 33, we find /aleae used in the sense of "bar" or "beam." — examinatis: cp. examen ( =exagimen), "the beam of a balance :" so ala~ axilla : mala = maxilla. nummo : Herodotus calls the current coin vdfiia/xa (B. I. 94 ; iii. 56). According to Aristotle (Ethics v. 8) the word is derived from vdfiog because the value is fixed by law {v6fiog). It is pn)l>ahle that the Romans intro- duced the word nummus from the Sicilian word vovfioz, a name given to a small coin worth about five cents of our money. The earliest mint estab- lished at Rome was in 344 B.C. plumbum album : " tin." Caesar here reverses facts. The tin mines of Britain are found near the coast chiefly in Cornwall, Devon and Wales ; while iron is abundant in Stafford, Shropshire, Derby, parts of York and Durham. The Scilly Islands were called Cassiterides or Tin Islands from the Greek Kaaairtpoq, "tin." It is strange that Mr. Crutwell, of Oxford (History of Roman Literature, p. 192), should make the mistake in sup- posing thsit plumbum album meant lead. " The existence of lead and iron were known to him (Caesar) ; he does not allude to tin, but its occurrence could hardly have been unknown to him. " ejus : refers to iron. According to official statistics, the gross annual produce of iron is 3, 600, OCX» tons, while tin amounts to about 10,500 tons. The fact that Caesar gained his information from the people on the coast, where iron is scarce, may have led to this mistake. cure importato : though we find copper in Cornwall, Devon, Stafford and Anglesey, the mines were not much worked till the last century. materia: "timber." fagum : fagus in Vergil and in Pliny is the beech while ^Tyrff in Theo- phrastus is the oak. Both words are from ^ayelv, " to eat," indicating the use of the nuts as food for primitive man. Crutwell (Hist, of Roman '-»^. m BOOK y. 59 Literature p. 192, note 3) says : " I am told by Professor RoIIeston iliai Caesar is here mistaken. The pine, by which he presumably meant the Scotch fir, certainly existed in the first century B.C., and as to the dtgcA, Hurnham beeches were then fine young trees." • Uporem—putant : it is not known how this belief originated. The hare was forbidden under the Mosaic law (Levit. xi., 6) ; possibly the absence of corn in Britain may have made the others unpalatable. non fas»m/as : "impious." ioca frigoribtis : on account of its insular position and the influence of the gult stream. Tacitus says (Agr. 12) caelum crebris imbribus ac nebiilis focdum : asperitas jrigorum abest. CHAPTER XIII. natura'. "by nature," i.e. "in ^lape." Caesar may have gained his knowledge of the shape of Britain Vom the natives or from the then t^.ant works of the (Ireek writers since the island was not circumnavi- gated by the Romans till A.D. 8^ fully a centur" .ifter his time : cp. Tacit. Agr. 10: hanc Oram novissimi .iris tunc pi mum Romana classi circum- venta insulam esse Brittanniam affirmant. Slrabo (iv. 5, l) mentions also the fact that Britain is triangular and s lys that its longest side is parallel to Keltica and is 4,300 sHdia in len^'th (about 500 miles). Keltica was a name applied to the country from the mouth of the Rhine to the Pyrenees. Pomponius Mela (ill., 6) compares Britain in shape to Sicily and says that one side faces Gaul, and another side, Germany. Cantium : now Kent, which is said to mean " comer." quo — appellunturx "for which almost all the ships from Gaul make;" with appellere navem^ cp. the Gk. KkTJ^iv v^a. inferior corresponds to alter in alter angulus. hoc — alterum^ scil. latus, quina^enta : the measurement from North Foreland to Land's End is 344 British or 356 Roman miles. Strabo's statement was evidently taken from this statement of Caesar. alterum vergit scil. latus : cp. Tacit. Ag. lo : Britannia in orientem Germaniae^ iu occidentem /Jispaniae obtenditurx •* Britain lies opposite to Germany on the East, to spain on the West." The erroneous views held by the Romans with regard to the position of Britain arose from their innate dread of long ocean voyages. qua ex parte : Tacitus (Agr. 34) says that Ireland is between Britain and Spain. The word Ililjernia is said to be derived from the Keltic ^n'w or Iveriu, meaning " Western." (Max Miiller Science of Language, Vol. i. p. 284.) dimidio minor : " half the size," literally, " less by a half. The area ^ Great Britain is said to be 'n,yjo square miles ; that of Ireland aboi> 30,370 sq. miles. t J'y ;V MM If ill. 00 MOTES. I t 'i1 \ i! • i ! ;i pari sfatio atque—eodem spatio atque: "the same distance as:" abl, cliaracteristic : F. 131,9; P* ^S (c) t so pari numgro : B. V. Chap. VIII. The distance from Carnsore Point in Southern Ireland and St. David's Head in Wales is 53 iiiles : between Fairhead in Northern Ireland and Mull ol Cantire in Scotland the distance is 13 miles : the distance from Calais to Dover is 21 miles. Afona : some have supposed the /sh of Man to be here referred to, since the position of that Island is midway between Britain and Ireland. As, however, there is no doubt about Mona in Tacitus (Agr. 14 ; Ann. Xiv. 29) referring to Anglesey, Caesar may have been misinformed of its position. Besides the Isle of Man was properly called in Latin Monopia. According to Taylor (Words and Places), the word Mona is from the Keltic monn "a district." .So we have /1/fliw, yl/rty1 .• CHAPTER XVI. eum — dimiearetur : " when the battle was going on in sight of all and in front of the camp." For quum : F. 203 ; P. 99, (f), y.—sub oculis-iu conspeclu. intelleclum est: 'Mt was evident to us." Supply nobis dat. or a nobis : F. 164, 2, note : P. 82 (d), ii. nostros—milites legionaries. — sub oculis=in conspectu. ab signis discedere : " to desert the standards " would be a violation of the sacramentum or military oath. minus aptos : *' less effective " (than others would be). equites — ditnicare scil. intellectum est. consulto — cederent : " often purposely yielded." quum — removissent : " when once they had drawn away." dispaH praelio : the heavy body armour of the Romans would hamper their movements, while the Briton armed (Tacit. Agr. 36) with a long sword and small buckler, would skilfully elude the blows of his antagonist and by his superior length of weapon would be more elTective, V:' ! 'm *1l \ SI 62 N0TI8. I i i it cedentihut ft Siquentihu sciL Britannis : " to the Britons while retreating and pursuing." The meaning is that when the Britons and Romans used cavalry the danger was equalized, but when the Britons used chariots they were at an advantage. actedehat hue utx * trict, send ambassadors to Caesar and promise to surrender themselves to him, and to obey his orders. From that (state) the youthful Mandubratius, who had attached himself to Caesar, had come to him in continental Gaul. Imanuentius, the father of this (Mandubratius), had held sovereign power in that state and had been slain by Cassivelaunus, (while) he himself (Mandubratius) had escaped death by flight. They (the Trinobantes) ask (Caesar) to defend Mandubratius from all wrong-doing on the part of Cas- sivellaunus and to send to the state (a man) to rule it and to exercise sove* reign power." See remarks on the differences between Latin and English idiom. F. p. 230 ; P. page 2io. — ex qua scil. civitate. —pollicentur sese — facturos: F. no, i ; P. Ii., 13. — qui praesit^talem ut praesit: F. 184, I ; P. II., 34, 55. his — imperat : what two meanings and what two constructions has impero ? ad nutnerum : " to the full amount" CHAPTER XXI. Trinobantihus defensis, the kindness shown by Caesar to the Trino- bantes gained over the other tribes to the side of Rome. The Cenimagni inhabited Bedford zxid Cambridge; the Segontiaci, probably Berkshire; the Ancalitesy Oxford and Buckingham ; Bibroci, Berkshire ; the Cassi, Hertfordshire. This defection was ruinous to the British cause ; even the Cassi, the state over which Cassivellaunus ruled, joined in it. oppidum : generally supposed to be Verulamium or St Albans. satis magnus : " quite a large." autem : " now." natura atque open : " by its natural position and especially by fortifica* tion. oppugnarCj " to storm " : expitgnare^ " to take by storm." paulisper : used of past and future time : parumper, generally of future time. muUiscxl. Britanni'. "many of the Britons." CHAPTER XXII. in — locis : about St. Alban's. ad mare : " on the sea coast." quibus regionibus : " over which district *' : for dative F. 120 ; P. 82 (e), ii. castra navalia : B. v., chap 2. constituisset — superesset — intelHgeret : explain these subjunctives. BOOK ▼. 65 tdpessex "and that this time might easily be wasted," if further delav was made. The experience of the first expedition had taught Caesar the danger of waiting too long in Britain. quidpendaetx tributum was a tax paid by each individual through the tribe m proportion to a man's property : vectii^al taxes levied in any other way. Caesar left no garrison in Britain and the tax was, consequently, ^ever paid. The conquest of Britain was really begun under the Emperor Llaudius, A.D. 43, but not completed till the reign of Domitian about ol A.O. CHAPTER XXIII. refeetas scil. esse: ** had been repaired." his deductiSf scil., navibus, duabm—commeatibus : "in two trips : " ablative of manner. sic accidit uH : " it so happened that." F. 182, 4 • P. 99 (b), it desideraretur : ** was lost." inanes : these were of two kinds, both those used in the first trip return- ing for another load and those made on the continent and sent across by Labienus. ^ ne—exduderetur'. "that he might not be prevented from sailing by the time of the year." ^ ' ^ aequinoctium suberat : Caesar sailed from Britain shortly after the middle of September, so that he had been in the island two months or over. necessario^-coUocovit ', "he necessarily stowed away his soldiers in narrower compass than usual." solvisset scil. nava. ' i!M Ell il t. I M I SHORT EXERCISES ^m BASED ON CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR, B. IV. 71? /v Transhitt'd into Latin. XX. I. A short period of time was left to carry on a regular war. 2. In almost all the Gallic wars, the Britons furnished auxiliaries to our enemies. 3. It will be of great assistance to us if only we are able to ascertain what nation inhabits Britain. 4. If we cannot find out how great the island is, still, it will be of great advantage to examine the charnctor of the people. 5. We know veryliltle of the island, for very few persons except merchants go to it. 6. He thought if he should summon to himself the traders from all quarters, he might find out wiiat harbours were suitable for war ships. 7. The sea coast and the districts opposite Gaul were known to the mer- chants. 8. Tiie time of the year was so short that it was impossible to carry on a regular campaign. 9. Wiien he called the merchants to him, they could not tell the size of the island. XXL I. Caius Volusenus, a tribune in his army, was sent forward with a war ship. 2. Before ordering the fleet to assemble, he directed Volusenus to ex[)lore the sea coast. 3. Before sending the ambassadors home again, lie made them liberal promises. 4. All his plans were reported by merchants to the Britons. 5. Several states of Britain sent envoys to promise him that they would do all his orders. 6. Commius, whose influence among the Atrebates he regarded of great value, was ordered to go to them. 7. Visit what states you can and tell them that I shall shortly come. 8. I will examine all the places as far as opportunity offers, seeing that I dare not go ashore. 9. He returned and reported to Caesar all that he had seen. XXIL I. While ships were being got ready in that district for the purpose of carrying on a war against Britain, ambassadors came to Caesar. 2. The Morini who had made war on the Roman peojile excused themselves on the ground that they were barbarians. 3. We are unacquainted with your 67 '■„-■ w t iV ii.i' ;t ,1,1 i 1 *i ill 'ft ; n ' ii 68 EXKKCISES. ctistom, l>ut we promise to do all that you order. 4. Caesar levied a large number of hostages from the Morini, because he thouj;lil that an enemy who had given hostages woidd obey his commands. 5. AI)Out forty transports will be enough to convey our legions across the sea. 7. To these are to be added the eighteen transjxMts which are detaiin-d hy the wind from coming into the harbour. 7, What galleys we had besides, we shall leave on the coast of (laul. 8. Many ships were prevented by the storm from reaching the island. 9. We ordered the lieutenant to send troops against the enemy, XXIII. I. These things were arranged by Caesar on that day. 2. At the third watch of the following night he went on board hi-; vessel. 3. He waited at anchor till the weather should be suitable for sailing. 4. It is by no means a suitable place for disembarking, when weapons can be thrown from the cliffs to the shore. 5- I>oth military science and especially sea- manship demand that all commands be executed promi)tly. 6. After weighing anchor they advanced at a gi"en signal al)out five miles from that place. 7- They obtained fair wealher and moored the ships on an open beach. 8. He collected his officers and told them what he had learned from Volusenus. 9. In that spot they saw on all the hills the forces of the enemy. [V. I. The barbarians generally employed cavalry and charioteers in battle. 2. They followed our men with all their forces, after they learned of the arrival of the Romans. 3. It was not possible to moor ships of such size in that place. 4. The Romans could not moor their ships except in deep water. 5- The soldiers could not jump out of the ships, keep their footing amid the waves, and fight with the enemy all at once. 6. The enemy, on the other hand, with all their limbs free, could hurl weajions from dry ground. 7. W^holly unacquainted with this sort of fighting, our men were greatly terrified by the enemy. 8. The enemy boldly hurled their darts against our men, and spurred on their horses. 9. All those places were unknown to our troops who were oppressed with their heavy armour. XXV. 1. The galleys were removed a little from the transports and put in motion with oars. 2. The enemy were dislodged by arrows and heavy missiles hurled from the ships of war. 3- If y<>u do not wish to be frightened by the heavy missiles, fall back just a little, 4. The figure of ^TW I^OOK IV. C)0 ourslii])^, llie motion of the oais ninl llio unusual Viiiiil of cngiiKs tonificd the l)ail)aiiaiis. 5. lie at least who canicd tlie eaj^lc of the tenth legion did his duty to the state and to the coniniander. 6. If you do not jump down out of your ship, you will betray tiie eayle to the enemy. 7. Let no such disgrace be done; let us all leap down from the ships. 8. They leaped down from the ships and began to approach the enemy. 9. We pray the gods that this battle may turn out successfully for our legion. XXVI. I. The enemy fought fiercely for many hours. 2. We could not follow our own standards, but we flocked to any we met. 3. The encniy would surround some as they came out of the ships in scattered groups. 4. The enemy knew all the shoals where our men landed. 5. Darts were thrown from the shore by the enemy. 6. When Caesar observed this he sent up some skiffs and spy boats filled with soldiers as a relief to those in distress. 7. Our men put the enemy to flight, but did not follow them up because they had no cavalry. 8. A fierce attack was made on the enemy by our men. 9. W'hen Caesar saw his soldiers in danger he sent his reserves to aid them. 10. When all the spy boats were filled with soldiers, the Romans soon reached the island. i', S'll XXVII. I. As soon as the Romans defeated the enemy in battle, the Britons gave hostages to Caesar. 2. When the Britons recovered from the flight they promised to do all that Caesar ordered. 3. Caesar sent forward Commius to Britain, but the Britons seized him after he disembarked. 4. They put him in chains although he hnd come to them in the character of an envoy. 5. After the battle was fou,;l»t and peace made, he was sent back to Caesar. 6. The inhabitants askLd the Romans to pardon their thoughtlessness. 7» Though you have made war on the Romans, I am willing to pardon your thoughtlessness, if you give hostages. 8. Caesar levied hostages from all the states of the island. 9. Within a few days we shall give some hostages to you ; others will be summoned from the more distant parts. 10. If you lay all the blame upon the multitude you cannot be pardoned by me. XXVIII. I. The eighteen ships did not reach the land till four days afterwards. 2. They were seen from the camp of the Romans, but some were carried down to the lower part of the island and others were driven back to the 1; ■!( Ih 70 EXEUnSES. 1 s I» ! toiiliiient. 3. No ship was able to keep on its course owing to the grc;.t storm that arose. 4. Some of the vessels were .liiven back to tiie same place from which they had slartitl and some cast ashore. 5. On the lower part of the island very many of the vessels were wrecked with great loss to them- selves. 6. They started for the continent with night before them, even though the storm was great. 7. When the ships started for the continent, many of them were filling with waves. 8. They set sail at daybreak and landed at sunset. 9. A great storm arose at sea when the ships were sailing to Britain. XXIX. I, It happened that Caesar did not know that the full moon caused very high tides in the ocean. 2. He had the galleys drawn up on shore and the transports anchoretl. 3. The Romans had no opportunity to lend aid to the ships. 4. On that night many ships were wrecked by the storm. 5. The rest of the ships lost their cables, anchors, and the rest of their rigging. 6. Throughout the whole army such a commotion took place that Caesar did not know what to do. 7. The Romans had no corn ?n the camp, for Caesar had not provided a supply since he intended to winter in Gaul. 8, All things necessary for building ships would have to be brought from the continent. 9. II is ships were nearly all unseaworthy, and could not be repaired at this time. XXX. I. After this battle, the chiefs of Britain held conferences among them- selves, 2. They learned that the Romans had few soldiers owing to the small size of our camp. 3. The camp of the Romans was very small because Caesar had no baggage in the army. 4. They thought that their best policy was to renew the war. 5. Since the Romans lack horsemen, ships and grain, the best thing to do is to keep them from supplies and prevent their return. 6. If our men were j)! evented from a return, the war would l)e prolonged to the winter. 7. They began again to form a conspiracy after they learned that our men had no cavalry. 8. No one will cross over to Britain for the purpose of carrying on war. 9. All the Britons left the camp, and a league began to be formed. XXXI. I. When the Britons learned what had happened to Caesar's ships they did not send hostages to him. 2. lie suspected that they would not send hostages. 3, From the fact that many of the ships were severely disabled, i. UOUK IV. 71 he suspected that he should have lo use the timlier of these vessels f(»r repairing the others. 4. Com was collecteil by Caesar from that distiia l)ecause the Romans had not brouijht a supply of it from Gaul. 5. All things which were of need for repairini; llie vessels which had been wreekeil were brought from the continent. 6. These matters were carried out by the soldiers with the greatest zeal. 7. He h)st twelve ships at that time ; still he was able to sail to the continent with the rest. 8. Many of the ships were very severely damaged at that time by the storm which suddenly arose. 9. liuilding material was collected by Caesar for repairing ships. m XXXII. I. The seventh legion had been sent to forage when Caesar saw a larger cloud of dust than usual in the direction in which the legion marched. 2. In front of the gates of the camp the soldiers on guard saw a great cloud of dust. 3. The cohorts which were on guard at once set out in that direction in which the enemy was marching. 4. Our men were hard pressed by the enemy and with difficulty kept their ground 5. "Do you see," says he, "a larger cloud of dust than usual in that direction in which the enemy's forces are?" 6. When the forces which were on guard before the gates of the camp had set out, in that direction the other cohoiis immediately followed them. 7« While our men were engaged in reaping, the enemy who were skulking in the woods suddenly attacked them. 8. Our ranks were thrown into great confusion because the enemy suddenly attacked our men. 9. The enemy suddenly surrounded our men with many forces. 10. The enemy suspected that our forces would come to that spot to reap the corn. XXXIII. I. At first they ride around everywhere and then work their way in among the horsemen when they leap down from their chariots and the drivers withdraw from the battle. 2. Darts are hurled from all siiles by the enemy against our troops, and when once they have thrown our men into disorder they fight on foot. 3. The Britons exhibited in battle the activity of cavalry and the steadiness of foot soldiers. 4. They even on a downward slope rein in their horses when at full gallop. 5. In a moment they are able to check their horses even when running at full gallop. 6. They are accustomed to run along the whole length of the pole, and U) stand on the yoke. 7. Often have our men seen them on a steep slope rein their steeds. 8. When they were hard pressed by the Romans they had a safe retreat to their chariots. 9. The sheer terror caused by the horses and the rumbling of the wheels generally iliiew the ranks of our men into confusion. Ii m ■■v 73 EXEKCISKS. XXXIV. I. When our men had recovered from their fear, they thought it was time to provoke a battle. 2. l''«)r several successive (hiys the enemy were prevented by a storm from olTering battle. 3. 'riu-re is a great oppor- tunity to free our country lor ever, if we drive the enemy out of the island. 4. We thought this a nio^t important time for enjjaging in battle. 5« ^^^^^ men were notable to leave the camp on account of the severe storms which followed for several days. 6. He collected all his infantry antl cavalry together into one place. 7. What a fine opportunity you will have of «hiving the Romans from their camp, if only you collected all your forces against them. 8. Our men were greatly disconcerted by the Britons, but at the arrival of Caesar they recovered from fear. 9. They told their countrymen that it would be an easy matter to drive out the Romans, if they would attack them with all their forces. n XXXV. I. If the enemy are repulsed in battle, they easily escape djinger in consequence of their speed. 2. Caesar said that the enemy would escape by flight, as they had done on the days previous. 3. Caesar obtained about thirty horses from Commius Atrebas, and pursued the enemy. 4. The legions were drawn up in battle array in front of the camp, 5. The onset of our men could not be witlistood by the enemy who turned their backs in flight. 6. Several of the enemy were slain when they were over- taken by our men. 7. Our men followed the enemy on that day as far as they could. 8. Before the Romans withdrew to their camp they burnt all the houses of the enemy. 9. The thirty horsemen (of whom mention has been made before), pursued the enemy and killed several of them. ■■'^1. XXXVI. I. The enemy sent ambassadors on the same day to the Roman camp to treat for peace. 2. "I demand," says Caesar, "double the number ol hostages I formerly demanded, and I order you to bring them to the con- tinent." 3. " I must not," says he, "expose my ships to an equinoctial storm." 4. Though they set sail at midnight, they nevertheless reached the port in safety. 5. He was not able to reach port with two merchant- men. 6. These two merchantmen were carried down to a lower part of the island. 7, At midnight he set sail for Britain with all the ships. 8. Although they set sail at midnight they nevertheless reached the port in safety. 9. Caesar will obtain favourable weather at daybreak. ' V ^m liUOK IV. XXXVII. 73 I. Caesar disembarked about three liuiulred soldiers on tl.nt day 2 He set out to Britain after he subdued the Mcrini. 3. This people was UK ucem the Mormi had surrendered. 3 After our cavalry came in sipht ^Me enemy threw down their arms and fled. 4. We have no place to "re- treat to. 5. The year before, the Morini had used the swamps as a place for refuge. 6. '1 hey hid themselves in the swamps; but all the rest fell into the hands of the lieutenant. 7. They cut down all the corn which was in the fields. 8. Caesar decreed a thank.sgiving of twenty days. 9. Caesar saul that all the enemy withdrew to the thick woo.ls. where they pitched then- can.p. 10. The houses of tie enen.y were all burned down by the soldiers of the Roman army after the battle was fought. I'. . !.k ' f I "^l ■ Tm, ,-^1 ' T J S H 0te4 E X E RC I S E S BASED ON O^SAK'^ GALLIC WAR, B. V. To be Tr^lT^krUd into Latin. I. I. According to his annual custom, Caesar built new ships during the winter and re])aired the old ones. 2. lie ordered tlie lieutenants to see that tliese things were done. 3. He made his ships a little lower in the water than ours, because the tides in that locality were lower. 4. lie also made the ships broader because he had to transport a large number of beasts of burden. 5. All the tackling of the vessels he brought from Spain, 6, When he heard that the neii;hbouring part of the province was being devastated by the Pirustae, he set out against them. 7. The enemy at once sent messengers to offer compensation ft)r the wrongs done by them, and to appoint arbitrators. II. I. During that winter, he held assizes in Hither Gaul. 2. Aftf.rhehul rigged out all the ships, he launched them witliina few days. 3. When he came to Port Itius, he praised the soldiers and all who had charge of the construction of the ships. 4. The distance from Port Itius to thecouLinent is about thirty miles. 5. The Treveri did not obey the orders of Caesar, because they did not come to the meeting, as he had ordered them. 6. He, therefore, set out against their territories with four legions and a large number of cavalry. III. I. This state which borders on the Rhine has great forces of cavalry and infantry. 2. At that time there were two claimants for the chieftainship. 3. One of these declared his allegiance to Caesar, while («/) the other levied troops against the Roman people. 4. Many of the enemy who were terrified at the approach of our army fled into the forests. 5. They could not consult for the safety of the state and therefore sent privately ambassa- dors to Caesar to take measures for their own safety. 6. lam unwilling to desert my friends since I am the more easily able to keep the state in allegiance by remaining among them. 7. I shall come to Caesar's camp, and, if he is vvilling, I shall entrust it to his care. 75 :'i 111 li- \:A T) LXI.KCIbEb. J IV. I. Caesar did not wish to spend the rest of the summer in that district, I)ecau.se all thiiiti;s were ready for the campaij^n ai;aii)st Ihitain. 2. He orders this cliief to come to him because lie knew the motive of speech. 3. After the arrival of that chief, he ordered liim to appear before him. 4. He said that he considered it a very important [transhite into oblique narrative] matter to have the influence of that chief whose y;o()d will was so marked towards him. 5- I'^ consequence of this remark of Caesar, the other chief was fired with much more resentment towards Caesr.;". V. I. The ships which had been built amonsj; the Meldae were unable to keep their course and returned to their startinji point. 2. When Caesar came to the sea, he learned that the ships which had been built among the Meldae could not keep their com se. 3. The rest of the ships were equipped with all necessary rit^yiiii^. 4. From the whole of (iaul four thousand cavalry gathered to that place. 5. Caesar feared an uprising in Gaul during that summer. 6. He decided to take with him all the Gallic chiefs into Britain. VI. I. Dunmorix was very desirous of a revolution. 2. We all know that this man is of great infhience among the CJauls. 3. He slated in the council of the chiefs that he had sent messengers to Caesar. 4. Dumnorix said that he was unaccustomed to sailing and that he would remain in G ;ul. 5. This was the i)lan of Caesar : to kill all the Gauls v/heu they were brought over to Britain (use a participle). VII. I. We must check Dumnorix and see that he does no harm to the state. 2. In that district for the greater part of the year, the north wintl blows. 3. We must take care to learn the plans of this Ciaul. 4. Caesar sent a large force of cavalry to follow him and to bring him back. 5. A i^vnu who will not act as a sane man when you are present will disregard your orders when you are absent. 6. He at once returned to Caesar after killing a large nu.nber of Gauls. vni. I. Labienus was left on the continent with two legions to jirotect Port Itius. 2. He had to form his plans according to the lime and circum- HOOK V. i I stances. 3. At sunset he .sailed for Britain, but was carried clown by the tide. 4, At daybreak he saw the is'and away on the left. 5. AH the Romans reached IJritaiu at noon, but they could not land at that ])lace where they had landed in the precedini^ suninitr. 6. The inhabitants of that district left the shore and took refut^e in the heights. -,'??1 II ,ii! IX. I. Caesar at once landed his army on a smooth and open shore. 2. He left ten cohorts and three hundred cavalry to guard the sliips. 3. The enemy advanced in their war chariots to the river. 4. They hid themselves in the forest in a place excellently fortified both by natural position and by defen-es, 5. All approaches were blocked up by the natives. 6. When our men had driven them from their position, Caesar wished to devote the the rest of the day to the fortification of the camp. X. I. He pursued the enemy with all his cavalry and infantry to cut down those who escaped. 2. The rear guard reached the coast and announced that all the ships had been thrown up on shore. 3. The ships were unable to endure the force of the storm and were dashed on the shore. 4. On the next night a great storm arose in the channel. 5. A very great loss was sustained by all the ships. XI. I. From the messengers and letters he ascertained that about forty ships had be(.n damaged. 2. Shipwrights were picked out of tlie legions and were ordered to go to 1 rilain. 3. He drew up on shore all the ships he had and united all with one general fortification. 4. He sent forward all his forces to gu^'d the camp. 5. The territories of that chief are divided from the states on the coast by the river Thames. 6. On the approach of Caesar they appointed him to the supreme command. nl Ul :.i p!' i .■|i XII. I. They believe that they were born in that island. 2. After carrying on war in that place, they remained there. 3. They vised iron for money and had dwellings very like those in Gaul. 4. There is no beech or fir on the island, although there is great abundance of all other kinds of tindier. 5. Poultry they raise, not to eat but for amusement. 78 HXERCISES. A Vi ^1 ( .■ i «: XIII. I. Almost all ships from (laul land at tilis place. 2. On the west of this island is Ireland, about half llie size of Britain. 3. Many small islands lie between ]]ritain and Ireland. 4. At the slioitest day the nii;ht lasts for thirty days. 5. The whole island in circumference is about two thousand miles. XIV. I. The people who inhabit Kent do not differ mucli in custom from those on the continent. 2. They live chiefly on milk and flesh and clothe them- selves in skins. 3. They often stain their bodies with wood, which makes them have a dreadful sight in battle. 4. The men have long hair and shave themselves. XV. I. Our men were superior to the enemy in all the battles they fought. 2. They drove the enemy to the hills and the woods. 3. While our men were off their guard, the enemy made an attack on them. 4. The enemy broke through our ranks and withdrew in safety to the hills. 5. Tlie sentries in front of the camp mnde a stubborn resistance to the enemy. 6. Two cohorts were sent to the assistance of that legion. XVI. I. Our men on account of the weight of their armour could not overtake them. 2. Often the enemy purposely retreated and when they had gone a short distance from the camp, they turned round and attacked us. 3. They often leaped down from their horses and fought on foot. 4. They h.ul their soldiers arranged at great intervals. 5. In addition to this, the one helped the other. XVII. I. At noon Caesar sent three legions to attack the enemy, 2. On the following day the enemy showed themselves on the hills. 3. On every hand they attacked our men. 4. They did not make any further stand against our troops. 5. The enemy in great numbers were cut down at that time. XVIII. I. He learned the plans of the enemy from a deserter. 2. The army of the Rt)mans was led to the river Thames, which it crossed by a ford. J. nooK V. 79 1 On the opposite hank of the river h.tge forces of the enemy were draxvn m) 4 Sharp stakes of the same kind were covered by the water of the river. 5. The enemy could not withstand the impetuosity of our troops. XIX. I After he had disbanded the greater part of his forces, he gave up all /,ope of winnini: a battle. 2. About four thousand charioteers were left behind in that district where he knew we w.>uld march. 3; He rushed out c.f the woods to attack our n.cn. 4. The result was that the soUhers inflicted great harm on the enemy. 5- They were unable to check the onset of our army. XX. , He promised to send envoys to him. 2. Send me a man to take chan^e of the army. 3- "e levied hostages from that state. 4- All the corn that the arn^y needed was sent to Cassivellaunus. 5. ^.r many years his father had held supreme power m that state. XXI. , After giving up hostages, he learned from them all these facts. 2 The town of Cassivellaunus was fortified by the enemy. 3- l^n mdes f;om this place is a town to which all assembled. 4. We vvere -customed to set out at daybreak. 5- He delayed ten days n. that place to find out the plans of the enemy. XXII. , Over that state are four chiefs. 2. After arriving there, they storm the camp suddenly. 3. They slew the chief who had ^^-.ded to revol o the Romans. 4- He sustained a great defeat m that battle. 5. This war cannot! spun out by the Roman people. 6. They agreed as to the amount of the tribute Britain should pay each year. XXIII. ,. He found that the army had returned to the sea. 2. All the ship. were repaired in a short time. 3- He carried back the army m two relay. 4 In the previous year not a single ship was lost. 5- Very few reached the harbour on that day. ' ! <■ it =11 1, 1 npaaaiB ' J i' .. 1 ^i ! ! GRADED PASSAGES FOR SIGHT READING. -rp, I. — Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, crebri ad cum rumores adferebaniur omnes IJelgas ronlia ropulum Ronianinn coniurarc obsidesque inter se dare : coniurandi has esse c.uisas : prinunn, quod vererentur ne ad eos exerciius noster adducerctur ; deinde, quod ab nonnuUis Gallis sollicitarentur. Citerior, nearer-, cxchav, freqiieiif ; ctMiiuro, conspire', vcieor, f fear ; deinde, in the next place ; nonnuUi, some ; soilicito, stir up. II. — His nuntiis literisque commotus Caesar duas legioncs in citeriore (iallia novas conscripsit, et in interiorem (lalliam Quintuni Pcdium leL;atuni misit. Ipse cum primuni pabuli copia esse in- ciperet ad exercitum venit : constanter omnes nuntiaveiunt manus coui, exercituni in ununi locum conduci. Re frumentaria com- parata, castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines lielgarum pervenit. Nuntiiis, message ; commoveo, / alarm ; conscribo, enlist ; pabulum, fodder ; incip'.o, begin ; constanter, un.formly. III.— Eg cum venisset, Remi ad eum lei,\atos miserunt qui dicerent, se in potestatem Populi Romani permittere : ncque sc cum Belgis reliquis consensisse neque contra Populum Romanum omnino coniurasse, paratosque esse et {hotJi) obsides dare et imperatafacere: reliquos omnes Belgas in armisesse, Germanosque sese cum his coniunxisse. Qui dicerent, — qui = ut ei ; consentio, agree; omnino, at all, IV. —Cum ab his quaereret quae civitates in armis essent, sic reperiebat : Belgas esse ortos ab (iermanis Rhenumciue transductos ibi consedisse, Gallosque expulisse. De numero eorum omnia se habere explorata Remi dicebant. Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos valere. Suessiones suos esse linitimos; fines latissimos feracissi- [81] », \ 82 SUMIT READING, mosque agios possidere. A])ud eos fuisse regcni Divitiaciini, totius Galliae potcntissimuni, cjiii cum {/><)f/i) magnac partis haruui regionuui, turn {a/id) etiam liritanniae imperiuni obtinucrit : nunc esse regem Galbam. Ortus, spritu^i^; consido, settle \ habeo exploiaiiini, I I'lnriC acittnxtely \ multum valeo, I am strong \ ferax, adj., from fcro, / bear. V. — Caesar Remos cohortatus, omnem scnatuni ad se convcnirc principumque lil^eros oljsides ad se adtluci iussit. Ouae omnia ab his diligentcr facta sunt. Ipse Divitiacum docet quanto opere intersit nianus hostium distincri. Id fieri posse si suas copias Aedui in lines IJcllovacorum introduxcrint. His niandalis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes IJelgarum co])ias ad se venire vidit, neque lam longe abcsse cognovit, flunien Axonam exercituni transduceie matuiavit atque ilji castra posuit. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium poiiit et in altera parte fliiminis Quintum Titurium Sal)inum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit. Lihcii, children ; duceo, / teach or infor/ii ; quanto oiierf, how luttch ; interest, it is important ; distineo, dis, apart, and tcneo ; luatuio, 7 hasten. VI.— Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax al^erat millia passuum octo. Id lielgae oppugnare ccK^perunt. Aegre co die sustentatum est. Gallorum atcjue I>elgarum oppugnatio est haec. Ubi nuirus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succedunt nuirumque subruunt. Quod tuin facile fiebat. Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, Iccius Remus, qui tum oppido praeerat, nuntium ad eum rnittit : sese diutius sustinere non posse. Aegre, icith difficulty \ sustentatum est, impersonal from sustineo, I hold out ; testudo, a testudo, i.e., a shelter formed by locking shiekls ; siiccedo, cofne up close to ; subruo, uttdertnine ; praesum, / am in command oj, gov's dat. VII. — Eg de media nocte Caesar, sagittarios et funditores sub- sidio oppidanis mittit ; quorum adventu Remis studium piopug- nandi accessit, et hostibus spes potiundi oppidi dihccssit. Itaqiie paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis aeditlciisque incensis, ad castra Caesaris contend- erunt. Sagittarius, ar^r/zifr; funditor, ^//«^^r ; propugno, make a sally ; paulisper, a little while j moror, I delay ; vicus, a village. ■\ ■- SIGHT UKADINO. 83 VIII. — Caesar priino proclio supvrsedcic statuit ; quotidie tanicn equestriljus proeliis quid hostis posset et quid nostri audcrent periclitalxitiir. Ubi nostros non esse inferiores intellexit, ab utroqiie latere collis fossam obduxit circiter passuum quadringen- torum, et ad extremas fossas castcUa constituit ibique tormenta collocavit, ne hostes suos circuinvcnire possent. Hoc facto, duabus legionibus quas proxiine conscripserat in castris relictis, reliqiias sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerant. Primo, at first ; supersedeo, / refrain from ; iiericlitor, / try^ test ; fossain obduco, I run a ditch across ; castellum, fort, redoubt ; tormentuin, en\^ine of war. IX. — Palus erat inter nostrum atcjue hostium exercitum. Hanc si nostri transiient hostes exs[)ectabant ; nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi ficret, ut impcditos adgrederentur parati in armis erant. Interim proelio equesiri inter duas acies contendebatur. \Jh\ neutri transeundi initium faciunt, Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contend- erunt, cjuod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Il)i vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum transducere conati sunt. Palus, a marsh ; impeditus, embarrassed •, protinus, forthwith ; vadiini, a ford, shallow place, X. — Caesar certior factus ab Titurio, omnem equitatum et Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem transducit atque ad eos contendit. Acritcr in eoloco pugnatum est. Hostes impeditos nostri in flumine aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt. Per eorum corpora reliquos audacissime transire conantes rej> pulerunt ; primos qui transierant intcrfecerunt. Hostes, ubi spem se fefellisse intellexerunt neque nostros in locum inicjuiorem pro- gredi pugnandi causa viderunt, concilio convocato constituerunt optimum 4sse domum reverti. Spes nie fallit, I am disappointed {\\i. hope deceives me; neque=:et non). XI. — Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultu castris egressi, fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profcctio videretur. Hac re Caesar per speculatores cognita, insidias veritus, exercitum equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitatum qui novissimum agmen m It h 1 ^*S'. ii n: i :\ "---^-T 84 sicFiT |{i-:aiii\<;. ' * ?! ■ ' ' V morarctur praeniisit. His radium ct Cottani lej^atos praefecit. 'ritum Labienum legatuin cum legionibiis trihus subscqui iiissit. Hi novissimos adorti ct nuilta niillia passiuim pr()sec|uuti niagnam multitudinem eorum fugientiuni conciderunt. Consimilis, exactly like ; iiiskliae, atnhuscaiie ; conlineo, keep in ; niora- retur, note the mood ; novissimus, the rear (lit. the taut, neioest or latest). XII. — Postridie eiiis diei Caesar, priusquam se hostcs ex terrorc ac fiiga recipeient, in fines Suessioniiin, qui proxinii Keniis crant, exercitum duxit et magno itinera confecto ad oppidiuii Novioduninii contendit. Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem expugnare non potuit. Castris iiuinitis vineas agere quaeque ad oppugnandum usui erant coniparare coepit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionuni multitudo in oi^pidutn i)roxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis ad oppiduni actis, Galli celeritate Romanorum permoti legates ad Caesarem de deditione niittunt. Ex itinere, on the inarch ; vinea, a shed,' mantlet ; ago (vineani), l>rinx' up, bring to bear. XIII. — Caesar, obsidibus acceptis armisque omnil^us ex oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accepit exercitumque in Bellova- cos ducit. Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum IJratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter millia passuum quinque al^esset, onines maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere coeperunt. Item, cum ad oppidum ac- cessisset castraque ' ' poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro pacem ab Romanis petierunt. Maior natu, an older ( man ) \ tendo, stretch; accessisset — poneret, nole the change of tense. XIV. — Pro his Divitiacus facit verba : Beliovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuisse : impulsos a suis principibus Populo Romano bellum intulisse. Qui huius consilii principes fuissent, in Britanniam profugisse. Petere non solum Beliovacos sed etiam pro his Aeduos ut sua dementia in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, Aeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas ampli- ficaturum. Princeps (i) chieftain, (2) leader, instigator; in eos, toii.iards them; amplifico, make large, increase. SHJIIT RF.ADINCI. 85 XV. — C.'U'sar scsc cos in fidem rcceptuiuin dixit : sexccnlos ob- sides poposcit. His traditis omnibiibquc armis ex oppido collatis, ab eo loco in fines Anibianoruni pervenit, qui se sua(|uc omnia sine mora dediderunt. Eorum fines Ncrvii attingebant: quorum de natura moribusque Caesar sic repcriebat : Nullum adituin esse ad eos mercatoribus : nihil pati vini inferri, esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis ; incusare relicjuos Belgas qui se Populo Romano dedidissent : confirmare sese neque legates missuros nec|uc uUam conditionem pacis accepturos. AttinLjo, holder on ; nioies, habits ; aditus, access ; infero, / itnport ; ferus,y/<;V-(r ; incuso, cliide^ upbraid ; confirnio, declare eiiiphatically. XVI. — Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniobat ex captivis Sabim flumen ab castris suis non amplius millia passuum deccm abesse : trans id flumen omnes Nervios consedisse adven- tumt|uc ibi Romanoruni exspectare : exspectari etiam ab his Adua- tucorum copias atque esse in itinere. XVII. — His rebus cognitis exploratores praemittit qui locum idoneum castris deligant. Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures una iter facerent, quidam ex his nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque iis demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones impedi- mentorum magnum numerum inteicedere, neque esse quicquam negotii, cum prima legio in castra venissct, hanc sub sarcinis adoriri. Non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt. Qui deligant, note the mood, deligo, / choose ; dediticius, surrcndocd (person) ; una, together^ along ivith ; intercedo, intervene, come beticeen ; negotium, trouble ; sarcinae, hand-baggage ; omilto, let slipy leave alone. iP u'ln I ,!l PROPKR NAPvIKS. AHHIlKVrATTOXS. adj. = adjective ; f.^-feni. ; ni. = iiiasc. ; N. ti,,u!i ; n. siiiKuIar. neuter; pl.r^idural ; sin-. A. A- Aulus, -i; N. m. : a Roumn 2"'aeninncn. Adaatuci, -orum ; N. pi. m. : the A ,h,at„n, a i-cople of G„l/ia Brlr,ira. Accnrdin-' to Caosar tlicy were- dts.r tided from tl.o Cinibii and Teiitoiies, \vlu) l.as, a chief of the Sotiates. He endeavoured toj,a'ther with six hundred devoted partisans (.uldvrii) to escape from the town of the Sotiatcs when it was attacked by Crassus, one of the lieutenants of ( 'aesar. He was unsuccessful in his attempt and was driven back into the town and forced to surrender: B. III., Chap. XXII. Aeduus, -a, -um ; adj. : an Aedvan. The Aedui were a powerful nation of Gaul Their confederacy embraced all the tract of country between the Allln; the" middle Loire, and the Su6),e, and e.xtended a little below this river to the south. Their capital was Blhiaete. When Caesar came into Gaul he fo^ind the Ardui h:u\ been overcome by their rivals, the Arnrninna the Se,j,„nu, who bad «ailed in the aid of Ariovistus, a German prince. Caesar espoused the cause of the Aedui, and restored them to their former place of power. Aemilius, -i; N. m.: L. Aemillus, a Roman officer in command of a deeuria of Gallic cavalry : B. i., Chap, xxiii. AfriCUS, -i ; m.: the south-went wind. Still called by the modern Italians A/riro. Agedincum, -i ; n.: capital of the Senones, on the Yonne, a tributary of the Seine now called Sens. ' Alduasbis, -is : N. m. : also called the Dubis (now Doubx), a river on which Vesontio (now liemnron), the chief town of the Aedui, was situated. The word l)iil,is meant the black river: cp. Keltic .//,», "black," as in the mo.lern names />„las. /;.,„las Dowlas, Dii/ijltia, DuOlm. /Uduasbis means, " the ri\ er of black rocks " [IJ i' K f| t l< ■K H' Ir' *'V x wmm PROPER NAMES. AUobroges, -um; N. 1>1. m.: the Allobroi/ex, a i»coi)le of Gaul hftwueii tht; Isira {Isfro) and the Rtiotl.itiiis (liliniw) in the country ()n(!Ui)iL':l l>y Utttrthinc, Sni'm/, and /'ic.ihiiiHif, Tlieir cliiuf citj' was Vienna ( I'/c/fyKf), ahout tiiirtet'n niilos helow Lu;rdiinnm(/w/o«.s). The name means " hi1. m.: a jteople of Gallia Celtica, situated between the Aedui and the Allobrojjes, alonjf either bank of the Arar (Sdoiic). Ambiani, -orum; N. m. j»!.: (he Amhiani, a tribe of Gallia Ih'l'jim, to the north of tiie l{e]lo\a(;i, and tiie river Samara {Soninn'). They had as tiieir capital Samarobrixa, on the Samara. This town was afterwards called .\nibiani (now Aiiiicn.-<), They oc(Mipied that i)art of modern Picnnlic, now culled Ih'partitientde la Siynuiw. Ambiliati, -orum; N. i)l. m.: the Anihiliati, a people of Ancient (iaul, in the neij,'hbourhood of the modern Abbeville. Ambiorix, -igris ; m.: .4/rtfc('«/'/.c, kin«,'of the Kburones. AmbivarJti, -orum ; N. pi. m.: the Amhivaiitl, a }>eople of Ancient Gaul, near the Mosa(3ft'«w). Anartes, -ium ; m.: a Dacian tribe of the Theiss. Anctilites, -ium; m. pi.: a British tribe, near Oxford, that surrendered to Caesar. Ancles, -ium ; N. m. pi.: the Andes, a Gallic tribe that occupied the modern Anjou, or what is now called Dcpnrtiiwnt ile la Mayciiiie. They oic upicd the north bank of the Liffer (Loire), not far from its mouth. Tacitus asid Pliny called them Andecavi or Ande^'avi. Caesar says that they were near the sea, but in this state- ment he is inaccurate, as the Nannetes intervened : B. it.. Chap, xxxv.; 15. in., Chap. VII.; B. vii.. Chap. iv. Andocumborius, -i ; N. m.: a colleague of Iccins in the embassy which tb' Remi sent to announce their submission to Caesar Antistius, -i ; m. : Cai/as Antistlufi lier/iufi, one of Caesars lieutenants. Aquileia, -ae : N. f.: a celebrated city in Northern Italy, in the territory of Venetia, between the Alsa and Natiso, and about seven miles from the sea. Aquitania, -ae; N. f. : a district of Gaul bet veen the Oarumna ('fVnviyu*»') -'H"' the Pyrenees. Acicordi'ijf to Stralio, thf Aipiitani dilTered fro a the Gauls both in physical features and in lanjjuaye. They resembled the Iberians. Aquitani, -drum; N. m. pi.: the Aijnifain'ann, one of the three <,'reat di\isions of (Jaul inhabiting,' A(|uitania, the district between tlu G:i;'uinn.i(fr'(tcou//'') "■'"l the Pyrenees. They resembled the Iberi rather than the Gauls. mm PROPFR NAMFS. Arar, -aris; N. m.: the Anir (now the S^i<)nt'\ a rivtr of CJanl, ri.siii^f in Mons VosL-yrns (now Ton/.-.s) and after a soul hern conrse falling,' into the Uhodanns (lUi(iiii'). Tlio eity of Lutfdinuiin (now l,>,ortion of the kingdom iin I siihjectc*! the inlia'i!;aiits to the most cruel an ( oppressive treatment. Caesar marched ayainst him ainl defeated him in hattle. He died of wounds or through cha^iriii iit his d( it.'at. His name is h\' some deriv ( d from the German Hccr, an ai'm\ : Fii.sl. a Km.Ici' ; or from Aiti\ an eajjfle ; and vislvs, a Latinized form osed to leavinjjf the encAmi)ment, hut finally yielded. The Roman army was drawn into an amhuscade, and hoth he and iiis colleague fell. Arverni, -orum ; N. pi.: a ])owerfnl trihe of Gaul, whose territories lay helween the sources of the Allier and Di'i'iloijiw, hranches of the Loirti and (iamnni'. The district is now Aupcnju". The name is from nr or al, '^h'vjlh"; and n'nnni. (fearann), "country" or "region." Atrebas, -atis ; adj : an Atirhatlan. Atrfebates, -wra ; N. m. i)l : the Atrelmtes, a native of (lallia rie/i^icdoi hi,v:li renown for valour. Their territory lay h.k. from that of the Morini and s.w. from that of the Nervii, answering; to the mo-lcrn Artinn in the D^'pnrtiiieiit tin Poi^ d" Calalx. Their chief town was Nemet.icum (now Arra:<. or as the Flemin,i,'S call it, Atreeht). Atrius, -i ; m.: Qiiiiitiis Atrhm, an officer in Caesar's army, left to look after the fleet when Caesar iinaded Britain. Aulerci, -Or^. a* N. m. jil.: the Aiilei-ei, a jjeneral term applied to four ditTercnt tribes in Giiiil : (1) Aulerci Brnnnoeieea, clients of l!ie Acdui, whose territory lay between the l."ttcr and the Seijuani, and corresponded to the modern Briennoti^. Q>.) Adlerci CeiiDincDUii: s.w. from .' ', ••nier, above the Andes and Tiirones ; and west of the Carnutes, their country coiresponded to the modern Department de la Sarthe. Their capital was Snindinum, afterwards Canomanni, now Matiii. Qi) Aulerci Eharones : often called simjily Ehuranei, s.w. of the CJarnntes, alontr th*» west bank (^f il;;- Sep ana (Seine), above Lutctia (/Vr /•/.<). Their chi-jf town \va.^ .Mi^'iiolanum, iJerwards Eburovices, now i:rreii.r. (4) Aiderei DInhliidtti, nortli-woNt of the Cenomanni, their chief town was Neodunum, r..t'jr.iud OiaMiuLes i.now JaMeiim). i;m !ii in ,; ■.\\ I J it 4 IMlOrKR NAMKS. Ausci, -orum ; N. l>l. m.: the Auxci, ai»ooi>lL' of A'y«t»/t«; others to Biivre. Bigerriones, -um; N. pi. m. : the Bijerrione.K, a i)eople of A<|uitania, at the foot of the Pyrenees, to the west of the Garumni Bibrdcit -orum ; m. pi.: a tribe in the s.t;. of Britain (Bmy .'). PKorER NAMES. I I Bituriges, -um ; N. m. pi. : a niune yiveii to two nations of Oaul : (1) Bltiiriijrn Cuhi, a ])eo]>k' of (iiillia Celtica, west, of tlio Acdui, tluir cliicf city was Axaricuni, afterwards Hitiiiiues, (now Jieoi>le of Celtic Ganl, who dwelt on the waters of the Siillac. From Gaul they jiassed into Germany and stttled in the present Uohemia, a corruption of Bo^V'/'Ac///*, i.c;., the residence of the Koii. Thej' afterwards went to Bararifi, a t;orruption of Boiiria. Their name means "the terrible ones"; from Celtic K "fear." Bratuspantivim, -i ; N. n. : a townof the Hellovaci, nearthevillaifeof G'rrt^'^^'Ui-Ac, between Brftetdl and Muntidier. Britanni, -orum ; N. pi. m. : the Britimx. Britannia, -ae ; N. f. : the island of Great Britain, Britannicus, -a, -iim ; adj.: British. Brutus, -i ; N. sing. ni. : BrvtKs, the connnandor of the Koman fleet in tlie war against the Yeneti. O. CaburuS, -i ; N. m. : Cains Valerius Caburus, a Gallic chieftain who obtained liie rijfht of Roman citizenship (t'/r//«,v). He is afterwards mentioned aa holdiny the supreme power among the Helvii : 13. vii., Chap. i.xv. Caeroesi, -drum ; N, m. i>l. : the Caeroexi, a people of Gallia Belgica, between the Treveri and the river iIosa(iWt'H.sr), who along with tlie Condrnsi, Ebnropes, and Paemani went under the general term of the Germans. According to some the name still exists in the little liver ChierSy between Mousoii and Sedan: B. ii., Chap. IV. Caesar, -ariS ; N. m. : Cains Julius Caesar : see Introduction. CaiUS, -i ; N. m. : a Roman 2)raetieople of ( iailia Ik'lgica. They i)robably occupied the district not far from the neighbourhood ot the modern Rouen, C'antabri, -orum ; N. pi. m. : the Cantahn, a warlike people of the n.e. of Spain, along the shores of the Sinus Cantabric^us (/>'«.(/ of Biscay). Their country cor- responded to the modern Biscay and part (if Astanax, Carcaso, -onis; N. sing, m.: Carraxo, a city of the Volcau Tectosages, in the Roman Province. It wassiluated on the river Atax (.1 '•'/<') and l,.y inland in a western direction from Narbo Martius(.Va/'6ou/i<'). It is now called VarcaaonHC. 'ii ■ i 1 ♦ ; I ' I I i G PROPKR XAMF.S. Carnutes, -um; N pi.: thp Cnrnntm, a nation of Gaul, between the Secituui". (.SV//t(;) ami the Liyer (/>(»/' /v;) and wcsfc of the I'arisii. Thoy were clients of the lieini. Their territory was the chief seat of the J)ruid3, who held here theircourts of justice. Their chief to. vn was Autri(!Uin (now C/mr«/-p.v): B. ii., Chap. xxxv. ; B. v., Chap. XXV., xxix., h\\\, etc. CarvTliuS, -i ; m. : a British KiDj,' of Kent. Cassi, -orum ; m. i>l.: a trilie of Britain that siu'rendered to Caesar. Cassianus, -a, -um ; adj. : of or helon^iMg to Cassius. Cassius, L. ; N". in. : Lutius ("assius was consul 107 B.C. In that year a coalition was fornieci of the Cinihri and 'reiUones. After (h-vastating Gaid, they united with the llelvetii and resohed to attack the Roman J'rorhiria at several points. The Helvetian tribe Tiijurfni under Divico cittacked the territory of the Allo- broges by the brir!,'etorix prevailed to seize the supreme power in his native State. CassivellaunviS, -i ; ni.: Cansimllannm^ ; Ciusswallen, commander-in-chief of the British army against Caesar. Catamantoloedis, -is; N. ni. : the father of Casticus. Caturiges, -um ; N. m. pi. : a Gallic nation dwelling among the Cottian Alps. Their (capital was Caturig.s, traces of wliich are still to be found at ChonnjiK, l)etween Gap and Knibruti in the department of de>i Ilautes-Alpes. CatUVOlCUS, -i ; m.: Catuvolcus, chief of the Eburones, who poisoned himself after the failure of an insurrection he had promoted. Cavarinus, -i ; m. : chief of the Kenones. Carvilius, -i ; m.: a petty British chief. Celtae, also Keltae, -arum; N. m. pi. : one of the tribes that Inhabited Ancient (•aul. Tile word is derived either from rrilt or ci'Ufuch, "an inliabitant of the forest," or from tiie root cv.h, "high"; (I'p. cclsioi, columna), hence Cf^^at' means " highlanders." Cenimagni, -orum; m. pi.: a British tribe in Suflfolk, which surrendered to Caesar. Centrones, -um; X. pi. m. • a i)uopIe of (Jaul who dweU among the AlpesCJraiae. Tlicy were defeated by (Jaesar in several battles. Their chief town was Forum Claudii Centronum (now Crutnui). Cherusci, -orum Hor/. Mount aiiis. ])!.: I (Jcrmari tribe between the Weser, the Kibe, and the PIIOIMR N.\?ii:s. to Cio6"0, OUis ; m. : (inintioi Tnl'lun C/V-cyo, hrothor of the celebralt'posele of Aquitania, lying along the coast of the Siiuis Cantahri('Us(/jVr// ()/"7i*'.s(yf.i/). Their cliief city was Cocossa on tiie coast, some distance above A(|uae Augustae (now ^c/.v or Dun) : B. ili., Chap. xxvii. CommiUS ; m. : a leader of the Atrebates. CommiUS, i ; N. sinj;. m. : Co/rtmi7.s, a chief of the Atrebatians. Condrusi, -orum ; m. pi. : the C4. Druides, -um; m. pi.: (he Dniids or priests of the ancient liritons and other Keltic tribes. The probable derivation is from the Keltic diu, "an oak"; wyeople of Gaul, supposed to be the same as the Saii, and lying on the north side of the Diablintes and Cenomani. Their chief city was Saii (now IS(iiiz)t oii the River Olina (now Qrne). t») Pabius, Flacctia Gabiniu l>ropo! war a^ Galba, -t Galba, -f Hclgic Romai Germa Galli, -oi Gallia, -t of I'iec or r/^ CI «alp Gallicus Gallus, - GaiHtes, and Ai Garumn the Gi Garumr {inont Accon Genava, lienun Geiduni sea CO German German word man)! " war, Graecus of Sou Graioce ? PROPER NAMFS. p. Fabius, -i ; m.: Cains Kaliiiis, a lit'uteiiaiit of Caesar. FlacCVlS, -i ; N. m, : Flucfvn, a Koinaii jintviKitnen. 'II G. Qabinius, -i; N. m. : Anlns Gahluins was tiilmiie of the Coninions f)9 B.C., and jtroposed the Irx (Uitihia {jivinj,'' Ponn)ey complete eharj,^' of theUoniaii fleet in the war a;rain.st the pirates. Galba, -ae ; N. siny'. m. : Scrvius Galha, a lieutenant of Caesar. Galba, -ae ; N. m. : Galha, Kinj,' of the Suessiones, appointed conunander of the Helj^ic forces. After the sictory of Caesar, his sons were (leli\irtd nj» to the Roman general as host a},'es: 15. u, Chaj». iv, xiii. His name is inj,- nearly all France; and Gallia, Cixalpiiia, or Citciiar, or Gaul, this side of tne A\]^s, i.t'., Northern Italy. GallicUS, -a -um ; adj. : Gullii-: of or helonniny: to Gallia. Gallus, -i ; N. siny. m. : a Gaul. GaiHtes, -lum ; N. i>l. m. : Uw Garitcs, a people of Aquitaiiia, hetwecii the Elnsates and Ausei, in part of GaKcoiiy, or the more modern dei)artment of da Gi'rs. Garumni, -orum ; N. pi. m. : the Gorumni, a Gallic trihe, near the head waters of the Giivunnia {Garonne), in the department of dc la Ilaute-Ganmne. Garumna, -ae ; N. f. : now the Garonne, a river of Gaul. It runs from the Pyrenees {monten J'yrennaei) and empties into the Bay of Biscay {Orraiuiti Cantabriciix). According to Caesar, the Garunuia separated Aquitania from Gallia Celtica. Genava, -ae ; N. f. : a city of the Allohroges, at the western extremity of Lake liennnaiuis {Geneva) on the south hank of the river Rhodanus {Rhone). Geiduni, -orum; m. \>\.: the Geiduni or Gorduni, a people of Bel<,'ic Gaul on the sea coast, ahove tfie Morini. Germani, -orum ; N. pi. m. : Germans. Germama, -ae; N. f. : adistrict of Central Europe inhahited hy the Germans. The word is probahly from either (1) wer, " war" (the Romans softenin;; the v to 1.: a Htl;ric Irihc, subject to the Xervii, whose feiritoric^s liiy ])('t\vt!t;ii the Sfd/ilis (Sr\\c\<\l) ami llie oi-ciin. Thi'ir name still smvi\e.s in the modern land van dntihle (district of Gnieili'), above CKrIusi: on the north. H. Harudes, -Um; N. pi. m. : a German tribe, in the vicinity of tlie Mareomanni, be- tween the Rhine and the head waters of the river ]>anube. This district was in the vicinity of the present cities of llothwcil and Furntcrnhenf. Helvetius, -a, -um ; adj. : IleUeilmi. Helvetii, -orum ; N. pi. m. : a nation of Gaul coiuiuered by Cajsar. It is generally 8iipi)osed that Helvetia corresponded to modern Sivitzerland, but the boundaries of the ancient province were of less extent than the moilern Switzerland, 1)eii bounded on the north by the Hhenus and Lake Hrit form of Hesperia (eo-TTepta) "the westem land": cp. eo-Trtpos, " the eveninj,' star "; n-s/n'r, "evenintj." From Hesperia comes Latin Hispania, Spanish Ksi)aj,'ria, Knylish Spain. I. ICCiUS, -i ; N. m. : Tceinit, a nobleman of the Renn", sent alon<( with Andocumborius on an embassy to acknowledjje the submission of their nation to Caesar. Indutiom&rus, -i; m.: a leading man among the Treveri and rival of Cingetorix, who sided with the Romans. lUJTTicum, -i ; N. n. : Tlhjrlfinn, the modern district occupied hy Dnimnfia, liosniu, Ilerzegooiaa. It&lia, -ae ; N. f. : Italy ; a country of Southern Europe. ItiuS, -i ; ni.; a harbour of Gaul, said to be the tnodcrn Boulogne, luniUS, -i ; m. : (^uintus lunius, one of Caesar's otticers. luppiter, lovis; m.: luppiter, son of Sa'um, chief of the Roman gods. lura, -ae; N. f. : a range of mountains extending from the Rhodaiuis (Rhonr) to the Rhenus {Rhine) and separating the territorj* of the Hehetii from that of the Sequani. The word is front the Celtic, Jon-raii, " the domain of Cod " or ''luppiter." PHOPKU NAMKS. 11 it L. Laberius, -i ; m.: C^Miintus IjaltoriuH iMin-rts, a military trilmin' in Ciu-Mir's jiriiiv. Li&blenus, -i ; N. m. : Ti'tim Jjohinuis w-a^^ nut- of CiU'sar's lifntciuiiils in tlic (iallic war. In tlie lie'jiiuiinj»' of the civil wars he left Caesar for Poinpev. lie escaped at Pharsalia, but fell at Munda. liatobrig-es, -urn; or Latobrigi, -oium ; N. m. i)l.: a jieople of Belj,'i(! Gaul. They extended alony' the hanks of the Rhine, about ninety miles west of Lake Brij^ajitinus {CunxtKiirc). Lemannus, -i ; N. m. : now Lake of Grnri'a, seiwvratin;; the territory of the llelvetii from that of Gaul. It is about 4.5 miles lonj,' by 11 wide. LSopontii, -ontm ; N. i>l. m. : the Lrojinntii, a Gallic tribe dwellini,' near the sources of the Rhine amoiiLf the Leojtontine A]|is, which se])araled Ita'\ from Helvetia. Their district eorrespontV(V)fa;) : B. in, Chap, ix, .wii; li. vn, Chap. iaxv. Levoci, -orum; m. pi. : a nation of Bel<,'ic (!aul on the river Scaltlis (.S'cAc^/O iv'"! northwest of the Nervii, lyin;,' between these and the (Jrudii. Their territory in part foiins the i)resent Li)iirnnif. Leuci, -orvim ; the Lcnri, a people of (Jallia I}el!,'ica. Lingones, -um ; N. m. i»!. : a peo])le of Gaul, whose territories included Mons Vosgesus ( roA'i/^'.s), and conse(|Uently, the source of the Mosa (Mi'iixc) ami Matroiia (Mnnif). They liad a town iiame/«.'/o/tcJ<(now Laiii/rrs) and their territory corresponded to the modern department of i)icii. Lugotorix, -igis; m.: a British chief who was captured in an attack on Caesar's camp. Lutetia, -ae ; f.: the «capital of the Parisii, on an island of tlie Sc(iu:ina (.S'>'>/*''\ now rarln. The city first bcK-an to lie of iniixirtance umler tlie first French Kiims and Wiis extended to both banks of the river, the island beiny connected with them Ity bridges. ■ii Mi '' ' I I 12 PROPER NAMES. M. M -Marcus : a Hornuii pi-ni(ed Itoman yciicral, o])jiorient of Sulla. (,See Roman Ilistoi'v.) Mars, Martis ; m.: Mars, the Roman yod of war. Matrona, -ae ; N. f. : a river of Oaul, now the Mitfue, whicli formed j>url of the old hoiindary hetween (litllia /ii-lijico and (iallhi CeU'u'K. Meldi, orum; m. pi.: a nation of CaUui r>"hj'ii'n occnpyioi,' hoih sides of the ri\er Rhine ; their chief town was Mniiijiiunnii Cdsirlliini, now Kc.s.si'l. Menapii, -orum ; N. \A. m.: //**' Mnuipii, a nation of (iallia l'>elj;ica, oi-cni)yinj; hofh sides of the lower Rhine. Their foi'trcss was called CdxtcUuia Mt'napionun {}\ttw Ki'tisel) on the Mosa {Mnise) : 15. ii.. Chap. iv. Mercurius, -i ; m.: ^lercury, the Roman ^'od, ])atron of tniders thieves; and also the ffod of elo(pienee and niessenjier of luppiter. The name is from inrrrt'ti, "j^ain.' Municius, -i ; m.: L. Mvnlrii,.-i liu/itx, one of Caesar's otticers in the war ai;ainst Amhiorix, and afterwards stationed in winter tuiarters anion;;- the Re mi. He sided with Caesar in the ci\il war, hut afterwards hecame one of Caesar's assassins. The year after Caesar's death, n.c. 4'^, he was killed hy his own slaves. Mona, -ae ; f. : the isle of Anj,'lesey. See note P.. v., Chaj). .\iii. MoritaSg'US, -i ; m.: chief of the Senones, hrolher of Cavarinns. Munatius, -i ; m.: A. Mitiuitius I'lnnmit, a lieutenant of Cae.sar's, ai>iK)inted with M. ('ra.s.sus and C. Trehonius to the command of the three le^noiis that wintered in Gaul. Messala, -ae; N. m.: Marcnx Valerius iffssnln was consul alon;,' with Marcus Piso )t.c. (il. Mettius, -i ; N. m.: Mettius, a Roman otHcer in Caesar's army. Morini, -orum ; 2>. m. pi.: (he Morini, a triheof Gallia I'.cliiica, whose territory ay in the district of (Calais and Dunkirk, a \y\Y\ of their territory horderinjif on the sea. The name means "sea people" : heiny derived from the Celtic »ior, "the sea" : cp. Lat. mare. Mosa, -ae ; N. sinj;. m.: the Mevs^c, a river of (i.nul, risinfi: amon embassy to Caesar. Nannetes, -lum; N. pi. m.: the Nannetes, a peojih' (.f Cillh, Cfltim who dwelt about the district of the modern Xaiites. Nantuates, -ium; N. j)!. m.: the Sanfnatex, a people wlio dwelt in the neijfhbou . hood of (tene\a. Narbo, -onis ; N. sing, m.: Nnrho, an important oityof (Jaid on the river Atax(now Audc). It >vas subse.pientlythe capital of the proxince of (UHlia SarbimeuHisl B. III., Chap, XX.; P.. vii., Chap, vii.; B. viii., Chap, xi-., vi. Nasiia, -ae ; N. m.: Nasua, a chief of the Suevi. Nemetes, -um ; N. pi. m.: the Nemeten, a German tribe, alonjr the west bank of the river llhine occnpyin>r part of the Graml D\ichy of limlen. Their chief town was NoviomagU8(now Spirex), Nervicus, -a, -um ; adj.: of or belongint,' to the Nervii. NerTii, -drum ; N. pi. m.: the Xervii, a powerful nation of Gallia Belgica, whO!=e territory was .n.k. of tliat of llie Atrebates. The river Scaldis (now Srheldt) pasatd through i.art of their territories. Their chief town was Ba-acMm (now navnjf\ which was afterwards supplanted by Cameracum (now Caiiil>r(iy)i\.u(\ Turnacuiu (now Toiiruai/). Noreia, -ae ; X. f.: the (iii)ital of Xoricum. Norica : see Xoricum. Noricum, -i ; X. n.: a i»rovince of the Roman empire, bounded on the north by tiie I)anul)e, on the west by Vindelicia and Uhaetia, on the east by Pannonia and on the south by lllyricum and Gallia Cisalpina. The chief town was Noreia, the capital of Norica or the Norici. It was in days of Caesar besietred by the Boii. Noi'icus, -a, -um ; adj.: of or belonging to Xoricum. Noviodunum, -i ; X. n. : Xovmhmmn. There were three towns of this name in Gaul : (1) Noviodunum Suessioiuiin, a town of the Siiessiones, now Soison.^ : (2) Noviodunum Aeduorum, ])elonging to the Aedui, on ti>e banks of Liger ( A-om'>, now Xeivrft : (3) Noviodunum Biturigmn, a city of the Bituriges, now Xenrtf-nur- Baranjon, Numidae, arum; N. pi. m. : the Nmnidiaim, a peoj^Ie of Northern Africa, cm- Jiiojed in the Roman armies as light skirniisliers. *.;i -I 1 .1] I I < o. Oceanus, -i ; X. m. : the Atlantic Ocean. Ocelum, -i ; X. m. : a city among the Cottian Alps ; now f'ssean in Piedmont. Octodurus, -i ; X. sing. m. : now MavtlrIo of Ai/vifnnla, Provincia, -ae; N. bIhk'. f. : the I'roiu'nrln, the Hoiit horn i»iirt of (Janl, ciillfd nfter- wiinU Gallia Braccuta and (Jallia yaibunfuxin. Publlus, -i ; N. sinif. m. : a Uonian praetmmi'n. Pxilio, -onis ; m.; a centurion of Cuosar's, ri\ttl of Vorenus. Pyrennael (^lil. imnitfs) : the I')irenfi-<, a raiiiye of mountains st-paratinn (!aul from Spain. Thu di-rivalion of Iho word in from the i'vW'ir pin'iti or ;■(//•/<, "a hiifh monntain." From this root may he ih-rivcd llreuni'f in the Tyrol; I'l/irii, in Austria; Fcrmir, in the Tyrol. Q Quintua : a Roman pntfmonfn. B. Rauraci, -orum ; N. m. : a Galli(! trihe ahove the Helvelii an dlietween the .SoipianI and the Rhine. Their eiiief town was Ranracum, afterwards caUed A\ii,MiHta Raura(^orum, ami now Aiijxt, a small villaj^e near lUtslr. Redones, -um ; N. i)l. m. : thf /»V(/nm'», a triheof asses through hake I.eman- nus(^'e»('m), and flows ui a swift current to the Sinus Gallicus {Gu/f o/ Lyonn). The word is derived also from the Aryan root sru, to flow." Roma, -ae ; N. f. : Rmnc: (derived from xni, "to flow," properly Srimina, "the Stream town"). Romanus, -a, -um : Roman. Roscius, -i ; m.: Lnciux Rusciun, one of Caesar's officers sent to winter with, a legion in tiie territ:)ry of the Esuhii. ■Ruteni, orum ; N. pi. : the Ruteni, a people of Gallia Aiiuitaiiia. a. Sabinus, -i ; N. m. : Quintus Titurius Sabimis, one of the leyati of Caesar. Sabis, -is ; N. m. : the Sahis(now Satnbre), a river of Gallia lielgica, rising among the Nervii, and joining the Mosa {Meune) in the territor:* of the Adualuci. Samarobriva, -ae ; f.: a town of the Amhiani on the Sixmava {Sum me), hence called Amhiani (now Aviicnti). is] . 'I J' I Ml 16 Proper names. Santoni, -orum ; or Santones, -um : N. m. ]il. : a peoi>lo of CJallia Celtit^a, whose territorifs lay l»et\voen the Pictoncs on the iioitli and the CJarumna on the south. Their chief town was Mediolanuni, cailod Santones, now Snhiti'S. Scaldis, -is; m.: now the Srhfldt, a river of Helifio Gaul, rising about 15 miles south of CamanuMnn (now Crtm/y/'rt(/) and fallinj,'' into the ( J er man Ocean near the modern island of Walchcren. Seduni, -orum ; pi. m.; a i)eoi)le of Helvetia, to the s.k. of Lacus Leniannus(lake of (ianemi), and occupying the head waters of the Rhine. Their chief town was Sech'inum (now Sinn or Sitfrn). Segront!d.ci, -orum ; pi. m. : a i)eople of Britain, living i>robal)ly in Hampshire. Segonax, -acis ; ni.: one of the four rulers of Kent at tlie time of Caesar's in- vasion. Senonos, -una ; pi. m.: a powerful nation of Gallia Celtica, to tiie northwest of the Aedui. Sedusii, -orum ; N. pi. m. : the SeduHii : a German tribe, forming i)art of the army of Ariovistua. Segusiani, -orum ; N. m. pi. : n people of Gallia Celtica to the south of the Aedui and in whose territory lay the tnty of Lugdunum {Lyon.s). The chief town of their tribe was Forum Segusianorum (now Fei(r.s). Senones, -um; N. pi. : the Senonen, a people of ttallia Lugdunensis, whose («ipital was Agendicum (now Lenn). "^ Sequana, -ae ; N. f. ; a river of Gaul, rising in the extreme northern part of the territory of the Aedui and falling into the Oceanus Hritamiicus(i^nf/^/.s7i Channel). Sequanus, -a, -um; adj.: a Serjtianian. The Se(|uani were a people of Gallia Celtica. They called in the aid of Ariovlstus to aid tliem against the Aedui. After the defeat of their German allies, they severely felt the power of the Aedui. Caesar, however, restored them to their former i)ower. Their chief town vas Vesontif, (now Besanqon). Sesiivii, -orum ; N. pi. m.: the Sesuiui, a people of (Jallia Cleltica, who occupied the modern diocese of Si'ez. SextiUS, i- ; N. sing, m.: Si'xtiits, a Roman name. Sibuzates, -ium ; N. pi. m.: the Sibuzatcx, a people, dallla Aijuitaiu'ra. Silanus, -i ; m.: ifairux Silann.<, a lieutenant of Caesar. Silius. -i ; N. sing. m. : Siliu.s, a Roman name. Sotiates, -um ; N. pi. m.. the Sotiatex, a people of Gallia Aqnitaniea, Sulpitius, i ; N. sing, m.: Stilpitius, a Roman name. Suevi, -orum; N. pi. m.: the Sneri, a jtowerful trii>e of northern and eastern Germany. Their name still exists in Suahiu. Sugambri, -orum ; m. pi.: a German nai.ion, in Caesar's time dwelling near fhe Rhine, hut whose earlier settlements appear to have been further inland. PlJOPEll NAMES. 17 Suessiones, -um.; N. pi. ii>.: the Svrs>>{o)iei», a Gallic people who occupied thi' «listrict aromid the modern town of Soini^ons. Suevus, -a, -um; adj.: of, or helonjifiny to the S%ievi, a ))oworful trihe in North- eastern Germany . Sulla, -ae ; N. m.: Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a celebrated Roman. He served as quaestor to Mari';s in Africa and aftei-wanls was the frreat political op])onent of his old commander. After paining the highest offices of the State, he gave up the dictatorship, and died b.c. 79. r «* T. = Titus : a Koman praenomen. Tamesis, -is ; m. : the Thames. Tarbelli, -drum ; N. pi. m.: the TarftcMi, a people of Aquitanian Gaul. Tarusates, -ium; N. pi. m.: the Tarusates, a people of Aquitanian Gaul. Tasgetius, -i; m.: the chief of the Camutes, whom Caesar restored to supreme power. Taximagulus, -i ; m.: a British prince, one of the four kings of Kent. Tectosages, -um ; m. pi.: a division of the Volcae, who lived in the western part of the province. Their capital was Tolosa (now Toulouse). Tenchtheri, -orum ; N. pi. m.: the Tenrhthcri, a German city on the Rhine. Terrasidius, -i ; N. sing. m. : Titus Terramlhi.^, a Pnman otticer in Caesar's army. Teutones, -um; also Teutoni, -orum; N. y\. m.: a name given to a branch of the great Germanic family. Along with the (,'imbri they devastated northern Italy and Ga\d from li;} to 102 ii.c. Tibrocci, -orum; N. i)l. m.: the Tibrocci, a jieople of Germanic origin. Their capital was Rrocoinagus (now BriiinO- Tigrurinus, -a, -um ; adj.: a canton of the llelvetii, near Lake Zurich. Titurius : see Sabinus. Titurius, -ii ; N. sing. m. : Titurius, a Roman name. Tolosa, -ae; N. sing. f. : Tolosa {'.\ov/ Toulouse), a tribe in southern Gaul. Tolosates, -tim ; N. pi.: a people of Aquitania. Their cliicf town was Tohmt (now Toulouse). Transrhenani, -a, -um ; see Transrhenanus. Transrhenanus, -a, -um : \trans, ♦' across" ; lihenun, " the Rhine" ;) : a livelier across the Rhine, that which w across the Ithiiie. Trebonius, -i ; m.: Caius Trefmnius, a Roman knight. Treveri (also Treviri), -orum; N. pi. m.: the Treveri, a nation of (Jallia Helgica N.R. of the Rhine, between the Mosa (.Vf^sc) and the Rhenus (/i7u««') ; their chief city was Augusta Troverorum (now Treves). M .'■ i :fi i !,' i M 1 n 18 PROPER NAMES. Tribroci, -oram ; N. pi. m. : the Tribroci, a Oermaii tribe on the left bank of the Rhine, in the modern Alsace. Tulingi, -orum; N. pi.: a German tribe, whose territories lay to the north of the Ilelvetii. The modern Stuhliugsn marks the site of the ancient capital. Turones, -um ; N. pi. m.: the Turonen, a powerful nation of Gallia Celtica, which lay along the banks of the Liger {Loire). Their capital was Caesarodunum, after- wards Turones now (Ton )h). U. Ubii, -um , m. i»l.: a German nation on the right bank of the Rhine. During the reign of Augustus they were removed by Agrippa to the opposite or left bank in Gaul. At a subsequent period Agrippina, the mother of Nero, established a colony of veterans in their territory, called by her Colonia Arjrqipinae (now Colojne). Unelli, -orum; N. pi. m.: the Umlli, a people to the N.w. mandy. Their chief town was Coriallum (now Gonril). hat is now Nor- Usipetes, -um ; N. pi. m. : the ITsipetes, a German tribe near the Tenchtheri, originally in Saxony. H Valerius, -i ; m. : Valeniis, a Roman nomen. V^halis, -is ; N. sing. m. : the Vahalis (now Waal) forming the left arm of the Rhine. Valerius, -i ; N. m.: Valerms : a Roman praenomen. Vangiones, -um; N. pi. m.: the Vangiones, a German people on the Rhine in the neighbourhood of the modern Worms. Velanius, -ii ; N. sing. m. : VelaniuKf an officer in Caesar's arn»y. Velocasses, -ium; N. pi. m.: the Velocassrx, also called Relloraxii, a people of Gallia Belgica. Their chief town was Rotomagiis (now Rouen) on the north bank of the Sequana (Seine). V6neti, -orum ; N.pl. m.: th Veneti, a people of Gallia Cisalpina, in the district of modern Venetia. VSneti, -drum ; N. pi. m.: the Veneti, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the western ex- tremity, above Nannetes, and the mouth of the Liger ([.one), and bordering on the Atlantic. They were the most powerftil aniong the Arnioric states, and were coti- Hpi(;uousfor th- ,., .. .ill in navigation. Their chief town was Darioigum, afterward» called Veneti (now Vannes). Venetia, -ae ; N. sing, f.: see Veneti. V6n6ticus, -a, -um ; adj.: see Veneti. V6ragri, -drum ; N. pi. m.: the Verar/ri, a tribe who «Iwelt amid the Alp.s. Their chief town was Octodurus (now Martiyny or Martinaeh). VeromandCii, -orum; N. pi. m.: the Vermnandni, a people of (Jallia Helgica. Their chief town was Augusta Veromanduorum (now St. (^uentin), in the old division of France called Veromandoin, mmmmmmmmr- PROPER NAMES. 19 Veriidoctius, -i; N.m.: a chief of the Helvetii, sent alonjj with Nameius was at the head of an embassy to Caesar. Their object was to request permission to march through the Roman province. Veromandui, orum ; pi. m.: a people of Gallia Belgica. Their chief town was Augusta Veromanduorum (now St. Qiietin), in the old division of France, Vera- mandois. Vertico, -onis; m.: aNervian nobleman, friendly to the Romans. Viridovix, -icis ; N. sin<^. m.: Vhidovix, a chief of the Unelli. Vocates, -iutn ; N. pi. m.: the Vocates, a people of Aquitanian Gaul. Voctio, -onis ; m.: a king of Noricum : whose sister was wife of Ariovistus. Vocontii, -drum : a tribe of Southffrn Gaul, lying to the east of the Rhine. Their chief town was Dea (now Die). Volilsenus, -i ; N. sing, m.: Voluscnutt, a military tribune in Caesar's army. Vorenus, -i ; ni.: a Roman centurion, rival of Palis. Volcatius, -i ; m.: Cahiti Volcathis Tulltis, one of Caesar's officers left in charge of the bridge over the Rhine, while Caesar went in pursuit of the Suebi. VosegUS (also Vosgesus), -i; N. 8i^>f,^ »>•: Vimgns {now Vosges), a mountain chain in Gaul. ! ■ 1 if tifl 1 • ! Ml li f VOCABULARY. 'vr . : f| ' H I 1 I «I i ».(1 ii ABBREVIATIONS. '1. ! ji active. rj^jil ablative. a(.(> accusative adv adverb. card cardinal. (,f confer, i.e., compare. coimn conunon {•eiider. ^.Qx^^) comparative. (,Q„j conjunction. demonstr. . . • demonstrative. ,1pj, deponent. fli„i diminutive. distrib distributive. e ,r exempli j?ratia (for instance). _ meaning- the same as. { feminine gender. freq fretpientative. inipers impersonal, -ly. incep inceptive. jnrted indeclinable. interrotj interrogative. irreg irregular. m .... masculine gender. „ neuter, neuter gender nuni numeral. opp opposedto in meaning ord ordinal. p page- part participle. pass passive. pi., orplur. . . . plural. pi-i-p preposition. pron pronoun. rel relative. scilicet (one must un- derstand). seqaens (and the fol- lowing). sing singular. siil,sfc substantive. gyp superlative. ^is^, usually. V .... verb. sc. sq. V. or V. . vide (look at). VOCABULARY. > fl A. a. d. =ante diem, a phrase used in reckoiiiii;^ the days of the month. a, ab, abs, prep. w. abl., b)i, from, at, etc.; a dextro cornu, on the r'xjht wing: a tergO, in the rear ; sonietinies a, ab, is used as an ad\-. : ab millibus pasSUUtn OCtO = eight miles off. I ab-do, C-re, abdidi, aVxlituni, to hide. ab-duCO, ducfire, duxi, ductum, lead airaif. ab-eo, ire, Ivi or ii, itmn, to go a wag. ab-futurus, fut. part, of ab-sum. abicio (al)j.) ere, iCci, iectiuu, to cast or throw away, throw down. abies, etis, f., .A'r. ab-iungo (abjimj^o), 6re, nxi, nctum, to s, pointed. ad, prep. w. ace, to, toimrdu, up to ; by, near to. adactus. V. adipo. ad-aequo, sire, avi, jltuni, ti) make equal to ; to etjuol, riml. ad-d>mo, are, avi, fituin, coneeire an affection for, love, covet. ad-augeo, ere, auxi, auctuin, to In- crease. ad-do, ere, didi, dltuni, to add. ad-duco, ere, xi, ctuin, to lead to, bring to, induce. ademptus. V. adimo. ad-eo, Ire, li, Ituin, to go to, appronch. d>deo, adv., to this degree, thus, thus far, so. adeptus, pf. part, of adipiscor. adSquitO, are, avi, atuni, ride up to ; ride toirards. Jeques.] adfectus. V. adficio. adfero. I', affero. ad-flcio. r. afticio. adflictus. r. adfligo. ad-flig'O, fligere, fllxi, flictuni, to cast or throw down. Bid-grego, are, avi, atuin, to add to a fleck ; adgregare se, to attach oneself. (ad, grex, grego.J ad-haereo, cre, hacsi, hae.suiii, to stick to. ad-haeresco, ere, hacsi, liaesum, sti'-k to ; adhere to. ad-hibeo, ere, ui, ituui, tiring in, call in, incite, to have (one up) to, to summon, en»ploy, consult, [ad, liabeo.] ad-hortor, ari, atus, t<> encmirage, urge on. adhuc, adv., as yet ; hitherto; still; up to this time, ad-iaceo, ore, iacui, no sup., to tie near to ; with dat. adicio (adjieio), Ore, iOoi, icctutu, throw to, throw upon, add. [iacio.] ad-igo, Ore, egi, actum, to bring or drire to ; drire hotne. [ad, ago.] &d-iino. Ore, Omi, emptum, to take away, deprire of. [ad, emo.] ad-ipiscor, i, eptus, to gain, ol>t(rin. aditus, us, m., a going to, access, ap- 2>roach. [ad, eo. ) adiudico, are, avi, atum, adjudge, award, assign. ad-iungo, fire, uxi, nctuin, to join to. ad-iutor. Oris, in., a lielper. ad-iuvo, are, iuvi, iutum, to aid. admaturo, are, avi, atum, ripen, mature ; hasten. ad-minister, tri, m., an attendant, agent. ad-ministro, arc, avi, atum, to manage. adtnirandus, a, um, genmdive of admiror, wonderful. ad-rniror, ari, atus, to wonder at, to admire. ad-mitto, Ore, misi, missum, to ad- mit ; commit. ad-mddum, adv., vp to the limit, mtcch, very. ad-moneo, ere, tii, Itum, to advise, tvarn. an m VO(ABULARY. adolescens, fntis, jtait . of iuloksco : as adj., iioiiii'i ; as siil»st.,coiiiin., a yinnuj man, ytnifh. adolesco, irf, olevi, ultum, (iiownii; reach athdt. aije. fi.d orior, iri, ortus, 4 (but with some 3r(l coiij. forms) to attack. adpStO (app.), ere, Ivi, or li, ituiu, ^t draw near, approach. ad-pliCO (app.), are, fti, Itum, to put aya uixt. ad-portO, are, avi, atuni, to conrot/. ad-propinquo (app.), are, avi, atiiin, to cimic or draiv near to. adscendo. V. ascendo. ad-SCisco, ere, sclvi, scTttmi, ap- jirove ; adttiit, receive, adopt. ad-siduus, (ass.) a, um, adj., con- tinual, coiiKtiint. [adsideo.] ad-sisto, (ass.) C're, astiti, no sup,, to stand by. ad-suef&cio, (ass.) ere, feci, factum, to accu.*(f(nn, to habituate; in pass., to get used (to anything). ad-SuesCO, (ass.) ere, Cvi, etuni, to grow used to, get accustomed to. adsum, -esse, -fui, to be present, be at hand. ad-tingro, (att.) ere, tigi, tactum, to touch, border upon. ad-tribuo. See attribuo. adulescens. v. adoleseens. adulescentia (or adole.scentia), ae, f, youth ; age of youth. adulescentulus, i, m, dimin., a lad, stripling. adventUS, us, m., a coming, ap- proach. adversarius, i, m, an adversary, opponent ; foe. adversus, a, mn, adj., turned to- wards, /(icing. adversus, prep. w. ace, opposite to, against. adverto, ere, verti ,vorsvnn, turn to; animum advertere, direct the mind til, nhserrc, notice, perccire. advoco, are, avi, atum, call to, sum- mon. advolo, <1re, avi, atum, to fly to; to hasten off to. aedificium, i, n., a building, faedes, f acio. ] aedifico, are, ilvi, iltum, to make a Imilding, to build, [aedes, faeio.] aegrer, «ra, grum, adj., ill, sick. aegre, adv., with difficulty. aequaliter, adv., evenly, regularly, iiniJ'ornUy. aequinoctium, i, n, the equinox. [aequus, nox.l aequitas, atis, f., equality, justice, evenness; aniini ae(|uitas, contentment. aequo, are, avi, atuni, to make equal. aequus, a, um, adj., equal, level, ad- vantageous. aeraria, ae, a copjjer mine, [aes.] aerarius, a, um, belonging to, per- taining to cojyper or brmize. aereus, a, mn, made of copper or bronze. aes, aeris, n., bronze; money, aes alienvim, debt (other people's money). aestas, atis, f., summer. aestimatio, onis, f., a valuation. aestixno, are, avi, atum, to estimate, reckon. aestivus, a, um, adj., pertaining to suuimer; of summer. aestuarium, i, n, a marshy arm of the sea. aestus, us, m., heat; tide; current. aetas, atis, f., age, time of life. aeternus, a, um, adj., eternal, un- broken, perpetual. AfriCUS ventus, the south-west wind. 4 n 4 y 6 VOCABULARY. m; : i »;■ ] !'i| affero (a4lf.), afferre, attfili, allatuiii or luUatiun, to bn'nj fornmnl, aUcijo. afflcio (iidf.), t'lo, fci, fci'tiim, to (iffi't't, injlni'iici' ; to rlxit ivitfi, tri'dt. affigo (a. ampllUS, comp. ad^, more, /urthi-r. [amv)lus.] amplus, a, urn, adj., yreat, largr. an, conj. iiitroducitif»' second half of a disjuiK'tive or double question, or ; an., an, whether, .or. anceps, cipitis, adj., two headed ; double, two-fold ; dmibtful. ancdra, ae, f., an anchor. an^iilus, i, m., a corner, angle, ex- treme point. angustiae, arum, f., iiarroionexn. an^UStlUS. comp. adv., u'ithin more narrow li)nitti; tnore scantilg. angustUS, a, um, adj., narrow, con- tracted. anima, ae, f., the soul, life, breath. animadverto, before, go ahead, take the lead. antS-CUrsor, oris, m., a forerunner ; in j)lur., of an army, advanced guuid, scouts. ant6-f6ro, ferre, tfill, Ifituiii, to prefer. antemna or antenna, ai-, f., a sail- liard. antepono. ere, posui, i)0sltuni, place before ; prefer. antequam, I'onj., before; before that. anteverto, Ore, verti, versum, place before ; 'prefer. antiquitvis, m\\., anciently, informer times, of old. [anticjuus. J antiquus, a, um, adj., old, ancient. aperio, ife, erfti, trtum, to open, itn- close. aperte, adv., openly, manifestly. [apertus.] apertus, a, um, perf. part, of aperio : as adj., open, unprotected. apparo, are, avi, atimi, jn-oinde, pre- pare, eqjiip. appello, are, avi, atum, to call upon, call upon by name, to call. appello, Ore, apprtli, appulsuju, (of sliips) to bring to port. appeto, (adp.)ere, petivi, or ii, petl- tum, aim at, desire, seek ; approach. applico, are, plicui, plicatum or plicitinn, attach ; lean against. approbo, (lulp.) are, avi, atum, ap- prove of, assent to, favor. appropinquo v. ad-propinquo. appulsus V. appello, Ore. aptus, a, um, adj., fit, suitable. apud, prep. w. ac'c, at, i)i, among, with, near, at the house of. aqua, ae, f., water. 8 VOCABULARY. n i &quatlO, onis, f., iji'tlinn water. &quila, ttc. f., "/I rnij/t: Thf finjlc, the fHiiirijKil utonihtrd o/ a linnntn li'f/ioii, «iiriifd on tht' iop of a stivfT, ori- jfiiiiiU.v of Hilvcr, liittTof k"'''- Aquillfer, Cii, in., ""///c heairr, the ojflcrr iiiio ciin'it'd tlir rhivf xtanitard of n litiiiKin It'iiiiii). ( " The t'liyle-hi'jvrtT was a'jvlllffr, clioscn li\ llu'ccnhirions unions i\u! liurdiest iiiiil hruvest soldit-iH, niid dis- titij^uislu'd l>v ji liearskin which coviTcd his liehnet and shoulders. " iJoiid and VValpole.) • arbiter, tri, m., a idtuvnx, jiuliff, vnijiire. arbitrium, li, n., a decision, jiidfj- ment. [arbiter, an iniipiir.] arbitror, rui, at us, ^< judi/e, think, consider, [arbiter.] arbor, iiris, f., n tree. arcesso, ere, cesslvi, oessTtuin, send for, stiiinttoii, fetch. ardeo, ore, arsi, arsuni, to lie on fire, to liiirn : Gallia ardet, is ajlnmc, burn inn ""''' wrath. arduus, a, um, adj., steep, hiijh, dijfi- cult. argentum, i, n., silrer. argrilla, ae, f., <•/«//, aridus, a, um, adj., dry. aridum, suhst., dri/ land, the shore. aries, arietis, ni., battering ram ; also a prop, buttress, support, arma, iiruin, n. plur., arms, weapons of war. armamenta, orum, n. pi, iwj'le- meats, fittiiujs, tackle, ringing. armatura, ae, f., armor, equipment. levis arinaturae, light-armed (soldiers). armatus, a, uni, part, anno : as adj., armed, wearing arms. armo, arc, ptJ. atvun, tn furnish with weapons, arm, eqnip. arripio, Cre, rljuli, reptuui, to seize, snatch up. [ad, rapio. ] arroganter, adv., insolently, arro- gaiiflg, hinighlilii. tirrogantia, ae, f. , insolence, arro- giincc, hiuighti liens. ars, lis, f., art, handicraft, skill. arts, adv., closeli/, tightly, [artus.] artict^lUB, i, m., dim. of artUH, a joint of ati animal hody. artindiim, li, n., skilled labour, handicraft, a trade. artus, a, um, adj., close, tight fitting. (aroeo, shut, uj).] arx, arcis, f., fortress, stronghold, citadel. ascendo, (ads.), ere, scendi, scensum, to climb, mount up, ascend. |ad, scaiido.] ascensus, (ads.) us, m., o going tip, look, ascent. aspectus. (ads.) us, m., ajypearanee, sight. asper, era, truui, adj., roxigh : oppug- tintio, fierce, severe. assiduus, v. adsiduus. assisto, V. adsisto. assuefacio, v. adsuefacio. assuesco, v. adsuesco, at, conj., but, yet. atque(ac)conj., and, and also; with words meaninj; difference, than. attexo, ere, texui, textum, tveave to\ add, join. attingfo, ere, tijfi, tactum, to reach^ touch. attribuo, Ore, ni, utun», to add to, assign, gire. auctor, oris, m., an advi. ,Mga.- tor. auctoritas, atis, f., uence ; sel- dom translated authority. auctus, a, um, pf. part, of aaffPO, increased ; ay adj., distinguished. audacia, ae, f., boldness, daring. audacter, adv., boldly, audacius, audacissiine. [audax. ] VOCABULARY. m audax, ncis, adj., Imld, Hjfiritnf, /car- letis ; auitnciiiitn. auddo, (Jrt', aiisuH simi, «eini-dt'i»., to (la ri\ audlens, -nliH, prts. jiart. of audio; as adj., chctliciit to. audio. Ire, ^\^\, Itum, til hear, to hi'arki'ii iintii, itbvii. auditio. onis, f., report, rinnor, hear- my. augfeo, cro, auxi, au(!tuiii, to enlarge, increase. aurigfa, ac, m., ehariot ilrirer,elian'art of averto, turned atvay ; behind, in the rear. averto, ere, ti, sum, to turn (any- thing) aicay. avis, is, f., a bird. fi.VUS, i, ni., a (jrand.father. B. balteixs, i. m., a sivord-helt. barbarus, i. m., n foreigner, bar- harian. [(3op/3apo?.J bellicosus, a. um, adj., warlike. bdnd, adv., leell. bSnfiflcium, a hindnesn, favor. (hene-facio. ) bSnSvolentIa, ue, f., good will, friendship, kindness. [l)ene, volo.) bidiium, i. n., a apace of two days. [bis, dies.) blennium, i, n, a apace of two i/cor^. [his, amms.J bini, ae, a, distrih. mun. adj., OKO. CO-emo, C'lnere, emi, emptum, buy vjt, purchase. c6-eo, Ire, ivi or Ti, Itnni, to cnuie ti>- fjetlier, vieet, aioietnhle. coelestis, e, adj., h cave nl;/ ; celestial ; assiibst., coelestes, ium, pi., the ffiul.'i. COepi, isse, V. defect., toheijiii. COerceo, Cre, erciii, ercituin, to con- fine, restrain, check. COgritatio, onis, f . , a thinking, delibera- tion, re /lection. COgfito, are, avi, atum, to c(>n.' catch or seize hold of. COm-probO, are, avi, atum, to con- firm, establish, makeyood. conatum, i, n., an attempt. COnatUS, iis, m., an attempt. confttus, a. um, pf. part, of conor. concede, ere, eessi, cessum, yield, yrant. concerto, are, avi, atum, t.i contend. COncesaus, us, m., ix-rmission, leave. con-cido, ere, cidi, to fall toyether, to fall down. COncido, ore, cidi, cisum, cut up, cut to jiieces, cut into sections [caedo.] concilio, are, avi, atmu, to reconcile. conoilivim, li, n., an assembly, ineet- iny, council. COncito, are, avi, alum, freq., to rouse lip, .stir up, excite, [con, cieo. j COn-clamo, are, avi, atum, to call or cry out toyether, to .shout. COdcludo, Oi'e, clfisi, clusum, shut up, encbtse, confine [claudo. | concrepo, are, ui, Uum, rattle, crash. con-curro, ere, curri, cursum, to run toyether, flock. con-curso, are, "fre(i., to run to and fro, rush about. COncursus, us, m., a runniny or flocking together, a concourse, collision. COndemno, are, avi, atum, condemn, sentence [daiiuis.] COndiciO, onis, f., a condition (of a barart. corifercio ; adj., dense, close-jKicked, crowded. COn-fero, -ferre, coiitiili, collatum, to briny or gather together. COn-festim, M\\.,forthtrifh. con-ficio, ore, foci, fectum, to flnish, accomplish, perform ; to wear out (witli woiinds), exhuu.'\ 4 \ 14 VOCABULARY. M confinis, e, tulj., border iwj on, ad- . joining. con-finium, li, n., liviit, border, (of lands); district, conflo, fieri, irretj. pass, of conflcio, = regular fonn conflcior, vii., M. conftrmatio, onis, f., anguraiice, nxsertion, encouragement. con-flnno, are, avi, atuni, to make .firm, encourage ; 2. to assert, protest or pledge one's self to (a thiny.) conflsus, pf. part, of confido, relying on, trusting to. COn-flt6or, Cri, fessiis, to acknow- ledge, confess. conflxus, part, of conflgo. con-flagro, are, avi, atinn, to burn, be consunwd. COn-flictatus, a, um, part, conflicto, harassed, distressed. conflicto, are, avi, atuin, dash against or together, struggle with—vrms. be har- assed. COn-fligfO, ere, flixi, flictuiii, to claxh with, dash together, engage ivith. confluens, eiitis, m., meeting of two streams ; confluence. confluo, ere, fluxi, no supine, /low to- gether ; jlork together. confugio, Cre, fugi, to flee for refuge. conflindo, ere, fudi, fusuni, pour together, tnix, bleml, unite. congero, ere, gessi, gestum, bear, bring or carry together, collect, heap or 2)ile up. con-gredior, i, gressus sum, to meet, to engage in fight : congredi cnun, to make common cause with. congressus, a, um, part, of con- gredior. COllgrressus, us, m., a coming to- gether, encounter, engagement. con-lcio, Cre, iOci, iectum, to cast, fling, hurl. conlectura, ac, f., a conjecture, in- ference. con-iunctim a. w. abl., with. cum. (quum), conj., when; since; althnyijh. cunctatio, onis, f., delay, hesitation, tardinexs. cunctor, ari, atus sum, delai/, hesi- tate. CUnctUS, a, uni, adj., all toijether, all. [co-iuiictus. ] cuneatim, adv., in the form, of a wedge. cuneus, i, m, « wedje ; a wedTcnder. de-do, -dCre, -didi, -ditum, to deliver or (five tip, to devote. de-duco, Ore, duxi, diictum, to lead aivdij, withdraw (troops); (of ships), to brinij down, lavuch. deductus. r. deduce. defatigfatio, onis, f., iveariuesa, fa- tigue, exhaustion. defatigatus, part, of defatTgo, wea- ried out, exhausted. defatig'O, are, avi, atuin, tire out, exhaust, fatigue. defectio, Onis, f., rebellion, revolt. [deficio. J de-fendO, ere, di, sum, to repel, ward off. defensio, onis, f., defence. defensor, oris, m., a defender. de-fero, ferre, tOli, latum, to an- nounce, report v to bear down, carry down, briwj. defessus, a, uui, pf. part, of defe- tiscor, wearied, worn out. d©-f5cio, ere, fOci, fectum, to revolt ; to fail, be wanting. de-figo, ere, xi, xum, to fasten or fix down or in. def inio.i re, ivi, itum, set bounds to, limit, define, fix, assign. defluo, Cre, fluxi, ftuxum, fioiv down, flow away, defore, fut. inf. ofdesum,=defuturum esse. deformis, C, adj., ill-shaped, ugly. de-fug'io, Ore, ffigi, to flee from, avoid, shun. de-icio, ere, ieci, iectiim, to cast or throw down ; to disappoint. delectus, a, um. See de-icio. delectus, us, m., descent, slope, de- clivity, [iaeio. ] ddlnceps, adv., one after the other, in succession, in turn, [delude, capio]. ddinde, adv., tlicreafter, afterwards, then, next, [de, inde], de-latus. See defero. delecto, are, avi, atum, delight, please ; in pass, take pleasure in, delectus, a, um. See dellgo. delectus, u», selection ; levy (of soldiers), [deligo. J deldo, Ore, evi, etum, to destroy. delibero, are, avi, atum, weigh (meti- tally), deliberate, ponder, consult, yibra, a balance]. delibro, are, avi, atum, strip off the bark, peel. [liber, bark. ] delictum, i, n., offence, fault, crime. (fr. pf. part, of delinquo.] de-liSTO, S,re, avi, atum, to bind, up, bind fast, [ligo, " to bind."] de-lig'O, Ore, legi, lectum, to choose [lego, "choose."] delitesCO, ere, litui, no supine, hide, conceal one's self, lie in wait, [lateo, lie hid]. dementia, ae, f., madness, folly. [demens, de, mens], demessufo. See demote. demStO, Ore, messui, messum, cut down, reap, imnv. de-migro, arc, avi, atum, to retire from, remove, emigrate. demlnilo rainClOre, minQi, minutuni, lessen, take away from, impair, [nalnus.] de-mitto. Ore, mlsi, missum, to send or let dotvn ; se, to descend. demo. Ore, dempsi, demptum, to take off, remove. de-monstro, are, avi, atum, to show, point out. demdror, ari, atus sum, delay, linger; hinder. demum, adv., at lust. denego, are, avi, atum, deny, refuse. deni, ae, a, di.i. adj., ten apiece, ten. m VOCABULARi ]{f denique. adv., at laxt, fimlbr, in desig-no, are, avi, atuin, mark <>ut, »li(n-t,tiiav'iir(i. ftoint out, describe, appoint; wean, de-nuntlO, arc, avi, atiiin, tu deelare. xi'Jiii/lt. de-pello, ere, pali, pulsum, tv drive. desilio, Ire, sllfii, sultuin, tu leap away, reniore. j dnicn. de-perdo, ore, dldi, dltuni, to lose, desisto, fre, stiti, stitimi, to cease lose utterly. \ /''"'"• de-pereo, ire, perli, to perish utterly. I despectus, a, nm. See despicio. de-p6no, Cre, prtsfii, pr.sUum, to ' despectus, us, m., a looking down, lay doivn. " '"'"''«' ^'O'» -i height ; pi. heiyhts. depopulor, riri, atu8 sum, to ramye, desperatio, Oi.is, f., dexpair. lay waste. de-spero, are, avi, atuiii, to despair. deporto, are, avi, atuiu, carry of, despicio, Ore, spexi, spectum, to de- remove. spise, look down vpoti, deposco, Cre, poposci, no supine, despolio, iare, iavi, iatuni, despoil, demand, require. \ roh, plunder. depositvis. See depono. destine, are, avi, atum, make fast, ^A^.,»»A4.^» - • • , > bind ; determine, aiipoint. aeprecator, 'ma, ui., on intercessor. > Ji • fi deprecor, uri, fit>is sum, to arert by entreaty, bey off. de-prehendo, t're, di, sum, to catch, seize upon. deprimo, ere, pressi, pressuni, press down, sink, [premo]. depugno, are, avi, atum, fiyht (to an issue). depulsus. See depello. derive, are, avi, atum, •««• «/(of a stream); turn aside, [rivus.] de-rdgfO, are, avi, atum, tu take away withdraiv. descendo, fire, scendi, scensum, to descend. deseco, are, secui, sectum, cut off". [seco, cut.] de-sero, 6re, rfti, rtum, to abandon, forsake. deserter, oris, m., a runaway, de- serter, [descro] destituo, uCre, ui, fitum, put aside, desert, abandon, [statuo], destrictus. See destringo. destrlngro, ore, strinxi, strietum, strip off, unsheath, draw (a sword). de-sum, esse, fni, to be U'anting, fail. desuper, adv,,/nf . part, of devoveo ; as adj., attached to, /althfu to; as sdbst., devoted follower. de-v6veo, Cre, vOvi, votuin, to V(nv, devote. dexter, dextra, dextriini, adj., on the right-hand side, right. dextra, ae, f. (scil., nmnus) the right hand. dicio, onis, f ., Sivag, doudnion, author- ity, lordship, dlCO, t-rc, xi, cluiu, to say : dicere diem, to fix, name f. juirt. of diffido ; as ailj., distrusting, donhtfiil. dif-fundo, ore, ffull, ffismii, to spread out, digitUH, i, m., finger; as a measure, tiif Hitii part of a Homan foot, an inch, fin lei's hreadih. -digitus pollex, the thumb. dig-nitas, atis, f., dignity. dignus, a, \\u\, adj., V'orlhy, fitting, di-iudico, are, avi, atum, to decide, determine, dilectus, a, um, i»art, diligo. diligenter, -ius, -issime, adv., atten- tirelg, carefullij. diligentia, ae, f., careftihwss. diligo, ere, lexi, lectum, to esteem highly, to love. dimensus. Sec dimetior. dimetior, iri, mensus sum, measure off. dimicatio, onis, t., fierce combat, hot engagement. dimico, are, avi, fltum, to fight. dimidius, a, um, adj., half: dimi- dium, n., the halj. [medius.J di-mitto, ere. mlsi, missum, to send out in various directions ; to forego, let slip, relinquish, abandon. directe, adv., straight, directly. directUS, a, um, part, dirijfo ; also aflj., straight. dirigo, ere, rexi, rectum, to form into a straight line ; draw up troops in battle a r rail. dirimo, ere, Cmi, emptuni, take apart, breakup; break off, put an end to. [dis, emo.] diripio, ore, ripui, reptum, tear asunder, plunder, ravage, pillage, [dis, rapio. ] dis- or di- adverbial i)refix, apart, asunder. VOrABlTLAHY. 21 dis-cedo, (-re, I'cHsi, ci'SMnn, In dissuadeo, ere, miJlHi, Htirixum. ills- nintii, ilfjKirt. xuiolf, mlriKi' against, djijmhii: dlsceptator, oris, m., nrhltrntor, distlneo, On-, ui, lontnni, A-w;» a/)ar(; V III 111 11', jinliw. /mill off ; Ki'iianitr. discemo, ere, crevi, cretum, ills- distO, sturo, no pf. or 8U|iiiu', ulaiul tliufntxh hi'liircii. 1 apart, be xpiiarati-il, discessua, fis, in., ilrparttiv. \ distr&ho, ore. triixi, tractnni, ilraff disciplina. ai-, f., tmhilw,, Oixcip- iixi<"iill apart,, lin,l,'. liih'. ' dis-tribuo, ire, ni, utum, to tliriiti; dlscludo, f're, cU'isi, clfismn, hrp ilisfrihufe. apart, Imlil apart, srjiaratr, illrlitf. ditissiinus, «ee dives. [{•liuido. I 1 diu, -tins, -tissiine, iulv., /or a loiuj disco, «liscere, dldlii, to Irani hif ''""'' '""!'• xtiuhi. , divimus, a, iim, adj., o/ the dan, l>!f discrimen, inis, n., risk, danticr; j ''''.'/• («Hes.J difference. &\\xtin\x&, a., \\m,M\\., endvring for a discCitio, Cre, ouHsi, cuH.miin, shatter, \ '"".'/ ''""'. '«"''"i/, lomj. dixperxe, clear uwaij. ((juatio.J disicio, Cre, ieci, iectuin, drire anuii- der, scatter, rout, [iacio.] dispar, paris, adj., vnequal. disparo, are, avi, atuin, divide, part, sr^iaratc, di-spergo, Cre, si, sum, to scatter abfnit, disperse. dispersus. a, um, )». })art. used as adj., scattered [disperyo.) dis-pono, Cre, pOsni, pdsUuin, to set ill, different jdaces, to titatioii. disputatio, onis, f., arguing, dinput- iivt : an ar(/inneut. diS-pi\to, are, avi, atum, to invent i- gate, treat of, dixciiss. dissensiO, onis, f., dim;jreement, din- cord. dis-sentio, ire, si, sum, to differ in opinion, disagree. dissero, •"re, sCvi, sltuni, plant here and there, place at interoaln. [scro, plant.] dissimulo, are, avi, atnin, dingnine, conceal, [siuiilis.] dissipatus, a, um, part, dissipo. dis-Sipo, are, avi, atum, to disperne, scatter. diutissime, see diu. diuturnitas, atis, f., length of time, long duration. diutumus, a, um, atiiimniil. domlnus, i, m., HKtstrr, lant, owiit-r. \ edisco, Orv, (iKlIci, to l,nni off hi/ domtis, iis, f., /lOKne, fio.iir ; doml. /"'"if- ]nv. cast', (It hotii); edltUS, u, iiiii, I'lfrated, hijli, [C <^)1»/*^ hc>.i- dcau'oiit. effarcio, ire, farsi, fartuiit, stop up, stuff, Jill. late. dliblus, a, uiii, aart. of e;reo, want- ing, iieedji. egfeo. Ore, Cti, to lack, ueed, be in want of. Sgrestas, litis, f., ueediness, extreme poverty. 6g'0, niei, personal pron., / ; pi. nos, nostrum. ^gOTHet, pi. nosniet, emphatic form of ego. e-gredior, i, gressus, to come or go out. egregifj, 'm\\., remarkably, splendidly. e-grSgrius, a, um.adj., distinguished, remarkable. [», grc^re, i.e. oiit of the (common) lterd.\ egressus, a, um, part, egredior. egressus, iis, m., going out, the way out, departure. eicio, fire, ir;ci, iectum, to turn out, cast out, cast up. VOCAnULAUY. til eius-modl. o/ that klml, of xnrh a kinif. (is, iiknIiih ) e-labor, i, elaiwus, to nf{p amiK, elapsus, u, um, part, elulwr. elatus. St'(' effero. electus. Ste eligro. dlSphantVlS, i, and C'lCphoa, uiitiH, in., iin elephant. ellcio, frc, lIcMli and lexi, llcltuni, ^^ entice or draw inr the reason that; 3. al)l. used as adv. of degree, the, bif that much. eo, Ire, ivi or ii, Itum, to go. eodem, adv., to the same place. ephippium, i, saddle-cloth. ephippiatus, a, um, adj., furnished with saddle-cloths, saddle-tis:ing. Spistola, ae, f., a letter. 6pulae, Srum, f. (irreg. plur. of epu- hun), banquets, feasts. eques, Itis, m., a horseman, rider • a (Roman) knight; in plur., ecjuites, crti'- afrif, used also of the " Knights" of Caul. [(.•i|Uu.H.J 6queater, tris, m*, julj., Iieloni/ing tn caralrg, earalrii. dquItatUS, lis, m., eanitrif. 6quU8, I, III., a horse. erectus, a, um, (pf. part, of erlgo) ait. evoco, are, avi, atum, to call ottt, sininnon. evolo, are, avi, atum,//// or rush forth, ex, pre])., w. abl., see e. exactus, see exlgo. u vorAiur,ARY. exagito, are, avi, atuin, dni^e tmf, tiiniiiji, hfirantt, examino, are, ftvi, iTriiin, to tiwigh in t}ii' hnUiiirp, cxaDihu', bi-M. [exaineii, till' tniiijin' of the hn/aiii-i.) exanimatus, a, mn, i>art. exaniiun. exanimo, are avi, atuiu, to kill, [ex, aninia, breath]. exardesco, ere, arsi.arsum, to burst iutit a hliizi', tiiki' Jin-. ex-audio, ire, Ivi, Itum, ti> hi-.ii- (listiiictlji. ex-cedo, Pre, ressi, cesHUin, ^» i/n J'lulh or ovt ; ^< , pirlfvp with the hands [excipio.] exceptus, a, nm, i>f. part, of excijtio. ex-CipiO, Cre, v.v\n, eeptuni, to catch, tab', captarc; take in turn, rclicrc (of sentinels, cU'.). excito, are, .Ivi, dtum, to raise, eiect, \ huilil ; to amuse, incite. j excludo, ere, dusi, olusuni, to shut ; out, cut ojl'. ex-COgitO, are, avi, atnm, to think out, contrirc. excriicio, are, avi, atnni, to tortinc exciibitor oris, m., «»■»////<'/ ['one who lies out," ex, <'iiho.] exciibo, are, cfihui, (M'lhltuni, lie out, kccj) ;'iitch. exculco. are, avi, atuni, tread doirn, [ex, ualx, th«! heel. J excursio, onis, f., a running out, a sallfi, sortie, excusatio, onis, f., excuse-makiuij, ajioliijji, defence. excuso, are, avi, atuni, excuse, de- fend. exemplum, i, n., example; warnintj, punishment. ex eo, ire, li, Ituni, to ijn forth or md. ex-erc§0, en?, rii, Itum, to employ, keen busy ; drill, exercise (troops). exercitatio, onis, f., exercise, train- "".It practice, [exereeoj. exercitatus, a, um, skilled, trained. exercitus, us, m., an army, [ex- erceo). ex-haurio, Irc, hansi, haustuni, to draw out, take out. exigO, Cre, ej,n, actinn, to bring to an end, complete. exigue, adv., barely, hardly exigultas, r.tis, smtdlness, ahortncHs, small uundter, .sruutiness. exiguus, a, uni, adj., small. eximius, a, um, eminent, distin- yuished, excellent. existimatio, onis, f., judgment, .ipinitin. existimo, are, avi, atuin, to consider, judge, think. existo, (ex-sisto), ere, stiti, stltun», to came forth, t, rot,. ex-traho, ere, traxi, iractuni, to dran'rvant>i ; /aitiUji : paterfaniiliue, master u/ u fimisi'. famfliaris, e, ai. feliciter, arlv., fortunatebi, jirnsfirr- onslif. femlna, ae, f., a woman, f&mur, «'•ris or iiiis, n., a thiijh, f6ra, ae, f., a wild aninuil. fdrax, .Icis, aerous, in- fiuential. flos, (loris, m., fiower. fluctus, us, m., wave. fliimen, Inis, n., a riren ^k VOC ABU LAKY. 27 •] tiihij. ifilius, fluo, fire, fluxi, fluxuiii, jU>w. f odio, Cre, fodi, fosBum, dig. foedus, fris, ti., ,1 compact, treaty. f6re= futurum esse, fut. infin. of sum. f6rem=essein. see sum. foris, adv., out of doors, outside, abroad, [oldahl.] forma, iie, f., shape. foi'S, fortis, f., chance, luck. forte, adv., pcrchtnice, pcradm'ntnrc fortis, o, adj., brav.'. fortiter, -tins, tissiine, adv., brarcli/. fotitudo, inis, f., brarcn/, covraliir.. ])o,s.'it/all (for catchiti),' wild aniiiials). tv&ngO, Cre, fregi, fractuiii, break, wreck, dii.sh in piecci (of ships) ; hiiitk down, wear ovt (of iiii-ii). frater, tris, m., a brother. fraternus, a, um, of a brother, brotherli). fraus, fraudls, !., deceit, di'ception, fi*emitus, ua, m., din, noixe. fi'^quens, entis, iwlj., crowded, thromj- inij, in large numbers. fl'etus, a, um, atlj., rehjinij uponinov- erns ulii.). frigidus, a, um, lulj., cold. frigUS, oris, II., cold. frons, tis, f., the forehead. fructuosus, a, um, fruitful, fertile. fructus, us, in., produce, fruit: of mo»io\, intercut. ftnimentariviS, a, um, adj., pertain- inij to corn ; res ftnimentaria, com supply. frumentatio, onis, f., foraging; obtaining corn. frumentor, ari, atus sum, to forage. frumetltum, i, n., com, grain. fruor, fnii, frultus, or fructus sum, ''"7".'/, {,'ov's abl. frustra, a^lv., in vain, without efiect. fuga, ae, f., flight, rout, running II I'll g. fugio, Cre, fugi, fiijfitum, to flee. fugitiVUS, a, mil, adj., fleeing; as sulist,, a runairag, deserter. fugo, are, avi, aUun, p^tt to flight, rout. fumo, are, avi, atuni, mnoke. fumus, i, in., smoke. funda, ae, f., a sling. fungor, fuiij,'-!, funetus sum, perform a duty, discharge ; jjov's ahl. fiinis, is, m., a rope. funebris, e, adj., jwrtaining to a fu- neral ; funeral {ill]].). flinus. Oris, n., burial, funeral rites. furor, oris. 111.,/»///, rage, madness. furtum, i, n., theft, [fur.] fusilis, e, adj. [fuiido. I strictly mo^- ten, fluid, liquid ; ut l'.l<. v, 4;{, fusilis argilla, softened claif. futurus, a, um, future part, of sum. G. galea, ac, f., a helmet (of leather.) Gallicus, a. nm, M\i., Gil nlish.Hallic. gallina, ae, f., a hen. [<,'allus.] gaudeo, ere, fffivisussum, semidepoii., rejoice. gaviSUS. See >,'audeo. gener, f-ri, m., a son-in-law. generatim, adv., bg tribes. gens, tis, f., (( clan, nalion. 28 VOCABULARY. genus, Oris, II. , a cinsx, >~ „ I. gero, i'lv, ffussi, iLcestiiin, to currn on : '^vr. belluiii, to tvaqi' vur : res y:t'Slai', what has happened, ercnts, achiennnehtn. gladius, ii, ti>., a xirord. glans, «lis, f., an acorn ; an acorn- shaped in issile. gleba, iie, f., a clod (of earth.) gloria, iie, f., (/loni, i-enoirn, praise. gratia, ae, f., favor; thanks, return, re(jiiilal. gratulatio, oiiis, f., rejoicUuj, con- gratulation. gratulor, ari, atus sum, congratulate. gratus, a, uin., adj., accept(d)le, agree- able, pleasing. gravis, e, adj., heavy, severe. grd,VitaS, alis, f., weight, authority, gravity, iinjtoitance. [r,isr, cont, iaculiim, i, "., « ''«>•'. j«i'<'i>ii' [iacio.] iam, adv., now, alreadf. ibl, adv., ill that place, there, [is.] ictus, fis, in., a bloir, stah, gtnike. [Tco.| idcirco, adv., for that rcnsnn. identidem, adv,,/n»**(. thm' to tinu-, ri'irntedly, aijuia and a\\, K'notum, (not t» kiioir), fii 2'ordiin, ureiiiiok, forifire ignotus, a, lun, pf. part, of ignosco; as alnre. illigatUS, V. inlijjatus. illigo, v. inlijro. illo, adv., thither, to that place; t<' that end. illustris, V. inlustris. imbecillitas, atis, weakness, f-hle- HfSS. imber, imbris, m., rain, rainst'om. imitor, ari, atus sum, /" inilfatr. immani* o, iwlj., mornioos. hoiie. iramineo, ore, no perf. or snj..,»'" iot j^nd, be close at hand. immitto, ire, nusi, niissnm, to send (vjainut, cast, hxirl, let Imise. [imuiK^ol immolo, arc, avi, atuni, t<> ojler vp, sorrlfiee. [in, niola.] immortalis, e, adj., undyimj, ini- witftal. [in, niortalis, mors.] immunis, t-, adj., /w fnnn taxes; freefro)n public dot u ; creni/it. immunitas, atis, f., exemption or freednni friini public chnnjesand sercices. imparatUS, a, um, adj., unprepared. impedimentum, i,n., a hindrnnre; phir., impedimenta, onmi, thi- bay- ijnije {train) of an arm;/, [inipeiho.j imp6dio, ire, Ui or li, ituni, lo en- tnnijli', haniiier, hinder, [in, jh's.] impeditus, a, \uu, jvart. inipedio. impello, ere, judi, ))ulsum, to f. or supine, hunij ori'r, orirhanij. impensus, a, (un, »— se induere, toin-t taniihd. induatrie, ailv., iuduxtriouxly, dili- gent hj. indutiae, arum, i)l. f., a truer, armis- tice. in-eo, Ire, Tvi, or li, lUiiii, 'c ,'/«» into, enter Ujion. inermis, o, adj., unarmed. |iii, anna.) iners, ertis, aositinn. iniquus, a, um, adj., 7iot level: lo-ns, dlsadvantageims, unfavorable, [in, a('<|uiis.] initium, li, n., a beginning, [in, cc] initus, a, nm, j»art. ineo. iniungo, ire, iunxi, iunctum, fix, fast( n ujion. iniiiria, ae, f., injury, wrong, oppres- sion, [in, ins. | in-iussu, m., (only in ai)l.), withotit the eonnnand. inlatus. (ill-), a, mn, part. Infero, inligatus, (ill), a, um, i>art. inll^o. in-ligo, (ill-)» are, avi, atnni, to himl on . tie on . inlustris, (ill-), e, adj., distinmishcd, hlgli (of social rank), (in, lustro.j '^n 32 VOCAIULARY. Innascor, nasci, nam» sum, he horn in ; xpriiKj np. innitor, niti, nlsus or nixuuHum, lean en. [iiitor.] innixus. Stc innitor. in-nocens, ntia, luiy, harmless, ijuilt- less, innocent. innocentia, nv, f., innwence, hldnii'- \ U'ssness, inteijrity. indpia, ae, f., want, lack, poverty. inopinans, ntis, adj., not expectimf, vnawares, ojf one's ijuard. inpetro, v. impetro. inquit, v. defect., sa;is he. In-rumpo, (irr), rri-, rfipi, ruptum, to hrcak, burst, or rush in, or into. insciens, entis, adj., not knmvinj, ignorant. inscientia, ao, f., lack of knowledje, ignorance. inscius, a, um, adj., not knowinif, ignorant. lns6quor, i, (piutus or cutus, tu follow up, pursue. insero, ere, serui, sertnni, fasten into. [sero, join.] insidiae, anun, f., plur., an ainlmy- cade, a)nhu.sh. [insideo.] insidior, ari, atus sum, to laii an anihush. insijifne, is, n., ,ngn, hadge, distine- tion. insigrnis, e, adj., noted, remarkable. insilio, ire, silui, sultuni, leap upon. [salio.] insimulo, are, avi, atum, charge, accuse. insinuo, are, avi, atum, worm one's way into, thrtist one's self into, penetrate. insisto, ere, stlti no sup., with in. and aco., to denote oneself to ; press foriv nl. insolenter, adv., haughtily, inso- lently. Inspecto, are, avi, atum, look on. instabilis, e, adj., unsteady, (in, not; 8to.] instans, prea, part, of inato, pressing, imminent. instar, n, indec;!., image of; like un- to, |,'o\ 'a ijfen. instiicro, are, avi, iitum, to urge on, incite. instituo, Ore, fii, fitum, to set u;i, build: to fabricate, fashion, make: ser- monem, to arrange, keep up. institutum, i, n., inode or manner of life, custom, habits. in-sto, stare, stlti, statum, to press /or ward. instruCtUS. See instruo. Instrumentum, i, n., furniture. [in-struo.] instruo, ere, Htruxi, struetum, to build, construct ; to draw up in array; fit out, equip. instiefactus, a, um, adj., unac- I Hstomed, insuetUS, a, um., suly, unaccustomed. insula, ae, f., an island. insuper, adv., above, orerhead, on top. integer, gra, jjrmm, £wlj., untouched, tvhofe, new; unimpaired, undiminished. intego, Cre, texi, tectum, cover, cover orer. intellego, Oro, exi, ectum, to under- stand, perceive: to he ijuite aware. intendo, fre, tendi, tentum, strive. intentus, a, um, attentive, eager, tient on, intent, inter, prep. w. ace, between, among, during. inter-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to Clime between, intervene; to interfere, occur, arijte. inter-cipiO, ere, cepi, ceptun\, to catch or seize on the way, to intercept. [inter, capio.] i«l . VOCABULARY. 33 liiol; VII- (III, till, HCT- II a intercludo, Cre, clusi, cluaum, s/nil of, cut off, block tip, hinder. intf i.'-dico, Cre, xi, ctum, to forhiil, prohibit, interdict. interdiu, an the mi'antinie. intSrSo, ire, li, Itum, to die, perish. interficlo, Cre, foci, fectuni, to kill, day. intericlo, fire, icci, iectum, throw be- tween, put bi'tureii ; in pass, of tinie, elajise, intervene, [iacio,] interim, aflv., meanwhile, in the meantime, [inter, im (old ace. of is,)] interior, oris, ailj., comp. from intra, inner, interior. interitus, us, m., dentruction, death [intert'o.] intermittO, frc, mlsi, niisaum, to jmt or send between ; in leare off, to allow to panit or elaii»e, to pause, to stop. internicio (necio), Onis, f., slaMijhfi'r; alter dentruction, annihila- tion, [inter, jieco, kill.] interpello, are, avi, atuni, intentijit, disturb, hinder. inter-pono, cre, posfii, i)(5situin, to put or set betieei n : fideni, to 2>led<, n. Journey, march ; road, path, wail. |supine stem it- of eo, to jjo. | iterum, ad\ ., ayain, a second time. iuba, ao, f., mane. iubSo, ere, iussi, iussun», to bid, com- mand, (nder. iudicium, li, n., judgment, decision, opinion, [index.] ilidiCO, are, avi, atum, to decide, judye. [iude.v.] iugum, i, n„ yoke, ridge. iumentum, i, n., haagage animal, bead of burden, [iugum.] iunctura, ae, f., a joining, joint, space between; span. iunctus. See inngro. iung'O, ire, iunxi, imi(;tiiin, j«t/t, unite, connect. iunior. See iuveni». iui'O, are, avi, atum, to moear. ilis, iuris, n., right (i. e , legal right, what one is entitled to) ; rightful an- thority. ius-iurandum, iurisiurMidi, n., an oath, [ius, iwro.] iuaeus, a, um, part, iubeo. iustitia, ae, f, justice. iustus, a, um, adj., complete, regular, due. iuvenis, e, adj., young ; coni|». iunior, «uperl,, minimus natu. inventus, fitis, f., collective noun, the youth, the young persona of a com- in unity. iuvo, .Ire, ifivi, iutuni, to help. iuxta, ai^lv., near, next. K. Kal. = Kalendae. Kalendae, arum, f., pi., the Calends or Kalends, tlie Roman name for the first day of the month, Kalendae Apriles, the April Kalends, or Kalends of April, April 1st. L L.= Lucius. labor, lahi, lapsus, to slip, tumble down ; heiute, to slip or fall away from a. thing, to lie disapjiointed. l&bor, oris, m., labor, toil. Ifiiboro, are, avi, atum, to labor, to be in dijiiculties, to be hard pressed. labrum, i, n., a Up ; rim, brim. lac, lactis, n., miUc. lacesso, ore, esslvi, essitum, to at- tack, provoke. I VOCABULAKV. 35 \iitit, \nifc. ail- I., (IH lacrlma, iw, f., /at,'. laetatiO, oliis, f., rxuUatinn, rrjiticimj. (liutor. ) laetltia, ao, f., Jonfulne-'in, rejiiicutij. laetus, ii, um, i/lnd, jmjous, jugful. langruide, adv., jwblij. languor, nils, m., jeehkiiesn, weari- tn'KH. [laiit,nit<). I l&pis, I Imrc unHf hijlacnn'. largitio, rmis, f., lihnitfitii, hrihcrih lassitudo, Inis, f., Jninftirss, weari- tii'Ms, vxhanxtiiiii, late, adv., ii'iih'li/, hrondln, cxti'n- xiwbi, (ioiiip. latius, sni). latissime. ld.tebra, ao, f., Mdinij-placr, ciircrt. Ifiteo, latOn;, iritiii, no siiiiiiie, lii'liid, he ttiniDtleetl. latissime, sui». adv. flatus.] latitude, inis, f., breadth, width. [latus. ] latius, ('oinpar. of late. latro, oiiis, rnhher, /reehi)<)ter. laxo, arc, avi, atuin, njirend nut, nften out, extend. legatlo, oiiiH, f., an enilia-fsii. [U', to elioosr. I legionarius, a, un», adj., letjionarn (xidiiier). lenis, e, adj., 'lentb', xiaek. lenitS-S, ati.4, f., nvioothnesx, (jentlr- ni'ss, lenlter, arfi*"w, credit. \ liceor, Ori, licitus siiiii, />/»/. lavo, are, lavi, lavatuni, lautuni or licet, Cre, liefiit, and iTcIhiiii est, ini- lotuni, wash; pass, used reflexively, i pers. v. it is lawful; it is allowed, per- bathe. , mittcd. berg, highwag-robberg : in plur.,./Vf^'/ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 873-4503 6^ 36 VOCABULAFIY. J,\\fn i n .:!■ 'ii i^i lignatio, onis, f., fellitu) or (jetting ivood. [lijfmnn.] lignator, oris, ni.,« woodcutter, one sent to yet V'ood. lilium, i, n., lily. linea, ae, f., line, [limnn, thread.] lingua, ao, f., toiKjiie, lang\ia(ie. lingula, ae, a tongue of land, point. [lingua.] linter, tris, f., boat, skif. lirmm, i, n, jhix. lis, litis, f., dinjmte, Imvmit : litem aestimare, to settle the matter in dispute. littera, ae, f., 1. singxilar, a letter of the ali)habet ; 2. plur., an epistle, letter, dispatch ; ivritinn, literature. litus, <5ris, n., shore of the sea, strand, beach, locus, i, 111. (pi. loca, onini, n.), jilace, position, region; chance, opportunitji. locutus. See loquor. longe, -ius, -issinie, adv.,/ar. [lonj,nis.] longinquus, a, um, adj., distant ; long, prolonged, [longiis.] longitude, inis, f., length, [lonjyus.] longurius. i, ni.,rt long pole. longUo, a, 11111, adj., long. loquor, loiiui, loquutus or locutus sum, to speak, tallc, sag. lorica, ae, f. (a cuirassmadc of leather thongs: hence) a breastivork, mantlet, parapet, [lorum, a thong.] Luna, ae, !., the moon, the moon- goddess. lux, lucis, f., light: prima luce, at day break. luxuria, ae, f., luxury. M. M. = Marcus. M'.=Maiiius. naaceria, ae, f., u-all, enclosure. naachinatio. OniH, f., a contrivance, machiiie. [machina.] maestUS, a, um, adj., sad, sorronfnl. magis, adv., more, comp. of magno- pere; suiierl. maxims, magistratus, us, m., a magistrate. magnificus, a, um, adj., grand, splendid, magnificent, [maynus, facio.] magliTtudo, luis, f., greatness ; great amoitiit: vt^nii, force, violence. [maj,'nus.] magnopere, =magno opere, adv., greatlii, earnestlii, strongly. magnus, a, um, adj., (comp. maior, us ; .suji. maximus, a, um), great : itinera, forced marches. maiestas, atis, f., greatness, dignity. maiores, um, m, (c. ma^'nus), plur. suhst., ancestors, forefather.^. malacia, ae, f,, a calm, stillness. maleflcium, i, n, un ecildced, crinu , tnischief, hurt. malo, malle, mfdui, / prefer, I ivould rather. malus, a, um, adj., bad, evil. malus, i, m., upright pole ; mast of a ship. mandatum, i, n., order, injunrtion, instruction. mando, are, avi, iitum, to comnnt (to any one's charge), to comig7i, entrust, en- join upon ; litteris, to commit to writing. mane, adv., ru the morning, early. maneo, ere, mansi, iiiansum, to bide, to stag, remain. manipularis, e, belonging to a man- iple or company. manipulus, i, m., a manipile, com- pany of soldiers. See Introduction. mansuefacio, 6re, feci, factum, to tame, [mansuetus (part, of mansuesco= nianus, suckco, to accustom to be handled), facio.] mansuetudo, inis, f., gentleness, mercy, kindness, compassion, manus, us. f., a hand ; a band, body, force (of soldiers). '«••. VOCABULARY. 37 mare, is, n., the .sea, maris, v. nuis. maritumus (also raaritimus), a, uiu., ailj., inarifiiiii', n/fhe ,sea. mas, maris, adj., male, of the male so,x\ subst., a male{pY\>. femiiia). matara, ac, f., a Gaulish javelin, pike. mater, tris, f., mother; matres familiae, matrons. materia, ae, f., tiwher. miaterior, iari, iatus sum, procure tiiiilicr. [materia.] matrimonitim, i, n., mamacje, tved- lock. mature, adj., early, soo7i. maturesco, tre, rui,iio9up., to grow ripe. maturo, are, avi, atum, make haste, hasten. maturus, a, um, rj^r», early. maxime, adv., most of all, chiejhj, especially, [maxiinus, maj^nus. ] maximvis, a, um, super! of mftg- nus. medeor, Ori, to cure, heal, remedy. mediocris. e, adj., middlini/, mod- erate, [mcdius.] mediocriter, adv., moderately. mediterraneus, a, mn, aehd, thrall). mobilis, e, iit a hit.] nihilo, al)l. of iiihiliini, n., Iiif nothing ; esp. as adv., nihilo minus, none the Irsx. nimis, adv., tiKi itiucli, exces,siveli/. nimius, a, um, adj., excessive, too (ft'cat, too iinich, ni-si, (lonj., iiiilcss; except, save only. nitor. i, nisus and nixus, to strive, endeavor. nix, nlvis, f., snow. nobilis, e, adj., of hi. nuvis- sinuis, a, um, the last, latest, hindermost. nox, noclis, f., night. noxa, ae, i., an injurious act; a crime, guilt, [noceo.] nubo, ere, nu])si, nuptum, (of a woman) to mat ry, veil one's nel/ for ; i;o\'sdat. nudo, are, fivi, fitum, to make naked or bare, to uncover ; of military formation or position, to leave uncovered or e.r/'osed to tile enemy, [midus.] nudus, a, um, adj., bare, naked, un- covered. nullus, a, um, adj., (^^en. imlllus, dat. nuUi), no, none, [ne, ullus.] num. interroj;. jiarticle, expecting answer " No." numen, Inis, n., the divine will, will or jiourr (of the y:od9). numerus, i, m., a number; estima- tion, -position: alicpio esse numero, to be of any account. nummus, i, m., money, a piece of money, coin, numquam. See nunquam. nunc, adv., now. nunquam, adv., never, [ne, un- quam. ] nuntio, are, avi, atun), to announce. nuntius, li, m., a messenger, message. nuper, adv., recently, lately. nusquam, adv., nowhere. nutus, us, m., a nod, beckoning, making signs. VOCAlUr.AKV. 41 . o. 6b, prop. \v. iicc, (III aciunuit n/: oli uani causaiu, far that, rrasoti, cuiisi'- \ il tl h .1 ij ' f fit" ; :;• ^ m 42 VOCABULARY. I oppugnauio, onis, .f., an oltack, as- odium, i, n., hatred. Offendo, ere, ft'iidi, feiisiim, to injure. "<"'('■ loppii;;no.] ofFensio, r>\us, f., a hurting, wound- ing. oflfero, ferre, obtfili, oblatum, jn-oient, offer, expose. oflficium, li, n., duty, service, alle- giance. omitto, ere, misi, inissiiin, to neglect, disregard, drop, o)nit. omnino, adv., altogether, at all. [oiniiis. ] omnis, e, adj., all, everg. oppugno, arc, ri\ i, atum, to attack, ansaull,,st<)rni. [oh, piif^iio.] optatus, a, uin, j)f. iiart. of opto, as adj., desired, agreeable. optinie, adv., snjieii. of bene, host, in the best manner. opus, Criis, II., »'o/•^• ; work o/ fortifica- tion, "defences" ; opus est, there is a necehsitg, it isin;edful. 6ra, ae, f., coast, shore. oratio, onis, f., a speech, harangue. ius, a, um, adj., pertaining to l^'ra.] oneranus loads; of burden, [onus.] onero, are, avi, atum, to load, burden, freight, [otms.] onus. Oris, 11,, a load, burden, cargo, weight. opera, ae, f., agency, means; aid, j sermccs. operam dare, take pains, I ctcrt o)m's self. [opus. ] i opinio, onis, f., belief, expectation. [opinor. J opis, (gen.; noni. not found), power; aid, amstance ; opes, plur., resources. oportet, ore, uit, impers. v., it be- honces, it is necessarg. oppidanus, a, um, adj., belonging to a town ; as subst., a townsman. oppidum, i, n., tow7i. oppono. Ore, p6sQi, positum, to con- front, place opposite. opportune, adv., seasonably, con- veniently. opportunitas, atis, f., opportunity, fitness. opportunus, a, um, adj., convenient, suitable, [ob, portus=«f or before the harbour. ] opprimo, ere, pressi, pressuni, to crtish, overivhelin, oppress ; to fall upon, take by surprise, [ob, premo. ] orator, oris, m., encuy, ambassador. orbis, is, ni., a circle, ring. ordo, ui\s,n\.,a line, rank of soldiers; used by Caesar -centuria, century, coni- pany. oriens, entis, (pres. jiart. of orior), as adj., rising ; as siiltst. oriens (SOl), the rising sun, i.e., the, ca.'a(:o, to make peaceful [pii\]), li» adj., peaceful. paCO, are, avi, atuiu, to quiet, reduce to state of peace. pactum, i, 11,, hanjain, aureeuient. paene, adv., almost, nearly. paenitet, ore, uit, impers. v., it re- pents. me paenitet, / repent, I am sorri). pagus, i, m, a canton, district, village (hence our word par/an). palam, adv., openly, umUs'juisedbi. palma, ae, f., the palm of the hand, the blade of an oar. palus, udis, f., a marsh, moras.'i, swamp. paluster, tris, tre, adj., marshy, sivampy. [palus.] pando, Cre, pandi, pansum or pas- sum, stretch, stretch out ; open, spread out. par, paris, adj., equal. paratus, a, um, pf. part, of paro; as adj., ready, prepared, equipped. parce, adv., sparingly, [parco.] parco, Cre, pCperci, parsum, to spare, have mercy on. parens, entis, m. and f., a, parent. [pario.] parento, are, avi, atum, (literally, to make a vow or offering in memory of deceased 2)arents), hence, to revenge the death of any one. par6o, crc,'tti, pilrltum, to obey, .vih- mit to. pario, Ore, jK-pOri, partuni, to bring forth (hence), to produce, bring about, seen re. paro, are, fivi, atum, to get or make ready, prepare. pars, parlis, f., a part, portiim : in utramcjue partem, oa Ixith sides, cither way, upon either view of the case. partim, adv., in part, partly, (pars.) partior, itartiri, imrtitus sum, tluu'de ; pf. part, used in i)assive sense. partus, a, um, itart. i>ario. parum, adv., too little, not enough. parvulus, a, mn, adj., dim., little, petty, trifling ; of aye, little, young, [par- vus.] parvus, a, um, adj., small; compar. minor, superl. minimus. passim, adv., everywhere, i7i all direc- tions. passus, us, m., a step, pace; as a measure of lenjrth, about five of our feet, i.e., a double pace : mille passus, a (Roman) jsessiun of. penitus, adv., entirely, completelij. per, prep, w. ace, thnnnjh ; showin»,' the aj,'ent or means, by. by means of. per-ago, Cre, egi, actum, toijothromjh with, complete, finish. perangUStuS, a, nm, adj., very nar- row. perceptus. v. iienlpjo. percipio, ore, cei>i, (tepliim, to take note of, rei'i'ire, learn. percontatio, <>nis, f., tjitestion, in- i/iiiry. [peri-onlor. 1 percurro, currere, c;ucurri or eurri, cursuin, runthrouyh ; runabimj. percussus, a, nm., part., iierintio. per-CUtio, Cre, en.ssi, cussiim, to j)ierec or strike throayh. [ijnatio. ] per-disco, Cre, dldlci, to learn thor- oiiylily, ijrt iff by heart. perditus, a, um, adj., abandoned, desperate (\^f. part, of jierdo). per-duco, ere, xi, otum, to lead thriniyh ; to jn'olony ; to briny or irin (any one) oiwr to one's side ; carry over. perendinus, a, nm, adj., after to- morrow, [perendie. I pereo, ire, ivi or 11, Itum, to jierish. perequitO, are, avi, atnm, ride ahimt or arinind, r.de throiiyh. [jier, equus.] per-exiguus, a.um., adj., very small. perfacilis, e, adj., very easy. per-fero, ferre, tfili, latum, to hear or carry thronijh. ; to briny; to bear, jnitup with, submit to ; in pass., of letters, news, etc., to arrive, come to hand. per-ficio, Cre, fad, fecUnn, to nccom- ■plisli, complete, finish, [per-facio.] perfidia, ae, f., faithlessness, treach- ery, perfringo, ere, fregi, fractum, break thro II yh. [franco.] perfuga, ae, m., deserter, fuyitive, perfugium, i, n., a refuye. pergo, Cre, per-rexi, per-rectum, go on, advance. periclitor, ari, atus sum, to endanger. periculosus, a, um, fxdl of danger, dangerous. periculum, i, n. , danger. peritus, a, um, skilled, practised experienced in, familiar with. 'X VOf'ARI'LARY. l:. perlatUS, ii, \im, i>iirl. iKTffio. perstO, stiire, sllii, siaium, siitiiil perlectus. u, inn, lun-t. imtI.-... ^' '•'"'."- ^"■'•■^■'■^■'• per-lego, vw, lo-i, lectum, t„ rrad per-suadeo, rrr, si, sn.n, h, y».- ., , niittilf.nri'nii/inniii. throiKjIi. ' ' perluo, ore, lui, Intu.n, to wash ; in perterreo, c.v, ni. Itun., tn ternf,r. ^y.iss,tobnth,: tlwrouiihhf Jr.ihhn. permagnus, u. inn, adj.. r,../ ,/ii. perm ul ceo, Ci-e, nmlsi, luulsum, soothr, cahti. pernicies, ci, f., min, (Icstmction. perpauci, ac, a, adj., rc-H J'rw. pertinacia, at-, f., ohstiiKirii. \\n\-\\- iia\, tt'iiax, tcnco. ] per-tineO, ere, fii, to stirtfh mit rcdrh, cxlriiil ', fii hcloiii/ to, roncmi, affect, [teiieo.] perturbatio, onis, f., roti/vKio». per-turbo, an', a\i, fitnm, /" tliroir into ronjvsiun \ to (lixioiiijMisr, fottfoinil. pervagor, ari, at\is sum, roam cilioiit. per-venio, ire, veni •entuni, to conn', to, arrive at. pes, pedis, m,, a foot. peto. Ore, Ivi, and li, itiim, tn seek ; cs/.'. phalanx, an-ris, f., yo'id ro/nmn. perpendiCUlum, i, n., jdnmb line. phalanx ; ( ireek ace plur. phalangas. perpetior, peti, pessus sum, bear, endure, [patior.] perpetvio, adv., continually, con- stantly ; alivays, forever. pietas, at is, f., dutiful condvcf to- wards the Kods, one's parents, country, etc. [pins.] pilum, i, n., a javelin. per-petuUS, a, \m\, adj., continuimi pjlus, i, ni., usually with primus, tl,e throu(jhoHt,un>n-okei\ :\n-£tev^etn\XVa., iHi-ixion. of the army ocevpied hy the for all time, for ever, [per-peto.] triorii ; primi pili centurio. " eentn- perquiro, ere, (|uislvi, quislttim, rion<,f the trkn-ii ; chief centnrwn. inquire atiout . [cpiaero.] -gmnSi, a,e,i., a battlement. per-rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, to piscis, is, ni.,./(67i. break thronyh. , pix, pieis, f., 2*<7<-;i. per-scribo. Ore, psi, ptum, to write in , ^^^^^^^ ^re, ui, itum, yleaxe, be ayree- full, write a full ncconnt oj. ^^^^^^_ ^^^, arlcome to ; placet mihi, / am per-sequor, sO(iui, sOcutus, to follow ^yreed, I resolve, up, pursue. \ piacide, adv., wZm/.v. persevero, are, avi, ntum, to abide ^_^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^..^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ reconcile, steadjastly,per.vst. , ^^^^^^^^^_ persolVO, ore, solvi, solutun., pay in ^^^^.^ ^^^^ ^ ^.^^^^.^^^ ^""'^'""'" „ • f , vlanities. C\,f., a plain; levdground. perspiCiO, Ore, spex., spectum, to piciiiiu look throuyh ; to see clearly, perceive. , planus, a, um, adj., level, jtat. \m M. jl.ii'. 46 VOCAHULARY. Mi I ^! at; plebs, l>l«lti.saii(l plOhcM, L'i, f., till' I'Diii- mini, priifdi', " llir iiiilsurs" ((>))p. hi I Iw iidIiIcs). plene, lulv., /»//»/, cinnidftelij. plenUS, a, mil, adj., fidl, roiii/drtr. plerumque, iulv.,, /'((/■ /A(! nuiKt part, llltixtll/. plerusque, rilque, niiii(|UP, lulj., (rare in siiiK-,); l>leri(|iu', i»liir., ih'i-i/ hhuiii, till'- iiioxt part, the major itij. plumbum, i. m., lead ; plumbum album, tin. plurimum, adv., innut, vi'ri/ inurli: ei deltcro, to lie vcrii iircatl.ii inilehti'd to, under veri/ i/rrat ohlii/atious to plus, plfiris (id plur., itlfires, plfira,) more, aiwl pliir imis, a, iini, ihokI, adj., coin]), and sup. of niultiis. (\. 15., tliu sinjf. plus isgenerall}' a neut. subst. or an adv.) pluteus, i, in., a breastwork made of planlts or wickerwork covered wifli hides, used a« a protection for soliliers enya^ed in a sie^e. poculum, i. n., a cup, a drin/cimj- vessel. poena, ae, f., punishment, penal tij, pollex, polllcis, in., thumb, ijreat toe, poUiceor, ori, Itus, to promise. polllcitatio, onis, f . , a promise. pondus, eria, n., a weiijht. [peiido.j pono, Cre, pOsfti, pOsItum, to put, to 2daee ; in pass., to rest on, depend on any- thing. pons, ntis, m., a bridije. populatio, onis, f., a layinfj waste, rava'jinij. populor, ari, atus, to lay rvaste, ranage. [pOpGlus.] popiilus, i, in., a j>eople, the people ; a district, with reference to its inhabi- tants ; fl eoiiimrnity; PopulUS Ro- manus, the Roman people, never phir. porrectus, a, um, (pf. part, of porrigo), adj., level. porrigo, «re, rexl, rectum, nnch mil, stretch forth, extend, porro, liih., furthermore, nine, porta, ue, f., II ijiite, porto, are, ilvi, alum, /<» hear or carry alony. portorium, i, m., ton, tax, eusfiniis duties, [porto, carr.v.J portus, UM, 111., hiirlior, port. posco, Ore, jioposci, no nupine, ile- itiaiiil. positUS, V. pono. possessio, onis, f., a jxissession., a property. possideo, sidere, sedi, sessuin, hold, occupy, possisn, posdido, sIdOre, sOdi, sessuin, talce jtossession oj. possum, posse, iM)tfii, to be able ; I (thou, etc.) can. [potis, sum.] post, i>rep. \v. ace. and adv., after. postea, adv., after this or that, after- wards. posteaquam, conj., after (that). postSrus, a, um, adj., coming after, folloiciinj, next, [jtost. ] post-pono, file, piisfli, pftsltum, to jioMpoiie, put off. postquam, conj., after. postremo, adv., at last, jinally. [poatreinus, sup. of posterus. ] postridie, adv., on the .following day, on the mot row, postulatum, i, n., a demand. postulo, are, avi, atuin, to demand. potens, tis, part of possum ; as adj. powerful. potentatus, us, m., power, headship, supremacy. pdtentia, ae, f . , power. (See note, vi. 12,) [potens. J potestas, atis, t.,power\ opportunity. [possum. J VOC^AIUr.AHV. 47 / potior, |Mp|ill, pdliliiM hlllli, In hrri iiir III t si If iif; iinin pitKHCHHidii o/'; yovcnis 1:1.1. potlus, tulv,, rafhi'f. prae, |in'|>. wiih al)!., in CDinparisitn ii'itli ; 1)11, (irriiii III of, praeacutus, a. um, adj., nharpninl ill J'li III , III l/ii' I' lid, jiiiiiiti'il. praeficio, fio n , fn-j, (ectinu, in liliii-i' ill, J'liiiif or lit llir hi ml i,j\ i„ „p. I'liliil III fhi' ciiiiiiiiiiiiil III', ||irii(', fiicio. ) praefigo, fij^ore, lixi, tl\uiii, jix or p/iici' in J'riiiil, praem»"'tvxo, ire, iii, no supine, jViu- Jhr, lir an.riiiiix. praemlssus, n, nm, part, of \n:w- praeb60, Cro, ni, \\\\\u, in slmir, I U\hii<, xmt in hi'/nirhiliiil. ^" '''"'"'• j praemitto, > re, misi.misHuni, ^/«(•/((/ praecAveo, ore, ciiv i, cuntinn, iiiiiinl [ bi'/orr, snnl in mli^unce, n'/ninst, t(il,i' III I'liiiil inns. i „„..„,^?,, ,• . , ^ I praemium, li, n., n, rcirnnl. [|ir!U', praeceps, ciiiitis, iwlj., Iniuiliiini, irll/i enio. I j/ri'iif apii'il ■ uti'rp, jiiTi'iiiitmi.'i, Icapul. praecedo, ere, cessi, cussuni, art. ]>rat'(ii)i(). prae-cipio, «if, «ipi, tioptum, tn hiii, (/'•■I'ct, onlff. [cajiio.] praecipue, adv. cspeciaUii. praecipuus, a, nm, adj. , spiuinl. [praecipio. | prae-OCCUpO, arc, avi, atiini, ^^ nmi /11/ hi'fiiicliii mi. praeopto, are, avi, atuui, choline in. jirri'i'vi' •!'!', pri'l'i'r. p" • "^-paro, are, avi, ritiim, tn pre pare. in'iiepono, i.onno, jmsnl, positum, In xrl iiiijiniie in I'mn iiiiiiid ni'rr. praeruinpo, C-ru, n'lpi, ruptum, break nj/. praeruptUS, a, uui, adj., uti'cp, prr- ripltnlls. [y\i\\\\\q.] praecludo, I're, cindi, (^Ifisum, In praesoribo, Cre, scripsi, soriptum. hinder, xtop, rln.se. prae-clusus. See praecludo. praeco, oniH, m., a crirr, lirrald. prae-curro, i re, cucurri or eurri, cur- sum, run bej'oii;, uutntrip. praeda, ae, f., bimty. prae dico, are, avi, atuni, to pro- claim, (insert, taunt. praedor, ari, atus sum, pillage, jdunder, get booty. praeduco, Cre, duxi, ductum, draw before, build be/ore. praefectus, a, um, pf. part, of praeficio. praefectus, i, m., officer, captain. order, direrl, mm niund. praescriptum, i, n., an order; pi., instrnrtions. praesens, tis, adj., that is before one, at hand, present, [prae, sum. J praesentia, ae, f. , presence, the pre- sent time: in praesentift, at hand, on the SjfOt ; sometimes reyrarded as n. yX. prae-sentTo, scntiro, sensi, sensum, to perceii'i' beforehand. praesepio, ire, sCpsi, septum, fence in, tilnek up. praesertim, adv., especially. praesidium, ii, n., protection, help. [prae, sedeo.] _ c~ c .-!• 1-^ ^ I praesto, adv., a? Aa>»iZ: praesto esse, prae-fero, ferre, tnli, latum, to earn/ i f «* ""> > f . . ^ . ^ , ,.,,."' ^) present oneself. in front, to plare a person or ihwilt bejnre i ' another in esteem or reputation, ^o^/ry't';-. ] praesto, are, stiti, stltum and sta- 'I \\ ■:\> t!' •I ' |:; w m wU. 'MX ■ y| h ■ ■ \ f • m.' \ ill 48 VOrARULARY. tiuii, to discharge, Ju/Jil. pr. fldem, keep one'x word. prae-sum, esse, fui, t" be at the head o/, in command of. praeter, prej). w. ace, except. praeterea, adv., hexides. praetei'eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, prw.s' over, 2)aHs b;/. praeteritiis, part, of praetereo. praetevmitto, Ore, ii\Tsi, niissnni, pasts orer, let .s7/^*, omit. praterquam, adv., except, beyond, bcsid.ets. praetor, oris, m., {l) general or com- mander ; (2) praetor, a magistrate who performed the duties of judge at Rome. praetorius, a, um, of or bclonjimi to the commander, preturian; praetoria COhors, the (jeneraVs bodii-ifuanl ; praetoria porta, //"; front gate of the camp, opposite the praetorium or general's tent. prae-uro, ore, ussi, ustum, to burn at the point. praeustus, a, um, part, praeuro. praeverto, vertere, verti, versum, outstrip, anticipate. pravus, a, um, adj., had, wicked. precem, preci, prece, defective noun ; pi. preces; in-aijfr, entreat ij. premo, ere, pressi, pressum, to press, press upon, oppress. prendo, prendc-re, prendi, preiisimi, take, grasp. pretium, i, n., price, ralae. (prex) precis, f., defect, prayer, en- treaty, supplication ; carse. pridie, adv., on the day before. primipilus, i, m., chief centurion. See pilus. primo, adv., in the first place. primum, adv., ir the first place; quaui primum, as soon as possible. primus, a, um, adj. sup., the jirst, foremost. princeps, ipis, adj., first, chief; as suhst., c'onun., " chief, chieftain. (i)ri- nuis, capio.] principatus, us, m., the first place, supremacy, cliieftninsliip. [princeps.] prior, us, a(lj.,./V);//((>r, jyrevious, first ; priores, titose in admnre. pristinus, a, um, adj., former, old, old-fashioned. prius, foil. l)y quam, and, as one word, priusquam, adv. comp., sooner thiui, before, befire thut. privatim, adv., as an individual, 2n'initely. privatus, a, um, part, privo, to de- privr ; as adj., belonging to on individual, private. pro, i^rep. w. abl., before, in front of ; I ()/) account of, in. considerntion, of. I probo, arc, avi, fitum, to 2>rove, de- mdnstrote ; to ajijirore. pro-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to go forth, to lid ranee. proclino, ai-e, avi, atum, bend for- ward; i)f. part, pass., tottering to a fall, proctinsul, I'llis, m., a %>roconsul, one assigned to the government of a province after having held the consulship. procul, adv., in the distance, from afar, [procello, to drive away. ] pro-cumbo, ere, cfibfii, cfibitum, to sink flown, to the gnnind. pro-euro, are, avi, atum, to take care oj, look cffir. pro-curro, f-re, cilcurri and curri, cursuni, to run forth, rush forward. prodeo, Iro, li, Itum, to come or go forth, [pro, eo.J prodesse. See prosum. proditio, onis, f., a betraying, treach' enj. VOCAlirTARY. 40 lilS li'i- cr., ht ; proditor, oriw, m., a bvtraiicr, trnitar. [prodo.] proditus, a, uni, part, prodo. pro-do, fro, dldi, ditiiin, ti> iiirrjurtli; to hand doira (to iiicinory), fntnsinif, record. pro-duco, f re, xi, ctuni, to lead out. productus, a uin, i)art. produco. proelior, firi atns, to cmjaije, Ji(jht n hat tie. proelium, ii, n., (t hnttle, comhnt. profectio, ("iiiis, f., a '^'^"^'^^iftrov characteristic mark, a sign. 'i propter, preji. w. ace., bg reason (f, oil account if. propterea, adv., idi this arcoant, for ! th is reason : propterea quod, becaase. ! propugnator, oris, m., condjafant, defender. pro-pugno, are, avi, atum, to fight. pro-pillso, are, avi, atnin, fre(i., to drive tiack, n pel. Ipropcllo.J prora, ae, f., jtrow of a sliii». pro-sequor, i, efitns, to j'^d'sae, to continue the pursuit. if ♦ ' s itii M f .; ',1 rii llii* ^ n it ii [!' 'f li J ! IS I liii iliil: II: 'm'"^ I m pit ii '^ i 1 50 VOCABULARY. prospectus, a, um, sl-c prospicio. prospectus, ris. m., rhur, xi'jht. prospicio, ure, spexi, s])ectum, IhdIc out ; proinde for. prosterno, trc, stravi, stratum, laii low, ile.sfrojj. prosum, lU'odesse, profui, to beneiit, be of fierclcc to. pro-tegO, ere, xi, ct,uni, to eoonr in front, cover, protect. pro-terreo, Crt;, ni, Itmn, to friyhtea or scare (uvui/, to ajfright. protinus, adv., forthwith. proturbo, are, a\ i, atuin, drive awtnj, rejnilxe. provectUS, see proveho. provellO, Ore, vexi, veetuin, to nd- vance, carry .forward. provenio, ire, vCiii, veiituni, to come forth, to be produced, to yrow. proventus, us, m., result, issue, out- come. pro-video, ere, viiU, visum, (1) to see beforehand, to foreme, (2) provide for. provincia, ae, f., a province. provincialis, e, a<.lj., of or belowjiny to a province. proviSUS, V. pro video. provolo, are, avi, atum, fly forth, ilash forth. proxime, adv. proximus, a, um, nd]., nearest, next. prudentia, ae, f., foresiyht, prudence. pubes and puber, oris, adj,, yrown up, adult ; assiibst., puberes, um, m., yrown up men, inen. publics, adv , on Ijehalf or in the name of the State ov people. [puhli(;u><.] publico, are, iTvi, fitum, to take and apply to the iisc of the State or coni- imuiity, to confiscate. [publicuH. J publiCUS, a, uin, adj., belonginy to the people. State, or ronnnunily. [for j)opulicus, from populus.J pudet, Ore, ]mduit or imdltum est, imi)ers. v., it shames ; me pudet, / am asliani.ed. pudor, Oris, m., shame, modesty. puer, Cri, m., a boy, child. puerilis, e, adj., boyish, of Imyhood. [puer.J pugna, ae, f., a battle, combat, fiyht. pugno, are, avi, fitum, to fiyht. pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., beauti- ful ; noble pulsus, a, um. See pello. pulsus, us, m., stroke, [pello.] pulvis, Cris, m., dust. puppis, is, f., stern. purgo, are, iivi, fiLum, to clear, excul- pate, excuse. puto, .Ire, avi, atuin, to consider, judye, think. Q. Q.=(^uiiitus. qua, adv., where, by which way. [abl. f. of qui.] quadrageni, ae, a, distrib. num., forty each. quadringenti, ae, a, card, num. atlj., four hundred, [(iiiattuor, centiun.] quaero, ere, (juaeslvi, (juaesltum, to seek, ask, enquire. quaestio, Onis, f., an examination or inquisition by torture, [(luaero.] quaestor, oris, m., a quaestor. quaestus, us, m, a yaininy, acquir- iny. [quaere] qualis, e, interrog. adj., of what sort? quam, adv. and conj. ; (I) as ; (2) than : with superl. adj. or adv., as. .as possible. quamobrem, adv., wherefore. quam vis, adv., however much or many; as ninth as you will ; although; quam vis pauci, no matter how few. VOCABULARY. 51 ■or St, iiti liti- quando, a(l\.,(intciTO!r. when); aftor si, at anij time, quanto, rel. anv.. //// «.v v/n/c// a», ac- cording an, tlir>(o.-j;. ''the more (he mer- rier"). [(luantus.J quantopere, adv., hoiv vmch, Imxr deeply or greatly . quantum, adv., how muck, as imnh, as far as. quantus, a, um, aA'].,hoio great, how muck ; as much as. [(juam.] quantus-vis, tftvis, tumvis, adj., as great as you will, crcr so great, no matter how great, [vis, fr. volo, vis, vn\t, " you wish." quare, adv., %ohcrefore, why. [(luao, res. ] quartus, a, um, ord. mini. a«lj., ttie fourth. quasi, conj., as if. quattuor, card. mim. adj , foar. -que, t'onj., (enclitu;, i.e., appended to previous word), and, quemadomum, adv., in ivhat tvay, how. queror, lace of shelter, retreat. receptus, a, um, i>f. part, of re- cipio. receptus, us, m., retreat, refuge. recessus, us, m. ,a going back, retreat. [recede] recido, Sre, cldi, casum, fall back, return. recipero, are, avi, atum, get back, recover. See recujiero. re-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, to receive ; 86, to betake oneself anywhere, to retire, retreat. [capio.J re-cito, iire, fivi, atum, to read md (a letter, etc.). re-clino, are, avi, atum, to bend back, lean back. recte, adv., rightly, properly. rectus, a, mil, adj., straight, direct. re-Cupero, are, avi, atum, to get t>ack, recover, regain. re-CUSO, are, avi, atum, to object to, refuse, [causa. ] reda. See rheda. redactus. See redigo. redditus, see red-do. red-do, Crc, dldi, ditum, to give back, restore ; to render, grant. red-eo, ii, Hum, ire, to come back ; to be reduced to ; to be referred to. red-igo, ere, eart. refero. re-legatus, a, um, part. rolCj,'o. re-lego, are, a^ i, afum, to send (nrci/, retiiore oat of the W((i/. relicttis, a, um, v. relinquo. religio, onis, f.,re>rreiicrfi)i' theyoda, relii/iiin : in jilnr., sajierstitiotai 2>racticc.^ ; )aafters o/relitjioii, i stay, remain hehind. rsmex, Ijps, m,, roicer. remigro, arc, no pf,, no supine, more hack, remote. remigo, are, avi, atum, to row. reminiscor, minisoi, no pf., no supine, rememher, rerollcet , j^ov's \n-\\. re-missus, a, um, part of remitto ; as adj., slack, less srrere. re-mitto, ere, misi, missum, to send hack, to slacken, remit, abate. remollesco, escCre, nopcrf. or supine, hecunte weak, retnotUS, a, um, adj., far off, remote. re-moveo, ore, mOti, motum, to move back, withdraw. remuneror, ari, at us sum, rccmn- jicnsc, repay, [nmnus. | remus, i, m., an oar. reno, (rhOno), Onis, m., some take tins to mean a reii.deir-shin ; it is ]iro- \yA\)\\; afar i)idisse or jacket, made from the skin of an animal dressed with the hair on. renovo, are, avi, atum, renew. renuntio, iiire, iavi, iatum, bring hack word, report ; declare elected. re-pello, Cre, repptlli, rCpulsum, f<» drive b.,ck. r^pente, adv., suddoily. repentino, adv., sitddenly, unex- pecfcdly. repentinus, a, um, adj., sudden, un- hioked-for. re-perio. Ire, reppfri, rt-pertuin, t. part, of reprimo, ^> chrck. repudio, iare, ia\ i, ial \\\u,reicct, scorn. repugno, are, avi, alum, oi)pose, re- sist. repulsus, a, um, jiart. repello. requiro, ere, qulslvi or ii, qulsltum, fo demand, [(piaoro.] res, rC'i, f., a thing, }natter, fact, event, ct<^ The exact meaning' dei)ends on the context, G.'^. res frumentaria, com. supply, provisions. • I !: 54 VOCABULARY. il.il. resarcio, Harcin;, Hiirsi, sartum, re- I'll if, make , reserve ; halt. resideo, ere, sedi, no supnie, reinaiii behind, be left. resido, ere, sC'di, no supine, settle down, subside. re-sisto, ere, stiti, to oppose, with- stand. re-spicio, ere, spexi, speotum, to look back or behind one. re-spondeo, ere, di, sum, to ansiver, reply. re-sponsum, i, n., an anstver. res-publica, reipublicae, f., a emn- monivealth, state ; the pulAic weal. re-spuo, spuere, spui, no supine, spit out ; reject. re-sting"UO, ere, stinxi, stinctum, jnit ottt, extiwjaish. re-StituO, Cre, fii, iitum, to set vp again; to replace, restore, rerire. [statuo,] re-tineo, ere, fii, tentum, to holdfast, keep, maintain, preserve. re-traho, tre, traxi, tractum, brimj back, drag back. re-vello, ere, vein, vulsum, pull bark, tear a wan, t^'«''' don-n. re-versus. See reverter. re-verto, ere, verti, versum, return, found chiefly in i)erf. tenses ; the other tenses usually deponent. re-vertor, i, versus, to turn back, return, retire. re-VinciO, ire, vinxi, vijictiun, liind together, hold^ fasti n. re voco, fire, fixi, fd uni, to recall, summon to return, challenge. rex, rC'jfis, m., a ruler of a territory, a king, chieftain, [reyo.] rheda, ae, f., carriage, chariot. ripa ae, f., a bank of a river. rivus, i, m., a small stream of water, a brook. robur, Oris, n., oak. rogo, are, avi, iitum, to ask, beg, re- quest. rostrum, i, n., beak of a ship, sharp jirow used as a ram in fiyhting. rota, ae, f., wheel, rubus, i, m., bramble-bush. rumor, oris, m., hearsay, unauthenti- cuted report, rumor. rupes, is, f., cliff, steep rock. rursus, adv., back, back again, again. [contr. f r. revorsus from revertor. ] sacerdos, dotis, c, priest, [sacer, do.] sacramentum, i, n., oath, military oath, oath of allegiance. sacrificium, ii, n., a sacrifice, [sa- cer, facio.] saepe, sxdv., frequently, often. saepenumero, v. saepe. saevio, ire, ii, itnm, be furious, rage. [saevus.] sagitta, ae, f., an arrow. Sagittarius, 1, n., an archer, boiv- man. sagulum, i, 11., dimin., a small mili- tary cloak. [say:uni.] saltus, us, m., (1) a woodland pasture ; (•2) a mouniain pass. salus, litis, f., safety. sancio, ire, xi, ctum, to nn ike sacred VOCABULARY. 55 find kail. water. or iiiriii'iihfi' l)y .'I ri'li;,'ious act ; t<> (Icrrcr, entuhliKli, ordain. sanctus, a, um, part, saiicio: as adj., of persons, tiacrcd, uiolulable. sanguis, inis, m., hhien.se or discernment. sarcina, ae, f., haii>jal., fag jot. satisfactio, Onis, f., apuloijy, excune. SatisfaciO, ero, fOci, factum, to ijirr safixj'art,';i:i, KutigJ'y, content ; to make ex- cuse, apolo'jize. satus. See sero. sauciUS, a, uni, adj., icounded. saxum, i, n., stjne, rock. SCala, ae, f., a ladder, a .sealing-lad- der. [for sca.idla, from scando, to cliinb.] SCapha, ae, f., skiff, light boat. SCeleratus, a, um, part, scelero: us adj., bud, u'icked, infa.mons: in masc. , subst., a miscreant. scelero, are, no perf., atum, to pol- lute with crime, [scelus.] SCelus, Oris, n., .s//(, crime. scienter, adv., clererlii,iviitelii, [scio. ] SCientia, ae, f., knowledije, skill, cleverness. SCindo, ere, soldi, scissiuii, to cut, rend : vallum, to poll or tear doivn. SClO, ire, Ivi, Itum, to kmor. Scorpio, onis, m., scorpion, amilitarv eni,'ine for Ihrowinf; stones and darts in time of siej,'e. scribo, ire, jisi, ]>tum, to writ''. SCrobiS, Is, m. and f., pit. scutum, i, n., a shield. se, sese, pron. reflex, of both num- bers (^ctn. sui, dat. sibi, ace. and abl. sO or scsO), hloisd/, herself, I'fyelf, them- selves: interse, with (from) each other. S3Cius, adv., coinp. of secus, other- icise : iiiliilo secius, necertheless. seco, are, secui, sectuni, cut. secreto, adv., in secret, secretin. sectio, onis, f., hooty. sector, ari, arus sum, intensive, to pursue eagerly. [se(|UQr.J sectura, ae, f., a cutting, diggings, e.rcurntion, mine. secundum, prep, with ace., next to ; according to ; ufter, secundus, a, um, adj., (1) thefollaw- ing ' V next to the first in time or order, t)ie second; (2) favorable. [sequor.J securis, is, f., axe; %uratively poK'cr, aalhuritt/, with reference to the li<'lnr'3 axe, carried as an emblem of a majxistrate's power. secvis, adv., otherivise; secius. compar., nihilo SeciuS, «oh«? the less, nevertheless, Sed, conj., but. S3decim, indecl. mun., sixteen, [sex, dcconi.] sedes, is, f., a seat, direlling -place, settlement, [sedeo.] seditio, onis, f., mutiny, revolt, sedi- tion. seditiosus, a, um, adj., seditious, mot liiDiis. seges, etis, f., corn-field, .'Standing gniin, corn in the field, crop. semel, adv., once. samentis, is, f., sowing, planting. [semen.] il 56 VOCABULARY. ;'( (• U'. 1 lii H iitm. I ^)! Ill; 1 iu ri somtta, ae, f., a jmlh. semper, «adv., ultra ii!<, crcr. senator, oris, a scnatur, meinhfr of the Roman senate ; applied by Caesar to the Gallic councllhir. senatUS, fis., m., the. connctl ofelderH, the Senate, [seiiex.] Senex, sC-nis, m,, an old man. seni, ae, a, distrib. num., .v/a; apicre. [sex.] sententia, ae, f., a n-aii <>/ th!nkin join words.] sero, adv., too late, [serus.] sero, t're, scvi, sfitum, to son',2>lant. servilis, e, adj., belonging to or of a slave, [servus.] servio, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, be a slave, to serve, be devoted to, servltUS, utis, f., slavery, [servus.] servo, fire, avi, atum, to keep, lay up, jrenerrc ; beset, wateh. servus, i, m., a slave, serf. sasquipedalis, e, adj., a foot and a half wide, thick, &c. [sesqui, one half more ; pes, foot.] seu. See sive. severitas, talis, f,, sternness, strict- 7M'.s'.s-, ri'jor, strinyeney. se-voco, are, avi, atum, to call apart, take aside. sexaginta, sixty. sexcenti, ae, a, mnn. adj., six hun- dred. [s('\, centum.] sexdecim. See sedecim. si, conj., if. sic, adv., so, tints, siccitas, at is, f., dryness (of (he weather), droiijlit. [siccus.] sic-ut, adv., ax, just as, Sic-uti -- sicut. sidus, Cris, n., a constellation, a ynnip of stars, significatio, onis, f., a wakitty of a siyn or token ; tidinys, [>-\'j:in\u\, facio.J significo, are, avi, alum, shoie, indi- cate, intimate by siyns, signum, i, n., a inilitary standard, cnsiyn. Silentium, i, n., silence, [sUeo.] silva, ae, f., a wood, forest. silvestris. c, adj., wooded, woodland. [silva,] Similis, e, adj., llhe, lil,r unto. similitudo, Inis, f., resemblance, siniHarity. Simul, adv., at the same time, at once; sometimes=simul atque. simulacrum, i, n., an imaye. [sim- ulo = to )nake like, similis,] simulatio, onis, f., pretence. simul atque, conj. adv., as soon as. VOCABULARY. 57 IP, Ha lalf fict- irt, Uic Similltas, atis, f . , (hcdt. sin, ponj., i/hdwerrr, but if. sine, prep. w. abl., witlumt. singillatim (sinpriilatim), a?/n)y,— navigium specu- latorium, a spy-boat. speculor, ari, atus sum, %(ff, '^''tlulrmv. cunning. sub-duco, Cre, xi, etuni, to draw -up. SUbductio, rmis, t'., the hauling ashore of a ship, [sub, dueo.] SUbeO, ire, ivi or ii, ituin, to enter, undergo, SUbfodio (suff.), Ore, fOdl, fossum, stab underneath, [fodio, diyr.] subvectio, onis, f., transportation, con reyance, [subveho.] subveho, ere, vexi, vectum, carry up. sub-venio, ire, vgni, ventum, to come to one's aid, to succour. SUC-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to come into tlte pluce of, succeed, [sub.] suc-cendo, ere, di, sum, to set on fire Sub-iciO, ere, iod, iectnin, to place fronibeloiv; in gen., to set alight, set on beneath. SUb-iectus, a, um, part, of subicio, lying beneath. SublgfO, ere, egi, actum, subdue, con- quer. lire. successus, us, m., an advance, rapid approach, suc-cido, fire, cidi, cisum, to cut down. VOlABULAUV. 59 r/'- mi, to SUC-Cisns. Ht'f siiccido. SUC-CUmbO, Ore, ciihni, culiit urn, yifttl, fiiihinll. SUC-CUrro, ore, cum, cnrHimi, ti> run or hanti'ii, to the aid or /n//) of. Slidis (rioiii. axn^i. raru), is, f., a xttth-. sudor, «"'lis, 111., siii'fit ; ti'il, J'dl'i'iiir, [sUllo, MWCiU.] suflflcio, ere, iw.'i, teotuiu, xitj/irr ; Ik ill I out. suffragium, li, ri.,^f mtc. SVXggestUS, us, 111., (I nn'sril ji/iin', mound, platjonti for si-ealiirii,'. [suli, t,'fro.] Sui, sihi, etc., refle\. iiroii. of .'inl jMr- son, (>/ hiitisi'lj\ /ii'rm'W, //,>(//, thciiisi'ln'-: ; liiclis tlie iioin. summitto. See subniitto. sum, esse, fui, to he. summa, ae, f., thcvhole ; summa imperii, .s"iq>ritin,e coimnand. summum, i, n,, neut. of summus as siii)st., liiiiiii'st piiint or part of, tup, suiniiilt ; ab summo, /root. tftc. top, from above. summus, a, um, (superl. adj., fr. su- perus), the top of. sumo, ore, suiupsi, suinptuni, to take ; poenas sumere, to take sat Lsf action, exact the penalty, injliet i>aniKhtnent. sumptuosus, a, um, adj., cost hi, ex- pensive, [sumptus.] SUmptUS, us, in., expense. SUperbe, ad\., proialhi, haughtily. superior, lus, coiuik adj. .See superus. Supero, are, avi. utiuu, to oirrconw, conquer, prevail, [sujter. J supersedeo, ere, sOdi, sessum, re- frain from, gov's ai)l. [super, sedeo.] super-sum, esae, fui, to be over (as a remainder), to be left, remain, an reive. Siiperus, a, uin, adj., that is abuve, upper: comp. superior, ius, of time, former, past, previous; of stroiiy;tli in a liattle or other contest, superior, stronuer, rietorlouH-. sup. af^prenms and sum- mtlS, of rank. v\i\, hiiilnsl, must dislin oiiisheii : summae res, ihimjH of the hiijhe.it importiiiiee. [super. j suppeto, «'re, jieihi nr ii, pitilum, '"' (it hiiiiil, hotil nut, supplementum, i. n., re-enforee- mi nt. \a Jill i mi up, suli, pleo, | SVipplex, icis, (•., a suppliant, [nnh, piico, lirml.] SUpplicatlO, onis, f., thiliik-sillrlirl. SUppliciter, adv., humbly, .luhmis- siii/y. SUpplicium, (I, n., punishment, (o»' flea(li), exi riiliiiii. lsu))p]t'\, suiiplico til heml the knees, kneel diurn (for execu- tion, etc.).] SUpporto, are, avi, atuni, carry or brinii up, eon rey. supra, i>rei). \v. aiw. and adv., above; of time, before, [sujierus.] SUSCipiO, ere, eepi, ceptum, to umhr- take. SUspectUS, a, um, part, suspicio. SUspicio, ere, spexi, i-tum, to mis- trust, saspeet. [sub speeio.] suspicio, unis, f., mislrusf,su,*ipicion. SUSpiCor, ari, atus sum, to nusjieet. SUStentO, are, avi, atum, fren., to bear, en,d\ire, support, [sustineo.] SUStineO, ere, tinui, tenlum, to hold vp ov out ayainst, to withstand, [siibs- sub, tcneo.] sustuli, V. tollo. SUUS, a, mil, i)roii. jtoss. of 3rd person, his own, her own, itsown, their mrn ; his, her, its, their. T.:- Titus, tabernaculum, i, i-., a tent. tabula, ae, f., wrltimj-tahlef ; list, tabulatum, i, n., a floor, storey (of a tower or liouse). 60 VOCAHnLARV. m m \.[ \r ;'■' • hi' isi t&ceo, Ci'P, ui, it Mill, /'(• m'/ciil ; >7^(/ niithiiiij, ptiss (tnr in ni/rni'i', t&cltUS, a, mil, adj., xilinl. talSa, ae, /«//•, mil {ol iron.) tails, «J, a toiirli. tanto, see taiitus. tantopere, adv., ( tanto opere), .so greatly, so very ; .so ceheinently. tantulus, a, uiM, adj., dim., xn III He, so small, [taiitus. ] tantum, adv., so umeli ; jnnt so mueli and no more, only, merely. tantus, a, uni, adj. , .so great in amount, size, etc.: sulost. tantuna, i, n., wv/j/tc//; alil. tanto (witli comi)aratives), hi/ so much, 80 much the, the, (cf. (luantus). tarde, adv., slowly. tardo, are, avi, alum, to unpede, re- tard. tardus, a, um, aart. of teni- l»ero. teinjierate. tempero, are, avi, atum, refrain, contnd one's self, forbear. tempestas, ati», t., season of the year; storm ; weather. tempto, Tire, avi, atum, freq., to try, tempt. tempus, oris, n., time. tendo, ere, teteiidi, tcn.suni or tentum, stretch, extend ; pitch tent, encamp. tenebrae, arum, pi. f., darkness. t6neO, Ore, fii, tentum, to hold, keep. t6ner, era, erum, adj., tender, yonng. tento, are, fivi, atum, to try, test, tempt, try to injlneace, endcdvor. tenuis, e, adj., (thin); feeble, weak. tenuitas, fitis, f., thinness, weakness, 2>orerty. tenuiter, ad\ ., thinly. ter, num. adv., thrice, three times. teres, ftis, adj., well-turned, round, smooth, tapering, [tero, rub.] tergum, i, n., baek,~eiteTgo, post tergum, (" the rear. terni, ae, a, distrib. num., three each, three at a time, by threes. terra, ae, f., the (dry) land; the cnrfh ; plur. terrae, the earth, the world. terrenus, a, um, adj., of earth, earthy. terreo, ere, ui, itum, to frighten. territo, are (no perf. or 8up.)freq., to put in terror, to frighten, [terreo.] terror, oris, in., fright, alarm. tertius, a, um, num. ord. adj., the third, [ter.] VOCABULAHV. r.i tertlUB-decImUB, », mn, niiin. or (iero.sn or over, to ero.i,'<. trans-f6ro, ftrrc, fnii, liitmn, t,, i„>„,- nerii.-oi, to III 1 III/ (If eiirrii oree. trans-figo, cic, xi, xuni, ^» jiie,rr thrmiiili, tniii.^lix. transfodio, ere, fodi, fos.suni, j' /('/(•<' throiii/h, stab, trmi.iji.r. transgredior, ur(m, ;/o (ir jiit.-is over, cro.'ts, tl'ansitus, us, m., n iioin'i or {laxsiiiii orrr, It jiH.'tsdiie, erowiii'i. ItrnMSco. ) translatUS, a, um, j art. transfero. trans-marinus, a, um, adj.. brmniht iii'i-d.^s QV from beijinid nea, iiiijiorted. transmissiTS, us. m., crossing, in- trrrol, distil nee. transmitto, f-ro, misi, missuni, i^end orer. transporto, arc, avi, rdum, to eon- eeij aeross. transtrum, i. n., Ihinut, crosKdienm. transversus. pf. i>art. of trans- verto; as adj., eronmrisc, atlnrart, traiisr('r,vt\ trecenti, ae, a, adj., three hundred. tl'edecira, indeel. iinni., thirteen. trepido, arc, fivi, atmn, to l)iistle about iiiLvioiislii, to liurri/ n itii itliirin. tres, tria, card, niitu. adj., tlnec. tribtintlS, i, m., a ehliftuln, emu- inander, trllnnir; tribuni militum, iiiiliturit tribunes, otflccis of the army, six to each legion, who commandctd in turn, each two months at a time. vocab\:lary. 62 tribuo, , part, tueor. As ad3., '"'•"■ , .wli thil, thine; ,,,,„, ^H addressed to one person.) u. c 1 .\ irhere; (of time), ubl, adv., (of place), nltue , K a turn' •,m.^/'-o''/'« «/''"'"• ^''' '^ . tripertito, adv., in three ./m.sm...^ [tres, pars.] ;res, pars. J ^ , iT,.w ■uli the.ci'Md, trifle. where ). triplex, pu-s, adj., ^/ ' ,,lcis« ubicumque, adv., wherever. (distin;^. from C.buiuc -^^ ubi ith ■mc beuond, on tlio ultra, prep. vMtbacc, w j tuba.ae, t.,t/'M"i— ^«,«;dco/. , , ,. tueor, cri,tuit..c. tutussun^J...^^ | ^^^^^_ ^^^^ _ ,^^,,^^,,, ^ „,^,.o„o.e. , .^ one's ownai-euru. nltns v. \dciscor. , o T \n\i, ord. num. undecitnus, a, um, clrrenth. , fall. Seefero. turn, adv., then. : .itiw sum, nMi'e " tunmltuor, "i, «i";' tumultuose, »-w..»u ».«.... tamultus, "», .".. --"•»'""'• "" tumulus. i,m-.^'"""^'"'- ^'""^'' tunc, adv., ^/..n,an/u-.s-, ««ot«r.. turma.ae.f.,^«'i"«'*'-""- ^i ?,rtsc shanuful, dis- turpis, e, ad]., ^^rt-^". honorable. h„..i,, turplter.aclv.. .(%-«.'««»•'"•""; turpiter, adv.. disorace/uUy, oa.uy. - -^,,„, ,, «,, .,de.. ^ ^ . . f hn^encsK, di-^- (W>y i „ together, turpitudo, ims, f., '"^■'"' universus, a,um,ad] «« honor. i,, a body, as a whole, whole- turriS, is (ace. turrim and turrcn. : __^^^^ ^^ ^^,,^ ,,,, num. adj., abr^rriandturre),f.,ccfo..... VOCABULAKY. 63 of ad unum, ^- a man, i. e., vitlumi ex- ception, urbanus, a, urn, adj., of the eit'j, heloiiijing to the city. Urbs, is, f., ci7//. urgeo, ere, nrsi, no sui)ine, 2j;v'.s's, put'h ; press hard vj/im, 02)press. urus, i, ni., (I. wild-ox, aurochs. USitatus, a, um, adj., usual, cotunujii, familiar. usque, adv., all the wan '• us(|ue ad, right -up to. USUS, lis, ni., itse, cmploiimeni ; )H'ed, occasion ; usefulness, use : ex usu or Usui esse, to be tisefnl or ndcanfa- (jeous, [utor.] USUS, a, nm, jiart. utor. ut or uti, adv. and conj., with indif., fl.s' ; when; with subjunctive, that, so that, in order that. liter, tttra, lit rum, pron. interrog., which of the two. uter-que, iltraque, ntruin(|ue, pron. each of two, both (separateli/ ; opp. to ainbo, both fogether). uti, conj. See nt. uti, infin. of utor. utilis, e, adj., useful, advantagenns. xitilitas, atis, f., vsefubiess, advantage, benefit. utor, i, USUS sum, to use, accept, enjoii. utrltnque, adv., <>n b<>th sides. utrum, conj., whether. uxor, oris f . , ('- wife. Vacatio, Gms.i., freedom, exemption from a service, etc. [vaco.] vaco, are, avi, atum, be unoccupied, lie waste. Vfi-CUUS, a, urn, adj., empti/, clear, vacant, u)ioccupied. Vadum, i, n., a J'ord. vagina, ae, f., a scabbard, siicath. Vftgor, ari, atus, to go ti< and fro, roam, tiaiulcr. [va^'us.] valeo, ere, fii, Ituni, to he strong : to have power or injluence, to avail. valetudo, Inis, f., state of health , health. valles or vallis, is, f., a vale, valleg. vallum, i, ti., an earthen wall or rain- part set with palisades, a rampart. varidtas, atis, f., diversity, variety. V&rius, a, um, adj., varying, different, changing. VastO, are, avi, atmn, to empty of in- habitants, to itg wasti\ [vastus.] vastus, a, uin, a,(\i., vast, wide-spread- ing, i)n)nense, enormous. vaticinatio, onis, f., dirinatio», foretelling, predicting. Vectigal, alia, n., tax. [veho.] vectigalis, e, adj., trihittarg ; as subst., a tributary, one wh<> pays tribute. vectorius, a, um. adj.,/o/ transport. [veho.] vehementer, odv., vigorously, violently ; very, exreedin""-'^' vivo, ere, vixi, victura, to live. ViVUS, a, urn, adj., nlive, lirimj. (viv c. | Vix, adv., scarcely, with difficult ii\ barely. vobis, see vos. VOCO, are, avi, atuin, to call, invite, challenge. VOlo, velle, vCltli, to ivish, will, be willing. VOluntarius, a, um, tidi., willing, of o/*(''.s' own free will : snbst., voluntarii, orum, m., volunteers, [voluntas.] voluntas, atis, f., will, free-will, in- clination, disposition. voluptas, atis, f., pleasure. vos, plur. of tu, pron. pers., you. VOVeO, ere, vOvi, vOtuni, to vow, to promise solemnly. VOX, vocis, f., a voice, cry. vulgo, adv., commonly, (jenerally. [vulgus.J valgus, i, (usually n., occasionally in., but not in Caesar) the mass of the people, the people, the public. vulnero, are, avi, atum, to xtound, injure by a wound, [vulnus.] VUlnus, Cris, n., a wound. VUltUS, us, m., countenance, expres- sion of the face, look, [volo, lit. "the wish as expressed in the face."] ADDENDA. ad-figo, V. af-fiso. ad-flngo, V. af-fin.40. ad-gredior, r. a-!,'red.or. ad-licio, v. ai-l»''^>- ad-paro, r. ap-varo. ad-pello. r. ap-pello. a-mens,ntAs,aa3., »»'"', •^'■"«''' ap-porto, V. aa-porto. caelum, i. "•.'"'«'•''"' •^'^•"- , . ^^ celer,eris.eve,a.^ .-.'^ ^^,^^^^ circutnduco, '-u', n>. ":::SegO,Ore,xi,au.n.co...... conies , ,,,(An-.s(/-rt'Hf. contmentia, ac, t. culmen.imi'-^."-'-^"'"""'' duplex, it-lb, aaj., I equidem, indeed. ex-cido, ere. c-uli, cusum, cne o"'- excurro..re,cur.,ou.u.n,.«.- fon8.ntis,m.,/-'Htain.«2>nn3. rt fpJtic javelin. boost 0/. grandi8.e,'«ij.^«''i^''- irlpo adv., //«'/•e/o'''- .rcmdO,C.ro,cluAe.u,.„„.'.»M.. ^noaso, are, avl, at„,„, «i*m,'l, «• indulgentla, ae. f., i^nMgence. intro. adv., <»*K"Tn/s. invlcem,adv.,.Hmm. iiissu, adv ., />y .'/-(ier. langaidUS.a,u.n,ad3..A'e^i^.«P-^^- lignum, i. "•."'*""'• male, adv., hndly. mulio, r.nis, in., mvle-driver. mutO, are. avi, atmn, change. nauticus, a, uu., a.lj., naml. occurso,are,avi,atun.r../.to.«.e^ OCiter,adv.conu>ar.,oc-ius,m./til/. «aries, His, m., a 7.o».'