jy. wiv«s 
 
 rom'the boiler through "A" and conneciing 
 the inner tubes^ "E'-E" (see Figures i, 2, 3). By 
 
 f 
 
 
 // 
 
 ■♦^v 
 
 . ■» ««Uj4> »> -. 5*^.W,A«i3MJi5P»l■>?»- 
 
 * 
 
 'V* 
 
 I -Hr 
 
 
 «« 
 
 . ». '>■ 
 
 . -^ 
 
 ■H- 
 
 % » 1^ .» J 
 
 
 • 1 *■ 
 
3). By 
 
 air to circulate through the hollow grate bars and iveaders. 
 
 . *'■: 
 
 .Jjji^:-: ' ",aaa^>^.^^^^^ i«|fe,gf^>.,g^ '' 
 
 
 i mS^Sm ^^^sWiWHMIH^fflw 
 
 
 Y 
 
 y ^1 
 
 :..-jr\ 
 
 '■-'■•-■ am 
 
 ^J 
 
 
 
t' 
 
 
 
 
 i ' 
 
 
 
 
 ?» ' ■ . ■ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 %■■: ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?>': ■ 
 
 
 • 
 
 ^ 
 
 'A 
 
 
 
 
 -:;;-: • , 
 
 
 •' 
 
 
 '■ f^ 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 - . , ,M;;- 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 w 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
 
 
 
 ■ • ■ ■■ 
 
 
 , 
 
 ; ' 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 ' ■-■';;!►. 
 
 
 
 .N 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^i--. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■-#';■' ' 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 > , -J^.-^, ! 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 'C " 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ,>■ . ' _', . 
 
 
 
 
 ■-■'t ' , 
 
 « 
 
 
 A.. 
 
 ■'•it 
 
 
 
 
 ^':" *■ , 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 %: ■■ . 
 
 i ■ 
 
 
 
 i;\ _ 
 
 
 ■V 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 * 
 
 *■" 
 
 
 *v 
 
 -f 
 
 .-». •* 
 
 -.. 
 
 ^JJ ' 
 
 *■ 
 
 ■« 
 
 
 -. . >^, 
 
 ^ / 
 
 4 -il 
 
 H 
 
t i i 
 
 
 'M 
 
( *~ 
 
 L ... 
 
 a 
 
 A^<tsti' 
 
f). 
 
 ■*i|'. 
 
 /) 
 
lO 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 •J^f ^ 
 
 
 it, and of making it elastic to the extent of an immense 
 power, that subserves thi5 requirements of this progressive- 
 age, and it possesses the power of converting the water 
 into a gas of resistless energy. 
 
 What then is heat?" Scientists say it is a form of 
 motion in the particles of a body ; increase the motion, 
 or cause friction amongst the particles, then heat is 
 caused; the quantity of heat produced by the friction 
 of thfe bodies, whether in solids or liquids, is proportional 
 to the mbtion, friction or work expended ; everyday 
 experience of the ironworker and others in industrial 
 pursuits demonstrates that heat is a form of energy or 
 >.>n«rgi2ing power, whether in soUds, liquids or gases— all 
 
 have a molecular structure. 
 . O We ow^our heating power to hydrogen and carbon; 
 sorte of the fuels contain little pr no hydrogen, as, for 
 example, coke, charcoal and anthracite coal, while other 
 fuels, such as wood, peat and bituminous coal^contain 
 Ipoth hydrogen and carbon. The latter fuels are very 
 volatile, and when combustion is perfect the heat evolved 
 is the same as if the hydrogen and carbon in the fuel 
 were burned separately. Hydrogen combines with 
 oxygen to form water, and in that act of union liberates 
 the greatest heat known to scientists, one gram by 
 weight being sufficicSnt to raise 34462 grains of water 
 from 32° to 212°, hence the calorific power of hydrogen 
 is re^r^ented as 34462 thermal units. The calorific 
 power of xrarbon burnt with the requisite amount of air 
 is 14,544, but if burnt in oxygen this may be increased 
 " to 18,317 heat units. It is from the act of union that the 
 heat i aJoip lved, and the law of proportions in respect to 
 the clSH&al affinities are fixed-by natural laws, that 
 
 
 science ha^ expressed in figures, thus 
 
 
■;;■■;■■"'*;;■: 
 
 t-V'; 
 
 ':':>:, T: 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 II 
 
 ^H 
 
 mense 
 
 ressive 
 
 water 
 
 >rm of 
 lotion, 
 tieat is 
 friction 
 •rtional 
 eryday 
 lustrial 
 ergy or 
 >es — all 
 
 carbon; 
 , as, for 
 B other 
 contain 
 re very 
 evolved 
 the fuel 
 ;s with 
 iberates 
 ram by 
 )f water 
 ydrogen 
 calorific 
 it of air 
 icrcased 
 that the 
 spect to 
 iws, that 
 
 When ii"' parts by weight of carbon unite with 
 3i»* parts by weight of oxygen to form 43*" parts of 
 carbonic acid, the heat emitted by the act of union is 
 sufficient tojraise 96,960 parts by weight of water from 
 32° to 212''. %nd when two parts by weight of hydrogen 
 combine with 15"" parts by weight of oxygen to form 
 17*" parts of water, the quantity of" heat liberated by the 
 act of union is sufficient to heat 68,924 parts, df water 
 from 32° to 212°. 
 
 What is combustion? It is a chemical action 
 between two agents in the affinity of one for the other. , 
 When, therefore, the conditions of union are unfavorable 
 the combustion will be imperfect; combustibles are 
 either carbonaceous or hydrogenous, and it is necessary 
 to the efficiency of a combustible that the combustion be 
 gaseous; therefore, in the union of the gases of combustion 
 in the furnace is perfect combustion, no smoke consumer 
 can so effectually do the work of combustion as the gases 
 vHthin the furnace in their natural affinity and propor- 
 tfons each for the other. Now, what does imperfect 
 combustion mean in figures? In the perfect combustion 
 y^f^bne pound of carbon there is evolved 14,500 units of 
 heat, but in the imperfect combustion of one pound of 
 carbon 'only 4400 units of heat are evolved, the im- 
 perfectly consumed, highly-heated gases and uncombined 
 air escaping up the chimney as soot, causing the 
 temperature of the furnace to be lessened, leaving ashes 
 and clinker. Too rapid a flow of air will also reduce 
 combustion ; even a gas flame may be rendered non- 
 luminous by an excess of oxygen cooling the flame 
 down, while, therefore, imperfect Combustion will result 
 from an insufficiency of air^or ox|^n, an excess of air 
 or oxygen may be detrimental to perfect combustion. 
 
 "W 
 
 '»a«U 
 
12 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 
 . " 11 A;.,, he seen that combustion is an ener- 
 " fWUes^lid, liquid or gaseous, in well- ■ 
 
 getic union °f ^''';^^';lgV the affinity of each 
 
 known P"P°'-*'<'"f' *f^°I: wies consist of hydrogen, 
 for the other; *at *e^ W.» ^^. ^.^ 
 
 hydrocarW or -^"-j;, ,,^^,y^, rendered 
 
 oxygen or the "f^^ . tj,e act of union. „ 
 
 gaseous, g™"S;"*,^^r^*L«ribed by the Chicago 
 
 For "<=»«f'''*""^n^Wholly placed upon the 
 
 journal, the -^"j^f^y . :f the'lo^omotive is more 
 
 stoker; very often ^edes.^ ^^^ commended 
 
 especially '*P°"^*'" f ^.^ do minimize the waste 
 for "careful firing. «"! """"y „„,h jo expect, as 
 from the smoke-stack, but it. s too ^^^bustion 
 
 expected by "ot a/ew «Jw V -n P^r_^ .^ ^ 
 ,f fuel by stoke^m ^efol fir g^^_^^^ ^ 
 
 to expecting the stoxe responsible 
 
 unmanagei^ble air. Many J^^hy P ^ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 „Uway men haye *e ^^^^J d,,rce. some of them 
 enough or too much air, and ev J ^j„„g 
 
 commendable, is ««>'*«»/^ 'U'The grate-bars; in 
 currents of air under a"* «; ^ f« „ ,he small 
 doing this, in some cases they "^V * ^^„ ^ ,^ ^ 
 pieces and nuggets of ""burnt c<»^ ^.^ ^^ 
 
 L particles of carbon » =™°^;^'^'^^k "^^f that they ' 
 and expelled *'«««'? ^JT^'-fg^W' perfect 
 may have « too much »' *" / j^e density, rather 
 combustion Ukes place "'"^'"f'" air. excess of such 
 *a«. because of stro.^ '"rtemi"of the furnace. 
 
 being hurtful '«":'\"f«*Ca« conditions are other- 
 but. notwitteundma .rthe fum ^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 . wise favourable to perfect comou jure be 
 
 of heat may be generated *»2^^^»ter votame, of the 
 lowered by the diffusion, m the greater 
 
 'W 
 
 
 lAdv* ^'\'h^. 
 
PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 U 
 
 i ener- 
 n well- ' 
 if each 
 drogen, 
 th pure 
 endered 
 
 Chicago 
 ipon the 
 ! is more 
 amended 
 he waste 
 xpect, as 
 mbustion 
 ntamount 
 e almost 
 •sponsible 
 never get 
 e of them 
 fce strong 
 :e-bars; in 
 the small 
 s from the 
 hcf fire-bed, 
 f that they ' 
 r.» Perfect 
 isity, rather 
 cess of such 
 the furnace, 
 IS are othcr- 
 ime amount 
 iperature be 
 ilume, of the 
 
 products of combustion by reason of the excess of air. 
 Slow combustion gives out little heat and much uncom- 
 bined carbon, causing, with loss of heat, smoke and soot ; 
 this may be avoided by an intimate and sufficient 
 mixture of air in the furnace, but how is a stoker in all 
 circumstances and under all conditions of the atmosphere 
 to supply that sufficiency? or how guard against a 
 hurtful excess^ of air through the devices in use for 
 driving or drawing strong currents of air through the 
 grate-bars, through the burning fu.el ? As a hot body 
 will cool faster in a strong current of air than in a still 
 atmosphere, so 'will a strong current of air through the 
 burning coal suffer loss of its oxygen in passing through 
 the incandescent fiiel, and failing in intimate mixture 
 with the gases of the combustibles will cause a reduction 
 in the temperature, hurrying with it, as soot, smoke and 
 flame, the uncombined carbon and gases of the com- 
 bustibles that should do service by combustion in union 
 in the furnace. Smoke consumers have been devised to 
 seize upon such particles of carbon and other matter in 
 the form of soot or smoke in tira^t to the chimney, for 
 the purpose of burning them, buf as carbon requires red 
 heat, or say 800" to 1000° for ignition, and then only bums 
 slowly, it will be seen that it is hardly possible to bum 
 sm6ke after it has left the furnace, and such devices 
 are accordingly not satisfactory to the extent proposed 
 to be accomplished by their use. Every engineer and 
 stoker has proof of the non-buming properties of smoke 
 after it has left the furnace, in the difficulty of making 
 steam in boilers with unclean flues, and proof also 
 might be found of the non-buming qualities of soot or 
 smoke by a trial to bum the rafters in works heavily 
 coated with soot or smoke. / 
 
 .-•v 
 
 
 
 -if 
 
 lis 
 
 i 
 
 .4 
 

 H 
 
 of uDion 
 
 PERlFECT COMBUSTION. 
 The function of combustion being an ^t 
 between, subsUnc^ co— g w^J,^|t|,, ,,, 
 
 essential to *«/«"Xi^ "h^ ' u "^ *" ^^l'"'""" 
 solid fuel ^J^:^^;^^^\^^,r^..^oZ^r^^^'' 
 be gaseous, and .t IS «sent r ^ A^.^^^^^y 
 
 :rrumciencyofoxvg«.^f-— ^^ 
 
 The importance attachmg to this mi J ^ ^ ■ 
 
 .ith a sufficiency of ^^g;"' :^'3^^dXXrity:-- 
 „adingthefollowing^extmctf^omasUndard mj^ ^^ 
 
 .. K, b^ore reachmg *e upper ay^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ 
 
 cinder, the air has partea wb ^ i ^^ 
 
 carbonic acid «|tb ^^P;— f ^ ^^aining carbon 
 
 it burns with a pale blue ^«^^^ alterminid." 
 heat, but to what extent has "°'^'^; bituminous 
 
 The records of many 'f .^^7 *^;„ !^ pe^ cent, of 
 
 coal is heated in "'"rts '' y^^'f'XToTaTa^ portion 
 volatile Mroc^rbon^ "^ng *ej«= o^ a ^ ^^ 
 of-its weightof carbon .the very am ^^^ 
 
 fresh c<^l is shovelled into »^^^2^ ^^ «„ the 
 ,. volatile <»"»«'»<="'« "'=^^"™f„S^med and smoky. 
 ^*«^ "T^Lofdrr^mea separately. 
 . As the constituente of the ^o*" sepirating from 
 
 they are first dlsunited^by "^^^^'^'^yrogen fgnites 
 the hydrogen in small parties, and » hy ^B_^^ 
 
 itMrt:Trr;:rn^-»"--.r'- 
 
 •yJ, ., •■>' 
 
 
<, ^ •.14-l*,>-~i 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 4^ 
 
 15 
 
 LiDion 
 
 it is 
 
 it the 
 
 ustion 
 
 imoke 
 
 nately 
 
 irated, 
 
 f gases 
 ed by ' 
 rity: — 
 bon or 
 :o form 
 he car- 
 carbon 
 t. The 
 2l> some 
 3 oxide, 
 cooling, 
 the lost 
 
 d." 
 
 uminous 
 r cent, of 
 » portion 
 ties when 
 ^hen the 
 ;i on the 
 id smoky* 
 eparately, 
 itingfrom 
 en ignites 
 :onsumcd, 
 i, carrying 
 
 with it the unburned particles of carlion. If consumed 
 in the furnace, and the temperature is sufficiently high to 
 ignite the carbon' in the requisite density of air for per- 
 fect combustion, a dazzling white flame will result, but 
 in proportion as the flame changes to redness or dark- 
 ness, there will be indications of reduceid heat, until, from 
 lack of temperature in the furnace the particles of carbon 
 pass off as soot, or smoke unconsumedi ^-^ 
 
 Patents are taken dut in Great Britain, the United 
 States, Canada and applications to fdreign countries, for"" 
 " improvements in means for assuring perfect combus- 
 tion." The improvements are a new departure from the 
 means usually resorted to for effecting*, but not effecting! 
 perfect combustion, and to consume, but not wholly 
 consuming, the smoke. The specificatiori following fully 
 explains the aims and claims of the inventor : — , 
 'lo all whom it may concern : 
 
 Be it known that I, John Livingstone, of No. 31 York 
 Chambers, Toronto Street, in the City of Toronto, Pro- 
 vince of Ontario, in tlie^ominibh of Canada, manu- 
 facturer, have invented certain new and useful 
 
 Improvements in Means for Assuring Perfect 
 
 Combustion, 
 and I do hereby declare that the following is a fuU, clear 
 and exact description of the same, reference being mad^ 
 to the accompanying drawings of one form of the device, 
 ill which itis made to apply to a Portable Boiler of the 
 Locomotive type. * 
 
 And I do hereby declare the nature of my inveiition for 
 " assuring perfect combustion," and in what manner the 
 same is to be,pcrformcd, to be particularly desicribed and 
 ascertained in and by the following statement : 
 
 That my invention relates to that class of devices by 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 \ - 
 
"''tJSir^Tsjif 
 
 ,5 I.ERFECT COMBUSTION. _ > 
 
 Ihich Steam is introduced into the furnace in th. form 
 of a gas to aid combustion attachment to, 
 
 ^ That it is f9r use j ^ P^^^^^^^^^ .^^easing the 
 furnaces of every kmd, ^^'^j^^^P^'^the combustion of 
 efficiency of the furnace and to perfect the con^ 
 
 the fuel. f .t,_ "^team into its 
 
 That it is for the decomposition of the ^team 
 
 a„ of neces^ty varied '^ ^^"^'^^^^.o the rooM 
 and kind of each furnace or bo'>«''^f^ f toiler, in a 
 space available, and «*!« "^^^'^^'^lo^Vimity 
 boiler, ina furnace, or in -place in , p 
 thereto for any part of the devic^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 That the nature of my '"^?''»"" j'\^°"„^,ty wT be 
 from the subjoined descr.pt.on, and the novelty 
 
 i-Jlpointed out in the claims.' > 
 
h^v'-fS 
 
 form 
 
 nt to, 
 ig the 
 ion of 
 
 nto its 
 
 gst the 
 
 is and 
 the size 
 le rooni 
 er, in a 
 oximity 
 
 Y appear 
 1^ will be 
 
 4f^ 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 19 
 
 Figure i is a longitudinal section of a boiler, showing 
 the furnace and my apparatus connected thereto. In the ^ 
 boiler may be placed zinc pieces, scrap metal, shavings or 
 strips of metal. 
 
 Figure 2 is a transverse view of a boiler, with the front 
 plates-of the boiler removed so as to show th,e inside of a 
 furnace and part of my apparatus, the superheaters, 
 therein. 
 
 •1 
 M 
 
 
 m 
 
 - ■ . ■ : ■ ' 
 
 
 .', - -:■ . 
 
 -^3 
 
 * ' 10 
 
 
 \ 
 
 -^t 
 
 &iii. I's'KL 
 
 . % 
 
 <.\ 
 
 

 i8 
 
 PER^£CT COMBUSTION. 
 
 ry,i 
 
 r 
 
 f^tf' 
 
 •c .n enlarged section of the superheaters 
 Figure 3 is an eniargcu 
 .D""D" with combination therein. 
 
 -•>, t,f V- 
 
 ■r^rf*^|rHi:@ijK^^ 
 
 %*'.. . 
 
 
 ' ',r., ^ 
 
PERFECT COMBUSTION 
 
 19 
 
 uperheaters 
 
 Figure 4 is an enlarged section of superheaters "D" "D' 
 with no combination therein. 
 
 '4\ 
 
 
 
 ^.U." 
 
 m 
 
 ly A~ ^ j^ » -1^ *6.»v i»ftATL" t^fcrfT- f-1 . /■ >A 
 
 t*'J)«k.''«. 1**. 
 
20' \ 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 Figure 5 is a longitudinal section of a furnace showing 
 -„, apparatus the ,an.e ^,^ ^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 SakeT-M'-N" across the front and rear end °f *f, 
 
 .toma« and one hollow straight furnace bar marl<ed"R . 
 
 I^iZt^e furnace longitudinally, withthe ends open, 
 
 '^'^1 tTXal view.f a^undhollowgr.^ 
 ba^^th the ends slightly tape.«i to enter easily, and 
 wedge into headers "M" "N". , , ■ . 
 
 ./ , 
 
 ".4 
 

 'r*-:'-'-f_:^j "<i ;"'-;s<*--»'' 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. * 
 
 J. I 
 
 howiog 
 exten- 
 hoUow 
 
 headers 
 of the 
 
 ked«R^ 
 
 Is, open, 
 
 •'■ • 
 3W grate 
 
 sily, and 
 
 21' 
 
 Figure 7 is a sectioiml view of headers "M" "N"^ which 
 rest across the front and rear of the furnace in a boiler, 
 the inlet holes from the header in the front of the furnace 
 to the inlet holes in the header in the rear of the furnace, 
 made mathematically true in line and size each to the 
 other. 
 
 r - 
 
 "A" in figures 1 and 2. is a vfessel that may br'of any 
 shape to suit the spate or place available, made ©f boiler 
 plate, or cast iron or Other suitable material of strength 
 to resist internal pressure equal to that in the same boiler- 
 to which it is attached," or of which it may be a part, and 
 in it may be stored scrap zinc, or zirjc strips or pieces of 
 zinc, finely divided particles of iron and metal filings, 
 turnings and small pieces of scrap metal. 
 
 "B'' is a steam pipe from the boiler, entering "A" and 
 passing through it, the portion inside of "A" is surrounded 
 by one or rnore tubes, tunnels or pipes "b*" "b"', of iron 
 or brass or other suitable metal, with holes in the said poi:- 
 tioh of "B" inside of "A", and in the surrounding pip^ 
 'V "b*", ass6en in figure i, exposed for reference to the \ 
 perforations and woven linings hereafter referred to 
 around '♦b'" "b*". 
 
 The said portion of ^B" and the surrounding pipes "b*" 
 "b"" mayjbe each enc?ised in close fitting sleeves made 
 of fine woven wire cloth, or the sleeves may be made of 
 flannel, cotton, capvas or other suitably woven material. 
 The sleeves n^y be made fast to the said portion of the 
 pipe "B",^and the sleeves for each of the said pipes "b*'' 
 "b*" may be made fast by sewing each sleeve, according 
 to its size or pipe, to each respective pipe, with fine wire • 
 of brass or other metal, through the hdles iii the said por- 
 tion of the pipe "B" and throujgh the holes in the sur- 
 
 
 n 
 
 4' 
 ",,■■' 
 
■ 5' 
 
 • I 
 
 # 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 • u- *v.A vessel "A" as seen in 
 ,. „ .^s "b"' "b»" within the vessel n, 
 rounding pipes d., " 
 
 figure I. ' ^ ., .u^ nioe "B" is fitted with 
 
 Vween "A" M the *«»"=; *'X^ .. fa.", for disuse of 
 
 acheclc^.lve"b»" and » '^"»f jtecessa^ to use the 
 
 the invetition when for any ca „,,^e is more 
 
 boiler without>e device but w 
 
 esperiaUyto^reventga^sent^jngt^^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 „C.. u -P'P^ ~":p' *°ha„^d 'or'by any mechanica 
 put into the vessel A , oy n ^^^ ,„e, of 
 
 device ; a glass gauge may ^"!!W,ith secure joint 
 oiUn..heve.sei;A>„da^ndh^„^„.^_^^^^^ 
 
 may be in any part of the saw , 
 
 ment or refuse matter. ^^ superheaters of any 
 
 ..D" (see figures . and 4) repr^" 1^ ^„d 
 
 desired shape or f°™;, »«f "^^the cyUndri-Waffl^ 
 
 shap^f :the space ava^''"'^ J ^-^^ ,^„ ,pace in the 
 ofa^correspondjg«»*^^va ^ .^^^^^^ .^ 
 
 furnace, they may be about swen ptefti^ 
 
 -'"'^•':^'Sd:':frh:Sti»vi^ 
 
 ^ing on each side 01 tne ^ ^^^_ ^ ^ ^g 
 
 on «d; resting upon *« ««" °„^i„g „po„ tho grate bars- 
 upthl^ghthegratebars orstandmg I» ^^^ ^ 
 
 f ^>^v N supported by any »uit ' «n" 
 
 ' ^ y^be suitable for the furnace. D 
 
 "^steeli cast iron or suitable meu^^^ 
 
 ^ BKKa»!n0 QuiSty of past iron, which may be 
 
 !"**■*' ^P^,riL I'Ev'any suitable means. . I pre- 
 
 protected-l^ oatmg^bya y ^^^^ ^ 
 
 fer the use of the metel wu ^ ^^.^^.^^^ ^^^^g^^ 
 and the superheaters, « D, mu^ >« ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 . to withstand P--« ?^t!f^te: may be tubes, "E'" 
 . ■insidetheeasingsof D D „^„ »- 
 
 ■•■ t 
 
 /f 
 
■I«' 
 
 :'-l. "T "^"'fJTirv »■>-. ■ 
 
 1 in 
 
 vitK 
 (e of 
 the 
 norc 
 
 y be 
 inical 
 el of 
 joint 
 isedi- 
 
 ite 
 ins, and 
 , «D" 
 
 netal. I 
 may be 
 3., I pre- 
 or cover, 
 strength 
 he boiler, 
 ubes, "E'* 
 ther suit- 
 )er endto 
 
 -t- 
 
 the 
 
 LpERFECT CGMBUSTICJN 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 f:<^ofa^ inside («ee Figure 3), Th^ bottoms oJT 
 ^ of " D " " D " and the tubes, " E " " E," arc 
 and steam tight. 
 
 «l^ 
 
 The inher tubes, " E " " E," may be about one-third of 
 the diameter of the outer shells, " D " " D," and have a 
 number of small holes, which may be in parallel rows, 
 drilled through thersides of^each, about half an, inch 
 apart (see Figure 3). 
 
 Around rE" *'E," and close-fitted thereto, may be 
 sleeves of finfc- woven brass wire-cloth, sewed to said 
 tubes, ^ E*^ " E," with brass wire stitched through the 
 holes in " E " •' E " to the sleeves in which " E " " E " are 
 ^ncased, and within «E" '>E" is also a lining of fine 
 woven brass wire cloth, also stitched to " E " " E " with 
 brass wir«'through the holes in " E " " E " (se^J^re 3). 
 
 From the inner linings in the tubes " E" "E," but not . 
 passing through the said linings (see Figure 3), there 
 may be one or more (see Figure i) small tubes or nozzles, 
 « F " ** F " " F," " F " " F," " F " made to project through 
 from^ linings (see Figure 3) within "E" " E " through 
 'HFE" *E" and out«r linings of " E" '* E," and through 
 the superheaters, " D " " D,'*^on the^ircle, or in' angles 
 one to the other, exposing to the fire short, blunt or 
 i . semi-circular points «F" "F" "F" (see Figure i for 
 each superheater). 1 . 
 
 The opening in the iniier end of each of the nozzles or 
 . tubes," F" "F" « F,'\" F" " F" " F," for about half an 
 inch or less, may be None sixty-fourth of an inch in 
 diameter, or less, increased by tapering the hole in each 
 npzzle tqward the outer or semi-circular enjfi, say to the 
 extent of aboyt three thirty-seconds of an ihclr in 
 diameter at the furnace end or point (see Figur^ 3), for 
 the purpose of blowing through any grit or sediment 
 
 kr4M 
 
M] 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 
 
 ** )ii- ,/ 
 
 -.1';. I ' " ""■ ,'/;, 
 
 va: 
 
%,. 
 
 ly 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 that may pass to the nozzles t f ^^^y.. ^ .. pjgure 
 « F" as seen in the sectional view of upper F l«igure 
 : .Instead of nozzles there may be holes, which may be 
 ^ade to taper throu^ ^^ D^. li^, tho^ /^ ft ^^^ , .. 
 The nozzles or tubes "t i* ^» * , 
 
 in superheaters « D " " D " are made *» Pf J«f • ^ ^f ^^ 
 
 • by being screwed .through the casing of D D and 
 .. E" " E" (see Figure 3) or they may be made to screw 
 through " D " " D" (see Figu«4) without the combma- 
 Hnn therein, as seen in, Figure 3. ,1: 
 
 Wthinte spaces (see Figures) between the brass 
 woven wire cloth lining to «E" "E" and the castngs 
 Tn »" D " there are placed4oosely. small pieces of metal 
 andiron' or steel, iron filings, i-^n turnings from .ron 
 riing lathes, and scrap metaj.in,sma,l part.cU... _ 
 
 The holes or nozzles, " F f ' ^. n 
 
 in eXf the superheaters. «D" " D " (see F.gure 2 . «e 
 1^ one above the other (see Figure 3). the lowest be- 
 
 • &ut ten inches ^.bove the grate ba«. so - tob^ a 
 
 Me above the level of the top of the fuel when c<«l is 
 • '^'I^ndl placethe others each about four inch« above 
 the other, but they, may be on the crde of D. or 
 angles thereon, one to the other. „ _ „ „ p » ...p •■ 
 
 The holes in superheaters or nozzles. F r 
 „ pi*"! F " " F." a^ adjusted to point diagonally across 
 the furnace, but the particular angle is not «sentra^ 
 he ther is t^e height at which they »« P>»f • » ^* 
 may be varied to suit conditions reqmrrf by the shape 
 and size of the furnace or kind of fuel used _ _ 
 B' " i. a continuation o f ^t^" P'Pf ' f' r _."?( 
 
 have a check valve and » =J"t-°'^_/ „ . .. „;^ 
 
 romthe boiler through « A," and connecting A wrtB 
 
 tte^ner tube.* «E» "E" (see Figures ..a. 3). By 
 
 ■" . • f , , r - '-'^'■ • ■.''■'," '. .■.;-,..'. : ■->':; '•■-.v. 
 
PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 means of it steafin is conveyed into superheaters, " D " 
 "D"(see Figure 2). ' 
 
 " H " is a movable pipe so arranged that when neces- 
 sary it may be ufeed to increase the draught above the 
 fire bed, or to prevent any excess of volume in the gases 
 escaping through the door (see Figure i), or it may be 
 extended to aid in creating a draught current through 
 hollow grate bars in the furnace. 
 
 TW headers '* M " " N," may be made from any metal. 
 I prefer to make them from a fire-resisting quality of 
 brass | cast iron, free from blow holes, with the ends closed, the 
 
 inlet holes limited to the number of hollow furnace grate 
 bars, the metal not less than one-half inch in thickness. 
 The hollow grate bars, " R," may be all of a uniform 
 size, and riiay be about two inches for the outside 
 diameter, with the metal, of the same fire-resisting mater- 
 ial, about one-half inch thick. I prefer the centre tube, 
 as seen in Figure 5, to be of a greater size than the other 
 tubes, and I prefer, as seen in said figure, each tube on 
 eaeh side of the centre tube to be less in gradually lessen- 
 ing, sizes to a size not less than one and one-half inches 
 outside diameter, with same thickness of metal in each 
 for the two tubes nearest the furnace sides of the boiler. 
 
 The hollow grate bars may be made to fit, and be 
 wedged to fit closely into the inlet openings or holes in 
 "M"«N." 
 
 Through the front of the furnace, by a mouse-hole 
 opening or aperture, and through the front header, "M," 
 to the hollow grate bar as in Figurp 5, or as I prefer, to 
 the unperfoyated bar |n the^^^j^^^ 
 
 with the atmosphere for the admission of atmospheric 
 air to circulate through the hoUow grate bars andjleadeik 
 
 si 
 
 
 
 'Mf' 
 
^•' ■%-:^5^«0ii?*^^S^^'>- 
 
 Xk , 
 
 26 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 Into the opening at the furnace front of the boiler, 
 through header " M," a small jet pipe. « O," of not more 
 iSan half the diameter of the opening, may be earned 
 through the shell of the boiler front, through header M. 
 to a point just entering the.centre tube, " R. _ 
 
 The headers and or hollow grate bars, other than the 
 centre bar, connected as aforesaid with the atmc^phere 
 and inlet jet, may be perforated on the top with vety 
 small holes, or they may have a large number of small 
 ' plugs of suitable material, with minute perforations, 
 the operation of tk device is as follows =7- 
 After steam has been raised to a pressure lathe boiler 
 it is passe i through the pipe « B " to the ye^sd "A (see 
 Figure I), and from ''A," by the pipe " BN to the tube 
 « E " " E " within and to the superheaters, V U [see 
 Figures i and 2). the steam carrying in its coui^ ^^ 
 units of heat, acting on and acted "P^" ^y the hea^^ 
 metal, or iron turnings, filings or pieces of iron and steel 
 in «A" in the spaces in the superheaters betw^n the 
 linings of " E " ^' E " and the casings of" D D, ^ ana 
 upon the superheaters. « D" « D." and therein becom^g 
 superheated in contact with the iron, particles of iron 
 and metal, is decomposed into its component parts, and 
 exoelled by pressure through the holes or nozzles, l* 
 „ P » « F .. « F " " F " " F." into the furnace above the 
 fire-bed in the form, of combustible gas, energized by the 
 heat and pressure, accelerating motion ^^^^^'^^l' 
 tides in motion in the furnace, and uni^mg by affinity 
 witTthe carbon of the solid fud. for perfect combustion 
 in the union of all the particles of combustion. ^ 
 
 ' Air may be admitted through the centre grate bar for 
 __eJ^ thrc4 the small perfbrationsintheo^,b^ 
 
 r tlll ^bedincoi^^^ 
 
 '( 
 
•^•I» 
 
 :>. 
 
 boiler, 
 
 >t more 
 carried 
 
 er "M," 
 
 han the 
 osphere 
 th very 
 Df small 
 3ns. 
 
 he boiler 
 «A"(see 
 the tubes 
 <'D" (see 
 :ourse its 
 le heated 
 and steel 
 ween the 
 « D," and 
 becoming 
 es of Tron 
 parts, and 
 zzles,"F" 
 above the 
 ized by the 
 ;5t the par- 
 by affinity 
 combustion 
 
 I. ■:"'''::. 
 
 [rate bar for 
 ler bars into 
 ig coali"and^ 
 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 27 
 
 when desirable for greater efficiency, the current and 
 pressure of air through the hollow, grate bars may be . 
 accelerated by an oil vapour-saturated steam jet " O," 
 from " H,** through the centre hollow grate bar. 
 
 When desirable, always by preference at low tempera- 
 tures, and preferable as increasing efficiency at all tem- 
 peratures, the vessel " A " is partially filled with oil,Jb(y 
 preference, crude petroleum, which, acted upon by the 
 heat from the steam passing through "B," gives off a 
 vapour, thinned by filtration through the sleeve linings 
 on the pipes, «*b*'^" b*," that in smallest measure saturates 
 the steam from the boiler, overcoming and counteracting 
 the aqueous properties of the steam at low temperatures 
 increasing the gases in the furnace and aiding combustion. 
 
 Having now particularly described and ascertained the 
 nature of my said invention, and in what manner the 
 same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is : — 
 
 ' I. Vessel "A," with woven sleeve lined tubes, tunnels 
 or pipes therein. 
 
 2. Superheaters, " D " " D," with woven metal sleeve 
 linings outside and inside of, " E '\ " E," in superheaters 
 
 3. The superheaters, "D" "-D," with and without the 
 combination therein, with tapering holes or nozzles, as 
 substantially described (see Figure 4). j 
 
 4. The use of zinc strips, shawngs or pieces of metal, 
 and iron filings, turnings or small pieces in the boiler, in 
 vessel "A," and in the superheaters, "D" "D," or in 
 either of them, to prevent the formation of the pre- 
 cipitated lime salts that interfere in making steam, and 
 to split or decompose the steam within the heated super^- 
 
 l e atcrs, ** D ^^ 
 
 
 

 
 ^J 
 
 \ 
 
 23 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 t The nozzles. " F " " F " « F." or holes, in eacK o( the . 
 superheaters, " D," for the purpose herein stated, as part 
 of said invention, to aid combustion. 
 
 6 The use of steam in combination with metal and 
 metal particles, to aid combustion, producing gases sub- 
 
 "7^^ ::e^^: in combination with metal, metal 
 oarticles and hydrocarbons, to aid combustion. ^ 
 ■^8 The hollow headers, in combination with th, cen re 
 and hollow grate bars, for the admission of air, its c.rcula- 
 Ton though' the oth'er hollow grate ba-^- "-''P-^; 
 and expulsion through the upper part of the bars mto 
 
 '"'o^tetollow headers, in combination with the centre 
 grate bar, and connection with inlet jet of ste^, to accel- 
 erate mo ion amongst the particles of the mflowmg a>r, 
 for the decomposition qf the jet of steam, ,ts ufhzafon 
 as a gas to aid combustion by its exit into the furnace 
 
 ,o ?he hollow headers, in combination w.th centre 
 hollow grate bar. and other perforated hollow grate bars, 
 for the conveyance of air above the fire-bed. 
 
 V, ihe hollow grate bars and headers in comb.nat.on 
 
 ™'* '*-ST^«ral parts of the described invention as one 
 
 united whole, for the purposes following :- j^ 
 
 To aid combustion in furnaces of every k.nd, w.th 
 
 special reference more especially to land and marme 
 
 boilers of all kinds. •.,„„_, 
 
 To aid in the decomposition of the steam ^nto its com^ 
 ponent parts, for use in its superheated, energized and 
 
 gaseous state to aid combustion. ^^^^ 
 
 ^ togivetothefumaceaidbyapurerandmoreoxyg^n 
 
 than acquire^ by the ordinary atmospheric draught by 
 ^ furnace bars^aipport c ombustioa ^^ _^ 
 
 To 
 
 comb 
 
 To 
 
 air foi 
 
 To 
 
 steam 
 
 firing 
 
 To 
 
 the rei 
 
 the fu 
 
 To 
 
 the CO 
 
 Toi 
 
 chimn< 
 
 consur 
 
 Toi 
 
 Toi 
 
 firing s 
 
 eous el( 
 
 To p 
 
 in supe 
 
 of stear 
 
 The 
 
 steam t 
 
 is satur 
 
 aqueouj 
 
 The 1 
 
 into con 
 
 heat. I 
 
 element: 
 
 diagonal 
 
 I across- tl 
 
 lover the 
 
 way 
 
 tl : 
 
, °'-':'!*'j^ '/"^IvX ' 
 
 '■■'% 
 
 ;tal and 
 sea sub- 
 
 il, metal 
 
 e centre 
 
 circula- 
 
 ;pansion 
 
 >ars into 
 
 ic centre 
 to accel- 
 dng air,- 
 tilization 
 I furnace 
 h centre 
 ate bars. 
 
 ibioation 
 
 3n as one 
 
 ind, with 
 i marine 
 
 I its com- 
 [ized and 
 
 •t 
 ■e oxygen 
 
 aughjt by 
 
 PERFECT CQMBUSTION. r\ 29 
 
 To accelerate motion amongst the moving particles of 
 combustion in a furnace, aiding combustion. 
 
 To aid in creating, the requisite density of furnace 
 air for combustion in the furnace. 
 
 To maintain steam at highest pressures, and make 
 steam economically, with the least measure of labour in 
 firing and stoking. . ' ^ 
 
 To make combustion perfect by accelerated motion by 
 the required density of furnace air. by decomposition of 
 the fuel, and by natural union of the gases of combustion. 
 To re<auce the quantity of fuel ordinarily required, by 
 the combustion of the whole in heat making. 
 
 To remove cause for smoke, grit, sparks or flame from 
 chimneys and smoke stacks, all being seized upon and 
 consumed by natural union in the furnace. 
 To reduce the solid residue in the combustion of fuel 
 To reduce the continuous labpur required ordinarily in 
 firing and stoking, by effective natural union of the gas- 
 eous elements combining in the furnace. 
 
 To prevent the formation of the precipitated lime salts 
 in superheaters and boilers, that interfere with the making 
 of steam; and affect combustion. 
 
 The inventor does not pretend to burn steam, the 
 steam that he carries from the boiler or from an exhaust 
 IS saturated with hydrocarbon vapours to. counteract its 
 aqueous properties, and to aid in enriching the gases. 
 
 The saturated steam is, in the superheaters, brought 
 into contact with metal, iron and iron particles at a rfcd 
 heat. It is there decomposed or split into its constituent 
 elements hydrogen and oxygen, ejected by pressure, 
 diagonally m small imperceptible streams, right and left 
 acrosa the furnace^ above the fire-bed. In Jts passage - 
 Over the furnace it Ukir^t^ a rich, carburetted gas from 
 
 J 
 
 y 
 
 
 . w- 
 
 \ 
 
 'i «lBH i ii i | 
 
1 
 
 30 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 the fuel, and raises the temperature of^ the furnace more 
 raoidly than possible by any other process of firing. 
 
 The atoms or molecules of the gase, ol^combusfon 
 usLly moving in a straight-line in -^ -* the cur«nt 
 or draueht of atmospheric air, are, m and with tht oxygen 
 o traMeflected diagonally and ir^tated by deflection- . 
 Innterf^ence with the straight U^Je current, moving 
 tith great velocity, attracting and repelling one another 
 ^y tapact upon the sides of the furnace until thoroughly 
 intermixed, combined and consumed, the n^^en,^ 
 non-combustible particles only, passing through tte 
 
 '■"•^hfXt union^of the gases by this mode^of unit- 
 ine with the air is due to the hydrogen ejected from the 
 ■ superh^ters, that gas having a refractive power greater 
 than any other gas, six times greater than air, and foiir 
 times greater in 4iff4sive power than oxygen; unitmg 
 with all, it raised the temperature, -and having a great 
 iZity for carbon in the presence of oxygen, .t becomes 
 • a r^« ifter the atoms of carbon, checked in their pro- 
 l^^to the smoke-stack by the deflected move<nente °f 
 fhe gaseous atoms that are drawn into union, wth «vol«_ 
 tk,n of heat, instead of being passed off as smoke and 
 soot, to tlie annoyance of the vicinage. ^ . , . . 
 
 The conditions of perfect combustion -"^^ '»!.;" 
 most furnaces without the use of hollow grate bars. The 
 , t^Z of air is in some respects a disadvantage, for in 
 sTdling it becomes rarefied and less dense acond, »n 
 Totawlys favorable to combustion, a '«}u.site weigh 
 ,0f air being necessary to perfect union ; but « m A 
 suooly of air ordinarily through the grate bars, a large 
 Irtof Ae oxygen of the air supplied is lost ta its passage 
 ..Cgh^e Zl, the ejection of the «r fto«. » Urge 
 
"^'%'t 
 
 l''i 
 
 ■ ■ PERFECT COMBASHON. ' ,, 
 
 ofTh^L"^'"'' ^^'"'^^ P'-S^ °' ^"•'gh "i«d portion, 
 of the bars, or from the headers, into the earboo flw 
 above the fire-bed will aid in th; intimate totlixw 
 afld un.on of the gases in the furnace • in a^TZ.^ 
 sure of volume by the aid of the steam :tX^l!Z 
 as to .ts aqueous properties by saturation in*hydr«^ 
 . *"" ^P""-^- *e density is partially preserved b,X 
 
 bustton '' -iT"'*'""''"'*"' "^'"^ f"'"^ do'-g corn- 
 warmer" J^ T '"'r'"^ '^•"' '"'° *« fumafe-at a 
 warmer temperature than the outer air, acts as a correc 
 
 mr:a;'"u.e'hj:^' " "~ ""^ **' '^ -pp"^ H: 
 
 gef ^tg o' S^'ch.^nt' *t'h ^°"''"*"' ■"''°- 
 oxvmn ..„£.•„ cfmney, the heavier constituent 
 
 b7rf^„ of ,h^ T'' "="''>■*'« the carbon in the f„e 
 
 Thus, byS" o?fi • ~"^*""«'«» °f coal, 
 
 the Stoker fh^T ""^' "*""* »^^'< ^^'s*' 
 
 fuma^ a^d ''='"P«?^""-e 5s made higher in the 
 lumace, and made higher as far as the ^asenn, 
 
 the temperature low^r beyond, where no act of 
 union or combustion is in progress nor .?„. k- / 
 highly-heated gases, uncom^t' u^tU^rtidL 
 
 :"^<:i' ihTo^t^"^'" "^^ ^"*- °' '"'' *"'--- "^ 
 
 _ These results have been demonstrated in i twelve 
 cxpenmental purposes. 
 
 ^Bxr^m««, have demonstrated a combustion «, 
 thorough tot tl,ewra»r and othe» have been able to . 
 
 M 
 
 ■^'i 
 
PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 sit upon a ladder within two feet of, and facing the 
 ^moke-stack of such'a boiler burning bituminous coal 
 therein, to hold sheets of cream white paper over" he 
 smoke-stack without soiling, to sit in the teeth of a h^h 
 wind, with face immediately on a line and level with the 
 smoke-stack, ahd to hold their heads over the middle of 
 the top of the smoke-stack ^bout twelve inches above it, 
 without ^having cause to move by reason of either grit 
 sparks, smoke or soot ; there was neither. Only a slight 
 '' vapour from the smok-e-stack moistened the air. ^ 
 
 These and other ex^riments are an earnest of what 
 
 ' may be accomplished in the way of comfort and clean 
 firing by regard to nature's l^^^and by adoption of the 
 patented ^' Improvements in Means for Assuring Perfect 
 Combustion," the comforts and economical results being - 
 as near as possible illustrated by comparisons, figures « 
 and 9. a steamer, with and without the improvements,, 
 rushing through the water ; in the one, figure 8, it is 
 
 - seen belching forth great volumes of smoke and in the 
 other, figure 9. with the Improvement, sen4rng up only 
 
 ' a clean white vapour. The sam^ resiilts shQwn in- 
 figures 10 and 11; for a locomotive ; thb discomforts of 
 . travelling, by reason of smoke, showif in figure 10, while 
 in figure 11 only a clean vyhit^ vapour is seen commg 
 from the smoke-stack of a locomotive, in and upon which 
 the patented improvements are supposed to be. 
 
 Like illustrations apply to stationary boilers, and h^ 
 
 ' results may^e obtainedb^ adopting in and upon them, the 
 "Improvements in Means for Assuring Perfect Com- 
 bustion." pj^^g IMPROVEI^ENT CO. 
 
 Buffalo, N.Y. \ , ' : 
 
 Toronto, Canada. — 
 
 o-* ^ '.? 
 
 M^"^* 
 
 i-4'^^t±L2'i 
 
 ■>"'' " 
 
r' 
 
 IMPERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 33 
 
 y 
 
 Figure 8, an every day sight to travellers by steamer 
 smoke m large masses from two funnels, making the rear 
 ha f of ^he deck of the steamer Saratoga an uncomfort- 
 able part m which to either sit or promenade 
 
 :k\ 
 
 4 
 
 SS<at;fe«&r':^;":ri:.;:='»'sr"'- TrM^" i 
 
t.-- 
 
 ;' 
 
 34 
 
 y-,: -r- 
 
 ^ 
 
 PERFECT COMBUSTION. 
 
 
 Figure 9, a rare sight, the steamer Saratoga, as 
 steamers should be seen, rushing through ttie water with- 
 out making the deck uncomfortable to promenaders. 
 This may be accomplished by adopting the " Improve- 
 ments in Means for itssuring Peijfect Combustion." 
 
 
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 perfect combustion of the fuel, by 
 for Assuring Perfect Combustion." 
 
 
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