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How Canada shall profit by an event of almost equal benehcence, she must herself deterraitie."— 5/^ch at Toronto States, should msrequuinga T the 3iil)8tatic6 ited States, the ly should both vitedtodo. On Trade, is early St. John, N. -B-i . INTRODUCTION. Tlio deep significance of tlie vordict, so em])liatica]ly rendered at tho recent Presi- dential contest in the United States, has an interest lor Canada almost as great as for tlio Union itself. Certainly Canada has an interest far greater than any other foreign country, though nearly all outside luitions are concerned in it. If this verdict moans anything, it means for the United States an era of free raw material and cheapened food products. These are tho essential elements of that foreign trade, wliich it is tho determined policy of the Democratic party to buihl up. Free raw nuiterial and food products Canada can supply to an extent and to greater advantage to the L'nited States, and to herself, than is possible to any other outlying territory. Hence a new and most important opportunity may open out for the Dominion, Clearly the wise policy announced by Mr. Cleveland, that he will not in his Free Trade crusade needlessly disturb existing and vested interests created by Protection, hardly applies to natural products, raw material, or food supplies. Freedom in all these will be the first step to be taken in fnllilmeut of a policy that has for its purpose the unshackling of trade, especially where it can be done without injury, and with positive benefit to tho vast mass of the peo^.le. But the question with regard to Canada will bo whether the barriers are to be taken down on one side only. Wliilo it will be most desirable on the part of the Uuited States, to admit freely raw material and food ])roducts, it will be equally desirable to open up new nmrkets in ex<'hai:ge for these — not new markets for natural products, but markets for manufactures into which these natural j)roduct8 find their way. Certainly it will not fulfil the idea of the Democrats of Freedom of Trade if tho freedom is on one side only. Unless goods or merchandise are exchanged for ■what Canada has to sell, there can be no freedom of trade with Canada. If money alone is to bo the medium of exchange, then there is little prospect of an increased trade between the two countries, as the outcome of the new i)olicy hereafter and for a long time to prevail in the Uuited States. The result will be, that in order to get into commercial contact with the United States, even under changed conditions, the i)olicy of Canada will have to bo reversed. A "reciprocity of taritl's" will have to precede p. ''reciprocity of trade," as the position of the two countries is likely to be coit.pletely changed, and Sir Jolm Macdonald's celebrated play upon these words will hereafter have a dilferent signifi- cance than when they were uttered. Tho Uuited States, under the new policy now to be inaugurated, will be the best market in the world for Canada. Her natural resources, so enormous and so A'aried ; her agricultural output, susceptible of vast expansion ; her abundant room for immigration, and her eventual advantages as a great manufacturing nation, need grecisely the opening which the United States is now likely to aftbrd. Meantime anada is a market for the manufactures of the United States, which, ir\ exchange for these advantages, it is natural she should demand. This market, it is realized, is susceptible of great expansion, if a growth goes forward in the North with a rapidity • equal to that which has occurred in the United States. This growth has resulted f from ever widening areas, large immigration, and the development of natural resources, [three conditions which alone can find further play in the portion of the continent [withioi the British Possessions. It will be unreasonable to expect that the Americans ishould not share "with the Canadians all the benefits derivable from consequences Ifollowing such a development. Hence a perfect and free exchange must be at the [basis of the bargain, commencing with raw material and food products, with such [manufactures as already are possessed by Canada, in exchange for the manufactures |of the United Stat»*s, and such food products as Canada needs from them. It will be seen, therefore, that the period is a momentous one, and that discussion I desirable of what is best for Canada, of what is best for the United States, and equally what is best for Great Britain. With that in view, there are submitted in the 4 INTRODUCTION. : i following pages Honio pointH, from AddroHHrH rccoittly delivered in the Mnritimo I'rovinceH, benring upon tliin .siil>jt'ct, iind uliicli, I lioiigh Kjioken prior to tho recent election, jiro iipplieiiltlo with redoiiMed force to existing conditions. An iniportiuit cluing** impends in relation to tlio (Canadian C^iiestion in tlio United States. Not only will a party be in power that is animated by a totally dillereut priiu'iple in regard to traegislation. Inasmuch as tlie erciation of the McKinh\y Tarilf on tlie one side, and the Foster Tarilf on the other, were not the subjects of treaty, neither will their modilication, or total rejteal so far as Canada is concerned, render it uecessary to bring in the resources of iJiplomacy. A simple resolution of Congress on the one hand, anrocity, exemplifying a recent tenet in the belief of the Kepnbli(!an I'arty, is not likely to be popular witli the Democrats, who, regarding it as a loaf tilched from the free trade {)rimer, will likely, after Mureh next, relegate it as far as possible to the position of a »ack-numl)or.' ■ To meet these important changes and to give a broader and better designation to a possible solution of all the dillieiilties I'etween Canada and the United States, it has Leen suggested that the term Continental Free Trade would more ccmipletely meet tbo conditions existing than either Unrestricted Reciprocity or Commercial Union. To Canada the results will be the same in the enlargement of her market and the broad- ened opportunity for purchases. Kiiually to the United States the result of Conti- nental Free Trade would be highly advantageous, for looking to Mexico* on the one side and to the British Possessions on the other, there will be found a ready-made op]»ortunity for testing tho beuehts of enlarged commercial intercourse, without at all imperilling iuteiesis created by the policy of I'rotectiou. It was believed that in a new discussion of these important topics, an attempt might be successful to eliminate party politics entirely. Political rancour bas to a large degree subsided, so far as trade questions were concerned ; and if it were possible to look at purely business matters from a purely business j)oint of view, and to discuss the Avhole (|uestion as an economic one, a desirable result might be attained. The announcement of this disposition was cordially responded to, notably in one instance by lifty business men, the most prominent in Halifax, who, irrespective of party, awarded a most hearty welcome to the writer of these lines, and who thereby pledged him to a discussion of the trade question, that should be impartial, dis- passionate, and inoffensive. How far that pledge was adhered to the reader of the following pages must judge. The large audiences that everywhere greeted the speaker (limited only by the sizeo' tlie halls in which the meetings were held) ; the quick apprehension and ready response to tho points made; the intensity of interest manifested till the last words were uttered of long addresses full of business details ; and above all the exceeding courtesy, heartiness, and hospitality, irrespective of party, every where extended tothespeaker, made it apparent, to him at least, that a deep concern abides in the hearts of the Canadian people as to their future. It did more, it coniirmed him in the conviction now long held, that an eager desire exists for tho closest trade relations with their Cousins across the border. Statkn Island, N. Y., November, 1892. *See recent letter of Hon. Thomas Kyau, United States Minister to Mexico. Maritime ho recent u^ riiiteil (liHereut tli:it tho lor ill tlio HI piirties hv. ilouHe between lacy, but II the one ither will iieci'SHury II tho one iii^eiuent 'Nt (legrf e eo Trade iiprocity, ely to be reo trade itiou of a tion to a L'8, it has ely meet 1 Union, ho broad- ()f Conti- the one idy-made itliout at attempt icoiir Las f it were 'iew, and attained, y in one lective of > thereby itial, dis- er of the be sizeo^ response o uttered courtesy, (Speaker, •ts of the Hiviction ith their ' CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE. HOW IT WOULD BENEFIT CHEAT BRITAIN. t At Jlahfax, N. S., October 2'i, lHit2— with AltnaiumH. CoIiiiiiImih Cniiiiiioniorntinii iinti Cniindn. Mr. Wliiian hatil that It Heonii'd ftppropnatoat tliU period In the history t»f thlfl coi.tliieut, wliou tlioic waH htiiiK celebrateit the ui.niversary of ItH dlH- oovery by f;olnnibU8, that in thlH t>ortlon of It wliliii was leally the rtiHt<11soovero<1, tliiireHhould bo some rtlHcncsion us to tin? rebiilts of that xreat event. It was a peilod In which It might with Home propriety l»o said that an inventory was In ordor, a stoelc talcing, as to resiilTH, as to posseFslons, profits and prospects, ko as tu discover wliether tlie best that Coald be done on tills continent luul been done. ThrouKhout tlic United Btatesln the pant weeli there had been a wonderinl demonstration of satisfaction and joy in couimeiuoiatlon of this great event. Next year at Chicago a most stupendous object lesson was to be given to the world as show- ing some of the results of this gr»at discoverj'. It wan significant that this was undertalien and car Tied forward by the lesser bait of the continent, and that in the greater half, included in Canada, there seemed to be an apathy and an indifference that was painful in comparison. Was it because the portion of the continent within tho British Possessions was a less valuable one than that South of the lliiu of demarcation between the two! It was well known that this was not the case. Perhaps it was because there had been less de- velopment, and hence less gronnd for rejoicing; because there was less wealth, hence less monej' to spend ; beoau.se there was vastly Iosh tmpiilatlon, hence less enthusiasm; and that the two sections ol the Anglo-Saxon race which held the continent together in common, had ditrerent cause for lej'dc lug in the immense growth and development of the one, and the stunted and slow growth of tie other RelatioiiN belwi*cii DnUcd States nn«l Canada IMvHrlM all Other <)HOHtionet. No question exceeds in Importance, either la tho United States or Canada, the relations that will hereafter exist between these two countries. To- gether they hold the contiiicnt of North America, " whose whole hi--tory shows it to be tho last best gift of Providence to mankind." The commemora- tion of its discovery by Columbus, celebrated in the lesser half of the continent with great acclaim, with measureless content and righteous self-con- gratulation, seems a time opportune for a discussion a8 to the future destiny of the Greater Half of tho vast contribulion to the good of mankind made by the great navigator, four hundreti years ajio It sceniK eijually proper that the diseiiNsion should commence in Canada itself, and within that portion of the continent where, notwithstanding enormous latent wealth, a splendid geojjraphical location, and wher( in resided an industiious and patient jieople, in wh ch neveitheless there i-t loss cause for reJoUdu^', less enthusiasm, and perhaps more sentiment and more prejudice than elsewhere exist. Hence the attempt is now made in the olief centres of the maritime Provinces, being the first portions of the continent really ociupied, to opfn a discussion as te tho future policy hereafter to prevail In tho British Nortli American Poasea- sions with special reference to the United States. Individual interests in greatvarietjr and number; the field of opportunity for the new generations ; matters of gra .'e national concern ; the Increase of internal commerce; the prosperity of numerous localltips ; and espoclally the future food supply of the world, are all Invoivetl in the greater raiddity of development of the great north-laud included in the British Possessions In North America. The possibllitks in those regions of vast material gain, of eniiuhment to the participants in their develop- ment and in good to mankind at large, are measured by the development and growth of the southern half of the continent included within the United States. To discuss these features, and to help toward the consnminaiion of some riMsonablo and feasible business plan by which the two stctions may be ear'y brought closer together in trade relations, ia the object sought on this occasion. Discovery of America Iinportaut to All I>Ian> Ifiiui. Of all events in tho hivstoiy of the world the discovery of America was the most important. To humanity at large it is a revelation which aa Emerson paid is the " last best gift of Providence to mankind " A New World fo vast in extent, so varied in climate, so full of resources for the good of humanity, so attractive Ineveiy way, was Indeed abooutothe Old World. In almost every thing that makes fur happiness, America has contributed, aud to imagine a coudition of the world without e OONTINICMTAL FHKE TRADE. America ioA»y ia to imitKlne Almont hopeleniineiia for liiimanlty. PeriiapM the moat atiiklDK thouKht In connoctlun Willi tlio qucHtlun of food tor tlio hiiiuan race la tliat broufilit forth Ity MalthuH, who before the ilo- velopiiioiiCof America inalutatiietl tlntt ho iiopiila- tlon Increased with no iiiiich )(ri«utei' raplillty tliaii the poHHiblllty of proiliictlou, that wmi'm wcrnaiiab- aoliiteiit'ceaalty III ontt^r tuitecliiiato the population, anil that tlie propagation of tlie apuclua wuh little elae than barbarity. The dlHcovery of the vant reKlona, of whh.h tliU I'rovloce la a wharf-liko pro Jectton, removed tliA drendfiil apprehi nHJon that In time tlie populace ci>uld not xather fioni the earth BUIHclont food to HUHtuln it. Kenre, even In thla reapi'ct can the blenaedneaa of the dlacoveiy be realized. America Mottt liiiporlaut to (jrvat Ilritnlu. All the world hna thua beon benefited, bnt to no nation haa the dlsoovei-y of America been ao hIkiiI- flcant and ao full of advantA^o aa to (ireat Britain. The Krcat central fact that the lanxuaKe of Ameri- ca in the Ki)Klltroperty main- tained, individual rights reudered safe, and civil* ^a- Uon in Its most advanced forms founded npon English Jurisprudence. The intelligence of the people and their love of liberty, their intellectual development and their business success, are the fniltaof thetcaohlniraof Engllah anthora. Kvery. whi-re and In every iMrectlon are aeen the In- tluencet of England on this continent. Oiitlft fur ilin Yrlnh People. / Thtn what a tremendous advantage haa reaultod In the outlet which waa given for the Kngllah and [riah people In tMa direirtlon. Hui)poa«<, for In- Mtance, that there had been no emigration from Ireland, and that the same feeu (compelled to govorn the enormouM jMipulatlon, which by thla time would have Inhabited the Green lalel But what haa been the fate encountered tiy those Irishmen who have emigrated and their children 1 Whore in all the world has there been an improve- ment so visible aa in America in thn Iriah racel Unable apparently to govtirn theniaelves In their own land, they have attained the great privilege of controlling the only aelf governing nation on the globe I The progress of the Irluli peoplein America la one of the moat important and intereating rttudles of the time. There aeeraa to have been a atimlilant in American air to their Intellectual development, and the growth and power of the Iriah people throughout New England, the Middle Htates and the Western States is the political feature of the hour. A Tribute to (lie Iriah Hervnnt (iirl. No better illuHtration of the forces at work in Ameiica among the Irish people ia found than In tho enormous remittances that for yeara have been made by aervact girla in America to their relatives in Ireland. The result of these rumittanct-a waa the almoatwholeaale exodus of the Irish people, so that tho movement which has taken idace of assimilating so large a proportion of the Irish people into the American nationality waa the reault of the labors of this humble class. No one can con- template the history of the Irish servant girl of North America, without the greatest admiration Humble in her efforta, faithful, virtuous, and honest to a degree, her efiiclency and devotion has been almost univeraai ; while her thrift and saving has found an illuatratlon, not only in the exodna of her own people to America through her aid, but in the enormous accumulations in the shape of savings which now stand to her credit. In the city of New Voik the amount of money in the savings banks, foota up to the enormous figures of 375 milllona of dollars,. and it is alleged that at least 100 millions of this money is the prcjerty of the Irish aervant girl. If thla is so in New York, may it not be In proportion dupli- oated all over the country I ♦ JIOW IT WOULD nKNEFIT URBAT BltlTAIN. lorH. Kvflrr. p«n the In. i.'M remiltod ljit;IlMh ami •OH»<, for In- I lit Ion from liii'l existed what woulil > iluy I 8ho II her popu- ible onouKh iiilKht hiive u coin pulled which by en Islel r«lr relatives ices was the >p]e, so that HHlmilatlng le Into the lit of the e can con- ant gill of idiulratlon uuiis, and I devotion thrift and tily In the a through tlations In nd to her amount of up to the lars.andlt lis money If this Is Hon dupll- The Influence of thin clasH of the Iriiih race, the bappy honieH It ban oroAietl, thu elllclent ten ▼lo« It haH rendered, are all teatlnioulvH to tl>e UBehilneMi of the United Htutes toOreat Kritaln. Coutemplato what would have been the reniilt to the IrlHh race ha^l not the onntlneut of North America been opened to their uitefulueas. The Influence of the Irlub Polltlcliiu. Then as to the IiUh navvy, need It he aald that be haH been more UHefiil In building up the United States than any other liiHtiuwentallty. ThecanalH, rallrowU, and otlier public works are the •lire;tt result of his bauds, and while he Iiiih dlitappoared M a navvy, ho now conies forth aa a contractor, And a bOHs of the Italian, th^ Pole, and the Kussian tbat comes In this direction. It is said that lu New Vork an Trisliman with tourchll'U^n Is more pown ul t!ian half a do/ien Americans. First, because owning t) 8 corner gro- cery or these loor hehasaooe^ittonixre votes than his American neighbor. Ne«t, his .atughter being ft school ti'acher, one of his sons ;i coutruct/ir and the other a policeman, he does nioi< toreguJatn the affairs of his immediate vicinity than any other member of tlie conuuuuity. But It Is not alone by Irishmen as mombers ot the British race tliaf the policy of the country has been mine or less dic- tated. Englishiiieii with strong InteUoctual force, especially in speakers and orators, and Scotchmen with their far sighted shrewdness and ability, have contributed greatly to the success of that country. It is true that the O^ernian element, and more re- cently the bcandlnavtau, Polish and Kussian Immigration has somewhat submerged the Bngiiih and Scotch, but the steady stream that sots In this direction I'roni Oreat Britain Is a constant evidence of the attractivenes? of this reglou to the English people. Amcricnu Protcclio... England's ^^afcty. Aside, however, from the contributions to popu- lation by Great Britain to the United Htates, and the home which has tlius been provided foi so many of her people, with thfj enlarged opportunity which has thus been afforded them, tlie Indirect advantage to Oreat Britain of the commerce of the United States is almost beyond estimate. The United Htates are by all odds the best customers of Great Britain. It Is tnte that the policy of the States in recent years hari been towards building up her own indnstries, and shutting out the product i of the old world. 1 here has been a severe and bitter commercial contest waging between them for su- premacy within the markets of the United States, but attention is drawn to the f£,ct that during this condlot Eu'^land has had almost entire possession of the markets of the world. Cti is most fortunate tor England that this policy has been pursueil, for had the same development in the foreign oommem of the United Htates taken pla^e as has occurred in lier Intt-rnal cuiiiinerce, ai:d the piiiiciples of fre« trade been as HwccesHfully applletanding t'.e exactions ot the McKlnley Bill 8 are en- gaged is altogether profitable to Great Britain. First, because they bring out goods on which there isa profit, going directly into the British pocket; «econd, because they take back produce which Ifi abjolntely essential to her existence. It has been said that there was only one way in which the British Nation could be conquered, and that y/f&B to surround it with a cordon of ships and pre- "vent supplies of food from reaching It. The British Nation never can be beaten in an open field ; the «nly mode of conquest would be by starvation. Blot out the ships that are running between New York and Liverpool, and this disaster would over- take the British people, lue su jtentation of htunan life in the British Isles is more dependent upon America than upon any other region. The growth «f orn in the Western States, which finds its ont- growth in provisions, bacon, hams, and beef, together with direct supplies of bieadstufl's, and, more than anything else, cotton and other taw material, forms the basis of British prosperity. T.xtrnvagnr^t Anieiican ToiuiiilB. But these ships perform still a nobler and a bigher service, and that is the transportation to tthe shores of Europe of vast nnmberu of Americans ^ho yearly travel in ti;at direction, the number constantly iDcroasing and the results in the shape «f expenditure being the best contributions in the shape of expenditures Great Britain receives. The great hotels which have^one up in London, recent- ly, and inlee^ in all the larger cities, are an illus- tration of the extent of this travel. The English hotel was a more tavern until the American de- mand developed, but now such great edifices as the Metropoie, the Victoria, the Grand, the S.ivoy. tbe Shaftesbury, the Langham, and othor hostelries «re evidences of the growth und expenditure, while British retail merchants thrive, prosper and fatten Ui/on the liberailtyland extravagance of the Ameilcans. The United States' Contribution io brltisli luuomcH. Btill further and greater contribations than all this, however, are found in the enormous Bums which are now remitted to London from the United States in the shape of interest. The extent of the foreign commerce of Great Britain is the boast of every patriot, and the sums realized from the profits on this vast trade with the world is a matter of astonishment and pride to every economic student. But vaster and umoh uore certain of return is the volume of interest which yearly comes to the British people. This interest, le/ied from every nation under the sun, now amonnts, it is said, to a thouf and millionB of dollars a year, and of this sum not less than two hundred millions is contributed directly from America. The idea recently promulgated in London that it would be well to tax American products in order that colonial products should be encouraged, and those from the United States shut out, found one of its chief iniDedinronts \a the fact that in taxing Ameiican products taey diminished the chance of American investments in transportation facilities, from which a larger profit is actually realized than by the producer himself. Thus the carrier of ( orn from Kansas gets a better r« turn than the grower of com in that State. The amount of Biitish money invented in American rallwuys, mills, elevators, breweries, mines, manufactories and steamship companies, is almost :ireat^ than that invested in England, and the supreme folly of any policy that would dim- inish the profit of these great enterprises would be simply suicidal. It would be difilcult, indeed, to conceive of two nations whose interests are more oompletely interlaced, naterially, morally and intellectually than the two nations of Great Britain ;uid the United States. The one benefits the other CO a greater degree than any other relation or con- nection in the world. Advantnce to Brf'ain Beyond Ealimate. Therefore, the ad'^antage conferred npon Great Britfaiu by the discovery of America on the one hand, and tt.e development of the United Bb-tei? on the other. Is simply beyond human estimate. It has been sPtid that no greater good fortune has ever fallen to Great Britain than the secession and the setting un for themselves of the thirteen colo- nies. If it were advantageous for the whole world that America should be discovered— if it were more advantageous to Great Britain than to any other nation that In this continent an enormous development should lake place, it bus certainly been of still greater advantage that an inde- pendent nation has been created, because that development has bf en greatei and more complete than if the colonies bud remained under the control of Great Britain. I 1 HOW IT WOULD BENEFIT GREAT BRITAIN. n c« British itiona tban all Dormons samB "om the United extent of the s the boast of rom the profits is a matter of )omic student, of return is the comes to the d from every it is said, to a Dd of tills sum is contributed London that it ducts in order iconraged, and It, found one of uhat in taxing kI the chance transportation )flt is actually imsolf. Thus gets a better D that State. )d in American eries, mines, [companies, is 1 England, and at i^onld dim- rises would be suit, indeed, to rests are more morally and t Great Britain eflts the other elation or con- Estimate. id upon Great erica on the United Stftes man estimate. )d fortune has secession and thirteen colo- e whole world 1— if it were I than to any an enormous hus certainly bat an inde- because that lore complete er the control 'M ■i Derlnraiion of Independence .Tnnlifled by Events. It is impossible to conceive that this vast common- ■woalth of the I'nited States, now composed of forty- fonr.'nations, could ever have reached the perfection of developTient which has been attauiert had it been governed from Downing Street in London. The world at large recognizes this, and whether we "Who are Canndiiins and attached to the British Crown })y affection, lineage and interests, admit it or not, tiie fact nevertheless remains that by inde- pendence, h?lf reliance, self government and an entire freedom of action, the United States have, within ahnpuied years, achieved a greater sufcess thaa elsewhere in the ^ orld has been vouchsafed to mankind. Jnst in the measure of that success, so far as material development Is concerned, has the advan- tage 'oeen to Great Britain. The growth and pro- gress of the United States has been almoHt as much to the relative benefit of Great Britain as u) the United States themselves, and the enormous inrrease In traffic, in importation, in re- mittances and in profits which Great Britain re- alizes from the Continent of North Am«rlca, is more to be attributed to their freedom and liberality of instHutions than to almost anything else. Oat of dxty-flve milliotis of people in thvi United States tc-day, not a hundred thousand would argue in favor of going back to colonial existence, and not one quarter even of this limited numbev would testify as a fact that a mistake had been made when a complete Reverance, commercially and poli- tically, was consummated between the United States and England. Therefore, at this hour, when we are all thinking of the wonderful resu'ts of the discovery of America, there are three great concln- slonswhich must force themselves upon the mind. The first is that the discovery of America was of enormous advantage to Great Biitaln, that its development, so rapid and so friiltfnl, has been the greatest of blessings to Great Biiiain, and that this latter could not have occurred in the measure which has been achieved, but for the secession of 1776. The conquest of one country by another through commerce is well illustrated in the liistory of the relations between Great Britain and the United States. Certainly, so far as advantages arising out of Gonque.-it are concerned. Great Britain has gained inflnitely more by fret dom in America than she would have dene by continued colonial exist- ence. Tills is vey illU8trat<;d by a quotation in the forthcoming number of the North American Jtevieto by Mr. Blaine from the speeches of the younger Pitt when Priroo Minister of Great Britain, to the effect that, in the eight years follow- ing the close of the War of Independence, Gr«ftt tain had acquired so large a commerce with k imerlca as tu be much more advantageous to her Shan had America remained a dependency of the ntish Grown. In other words, that tae conquest by commerce was far mor^ advantageous to Great nritain than any beti»»flt that could have accrued to lier through a conquest by war. Retention of Britlnli I'osHeHMiouM. It la true that in reaching such a conclusion there is a reflection upon the policy which dictated the retention ULder British control of the still Greater Half of thecontioent, but it by no means follows that tills reflection is correct. Great Britain realizes many advantages from her possessions in North America. Her moral irlluence before the world has been immensely benefited by the extent of art a of her Bmpire. and as Canada comprises no less than forty per cent, cf that area, the force which has given her control in the affairs of the world has been more or less derived from this possession. Nor is it intended that there should be any reflection whatever upon the high and honorable purpose which animated the United Empire Loyalists wlien they sacrificed their for- tunes and their futures in the protest which they made against the American Revolution, and taking upon themselvrs all the risks and burdens of a new existence emigrated to this land. The world has never yet done these men justice, nor has It ever boennalized what an iufluence they have had in shaping the policy of the greater half of the con- tinent. At this late date, it does not becon.e anyone to question the wisdom of the step, and though it might be said that had the Declaration of Inrtepen- denco included the whole continent instead of half of It, the same measure of prosperity might have permeated the whole continent as now covers one- half oi it. nevertheless, in the Divine ordei ing of tilings-, ii might have been otherwise. The area of country covered by the United States has been within its grasp. All varieties of climate, all pro- ducts of the soil, and all classes of minerals were within its control, and ihe experiment of self- government and self-development which has taken place was better confined to half the continent than if it had been Bcattored and dispersed over the whole of It. ProsrcMs in the United Slates Ilislily Advao- tngeoHS to tlie Mother Country. At this period in the history of the world, a lesson can be learned that perhaps will be fruitful for all time, and that is. that nations such as Great Britain and tlie United States, having intimatf relations, can decide upo'i the future policy Ni-.lch shall govern them i developing the rest of the continent. The point to be urged, however, is that if the advantnges which have rfsnlted to Great Britain from the freeest development in the United State. 4 have been of the greatest possible gain to tho mother country, it follows that an eqilal de- velopment of the northern half of the continent, within the British po88e8.sion8 themselves, will be equally beneficial to Great Britain I If increase ot 10 OONTINBNTAL FREE TRADE. population, ftrowtli In wealth, the creation of my- riads oC happy homes, pruKress in bcience, thedeve- lopmantof all that is best and fn-oatest in civiliza- tion h«« been the result in the United States, Fhould not the same resnitbe achieved in Canada 1 The two conntriea are side by side in the possession of the (H'eat continent that Columbus discovered. In the one. there is a variety of cllmat« and product which is not possessed by the other. The Declara- tion <•' Independence created a Mne of demarcation between them and erected a barrier which, though almost imperceptible In nature, is by poli^iy as hlRh as a mountain and as broad as a sea. If by the obli- teration of this barrier the two co'jntries can get togethfr, in proie. It has pleased the Providence of Gr;l to create two nations on this con Mnent. The line of demar- cation that runs athwart the continent, south of its centre, separates them politically and commercially. It is as well for the United States as it is well for Great Britain that this political barrier stould still continue to exist. There are many reasons on all sides for its coiitlnuance. On another occasion, the speaker said he would demonotrate these reasons and endeavor to make it appear that no good pur- pose could be served at present by annexation. On tlie contrary, there was much to be said adverse to that proposition. But there Is one plan by which, without loss of poiitical allegiance to Great Britain, and wiioout any sacrlflce of political dignity, a relation might be created between the two people on this continent that would be highly beneficial to all the parties concerned, and to none to a greater degree than to Great Britain. That plan is Continental Free Trade iu products of all classes, an entire and complete reciprocity between the two nations that hold the continent in common. This is the proposition of Unrestricted Reciprocity between the United States and Cana^la, pregnant with the greatest possible consequences to both countries. The measure of the growth of the wealth of the United States is the measure of tLo possible growth of the wealth of Canada. This growth can never take place till a market is afforded for the products of the latter. That market exists directly alongside, extending over a bonier line unparelleled In length. No greater asset was ever possible to any land than the asset of a market such as the United States affords. No greater asset was ever pos- sessed by any country tliau to the United States exists in the possibility of the development of Canada. It Is true that in Great Britain a free market Is open to Canada for all her products, but it Is three thoupand miles away. 1 1 is true that the people of the mother country need many of the things that Canada has to spare, but she needs them so badlv that all the world competes with Canada for their supply. A totally different condi- tion exists In tlie United States. The market is not three thousand milrs away, but right at your own doors, a market reachable from the Marltin^e Provinces by means of communication which nature has provided, and which requires the laying of no rails, the building of no locomotives. It Is a market also for which practically there Is no com* petltur as against Canada, and what Is better than all. It Is a market tbat would absorb everything that Canada can produce. In this respect It has the advantage of the BngUsh market, because ere ail port til le to si Opening f British i| Jtor the I ThJ ( When I tJ^roughl gle esii policy tl IllB owi tliousanl tariety f (if just ibe Unj d mu lies, bs :uit, a lumb liickel, •very n %bn open I Equal % great than til jm abiu HOW IT WOULD BENEFIT GREAT BRITAIN. 11 to imerdally. inatajj — ' on both an w®r6 *'"♦' many things that it does not pay ujj,j ^^ *^'^port three thouHanfl miles, but which it is profit- able to send a few hupdred miles. Besides tliis, the <^enlng of the Au.erican market does not close the ikc fiiiaineas British market, but only augments the opportunity for the Canadian producer. s ot God to create he line of demar- Ineut, south of its nd commercially. as it is well for irrler sLould still ny reasons on ail her occasion, the te these reasons liat no good pnr- anuexatlon. On e said adverse to without loss of lin, and wlihont •elation might be n this continent ' all the parties r degree than to )ntal Free Trade e and complete e that hold the proposition of n the United h the greatest oun tries. The h of the United e growth of the an never take the products of ctly alongside, nparelleled in possible to any I as the United sras ever pos- United states jvelopment of Britain a free products, but I true that the many of the ut she needs ompetes with ifferent condl- he market Is right at yonr the MaritlD^e ation which res the laying tives. It is a re Is no com- » bett«r than > everything aspect It has cet, because i. The PoMMiblc Variety of ExckuKge. .if' ^iWhen one recalls the efforts of the farmer throughout Canada, and realizes wltli what a strng- (le cslHt«nce is maintained, it seems a pitiable lollcy that li^strlcts him to the narrow limits of ills own region, or to a region so distant as three thousand miles away. Entering the farm yard, the Yariety of his products is found to consist mainly |tjust such things as he can send with profit to e United Statts. In eggs, in poultry, in lambs d mutton, in veal and beef. In potatoes and ap- les, barley and oats, in vegetables and garden ult, and also, in hay, in grain, horses and cattle, lumber, in timber, in coal, In iron, in copper, In iiickel, in lead, in asbestos. In mica, in talc, and in tvery natural product, there Is an opportunity and n opening in the United State market. 5 Equally so with Manufactures. There never was ■fk greater manufacturing population In the world Itlian the Canadians. Industrious and frugal, with kn abuiulant supply of raw material, and in Quebec and Ontario with an unlimited water power, they g^ossess the pot-entialities of profit In manufac- ibures that no other country in the world possesses. IWith an open market, and a fiee and uiirestrlcted jftccess to the wealthiest and most extravagant Bggregathm of humanity on the face of the earth, .there seems nothing wanting to make their career most succesf ul and prosperous one. IloTT Would it Benefit Ilritnin i Now, it will be asked how all this will benefit Great Britain, as it would benefit the United states •nd Canadat The same relative development would take place if the barrier was broken down, in the Haritime Provinces, as has taken place in Massa- chusetts. If Quebec had free access to the country south of her, she would grow with the same rapidity as States la that region have grown. If Ontario had the same chance as Ohio and Penn- aylvanla, Ontario would be Just ag rich and Just as prosperous and just as progressive as those two great comnionwealMis. If Algoma, that mar- vellous treasure boy of the continent, had the same developni-.nt as Michigan; if the iron and _ gold and copper from tho North Shore of Lake Bnperlor havth. The payments for goods which are imported into Canada, and the payments for interest, far exceed the exports, and yearly the balance is climbing up which Canada has to face. She needs a development which would enable her not only to carry thla heavy burden, but to steadily increaso it for the benefit of the English capitalists. The mineral development which it would be possible to leallzo from the Investment of large amounts of capital, from increase of population, and from the posses- sion of a great market is almost beyond estimate, while the attractions which would be afTorded to immlgrail'm not only in the Maritime Provinces, but to the Domlaicm at large, would equal those which the United States now affords. Indeed liio policy of the United States from this time on, towards imraigratlou, is to restrict and diminish it, and an opportunity is atforded to Canada to accom- modate and sustain enormous numbers of Europeans who seek these shores, if by a wise policy she takes advantage of existing conditions. Great Britain's DIsadvantaffc. What is the disadvantage to Great BiitalnarUlng i.rom Continental Free Trade between the United states and Canada I The first great disadvantage would be a discrimination against manufao- tared goods from Europe, and in favor of those from the United States. At first slgbt IS CONTINENTAL FREE TBADE. tliiH does seem to be a serlons Impediment. Tbat one part of tlie British Empire should dis- oriminato against another part of it, is an obstacle which is diificnlt to Huimutint. But if it can be shown tbat by that (liscriroination ten dollars worth of goods can be bought in Great Britain wheve one is now bouglit, that ten dollars of inter- est can be paid where now only one can beafforde<1. Is it not wise to contemplate this dlHcrlmination ? If the development of the greater half of the conti- nent can only be achieved by a commercial bargain with the rest of the continent, and that commercial bargain implies that tho goods of the latter shall be admitted free, should this obstacle f jrever remain In the way 1 When the manufacturers of Great Britain per feotly apprehend that there is no poat-ible develop- ment in the Northern half of the continent equal to that in the Southern half, except the two are commercially united, they will readily understand that if the growth of the Nortliern part is to equal that which has occurred in the Southern part, tlie temporary disadvantage of discrimination is not for one moment to be considered. Canada lia^ already DlNcriininated. Besides which, It must be born in mind that Canada has alieady dlscilminated very seriously against English manufactaies. True, not in favor 9f the United States, but in favor of themselves, and so far as the English manufacturer is con- cerned, it makts no difference to him whether the discrimination is in favor of a Canatllan or an Ame- rican. Thus, the time was when all the sugar that was consumed in Canada was refined in England. It is not .'ery long ago wlien all gray cottons used throughout this vast Dominion were the product of English manufacture. To-day, not a barrel of sugar or a bale of cotton comes in this direction. The English manufacturer and merchant are de- prived of the profit. It mat ters not to him in which direction the profit goes, whether to the Canadian manufacturer or the manufacturer of the United States. So far as loyalty to him is concerned and to British interests, it is Just as disloyal to put a duty upon English cotton in favor of the Canadian manufacturer as in favor of an American manufac- turer. It It can be proved, however, that the rank and file of English capitalists, British investors, and British manufa'iturers would be benefitted by a growth in Canada equal tu that of the United States, in the next fifty or a hundi od years, there ought to be no difiiculty in making clear that the dtscrimlnation which Continental Free Trade wculd necessitate is in the line of advantage to Great Britain rather than against her. But it Uy nu meians follows that the United States are to continue In their policy of commercial isola- tion, end that by Joining them commercially Great Britain is forever shut out from direct participat'-m by importation in the prosperity of the United States. It will be seen that at the Presldontia election, which is now to be held within a few days ] that a maJoTlDy of the people of the United States i desire a change in the policy which has hitherto * taxed the many for the benefit of the few, and that the commercial policy hereafter, if not by direct Jreo trade, certainly by reciprocal arrangements points to a tendency towards a better relation witli the rest of the world. Obliterution of American Taritl*. Tbat the United States tariff mist cotne down i8 one of the certain facts of the future, and if b,T trading freely with Canada a reduction in the cost of living should result, it would be one of the object lessons to the American iieople of the benefits of free trade with other neighboring nations. No In iluence would be more p>tent in the direction of a more liberal policy towards England than by admitting the products of 40 per cent, of thi' British Empire into the American nation free. The obliteration of the MoKinley i'.iU along the entire northern border of the United States would be an achievement of enormous inttueaco upon the future of the continent and Great Britain could make no contribution towards its entire obliteration, as by encouraging Canada to procure itj cessation, and the admission of her products free. If it were well to have the McKlnley BiU obliterated towards the entire British Empire, it is surely well to hav(! it obliterated towards tony per cent, of it, even though in that forty per cent, a Canadian tariff, now v»ry high, was advanced a few points higher for the general good of Canada itself. Canadian IntcrcstH and British Interests - VVliich ? Aside from considering the question of Conti nental Free Trade as to how it would immediately and directly benefit Great Britain, the question should be considered how it would imuiediately and directly benefit Canada. In the contentment of the Canadian people. In the belief that the policy pursued is the one that bests serves their purposes, rodts the future of British connection. It is impos sible to imagine that this country is to be governed and regulated entirely for the benefit of tbat con nection. The Canadian of the generation now assu ming controlof the afTairs of half the continent will think for himself what is be&t for the future of Canada. If forever Oanav^aiatoberesiricted to a narrow limit of trade, if her people are to live upon escli other by trading in articles of the same character and latitude, forever to be shut out from the great prospect of growth whiol right alongside of her is every day developed, forever to be commercially isolated becanse of her connection with Great Britain, thai connection will cease to be. The con- flict between interests on the one hand, and loyalty HOW IT WOULD BENEFIT OBEAT BRITAIN. 13 the Pre8l(lonti;i within a few days he United States Uch has hitherto the few, and that If not by direct al arrangements ttar relation wltli in Tariff. i8t come down is ntiiro, and If by ctlon in the cost one of the object if the beneflta of nationB. No In. In the direction 8 England than per cent, of the uatlon free. The Hlong the entire tes would be an 9 upon the future tain could make > obiitoratlon, as re it J cessation, free. If it were iterated towards rely well to have cent, of It, even ladlan tarlir, now olutB higher for isli Interests - nation of Conti- lid immediately in, the question lid immediately he contentment f that the policy I their purposes, >n. It is Impos to be Koverned >llt of that con atlon nowassn- B continent will ■ the future of sd to a narrow live upon each >ame character from the great iKside of her ia 3 commercially in with Oreat o be. The oon- n of male adults has left Canada than has ever ft any other country, excepting perhaps Ireland, fii its worst days. Few people realize to what ex- nt the country is impoverished by this loss. How w think of the enormous amount of money whieh as been expended upon the education, the susten- tion, the clothing, and the bringing up of the oung men and the young women that have left anada fore or. Estimate the mere monetary xpendituie > a each individual at the low rate of jpl.OOO, and realize that a million have left Canada ince the repeal of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1865, ,t will be seen that the lots to Canada by the ixodus foots up to a thousand million of dollars 1 hink of it-a billion of dollars taken bodily out of 4he country, with no source to snpply the loss ^cept the London market— in which we have Jwrrowed nearly half a billion for railroads, muni- Slpal and governmental expenditure 1 How was ;^bl8 increasing Interest to be paid, this inormous !^bligation yearly to be met, and the bone and >llnew of the country leave it 1 How few realize jJirhat the future will be when half her young Iben have left and gone to the nclghboiing 4Bountry. If this exodus is to continue, what is to be the future of each of these Prov- Inoesl How Impossible it is to contemplate ilihe small growth in the census with anything like a hopeful feeling. The speaker said that he iperhaps had opportunity to observe more than jfUost men the steady growth of Canadian influenoe '^n the United Utates; the progress of his com- ^patriots in that land, and the many positions of im- kportance wealth and power, which were being 'pissumed by Canadian men and women. The speaker /■aid he fcH glad to be able to say that in hardly an Instance in the United States had there been a ^forfeiture of the high confidence which had been 'iplaced in Canadians, in the num..ons positions :^ which they had been called upon to fill, and Jtliough it was known he was ready to go I ail for I almost any Canr^ian, he had never bton a^ked ^$to perform that service. He gratefully recog- ■IniBed the unstinted welcome which the Amer- Tican people had extended to himeelf and the ^million others who had made tb^iv homo in f that most fav:.red of nations. Was it possible that All this could uccur and Britisih connection remain onaffeoted, and witb the possibility that by British oonneotion this condition of isolation WM to con- tluue, that connection not be lessened and weak- ened 1 Canadian Interest Cannot bo Hacriflced to British Classes. It is absurd to believe that the greater half of the continent, possessing such Immense potentialities of profit, should forever remain In its present posi- tion for the benefit of a few English manufacturers. The farmer, the fisherman, the lumberman, tiie miner, osition to the most intimate commer- cial relation possible between the United States and Canada. The perpetuation on the (< atinent of North America of Great Britain rests on the prosperity of the people of Canada. Forever doom tiiat people to lack of prospei ity and British con- nection is doomed. That which would be in the largest degree contributary to the development of Canada, to the growth of wealth ; that which would enlarge the opportunity of the people, that wliiob would entice immigration to her shores ; that which would to the greatest poshible extent raise the wealth of Canada to a parity with the wealth o' the United States, would to Just such an extent in- crease the prospect of the pei-petuatiou of the British Nation on tliis continent. Wonld Coatlncntnl Free Trade lessen Lioinlty < It is said that Continental Free Trade would lessen the loyalty of tie Canadian people. There never was a grejiter libel on any people. To believe that prosperity and success result in disloyalty is to believe in a lie. if sucb is the case, and the Canadian people are kept loyal because they are kept poor, then loyalty is not worth having. If Canada loses her best people because 14 CONTINENTAL FHEE TRADE. 11 bhe is not prosperons, and pronperlty ia denied because of Biltlsb connection, there is good ground for tlie growth of annexation sentiment. But if, on the contrary, the only argument in favor of annexa- tion la removed by free trade, then there is no ground for annexation. The only possible thing to eald in favor of annexation is that of material ad- vantage. If the material advantage is got without annexation, on what ground can it be urged 1 The people of Canada, so far as political institutions are concerned, are Just as free and Just as content as the people of tne United States. Indeed, there is »h immeasurable contentment in Canada as to the liberality of her government, the freedom of pur- suit, the administration of her laws, the strength and stability of her institutions. There Is not a solitary attraction in the administration of the United States to attract a Canadian from his own foi-m and system of government. There is not the vestige of an argument in favor of polU leal union so far as political institutions are concerned. It is only because of an absence ot fr'?edom of commer- cial Intercourse that there is any force in the annexa- tion contention. Continental Free Trade com- pletely supplies the want, and the possibility of iEonexation sinks out of sight. Annexation UnneceHsary. The contention that because there is Free Trade between the United States and Canaila, there must therefore be a political connection, is absurd in the extreme. Fortunately, there is an experience which showed how untrue and ui^ust such an argu- ment is. The reciprocity treaty which for ten years existed between the United States and Canada, in natural products, and which expired in 1866, enormously beuefltted Canada, as indeed it did tiie United States. The business of the two countries Jumped in ten years from 30 millions to 80 millions of dollars, and had the same growth gone on ever since, instead of trading to that extent now. the trade between the two countries would have been two or three hundred millions. Does any one believe that, if we had continued to deal in natural products freely and unreservedly, there would have been any less loyalty in Canada to-day than there isl On the repeal of this treaty, the feeling of loy- alty in Canada was stronger, perhaps, than ever be- fore, as shown by an outbnrbt which occurred at that period when it was alleged that the abolitioi of the treaty was stimulated by the expectation immediate annexation. The Canadian farmer, situ out of the United States' market suddenly and witi little preparation, submitted without a whimper this vast depilvatlon, and Canada was and is t« day, notwithstanding all that has occurred, loyal t( the last d(^ree to British institutions. But it can not continue forever, that^ deprived of such advant ages 08 arc within his grasp, he should forever r& : main content and loyal when, without disloyalty, he can be saved from di^taster and loss. Political union and Continontol Free Trade are ns far apart as they possibly can be. Indeed, the dlfliculty in the, United States is the belief that Free Trade woaI( intletlnitely postpone annexation. An obstacle which is daily Increasing in that country to procur Ing reciprocity, is the conviction that the longer this concession is withheld. Just so much earlier is there a likelihood o^ political union. Is it not, therefore, plain tliat, both from an American and a Canadian point of view. Free Trade in North America is (imply anotlier word for the perpetua- tion of British rule within Its borders 1 Prosperity Possible only by Continental Free Trade. In conclusion Mr. Wiman said that, i*. it were admitted that there was no greater event in the history of the world ihan the discovery of America ; if it was a fact that England wus more benefitted than any other nation by the development of the United States, If it was a still further fact that the slow development of her own possessions on the continent of North America was a loss and a re- tardation to her commerce, and if tlie perpetuation of her presence on this continent was to be gained by a prosperity and progress which were alone possible by Free Trade with the United States, he maintained that no greater act of loyalty is possi- ble, no better statesmanship Is imaginable, than that which would break down the barrier between the English-speaking people on this continent '^d. making them one commercLallyr enable each Obber to make the most of the great heritage which was implied in the words of Emerson, that "We live in a new and exceptional age; America is another name for opportunity ; its whole history sho'^s It to be the last best gift of Providence to mankind." m rnmeam mm m m m ^t 'm mmmm [that the abolltloi he expectation Ian farmer, shu' uddenly and wltlj out a whimper u a waa and Is to ©ccurred, loyal t( ions. But It car d of such advaut Uouid forever re thout disloyalty, dlosH. Polltica) are as far apart e difficulty In the S^ee Trade wonid n- An obstacle untry to procur that the longer 90 much earlier anion, is it not, tn American and Trade in North or the perpetua- ers? A NORTH AMERICAN ZOLLVEREIN. HOW IT WOULD ENRICH CANADA. At New Glasgow, N. S., Octohcr2Q, 1892. Nafnre'H IntcntiouM Thwarted. Continental that, i*. It were ter event in tlie '^ery of America ; more benefitted elopment of the hor fact that the ^sessions on the a loss and a re- the perpetuation ras to be gained loh were alone United States, loyalty Is possi- laglnable, than •arrler between 8 continent -uid »ble each other tage which waa laf'WeUveln loa Is another story shoTTS it to mankind." ' Nature Intended that there Bhould be a union of jfonte kind between the Northern and Southern 'alfofthe North American continent. Nowheio ilse In the world la It more plainly evident that one ction is a complement of the other, each in a Xed degree dependent upon the other. Not nly are there no mnuD tains to divide them, no seas separate them, but the line of dl\'l8ion between |the two regions in other respects is as impercep- |tlble. I In climate, variety on the North American conti- i nent is the highest advantage it possesses. Thero- Ifore, to restrict a people by legislation, by law or f by commercial policy to one kind of climate, is to ^legislate against Pruvidence. It looks like a con- II fllct between the Divine law and the human law. In thus enforcing the laws of man against the laws of nature. To enforce such a policy is impolitic, and In the end disastrous to the body politic. Confirming this view of climate, the products of I both North and South are found singularly and 'absolutely essential to each other region. Thus, \ the Canadian needs cotton for clothing, and be can J get it alone from the Southern States. Why should I there be a legal Impediment from his getting it ;f where he desires, either raw or manufacfiredl "I On the other hand, the New £nglander, who f ijanufactures the ootton, needs coal and food pro- ducts, and thf se are found nearest and cheapest, in the Maritime Provinces. The policy that shuts out coal from New England and opens the mines of Pennsylvania to foreign pauper emigration, until now the English language Is hardly spoken therein. Is the supremest folly a government ever permitted. '% Equally, the policy which shuts out New England manufactures from the Maritime Provinces, so that In exchange for ihem the people of these Provinces should not protluce food and ^^ armth for the New _ Englander, with a good profit, is a policy disastrous to both sections. So with lumber for shelter, which the Americans - need, and which alone can be found in Canada ; with fish, which Canada alone can Hupply, in exchange for tobacco, sugar, corn, flour, oil, and the thousand oCheir things which go to make ap the sum of human bappiness. Exninpivs of United Htntes nnd Canada. The free exchange ot products, without let or hindrance, was ordained by nature, and a union of interests between the north and the south Is as plainly essential to their pumperity and perfect development as the sun is to lisht. No better evidence need bo afforded of the ad- vantage of variety in climate and product, in the creation of prosperity and high material progress, than the United States alTords. No stronger illustration is needed of the mistake of confining the operations of the people to narrow latitudes and similar production, than Is afforded by Canada. Two Nationx vStartinK ^idc by Side. The two sections of the continent, started side by side on an equal footing, over a century ago. Canada was the greater half of the continent, as she is to-day, with means of access and interior commu- niration unequalled in the world; she possessed the most abundant resources, had a must industri- ous and thrifty class of Immigrants; was backed by firltish capital and British enterprise ; needed no vMt experiment in government, and but perpetu- ated the instltarlons that were successful in Great Britain. Her credit was established from the start, and she seemed destined to occupy a position among the nations of the earth, which her vast area, her enormous wealth, her splendid geographical position and her connections entitled her to. The United States, on the other hand, started with a disorganized group of colonies, largely peopled by those who were uncertain of eventnal success, and many of whom were still attached to British connection. Looked at with suspicion by almo»t every nation In Europe, with an exhausted capital from a long war, with no money at home and no credit abroad, with a vast experiment as to self-government on hand, and with an Immigration of the most miscellaneous character from all the nations of the earth, the United States possessed nothing but the inherent advantages of climate, mineral resources and soil on which to build. Midway In their career the great civil war occurred, wblsh again exhausted their credit, again ■qoandered their money, and agalh laid waste their 16 A NORTH AMERICAN ZOLLVKRKIN. productive and profitable areas of land. Tlie Iobs of men and of money, tlie disaster to credit, and oonfldenco, and the ruin of the South seemed coniplet«. No one thing could have occurred which seemed so utterly disastrous to progress than the war of union of States. Yet, In the face of what seemed an adverse start in the career of nations. In spite of the vast dis- aster mlnway in their career, what is the condition of the United States before the world today 1 CoinpniiMon tlic BnniM of nil Pbilonopliy. Kqually in the face of a maKiiiticent chance which Canada hail from 1770, with her splendid backing from the richest and best nation ou the face of the earth, with good laws and Impartial administration of Justice, with liberal encourage- ment of Immigration, with vast public works going forward and the possest^lon of the most abounding resources, liow does this great Canada of ours compare with the Usitetl States to day) Is there, honestly, any ground of comparison be- twet-n the two sections of the continent as to prog ress, as to desli ability as a place of residence, as to the field of opportunity, as to attraotlvencBs to mankind, as to Intellectual develr ::>ment, as to sci- entific achievements, as to progress of art, or, in- deed, of anything for which humanity hungered? Honestly, theie Is no comparison possible on these grounds, any more than Is a comparison be- tween a population of sixty-five miiliona and five millions ; than there is between a pubiio debt of fifty dollars a head for the Canadian and fifteen dol- lars for tlie American ; than there Is between an internal commerce eo vast that figures fail to esti- mate It, and which creates a tonnage on one river alone, between Canada and the United States, snr passing that of London and Liverpool oombined, and a tonnage on all the canals of Canada, costing sixty million dollars, with less than sixty oiaft to navigate them. It is no disloyalty to Great Britain to make these comparisons. It is no humiliation to Canada to have to admit that in the race for continental supremacy the anniversary of the discovery by Columbus finds her so far bolilnd, that In the cele- bration of the discovery of Ameiica she is hardly considered before the woi Id, while the United States looms up as having, beyond all other nations in the world, made a progress the most pronounced and the most beneficial to humanity at large. It is no disloyalty to Oreat BiUain to institute these comparisons, beoanse, had the principles which animate the British nation prevailed upon the American continent, the condition of Canada would have been infinitely better to-day. The comparison between the northern half and the aoothem halt would not be, by any means, so marked, had tree trade prevailed over the whole coD'inent. I The Atlviintnse ot lutorrbniiffe. ^_ f^j,|„ billed wl The success ot Oreat Biltain, on the one hand, an<2~ ' I the success of the United States, on the other, aitjj* ^ovoi lUustrationsof the advantage of interchange of tli>9^ ^ .' products o( varied climates. Oreat Britain, If hoi^^ . trade was cotitinetl to her own latitudes, would be i^^, nipre speck upon the sea of commerce, while to-da;"*^ . she fills the eye of the world as Jie greatest of com "?, . 1 merclal nations. Levying tilbut«, as she does, fron .^, \ every nation under the sun, she Is the higliest illus *JP ., I tration of the advantagec of the principles of a com J*" ** ' merclal union with tlie rest of the world. Thougl, "^ „, mrce ci It must be admitted at times this union is denied her, she never refuses It from her side of the bargain «|P6 GO farmer. Equally the success of the United States is au ||^eve ll t#) tlH illustration of the aitvautag«>s of free trade over wide areas, for It must be borne In mind that not withstanding the policy of Isolation which the United States have pursued as against other na tloDS, she Is within her own limits a nation of fort; nations. Trade has been freer, and among a larger number of traders within the United Slates than anywhere eliie in the world. The great common- wealths that have been built up, and the great re- sources that have been developed, have been more the result of the perfect freedom of Intercourse be- tween them and between the cUuatlc and produc- tive advantages which each possesses than any other Infiuence. Therefore, the experience in Oreat Britain, and the results which have been achieved from a oom- mercial freedom on the one hand, and an eqaal In temal commercial freedom between different cli- mates in the United States ou the other, are lUns- trattons of the necessity for a union of some kind between the northern and southern halves of the continent of North America. Tlic Tnrlfl a Bnvbcd Wire Fence. The line of demarcrttion which runs athwart the continent, In the shape of a tails', has been described as a barbed wire fence, over which one brother can- not trade with another brother, a bushel of potatoes for a bushel of apples without paying tribute to two governments, greater than the cost of production. So long as this condition exists, so long as this high barrier pre oralis. Just so long will Cauadaon the one hand be Isolated and restricted, and on the other hold a position insignificant compared to her mag- ulticent resources. A diagnosis of the position, which the speaker said he had made years ago, and tor which he hml got au luflnlte amount of abuse, was as true to-day as it ever was, that Canada was rich by nature, but poor by policy. But it is not the policy of Canada alone that has Isolated her, and made her progress so stnnted and slow as to cause disappointment and apprehension. The policy of the United States has bad more to do with shaping the conditions on this continent than llpaselt peoeof gftvernn ^nied, I lit said, I »• B, as she does fron ^^^ ^'^^^ great event, in this drama of commercial H the highest illu.M "1^^^*°''' ^'^'^ ^^° McKinloy hill. The agricultural rlndples of a com MD^io°B of that bill affected only Canada, and it le world. Thouirii '**' ^^^" ^^^^ ^'"^^ ^^ ^'^ prompted by a dCKire to H union is deninil'il^^ Canada into the Union. This was not the tide of the bargain ^* ^^ ^'^^ ^^ offering protection to the American lited 8tate fttmer. It was to capture his vote by making him f fr^l t 8 s an iKjieye jjg ^^^ to j,e ^ galuer, and it was merely a 1 nee irade over in mind that not atlcm which the iiralnst other na m thrown to the whale. The c -waiter said, he eU liad been accused of eti^.ouragiag that eof legislation, and shaping the policy of the i a nan t f government in respect to Canada. This lie utterly of fortj ^nied, and read a letter from Mr. McKlnley, which mb said, should set at rest that accusation. 4 A Change in Policy IinpendlnK. , But the policy of the government of the United States was undergoing a great change. Whatever tight be the result of the impending Presidential ectlon, it was plainly evident that a much greater 18>erality would hereafter prevail. The adoption of the principles of Reciprocity by the Republican TfBxty had become universal, and almost every l^anner tliat has been flung to the breeze, in the isting campaign, has had inscribed thereon, the end of " Protection and Reciprocity," side by e. It is evident that the managers of the Re- blloan party felt the necessity of a change in 8 respect, and that had they not adopted a prin- ^ple which should permit other nations to trade , tjHth them, they would have been swept from power. '■'Jphey tooli a leaf out of Democratic primer, and ^111 succeed in holding their position only by learn- 1^ the lesson which the Democrats have taught. Bbonld the Democrats succeed, on the other hand, ^ ohtalning possession of the government, their l^licy will of course ho of a much more liberal llmracter towards outside nations. It is true, there iiay not be for some time to come a violent revo- lution for Free trade, and it is equally true, that in ^e case of Canada, a quid pro quo will be demanded, Ifven should Mr. Cleveland and his party t>e in lower. ; Bat the policy of both parties is towards a better iclatlon with all the world, an enlargement ot iwrkets, and certainly an expectation of free raw ^aterial, so that whether the Republicans or Dem- ocrats prevail there is a chance of some arrangement Ibetween the two countries. A Commercial Union Defeats a FoUtical Union. With these possibilities in view, both from a Be- fBbllcan and Demooratio view, the speaker said he kad come to the Maritime Provinces, to endeavor to a d among a larger ilted Slates than e great common, mrt the great re- have been more f intercourse be- atlc and produc- jesses than any eat Britain, and ved from a oom- »nd an ey nature, but lone that has 9 stunted and apprehension, lad more to do Dntinent than awaken an interest In whtot he conceived to bo a promts 3 nearer than most people supposed, of some kind of a commercial union on this continent. That such a union was necessary, that it was desirable, and that it was possible, was to him as clear as the noon-day. On the other hand, he maintained, as he had always maintained, that Annexation was unnecessary, undesirable, and waH, in our day im- possible. He felt that a Commercial Union would indefinitely postpone a political union, and he argued that, whatever contribut«s to prosperity and con- tentment wasmuch more likely tomaintain loyalty, than discontent, poverty and Imperfect develop- ment. He said, the political condition of Canada was all that any patriot can desire, and, so far as her Institutions are concerned, she has the best of every system. In the long and splendid array of gover- mantal achievements of Great Britain, she has precedents, examples and institutions which enable her to be governed in the best form, and from the United States she has derived the benefit of ex- perience and observation in the process of self- government. Canada is therefore, to-day, one of the most happily situated countries in the world, with a government responsible directly to the people, and with a perfect elasticity, safety and permanence in her local and Dominion administra- tions. She has no political discontent, as such. Hence the desire for annexation, so far as politics are concerned, does not exist. The only possible excuse for annexation is the material advantage which would flow from it. The only advantage which would come to Canada from annexation would bo the breaking dowii of the barrier that now runs athwart the continent— the barbed wire fence that prevents each nation trading with the other. If the free trade principles of Oroat Britain pre- vailed on the one hand, or the inter-State relations of the United States on the other, as between the northern and southern parts of the continent, there would not be the slightest vestige of a desire for annexation. It would indeed be unnecessary— tt would indeed be undesirable ; and Indeed it would be impossible, if there were no let or hindrance to trade between the northern and southern sections of the continent. Would Commercial Union Lead to Political Union ? The argument against a Commercial Union between the United States and Canada is that it would tend towards annexation, that the intimacies between the two people resulting from a constant and perfect interchange of manufactures and pro- ducts would beget such a hold upon the Canadian people as would bring them into the Union. In other words, that the eventual purpose and aoeom- plishment of the closest commercial relations wookl be to make Canada a part of the United States. This is a sapposition, which, even if it were true, ought not to stand in the way. If it la a fact that li A NORTH AMRRIOAM /OLLVEREIN. tbe closest commercial relattona existing between two nations would bring thorn together on the highest possible plant) of prosperity an(l saccoss ; if It was a fact that su vust an area as the Dritlnli posHCMHlons iu North America shoulil be developed to their fullest extent and made contributory, as they o'.ght to be, to the advantage of humanity all over the world, then there oaght to bo no barrier to their perfect union. Of all nations In the woild. Great Britain would bless that uniou, If by it the world wau benefited; if by it her trade was enormously augmented, her people blessed, her investments Increased, and vast material benefits would reach her people. But, the speaker said, there was no fallacy greater than to believe that prosperity and a close com- mercial relatlou with the Uuitod Htates would necessarily bring about annexation. Politics and trade ore not OKsentially blended together. Great Britain trades with all nations of the world, and there is no barrier so far as she Is concerned be- tween all sorts and conditions, yet no idea of politi- cal change Is entertained. On the contrary, where- evor Great Britain goes, she la British still, and will be British to the end of the chapter. Why Hhoiild C'nnadianM cense to be Politically Content? Why Canadians should cease to be British, when they are politically content, when there is nothing in the policy which Great Britain pursues towards them but that of kindness and consideration itself, and when all the advantages of a separate and in- dependent existence are afforded, for a material gain which political union would not increase, is difficult to understand. On the contrary, those who live in the United States and study the institutions of that country, and have an opportunity to understand the enor- mous problems that confront that nation, feel that so far as Canada Is concerned, her destiny, as either a colony of Great Britain or as an independent nationality, is much more likely to be fixed and determined as she herself shall dictate. If pros- perity, success and development follow the freest possible commercial relations with the greatest money-making, money-spending aggregation of hnmonlty in the world, which in the providence of Gtod has been raised up on the south of them, for the purpose of trade and commerce, Canada will be more self-reliant, and will develop to afar greater extent a national spirit than she now possesses. A North American ZoUvercln. ^e proposal of a commercial union between the United States and Canada has had for some years a varied significance. It would mean a customs onion, such as prevailed among the states of Ger- many before they became a united empire. It would be a North Ameiloaa ZcUtv^eia, and if it were half aa successful as the European commer- cial league under that name. It would Justify Its creation as in the highest degree advantageous. The general Idea of this form of union between the United Htutes and Canada would be, that the same tariff should prevail all over tlie Continent, and that the revenues derivable from the customs laws should bo pooled in one fund ; that they then should be divided in proportion to population. Tbe mode of collection would have to be the same, the rate of taxation everywhere similar, and the division would be on a basid of which no one could (complain. In cons.)(iuenoo of tbe very bitter political prejudice, tlie merits of Commercial Union have never been fully and completely discussed. It has been condemned out of court because Its scope and character were never thoroughly understood. At this late date perhaps it Is unwise to obtrude this plan, but as there is Invited a broad discussion of all plans that will look to a better relation on this Continent, this one should not bo omitted from the discussion. It has many attractions, and would so enbrmously benefit Canada, that it ought not to be dismissed without the fullest and freest Investi- gation. What Is most attractive about It Is, that it can be easily carried in the United States. It would have attractions to the mercantile, manufacturing', and business communities to an extent that ^vould enable it to be carried. In spite of the politl< ians; whoso general policy is that ot forcing the co intry into annexation. But, Commercial Union Is ti ) fair In its propositions. Is so straightforward and f : ank in its claims, that anyone who discusses it iu the United States cannot object to it, except that it postpones indefinitely any possibility of political union. The ZoUvcrein Idea— British Gerinnu- Ameri- can. The Zollverein Idea is taking possession of the English mind. It is another name for Commercial Union. Practically that Is what Is meant by Impe- rial Federation— a customs union between all parts of the British Empire. Sir Julius Vogel, one of the leading advocates of the Imperial proposal, elabo- rates the Federation scheme in a recent English Review under the 8t:;?le of a British Zollverein. So diffloolt is it, however, to aohlove in its purpose to bind together British possessions, that a system of preferential and differential duties it is proposed should be Inaugurated— bounties, drawbacks, slid- ing scales and complications without end. No such machinery is needed, however, to carry out a Zollverein In North America. The two English- tipeaking nations that together hold the Continent in common could, with the simplest machinery, carry Iqto immediate effect the splendid prin- ciples which underlie the Zollverein scheme. This principle is that which pervades the American Jnion, equally as that which pervades the Dominion of Canada. It is simple free trade between the 'opean commer- ouldjuatlfy Its I ailvaiitagoous. Ion between the 0, that the same tliient, and that cu8t4>iu8 laws hey then Hhoald Ion. The mode anie, the rate of I division would lomplaln. »ltter yolitloal a] Union have cuHsed. It has le its aoope and [iderstood. At to obtrude this discussion of 'elation on this ulited from the , and would bo mght not to be freest investi- I that it can he It would have facturiijg, and It that would he pollti' lansj g the CO lutry fnlon Is h , fair u-d and f ank isses It iu the axcept that It y of poUtloal iiiau-Amerl> session of the ■ Commercial iant by Impe- reen all parts ?el, one of the opoeal, elaho- oent Knglisb )llvereln. So ts purpose to t a system of tls proposed irbacks, slld- nd. No such carry out a wo HngUsh- lie Continent machinery, lendld prln- heme. This e American heDomlnlim between the ^ffitates UH hetwcen the Provinces, If the same freedom e\iste«l between the two countries as exist butwoen the Htiites on the one liand and the Provinces on the other, a Zollverein would bo ■ohlevod. Porteot oqulty and perfect equality can be Hooured, while tho eimplicity, the early pos- sibility, tlio Immediate contiKuity, nnd enormous couHequences within easy reach of such a consum- mation 1h in startling contrast with the far-away proposals of a Brltltth /ollverein. A customs union on tliis continent, coverinK all vartetiesof Climate, applied to all varieties of pro- diictH necessary to human happiness, is a magnifi- cent conception. It was this oou(;eptlon by Alex- ander Ilamiitou, the Hrst Finance Minlstei of the United States, tliat lias made that country so great as it is. From him the Germans learned the prln olplc, and to t)ie example set In the United Statra the •uccosH of the Oerman Kmplre as a great coinmor- olal force Is to be attributed. I'erfect freedom of trade between the commonwealths forming the American union, between tliese forty-four nations, has been the basis of growth and development. Direct taxation for State purposes was enforced •:- Just the same as for monleipal purposes, and no bar. rlers by Imposts, tariffs or customs regiilations per- mltted among the commonwealths. The result has been stupendous, because of variety of climate, widening areas Inviting immigration, developing natural resources, and creating an Internal com- ^<. merce so vast as to tax the powers of estimate. ^ » : It Canada will but cultivate the Zollvereln Idea ^ at applied to North America instead of apply- ing it to European countries, she will find the V measure of her growth In the growth of the United States ; her wealth would Increase in the same proportion. She would be lifted uj> out of the stunted, narrowed hopelessness of existing Isola- . tlon to the broad helpful and liopefbl relation which i| the great commonwealths of the Eionth seem to ^ hold to each other. This too without change In political condition. Trade knows no political boundaries, unless indeed It is interfered with, restricted, checked, curbed, cabined and oonllned. • Give It freedom In the shape of a Zollvereln on the '- Continent of North America, and It will do more to produce prosperity, beget development, and con- firm existing political conditions than all the opera- tions of politicians, agitators, and federationlsts combined. ,•■> The Rcsuladon of the TarlfT. The strongest argument against Commercial Union is that the tariff Is to be regulated by the "^ larger party to the bargain. This being the United States, it follows that the Canadian tariff wonld have to be similar to that which prevails In the United States. In other words, that the tariff line which now extends athwart the continent, sonth of its centre, shall be lifted up and placed right round the continent, and that the samedutiea and charges HOW IT WOULD ENRICn CANADA. ti shall be collected at Halifax us «t Boston, At Montreal as at New Yorlc. at Vancouver and Victoria as at Han Francisco and Portland. So far as advance in the tariff is oonoemcd, for Canada tt would not amount to very much, because It is not improbable the United States tariff would be re- duoed to nil equal amount, so that there would be a movement on both sides towards nntflcatlon. It would not increase the amount to be collected In Canada. On the contrary, tho proportion of revenue which each inhabitant would entitle the general government to claim, would enormously augment the revenue of the count ry. so far as collect lona against tho outside world are concerned. Cnnnilinn Itcvcnuesi Mnlntnlnrd. It is true that this kind of union would com- pletely obliterate any rc^vonues from the Importa- tion of American manufactures and merchandise, but It is believed that the increase to which Canada would bo entitled would nearly, if not quite, com- pensate for this loss. But If even a large defloionoy in governmental revenue should result, it could be made up by some different form of taxation. Tb« resources of civillzatiou and taxation are not con- fined to the Impost on goods brought in. There are other modes by whl'ih the same result can be achieveil. If the results to Canada of an enormous Increase in her prosperity, in tho development of her resources, in the augmentation of her oppor- tunities, should follow from Commercial Union, she could afford to adopt some other mode of taxation to make up the deficiency shop^d any exist. Who now KcsnlateH the Canadian Tarill f The objection that the tariff of the country should have its standard regulated outside of the country Itself is, of course, a serious one. The right to reg- ulate taxation is one of those Inherent rights with which people do not want to part, and it Is admitted that a serious dlflSculty occurs at the outset in dis- cussing this question. But, after all, when it is brought down to practical individual application, what is the loss to each Canadian 1 How far do the rank and file of the Canadian taxpayers have any- thing to say in regulating the tariffl It is very plain that the farmer, tho fisherman, the miner, the Inmberman, and the shippei are enormously affected by the tariff which prevails In the United Statos. These five classes, which comprise two-thirds of the entire people, absolutely pay as much Into the United States Treasury for the right to send their goods therein, as they pay to the Canadian govern- ment on the Imported goods which they consume. They have nothing to do with the regulation of the tariff of the United States now. But they wonld have something very important to say If they onoe consented to Commercial Union. What they woold have to say, tmder such elronmstanees, wotild b* that there should be no United States tariff at all, so far as they were coneemed. so NURTH AMKRICAN ZOLLVKBBIN. ill '% It, tttr>refor«, thn^n five irnat olaMes of CanadUn purcliMutm should be relieved fioni piiylug any taxation to the United HtateH; tf they •hould by one movement entirely obliterate the exUtenoeof that taritr, would It iiot^ In a very large degreo, oompeuHiit*^ them toi agreeing to a tarltf which the people of tne United HtateH weretheniHilvrNwlUIng to payl UeiDomber, the tarlflT regulated at Waah- Ington would be the (>ume tariff which prevails throughout the length and breadth of the great country to the sonth of us, that It would be the same In Pennxylvanla as In Ontario, the name In MassachusottH as In the Maritimtt Provinces. You may rest assured this tariff will receive an enornions amount of attention hereafter, and tlM It win Hteailily and rapidly decline. It that is the case, Canada would be safe In agrtt< ing to have a tariff preolhely similar. fi Iulcr«Mlve making of the tariff, in Cantula as in the Uulti d States, the intla- cnce of avety fewpievall over the payments of the many, and that the rank and file of the people have really Uttlo to say. It Is very clear that, up to this time, the manufactureis themselves regu- late the duty which their goods shall bear. Is it not a fact in Canada, as in all protected countries, that the consumer has very little specillc to say as to what rates shall be paid on goods manufactured In the country, until long after the rate is levied. Is It not the man who gets the profit, who Is the beneficiary of the Inipost, that says what the im- post ahall be 1 Of course, at the general election, the members who have voted for a tariff which may seem to be somewhat exacting, present them- aelves for re-elootlon, and stand or fall by the record they have made. Bnt is It not a fact that the question of tariff, as to whether it shall be high or low, has very little to do with the matter, and that the rank and file of electors are not afforded the opportunity to say yes or no as to what rate of taxation shall prevail ? If it is a fact that, as a rule, the maniifaotiirers, tbiongh the government, regnlate their own tariff, and the consumeis have little to say about it, and U it 14 a fact that the question of regulation of tariff is rarely voted upon, to w hat extent Is the deprlva- Uon proposed under commercial union 1 To each individual in this audience, to what ex- tent would it make a difference whether the tariff was agreed to in Washington or in Ottawa 1 Would not every individual in the Maritime Provinces be Just as safe, so far as his interests and rights are couoerned, if be agreed to a tariff made to fit the New England States as he would if it were made In Canada? Let us look at this question honettly and •quarely in the face. What is the practical per- sonal objection to the plan proposed, of & uniform tariff between the two people that hold this conti- nent together in common t Surely, if by an act of any large msjority of Canadians, the tariff in the United MtateH against Canada should be lirrvoc ably alM>llHhe<1, would not the advantage whloh would tlow from such a momentous act be tenfold greater than any poisible (llsa4lvantakfl whloh would follow t Tlie I'l'raonnl Advanliigc Ovcrwt'lshM iht> IiONM of Public Control. Looking at it from an economic staudpoint, from a purely commercial point of view, and mea- suring the aortance, as to the powers vested rela- tively in the Federal and State authorities, is at i^Hue. The Democrats, at their last convention, at last reached the conclusion whloh has been latent in the minds of many thinking people, that the whole question of tariff legislation was unconstitu- tional, as against powers vestfid In the Federal au- thority by the States. In other words, that the preference of one cla^s over another by taxation was never contemplated in tho powers delegated by the States to the Fe the sense of having a perfect freetrside relation with the United States, on the one hand, and an enormously reduced taxatio wor'd o It, th •hould Clevela rent riot •ary, ai so far nlflcan tree tra Which cial Ui would high rn rest of The KOW IT WOULD IlfBlOU CANADA. he tariff in the Mill be lirrvoc vantane whloh act b« tt^nfold rwi>ij|ltM lul. Ihc l<; Rtauilpoint, rlew, and niea- ry aenae. aa tti torconrae with d abac- iment of tlie 1 reduce the Under anoh advantage- he sense of I the United sly reduced 'taxation (or tariff purposes against the rest of the wor'd on the other. If, therefore, the tendency tu the United Htatea ■bonid Iw Hhown by a niiOarity vote In favor of Mr. Cleveland, iinil If foilowlug that, the fit is a mere bagatelle compared with the profit which ths aggregation, fishermen, miners, lumbermen and shippers, would get by a free and unrestricted access to the great markets to the South. Four millions of dollars a year could well be paid by the government of Canada to the English manufacturers, if such was 08.3.°int1al, for the permission to buy cheap goods in the United States, on the one hand, and to export into that couutiy the products and manufactures of Canada, on the other. Is It not the snpremest tolly in the world, from a purely economic point of view, to keep this country iu leading strings forever, because people who have no relation to it in the world, except as bnyeM and sellers, get four mlUlons 01: dollars a year profit out of products they send hither. If it could be shown that each of «hese men were making ten times that amount out of the United States, and that they would continue to make the same out of Canada, when Canada reached a development eqnal to that country, what argument possesses any force as to discrimination against the English manufacturer ? Strip the idea of all sentimental consideration, let us look at it purely and solely, how it affects the fishermen of tMs country, the miners, farmers, producers and manufacturers, who would h.ive in the United States a market for ail that they could produce, which would be enormously beneficial to them. England^M Revcnnea not from Trade. But EuKland has reached a point in her career, in which her fortunes do not rest on trade alone. Her manufactures are beginning to play a secon- dary part in producing the accumulations of wealth for which she has become f ami us. Her investors are the earning powers of tho country now, rather than her manufacturers and exporters. Thus it is said that the total receipts by Oreat Britain from interest, dividends and the results of iu vestments abroad, equal a thousand mllUons of dollars a yeai-. A thousand million of dollars a year is a vast sum, amounting to pretty nearly three millions of dollars a day, and this sum is derived not from any export of goods, net from any trade transactions, or the rosultiS of industry or labor. It is simplv for the use of money in all parts of the world, in the pro- motion of various enterprises, in retarn for in- debtedness by states, oolonies, corporation^, muni- cipalities and individuals. Now the continent of North America is the best field for investment the world affords, and Great Britain is beginmng to perceive it. Her luyest- ments in South America, especially In the Argen- tine Republic, in Egypt, in Africa and elsewhere, are all attended with great risk, while those In a country so stable, so prosperous as the United States, and as Canada may become, are attractive, safe ard profitable. Speaking the same language, governed by the same laws, and with all the ele- ments of safety, progress and prosperity, what better field than this continent is open for the use of British capital. No greater contribution to the greatness of Great Britain, her continued pros- perity and power, is possible than to open up the enormous North Auiorlcan continent as a field for investment, and that can only be done by some form of commercial union be een the latitudes that make up the whole continent. Canada as a Field for Invesitmcnt. Hence, if Canada were in a position to invite large investments, from Great Britain by such a relation with the United States, as would beget her largest and most r«.pid development, see how 1 t- ^L-«. HOW IT WOULD ENRICH CANADA. M as bnyeM and ear profit onl; >al(l be shown ten times tbat md that they at of Canada, eqnal to that ny force as to annfaotnrer; ■ideration, let it affects the lers, farmers, onld bnve in lat they could '' boneflcial t4) I Trade. in her career, trnde alone, play a secoii- ions of wealth Ser investors y now, rather i. Thus it is Britain from investments lollars a yeai-. 8 a vast sum, ons of dollars n any export tions, or the mply for the il> in the pro- tarn for in- ktiou'", muni- !:a is the best s, and Qreat Her luvest- 1 the Argen- d elsewhere, e those In a the United B attractive, 1^ language, all the ele- »erity, what 1 for the use ution to the tinned pros- >pen up the » a flold for me by some lie latitudes ncnt. ■•dvantageous to Canada it would be, how she [would become enriched, and bow she would then ' contribute to the revenues of the mother iand, by the employment of the capital lying idle there In millions of miUtonsof pounds. Are you aware that Interest throughout the last few months has not exceeded one per cent, per annum, and that there is no possibility of an outgo of capital unless new fields open up of a safe and profitable character, and there is no field, in all the world, so attractive as the Dominion of Canada, if slie but had the chance for her commercial life. At present the Interest to be paid by Canada, on the money already here, taxes to the utmost the debt paying power of the people. It is only by enriching them by a larger market, a greater possibility of profit from their productions, l>y an enlarged development of the country, that further capital can be induced in this direction. Enrlcliiucnt of Cnnndn. But the enrichment of Canada would not only be brought about by a larger investment of British capital for the benefit of Groat Britain, but it would bo brought about by the efforts of her people, if her o^n people had but an equal chance with the rest of the continent. Never in the history of the world was there a people better equipped to take advan- taTe of the conditions made favorable to them, than the people of Canada. Look at their ancestry, think of the efforts made to subdue the Dominion, its present condition, of the hardships endured, of the vigor and strength developed, of the sacrifices made for the future, and see how weak and puerile that future is I The training, the vigor and the ability of the Canadian makes him stand foremost as a nation of workers, against any part of the world. Nowhere is there a people more industrious, more thrifty, more intelligent than th^y. Where in South America, in Europe or elsewhere, are the elements of self-re!iance, virility and intelligence more developetl than in the northern half of the continent? All they need is opportunity, and the statesmanship which restricts and limits their possibilities is undeserving of the name of statesmanship. Emerson has said, " Wo live in a new and excep- tional age. Nortli America is another name for Opportunity. Its whole history shows it to bo the last, best giftof Godto mankind." Theopportunlty for which North America is another name is not to be confined to half of the continent, but to the whole of It, and to the Canadian the opportunity of the moment is supreme. Next door to him a market has been created of the most stupendous proportions in which he ought to be able to trade ; in his own possession are products and resources from which iic can realiz)^ the greatest prosperity. He possesses in himoclf all the elements to carry forward that realisation to the highest perfection, and he needs only freedom of action, needs only to be let alone, *>nly to do as nature intended him to do, and this Canada of ours will be the greatest country on the face of the earth. Mr. Wiman then proceeded, by the aid of a map, to demonstrate tlie advantages of the utmost free- dom of trade between the United States and Ca- nada. He pointed out tlie enrichment that would follow from every section along a border line un- parelleled in length, from every interest included in the long stretch of British Empire, which exists between the Atlantic and the Pacific. His knowl- edge of resources, productions, territory, variety of interests, needs and wants of the people on each side of the border, was shown in a rapid sketch of the advantages which would fiow from the freest intercourse to the people on both sides of the border. A ZoIIvcrcin Early Possible. The speaker claimed that Continental Free Trade or Commercial Union was possible within the next four years, unless, indeed, the annexationist in Ca- nada defeated reciprocity by inducing the Ameri- cans to hold off In the hope of acquiring this great country. He believed there was nothing easier to be accomplished, if the people of Canada were will- ing, than the closest possible commercial relations with the United States. In spite of the expectation which unwise agitation towards annexation was promoting, the good sense of the business men of the United States would prevail, and the politicians would have to yield to the pressure of their consti- tuents, who want trade rather than territory, who need free raw material ratiier than i>olltical com- plications, and were ready for a Zollvereln at any moment. The time was opportune for pressing considera- tion of this question upon the United States. An- nexation could be maintained in that country as In this, as imnecessary, as undesirable and, in our life time, as impossitio. It was equally impossible froAi a British standpoint. Trade and profit was the present watchword of the Bepubli- con as of the Democrat, and whichever party prevailed, it would be in order in the next year or two for the people of Canada to propose and accept some scheme of commercial union tliat would enormously enrich them, give them a step toward independence, and to put them on a high road to a position among the nations of the earth. " Once to every man and nation comos a moment to decide. In the strife of truth witli falsehood, for the good or evil side : Some groat cause,, God's new Messiah, offering each the bloom or blight. Ports the goats upon the left hand, and the sheep upon the right: And the choice goes by forever, 'twlxt the dark- ness and the ligiit, ILts tUou chosen 1 O my people, of this dear and mighty land. Looking to the future, in whose party thou sbalt standi" 1" HO^ ■ ItWi attend ^i('> i-,-s ■ ,.;. ...■■:...:!-^ fjniter :-..■,->•. / ^. --..-. . vanki fentnr ^orlfl .^bat p "*jiBUiTed ftrhich * Itspni if bam ment 1 In an] i ■ V 1 CONTINENTAL UNITY. low IT WOULD ENLARGE THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Jt Charlottetoivn, P. E. I., October 27, 1892. u^ It was an admitted faot tbat the sacceaa Trhloh attended the material dOTeiopmoJt within the United States was a contribution to the good of kind, beyond all otbor contributions of the intnry now closinir. Without any attempt at iorifloation of the career of that coniitry, or a ire to augment the already high estimate which t people themselves place upon what has oc- ed, it was impossible to ignore the success %hich had been achieved. If civilization had for to purpose the promotion of human happiness, and human happiness foun£ its most perfect develop- «nt in the number ard character of happy homes |ln any country, then in the Unlteo States, had elTlUzation made its most rapid progress. For a ' greater number of homes had been created, in the United States within ihe century than within any other country, while, as a rule, the average condi- Itlon and oomfort of the vast body of the people I were certainly of a higher grade than any ether oonntry in the world. Enlargement of Opportunity. 'tii:ih- WS^ But the progress of the country was not alone to ' be Judged by the uumtjer or homes. Opportunity of . the most remaikable character had been availed of, I and in almost every department of human activity f a progress had been attained of a most astonishing ; character. Hence, anything that would enlarge I that area of opportunity, that would increase the ' possibility of achievement in a similar line v, as of I the highest importance to the world at large. If a icontinent^a unity could be created between the United States and Canada of aoLaracter that would make the Northern half of the continent prosper AS had the Southern half, aproportionate advantage would be realized, not only to the participants in that prosperity, but to the world at large. It was with a view of discussing what sort of unity could be achieved between the two English speak ,lng people that together hold this continent in common, that the speaker said he ventured to ^occupy the time of the audience. CroTrnins Glory of North America. The ability to sustain a vast population, and to sustain It in conditions of the greatest possible comfort, was the oiowntng glo yof thecontineit of North America. It is clear that in the Northern half of the continent not one in ten of which that balf was competent to supply, had derived support, while in the Southern part of the same continent the population had increased with enormous strides. Within the area included within the United States, the iiopulation had grown even within the past decade at a ratio double that of the restof the wodd, while in Uberallty of living, the comfort and iuxury afforded to the great body of the people, their growth in wealth and in intelli- gence, bore a like proportion as compared wkth all other countries. But it was not alone confined to the sustentation of life upon this continent itself that It was preeminent in the world. Its power to help the rest of the world to live is what has made it a most conspicuous example of helpfulness to mankind. For Instance, no contribution for the good of humanity was so important as the power to yield food products and export them to countries that without them could hardly be sustained. The productive forces which underlie the soil of this vast area are therefore the salvatlonof the world . How far the United States have improved the op- portunities which are thus needed, as it were by a Divine demand, will be readily understood when the «txtent and character, variety and value of the exports which go yearly from tbat region are com; prehend<>d. If these vast opportunities so divinely afforded could be extended so as to cover the wholo continent instaad of half of it, and by the enterprise i,itA energy of the people of the United States, in connection with the people of Canada, the eame results may be proportionally achieved, how advan- tageous will it bo, not only t ■> both nations but to the woild at large need not be recounted. Output of Food Prodnets. The activity which in the United States has over- taken cultivation of the soil, the enormous output of food products, which even thus early has resulted, has been a greater advantage to humanity at large, than equal activity elsewhere intheworl<^ To ex- pand that so as to cover areas still greater, and thus keep up with the enormous increase in population everywhere, would be one of the achievements which in the ^ext century must certainly be under- ^6 CONTINENTAL UNITY. taken, it prodactlon is to be raaint&^ned in propor- tion to popnliition. Eq ualiy tlte operations on tlie continent,in CanadP', comprising as it does the greater half of the conti- nent, have been, of course, contributory in this direction. Bat the meagreness of tbe agricoltaral development and the limited character of tlie sur- plus in shipment, are in startling contrast to the . «nrplas from tlie United States. Had the rest of the world been dependent only on the northern half of the continent, and had there beenonly aprodactlon in the United States equal even to its own increase In pop ilation, the rest of the world would have been in poor straits for food. The cost of living In Great Britain, wh'ch after aU is the basis of her commercial auccess abroad, has been greatly Influenced by tho amplitude of food products from the Uuited States. The agri- cultural depression in England is tbo testimony to tbls statement, for although the farmer lias been hurt, a vastly greater number of conaumeis and manufacturing population have been helped by the cheapened food supplies. ' Thus while the United States has seemed to be the commercial enemy of Great Britain, the oppo- site baa been the case so far as tbe supply of food and raw materia' '3 concerned. England's supply of cotton, equally with ber supply of breadstuffs and provisions, tobacco, cheese, butter, oil, and other essentials, is more largely derived from the United Stales than from elsewhere. . '1'' ContributinK to the CJrcatness Of Grent ' ' Britain. Again, what is the extent of the contribution by the United States to the maritime greatness of oreat Britain 1 The investment in Britifch ship- ping to-day is perhaps greater in amount than in any other distinctive InteroE^t in that country. Its power to earn consists in Its ability to trade with other nations. With what nation in the woild is the maiitlme oommerce so profitable as between GJreat Britain and the United States t Recall the splendid lines of ocean greyhounds that almost dally ply between Liver[)ool and New York ; recall' also the lines of freighters, such as the new lite Star additlona, the great National lino, 1 . Anchor, the Wilson, the Allan-State, and other lines of which wo hear but little. The tramp steamer;^ that by the score come into New York, Portland, Boston, Philadel- phia, Baltimore, Newport News, Norfolk, Charles- ton, Savannah, New Orleans, Qalveston and other places, form In themselves avast tiotllla, constantly and valuable employed for tbe beneflt of the people of Great Biitalu. Beside these, the stattly ships under canvas, whose name is legion, that come Into all these ports to cairy the products of the continent to all parts of the world. Britain's protit on transportation of American products Is greater than the profits realized from any other equal In- veatmoHt. Thus it will be seen that the profit which i United States has created, not only within hersi not only in food supplies, but in transportatl' tttnoti fadiiiies, are Just as helpful and Just as prolital. to those abroad, as to those at home. •o fa erfeotly anderstand eated In the uniti ^'^^ ^^® *'°°^®'*'^®°*^®* ®* **'® expansion would be >relgn capital in.ot'the opportunities of tlie United Statos to con- er amount of Brltis ^ft^"**^ proportions, l«t ns tiy to discover what are than in the Unit«4^^^^™®°^^ wliich have made np the snccess in 8 of tlie Chambers c T* <'*'"°t'7- •roposed to put a ta in favor of the Col "*• Cnnses of .Unterial Growlb in Ametica. fronlfl benefit Qrea s|hree great causes are plainly evident m having action in the Cole pjijaaced the most stupendous material results in uuots of the Unltft gH United States. The first one of these has been eailzed that in dolnj W ever widening area of the country. So long as a take place to profl jp^ Territories were added, and new States taken 1 possibly be gaine( ^80 long aa broad fields for effort were yearly ionsumers. For in ^jened up, Just so long was the progress of the try great. All the enricnment of the nation been on the theory of expansion, and as the country needed settlement and revealed in- ased riches and resources, it is but a simple ,tter to realize how lapidly the country grew, us ever-widening areas have up to this period n the chief element in the growth and progress the neighboring nation. e second most important infineuce which has in contributory to the growth of the United tes, has been its Immigration from abroad. The trlbntion of the best class from every nation has len going on for many years in great proportions ns 500,000 people that would arrive in one year onld be no extraordinary figure. These 500,000 opie are the best of every nation ; they were the ungest, the heartiest, the most intelligent and e most adventurous. It has been said that every migrant was worth to the United States SI,000. ence, it there were 600,000 immigrants in oach r, it would appear that the country had gained the rate of 600 millions of dollars from this im- Igratlou alone. This spread over a period of iity years would make a sum equal to 1,500 lllons, which if added to the productive forces ey immediately set in motion, it will be seen how pldly augmented the wealth of the Republic has n. This Immigration has been the second great rce which has helped that country. cilittes within tlit ttas largely held in aerica. Take, as nt ar Company, whict Yet one-quartet and mostly in Scot [)italization of the '.OOO.OOO Is held in bonds alone of the ick of $25,000,000 years ago. if the Born yields a larger the producer, and tie transportation foolish would be a sh shareholder, for Itish manufacturer ler. 1 with the closest reams of British rmted States. An that out of l.ooo i Britain leoelves )0 millions of this >ne. Thus aJmoct interest iH paid b. r enemy, this dis- >ther of nations. , »ns a week, which ion dollars a day, ilevements which iates haveafford- Enlarscd. I be enlarged by d States make a 7 benefited, «n.i world helped, is Development of Natural UesonrceB. But still a iliird, and even greater cause for pros- perity has been the dovelotnuent of natural re- pources. it would be ditficult for the human miud ^o take in the extent of thin growth. The iron |(rade alone, perhaps, illustrates it. If you realiiie what extent iron has become tihe article most kaed in civillEation, how it permeates the whole rarp and woof of human existence ; how from the parallel strips of iron laid all over the country in the shape of rails, and the locomotive that thunders over them, down to the n nutest article of use in the lady's boudoir, bo that in the development of that great industry there has been a most rapid stride, until now the iron used by tlie American people In proportion to populatlou is far greater than by any people in the world. The output of iron by the 60 millions of that nation used by its own people is far in excees of that of even Great Britain,though articles from iron form eo large a por- tion of her exports. But in every other department for the supply of human wants the development has been enormous. ThuA in coal, corn and cotton— the three great "O's." how enormous has been tlie growth. The speak* r said, he stood a week ago on a mountain over-looking the Wyoming Valley, in Pennsylvania— the scene ot Campbell's beautiful poem- and in this valley, whlcb was within easy range of virion, there had been developed in the last year coal which bad realized no less an amount than 33 millions of dollars from thut narrow strip of territory. As for cotton, .last year's product, alone, amounted to eight million bales, which at the average price of $50 a bale would yield no less a sum than 400 mlUionsof dollars, an amount greater t han the total output of all the gold mines of the world for five years. This, too, the result of the labors of the least Intelligent labor, in only one section of the country, and which could be infinitely increased when the world could take the cotton which the South could supply. Oil, >orn, tobacco, sugar, silver, gold, timber, fish, and a T?riety of food products unknown elsewhere, fruits and vege- tables, make up a sum of supply for human bappL ness, were the results of the efforts of this people. So that In the development of natural resources, and of the forces which underlie the ground, this people had become greater, In a material sense, tl^an any other nation in the world. **■«?» i • ■ , . Tlie ^rce EIcmenfiH Roach Limitation. Thus the three great elements, ever-widening areas. Immigration, and development of natural re- sources—have all contributed to the growth of the United States. Now it begins to be realized to- wards the end of this century of material progress, that these tl^ree great elements aie in a certain sense circumscribed. A limitation seems to liave been reached In all three, which, unless there ia a wider expansion of tc^rritory for development, will begin to be materially lessened. There are no more States to be taken into the Union. The limits of the St. Lawrence, the lakes, and the 46tli parallel on the North, and the Rio Grande on the South, are Just as fixed and determined as the Atlantic, on the Eotit, and the Pacific, on the West. Within that mag- nificent stretch nearly all the States of the Union are now taken np, and it is lifflcult to discover where the ever- widening are &^ liich have so long Leen the good fortune of the United States are to 88 CONTINENTAL UNITY. I'll u come from. TUe rain belt which rnns North and South at the western edge of Kansas and Nebraska is an important element, and the vast stretch bo tween the w(;Btem boundaries of these States, and the mountains of the Paoltic, are found to be arid, and only by large expenditure for irriicatlon can they be made available. Smigration has tamed from the Bocky mountains eastward to meet the great surging populace that comes westward from the East. The result is that in the last ten years the cities have grown rather than the country. The Census shows that the cities have increased at the rate of 60 per cent., while the farmer class have only Increased at the rate of 14 per cent., and the whole population 26 per cent. The growth at the ratio of 60 per cent, in the cities for the ten years is an enormous one, as yon win admit, and is foil of the deepest sig- nificance as to the future of the United States. It reveals in trumpet tones that t.^ere is no more land to be taken up, and it is a truth of a serious character that it is Just as diflS jult now to get a farm in Minnesota, without displacing a farmer, as It is to get a farm in Pennsylvimla without dis- placing a farmer. The "landhniger" which has set in, in the last tew years, which has had its example in the great strugi^le at Oklahoma, the Sionx Beservation and other fields, indicates that the areas hitherto open and free, are at least re- stricted and beginning to be crowded. This with exhaustion of arable soils in the Middle States and the aban loned farms in N ew England States is an object lesson of great import. Kqnally is there change in respect to immi- grstion. There is a tendency towards restricting this materially, simply because there is no room for them, while the class of immigration, such as the Italians, Poles and Bussian Jews, who herd in cities, are the direct results of restricted land supply, and will have the effect of materially re strictin^ the arrivals hereafter, unless there are open fields for the receution of the better class. Equally with the lessening of ever-widening areas, equally with the restriction of immigra- tion, comes the stngolar occupancy of almost every field of natural resources. Thus, the oil busi- ness is altogether taken up by the Standard Oil Company ; the coal business is controlled by the Beading coal combine; iron is. already practically cornered, while in lumber, silver and copper there is a practical union of Interests. The sugar trade is restricted to the Sugar Trusi, and in almost every industry a combination has been formed, f>o that the opportunity for the next generation to deal in these natural products or even manufactured supplies is restricted to the few. The young man of the future seeking for employment must become forever a clerk, a hewer of wood or a drawer of water, because ho cannot find opportunity for the development on his own account and of his own aMUty In the development of natural resources. Thns it will be seen that the three great forces that have been in operation in the United States are In a certain sense becoming restricted, and while the population grows, and the necessity for broad expansion is more than ever apparent, restriction, combination and lessened areas are the features of the hour. Equipped for 8till Broader Expanaion. Meantime the United States is equipped for in- creased expansion, for conquering new territory The locomotive builders will soon need new rail ways which to equip, so with the builders of Ma- chinery, of Agricultural Implements, Stoves, Boots and Shoes, and the ten thousand other Indnstiles will need new markets, meantime the rank and file of emigration, of the surplus population, of the advenvurous and enterprising spirits that are in the schools and colleges, workshops, mines and factoiies of the Union will need some further outlet In which their energies and enterprise, can be em ployed. The Prospect In Canada. Now, some form of continental unity between the United States and Canada would open np a country to meet this condition. Here are ever- widening areas, here is abundant room for emigra- tion, and surely in Canada] more than in any other country in the world, there is abundance of natural resources needing only development. The very elements that have made the United States auccesa* ful are the elements which Canada needs. The advantage to the United States of a continental unity is quite as great as to Canada, and nothing In the possible categ'^ry of events would ] be so helpfal to both as to break down the barrier that exists be- tween the two countries. Which Form of Union ? Two forms of Continental Unity seem possible between the United States and Canada. One form is that of a political union, another form is that of a reciprocal or commercial union, by which the cus- toms border line between the two countries ooald be completely obliterated. It is to discuss before you these two modes of union that this opportunity has been sought. Let us first talk of polltloal union. So far as it is possible to estimate the advantages which would flow to both countries from a union of material interest, nothing couldlocccur so advan- tagous as a political union. The growth in the United States is the measure of the growth possible to Canada, if the com tries were one 'politically as well as commercially. So far as (advantage Is concerned, there is timply no question as to the material gain to Canada. The speaker said, that he was once asked before the committee of the Senate of the United States, how much, as a realizable asset, Canadr would increase if she were a part of the Union. He had replied, that she wooid be HOW IT WOULD ENLARGE THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 worth a handred times aa much an she Is now. Being asked if he did not mean a hundred ppr cent, be replied, no, he meant what he had Hald, viz. a hundred times as much. He meant by that, that tlie iron mines of Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and Algoma were iiractioally worthless, eo far as an output was concerned, but that with an unllmit«^d marlcet for the bighest grade of ore, mined at a less expense and rearbjt the greateHt means of oommunlcatlou, would be worth a hundred times ph much as they are to-day. He meant that the fisheries, timber limits, and above all, the shipping interests of the country, would be augmented a hundred times. Canada had spent sixty millions of dollars in her canals, and she has leen than sixty craft to navigate them. If she were a part of the United States, nho would be the greatest shipping nation in the world. There was commerce float ing Ing for eij;ht months In the year on the Detroit River, which exceeded in tonnage that of London and Liverpool combined for the whole year, and Canada had not a dollar's Interest In that tonnage. If she were a part of the Union she would have one-half of it, because her people are natural born sailors, she has abundant supply of raw mateiial, great ports, and a development In tlila respect would far exceed the above estimate, nut before the Senate Committee. So witli almost every other asECt It is possible to name. Certainly the farms of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island would be worth the Interest on a hundred times their present value, if the markets of the United States were freely opened to them. DeHire for Political Union. So far, therefore, as material advantage was con- cerned, political union waa beyond all question the most advantageous thing, materially oonbidered, that could occur to Canada. But the question was, whether political union could be brought about within anything like rea- sonable time; whetherlf it could be brought about it was desirable. The speaker said, he had felt for many years that annexation was unnecessary, was nndosirable, and was impossible. In every speech that he had made and every article he had wiitten. In relation to this great Canadian question, he had reiterated that belief. Indeed, it had come to be to him like the formula of a doctor, who, when asked for a cure, makes a prescription, and the prescrip- tion which the speaker has at all times indulged in was, that annexation was unnecessary, was unde- sirable, and that It was Impossible. That there is a growth in the sentiment in favor of political union, there can be no doubt. It is a natural growth, and if there Is no hope for a recl- procal.nnion, it there is no chance tor a better re- lation between these two countries, it Is a fact tltat the sentiment towards a political assi- milation wUl grow with great rapidity. Tlte extent of the personal annexation that is all the time going forward In the shape of an exodus, must have its eventual effect upon tlie country left behind. A census of the Canadians in the United States is one of the most remarkable features of the hour. The " new Yankeo." as the Nova Scotian is called in Boston, the ever-piesent French Canadian, who in every manufacturing town is found to prevail, equally with the enter- prisiug native of Ontario, occupy positions in the United States, to-day, more intinontlal, more con- trolling and more profitable than any other single class of immigration that has over reached those shores. The result, together with the opeiations of the tariffs, the growth of the United States, the stnnted growth of Canada, together with the racial and religions difficulties between Quebec and Ontario, and the apparent hopelessness of the future for Canada, make 't absolutely certain that a desire for political union v ill grow as time goes on. OlfDcuIty with 1) inilHto necompli«>li Political Union. But Eotwib F^tandlng the rapidity in growth of the desire lur a political assimilation of the two countries, it Is difflcnlt when you get down to details to discover how it could be consummated. There seems to be no constitutional means by which annexation can take place. Looking at it from a United States point of view, there are only three ways in which they can be added to. These fire, first conquest, second purohafe, and third revolution. Tlie greater part of the United States has been purchased from European potentates, the last Instance being that of Alaska. Now, there is no such possibility as the purchase of Canada. All the money of the United States could be piled up, if every cent in their possession was put into one pile, it would not purchase an acre of Canada from Great Britain. She wonld never part for money with any portion of her territory, white the Canadians would, of course, not submit to any such sale. Once Mr. Blaine, in a bantering mood, had asVed the speaker if all the governmental, provincial, municipal, ° railroad and farm mortgage indebtedness of Canada was paid, would they come into the Union, and asked the speaker it he were willing to negotiate tor the acquirement of the country on such terms. He was told that he little ^nder8tood the sentiment that pervaded the com- munity, and that t ven such a propo& Ition, in a spirit of banter, would do infinite harm. So far as pur- chase is concerned, therefore, it seems out of the question. So with conquest. It would simply mean a war with Great Britain, which of all things neither the United States or Great Britain can af- ford, and is not for one moment to be considered. Equally as to a revolution in Canada, it is simply imposslbl(^ There can be no revolution where then is a ballot box. There is no (political dlsoontont aa aglnst the governmental institntlons ot Canada. 80 CONTINENTAL UNITY. ■'9 Iiidoed, there Is aii immeasurable political oontent- iDunt because of a ruBponsU-le Kovernment, honestly administered, liberal laws, and the elaivtlc institu- tions which bless the Gauadlans, and to-day they are in a far preferable condition to the citizens or the United Htatex In form of government. Delity from Annexation Advocncy. As to Iiow annexation evor is to be brought about, it psems most dillioult to disoern. It is said that in Toronto there is a political union club formed ; that they Intend to dlHseminate literature and have speeches anlve8, except ndllnjts, and 1 8o much In Canada sup- "ants an out- i^'n Bons who operate, the Ilia Income the raUroad the agrtcul- d to aunexa- to brtrg It sed to addl- tlclan In the the adml8- tates of say ere the bal- quality that jqallibrtam. tativea of a simply fatal were asoer- It l8 simply tory should Bion no less Jduced Into I body read upon them, bills out of nmental de- 00 less than re dropped tlons of the xRtion. annexation, e qnestion thoroughly Ily under- tor It will lent In Its because It > be a pos. ery street ions orged or of recl- tiave real- means to lever gets 1 Canada e stretch e longest 'o deaade aea forty per cent, of the entire British Empire, would be, In the words of Dalton McCarthy, to " reduce hor to a second rate power." Her moral Influence in the world Is because of her vastness of Empire. To denude her of forty per cent, of that area, her hold on Anstralia, on India and other colonies would be materially lessened. No one can view the inlluonce of Oreat Britain upon the civilization of the world, without feeliuK that It has been of the highest ad- vantage to humanity. Even the Tinthiuklng Amor lean who would like to add enormously to his t«iri- tory, hesitates in that advocacy when ho uiK^cr stands the position it would place Groat Britain in. Thinking men in the Dulted States realize that uo influence in the world is more advantageous to the liromotlon of commerce, to the creation of loans. In mercantile enterprise, in civilization, Intelligence and religious influence. In England the loss of so large a portion of the Empire as Canada Is viewed wl**i dismay. The struggle which Great Britaiu, made to retain the thirteen colonies was an enor- mous one, and now that they have developed to a degree bo great, and Canada becomes bo exceedingly valuable as an asset, the same sentiment of resist- ance would be felt in Great Britain, even though it was not demonstrated by force of arms. The Improbability of Annexation. There la no Justification whatever In Canada seeking a diifereut political alliai.ce. Great Britaiu has treated Canada with the utmost liberality and freedom. Not a dollar of Canadian revenue is sought for by the Imperial Treasury, and notwith- standing the enormous expenditure which Oreat Britain has incurred in maintaining Canada, ad- vanoinK hei^' money fur Internal Improvements and contributing In every way to her success, she prac- tically gives up to the people of Canada the entire country, without charge, or limit, or exaction. No mother ever endowed a child with an inheritance 80 vast, no nation ever gave up more completely a possession so great as the territory Canada owns and possesses from Great Britain without let or hindrance. A sense of gratitude, profound patriotism, love for British connection permeates the Canadian peo- ple, and the Idea that they will willingly throw off the allegiance to the mother country is the most unlikely that it Is possible to conceive of. The only possible Justification for such a ten- dency la, should British connection, and the In- terests of British manufacturers stand in the way of development of natural resources, llien a ten- dency in this direction Is Inevitable. If, however, by commercial oniuu of some character, that should be alike honorable and equitable, all the advan- tager of annexation would be obtained. It will be sMn how completely will be removed all the argu- misftts in favor of polltioal uiiion. Can Rccliirocity be Ilail f One of the chief arguments that annexationists use is the impossibility of procuriug a commercial or uiiretttrloled union with the Unitod SUtes. It is point lul out that time after time CauiMlian ambas- sadors have gone to Washington to tender retlpro. city in natural products, and even, t« some extent, in other articles. Itlssiii.l that while the American people feel that there is a possibility ot aociulrlng so vast a territory by a retaliatory policy, tiiey will u»ver consent to yield all the advantages of a close connection by reciprocity. The strongest argument for political union is that commercial union is impossible. The speaker said he professed to know as much about this ques- tion as any other living man. He claimed that he had opportunities in the United Htates approaohed. by no other indt.lduul for testing public sentiment, ho had an enormous contact with public men, with bankers, with merchants, manufacturers, and the commercial class, more than any other Cana gressman from any district in New England conld withstand the demand for a commercial arrange- ment, if the Maritime Provinces were in a position to offer it. The barrier between the two countries ooula be - immediately obliterated, and the McKlnley bill, so 8t OONTiNRNTAL UNITY. tar aa between tbe Maritime Provlnooa and New £n(clan^> wonlA oeaae to be. The name freedom of trade would follow as between Quebec and Ontario, on',tbe one hand, and New York, Pennajrlvanla, and Ohio on the other. Itwaa ImpoBiilble to deny the desire for an expansion of trade and for free raw material In the Unlt^id Btates, and the Senators from Pennsylvania, from New York, and from Ohio, would have to yield to the preBsnreof the men who are the .manufacturers and inorchants, seeking a largerjtrade relation. The Two ControIlinR Political Pnrtlea Plodned to EximnHlon. If theta Is any sluoerlty ut all In the Republicans In their advocacy of reciprocity, they cannot deny to Canada that boon, when unrestrlote03tpone It. Real Freedom In Canada. Ii JH true that if reciprocity exists, dlaoriminatlon against British manufactures win fallow, and that when legislation seeks from Great Britain consent to shut -^ut British goods in favor of American goods, a step is taken towards an independence of action that may look to an eventual Heverance of tbe connection between tbe two countries. But those who look deeper into tbe hearts and minds of the Canadian people, and feel that their interests alone compel them to this action ; that it is not meant In any sense of disloyalty to Great Britain, but is an essential element in their geographical and commercial existence, and that it will be eventually beneficial to Great Britain, there can be no serious objection, especially as prosperity and success would do more to maintain loyalty than continued isolation, stunted development and poverty. Bencilt to Canada beyond Estimate. The benefit to Canada ot an enlargement of the opportunities of tbe Umited States by continental unity is beyond estimate. There is hardly a mineral possession in the country but would be immediately sougntby American capital and enterprise, because of tbe American Market. Tbe fishing interests would be greatly benefitted by tbe best market under the sun for the catches, while in timber, in shipping, and, especially, in tbe lesser grains and products of tbe farmer, a stimulus would be given which would be of tbe greatest possible vak «. But Canada would be enriched by an immlgra^on which would be of vast proportions in tbe North- west, and which overflowing from the United States by the sinking of the barrier between the two countries, out of sight, would augment prodac- tion and rapidly increase tbe area of trade. Emi- gratloa. instead of going ont of Canada, and taking the best young men and young women, would cease, while immigrants from the United States, as from a 11 parts ot £urope, 'Vould naturally flow in this direction. Bfannfacturlns Intereats Advanced. But in no department ot aotlTity wtiUn the Dominion itself would there be be a greater impolw tban to the manotaotorlng. The cry that looipto- HOW IT WOULD ENLABQK THIl OPPOBTUNITISS OF THJB UNITED STATBS. Ii«7 do not rbloh they ever to b« Ion of pre- te contract. Kilt for an iich easier Imaoy than to advo<;ate elleve that ree Trade. slleve that y i)03tpoDe Drlmlnatlon and that ain consent American pendenve of everanoe of itrles. Bnt id minds of ir Interests at it is not eat Britain, eographical it will be ;herecanbe sperity and pyalty than pment and city would ti^nre mannfaotnrlnc, is the cry of tdose whose existence Is dependent apon an unfair ad- vantage over the rest of the people. The absorp- tion of Roods by the United Htates is beyond the proportion of any other coantry, and with raw iiiatoriul nearby, wltli the best class of manufac- turlnK population, with abundant water power, thrift and economy, Canada ought to become one of the greatest manataotorlng centres in the world. More than half of the French popnlatlon are now mannfacturing in the Mew Bngland States. What is the difference between Quebec, on the one hand, and New England on the other, so far as soil, air, water and material surroundings are oon- cemedl Why Is It that the Franoh-Oana'Uan at Worcester so snocessfnl as a mannfactnrer, would not be equally snuoessful In Montreal, if the same market was open for his etTorta 1 Why is it that the agricultural implement manufacturer, the stove maker, the boot and shoe maker, the furni- ture and clothing manufacturer cannot make goods just as well north of the St. Lawrence as be can 8* south of ttl Canada has In front of her a market of enormous proportions ; Is possessed within herself of an abundance of raw material, a thrifty, indus- trious population, and If it cannot hold its own against the Americans, If It cannot Imitate the mother country and conii>ete for the trade to which it would like free access, it is not the (/'auada that we are all so proud of. Thus, in all classes of natural resources there would be the greatest development, In agricultural production, there would be a market for the largest output, as an attraotlvo Held for immigration nothing In the world would possess a better chance, and in manufactures there ought to be no question as to the future. In all the broad area of the world there would seem no better prospect for enrichment, for growth and progress, than in Canada, If but the oppor- tunities of the United Htates are enlarged by such a continental unity as would! make trade as tree, a* between the States of the Union, on the one hand, and the provinces of the Dominion, on the other. imate. nent of the continental ly a mineral mmedlately Ise, because >g Interests est market n timber, in ' grains and Id be given Ible valk <%. mmigranon the North- t;be United stween the ent prodoo- rade. Eml- and taking len, would d States, as Ulyflow In need. irtlUn the ter Impulse lat leolpro- A Ban aoblevw other. planted, tblng, It nneqaal absorpt of Msln Itselt bt race sec Mbleve tion of I LaUD.1 of the t nfteei ' ) Be«a race at tbe Fl home, of all Crowd aotten laying andlo race. oua, ( cheok baokl oentn: tJielr With wrtin biima tbelr les, a dayd andt birth and Saxo Angl as It that Ho"w the^ Baxc ANGLO-SAXON UNITY. THE HOPE OF THE WQRLD. Jt St. John, N. It., October 28, 1893. A sorvfy of the world thowa that more baa been aobleved by tbe Anglo-Saxon rao« than bjr any other. In holding Ita own alwaytt where onoe planted, and generally making tbe most of erery* thing, its career has made an Im'^reaa on the world uneqaalled or even approached. Ita power of absorption of other races shows it to poaaeas forces of aaslmllation of tbe greateat value, not only to itself bnt to other natlona. The antecedenta of the race seem to have fitted It for Just this Px*operty of achievement and aaatmllation. Not only aaaimlla- tlon of other racea, as the Celt, the Teuton and the Latin, but begetting domination and development of the beat that la in them. Fifteen Handred Years of Preparation - Hundred of Achievement. Five Recall tbe amazing march of thla Anglo-Saxon race and the long period of their preparation. In the Fifth Centary, coming from their Oermanio liome, we see them take root in English soil— a soil of all others best adapted for their early efforts. Crowding out the weaker racea, yet ready to be aoftened and made pliant by tbe Chriatian religion, laying the baaia for that high nobility of character and lofty purpoae which ever after characterize the race. Tlien to test and make them still more vigor- ous, came the long-continued Daniah Invaaiona, checking their growth and apparently setting them back for oenturlea. Then atlU further pnahed for oenturlea by tbe French, they suddenly ahake out their banners in the face of the Norman barons. With a vigor of arms and a vigor of thought they wrung from the crown that great foundation of human rights, the Magna Charta. They swung their battle axes with the pent up energy of centur- ies, and won at last their House of Commona. A new day dawned on humjuiity at large from that hour, and though it took fifteen hundred yeara from the birth of the Saviour to achieve that legislative court, and that bill of righta, yet at last by the Anglo- Saxon race it waa secured. It waa then that in the Anglo-Saxon race the hope of the world was found as it is today. Who shall tell of tbe wrong and evil that in tbe dark and middle ages bad prevaUed. How vast the sorrow, tbe sulTerlng, the terror and the woes «t the human raoe till (bla dawn of Anglo- Saxon olvUlsatlon. Obrlat lukl died in vain, it would almost appear, beeanae of evU, bnt now a new dawn sprang forth, and the words of Robert CoUyer in the full noon of tbe new day were tru* :— " Slow and sure as the oaka have grown From aooma that fell on a dim old day. 80 Saxon manhood in city and town To a nobler atatne will grow alway. Winning by Inohea, holding by clmohaa, Standing by law and human right, Many timefi falling, never onoe quailing, 80 the new day aluul come out from the night- '• Foundation of Human Liberty. The importance of what waa thMi aoblaved can be meaanred in the yeara ancoeedlng the ISth century. What baa been aooompUahad InUthe paat SOO yeara, la more to be attrlbated tu the fonndation of human liberty tbua laid by the Anglo- Saxon race than any other influence. It civilization baa (or ita purpoae the promotion of human happi- neaa, and human happineaa la beat Judged by the character of ita hojie, the progreaaitf the people, the intelligence and akill of the craftaman, how enormoualy la the world indebted to tbe Anglo- Saxon oivUlzation. For not content with a lodge- rient in Sngland, the Saxon aeeks and wins by conquest and treaty the Celt on each side, and practically makes them one. Yet pining to new flelda for adventure at laat even the broad Atlantlo la aubdued and the white winga go flying over the waters to a new world. The True Discoverer of America— Anglo> Saxon Influence*. It was a Saxon, empowered by a Saxon king, doing more oarefully what centuries before had been done by the Icelanders, that flrat really dis- covered America. It was the Saxon Cabota, father and Bon, the Bristol merchtata who 10 or 18 mouths before Columbus touched the continent of America, that planted the English banner on the shore of Cape Breton. The commemoration of the diaoovery by Colnmbna, Juat now celebrated, baa been all very well in Ita way, bnt the {reaults that followed the diaoovery by the Cabota are more worthy of commemoration. Judge of the reanlte by the relative progress onlfhia centlnrnt, of the Latin raoe that followed in the wake of Colombn* and the achievement oif.theAB(Io-8azon.raoe.- foUowlng.lii 86 ▲NGLO-SAZON UNITY. the wake of Cabot The difference in the two raoea and the Immense enperlorlty of the Anglo-Saxon, Is seen In the difference between Honth America and North America. It seemed fortnnato for mankind at large that a bank of clond changed the course of Oolnmbas so that he steered xdutb^ l^d;lng i^t San Salvadoi, and that followln|( kli^^the' Spa^tarb, and the Italian became the inhabitants of South America. Since then and forever hereafter the Instability of the goyeTnif cfif;, the' low moral tone' In business und Indnstr and thrift will prevail. Fortunate escape for this ma-^yelpijis North Amer- ican continent that Columbus did noib^nd a lodf^e- ■ mentbere. It remained that In the divine- and -btaeAeieat . - Brovlde«o». . th;* .. Ajwle^Saxon race alHmtd 4«d';kbemo«tpevi:»othomeoatbi^ooQtln«nt. BWV^-tta (HR«gn)ew«^«lM( . a^yanioe in ol^lzatlpn has foan^ly^^;Pj,ijijy|^$j^%l^ the widest PJJPor- tunlty. /fA/, .!)!■» rtvfjju ,»<> ^''.t .ifl>: , (v?'^ ' Tlf» Sae4s vf MntMah Uhei^ty Bore « ' t/L ^ e ufciiry after- fhte dtecerery by Cabot, a band' of English men and £ngIiBh women landed ati PlymontiJ,1Mli beiB|iP Wi^bMiaa'ihe'foandation of a ,jjp,w a«t-9»«on ^nxs^ftM.^ 3U^ shfMk from Ifbeii; hands.tbe seeds !p|U%|rU# H^»^„and tUve w;i»d8 pf two cjpnturles , ^«v«^ wti^)^^ th^v f^,Q^^ ,t^e broad 9^in«Dt. ^w ^ M*i? of U^Et^, tfHiifs^K root, bpre a harviest jtjtta]^ took ^t»,Bh»pe j^ t^'> 'D«olai;al4on of j;iidep«nd- «u»e.lntbA 8im;c«88 o^ t)ie.AmwA>^,;Fevoii>tl6n, ju9d.^ ttQ evento^ oration pf a.haUonof torty- i^)a/»Xii^». This vast ag^egatibn.atlllinaintain» jifi Jk^gffirS^ixan «h«raot«rl^ilcs. Poaqeaalo^ the i^ij}(M^iiapaig9. t^e (Mpp iwifKiiiage, the same. laws. ;()(f(aainif4'^tt^!itu:e, it, la e^senttaUj^ Anglo-Saxon .atill, an^^»ted by the pripolpU: of the Magna 'C!i|j^i:(a!,.fo(^ded on th^ ,eterpal found^tdona of jtRi^^tif, 1^ U^ai^y. tl^e iiiftwth-Pl, tJie. ^meWoan ,|(«lj|||tiM^hi>f.bee^«(e9df)^t, ajQid sapid beyond the ,|fUdftB$ Iqi^iBa^qiw.otpiiQphetiipr enthi^laata. The EncUab Lanffaaie Pervading America. , The great oaateal-faofe is. tbe-- progress on the continent Is the controlling and overpowering ln-{ ft^ndti bf.'We xingliiih'lattgtla^. Hdw^jar *that Indici^t^^fc jprevaietaie pf x,ki i^|;Io-Saic6n dvil- id&tiott in'tiie iiew itrb^ia Is best 'sliow^'bt its '^ieriUtUty. Afi'naCioWh'ate o6iii« iH thedlree- "^on'bf 'iheii^ ^oi4d, ydtliave leiimed the' BnglUh 'Udigai»ge,'ho'dnai oseof'dlfllereht tonitties htis river i(k tf'mbiblilit been i:)bntetspiatM. Trtiri, the Tt^nton, 1^ lilb'tltikibers,' his forde of oharaotef, and t^e doep ^iUipiiBf^ ll^ "htU inadQ«, there are no signs of the decad- eaoe of the Sngltsh tongne, though side by side in legislative halls and courts the language of another race is used. Canadian AnKlo-Saxonlani. The force and power of Anglo-Saxon civilization has been Just as clearly shown in the greater half of the conttiient as in the sonthem half. Indeed, the force and vigor resulting from the admixture of celt and Saxon is found in British North America to be more developed than ei)><^wh(lre on the|globe. They are more assertive, more celf- sufBctent, more Intensely political than their eonslns across the border. Comparing the Cana- dian tieople with those of any other nation, tt is Imp6s8lble not to reach the oonolnsion that In all the vtrtttes that go to make up a vigorous 6ommn. nlty they are unequalled. Their ancestry made this almost certain. The Industry needed to clear the liaiid, the Vigorous effort required to bring a living out of the soil or the sea, the privations and poverty endured to subdue the soil, laid the basis for a great people.- .. i-ia., / jv. ; .-. , » VPkf hoii not Equal Snccem been Achieved f ' If ./;* It is not because they did not work hard enon'gti in the past, and that their chUdren are less thrifty in the present, that a success equal to that on the lesser half of the continent has not been achieved. it is not' because they have adhered to British institutions and become even more distinctively Anglo-Saxoii than their neighbors that the progress of the Oreat North Land has been less marked than the progreaa of the Republic. It has been becadse .a,8tefbt schism in the Anglo-Saxon race on this ^coiitinent grew but of mistake in commercial policy which, llollow^g the lihe'of demarcation that (^epai^s the two nations, suhderd them as widely apart aa if t^ey were separated by a high mountain, byadeepjUiorass Or a wide sea. It has not been by poiitloal dbferende bf gd-vemment, not by dlffi6|«rioe ot ^ministration of affairs that one so^t^oh of the An^lp Saxon race has 'Outstripped the other section foif snjpreniaoy on th' continent. Tliri cause i'or ttie dlspairity between them is in the imtortun^ ciroamstance that the people o.' Can- adi^ by commercial policy both iiathe colony and the tepnbllQ, havis been confined to narrow limits. They have been re^trifltiBd to nan'ow latitades everywhere th* BamBJvnth a flupltoation bf prod- -dots, of inea^rre variety, -with an open market 3,000 lidiiles vHra,^,' but -frltji t^eii^taetghi^oi-a bhnt but and tlftttWtw'Mttrtlii.- ''^^ ''■"''''■■ -'■■••^'-- '■'! THS HOPK 07 THE WOBLS. P Had. Free Trade Prevailed on the Whole Continent. Had BTitiHb principles prevailed, principles ot free trade and nnsbaekled commerce, Canada wonid to-d»y be on the hif^best road to prosperity. Thix in abown by tbe progress of Oreat Britain itself in the enonnoiis extent of her oommt roe, and especi- ally in the carrying trade, covering every sea, hand- ling tbe prodact of every climate, and levying tri- tonte irom every nation nnder the siin It is equally shown in the progress of the United States, whose snooess is more to be attributed to free trade be- tween great oouommonwealtbs equi'^lly, to the var- iety of climate, the variety Of prodact and resoarce, than to anything else. Trade Freedom betfveen the States a Sahlime Conception. r .The conception of confederation of states or com- monwealths, without being surrounded by onstom lines, trading with eaoh other In all varieties of all climates, is a sublime one. Tbe union of such a group, till at last they number forty.four great nations, oentrv^Uzlng their trade and conqimeroe in themselves, and by rigid barriers trying to exclnd« the rest of the world, is a spectacle reserveil for these later dp/ys. Note tbe enormous growth of in- ternal coram erce thus created. Recall the fact that the tonnage of thelSault Ste. Marie canal is greater inelsht months than the commerce of the Suet canal for an entire year. Think that ihe tonnage that llonts In the Detroit river, the boundary bia- rween Ontario and Michigan, is greater than tho combined tonnage of I IverpooJ and London. The exchange of iron ore of the West for the coal of tbe East, of the copper ot the North for the cotton of the South, of the wheat and tlour of the Northwest for tbe manufactuT es and merchandise of the East, made up this vast tlotUla, in which, sad to say, Canada, alongside, had not a dollar's Interest. Though Can- ada has spent sixty millions of dollars on her water ways, yet she has not sixty craft to navigate them, and though she owns one-halt the Detroit river, she has not a dollar in its commerce, the largest the world boasts of. It is because of a false and unwise policy, on the part of both f ections of the English speaking race, that this disparity exists. Is it not time that a change should take place in this '^'•otrlne Of reprisals, that as between the two great portions of the continent there should no longer prevail a commercial belligerency. The Columbus commemoration bids the nations that occupy thb continent to stop as ships on mid-ocean, and take an observation for future guidance. The present is a time for. stock-taking; a period f^ an inveotory of achievement, of profits, of possessions. Proatresa and Permanent Prosperity. The century closing a career uore tronderfril in achievements than waa aooom (ill'bed fn the 1800 jemrgthtltprt^v^ i% idmonlsbes tbose who are laggards In the race to reverse their policy and Join in the procession that on this continent moves to- ward progress and permanent prosperity. 90 hap- pily in the Republic, that more rapidly than else- where has advanced Anglo-Saxon civilization, a period has been reached when a reversal of the policy of belligerency Is likely to follow. The ne- cesslty for a change by the Republican party in the control of tbe government, whereby reciprocity takes its place side by side with protection on the banners of the party Is significant of the pending change. If this party succeed in maintaining their control of their af^ll^8, there is good ground for hope that toward 1 he best of the continent, there will be a disposition to unshackle commerce acd enlarge trade. This Is likely to be the case unless. Indeed, tbe macblntvtions of annexationists make it appear that by a policy of Indifference, or of posi- tive pressure and retaliation, Catada will be ac- quired politically and assimilated into tbe Union. Nothing but this expectation, this false hope, this delusive snare, win prevent the extension toward CanMa of the most liberal reciprocal measures. A Chaase In lUnlted Htntes Policy. It however, a oh«nge should take place In the ad- minlstTatio.T> that presides over tbe vast aggrega- tion of homantty to the south, and the Democrats should come into control, the tendency toward a larger trade relation is sore to follow. Canada should be the first of outside nations to feel the ef- fect of the success that would follow tbe election of Mr. Cleveland. The struggle therefore that im- pends is tbe most Important, especially to Canada, that Itas ever taken place, and will have a vital In- fluence in the future unity of the Anglo-i^axon race on tl '" continent. Tbe unity of the Anglo-Saxon race or its achieve- ments for the good of mankind, does not recet^sarily imply a political unity. The policy of Great Brit- ain toward tbe world at large, and especially toward the United States, has no semblance or tendency to- ward a political union, yet it would be Impossible to conceive of a closer commercial intimacy than exists. Even as against a policy of exclusion by the United States, of ('.elllerate isolation, the com- merce that exists between the two il»minant Anglo- Saxon nations on the gltbe exceeds tbatuf any other in the world. Mr. Wiman showed that as be- tween Canada and Ibe mother country, Avbloh wei o one politically, thore was not really tbe growth as there was between the United States and tbe ra'btlier country. In 15 years Canada and Oreat Brlitan liad increased the'r trade a paltry one and a half million of pounde, while as between th^ United States and Britain it ha*! grown by fifty millioUs. J a that period each Anierifan had increaswl his business with tlic mother country by sixteen shil- lings, while each Canadian bad Increased it six shll- Muk^. rt loyalty •. onsUfed in benefiting the mother eonntry by trade and profit, then was each Ameri- ca almost three tiiii«i» p loya! as eaeta Oai^a^])^- 88 ▲NGLO-BAZOK UNITY. If, however, the ohanglnR tendencies In the United Stated would be effeotlve, and the barbed wire fence that now snrronnds It be removed, or its repnlBlve featarea removed, it would be seen what might be expected in the future, if in the past, aKainat such adverse circumstances, so much had been done. Meantime In Canada the question of the future was preasiUK. The necessity for some change was apparent. Bight Hon. Joseph Chamberlain had said Canada conld not remain as f>he is, and a great many more felt that some change in policy so far as it affected the United States must occur. The change could take on the shape of some kind of commercial bargain by which each section of the continent would be more beneficial to the other ./flan it bad hitherto been. Mr. Wlman now set forth at length his well known views as to the benefits of continental free trade known as unre- stricted reolprooity, oommerolal union, a North American Zollverein or some form of trade unity as between the United States, as now vrevails be- tween the provinces of the Dominion and the United States of the Union. Which shall It be— irnrestrlcted Reciprocity or Continental Free Trade ? The results to Canada of the impending Presiden- tial election in the United States will be most im- portant. It may be doubted it ever before there WHR an electoral contest in one country quite so important In its Inflnenoe upon another. Yet there is good hope whichever side wins. The Republican party are pledged to Reciprocity, and if they are sincere in that desire, there is no direction in which the principle can be applied so advantageously as toward Canad;^. But to get these advantages Can- ada will have to give as well as take. Unrestricted must be the term descriptive of her reciprocity if she is to secure it, and that means practical Free Trade between the two countries. It means a uniform tariff against the rest of the world, and discrimination in favor of American mannfactnres in exchange for the market which American consumers afford. When Canada is ready for real reciprocity, thero will be no dlflBcnlty in real- izing it from the Bepubllcnn party should they still control the destinies of the neighboring Bepubllo. But meantime, should the Democratic party come into power, a different state of affairs will pre- vail, though in the end the resnlt to Canada will be the same. Only under Demociatio rule the re- sult can be sooner brought about, and there will not likely be an indolgence in the iwlicy of pivssnre, a retaliation that seems of late to have moved the Hepubllcans. There has been an idea among lead- ing men in that party that political union might be forced. The agricultural schedule in the MoKlnley Dill, the Sanlt Canal enforcements, and the threat to abolish bonding privileges, are among the Indica- llpiu in that dlreotion. The Result of a Democratic Trlamph. With the success of the Democratic party in the United States, however, a totally new policy will be inaugurated, in which it is to be hoped the Cana- dian question will be treated in a broader and more statesmanlike manner. The election of Mr. Cleve- land will mean that sooner or later the shackles will fall from trade as completely as by the election of Lincoln tho chains dropped from the slave. It will rest with Canada to say how far an event which almost equals each other in beneficence will affect her. IfMheig ready to accept a similar tituation, and reverse her policy from protection to free trade, she vHU pai ticipate in all tke henrflta that folloio unrestricted intercourse. But all the freedom can- not be on one side only. A free market for Ameri- can manufacturers in Canada must fellow a free market in the United States for Canadian pro- ducts—for her food products, her raw material equally tor her manufactures. The same condi- tions will prevail under Democratic rule as under Bepublican mle, so far as Interchange isl concerned, eo far as concerns nniforml^r' of i^^ff, discrimlna- 1 ion and unrestricted intercf' jt' '> e, under the Democrats a gradual reduction in Uie tariff will fol- low, commencing doubtless with raw material and food products, because this can be done without disturbing vested Interests created by protection. But the Democrats are Just as intent npoit getting a market as they are upon giving one, and the atti- tude of Canada toward the United States has cer- tainly been such as to compel them to discriminate against the Domini(>n, and to insiat that a market be opened in tbe North in exchange for one in the South. Continental free trade will likely therefore be the prevalent policy should the Democrats pre- vail. The term reciprocity is likely to disappear from the nomenclature of ruling American states- manship as the Democrats regard it as a leaf filched from their primer, though many regarded it as a welcome tendency in their direction. Free ' ' e in the long run with all the world, and Cov e.tat free trade as the first instalment, will bet ; vrj tlon of the pendulum swinging in the op^on .. ^ to that of the McKiuley tariff. But unless >i Foster tariff in Cauada comes down in equal pro- portion, and a disposition toward freedom is shown, the Demoeratlo triumph in the United States will have no significance for Canada. Hence under Democratic rule in the United States the party in Canada which in the long run will ^in, should in- scribe upon its banners Continental Free Trade. A Democratic TrlniDph and Annexation. I'erhaps the most marked result of Democratic triumph in the United States will be a serious set-back to the annexation sentiment in Canada. The strongest argument in Conada'at the present time, in favor of Political Union, is that there la no hope of ploae tr«de relations on any other toaslo THB HOPB 07 THB WORLD. 89 1 with the United States. Tbls Iim never t>een trne, yet tbe growing tendency of tbe Republican party Is to enconragt tlia^ Idea, and tbe more annesEatlon Is talked about, the leas likely Is reciprocity from tbe Republicans. But wltb Democratic success tbese conditions completely cbange. The Democratic party is pledged to the freest trade,and certainly free trade in raw material and cheapened food products, -which will form nine-tenths of what Canada can at present supply. Hence, their success will mean that the moment Canada expresses a desire to trade freely by making a market for what she needs from the United States for what the United States needs from Canada, that moment the barrier between the two countries will disappear. With a Democratic triumph In the United States "t can be no longer urged that there Is an unwlilingness to deal with Canada on terms the most llbcraL Squally no longer can annexation be argued for, on tbe score of inability to accomplish the greatest possible results ]by a business bargain, irrespectiye of po- litical union. The Democratic triumph will, there- fore, do more to keep back the growth of annexa- tion than any other outside event, provided the people of Canada respond to the desire thus ex- pressed by the American people, to trade freely with each other and tbe rest of the world. Aniilo- Saxon Unity In Trade. A union of the Anglo-Saxon race In trade and oommerceln the example set by Kngland for all mankind, and In the example within the United States, is hope of the -^jrorld. A larger space of the •arth's surface has been subdued by the freedom of intercourse than by any other force. Comfort, happiness, Intelligence, intellectual development, and all that goes to make up the sum of human blessedness. Is more the result of freedom of trade than by a policy of restriction and exclusion of all people. The people of Canada should now realize this. Her young people In vast numbers were leav- ing her. Sstlmating each person who had left the country, as having cost fl.OOOfor food, clothihg and education, before reaching maturity, her loss In the pa3t 26 years by actual expenditure on the million of people who had departed was not less than a billion of dollars. No young country had ever been subjected to such an enormous drain, such a piooers of exhaustion. To save this vast loss, to have so enormous a sum safely Invested by the eflbrts of Its people remaining in this new country, was surely the highest statemanship. BeTcrae the Exlstlns Policy. It was Anglo-Saxon sense that would carefully Investigate and readily admit the truth if found in error. Hence be urged a dispassionate and econo- mic oonslderatton of tbe policy of Anglo-Saxon unity of Great Britain, the United States and Can- ada. That would benefit the United Statea, enrich Xagland, and belp Canada to ibo position wblob her vast areas, her geographical position, her wealth and the vigor of her people, demanded among tbe nations of the earth. Sir Thomas Farrer, one of the wisest of English economists, has recently said in an Ameilcan magazine : " Free comnieicial dealings between Canada and the United States, to the exclusion of the mother country, would l^e grudgingly assented to at home, and would no donbt create a bitter feeling in the United Kingdom. But If tbe United States and Canada were both to relax their protective policy and to invite trade with the United Kingdom, as well as with eatrh other, all people in the British Islands would no doubt bail with delight the prospect of bringing the Unitea States, the United Kingdom, and Canada into closer anl more liarmonious relations, by means of un- restricted commercial intercourse." It remains to be seen whether, in tbe forthcoming presidential election in the United States, the policy of better trade relations, finds favor with the A^merican people ; if such is tbe result, the first step will likely be a free trade relation between the United States and Canada, because that woiQd mean free raw ma- terial, and cheapened food products, a cardinal doc- tiinein the Democratic decalogue. If tree trade can be created between the United States and Can- ada, surely it will be a welcome instalment toward a closer intercourse between the United States and Great Britain. Imperial Federation a Mistake. As to the proposition of the Imperial Federation- ists to commit Anglo-Saxon unity to Great Britain and her colonies, it would seem as if it were an at- tempt to restrict it within very narrow limits. In- deed, an Imperial Zollveretn would be far less a benefit to population than even an North American Zollverein. Thus the United Kingdom had a popn- lation of 30,000,000, Canada 6<0Ci),000, Australia 3,000,000, West Indies 1,000,000, British Africa 1,000,000, Crown Colonies and Dependendea 1,000.000, total 46,000.000. True, India and its 200,000,000 of natives are not Included, but they are in no sense a factor teri :i it