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Hi^^5i^^iiiiiiiiii^i^iii^3i^^^^^»^*^imiii^t^^ HI>44^5- C33 f * REPORT OF COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO VISIT LA.KE SIMCOE SURROUNDING COUNTRY RE SUPPLY OF WATER BY GRAVITATION. AND This Special Committee was appointed by the Council during the early part of the year to enquire into the question of a gravitation system of water supply. One of the first steps was to visit Lake Simcoe for the purpose of procuring Bamples of the water and analyzing its qualities, as well as to ascertain the extent and probable overflow of the lake. The following members, viz., Aldermen Bailey. Foster, Phillips, and the Chair- man (Aid. Hewitt), accompanied by the Medical Health Officer (Dr. Allen), W. G. Brough, C.E. (Water Works Department), W.Stuart, C.E., and J. W. Somers, Secre- tary of this Committee, proceeded to Lake Simcoe on June 19th, and now beg to submit thr^ir report as follows : % On our way we spent a few hours at Newmarket with Mayor Jackson and the members of the Council of this flourishing town, who very kindly showed us over their system of water supply, which is taken fiom several artesian wells recently sunk. The wells, reservoirs, engines and everything connected with the works reflect great credit on the enterprise and management of this thriving town. We took samples of the water, the analyses of which is given. We also visited and inspected the artesian wells wliich supply Barrie and Orillia, but no samples were taken, these waters having been previously analyzed by Professor Ellis. We procured a tug at Barrie and spent two days in going over the lake taking samples, soundings, and gathering such information as we could as to the quality and quantity of the water. We were surprised at the extent of the lake. Our tug travelled at the rate of ten miles an hour, including stoppages to take samples of the water, and at this speed it took us nearly three hours to make the run from Barrie to Jackson's Point, while from lackson's Pomt to the Narrows, at the northern end of the lake, is a run of three or four hours. From the centre of the lake land is invisible except, perhaps, one or two small islanvls. We were thoroughly satisfied with the result of our visit, and cannot recom- mend in too strong terms the advisability of depending on Lake Simcoe as the main source of our water supply. Unlimited Supply. The area of the water-shed which supplies Lake Simcoe, and that ot the lake itself, covers 1,400 square miles, or greater than the combined water-shed areas which supply Bombay, Boston, Dublin, Glasgow, Liverpool and New \ ork. From calculations made on the rain fall over this water-shed it is found that the dis- charge from Lake Simcoe should be about 1,333,000,00(( gallons per day. In order to test the accuracy of these figures the engmeers who accompanied us on our recent visit made measurements of the capacity of the outlet to the lake and observations of the current at this point, from which data they estimated 1. that 1,357,000,000 gallons per day pass through this outlet, which virtually con firms the former calculations and loaves no doubt that there is a superabundance of water for all time to come. As the supply is clearly inexhaustablo, the only pomt we need deal with is, How much will bo sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the citizens in the near future ? This is a difficult and weighty question, and can only be determined by first ascertaining the population for which the supply is required ; but this is still more difficult to answer. Toronto has increased in population one hundred per cent, during the last ten yoarS; but we can hardly suppose that this rate of increase will continue, as there are many contingencies to be considered. Profiting by the example of other cities, which pro upplied by gravitation, in constructing works of very much larger dimensions than their existing popu- lation would suggest, also seeing that very many cities, such as New York and Liverpool, have recently been obliged to construct new works, while others, as for instance, London and Birmingham, are now seeking other gathering grounds from which to augment their supply, we have determined, if possible, to provide for the wants of generations to come. At prosent we understand our daily consumption is about eighty gallons per head, and at this rate th? sup|)ly we have fixed upon, viz., 120,001 1,000 gnUons per day, will he sufficient for Toronto when her population reaches 1,500,000 souls. Quality of Lake Simooe Water. We submit all the information, reports or extracts in our possession without comment, as to the superiority of one sample over another. Samples (F 1, 2, 3,4) were all taken at the same place and at the same time, and although tested by different experts, the results are very similar, the variation being bo amall as to be well within the error of experiment. Analysis op Water by Thomas Heys, Esq, Toronto, June 30th, 1891. Alderman Hewitt, Chairman of Oravitaiion Committee, City Hall : Dear Sir, — In accordance with instructions received from you, I have made a careful analysis of tlie following samples of water, and beg to report as follows : Sample marked " C " comes well within first-class water for drinking pur poses, according to Muter's standard for organic impurity. The mineral stand ard is a httle higner than Lake Ontario water. Samples "A, E 2 and F 4" all come under second class V7ater for drinking pur- poses, and are very closely alike in their general character. Sample marked "4" comes under a bad third class, and totally unfit for drinking purposes. I remain, yours obediently, Thomas Heys, Consulting Chemise* Analysis of Water Marked '' A.'' Parts por millio i. Free ammonia 060 Albuminoid aramonia .134 Oxygen oontjumed in 15 minutes .5fiO Oxygen consumed in 4 hours 1.500 Chlorine in chlorides 2.3^0 Total solids 145.000 Volatile matter 50.000 Odour , None Appearance , Clear Organic impurity — Muter's standard 36. Contained a very slight sediment of vegetable spores and mineral matter. AMALYsia OP Water Markbo "4." Parts per million. Free ammonia 1.400 Albuminoid ammonia .155 Oxygen consumed in 15 minutes 1.007 Oxygen consumed in 4 hours 2.000 Chlorine m chlorides 110.000 Total solids 415.000 Volatile matter 90.000 Odour Appearance Very turbid, yellow colour Organic impurity — Muter"s standard 116. Sediments, organic matter, animalculae and mineral matter. Analysis op Water Marked " E 2." Parts per million. Free Ammonia 034 Albuminoid ammonia .146 Oxygen consumed in 15 minutes .522 Oxygen consumed in 4 hours . .♦. 1.442 Chlorine in chlorides 2.500 Total solids L^e.OOO Volatile matter 51.000 Odour None Appearance •. Clear Organic impurity — Muter's standard 35.5 Contained a slight sediment consisting of fresh water diatoms, vegetable spores and mineral particles. I 1 6 Analysis op Watkr Marcko « F 4." PartH por million. Free ammonia .060 Albuminoid ammonia .145 Oxygen coniiunceil in 15 minute* , .522 Oxygon conHumod in 4 hourn 1.346 Chlorine in chloridea ^ 2..')00 Total Hohdh 115.000 Volatile matter 30.000 Odour None Appearance Clear O'-ganic impurity — Muter'i itandard 35.5 Sediment traces. Analysib or Water Marked "C." Paris por milHuD. Free ammonia .016 Albuminoid ammonia .024 Oxygen consumed in 15 minutes .261 Oxygen consumed in 4 hours .481 Chlorine m chlorides 1.4(»0 Total solids 270.000 . Volatile matter 50.000 Odour None Appearance Clear Organic impurity — Muter's standard 11. Contained traces of vegetable confertn, spores, animalculoB and mineral matter. T ANAtTSii or Watir bt F. T. Harrison, Esq. UNrA&io t'oLi.RGR or PiiARUAnr, Toronto, July 4th, 1801. Aid. Uewiit, Chairman Special Committtt : Sir, — I bpg to nuhtnit the following report of the oliprnioal analysis of the ■amples of wator sent me by Mr. Broiigh, and which wero collected on i9th June: "S, a No. 1 B... D.... El... n.... s § ifi- „ a- I is £ 48 Trace. •as a- .082 .123 .11 .US .11 I s I a a a 8 Trace. 110.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 is a. if. I .447 .613 .473 .473 .473 Ik i 5^ 5£ .868 1.184 1.144 1.168 1.144 It S .a / Heavy \ \ traces . . . / / VeryHiigh; 1 \ trace — / CUOa mSU I 410 ISO 160 160 160 a o a V J3 0. 166 Darkened.. 70 niackonod. 70 Darkened.. I 70 i i I i a •s Nothina niarkea. 70, I It will be seen that sample No. 1 differs very materially from the rest, while samples B, D, E, and V, give very nearly the same results. Mr. Brough requested that I give my opinion as to the value of these results. 1 may say that it is very difficult to form any just estimate of the value of palatable water without a knowledge of its source. Sample No. 1 will fully illustrate this point. By Muter's scale, this would be pronounced " undrink- able." By Tidy's as also by Wanklyn's scale it would rate second class, and were I to find this sample in a shallow well, i would have little hesitation in condemning it as unfit for use. The large amount of free ammonia, the some- what excesbive amount of albuminoids, large amounts of chlorides and presence of phosphates would indicate contamination of the water by urine as more than* probable. It is, however, well known that waters from very deep wells contain large amounts of ammonia and the other constituents mentioned. Dr. Fox gives reports of waters from deep artesian wells renowned for their purity, as follows : Free ammonia. (o) Well 385 feet deep 59 (6) " very deep 41 (c) " 330 feet deep 37 Alb. ammonia. .04 Parts in 1,000,000 .07 " « .06 <' " 8 I Wanklyri niso gives tho anal\Hi4 of a pure deep spring water which he calls " tl rat class," as loliows : Frf'« ammonia, .80, albuminoid ammonia, .05, chlorine, .140 parts per I am sure this will fully nhow that a ohomical analysis, apart from all other conHidtrations, may not give a just estinmto of the fitness of water for drinking j)iiri>os(>8. 'ihis is duo to tho fant that tho suhstancos found, are for the most |uirt iookod on with suspicion rather to what they indicate than to any injurious eflVct wiiich thoy themselves might produce. Not having explicit inforir.ation as to the conditions which might eflect these waters, I can only offer a few general remarks. No. 1 I have already referred to ; tho other samples I may speak of colleo- lively, the results being so nearly alike. Thoy would be condemned by the scale offered by Dr. Muter ; by Tidy's "scale thoy would rank as second class ; by Wanklyn's albuminoid ammonia scale as third class. By all these standards the average of Toronto water, as also a sample analysed by myself, drawn from tho tap at the College of Pharmacy this week, would rank as first class. These standards are based on the amount of organic matter found. As chemical analysis cannot certainly determine between injurious organic matter and that which may be uninjurioua, the only safe way is to condemn such as contain it in largo amounts. It would be absurd, however, to judge ab.solutely the fitness of our upland surface waters for drinking purposes by comi)aring them with the standards to which I have referred. The sourco.s of our streams and small lakes lie in dense iorests, hence tho water is loadeil with vegetable organic matter. Prof. Nichols says : " Such an absolute standard is impracticable, and would exclude many waters known to be free from contamination, and to be perfectly well suited for domestic use." Dr. ."^mart, finother authority says : '' The waters of the purest mountain stream in our unsettled west, where animal contamination is an impossibility, contain .014 parts of albuminoid ammonia per 100,001) (.11.5 of N per 1,000,000)' :\t other times thoy may contain .02 to .025 or more (.16 to .20 of N per 1,000,000), and yet be regarded as comparatively innocent." To apply these standards to such waters would give quite a wrong impres- sion, and would condemn waters much safer than some which might be placed in first rank by them. While 1 say it is impossible to give a just estimate of the value of water for drinking or domestic purposes without thoroughly investigating the source, I have no hesitation in saying that T believe samples B, D, E, ind F, to contain vegetable organic matter rather than that of animal origin ^..ueed, the practi- n 9 osl abBonce nf fr<'<> (inimonift, of nitrates and nitriten.of jihoHphivtes, Rn8 " off Snake Island 71 « in Cook's Bay 75 These are not first-class. The water seems to become gradually purer during its passage through the lake. Ihe Ridge Lakes. Bond Lake 90 McLeod's Lake 99 Musselman's Lake 105 Gorman's Spring 1^6 St. George's Lake 189 Reesor's Lake 198 Bayle's Lake 218 Willcocks' Lake 241 Ferguson's Lake 361 The waters of Bond and McLeod's Lakes are used for drinking purposes. The others are, I believe, not used except for cattle. Dr. Muter proposed a scale on a similar principle to Mr. Wigner, taking account only of the four determinations which bear on the organic impurity, namely, the free and albuminoid ammoriia and the oxygen absorbed in 15 min- utes and 4 hours respectively. He divides the water into three classes, as follows : First class up to , '25 Second cla,8s up to '4 Undrinkable over '4 wm 13 The waters examined by this scale are as follows : Class I. Mr. St. George's well '04 Lake Ontario, 8 miles out '09 " at Bell Buoy ..., '09 '< off Sciirboro' Heights '09 " off Parkdale -09 « in Shore Crib -10 " in Pumping Well '09 Class il. Lake Simcoe : OffGrapo Island '31 Off Roche's Point '34 Off Snake Island -36 In Cook's Bay -38 Class HI. The Ridge Lakes : B'^nd Lake "53 McLeod's Lake *68 Musselman's Lake "69 Gorman's Spring 1*39 Reesor's Lake 1'49 St. George's Lake 1"65 Bayle's Lake 1*66 Willcocks' Lake 2-19 Ferguson's Lake 2 '71 All these last are classed among undrinkable waters by this scale. Tidy has proposed a classification of potable waters, based on the amount of oxygen absorbed, as follows : Class I Waters of great organic purity, oxygen absorbed not over • 1 in 100,000. Class [' Waters of medium purity, "1 to '3. Class III Waters of doubtful purity, '3 to "4. Class IV Impure waters, over 4. Classified on this basis, these waters range themselves as follows : Class I. 1. Mr. St. George's well. 2. Laka Ontario, at the Bell Buoy. 3. Lake Ontario, near Parkdale crib. 4. Lake Ontario, ofl' Scarboro Heights. 5. Lake Ontario, Pun^ping Well. 6. Lake Ontario, Shore crib. 7. Lake Ontario, eight miles out. "♦ 4.' 1. V ■'I 14 Class II. 8. Lake Simcoe, off Grape Island. 9. Lake Simcoe, ofi Snake Island. 10. Lake Simcoe, in Cook's Bay. 11. Lake Simcoe, off Roche's Point. 12. Musselman's Lake. 13. Bond's Lake. 14. McLeod's Lake. 15. Gorman's Spring. 16. St. George's Lake. Class III. 17. Reesor's Lake. 18. Bayle's Lake, 19. Willcock's Lake. Class IV. 20. Ferguson's Lake. It will be seen from this that, by Dr. Tidy's classification, Mr. St. George's well and the waters of Lake Ontario, both in the open lake and as supplied to the consumers, rank as waters of great organic purity ; tlie waters of Lake Simcoe, and of Musselman's, Bond, McLeod's, andSt. George Lakes, and Gorman's Spring as waters of medium purity ; the waters of Reesor's, Buyle's, and Willcock's Lakes as waters of doubtful purity ; and the waters of FergUcion's Lake as impure. Mr. Wanklyn, who is the inventor of the albuminoid ammonia process, classifies waters according to the amount of albuminoid ammonia obtained from them, as follows, in parts per 10i),U00 : Class 1. Extraordinary purity, -0 to -005, albuminoid ammonia. << 2.- Satisfactory purity, -00.5 to -010, " « 3 Dirty, over '010, " Over '015 oi free ammonia, according to vVanklyn, condemns a water. By this criterion the waters rank as follows : Class I. Waters of Extraordinary Purity, alb. am 1. Mr. St. George's well 2. Lake Ontario, 8 miles out -002 3. " at Bell Buoy "002 4. '♦ ofi Scarboro' Heights -002 5. '* at Parkdale Crib '002 6. " in Shore Crib -002 7. " in T>umping Well -002 15 Class II. Satisfactory Purity. 8. Lake Simcoe, oflFQrape Island "OlO 9. Gorman's Spring ,,,.. -010 Class III. Dirty Water. 10. Lake Simcoe, off Roche's Point •012 11. " off Snake Island -014 12. " in Cook's Bay -014 13. Bond Lake -014 14. McLeod's Lake -018 15. St. George's Lake -020 16. Ferguson's Lake "020 17. Mussleman's Lake -022 18. Bay le's Lake -024 19. Reesor's Lake -028 20. Willcocks' Lake -042 Copaparing now these results : 1. We see that by all these four standards the water of Lake Ontario is water of extrf:oidinary organic purity, and that the water as supplied by the Toronto Water Works does not differ in this respect from that of the open lake. 2. The water of Lake Simcoe is not nearly so pure as that of Lake Ontario, and can only be ranked as a second-class water. 3. The water of tlie Ridge lakes is very impure, and entirely unfit in its present condition for drinking purposes. These standards are all of English origin and intended for English waters, and in applying them to Canada we must of course take into consideration local conditions. In England the gathering grounds of the streams and lakes are largely under cultivation. ILere mostof our rivers rise in land which is altogether in a state of nature, and which in many cases consists largely of tracts of ground such as cedar swamps, in which decaying vegetable matter is present in immense quantity. It is probably owing in part at least to this circumstance that the water of our lakes and streams contains, under circumitances which put out of the question any possibility of excremental or sewage pollution, consideraiily mora organic matter than those of Great Britain. (W. R. Niciiol's " Water Supply," p. 9.S.) This shows itself by an increase in the albuminoid ammonia and in the oxygen absorbed. It follows that the standards of Wanklyn and Tidy, which are based upon these det^rmmations, mub. be ap^ lied with caution to American waters. Thus in 23 public water supplies of Great Britain and Ireland, in 2 only does the albuminoid ammonia exceed -010 parts per 100,000; while in 4ii Ameri- can waters this figure is exceeded in 33 (C. F. Chandler's Report on water of Hudson River, 1886.) ?l 16 The organic matter of these lakes, as well rb Lake Slmcoe, is of vegetable origin, and is due to decaying jilants and leaves. No trnre of excrementiouB or sewage pollution is to be detected in any of them, unless the high amount of ammonia in St. George's Lake is to be taken as indication of pollution from farm-yard sources. The same holds good for Lake Simcoe. Now we must not lose sight of the fact that the greatest of all dangers — the spread of infectious disease by a water supply — is quite independent of this comparatively harjiiless vegetable matter. This poison, whether living organisms or not, may be — indeed generally is — absent from a dirty water, and may be present in one comparatively clean, although there is every reason to thuik that the presence ot organic matter in a water helps the development and spread of this poison, if indeed it is not absolutely essential to its existence. The water of the Ridge lakes is dirty w.';ter, and the water we are getting from Lake Ontario is clean water. But if any of the town sewage should get into the water supplied to us, even though it should be i« a quantity so small as to leave the water, as determined by analysis, far better, apparently, than the water of the Ridge lakes, yet it would be infinitely more dangerous. It is, therefore, most essential to make sure that this is not the case. My analysis given in the table is satisfactory so far as it goes. I cannot dis- tinguish between the water of the ))umping well and the lake water, except in permanent hardness. Why the pumping well should be harder than the lake water I am not [)repared to say. it is very unsafe, however, in such a delicate matter, to dmw conclusions from a single analysis, and I would suggest to your committee the great desirability of having monthly analysis made of the water for a sufficient time to enable one to draw a reasonably certain conclusion. It would be very desirable also that not only a chemical but also a biological exam- ination should be made, systematically, of the water. Since the danger feared is by many believed to be caused by, and by all is allowed to be associated with, the presence of certain living forms ; and since many new and refined methods have been devised and used recently for the examination of water in this respect, I would respectfully request that, if your Committee see fit to entrust me with any more researches on this important subject, that they would associate with me Professor Ramsay Wright, in order that we might carry on the chemical and biological examinations conjointly. 17 Analysis of Lakk Simcob vVateh. Fartaptr 100,000. TJ -3 ^ M c g a (2 >. a. » *3} W 4- (S> J3 J" 3 rS CU ^ o ^ c3 O § ^^ c w M o < Appearance, seen J through 2 foot tube j Clear, pale, gieenish yellow. <*]ear, pale, greenish yellow. Clear, pale, greenish yellow. Clear, pale, greenish yellow. Clear, ool- ourless. Smell at 100 deg. Fah. None. None. None. None. None. Chlorine .05 None. .05 None. .05 None. .05 None. .20 Phosphoric Acid None. Nitrogen in Nitrates... .0033 .0033 .0033 Very little. .1676 Free Ammonia .0(!4 .010 ,004 .014 .004 .012 .008 .014 .004 Albuminoid Ammonia. None. Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes .0576 .0548 .0588 .0656 None. Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours .1356 .1592 .1512 .1406 .0346 Hardnessbefore boiling 7.95 11.05 11.5 11.35 15.79 Hardness after boiling. 2 82 2.99 3.9 2.73 1.27 Total solid matter 10.36 14.4 15.6 16.4 29.6 Microscopical Examination — A few diatoms. Extract from Report op Willis Chipman, C.E., on Proposed System of Water Works for the Town of Barrie. (Results are given in parts per million.') Physical character Color Dry Bolidsat 100° C. Ignited solids at 100° C Loss Phenomena of ignition Hardness before boiling " after " Albuminoid ammonia Free ammonia Nitrates, etc Chlorine Phosphates Oxygen absorbed in 15 min. " " 4 hrs... Rake's Bay. Kompenfeldt Bay w'lear. Slightly turbid Nearly colorless Nearly colorless 148 148 88 84 60 64 ^'barred Blackened 106 92.9 30 19.5 .1324 .1324 ,0329 .0165 .0906 .0658 2.0 2.0 None None " ' 0.6096 . 0.6096 1.3116 1.2716 „,_._ Contains much vegetable matter. v. ' The above analyses were made by Dr. Ellis, of Toronto. I I 1) IS Extracts from Hkpokt of MKssns, McAmmnk and Ti.lly. (.Sec Water Worku Report for 1886.) The water supply to Toronto was stated lately to be the purest in the world ; if 80, it is stranjie that tliis pure water cannot at all times be supplied to the . citizens. Tlie Report of Professor Laut Carpenter, who was here in 1H84 with the British Association, and who tested tlie water at various points in the Bay and Lake, states that the water at the bell buoy, outside the Island, the inlet of the water supply pipe, is "deoidely the best sample of all. but did not compare well with pure water. This is without doubt contaminated to a certain extent;" also, {'A) " That the water as drawn from the bell buoy is by no means free from contamination from sewatre and other organic impurities." His conclusions are (4) " That tills vwiter becomes mixed in its passage from the bell buoy to the pumping house with the bad water in the Bay, probably from leaks in the pipea, and in the well at the lake end of the wharf at the pumping house." " A town may go on for some time drinking contaminated water with appar- ent freedom from illness, but this water is the breeding ground for many germs and microbes, and experien^^e has shown that the intestinal discharges of one typhoid fever patient into such water is sufficient to poison a large water supply, 80 rapidly do the germs multiply under favorable conditions." The analyst has reported that the waters of the Ridge lakes, as they are now found, are ohjeotioiiable on account of the amount of vegetable matter present therein The plans herewith presented contemplate the removal of all existing decayed or growing vegetable matter from the bed of the lakes to a depth of fifteen or twenty feet, atid coveringal! of the surfaces, when the beds of the lakes are liable to grow vegetation, with coarse gravel. These measures will remove almost or nearly all of the vegetable contamination to the water from these lakes. It 18 also ptoposed that the water from the lakes shall be conducted in open channels for considerable distances, and particularly down the channel of the upper par; of the west branch of the River Don, where the fall is frequently con- siderable, which will produce much agitation. These exposures of the running water to atmospheric influence will doubtless oxydize the impurities of aii kinds which may happen to enter the waters. It is also intended to have automatic reversible filters in one of the lower reservoirs on eacii of the rivers, which will remove any possible remainder of the impurities, in many cases the cost of filtering is ex^iensive, but in the present one the power required to force the water through the filter will be without cost, and the previous action t)f the subsidence in the large reservoirs and aeration in the open channels wid leave but little, if any, for the filters to periorm, and their exi)ense will be compai atively small. The water from these sources thus treated will undoubtedly be equal to that from Lake Ontario, with less degree of hard- ness. Bond Lake being only six degrees, while Lake Ontario is ten. St. George's and VVillcooks, however, are harder than Lake Ontario, according to the analyst's report. The water will be agreeably aerated by the rapids of the rivers and m passing through the filters. SK ■ ^■t: i'4 iHt: "WW Iffl 19 d m These wateri may be discharged through it fountain in the centre of the Kosehill reservoir, thereby ensuring aeration and further oxydation, an arrange- ment wliio.h has been successfully and ornamentally carried out at the lowest reservoir at tlio Kocliester Water Works. Water running through streams is self-purified. All the impure matter is oxydizod by its contact with the atmosphere, and when it is collected into the reservoir, and becomes quiescent, the operation of purification goes on always. All the mattor that it hithfrto contained which is heavier than the water goes to the bottom, and that whicli is lighter than the water rises to tho top, is exposed to the air, become," volatilized, and is carried away by the wind. Hence the best mode of purifying, the water is a reservoir, and a natural lake of which the engineer's reservoir is merely an imitation. Water from land used for agricultural purposes is not objectionable. In no part of the world has water from farming lands been found to be defiled. In fact, good earth is of itself a purifier of water, as instanced in earth closets. As before mentioned, in addition to its purity, the *vater which can be sup- plied by gravitation to the City will be found suitable tor domestic use on account of its softness as compared with the water at present supplied Irom Lake On- tario, a matter of the utmost importance to the citizens. Extract from Report of Willis CnAPiiAN, C E., on Proposed System of Water Works for the Town of Bahrie. Kempenjeldt Bay. " The water at present is as good as could be desired for domestic purposes." Extract fHom Report of Messrs. Herino & Grey. Lake Simcoe IVattr. "From the analysis made by Dr. Ellis, we can assume that the water is also suitable in quality; if t»ken from a po nt r ufficiently distant from the discharge of the marsh water at its southern end ; although wo must add that its taste is inferior to that of Lake (Jntario, and that it is chemically less pure, containing a greater proportion of organic matter, which is probably of vegetable origin." During our recent visit to Like Simcoe we paid particular attention to the physical nature of the surrounding country. The low lying land along the west btitnch of the Holland River, made us feel that it would not be advisable to locate the intake anywhere in Cook's Bay. We therefore suggest Jackson's Point or somewhere in that vicinity as the most desirable place from wliicli to take the supply. Here there is no indication of a marsh country, the shore of the lake being comparatively steep and the beach composed of boulders, course gravel and sand. We saw the samples taken ourselves and can vouch for them, the appearance of the water when drawn to ihe^surface was perfectly clear without sediment or any minute particles being visible, while its taste was all that could be wished for. IHIBI li 'i:i! 20 Lake Simcok Watku as Compakru with that of Lake Ontario. As far as we are al>lo to judge the chief difference between the quality of Lake Himcoe water and that of Lake Ontar o is the presence of much vegetable organic matter, which is not ao prevaU'nt in I^akt' Ontario. That this vegetable matter can begot rid of we have no doubt, by th^s process of Hltration and aeration, although we liunlly think it necessary, still if tliis be required we are confident that the quality of the water by the time it reaches Toronto will com- pare most favourably with any in the world. On the other hand Lake Ontario water shows the presence of very much more animal organic impurities than can be found in Lake Simcoe, which im- purities wo consider are due to sewage polluiion, tlie ill effects of which may be judged from the extract taken from Dr. Ellis' report. In arriving at a comparison between the waters of Lake Simcoe and Lake Ontario, we find that of Lake himcoe always rated as a second class water, while Lake Ontario is mostly pronounced first class. The natural inference would be that the water we get now is the better of the two, but we think not. We understand the im[)uritie8 which cause Lake Simcoe to rank only as second- class are entirely due to vegetable organic matter, no animal pollution being found. Un the other hand, Lake Ontario is frequently tainted with organic matter distinctly traced to animal or sewage contamination. We are told by Professor Ellis and others that this vegetable organic matter is comparatively harmless, and that the animal organic matter is infinitely more dangerous, even ftlthouuh the quantity present be so small as to have little or no effect on the sample taken for analysis. Agam, all the experts state most emphatically that the standard used in judging the quality of such water as Lake simcoe being an English one, is nmch too high when arriving at the true value of the water, and is not adapted to the true testinj? of such water as flows off .e 70,000 imporitil gallons per twenty-lour hours. The shoro of the lake, reaching from Uoach's Point to Jaokaon's Point opposite where the samplefl were procured, is elevatdil severul feet above the liike, in ol jrravel formation and free from marsh except at Black Kivor where there is a narrow strip of marsh. The bottom of the lake was of clean sand and gravt^l, which could be seen through the clearness of the water at a depth of from ton to fifteen feet. Tho lake is fed by numerous rivulets and springs, which are reported to be within an average of a quarter of a mile apart round the entire shore of the lake. The surtace of the lake is close on to 300 square miles with a drainage area of 1,000 square juiles. The discharge from Lake Simcoe amounts, at a low estimate, to 1,41)0.000,000 imperial gallons per 24 hours, and flows through the only one visible outlet, being the " Narrows " between Lakes Simooe and Couchiching. The flow from Couchiching and Simcoe combined amounts to over 2,000,000,000 imperial gallons per 24 hours. The important points to be considered are : 1. Is tlie water in its natural state of a satisfactory quality, if not, what is the prevailing foreign matter in it, and can this matter be got rid of by fiitera- tion without adding too much to the cost of the works. 2. Is tliere a sufficient quantity for present and future use ? H. Would the expense necessury tor conducting the water from Lake Simcoe to the City be too excessive ? The answer to the first and second portions of the first enquiry will be given by the analysis, and the third portion may be explained by slating that the plant tor filtering 30,000,000 gallons per day would cost in the neighborhood of*150,0U0. As to the second important point there is no doubt as to therebeing a sufficient quantity for all tine to come, for although there was not sufficient time to take accurate gaugings, still from what measuri'monts, etc., I could take I am con- vinced that the foregoing estimates, namely, 1 ,400,0i iO,000 in the one case and 2,00O,OOtM)0i' in the second, of discharge can be very considerably increased by making luUer inyesiigations. Witii reference to the third important consideration, it is impossible to ans- wer with such limited information, but without presumption on my part and with due respect to ilessrs. ilenng and Gray's report on the same subject I think the work could be carried out to a much grefler advantage and more leasoutibly on a line loading from near Jackson's Point or opposite where sample •'(J ' was obtained to the soutiiern side of the Oak Ridges iu almost a direct ij 23 Kouthorly lino from wlicnot? it would take n •outh-wosterly ilirection followiiijt the most a IvmitaLjoouH toi)');^nii)liy of the country until th« ilosirocl point nt:ur the City was reached. My reason for sHlectini? thii route is beoausw without doubt thn intake would b« at the moat favorablo point for parity, because out of thp line of current botwoon Cook's Bay and tho ''narrows," and would, thor«foro, bo prin- oipiilly fed from Hprings freer from vej^otablo contamination, and also that the country for about fourteen miles southward from the lake to the base of the ridges rises only about one foot per mile and that the ridges at this point, judg- ing from the grades on tho railways and from other information, are nearly two hundred feet lower than on tho line of Yonge Street, and I should, therefore, imagine in e<)iH<>(|ii>Mioe that ;he wi dm of tht) ridges and neoeftsury tunneling woultl be greatly rethiood also. I also conniiler that a vast reduction in the cost of construction might be obtained by greatly reducing the r sufFioiently pu^-: and the scheme perfectly feasabl'^ they objected to it on account of its cost. The follow- ing is their estimate for a sujjply sufficient for r population of .')0(i,()00. 107,000 feet of brick conduit, 6 feet in diameter, at *25 50 $2,71^8,500 00 53,'l00 feet of tunnel, (■) feet in diumeter. at SMO 2,007,000 00 Two linos of 4S.!n. oast iron pipes, each ^5,000 ft. long, at $11 ... l,S70,0lK) 00 Crib at lake, connections at reservoir, overflows, etc 40,000 00 Total exclusive of land damage >!6,70"),.')i)0 00 Add 1.')% for contingencies, engineering and superintendence. 1,00"),82.') 00 Sum total 1?7,711,325 00 The total h^ngth of their proposed conduits was 40 miles, that of the tunnel being 10 miles. Their final advice to the Council was to extend and continue the present pumping system, provided the sewage was carried to, and disposed ol in the lake, oppo.site Victoria Park. Their estimate of this work was : Extending present pumping S3'stem , §'870,550 00 High Level Rervice 155,250 00 Sewage disj.iosal 1,471,048 00 Sum total *2,49t;,848 UO In addition to which they estimate the annual exp. nse for pumping sewage at $S,Ooi). Their advice to the Council, that it would be moi-j economical to ex- tend the present j)iimping system than to attempt a gravitation method, is based solely on the fact that the first cost m the one case is less tnan the first cost in the other; but they have utterly ignored the question that there might be any d'fFerrnco in the future annual cost of maintenance, under both systems. We regard the consii'.eration of "maintenance " as the turning point of the problei" now before us, and in the absence of any figures, or any discussion on this most important subject, we are compelled to reject the advice of these ex- perts, and to regard their report as incomplete. Towards the close of the year 189(\ Messrs. McLennan, Stuart & Chapman, Civil Engnieers, of this City, entirely at their own expense, made a prelimina'-y survey, in order to estimate the cost of bringing water from Lake .Simcoe, the result of which, together with plans and estimates, they voluntarily submitted to the 3ub-Committee on Gravitation. 2!) The object which thes • gentlemon had in viow was to ascertain the altituile of Lak^ Simcror* above Toronto, the length and height of the intervening ridgi^s and to obtain levels and distances from which to form an estimate of cost; they therefore chose Yonge Street, being the shortest route lietween the two lakes, which route they surveyed and based their estimate on, but they do not desire to be considered as favoring this particular M- nation, being decidedly of opinion that a more extended survey will r«veal aline — possibly somewhat east of Yonge Street — on which the conduit can be constructed very much under the amount of their estimate. The total length of the conduit, according to this survey, was 39 miles, 15 of which require tunnelling. These gentlemen place much importance on the value of the w.i.ter powerwhich can be devi'loped,an t 'vhich tliey claim can easily be converted into electrical power and utilized throughout the City. Their estimate of cost, for a supply of 6(),()0C,()L)0 gallons per day is $4,r)32,"2()4, exclusive of land damages, and for a supply of 120,000,000 gallons, $6,390,314. which includes land compensation. They estimate the value of die water power at S60.00() per year, under the smaller supjily, and at 1210,000 por year if the daily supply be increased to 120,000,000 gallons from which they conclude that it will be the most profitaMe to construct the conduit of the larger dimensions, viz.: 9 feet diameter in the tunnel section All these reports are now in the custody of the Water Works Department and have been duly considered by us. Impdritt of the Present Supply Caused by Sevvagk Pollutiox, axd Ar.so the EvEu Ivopeasino An.vuai, Cost of Pumping, Demand a G-ravition System. Before the present system of wa'er works was inaugurated the, question of sewage disposal was a matter of little or no consequence. Trunk sewers, inter- cepting sewers, and such like were unnecessary and little though ^ of while the ordinary privy filled all the requirements of the average citizen. With the advent of a waterworks system came also its necessary consort, a sewage system, and to this alone we must athibute all the impuritins which now taint the once pure waters of Lake Ontario. For a time tlie quantity of sewage was so small, comi)ared to the area of water in the bay, that even the bay water was good enough for drinking pm-poses ; but with the rapid increase in popula- tion and modern sanitary conveniences and industries of all kinds there has been a correspondir.g increase in the amount of sewage and tilth, so that the bay water is no longer drinkable, and in fact there seems to be no doubt that the water of the lake itself is now becoming polluted, and its quality gradually becom- ing deteriorated year by year. Recent tests and analysis made at the bell buoy or mouth of the intake of the water works system (and there have been many such tests) all go to show that we can place little or no dependence on the water being pure and remaining pure at all times. One week we find it rating a high first- class water, and possibly next week it is pronounced as undrinkable. There must be some cause for this. Is the whole of Lake Ontario becoming tainted by the large amount of sewage matter which drains into it from Chicago and all the 27 other large cities on the Great Lakes? or, is Toronto alone to blame for the cause of this i)ollntion? Possibly it is, and the fluctuation in the quality of tho water tenils tn show that the diri^ction of the win'i lias suiae cftect on the lake cur- rents, and therefore on the carrying of sewage outsiJe the Island. The building of n trunk sewer and the carrying of all sewage matter eight or ten miles east or west of the City, would no doubt help to keep the quality of the water piv.>^ — at least for a time— but just for how long it is impossible to say. The cost of pumping has now bei^ome an enormous tax on the City Tieasury ; ttm years ago $39,6.'{2 was sufficient to pump all the water we required, while in 1889 ifc increased to §88,0S7 or more than double, and that this increase must r.mtinue to expand seems only natural so long as we persist in forcing water u]) hill. By the introduction of the gravity ystem of water works we surmount botU these difficulties. When our water supply cornea from Lake Simcoe it matters not to us whether Lake Ontario be tainted with sewage or not ; and when the ridge has once been pierced and Lake Simcoe water commences to flow into our homes all further expen e will be at an end and pumping can be dispensed with once and for ever. Problem of Sewage Disposal Solved by the Introduotion ov a Gravitation System o." Water Works. The question as to the best means of disposal of sewage has long been a weighty and serious matter before the members of the '-'ity Council. At present all our sev.ers discharge into the Bay or liarbor immediately in front of the City. The intake pipe of the Water Works system also imsses through this Bay, which has now become completely polluted with sewage, so that any leak- age in the intake pipe at once taints the jmrity of our water supply, while the effects of a break or failure in this pipe would doubtless prove fatal to many. Besides this there is ample proof that bay water does, at certain periods, find its way outsit le the Lsland, from whence our water supply is drawn This is particu- larly noticeable under strong, changeable winiis. V>'at(U' supply and sewage disposal are so closely connected that they must be consider.'d together. Several reports on this subject have already been submitted to the City Council. In IS8G Mr. SproattCate City Engineer) recommended a system of in- terceptiui; and trunk sewers, discharging opposite Victoria park, at a cost of $l,418,3'ir), with an annual charge of $43,4.')5 for pumping. Later, in i889, Messrs. Ilering & Grey practically corroborated Mr. Sproatt'd project, their estimate of the work being $1,471,048, the annual charge for pump- ing being ^s,OUU. Several devices for treating the sewage matter, mechanically, chemically, and also for using it aa a fertilizer, have also been put forth, but have not found much favor. 28 All those reports point out the advisability of removing the outlet ot'oui' sewers as far distant as possible from tlie intake of the Water Works system, demonstrating the impossibility of pouring filth into one side of a basin and drawing pure drinking water from the other. We agree with these rejiorts and would go still further, believing that if our water comes from Luke Simcoe, i:. never can become contaminated with sewage. and if we ((raw our supply from that source, there can be no necessitj in spend- ing nearly ^2,0(J(V"<' on extending an elaborate system of trunk se ers ten miles away from the City. We therefore claim that this s 2,0()0,0()(), which appears to be absolutely mdispensible under the pumping system, should be placed as a credit towards defraying the first cost ol the giavitation systi-m. True, it is neither pleasant or conducive to public health that the Bay should remain pol- luted to its present extent, but we claim that the increased and abundant sup- ply of Lake Simcoe water we propose i;o bring, will permit of our sewers being flushed daily, or hourly, if advisable, causing a rush of water which will carry all tilth far out into the lake, leaving the sewers clean and pure at all timea, The new steel conduit, and also the wooden one, being no longer required, could bo converted at a slight cost, so as to convey sewage, but this matter we do not in- tend to deal with at present, but simply report that water by gravitation from Lake Simcoe completely removes any ditfi ulty connected with the sewage problem. Gravitation Water Works Klsewhere. New York receives its supply from the Crolon river by gravitation. In 1885 the old conduit become unable to supply all the water required, and a new one of largei proportions was commenced. In order to collect the waters of the Croton watershed it was necessary to build a retaining dam across the river, which was only done at an enormous cost. Boston draws its supply from three different sources, the Mystic River, Sml- bury River, and Lake Cochituate, having three different conduits, 1^, 15 and 16 miles in length, respectiveh . The water runs by gravitation to the main reser- voir, Irom whence it is delivered partly by gravitation and partly by pumpln^i, according as the various altitudes of the City will poi-mit. Much expense was incurred in building dams on ttie watersheds for the purpose of impounding and storing a sufficient supply. Liverpool has of late years completed what is known as the Vyrnwy sys- tem of water works. Great difficuitv was experienced in procuring a sutfioient supply. No lake of sufficient capacity was obtainable, so that the forming of an artificial lake was necessary. Property had to be acquired, an'l wuat was once the thi'iving village of Llanwddyn, with its churches anci schools, now lies at thcs bottom of this artificial lake. The dam itself was 1,17'' feet long and 161 feet high, while the total cost of forming this lake was $3,354,y.'i0. Tlie a<)ueduct is 78 miles in length, and includes several tunnels and numerous viaducts. Glasgow secures her water supply from Loch Katrine, where impounding dams first bad to be built. Thirteen miles of the conduit, which is thirty-four \ 29 sr ' miles long, required to be tunnelled, the material being chiefly rock, of a very hard nature. About thirty masonry and iroa viaducts were necessary. The quality of the water was excellent, and the work said to be the bo8t of its kind in the world. Dublin is supplied from tlie River Vartry, the waters of which are im- pounded l>y a large and costly dam, which forms a reservoir or storage poud. The cond\iit, which is 2.0 miles long, is principally cast iron pipes, although it was necescary to tunnel through 2^ miles of solid rock. One of the most recent gravity systems oi' water ,vorks is that of Bombay India. This work was commenced five years ago, and is now almost completed. The work consists of what is known as the Tansa dam, 8,-130 feet long and liio leet high, and built at a very great cost. It forms an artificial reservoir of eight square miles. The conduit is 53^ miles long, and inclu les almost every descrip- tion of eiigiiieeiing v,ork. It crosses mountains and valleys and jungles, and is composeti of 13 tunnrds, aggregating lour miles, all through hard trap xock, 24^ miles masonry conduit, and 25 miles of cast iron pipe, while to carry the latter over the ntimerou* valleys, three large bridges and 22 viaducts were necessary. These are a few of the largest and most important gravitation water works systems in the world, and an important point which cannot bo overlooked is that in every instance it was first necessary to go to enormous expense in build- ing lams and forming artificial lakes or reservoirs from which to draw the supi-ly. Lake Simooe ofi'ers to Toronto a natural auvl everlasting reservoir which cannot be surjiassed in the world, while dams are not neeiled. The great advantage which Toronto possesses over all cities as regards the sourco of supply is at once apparent. The following tabi'^ shows the comparison of our proposed system with those of other cities : Bombay Boston (AI\ hlic Worlis). . (Sudbury Works) (LakeCochituaLc Works) ■*- - t Is* ^■3 P. sn- m. gallons. -120 "8,000,000 miles 53i Dublin 22 ' 202,000,000 Glasgow I 10 1 100,000,000 Liverpool (Vyrnwy \vr!vs)j ^ 3^ New York | ;W3 250.000,000 loronto ! 1,400 1.33:^,000,000 Time in construct ing. Dai! capacity of con duil. -4^ Cost per mile of Conduit. years 5 KaUons. 31,000,000 5,000,000 9 93,458 2 120,714 80,470 2i l,I8B,2.i4 74,141 2 2t),OiW,oOO 1,71(5,810 69,875 24 60,000,000 3,857,710 113,463 40,000,000 4,051,215 68,400 2i 320,000,000 13,358,307 404,799 2i 120,000,000 .5,S46,.381 149,907 30 > I \ It is seen that the estimate of the Toronto project is greater than the actual cost of any of these works except New York, and there tlie capacity of the conduit was nearly three times greater than that proposed from Lake Simcoe. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that this estimate is too high, but we come to the conclusion that it is better at first to over-estimate rather than under-estimate the probable cost, and are confident that vvhen detail surveys are made and closer estimates prepared that the cost per mile will compare favor- ably with that ot any of these cities named ; as we know we will have no engineering diflficulties to contend with, such as we read of in all these other works. Cost of Pdmpino iv this Past, and Pkobablk Cost in the Futctkk, Compared WITH Cost of Guavitation, if Total Cost be Spread over SixTy Years. In 1878 the water works system, which tor the i)receding five years had been supervised by a Board of Water Commissioners, then came under the control of the City Engineer and Manager. In 18S5 he was relieved of these duties by Mr. Wm. Hamilton, the present Superintendent. From the report of these officials the following figures are taken, which give the actual cost of "pumping and maintenance of engines." These figures are substantially the same as those to be found in the official annual reports with the exception of a slight charge for insurance on pumping iilant, and also the , and from that found the quinquennial rate of increase. This increase, we assume, will con- tinue to expand in the same proportion for the next sixty yearH, and commencing with the actual cost for thp year 1889, we estimate that the cost of pumping and maintenance of engines will he as follows : Five Years. QuinqueniJal Increase. Yearly Expense. Expense for the From To Five Years 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1894 1899 1904 1909 1914 1919 1924 1929 1934 1939 1944 1949 $ c. 27,076 00 28,898 00 30,842 00 32,917 00 35,132 00 37,496 00 40,019 00 42,712 ("9' 45,586 00 48,653 00 51,92ti 00 55,419 00 $ c. 115,163 00 144,061 00 174,903 00 207,820 ('0 242,952 00 280.448 00 320,467 00 363,179 00 408,765 00 457,418 00 509,3-1^ 00 564,763 00 $ c. 575,815 00 720,305 00 874,515 00 1,039,100 00 1,214,760 00 1,402,240 00 1,602,335 00 1,815,895 00 2,043,825 00 2,287,0'.tO 00 2,546,720 00 2,823,815 00 Total cost of pumping for next 60 years $18,946,415 00 In addition to the cost of pumping the sum of 1^150,334.73 has been paid for engines and repairs during the last five years and charged to capital account. As, however, there was no outlay on capital account during the previous five years, this amount may bo taken as the expenditure for new engines and re- pairs for 10 years. Assuming that each ten years will only involve the same amount of expen- diture for engines, and also assuming that the engines now in use, and those to be purchased in future will last for the whole sixty years, there would be a further outlay for pumping plant of $9o2,008, making a total outlay of $19,848,- 423 as follows : • ' I y Post of pumping Hnd miiintenance of ongines $18,916,415 00 New engines and repftirs 902,008 00 Total for sixty years ?19,«48,423 (M) COMPAUISON. Cost of puiupinu' for sixty yi'ars as above $'19,848,423 00 The cost of gravitation is estimated at ?r),400,()00. The intt^rest and sinking fund to redeem this debt in sixty years, eith^i' by instalments or the iuvf'fltnient of a sinking fund at .'J^ per cent, would bo S2')R,5()7.23 per annum, which in sixty years would giv« a total of $ir),;;94,0j.'{ 80 It is estimated that water j)ower can be Fccured which would yield thi^ City a yearly income of $210,1*00, which in sixty years would amount to at the total of l'J.GO(),000 00 Making the net cost of gravitation water works... 2,794,033 80 A saving to th.- City of $17,054,380 20 in 60 ycius, in ad pany the amount of water power available is not sufficient during the Heason of heavy traffic, ho that stoain looom'Uivf's are often used. • The report of the com- pany's enjiinot^r shows that the cost of electrical power when generated hy water power was only ahout one-fifth that of steam when used directly by the locomotive. In order to utilize the water power at our disposal it is proposed to erect power houses, fitted up with the most improved |.attern of Turbino water wheels and to convey th(Mr force to dynamos, which would generate the electrical pow.?r, this power to be conveyed to the Tity throuj^h an electric cable, and would be capable of being made use of anywhere and everywhere within the City. Of the original 4,775 horse power derived from the Turbines some allow- ances must be made for loss in conversion into electric power and also for loss due to leakage in passing through the cable ; but after making these deductions there is ctill a force equal to .3,500 actual horse power left at our disposal, or sufficient for street railway and street lighting purposes for many years to come. The value of this power has been f)laced at $00 per horse power per annum, which, we think, is a low estimate, considering the prices usually paid for other motive power in this City, and also that electricity differs from all other motors, in that it can be employed for twenty-four hours a day instead of ten or twelve, at scarcely any increase in cnst. One of the principal points for developing this water power will beat the cross- ing of the Riv«H' Don, into wliich strea n it is proposed to pass all the water not required in thti City at present, so that the sewers be not overtaxed. The effect of this will be to effectually increase the current m th'i Don, which will be suffi- cient to thoroughly scour it out and remove all the filth and pollution which now make that river so objectionable as regards public health. Benefits of Gravitation. Some of the great benefits to be derived from a gravity system of water works may be briefly alluded to as follows : (J) Enormous saving in cost over the present pumping system, as shown by the foregoing statement. (2) An everlasting supply of pure water, which, from the favorable location of Lake Simcoe, can never become tainted with sewage or any other organic impurities, but must always remain pure and wholesome. (3) Abundance of water with which to flush our sewers. (4) Abundance of water with which to flush the Don River. (5) Abundance of water with which to blow out the mains throughout the City, so that dead ends and dirty water, due to local causes, will become a thing of the past. (6) The formation of a new reservoir, at least 100 feet higher than the pre- sent one on Rose Hill, will give us an equal fire pressure all over the City, and will enable us to supply the northern suburbs which are now without water. m ^^ (7) ITiider such u const.ant water supply, with ati increasod (iro preasure, insuranoo rates will surely be lowered. (8) Lake Suncoe ice has long been noted for its pure quality, an 1 has always commanded the highest price in the luiirket. The HUperabundance of water at our dispoHal, will permit of artificial ponds being oonstruct(>i been fully recompensed by the result. We fee! that the same has fulHlled the exi)eptation8 ot the most ardent advocate ot gravitation; but, lest it should ap})ear to some that wo htive not placed this pubject before you in as strong a position as we might have done, we beg to say that our endcavoiu' has been simply to ascertain the truth, and, in doing so, to dwell only on established facta. We, '.hereibre, submit this report without color, without any suporiluous giMins, whi'jh is sometimes drawn from imagination, and ask you to give it your grave and earnest consideration, and court the lullest investigation of the facts herein stated. In advocating a new system of water works we do not wish to be understood as in any way reflecting discredit to our present system, or to those connecteil with it ; such is not our olyeot, for we are convinced that the Toronto VVatnr Works, under its present management, holds a high position among the many similar systems ot the world ; but we object to the system of pumping, no matter how well organized, as being obsolete and too expensive, as well as the fact that the expense is everlasting and ever increasing. Gravitation Water Works, where practicable, have (in the older world) invariably been introduced and have always been found to pay for thems( Ues ten times over. No city that we know ol is so favorably situated (topograph!" cally) as Toronto, for obtaining a water supply by gravitation, and why this grand project which lie.-' so easily within our reach should any longer be delayed we do not understand. We recognize that the chief feature o' a water supply is to procure the purest quality of water possible ; impure water must instantly be condemned, no matt'M' how economically it can be obtained. We have, therefore, inve.sti- gated fully the question of purity or impurity of Lake Simcoe water and ha^e \ ■* («* 1^ 3C clevoterl considerttble «pticG to tho disruMaion of the suljeot, not that wo have nny (louht riiitHcIvoH HH to th« quality of th«> wdtor, Imt hHCiiiiHt" it Iihb hooii fouml hy analysip to rank only ns Hecotid to tliiit of Liiko Miitiirio, and might at liiHt sight appear inferior. This is duo to the unfortunate fact that tlio Htimdard employed Ih an Englinh one jinas8ed in tho world. The quality of Lake Simcoe water is entirely indej)endent from the growth of this City, and the corresponding increase in th»! volume of sewage filth which must be emptiet. into Lake Dntaiio. The very high altitude of Lake Siaicoe, i.e., 12" lot t above Lake Superior, forbids of it ever becoming lontaininated with sewage— the greatest of all evils — so that its waters cannot degenerate in quality. But rt is not merely on account of tho i)urity of the water, nor on account of obtaining an abundant and everlasting supply, that we recommend this gravita- tion system, but chiefly on the final disjjosal of the great and urgent i)roblems — water supply and sewage disposal — at one stroke and for ever, and also that by doing so we < ffeot an < normous ^avin,"?, in point of cost, over the present pump- ing system. 'I his saving, we have shown, will amount to over $i7,('0li,0()0 in tho next sixty years. At the expiration of that time all the indebtedness will have been paid off, and the City will be in receipt of a handsome yearly revenue, be- sides having acquired an asset far moio valuable than any it now possesses, 'l"he rising generation will point with pride to a water works system which will bo a credit to any City in the world and will not be slow in showing their approval of the energy, wisdom and forethought of the promoters of this grand project. The present system may possibly be satisfactory for a few ycirs. No doubt it is as efficient anil economical as any of its kin