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ARCHER BAKER, EUPOPEAN TriAFFIC AGENT, 67 4 hO. King WiLLiaM ST., E C AND 30. COCHSPUH ST.. , CHAHINO CflOSS. S.W, ^iM LONDON ) Sub AotNCIEB' LIVEnPOOL 7. JAWtS _TREtT GLAScOW 67. St Vincent Street GOTEBORG, SWEDEN- PosTOATAN No. 49 TWERP H. Debcnham IE. Rut St. Paul FORM OF APPLICATION roK PASSAGE TICKETS. Parties requiring Passage Tirkels should fill up this form and return it with Post Office Order or Ch'eque for amount of passage to F. W. FLANAGAN, CiTv Pa.ssenger Agent, CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO., 67 & 68, King William Street, LONDON BRIDGE, E.C. CHCCIUES OR MONEY OnOCRS SHOULD be: VlftDt PAVAHLC TO AF CHER BAKER. Nawf of Stfamer Sailing Date.. Class of Accommodation Steamer (write Saloon, Tnttrmediatr or Steerage). " Rail. write Firit CUsi or Colonist Cliss'. ^- Valve of Post Office Order or Cheque enclosed^ £ For Through Tickets from To Name and Address in fully to which Tickets are to be sent NAMES IN KUl.L. j AoBs LAST B DAY. REMARKS. • Note: -No charge beyond ordinary fare, for issuing tickets. Deposit of £6 will .ecure a Saloon Berth, an'd .t 1 an Intermediate or Steerage Berth. Balance of fare payable n London, two day,, at least before Btea.ner leaves, or total fare may be paid at once U fu°r Upon retJipt of deposit, which can be readily sent through the Post by n.ea,« on'>o«t Othc, Otd.r rcroi.cdj, ticket, luggage label.. en»barkat.ou nofce. and everything necessary will be forwarded. Second Cabin (or Intermediate) and Steerage Passengers receive Free Ticket.' London to Tiiverponl. M-B-Allan! Amirloan; Anchor; Beaver i Cunard; Dominion ; and White Star Agency. '•"."o.,,, J a; ' f CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY AND ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIP LINE— JAPAN AND CHINA. The only actual Trans-Continental Rail\yay on the American Continent. The longest Line under one IVIanagement in the World. Its Trains and Steamers extend in a direct line from Atlantic tide- water to Hong Kong 9,180 miles. WANTED IN CANADA— Fannors, Farm Labonvera, DoiiU'stic Servants, and Mfii willing to Icavn Fainiijig. FnglaiuVs iicari'st Cloloiiy. Free MiO-Acre (loverninciit (i rants. Cheap Hallway Lajids. Good Markets. Free Schools. JAPAN, CHINA, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, ROUND THE WORLD. N^w Fast Passenger S(i\ ic<\ via Vancouver. By best Atlantic Steamers, any Lino, to Quebec. ^Montreal. New Yoi'k. Boston, or Halifax; thence via Canadian Pacific Kailway. taking in Niagara Falls and the givind sccniery of tlie Hockies. Only line nuiuing through trains under one management Atlantic to Pacilic. EMPRESS OF INDIA, EMPRESS OF JAPAN, EMPRESS OF CHINA, l),(K)() tons gross, 10,tXH) horse-power; largest, fastest, finest, only twin-screw steamers on the Pacific Ocean, leave Vancouver monthly for .Japan and CUiina, vUi Inland Sea. Canadian-Australian Line Steamships, fastest and finest running from American Continent to Australasia, leave Vancouver monthly for Honolulu, Fiji, and Sydney. Elect ric Light, Good Cuisine, Exceptionally Large Cabins. Bound the World, via Japan and China, or Australia, or Africa. Price, via Japan, £115. CHEAP TOURS ON THE C.P.R. Cost less than a Continental Trip. More Luxurious. Fewer Extras. Express Train-Service to Fishing and Shooting Grounds through the Finest Scenery in the World— an Enchanting Panorama of Lakes, Prairies, Mountains, and Rivers. N.B. ALLAN, AMERICAN, ANCHOR, BEAVER, CUNARD, DOMINION, AND WHITE STAR AGENCY. DOMINION EXPRESS Agency for swift despatch of PARCELS and issue of MONEY ORDERS at low rates. Ijs' Everyone wl'O reads this should apply personally or by letter for gratuitous and post-tree accurate maps and handsomely-illustrated guide books. There is a special set of pamphlets for each of the Company's services as above. State which is required. ;! or r B RITI5H C OLUnBM CflNflbfl'S HOST WESTERLY FROVmCE ITS Position, Advantages, Resources and Climate. NEW FIELDS FOR Mining, Farming'Ranching ALONG THE LINES OF The Canadian Pacific Railway Information for Prospectors, Miners and Intending Settlers. 1897 w C. p. R. HOTELS. ( British Columbia. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE PROVINCE. Britifst ran e to the Straits of Georgia. Its total length inaliout 740 inileH. On i(H way it receives the waters of the Thompson, the Chilicolen, the Liilooet, the Nicola, the Harrison, the Pitt, and numerous other stream". For the last HO miieH of it« course it flows through u wide alluvial plain, which has mainly been deposited from its owd silt. It is navigable for river boats to Yale, a small town 110 miles from the mouth, and again for smaller craft for atiout 60 miles of its ci«urse through the interior, from Qiiesnelle Mouth to Soda Creek ; and larger vessels, diawing 20 feet, can ascend to New Westminster, situated aboui 15 miles from the mouth. The Columbia is a large river risinij in the south eastern part of the province, in the neighborhood of the Uocky Mountains, near the Kootenay Lake. This lake is now traversaiile by regular steamboat service. The Columbia runs north beyond the 52nd degree of latitude, when it takes a sudden turn and runs due south into the State of Washington. It is thi" loop made by the abrupt turn of the river that is known as the " Big Bend of the Columbia." The Kootenay waters fall into the returning branch of this loop some distance south of the main line of the railway. The Columbia drains a total area of 195,000 square miles. The Peace HivfT rises son e distance north of the north bend of the Eraser, and flows eastWHrdly through the llocky Mountains, draining the plains on the other side. It more nrcperly belongs to the district east of the mountains that bears its name. In >e tar north are the Skccna and Stikine Rivers flow- ing into the f acific, the atter being in the country of valuable gold mining operations. The Thompson River has two branches, known as the North Thompson and the South Thompson, the former rising in small lakes in the Cariboo District, and the other in the Shu>^wap Lakes in the Yale District. They join at Eaiuloops and flow east out of Kamloops Lake into the Fraser Hiver at Lytton. LOCAL. DIVISIONS. The province is divided for local purposes into a number of districts, of which six and part of another are on the mainland. The most westwardly of these is the NEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT, which extends from the international boundary line on the south to 50* IS' on the north. Its eastern boundary is the 122° longitude, and its western the 124* where it strikes the head of Jar vis Inlet, and iTie Straits of Georgia In the southern portion of this district there is a good deal of excellent tanning land, particularly in the delta of the Fraser River- The soil there is rich and NEW WKSTMINHTBa DISTRICT fltrong, the cliniRte tniM, reRseniblin^ that of Iilnu;lan(i, with more marked neaHoiiH of rain ami dry weather, anil lieavj yieidw are otilaiiie't without iiitich labour. Very Inrge retiiriiH of wheat htive lieen not from land in thin iocahty — aH much as fi2 ViushelH from a meiiHureil acre, 90 htishelH of oatH pt-r acre, and hay that yiehied .''.e is milder and less varying than that of Devonshire, ai moie pleasant than that of Delaware. Backed in tlie far distance liy the Olympian ran^c, shelterei on tlie norlli by the mountains of th" coast, an i sheltered fi tn the ocean br the high lands of Vancoover Iijand, it is protected on evf sde, wlule enjoying the cea breeze from the Straits of Geor^jia, wnose tiunq lil wnters bound the city on two sides. The inlet affords unlimited spa -e for 8eairoini» ship-, the land tails gradually to the sea, rendering drainage easy, and the situation permits of iiiilefinite expansion of the city in two liirect'ions. It has a splendid and inexhuu'-lible water supply brought across the inlet from a river in a ravine of one of the neighbouring heights. The Canadian Pacific Railway was completed to Van- couver in May, 1887, when the first through train arrived in that city from Montreal, Port Moody having been the western terminus from July of the precedinsr year. In 1887, also ihe Canadian Pacific Railway Co. put a line of steamships on the route between Vancouver and Japan and China, and i 1H93 an excellent service was estabii-h^d between Vancouver and Victoria and Australia, via Honolulu and Suva, Fiji. These three important projects are giving an impetus to the growth of t!ie city, by placing its advantages entirely beyond the realm of speculation, and the advancement made is truly marvellous. In addition to the great transportation lines of the Canadian Pacific Rail- way and the steamship lines to Au-iralia, Japan and China, the H «waiian and Fijian Islands, the citjr ha-* connection with all important points along the Pacific coast and with the interior. 'Ihe boats einployeil in the mail service between Vancouver and Japan and China are three magnificent new steel twin-screw steamships spt-cially designed for that trade — the Emprea-of India, the Empress of Japm and the Empre-'S of China— wliich avoiding the " horse latitudes " take the shortest and mo-t pleasant route across the Pacific, and make the trip in from five to ten day- quicker time than any oth'-r line. The Canadiaii-AuMralian Line gives a mO'thly service to Australia via Honoiulu, H. I., and Suva, Fiji- There is a weekly sailing to A a^ka during the suni'iier , months and a semi-monthly sailing in winter. Steamers piy between Vaucou- 6 BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND ver and Victoria and Nanaimo daily, and connection is made at Victoria for all PugPt Sound porta and to Portland and San Francisco. The Bellinghani Bay & BritiHh Colunibia Railway gives close railway connection, via Mis-tion Junct'-jn, 43 miles east of Vancouver, with the different cities and towns of the Pacific Coast. A jireat conflagration, in June, 1H86, nearly wiped the young wooden city out of existence, Imt before the embers died materials for rebuilding were on their way, and where small wooden ^t••uclureH were before, there arose grand edifjcen of stone, brick and iron. Under tlie influence of the large transporta- tion interests, which were established there ihe next year, the builditig of the city progressed rapidly, and now it lias several extensive inchistries — the- British Cohunbia Iron Works, sugar refinery, cement works, etc The city is the centre of the lumber ttude of the provi^ ce, and within its limits are several large saw mills. The population is about 20,000- Electric cars run on the principal streets, and there is a service of electric cars to and from New West minster, on the Fraser River. The C. P. R- Hotel, the Vancouver, recently enlarged to meet increasing wants, in comfort, luxury and refinement of service, is equal to any hotel on the continent, and in the vicinity of this hotel is an opera house admitted to be uuHiirpassed in elegance by any outside of New York. The city is laid out on a magnifiGent scale, and it is being built up in a style fullv in accord with the plan. Its private residences, t)usiness blocks, hotels, clubs and public buildings of all classes would be creditable to any city, and Stanley Park is unsurpassed by any other in the world. The following table of distances will be useful for reference; MILES. Vancouver to Montreal 2 906 Vancouver to New York, via Brockville 3,163 Vancouver to Boston, via Montreal . . • 3,248 Vancouver to Liverpool, via Montreal 5,7Ki San Francisco to New York 3,2t!6 San Francisco to Boston 3,370 Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via San Francisco 11,281 Yokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via Vancouver 10,047 Sydney to Liverpool, via Va'Couver 12,673 Sydney to Liverpool, via San Francisco 13,032 Liverpool to Hong Kong, via Vancouver ll,64i> Liverpool to Horn: Kong, via San Francisco 12,883 Vancouver to Yokohama 4,283 Vancouver to Hong Kong .'i,93G Vancouver to Calcutta 8,987 Vancouver to London, via Suez Canal I5,"35 Vancouver to Honolulu, H. 1 2,410 Vancouver to Suva, Fiji 5,190 Vancouver to Sydney, N. 8. W 6,960 New Westminster.— This city, founded by Colonel Moody during the Fraser River gold excitement in 1858, is situated on the north bank of the Fraser River, fifteen miles from its mouth, is accessible for deep water ship- fing, and lies in the centre of a tract of country of rich and vari«'d resources, t is connected with the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway by a branch line from Westminster Junction and with Vancouver by an electric railway. New Westminster is chit-fly known abroad for its salmon trade and its lumber business, but the agricultural interests of the district are now coming into prominence and giving the city additioDal stability, particularly as it is the market town of the Fraser River delta. There are about forty large salmou canneries within easy reach of New Westminster. These establishments T OABIBOO aOLD FIELDS represent an invested capital of over a million dollars, they employ over eight thousand men during the fi-Hfly Ilvilranlic Minirg (^o.,wiih a capital of $250,000, working a series of claims which are located in tlie drift jrravels on tlie western bank of the Horsefly, a trilmtaiy of the Upper l-'raser Hiver, near Qnesi elle Lake, 200 mile- from Ashcnft; the Caiiboo Hydraulic Mining Co., with a capital ot $ 00,000, actively pro.-ecuting work on its claims on the eouth fork of tiie Quesnelle River, on extensive ground exceptiotially rich in gold deposits, ilje company, tor its hydraulic purposes, conveying water by 17 miles of ditching, which sujiplies a capacity of H,0()0 m'lier's inches ovt r a course of two fett deep, with a top width of eleven ft'tt,ani1 a bottom of seven, feedinsi four iiydranlic " giants," or monitors, carrying a .'^00 feel head of hydraulic pressure that will easily disintegrate gravelly conglomerate wherein the gold tpf the mine is contained, and the Montreal Hydraulic Gold Mining Company wiiich is developing its claims rapidly and with excellent remits. At Slough creek, Willow river, AntUr, Cunningham, Big Valley and other creeks, and at Harkcrville on the richest of all known creeks in the world, from which $2;'), 0' 0,000 was taken in two miles distance in early land and Bald mountains, all tend to prove thai further rest arch and a fair us-e of capital will make the quartz mines of the Cariboo district among the great producers and dividend payers of the world. Gold abouiids in every valhy, and in every Btream tiu>t empties into it, and there is no estimating the unusual activity in the Carihoo mining circles, some of the richest places merely awaiting the advent of capital for that development which the new condition of aflairs has rendered easily possible. Carilioo ic not without agricultural resources, and there is a limited area in scaiiered localities in which farming and ranching are carried on ; hut this region will always prove more attractive to the miner than to tlie settler. The early construction of a railway from a point on the main line of the Canadian Pacific, tiirough the dintrict, when completed will open up many desirable locations and largely assist in developing the immense mineral wealth already known to exi>.t. At present conin unication is by semi- weekly stage line from Asiicroft, (with steamer from Soda creek to Quesnelle during navigation) but on application in advance, arrangements can be made at any time for the transportation of large or small parlies by special convey- 10 LILLOOET AND YALE DISTRICTS ancee. The roads are excellenl, the stopping places convenient, and the trip is not an uncomfortable one. The chief places en route are Clinton, Lac la^ Hache, 150 Mile Houpe, Soda Creek, Quepnelle Mouth, Horsefly, Quesnelle Forkw, Stanley and Barkerville- 'I his district covers such a large area that it contains more than one climate, which subject, however, is dealt with on page 29, middle zone. LILIiOOET DISTKICT. This division lies directly south of Cariboo and is bisected by the Fraser River. The country is as yet only Hpurseiy settled, the principal settlements being in the vicinity of the Fraser Kiver, though there are other settlements at Clinton, Lillooet and elsewhere which, when the projected Cariboo Railway, before mentioned, is built, will rapidly become of more importance. This district is rapidly coming to the front as a gold producer. Considerable milling gold is found near the town of Lillooet when the Gulden Cache and other mines are being operated. Several promisini: quartz-bearing locations are being developed in this district, and as machinery capable of treating the refractory ores are of the most improved methods the excellent results already attained are attracting miners and mining men in large numbers There is a large area of the finest grazing land in thiA district, and cattle thrive well. The valleys are wonderfully rich, and fruit of an excellent quality, chietly apples, is grown ; ppsiches, pears and plums are also cultivated, and smaller fruita grow in profusion. See page 29, middle zone, for climate. YALE DISTRICT Is on the east of Lillooet and New Westminster. It extends southwards to the international boundary and eastward to the range of high lands that separate the Okanagan Valley from the Arrow Lakes. The Yale district afibrds openings for miners, lumbermen, farmers, and ranchmen. For the purpose of localizing the information here given this district of the Province naay be subdivided into the Nicola, the Okanagan and the North ThompsoQ> countries. THE NICOLA VALLEY, Forming the central part of the Yale district, while specially adapted to pas- toral pursuits, is well fitted for agriculture and the growth of all classes of cereals. The crops already grown are excellent in quality and the yield exceptionally large. There is greater tendency now to mixed farming than in the past, and the Nicola Valley is becoming as famous for its grain, roots, vegetables and fruits of all kinds as it has been for its bunchgrass fed cattle. For clinuite see page 29, southern zone. The valley is also rich in its mineral deposits. The principal mines for the precious metals are in the Similkameen section where hydraulic companies are operating. There is a large area of bituminous and good coking coal at Coldwater, where magnetic iron ore is likewise found. The richest platinum mines on the continent have been discovered on Tulameen and Slate Creeks. A railway is projected from Spence's Bridge, which, when completed, wili largely develop the mines in this valley. THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, South and southeast of Kamloops and the Canadian Pacific Railway, and east of the Nicola Valley, is one of the finest sections in the whole province for agriculture and stock raising pursuits. In this part are to be found the most extensive farms in the province, as well as the largest cattle ranges. Many — w - ' T"^ 0KANA3AN VALLEY 11 I I can count their herds by the thousanda of head, and their broad fields by thousands of acres. The district in an extensive one and within its borders are to be found large laites, the principal one being Ukanagan, whilst such streams as the Spiillumcheen and other large rivers flow throi.gh the district- Okaiiagan is famous as a graiii-growmg country. For many years this industry wns not prosecuted vigourou^ly, but of late a iiiarknf ciiatige has taken place in this respect and samples of wlieat raised in Okanagan, sent to the Vienna Exposition, were awarded the highest premiums and bronze medals. One of the best Houring mills in the Dominion is now in operation at Enderby, 24 miles south of Sicamous, and connected with it by rail. The flour manufactured at tlifse iihIIh frotn Okanagan grown wheat is equal to any other to be found on the continent. There is another mill at Vernon and one at Armstrong erected in 1896. J hough Okanagan is a excellent wheat producing country, considerable attention is now being given to the various kinds of fruit culture, and an important movement is on foot looking to the conversion of the grain fields iuto orchards and hop fields. Attention has been more particularly turned to the production of Kentish hops, and during the past four years hops from this section have brought (he highest prices in the English market, competing succeisfully with the English, the continental, and those grown m other parts of America- The Earl of Aberdeen, Governor General of Canada, has a large fruit farm near Kelowna, on the east side of the lake. His Excellency has also ovt r i;^,00() acres near Vernon, in the Cold- stream Valley, where general farming, hop growing and fruit raising are carried on. His orchard of about 125 acres is liie point of attraction for visitors to Vernon. An excellent quality of cigar wrapper and leaf tobacco is grown about Kelowna, shipments of which are yearly increasing, but the production has not yet become general. There are still to be taken up iminen.^e stretches of the very best land, which are but lightly timbered and eaiily brought under cultivation. Water is abundant in many sections, whilst in some it is scarce, rendering irrigation by artesian wells a necessity, although not every year. Okanagan is also a very rich mineral district, and in the different parts valuable g>ld, silver, platinum, copper and iron deposits have been discovered, and are being developed. The Shuswap & Okanagan Railway to Vi rnon, the chief town of the dis- trict, from the main line of the Canadian Pacific, a distance of 46 miles, has proved an immense impetus to this splendid section of the country. There are splendid grazing lands, and the valleys that intersect them are of the most fertile character, i he Coldstream or White Valley is one of these, the Simil- kameen is another, and the country round about Kelowna, where extensive fruit orchards have been established, is a rich and valuable section. Crops grow luxuriantly, but the dry climate necessitates irrigation. There is, how- ever, ample water in the hills, and no difliculty presents itself on this score. From Okanaiian Landing, near Vernon, a fine steamer, the Ai^erdeen, owned by the Canadian Pacific Ily. Co., plies to Kelowna (formerly called tiie Mission) and to Penticton near the south end of the lake, and the Provincial Govern- ment is constructing roads to open up the Boundary Creek country and Saniil- kameen Valley, the forn>er being ricii in mineral wealth, and the latter a famous hunting ground for sheep and goat. The Boundary Creek district lying along the international boundary contains a large area which is believed to be mi eralized throughout its extent. Some valuable mines are being operated extensively. Its wealth is not alone in its rich ores, but its valleys are fruitful and adapted for grain growing; there ia excellent water and timber supply, and grazing lands on which thousands of head of stock range, are fend throughout t!ie district. The country tributary to Lake Okanagan is pre-eminently suitable for settlement and will shortly become thickly popu- dated. A railway from Trail, in Weat Kootenay through the Boundary Creek. 12 BRITI8U COLUMBIA MAINLAND i oountry to Penticton, will> when constructed, give a great impetus to thi» eectinn. The climate of the Okana^an country ip mild and dry, irrigation being aecesfary for farming and fruit growing. There is only a slight snow fall la winter, and the summers are warm and pleasant. THE THOMPSON VALLEYS. To the north of these valleys are the Valleys of the North and South Thompson, where there are extpnsive erazinsi and fertile agricultural areas- Valnatile mining properties — iron, gold, silver, lead and copppr and large ^posits of mica — from which shipments of ore have been male, are in this locality. Here also is a large deposit of cinnabar, said to be the only one in tiie British Empire. CHIEF TOWNS. The chief towns of the district ore Ajia^siz, Kani'oops, North Bend and Aflhcrofi on the Canadian I'acitic Railway main line, Penticton, Knderby and Vernon on the Okanagan branch, ami liock Creek, Midway, Greenwotnl and Grand Forks, in the rapidly developing mining region near the international- boundary which can be reached from Penticton. Kamloops is 224 miles eat-t of Vancouver, and is situated at the confluence ef the North and South Thompson Rivers, both of which are navigable for a great distance. It is a railway divisional point and a thriving town of 1500 population, doing a yood trade with the farn.ers, ranchmen and miners of the ait-trict. Steamboats ply on Kamloops lake, and there are sawmills in constant operation. The town is supplied by waterworks and lighted by electricity. It was originally merely a Hudson's Bay Go's trading post, but has now become a town of some size and m.portance, and is destined to be one of the great health resorts of the West on account of the dryness and equability of its climate and its possession of all the conditions necessary for the cure of lung troubles. Placer mining has been successfu ly carried on north of Kamloops for 2.5 years and rich mineral discoveries have recently bepn made within three niles of the town, carrying gold and copper, and some being free njilling. Ashcroft, on the Thompson River, is 204 miles east of Vancouver. It is the starting point of the stage line for Clinton, Lillooet, 160 Mile House, Horsefly, Quesnelle Forks, Quesnellf Mouth, Stanley, Soda Creek, Barkerville and other points in the Lillooet and Cariboo dintricts. It is a busy place, where consid«'rable freigliting business is done, and where supplies of all kinds caa be obtained. Agassiz, on the main line of the C P. R. is the sjte of the Pominioa doverninent experimental farm which has proved of great benefit to the farmers and fruit growers of the Province. Over two thousand varieties of fruit trees are under test, besides many cereals, roots, fodder, plants and live stock. Vernon is a good sized town of 1,000 population, with three principal bote's and other minor ones. 'I here are stores of all kinds^, flour and saw mills and two banks. Having a first-rate farming and ranching country in its immediate vicinity, besides large tracts of valuable limber, a large and flour- ishing business is done at this centre. Enderby and Armstrong are smaller, but rising towns, where there are ^ood hotel accommodation and a vaiiety of stores and other busiuesa eetaolibhments, aud each having large g-ist mills. npetus to thi» rigation being it BDOW fall ii> th and South Miltural areas. >ppr and larf^e ie, are in tliis le only one in jrth Bend and , Knderby and reenvvood and e iuternational the confluence avigable for a town of 1 500 miners of the Ua in constant electricity. It ts now become fie of the great [liability of its e cuie of lung li of Kam loops le within three e njilling. incouver. It is > Mi'e House jf !k, Barkerville ly place, where all kinds can the Dominion benefit to the nd varieties of plants and live hree principal ' and Haw mills country in its urge and flour- B, where there other business WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT 13 1 *1 Yale is at the head of navigation on the Fraper River — 103 miles east of Vancouver, and is tlie eastern gateway to the famed Fraser River Valley. Midway is a thriving mining town of growing importance, in the Kettle ftiyer district. Grand Forks, 20 miles east and north of Midway, at the junction of North Kettle and Kettle rivers, lias a large mining country tributary to it. It is proposed to erect a smelter at ttiis point. The Great Volcanic Mountain mines are north of Grand Forks. Greenwood is a new and flourishing town in the mid^itof a rich mining section, with a population of about 900, and close to it the rival town of Ana- conda has sprung up. WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT Is the next east of Ya'e, and extends north and south from the Big Bend of the Colunibia to the international boundary, embracing, with East Kootenay (from which it is separated bv ihe Furcell range of mountains) an area of 16,600,000 acres. West Kootenay is chiefly remarkable for its great mineral wealth. Marvellously rich deposits have been dii-covered in different sections, and new find- are almo'-t daily made. There is still a large area not yet pros- pected which will doubtless yield even more phenomenal returns (f precious ores. It is a country of illimitable possibilities, but is only passing the early stages of development, when the vast area of hidden wealth is con.sidered. Great strides, however, have already been made, and many of Ihe camps, not- ably in the Trail Creek, Kaslo-Slocan, Ainsworlh and Nelson di.stricts, are completely equipped for mining operations. In the LarJeau, Big Hend and other purts of this rich rejiion, mining is profitably carri-i< on, and as capital is acquired through the working of the mines, or is brought in, the output of ore will be immensely increased. The output of ore last year approximated $6,000,000, and with the additional transportation and smelting facilities now being afforded this amount will doubtless be largely increased during 1897. Capita. ists and practical miners have shewn their unbounded confidence in West Kootenay by investing millions of dollars in developing claims, equipping mines, erecting smelters, building t'amways, etc., and an eminent American authority speaks of it as " the coming mining empire of the Northwest." In 1896, the population of West Kootenay was trebled, and the year witnes.sed the creation of a number of new mining camps which astonished the world with their phenomenal growth and prosperity. There are valuable timber limits in different parts of the country, and saw-mills are in operation. The mining distriets are easily reached from Revetstoke, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, about midway batween the eastern slope of the Rockies and the Pacific coast. From this point a branch line south is completed to Arrowhead, at the head of Upper Arrow Lake, from which the fine new steamers of the Columbia*!!: Kootenay Steam Navigation Co. are taken to Nakusp, near the foot of the lake, where ruil communication witti the towns of the Slocan, the principal of which are New Denver, Tlree Forks, and Sandon, the centre of a rich mining region, has been established, and there is an excellent steamboat service on Slocan Lake. Steamers can also be taken from Arrowhead past Nakusp to Robson, at the mouth of the Lower Kootenay River, along the bai k of which unnavigable river the C. P. It. runs by its Columbia & Kootenay branch to Nelson, the metropolis of the Kootenay min- ing difetrict, in the vicinity of which are the celebrated Silver King and other mmes From Nelson, steamers ply to all the mining towns on the Kootenay Lake — Pilot Bay, Ainsworth, Kaslo, etc. From Robson the steamers continue down tl e Columbia to Trail, from which point Rossland, the centre of the new gold fields of the Trail Creek district, is reached by railway, and to Northport ID ihe State of Washington. o u -0 o BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND 15 ^ aa o o f~ S -1) U. CHIEF TOWNS. Revelstoke, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, la one of the chief towns of West Koolenay. It Ih a miTiing town between the Gold and Selkirk ranges, and is the chief Hourceof supply for the country south of it, being the juaction point with the Arrow Lake branch, and the Big Bend country to the north. Population 500- Nakusp, near the fool of Upper Arrow Lake, is the initial point of the NakuBp & Slocun branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is prettily situated and ha^ the same adjuncts of civilization as the other mining towns. New Denver, on the east side of Slocin Lake, at the mouth of Car- penter's Creek, is a rapidly growing town, with a population of 800. It is the seat of government of the Slocan district. Large shipments of ore are made from here to smelter points, a number of very valuable mines being clustered about the town. There is daily steamboat co nmunicaiion between New Denver, Roseberry, Silverton, Siocan City, Brandon, and other points on Lake Slocan, and the town has excellent hotel accommodiUion, etc- Roseberry is a distributing point on the N- & S. railway, near the head of Slocan Lake. Silverton, four miles south of New Denver on Slocan Lake, is a growing town near the celebrated Galena Farm. Ten Mile Creek is a large shipping point on Slocan Lake. Slocan City at)d Brandon are situated together at the foot of Slocan Lake, near which wonderfully rich finds have been discovered and mining operations are carried on extensively. Three Forks is situated at the conHuence of Seaton Creek and the north and south branches of Carpenter's Creek, on the Nakusp & Slocan Railway- Large concentrating wo/ks are erected near the town, with a daily capacity of 50 tons. A number of very rich mines are being operated within a short dis- tance of Three Forks. Sandon, the terminus of the Nakusp & Slocan Railway, and from which Kaslo is reached by railway, is a new mining town around which are several groups of the most valuable mines, chief among which is the Slocan Star. Cody is a new town, one mile abovd Sandon, and is growing rapidly, being the centre for a group of very rich silver-lead and galena mines, ainongst which is the Noble Five. Nelson, an important business, government, court and customs centre of the Lower Kootenay district, with a population of 2,000, is situated on an arm of Kootenay Lake, 28 miles east of Robson, and from it points on the lake are reach by steamer. A smelter with a daily capacity of 250 tons is erected here, and an serial tramway connects it with the celebrated Hall mines, 4J miles distant. EaslO, on Kootenay Lake, is one of the bases of supplies for mines on the eastern slope of the Slocan district. Population 1000, which is increasing. AinsworlbijOn Kootenay Lake, is the centre of the Hot Springs mining district, from wi-ich considerable ore is annually shipped to the smelters. Hot sulphur springs are in the immediate locality. Pilot Bay, also on Kootenay Lake, is where the extensive smelting works of the Kootenay Mining and Smelting Co., which have a capacity of 100 tone daily, and in which $500,000 have been invested, are located. Id MINING LOCALITIES Trail, on the Columbia river, a town witliout an exJRtence in 189t, \h the landing place fur RoHHlaml and the Trail Oeek mining region with which it is connected hy rail, bixtensive smelling workH with a capucity of 400 tons tiuily are erected here and the town hoaHtn of firstclaHH liotelw, uewnpaper, general storcH, etc IlH population of 1,500 U rapidly increasing. Rossland Ih the largest town in the Went Kootenay, its growth having been pluiiomenal. From a stnall mining camp in WH it has grown lo the proportions of a thriving, bu-tling city with a population of 6,000 in January, 1897, which is increasini^ at the rate of 4,000 or 5,000 yearly. At lt)SNland, are the celebrated Le Uoi, War Eagle and other mines whose illimitable rich- ness brought this r^gioti into prominence. The city, which is eight miles frona the United States boundary line and seven miles from Trail, has excellent hotels, well-furni.-hed stores, public and private schools, chartered banks, ia lighted by electricity and has a sy.stem of waler-work.s. MINING LOCA.LITIKS. f I There are numerous mines at work in diff rent sections of the district, chiefly m the Lower Kootenay country, in the north of which are the Kaslo- iSlocan mines; in the cectre, those a''Ound Nelson and Ainsworth, and in the south those of the Goat Hiver and Trail Creek districts. There are no richer gold fields than tho.-^e of the latter mentioned di^trict, of which Ro.ssland is the centre. Several mines are already operated extensively and are paying large monthly dividends, while new discoveries indicate that the full richnese of this region cannot yet b-even approximately estimated. Large shipujcnts of ore are being made from lie Rui, War Kagle, Josie, Nickle Plate, Crown Point, Evening Sar, Columbia & Kootenay, 0. K., Jumbo, CiifF, Iron Mask, Monte Cbristo, St Elmo, Lily May, Puorman and other leading mines, while the Centre Star and other properties have lar^e quantities on the dump ready for shi|)ment. With increased home smelting facilities, the output of the Gump will be immensely increaseil 'J'he most notable silver mines are in the famed Slocati district, from which large shipments of ore have been and are being made — the general diameter of its ore being high grade galena, often carrying 400 oz. of silver to the ton, and averaging 100 oz. and over. The principal mines are the Slocan Star, which paid $300,000 in dividends in 1896, Enterpiise, Ueco, Good Enough, Whitewater, Alamo, Ruth, Two Friends, Dardanelles, Noble Five, Washington, Payne, Idaho, Mountain Chief and Grady groups. The Wonderful, two miles from Sandon, is the only hydrauiiciag galena mine in tlie world The Slocan is admitteil to be the r'chest silver min- ing region in America to-day, and has the advantage of excellent transportation facilities. On Kootenay Lake are the well known Ainsworth group wiiich are large shippers of ore. The Toad Mountain district around Nel-on, and south of it, has a distinct gold, silver and copper belt, the ore being of that character known as "gray copper." Tliere are a number of rich mining properties in this section, amongst others the Silver King or Hall mines, purchased for $1,500,000 by an English company, which lias constructed an aerial tramway to connect the mines with their own smelter atNt-lson. A number of free mil- ling gold claims have been located near Nelson recently. Hydraulicing is also carried on at Forty-Nine Creek with profitable results. During the summer of 1896, some of the lichest discoveries in the Kootenay were found in ttieSalmoa river country, between the Lower Kiotpnay River and the international bound- ary. In the north, in the Illeciilewaet, Fish Creek and 'i'rout Lake districts are rich properties which are being worked, and a-^ound Lardeau, some valuable placer gold nunes and extensive deposits of galena are being developed. Be- tween tiie Gold Range and the Selkirks is the west side of the Big Bend of the Columbia River, that extends north of the 52nd parallel. This bend drains a EAST KOOTENAY r>[HTRIOT 17 i»old region yet uwaititi'? complete exploralion, but wliicli Iihh every iiuliuiitiou of great riuiieral richiieHf. Throughout the whole Kootenay couulry new (lincoveries are made every year, ho that wliich \h the richeHt olaiui of a dintrict during one Heanon may be Hurpansed by a dozen otherH in the following year. The wagen paid laborers are from ^'IM to $;{.()() per ortation of ores and Mlier heavy freights. For climate <'f bast and West Kooteuay see page '25 southern zone- MININ<; LOCALITIES. A large amount of work has been done in the mines of Jubilee and Spilli- macheen Mountains, 45 miles above Golden, fine bodies of lead Jind silver having been opaned up on the latter and several copper mines ou the former. Back of Spillimacheeu, on the several branches of the river of that name, in the region known as the McMurdo district, a number of promising claims have been located and worked to a consiilerable extent. Some of them are large gold quartz lodes, and others are small high-grade silver-lead veins. On Bugaboo Creek, a few miles south of Spi'limacheeii, silver-lead veins have been known for several year.«, and last season a large and well-defined gold quartz lode was discovered. On Toby Creek, opposite Windermere, thereare numerous quartz locations, and also benches of hydraulic ground ; and Lack of Windermere a silver-ltad and copper property has been opened up and some high great carbonates shipped. The Jupiter group of claims, at tlie head of Upper Columbia Lake, extends about a mile on iwo great parallel gold bearing qua. iz lodes forming a ridge from 260 to 500 feet above the adjacent country, carrying gold in varying quantities. The Sun Lake is a similar property north of the Jupiter, and Gold Hill is south. Thunder Hill is also innnediately north of the Jupiter, Hnd has a CO-ton concentrator on the lake. Large low grade lead and silver and gold quartz lodes have been found up Findley Creek and on the South Fork. There are also high benches of hydraulic ground for miles along either side of Findley Creek. Beyond Gold Hill and Jupiter and on the same mineral belt, 26 or 30 miles further south, and -0 miles from Fort Steele, are the North Star and Sullivan groups. The former is a large lode, 15 to 30 feet wide carrying immense quantities of argentiferous galena and carbonates; and the shipment of ores to smelter points is paying large profits. The output in 1896 was 6,000 tons. The Sullivan mines which are of a similar character, are being developed. In fact, the whole country tributary to Fort Steele is developing with amazing rapidity. At Wild Horse, a few miles back of Fort Steele, hydraiilic mining is being carried on extensively, and several good quartz claims are more or less opened up. In early days this section was a rival of Cariboo in the marvellous output of its placer mines, the value reaching up in the millions. Still further soutti on Moyie Lake, large silver lodes nave been discovered, and on Moyie Kiver a considerable amount of gold is annually obtained from the placers. Gold quartz lodes have also been found on Moyie Lake and Weaver Creek. In the Crow's West Pass are great coal mines only waiting for the comple- tion jf the railway to ship coal and coke to East and West Kootenay for smelt- ing purposes, and extensive petroleum fields have also been found in the south- eastern portion of the district. 20 ALONG THE CANAI>rAN PACIB'IC 1 ■ ALONG THE LINE OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. Starting from Vancouver eastward, already described on page 5, the trains of the Canadian Paoific «ftop at NEW WESTMINSTER JUNCTION, from which a brunch line runs tu the city of New Westminster. Twenty-three miles east of this is MISSION JUNCTION, from which a branch line starts, and crossing the Fraser River, runs scrth to the internatio!:al bonndarv, where rail connection is made for New Wiia.. jni, Tacoma, Portland, San Francisco, etc- Twenty-eight miles east is AGASSIZ, near which are the Harrison Hot Springs, where a large hotel is in operation with baths and other sanitary conveniences. At Agassiz the Dominion Gov- ernment has established an experimental farm. Every kind of grain, vegetable, and fruit likely to 8uccee ehalet hotels is situated, and whence parties desiring to explore the Fiaser Canon and th'- neighboring gorges can with advantage proceed. Twenty-seven miles beyond North Bend on the line of railway is LYTTON, at the junction of the F'raser and Thompson Rivers, once a busy mining town, and now giving indications of returning prosperity in consequence of the open- ing of mines in the vicinity. ASHCROFT, on the Thompson River, is forty-eight miles beyond Lytton. It is the starting place of the stage lin.^ for the ceh brated Cariboo mines and the northern district (page 14), and forty-seven miles east is KAMLOOPS, a delightfu' health resort, in whose temperate climate may be found a natur.il sanitarium, die conditions being favorable for those afflicted with lung troubles- The country in this section is good grazing land; cattle and sheep thrive to perfection on the bunch grass, and cereals, fruit, etc., are successfully grown. Iron, cinnabar, mica, gold, copper and silver-lead discoveries have been made near Kamloops. SICAMOUS, eighty four miles east of Kamloops, on the great Shuswap Lakes, is the junc- tion of the Sliuswap & Okanagan Railway, operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway, which runs to Enderby iuid Vernon, the latter at the head of Oka- T'agan Lake, from which the C P. R. steamer "Aberdeen" plies tri-weekly to Kelowna and Penticton, from which the boundary Creek mining regions are reached by stages. 1 MINKKALS OF BRITISH COLnMBIA 21 REVELSTOKK, forty-tliree miles ea^t of Sicamous, is a railway divisional point, and a busj inountiiiQ town on the Colunnbia River. From here a branch railway runa to Arrowhead, the head of Upper Arrow Lake, from which ail poms in the West Kootenay mining rejrion are ea«ily reached. The main line of the railway has by this time passed through the Coast and Gold ranges. After leaving Ilevel- fitoke it enters the Selkirk range and the famous All)ert Canon — a remarkable gorge tlirou'h which the lllecillewaet runs, where the train stops for passen- gers to alight to better view the canon — is soon reached. Continuing east- ward, the line pasfes Ross' Peak and ascends the "loop" to Ihe foot of Mount Sir Donald at GLACIER STATION. Glacier House station is opposite Mount Sir Donald and about a mile and a half from the foot of the great glacier of thp Selkirks. One of the Canadian Pacifli! Railway Company's chalet hotels, with nn annex to meet increasing travel, is at this point (The Glacier House), and is most frequented by tourists and sportsmen. Though several other stations are parsed, DONALD, on the Columbia, as it flows northward, is the next town on the railway. It is a divisional point and the headquarters of the mountain section of the railway, the line ea^t of this being in the western division. Here watches are put on one hour going ea<*t and put bacL jne hour going west, to conform to standard time. GOLDEN, on the Columbia River, is seventeen miles ea-^tward of Donald. From here a steamer makes weekly trips (starting on Tuesday) up the Columbia to the lakes at t*ie head of the river, Htid a good waggon road lia-J been constructed from Golden to Port Steele. Front llie head of navigation roads aiul trails leal to all parts of the mining district, and steamer-* connect with mining camps on the Kootenay river. Soon att^r leaving Golden the railway p sses through Kicking Horse Pass into the Rocky Mountains, where the principal station is FIELD, near Mount Stephen. The Canadian Pacific Railway Comjiany has a chalet hotfl here, and there is a small town, or village, at which supplies for miners, travellers and sportsmen can be obtained. Fro'n Revelsioke to Field, and beyond to the Gap, where the mountains end and the plains begin, the scenery is the ;intrt on the continent, but the v:diie of the district is in its rich mineral deposits, v,'hich are from time to time discovered, and the development of which is partially seen at several points along the line. MINERALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. It would be difficult to indicate any defined section of British Columbia in which goli or silver has not been, or will not be found. The first mines dis- covered were on the Thompson River; then on the Eraser and Hope, and continued up the Eraser to th" Cariboo district. Gold las been found on the eastern si leof th" Rocky Mountains, on Queen Charlotte Islands at the extreme west, and on every rang** of mountains that intervenes Ijetween these two extreme points. Until recently the work has been practically placer mining, a mere scratching of the surface, yet over fifty mil- lions of dollars have been scraped outof the rivers and creeks. Bnrs have been washed out and abandoned, without sufficient etfori being made to discover the quBrtz vein from which the streams received their gold. Abandoned diggings have been visited after a lapse of years, and new discoveries have been niaSo in the neighborhood. 22 BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND i t I The railway now pierces the auriferous ranges ; men and material can be carried into the heart of the mountains, and with each succeeding 8ea<'oa fresh gold deposits are found, or the old ones traced to the quartz rock, and capital and adequate machinery brought to bear upon them. In no section in this more strongly demonstrated than io the famed Cariboo region, where during the past three years hydraulic mining has been commenced on a large scale, and improved plant to the value of over half a million dollars introduced. Durinir the past year, a grand total of 43 miles of ditch Hume and pipe have either been constructed or put in working order. Already the results have been most satisfactory, and there is every indication of a yield of the precious metal that will astonish the world and revolutionize mining in northern British ('olumbia, which hnd hitherto been conducted in a somewhat crude fa'*hion. The recog- nized and greatest authority on mineralogy in Canada, Dr. G. M. Dawson, F.BG.S., who for fifteen years was engaged in exploring British Columbia,, says: "The explorations of the Geological Survey of Canada have already resulted in placing on record the occurrence of rich ores of gold and silver in various places scattered along the entire length of the Cordilleran (Itocky Mountain) region in Canada. • • • Because a mountainous country, and till of late a very remote one, the development of the resources of British Columbia has hereto'^ore been slow, but the preliminary difficulties having been overcome, it is now, there is every reason to believe, on the verge of an era of prosperity and expans-ion of which it is yet difficult to foresee the amount or the end. • • • Kverytliing which has been ascertained of the theological character of the Province, as a whole, tends to the belief that .so soon as means of travel and transport shall be extended to what are still the more inaccessible district." these also will be discovered to be equally rich in minerals, particu- larly in precious metals, gold and silver." In giving evidence before a committee of the House of Commons a mem- ber of the Government Geological Survey said/ " After having travelled ever 1.000 miles through Briti.'^h Columbia, I can f-ay with safety that there will yet lie taken out of her mines wealth enough to build the Pacific Rail- way." This means many millionss. Another gentleman in the same service said that, " it may soon take its place as second to no other country in North America." There are large areas still open to the poor prospector, and there are numerou!^ openings for the capitalist. To the agricultural settler the existence of gold is of double significance. He is certain of a market for liis produce, he is not debarred fiom mining a little on his own account, and he is never depri- ved of the hope that he will one day become the fortunate discoverer of a bonanza. The total output of gold since its first discovery in British Columbia, even before new mineral districts were opened up by the Canadian Pacific Railway^ was estimated at $60,010,000. It is uow far in excess of this. With present facilities for prospecting, nuch heavier returns are expected, for the era of scientific mining in British Jolumbia has only commenced. In British Columbia a belt of rocks, probably corresponding to the gold rocks of California, has already been proved to be richly auriferous. Geolo- gical explorations go to show a general resemblance of the rocks to those of the typical sections of California and the Western States. Silver has been discovered in several places, and its further discovery will probably show that it follows the same rules as in Nevada and Colorado. The •est known argentiferous locality is the West Kootenay, from whose mines it; ie estimated between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000 in ore were shipped within the past year. Railroads in this section are opening up the country and several new smelters have been erected and are in operation, smelting the ore in close proximity to the minee. 'J'here can be no doubt that the output will be largely on the increase as development work shows more ore in siglit every day MINERALS AND TIMBER 23 aterial can be ; eeasoQ fresh I and capital ?ction in this vhere during rge scale, and oed. DuriuiT e have either ve been nio^tt lis metal that sh (Columbia, The recoji;- M. Dawson, *h Cohirnbia^ have already iind silver iii leran (Kocky oonntry, and es of Briti.sh Ities having rge of an era the amount le geological oon as means inaccessible •als, particu- ions a niem- ing travelled ty that there Pacific Rail- same i-ervice try in North. nd there are he existence produce, he never depri- coverer of a unibia, eveo fie Railway, I'^ilh present r the era of to the gold us. Ueolo- to those of covery will »rado. The )se mines it within the several new Dre in close I be largely r day. Great iron deposits exist on Texada Inland, and copper deposits have been found at several jjoints on the coast of the mainlana, Howe Sound, Jarvie Inlet, the Queen Charlotte Islands and other points. Cinnabar and platinum have been found in small quantities during the process of wanhing gohi. A ledge of cinnabar, found on Kaniloops Lake, is operated by the Cinnabar Mining Co. Tlie true vein is reported as being fourteen inclies thick, and there appears to be a large scattered quantity be(-ieen found in seams of six feet and three feet in Queen CharloUe Island- Fragments of anthracite have been picked up on several parts of Vancouver Island, and this would «eem to inaicate that the seams found in Queen Charlotte Island will be traced to Vancouver, TIMBER. No other province of Canada, no country in Europe, and no state in North America, compares with British Columbia in lespect to it^ timber- There are prairies here and there, valleys free from wood, and many open- ings in the thickest country, which in the aggregate make many hundred thousand acres of land on which no clearing is required, but near each open spot is a luxuriant groth on the mainland and the adjacerit islands. The Douglas Spruce, the largest and most valuable, attains its greatest size in the neighbor- hood of the coast, but is found elf-ewhce. Owing to the variety of climates ia British Columbia the several classes of trees named are to some extent localized- As indicated in the descriptions of the several districts forming the main- land portion ot British Columi)ia, the land varies in quality in different sections. There is almost every descriptior) and quality of land from the rich river bottom land, such as that in the Fraser delta, to the light covering of moss and sand fit high altitude on the mom tains. Between Yale and he coast in the New Westminster distrii t, where the rainfall is regular, the land of the \'8lleys IS rich and heavy ; eai-t uf Yale, where the rainfall is slight and irre- gular, there is a considerable quantity of good land, very productive, under irrigation. In the Nicola and Okanagan valleys of the Yale district, and in both the Kootenays, iheie is a quantity of very fertile land in some parts, as in the Okanagan section, requiring irrigation and in other places suflicit'ntly carfd for by the rainfall. On the hiuhtr lands the bunch grass gro-.vs freely aad affords the best pasturage for cattle. Where water is convenient for irrig- ating purposes, grains and vegetables succeed well in those sections otherwise ttseil only for grazing. Along the Fraser valley fruit ripens well. A great number of varieties have been tried at the experimental farm at Agassiz, and the more delicate fruits have been successfully cultivated. Still greater success has been achieved in the Okanagan valley, a considerable distance east of Agaflsiz, 60 that in all parts of British Columtiia south of the Canadian Pacific Kailway, the land, when worked aa circumstanc« 8 require, is found to be of irst quality for agricultural purposes. North of the railway line, in the districts of Lillooet and Cariboo, there is a considerable quantity of land adapted to farming, and still larger tracts admirably suited for cattle raising, PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT LANDS. Crown lands in British Columbia are classified as either surveyed or un- eurveyed lands, and may be acquired by entry at the Government Lands Office j^ pre-emption or purchase. Tlie following persons may pre-empt Cro.vn lands; Any per^'on being the head of a family, a widow, or a single man over IB years of age being a British sutject, may record i-urveyed or unsurveyed Crown lands, which are unoccu- pied, or unreserved, and unrecorded ('hat is unreserved for Indians or others, or unrecorded in the name of any other applicant). Aliens may aho record such surveyed or unsurveyed land on making a declaration of intention to become a British subject. The quantity of land that mav lie recorded or pre empted is not to exceed 380 acres northwaid and ea.-^tward of the Cascade or Coa-t Mountains, or 160 acres in the rest of the province. No person can hold more than one pre-emption claim at a time. Prior record or pre-emption of one claim, and all rights under it, are forfeited by subsequent record or pre-em{ition of another claim. Land recorded or pre empted cannot be tran^ferred or conveyed till after a Crown grant has been issued. Such land, until the Crown grant is issued, is held by occupation. Such oecnpation must be a tiona tide personal residence of the settler, or his family, The settler must enter into occupation of the land within thirty days after recording, and must continue to occupy it. 26 DOMINION aOVERNMENT LANDS -* 'I Continuous absence for a longer period than two months consecutively of 5he settler or family is deeniciJ cessation of occupation; but leave of absence may be granted not exceeding four months in any one year, inclusive of two months' absence. Land is considered abandoned if unoccupied for more than two months consecutively. If so abandoned the land becomes waste lands of the Crown. 'J he fee on recording is two dollars (8s.) The settler shall have the land surveyed at his own instance (subject to the rectification of the boundaries) within five years from date of record. After survey 1- .s been made, upon proof, in declaration m writing of him- self and two other persons, of occupation from date of pre-emption, and of having made permanent improvements on the land to the value of two dollars and fifty cents per acre, tiie settler, on producing the [pre-emption certificate, obtains a certificate of improvement. After obtaining the certificate of improvement and paying for the land the settler is entitled to a Crown grant in fee simple. He pays five dollars therefor. The price of Ciown lands, pre-empled, is one dollar- (4 shillings) per acre, which mu^t be paid in ybur e^MttZ instalments, as follows: First instalment two yearn from date of record or pre-emption, and yearly thereafter, but the last instahiieiit is not payable till after the survey, if the land is unsurveyed. The Crown grant rei-erves to the Crown a royalty of five cenis per ton on «very ton of merchantable coal raised or gotten from the land, not including ■dross or fine slack. No Crown grant can be issued to an alien who may have recorded or pre- empted by virtue of his declaring his intention to become a British subject, ■unless he has become natur;ilized. The heirs or devisees of the settler are entitled to the Crown grant on his decease. Landlords may divert, for agriculture' and other purposes, tlie required quantity of unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, etc., adjacent to or passing through their land, upon obtaining a written authority of tiie Commissioner. HOMESTEAD ACT. The farm and buildings, when registered,cannot be taken for debt incurred after the registration ; and it is free from seizure up to a value not greater than $2,500 'Jt500 English) ; goods and chattels a/e also free up to $500 (£100 English) : cattle " farmed on shares" are also protected by an Exemption Act. DOMINION GOVERNMENT L.ANDS. All the lands in British Columbia within twenty miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway line are the property ot Canada, with all the timber and minerals they contain (except the precious metals). This tract of land, with its timber, hay, water powers, coal, and stone, is now administered by the Departnient of the Interior of Canada, practically according to the same laws and regulations as are the public lands in Manitoba and the North-West Territ- ories, except that the homesteads must not only be resided upon and cultivated for not less than six months in each of the three years after entry, but they must also be paid for at the rate of one dollar per acre. Dominion lands in the province may also be acquired by purchase, free from settlement conditioas. Agencies for the disposal of these lands have been established at Earn loops, iu the mountains, and New Westminster, ou the coast The minerals in this traot, other than coal and stone, are administered by the British Columbia Qovern- nnent. i THE FISHERIES 27 nsecutively of ive of abHence elusive of tviro two moDthfi !e (subject to record. riting of Inm- ption, and of of two dollars on certificate, for the land five dollars ngs) per acre, t inntalmeat r, but the last •veyed. -H per ton on not including orded or pre- itish subject, grant on his tlie required al channel of pon obtaining iebt incurred greater than lOOBnglish): 3t. h Ride of the 11 the timber tract of land, Uered by the e oanie laws West Territ- >d cultivated Lry, but they lands in the t conditioDB. ^uni loops, iu in this traot, ibia Govern- i EDUCATION. Free schools are otablished throughout the Province. Whenever a mini- rauno daily attendance of at lea^t ten pupils can be secured, the Government supplies a certificated teacher, 80 that there is hardly a settlement in the coun- try too small for the advantagef of a common tchool education to be afforded its children. J here were in 1896, 200 public Hchools throughout the Province, educating 15,000 children. About one-fiflh of the total revenue of the Province is thus expended, irrespective of the large yearly grants from the Depurtment of Land and Works for the erection of Rchool houses, etc, and a sum almost equal which city luunicipalitieH pay in Halaries to their own teachern. In these latter there are also high schools which provide a more advanced instruction, and a number of private academics. FISHERIES. An important pari of the trade of British Columbia is the wealth of tish in the waters cf her coast. Of these the most valuable at present is the salmon. They literally teem in the Fraser and Columbia Rivers, and frequently pass- engers on the Canadian Pacific Railway are astounded during the spawning season by the sight of broad expanses of river, or deep pools packed almost solid with wriggling masses of splendid fish making their way to the spawning grounds, their motions being distinctly visible from the platforiiiS or car win- dows as the trains pass by. The greater number of the canneries are on the Fraser River, but there are some in the far north. The salmon make their way for great distances up the rivers. The salmon of the Columbia fill the streams of the Kooteiiay ; those of the Fraser are found six hundred miles in the interior- There are five difTerent kinds of this fish, the spring or tyhee, sockeye, cohoe, dog and humpback, the two latter being of no commercial value, and they arrive from the sea at different times. There are fifty-five canneries in the Province, each employing; about 300 men during the season. Each cannery costs from $30, COO to $40,000 equipped, so that over 12,000,000 are invested in this enterpri^-e. Of these, thirty-five are on the Fraser (three being double). The value of the fish catch has increased enor- mously, largely owing to the establishment of fish hatcheries. In 1876 it amounted to*104,697 ; in 1880 to $718,355; in 1885 to $1,078,038 ; in 1890 to $3,487,4.32, aud in 1894 to $3,954,228. The annual salmon pack has increased since the beginning of the industry in 1876 from 9,847 cases to 566,395 in 1895, valued at $2,83 1, 87o, and owing to the fish hatcheries established by the Government, there is no danger of the rivers being depleted, one authority stat- ing that the greater the catch the larger the number of fish to be caught. Besides this the fish consumed yearly in the Province, and exported fresh amounts to $250,000. During the fourteen years, 1883 to 1896 inclusive, thft value of the salmon caught was $25,000,000, and to this should be added the- catch al halibut, sturgeon, herring, oolaoban, trout, cod, etc. Besides the salmon are the oolachan, which come in great numbers, and supply a valuable oil largely used by the natives. The black cod, a superior food fish, abounds from Cape Flattery northward. Cod, similar to the eastera variety, are taken on the hanks oiF the coast of Alaska. Halibutof fine quality and large size are plentiful in the inner waters, on the banks off the west coass of Vancouver Island, and further north. The halibut fisheries are just being developed, and during the past three years large quant. ties were exported^, The estimated catch of last season was 4,000,000 lbs. Sturgeon of very heavy weight and occasionally up to 1,00j pounds are numerous in the Fraser and large rivers; 1893 and 1894 were the first years for exporting this fish, and higher prices were secured than for sturgeon caught elsewhere. There is a great future for this industry, especially in the manufacture of caviare whicb 28 TRADE AND CLIMATE Prof. Prince, Dominion Fi'-liery CointnisHioiier, lias pronounced equal to the RuKfian a'tide. The nurf stnelt and comnion sniflt and ancliovy are almnd'inti and valued for the ttihle. Herrin<; is plenlifiil, and troiii ubound in tlie lakes, riverH and HtreaniH of the whole I'roviiuie. There are fcoren of men in ih^ finhing trade of Enn;land and Scotland who fitrujrgle year after year for an uncertain percentage, who, in Uriti>h Columbia would find competency in u few years' wurUing, and humtreds who are no richer at tlie end of Decemlier thsm they were at the lieginnin^i of January who would experience a very ditT'-rent comiition of life on the coa^t of Brilinh Columbia. Thene coantH ailoid wide fields for occupation, and dispense reward with iewq niggard hand tiian in the older home were every loaf Iihh many ciaiiiumte. There in no rent to pay, no leave to ask to run a boat ashore — the lanil is his •^vlio occupies it. A man who in other sea- toils year in and year out for others, ":iiay here own his own home, his piece of land and his boat by no man's favour. TRADE. Though the trade of Btiiii^li Columbia i.s still uni"iportant when com()ared nith the extent, re.«ources and immense future possibilities of the province, still it has improved and devehiped wonderfully during the pu-t few years, sliowing an incrertse in the \h>-t decade, that speaks volumes for the progress and enterprise of the people. It is now the largest in the woriti per head of population except Holland, in 1871, the imports were $1,789,283 and ihe exports *l,8."i8,050, which increased in 18S6 respectively to $4,011,726 and $2,891,811, a tola! of $6,903,537, ami in 18<'6 to $.5,526,490 imports and $10,- 576,624 expon.s — a total of $16,103,014. Prominent exports are fish, coal, gold, silver, timber, masts and spars, furs and skins, fisji oil, and hops. A large portion of the salmon, canned mni pickled, goes to Great Britain, E isiera ■Canada, Ihe United States, South Africa ami Au-tralia; the States and Hawai- ian Islands consume a large siuire of theexpoited coal, and great quantities of timber are shipped to Australia and ports in South America. I'o Great Britain and the ITniicd Mates are sent the valiuible furs and peltries of land anirmils and the much prized seal and otter, etc China also receives a considerable amount of lnn\ber, timber and furs. Valualile shipment.'- of fish oil, princi- j)aliy obtained from dog-tish at ihe Queen Charlotte Islands, are cotisigned to the States annually, and also to the Hawaiian Islands. Gold and silver ore, valued in the millions, is shipped annually to ibe smelters in the United States. These industries, though already of considerable importance, are destined to become very large as well as very profitable enterprises in the n^ar future. A large inter-provincial trade with i'iastern Canada, Manitoba and the North- West Territories is rapidly developing. With the shipping facilities offered by Ihe Canadian Pacific Railway and ihe magnificent steamship lines to Japan, China, Australia and the Hawaiian and Fijian Island.s, backed by her natural advantages of climate and geographical position, and immense resources in limber ahd minerals, Biitish Columbia is gradually obtaining her proper share of the commerce of the world. There is no other country on the globe more richly endowed with varied resource.*? of wealth, as fisheries, timber, minerals, pasture and arable lands, etc., and all are open to ttiose who choose to avail Shenitelves of these new and attractive fields for enterprise. CLIMATE. Ne general description will serve the purpose in speaking of the climate of the mainland of British Columbia. On the coast it varies considerably, while in the interior the differences are yet more plainly marked. It may be divided :nto the southern, middle and northern zones. <1 fqiial to the are atiiindant, ' in tlie Jakee, Scotland who •h Columbia I are no richer ry who would Col urn Ilia, e reward with ny clainiants. le lauil ia his )ut for othere, iimii's favour. lien comj)ared tlie province, a-t few years, r the progress Id per liead of >,283 and ihe i.Ol 1,726 and orts and $10,- ire fish, coal, hops. A large itain, Ei8iern ^w an 1 Ilawai- t quantities of Great Britain land uniiiials I conHJderable THE OMMATE 29 ill oil, pruici- re corifiigned nd t-ilver ore, Jnited States, re destined to ir fnture. A id the North- es offered by les to Japan, ' iier natural resources in proper share e globe more er, minerals, oose to avail THE SOUTHERN ZONE. The southern zone, taking tliat to be between tlie inlernational boundary line 49°, and 61° north iatitniie, ami east of the coast range beginning at Yale, coniprisint; nmch but not till of that country in which irrigation is et-seiitial to tlie growth of cereals. 'Jliis aiises of cour-e from the air losing moisture in croHHJng the raiijje. The region about Knmloops especially iioi-sesi-es an equable and temperate climate, and owing to its dryne.ss is peculiarly beneficial to those Hifecled ly consumption or other lung t'-oiibles. It is in this zone that fo much bunch-grass country exists, which ofTer so many advantages for cattle and she»p- raising. 'J'he mean annual temperature difl'ers little fiom that of liie coast region; a gieater difference is observed^ however, I etween the mean summer and winter temperature and a still greater rontnist when the extremes of the liPiif and cold are compared. The rainfall at a point on the Thompson Uiver, 700 feet al)Ove the sea, was nteasured in the year 1875 a'ld showel 7 99 inches, together with melted snow making 11. 84» while at Esquimau it was 3.1 87. The winter is shorter and milder than the district further north, and though snow falls the wind swept slopes are usually very thinly co\ered. Cattle a.s well as iiorses winter out, and as the former, unlike Ihe latter, will not scrape for their f(ioh in its waters will not, by reason of its distance, attract immediate seitlement It will be seen fiom the foregoing thatBrilish Columbia possesses a greater vriety of climate than any other country of lU size, and that the lines of demar- cation between one and the oth«r are singularly abrupt and well defined. I'^\ iilir 1 ,1 • 1 1 1'l \ > I. ill /^i 5 mm m f 'I • VANCOUVER ISLAND 32 SPORT. In addition to itn many advantngeH already referred to, Britisli Colmiibia otTerH ^iTut attructionH to tlie lover of rod »»nd }jnri. Of jjame, iarue and Htnall, there in a >;reat variety, >;ri/,/,ly. hlack and brown l)eiirn pmitlierH, lynx, carihou,. deer, inonnlain nliei'ij and ^oit, heads and -kins ol which are the hne-t trophies of a Hpfirtsman's ride. Water fowl, >^ee-e, dncU, etc, are very alinndant on the larger lakes, and these and Htveral vaiietieH of grouse are the principal feath- ereil f^anie, and can always he fmind in neaHon. In the lakes and rivers ari* to he found a j^reat variety of (i^h. In the foretriiiiig pagesthe statements made, with tlieexcention of the lami lawM and educational facililieH, have applied almost exclusively to British Co lumbiu on the mainland, and not to tiie adjacent iHlands. VANCOUVKlt ISLAND. ^^ Si I, pa t-i 1-1 O o I OS n u K O o P O Vancouver Island is the largent on the west coast of America, beinj; about three hundred miles loni», and with nn average breadth of about fifty miles, and contains an estimated area of about 15,000 s(juare miles, 'i'he Cuasi line- more particularly on the west side, is bri>ken by numerous inlets of the sea, some of wliicii run up to the interior of the island for many miles lietween precipitous dilfs, backed by liigh and rujiged mountains, whicii are clothed in fjr, liemiick and cedar. At some points are sheltered bays which receive siiuill streaniH, watering an opeiigladed country, having a growth of wild tlowers and grasses — the white clover, sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy and a profusion of berxies. 'J he two ends of Vancouver Island are, comparatively speaking, Hat, but there are mountams in the interior ranging from <5,000 to 8,000 feet on the highest ridges. The interior of the island, still unsettled at any distance from the sea coast, ia largely interspersed with lakes and small streams. Tiie surface is beautifully diversified by mountains, lulls and ridi vall;'ys, and on the east coast the soil is so good that great encouragement is ot!ered to agricul- tural settlement and fruit growing. In other parts the soil is light and of little depth, hut it is heavily woo, Uhiiia and Australia, and several other lines. StHatners run daily between Vi\. toria and V^ancouver, and the trip from city to city througli the cluste-red isles of the Straits of Georgia is very pleasant. Uoats ply to all important I'uget Sound ports, and to points northward on the island and tnainlami and all regular San Francisco and Alaska steamers call at Victoiia. The city has for many seasons been a favor'* ,.)rt for tourists, and appeals to be growing steadily in popularity, 'i'he '• ury for some miles about the city supports a scattered farming populp'" and furnishes a portion of the sup- plies of the city, but it is particularly ...^.ttd to fruit culture Here every variety of fruit grown in a temperate climate attain peculiar excellence, and fruit culture promises to become a leading industry in the near future. Esquimau. — There is a small town at the northern corner of the harbour of Esquimau. The nucleus of it is some British Government buildings, con- sisting of a naval hospital, an arsenal and other dockyard buildings. In the im- mediate vicinity of these the town has ari.sen. There are two churches, a public school, hotels or inns, and a number of residences and business buildings. Es- quimalt is oidy three and a half miles from Victoria by land and is connected with it by an excellent macadamized road and an electric car service. Nanaimo. — Situated on rising ground and overlooking a fine harbour on ihe east coast of Vancouver Island is the thriving city of Nanaimo, with a popu- lation of 6,01)0, buttiikingin the mining districts immediately tributary to it the population would probably be between 9,000 and 10,000. Nanaimo ranks next to Victoria in importance It is sevt-nty miles north of Victoria and depends chiefly upon its coaling interest and shipping business for support Nanaimo Harbour is coimected by a deep channel with Departure Bay, where the largest craft find safe anchorage. Vancouver Island bituminous coal is now ^'.cknow- ledged to be superior for all practical purposes to any coal on the Pacific Coast. Four companies operate the mines in the vicinity of Nanaimo. Large quantities are sent to San F'rancisco, to the Hawaiian Islands and China, being shipped from either Nanaimo or Departure IJay. Nanaimo is also the coaling station for the British squadron in the Pacific. A large number of men find employment in the mines and about the docks, and the town for its size is well supplied with the requirements .•! a growing population. It has churches, schools, hotels, waterworks, telephoui- and sev^eral manufacturing industries, and daily and semi-weekly i.cwspapi ,s. Much of the land is excellent for agricultural pur- poses. There is a week-day train service between Nanaimo and Victoria and con- nections by stpacvft with Vancouver These three places, Victoria, Nanaimo and Esquiraalt, all on the south- eastern corner of Vancouver Island, are the principal centres. There are smaller communities on the island, mainly on the southeast corner, and at no great dis- lances from the three principal places already spoken of. Such is Cowichan, a settlement on the east coast, about inilway between Victoria and Nanaimo, where the quality of the soil permits farming to be carried on to great advantage. Saa- VANCOUVER ISLAND 33 n, rush of miners nity, with bual- [)n! ominently a II large floatlnff wliich are noted '■ iilHO worthy of ,0()0 when i Mianufacturing tim largeHt iron ill Hinailer foun- provided with anadian Pacific iid from Japa'', y between Vk i cliiHtHred isles nportant I'uget and all regular its, and appeal's liles about the ■tioii of the sup- re every variety id fruit culture of the liarbour buildings, con- ingrt. In the im- irches, a public buildings. Es- id is connected vice. ine harbour on o, with a popu- jutary to it the lo ranks next ia and depends ort Nanairao lere the largest 8 now p.clcnow- Facific Coast, irge quantities being shipped 3oaling station d employment supplied with chools, hotels, and daily and icultural pur- itoria and con- on the south- re are smaller no great dis- Cowichan, a kuaiuio, where vantage. Saa- K it, ■% nioh is another farming settlement at the ci treme soul heaat ; Maple Hay, Chemal- nun, SonienoH, all in the niinhborhnod of Cowichan ; Coinox, some (50 miles north of Naiiaimo, in the viciniiy of which are some of the principal logging camps ; Union, where large coke ovens have rocei;tly becnerecUd, ai d Sooke, a short distance souihwest of Ksquiniiut. Alberni on the west coast, where gold in quantities has recently l)een discovered, is iitlracting attention and promises to become a great mining region with one or two towns of importance. THE SOIL OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. The soil of Vancouver Island varies considerably. In some pnrts are ''epo- hi'uS of clay, sai'd and gravel, .sonifiinies i)artially mixed and fr»qiu'ntly vith a thick topHoil of vegetable mould of varying depth. At other plact s towards the north of tht^ inland on the eastt rn shore nve some rich loams, immediately avail- able for cultivation. The mixed soil with jiroper tr^ntment bears heavy crops of wheat ; lh« sand and gravelly loams do wt-11 fnr o itn, ryi'i barley, buckwheat, roots, etc , and where xht- soil is a deep loamy one fruii. crows well. The follow- ing averag»> of the yield of a properly cultivated farm in the Comox diHirict is given by a member of the Canadian Geological Survey. This i.s from the best land ill (^omox, but there are oilier part.s of the island not much ii.ferior : Wheat, from -iO to 45 bushels per acre ; barley, ',',0 to .'15 bushels ; oats, 50 to tiO bushels ; peiis, 40 to 45 bushels ; potatoes, 160 to 21.0 bushels ; turnips, 20 to 26 tons per acre. TIMBER. The timber of Vancouver Island is one of its richest products. Throughout the celebrated " Douglas Fir" is found, and a variety of coniferous trees grow on all parts of the island. It is impossible to travel without marvelling at the fore«t giowlli. This exuberance is not confined to the mammoth fir trees or the enortiious cedars ; trees of many of the deciduous varieties abound, hO that either for lumber and square timber, or fnr the settlers' immediate requirements, for the use of cities, and as arborous adornments to the homes, the forests of Vancouver Island have a value that every year will become more apparent. CLIMATE OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. Concerning Vancouver Island, it only remains to say in the important matter of climate its inhabitants believe, and with some reason, that they enjoy peculiar advantages. They have a mild and even winter, with rain (the annual rainfall is estimated at 30 inches), and occasionally snow ; early spring; a dry, warm summer, and a clear, bright and enjoyable autumn. Sometimes the frost is suflBciently hard to permit of skating but this is very exceptional indeed. As a rule flowers bloom in the gardens of Victoria throughout the year. It is spoken of as England without its east winds ; in reality it is Tonpiay in the Pacific. Fruits of all kinds indigenous to the temperate climates ripen in the open air, and amongst them some that are in Enaland brought to perfnction only under gkss. Thunder storms very rarely break over Vancouver Island, distinct rum- blings only having been heard twice in ten years. It is this climate, combined with the situation of Victoria, that makes that city such a pleasant abiding place. HOW TO REACH BRITISH COLUMBIA. From Europe. — The Canadian transatlantic steamers from Europe, from about 20th November to 1st May, land their passetigers at Halifax, Nova Scotia, or St. John, N. B., the Canadian winter p.»rts From both places passengers are carried direct to Montreal in the Canadian I'acitic's cais. During the summer and autumn months (about 1st May to 12th November) steamers land passen- gers at Quebec, and ihence the continent is cros-ed to Vancouvi r via the Cana- dian Pacific Railway. When landed at New York the route thence is via Montreal. 34 VANCOUVER ISLAND Tlio Atlctntic passage usually lakes from eight to ten days, and the railway trip from Montreal live days. A pa^st'nger can usually go through lo British Columbia from England in less than a fortnight by crossing the continent onllio Canadian racilic Lino. It is advisable to book through to Vancouver or Victoria, the tickets beini; exchanged at the port of landing — Ilalifax.St, John, Quebec, Boston or New York. Efforts may be mnde to iiuliico i)as.senger8 to purchase tickets by roundabout routes, which oftentimes necessitate expensive stoppages and inconvonient trans- fers on the way. A passenger should insist on having a ticket by the Canadian Facillc Hallway, which is the imli/ liirecl and continuons route. While passing through Kastern Canada colonists for British Cohuabia should ajtply, in case of need, to the local immigration officers of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company or of tiie Dominion of Canada, who will give lione.«' advice and imformatioa. Intending passengers cm obtain tickets through to all points in Britisi; Columbia, together with the fullest information relative to the mo.st desirable places of location for farming, cattle growing, mining and tradine, by applying': to agents of the ("anadian I'acitic Hallway in London, Liverpool, and Gla.sgow. FuoM TUK Unmeo Statics. — From Oregon, Washington, Nevada and Cali fomia via Huntingdon, B C, or Vancouver. From the Dakoias, Alinne.sota, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa and Mis- souri, via the Soo-racilic line, entering Canada at Portal, and connecting with the Canadian I'acitic Railwiiy. From Eastern States via Montreal, P.Q., or Prescott, Ontario, or via Toronto. HOW TO SEND MONKY TO BRITISH COLUMBIA. Th.e colonist from Great Britain is recommended not to take English coii; to British Columbia In Great Britain he should pay that portion of liis money not wanted on the passage to the Post Office and get a money order for it pay- able in Vancouver or Victoria ; or he may pay his money either to any bank in London having an agency in British Columbia, such as Bank of Montreal, Bank of British Colunibia, Bank of lir.tish North America, Imperial Bank, etc. This will avoid risk from loss on the way. United States currency is taken at par in business circles. ON ARRIVING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. It is sometimes better for an iutending farmer of moderate means to place his money on first arrival in the Goverimient Savings Bank (which allows inter- est), to take lodgings and to work for wages for some time in order to gain a knowledge of colonial life and modes of management The Government, or Canadian Pacific agent at port of arrival will furnish infonnatioti as to lands open for settlement in the respective districts, farms for ••ale, demand for labor, rates of wages, routes of travel, distances, expense of conveyance s, etc. The colonist should be careful of his cash capital, and not put it into invest- ments hastily. There are Canadian Oovernment Havings Banks in the Province. PRICE OF BOARD AND LODGING. Very erroneous ideas prevail in some quarters as to the actual expense of living in the Province. In old days, during the mining boom and prior to the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway, rates were Mndeniably high. But at present the increased shipping facilities and livelier competition have lowered prices all round, and necessaries of life cost no more than in the adjacent United States territory, and can be purchased at a reasonable advance upon ruling prices in Ontario and the provinces of Eastern Canada Good board and lodg mg at hotels costs from about *5 to |6,50 per week, or 208. to 26s. sterlii .- MINING LAWS 35 . anil the railway irough to British continent on tlio the tickets beim; ton or XewYorkT •s by roundabout oiivtnient trans- 'jy the Canadian ritish Coluiubia of the Canadian will tjive honej-t, )oint.s in Britisl- niost desirable i?, by applyini.': and (JJa.sgow. evada and Cali- , Iowa and Mis- Jonnecting witl; I or via 'I'orouto. U3IBIA. ce F^nglish coin '11 of his money )rder for it pav- to any bank in Montreal, Bank ajik, etc. This lA. means to place ;h allows iuter- )rder to gain a al will furnish icts, farms for es, expense of '■ it into invest - I the Province, al expense of 1 prior to the liigh. But at iave lowercl iacent United upon ruling rd and lod? 265. sterlii, f Board and lodging per day $1, or 4<. sterling; single meal, 26c. and 60c„ ate bearing of No. 2 jiost, length and breadth of claim, and number of feet to the right and number of feet to the left of location line. On No 2 po.st : Name of claim, name of locator, and date of location. The line from 1 to 2 nuist be distinctly ma'-kod by blazing trees, cutting underbru.sh, or planting posts. All records must be made at the Mining Recorder's oHice of the mining division in which the claim is situated, with affidavit that mineral has beea found on the claim. A mineral claim must be recorded within fifteen days after location, if within ten miles of the ottice of the Mining liecorder. One addi- tional lay is allowed for every additional ten miles. The locator nmst furnish the Mining Recorder with the following particulars, in addition to the affidavit above mentioned, at the same time the cla'm is recorded, paying a fee of .$2.59 for recording claim and 25 cents for filing affidavit: Name of claim, name of locator, number of location, munber of Free .Miner's certificate, where the mine is situated, direction or bearing ^,1 location line, length and breadth of claim, number of feet to the right and number of feet to the left location line, and date of location. To hold a mineral claim, work to the valae of JlOO must be done on the claim each year from date of record, to the total value of §500. An affidavit made by the holder, or his agent, giving a detailed statement of the work done must be filed with the Gold Conmiissioner or Mining Recorder, and a certificate of work obtained from the Gold Commissioner or Mining Recorder, and recorded (fee .$2 50) before the expiration of each year from the date of record. The holder of adjoining Ti.ineral claims may, subject to filing a notice of his intention with the Gold Oommi.ssioner or M';'::;i^ Hecorder, perform o>i any one or more of rsnch claims all the wot!: rpqiv.r.jd to entitle him to a certificate of work for eac' claim. Any liioney or labor expended in constructing a tuunel to develop a vem or lode will be deemed to have beei. e\pend('d on such vein or lode, io lieu v)f the above aniuial work, the holder oi i :;iineral claim may pay to tK^ Miiiuig Recorder SlOO, get a receipt and record the .ame, each year for 6 years from dnte of record. To obtain a certificate of improvements to a mi; era! claiui the holder must have done work on his claim to the value of iJ.'iOO ; hid iho cl;. ''k, !.-., r -^•' .'^' ^. i N ^,;=i Canadian Pacific Railway Co/s Royal Mail Steamship Line TO JAPAN AND CHINA CoNsisTiNr. or THE M » ^ N 1 1 1 c c N T TWIN-SCREW Steamshibs EMPRESS OF INDIA EMPRESS OF JAPAN EMPRESS OF CHINA Siiiliritr every lour weeks in wiiitfi- mid ovim v tlin;.' wcoliH in suinmor belwi-en Vancouver and Victoria, iJ.C. anfl Yokoliiiinii. K., 1)0 iind Niiwas.iki. Jnpaii, Sliant'-hai, CIiihil. and }Ion(r Kontf. Those «teanishi|)s are of 0,000 tuns roifistor, with a .s|vnnl of )i> tmots. anil arc llio only Twin-Sorew Vessels on the Paoilic. The shortest aad H.noiitlu-:-;t route across the North Pacillc avoidinu the uncertain weather of more siiitherlv latil\Kius. islbUowed and with the superior speed oftlio Kniprcssas enables tlu^ vovai^e to bo ni ide in from a wei^k to ten rlays nuicker time than is rciuired by any other route. ~% ■A.-,* ■■■'■i CANADIAN=AUSTRALIAN S. S. LINE. The Royal Mail StL'Tmships W A 1{ IM UOO a:id >l l(»W i;RA Rive a moutlily service between Vancouver and Victoria, B.C., and Sydney, N.S.W., via Honolulu, Hawai.an I. lands, aud Suva, Fijian Islands. Passeneers booked from lioiiilitii '/r l/ivcrpool, N»mv VorU, ISoHtoii, Uoni real, Toronto, or any of the principal cities ot Ciiiiailii antl the I'liitf)! Siiilc'-. These vessels carry an experiemecl medical man and a btew:irrless on each voyatre, and are in every respect superior to any other ships that have as yet soiled the Pacific Ocean. For passage, handbooks ot information, or Trans-Pa'jific or .l.ipanese Guide, apply to .XKCII KK n.Vli.l':R, 67 & 68 Kinp WiUitim St. E.C.. & 30 Cock.spur St. S.W., London, Kn(?. ; 7 James St. Liverpool; 67 St. Vinrent St.. Glas^nw. li. .1. r, District Passenger Airent, V. V. Slil>'M:i{. General Eastern ARent, - < '. SIII'.KHV, District Passenger Atreut, .1. l<\ l,i;i:. General A^ent, Passenger Dept., - - - 232 South Clark St., Chicatjo, 111. .U. M, STICK >", District Passenser Agent, - - Chronicle Buildinir, San Francisco, Cal. W. R. ('.A iil/.WV.VY, General Passeng-er Atrent, Soo Line, - - Minneapolis, Minn. \V. S. TIKHO", Ass. Gen. Pass. Atfcnt, Soo Line, St. Paul, Minn. ti, W. liiltlt.VKI), General P.i8seni,^er Atrent, D, S. S. & A Lme, - Marquette, Mich. r. !•:. .>lclMII",KS(>N. Assistant General Passoupor A^ent. - I Kinsf St. East, Toronto. U. .>I«-li. lUtOU >', District Passenger Aeent, - - Vancouver, B.C. A. II. N(>T:>I.\>, District Passenger Ag-ent, - - St. John, N.B. O. K. ItKOWN, General At?ent, Hon* KtMlKKT UIOKK. Traffic Mauaser. Lines West of Lake Superior, 197 Washington St.. Boston. 353 Broadway, New York. 11 Furl Street West, Detroit, Mich. ng Kong. Winnipeg, Man. C. E. E. USSHER, Assistant General Passenger Agent, Montreal. D. McNICOLL, Passenger Traffic Manager, Montreal A SENSIBLE ROAD I I ! The • :^« aciiic Dailway Operating Its Own Steamship, Hotel, Sleeper, Telegraph, Express & News Services Is the Most Substantial and Perfectly Built Railway on the Continent of America, and Buperbly equipped with the finest rolling stock modern skill can produce. COAi'lIES, DININCJ and SliKKl'INU <'ARS are triumphs of luxurious elegance, and excel in Stability and Beauty of Finish any other in the world, TOURISTS Will find the New Route through Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific unapproached for magnificence and variety of scenery by any other line of travel. The rugged ■wilderness of the North Shore of Lake Superior, the pictutesQUe Lakeof the Woods region, the Billowy Prairies of the Canadian North-West, the stately grandeur of the Rockies, the marvels of the Selkirks and Qold Range, the wondrous be.auty of the Pacific Coast, are traversed by THE GItEAT DI'STl/ES.S HOI'TK. Being entirely controlled and managed by one Company, the CANAI)IAN PACIFK' RAIIAVAY ofters special advantages to transcontinental travellers that cannot be granted by any other line. It is the Best, the Safest, the Fastest and the Only Continuous Route from Ocean to Ocean. The Company have spared no expense in providingr for the wants and comfort of their patrons, as their line of Dining Cars and Mountain Hotels will at all times testify, beint? supplied with all that the most fastidious can desire. Transcontinental Sleeping Cars Are provided with Sofa Sections and Bathing Accommodation, and ofl'er all the comfort and convenience of First-class Hotels. They are specially constructed to admit of the Scenery beii viewed in ail directions. hrough Tickets from IlRlirnx, (St. John, N.B., Qucbee, Montreal, Ottawn. Prescotl, BrorKville, Toronio, Ilnmillnii, London and all points in Kastern Canada ; also from Ke\w York, BoHton, Chtengo. (St. I'niil, niuuenpolis and all the principal points in the TJnited States, to VancoiiYt-r, Viclorin, and all points in British Columbia, and to Portland, Ore., Pucet Sound PortH, New Wlialcoin, Seattle, Tacomn, San Francisco, etc. In'iist on getting- your tickets via the Canadian Pacific Railway. ' "" ' Colonists receive special attention by this route, Free Colonist Sleeping Cars being sup- plied for their accommodation. Freight Shippers can have their goods transported without the vexatious delays and damage incidental to the frequent transfers necessary by other routes, and without the expense and annoyance of customs requirements.* L-. ,,) ly :es 1, and 11 EK, .bility 3d for of the airies kirks lEAT , the ellers I Only riding lotelB t and enery scoti. New nited Ore., rsup- s and it the