IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 11= U ill 1.6 V] ^;. W' .<^ /^ ^^yw-^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 weST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 is ! J 6^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiocaphiques The institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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L'exemplaire f iimi f ut reproduit grflce A la ginArosit* de: Bibliothique Moriuat Univarsitt d'Ottawa Les images suivantes ont At6 reproduites avec ie plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetA de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the bacic cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont filmte en commengant par Ie premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par Ie second plat, selon ie cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commen^ant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each nr' :rofiche shall contain the symbol —^>( meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboies suivants appara?tra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon Ie cas: Ie symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Nfrp^. plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at di arenf reduction ratios. Those too large to be entire!*- it. .iuded in one exposure are filmed beginning in th9 upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimis A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui cliche, ii est film* A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant Ie nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 1 ■ 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THI Mi V r ^^ '" -J SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. THE GRAPHIC ART OF THE ESKIMOS. m WALTER JAMES HOFFMAN, M. D., Honorary Curator, Ethnological Museum, Catholic Univtrsity of Americay Wathington, D. C. Prom the Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1895, pages 739-968, with eighty-two plates. BIBUOTHECA WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. '897.. 7? / 2 f 7 n THE GRAPHIC ART OF THE ESKIMOS. BASED UPON THE COLLECTIONS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. HY AVAT^TER JAMES HOFFMAN, M. J>., Honorary Curator, Ethnological Mmeum, Catholic Vnirvraity of Amerim, Waahinijton, D. C. 739 |trodn Oeo Sub Pop Ear Sbel Prel iviron Hab Orni rt facil Art Mat Insti Port Repr Deco 1 1 1 I *ictogra] 'ictograj Indiv Hunt Trav« Comb Ideograp] Pictoi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Itrodnotion 749 ^o Eskimo 752 Geogrnpbic distribution 752 Subtribes or settlements 755 Population 757 Early explorations 758 Shell heaps in the Alentian Islands 761 Prehistoric art 762 Eskimo and cave-men 763 ivironment 765 Habitiitions 765 Ornitments, labrets 766 pt facility 767 Art in general 767 MaterialH employed 773 Ivory 773 Horn 776 Hone 777 Wood 777 Metals 781 Skins of animals 781 Tattooing 781 Instruments and colors 782 Portrayal of natural and other objects 790 Representation by synecdoche 798 Decoration and ornamentation 800 Decoration consisting chiefly of lines, dots, and zigzags 800 Decoration consisting chiefly of circles 800 Decoration of perscmal ornaments, utensils, etc 833 De<-oration of animal carvings 839 'ictographs of domestic avocations 843 of habitations and conveyance 8't3 of utensils and weapons 852 of preparation of food 853 of pastimes and games 856 Mctographic records 872 Individual exploits 872 Hunting and fishing 884 Travel and geographic features 897 Combat 901 geography 902 Pictographs of gesture signs and signals 908 741 742 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1895. Shanianisiii HI: Mythto auiiiials t)l; CereuiunittlH Dlj IJ " individual 9:1 Votive oJl'eringH and mortuary 91 I Conventionalizing 9:'> Compariaon 9H> Appendix 94" Geuture HiguH of KHkinio 94' Specimens referred to in present paper 9r»' LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 136. 137. [38. 39. 140. 41. 42. 43. PI.,\TKS. FiutiiiK |Hiitn. Mapof Alanka 755 NomikHe'nor, a Kavia'gmiiit luuii 7n(i Kukii'nk, a Kavia'gniiiit man 75(i NerluiiK'iiur, u Kavia'giiiiiit ){irl 75<> T'luilina, a man of NuwTik 75({ Pnka, a young man of lltkiawiu 756 Arrow Htraightenern 7t)5 Arrow straightenerH 765 Tblinkit neck ornaments 76y Kolgncv Sunioye«l walriiH hnnturs 772 Walrns ( RoHmaniH obenua, Iltigor) 774 Reindeer or Woodland Carilton ( liaiii/ifer taratidua caribou, Kerr) 776 Weaving utenHils of horn 777 Hunting records of horn 777 Nbti ve knives 777 Dancing mask of wood 777 8a WH for cutting ivory 783 ll(»iie skin dressr^rs 7K4 Various forms of gravers 785 Ivory pipoHtem showing right and left sides 71H) Carved drill bows and bag hiindloH 7!)2 Carved drill bows and bag humlles 792 Utensils of bono and horn 79;i Carved ivory bows and bodkins 793 Boxes of bone and tusk 793 Seal drags an«l bag handle 7JW Native model of kaiak. Alaska 79(5 Native model of umiak. Alaska 797 Spear rest. Point Barrow 798 Bone box for shell money. Hftpa Tndiaiis 802 Handles bearing primary forms of decorations 805 Derorated ornaments 805 Wooden tablet. Paipuan oriiamcntatioii 805 Wooden boxes and case for fishing tackle 806 Decorated utensils used by women 808 Ornamented kantag handles 809 Ornamented drill bows 810 Ornamented kantag handles 810 Bag handles 810 Records from bag handles 811 Ornamented utensils 812 Ornamented utensils 813 Ornamented carvings' Africa and Alaska 815 743 744 KKPORT OF NATIONAL MUHEUBI, 1K96. 44. Knife shottth. Tangiera, Morut'co 8UI 45. Koiniin lani]). Carthago 8lti 46. BritUii imitutioii of Mnoedoiiiuii Htiittir 8'J() 47. CoiiiHof Hritoua ami Gaiila SiiH 48. Ornamented iTory Jewelry Su" 49. Decorated omanientH and utenHile 82» 60. Ivory biiokloa and pendants 8-'i< 51. Ivory biioklea or toggles 8l'^ 52. Hniitt' tuhei and needloraaeH 8:.'9 63. Decorated hunting hat. Kutniui iHiand, Alaska SX> 64. Hat ornainents of lioue 8<'!ti 55. Ornamented bug handles 84ipestem uud bowl 8!t7 72. Mythic bird and whale on harpoon rest 91:' 73. Records of Hhamanistic ceremonials 9i:< 74. Shumanistic ceremonials 9ir> 75. Petroglyphs ut HohuslUn, Sweden 931 76. I*etro>;lyphs at Bohiisliin, Sweden 931 77. Various forms of concentric circles 931! 78. Page from whaleman's log book 93."! 79. Whaler's record of sighting whales 93tl 80. Eskimo carvings of whiile tails 93(1 81. "History of u year of the Chukch" 938 82. Samoyed reindeer teams 94 1 TEXT FIGURES. Page 1. Wooden buzz toy 77x 2. Woo«len mask 77.'< 3. Dancing gorget of wood 77M 4. Dancing gorget of wood 78aga 70. Picking oerries 863 7i. Cuttiug up wiilrus 863 72. Cutting up rcindfcr 863 73. Cutting ui» roimleer 8r> t« 134. 868 JB 13.''.. 868 ^^B 136. 868 JB 137. 869 "IB 138. 869 im 139. 869 iiiB 140. 869 i^B 141. 870 ^1 142. 870 ^ 143. 871 ^Wm 144. 871 'm 14.^.. 873 JH 146. 874 ^^B 147. 874 9 148. 874 JB 149. 874 :B| 150. 87ij ;^H l.'il. 87') Bb 152. 87ri ^K 153. 87*i B 154. 877 B 880 ^ 881 :« 882 fl[ 885 JB j|H 890 I^B ^B ^B ^B 892 IH ^1 ^B ^1 ^H 900 ^B 900 ;fl . C. INTRODUCTION. In the selection of ai)proi)riate inaterijils upon which to inscribe his thouglits, primitive man was jjoverned to a great extent by his environment. In a country abounding in rocks and clifts, it was but natural for him to portray upon a smooth conspicuous surface the record of an exploit, or a character to direct his companions on the right trail or to a convenient camping place. In that portion of the West known as the " (rreat Plains," rock pictures are of seldom occurrence. The numerous tribes of many dift'erent languages were hunters of the buft'alo, and in their frequent movements from jjlace to ])lace found the skin of that animal, as well as tliat of the deer, the most con- venient. Along the shores of the (ireat Lakes, where the white birch is of frequent occurrence, the Indians employ the bark of this tree for their mnemonic and other records. The bark, when fresh, is tough, and retains permanently the slightest markings indented or incised upon it by means of a sharply pointed bone or nail. Various Indian tribes employ, also, other substances, such as bone, wood, and various arrangements of shell beads, as well as feathers and textile substances, to convey special forms of information.' The Innuit or Eskimo of Alaska utilize the tusks of the walrus, and in occasional instances the horns of the reindeer. The tusks are cut longitudinally into rods, upon the faces of which delicate engravings or etchings are made, the depressions or incisions thus produced being filled with black or some other <'olor so as to heighten the effect. The Eskimo of (rreenland, Labrador, and tlu^ remaining portions of the Arctic regions east of the delta of the Mackenzie River, use Hat pieces of wood upon which to exercise their more primitive skill at art ornamentation. Although ivory is abundant in some i)ortions of the Melville Peninsula, yet it appears generally absent in the collections from that region. ' For (lutailH and history of pictography, aee the writer's " Beginnings of Writing." D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1895. 749 •SSaMta^Hlaii^ HB^jUB^teSAittli 750 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1895. While the accompanyiug paper is based chiefly upon the <;ollection in tlie rnite