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 i calik- .livicr lor trans|)ortation of raw [K'al luil. at the Alfred peat bo^. Ontario. 
 
I'l.ATF. I. 
 
 at the Alfred peat bo«, Onbrio. 
 
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 Tar) 
 
 CANADA 
 
 
 DKI'ARTMKNT OK MINKS 
 
 ll'>>. I'. K. UlciNDIN, MiM^TKN; K. <•■ Ml I'llNNhl I.. DiTI TV MiMireN 
 
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 I BULLETIN NoTm 
 
 Investigation of the Peat Bogs and 
 
 Peat Industry of Canada 
 
 1913-14 
 
 BV 
 
 Aleph Anrep 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 GdVKHNMF.NT I'KINTlNci Rl KEAI 
 
 No. 351 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Dr. Kif knk Haankl, 
 
 DircctDr Mini-;* Branch, 
 Ut'iwrtnunt of Minvii, 
 Ottawa. 
 
 Sir, — 
 
 at 
 
 I ^H■^: to submit, herewith, a report on the investigation of • 
 1k)({s and jK-al industry of I'anada, durinK l^l.' and 1914. 
 
 Particulars are given of the detailed examination of ten pe.u ikirb 
 in the Frovir -: of (Jntario; three |X'at Ik)ks in the i'rovince of yuel)ec; six 
 peat 1k)ks ill le Province f)f Prince Kdward Island; and eisht peat 1)OKs 
 in the Province of Nova Scotia, together with a short description of a pre- 
 liminary investigation of two lK)g8 situattnl near Durham in the county of 
 
 in thi county o' Bruce, lK)thin the Province 
 
 Grey, and one near Wiarton 
 one at 
 
 of 
 
 )f 
 
 Mount Stewart, near Charlotfetown, Prince 
 
 Ontario; also ol 
 Edward Island. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, I have included in the report over 60 
 photographic illustrations of botanical plants found '.n the lx)g8 investigated; 
 of which most of the bogs in the eastern provinces of Canada are composed. 
 A number of translations of valuabL- official documents on the utiliza- 
 tion of pe;>t, dealing with recent developments in Eun- -ean practice, are 
 also included. 
 
 I have the hono, . o\k, Sir, 
 
 Your jijedient servant, 
 
 (Signed) Aleph Anrep. 
 April 30, 1915. 
 
 Ill 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 V\i,v. . 
 
 INVKSTK.ATION Ol CANADI W I'KAT U<)«.S » 
 
 Ontario— 
 
 Kichnionil peat Ih)k ' 
 
 I. lit her |H.'at Ik>k 
 
 Amaranth pt'at Im)j{ ' 
 
 Durham [K-at Ikjk " 
 
 ICastnor |H-.it 1m>k ' 
 
 CarKJIl iMMt Im)K ' 
 
 WV^lovcr (K-at Ik>k • 
 
 Mar>h Hill ixMt U>u ^ 
 
 Simikrhind jKat hoK '* 
 
 Manilla |H'at l>i)K '^ 
 
 Slofcj iH'at Ik)^ ^ '*» 
 
 C'lairvii'W |n.at I>(>k 'o 
 
 Marl (kixj-its of (lairview and St(Ki) |xal bo^js 17 
 
 Twwd |xat Ik)k 1** 
 
 Uiillcr iK-ai Im)({ 18 
 
 Quebec — 
 
 l.'A^somption |Kat \mg ^" 
 
 St. Isidore |KMt bo^ H 
 
 Holton |ieat bog 2-' 
 
 Prince Edward Island— 
 
 Hl.uk Marsh |K-at liog 27 
 
 rortage |)eat Ikjr -8 
 
 Mi^coiirhe |)eat \H>g -'0 
 
 Muchly Creek (K'at litter lK)g -'2 
 
 Mount Stewart |)eat \>og -'2 
 
 Black Banks |XMt litter Ixjgs ii 
 
 Mermaid |X"at l)og H 
 
 Nova Scotia — 
 
 CarilMJU jn'at l>og •JS 
 
 ( 'herr\ field |xut Ijog ■*! 
 
 Tusket peat Img +2 
 
 Makoke i)eat bog ^^ 
 
 Jleath peat l)og -tS 
 
 I'ort t'lyde peat bog 51 
 
 l.atour |xat bog 52 
 
 (■|y<lc iK-at Ixjg 54 
 
 HOTANV OK PKAT HOi.S: II.I.VSTRA TKl) 58 
 
 Ontario — 
 
 Kit'hmoiKl |)eat bog 58 
 
 Mar^h I till |K'al lH)g 58 
 
VI 
 
 Page 
 
 Quebec — 
 
 I.'Assompt ion peat bog ^' 
 
 St. Isidore peal i)0({ '^ 
 
 Holtoii peat l)og *" 
 
 Prince Edward Island— 
 
 Miscouihe peat liog 59 
 
 Black Banks [leat Iwu ^ 
 
 Nova Scotia — 
 
 Caribou peat Img "^ 
 
 Tusket |)eat 1h)k ^ 
 
 Clyde River peat bog 6" 
 
 AcknowlidKnuiils 
 
 AI.FKKl) I'ICAT I'l.ANT, AI.IKKD, ONT.; I.ATKST DEVELOPMENT AND 
 
 CONDITION OF ^^ 
 
 NOTES ON Sl'lX lAI. AI'I'I.IANC ES I OR THE MANl FACTCRE OF PEAT 
 
 Fl'EI ^^ 
 
 F!neberK'> pi'at fuel ir uliines — 
 
 (1) Hand po". i ''■' 
 
 (i) Horse iHjwer ^^ 
 
 (,V) Electric motor |)ower °^ 
 
 Bauniann system of |K>at fuel manufacture ^ 
 
 N0TE;S ON I'EAT PRODICTION IN FOREK.N COl NTRIF:s 67 
 
 United States— 
 
 lni|X)rtalion of peat moss litter, 19()6-1<M4 67 
 
 Sweden — 
 
 Extract from the report on peal to the Swedish governmeni, 1911 67 
 
 (a) Peat powder *^7 
 
 di) The de I.aval wet carlHinizinR process 68 
 
 Ic) Loans granted by Swedish government, for the promotion of 
 
 peat fuel industry, 19(U-191() 68 
 
 SiA( ial loan for ex|)eriments on <le Laval wei carbonizing process 69 
 
 Norway — 
 
 Peat fuel manufactured at Vestfinmarken, Norway, during 1914 69 
 
 Denmark — 
 
 Progress of |)eat fuel industry 1902-1913 70 
 
 I)elaile<l information with regard to [wat fuel manufacture- 
 
 191.? 70 
 
 l')14 7' 
 
 Russia — 
 
 Progress of the pc-at fuel industry, 1909-1914 71 
 
vu 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 Pace 
 
 Tahle I. — Peat bogs investigated in Ontario during 1908-09-10-11, and 1913 9 
 
 II. — Peat bogs investigated in the Province of Quebec 19 
 
 III. — .Analyses of the different peat samples collected from the bogs in the 
 
 Province of yucbvc 25 
 
 „ IV.— Investigated jx-at lx)gs in F'rince Edward Island, during 1913 26 
 
 , \'. — Peat bogs inv'estigated in Province of Nova Scotia 37 
 
 VI. — Analyses of the different jwat samples collected from togs in the Prov- 
 ince of Nova Scotia 57 
 
 „ VII.— Peat fuel manufactured at Vestfinmarken, Norway, 1914 69 
 
 - VIII.— Peat fuel manufactured in Denmark in the years 1902-1913 70 
 
 IX. — Total amount of ix-at fuel manufactured and sold in Denmark during 
 
 !''»•» 71 
 
 » X.— Table of peat manufactured and sold in Denmark during 1914 71 
 
 61 
 
 .\PPENDICES. 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 63 
 64 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 
 67 
 67 
 68 
 
 68 
 69 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 71 
 
 71 
 
 COPIKS OF ( AN.\I)I.^v PATENTS DESCRIPTIVE OF IMPROVEMENTS IN 
 M.ACTIINERV FOR THE HANDI.INC; AND .MANlF.At TIRE OF PF:.AT FlEl,. 
 
 .Ap;*ndix I.— Apiwratus for treating peat. Hy .^. .\nrep, Helsingborg, 
 
 Sweden 75 
 
 II. — .Automatic ro[x: arrangement for transporting carriage rol- 
 ling on a shiftuble circular track. By .\. .\nrep, Hel- 
 singborg, Sweden 79 
 
 „ III.— Peat moulding and spreading machine. By A. Anrep, Hel- 
 singborg, Swctlen 83 
 
 „ IV.— Separation of water and solid substance by application of 
 pressure. By Horace Keeble and Cecil Keeble, Ware- 
 ham, England 87 
 
 v.— Process for drying raw peat. By Heinrich Brune, and Dr. 
 
 Heinrich Horst, Frankfort -on-the-Main, Oermany 89 
 
 „ \T.— The getting or excavating of peat. By Thomas Rigby, 
 
 Dumfries, Scotland 91 
 
 ^11. — Removal of water from wet carbonized peat. By Nils Test- 
 
 rup, and Olaf Sixlerlund, London, F^ngland 95 
 
 „ VIII.— .Methods of recovering peat bogs. By Bernard flranville. 
 
 New York, U.S.A 101 
 
 " IX.— Peat conveyer. By Ernst August Pcr.son, Emmaljunga, 
 
 Sweden IO7 
 
 " X.— Peat expresses. By Oscar Joseph Sigler, Mansfield, Ohio, 
 
 and Jerome Jarvis, Toledo, Ohio 115 
 
 " ^I. — Methods and apparatus for gathering and transporting 
 
 peat. By Thomas Rigby, Dumfries, S .tiand 121 
 
 „ XII.— Method of desiccating peat. By Eniil Hirsch, Berlin, 
 
 (lerniany 123 
 
 „ -X HI. —Process for utilization of peat. By Thomas Rigby, Dum- 
 fries, Scotland, and Nils Testrup, London, England. . . 125 
 
 1 Xl\'.— Drying or carbonizing [leat. By Edward Fox Strangways 
 
 Zohrale, C.E., Baronet, Scotscalder, Thurso, Scotland. . 129 
 
 » XV.— Process and apparatus for treating peat. By Josef Berglund, 
 
 Eskilstuna, Sweden 129 
 
viii 
 
 P.\(1F. 
 
 AlilHiiilix W I. -IniprciMd irc.ilmviit i>f iK'.it for m.imiri.il .ind oltur pur- 
 |M) iv-i. Hy William HcKTofl Hiitloiiily, Kinns ('<illi-K<-. 
 
 I.onilon, Kii^hiMil '■'■* 
 
 XN II.— M.uliincrv for irialniciit of |Kai ami tho likf. Hy K. Arthur 
 
 Um klf. Maiiilif^lcr, Kntjland I'S 
 
 .. Will. -Ki-movinn r<M)is an<l till' like from |KMl. Hv Jamf» Sidney 
 
 Whit.iker, |)iimfrie>, Sollanil 1'9 
 
 XIX. -IVal working machine. Hy I'linstanlin /elenay, Twer, 
 
 KusMa 1^5 
 
 XX. -.\pparatns for the iilili/ation of |)eat. Hy Nils Testriip, 
 I.onilon, Knulanil; Thomas Ritjliy, Dumfries, Scotland; 
 
 and Olaf SHlerlimd, London, r.nKl.ind l.^S 
 
 XXI. Improved app.ir,itiis for the wet carlHjnizinj! of |»'al. Hy 
 
 Nils Testru|), London, Knul.ind 1''5 
 
 .. XXII. -MethiMl anil a|)p.iralii^ for removing water from inat. H> 
 
 T. KiKl>y. I>miifries, Sotland l'>9 
 
 .. XXIIL— I'eat forming and spreading machinery. Hy IC. V. M(H)re, 
 
 l'eterl«>ri>nnh, Ontario, Canada '"■' 
 
 ., XXIW— I'e.it dew.iterinK prme.-*s. Hy Thomas KiKl>y, Dumfries, 
 
 Sotlanil l"^ 
 
 INDKX I**! 
 
 I.IsroF .MINKS HKAN( II |•^HLIC■.Vrl()N^ Knd 
 
 i'late 
 
 I.— 
 
 II.- 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V.- 
 
 \I. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XL 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 X\. 
 
 XVI. 
 XVII. 
 XVIII. 
 XIX. 
 XX. 
 XXI. 
 
 ll.l,L"STR.\TIONS. 
 
 Plmlogruphs. 
 
 I'.inorainic view of thi' .\nrep excavator and Mcmrc's cable 
 device for the trans|)orlalion of raw |H'at fuel at the .Alfred 
 
 |K-at boK, Ontario Frontispiece 
 
 Land formation ^urroinidinj; Marsh Hill [K'at Imj;, Ontario 10 
 
 Surface growth on Marsh Hill iK-at Ihik, Ontario 10 
 
 Wooded area representing Marsh Hill iK'at hoK, Ontario 10 
 
 Railway cro^siuK Marsh Hill iK'at boK, Ontario 10 
 
 Surface growth; Stoco |K-at Imir, Ontario 1* 
 
 Surface growth on the HIack Marsh jKMt bog, IMC. I. C'arex and 
 
 eriophorum doniin.iting -" 
 
 The HIack Hanks |K'at bog, I'.K.L: low tide i* 
 
 Hlack Hanks iK'at bog, showing the floating sphagnum island, 
 
 I'.K.I ._ -'^ 
 
 Surface growth. Mermaid |H'at bog, I'.K.I -'^ 
 
 Lake Macdonald, Mermaid |)eat bog, I'.K.I •"> 
 
 Clyde |K-at bog, Ni)\a Scotia '•* 
 
 Civile river into which several arms of the Clyde |KMt Img extend ^i 
 
 Clyde |H'at bog. Nova Scotia •'" 
 
 Showing the elevation of the hard land on the northwest shore 
 
 of the Clyde |)eat bog. Nova Scotia ^^ 
 
 -Cormi^ Canmlen-is (l.i •'" 
 
 Kriophorum viriili — carinatum (Kngelml 58 
 
 -Carex exilis (Dewey 1 5** 
 
 -Carex tribuloides '* 
 
 -Carex tenella (S-hk) 58 
 
 -Carex rostrata iStokesi 58 
 
P.\(1K 
 
 l,^s 
 
 145 
 
 155 
 
 165 
 
 1()9 
 
 17.? 
 
 177 
 
 181 
 
 . .En.l 
 
 .Ic- 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 
 mii> 
 
 piece 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 16 
 
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 28 
 
 
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 Kl, 
 
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 36 
 
 
 54 
 
 ikI 
 
 54 
 
 
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 nv 
 
 
 
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 i'l.ltt 
 
 NXII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 XXMI. 
 
 XXMII. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 xxx. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 -XXXII. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 XX x\. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 XXXVll. 
 
 XXXMII. 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 XL. 
 
 XI. I. 
 
 XI. II. 
 
 XI. III. 
 
 XI. IV. 
 
 XI.V. 
 
 XI. \l. 
 
 XI.MI. 
 
 XI.MII. 
 
 XI. IX. 
 
 I.. 
 
 I.I. 
 
 I. II. 
 
 I. III. 
 
 I. IV. 
 
 I.V. 
 
 I. VI. 
 
 I.\ll, 
 
 I. Mil. 
 
 MX. 
 
 I.X. 
 
 I. XI. 
 
 I.X 1 1. 
 
 I.XIII. 
 
 I. XIV. 
 
 I XV. 
 
 I. XVI. 
 
 i.X\ II. 
 
 l.XMII. 
 
 I. XIX. 
 
 I.XX. 
 
 I. XXI. 
 
 -( arcx HniniU'Mfn* lI'iHrl 
 
 — C.inx iiiir.iliilis il)i'«<\ I 
 
 — ( .iri'X \ iilpinoidc.i i .Miclix i 
 
 Diilichiiiin >|>,itli,iiciiin iS) 
 
 -C.ill.i nilHslris il.i 
 
 -Sirpiis atriKinctiis ircriil 
 
 S( irpii> llii<l«<>nianii- iKiTinall 
 
 -•laliiiiii triliduin (I.) 
 
 I'<>lalllll^l't(ln alpinu'^ 
 
 — Tlialictrum <li<iii'iini 
 
 —( alopoyon piiU'lu'lliis (K. Br.) 
 
 — Drcp.iniiiladii-. Kni'iflii iS,h.) Warnst 
 
 — Mniiiiii artinc, HIand, var. rtiKi>'iiiii (l.aiir.i Ur. and Scli 
 
 -Cliiiiaiium dindroide- (Dill. I.i \V. and .\l. 
 
 — C.dlitTKon cordifolinni (llcdiii l.indh 
 
 — Thniiliuni ileliratiiluni ;I.) Milt 
 
 -.\niliI\>tfKiiini ripariiini 
 
 — .\nilil\>.ti'ijiiini Juratzkaniiin 
 
 -Dri'pantMladiis (Milya tpiis, HIand (Warnst.) 
 
 —Mixture of tliri-i- sterile s|K-eie.»; 
 lir\ iini hiniuni 
 Tiirtiila niontana 
 (eratodon purpureiK 
 
 -.\spidiiHH Thelypteris (Swartz) 
 
 -Caltlia paliistris ll.) 
 
 -Menyanthes trifoliata (I.) 
 
 -Marrhantia |K>Iyni()rpha 
 
 -Inipatiens liitlora (Wall) 
 
 -I.\>iina(hia thrysitlora (I.) 
 
 -Omxiea sen^ihilis (1.) 
 
 -Sinni eiiuta'folinni, Schrank 
 
 -Curex gynaiidra, Sihwein 
 
 -l'()l\j!'"UMH satjittatuni (I.) 
 
 -Jiiniii.s effusus, I.., var. romixutiis, I.ej. and Court 
 
 -.M<i|H-<urus neniculatus (L) 
 
 -Siuni ei<ut;efo!iuni, Sthrank: linear leaved form 
 
 -('aIaiiia!{ro..itis I.ann.sdorftii (Link.) Trin 
 
 -Chelone };lal>ra ll.) 
 
 -Ilalwnaria psycodes, dray 
 
 -Solidago rugosa. Mill 
 
 -SolidaRO ^;raniinifoIia (I.) Sali-il) 
 
 -S)Iidago Canadensis 
 
 Solidano ulininosa, Nutt 
 
 "Solidasjo altissinia ll.) 
 
 -Kubus t haniirntoras (I.) 
 
 -l-ni|wtruni niKruni (L) 
 
 -Kriophoruni \'irginieuni (I.) 
 
 Aiurinium corynilHjsuni (I.) 
 
 -(iaultlieria procuniliens ll.) 
 
 -.\splenium Kilix-feniina 1 1.) Bernh 
 
 -('■aliuni tinetorium (L) 
 
 -Adiantum pedatum (L) 
 
 -Sphagnum tencUum, I'ers 
 
 "Sphagnum eapillaceum (Weiss) Sthrank 
 
 58 
 58 
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 5H 
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 ;> 
 
 A) 
 60 
 6!) 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 
Pl.ilr I.XXII. — SphaKniiiii fu-cum (S<-li.l KlingKr 
 
 I)ark l)r()wn — 
 SphaKnuni capillaceum (Weiss) Sthrank, var. tcnvllum 
 
 (S lirinip) Andr 
 
 Uk'" rfl — 
 
 I. Will. — Diiraniim U»T({crl, RIandow 
 
 „ I.XXI\'. — View {>evn from aUjvcl of Moore's ItKiilini; hopper an I 
 
 Anrep's exravator, Alfred, Ontario 
 
 I.XXW — The Anrep excavator, sl<lr view, Alfred, Oiu ,rio 
 
 I.XX\'I. — Showing a clean cut of a working trench made by the Anrep 
 
 excavator at Alfred, Ontario 
 
 I.XXNII.—I'ilinK iK-at into hive^, Alfred, Ontario 
 
 I.XX\III.— I'ilinn iKMt into hives, Alfred, Ontario 
 
 I.XXIX. — I'eat ready for the market. .Mi'reil, Ontario 
 
 I. XXX. — Trans|K)rtation of dry |Kat to the railway cars, .\lfred, Ontario 
 I. XXXI. — .\liM)re's small Ri'soline :rans|K)rtation engine, .Alfred, •■ 'ario . 
 
 I.XXXIl. — Klevating system loading |K'at into cars, .Mfred, Ontario 
 
 I XX.NIII.— I'.gelKTK |x'at pulping machine turned by hand 
 
 I.XXXIX. "KgelnTg |K'al pulping machine o|K'rated liy horse (xiwer. 
 
 I.X.XXW — KgeU-rg |H-.it pulping machine o(x'rated by electric motor with 
 
 a conveyer 
 
 I X.NXV I. -Movable macerator and forming machine oinrated by 
 electrical |)o\ver. Royal Uaxarian |K'at bog, Ko-enheim, 
 
 Munich 
 
 ,. I.XXX\'II. — Conveyer macerator with brick-forminK machine and appar- 
 atus for laying out the peat bricks, Royal Bavarian peat 
 
 iKig, Ro?enheiin, Munich 
 
 „ I .XX.WIII. — I)iimi)ing the wet (H'at bricks on the field. Royal Bavarian 
 
 IKiit iKjg, Rosenheim, Munich 
 
 I.X.XXIX. — Layer of the wet iK'at bricks during transport.ition. Royal 
 
 Bavarian (x-at l)Og, Rosenheim, Munich 
 
 , XC. — Laying out the rails for the spreading appjiratus. Royal 
 
 Bavarian [K'at bog, Rosenheim, Munich 
 
 , XCI. — .\nreT) macerator, 1''14 mo<lel, .Mfreil, Ontario 
 
 , XC'II. — .Automatic spreading device, .Alfred, Ontario 
 
 DrcuinRs. 
 
 lig. I. — Knd elevation of the .Anrep macerator 
 
 2. — Vertical longitudinal section of the .Anrep pulper 
 
 .?. — l-'ixcd knife 
 
 4. — I'lan at the top of the .Anrep pulper 
 
 „ 5. — Plan of .Anrep traction system 
 
 6. — .Anchoring device 
 
 „ 7. — Coupling tievice 
 
 8. — I'lan of .Anrep spreader 
 
 •>. — Side elevation of .Anrep spreader 
 
 11). — \'iew of trenches for getting or excavating peat 
 
 - 11. — I'lan of Rigby's excavator, pump, and disintegrator 
 
 „ 12. — Side view of Testrup's carbonizer 
 
 „ 13. — Side \iew of Testrup-Sodcrlund air vessel 
 
 ,. 14. — I'lan of Bernard (iranville hydraulic process 102 
 
 „ 15. — Conical screen .>.• straining the peat from roots and sticks 104 
 
 R 16. — Vertical section of Bernard Granville hydraulic process lOS 
 
» 
 
 Page | 
 
 
 60 1 
 
 FIk- 17 
 
 
 ., 18. 
 
 M 
 
 - 19. 
 
 60 1 
 
 , 20. 
 
 
 . 21. 
 
 60 1 
 
 - 21. 
 
 
 . 23. 
 
 62 1 
 
 „ 24. 
 
 62 1 
 
 , 25. 
 
 S. 
 
 , 26. 
 
 62 1 
 
 , 27. 
 
 A3 
 
 « 28. 
 
 h7 
 
 - 2'). 
 
 62 
 
 - 30. 
 
 
 „ 31. 
 
 62 
 
 
 1 
 62 
 
 » 32. 
 
 3< 
 
 62 
 
 
 64 
 64 
 
 , 34. 
 
 . 35. 
 
 
 - 36. 
 
 
 JT 
 
 64 
 
 „ .18. 
 
 
 , 3'>. 
 
 66 
 
 , 40. 
 „ 41. 
 
 
 . 42. 
 
 6r) 5 
 
 . 43. 
 
 „ 44. 
 
 
 „ 45. 
 
 66 
 
 „ 46. 
 
 ■J 
 
 , 47. 
 
 6ft 
 
 „ 48.- 
 
 66 
 
 . 49.- 
 
 76 
 
 „ 50.- 
 
 174 
 
 „ 51.- 
 
 
 , 52.- 
 
 
 , 53.- 
 
 
 . 54.- 
 
 75 
 
 - 55.- 
 
 76 
 76 
 76 
 
 „ 56.- 
 
 „ 57.- 
 V 58.- 
 
 80 
 
 „ 59.- 
 
 81 ) 
 
 „ 60.- 
 
 >., 
 
 
 84 
 
 „ 61.- 
 
 84 
 
 , 62.- 
 
 92 
 
 , 63.- 
 
 93 
 
 , 64.- 
 
 97 
 
 , 65.- 
 
 98 
 
 , 66.- 
 
 I » conveyer . 
 
 . — (iencml plan of Persson'i 
 
 — Station truck, IVrnson's -tyr-icin 
 
 — (iiiiik'rt for sup|X)rtinK the wire ro|»s, station-truck. 
 —Side view of the ^'i(le frame, !<tation-triick 
 
 — Channel iron Mip|N>rte<l by means of a slanting stay, station-truck. 
 
 — Roller ffir the wire rope, station-truck 
 
 — Sect inn of the iillers, station-truck 
 
 -Plan of the idlers, station-truck 
 
 -Side 
 
 of roller conveyer, Perss<m's system 
 
 — Plan of roller conveyer, Pers-oii's system 
 
 —Boards for receivinR the |Kat 
 
 —Side view of Sinler's transfiortation apparatus 
 
 — I'lan of Sigler's apparatu < 
 
 — » _ „ o|)eration of the drivinK shaft 
 
 — Perforateil fliKhts of the lower platform 
 
 —Plan anri section of Ki^ln's apfmratus for Catherine and transporting peat 
 
 —Plan of ix'rforator 
 
 — Siilc view of perforator 
 
 —Side view of Thomas Kighy's gas pro<lucer 
 
 -Plan of Herglund's niacerator 
 
 —Side view of Berglund's disintegrator 
 
 — Rear elevation of Berglund's .ipp;iraln . for treating peat 
 
 — I'lan of Buckle's feed tank 
 
 —Details of the Buckle apjwratus 
 
 — Siile view of Whitaker's uxit removing apparatus 
 
 —Plan of Whitaker's root removing apparatus 
 
 — N'ertical section of Whitaker's root removing apparatus 
 
 —Section of Whitaker's root removing ap|)aratus 
 
 — \'ertical section of Whitaker's i)eat cutting apparatus 
 
 —Plan of Zclen.iy's cutting apparatus 
 
 -Side view of Alcnay's cutting apparatus 
 
 —Parts of peat cutting apparatus; loosening devi.e, screw conveyer, and 
 
 motor 
 
 — Wrtical section of screw conveyer 
 
 — „ „ loosening device 
 
 — . .. upper piirt of loosening device 
 
 —Plan of the cutters in Itjosening device 
 
 —Section of Zelenay cutting apparatus 
 
 102 
 104 
 105 
 
 -Section of Tcstrup's, Rigby's, and Soderlund's wet carlKinizing plant 
 
 -Section of Testrup's, Rigbj 's, and Sodcrlunrl's wet carbonizing plant. . . . 
 
 -Section of Testrup installation for producing briipiettefuel 
 
 -Sj'ction of Testrup installation for producing electrical cnerj 
 
 -Section of installation of gas pro<lucer with apparatus for p iicing press 
 
 cakes and briquettes 
 
 -Sectional view of Testrup's wet carbonizing ap|)aratus. . . 
 
 -Side elevation of Rigby's apparatus for removing water from peat 
 
 -Plan of M(x)re's spreader 
 
 -Section of Moore's spreader 
 
 -Side view of Moore's spreader 
 
 -Plan of Rigby's dewatering apparatus 
 
 P.VGE 
 
 ■7 
 1./8 
 109 
 109 
 109 
 110 
 110 
 110 
 111 
 111 
 112 
 116 
 U7 
 118 
 119 
 122 
 124 
 124 
 126 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 ^^6 
 136 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 143 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 
 149 
 149 
 ISO 
 150 
 150 
 152 
 152 
 152 
 156 
 157 
 158 
 159 
 
 160 
 166 
 170 
 174 
 174 
 175 
 178 
 
 IHH 
 
xti 
 
 Maps. 
 
 Map. Ni.. .«54. -Mapcif Oiii.irii. 
 
 »55. KirhiiidiKl |N'.it Imik, Ontarid 
 
 ,51). I.iiiIht |K'at l;<>t(, ( >ntarin 
 
 „ .?5".— Atnaranlli ptal Ik>k, Ont.irio 
 
 tSS— (ar^jill |if.il Ihi^, Ont.irio 
 
 \yi. Wc^tiiM r |HMl Ixin, Ontari.i 
 
 460.Mar~li Hill |H'al Ik)k. Ontario ,... 
 
 .. .W>1. SiiniliTlaml ihmI Ixik, Ontario 
 
 <(!.>. -Manilla |Kat Ipok, Ontario 
 
 ,. .<6.<.- StiMii |H'at l«)K, Ontario 
 
 „ .U)4. C lairvicw |KMt Im)^, Ontario 
 
 «>5. -Map of OmUr 
 
 ., M>h. — l.'.\-M>inption |HMt Im)h, OihIh'!- 
 
 „ ,<fi7. -St. Nidort- [it'at lion. OiiiIk'i- 
 
 „ ,<(iS. — llolton (Hat 1m)K. Oiiflnr 
 
 _ Mt'). -Map of .Nova Sotiuanil I'rinif K<l«ar<l Kluml 
 ?70. -HIa.k Mar>li (hmI U>k, I'.K.I. 
 
 „ .<71.- -rort.iKC inal Im));, I'.K.I 
 
 ., M2. — Mix-oiiclic |»-at l«>K. I'.K.I. 
 
 _ ,U,5.— Muililv (reck jitat litter hon, I'.K.I 
 
 , .?74.-Hlaik Hank- |Hat I«>k, I'.K.I 
 
 „ M'. — Meriiiaiil ihmI Ih)K, I'.K.I 
 
 „ Mb. -('arilM)ii |HMt Ikjk. Nova S»-otia 
 
 <77.— Clurrylielil (H-.it l«)K, Nova Scotia 
 
 „ MX. — Tu-ket iK'at Imij;, .Nova Scotia 
 
 „ ,?7'J. — Makoke |KMt Im)^, Nova S'otia 
 
 ,. ,?S0. — Heath i«'at Iki^, Nova Scotia 
 
 , .?(*!. — Port CKdc |Kat Im)^, .NOxa Scotia 
 
 . .<S2. — l.atoiir |)e.il lio«, Nova Scotia 
 
 „ .?S.V — flyile |K.it l«)K, Nova Sotia 
 
INVESTIGATION OF CANADUN PEAT BOGS 
 
 1913-lt 
 
01 
 
 f 
 
 4 
 
 Hau J 
 
 shal 
 

 shallow. This part of the bog is very neaviiy »uuv.n.v 
 
Ot'AOrMINf Ot MiNI^ WINt% (H*Nf n 
 
 -»•?« —TV V- 
 
 *fi V 
 
 
 
 L*" 
 
 y ';V 
 
 <^\ 
 
 
 t 
 
 ^- ^{:)^- . ^v 
 
 
 
 
 ,-.^' 
 
 
 ' i'l" ■ »^ ^^ZiffirfS^- J*. \\» -*<'' /v" W'*- (\**- 
 
 
 
 ; v<Si«.vrA,, 
 
 
 I I'V'i ■■ ..: - —J — ^-.-T'-r.-"'! — " — \ — / ^ — 
 
 1. 
 
 
 &l2^ 
 
 

 r,:,t H.iHi 
 
 1 ' 
 
 Ki'ii<lr,!U 
 
 .'- 
 
 -Kofnnktt 
 
 J 
 
 Hrunnrr 
 
 4 
 
 -(IV.»'invF 
 
 S ' 
 
 -IIV//.|«</ 
 
 ft 
 
 Cartill 
 
 7 - 
 
 -Lulhtr 
 
 H 
 
 Amur inlh 
 
 V - 
 
 IIMand 
 
 10 
 
 -M.ir^h Ilill 
 
 II 
 
 -Sunilfthind 
 
 U 
 
 ■ M^imlU 
 
 1.1 
 
 - VifUtria Rmid 
 
 14- 
 
 -SUxn 
 
 /5 
 
 -Cliireviro! 
 
 in 
 
 4\rlh 
 
 IT 
 
 Hroihille 
 
 IX 
 
 -Ki^hmnnJ 
 
 19 
 
 -M,r Hl,ur 
 
 JO 
 
 .VtTi.i»(>;/.;H 
 
 21- 
 
 Mind 
 
 ii- 
 
 - .\fiwsr Sfnuntuin 
 
 :.i 
 
 hiirl Fratuei 
 
 >4 
 
 Ken"T'i 
 
f^m 
 
 - \^ 
 
 
 
 £':i^'->^Ai^^' 
 
 
 ^' ^ 
 
 '«», 
 
 V> \ 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 ( M|.» I0.7« VV*' 
 
 , ,: y -■' n*^ ♦a' 
 
 ^iZ.2i-^^_^ 
 
 H. R. Bain*. Chief fjranghlsman 
 Best Map, IH pv tmtnt of Ik* tnUnof. 
 
 • Peal fuil bogs 
 © Pent It'ter bogs 
 O Not workable bogs 
 
 PEAT BC 
 

 "^.-"U 
 
 Jt < \r ^Xur-PSA^^^>1 I 
 
 
 i;.,i H.-<;< 
 
 / 
 
 //..iii/i.ii. 
 
 1 
 
 h'm-i,! 
 
 ) 
 
 fhutlDrt 
 
 ) 
 
 II .,.».*.■? 
 
 i 
 
 M .v;.ii«/ 
 
 A 
 
 « .If t«« 
 
 ? 
 
 l.ulin'r 
 
 H 
 
 Imii'inlk 
 
 V 
 
 IIM.tnd 
 
 10 
 
 M,i,>k II ill 
 
 II 
 
 '<iiHiU-rl>tHH 
 
 I.' 
 
 \l.i>iiH.i 
 
 II 
 
 Ill/./Flil Nhld 
 
 n 
 
 \tt<t It 
 
 /< 
 
 1 i.ifrtiru' 
 
 In 
 
 /•, .//; 
 
 17 
 
 Hr.HkxMf 
 
 IS 
 
 Hii hmnnit 
 
 IV 
 
 Xl, r y.lfue 
 
 :<) 
 
 .\ii.ii.U/i'» 
 
 :i 
 
 Mirrit 
 
 j.'- 
 
 -Mai'Sf .XfimtUiun 
 
 .'.« 
 
 h 'fl hriititts 
 
 J4 
 
 Kin-'t 
 
 lAT BOGS INVESTIGATED 
 
 ONTARIO 
 
 Scale : JS milM to I inch- 
 
INVKSTir.ATION OF CANADIAN PEAT BOC.S. 1913-14. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 r>escription of the Richmond Peat Bog. 
 
 'lii-. i>.)K i> viti I'l'd 2| miles south of Richmond village, in the town- 
 ship 'il' f ,iiu!lii)iirn ind Marlborough, county of Carleton, Ontario; and 
 runs i . .! :•"•'; ind south direction. (See Map No. 355.) It covers more 
 or less of :— 
 
 Lots 12-20 con. I township of Goulbourn, 
 
 „ Marlborough, 
 
 12- 
 
 -20 
 
 con 
 
 .1 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 „ 
 
 II 
 
 12- 
 
 -13 
 
 ^, 
 
 VI 
 
 11 
 
 -13 
 
 „ 
 
 VII 
 
 7 
 
 
 „ 
 
 VIII 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 ^ 
 
 VIII 
 
 r, 
 
 14 
 
 ♦1 
 
 IX 
 
 () 
 
 15 
 
 
 X 
 
 The total area covered by this bog is, approximately 5,500 acres. Of 
 this area : — 
 
 Appro.ximately, 3,340 acres have a depth of less than 5 foet with an 
 
 average depth of 3 feet. 
 Approximately, 2,160 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet with an 
 average depth of 7 feet. 
 The volume of the peat contained is: — 
 
 .Approximately, 38,387,000 cub. yards in an area with a depth of less 
 
 than 5 feet. 
 .Approximately, 24,390,000 cub. yards in an area with a depth of more 
 
 than 5 feet. 
 That portion of the bog which is situated more or less in 
 Lots 13-16 con. I township of Goulbourn, 
 
 13-16 
 
 , II 
 
 V 
 
 „ 
 
 12-13 . 
 
 , VI 
 
 r> 
 
 Marlborough, 
 
 11-13 , 
 
 , VII 
 
 »» 
 
 n 
 
 11-13 , 
 
 , VIII 
 
 ^ 
 
 r> 
 
 11-14 . 
 
 , IX 
 
 n 
 
 » 
 
 11-14 , 
 
 X 
 
 f^ 
 
 M 
 
 or the south part of the bog is fairly well suited for the manufacture of 
 machine peat. It is well humified, and is of good depth, although rather 
 shallow. This part of the bog is very heavily wooded with spruce, tamarack, 
 
 HMMI 
 
and ct'dar. Around tlu- margin, poplar, alder, and in some parts, a heavy 
 growth of redar are t<, l)e found. 
 
 Tile peat in the remainder of tlie bog is very shallow. Karly in the 
 spring a large part of this iK)rti(m of the bog is flcxKled by the river Jock, 
 and, therefore, can not be used for the manufacture of peat fuel. If, how- 
 ever, the river could be lowered, and the ground properly drained, this 
 part of the bog could be used, advantageously, for agricultural purposes. 
 
 .Ml the samples obtained from this bog show that it is coni|)osed mainly 
 of carex plants -CVjac.v mirnhilis, C. Tribidoides, C. Briimiescens. C. ittilis, 
 C. Rostrata, C. Tenella, C. vulpinoidca and several other \arieties. In 
 certain parts, the bog is intermixed with Rriophorum viridi-cariiiatiim, 
 Scirpiis hiidsonianiis. Srirpiis atrocinctits; a(|uatic plants are also found. 
 
 In the eastern and southern part of t^ bog large patches of hypnuni 
 are occasionally found. 
 
 The Ixtttoin is formecl of blue clay and here and 'here narrow bands 
 of sand occur. Th'> surface of the outside edges is unoer cultivation, and 
 is i)ractically free from trees. The bog is heavily intermixed with logs, 
 roots and stumjis. 
 
 Deducting the .?,.U() acres having a depth of less than 5 feet, and al- 
 lowing one foot for the decrease in depth through drainage—for one foot is 
 sutlicii iit to allow since the bog is very compact — we have left: 
 
 2,160 acres with an average depth, approximately, of 6 feet, and 
 having a total \-olume of 20,9()8,()0() cubic yards, approximately. 
 
 .Assuming that one cubic yard of the drained bog woultl furnish 200 
 poumls of dry peat substance, the total tonnage of dry substance available 
 would be, approximately, 2,09(),()()0 tons (2,000 pounds), or 2,788,(M)0 tons, 
 approximately, of peat fuel having 25 per cent moisture. 
 
 Analyses of Peal. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Sample 
 
 D 
 
 I) 
 
 .Moist iiri' ' ; 
 
 .Ash ', 
 
 \olatilo matter ' ^ 
 
 I'ixcd tarlH)ri (hy (litTerencul ' ; 
 
 Sulphur '^ 
 
 Nitrogeii '^ 
 
 Calorific value in calorics per Krain, gross. .. . 4. 4(H) 4,8(>0 4 , 2,?() 4 , hSO 4.270 4.710 
 
 - in U.l'h.f. per II). gross 7.020 8.7.SO 7.620 8,440 7.()<)0 H.470 
 
 lucl ratio, fixed carlH)n, volatile matter 0-47 0-47 ()-46 0-4() 0-46 0-46 
 
 <J-.S 
 
 
 '>■' 
 
 
 9-2 
 
 
 10<) 
 
 12-0 
 
 9-9 
 
 110 
 
 101 
 
 U-2 
 
 54-2 
 
 59 'J 
 
 55 
 
 M>) 
 
 .55 -2 
 
 60-8 
 
 2.S-4 
 
 28-1 
 
 2.S-4 
 0-4 
 
 28- 1 
 5 
 
 25-5 
 
 28-0 
 
 1-8 
 
 2-0 
 
 1-7 
 
 i-y 
 
 1-9 
 
 2-1 
 
 .Note.— Kigures in column "R" refer to fuel as received, and in colunni "D," to fuel dried 
 at 105°C. 
 
 ■Phe anaUses were made on the fuel as received, and other results calculated therefrom. 
 I'he hog is very advantageously situated in regard to shipping facilities and market, 
 being only 18 miles from Ottawa, and traversed on the west side hy the Canadian 
 Nortlurn railway. 
 
I) 
 
 u 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 Investlb. 354). 
 
 Nsmetaf 
 the peftt boss 
 
 County 
 
 lUlfAKKS 
 
 Her Bleu 
 
 RoMeU... 
 
 » 
 
 
 PrcMott... 
 
 
 
 
 Wdbuid 
 
 Wellwid... 
 
 ....V, 
 
 ( 
 
 
 Newtngton 
 
 StormoBt.. 
 
 Perth 
 
 Lanark... 
 
 1 
 
 
 VlctorURoad.... 
 
 Vlrtoria. . 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 •■I PrindpaUy formed of tphag- 
 num. 
 
 Principally formed of 
 •phamum. 
 
 Formed of bypnum, erio- 
 phorum and tphamum. 
 
 Principally formed of 
 ■phacnum. 
 
 Formed of bypnum, erio- 
 pborum and aphacnum. 
 
 Principally formed of hyp- 
 num mixed with •phag- 
 num. 
 
 Principally formed of hy|>- 
 num. 
 
TABLE I. 
 Investigated Peat Bogs in Ontario, during Wt8-9-l»-ll awl -W. (5ee Map No. 354). 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Locjom 
 
 kpmoal- 
 nuu* 
 total 
 aiaa. 
 actaa 
 
 VoianM of workable pMt 
 
 FhrtW aaalyaaa of abaalultiy ' 
 dry pant 
 
 l>ni«awi 
 
 the peat bon* 
 
 Co«nty 
 
 Townahip 
 
 T^ o< fuel 
 ■rlthooalaiu 
 25%awiMur« 
 
 Tooa of 
 Ittar with 
 
 20% 
 oMlatan 
 
 Cable 
 yatda 
 
 Ffand VotatUa 
 carbon ■•tier 
 
 % % 
 
 A* 
 
 % 
 
 uaion- 
 Bc 
 
 value i 
 
 
 ■toucealer and Cum. 
 berluid. , 
 
 S.flOl 
 
 S. 126,000 
 
 
 3a,440,000 
 
 25 00 
 
 68 00 
 
 too 
 
 9,100 'prlndpanyfonnadedpbai- 
 
 Met Bl«ii ■■'■' 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lifted and CaMoala.. 
 
 6,«sa 
 
 9,369,000 
 
 
 70,270.000 
 
 2700 
 
 68 00 
 
 500 
 
 8,:-» IPrincipally tomad at 
 •pkofnuB. 
 
 Alfred . F™~~ j- 
 
 
 
 It^nmmA % 
 
 ValnflMt and Hum- 
 bcrMonc. 
 
 «,«00 
 
 4,106 000 
 
 
 30,796,000 
 
 24 00 
 
 71 00 
 
 500 
 
 8,700 Formed of hypanm. erlo- 
 ptunim and epkamam. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >inabruck, Rox- 
 borouih and Com- 
 
 3.(00 
 
 6,i04,000 
 
 
 46.366,000 
 
 2600 
 
 67 00 
 
 700 
 
 8.500 Prindpaay formed of 
 iphacnum. 
 
 Newlngton ...3 
 
 
 
 
 MUk 1 
 
 
 3,100 
 
 5,126,000 
 
 
 30,445.000 
 
 25 00 
 
 7200 
 
 400 
 
 9.100 Formed of hypoum. arlo. 
 pbtiftm aod tphairwiiWi 
 
 
 
 
 Victoria Road.... y 
 
 
 aexley and Garden ... 
 
 67 
 
 54,000 
 
 
 400,000 
 
 25 00 
 
 7000 
 
 500 
 
 8.600 PrindpaUy formed of hy». 
 num mlaad with iphag- 
 num. 
 
 
 
 
 
 P*rth 
 
 EUice 
 
 2,28S 
 
 1,172,000 
 
 
 1,790,000 
 
 2500 
 
 MOO 
 
 U'OO 
 
 8.800 1 
 
 MndpaDy tocmad of by»- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Ulflllb^T 
 
 CaradocandLobo.... 
 
 900 
 
 254,000 
 
 
 1,900,000 
 
 19 00 
 
 61 00 
 
 21 00 
 
 7.500 
 
 '-jrmed of remalna of 
 •phacnum and cam. 
 
 
 
 
 BroclivUle 
 
 
 EUaabetMoara 
 
 1,400 
 
 1.694,000 
 
 
 12,705,000 
 
 22 00 
 
 67 00 
 
 1200 
 
 8.200 
 
 Formed of malm of 
 •phagnnm and cam. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ihrwicfa 
 
 1,«1 
 
 1,047,000 
 
 
 7,056,000 
 
 2300 
 
 61-00 
 
 1600 
 
 7.900 
 
 PrtndpaUy fbrmad of earax. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SimcM and York. . . 
 
 Weat and Beat OwU- 
 Umbary and Kini. 
 
 14,641 
 
 0,219,000 
 
 
 61,640,000 
 
 2600 
 
 6300 
 
 1000 
 
 8.500 
 
 Principally formed of carox. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Coney lalaad 
 
 LakaofthaWoooa.... 
 
 25 
 
 32,000 
 
 
 240,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prlndpn'ty (ormed of 
 
 Conpy Iilaod.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 •phagDum. 
 
 
 Rulny lUnr diMrict 
 
 
 353 
 
 
 SU,000 
 
 6,910,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 PrindpaUy formed of 
 
 Croxier 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fort Frand* 
 
 Rainy River diatrlct 
 
 Mclrrlne and Croaiar 
 
 1,700 
 
 891,000 
 
 
 
 6,600,000 
 
 290 
 
 62 
 
 90 
 
 8,900 
 
 PrlndpaUy formed of 
 •phacnum. 
 
 Richmond....... 
 
 
 G^fllboum ana 
 MarlboRMik. 
 
 5,000 
 
 2.7U.OOO 
 
 
 20,900,000 
 
 280 
 
 61 
 
 110 
 
 8.MW 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 W. and E. Lather. . . . 
 
 4,900 
 
 7,443,000 
 
 
 55,820,000 
 
 27 
 
 62 
 
 11 
 
 8,400 
 
 Compoaed mainly of r. ' j«- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amaranth 
 
 WeUlngtoo and 
 Duoerin. 
 
 
 500 
 
 264,000 
 
 
 1,978,000 
 
 27.« 
 
 600 
 
 13 
 
 8,700 
 
 CompMed awfaily of whM- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CargiU 
 
 Bruce 
 
 Greeaock 
 
 6,600 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 I20 
 
 260 
 
 7,400 
 
 
 
 WMlWUtlh 
 
 II..JII, 
 
 1,400 
 
 3M,oao 
 
 
 2,290,000 
 
 240 
 
 560 
 
 20-0 
 
 7,90a 
 
 Compoaed mataity of cam. 
 
 
 
 
 ManhHiU 
 
 rhrtarfat 
 
 Brack and Uxbridfe.. 
 
 5,100 
 
 7,216,000 
 
 
 72,156,000 
 
 27 
 
 61 
 
 120 
 
 8.100 
 
 Compoaad mainly of a^t*. 
 
 
 
 
 Sunderland 
 
 
 Block 
 
 560 
 
 366,000 
 
 
 2,740,000 
 
 28 
 
 61 
 
 110 
 
 8,300 
 
 Compoaed mahily of cam. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mania* 
 
 
 
 745 
 
 399.000 
 
 
 2.990,000 
 
 290 
 
 600 
 
 11-0 
 
 8.100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 atooo 
 
 . Haatlaci 
 
 ■ HiiMifatd 
 
 1,U7 
 
 1,345.000 
 
 
 . 10,006,000 
 
 23 
 
 61 
 
 16-0 
 
 7.800 
 
 CoiBPond malaiy ef cant. 
 
 CWnrhir 
 
 . Lennox and 
 
 AddinfUa 
 
 SIH1H4 
 
 2S0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tiwad 
 
 . Hatdaia 
 
 . Hunaarford 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Bnlkr 
 
 .HaaUaia 
 
 . Hunterlord 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . Compoaed malaJy of ea«x- 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 73,570 
 
 &i.ai6.aao 
 
 
 . 500.606.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■t^tnki 
 
,..^-TM,MT or MlWtS. M' iia BWAMCM 
 
RICHMOND PEAT BOG 
 
 CARLCTON COUNTY 
 
 ONTARIO 
 
 S<dU of »lM» 
 
X 
 
 l.uther Peat Boft. 
 
 Thi, 1h.k i. Mtu.t..! 7 n.ili> vvi>t ..I Cran.l Vallry, in WtM an.l 
 F.-i Intlur tnun.liii-. Dullirin .in.l \\Vllin«t..n ...untus, Ontario, ami 
 runs in a n.-rtl. an.l >..uth .linrlion (s.r Map \... .<5(m mvc.r.nK .nor.- -r 
 
 of: - 
 
 Lot. 10 .'.< 
 
 .. l'> -21 
 
 ., 1'^ 21 
 
 .. 1'' 
 
 .. l'> 
 
 ., l'> 
 
 „ IX 
 
 ., U) 1*< 
 
 „ 15 !*< 
 
 „ VS 'S 
 
 .. 1' 1H 
 
 .. U IS 
 
 .. 12 1« 
 
 .. 12 l.VtS 17 
 
 ,. 15 17 
 
 ,. 16 
 
 ((III 
 
 IV 
 
 \' 
 
 Vl 
 
 Vil 
 
 VIM 
 
 IX 
 
 IV 
 
 \ 
 
 Vl 
 
 VII 
 
 VIII 
 
 IX 
 
 X 
 
 XI 
 
 Xll 
 
 XIII 
 
 township Kast l.utlur. 
 
 \Vt>t l.utlur. 
 
 Thi- total are.; covtrid by this 1.ok is, approximately, 4,'XK) acres, 
 Of this area: — 
 
 .Api)roxiniately, l.(MK» acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, average 
 
 depth = .? feet. 
 .\l)proxiniateb-, 1 ,r..S() acres have a depth of from 5 to 10 feet, average 
 
 depth = 8 feet. 
 Approximately, 1.700 acres have a depth of from 10 to 15 feet, average 
 
 depth =12 feet. 
 Approximately. 550 acres have a depth of more than 15 feet, average 
 depth = 16 feet. 
 The volume of the (x-at contained is, approximately:— 
 
 4,839.(M)() cub. vds. in an area with depth of less than 5 feet. 
 21,296.tH!(i .; „ „ 5 to 10 feet. 
 
 .^2.<)n,()H) .. „ „ 10 to 15 feet. 
 
 14,097.000 ,. „ „ more than 15 feet. 
 
 That portion of the hog King in the township of Kast Luther is very 
 well adapted tt) the manufacture of machine peat. It is well humified, 
 has a considerable depth, and the surface is free from trees; but it is fringed 
 on all sides bv a margin of small willows and scrub brush. This margin 
 varies from a few feet to about 200 feet. Beyond this margin the district 
 is all cleared farming land under cultivation. The surrounding land rises 
 in a short distance to an elevation of 15 to 25 feet or more above the bog. 
 
Thv uni»er lavtr ..f the IxiR contains many roots and Mumps. Those 
 are the result of th,- l.urninR of th. .m.k several times, wh.rh some twenty 
 years ago was heavily wc.kI«1. A nuniU-r ..f islan.ls are to Ik- f..un.l .n 
 this part of the In-K-the larKest of which are ^hown on map No. 350. 
 
 \ workinn line over a mile in lenuth can U- ohtaine.1 in the o|x.n part. 
 
 A consi.leral.le area in concessions VII an.l VIII, West I uthcr town, 
 ship, is also free from trees, hut it is heavily ..vernrown with brush anc 
 hushes, principally small willows from 4 to 6 ftrt hijjh. 
 
 The depth of the peat is less than in the alH)ve mentioned .irea, l)Ui 
 the duality is verv similar. Here also, a c.nsiderahle .cgth of workmi 
 line may Ik- secure.l north of a creek which runs fn.rn west to east acros 
 the bog. 
 
 The rest of the hog is heavilv w.kkIccI with young spruce, tamarach 
 and halsam. and near the margin, cvdars. willows, and alders are to h 
 
 found. 
 
 Most <.f the w.KHletl are.., with the exception of the extreme norther 
 part Iving in c.ncessions XI .md XII, if ckare,!, wouM he suUahle for th 
 manufacture of peat fuel, as the .lepth and (luality are satisfactory. 
 
 The northern part, in concessions XI and XII. is shallow, and coul 
 not iH.. profitably worked by ma.hinery: hut a portion could he utduc 
 for domestic pur,«,sc-s by cutting the .x-at by hand: whde the remamd. 
 couUl be utilized for agricultural purposes. Already, a certam amoui 
 has Ijccn put under cultivation. 
 
 The lM.g is formed principally of sphagnum-fuscum-with the cxcept.r 
 of a certain small area -t the northern and western part of the hog, whe 
 , ariety of carcx plants are to l)e fouml. In certain spots hypnum 
 iightly intermixed with sphagnum. 
 
 The remainder of the hog. outside of the southern part already me 
 tioned. is comparatively free from roots and stumps. The .K)ttom 
 com,^.sed ..f firm blue clay. It could he easily drained-the northern pa 
 east into the creek, and the southern part s..uth, where a g.KKl fall can 
 obtained. 
 
 Detlucting the 1,000 acres with a depth of less than 5 feet and l 
 for the decrease in depth through drainage, we have left:— 
 
 1,650 aces, with an average depth of, approximately. 6 feet. 
 
 UOO ,. « . " " li " 
 
 S SO ♦* " M ' ** 
 
 having a total' volume <.f approximately 55,820,000 cubic yanls. 
 
 Assuming that one cubic yard of the drained lx)g would furnish . 
 nounds of dry peat substance, the total tonnage of dry sulistance availa 
 would he. approximately, 5.582.000 tons (2.000 pounds), or approximate 
 7,443,000 tons of peat fuel having 25 per cent moisture. 
 

 t 
 
 , ,/ 
 
 ' y '^ 
 
 
 ■r L 
 
 
 
 f:»- 
 
 r V--. ' 
 
 40 
 
 'K 
 
 in 
 
 Dl 
 
 th 
 
 en 
 
 ng 
 
 "or 
 
 ng 
 an 
 
tMKfMINr Of MlWt* MINt% WAWCW 
 
 
 
 .f^ 
 
 
 — ji^», • 1 • • • 
 
 r/:?:;y:;y;Vii:.vs;:-s:-.-:i:-;rrV 2^* 
 
 e ■■/• .' • . . • • •"■-• i • ■ •-- n* . . • :\. , 
 
 1 -/.^'vi.A./.^s.fe^ • ^'-^ 
 
 LITTHER PEAT 
 
 ONTARIO 
 Seal* of Feat 
 
»EAT BOG 
 
 ARIO 
 Bf F««i 
 
ai 
 
 y 
 ti 
 
 st 
 bi 
 
 rt 
 It) 
 tJ 
 
 ai 
 fc 
 
 Pi 
 
 m 
 
 ni 
 fc 
 a 
 
 hi 
 
 oi 
 a 
 K| 
 
 ti 
 a 
 e< 
 o! 
 
 P 
 w 
 
 7 
 
Analyses of Peal. 
 
 Sample 
 
 II 
 
 HI 
 
 R D I R D R 
 
 I) 
 
 ^'?''*'"'''' '■ 2-5 2-7 9-9 100 17() ISS 
 
 Vol .t lie lint ur '.".'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'...' i' 62-8 67.2 55-8 61 • 1 51-.? 56« 
 
 FC!;!^n.r,Ia.y<Hfference) ';28.2 iO-l . 25-5 28.0 22-1 24-4 
 
 ^!l^;z, ;;;:::::::::::::;<; 0.7 0.8, 2:2 2:; 1.6 i-s 
 
 OilLrfficvaliic;inraloriest)ergram, Kross... 4,870 5, 2(H) 4,160 4,Sf.O .V780 4,180 
 
 *■■"" ■inHThf.tKTlb, kVoss 8,760 9,.?60 7.480 8,2(K) 6,810 7,.S.«) 
 
 Fufrr.itio, fi'xctl carlKjn, volatile matter , 0-45 0-45^ 0-46 0-46 0-43 0-43 
 
 Note, 
 
 ■ — FiKiires in column "R" refer to fuel as received, and in column "D" to fuel dried 
 at 10,S°t', These analyses were made on the fuel as received, and other results cal- 
 culated therefrom. . .• r . 
 
 The averate content of ash is not excessive, and the calorific value satislactor\-. 
 
 The bou is verv well situateil !)oth as regards shipping facilities and market, being 
 aliout 'i8 miles north from Toronto. The Canadian Pacific railway passes 25 miles 
 south from the southermost part of the Img. One thous;ind acres of the southern part 
 is owned by the ( ".rand Valley Peat and Products Company, of which Mr. .A. t . Steele, 
 -Aurora, Ontario, is President 
 
 Amaranth Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated 4 miles west from Crombie station, Canadian 
 Pacific railway, in Amaranth township, Dufferin county (see Map No. 
 357) covering more or less of: — 
 
 Lots 16-19 concession IX, 
 „ 15-19 „ VIII. 
 
 The tot.l area covered by this Ixig is. approximately, 500 acres. Ot 
 this area: — 
 
 275 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, average depth 4 feet. 
 
 225 „ „ „ more .. 5 „ ,. „ 7 „ 
 
 The voUinie of the peat contained is, approximately: — 
 
 1,77().()0() cub. yds. in an area with depth of less than 5 feet. 
 
 2,54(»,()00 .. .. .. 5 to 10 feet. 
 
 This bog IS principally formed of sphagnum, lightly intermixed with 
 carix. The peat is well humified, and if thoroughly and carefully drained, 
 would furnish a very good fuel. 
 
 The surfi'ce of the bog is comparatively free from trees, for it has been 
 several tintes burned o\er. 
 
 The bog is fairly well situated as regards market, since the surrounding 
 farmers have to buy their wood and coal, and pay a very high price for 
 them. 
 
 Deducting the 275 acres with a depth of less than 5 feet, and allowing 
 for decrease in depth through drainage, we have left: — 225 acres with an 
 
avoragi- di-pth of f) tVt't, ai>im)ximatily, wilh a tot.il voliinu' of, approx- 
 imati'ly, 1.'>78.(M)0 cul)ic yards of jiiMt. AssimiiiiK that one ciihic yard of 
 such drained !)()« will furnish 2(t() Doiinds of dry pc.it sulistanre, the total 
 tonnage of dry sui)stanre available is. approximately. IW.OOO tons (2,000 
 pounds) or, 264,000 tons of peat fuel with 25 per rent moisture. 
 
 .lH(l/v.^ 
 
 ,.»■ I',,lt. 
 
 Siniplu 
 
 Moisture ' « '>''' 
 
 Ash ;. 12-" 
 
 Volatile matter ^ -^^l' 
 
 I'ixed rarlioii ihv dilTeremel ' i 2.'> + 
 
 Sulphur ' < "■■' 
 
 Nitrogen ' < ' _'* 
 
 Calorific value, in calories \wr (jraiii, gross 4.52<) 
 
 . in H.Th.f. iH.-r II)., ijross «. 1-<I) 
 
 Fuel ratio, fixed carlxjn, volatile matter l*^' 
 
 12'> 
 
 111 
 
 1" 
 4.840 
 S.710 
 0-45 
 
 Note.— KiRurcs in column "R" refer to fuel as received, and in column ''D" to (uei dried 
 at lOST. Th" analysis was m.ide on the fuel as received, and other results calculated 
 therefrom. 
 
 The content of ash, and the calorific value are satisf.ictory. 
 
 .\t intervals during the investigation of the bogs described above, 
 several reconnaissances were made of the following bogs in tliflferent parts 
 of the coimtry around the main centres, such as Toronto and Hamilton, in 
 the Province of Ontario. 
 
 1"K.\T HO(.S OF WHICH I'KKI.IMIN.^KY IN\ FSTK ..VllONS V.KRE M.^DE. 
 
 Durham Peat Bog. 
 
 This i)og is situated .S miles northeast from Durham, in the township 
 of (ilenelg, county of firey. 
 
 The total area covered by this bog is. approximately, 40 acres, with 
 an average depth of 4 to 7 feet. The peat is fairly well humified, and is 
 mainly composed of sphagnum plant. 
 
 As the area is comparatively small and shallow, it is not likely that 
 it can be used for the manufacturing of machine peat fuel with the present 
 known devices: but by systematic and careful drainage this bog could be 
 utilized for domestic fuel, if the peat is cut by hand, or the land worked 
 for agricultural purposes. 
 
ni^AITTMtlfr OF MINES. MINta BRANCH 
 
 I) 
 
 LEC.ESD 
 BS3 Uartin of Bot 
 i"»i WoMtd area 
 
 U 1 CoHtours 0/ bottom 
 
 nr\ Drm-Mr. d«/>l* 0/ peal 
 Sou: 
 
 ■? B- I Imliealimi a ptat men t 
 *" ' Uss suitablt for futl 
 
 - "TC V* ♦ V' '''' 
 
 •?!.• >^. •%: 
 
 ■\ ' , \- """'"''■yt "" 
 
 \ 
 
 
 3ST 
 
 AMARANTH PEAT BOG. DUFFERIN COUNTY. ONTARIO 
 
7 
 Eastnor Peat Bog. 
 
 This Ito^ is situated ulK)ut 20 miles north of W'iarton. in the township 
 of Kastnor, county of Firuce. It is coniparatixely larjje, hut since it is 
 situated a considerable distance from ship|)inn facilities, or a market, it is, 
 at present, practically valueless, hence no investigation was niacU-. 
 
 Cargill Peat Bog. 
 
 This hoj; is situated 6 miles west of ("arnill station, on the (irand 
 Trunk railway, in (Ireenock township, Bruce county, Ontario. (See 
 Map No. .^.SS). 
 
 The total area covered l)y this \h>^ is, approximately, 6,()()() acres, 
 with an a\eraj;e depth of 2 feet. 
 
 The surface of the bog is hea\ily wo(Kled. 
 
 As the l)on is very shallow, it is not suitable for the manufacture of 
 jx'at fuel; however, by thorough drainage, and clearing of the timi)er, 
 the bog could be utilized for agricultural puri)oses. 
 
 A lunil)er company is, at present, utilizing the timber. 
 
 Westover Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated about 4 miles south of the Canadian Pacific rail- 
 way, in Beverly township, Wentworth county, Ontario (see Map No. ,?59) 
 covering mon ss of: — 
 
 i.ots 24-,?i L VM township of Beverly, 
 .. 20 .M VTII 
 
 The area investigated was, approximately, 1,400 acres. 
 Of this area: - 
 
 1,04,S acres have a depth of less than .S feet with an average 
 depth of ^ feet. 
 
 .^5.S acres have a depth of more than .S feet with an average depth 
 of -S feet. 
 The volume of the peat contained is, approximately: — 
 
 .S„S4f).000 cub. yds. in an area with depth of less than .S feet. 
 
 2,865,000 „ „ .. ,. more „ .S .. 
 
 The peat is very well humified and is composed principally of carex, 
 but around the margin the peat is heavily intermixed with hypnum, while 
 the bottom layer is formed almost entirely of a(iuatic plants. 
 
 The surface is heavily wfMxled with spruce, tamarack, .iiul cedar, 
 and around the margin with pine, birch, and elm. 
 
8 
 
 As this »)OK is comparatively shallow, and the surface heavily woocled, 
 it is not likely that it will ever be utilize<l for the manufacture of machined 
 peat; but bv careful drainage, and dealing of the trees and bushes, that 
 portion of the bog with a depth of more than 5 feet could lie utilized for 
 the manufacture of a domestic fuel by cutting the peat by hand, while the 
 rest of the bog could l)e utilized for agricultural purposes. 
 
 Deducting the 1,045 acres with a depth of less than 5 feet, and allowing 
 for the decrease in depth through drainage, we have left .U5 acres with 
 an average depth of, approximately, 4 feet, having a total volume of, 
 approximately. 2,29(),0(K) cubic yards. 
 
 Allowing that one cubic yard of the drained bog would furnish 200 
 pounds of dry peat substance, the total tonnage available would Ik.-, ap- 
 proximately, 22<),(M)() tons (of 2,(K)0 pounds) or 306.000 tons of fH-'at fuel 
 having 25 per cent moisture. 
 
 .Imi/vsij 1)/ Pent. 
 
 Siiniple 
 
 R 
 
 I) 
 
 Moisture ,( ! ,j, . 1,,., 
 
 \ olatili- mailer , ' ,, ,, , , , 
 
 Fixed carlxm (by (lilTerenre) ,' -J],' "^j]', 
 
 Siilpliiir ,' 2-1 2-i 
 
 NitroBeii ' i luiii i~a(KI 
 
 Calorific value, in calories per urani, uross J" » ;!•;"" 
 
 „ B.Th,r.,x.rll,.,t;ross ' y!<H ,920 
 
 Fuel ratio, fixeil carlion, volatile matter " "•' " "*■ 
 
 Note.-FiKures in column "K" refer lo fuel as rereive;l, and in column "D" to fuel (lrie<l 
 
 '" The analysis was made <m the fuel as received, and other results calculated 
 
 '''''"The"l.olt<.in of the Ih,k consisis of a layer of m.irl from 1-.? feet in depth, and 
 lightly inlermixeil with blue clay. 
 
 The bogs near Dundas, Dunnville, and Port C'olborne, are nothing 
 else tlian tlcxKled areas, and land insufficiently drained. 
 
 Preliminary investigations were also made of the bogs situated in the 
 southern part of the Rainy River district, Ontario, north of the Rainy 
 river; Pinewood, and Kmo on the Canadian Northern railway. 
 
 These bogs cover a very large area and vary in depth from 5 to 14 
 feet. It was observed du.ing drilling, that certain portions of these bogs 
 were fairly well humihed, hence could i)e utilized fur llie manufacture of 
 peat fuel. They are formed, principally, of carex and sphagnum plants, 
 and are comparatively free from roots and stumps. These bogs arc situated 
 about 150 miles east of Winnipeg, on the Canadian Northern railway. 
 
„^~r^^ or MIWM. MIMCaWUMCM 
 
 
 
 CARGIU. ^«*T 
 
DtPAimitNT Of Miwca. MiMta BWAMCM 
 
 WaTOVm PBAT I 
 
 ■■VSM.V TF.. WDtTWORTH COUNTT, ONTAIMO 
 
Marsh Hill Peat Boft. 
 
 This »K)K is »ituat«l aJM)Ut one mile east of rxbridne. immetliately 
 Last of Hlackwatcr Junction and SunclerlamI, and Ij mile south from Can- 
 ninuton in IxlKidKe, Rfach. and Br.K-k townships. Ontario county, Ontari.). 
 and run. in a north and south directioi (lee Map No. .^60) covirinK more 
 
 r»r less oi : — 
 
 township rxl)ridKe. 
 
 Reach, 
 
 Lots 27-31 and 3i, con. VII 
 
 1 
 
 1-3 
 
 1-4 
 
 1-6 
 
 4-7 
 
 4 7 
 
 6-9 
 
 6 10 
 
 8-12 
 
 9-14 
 11-17 
 
 12-13-16-18 
 13-15-17 
 15-17 
 16-19 
 17-19 
 17-19 
 18-19 
 
 VI 11 
 
 IX 
 
 X 
 
 XI 
 
 XII 
 
 XIII 
 
 XIV 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 VI 
 
 VII 
 
 VIII 
 
 IX 
 
 X 
 
 XI 
 
 Brock, 
 
 The total area covered by this lM)g is, approximately, 5, 1(H) acres. 
 
 |()f this area: — 
 
 1. 018 aires have a depth of less than 5 feet, with average depth of, 
 
 .ipproxiniatelv, 4 fi-et. 
 1,446 acres have a depth of from 5-10 feet, wiih average depth cf. 
 
 approximately, 7 feet. 
 1,267 acres have a depth of from 10-15 feet, with average depth of, 
 
 approximately, 12 feet. 
 093 acres have a depth of from 15-20 feet, with average depth of. 
 
 approximately, 17 feet. 
 494 acres h ive a depth of from 20-25 feet, with average depth of, 
 
 approximatelv, 22 feet. 
 182 acres have a depth of more than 25 feet, with average depth of, 
 
 approximately, 27 feet. 
 The volume of the |x-al contained is, approximately:— ^ 
 6,569,000 cub. yds. in an area w ith depth of less than 5 feet. 
 16,3.V),0(M) _ „ « .. from 5-10 feet. 
 
 24,529,(M)0 „ „ „ . '>"ni 1"-'^ "^^^t. 
 
 18,906,000 „ „ . ,. fro"! 15-20 feet. 
 
 17,530,000 „ „ . -. from 20-25 feet. 
 
 7..VS0,000 „ „ „ . more than 25 feet. 
 
lU 
 
 Ihr .outh.rn i)n,ii„n ..I ih,. Ih.h, Ivinu in iht- l..«nship> „f I xl,ricl«e 
 and Ki-.u h, i^ »>,H, i.ilU M,it..l Inr thr m.uMif... tur.- of ,Hai Ui<! ..n ac.oimt 
 -.1 M, Krfat (Irpih aiKl lon^ «nrkin« I,,,,,, a> \> al>.. ih,. ,„,rti„„ lvin« in 
 .nn.tsMons I an.l II, Hrn, k i,.«„.Ih,,. Thr rnnaind.r .,. the Ih,k in the 
 ...An>hi|. uf Brock, » n.irn.u an.l h... ., >ati>t...torN .lipth, l.ut vtrv hort 
 v^ rk.nn l.m-^. For ihi, r...-,,,,. .|it>i. i.liio woul.i ari^- «lun n.anufar- 
 tu.inK, if any of ihr ,„».>.mi k.,.,«n -.vm.i.., «.rr impiov,.!. whi( h rfiiuirc 
 Innj; and n idr >pnMdinn and drsinn (i(Ii|>. 
 
 rhc |Hat throuKhout tlu- wliok- !«,« i> x.rv well lnin.i(i,.d. has k,k«| 
 . lu-n.' pro|Mitus and |H)^^^.^M■^ a r.Mwi.j.ral.l. dipth. 
 
 I Ik- Hfavrrton .nt-k flow> in a norihtrlv <liri, tion niakiiiK a winding 
 fou'-, hrounh thr n)i.l.M<' ,,f ,h,. hoy. On c.i.h .ulv of tht- Ih,k ih.- land 
 > . ' . . Mdt.ral.ly, so that it lits in .. <ontin.Mui> valKv. which can Lc soi'ii 
 I 'I (Mil 11. 
 
 I 'h' it-at i> coni|K.s».,| mainly ..f carcx and thv nniaii.s of Kr.i>si> which. 
 I ■ c.r ,n. cxtint in M-nic i.Jaci-s arc :< tvrniixcd with sphaKimn. and 
 
 h\ ;iii.iii, 
 
 I. > r)tloni I iycr> of il,c |m)k ar.' intcrmixcl with ,|iiati( plants. 
 
 '!|''''"'"' ' " ''"■■'"••fanoftlHlH.K,showinKihi-carcxvi'Ketation. 
 I he su I , ,,.Kk<l durins; the larK'fr part of the spring, and d,,es 
 
 ■ ^ . ' ' < the middle of tin- summer. This flocKliiiK i^* flue, in larRe 
 
 I ir;. Ill t that the Beaver creek is tlamnu.j at CanninRton. In the 
 
 . ^ent ol In ,m luin^ reinov.<l. it would assist mat. rialK in .Irving the 
 "■K at '. ^ u a date. If this were the case the shallow marginal parts 
 loiild he re.l.miie<| as \.iliial)lc auricultural land. 
 
 The surfa.v is heavily w<M..le,l with spru.e. tamara.k. an.l willows, 
 while ..n.un.l th. niirKin grow cedar, jH.pIar, birch, elm, and alders. (See 
 riate IV.) 
 
 In certain p.irls .,f the I,ok the fx-at is heavily intermixed with r.M.ts, 
 logs and stumps. 
 
 The lK)tt..n. l.iyers ..f the pe.it are. in m..st parts of the hog. inter- 
 mixe.l -from 1 to .^ feet with marl, which is comrK.sed of diatoniaccus 
 siliceous shells, insects, muss. Is, remains from the shores, and from the 
 t)ott.>m flor.i: Ivlow this, the hottoni is formed .if firm sand. 
 
 Dedu. ting the 1.018 acres with a .lepth of less than 5 feet, and all.jw- 
 ing for thi' .lecre.ise in depth thr..iigh th.' drainage, we have left:— 
 
 1.446 acres, with .in average .lepth of, .ipproximatelw 5 feet. 
 
 '•26' ., ..... 
 
 69.? ., .. I ' 
 
 •*"-* .. ., ." " 
 
 '^'! " •' •• •• I 
 
 Having a total v..lunie of. appr.)ximatelv. 72,1.S6.(MM) ciihic yards 
 and allowing that one cu!>ir yard of drainc.i i.og w.uiKI furnish 2tjO pounds 
 of dry peat substance, the t.ital t.mnage of dry substance available w.iuld 
 be, .'pproximately. 7.21().(M)() tons (.,f 2.000 pounds) or 9.620,(HM) tons of 
 peat fuel having 25 jht cent m.iisture. 
 
 10 
 l.S 
 20 
 2S 
 
OtMRTMIWt 
 
 O 
 
 2, 
 
 ae 
 
 X 
 
 
 J 
 
 y. 
 
 "^^ 
 
 ^...■■"J? 
 
 Mil 
 
 Ti^n 
 
 xrc II 
 
 .\n; III. 
 
 Surface growth on Marsh Hill peat tx)g, Ontario. 
 
DEPARTMfNT OF MINES M'NES BHANCM 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 mm 
 

 
 • 8' . 3T 
 ft, .°.. W. 
 
 
 
 ??,« , fro . 6. a 
 
 T • (' 1 . ' ^ - ■ '-J .' i 
 
 i . '/ * *■ »j j tif 4 ■ ■ ; 
 
 
 ^T 
 
 
 AH 
 
 AH' 
 
 A 
 
 IX 
 
 ■P— 
 
 vv 
 
 ' ■ ■* 
 
jlWiik P O 
 
 -_JL 
 
 CD 
 
 C3 
 PSO 
 iXl 
 
 .V<><f. 
 H' ) 
 AB 
 AH 
 AH^i 
 A I 
 
 LF.CEMI) 
 Margin nf Bug 
 IViKnifd area\ 
 
 CttMltmr% nj htiltoni 
 
 Orill-hnl'. ilri<lh nf pral 
 lAicattoH of tirnrr*U \amplr 
 
 IndiiMiiig (I pentmnrr rir tryt 
 suUabif fot tufl 
 
 ARSH HILL PEAT mm 
 
 ONTARIO COUNTY 
 ONTARIO 
 
 ScbI*- 111* yevt 
 
 ^•ilOn .IOiH» -HHtlt 
 
/is 
 of 
 
Plate II 
 
 l.und formation siirroiindin^ M irsh Hill jx-at |k>k, Ontario. 
 
 I'l ATK in. 
 
 Surface growth on Marsh Hill peat bog, Ontario. 
 
 ■^ 
 
I'l.VTK IV. 
 
 Woodrd area rep'esi-ntinn Marsh Hill |M;at Ixj;;, Ontario. 
 
 Platk \'. 
 
 Railway crossing .Marsh Hill peat bog, Ontario. 
 
11 
 
 ■:s- 
 
 :3i 
 
 •'•'- - f'» 
 
 «'-"■» 9 
 
 ^4 
 
 1 V 
 
 "I^ 
 
 il 
 
 j = ? 
 
 xx^ac^ ^3E- 
 
 X ? c «' r •! 
 
 E- 
 
 IS 
 
 -. - - C X I ». X 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 T ^: 
 
 Q 
 
 i^. — f 
 
 — 3'"i 
 
 9 
 
 
 X 
 
 ■r-^X C 
 
 X 
 
 ?.2.- 
 
 2 li 
 
 r -. - 3f ^ e 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^ -I -I -»■ 9 — 5 c 
 
 c" ? 
 
 
 C C X -s X 
 
 ^3S 
 
 i1 
 
 IS 
 
 23 
 
 :^i! 
 
 :;:: c ^ ^ 
 
 **. o i X *< w ;-- i 
 
12 
 
 Sunderland Peat Boft. 
 
 This lM)t{ is situated alMuit 1 mile- north of Sundorlanil, in the township 
 of Brock, roinity of Ontario. Ontario, (see Map No. MA) ami covers more 
 or less of: — 
 
 Lot U con. VI township of BriH-i*. 
 
 Lots 9. IL L? 
 H 9-12 
 11 - 12 
 
 VII 
 VIII 
 IX 
 
 Of 
 
 The total area covered !)>■ this Ikir is, approximately. 580 acres 
 this area : — 
 
 240 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 of 3 feet. 
 
 340 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 of 7 feet. 
 
 The volume of the |x-at contained is:— 
 
 In an area with depth of less than 5 feet, approximately. 1,160,000 
 cub. yds. 
 
 In an area with depth of more than 5 feet, approximately, .^.8.^9,000 
 cub. yds. 
 
 The iK-at is principally formed of carex, lightly mixed with sphagnum 
 and hypnum, the bottom layer l)eing intermixed with aquatic plants. 
 It is verv well humified, and will pnKlucc a comparatively heavy fuel. 
 About I f(K)t of the bottom I.iyer is heavily intermixed with marl and blue 
 clay, and below this lies a compact sand bottom. 
 
 The surface isheavily wrxKled, with small spruce, tamarack, and willows. 
 Deducting the 240 acres with a depth of less than five feet, and allow- 
 ing for the decrease in depth by drainage, we have left .UO acres with an 
 average depth of, approximately. 5 feet, with a total volume of, approxi- 
 mately, 2,740.01)0 cubic yards. 
 
 .Assuming that one cubic yanl of such drained i)og will furnish 200 
 pounds of drv peat substance, the total tonnage of dry peat substance is. 
 approximately, 274,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or .^65.000 tons peat fuel 
 with 25'; moisture. 
 
MMRTMCMT or MINIS, MINIS MUNCH 
 
 CON. IX 
 
 n 
 
 /if^'W^ a 
 
 
 ,#.L* . • • * V 
 
 t;^"^** • IM X »• »« M .< 
 
 * <0 *•• «•• . AW M* ' **• ' 
 
 t. .VIH 
 
 CQN. .VIH • • . • • • . 'V 
 
 
 
 
 
 CON. VII ':iX'Z'Z 
 
 _ \Mi 
 
 ■f 
 
 .V; 
 
 
 LBCEND 
 E^ Marfino/Bot 
 |V3 WaoUdmtat 
 EH Conlomn ci hauam 
 m Drm-ktiU. dtlk of Ml CON. VI 
 
 Mote.- 
 
 M 5 \ Imduatint c ^m< mot* or Uss 
 
 AH*! luiMUfarfud 
 
 .Srtlc of Fk) 
 
 Sunderland, 
 
 Ml 
 
 ^■AT aoa. ■NOCK TP.. ONTAIIIO COUMTV. ONTAIIIO 
 
IJ 
 
 .U.I/VW. r.f /V.jf. 
 
 Sim|ilr 
 
 I) 
 
 K-6 
 
 
 HI .' 
 
 11 .' 
 
 V< 4 
 
 Ml 5 
 
 .'5 ■ H 
 
 is « 
 
 5 
 
 II (1 
 
 IS 
 
 .' 11 
 
 t JlMI 
 
 l.lllKI 
 
 7.5(^1 
 
 .«* iSII 
 
 11 17 
 
 »7 
 
 MotMiiri' 
 
 \«h 
 
 \ lll.lllll' liMllff ^ 
 
 I ivcl i.ii1k)1i iI>\ .lilTcniUTi 
 
 Sitliiluir 
 
 Nil re mill 
 
 t iliiiilir wiliii . in 1 ilnrii « |«r ur.ini, uro-r. 
 
 II. Ill I . IX r II.., ni>«- 
 Iii-I r.ili'', tlM'l ■'.irUiii. Mil.ililr iii.inrr 
 
 \,,lr linnr.- in .nliiiiin ■!< ri t.r l.i lii.l .1^ rr. .•ivi-il, .mil in .i.lumii -I)" to lii.l <lrii-.l 
 .It \I>S I riir .iii.iK-i' «i- 111 I'll' on till' lii'l I- rii iiMil, .Hill iillirr ri^iill* r.ili ill.ilnl 
 
 llirrifroiii ., 
 
 Till -i iniiinilini! riiiinlr\ i« of in uniliil.iliiii; n.iliirr. i .in-iiii: Irrqiuiil ^il"'^" 
 in wIimIi .1. ill In liiiinil \>«)i- of v.irioii-. >i/i-; I'm i- ilii> i"- ii.irrow. .mjl Iii-.imI> 
 wiMKJ.il. I 111 \i»iiililiiri- ii.ic^iry In niikr .i iiiin"- in iii iiiiif.n Inrini; in ii tiiiK- (xil 
 liifl rtoiilil !■. loo nn I'- 
 
 Manilla Peat Boft. 
 
 This Imiu i^ silu.itt-(l 2 milr 
 
 Wl-ri 
 
 J of Mari|w)s.i >i.iii<m in M.iriix»a 
 
 lowii-tiip, Victoria o.ii 
 
 ntv. Ontario, (str Map No. M)2) idvirinu mon- or 
 
 li 
 
 iol 
 
 l.ot^ H l.?(on.\'III ii.wiwiiiii .ilMariiMisa. 
 
 Th 
 
 ir t 
 
 H 11 
 1(1 12 
 
 M.ll 
 
 IX 
 X 
 
 afi-a covcri'i 
 
 1 ii\ this Itiiv; i>, approximattly. 74.> .icn- 
 
 t)f 
 
 iln> .iri'a 
 
 .iiTi's ha\T 
 
 iliplli 1.1 less than .> 
 
 lilt, wilii avtr.iKf liipth of, 
 
 .i|.proxiinati'l\ . t It'i't 
 
 (liptli of irnin 5-10 fi'tt, with avt-r.i^f tlipth of, 
 
 ,ippro\iniai 
 
 Iv, 7 fi't. 
 
 10 .uris h.ivi- a dipth of nu 
 
 ajiproxiiiiati'ly, 10 tfct. 
 The voliiitK'of thtiK-ai i nntainii 
 
 than 10 Icct, with avcram- (Upth of. 
 
 appro 
 
 itflv 
 
 2,4.SO,()()0 i-iil). yd- in an ari'a with di-pth oi less th.ui 5 frit. 
 4.(K)1I,(M)0 „ .. ., .. from 5-10 foit. 
 
 161.000 .. .. „ - "i""' 'li-m 1" f'*'- 
 
 Thv piat is fomposed niainK i.l oarcx pl.inls. intiriuixi-d with sphag- 
 I the hottom layir- with ,i(iii.itii plants. The lir>t two 
 kith f.ilKii trees, lo^s, and roots, 
 
 lupniini, aiu 
 
 ket of th 
 .mil the 1 
 
 surface are heavilv interwoven w 
 
 ■at i> intermixed with needles, spruce cones, and leave> 
 
 The surface is thickly wiHMled with -imice, t.iniarack, alder, and around 
 tile margin with cellar, iioplar, and other softwiMKl tree>, 
 
M*< 
 
MIOtOCOTY RESOIUTION TfST CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 140 |||tl2£ 
 1.8 
 
 1 1-25 llll 1.4 i 1.6 
 
 _^ /APPLIED irvMGE Inc 
 
 ^^ "653 fos- Mo." 'itftet 
 
 ^^S Rochester. Ne* York '^609 j'jA 
 
 *-^B . '16) *a^ - 03GC - Phon* 
 
 ■iilll- ■ " ' e) 288 - 'i989 - foi. 
 
14 
 
 If the surface was cleared from wood this bog could be utilized, and a 
 very !;<><><1 machine peat manufactured, as the peat is very well humified, 
 and possesses good cohesive properties. 
 
 The bottom layer, from 1 to 2 feet, is heavily intermixed with marl. 
 
 Deductin){ .^80 acres with a depth of less than 5 feet, and allowing for 
 the decrease in depth through drainage, we have left: — 
 
 355 acres with an a\ erage depth of, approximately, 5 feet. 
 
 10 .. .. ., .. .. 8 •• 
 
 Having a total volume of, approximately, 2,990.000 cubic yards. 
 .-\llowing that one cubic yard of the drained bog would furnish 200 
 pounds of dry peat substance, the total tonnage of dry sulistance available 
 would be, ai)proximately, 299,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 399,000 tons of 
 
 peat fuel having 25 per cent moisture. 
 
 '« 
 Analysis of Peal. 
 
 Sample 
 
 D 
 
 Moisture '' )"•" 
 
 Ash .' '"'"^ 
 
 Volatile matter '■<; 5.1-9 
 
 Fixed carlHMi (bv ditTereive) .t .'^ 
 
 Siilphiir ' ,^ , X 
 
 NitroKeii ■<■ ' '^ 
 
 Calorific value, m calories, per Kram, Kross Z' '„" 
 
 U.Th.r., piT II)., Kross , 1,290 
 
 Fuel ratio, fixed carbon, volatile matter j 0-48 
 
 l\-3 
 59-9 
 28-8 
 
 0-6 
 
 21 
 4,500 
 8.10O 
 
 0-48 
 
 Xote —Figures in column "R" refer to fuel as received, and in column "D" to fuel as 
 dried at lO.S'C. Ilie analysis was made on the fuel as received, and other results 
 calculated therefrom. . , , , -r , 
 
 The content of ash is fairly high, but not excessive, and the calonhc value satis- 
 factory. ....,.,.. 1 I I • 
 
 The bog is \erv well situated, both as rcgartis shipping facilities and market, t)eing 
 only about 10 miles from Lindsay. The C.rand Trun'v railway passes about \ mile 
 south of the bo,;. 
 
 Stoco Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated ] mile south of Stoco station, on the Bay of Quinte 
 railway, Himgcrford township, Hastings county, Ontario. (See Map No. 
 36.?). 
 
 Lots 18-21 con. VI township Hungerford, 
 „ 14-20 „ Vll 
 „ 16 21 „ VHI 
 The total area covered by this bog is, approximately, 1,027 acres. 
 Of this area: — 
 
 361 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth of, 
 approximately, 3 feet. 
 
MMPTTMCNT or MINES. MINES BHANCH 
 B 
 
 M) 
 
 Con. 
 
 J 
 
 ^4' 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ ^ 
 
 " " - o o 
 
 r ^ Im X ** yi f ^ y-- 
 
 ■o- - " O " -or"'° ^ , 
 
 «»4 Al M • AM Ai- ^/ 
 
 v^*^ 
 
 » 
 
 
 ^. o ,■ c ' o / ^^ 
 
 •^/-? 
 
 ^y 
 
 
 7 .-J^ 
 
 :^' 
 
 '45f 
 
 / M M- /C; 
 
 '■/'/ 
 
 DC 
 
 t 
 
 r;#^ 
 
 
 % 
 
 >'^' 
 
 
 ^^^i^' 
 
 >K' >-^ '^.-%»-, 
 
 "• o * o o • 
 
 • A»> 
 
 '?''>:; 
 
 Coil . I 
 
 LEGEND '^-•.;5»^, 
 ^ Jf orfia o/ Bof 
 SH Woadtima 
 H— I Cimkmn i^ vttom 
 BE] DriU-kcU. u.Hk 0/ »<a/ 
 
 B+ I 
 
 i4 B- I Iniicalini a ptal mm* or less 
 
 AB t suUMt far ftul 
 
 AB*\ 
 
 ^t 
 
 ^2^^i2S^-^i^.^ 
 
 ** . *• .♦• 'i'^i 
 
 A** At*.. AS 
 
 
 SM »« 44 
 
 »0 S4 S.4 *4.| S^ 
 
 "O ^~"0-^ o 
 
 
 3 ,,0- o ^o- ^ o • o ' a c • f V '■ 1 
 
 *-" Al • Aft» At "A%* — Ai"^ Al AB • -^y l 
 
 
 Sc*l« of Fe«t 
 
 -L 
 
 j6] 
 
 MANILLA KAT BOa. MARIMMA TP , VICTOmA COUNTY. ONTAMO 
 
15 
 
 666 acres have a depth of from 5-10 feet, with an average depth of, 
 
 approximately, 7 feet. 
 230 acres havt- a depth of from 10-15 feet, with an average depth of, 
 approximately 13 feet. 
 28 acres have a depth of more than 15 feet, with an averaije depth of, 
 approximately, 16 feet. 
 The volume of the peat contained is, approximately: — 
 1,748,000 cub. yds., in an area with a depth of less than 5 feet, 
 7,520,000 „ „ „ „ from 5-10 feet, 
 
 4,820,000 „ „ „ „ from 10-' 5 feet, 
 
 720,000 „ .. „ „ more than 15 feet. 
 
 The peat is composed mainly uf carex plants, and in some places in 
 the bog large sphagnum knolls are to be seen, which indicate that the present 
 low bog, if not disturbed, will eventually develop into a high bog. In the 
 southern part of the bog, situated in concession \'I, large quantities of 
 hypnum and aquatic plants are intermixed with carex plants. 
 
 The bottom layer of the west part of the bog is composed of blue clay 
 3 to 12 feet deep, and below that lie sand and stone. Through concession 
 VII, in the eastern part of the bog, runs a marl vein of from 12 to 20 feet 
 deep. It has a width at the south of about 10 feet, which widens out to- 
 wards concession VIII, to 200 feet or more. This marl bed shows that it 
 was formerly a river bed in which the marl was deposited gradually. (See 
 page 18). 
 
 The part of the bog situated in the west part of concession VIII, 
 lots 20-21, has a bottom layer of blue clay to a depth of 7 feet, which rra- 
 dually shallows down to nothing towards the north. 
 
 The surface is heavily \ )oded with spruce, cedar, and tamarack, 
 and around the margin with poplar, alder, elm, and other softwood trees. 
 (See Plate VI). 
 
 If the surface was cleared from wood, this bog could be utilized, and 
 very good machine peat fuel produced, as the peat is very well humified 
 and possesses high cohesive properties. 
 
 Deducting 361 acres with a depth of less than 5 feet, and allowing 
 for the decrease in depth through drainage, we have left: — 
 
 666 acres with an average depth of, approximately, 5 feet. 
 230 „ „ „ „ „ 11 „ 
 
 28 n I) •> >. „ 14 „ 
 
 Having a total volume of, approximately, 10,086,000 cubic yards. 
 
 Supposing that one cubic yard of the drained bog would furnish 200 
 pound? 'ry peat substance, the total tonnage of dry peat available 
 would uc, approximately, 1,009,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 1,345,000 tons 
 of peat fuel having 25 per cent moisture. 
 
16 
 
 .1 -ilysfs of rcat. 
 
 Saiiipio 
 
 III 
 
 Mmstiire ', •>•!< 
 
 Ash ', 1.'-.' 
 
 \olalile matter ' < SS' I 
 
 Fixed carbon (by dilTiTcnii' i ' r 21 ■ ** 
 
 Sulphur '. 
 
 NitroKen ', 2 
 
 Calorific siluc, in calorics, |«r ^r.iin, uross ?,W>(I 
 
 H.Th.l . iHT lb., Kross 7. 1.11) 
 
 Fuel ratio, fixed carbon, volatile matter ()-4() 
 
 I) 
 
 14-7 
 
 2-2 
 
 7.110 
 0-40 
 
 101 
 
 
 Q.O 
 
 
 1.<-X 
 
 1.'? 4 
 
 I'll) 
 
 17f) 
 
 .vi ■ 4 
 
 f)1 ■(■ 
 
 54 -S 
 
 M I 
 
 JO -7 
 
 .',?(t 
 
 20-2 
 
 22-2 
 
 I-.' 
 
 1-.? 
 
 
 
 2-0 
 
 ■) . 1 
 
 2:^ 
 
 2-7 
 
 ,<,S7(i 
 
 4..U0 
 
 .<.<»50 
 
 4.340 
 
 (.,<)7(i 
 
 7.750 
 
 7.110 
 
 7,X10 
 
 0-.?7 
 
 OM 
 
 0-37 
 
 "■•" 
 
 Note. — Figures in column ' K" refer to fuel as received, and in column "D" to fuel dried 
 at 105°('. The analyses were maile on the fuel as 'eceived, and other results cal- 
 culate<l therefrom. 
 
 This lio^; is very well situated, both as regards shipping and market, as the Hay 
 of Ouinte railway crossi'S the lion ; t the south. 
 
 It is aUiut 40 miles from Kingston, 21 miles from Napanee, and alxiut 28 miles 
 from Belleville. 
 
 Glairview Peat Bog. 
 
 This hoj; is situated aliout 4 miles north of Krinsvillc station, Ontario, 
 on the Bay of Quinte railway, in Shetifieli! township, Lennox and Addington 
 county, (see Map No. .^64) and covers more or less of 
 Lot 12 concession I, 
 „ 12-16 „ IL 
 
 „ 14 15 „ in. 
 
 The total area covered 1)\- this bos i^. approximately, 280 acres. The 
 average depth heinjj .' feet, the volume of peat coiitained is 451,733 cubic 
 yards, with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 
 It is composed mainly of carex plants, antl, in certain parts, small 
 quantities of hypnum and sphagnum plants are to be found. The surface 
 is heavily wootled with cedar, spruce, and tamarack, while around the 
 margin are alders and willows. Here and there through the middle of 
 the bog clear spaces free from wood can be found. The peat is fairly well 
 humified, but on account of its shallowness i' is not suitable for the manu- 
 facture of machine peat. 
 
 During the drilling a heavy dejwsit of marl was found. To acquire a 
 knowledge of the formation of the peat, and of the geological environment, 
 a few drillings were made in the marl bed. 
 
[MirrMCNT or mines, minis bkanch 
 
 LEGEND 
 Uariin of Hot 
 ^^ Woodtdana 
 1—^ ConUmrs of boUom 
 I a I Locaiion of gtrntrttl %ampUs hW 
 \ m I far anotyus 
 I 'o* I thiU-Mt, dtplli of ptal 
 SoU: 
 
 *+ 1 
 
 AB-\ Iniicatitn a ptal mart or Itu 
 
 AB \ smUMt for fuel 
 
 AB + ) 
 
 Ml 
 
 SrOCO KAT BOG. HUNGER r ID TP.. HAITINOS COUNTY. ONTARIO 
 
1« 
 
 u 
 
eUHmMWH MMT 
 
17 
 
 The Marl DepocltB In Clalrvlew and Stoco Peat Bot«. 
 
 I I.AINVIKW MAHI. OKPOSIT. 
 
 This marl dipowit is »ituiiti<l alH)ut 4 niiUs north of Krinstvillc. 
 Ontario, on th«- Bay of guinte railway, in Slu-fliiUI township, l..nnox and 
 Adclinnton county, (sec Map No. 364 riairview pt-at Ik)^) and co\irs 
 more or loss of; — 
 
 Lot No. 12 concession !, 
 „ Nos. 12-16 „ II, 
 
 „ Nob. 14-15 „ III. 
 
 The total area covere<l by this df|Misit is ap|)roximately 2«() acres with 
 a depth varying from 10-2(1 fi-et. 
 
 Analysis of Marl. 
 
 Insoluble matter "•'^^ 
 
 Feroxiilt of iron ami alumina •'■24 
 
 'Cartxmate of lime 81 -60 
 
 • „ magnesia 1 " *^^ 
 
 ' Kquivalent to lime 45/0 
 
 ' F>|uivalent to magnesia •'■^•'* 
 
 Contains a considcrahlt imount of peaty matter. 
 This marl deposit is very well situated as regards market and shipping 
 facilities. iH-iiig only 3 miles from Krinsville station, by the short cut, and 
 about 35 miles from Kingston; 15 miles from Napancc; and al)ou 22 miles 
 from Belleville. 
 
 STOCO MARL DEP08JT. 
 
 A very fine marl bed is depositee! in the Stoco l)og (See Map -^63— 
 Stoco peat Ixig). This betl runs through the lK)g in a north to south direc- 
 tion, following the eastern margin. The width of the Iwd— excepting an 
 interval of peat 600 feet— is, approximately, 100 to 200 teet, the length 
 about 5,000 feet, and the ave age depth 18 feet. 
 
 This remarkable formation shows that the IxhI of marl run an old 
 riv»r bed, and must have been formed by the waters of the spri' highly 
 charged with lime, as mentioned below. 
 
 Analysis of Marl from . y,"" peal bog. 
 
 Insoluble matter "24 
 
 Peroxide of iron and alumina 16 
 
 ' Carbonate of lime 89-91 
 
 • „ magnesia 1 • 52 
 
 ' Equivalent to lime 50-85 
 
 * Equivalent to magnesia 0-77 
 
 It is known that fresh water marl occurs usually in marshes and in 
 shallow lakes. It is generally composed of diatomaceous siliceous shells, 
 
1« 
 
 insiTts, fri'sh watt-r mollusks, mus>c'ls, waslu'd off lime, and the 
 remains from the sliores. 
 
 The mode of occurrence and physical character of the mineral are very 
 well descrilied in the ("leolojjyofCaiuula, 180.?, which ma\' lie tiiioted here: — 
 
 AIiIioiikIi lu'lonniiiK Ki thr pnsi-ni j>ii>l()xiral ihtIoiI, this marl i^^ not always of rei-cnf 
 format ioM, inasmiuli as the brds of it .in- somctimi's ovirlaifl l>y iK'at, or by a soil siipixirtinK 
 a Kfowth of larno trt'is. At other tiims, however, the marl rovers the i)<)ttom of shallow 
 lakes or ponds, and is I'videiitly in the priuess of de|)osition. It apiM'ars to In.' formed by 
 the waters of springs highly ihar^ed with lime, which is at first held in solution as bicar- 
 iHjnate, lint is<leix)site(l when these waters (ome to the air. Itisthiis similar in its origin 
 to the de|Misits of calcareons tnfa, which occur in many places where such calcareous sjirin^s 
 How over the e.irth, rrnks ,ind vegetation, instead of fallinu into lakes or marshes. The 
 pres<'nce ol carlxinate of lime is a necessar\ conilition of the development of shells, and 
 various species of inollusca abound in such waters. These by their remains, which often 
 form a considerable fKirtion of the de|)osils, ^ive to them the name of shell-marl, which is 
 fre<|uently applied. This substance is white and eirthy in its as|K'ct, and, unless mingled 
 with clay, is nearly pure c.irlKinate of lie,;-, which, from its finely <livided state, is well 
 adapted to serve as a dressing for such soils as are deficient in calcareous matter. When 
 calcineil, marl yields a nearly pure and very white lime, well ailapted for mortar an<l other 
 usi's. Ill many parts of \eriiiout lar^e <|uantilies of lime are thus manufactured. The 
 tnarl is moulded in the shajK' of bricks, which are dried and burned in a kiln. 
 
 For iTiore detailed information on this subject, reference may be made 
 to the ReiM)rt on Marl Deposits in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and 
 Xova Scotia, by R. \V. Ells, IJ..I)., F.R.S.C\; also to other reports issued 
 by the deological Survey 'iranch of the Department of Mines. 
 
 Tweed Peat Bog. 
 
 A small bo^ of about 50 acres is situated 1 mile south of Tweed on 
 lots 9, 10, and 11, concessions VIII and IX, Hungerford township, Hastings 
 county, with an a\erasje depth of from 4 to 8 feet. 
 
 The peat is very well hmnified, and is suitable for the manufacture 
 of peat fuel. It is composeil mainly of care.x plants. 
 
 Buller Peat Bog. 
 
 A bog containing little more than 100 acres is situated 1 mile south 
 of Buller station, Canadian Pacific railway, on lots: — 
 
 1 2 cons. \'II-\"I II township of Himgerford, Hastings count V. 
 18 20 „ VII 
 
 This bog averages in depth from .S to 7 feet, is well humified, and is 
 suitable for the manufactu'e of peat fuel. 
 
 It is composed mainly of carex plants, lightly intermixed with 
 hypnum and other a(|uatic plants. 
 
 The surface of the bog is heavily wooded with cedar, si)ruce, and 
 tamarack. Around the margin grow willows, alders, elms, poplar, and 
 other soft and hartlwood trees. 
 
 If the Tweed and Buller peat bogs were properly drained the land 
 could be utilized for agricultural purposes. 
 
10 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 
 £ C 
 
 09 
 
 > 
 
 e 
 
 
 A. 
 
 
 
 £■2 
 
 ■ i 3 u 
 
 33223': 3 -s S'S 
 
 ;,- r ^ r .- 
 
 
 .S§ .S§ .S5S 
 
 
 2 = 2 
 
 ^ss 
 
 £ 3 ? s 
 r- o i: u 
 
 i ■-(- 
 
 £ £ £ £ £_£ _£^ 
 
 I § 
 
 ■S 3 3 ■= c 5 
 
 5 n 
 
 9 X 
 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 *. 
 
 -^1 3C C 
 
 1^ 
 
 .= j: c 
 
 
 ji ii'"* S 5 ;5 5 1 5~~ 
 
 
20 
 
 ylEBEC. 
 L'Assomption Pea' Bog. 
 
 This boK is situated ai)<)iit 2 miles south of L'ICpiphanie station, and 
 approximately a mile and a half northeast of C'ahane Ronde station in the 
 seijrneury of L'Assomption, county of L'Assomption; and runs in a north- 
 east and southwest direction (see Map No. .?66) coverinf; more or less of the 
 seigneury of L'Assomption, county of L'Assomption. 
 
 The total area covered by this bog is, approximately, L565 acres. Of 
 this area: — 
 
 Approximately, 256 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an 
 average depth of .S feet. 
 
 Approximately, 722 acres have a depth of more than .S feet, with an 
 average depth of 7 feet. 
 
 Approximately, 555 acres have a depth of more than 10 feet, with an 
 average depth of 12 feet. 
 
 Approximately, 25 acres have a depth of more than 15 feet, with an 
 average depth of 15 feet. 
 
 The volume of peat contained is, approximateh . — 
 
 1,2,^9,000 cub. yds. in an area with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 8,230,000 „ „ ., „ more „ 5 „ 
 
 6,740,000 „ „ „ ., „ „ 10 „ 
 
 600,000 „ ., „ „ „ „ 15 „ 
 
 The largest portion of the bog, from the northeast towards the south- 
 west, is exceptionally well suited for manufacturing peat fuel. It is very 
 well humified, contains high cohesive properties, and has considerable 
 depth. A small portion of the southwestern part of the bog is comparatively 
 shallow, and a certain part of this is under agriculture. 
 
 The surface of the bog has been burned over several times, which 
 makes it fairly uniform, thereby ensuring a suitable spreading area, without 
 incurring great expense. Here and there groups of trees occur, and there 
 is a wooded area in the northern portion of the bog. The central parts 
 are composed of dwarfed spruce and tamarack, poplar, alders, and a few 
 hardwood trees cover the northern margin. 
 
 During the drilling it was noticed that the bottom layer, from two to 
 three feet thick, was composed of atpiatic plants heavily intermixed with 
 carex. Above this, for about five feet, occurs a strong intrusion of erio- 
 phorum, slightly intermixed with sjjhagnum-fuscum. The upper layers 
 are, on the other hand, mainly composed of sphagnum plants, together 
 with eriophorum, which i^roduces excellent fuel when humified. 
 
 The bottom of the bog is formed of sandy soil covered by a thin layer 
 of blue clay; surrounding ridges being composed of a sand-clay mixture. 
 Part of it, mostly toward the margin, is heavily intermi.xed with stumps 
 
OEMRTMCNT 
 
 -f) 
 
 
 48' 
 
 69' 
 
 I -[.itt)^>' 7.,i /■'«•/(/ 
 ^' >i;m.'/ /V.J Firlil 
 
 ->' /..l«/,TlllV 
 
 -< -.S( Ilviuinlh 
 
 -' -Rtvttn- >>:i,-lle 
 
 fi -SI />,„i, 
 
 7 - Rr,Ht)f-d:i-!.ir,,p 
 
 V -(■-;,,./.„,; 
 
 C /.,• /'.jr, 
 /'' /.'I •i'owjttioii 
 It -S:. hhlnrr 
 12 - //. //,.;; 
 
 
 ,\ 
 
 \ 
 
 H. B Bain*. Ct 
 
OIMRTMINT or MINIS. MINCS BRANCH 
 
 :I E. Raim*. Ckitl DraMghtsman 
 
 I- iic Mttp. Dtparttwiu af thf ImUrtor. 
 
 # Peat fuel hogs 
 @ Peal litter bogt 
 O Not workable hogs 
 
 PEAT BOGJS INVEST 
 
 QUEBEC 
 
 Scalt^ I V^ milw lo I iad 
 
Name nf Bog 
 I — Larue Tea Field 
 2 -Small Tea Field 
 J -Lannraie 
 4~-St. Hyadnth 
 5 — Rinire Ottelte 
 i—Sl. Denis 
 7 — Riviire-du- Loup 
 * — Catouna 
 0~-Le Pare 
 
 l()—l.'.\ssnmption 
 
 list. Isidore 
 
 12—HoUnn 
 
 NVESTIGATED 
 
 IN 
 
 lBEC 
 
 iil« 10 1 iacfa. 
 
1 
 
 appro 
 scigne 
 east a 
 seigne 
 
 T 
 this at 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 A 
 A 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 west, i 
 
 well h 
 
 depth. 
 
 shalIo\ 
 
 T 
 
 makes 
 
 incurri 
 
 is a w( 
 
 are coi 
 
 har(lw( 
 
 D 
 
 three f 
 
 carex. 
 
 phoriir 
 
 are, or 
 
 with CI 
 
 Tl 
 
 of I)lut 
 
 Part o 
 
 
DCPAWTMCWT or MWtS. MWtS MtAWTH 
 
 LECBNl) 
 
 V ,.\ Ufttx "I Bot 
 
 L.-J Cimlomr 0/ ioUom 
 PSD OtiU-lHU. ittth al p,M 
 
 
 LASSOMPTION PEAT BOG. UASSOMITION 
 
 COUNTY. QUEBEC 
 
 JA« 
 
 
2t 
 
 and roots; but with this oxci-ption. the Ik)k is fairlv frit- from such un- 
 desirable olistructions. and would readily lend itself to the manufacture 
 of peat fuel by nuKlern methcnls. 
 
 Deducting' the 256 acres having a depth of less than 5 feet, and allowing 
 for a decrease of 12 inches in depth due to drainaRe, of the area of 
 the compact bo^ with an averaKe depth of 7 feet, and allowiiiR 2 feet for the 
 remainder of the 1m)k, we have left :— 
 
 722 acres with an average depth of. approximately, 6 feet. 
 ^;^-! •• - .. .. , 10 „ 
 
 havmg a total volume of. approximately. l.?.2(M).(MX) cubic yards. 
 AllowiuR that one cubic yard of the drained boR furnishes 200 pounds of 
 dry peat substance, the t.)tal tonnage of dry substance available would be, 
 approximately. 1.320,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 1,760,000 tons of peat 
 fuel contammR 25 per cent moisture. 
 
 Analyses of Peat. 
 
 Sample 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Moisture 'ta -. ., 
 
 Ash ,<■' '. '" ' ■■* "■-' 
 
 \oiatiie matter.....:: :::::: .'A;l A] A', J-^ij-f +•8 
 
 Fue5,c.,.na.>..nfference,..::::::::::::.:^ | 5^^ --i^... aa.. 
 
 NitmR^n:::: ::::::::::: ,'■' ','] '/^ "i •;•' ' <»•• <>•• 
 
 Calorific value, in, -alories per gram, Kross.::': 4,%0 .S..?7() 4,0W ,i,,m 4'9«0 $'ilQ 
 
 P i" .■ "c 1 ",■■"•'•• I*"" '•'■. Rfoss H.OiO Q,66() H WO 9 710 s'qTO o'fi7n 
 
 Fuel rafo, fixe<l carlx,n, volatile matter (I.44 0-44 64" 4? « (i 42 
 
 •Average of three samples from hog. 
 
 '!.rte" '" '"'"'"" "^" ''''' '" f'"^' •••' ''■'"'"^- •^"'' i" ™''""n ••!)" to fuel dried 
 
 fron,^"'" '"''^■*' "■"'■■ '™'''' "" f"^' "^ ^'^^'•^•'^"'- ^""1 °"'-r results calculated there- 
 
 The content of ash is comparatively low. and the calorific value highly satisfactory 
 
 The boK is very advantageously situated with regard to shipping 
 facl.t.es and market, being only 18 miles from Montreal; with the 
 t anadian I ache railway paralleling the northern side at a distance of one 
 thous^md feet to half a mile, and the Canadian Xorthern railway crossing 
 at L hpiphame. about 2 miles east of the bog. 
 
 This bog, without doubt, is one of the most favourably situated of 
 
 tlTZ Trf^f' '': ^'" '^"^ ^'^^-'"K- f- the ntanufacture of 
 pea fuel atjd should be used for that purpose in the near future, since 
 domest.c fuel, at high prices, is in great demand at Montreal. 
 
>1 
 
 St. Isidore Peat Boft. 
 
 Thf Im>h i!» >itu.itttl alMuU .4 niili> ninth <•( St. Ui(li)ri' station, in 
 
 the (ii'iKiii'Tirs uf 
 
 Cluiliaii'iuav l.a I'rairii- niunty, 
 BiMuharnfiis fhatiMUnuay ■(luiity, 
 l.a Salk'—Na|mr villi- ntiinty. 
 anil is almost tirrul.ir in sIi.iih' (stt- Map No. M^'!}. 
 
 The total ana coviml by this Im.k is, approximately. 1,2,M acres. 
 Of this area: — 
 
 Approximately, 4.<'» acres have a tiepth of less than F> feet, with an 
 
 a%eraKe depth of .' ieet. 
 Approximately, l,(Mt. acres 
 
 have a depth of more than 5 feet, with 
 
 an 
 
 average depth of 7 feet 
 
 .Approxim.itely, 4<>() acres have a de()th of more than 10 feet, with an 
 
 average ilepth of 11 feet. 
 The volume of jnat contained is, approximately:— 
 
 [•111), vds., in an area with a depth of less than S feet. 
 
 2,12(l,tMK)i 
 
 ll..?4(),(MM) 
 
 8,6V9.()(M) 
 
 more 
 
 10 
 
 The western |M>rtion of the Ik)^ lyinn in l.a J'rairie county 
 
 ;li 
 
 id the 
 uiti 
 
 southern part lyiuK in ChateauKUay lounty. are at present under cultiva- 
 
 leDth varvinn from three to eit{ht feet. 
 
 tion. This part of the bon has a deptl 
 
 IS w 
 
 w 
 
 k-ell drained, and contains well humified |X'at fuel. The 
 
 i con 
 
 fined to the raisins of iK)tatoes. oats, cabbages, corn, et 
 
 ork 
 )f the farmers utilize the dee|K'r (xtrtions o 
 
 agricultt 
 
 Some 
 
 peat into 
 
 if this section by cutting the 
 
 ,,^ blocks by hand, air drying it, and burning it as domestic fuel. 
 
 The landscajK- here reminds one strongly of the boggy parts of Holland 
 and Sweden, where the jK-ople de\elop their natural resources to the 
 fullest extent. 
 
 The central (xirtion in the coun 
 very well humified, and 
 
 ties of l.a Prairie and Napierville is 
 considerable depth. The surface is heavily 
 
 hed 
 
 wooded with sni.ill willows, poplars, .ilders, and i'.s the margin is approac 
 tamarack and spruce are encountered. 
 
 When this area 
 
 has been cleared of trees and bushes, working lines of 
 
 consider.tble length may be secured, and a modern pl.nit for manufacturing 
 
 mat 
 
 ;hine pe.it by the .lir dried ])rocess could be favourably installed 
 
 The bog is formed j)rinci|)ally < 
 
 )f sphagnum, lightly intermixed with 
 
 other s|)hagiuiin niosse-, and eriophorum plants. The bottom layer is 
 composed strictly i.f a(|uatic pl.ints, to a depth not exceeding one foot. 
 In the cei tre of the b :)g large varieties of carex plants are to be found, 
 hypniim is r.irely seen, since sphagnum and carex crowd it .'Ut. The ImkK- 
 irati\ely free from roots and stumps, is easily drained, and of a 
 Icnth. The bottom is formed of ''if clay, which rises 
 
 ypu 
 is comp 
 salisfaclory dcpt 
 
 gradually from the margin into tlat agricultural 1;. 
 
OCPAWTMCNT OF MINM. MINt» tRANCH 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 / 4' 
 
 / f 
 
 ,«;^2«fS4-fe,,.„ 
 
 S 
 
 A°> 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 ,'^<"i^/ 
 
 \ . ' / , , . / /// 
 
 A%- Ad*^/«» ^ ,/«♦ Xg/ i^-*^^ 
 
 CULTIVATCO ^y -i~ ' -,'-' • • / 
 
 6« 7-4/ eno . M 7-8 . / 
 
 A'-B >SV . &♦ A^B ' 8* • //^^^, 
 
 <'0f/' 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 v- ,-yg^ 
 
 tECSWD 
 
 I—- — I Comott <4 HUom 
 I ^0 I UriU-M: itta of HI 
 NaUi 
 
 '^I.l l**UaUut • >«« aera or bu 
 
 Scale ofn*t 
 
 ST. ISIDORE PEAT BOG, QUEBEC 
 
 M7 
 
 I i^il 
 
u 
 
 
 l.<»()2 am., with an avirai 
 4'M) . 
 
 •••Kf (li|»lh i.f. apprriximafdy, f, f^'i. 
 
 haviMK .. total volunu. ,.f. a,,pr."vi„,auly" U,.H|(MK«. ;;,|,i^. ,,,«!. " 
 
 A».M.,...K .hat ,.„.. .,,|,i, yar.l ,.f ,1,,. ,lrain..| Ih,« furnUh... Vm. ,.,„„h« 
 
 t..n> ,.f iHat lud .-..ntaininK 25 |Kr .t : moiMurf. -.-f4..<KH» 
 
 ■ UuilyM, „l ,'r„i. 
 
 Siill|>li' 
 
 MoUliirt- 
 
 Ash '.''.'.'.]". 
 
 Vol.iiile iiiatttT. . [['...'. 
 
 I iyd c.irlKHi (l.v (liffcreniv) 
 
 >iil|ihiir 
 
 Nitrojjtn 
 
 Oilorirt. value in ;;.l<.ri.;H. ,„.r Kn,„,, Kr,«,. 
 ^Ul■l rati.,, (,x,..| .arlH.n, volatik- iiMitir . 
 
 ()-2 
 5(1 (I 
 
 II 4 
 
 IS 
 
 4.5I(» 
 
 X.IIO 
 
 0-51 
 
 lIurtfroM,. • " "•"" '"•"'• "" ""■ f"-' ■'" "riivcl an.l ..th.r r.Mil.s lal, 
 
 lIUTffroiii 
 
 l-r .iik.iu.a,- shipi.inK facilitiis ^ .<na<lian I'anh 
 
 fi« 
 
 fil-6 
 
 ,11 6 
 
 4 
 
 2() 
 
 4.0ftO 
 
 OJI 
 
 I ilnVd 
 I II la ted 
 
 ii' i.iilway (.? 
 
 s from 
 iiiiivs), 
 
 Holton Peat Bog. 
 
 ^^^^^nu-^,..tal area cverci l.y this Ik.^ is. apprfximatdy, 6.,8, acres. 
 
 2.704 ac-res l:ave a depth „f less than 5 feet, with a depth of 4 feet 
 The volutne a,ntaine<l is. approximately— " 6 „ 
 
 l^'iM)' (IIII "'"• ^■'^' '" '•" "^'^^ ^ '"^^ ^ ''^'^^^ "f >- than 5 feet. 
 
 Hu.S.rrtri;;ri:^^f;t::-t t^^ '-^^'>- - 
 
 scarciiv of fuel, this nart r.f ,h„ i .j . "^ ^ pronounced 
 
 part of the lx,g could be utilized. The southern. 
 
24 
 
 DCW>»TMI>IT Of- MW 
 
 western, an.l n..rtheastern portion is heasily ^vo,Kk.,l with spruce, alders, 
 heavy underbrush, ehns, a few maples, poplars, and birch. 
 
 The extreme northern part is. on the other hand, cult.vated into large 
 onion fields v.ad farming conditions are simitar to those at St Isidore. 
 
 The samples obtained from the bog show clearly that it .s composed 
 mainly of carex plants, occasionally interspersed with sphagnum and er.o- 
 Xrl; but oJing to the Hooding of the central portion of the bog m the 
 sprh^and st.bse.,uent drying -luring the summer months, the sphagnum 
 and eriophorum si^cies do not flourish readily. 
 
 Tin bottom of the b.,g is formed of blue clay. M, around he 
 creek an.l the larger parts of the centre, is diluted with water rom the 
 surroui ing liuK'stone formation, which, together with the sediment in 
 The creek waters, is deposited on the shores in the form of comp<,site beds 
 from 4 to 12 feet in thickness. 
 
 The .urrouu.ling formation is rocky, rising gradually to an elevation 
 
 ten to fiftv feet above the surface of the bog. . , • , . „,i 
 
 A cenain portion of the bog is heavily intermixed with roots and 
 
 ttiinins and logs of fallen trees. 
 
 Xlucting the 2.704 acres having a depth of less than 5 feej. and al- 
 lowing for a 2 foot decrease in depth due to drainage, w-e have left . .4/7 
 a^^c" with an average depth of, approximately. 4 feet, having a total volume 
 of anr.roximatelv. 22.4()0,(>00 cubic yards, and assuming that one cubic 
 V .r r he draine.1 bog furnishes 200 pounds of dried peat substances the 
 ond tonnage of drv substance available would be 2.240.000 tons (of 2.000 
 pminds" or' approximately. 2.<)C).),000 tons of peat fuel containing 2. per 
 
 ""' U t£ U:g was thoroughly drained, large areas could be rec.n.red for 
 nericultural purposes, which would be of great value to the peop e living 
 ;:f"heln;^ediat^ vicinity o^ the bog, as it is only .5 miles southeast of 
 
 Montreal. , , . , „„,, 
 
 Analysis of rati. 
 
 Sampli' 
 
 '; s-6 
 
 Moisture <^ 12-2 
 
 Ash <; 54-> 
 
 Vol.itile matter < • 2.S-I) 
 
 Fixi'il larhoii (tiy ililTcrcm-e) '.'..'....' r 11 
 
 Siilpluir .'c - ■•' 
 
 Nitrogen ' 4 . ,?,?() 
 
 Calorific value, in r.ilories per Rrani. grow - j^j,,, 
 
 li.Tli.l. |>er 11)., sross ^^^^^ 
 
 Fuel"r.itio, fixed rarlion, vol.itile matter 
 
 1 "U" r..f..r ii, fiiil as received, and in column "O to 
 
 ""'thTr.ran.l Trunk railway traverses ,l.e southern part of the bog. 
 
 1.V4 
 
 .SO • i 
 
 27-.? 
 1-2 
 2-.i 
 
 4,740 
 
 8.5.W 
 0-46 
 
 fuel dried 
 calculated 
 
miwT or MtK«. Mwc* ■wamch 
 
 rm Martin of Bof 
 1.* ,| Wooded area!. 
 P"^ roik'our o/ boUom 
 [g] />r>JJ-»«(i'. .few* »/ P'Oi 
 
 Note: I 
 
 B + I IndUalixt a peat more or less 
 
 .IB- I suilailr foe fuel 
 
 AB I 
 
 „ 1 IndUaiing a peat more or less 
 
 "' 1 suitable for moss liUer 
 
 MHW ■WOW «'»••*' 
 
 HOLTON PEAT BOG. QUEBEC 
 
25 
 
 
 jS^SSSSSSSiSSSSiSa^^^Jf.K 
 
 ! L- . 
 
 f,5 5." ? -1 S Z 5 = = 5 ?5_=5 = 
 ^ ? X ? X s-* X x' x' s ? r-' x' ?" ?' x' ; 
 
 LXXXXXXXXX 
 
 lA. u 
 
 5, S. ; = 5 £ f X 5 = § i i 5 5 ; = 5 5 5 a -; ? :r 7 i ■- 
 
 ". I/; 1/". i/", "t I''. " 
 
 
 'M^jr^'N'^l'N'N'')^"" — — •■ 
 
 .*.vMw>«avM*^r^l'-'l~l'' 
 
 ja 
 
 -J "O 
 
 2 j^ 
 5 j3 
 
 c ic lA X ©■ '^- r- f* c '^ f*" "• *' '^' "' ^' "^ *'"'• "^ "^ '^ " 
 
 _0 fc. 
 
 i I =03S 
 
 ;cccs=cccc=ecoc 
 
 SSS33SSJ3SSgSISScSSSiSS3SSS 
 
 CA 
 
 55 
 
 
 -^ ^ S X. -C X ^ ^ ^ X O- X O' 9- X. X, 9 9- 9 X O' 9- S^ ^^^^2 
 
 S 
 
 
 ^ = 
 
 -. .2 
 
 S' ~ " 
 
 3 =. . S 
 
 •S a! 
 
 
 of S^ 
 
 ■ M^r*»*Mf«j^M — Mf^fw". 'Or-*»C^*«'N-«M'*)'' 
 
26 
 
 » 
 
 ■u 
 c 
 •c 
 
 3 
 
 •o 
 
 e 
 
 9t 
 
 "2 
 
 u 
 
 B 
 'C 
 
 su 
 
 e 
 
 ij "S 
 
 SI 
 
 - I 
 
 ? ^ - S 
 
 99 
 
 > 
 
 e 
 
 
 y X. X 
 
 s 
 
 OS 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 s = ^ -5 
 
27 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISI,A\D. 
 
 Black Marsh Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated 6 miles north of Tignish in Prince county, 
 Prince Kdward Island, and runs in a northeast and southwest direction 
 (see Map No. 370) covering more or less of :— 
 
 Lot I — Prince county. 
 
 The total area covered by this bog is approximately 650 acres. Of 
 this area: — 
 
 Approximately, 430 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an 
 average depth of 3 feet. 
 
 Approximately, 170 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an 
 average depth of 6 feet. 
 The volume of the peat contained is, approximately: — 
 
 2,320,000 cub. yds. in an area with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 
 1,650,000 „ „ „ „ more „ 5 „ 
 
 The northern part of the bog is fairly well adapted to the manufacture 
 of machine peat, since the peat is well humified: the depth, however, is 
 rather shallow, but by obtaining long working lines it could be utilized 
 by the miKlern system. 
 
 Serious consideration, however, should be given the matter before a 
 plant is erected. Shipping facilities and the market would be iniixjrtant 
 factors. 
 
 In this part of the bog the surface is practically free from trees, but is 
 rough, and covered with knolls, which would involve considerable expense 
 in levelling for spreading purposes. The rest of the bog is heavily woo<led 
 with dwarfed spruce. The trees near the margin are in a healthier con- 
 dition. 
 
 The body of the bog is comparatively free from roots and stumps 
 and the bottom is composed of sand which gradually rises slightly above 
 the surface of the bog in the centre. The bog is principally composed of 
 sphagnum and carex slightly intermi.xed with eriophorum. (See Plate V'll.) 
 
 Deducting the 480 acres having a depth of less than 5 feet, and allowing 
 for a decrease in depth of 1 foot due to drainage, we have left : — 
 
 170 acres with an average depth of approximately 5 feet. 
 
 Having a total volume of, approximately, 1,370,000 cubic yards, and 
 assuming that one cubic yard of the drained bog furnishes 200 pounds of 
 dry peat substance, the total tonnage of dry substance available would 
 be, approximately, 137,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 183,000 tons of peat 
 fuel containing 25 per cent moisture. 
 
28 
 
 AnilvM's :>i Pcit. 
 
 Sample 
 
 II 
 
 R I) K I) 
 
 Moisture ', X-,? .S-,< 
 
 Ash ', 40 4-I i ') ,S-,1 
 
 Vol.ililc ni.ill.r ', 5'>1 r,4-5 ()()-4 f:.S-8 
 
 ri\C(l (.irlnm (liv (lilTirimc) ', 2X() Ml 2(>i 2H r) 
 
 Sulpliiir* ', ()-.? 0-.< ll-.< ()•.? 
 
 NilroKfii* ', O-S (l-S (l-,S O-O 
 
 Caloritic v.iliic, in (mIoH.s iHT Kniiii. Kr<iss .S,(M() 5.4X0 4,<)')0 5,4»0 
 
 ii rii.t . per III., i;r(.ss <).0.S0 ').X70 H.'tSO 9.7i)0 
 
 furl r.ilio, li\cl c,irl".ii, vol.ililc ni.illrr 04S 0-4.S 0-44 0-44 
 
 *.\\rr,iKi' 1)1 t«(i >.iiiipli> Iniiii Inn;. 
 
 Noll'. -iiKiiriv^ ill ( iliimn "l<" refer to fuel .is re;'ji\Hv|, anil in roluinn "D" to fuel dried 
 
 at lo.i ('. The analysis were ni.ide from the fuel as reeeived, and other results c.il- 
 
 ciil.iteil therefrom. 
 
 Till- (Irain.ine of this lio^ would he a very simple matter, since on its western 
 
 v<\)iv it liorders the sand elilf sixty feet aliove the sea. 
 
 Portage Peat Bog. 
 
 This Ixip is sitiiatrd about 1 mile oast of Portage station, Halifax 
 township, I'riiuc co., P.K.I, (see Maji No. 371), and covers more or less of 
 lot 10, Halifax to\vnshi|). Prince county. 
 
 The total area covered hy this hoj; is, .ipproximately, 77,S acres. The 
 peat consists of two kinds, peat litter and jx-at fuel, which are described 
 sei)arately as follows: — 
 
 .\. i'i:.\T r.iTTKR. 
 
 The total area ctnered by this portion of the bog is 148 acres. Of 
 this area: — 
 
 110 acres have a dejith of less than 15 feet, with an average depth of 
 ' 11 feet. 
 
 38 acres have a dejith of more than l.S feet, with an average depth of 
 16 feet. 
 The volume of the peat litter contained is: — 
 In an area with a depth less than l.S feet, 1,950,000 cub. >anls, ap- 
 
 [)roximately. 
 In an area with a tlepth more than 15 feet, 980,000 cub. \ards, ap- 
 
 Iiroximatcly. 
 The peat litter in this part of the boR, especially north of the western 
 road —as shown on the map — is practically not humified, and will produce 
 a fairly good i>eat litter. The peat in the 38 acres mentioned above is 
 coniparatixely free from humus, hence a high grade litter ma\' l)e obtained 
 therefrom. 
 
 .MIowint; 2 feet fr>i the decrease in depth tiirough drainage, wc shall 
 have : — 
 
DlPAKTMtNT Of Ml 
 
 S9' 
 
 CAPE BRET 
 ISLAND 
 
 n F. ntin^. Ckitf Drt 
 Pnx>- Vfap, Defiartmenl 
 
OtPAWTMtNT or Mints MINIS BHANi-M 
 
 ' F. fl iiH,. CUM Ora»«*(.in.jii 
 ' ' "no, lUmrlmrnl of Ihr Inlrrior. 
 
 • Peal fur! fefi 
 © Pfal litter /«,(;. 
 O IVot workihh- .'),.^■.t 
 
 PEAT BOGS INVESTI 
 
 IN 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA AND PRINCE EC 
 
 ix»\t : as milct to I inch. 
 
I -m.iri- M,i,,l, 
 
 ' Hiiiit: !^,ini;s 
 Uudih- ( -.ri 
 
 '4VESTIGATED 
 
 >ICE EDWARD ISLAND 
 
 let to 1 inch. 
 
NKANTMnir or tmn, mm» wmmdh 
 
 I.IU,h.M> 
 
 r»'i*i wini^'W •»<■■ 
 
 f 1 < uaiaa> u/ *n«ij« 
 JVoU 
 
 MJkCK MAOH r«AT BOa. PHINCI COUNTY. paiNCn DWAKO IM-AND 
 
aiPMmmm «r 
 
J*. 
 
 
 
 
 Uargin of Hot 
 pT»1 lfoail<(i ornw 
 
 CoNtoNf J o/ bottom 
 I W I DriU-Mt, depth of peal 
 Note: 
 
 IndUating a peat more or tess 
 suitabtt for fu(t 
 
 IndiciUint J ?.'J< mare ur Icsl 
 suitable foe mos% tuter 
 
 BC- 
 BC 
 BC* 
 B- 
 
 SciUeofFeet 
 1000 :ooo 
 
 POirTAOK PCAT aOO, PRINCE COUNTy. PRINCE EOWARO ISLAND 
 
 171 
 
■Hiiii 
 
 ^ 
 
29 
 
 110 acres with an average depth of 9 feet, 
 
 38 „ n w l> '■* » 
 
 With n total volume of. apj roximately, 2,460,000 cubic yards. As- 
 suming that one cubic yard .f such bog will furnish 120 pounds of dry 
 peat substance, the total avail, il)le tonnage of dry peat substance is, ap- 
 proximately, 147,0(K) tons (of 2,000 p<iunds) or 184,000 tons of peat litter 
 containing 20 per cent moisture. 
 
 This part of the bog seemed to have a comparatively deep basin and, 
 as the area is satisfactory, it is well suited for the erection of a plant for 
 the production of peat litter. The peat is principally formed of sphag- 
 num mosses, with the exception of the bottom layer, two feet thick,which 
 is formed of aquatic and carex plants. Dwarfed spruce, in sc ttered 
 clumps, are to be found on the surface of this part of the bog. In this 
 portion there are no roots or trunks. 
 
 The bottom is compact red sand, and in some places rock was found. 
 
 Analysis of Peat Litter. 
 
 'Absorptive factor for moisture-free peat=12-6; for peat with 25% 
 water = 9- 2. 
 
 B. PE.VT FfEI,. 
 
 The total area covered by this part of the lx)g is, approximately, 627 
 acres. Of this area : — 
 
 267 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 4 feet. 
 360 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an a%erage depth 
 
 of 7 feet. 
 The volume of peat contained is, approximately: — 
 
 1,720,000 cub. yds. in an area with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 
 4,069,000 „ „ „ „ more „ 5 „ 
 
 The peat in this part of the bog is fairly well humified, and uniform 
 quality can be obtained. By laying out the working field carefully, and 
 with proper treatment and skilful labour, this part can be used for the 
 manufacture of peat fuel on a small scale. 
 
 The surface of this part is grown over with young spruce, and the 
 margin is encircled with alders, poplars, and heavy underbrush. 
 
 After the bog has been thoroughly drained, the peat will probably 
 settle down about two feet. Allowing for the decrease in depth through 
 drainage, we have: — 
 
 267 acres with an average depth of approximately, 2 feet. 
 
 360 „ „ „ n n •' " 
 
 having a total volume of 3,766,000 cubic yards. 
 
 m 
 
 I Sec Bulletin No. 9, page 39. 
 
30 
 
 Assuming tl' i« one cubic yard of such drained bog will furnish 200 
 pounds of dry peat substance, the total available tonnage of dry peat 
 substance will be, approximately, 377,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or. 502,000 
 tons containing 23' i moisture. 
 
 This part of the bog is also principally formed of sphagnum intermixed 
 with carex. It is fairly free from stumps and roots. 
 
 The whole bog is favourably situated as regards transportation and 
 market, In-ing traversed in the southern part by the Prince Kdward Island 
 railway, alniut 22 miles from Summerside. 
 
 Miscouche Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated alxiut 1 mile from St. Nicholas station (see Map 
 No. 372) and covers more or less of: — 
 
 Lot 16, Richmond township, Prince county. 
 
 „ 17 „ ., n V 
 
 The total area covered is, approximate^', 2,900 acres. 
 This bog contains two kinds of peat: peat litter and peat fuel, which 
 are descrilwd separately as follows: — 
 
 PEAT LITTER. 
 
 This part of the bog is situatctl. practically, in the centre of the peat 
 fuel bog, is almost circular in shape, and covers a total area, approximately, 
 of 103 acros, with an average depth of 13 feet, and a total volume, ap- 
 proximately, of 2,l<i0,000 cubic yards. 
 
 The peat in this portion of the bog is tinged with humus, but is not 
 sufficiently humified to prevent it from being utilized as ptat litter. 
 
 The upper layer of, from four to six feet, is practically free from humus, 
 and a first-class peat litter may be obtained from it. 
 
 The bottom layers are more humified, and after the top layer is taken 
 off, humified peat fuel can be taken out. 
 
 The surface of this portion of the bog is comparatively free from irees, 
 and the peat free from roots and trunks. 
 
 The bottom of the bog is chiefly compact, red sand. Allowing 2 feet 
 for the decrease in depth through drainage, we have left :— 
 
 103 acres with an average depth of 11 feet, and a total volume of 
 1,827,000 cubic yards of peat litter. 
 
 Calculating that one cubic yard of such drained bog will furnish about 
 120 pounds of dry peat substance, the total available tonnage of dry peat 
 substance is. approximately, 109,000 tons (of 2.000 pounds) or 137,000 
 tons of peat litter with 20 per cent moisture. 
 
 The peat consists mainly of sphagnum mosses, with the exception of 
 the bottom layers, in which typical aquatic and carex plants occur. 
 
DEPARTMRWT or M>NE8. MINCS BWANCH 
 
 /,, AHU Htyer 
 
 
 MiaCOUCHC PCAT 
 
M 
 Analysis of Peal Litter. 
 
 'Absorptive factor for moistiire-fri'f ixat=15-6; for jK-at with 25',"^ 
 wattr=lt-5. 
 
 I'EAT FIEI.. 
 
 Thi total area coveretl by this part of the bog is approximately 2,797 
 acres of which : — 
 
 2,411 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 2 feet. 
 
 386 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 of 7 feet. 
 The volume of (jeat contained is:— 
 
 In an area with depth less than 5 feet =7,779,493 cub. yards. 
 „ more „ S , =4,359,227 
 
 The peat in this part of the lv)g is well humifietl, and in the area of 
 386 acres the peat has a considerable depth. Hence by laying out the 
 working field systematically, and using proper eciuipmcnt, this part can 
 be used for the manufacture of machine peat fuel by the air-drying process. 
 Most of this portion is heavily w(Hxled with young spruce and tamarack, 
 and it fs encircled around the margin with a heavy growth of alder and 
 underbriush. 
 
 After the bt)g has been thoroughly drained, the peat wi'l probably 
 settle down 2Jeet. Allowing for this decrease in depth througn drainage 
 we have : — 
 
 386 acres with an average depth of, approximately, 5 feet, having a 
 total volume of, approximately, 3,110,000 cubic yards. Supposing that 
 one cubic yard of such drained tog will furnish 2,000 pounds of dry peat 
 substance, the total available tonnage of dry peat substance is, approx- 
 imately, 311,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 415,000 tons of peat fuel with 
 25 per cent moisture. 
 
 The deeper part of the tog is chiefly formed by sphagnum moss, slightly 
 intermixed with eriophorum. The rest of the bog is heavily intermixed 
 with carex, and there is evidcp c in the character of certain intermixed 
 vegetable growths, that, at some time, this bog was affected by the tides. 
 
 ' See Bulletin No. 9, page 39. 
 
Analysis nf l',;il. 
 
 Snni|>l»" 
 
 K I) K " 
 
 Moist iiri' 
 
 Ash 
 
 \'(il.itilc ni.iltiT 
 
 I'ixiil (.irlHin iliy ililliriinci 
 
 Siilpliur* 
 NitroKin 
 Calorilu' valm-, in caliirirs |ht ur.iin, urow 
 
 in U. Tli.l ., ]»■' II)., «riiss 
 luol "ratio, fixfil c.irlK.n, vol.itili' matter 
 
 
 
 51 
 5(>f) 
 
 ()••» 
 12 
 
 4.7HI> 
 
 H.fill) 
 
 0-50 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 f)i 
 
 H 
 
 .«1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ,« 
 
 1 
 
 .< 
 
 .s. 
 
 '.10 
 
 ') 
 
 Vitt 
 
 II 
 
 ■5(1 
 
 \{)(t 
 
 
 7 4 
 
 S-.* 
 
 5(.l 
 
 (,1' 
 
 .'5 
 
 20 
 
 ()•« 
 
 ((■.4 
 
 l-.< 
 
 14 
 
 4.(>20 
 
 5.170 
 
 H.,«iO 
 
 O.UH) 
 
 (1-46 
 
 0-46 
 
 """■I'ClK.^ ran W .■asilv .Ir.ntu.l, an.l l.y -loinK s.,, ronsi.U-ral.lc areas coul.l !«• re- 
 
 i, i. „„K mil's west of Summcrsi.U- an.l the sonthern end is traversed b> the 
 I'rinie Kilwanl Island railway. 
 
 Muddy Creek Peat Litter Boft. 
 
 This bog is siiualwl about .? mik-s southwest of St. Nicholas 
 station (see Map No. .^7.?), an-l comts more or less of 
 
 I ot 17, Rirhmoiul (. ' ship, Prince county. 
 
 The total area co.er ^ ', v this bojj is about 61 acres, with an average 
 depth of .? feet, containing .U7.0()() cubic yards of ix-at Utter. 
 
 .\s can be seen from the ab.ve, this bog is noi suitable for tnanufac- 
 turingpeat litter on a commercial scale; but farmers coul.l cut it by hand 
 ami utilize it for stabling purposes an.l for sanitary conditions in cl<.se s. 
 By taking off the upi.er two feet, an.l draining the rest, tins area would be 
 suitable for agricultural purposes. 
 
 Mount Stewart Peat Bog. 
 
 Thi< bog, which is situate.1 ..n l..t ,VS, about 1 mile south of M<>u"t 
 Stewart village, is mainly coniposed of carex, and most of the year .s flocHled. 
 It is verv shallow ami at present marsh grass is i:ut on It. 
 
 ' If pn.iKTly drain.,1 an.l dyked from the high ti.les, it could be converted 
 
 into valuable agricultural land. , . , . u:„„ ^^..t 
 
 It is not suitable for the manufacture of any kind of machine peat. 
 
 Black Banks Peat Litter Bogs. 
 
 These bogs are situated alx^ut 7 miles north of Conway, Intercolonial 
 railway, and about 5 miles south of Alberton, Prince Edward Island, by 
 
 
PtMirrMtNT Of MINCS. MINIS MANCM 
 
 iMuddv Oeek 
 
 r . - — -■ ■ -- ■■■■ 
 
 tltrttn nf hot 
 
 r 3^6 I DtUI-IkU. 4tHk ct mt 
 
 /W<<«M«| • Ht man m bii 
 
 __I S. 2B 
 
 37) 
 
 MUOOV CRCCK P«AT LITTDt mcm. mtlNCK CO«*ITT. nHNCK IDWAaO lfLM« 
 
i 
 
 u 
 
 w.iiir .iiro!.- tin- CaMUiniKfiur l>iiy (m-v Map No. .<74) ami rover more 
 i.r li>- of (htnnrthiTii part of loi It. Ha! i'lx town«hip. I'rimv roiiniy. 
 
 Till' total area covirtil liy tlu'M' Ih>h?» i» approximati'ly HH4 am-., Of 
 this ana, (A) airt-s which an- "tituat*-*! in thf wuithcrn part of thi- wi-ttrn 
 Impk niKTMiit fairly k<mmI jK-at fiul. Idit a> the ana is vrry sni ili the |Kat 
 • ,mnot Ik' (omiiH'n iaily iitili/i<l as liul l>y thf imtlnKl> now in um-. 
 l)f till' total ana: - 
 
 255 a(rfs have a dt-pth of l.ss than 5 f«-it, with an avrraur ilipth 
 
 of ,1 l(«t. 
 
 179 acrci* have a depth of fn»m 5-10 feet, with an average depth <jf 
 8 feet. 
 
 215 aires have a depth of fn.in 10-15 feet, with an average depth 
 of l.< ft^et. 
 
 2()0 acres have a depth of fmm 15-20 feet, with an average depth 
 of IT feet. 
 
 2r> acres havi' a <lepth of more than 20 feet, with an aveniKe <leplh 
 of 20 feet, 
 Thi' \((iuiui- of the |K.at containwl is, approximately: — 
 
 1,2,?0,(KK) cubic yanis in an area with depth of less than 5 feet, 
 
 2,.?06,(MM) „ „ „ n from 5 to 10 feet, 
 
 4,5(W,(MM) „ „ „ « from 10 to 15 feet, 
 
 5,50<>.(MM) „ „ „ n from 15 to 20 feet, 
 
 «5<).(MM» .. .. „ .. more than 20 feet. 
 
 The jual in these two bo^s, with the exception of the 60 acres which 
 are situated in the southern part of the west bog, is not humified, and will 
 produce a nitv ^ood I'.cat litter. 
 
 The upiKT layers (>( the above mentioned parts of the bog are com- 
 p,ir.itively free fn)m humus, hence a first-class litter may Ik- obtained there- 
 fnnii. The bottom layer of the fx-at is heavily intermixed with trunks 
 and mots. This was discovend duriuK the drilling aloiig the shores, where 
 a perpendicul.ir section sometimes of more than 10 feet can be seen. !See 
 Plate Vill.) 
 
 The [K-at is formed principally of sphagnum and fuscum. Certain 
 plants are intermixed with the sphagnum. 
 
 The bottom layer, as well as annmd the margin of the west and the 
 north end of the western bog, is composed mainly of carex plants inter- 
 mixed with hypnum. This part of the Im)^ has several ponds which have 
 a depth of 18 to 22 feet. The surface of some of these is practically gnwn 
 over with sphagnum, (peat moss) which practically Hoats on the surface. 
 Plate FX shows a floating sphagnum islantl. which in a short time will 
 cover the pontl entirely. 
 
 Eriophorum and aquatic plants were very scarce, and were noticed 
 only rarely at the north end in the western bog. 
 
34 
 
 Allowing for the d. . rciise in depth through drainage we have:— 
 179 acres with an .ixirage depth of 6 feet, approximately, 
 215 .... ■• n 11 •• 
 
 209 .. ., •• « IS - 
 
 26 . .. •' 1** •• 
 
 with a total volume of, approximately, 11,180,000 cubic yards of peat 
 
 Calculating that one cubic yartl of such bog will furnish about 120 
 pounds of drv |)eat substance, the total tonnage of dry peat litter substance 
 available is, approximately. 670,tK)0 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 838,000 tons 
 of peat litter with 20 per cent moisture. 
 
 The surface of the bog is comparatively free from trees, except around 
 the margin on the northern, western, and southern parts of the west bog. 
 These parts of the bog are partly wmxled with young tamarack and spruce, 
 and near the margin with cedar and alder. 
 
 The sand banks which rise from the sea at a distance of about 2 miles 
 east from the bog, were at one time connected together, forming a continuous 
 chain, which prevented the sea from flooding the land as it does now. 
 The bog at that time was much larger, covering practically the whole 
 western part of Cascumpe(|ue bay. At the present time the bog is being 
 rapidly wasted away, and it will not be long before the remaining parts 
 of the bog which above, are described as the East and West bog— will 
 be completel> effaced. 
 
 A nalysis of peal litter. 
 
 Successive lavers each one metre Surface 2nd 3rd 
 
 (39 inches) thick layer layer layer 
 
 Ash in moisture-free peat '7 2-7 3-7 
 
 Absorptive factor for moisture-free 
 
 peat ...._.. 1-^ I--* 1^0 
 
 'Absorptive factor for peat with 25' i 
 
 water HI l^^ ^^'^ 
 
 Mermaid Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated in the township of Bedford in Queens county 
 about 5 miles northeast of Charlottetown, Prince Kdward Island, and 2 
 miles from Mount Herbert station. Intercolonial railway. It covers more 
 or less of the west corner of lot 48, Bedford township. Queens county. 
 
 (See Map No. 375). • , la^ Of 
 
 The total area covered by this bog is, approximately, 186 acres, ui 
 
 this area :— ■ u » 
 
 84 acres have a depth of k-ss than 5 feet, with an average depth ol 
 
 3 feet. 
 
 I Si'C Bulletin No. '•. \aK>' i'>- 
 
I *1 
 i It 
 
 rn 
 
 m 
 
a 
 
 — -n 
 
 tJ u 
 
 
 -= — 
 
 P*t 
 
35 
 
 94 acres have a depth of from 5 to 10 feet, with an average depth of 
 7 feet. 
 8 acres have a depth of more than 10 feet, with an average depth of 
 10 feet. 
 The volume t ' the peat containi.'d is. approximately:— 
 
 270.(KKI ciil). yds. in an area with <U|)th of less than 5 feet. 
 l.(K)(),0(K) „ „ . - 5 feet to 10 feet. 
 
 12y,0(M) .. „ .. <• m<tre than 10 feet. 
 
 The [X'at in this bog is very well humiticd, and of uniform (|uality. 
 By laying out the working plan carefully, and using proper methiKls. 
 this part of the lM)g can Ik- used for the manufacture of |K-at fuel. 
 
 The Ixig is principally formed of sphagnum and fuscum. lightly 
 intermixed with eriophorum. (See Plate X). Occasionally, some carex 
 |)iants and a few typical atjuatic plants were noticed on the surface of the 
 western part of the lM)g. It is comparatively free from r<M)ts and stumps. 
 
 In some parts of the surface are found small spruce, tamarack, and 
 hluel terry hushes. Around the margin grow pine, spruce, and poplar. 
 
 .After the hog has heen thoroughly drained, the [x-at will prohahly 
 settle down alxtut 2 feet. .Allowing for the decrease in depth through 
 drainage, we have; — 
 
 94 acres with an average depth of approximately 5 feet, 
 
 8 .. 8 ., 
 
 and having a total volume of. approximately. 860.000 cuhic yards of peat 
 
 fuel. 
 
 .Assuming that one cuhic yard of such drained lM)g will furnish 200 
 pounds of dry peat suhstance. the total tonnage of tlry jx-at substance 
 a\ailahle is. approximately. 86.000 tons (of 2.(M)0 |K)unds). or IKS.IKM) tons 
 of peat fuel with 25 |x'r cent moisture. 
 
 Aniilxses of Pntl. 
 
 Sample 
 
 II 
 
 D 
 
 Moisture ' 
 
 Ash ^ 
 
 Volatik' matter J( 
 
 Fixed carlwn (by (litTcrenre) r 
 
 Sulphur ,c 
 
 Nitrogen c 
 
 Calorific value, in calories, per Krani, gross 
 
 B.Th.r. per lb. gross » .''D" 
 
 Fuel rat-.-, fixed carlmn, volatile matter <'-44 
 
 08 
 4.<).'!(( 
 
 ,?-6 
 67 1 
 29 -3 
 
 00 
 .S.,?20 
 Q.5.S0 
 
 0-44 
 
 0" 
 
 4-6 
 61-4 
 27 3 
 
 0-.? 
 
 1-2 
 ,S,1.S0 
 y.270 
 
 0-45 
 
 4Q 
 6.S-8 
 20-3 
 
 0-4 
 
 1-2 
 .S.520 
 9.<)40 
 
 0-45 
 
 \ote —Figures in the colutiin "R" refer to fuel as receivccl. and in column "D" to fuel dried 
 at 105°C. The analyses were made on the fuel as received, antl other results cal- 
 culated therefrom. , , ., , . , 
 
 The content of ash is verv low, and the calorific value satisfactory. 
 
 The iKjg is favourably situated as regards transportation and market, being only 
 2 miles from the Intercolonial railway and about 5 miles from Charlottetown. 
 
The northeastirn part cif the \h>^ runs* into Lake MactlonaUl, which, 
 in the centre, has a depth of 18 to 20 fift. By sinkinK the drill it was 
 found that the txiR followed the !>' itoni (|uite a distance into the lake. 
 If this lake is left iinilisturlKd. the water-lovinK tlora will spreail con- 
 tinuously and eventually .-over up the lake by growth from the lM>ttom, 
 antl thus form a compact surface on which si.ftwood trees and bushes 
 will spring up. This form of development can K- seen on IMatc XI. 
 
 
I'LATK XI. 
 
 I^ke MacdonaM, Mermaid peat bog, 
 Prince Edwaid Island. 
 
 . 
 
37 
 
 a 
 I 
 
 
 e2i = 
 
 i; 
 i 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 B 
 
 I 
 
 'I i? 
 
 •i: 
 
 1 *0 « 
 
 ■si' £3 
 
 5.2 1 3 , 
 
 r — 
 
 r 
 
 .11 
 
 .= E 
 
 .£E 
 
 z 
 
 u 
 
 e 
 
 w « jj 
 
 Z S'c 
 H »»1 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 e 
 
 a 
 
 l^i 
 
 
 1 1 ?■ 
 
 c 
 
 1^ 
 
 •* * i: 
 
 .= = = ! I 
 
 t-a 
 
 I !§ 'I i 
 
 ^ if 
 
 s s 
 
 I I 
 
 I ll il 
 
 •H 1 Ift I *4 
 
 
 15 
 
 S 5 
 
 I 5 5 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 bn 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 'r 
 
 1 
 
 <,-"" 
 
 ; — 
 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 >. 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ■jt 
 
 " 
 
 r 
 
 • .^ 
 
 » 2 
 
 ! : i 
 
 \> 7. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 Z 
 
 II 
 
38 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Caribou Peat Bog. 
 
 This boK is sitiiatwl about a mill- and a half west from Berwick station, 
 on the line of the Dominion Atlantic railway, about 2 miles west by the 
 Post road (see Map No. M<)). and is located in the northwest portion of 
 Kings county. .,00- 
 
 The total area covered by the bog is, approximately, 88/ acres. 
 
 This bog contains two kinds of |H-at, namely peat litter and peat fuel, 
 which are ilescribed separately as follows;— 
 
 PEAT I.ITTKR. 
 
 This part of the bog occupies the centre of the whole area, and con- 
 sists of, approximately, 2()() acres. Of this area:— 
 
 90 acres have a depth of more than 15 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 16 feet. 
 75 acres have a depth of more than 20 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 22 feet. 
 35 acres have a depth of more than 25 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 26 feet. 
 The volume of peat contained is, approximately:— 
 
 In an area with a depth of more than 15 feet. 2,32(),(MM) cub. yds. 
 
 20 „ 2.670,000 
 I ., 25 .. 1,427,000 
 
 The jieat in this part of the bog, especially that part bounded by the 
 Caribou lake, as shown on the map, is not humified, and will produce high- 
 grade peat litter. 
 
 The upixT layers, of from six to eight feet, are comparatively free 
 from humus, and will produce first class ix-at litter. 
 
 The central iK)rtion of the litter area, as can be seen on map No. 376, 
 has a considerable depth, and it would appear that part of the bog con- 
 sists of a deep basin. This is not the case, however, as the depth at that 
 particular point is given by the upward growth of sphagnum plants, thus 
 forming a convex surface, which represents a high moor, (lloch Moor). 
 Allowing 2 feet decre.ise in defith due to drainage we ha\e:— 
 90 acres with an average depth of 14 feet-2,032,000 cubic yards. 
 
 ap|)roximatelv. 
 75 acres with an average depth of 20 feet-2,427.000 cubic yards, 
 
 approxiniatelv. 
 35 acres with an average tlepth of 24 feet— 1,355,000 cubic yards, 
 .ipproximately. 
 with a total volume of 5,815,000 cubic yards of peat litter. 
 
 falcul.iting that one cubic yard of such drained bog will pr.Kluce 120 
 pounds of drv peat substance, the total available tonnage of dry peat 
 

39 
 
 substance is, approximately, 349,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 436,155 
 tons of peat litter 20 per cent moisture. 
 
 This peat is principally formed by sphagnum mosses, with the exception 
 of the bottom layers in which eriophorum and carex plants are strongly 
 
 in evidence. 
 
 The surface is partly wooded with dwarf spruce and tamarack. 
 
 The Ixnly of the bog is free from roots and trunks, and the bottom is 
 chiefly compact sand, but in some cases a thin layer of composite clay is 
 
 found. 
 
 Inasmuch as this peat bog has all the advantages of high grade iieat 
 litter, as described ab:)ve, and is situated in a great fruit ppKlucing country, 
 it would be of great advantage to erect thereon a peat litter plant of nKxlern 
 type. This should be. at once, a feasilile and beneficial undertaking, as 
 there would be an open market for fertilizer and packing substances. 
 
 Analysis of Peal Lilter. 
 
 'Absorptive factor for moisture-free peat l-''6 
 
 „ „ for peat with 25*^ ; water '^ '^ 
 
 The absorption capacity is about satisfactory. 
 
 I'EATFIEI.. 
 
 The total area covered by this part of the bog is about 687 acres, of 
 
 which: — 
 
 342 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 3 feet. 
 21= ac ■ have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 7 feet. 
 130 acres have a depth of m )re than 10 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of U feet. 
 The volume of peat contained is, approximately;— 
 
 In an area with depth less than 3 feet. 1 ,666,000 cub. yards. 
 ., more „ .3 .. 2.4,S6,000 
 
 10 „ 250,000 
 
 The peat in this portion of the bog is well humified, and fairly uni- 
 form in (lualitv. By laying out the working lines oinfMlly, and by i>roper 
 treatment, this part can be advantageously used for ihe manufacture ot 
 
 peat fuel. 
 
 In the northern part of the bog, the surface is heavily overgrown with 
 
 voung spruce and tamarack. 
 
 .After the bog h.is been thoroughly drained, it will jjrobably. settle 
 .;nwn about two feet; and omitting the area having a depth of less than 
 
 5 feet, we have: — 
 
 215 acres with an average ilei)lh of, approximately, .S feet. 
 
 130 „ ., "''■.., 
 
 giving a total volume of, approximately, 1,960,(MH) cubic yards of peat fuel. 
 
 I ^co Bulli't in No «. liagc -W. 
 
40 
 
 AssumiiiK that oiu- lubic yard of such drainwl hoK will furnish 2()0 pounds 
 of dry iKat sui)slaiUT. thi- total tonnuKc of dry jx-at substance is. ap- 
 proximately, l'W).(HH) tons (of 2,(K)0 pounds) or 262,(M)() tons of peat fuel 
 25 iK-r cent moisture. 
 
 This part of the lion is jirincipally formed of sphagnum mosses, and in 
 certain parts is stronKly intermixed with eriophorum. In the shallow 
 jiarts ditTerent varieties of carex and atiuatic plants can lie noticed. When 
 drilling for samples, roots and trunks were rarely encountered. 
 
 .Ih(i/v4('.v o/ Peal. 
 
 SiiinpU- 
 
 1) 
 
 U 
 
 Moist iiri- ' I 
 
 Ash '; 
 
 Voliitili' inatliT ' , 
 
 Kixi'd cirlKin (liv <lilTiTi-niT).' , 
 
 Siilpluir* ' ', 
 
 NitroKi-n ' ' 
 
 t'aloritic \iiliic, in ralories, jut 
 
 urani, (jross 
 t'alorifir valiii', in U.TIi.f. ikt 
 
 II)., ^jross 
 
 Kwl ratio, tixcil carlKin, volatile 
 
 m.iltir 
 
 8-8 
 7(> 
 .S7-1 
 .'7 1 
 (l-.t 
 1 -S 
 
 ()2(> 
 
 i'>-7 
 
 0-4 
 
 1() 
 
 8-7 
 
 40 
 
 ,S<M 
 
 28-2 
 
 II 
 
 4-4 
 64-7 
 
 (••4 
 12 
 
 111 
 
 IV 
 
 D 
 
 8<) 
 
 2-7 
 
 60-7 
 
 27-7 
 
 (»■,< 
 
 2') 
 
 hh-7 
 
 ,«).4 
 
 4 
 
 1-0 
 
 8-.? 
 1-8 
 
 28-0 
 
 {i■^ 
 
 0-9 
 
 4.<«>ll .S.440 4.940 .S,410 
 
 4.840 .S..MO 4.880 
 
 8.920 9.790 8.890 9.74o' 8.7(H) 9..v=i0 8.790 
 
 0-47 0-47 0-48 0-48 
 
 0-40 0-46 0-4.S 
 
 2 
 
 67-5 
 
 M)-5 
 
 0-4 
 
 0-9 
 
 $.iH) 
 
 9.580 
 
 0-4."l 
 
 * .AviTam' of four s;im|)lis from the 1h)|{. , . , 
 
 Note. 4- inures in eolunui "R" refir to fuel as rtreived. and in co umn I) to fuel dr ed 
 
 at lO-S^C. I'lu- analyses were ni^.de on the fuel as received, and other results laltulateil 
 
 therefrom. 
 
 .As can he seen the content of ash is comparatively low, and the calo- 
 ritic value satisfactory. 
 
 The whole bog is favourably situated as regards transiiortation and 
 market, being traversed, at the southern end, by the Dominion .Atlantic 
 railway. This part of the country is thickly populated and as the prices 
 for domestic fuel are as follows: — 
 
 Soft coal from 86.00 to S 7.00 per ton, depending on the season. 
 
 Hard ., „ «.00 to 10.00 „ 
 
 Hardwood ., .S.OO to 6.(M) ., cord, 
 it can be seen that ixat fuel could be favourably placed upon the market. 
 By pn«ltiring peat litter in the winter and manufacturing peat fuel in the 
 summer, employment could be found for labourers the year round. 
 
41 
 
 Cherryfield Peat Boft. 
 
 This 1h)k is situated alM)Ut half a mile southeast of CherryfieUI station. 
 
 LunenhurK county. Nova Scotia. (See Map No. 377). 
 
 The total area is. approximately. IftO acres. Of this area:— 
 
 27 acres have a depth of less than 3 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 i feet. . f 
 
 46 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 7 feet. , , , 
 
 M acres have a depth of more than K) feet, with an average depth of 
 
 12 feet. , . , 
 
 52 acres have a depth of more th.m 15 feel, with an average depth of 
 
 5 acres have a depth of more than 20 feet, with an average <lepth of 
 20 feet. 
 The volume of peat contained is, approximately:— 
 
 1.41.000 cul). yds. in an area with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 515.000 „ „ ., '• '""'■*^' " j* " 
 
 590.000 .. ., ,. " " " IS 
 
 1.420,01H) „ . " " " "in 
 
 140,000 . .. " „ . » 20 „ 
 
 The pi'at in this hog is well humified, uniform in quality, and possesses 
 high cohesive properties. 
 
 By laving out the working field systematically, and with great con- 
 sideration.' this hog can he utilized for the manufacture of machme pc;at on 
 a small scale. But as it is situated a long distance from any suitable 
 market, it would not Ik> advisahle, under present conditions, to erect a 
 peat fuel plant. 
 
 The peat is composed mainly of sphagnum mosses, lightly intermixed 
 with eriophorum. and. following the shores of the creek, varieties of carex 
 plants can Ik- found. 
 
 After the hog has heen thoroughly drained it will settle down al)out 
 
 2 feet. . . 
 
 Allowing for the decrease in depth due to drainage, and omitting 
 the 27 acres with a depth of less than 5 feet, wc have:- 
 
 46 acres with an average depth of. approximately. 5 feet. 
 
 m „ .. . .. . 10 . 
 
 5 .... . 18 „ 
 
 having a total volume of, approximately. 2.240.000 cuhic yards. 
 
 \llowing that one cuhic vard of the drained lK)g produces 200 pounds 
 of dry iH-at suhstance. the total availahle tonnage of dry peat suhstance 
 is 224 350 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 299.000 tons with 25 per cent moisture. 
 
42 
 
 Analysis of Peat. 
 
 Sample I I 
 
 R D 
 
 Moisture ' t ''•" 
 
 Ash •< S-."! 6-1 
 
 Volatik' matlir ', S"'' '>■»•• 
 
 Fixtd larlxjn il> ■ (lilTuri'me) '. 20'* 2M« 
 
 Sulphur .' '. "••' "■•< 
 
 NitroKin '< 1»> 1<.> 
 
 Calorific value, in calories, [«•.• sirani, uross 4.740 ; 5.250 
 
 H.lh.l . per ll).,Rross H.S,»0 'J.4.50 
 
 Fuel ratio, fixed carlx.n, volatile matter | 0-47 j 0-47 
 
 Note. — KiRures in column "K" refer to fuel as received, and In column "D" to fuel dried 
 at 105°C. The analysis was made on fuel as received, and other results calculated 
 therefrom. 
 
 The content of ash is coni|)aralively low, and the calorific value satisfactory 
 While (irillinn for samples very few roots or stumps were encountered. 
 
 The surface of the lM)g is comparatively free from trees, with the exception of the 
 margin where spruce, tamarack, and alders occur thickly. The Ijottoni is composed 
 of compact sand ami ro<k. The surroumlinij country is elcvateil, and it would lie 
 hard to obtain dryinu fields if the manufacture of (leat fuel l)e contemplated. 
 
 .\l)out miles north of (herryfiehl there is a large yteM lx)g, but as it was so far 
 removed from tran'^|X)rtati(m facilities, the investig.ition of the same was omitted. 
 
 The Ixigs around Springfield are situated the same way, and on account of the 
 reasons given above, are not worth present consideration. 
 
 Tusket Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated to the southeast and east of Tusket station, Yar- 
 mouth county, Nova Scotia. (See Map No. 378). 
 
 The total area covered is, appr^ --iiiiately, 235 acres. Of this area: — 
 82 acres have u depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 .? feet. 
 105 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 7 feet. 
 48 acres have a depth of more than 10 feet, with an average depth of 
 13 feet. 
 The volume of peat contained is, approNiinately: — 
 
 III an area with a depth of less than 5 feet— 398,000 cubic yards. 
 
 „ fnmi 5 to 10 feet -1,188,000 cubic yards. 
 
 „ „ more than 10 feet— y'>(),00i) cubic yards. 
 
 The pt.it in this bog is well humitifd. and will produce heavy peat fuel. 
 It is comi)osed mainly of sphagnum, inlerinixed with eriophorum. In 
 certain parts, around the margin, a heavy growth of carex is to be found. 
 That part of the iMig which is situated east of the station, between 
 the railway and the roatl, has a • -•.i^iderable ileplli, and by la\ ing out the 
 working field carefully, it could be utilized for the manufacture of machine 
 peat fuel on a small scale. The rest of the bog being shallow and badly 
 cut up b\ ridgi> can only be utilized by cutting the peat by hand, for 
 domestic purposes. 
 
DCf AWTMCHT Of MWO. MlWtS tUMKH 
 
 ij'hcrryftad flia 
 
 4fl- I /■«•(«(■■« ■ *Mt wvr or («tt 
 Alt* 
 
 .Sc»lr of^rt 
 
 CHDMTFIDLD PCAT BaS, UMDWUIM OOUMTV. NOV* tCOTIA 
 
Ute 
 
4i 
 
 Many years ago a briquettiiiK plant was in operuiion ht-rf. It wa» 
 learned, by an inveMiuation of the iilumlonwl m;i< hinerv. that the system 
 empl<iye<l »an a I)ixr»n presx. wc.rkinK in ci.njunrtinn with a Simi)«*on 
 rotatinK jylinclriial dryt-r. 
 
 Lcx.kinK "ver the field adjacent ti) the plant it wax m.ti. .d that the 
 surface was m ra|H-<l tul the p»-at drie<l auordinn to the |)oh>on priK-ew. 
 For further .leM-ription of the alK)ve methiKis, I would refer to the 
 report on "IVat and I.JKnite" l.y K. NvHtrom. mtW-twRe \W. Some year* 
 aKo this plant wa- ilestnived by lire. 
 
 The surface i- linhtly Kr«>wn over with dwarf tamar.i. k and spruce, 
 and the margin is encifcle<l with a heavy growth of alder, tamarack, and 
 
 spruce. 
 
 Durinu the drillinR for siiniples. it was found th .1 ilu lK>tt<.m w is 
 rocky. After the Ixjg h.is lieen thoroURhlv drained, tin |.. ,ii will probably 
 settle down alnrnt a iof>t. _ . 
 
 AllowiuK for this deer- asi- in depth throUKh (IraiiiaRe and om.ttmg 
 the area with a depth of less than .S feet, we have: 
 
 105 acres with an average depth of, approxiinaicly. () feet. 
 
 having a total volume of. approxitnately. \.'>M>'M<o ndm vur.l r-u 
 culating that one cubic yard of the drained !...>; will pr.^lur. m< iHunu s 
 of dry tx-at sul»stance, the total tonnage of dry jh it Mii.-uai.e ava.lalle 
 would l)e. approximately. 194,000 tons (ol 2.(MI0 iK.u.ubi 25Vnfiu tons 
 of |H?at fuel with 25 per cent moisture. 
 
 The lK)g is well situated. Iioth as regards shipping Ku iliiu- .uul nuirkct. 
 being traversed at its northern end by the Halif,,^ .md Southwestern 
 railway alxiut 12 miU-s east of N'armnuth. 
 
 ,lnu/v«-s 0/ Pfl- 
 
 Sii tuple 
 
 II 
 
 Moisture 
 
 Ash 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 Fixed carlmn (liy dilTerencc) 
 
 Sulphur* 
 
 NitroKfn 
 
 Calorific valuo, in c.ilorifs per gram, gross 
 
 M.Th.l. per 11).. gross 
 Fuel ratio, fixid carlKjti, volatile matter. . 
 
 • Averaee of two »;iinples from the Iwg. 1 1 • 1 
 
 Note.-Figures in the column "R" refer to fuel a» receive.!, aijU in colunin D to fuel dne. 
 at 105°C. The analyses were made on fuel as receivetl. ami other results caltulatefl 
 
 The content of ash is satisfactory, as is also the calorific value. 
 
 R 
 
 l> 
 
 R 
 
 I) 
 
 8-4 
 
 
 .s-2 
 
 
 116 
 
 12-7 
 
 7 1 
 
 7-7 
 
 .S4() 
 
 .S<) . .S 
 
 .S7 • ,< 
 
 62 ■ 5 
 
 2.S-4 
 
 27-S 
 
 27-4 
 
 2'>-8 
 
 0-5 
 
 5 
 
 0-5 
 
 5 
 
 1-6 
 
 t-s 
 
 14 
 
 1-6 
 
 4,640 
 
 .'>,070 
 
 4. 780 
 
 S.210 
 
 « . ,?60 
 
 9,1. VI 
 
 ,v lilNI 
 
 '< '*<() 
 
 047 
 
 0-47 
 
 048 
 
 0-48 
 
 it 
 
44 
 
 Makoke Peat Bog. 
 
 a (lipth of Itss than 5 fiit. witii an a\iraKi' di-pth 
 
 This l)()n is siliiatfd alMiiit a mile and a half south of Tuski-t station. 
 Yarmouth countN . Noxa Scotia, and has a total area of 460 acres. (Sec 
 Map No. .?7''). 
 
 Of this area: - 
 120 acres ha\e 
 
 of 4 fiet. 
 240 acres ha\e a depth of more than .S feet, with an a-.erajje depth 
 
 of 7 feet. 
 100 acres have a depth of more than 10 feet, with an average depth 
 of 12 feet. 
 The volume of peat contained is. appro.ximately : — 
 
 774,000 cul). yds. in an area with a depth of less than .S feet. 
 2.716,000 .. .. . „ more „ .S .. 
 1,9.^0,000 .. .. „ 10 
 
 That portion of the hog. situated to the south of the road which tra- 
 verses it, has a considerable depth, is very well humified, and possesses hij{h 
 cohesive properties. It is very suitable for manufacture into machine 
 [H'at fuel. Most of the surface of this part of the hoj{ is comparatively 
 free from trees, with the exception of the southern and eastern points, which 
 are heavily wooded with spruce and tamarack. 
 
 .At some points the bog is .^..SOO feet wide; and a 4,000-fo()t workinR 
 line can easily be obtained. From this it can be seen that a large plant 
 could be favourably erecie;!. The northern part is heavily winxled with 
 tamarack, spruce, and alders, an(l as its depth is comparatively shallow, 
 it would be too costly a proposition to have the surface cleared for the pur- 
 pose of manufacturing niiichine peat fuel. 
 
 The iH'at is principally composed of sphagnum fuscum, intermi.xcd 
 with other s|XHies of mosses, with here and there groups of eriophorum. 
 Following the creek, cap-x plants are developed in profusion. A noticeable 
 feature was that the surface of the creek was covered with groups of water- 
 lilies. 
 
 During the drilling for samples, very few ro:>ts and slumps were en- 
 countered. The bottom seemed to be compact sand, with rocks. 
 
 .After the bog is thoroughly drained, the surface will probably settle 
 down about two feet. .Allowing for this decrease in depth due to drainage, 
 and omitting the area with a depth of less than .S feet we have: — 
 
 240 acres with an .nerage depth of. approximatelv, .S feet. 
 
 100 ., ., ■ 10 „ 
 
 having a \-olume of. a|)proximatt'ly, ,<,.S60.0()() cubic yards. .Allowing 
 that one .ibic yard of such drained bog furnishes 200 pounds of dry peat 
 substance, the total available tonnage of dry pe.it substance is, approx- 
 imately, ,V^6.00() tons (of 2.000 pounds) or 47.S,000 tons of peat fuel with 
 2.S' ; moi>ture. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF MINES. MINES BRANCH 
 
 J7» 
 
 MAKOKE PEAT BOO. YARMOUTH COUNTY. NOVA SCOTIA 
 
45 
 
 .1m<j/v!c.v of Petit. 
 
 Sample 
 
 II 
 
 R I) R 1) 
 
 Moisture ' ' 1'\ 
 
 Ash < SS 
 
 \'olatilc' niatUT ( ^^'\ 
 
 Fi\e<l i-arlion (l)V dilTerfm-el ' < ^f>-' 
 
 Sulphur* \> "j 
 
 Nitr»ui-n '< ':;* 
 
 Calonfio value, in lalorus ikt Kfani, Kross 4. /I_HI 
 
 H.Th.r. [KT ll>., Kross «.4i(l 
 
 Full ratio, fixed i-arlum, volatile matter 0-44 
 
 i 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 hi 1 
 
 ,< <> 
 
 \ s 
 
 ()5(l 
 
 W) f; 
 
 67-0 
 
 2S<> 
 
 2f. 1 
 
 .'H-7 
 
 (1-4 
 
 0-4 
 
 4 
 
 1 h 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 15 
 
 5.1H(t 
 
 4, Sill 
 
 ,i , JXO 
 
 '».,?i() 
 
 X.h.SO 
 
 ''.510 
 
 t)-44 
 
 ()-4.? 
 
 (»-4S 
 
 •Averace of two saniples Ironi the IxiK. , , , . 
 
 Note -'inures in eolunin "R" refer to fuel as received, and column D to fuel .ItiiiI at 
 10.' »". The analysi-- were made on fuel as received, and other results (alculated 
 
 therefrom. . . ■ i i • i 
 
 The c(mtent of ash is ciuite low, and the c.ilorihc \ due c(iinp,iratively ln«h 
 The 1k)h is verv well situated with ren.inl to shipping fa<ilities aiiil lujirkel. .is 
 it is only 14 miles east of Yarmouth, and a few luinilreil y.irds east of Indi.in Hay, 
 which w'ouUI ensure a water route to ^'.lrmouth, where the prices .if fuel are is follows: 
 
 S)ft coal, S6.(Mt to S()..s(l inr ion, deiH-ndinK on the siMson. 
 Hard coal, SK.(K) to SlO.tKI |H-r ton, .leiK-ndintj on the season. 
 Hardv.oo<', S5.5() to S6.<K) jht cord, delH-ndinu on the season. 
 
 Heath Peat Boii. 
 
 T'lis hoR is sitiiatt'd in Yarmtiuth county half a mile last (d Ar(jyle 
 lu-atl, about a mile cast anil west of ("i-ntral ArKvlr station and 2 niik-s 
 east of Lower Ary;yle. 
 
 The whole Im)J{ runs in a north and south direction, i.^ee Map No. 
 ,i80) aiul is divided into seven sections as follows: 
 
 Section 1 -Ar^tyle Head Yarmouth county. 
 
 2 Kss I'ond 
 
 ?, Central Argyle „ n 
 
 4 Lower .-\r^;\ le n « 
 
 „ .S — (ioose Lake n i> 
 
 ft South KntI « y> 
 
 7 -(ireat Heath 
 The total area covered by this Iiok is, apiiroximately. 2.174 acres- 
 The peat consists of two kinds— peat litter .md jxat fuel, which are 
 described separately as follows: - 
 
 
 l'K.\T IIKI.. 
 
 The sections are composed entirely of i)eat ft-el, with the exception 
 of (keat Heath, the central jxirtion of which is peat litter. 
 
46 
 
 The total area covered by this part of the l«)g is, approximately, 2,024 
 arrcs. Of this area; — 
 
 81.^ acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 4 feet. 
 1,087 acres have a ilepth of from 5 to 10 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 7 feet. 
 120 acres have a depth of from 10 to 15 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 1 1 feet. 
 4 acres have a depth of more than 15 feet, with an average depth 
 of 15 feet. 
 The volume of jwat contained is, approximately: — 
 
 5,270,fKX) cub. yds. in an area with depth of less than 5 feet. 
 12,-«)0,(KM) „ „ „ „ from 5 to 10 feet. 
 
 2,120.000 ., „ „ „ from 10 to 15 feet. 
 
 100,000 ,. .. ., „ more than 15 feet. 
 
 For future convenience in case nuirhinery should lie installed in any 
 of the above mentioned sections, the area and volume of each section has 
 been separately calculated, as lan be mid brlnw: — 
 
 Stcllon I Arftylc llrad. 
 
 The total area (iivered by this section is, approximately, 49 acres. 
 Of this area: — 
 
 21 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 4 feel. 
 28 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 7 feet. 
 The volume of iK-at contained is. approximately : — 
 
 137,000 cub. yds., in an area with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 310,000 „ „ ,. „ more „ 5 „ 
 
 Section 2 Eu Pond. 
 
 The total area covered by this section is. approximately. 155 acres. 
 Of this area:— 
 
 23 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 4 feet. 
 118 acres have a dei)th of from 5 to 10 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 8 feet. 
 14 acres have a depth of 10 feet, with an a%-erage depth of 10 feet. 
 The volume of peat contained is. approximately: — 
 
 149,0(M) cub. yds. in an area with a depth of less than 5 feel. 
 1,520,000 ,, „ „ „ from 5 to 10 feet. 
 
 226,000 „ „ „ „ more than 10 feet. 
 
DtPAWTMENT 
 
 i^t:^. 
 
 Fteet 
 
 
 
 MOO 
 
 4000 
 
 SOOO 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 IM 
 
 
 VA SCOTIA 
 
OCPAWTMENT OF MINES. MINES BRANCH 
 
 L^ 
 
 HEATH PCAT BOO. YARMOUI 
 
LBCBMD 
 
 F^ Comkmrs cf haUom 
 PBH DriU-hcU itttk of ptt 
 Note: 
 
 ^* I Inikalint • pal "Mrr or Itu 
 
 ^B t iHilMt for full 
 
 AB*I 
 
 BC-\ 
 
 BC ( Imditatini • ^at niarf or /<i< 
 
 DC ■*-( suilabU for mots lilltr 
 
 B- ] 
 
 Scale of Peet 
 
 1000 SOO 1000 
 
 '■■■-'■-' 
 
 ZOOO 3000 4000 SOOO 
 
 ITAftMOirrH COUNTY, NOVA SCOTIA 
 
* E J.11M \0 T»13M'JH*".i^a 
 
 
 M V.m. 
 
 --!»•. 
 
 2li>' 
 
47 
 
 HKllon .t <:«i(riil Artyl*. 
 
 The total arfu comti-cI !)>■ this section is. approximately, 66 arrcs. 
 Of this area:— 
 
 21 acres have a depth of less ilun S feet, with an averase depth of 
 
 .? fi-et. 
 25 acres have a depth of from 5 to 10 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 7 feet. 
 16 acres have a depth of from U) to 15 feet, with an averaRc depth of 
 
 13 feet. 
 4 acres have a depth of from 15 feet, with an average ilepth of 15 feet. 
 The volume of |Kat contained is. .ipproximately: — 
 
 1(H).()()0 cul). yds. in an area with a depth of less than 5 fiit. 
 2«0.0(K) „ „ ,. « from 5 to 10 feet. 
 
 320,(KK) „ „ „ „ from 10 to 15 feet. 
 
 100,000 „ „ „ „ from 13 feet. 
 
 SKtlon4-Low*r ArayU. 
 
 The total area covered by this section is. approximately. 265 acres. 
 Of this area :— 
 
 138 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an iverage depth 
 
 of 3 feet. 
 127 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 of 7 feet. 
 The volume of peat containe<l is, approximately: — 
 
 666,000 cub. yds. in an area with a ilepth of less than 5 feet. 
 1,430,000 „ „ „ „ '"'"•'■ .. S « 
 
 Swtlon 5— Coon Lake. 
 
 The total area coverctl by this section of the Iwg is approximately 131 
 acres. 
 Of this area : — 
 
 73 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 3 feet. 
 58 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 6 feet. 
 The volume of the peat contained is. approximately:— 
 
 350,000 cub. yds. in an area with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 560,000 , „ « r more „ 5 „ 
 
 Section k-South End. 
 
 The total area covered by this section is approxiniateh- 235 acres. 
 Of this area ; — 
 
 121 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 3 feet. 
 114 acres have a depth of more than 5 feet, with an average ilepth of 
 
 7 feet. 
 The volume of peat contained =s, approximately:— 
 
 587,000 cub. yds. in an aiea with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 1,280,000 „ „ « » more „ 5 „ 
 
48 
 
 Kilitn ^ T)w Irffnt llraih. 
 
 'i'hi^ M-ctioii iiu'hiili-^ llic (ircil llc.ilh .uxl tlu' rcniaitulcr of the Ihik- 
 
 Till' tui.il ,iriM iiiMTi'tl 1)V ilii> M'ciioi) i-., .ipproxiiii.iti'lv . I..'T,< arn-s 
 Ol tlii> .in. I 
 
 417 .lire- h.ivf .1 iKpili cil 1, — fli.ni 5 Icti, with .111 .ixtr.iu' ilf|itli iif 
 4 liTi. 
 
 ()17 .iiTi'- li.ivt' .1 ilt'|>tli <i| liotn ^ III tl> ti vi. will) .III .ivrr.i^c ili |itli <il 
 7 till. 
 
 104 .iiTr> li.ivi- .1 <li pill ■■! I mm In in 15 In 1. wiih ,111 ,i\t r.iyf dfpii, nl 
 II firt. 
 Till- xiilunii' III |HMl ronl.iiiKil i-. .ippruvim.iIrK : 
 
 J. fi*)U. •"')(( rill). \cU ill .III .III. I willi ,1 ijiplll nl Ir I'l.ill 5 iVft. 
 
 (>.<«)().IMM) .. Inmi 5 III 1(1 111 I. 
 
 2,<..'(I.<MM1 .. Inmi 'n in 1 ^ li'ct. 
 
 The purl inn III llic liny in Scrtinii I i.. mt\ liicp. llu |m-.m i^ will himiilifij 
 .nil! rniil.iin> liiuli inlu'r.i\i' prnptrlii-; luit mi .irrniini nl ii- -111. ill .iii-.i il is 
 lint »iiil,il>li- Inr llif iii.imil.iilurf nl in.irhinr |M'.iI Iih'I, mi ,1 rmiiinirri.il 
 basis, liut is siiii.ilili' inr ilr\ilnpnu'iit liy li.iiiil ciitiiii);, i.i siippi- tin 1111- 
 iDi'ili.iti- ni'lKliliiiiii'lini"!. 
 
 Knn Ptma Sift-llim. 
 
 This p,irt III" thr 1...^; h.is .1 rnnsiiji.ralilc (Irptli .mil is very wrii hiiniiticd. 
 
 Ill V ii'w lit' thi.' hikkI i|ii.ility nf |hm1. tht- .irr.i nf 1S5 aiTi-s umilil l»o 
 siirticifiil In iiistifx till- iii.iiiul.u'lurr nf iii.irhiiU' |M-.it; lull nil aiinimt nf 
 the pri'i .lutinns in . I'ss.irily iliic tn a imMiiiUrinn rn-i'k, the fxpciisc iiunUfil 
 wiiiilil Ih' prnhiliili\i-. 
 
 Ar in till' iMsi- III the iiriAiniis si^ctinii, it w nlil lio suii.ilili- fnr the 
 ni.iiiiil.ii ' re nf li.mil [h-.iI. 
 
 Ontrul .\r4>iv Section. 
 
 Tlii~ sictinii h.is ,1 rniisiilcr.ililc ik'pth, the pr. '. is well hiiinit'u'il. .ind, 
 li>' ii-iiiji the siirriiMiulin^' Inw I. mil fur spri'.iilinj; piirpnsis, cmili! in- di'vi'l- 
 niH'd ~iiil.ilil\- li\- .1 sin. ill |H'.it pi. ml, nr \fr\ prntililily liy hand cutting. 
 .Is llu- rn~i nf fiiit in this Incalily is, as at Tiiski't, vrr\ lii^'h. 
 
 Lower .\rA>'le Section. 
 
 This sfiiimi nf ilif lin).; has a f.iirly nni«l depth, the pi-at is \ ■ r\ well 
 linniil'iid. emit, tills hi^h i'nhesi\e prnperties. .mil is well suited fnr ni.iiui- 
 l.irliirinn intn in.uhine piMl. Ii cm Ik wnrked .ilmiK a line aliniit a mile 
 in leiij;th, .mil nxcrmie thniis.md feet wide. 
 
 Il i- .id\ .inl.ii;emisly >iui.iteil with rev;.ird tn shipping; f.ieilities and 
 iii.irkil. .Is the M.ilif.ix .ind Sniithwestern r.iilu.i\ eriisses the west end iif 
 llic lini;. wliii'li is mily 2.s miles frmii ^'.lrlIlnlllh. 
 
49 
 
 <;acM<r l.ilk« NcrllMI. 
 
 Till' |M'.ii ii) ilii» |(cn.' Ill i>f llif Item !■• \»T\ will hiimitu<l. Imi in \if\v 
 (if II- ili-<t.iii('i' I'riiin itu' r.iilw.i\ ami il^ ciniiiiar.iliM' >ImIIu\\iu-». il wmiKI 
 not jii-tity tin- niaiuifacttirc of |nmI ftii'l iipi>i) a t- uniiu-rci.il li.i<is. 
 
 Nouth Vnd. 
 
 TIti- M'liii.ii III ihc Imii; i- MTV will liiiniiru'il, li.i- ,i l.tirU himmI dijiili, 
 anil iiv l.ivinv; ilu workip,; IItu- uiii . aril'iili\ , tin |Mal in tlii> pari of iho 
 III ^ (oiilil III' ntili/i'd till' till' inaniifartiiri' nl .lir-iiricil {hmI liirl li> iiliMJi'm 
 marliiniT\ . \'hv llalifav anil S>iiih\\r>irm raiiw.iN (■ri'>>iiiK llit- mhhIi- 
 t'a>trrn fiiil nl 'hr lio^;, in-iiri'- i <in\» iiiciil -hipping l'arilitii>. 
 
 Thvtirnii llvuih. 
 
 Thi- -fiiiuli I- I'.iirK will huiniru-il, ha- <iiii»iilrral>lr ijiplli, .iml with 
 pri»|MT IrialnM-nl laii he il«ril I'T ih, inaiiilfarliin' i>\ |HMt Inrl on a larnr 
 •.call'. 
 
 Timaril- lliv ccniri-. lor Ihc tir-i liini- or lour lirl, tin |Hal i> hardly 
 huniitu'd iMioiivih to prodiii-i' hiyh ^;rall^• tiul. A- ilii- I'aitor li.i- to In- laki'ii 
 int.) ron-i liT.ilion. th»' iini>lu'd priKJnit will hf roinparallM'K li^ht. 
 
 Thr Mirlari- of thf imi^; i- fairly Uvil, and frif from knoll- and luislu-, 
 honcf will Mt (■ i« a kooiI >pri idinn .irt-a. 
 
 The rnn.iindiT of thr lin, i(>n>i>tinK of llu -hallow arm- loniurtinn 
 tlu' x.irioii- -i-iliim-. cuiiid, il pro|HTly triMicd, Im iim'iI l.,r auriiiiliiiral 
 purpo-if-. i,r for MippK in^ thr farimr- in thi \iiinil\ with liand-iut inat 
 fml. 
 
 (oii-idirin^ the Imih a- a wlii'lc dfiUutMiK llu- ariM with a iK-pth of 
 less than 5 f«'«t ; .illowiny a 2-f(Mit di-rri m-c in lU'iiih for depths o\i-r 10 fit't; 
 and ,1 ont'-fooi di'i-roasi- for di-uihs iiniliT Id fi-ii. diir to drainam'- -we 
 have : — 
 
 1,0X7 a< rr- with an a\iTa)if <lr|>lh of. approxiniati'ly. (> feet. 
 12(1 ., ., .. .. '' ~ 
 
 4 .. H .. 
 
 h.ivinu .1 tot.il volume of. .ipproxiinately. J2.,<5().(MMI < iilm- y.irils. 
 
 .Assuming tii.ii "' . iiihir yard of siuh ilraii eil Ih.i; priKhu es 2(HI |>oiiiids 
 of dr\' (x-.tt >nli-i . the total a\,iilal>le toini.ine of dry pe.it snlistainf 
 
 would I. .ii)proMni.it<ly. 1.2.?.S.(MMI ions (of 2. (HMI ponnil- or 1.()4().(MK) 
 ton- of pt .It till 1 25 jHT cent moisture. 
 
 rile pe.it in the C.reat Heath l)og i- principally formitl of sphaKniiin 
 II,,,— es. lint tow. ml- th. Iiottom lu,iv\- l.ixersof larex jh-.U .ire to Ik- found, 
 (".roups of eriojihonini .ire internii\ed with the npixr l,i\ers ot -|)h,i^niini. 
 
 The rem.iinder of the Im)^ has a lour-foot la\er of -ph.innnni moss, 
 heavily intermixed with eriophornm. tliroiinh the Imttom l.i\ir- of which 
 can 1k' readily seen l.irjje varieties of carex. acpiatic plants, .md other sea 
 grasses. The l)od\ of the hog is rem.irk.ilily free from riKits and trunks. 
 The bottom i- chietK compact sand. Imt in some cases rixk is fonnd. 
 
 6 
 
MICROCOrV KESOIUTION TEST CHART 
 
 ANSI und ISO TEST CHART No 2i 
 
 I.I 
 
 ~ 1 12 
 
 12.5 
 
 IIIIIM 
 
 lis IIIIIM 
 
 1.8 
 
 1 ^ III 1-4 |J^ 
 
 A -APPL I ED IfWIGE In 
 
 ^^g *, ^65J Eos' Uf].r' Si'eff' 
 
 f.—— i^es *8/ 05UC P^one 
 
 ^^S ;^'6) 288 - ^989 - f"a. 
 
50 
 
 .Iim/v.vcs (if Pint, 
 
 S.implc 
 
 I 
 [ II III IV 
 
 U 1) R I) K 1) K I) 
 
 I 
 
 MoisiiMc ', 7-5 7-7 0-') 6-8 : 
 
 Ash ', S-.' S-') S-i) <)■(< 4-2 4-5 4-f) I 4-0 
 
 \nlatilc iiiatliT ', 5()-4 W)-') 5S-.< O.^^i (ilO 650 6i-'» f)7-5 
 
 liMil (Nirlxm ilivclilTirLiiiii ', .'7') M)-2 251 27-2 27 <> 2'»'> 25-7; 27-6 
 
 Suli)!!!!!* ', l)-4 0-4 0-4 (1-4 0-4 0-4 0-4; 0-4 
 
 Nitroucn ', Id 1-7 15 l<, 1-,? 14 1-4 j 1-5 
 
 laloritic v.iliR', ill (MJdrirs per i 
 
 tiram, Kniss 4.S4() .S,2.?0 4.570 4. "50 5.040 5.410 5.120,5.490 
 
 Calorifir v.iliii' in H. Th.t . per I 
 
 It.., ^ross .S.710 ').420 ■S.220 .S.v>0 <).07O <).740 9.21o! 9.S90 
 
 Fial ralii), fixed rarhon, Vdl.itik' I 
 
 niatlir 0-.50 0-.50 ()-4.5 0-4.^ 0-46 0-46 0-4r 0-41 
 
 * .XvLTaRi' of four sampk's from llii' ho^j. 
 
 Noti-.— liniiris in coliinin "l<" refer lo fuel as re('eive<l, and in eoliinin "[)" to fuel dried at 
 
 105"('. riie .inaKsis were ni.ide on llie fuel as reeeived, and oilier results calculated 
 
 therefrom. 
 
 The content of ash is ipiite low, and the calorific value satisfactory. 
 
 11 -I'i:.\T I ITTKR. 
 
 Tltis |)orti()ii of the bog is situated in tiic centrt' of the Great Heath 
 hog, 1 mile east of Central Argyle station, and has an area of approxi- 
 mately 150 acres. 
 Of this area: — 
 
 124 acres have a depth of less than 10 feet, with an average depth 
 of 7 feet. 
 
 14 acres have a deiith of 10 fee^, with an average depth of 10 feet. 
 
 ;2 acres have a depth of only .S feet, and can lie neglected. 
 The voltniie of peat contained is, api)roxiniately : — 
 
 In an area with a depth of less than 10 feet, 1,400,000 cul). yds. 
 
 more „ 10 „ 229,000 
 
 The upper la\ers for about three feet in this i)art are comparatixely 
 little himiihed, ami .i \ery good litter ma>- therefore lie expected. The 
 lower la>iTs are ii.irtly humified, which will ilecrease the absorption cai)- 
 acit\' of till' litter, gixing a low-grade product. 
 
 .\llowing one foot decrease in depth for depths less than 7 feet, and 
 2 teet decriMM' for those o\er 7 feet, we ha\e: — 
 
 124 acres with an average <lepth of 6 feet, approximatelv. 
 
 14 „ 8 .. 
 
 with a total \<ilume of approximately 1„^80,000 cubic yards. Calculating 
 that one cubic yard of such bog wil' furnish 120 pounds of dry peat sub- 
 s.laim-, ihe loial tonnage of dry peat litter substance available is, 
 apimixiniately, S.?,000 tons (of 2,000 pounds) or 104,000 tons of peat litter 
 20 per cent moisture. 
 
51 
 
 Analysis of Peat Litter. 
 
 'Absorptive factor for moisture-frcc peat 8-2 
 
 „ „ for peat with 25' r water 5-9 
 
 Tinis sample diil not behave like the oth r peat litters, but formed a 
 kind of gelatinous mud in the wire basket, through which water ran with 
 difficulty. 
 
 As this area is comparatively small, it would not be advisable to erect 
 a peat litter plant on a commercial basis. 
 
 Port Clyde Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated in Shelburne county, Xova Scotia, about 3 
 miles west of Port Clyde station, on the Halifax and Southwestern railway, 
 and runs in a north and south direction. 
 
 The total area covered is approximately 1,666 acres. Of this area: 
 
 955 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 3 feet. 
 
 552 acres have a depth of from 5 feet to tO feet, with an average depth 
 of 7 feet. 
 
 159 acres have a depth of more than 10 feet, with an average depth of 
 11 feet. 
 
 The volume of peat contained is, approximately: — 
 
 4,625,000 cub. yds. in an area with a depth of less than 5 feet. 
 
 6,240,000 » » « » from 5 to 10 feet. 
 
 2,825,000 » „ n r, more than 10 feet. 
 
 The portions of the bog situated north, east, and west of the belt of 
 islands shown (see Map No. 381) are very well suited for the manufacture 
 of machine peat. These portions have a satisfactory depth, and a fairly 
 level and smooth surface, and the peat is well humified. Operations can 
 be coi lucted along a line three or four thousand feet long. The northern 
 and western parts have a higher average depth than the rest of the bog, 
 and as the peat is fairly well humified throughout all the layers, they should 
 be considered as the main areas for manufacturing peat fuel upon a large 
 
 scale. 
 
 The rest of the bog is well humified, but owing to its shallowness and 
 cut-up areas, is not suitable for the manufacture of peat fuel; but certain 
 portions could be utilized for cutting peat by hand for domestic purposes, 
 while the remainder could be used for agriculture. 
 
 This bog could be easily drained towards the south ; but a thorough 
 drainage would involve large expense, on account of the con • aratively 
 high ridge at the south. 
 
 The upper layers of this bog are chiefly formed of sphagnum inter- 
 mixed with eriophoruni, and iowa''s the bottom la>ers large groups of 
 carex, intermixed with aquatic plants, are to be found. 
 
 4' 
 
 'See Bulletin No. 9, page 39. 
 
52 
 
 Dwliictin^' 025 acri's with a depth of li-ss than 5 ffi't, antl allowing a 
 (leiTcasi- in depth of one toot for areas with a depth le>s than 10 feet, and 
 2 feet for deptli o\i'r 10 firt. we have: — 
 
 552 aiT(.-< with an axera^e depth of. approximately, 6 feet. 
 
 15<) „ ., „ „ •) feet, 
 
 having a total xohnne of, approximately, 7,060,000 ciibir yards. Cal- 
 culating that one eiihic >'.ird of surh drained hog will furnish 200 pounds 
 of dry ])eat substance, the total tomiage of dry peat substance available 
 is, apiiroximateiy, 760,000 tons (of 2,000 |)ounds) or 1,021,000 tons of 25 
 per cent moisture. 
 
 . l);i//v 
 
 fif Peal. 
 
 S,inipli' 
 
 III 
 
 I 
 
 D 
 
 Moisture 
 
 Ash..^ 
 
 Volatile matter 
 
 rixed carlion (by differeiue) 
 
 Sulphur* 
 
 Nitrojjen 
 
 Calorific value, in calories |)er Kram, uro' 
 
 .. „ B.Tll.l . [HT II).. KfOSS 
 
 Fuel ratio, fixed carixm, vol.itile matter. 
 
 < ■ 
 
 "•6 
 
 
 7-.' 
 
 
 
 2-S 
 
 ,^■0 
 
 ,M 
 
 ,^•4 
 
 
 61 5 
 
 (if) ■ () 
 
 61-7 
 
 66 -.S 
 
 
 2H-1 
 
 3(1-4 
 
 28'() 
 
 M)l 
 
 
 ()■,? 
 
 (1-.? 
 
 (»•.? 
 
 ()•,? 
 
 
 lO 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 71 
 62 3 
 
 n-3 
 
 11 
 
 67 1 
 
 29-4 
 
 3 
 
 1-2 
 
 .S,(MK) ,S,41(t 4.<),i() .S..U(» 4.9901 .S.,?60 
 
 S,99() ').1M) 8.920 9.610 8.970 9.660 
 
 0-46 0-46 O.4.S 0-4.S 0-44 0-44 
 
 * -AvcraRe of tliree samples from the l)o({. 
 
 .Note. — Figures in idliinm "K" refer to fuel as received, and in column "D" to fuel dried 
 al 10.S"('. The analyses were made on fuel as received, and other results calculated 
 therefrom. 
 
 The content of ash is very low, and the calorific value is s;it isfactory. 
 The hody of the Ixijj is conijKiratively free from roots, stumps, and trunks, and 
 the bottom is composed of rock and sand. 
 
 The bo^; is very well situated both as regards shipiiin^ f.uilities and market, l)eing 
 only 2.S miles west of Shelburne. The Halifax and Southwestern railway crosses 
 the northern extremity of the t)oj{. 
 
 Latour Peat Bog. 
 
 This bog is situated in Shelburne county, Xova Scotia, about I5 
 mile southwest of I'pper Port Latour (sec Map No. M^2). 
 
 The total area covered by the bog is approximately 849 acres. Of 
 this area: - 
 
 27,? acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth of 
 
 .? feet. 
 419 acres have a depth of from 5 feet to 10 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 7 feet. 
 157 acres ha\e a depth of more than 10 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 11 feet. 
 
OEPARTMEN 
 
DEPARTMENT OF MINES MINES BRANCH 
 
 ''^l^-. ftrt Clyde P.O. 
 
 PORT CLYDE PEAT BOG. 8HELBURNE COUNTY. NOVA SCOTIA 
 
5.1 
 
 The voliinu' of (hmI omtainwl i^. approximatily: — 
 1,.?2(),(KM> (III). y<ls. in an ana with a <k|iih of U-ss than 5 fitt. 
 
 4,7.?5,(f'.M) 
 
 from 5 to 10 hit. 
 
 2,780.(KK) „ „ n n more than 1(1 feet. 
 
 The fH-at i> prineiiMJly formed by sphaKnum, lightly intermixed 
 with carex. Cirnups of eriophorum intermix with this sphaKiium an<l 
 earex on the surface. Through the larKest part of the Im)i; ihe jx-at is 
 p<iorly humified, with the exception of around the in.irKin .tnd in the small 
 bays, where it is fairly well I ,mi' ed. The centre of the bon has ;, consider- 
 able depth, and the rest is comparatively shallow. JudKitiK from the 
 general samples obtained during the drilling of the jH-at, this 1h»k, at present, 
 is not -idapted to the manufacture of machine jK-at by the air-drying system. 
 
 As the bog is situated a rather long distance from transportation |x>ints, 
 it would not be advisable, at the present time, to have it develoiK«d for 
 the (H-at industry. 
 
 Deducting 27.? acres with a <lepth of less than .S feet, and allowing 2 
 feet for the decrease in depth due to drainage, we ha\ e left : — 
 
 419 acres with an average depth of, approximately, S feet. 
 
 1.S7 n n „ „ 9 feet 
 
 having a total volume of, approximately, .S,66(),0(K) cubic yards. 
 
 Calculating that one cubic yartl of such tlrained bog wi I yield 200 
 pounds of dry peat substance, tht total tonnage of dry peat substance 
 available Is, approximately, .S66,0(M) tons (of 2.000 pounds), or 75.S,000 
 tons of peat fu( I with 2.> |X'r cent moisture. 
 
 Analvsi's nf Peat. 
 
 Simple 
 
 Moisture ' 
 
 Ash < 
 
 X'olatile matter ' 
 
 Fixed carbon (by dilTerence) ' 
 
 Sulphur* ' 
 
 Nitrogen '■ 
 
 Calorific value, in calories per Rram, gross 
 
 r, _ „ U.TIi.l'. (XT II)., uross 
 
 Fuel ratio, fixed carl)on, volatile matter 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 62 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 •0 
 770 
 
 X.590 
 0-42 
 
 3-» 
 68 U 
 2»-2 
 
 0-3 
 
 1' 
 5.16U 
 9.280 
 0-42 
 
 II 
 
 7-7 
 3-7 
 
 62-7 
 
 !?>■< 
 ()-3 
 10 
 
 4.770 
 
 «,,S90 
 
 0-41 
 
 D 
 
 40 
 67-9 
 28-! 
 0-3 
 11 
 5,170 
 9.3(K) 
 0-41 
 
 • Average of two samples from the l)og. 
 
 Note. — ^Figures in tolumn "R" refer to fuel as r-ccivcd, and in coluiiiu "U" to fuel dried 
 
 at 50S°C. The analyses were ma on fuels as received, and other results computed 
 
 therefrom. 
 
54 
 Clyde Peat Bog. 
 
 This 1k)h i* siiiiatid in Sliiiburnc county, N. S., alH)ut 2J milci* north- 
 cast of Clydi- Ki\ir \ ilianr. Two and nnv half niilc!* north of thin village, 
 the IxiK follows the Clyde river running in a northwest and tioutlieatt 
 direction. (See Map No. .?«.?). 
 
 The total area is, approxiniittely, 2,240 acres. Of this area: — 
 
 \,MH) acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 2 fe- 1. 
 .S.'O acres have a ;I. I'h of from 5 to 10 feet, with an average depth 
 
 .if 7 feet. 
 180 acres have a depth of fioin 10 to l.S feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 12 feet. 
 Hit acres have a depth of from 15 to .'0 feet, with an average depth 
 
 of 17 feet. 
 10 acres have a depth of more than 20 feet, wiiii an average depth 
 of 21 feet. 
 The Volume of |K"at contained is, approximately: — 
 
 4,<)70,0(»0 cul). yds. in an area with a depth of les> than 5 feet. 
 .^,870.000 « „ „ „ from 5 to 1(» feet. 
 
 .S,480,0(M) „ „ „ , from 10 to 15 feet. 
 
 3.8,<<;,0(H) .. „ „ „ from 15 to 20 feet. 
 
 .U)ft.(H)0 „ ,. „ „ over 20 feet. 
 
 This Im)^; is di\ ided into two parts by a narrow l)elt alwut 2,000 feet 
 wide. These two portions may l>e designated as the Eastern and Western 
 sections. 
 
 Caslcrn Sactlon. 
 
 This part of the \»t^ is situated immediately northwest of the Post 
 rn 1(1. 1] miles east of Clyde Ki\er village. 
 
 It is \iry well suited for the manufacture of machine |)eat: two large 
 iiiM(!trn pcit plants could he easily installed, obtaining working lines of 
 i.\tr ,1 mile loiii;, and more tli.m .<,(HM) feet wide. 
 
 The ptMt i> well liuniilied, is of satisfactory dejith, and the su .ice is 
 c(iiii|)ar,iti\ily >miMPth and le\cl. 
 
 Wearern Section. 
 
 Tlii- part (il the 1)or is situated on the east bank of the Clyde river, 
 2\ luiK- northeast of Clyde River village. It is •■• hat larger in area 
 th.m tlie eastern section, is fairly well humitic 1. .m.. is a higher average 
 (li'ptli tliaii the rest of the boj;. 
 
 I line l.irge modern peat ])lants, working on the air-drying system, 
 can he operated in this portion, with working lines one mile in length, each 
 
 •V.iV. 
 
 I liese two sections of the bog present a very curious phenomenon, 
 as they form two separate plateaus which fall abruptly to a lower plane 
 
ommrmw m ttm%. mt* mMiM 
 
 CLYDC PEAT BOG. SHELBURNE COI.INTY. NOVA SCOTIA 
 
in. ATE XII. 
 
 Clyde peat lx>g, Nov.i Scotia. (The white patch shows a distinct growth of criophorum). 
 
 1'l.ATi; XIII. 
 
 Clyde river into which several arms of the Clyde peat bog extend. 
 
 
55 
 
 on the south, east, and west. The level height of the plateau is held to 
 the north, where the surrounding country rises to a considerable elevation, 
 and may be characterized as a typical "high m(X)r". This is the first 
 "high-moor" lx)g encountered during the last six years of investigation. 
 It is humified throughout the whole area, and therefore can be considered 
 as a valuable asset for future development of the peat industry. 
 
 The remainder of the bog, south of the Post road, and the portion to 
 the north of the above mentioned western section, constituting, together, 
 an area of over one thousand acres, could be converted into valuable 
 agricultural land, as it is shallow, and can easily l)e drained into the Clyde 
 river. (See Plate XII.) 
 
 The "high moors" are principally formed of sphagnum mosses, heavily 
 intermixed with eriophorum, and towards the bottom layers carex plant 
 dominating, which can be seen throughout the lower level of the bog. 
 
 During the drilling, it was noticed that in the deeper portions of the 
 bog, towards the north, logs and roots occur under a layer of ten feet of well 
 humified peat and this bed of logs becomes more dense towards the north. 
 The bottom of the "high moor" portions is comjxised of sand and stone, 
 covered w'ith a thin composite layer of sand and clay. 
 
 Around the margin, growths of spruce and tamarack occur, and oc- 
 casionally dwarfed spruce and tamarack are found on the bog. (See Plate 
 XIII). 
 
 Deducting 1,390 acres with a depth of less than 5 feet, and allowing 
 for drainage of one foot decrease in depth for depths less than 7 feet, and 2 
 feet decrease for depths of more than 7 feet, we have left : — 
 
 520 acres with an average depth of, approximately, 6 feet. 
 
 180 „ „ „ „ „ 10 „ 
 
 ^**^ n Y> n » n 1^» 
 
 ^^ yy n n w » 1" » 
 
 having a total volume of, approximately, 11,590.000 cubic yards. 
 
 Calculating that one cubic yard of such drained bog furnishes 200 
 pounds of dry peat substance, the total available tonnage of dry peat 
 substance is, approximately, 1,595,000 tons, (of 2.000 pounds) or 2,127,000 
 tons of peat fuel with 25 per cent moisture. 
 
56 
 Analyses of Peat. 
 
 Sample 
 
 II 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 D 
 
 n R 
 
 71 
 6-5 
 
 70 
 
 7-7 
 5 
 
 5-4 
 
 7-7 
 2-9 
 
 .i-2 
 
 7-5 
 45 
 
 4-9 
 
 7-7 
 40 
 
 4-3 
 
 64 
 
 59.H 
 
 64-8 
 
 61-3 
 
 66-4 
 
 58-1 
 
 62-8 
 
 61-2 
 
 664 
 
 2'){) 
 1-4 
 
 27-5 
 0-.< 
 10 
 
 20. « 
 O-.i 
 11 
 
 28-1 
 1-0 
 
 30-4 
 0-3 
 11 
 
 29. 9 
 0-3 
 11 
 
 32-3 
 03 
 1-2 
 
 27-1 
 03 
 11 
 
 29. 3 
 0-3 
 1-2 
 
 Moisture ''; 
 
 Ash '• 
 
 \'olatilf matter 
 
 hi.xcd rarhon (by; 
 
 (IKTerence) .'; 26-9 
 
 Sulphur* ', 0-3 
 
 ^'ifOKtu ', 1..? 
 
 Calorihc value in 
 
 calories per i I 
 
 oK;^:;;i„ '■''' '■''" ■*''^» ^-'50 4,860 5,260 5,030 5,430^ 4,88o' 5,290 
 B.Th.l . iK-r : I ^ 
 
 FJel-S: fixed '■'"' "•"" "•''» '■""' «-^-»'> "-»"" 9,060 o,78oi 8,790 9.510 
 carlKm, vola- ' 
 
 tile matter... I 0-45, 0-45 0-46 0.46 0-46 0-46 0.52 O.52I 0-44 0-44 
 
 V , * '^^^'■''K'^ of five samples from the bog 
 
 Note.-F^«u.es '!l^f:Zy:eT.':f:Z:^"tntT'''''''^'''\ '" ?'"r "D" to fuel dried 
 therefrom. ''"'^'>«^^ »tre made on fuel as received and other results calculated 
 
 The content of ash is low, and calorific value highly satisfactory. 
 
 The southern extremity of the bog is about 5 miles from Port ClyS 
 
 where water and rail shipments can be conveniently made ^ ' 
 
•A 
 
 ■A 
 
 < 
 
 It 
 
 |i 
 
 11 
 
 Of 3 
 
 ■5 « 
 — •- 
 
 . c 
 
 u 
 
 y^i 
 
 i i. 
 
 ^i; 
 
I'l \ri: X\. 
 
 Shoving the elfvation of the hard land on thf n,:rthwTst 
 shore of the Clyde peat bog, Nova Scotia. 
 
57 
 
 « 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 eeeeessoosesesooesssese 
 
 X I I- I - »/■. i#- -t — •*; » i/-. •• X I - y. I - C i *' * "■ ■' * I - "•. 
 *^ k i 9 999999999*99999^999999 
 
 4i 
 I 
 
 5|2?,g,?2|t?5|| = 3|S52jl|j 
 
 «"io:y— xccw. t-«-tir- 
 
 E 
 ^ 2 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 I' -^ ff s —<-""■ — -^ r c. s ff.x.z 
 
 1^ ^ *.i -J C -4 r- c -t X » t ^ ■*. ■*", -r "", - 
 
 ^Cr^t'.i/;— irw. CCr-iCw. C"A — s?i;x-txf 
 "I t C I- T ? -I "■. f. — I-: ir, (. £ c »■" X '' •*"* -C "t i 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 i I-. ? -r 1^. X X X ?■ i~ »i "i ?■ c -t — ^ *i — c X t -r " 
 ffC=:c»i--?xx;t-?r>.c5Jxx??5*4: 
 
 r #^ *^ *^ (i^ A) «hf A4 d^l A>| M; ») ^ A^ f4h f^ tfkj ^1 A) A| A| 1^ #^ ^ 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 y.Z\ 
 
5X 
 BOTANY OF THK PKAT BOCS. 
 
 A MTks .,f |,h..t<.K'r..i.li> w.r.. taken ..I tin- plants f.u.n.l in thi- Ih,i,s 
 
 _< ..r.l M n.l. Snn.lar plant, t.. tluv. orKani.allv, o.nstitnt. nu,.t „f 
 thf !,(•«> ni tin- ta>l.rn prnvini v> ..I ( an.ida. 
 
 riuxr plmtuKrapi.s „f ,ypi,al plants l.axf Ikth r.-pnKhuv<l in this 
 r....rt ,s.... na,..s X\l to I.XXIIh. an.l will sorv. to .U,l th.- onstttu^ 
 .>rK.m.- «n.w,h. ,r.,n. vvhi.h ,h. ..at in ,1. rcsiH-.tin. U.^s has U-n^C."! 
 N.nc photuKraphu- prints, illustrative „f thf U.tanv of tht- AlfriKJ 
 
 Hatc-s \I| to X\|; ami n«h,.rn, illustratiu. of ,h. Lotanv of th. .k., 
 U vi^', Mau'lT'Io XI?'''"' ""' ''"■'"""^•"^■'' '" »""'■'"' ^"'^wt 
 
 \yh,.„ a sudi.ii.nt nunthcr of plants hav Urn rolkrti.l from thf various 
 (iis^niad ui a spi( lal puhlic.ition. 
 
 The f:.llowinK i^ an invnuorv of thr plants foun.i in thi- various U.rs:- 
 
 ONTAKIo. 
 
 RJchmond Peat Bog. 
 
 <<>rniis Canadi-nsis 1 1.) 
 
 Kri(.phoruin viridi rarinatuni ( luini'lni 
 
 C.irix ixilis il)i-\vc\ ) 
 
 trilniloidfs 
 
 tfni'lla (Srhk) 
 
 rostrata (Stoki-s) 
 
 Brunncscens (l\)ir) 
 
 niirahilis (Di-ui-v ) 
 
 vulpinoidi'a (Mirhx) 
 I^iilichium sp; thaccuni (S) 
 (alia palustris (I.) 
 Scirpus atronnctus (Firn) 
 
 Hudsonianus, (Fcrnial) 
 r.alium trifiduni (1.) 
 Fotamogfton aipinus 
 Thaliitriini dioicum 
 Calopoj-on pulchelhis (R. Mr.) 
 Drfpanocladus Kneifri; (Sch.) Warnst. 
 
 nat< 
 
 • X\ I. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 -Will. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 Marsh Hill Pea- Bog, Uxbridge, Ontario. 
 
 Mniumaftine. Bland, va , rum (Laur) Br.andSch. Plate XXXIV 
 U macmm dendroides (l^ill.LjW. and M. XVVV 
 
 (alherKoncordifolium (Hoduj I.indl.. "" 'v^VI 
 
I\ATB XVI. 
 
 ' i 
 
 V 
 
 Cornus Canadensis (!.)■ 
 
m 
 
Plate XVII. 
 
 Eriophorum viridi — i-arinatum (Engtlm). 
 
Plate XVIII. 
 
 Carex exilis (Dewey). 
 
Plate XIX. 
 
 Carex tribuloides. 
 
Plate XX. 
 
 \^ 
 
 Carex tenclla iSchk). 
 
rmitfrwifif 
 
 m 
 
I'LATE XXI. 
 
 Carex rostrata (Stokes). 
 
lYVTB XXII. 
 
 Carex Brunnescens (Poir). 
 
 IM 
 
I'LATK xMir. 
 
 Carex inirubilis (Duwey). 
 
\X\XK XXIV. 
 
 Carex vulpinoidea (Michx). 
 
Plate XXV. 
 
 Dulichium spatheceum (S). 
 
I'l.ATK XXVI. 
 
 Calla palustris (L). 
 
Plate XXVII. 
 
 1 
 
 If 
 
 ¥ 
 
 w 
 
 f 
 
 % 
 
 Scirpus atrocinctus (Fern). 
 
PlAtE XXVIII. 
 
 V ♦ 
 
 n » 
 
 •«* 
 
 '-mmy 
 
 
 ScirpuB Hudsonianus (Fermal). 
 
Plate XXIX. 
 
 Galium triiidum (L). 
 
I'l \ri; XXX. 
 
 Potamogeton alpinus. 
 
Plate XXXI. 
 
 Tliiillctriiiii (tiuictini. 
 
 |-ii 
 
Pl..\TK XXXII. 
 
 Calo[X)gon pulchellus (R. Br.) 
 
 I !t 
 
Pi. ATE XXXIII. 
 
 Prcpanocladus KnciHii (Soli.) Warnst. 
 
Plate XXXIV. 
 
 Milium ufline, Blunt), var. rugicum (Laur.) Br. and Sch. 
 
I1.ATK XXXV. 
 
 II 
 
 ^1 
 
 Climacium dendroides (Dill. I.) W. and M. 
 
 >1t 
 
I'l.ATK X.\X\ I, 
 
 Cilliergon cortlifolium (Hedu) l.indb. 
 
 i 
 
PlatkXXXVII. 
 
 i 
 -1- 
 
 Thuidium delicatulum (L) Mitt. 
 
I'l-AfK XX.W I 
 
 Amblystegium riparium. 
 
 i ■ 
 
I'l.ATK XXXIX. 
 
 Amblystegiuni Juratzkanum. 
 
 II. 
 
I'l-ATK XL. 
 
 k^ 
 
 Drcpanocladus polycarpus, Bland (Warnst.). 
 
 1!! 
 
 10 
 
1»L.\TE XI.I. 
 
 ill 
 
 Mixture of thrw sterile species:- 
 Bryum bimum. 
 To-tula n\ontana. 
 Ceratcxlon purpureas. 
 
 Ill 
 
IYatk XI.II. 
 
 Aspidium Thelypteris (Swartz). 
 
 k 
 
Plate XI.III. 
 
 Caltha palustris (L). 
 
 
Pl„\TI! XI. IV. 
 
 Menvanthfs trifoliata (I.). 
 
I'l \IK MA 
 
 ^ '1 
 
 Marchantia polyniorpha. 
 
 jy 
 
in. ATE Xl.VI. 
 
 i l-.J 
 
 "I A 
 
 ■;lf 
 
 Imiutiens bitlora (Walt). 
 
I'l.ATK XI.VII. 
 
 M 
 
 l.v-im.nlii.i ilir\^ill(ir.), il.i. 
 
IYatk MAIII. 
 
 .Ml 
 '1 
 
 
 OiiikIc;! sfnsiliilis, (I ). 
 
I'l.ATi; XI. IX. 
 
 Sium cicutacfolium, Schrunk. 
 
Tlste L, 
 
 Carcx lo-nandra, Schwcin. 
 
 ■i 
 
 u 
 
IYatk I.I. 
 
 f 
 
 Polygonum siigittatum, (L). 
 
 jyl 
 
MICROCOPY MSOIUTION TEST CHART 
 
 lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 21 
 
 ^ /APPLIED irvHGE In 
 
 '65^ Cos- WOi" St-^e- 
 
 '^ochestffr. Set, '3fh 14609 uSA 
 
 I .'16j ■.82 - Q,WO - Phone 
 
 !'16) 288 ' 5989 - Fa» 
 
Pl.ATF. 1. 11. 
 
 Juncus effiisii«, I.., var. compartus, I.cj. and Court. 
 
I'lATK I.IU. 
 
 b:^' 
 
 '.^^ 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 Alopecurus geniculatus, (L). 
 
Plate L1\'. 
 
 Sium cicutacfoliiim, Schrank: line ar-lcaved form. 
 
I'LATK I.V. 
 
 Calaniagrostis Langsdorffii, (Link.) Trin. 
 
Platk 1.VI. 
 
 Chplnnc ( Inhrn, (\..) 
 
in..TK I. VII. 
 
 
 
 Habenaria psycodes, Gray. 
 
Plate LVIII. 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 III 
 
 Sotidago rugosa, Mill. 
 
1 
 
1'l.ATK MX. 
 
 ' ■31 
 '" liil 
 
 M 
 
 ! :m 
 
 Solidago graminifnlia. (I.) Salisb. 
 
Plate LX. 
 
 f 
 
 I ■ 'SI 
 
 is 
 
 !■' 
 
 I 
 
 (a) SolidaKO Canndensis. 
 
 (b) Solidago uliginosa, Nutt. 
 
Plate LXI. 
 
 Solulago altUsima, (L)^. 
 
59 
 
 Thuidium delicatulum (L) Mitt. 
 Amblystegium riparium 
 
 „ Juratzkanutn 
 
 DrepantKladus polycarpus, Bland (VVarnst) 
 
 Mixture of three sterile species: 
 
 Bryum bimum, Tortuia montana, 
 Ceratodon purpurcus 
 
 Aspidium Thelypteris (Swartz) 
 
 Caltha palustris (1-) 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliata (L) 
 
 Marchantia polymorpha 
 
 Impatiens biflora (Walt) 
 
 Plate XXXVI 1 
 „ XXXVIII 
 „ XXXIX 
 
 , XL 
 
 XLI. 
 
 XLII. 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 XLIV. 
 
 XLV. 
 
 XLVI. 
 
 QLEBEC. 
 
 L'Assomption Peat Bog, L'Epiphanle, Quebec. 
 
 Lysimachia thrysiflora (L) » 
 
 Onoclea sensibilis (L) n 
 
 Slum cicuta-folium, Schrank „ 
 
 Carcx gynandra, Schwein « 
 
 St. Isidore Peat Bog, St. Isidore, Que. 
 
 PolvRonum sagittaium (L) ». 
 
 Holton Peat Bog, Holton, Que. 
 
 Juncus effusus, L., var. conipactus, Lej. and Court „ 
 
 Alopecurus gt-niculatus (L) n 
 
 XLVIl. 
 
 XLVIII. 
 
 XLIX. 
 
 L. 
 
 LI. 
 
 LII. 
 LIII. 
 
 • 
 
 PRINCE EDW.ARD ISL.AND. 
 Miscouche Peat Bog, St. Nicholas, P.E.I. 
 
 Sium cicutii'folium, Schrank, linear leaved form „ LIV. 
 
 Calamagrostis Langsdorftii (Link) Trin. „ LV' 
 
 Chelone glabra (L) » Lv I 
 
 Habenariu psycodes, Gray » LVII. 
 
 Solidago rugosa, Mill „ LVIII 
 
 ,, graminifolia (L) Salisb. - LIX. 
 
 „ Canadensis n LX 
 
 „ uliginosa, Nutt. n LX. 
 
 „ altissima (L) n LXI. 
 
60 
 
 Black Banks Peat Bog. Conway, P.E.I. 
 
 Ruhuti Chama-niorns (L) 
 F-mpetrum niKriim (I.) 
 
 Plate 
 
 I.XII 
 I.XIII. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Caribou Peat Bog, Berwick, N.S. 
 
 -riophorum V'irKinirum (I.) 
 Vaccinium corymbosuni (I.) 
 Gaulthcria prwumlH-ns (I ) 
 Aspk-nium i'llix-femina (I.) Dcrnh. 
 
 Tusket Peat Boi^, Tusket, N.S. 
 
 Galium tinctorium (I-) 
 Adiantuin peclatum (L) 
 
 Clyde Peat Bog, Clyde River, N.S. 
 
 Sphagnum tencllum, I\ts. 
 
 „ capillaceum (Weiss) Schrank 
 
 „ fuscum (Sch.) KiinKgr. 
 
 showing (lark brown in colour, in the 
 photograph. 
 „ capillaceum (Weiss) Schrank var. 
 
 tenellum (Schrimp) .Andr. 
 showing light red in colour, in the photo- 
 graph. 
 Dicranum Bergf-ri, Blandow 
 
 I.XIV. 
 I.XV. 
 I.XVI. 
 I.XVII. 
 
 LXVIII. 
 LXIX. 
 
 LXX. 
 
 I.XX1. 
 I.XXII. 
 
 LXXII. 
 
 LXXIII. 
 
 Acknowledgments. 
 
 The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness for co rteous 
 assistance in naming the above mentioned peat plants, to Mr. John 
 Macoun, F.L.S., F.R.S.C naturalist of the Geological Survey Branch, 
 Dept. of Mines; and to Mrs. E. A. Britton, Iwtanist, New York Botanical 
 Gardens. 
 
I»LATK I.XII. 
 
 II 
 
 is 'I 
 
 Kdbus Chamaemoras (L). 
 
I'l \ri I Mil 
 
 m 
 
 Etiijjflfutii .tlijrtim {!.)• 
 
Plate LXIV. 
 
 Kriu|j!iururii \'ifyiiiicum, (!.). 
 
 ■'^ 
 
 
Plate LXV. 
 
 liii 
 
 if I 
 
 le '' 
 
 Vaccinium corymbosum, (L). 
 
I'l.ATi; I.XVI. 
 
 Gaultheria procumbens, ^L). 
 
I'l-ATK I. XVII. 
 
 il 
 
 I 
 
 A-»ploniiim Kilix-fpiiiina, (!.). Bernh. 
 
IV\T.'. i.WlU. 
 
 L_, 
 
 Galium tinctorium , (I.). 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 IN 
 
 , 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 it. 
 
I'l.XTF. I.XIX. 
 
 i 
 
 Adiantum pcdatum, (L.) 
 
I'l.XTK I.XX. 
 
 I; 
 
 ' a 
 
 ir-- 
 
 Sptla^ltttiu U'IK-lUlhi, Wit^ 
 
I'l-ATK I.XXI, 
 
 Sphagnum capillaccuni ^\Vt•iss) Schrank. 
 
Plate LXXII. 
 
 Sphasnuin fusi-iim (Sc-li.1 KlingRr. (Dark brown.) Sphagnum capillaccum 
 (Weiss) Schrank var. tcnt-lluni (Schrimp) Andr. (Light red). 
 
Pi.ATi: I.XXIII. 
 
 Uicraiium Bergeri, Blamlow. 
 
61 
 
 ALFRED PEAT PLANT. ALFRED. ONTARIO. 
 
 In July. 1914, the writer visite<l the Alfred pi--at boR, and noticed that 
 considerable improvements had lieen made to the plant. The wooden 
 towers of the Moore cable device for the trans|iortation of the raw peat 
 from the pulping mill to the spreader were replaced by steel towers. (Full 
 description of this device is contained in report — "Peat. Lignite and Coal." 
 page 17). Plate I gives a panoramic view of the plant. The field press 
 (or so-called peat forming apparatus) has also been improve'" (For 
 description of this machine see page 83). 
 
 The new Anrep pulping mill, motlel 1914, has been erected, tried, 
 and found very satisfactory. This pulping mill has a larger capacity than 
 the previous one used, and received in full measure the raw material sup- 
 plied by the Anrep excavator. (For description of this pulping mill see 
 page 75). • 
 
 The writer was informed by the men, also by the manager of the 
 plant, that the excavator worketl very efficiently, and was easily managed. 
 During the few hours of the visit, the excavator was operated by one man, 
 and there was one man in the trench picking out the roots and stumps. 
 It worked very evenly, without stoppages or any other inconveniences for 
 the workmen. (See Plates LXXIV and LXXV). The digging capacity 
 of this apparatus can be easily arranged to suit the rest of the mechanical 
 devices on the plant. Special note was taken of the very clean bottom 
 which was left after the excavation, as well as the even slope of the walls 
 of the working trench. (See Plate LXXVI). 
 
 Before leaving the plant, the writer took note of the drying field, 
 where the ready formed peat was spread, and left to be dried by sun and 
 air. The peat had a very uniform appearance, as can be seen from Plates 
 LXXVI I and LXXV 11. 
 
 After a period of from 7 to 10 days, depending upon weather con- 
 ditions, the spread peat was turned over on its side. The turning was done 
 by young boys. As soon as the peat was sufficiently dry to be handled, 
 it was not stacked in small cubes, as was done in 1913, (see Plate LXI. VIII) 
 but left on the ground to dry down to a content of 25'^c, moisture, then to 
 be shipped directly to the consumers. 
 
 This system proved unsatisfactory, and not suitable in a country where 
 showers are freciuent. especially when the surface of the bog absorbs the 
 moisture from the air. The dampness of the surface under the peat bricks 
 does not evaporate, hence causes the bricks to disintegrate, so that a con- 
 siderable waste of material results. 
 
 A number of selected samples of dried peat, containing 25Tc moisture, 
 ready to be shipped for the market, and which have been turned and 
 stacked in sniall piles (cubed), can be seen in Plate LXXIX. 
 
 The finished fuel was transported on portable tracks to the store- 
 houses, or to railway cars in dumping cars (see Plate LXXX) drawn by 
 Moore's improvised gasoline transportation locomotive. (See Plate LXXXI) 
 
 m 
 
62 
 
 The peat lrr)ni \hv <lryiiin ticld was l)r(>tiKlit t" llif loadinK sidiriK. 
 (liini|H'(l into a lioppcr, ;ri(l «'k'\ati'tl intn tlu' railwa\' cars. This nu-tluxl 
 of working ilicrc.iM'd tlii' lalM»iir t'ltrcf o)nsidi'ral)ly. Tlu- loading ek'vator 
 is built on the saiiu' |)rinciplf a> tltc iiiu' iiivt'ntf<l l>y DoIIutk and opcratt'd 
 nil llu' ptal lion at WitsiiKior. (Sie IMati' I.XXXI I ). di-srrilM'd in "i'eat, 
 I.innitc. andCoal," i)y H. 1" Uaantl, R. Sc, 1<>14, p. 171. 
 
 'I"lu'nianiifa<tiirii;^j()piTali'>n>i)f thi'pl.int in 1'M4 wiTi- l»'j{un very late, 
 as the iH'ninninn of ihi' sr.iMin was occupied in improxin^ and completing 
 the plant. Therefori , during that season, oidy ap[)r(>xiniately 1,(MK) tons 
 of air-dried peat fuel was manufactured. 
 
 The operation of the plant has been discontinued on account of the 
 war; but it is expected to commence a^ain in the near future. 
 
IYatk I.XXI\ . 
 
 .m 
 
 \'i<'\\ seen from above) of Moore's loading hopiK-r, 
 anil Anrup's exiavalor, Alfred, Ontario 
 
< 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■8, 
 
 s 
 I 
 
 e 
 < 
 
 
 i 
 
 
PlateLXXVII. 
 
 Piling peat into hives (cubes) . This peat has not been turned. 
 Alfred, Ontario. 
 
 Plate LXXVIU. 
 
 '. ml 
 
 ••i«8 
 
 
 Piling peat into hive» (cul)es). This peat has not been turned. 
 Alfred, Ontario. 
 
 !ll 
 
li 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 IS 
 
! ■!. 
 
 Plate LXXX. 
 
 -.HI 
 
 
 Transportation of dry |x;at to the railway cars, Alfred, Ontario. 
 
 5 i5»; 
 
 "; 'Ml'. 
 
1^ 
 
Plate LXXXI. 
 
 
 
 I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HMi^E^^^^^^^^^H 
 
 
 
 Moore's small gasoline transportation engine, Alfred, Ontario. 
 
 Plate LXXXII. 
 
 
 
 .::^- 
 
 ,^ -^ X 
 
 
 sm, )»■■»* 
 
 M 
 
 Elevating system. Loading dry peat into railway cars at 
 Alfred, Ontario. 
 
63 
 
 .MOTES ON SPECIAL APPLIANCES FOR THE MANUFACTURE 
 
 OF PEAT FUEL. 
 
 I. 
 
 M. EdEBERGS PEAT KLEL MACHINES WORKED BY HAND. 
 ELECTRIC MOTOR POWER. 
 
 HORSE, OR 
 
 Three types of small peat fuel machines where exhibited by M. Ege- 
 berg at the Norwegian Jubilee Exposition, held at Christiania,' Norway, 
 1914: respectively adapted for operation by either hand, horse, or electric 
 power. 
 
 (») 
 Egeberft Peat Pulping Machine. 
 
 {Hand power) 
 
 Plate LXXXIII shows a small machine turned by hand. This method 
 of manufacturing peat fuel requires five men and one Ixiy: — 
 Two men turning the pulper. 
 One man feeding the pulper, 
 » n receiving the pulped peat, 
 n n spreading the peat on the field, 
 n boy helping generally. 
 The peat is dumped into a large sized bucket, very much on the same 
 principle as an ice cream freezer. Inside the bucket is placetl a shaft with 
 a rotating worm. The peat is pulped by hand labour; and the pulped 
 mass is forced through an opening, near the bottom of the bu'-ket. 
 
 (2) 
 Egeberg Peat Pulping Machine. 
 
 (Horse power.) 
 
 Plate LXXXIV shows the same kind of bucket, only of larger size, 
 and driven by horse power instead of hand labour. It requires the follow- 
 ing number of men to operate it : — 
 One man in the trench, 
 
 » » delivers the peat to the machine by means of a wheel- 
 barrow, 
 n n feeds the machine, 
 
 n » carries the pulped mass to the frames on the drying field, 
 „ n spreads the peat in the frame, 
 n boy drives the horse. 
 
 i 
 
 Total = five men and one boy. 
 
64 
 
 The trial of tht- V.hv\h ; piilpinK marhitU's na\f llu- followinK results: — 
 
 Time (if manufadure 40 minutes, 
 
 Numla-r nf |>«ai s<mIs in ihi- forniinK frame 50 pii-res, 
 
 The flinunj.il ms of the jxat mxI;.. while wet. . . .2.<5X 105X75 millimetre* 
 The (limensii)ns of the |Kai s(k1>. while tiry . . . 155X65X45 » 
 
 Delivered wet |K'ai |Kr 10 hours 25-2 m' 
 
 Spread peat per 10 hours 28-5 m^ 
 
 Air dried peat with 25' ,' nioisture [ht 10 hours. ,V*>0" metric tons.f 
 
 Spread [K-at s<kIs during 10 hours 14,250 pieces. 
 
 Raw peat manufactured per man din.un 10 
 
 hours 4-5 m' (cuh'c metres; j 
 
 Raw peat excavated by the men during 10 hours.25 ■ 2 m'5 
 Cost of manufacture per cuhic metre raw |)eat 
 
 (cost wages .?5 (ire per hour) 76 (irej 
 
 Cost of manufacture per ton 491 (ire. 
 
 (3) 
 Egeberft Peat Pulping Machine. 
 
 {Electric Motor Power.) 
 
 This machine is of the same type of pulping mill as in I'latc I.XXXIV 
 descrilK'd. with the exception that it is oixrated by electric motor power, 
 and has a small supply conveyer attached to top of bucket. 
 
 This type of peat machine delate LXXXV) is very suitable for 
 farmers who have only a few acres of peat 1k)({, and where only a small 
 quantity of fuel is re(|uired. 
 
 11. 
 Baumann System. 
 
 Description of Peat Plant. 
 
 The ap|>aratu> for ojuTatinK the Baumann system consists of the 
 following jKirls; - 
 
 1. Mechanical excaNalor, use;l a.^ auxiliary when 'lie '..og (1<k's not 
 
 contain any roots or trunks. 
 
 2. Side ele\ator which may be fed by the (xcavator or by hand 
 
 lai)()ur. 
 
 3. Pulping mill and brick forming apparatus. 
 
 4. ('on\e\er I spreader for transporting ;;iid laying out the peat 
 
 on tht ..rying liild. 
 The au.\iliar\ c.\(a\al(ir is phiied iie.\l tn the ^it!l• vlevator, and can 
 be easily detiuhed from, or attached to the same. It can be operated 
 
 •1,(HK) ni.ni. = ,V) iiulK-s. 
 
 tl imlra- tcm » .'..'l>4 11)^. 
 
 Jl kroiia= KHInri'. I kr«m;i = 27i, 
 
 fl ciihii- im-trf=..VS fubic Itfl. 
 
Plate LXXXllI. 
 
 Egcl)crg |XMt pulping iiiachint turned l)y hand. 
 
Kati! I. XXXIV. 
 
 Egeberg peat pulping machine operated by horse-power. 
 
 \u 
 
 . 
 
 mim 
 
•A 
 •A 
 
 H 
 < 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
65 
 
 separately from the rest of the machinery. If any stoppages should occur 
 in connexion with the pulping mill or spreading device, the excavator 
 may be kept continuously in operation, and excavate a supply of peat 
 ahead for the elevator and pulping mill, or if parts of the lx)g should con- 
 tain a large number of r<x)ts and trunks, auxiliary bucket excavator is 
 detached and discarded as it is very seldom that it can Ix- usetl in such lM)gs. 
 
 In place of the excavator, manual labour is applied in the working 
 trench, and the elevator is fed by hand. By this means, continuous opera- 
 tion may be obtained. 
 
 One man is required to operate the excavator, otherwise it requires 
 from 4 to 6 men. 
 
 In Plate LXXXVI, the elevator is shown feeding the pulping mill 
 through the hopper, which is placed lielow the elevator. The length of 
 elevator, that is the space l)etween the excavator or working trench and the 
 pulping mill, may differ considerably. In later years attempts have been 
 made to raise the peat around the stumps by means of a spoon-shaped 
 bucket excavator. 
 
 From the elevator, the pulping mill is fed through a V-shaped hopper, 
 and the excavated peat enters into a double cylinder which is supplied with 
 worm screws rotating against each other. The disintegrator and peat 
 mixer consist of an iron drum containing 12 chambers where the peat 
 blocks are separated from each other by a radial knife and pushed forward. 
 
 Through the radial arrangement of the iron drum case, the peat sods 
 are easily separated. 
 
 At the plant at Rosenheim very regularly shaped peat blocks were 
 obniiiicd, and the speed of the production was very remarkable. In 
 one SLCond about three blocks, each containing a volume of 298 cubic 
 inches, and a length of 16 inches, were pushed forward. 
 
 The peat blocks from the forming apparatus place themselves on the 
 belt of the automatic block spreader, which runs under the drum of the 
 sod forming apparatus. 
 
 For ordinary use, the length of the spreader is from 300 to 400 feet. 
 (See Plate LXXXVII). 
 
 The automatic spreader consists of an endless Gall's chain (chain with 
 plates) these iron plates are tilty and rest on every two rollers of the chain. 
 (See Plates LXXXVI 1 1 and LXXXIX). 
 
 The rollers of the chain (the upper empty and the lower charged) 
 rest on parallel iron girders, braced with lattice work, which at certain 
 distances are supported by specially arranged travelling trestles. 
 
 Through these trestles runs a shaft on which are placed two wide 
 pulleys resting on triangular wooden rails. These rails can easily be 
 handled by two men, as can be seen in Plate XC. 
 
 The chain with the plates work as a venelian blind and when the sods 
 from the forming apparatus place themselves on these plates, and when 
 the whole line of the spreader, from the pulping mill to the far end of the 
 spreader, is filled with peat sods, the plates tilt and deposit the sods on the 
 
66 
 
 drying Held. The whole appiiratus moves automatically ahead, and the 
 operation is continued as alM)ve tlescrilKnl. 
 
 The capacity of this machine is from 35 to 40 tons daily, of 10 hours 
 work, "mploying a staff of about 5 working men. 
 
 The inventor of the apparatus described atovc, gives the following 
 advant.iges: — 
 
 "By applying the new system, the res|icctive companies are saving considerable quanti- 
 ties of rails for spreading purposes, which, in turn, require a large numl)erof men for moving, 
 receiving, dumpmg, and spreading the peat, for attendance and looking after the dumping 
 cars. The machine has a large output p<r day, with a sriall numlwr of lalx)urers, obtaining 
 high-grade |K-at [)ro<luct and consuming small amount of power. It is adaptable, practi- 
 caTlv, to any surrounding and natural condition of the bogs, noiseless and evenly working, 
 independent of workmen, the cost of i)urveyance rather high, but the interest low." 
 This invention is the result of many years' e.xpcrience in this line. 
 
 Note.— The dincriptinn of tin' arranKi-niint iif thi.« new siireailini! de\ice sounds cjiiite feasible, but i would 
 consider that such an aiUKiratus wouttl entail considerable cost in buildinK and maintenance and repairs. 
 .\ chain, with plates U!<od in the sjireader of a lensth of MKI to 41M) fiH-t. is likely to get out of order very 
 fre(4Uently and to make considerable stoppaKe in the work. This would lower the above mentioned output 
 consiilerably. This conclusion is basi-d on experience with other machines and not from aeeinii this par- 
 ticular machine actually in operation, (.\. A.) 
 
y. 
 y. 
 
 si 
 5 
 
 •c 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8. 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 'i 
 
 •3 
 C 
 
 .2 
 
 htSJ 
 
 ! 
 
3«« 
 
 Si 
 
 a 
 
 rcQ 
 
 •S V* 
 
 il 
 
 U o 
 
JI.ATE LXXXVIII. 
 
 k;iii 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 j 
 
 
 »*i^5^'- -^'^" ' 
 
 
 P^ 
 
 
 Dumpini; the wet peat bricks on the field: Royal 
 Bavarian peat bog, Rosenheim, Munich. 
 
I'l \r-- I XXXIX 
 
 m 
 
 Layer of the wet peat liricks during transiortation: 
 Koyal Havarian peat bog, Rosenheim, Munich. 
 
 
I'l VTK XC. 
 
 Laying out the rails for thi- spreadinij apparatus: 
 Royal Kavarian iwat Ikjk, Kowiiluiiii, \Juni(li 
 
 "iSi 
 
 ^iifl 
 
 f™' 
 
67 
 
 NOTKS ON PKAT PRODICTIOX IN FCJRKIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 UNITED STATES- 
 
 Importation of Peat Moss Litter, 1906-1914. 
 
 Statistical information recuiveil from Professor Charles A. Davis, 
 Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., I'.S.A., on Peat Moss Litter, imported 
 into the I'nited States. 
 
 Long tons* Valued at 
 
 1906 7.640 S4.S,.U4 
 
 1907 7,950 46.881 
 
 1908 8,102 45.414 
 
 1909 9,408 47,227 
 
 1910 8,95.? 4t,9.?8 
 
 1911 8,056 .?9,372 
 
 1912 8,083 .?9,867 
 
 191' Metric tons t.. 9,966 55,719 
 
 1914 I^ng tons ... . 8.858 57,542 
 
 SWEDEN.— 
 
 Extract from the report on Peat to the Swedish Government, 1911. 
 
 By Captain E. Waliferen, Government Peat Expert. 
 
 During the years 1910 and 1911, the peat industry in Sweden sto<xl on 
 the same basis as in the year 1909, except in the southern provinces, where 
 the manufacture of hand-cut peat, which is used for domestic purposes and 
 minor industries, has increased. During 1911, two complete peat fuel 
 plants were erected in that part of Sweden. 
 
 The experiments with the new methixl of manufacturing peat fuel 
 (peat powder, and wet carlmnizing processes) have, during 1911, developed 
 considerably. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Peat Powder. 
 
 In 1911, the peat |x)wder plant expanded considerably, and plans have 
 l)een drawn for another plant on a larger scale, which is expected to be in 
 operation in the near future -in connexion with a plant for manufacturing 
 cement. 
 
 During the same year the Swedish Steam Boiler S<Kiety executed 
 firing tests in their boilers, with peat powder and coal. The results showed 
 that, with peat powder 75' ^ efficiency was obtained, and with coal 64-2% 
 
 •.MMric ton -i. 204 lbs. 
 tl^ng ton-i,24U lbs. 
 
 li 
 
68 
 
 efficiency was obtained. This gives the relation iietween |M.-at i^owder and 
 coal with the respective etTecti\e fuel values of 4,1 10 calories for jK-at powder 
 and 6,755 calories for coal or 1-4 of peat powder e(|ual in fuel value to 1 of 
 coal. This is owinj; to the more thorough mixture of peat powder with 
 air, and probably to the instantaneous .-emulation of the amount of air and 
 powder refjuired for variation in steam consumption. When burnetl in a 
 properly constructed furnace, a higher tem|x*rature of combustion and l)ettcr 
 efficiency is obtained jx-r calory than from coal. 
 
 At the Hiick |)eat (lowder plant they were able to use peat from the 
 drying field with a moisture content of 40-60' ,' in the manufacture of peat 
 powder. Of course, jK'at with lower content of moisture can be used more 
 favourably. 
 
 (h) 
 
 Ttie Wet Carbonlzlnit Proccu. 
 
 The wet carbonizing process produces peat fuel in a condensed form, 
 and is not dependent upon air-drying. 
 
 The [H-at is brought to the factory direct from the .)og, having a mois- 
 ture content of about 90' ,' . 
 
 I.)r. de Laval seems to think that the process develop«?d considerably 
 during the year 1911. 
 
 A government loan has been granted for carrying on the experiments 
 with the wet carbonizing methcxl. 
 
 Dr. de Laval was able to determine the principles of the wet carboniz- 
 ing meth(Kl, and showed it to be different to the Kkenberg process. 
 
 According to the statements received fr n Dr. de Laval in 1911, he 
 was able, at his experimental plant, to extract water mechanically from 
 wet carbonized and homogenized jx-at down to 50-60'^',' moisture. On the 
 strength of this statement it has been planned to erect a wet carbonizing 
 plant according to Dr. de Laval's methcxi oi! the Tyringe [x-at bog in the 
 province of Skane, Swetlen. 
 
 (c) 
 
 Loans ftrantcd by the .Swedish Government. 
 
 During the pcricMl of 8 years from 190.V1910. the Swedish Government 
 gr.mti'd I'lUH a^ lolluws; - 
 
 Kr. 
 
 \\\\ \\Vi\\ loans in riiniiuxiiiii wiili m.iiiulii liiti 
 \ii-.il (lilii, niire-itiitiiiH .| siini <\ 
 
 Hiiiill^ llii )s.ir m\ *i Hi « |ii':l| l..\»" (111 
 sintlnv ' ■•'■■• 'I 
 
 I )ii '.I Itli I Hill 
 
 11 Himlnl |i|tM 
 
 t.044,()4() !. 002, 053 
 
 j!i| nlil 37.665 
 
 I H\ i 
 
 I l-"».718 
 
 •I U'i\i,\ 
 
69 
 Special Loan for Experiments on de Laval Wet Carbonizing ProceM. 
 
 {A government grant of 100,(KK) kronor has been rerommended hy 
 Swedish experts). 
 
 Somt time ago, Mr. Enar Gcisling sent a petition to thf Swedish 
 Government for a grant of 100,000 kronor, to Ik- iis<(1 for erc< tW/n of an 
 exiK-rimental wet carlionizing plant, to l)e built ai cording to dv f ival's 
 process, with a production of 10 metric tons of peat briquefs d.iily. Later 
 application was made for an additional grant of 50,000 kronor, t;> run the 
 plant. The grants were to be taken from the yearly Swedish Government 
 peat fund. 
 
 Both petitions were highly recommended by the Swedish Government 
 peat expert. Captain Krnst Wallgren. 
 
 The Swedish Agricultural Committee and the Board of Trade of the 
 Commercial Department have requested that the petition of the first 
 grant be investigated by the appointed peat commission. 
 
 The Commission investigated the methotl, and agreed with the Swedish 
 peat expert regarding the possibilities of the process; and they have highly 
 recommended that Mr. Gosling should receive tie grant of 100,000 kronor* 
 for the purpose he requested. 
 
 NORWAY.- 
 
 TABLE Vn. 
 
 Peat fuel manufactured at Vestflnmarken, Norway, 1914. 
 
 From information obtained by the peat expert, Paul Sandbu, at 
 lestjinmark. 
 
 m-'- 
 
 
 1. 
 
 I.crbotten 
 
 distrikt. 
 
 Talvik 
 
 county, 
 
 65 families. 
 
 394.000 
 
 lieces 
 
 of peat. 
 
 2. 
 
 Koi'sfjord 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 72 
 
 n 
 
 643. (K)0 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 ,V 
 
 Laerrodsfjord 
 Kognsitnd 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 « 
 
 510. (MK) 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 4. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 M 
 
 t 
 
 285.000 
 
 n 
 
 ft 
 
 5. 
 
 I.ancfjord 
 
 ^ 
 
 „ 
 
 
 „ 
 
 107 
 
 n 
 
 1.162.(KX) 
 
 „ 
 
 n 
 
 6. 
 
 Talvik 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 
 •? 
 
 M) 
 
 » 
 
 259.000 
 
 „ 
 
 n 
 
 7. 
 
 Kvalsund 
 
 __ 
 
 Kvalsund 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 292.000 
 
 «i 
 
 n 
 
 8. 
 
 Kolfso 
 
 ^ 
 
 Maaso 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 29 
 
 
 151.000 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 9. 
 
 IriRo 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 „ 
 
 21 
 
 „ 
 
 80.000 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 10. 
 
 Snefjoril 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 9 
 
 „ 
 
 34,000 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 11. 
 
 .Maas<) 
 
 M 
 
 „ 
 
 
 •t 
 
 IS 
 
 „ 
 
 134. (MM) 
 
 •» 
 
 n 
 
 12. 
 
 Kielvik 
 
 
 Kjelvik 
 
 
 „ 
 
 41 
 
 r 
 
 156,(MK) 
 
 n 
 
 „ 
 
 l.V 
 
 Hasvik 
 
 „ 
 
 Hasvik 
 
 
 „ 
 
 23 
 
 ^ 
 
 149.000 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 14. 
 
 Oksfjord 
 
 ^ 
 
 I.oppen-Oksfj 
 
 ^ 
 
 57 
 
 „ 
 
 318,000 
 
 » 
 
 ,. 
 
 15. 
 
 l.oppen 
 
 » 
 
 •» 
 
 
 •t 
 
 44 
 
 •» 
 
 378.000 
 
 n 
 
 » 
 
 16. 
 
 Sandland 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 47 
 
 n 
 
 435. (MM) 
 
 „ 
 
 n 
 
 17. 
 
 Kjaes 
 
 ^ 
 
 Kistrancl 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 19 
 
 ^ 
 
 KM. (MM) 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 
 
 18. 
 
 Smorfjord 
 Total - 732 fa 
 
 " 
 
 *• 
 
 
 •' 
 
 45 
 
 ^ 
 
 189. (KM) 
 
 K007 
 
 " 
 
 
 milies, 5 
 
 ,772,000 pieces 
 
 of peat. Valued at Kr. 57. 72C 
 
 llcr.=«27c. 
 
 
 •I kronorw27c. 
 
 
70 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 (i) 
 
 riu- followiiin UihW- will show till' progress of jK-at fiifl manufarturi.-d 
 sinrr 1902. 
 
 tahi.f: VIII. 
 
 Peat fuel manufactured in the years 1902-13. 
 
 War 
 
 i'ROIMTTION. 
 
 1902 
 ]9UJ 
 t«H. 
 190S 
 
 mwt 
 
 1907 
 190K 
 1909 
 1910 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 191.? 
 
 .\iini 
 
 KT of 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 IHMt 
 
 )lanls 
 
 .Million |K- 
 
 it liricks 
 
 Tons 
 
 of |)cat 
 
 appnix. .W 
 
 approx 
 
 9.< 
 
 appro* 
 
 .46.760 
 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 117 
 
 ^ 
 
 54,S79 
 
 „ 
 
 47 
 
 „ 
 
 129 
 
 
 .S6.XS7 
 
 ,. 
 
 4,s 
 
 „ 
 
 l.SO 
 
 
 6.S.610 
 
 ., 
 
 .'0 
 
 
 1.S8 
 
 
 6,S.27X 
 
 „ 
 
 Si 
 
 .. 
 
 \N) 
 
 
 6,5.948 
 
 " 
 
 .V) 
 
 ., 
 
 1.S6 
 
 ^ 
 
 6S..592 
 
 » 
 
 6,< 
 
 „ 
 
 I'M 
 
 
 «9,.S20 
 
 " 
 
 67 
 
 ., 
 
 179 
 
 
 81.86.S 
 
 .. 
 
 7.^ 
 
 ,. 
 
 I.S.i 
 
 
 79.242 
 
 .. 
 
 9(1 
 
 „ 
 
 190 
 
 
 84 , 788 
 
 '• 
 
 <H 
 
 .. 
 
 2(W 
 
 w 
 
 93.642 
 
 (louhlc'c^ '''"'' "'"'"'' ''"" ''"'""'^ ^^^ ''^*' *^ ^''"'"'''' '*"■ "'■'"■'- I"'"''''''''"" has more than 
 
 (H) 
 
 Detailed Information Regarding Peat Fuel Industry in 1913. 
 
 Information with rt'sanl to poal fu.I nianiifactiin in IX-nmark during 
 thi' year l'M.<, ha^ Ih'imi rfaiv«-<l from prartically all thu (x-at plants in that 
 country. Last year two of iht> old plants discontinued working. 
 
 Ik'dstcd peat plant, whose hog at pre-ent is under cultivation; and the 
 Aamossen peal plant at Wddle, whose hog is taken over hv an Knglish 
 concern, intend utilizing the iiitro.gen for liie production of ammonium 
 sulphate. 
 
 Durin.i; 1<)1.< two new peat fuel factories were ended: namely, the 
 Omark^. and the Norager and Osier Te.L'lga.irds plants, holh at N'iho'rg. 
 
 Several small peal plants have l.een added to some of the old factories, 
 whi( h .ilso have .ui\.n their manufacturing ca|)acity : in all, (i.S peat factories! 
 witii ')4 pial plants. 
 
 In I'M.?, the ci>nditions for pe.it fuel manufacture were very faxour- 
 ahle; there wa> ideal drying weather, and the demand for peal fuel was 
 \tr\ great. 
 

 1 
 
 I 
 
 ice par 1,000 paat brick* 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 icr 
 
 Winter 
 
 
 Now 
 
 ! 
 
 ll 
 
 Km J O. 
 
 j 
 'kt. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 ji 
 
 $ 
 
 i! 
 
 h 
 
 ill 
 
 
 a 
 
 Kr. 
 
 O. 
 
 Tboulnndi 
 
 
 
 AUnulB 
 Aimlni 
 Itekapt 
 BlrkOM 
 BnndM 
 Brdr. P> 
 BocUdi 
 Baageai 
 
 1 
 
 6 00 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 2-« 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 j SO 
 
 
 1 
 
 ::::i::::;::: :::::::: 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 00 
 
 t j 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 ' 4 
 
 S 
 
 the 
 
 S 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 ciu 
 
 SO 
 
 4 
 
 bilah 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 so 
 
 men 
 50 
 
 so 
 
 • SCO 
 40 
 t. 
 
 200 
 
 1,000 
 
 3,500 
 
 900 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 IJ 
 14 
 
 uaed 
 
 < 
 
 by 
 nn 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 EUingtl 4 25 
 EaaMvi 4 SO 
 Gwidcri: 4 25 
 Gatten 4 i 70 
 
 400 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 IJ 
 U 
 
 4 
 
 00 
 
 1 4 
 1 
 
 so 
 
 
 
 IV 
 
 Graubd 
 Grcviki 
 HeiMtr 
 Holnieg 
 Hvam-t 
 
 KloMerl 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 300 
 
 200 
 
 
 20 
 
 ':::!:::: 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 5 SO 
 uKd at t 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 nn 
 
 ISO 
 300 
 
 nt. 
 
 22,000 
 
 
 22 
 23 
 
 Viisr 
 
 w«,ki.- 
 
 10.000 
 
 24 
 
 4 U 
 
 tJe 
 5 
 6 
 
 75 
 
 MU 
 50 
 25 
 
 bliiiiime 
 
 [ . 
 
 
 2S 
 26 
 
 uae 
 
 dby 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 25 
 50 
 85 
 
 4 50 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 Kaniaii 4 
 Kvaerlu 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29a 
 
 
 
 
 :::::::::;:;:::: 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 LUleLo 
 
 Mallni 
 
 Mejcrib 
 Mogena 
 
 
 
 ;■•'! : : 
 
 
 
 32 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 » 
 
 00 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 3,700 
 200 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 
 
 120 
 ISO 
 500 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 SO 
 50 
 
 
 
 aboiittSO 
 
 200 
 
 36 
 37 
 
 MoabH 4 
 MoKgii i 
 
 ' 
 
 00 
 
 
 31 
 
 Pinditn 
 FoulKiv 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 
 SO 
 50 
 60 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 200 
 
 4,000 
 
 40 
 41 
 
 J? 
 
 "i' 
 
 00 
 
 "s 
 
 5 
 
 60 
 SO 
 
 850 
 
 350 
 
 2,000 
 
 ""mb' 
 
 44 
 
 < 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 75 
 in 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 300 
 500 
 1,500 
 100 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 RoabM * 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 ■■■■566' 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 1,104 
 
 48 
 
 Stacm 4 50 
 Stiarkad * 2S 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 46b 
 
 Sunol 
 
 Stokholi 
 LarseF 
 Stubber 
 Sobope 
 SuiiuffH 
 Taadru) 
 TancMi 
 Tnous.a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 100 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 3 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 :::::::: ..:::::: 
 
 371 
 
 53 
 
 6 
 S 
 
 SO 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 7 
 
 00 
 
 250 
 
 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ioo 
 
 500 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 57«* 
 
 A . m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Tuauup 
 
 Tvaerbc 4 75 
 Tvaerbt s 00 
 Vcirboll 4 40 
 VcMcm 4 50 
 
 VtdebM 
 
 Ydea pa 5 < oo 
 
 S 
 
 so 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 400 
 22s 
 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 290 
 500 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 4 M 
 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 65 
 
 Omark] 4 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oaternu 
 KaMTe 
 Aagaard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■■■■r;::; 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,175 
 
 26,375 
 
 22,145 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 00«— T^ 
 
 ••— Tk 
 
 Ti: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 l 
 
 f 
 
TABLE 
 
 Total Amount of Peat Fuel Manufacture* 
 
 N'AMn or Peat Planti 
 
 Na 
 
 1 
 2-8 
 
 9 
 10 
 II 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 tx 
 
 IV 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 2J 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 2« 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 29a 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 ii 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 4'> 
 
 it 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 46b 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 J 3 
 
 56 
 
 S7« 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 AUnjukovgaards ixat plant, Silkeborg. 
 
 Auoiiii bou, Aunl-n 
 
 B«k» peat fatlory. Sparkaer. . . 
 
 Birknan peat factory, CHtbirk 
 
 BrandKrur peat factory. Kodkaenbro 
 
 Brdr. Petwiend iwat plant, Hvam. Kdlcnip. 
 
 BoiUdnardi bog. Kellcrup ""^'^ 
 
 'sf^"V?"^' •*■' factory. Tommeiup.; .° 
 
 tiling Mowgaardi p«at factory, MoKlund. 
 1 EngMvang peat factory Mowluod .... 
 
 Oandcrupgaardi peat factory, Doenae. 
 
 Oatten peat factory, Gatten . . 
 
 Grauballegaard peat factory. Silkebori.' pbnt 
 iOrevakabet Langelandi peat adminlKraUon.. 
 
 Heinatrup peat plant. oKykke 
 
 H„"*^S?*' *^ worki. peat plant. Olftnip 
 
 Hvun-Xeder peat plant, Kellerup 
 
 Horby peat factory, Hobro. . 
 
 Jenicnt peat plant. Sindal. . . 
 ; JonienK'tti peat plant. Tobol. . . , 
 
 Kalbygaardt peat plant. Laaiby. 
 
 Klonerlundgaardt peat factory, MoaeJiind 
 
 Kaeriiaardspcat plant. Sparkaer. 
 
 kvaerkeby peat factorj-, Kvaerkeby 
 
 LAinineliave peat ptant. Ringe 
 
 Ulle Lojtvedgaardt peat plant. SveboUe 
 
 Lutidergaardt Big. A.'S, Aabybro 
 
 Mallea p«it pUnt. Sperring, Siorring 
 
 Mejeribakkena peat factory, Ejby 
 
 JJo^fMeM peat plant, Hundborg. Sjorriiig '. ' 
 iMortijergpeatplant, A/STolne 
 
 MoKgaardi Rewn. Struer 
 
 MoMgaardi peat factory, Trunderup 
 Mowlund peat factory. Moeclund 
 Nagholgaardi peat plant, Lundrnkcv 
 tti^U peat plant. OniUd. and Hobro. . . 
 Pindttrup peat factory, PindMrup. . . 
 Poulaeni peat ptant. Hundborg. Siorring 
 
 Roaenholm peat factory, Hornilet 
 
 Ronbjerg peat plant. Vindenip 
 
 ' RonbiCTg peat factory, Ronbjerg 
 
 Raakilde peat factory. Stovring 
 
 Skaerao forett and peat Co., Ebeltoft. . . 
 sparkler peat plant, Sparkaer 
 St»»»,peat plant. Skive and Ronb<erg 
 
 iitakholin peat factory, Doenjp 
 
 Large l-1anbog peat plant, Bonnet. . 
 btubbergaard peat plant, Vlnderup. 
 
 fobo peat plant, Trunderup 
 
 Spnderkaardi peat plant, Ronbjerg. 
 Tandrup peat factory. BedMed. T. 
 Tangigaardi peat ptant, Humlum. 
 
 Tlioug.1 & Moaeg.a peat plant 
 
 Tunrup peat plant 
 
 Tvaerhog peat factoriea. Vinderup. . . 
 Tvaerboii peat factoriet, Vinderup. . . 
 Vejrholt neat factory, Arden. 
 Vejtergaards peat plant, Sparkaer.... 
 
 Videbaek peat factory, VIdebaek 
 
 Ydet peat factory. Giersbol, Snedatcd 
 
 Omark peat iactory, Norager 
 
 Oatrrnards peat plant, Hvaeskaer, Bonnet 
 ta«t Tcalgaardi i«at factory, Viborg. . 
 
 ^holiDi peat plant. Rortcv. .. 
 
 Total approxiautely 
 
 •— Thow peat i)lanu wliich han not 
 
 — TlMMJgaardt ixM plant wa« not is 
 
 Ti**» u*oM* wan given by J. 
 
 BUi^'lofl" ■*' "*" '"'"'• " *• •«»«« to ooataia 400 giama. 
 
 pe« englnetr. to the Daniah Put Society Jo»n»l-'Hed«.etak«beU Tldikrift." No 
 
TABLE IX. 
 
 factund and Sold in Dnunark during 1913. 
 
 iikrltt," Novtmbcr astfc, WIJ, 
 
N 
 
 Attn AND ADDunn o» fbai ruM-n 
 
 Aagavddwim pnt plant. Rodcv 
 
 Att pMt bof A /S.. BixliU pr. Vcdde 
 
 AUInwkOTcunl* pcM plant, SUkebon. 
 (I lAunini Mowra peat plant. Aunloa. . 
 
 5f.'L''A???jtant. ^kMT, . . . Tr. . . 
 
 Blrkuet peat plant. OMbirk 
 
 BrandKnip pwt plant. Rodkaenbto 
 
 Dtvdtkepjat plant. Gandcrupi. Anten. 
 EillnimoMtiard peat plant. Enienaag.. 
 
 Ensrmnt p«t plant. Entarwif 
 GatiMi MKt plant. Hornum. ... 
 GraubaOe pwt plant, aikcboti 
 
 H;!r?r'i£&srp'r.'^*-°^''- 
 
 Hotby peat plant. Hobra.T 
 
 Jenwna peat plaat. Liaderamid.. SIndai. 
 
 Jenien* Mat blanti BrandM^'itoibii^rim 
 Jetaupark Mat plant. A/S.. Kai«r^^^^. 
 
 kalbynaid Mat plant, Laa«by. 
 
 Karup (Mat bon. Kanip ...... 
 
 Kk>«erluadfd peat plant. Enienaaf . 
 
 I Karup. 
 
 ^ -J-— .~«t plant. .»wc>n 
 
 Kaenunto pat plant. Sparkaer. 
 Kvaerkeby 
 
 "S^^^.'Stfe^s'JSSSr*;.:;---- 
 
 uJ&ffSr** *>°*- A/S.. Kaat.. TTT . . . 
 
 Mejeribakken* peat plant. Elby 
 
 Motenieu peat plant. Huadborg. SJoniu. .'. 
 
 Moibieripeat pbat. A/S.. TotaJ, . .7^^: 
 
 MMecaardeaa peat plant. Rewi. Stnicr 
 
 MoietaanI peat plant, Trundenip 
 
 Moedund peat plant. pr.Enicmrani 
 
 Nubolgiatd* peat plant. LundoiZov 
 
 £S2SS".''pS'pSS't.'S'„^n',"'"' '*»'•' ^^"^'"^ 
 
 RoMholm peat plant. Honulit". ■.'■.: ! 
 
 Rydbierg peat plant. RInnkokbiat 
 
 Ronbicrt peat plant. VlnderapTTr. 
 
 Ronbjers peat plant. Roabjcrg 
 
 fkaow peat pbnt, EMtoft 
 
 Sparkaer peat pUat. Sparkaer 
 
 SUttM peat plant. SUve 
 
 Stokbolni peat plant, Doeaie 
 
 Store temmoee peat plant. Bonnet 
 
 Stubbcnaard* peat plant. VIndmp 
 
 Sclw peat plant. Tnindcmp 
 
 Soodenaardi peat plant. Raabjeta 
 
 Tandrap peat plant, Bedtted.... 7 
 
 Taanciarde peat plant. Hnmlum 
 
 Tuitrup peat plant. Randcn 
 
 Tvaemwae peat plant. VIndcrup 
 
 ,r'T!f "S?" •?? northern peat piut. VIndenip. ...'.'. 
 
 Vejrholt pnt fuel and peat litter plant, Arden 
 
 JtSTOTV^ '^ "'"'• Sparkaer 
 
 VMeback peat plant. Videbaek 
 
 Omark peat plant. Notaaer 
 
 Owerniardi peat plant. Hneekaer. Bonnet 
 
 0|^ Teflmaid peat plant. Vihori 
 
 (2)S)orrinf , boedeted and Todbot bofs 
 
 Total. 
 
 I T 
 1 T 
 1 P 
 I Ft 
 
 1 F 
 
 2 F 
 2 F 
 1 F 
 1 F 
 1 F 
 1 F 
 t F 
 I F 
 « T 
 
 I KririOO^ 
 
 Thta laUc wa* given by J. R a imimen , peat tnginser. to tb 
 
^ 
 
 TABLE X. 
 
 Table of Pent Fuel Manufactund and Sold in Dnunarii during H14. 
 
 MHat Bdcm af p«t pv t.OOO 
 
 : haTC been aocooaMd witlt 400 ffWM. 
 
 liMer. to the 0>bJA Ttat Saetety Jountf. -Ejaoraiatou TMriLfiR." Octoiw iit, ItM 
 
71 
 
 Tlu' total f)riKlu<tion of tht- *>4 \xni (ml |>l.int>. in l«M,< w.i>. W.642 
 ton,. . r air-.lrU-.l ,Hat fml. whUh in the larKi>t pr.«liuli..n w. far ol.taim.l 
 in I), imark. 
 
 Tlu- f. JlowinK Tal)lf IX. -Iiowh thi' amount of |kmI fu.l manufa. tumi 
 an.l M.l(| (lurinK I'M J; toui-tlu-r with (iri..^. laUmr •mployi-.l. ran- of waRis. 
 
 «(r. 
 
 (f»t 
 
 Detailed Information Regarding Peat Fuel Industry, in 1914. 
 
 The nunilMr of ton. of inat fuil an.l jnat littir maniifacturi-.! .lurinK 
 ilu- stax.n ol 1011 wiTi' alH.iit the ^aniv as usual. Vhv weath.r duriuK the 
 <lrN u.K season was vt-ry siUisfaitory. and the drying of the [x-at was «lonc 
 rapidly, pnKJurinK hinh-K;ra<le marketahle fuel. 
 
 The I .iiro|H .111 war has had an extraonlinary .•ffert on the peat m.irkei 
 111 Denmark. I r,.in the U-KinninK of the war. nn cml has l>fen im(H.rtt'.l. 
 and -o the price ol stored coal has increase.] con..-iderahly all through the 
 country. .\s the prices went up the demand for peat fuel develoiH-d in 
 K'ifjantic pro|K)rtions. 
 
 Dairio, l.rick manufactories, ami other manufactories startwl to use 
 |Kat luel. ,ind seemwl to Im- very much satisfiwi in spite of the l.ict that in 
 some case- the cost increa>iil 2-0<) knmor jxt I.IKK) hricks. 
 
 The nimiLer of |H-at fuel pi.mts has increaseti from 94 to 97 in the 
 laM ye.ir. However, the output this year is practically the same as last 
 year, namely 206 5 Mill. ;N6.«49 tons) this vear compariil to 2t)9 3 Mill 
 ('M.642 tons) in 191. V 
 
 The followiiiK Talile X. shows the amount of peat fuel manufacture*! 
 and .sold during 1914; toRether with prices. lalMiur emploved. rate of waKes, 
 etc. 
 
 RUSSIA. - 
 
 Progress of the i'eat Industry in Russia, 1909-1914. 
 
 The following stateimnt. dated March 11. 1914. was receivd from 
 Mr \. Naumann, of the firm of .\rthur KupiKJ, IVtn rad. Russi.i. 
 
 i>uriiij! the last few years a revival of interest in the |H'at fuel industry 
 ol Hn.,si.i cm l,e noticed. '••liis is shown l,y the fact that |X'at fuel takes 
 secmd place in the fuel consumption of the countrv. In 1909,44'; ,,f 
 Russi.in crude oil. .W i ,,l air-dried peat lii.l. ami 2V ; D.metz coal was 
 consini ,,\. SiiK <• then the production has increase<l. This development 
 I- du( to the increase in the price of coal, crude oil. and w.«kI. and it is 
 expected that tliese will continue to increase in price. 
 
 DurinK the year 1912, 11 .\nrep peat machines were sold in il,e vicinity 
 of Moscow, and in 191.?, 41 .\nrep peat machines were sold throuKhout the 
 whole of Kuropean Russia. This shows an increase of KM)' ; in one M.ir. 
 
MICROCOTY RESOIUTION TEST CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2| 
 
 «^l^ 112.2 
 
 _A APP LIE D IMHGE 
 
 ^rl '6^-' fas- MO-n Stre?! 
 
 ~J5 -'ocheste', N*« »v(ti '4609 ^iA 
 
 ■^— : ■ifej *82 -- OJOO - P^one 
 
 ^S ■■'■'^J 288 - 5999 ■■ fa. 
 
12 
 
 In the Teknisk Tidskrift. Stockholm. December 12, 1914, information 
 IS Kiven l.y Captain WallKren. the Swedish Government pc-at expert 
 that at present there is heing manufactured in Russia, 7,000.000 metric 
 tons of peat fuel per year: of which 5.000.000 tons are manufactured in the 
 seven central Russian Provincial Cio\ernments. 
 
APPENDICES. 
 
 COPIES OF CANADIAN PATENTS 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE OF 
 
 PEAT FUEL MACHINERY 
 
 IT 
 
/."I 
 
 AI'I'KNDIX 1. 
 
 treating [teat in 
 oxecution of this 
 
 (Patent \o. 142633) 
 
 Improvements in Apparatus for Treating Peat. 
 
 By 
 
 Alepli Aurep, Ilelsinsbora, Su'edcn. 
 
 Tliis invention R-lati's to a i)rocess for thoroughly 
 continuoii> opiTation, and to a marhiiu' siiitaljlc for the 
 process. 
 
 The process which comprises three phases of working, consists in thai 
 the peat extracte<i from the pe,". Iioj; and havinj{ if necessary already l)een 
 subjected to a tearing operation, is treated in the machine in such a manner 
 tliat at the same time the roots and fil)res are cut, \vherel)y any windinK 
 up the enjjine shaft and do^jjing of the machine as well as perturtiations 
 in the work cannot occur. This peat inaterial which has been prepared by 
 cutting and treating is thereafter subjected to an intense cutting between 
 movable and stationary knives and afterwards pressed through a kneading 
 and mixing apparatus, wherein the peat material is subjected to an intense 
 kneading and mixing whereby the raw peat is worked in the most complete 
 and thorough manner. 
 
 By this treatment which is performed in one and the same machim, the 
 final prixluctacciuires great uniform plastic properties whereby the uniform 
 moulding of all kinds of peat is rendered possible whilst the contractibility 
 of the peat during the drying operation is considerably increased whereby 
 a relatively heavy and hard product is obtained which only gives little 
 waste and hasonly very poor absorbing properties in case of rain or moist air. 
 
 The accompanying dr wings show a machine for carrying out the above 
 described process, and in this drawing: 
 
 i 
 
 III 
 
 Fig. 1. .Anrep macerator. End elevation. 
 
Kig. 2. Anrep niacerator. \'ertical longitudinal 
 
 section. 
 
 Fig. 3. Fixed knife. 
 
 S=i 
 
 t^ 
 
 Fig. 4. .\nrcp niacerator: plan n top. 
 
 Fig. 1 is an end elevation view of the machine; 
 
 2 IS a vertical longitudinal section of same; 
 
 3 shows th- cutting device for the execution of the second working 
 
 phase ; 
 
 4 shows a top plan view. 
 
J 
 
77 
 
 The peat is fed from alnne into the hopper 2 by means of an elevator 1 
 (see Fig. 1), or in any other suitable manner, ami fal' If this is thought 
 necessary, on the cutters i which oscillate upwardl I tear the bl<x:k 
 
 of |)eat into pii-ces, the clividiil parts Iwing then thrown on the shaft 4 
 which is providetl with cutter (see Fig. 2) which conveys the nuterial into 
 the machine. The material may also be dirvCiIy fed to the shaft and cut- 
 ters 4, which seize and cut and treat the r<K)ts and fibres in such a manner 
 that the clogging of the machine is avoidetl. The peat, which has thus 
 been subjected to a preliminary treatment, is conveyetl from this working 
 chamlier along and between the stationary knives 5, (Fig. 3) which co-operate 
 with the cutters 6, arrangetl on both sides of the knives, and effect an in- 
 tense cutting of the peat. The number of the t^tationary knives 5, depends 
 upon the quality of the peat. The treated and finely cut peat enters, 
 thereafter, a long drum 7, through which extends a shaft 8, provided with 
 kneading arms 9, and which subjects the peat to a very intense after knead- 
 ing, which still more effectively divides the peat mass. The completely 
 treated peat leaves the machine through the opening 10 or another device. 
 (See Fig. 4). 
 
 During the various phases of treatment, the peat yields more and 
 more the water which is stored up in its cells, whereby the material liecomes 
 softer and softer, hence reduces the amount of motive power required for 
 driving the machine. In other machines and processes the opposite is 
 experienced, as there, the motive power required is increased in proportion 
 as the treatment progresses, but without the same thorough treatment 
 being entirely obtained. (See Plate XCI.) 
 
 M I 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 I 
 il 
 
79 
 
 Ar'PENDIX M. 
 
 (PalenI \o. 1.10479.) 
 
 Improvements in Automatic Rope Arrangements for Transporting 
 Carriage Rolling on a Sliiftable Circular Track. 
 
 By 
 
 Aleph Anrep, Ilelsin^borg, Sweden. 
 
 This invention r. latfs to . p..,ial arranKi'iiunt of the traction rope 
 employed in connexion with ira:.»iK)rtinK carriaRcs rolling on a shiftable 
 circular track, such as is .mployeti lor conveying peat blocks from the peat 
 moulding machine to the drying field. The characteristic feature of this 
 arrangement is. that it allows th*- automatic lengthening or shortening of 
 the traction rope according to the shifting which the so-called circular 
 track employed for the transport of the peat to the drying field has to 
 undergo, and according to the advancing motion of the peat excavator or 
 similar plant. The arrangement also provides for the automatic tension- 
 ing of the rope. 
 
 The tractif)nal rojie 1. fig. 5, on the drawing, is placed on the inner side 
 of the circular track, and the traction motive power is transmittefl thereto 
 by the peat extracting plant (excavator) 21, through the medirm f)f the 
 carriage 3, the object of rope 1 being to pull the transporting c.rriage 3' 
 forward. The rope 1 forms a long locjp 4. directed opposite to the ad- 
 vancing motion of the peat extracting device 21. and passing through ihe 
 pulley 5, which is held in position by means of an anchoring device. The 
 bent 4 contains the pulley 6' or system of pulleys which is acted upon 
 by a counterweight 6 (See Fig. 6). 
 
 When the peat extracting plant 21 advances, more rope is required, and 
 this supplemental length of rope is aut >matically supplied bv the lowering 
 of the pulley 6', which causes the counterweight 6 to rise. When the peat 
 extracting plant 21 has advanced a distance which is equal to the width 
 of the strip of field on which the peat blocks have been spread for drying 
 purposes, it stops, a- " the curved frame 10 is dragged forward also, to a 
 distance which is er to the width of the said peat-spreading strip of 
 field; this operation .,.ing carried out by means of rope 9, and the winch 11. 
 This shifting of the curve pro<luces the lengthening of the traction 
 rope, but the excess of rope is absorbed by the action of the counte weight 
 6, on the pulley 6'. Owing to this alternating action, and to the fact of 
 the pulley 5 being anchored, the tension of the rope is automatically main- 
 tained until the tracks which arc laid out on the field so as to form an angle 
 with the line of working come too near to each other. The pulley 5 may. 
 if desired, be directly acte^ j,Ton by the weight, and is in this case dragged 
 on the bottom, or in guides. 
 
 .ii! 
 
 ^iii 
 
 11 
 
so 
 
 I .u I' ''""'■/'«"''■ ^' '^'"•«^ •''^" •' "•>m-wh.,t m„lifu.,| ..rrauKi-nu-iit. 
 
 .1 th.. lau.r. ih. .r.u-.ion n.,K- l<> i.n ,.la.r,| .,„ ,1,.. uuNi.l.- .,f .lu- .inular 
 
 trark. aiil h .l.r.r.Iy a.t.-.l u|>nn l.y thf |H,,t .•xira.titiK 'l.vuv 21 in -uth 
 
 a manner that .t pulls the machine -r forming the peat ,.n the field, 
 
 forward and backward air.ng the railway, ...!..n,^side which the pc^.t blocks arc 
 spread out. The traction rope 19. which, in the instance shown, moves 
 m the direction of the arrow, is drawn out so as to form a lr,op U and i« 
 
81 
 
 lirovidH with omlrollinK i|i .irt-n 16, similar to, and workiiin in, thr -aim- 
 altiTiiating inanniT an thi- traction ro|H; I. on thf iniur Mi\v of the < inular 
 
 m' 
 
 I 
 
 /j'^ 
 
 \ 
 
 4 
 
 ,— a fi rtr 
 
 FiK. ft. AnrhoriiiK (Icviir. 
 
 track, but with this differtnce, that thi- two parts of tht- l(K)p are provided 
 with separate driving devices IS and 15' (see Fig. 7). arranged I(H)sely on the 
 
 Fig. 7. Coupling device. 
 
 shaft and designed to f)e set going at will by means of the coupling device 
 22. The rope when running through the i(x<p is crossed and works alter- 
 nately forward or backwarti; but in ix)th cases it is subjectetl tr '; a.tion 
 of the counterweight device 16. 
 
83 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 {Patent No. 141700). 
 
 Improvements in Peat Moulding and Spreading Machines. 
 
 By 
 
 Aleph Anrep, Hehingborg, Sweden. 
 
 The machine comprises the filling frame 1, (see Fig. 8) into which the 
 peat IS filled m any suitable manner, and the front part of which rests on one 
 or more rollers 2 and its rear part on the moulding frame. The latter is 
 connected w.th the filling frame 1. by means of the pivot shaft or hing 3 
 so as to be adapted to swmg m an upward direction, and to trail on the 
 bo tom or field, when the machine is dragged forward. The mould board 
 
 L anT" u" "?'■'.'' '"'■"°"'"'= ^"' '^^^ ^°^ '^^ "''j-^'-- »he smooth- 
 nil ^""'^'."S "^ the peat cake without dragging it or tearing it to 
 p.eces No. 5 md.cates movable dividing tongues or fingers, provided at 
 he.r lower surface w.th knives or cutters. 6. which are intended to divide 
 he peat cake mto strmgs. The roller or rollers have for their objective 
 the compressmg and levelling of the drying field, in advance of the moulding 
 apparatus. These rollers also furnish the centres of rotation when the 
 
 ^ame A, be.ng rendered easy during this operation by the action of the 
 r«le 7, earned by the bases 8. (see Fig. 9) 9. The part unnumbered repre- 
 sents a screw wh.ch IS placed horizontally in front of the moulding frame 
 A, and IS used for d.vdmg the mass of peat and to give it the desired thick- 
 ness before it arrives under the cover 4 of the moulding frame. This 
 arrangement is intended to provide a uniform and well moulded peat cake 
 or peat strings, or peat blocks. This object is attained by feeding the 
 peat with an equal thickness into the moulding frame, which, by means of 
 
 ho n.T ^ '^T' T'" ^ '■"''''"^' P"""''"^*^ °" '^^ P^^t •"^««' «"d smoothes 
 the peat cake, whereby a uniform and good moulding action is obtained for 
 an kinas oi peat. 
 
 An inclined cover (such as those employed in well known machines) 
 ^ould exert an inchned pressure, and draw the peat partly with it during 
 
 ating the moulded form, or even tearing the peat cake to pieces. 
 
 Owing to the fact that the moulding frame is adapted to swing verti- 
 cally round Its pivot shaft 3, the frame receives a part of the weight of the 
 rarnework and is adapted to follow the irregularities of the drving field 
 If It IS desireo to produce not a peat cake but peat strips, the cakeis divided 
 into strips by means of the spring-con trolled tongues 5. which are movably 
 secured under the cover 4, and provided at their lower surface with knives 
 
 In 
 
 J' 
 
 m 
 
84 
 
 « irt 
 
 of 1 p T re'n?^ ?•'''"•■"'? "'^'■'''^' '""^ ^"^^^ -^» --^h division 
 or tne peat cake into strips is obtained without tearing Owinc to th!« 
 
 .^TZTr ; : s ' r^ "^" " '''-- "^ ^^^^^ ^---^ -^^ "^^^ - - 
 
 ing press on the field. The screw 9, which is rofnted !)y the shaft of thn 
 rollers 2 ,s open on its lower part, and gives the peat mass'the desir^ iSc 
 ness or height before .t is allowed to enter the cover 4. The shaft 9 rnay be 
 
85 
 
 driven from rc.llers 2 either by belt and pulley, chain and sprocket or 
 any o her usual and well known transmission system. Such devices are 
 so well known that it .s not necessary to illustrate them here. The roller 
 or preferably a plurality of juxtaposed rollers are loose on the shaft, with the 
 exception of the m.ddle one which furnishes the power for driving the screj 
 / T r "'"^■""^•^^ ""*• ^'"""th the drxing field, and ser^•e as a 
 centre when the apparatus is turned, during which operation no dragging 
 takes place, as the outer rollers rotate freely on the roller shaft 
 
87 
 
 API'KNDIX IV. 
 
 (Patent No. 142519, August 27, 1912). 
 
 Improvements Relating to Separation of Water and Solid Substance 
 by the Application of Pressure. 
 
 By 
 
 Horace Keeble of Wareham Hall, and Cecil Keeble of White House, 
 Wareham, England. 
 
 Description of the Keeble, patent, carbonized peat, produced as 
 descril)ed in the specifications of British Patents Nos. 10834, year 1903, 
 and 12010, year 1909. This product contains, in association with a large 
 amount of water, valuable constituents of the peat, which, during ordinary 
 carbonization processes by destructive distillation, are expelled. 
 
 Hitherto, satisfactory separation of such carbonized pt-at and its 
 associated water, and the conversion of the peat residue into a compressed 
 solid with a minimum of liability to disintegration under conditions to which 
 it is likely to be subjected, have been ditificult of accomplishment. 
 
 Processes necessitating heat for evaporating the main portion of the 
 water are expensive, whilst by reason of the finely divided and greasy 
 condition of the carbon, attempts to separate the combined peat and water 
 by applying pressure, have *^^-en unsatisfactory. In the case, for instance, 
 where perforated plates are used, the material passes away with the water, 
 whilst if fibrous material such as flannel be employetl, clogging results. 
 
 We find that both these disadvantages of separation by pressure can 
 be overcome by interposing between the material and the water exit, several 
 layers of wire gauze maintained in close contact with one another, and held 
 firmly between smooth metal or other hard surfaces, so that escape of ex- 
 pressed water must be through portion of the gauze layers gripped between 
 such surfaces. Usually two layers of gauze suffice, suitable degrees of 
 fineness being between the limits of say 90 to 30 holes per stiuare inch. 
 
 The different layers of gauze may be of the same or different mesh as 
 described. 
 
 A more detailed description may be seen in Patent No. 142519, at the 
 Canadian Government Patent (Mce, Ottawa. 
 
 m 
 
 ""S , 
 
 •I! 
 
 , 
 
 id 
 
80 
 
 APPKNDIX V. 
 (Palenl Xo. 137963, January 23, IQ12). 
 
 Process for Drying Raw Peat. 
 
 iiv 
 
 ILinrkh Brune and Dr. Il-inrich Ilorst, Ennincers, FrankJurt-nn-thc-Main, 
 
 Germany. 
 
 This patent consists of: — 
 
 1. A process for (iryinj,' raw peat, which process consists in mixing 
 with the raw peat, hard dried compressed peat, and pressing the mixture. 
 
 2. A process for drying raw peat, which process consists in mixing 
 with the raw peat hard dried compressed peat and sulijccting the mixture 
 to a continuously and gradually increasing pressure. 
 
 A more detailed description will he found in F'atent No. 1,^7963, at 
 the Canadian Government Patent Office, Ottawa. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 ;i 
 
 ^ 
 
91 
 
 APPENDIX VI. 
 
 (Patent So. Nf730, December 17, 1912.) 
 
 The Getting or Excavating of Peat. 
 
 Bv 
 
 Thomas Rigby, Engineer, Dumfries, Scotland. 
 
 This invention relates to the gathering of peat, and has for its ob- 
 jective, a continuous supplv of peat from the l)og or other deposit which 
 IS being worked, to the locality at which it is being employed in peat 
 carbonizing apparatus situated near the \x,g. independently of intense 
 winter temperatures, which often cause freezing of the lK>g or deposit 
 and generally produce periods when gathering lK?comes impossible and work 
 IS interrupted. 
 
 This invention consists in a method of gathering peat, in which an 
 excavation of the lK,g or deposit of limited size, but of capacity to contain 
 a supply of peat sufficient for the cold period is kept distinct from the main 
 excavation of the lx>g. and is used to contain a sufficient quantity of the 
 peat for normal working during the cold period; the excavation being of 
 such depth that freezing cannot, under ordinarv cold conditions, occur to 
 an excessive extent. 
 
 This invention also consists of improvements in, and relating to the 
 gathering of peat hereinafter indicated. 
 
 In carrying this invention into effect in one form, and employing the 
 method of gathering peat, in which the excavating implements deliver the 
 material directly to the disintegrator or pulverizers, wherein it is converted 
 into a watery pulp, which is then pumped through a pipe line to the desired 
 locahty-peat carbonizing installation-a certain area is first excavated 
 in the usual way. and to such a depth that when peat is stored in it the 
 temperatures which occur in the cold season will not be sufficient to cause 
 more than a surface freezing. The capacity of this excavatio- is such as 
 to contain a supply of the peat sufficient for six months of normal working 
 
 rhe peat excavated is sent through the pipe line and employed in the 
 usual course. 
 
 VVhen the desired size of excavation has been reached, work is com- 
 menced on the main portion of the bog. and the pontoons bearing the 
 excavator, disintegrator, and pump, may be floated into the main exca- 
 vation by cuttin? away a portion of the uncut bog forming the wall between 
 the excavations, which cutting is subsequently dammed up. 
 
 The operation of gathering is then carried on in the usual way in the 
 mam excavation, care being taken that a sufficient supply of material is 
 kept stored in the first excavation to tide over the closed season 
 
 I 
 
 
 
It 1^ .•vifUiil. (hit ihf uc.rkiiiK (.ipacily nl ih,. |h.ii nalluriiiK .i|.|.li- 
 aiico i\c,i\al<.r, |)iiiii|>. and di-iiiiinrator will h.'w u, l,f urtMiiT than 
 is iif<v><ar\ t.i Mi|)|ilv llir iiiMallatiuii at iKinnal workiiiu: miuv al'ttr a 
 |Mri..:l, wh.ii thr matirial .(..r.,! in ihr tir>t iMavatii.n has Ut-n drawn 
 
 
 upon, poat will have to In suppli.-d 1-uli, to -ct;!! the excavation aiul l„r the 
 supply of thf tactory. 
 
 It IS desirable to install a pernia. i iniinpinj; station in the first 
 excavation, with a peat intake situated well helow the normal surface of 
 
"i,< 
 
 il .H.ii.-nilMi tli.-ni.ii.ri.il in.iv !.»-.u|>plir.l with tlif .i-.i<t,mif ..f Kravity. 
 
 riif lri<viiin <i| ,1 1,,,^ ,.s,.„ ,„„|,.r ||„. M\.n>i (•..mliiiuiw, <|«h-s nut 
 
 .Atciid I.. .1 \rr\ unat .l.|illi. liii Nurili Hrii,iiii ii .I.h'^ not tA.c.d h inclii-.) 
 
 .111.1 l>v rn,ikin« ihr .Ar.iv.iliMii. wliidi .i.i, .,, ilu' ,!..»•, Mirti.-.-Mitly lUrp. 
 
 f = 
 
 •m 
 
 th<- Ki-rat.T Inilk- of the jH.-at may l.r kc|)t tinfroztii at lla- Mihiiifrijc-ii in- 
 take, tlu- freezing l)eins also rc-lanlod l)y the circulation whith oicurs in 
 the watery disintesjrated peat which the e.\ca\ation contains. 
 See drawings— figures 10 and 11. 
 
 m 
 
95 
 
 AIM'KNDIX VII. 
 (Palftil So. 1469511, April I, 1913.) 
 
 Improvement! Relating to Removal of Water from Wet Carboniied 
 
 Peat. 
 
 By 
 
 A'i75 Testrup, and Olaf Sdderlund, "nzineers, London, England. 
 
 This invention relate* to the rcmov.il oi water from wet carl)()nized 
 |x?at. The term wet carlKmizetl |K-at employwl herein, refers to peat 
 trt;>tetl aceordinK to a process such as that proposed by KkenlRTg. 
 
 The removal of the water from carlHmized jK-at presents certain 
 difficulties. In ortlinary settling tanks a retiucticm of 92' ; of water in the 
 peat is the iK'st obtainable. ARain, by ordinary filtration, only a slight 
 improvement results, the water In-ing rwlucible to only alH)ut 90','. 
 
 Further, by employing a pressure forcing the jK-at into the littering 
 chamber, the water has U-en reduced only to 66' ; by the use of a pressure 
 of 1(X) pounds jx-r s<iuare inch, it lu-ing necessary in order to further retluce 
 the water content, greatly to increase the pressure, but great (lifficulties 
 then arise in ensuring even distribution of the pressure and in providing 
 apparatus which shall lie sufficiently strong and large to deal with these 
 high pressures and with the large c|uantity of ma erial to Ikj handled in 
 practice. 
 
 Unsuccessful attempts involving the use of special apparatus have 
 been made to o\ercome the difficulties present in the proiiuction of pressed 
 peat, of low moisture content from wet carlK)nizc<l peat. A press of the 
 tyfX" having a chamln^r formwl with laminated walls anfl a sere feeding 
 member therein, and having restricted orifice has Ik-cp tried, but : .i» failed, 
 the spaces between the lamina first l)econiing choked, and tne plug formed 
 at the restricted orifice then Iwing forced out and allowing fr-.-e passiige of 
 the material under treatment. Similarly, an apparatus comprising a 
 recipnnati.ig pluggcr pump, with an open endetl cylinder, intended to be 
 closed by a plug of the material and filtering means a.ound the cylinder, 
 the iieat being forcetl into the cylinder, has also lieen tried unsuccessfully, 
 the relatively high -.peed of the plunger resulting, in the first place, in no 
 filtration owiuK to the elasticity of the material, and the plug Iwing then 
 blown right out, and giving free passage to the material under treatment, 
 similar to Patent No. 142519. 
 
 The object of this invention is, to nvorromc thcbH" difficulties, and to 
 provide a practicable process and apparatus allowing of the reduction of 
 the percentage of water to a considerably lower value than that (namely 
 about 70%) obtainable by the means hitherto proposed. 
 
It 1,,.. iKvn nI,M.rv..,l that wlu-, x\n- piTrontau,. of watrr in th. pn.s 
 •akr n, tlu. ., i.t pr,.,> falls tn al,.„„ 70',. ,1,.. ,„atc-.ial losr. its plasti.i.v 
 nr (h„.h,y. I n.kr th... .■irn„ns,a-„-..s ,1,.. pHssttn- is hi^lu.s, „.ar tlu- 
 '••I'' •'' tlu. jH.al f, tin- apparatus ith. poitu of appli.ati.,,: .,f thr pressure) 
 .'"'I <l.mn.,slu., as th.. .liMatHv fn.n. th.. iuln iurreases, an,l is .,„t as in 
 tlu. ras.. wlun ,!„■ utalmal is still .|ui,|, evenly .listril.ute.l throuKlmut the 
 
 liH-rease ..f pressure heyoiul ah-.u, KM) p„„„,|s p^.r ,„uare inrh. is 
 pra.tually.tseles. I.e.au.se it results i„ a rupturing of the prc'ss rake a.„l 
 the urrnatum ..t ehaniuls therein. thr.,u«h whiVh liltratiun pn,.ee.|s with- 
 ...H lurther .Iryn^ aetinn nn the cake already furtne.l. This invention is 
 liase<l upon llies<. ennsiMeraticms. 
 
 A.vnnlinK l„ this invention, externally applie.l. an.l preferal.lv slowlv 
 applu.l. sustained pressure i. nsc.,1 i„ the retnoval of ,he water: this tre.t- 
 "H". toll.nvu,K a pnlintinary trc^attn.,,, in whirl, pr.ss.ire applie.l inter- 
 nally IS us,.l. namely, pressure transinitte.l l.v the tlui.l itself. |-.,r this 
 I>urpo.e. the wet material max- he passe,! into a filter press, an.l the water^ 
 whuh IS rea.lily expressible therein removed in this wav; a further ,|t,an- 
 i.y ot water hem, then renu.ve.1 hy suhjeetii,, the eake t., pressure exter- 
 nalK applied hy a hand or similar pri'ss. 
 
 Ihwiritilinii of tlir tlniviif's. 
 
 I I- luat I. .arlH.ni.ed in rarhoni/er eompressiii!, reKenerative heating 
 uhes ,,.■ tirnaee /,.■ and inlet and outlet headers .and ,/. ivspeetivelv 
 see lM«. 1.1. N., la,,,„^ „r other means lor preventinu mulue loss of 
 '••at >,„h as would m praetiee he emplo.ve.l is lur,. ,h<,wn. The peat 
 leaxes the earhomVer at a hi.h pressure, and ..titers the air vessel ,■ then 
 passes through a pressure re.ulatiiiK valve/', to a receiver ,. the ronneetinK 
 PI- » he,n« proxuled w„h a relief valve .■■ ,.ee |-i,-. 1,^,. and hlow pipe / 
 llH' pea. receiver is provide.! with a safety valve /. pressure Kuie ,„' 
 an.! ..,!K.r e.ist..marv ae.e>s..ri..s. IV..n, this vessel the peat, hv virtue .. 
 be pa.ssur.. ,n the ve<..l. pass..s in... a .ilt..r pivss „. tlie pressure of the 
 material I...,,.; us..,| m the press t.. effeet ,he liltrati.-n. A pressure .,f 
 ••^•<^ve.n 10.) an.l I.SO pounds per s.piare in.h is preferal.lv empL.ve.l \s 
 H he.-..mes. in „,.,., .-ases. lUTessary ,., n.m..ve the pn.s; .akes fr.,m the 
 hl...r press a her al.ou. i; minu.e. op..ra.i..n at 100 p.,nn,ls pressure two 
 or m..r,. ,.l tlu.s.. devi.es ar.. prefc.rahly empL.ye.l. means su.h as suitahle 
 rooks ..r v..lves/.. in .-onnexi..,, with eaeh piv.s heinu en.pL.ve.l to allow of 
 cu.tmK ol the supply t., one f..r ,he purpose of allowing emptviuK of the 
 sam... whil(. an.ither IS heini; ns...|. i - s 
 
 The mat..ria! reii,.,v..,! from the filter presses is thn.wn int., a o.mmon 
 I.unker ./. tneans su.li as a screw .■..nvey,.r r a. the h..,.om of ,he same 
 conveying the ntafria! at any .lesire.l rate to a press .,f the haii.l press tvpe 
 
 f'Tf ;','""" '' "'"'"•'"- """"'■'' ^""' '''«'^ "•■'■-"'•^- ''^- v'-^'"^' "fthJ 
 ta. t that the s.n.nK pert..rate.l en.lless han.ls. one of which is shown at v 
 
«>7 
 
 and wliicli an- carried on shafts I at ritlur iiid. are placid closer together 
 at oiu' end than at the other, so that the material enlerinjj; at one end is 
 uradtially more strongly s(|iieezi'd between the hands as it approaches the 
 
 Jt,'tr^'t,rr.T-"--;;.'-'-M'i,".rH'iii.' [ 
 
 
 i^;;;;;i)a;-;;;;f;iHw{;;H: 
 
 a 
 
 ^frW71W!irtii 
 
 
 other end, and a further (iiiantit\ of litiiiid therefore lea\es the material, 
 and passes away thraugh the perforations of the links of the l)antls. 
 
 As many ol these presses as is necessar\' are employed. Such a press, 
 although unsui'ahle for thinly fluid masses, is particularly useful in this 
 
98 
 
 whTrV''''T.'1 ''7'^' "^Pl*"' ^'^^ ^''''"'^ ''^ ^^"'■■"'- ""<1 ""t an impact 
 it> of the ma.s. The hnal pressure re(,uired mav amount to about 600 
 
 z::^r: ^""'" ■"''•. '"•,! ''^' '^^'"' ''"■^^- ^''^'-^'-- ^^^-um he «; ch^ 
 
 nature as t<, g.ve a ^•ery high pressure without undue friction. 
 
 pressure .s on. The press«i material is discharged into a trough «, from 
 
99 
 
 which it can be taken to any desired locality. The liquid matters leaving 
 the filter press at r, as well as those leaving tL hand press, are either passed 
 away for utilization in any suitable manner, or may be passed to waste, 
 for instance, by passing it back to the peat deposit. In order to feed the 
 peat brought by the conveyer r more uniformly into the oblong entrance to 
 the hand press, a double screw w and y driven from worm gear c, is mounted 
 across the entrance to the press, so that the material entering chamber 1, 
 in which the double screw is mounted, by the tube 2, is partly taken by the 
 double screw and distributed towards each end of the press entrance. 
 
 It will thus be seen that while in the first stage (in the filter press) fil- 
 tration is brought about by keeping up the pressure by pumping more fluid of 
 constant volume into a chamber, in the second stage (in the hand press) 
 the size of the confining chamber is reduced as the water is extracted. 
 
 The material as it now leaves the press, containing about .SO'7 water, 
 is quite solid, and is suitable for direct use in a producer for conversion into 
 gaseous fuel, preferably in an ammonia recovery gas producer, for which 
 it is particularly suitable. 
 
 On the other hand, the material may be passed iiito any ordinary bri- 
 quetting plant, such as a lignite plant, for conversion into briquet fuel. 
 It may, af any necessary breaking down, be passed through a rotary 
 drier heated by steam tubes of the kind known as the Schultzer drier, and 
 its water content reduced to about -vlS*;,' or less, and then hnated for bri- 
 quetting. 
 
 In order to more clearly indicate the general method adopted in carry- 
 ing the invention into effect in the form above indicated, the following de- 
 tailed example is referred to. 
 
 In a factory in which 86 tons of peat, containing about 90'^; of water 
 (equivalent to 8-6 tons of dry peat) were carbonizeu per hour, which peat 
 was changed to such an extent in the oven that only 6-9 tons of dry peat 
 substance remained mixed with the liquid; in order to reduce the water 
 content of the material to the neighbourhocnl of 70''f moisture, 7 filtering 
 presses containing 10,000 square feet of filtering surface were reciuired. 
 By using these filter pres.ses intermittently and in regular rotau.f. it was 
 possible to reduce the water as low as 67' ; by weight when using - pressure 
 corresponding to 120 pounds per square inch maximum on such filter 
 presses. Twenty-five minutes, approximately, were taken to reduce the 
 water content from 92';; to 67^^ of water, the pressure in the interior of the 
 filter presses being gradually increased from little or nothing (corresponding 
 to 92'; f of water) to 120 pounds (when the material reached the neighbour- 
 hood of 70<;7 water) which maximum pressure was kept on for 15 minutes, 
 and was necessary to reduce the litjuid content to about 70'"; , making as 
 above mentioned 25 minutes in all for filtering. When the material had 
 been filtered, and pressed to the neighbourhood of 70';; water content, 
 it became practically impossible to press out further water by means of 
 the pressure of the liquid itself, and to reduce the water content from approxi- 
 mately 70',- to about 50<:; by weight, external pressure was applied by 
 
 t- i'l 
 
 y 
 
10(1 
 
 translVrriiiK tlu> matfrial Ii 
 
 Mirlact 
 
 [n tlu- I, 
 
 iind pr(» lia\ illy; M) s(|iian' iVtt of | 
 
 )r»'ssmn 
 
 ittiT |)ri'» It was nc(t»an to havi' a final |)rfssiiro uf 
 a|.|.n.x>mau.|y (.00 ,,uun<l> p.T .s,|uan. iiuh. i„ Htrrt (he rim..val ..f the 
 waUT. llwilll,r..l,srrvi,lthatintluM.iu.,aMT,„ni.arativ(lvlarK.-iirla(vs 
 li."l <" \n- provi,k.,| „, (il(c.r ilu- xvatiT auay. u>inK a ni-Klrratc'. prcsMin- 
 wlurras du' ron,..val .,f th.. n'maiiuUT ..f tho water m|uim| .■...nparadvdv 
 small pri'ssurt'. 
 
 Thr tinu' (.(Tiipi\,| for prossiiiK j,, ,i„. hand j.ress w.is 42 siromls. 
 
1(11 
 
 AI'I'IADIX Mil. 
 
 {Patent So. 147434. April 22. /'>/.?). 
 
 Improvements Relating to Methods of Recovering Peat from Peat 
 
 Bogs. 
 
 (For papcT mamifattiirin^' and otluT articles.) 
 
 By 
 
 lirru'iid Grcuvillc, Xi'u' York, U.S.A. 
 
 Tlii> invcnti(m rdatcs to the treatment of !)ok pi.at, and has for its 
 object the economical removal of the fibres contained in the peal as it lies 
 in the hoj.'. and the separation of the same from the other elements of the 
 1«>K- 
 
 Heretofore, peat has been removed from the bo}>; by mechanical de- 
 vices, such as plows, rakes, spades, and dredKes; and the ditliculty in the 
 utilization of the valuable fibre of the peat has been the cost of removal 
 from the bojr, and the separation of the fibre from the other constituents 
 of the peat. 
 
 The chief i)ur|M)se is to pnKluce peat fibre as material for the manu- 
 facture of j)aper and other articles, and to secure economy of exc.ivation 
 and separation with a mininmir of breaking of the fibre. The hydraulic 
 process is used somewhat after the manner of hydraulic mining. In carry- 
 ing this invention into practical etTect, I direct a powerful stream upon the 
 peat as it lies in the bog. This cuts the peat, and at the same time dis- 
 integrates it. washing the valuable fibres from the rootlets and lumps, and 
 holding these fibres in suspension in the body of the water used in the cut- 
 ting. It is better that the stream be so directed as to cut a channel leading 
 lrf)m the point where the apparatus is situated by which the water that 
 carries in suspension the fibre of the peat is lifted. I may cut, in this 
 way, always against a margin of the Ix.dy of i)eat which contains the fibre, 
 adding constantly to this body the water of the stream, and the fibre cut 
 and washed by the strt m, and this body of water holding the fibre in 
 suspension, forms a reservoir of material from which is drawn, by any suit- 
 able means, the material thus held in workable condition for further treat- 
 ment. A natural head of water may be used if such exists conveniently 
 near, for the force, or the water of the bog may be used, once oi repeatedly. 
 At a point convenient to this body of water and fibre it is advisable to 
 erect the plant for the elevation of the water and fibre, if necessary, and 
 ff)r separation of the fibre therefrom. 
 
 The water which is separated from the peat, in its treatment, ma\ be 
 collected in a suitable reservoir for re-use by returning it to the pump, 
 which forces it to the hydraulic gian' employed for cutting the peat out ol 
 the bog. 
 
102 
 
 At a suital.k- iw.int in the protcss, the fibre- ma%- \k- sul.jtrtcd. after the 
 water is draine,! off. t,. the action of a w.-ak alkaline solution, washe.l with 
 water, and sul,jert«l t.. a weak acid solution and a^ain washed, this action 
 rt-mc.v.nK not only ail dirt and mud. l.ut most of the Kciatinous matter 
 The acul treatment neutralizes the alkaline treatment, causing the fibre 
 to shrmk and sol.dify. materially adding to the strength of the fibre which 
 
 h-'»H ^ 
 
 Fig. 14. I'lan of Ikrnard (Iranville hydraulic process. 
 
 may then be utilize.! for half stuff paper making, papc-r boards or artificial 
 
 lumber or other purposes. 
 
 Figure 14 shows a plant or system for carrying out the invention 
 In carrymg out the process, water from a suitable supply is dropped 
 
 by gravity into a centrifugal or other pump 1 (see fig. 14) which forces the 
 
KM 
 
 
 wattr at a prissiirc of from forty to two luindrtil pouiuls through a pipe 
 a, to a standard hydraulic- uniin h. 
 
 This niant is locatid priffrahly at thi' dwpt>t point of thi- lio^, ;.nd 
 oiRTations are comnunced liy cutting a channel in the |KMt and in the bed 
 under the peat a distance of several hundred feet in lensth and forty or 
 fifty feet wide. A suction inmip is put in oiKratictn at the jMunt where the 
 cuttiuK of the |x-at was started, so as to eject the peat onto the Im)k for the 
 purpose of formiuK a suital)le pernunent well or sump 2 at or near this end 
 of the cut. This main channel may l.e of any desired iennth, sa\-, one- 
 half mile or one mile, and the peat disintegrated by the giant mi.xed with 
 the water passes bs Kravity to the pump. A;, the work progresses lateral 
 cuts or channels are made by the hydraulic stream in the bojj connecting 
 with the main channel, and in these channels at suitable points grids or 
 grizzlies 2 ntay be arranged which will catch sticks or logs, which may be 
 remf)ved in any suitable manner automatically or by hand. This sump 2 
 or well is made preferably circular and a vertical shaft ,? with stirring arms 
 is constructed so as to revolve slowly for keeping the material entering the 
 well in suspension. Pumps 4 are placed preferably at the bottom of a pit 
 adjacent the pump so that all licpiid and the material cut from the bog 
 1)\- the hydraulic stream will gravitate into the i)umps. These pumjis throw 
 the material up into a Iniilding adjacent to the sump delivering the peat 
 and ]i(|uid material and other substances into a log washed 5, having two 
 shafts 6, provided with beater arms. The shafts revoKe in opposite 
 direction and lie slightly out of horizontal, the arms being .so formed as to 
 work in a helical manner, forcing the beaten up peat out of the higher end 
 of the log washer permitting the heavier substances to gravitate and over- 
 flow at the lower end of the machine. The disintegrated ja-at falls from 
 this log washer into a trough 7, which is sujjported adjacent to a siTies of 
 rotary washers or screens 8, and above the plane thereof a swinging ad- 
 justable gate 9, being arranged opposite each rotary screen and adjust- 
 ment of the gate permitting each screen to take its fullest complement of 
 peat, and not more. The fibre falling into these rotary screens is tumbled 
 over and o\er, and is washed here by sprays of water issuing from pipes 10. 
 
 This action w.ishes out all the sediment containefl in the peat, and 
 delivers the peat from the large end of the rotary screen into a common 
 trough 11 in a perfectly clean condition, the dirt and refuse going through 
 the screen mesh with the water into a settling tank 12. 
 
 After the fib.- ' ^s progressed beyond the rotary screens, whilst it is 
 cleaned it may still retain a number of fine sticks and roots to be taken out. 
 After leaving the screens, the fibre is allowed to fall from the tlume 11, 
 into a drum 12, which is a conical, imperforate barrel, arranged in a hori- 
 zontal position, and having a shaft inside with a number of beater arms 
 at an angle for forcing the fibre rapidly through the barrel, at the ^aine time 
 thoroughly mixing it with a large quantity of clean water which is per- 
 mitted to enter the drum at the same time and place as the fibre. This 
 water which enters the drum is preferably provided by allowing the water 
 
 19 
 
 lill 
 
 I it! 
 
104 
 
 used for washing the Hl.re in the rotary screens to fall fr,.m the screens into 
 a settlinK tank 12 aln.ve menti..ne(l, causinK the si.liment to fall to the 
 bo ton, and the clean water to pass off at the top an.l overHow into tl Irum 
 After the fibre leaves the drum it is thorouKhly disintegrated an.' mixed 
 w.th the water, an.l passes .lirectly on to a paper screen 1,^ -,, • tan.lard 
 pattern, which rem<,ves all the sticks from the fibres, and pi-rmits the fibre 
 to pass through the screen and into the trough 14, the sticks passing to the 
 en.l of the screen and being thrown out automatically upon the Img by 
 an>- suitable form of conveyer ..r cleaver. The fibre, in the finished clean 
 condition, IS preferably forced by a pump 15. from trough 14, into another 
 rotary screen 16, which removes part of the water from the fibre, which 
 fibre then falls from the screen into a trough 17, part of the water returning 
 to the head of the drum by pifK- 18, or head of standard paper scrc^-n if 
 desired. The hbre ,s now of the right consistency to flow, if desired by 
 gravity to a suitable reservoir 1«J, adjacent to the mill; or. the process'can 
 terminate by letting the fibre, after leaving the standar.l pa,K-r screen 
 instead of being elevated ,,ass over a series of wetbroke machines, when 
 It IS immediately ready for shi[)ment l)y baling or rolling. 
 
 The clean fibre, with whatever water it contain.s,' after leaving the 
 flume 17. passes into a tower 20. an.l thence t.) the reservoir 19, through a 
 tunnel 21. where it is .lewaterc.l. and the water passes then.-e to the outer 
 reservoir 22, through a ri.Kiting outlet 2.\ t<. be passed back through the 
 mam pumps and to the pipe line for supplying the hydraulic giant 
 
 If wetbroke machines are used, the reservoir and flume would not be 
 necessary. 
 
 I- IK- l.i- Conical screen for straining the ix.'at 
 from roots and slicks. 
 
 When the stream from the pump giant is not being used to disinte- 
 grate or rut the peat, sai.l stream may be directed into a return channel 
 leading l)ack to the reservoir. 
 
 When the mill is run.iing the peat in li.,uid f.)rm can be taken from the 
 tower into the mill, the amount of water passing through the flume 17 
 being regulated by a suitable gate at 1 7x. 
 
105 
 
 When it is to be taken from the inner reservoir it is forced hydrauli- 
 cally by connexion with the pipe line, or by a hydraulic giant 23x. the 
 spray from which is directed onto the bed of peat in the reservoir. 
 
 Fig. 16. Vertical section of Bernard C.ranvillc hydraulic process. 
 Where fibre is not rec|uire(l of extreme fineness, and where larger quan- 
 tities are to be produced, it is preferred to use in place of standard flat 
 paper screen 13 a large conical screen 24, (see Fig. 15). covered with a 
 suthctently large mesh to permit the fibres to Ik; washed through the mesh, 
 the sticks being retained on the inside of the screen, and falling into a 
 trough at the end of the screen, with any suitable means for ejecting the 
 sticks onto the bog. The peat fibre, after leaving this screen, being sent 
 through the flume to the reservoir. 
 
 In the Figure 16. will be seen a method and means for separating the 
 fibre from the water, and storing the fibre in a pile. For this purpose a 
 •screen 2^. of conical form is mounted at the upper end of a pipe 26, through 
 wh.ch the mixed water and fibre is conveyed, and discharged at the apex 
 ot the screen against a huod 27, from which the mixture falls onto the conical 
 screen the water passing through the screen and fibre passing off upon all 
 sides of the screen to form a conical pile. The water is caught bv pan 28. 
 which du-ects it to a pipe 29, surrounding the pipe 26, and this water is 
 dehvered into the outer reservoir indicated in this view at 30, for re-use 
 
 Ii 
 
 i 
 
 
107 
 
 AI'I'KNDIX IX. 
 
 (Palrnt Xo. l4>i77S, June 17, I»13.) 
 
 Improvement* Relating to a Peat Conveyer. 
 
 By 
 
 ErnsI Aiijiusl Persson. EmnKiljunna. SuYileti. 
 
 This invention n-litis to a (K-at conxiyfr. very simple in its construc- 
 tion an<i offerinR a safety of woritinK that is far greater th.in hv using peat 
 conveyers of hitherto l<nown ty|K's. 
 
 The t-onveyer may very easily Ir- aclaptcti to clifferentes in topographi- 
 cal comlitions, as it can Ix' movwl from one place to another without any 
 ditticulty. 
 
 Fig. 1". (Jeneral plan of Persson's conveyer. 
 
 The conveyer consists of two endless wire ropes 1 , (see Fig. 1 7) parallel 
 with each other and each carried over pulley i, tastened to the frame work 
 2 of a portable" engine or the like which is transportable on rails along the 
 peat bog. The pulleys 3, are driven by means of a level gear system 4, 
 which is put into rotation by means of an intermediate shaft 5, from the 
 crank shaft 6, of the portable engine. 
 
 i'} 
 
 If 
 
 ;|l 
 
 
ION 
 
 Surh a .limti.,,, „/ rotation i. Kivn to the wlr.- ro,H-. that thi-ir umx-r 
 on the franu. of th. .nKin.. Th.- outk-t 8 of th. ..at mill is ,..r,K nSa 
 II iH parallel Hitli the i»anu' (lirt'ition. 
 
 At this en,! of the outlet a stationary roller ronM.v.r «> of known tviK- 
 
 Nt>tr It) of he same k.n.l ,s arranKe.1 Utween the wire roins. the following 
 
 H a .U^mption of this s.....,,.! eoiu e>er. The wiren-.H-s pa s f .,m thvZ^Z 
 
 ovvr hors... n an.! 12. provi.l.l with rollers or .he' like to s u n ru'k 
 
 . movahle on rails, the .lista.ue of whi.h from the .H.r.al.le en^' I '. Is 
 
 '■"K- !«• Station-trmk, IVr»»on's»y.tfm. 
 14 th?/ ''''''""■»'■."'■'' "•''«• '»). «"nsists of a frame resting upon wheels 
 
 wire n^K-nn-t/"''""r'T"'''; '"r**'''^" '" '^' '""^'^"dinal direction of the 
 Wirt ro,H.s by means of hand wheels 17. provided with screws 18. that are 
 mtatory arrange, m forks 19, embracing the pulley shafts. For this pur! 
 Ti he'Sr"Bv' hi'' ''^ '^"'^'-^V'^^' iongitudinally movablfin 
 
 be held il:i^:r wit "n i^i^rz^" ''' ""^"'" '' ''' ^''' '^'^ -^ 
 
 The horses over which the wire ropes run are of two kinds- nirtlv 
 having variable carrying height for the wire rope 11. an.l pa tlv 12 wi h 
 constant height Th..se latter serve also the pll^.x.; of guiding h^ Tire 
 ropes between the portable engine and the station-truck 13 so that the 
 distance between them, laterally, may be hel.i nearly un io t^ Thet^ 
 ^M.s_are. of course, placed promiscuously accon.ing to the to^raJlS 
 
 and 2m'.nn'-T 7'^?^"^ ^"' ""'"'"'^''^ ^''^^' °f '^^ ^vire rope (Figs. 19 
 and 20) consist of a frame suitably made of two bent channel iTons 20 and 
 
109 
 
 21, the upiKT \MTt* i>f which an- piirallfl with «irh. m» u* to form KtiidfH 
 
 22, iH'twtrn whith a laddiT-shaiK'*! |Kirt 2.? in »li(lal>ly arranK*"*!. On thtM- 
 IKirtH 2?. IttariiiKs 24 art- rotativcly arraiiKwl on ihi- riinK», tht- |)ur|x»f of 
 thi- U-arinKH InMn^ to carry two rolU-rs 25 Hupixtrtinn thr win- ri»iH'!*. Thu 
 
 Kill. m. (luicle* for supportinK the wire ropm, stution-truck. 
 
 ladtler 23 is ht-ld in its place by means of a hix)k 26, that is pivoted to the 
 frame and en^aKed Ix'tween the runRS of the la<ider. The horses are in the 
 same way, at lK)th ends, provide*! with slideable iK-arings fwth fastened 
 to the ladder 23, and thus always able to hold lx)th rollers of one horse at 
 
 l-i 
 
 »*• 
 
 3! 
 
 » i 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 " \ 
 
 
 il 
 
 
 
 '20 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^"==5: 
 
 ^„,,^ 
 
 Fig. 20. Side sit-w nf the guide 
 frame, station-truck. 
 
 ^iK• 21. Channel iron sup|K>rtcd by means 
 of a slanting stay, station-truck. 
 
 the same distance from each other, so that the vertical distance l)etwecn 
 the two parts of a wire rope always will be the same. The horses having 
 a constant height (Figs. 21 and 22), consist of a channel iron 27, built into 
 a frame and supported in vertical position by means of a slanting stay 28, 
 suitably made of L iron, the upper part of the horse being provided with 
 
 II 
 
no 
 
 r. 2'K lor ,1,. .wo w.rc- ropos , F-k. 17,, a.ul lower with a roller 30. in 
 aahk. lK.„h,. ,Iu. purpose of ,he latter LeiuK to support the lower part of 
 tin- w,n. ropes. , ,,, ,,lers 20 ,KiKs. J. au.l 24). consist of two whe " 31 
 
 r 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 -4^ 
 
 27 
 
 -V — 
 
 li«- -'-'. Kiilkr for I he « in- rope. 
 
 lie. >l:ilii>n-iriick. 
 
 placed nearly at risht angles to each other an.l inclining towar.ls the hori- 
 nallui n, pla.es 32, sluleal.le n, relation .0 each o.lur. .he wheels M are 
 
 hi^. .',!. Snlioii of Il„- i.lkrs, stalioii-inuk 
 
 rotatively a.lapte.l on pins 33. wliieh ; 
 
 in such 1 u ,v ilv.f .1 -■^•»"' "H" piates and threaded 
 
 ,,..■'• "'•'' •''^■>' '"'^' ^^■'■^■^"''' "P <iKl-ter whe., the wire ropes put the 
 wheels ,n,o rotafon. Thus, one of the pins n.ust have a right hi.Kl Zfd^ 
 
 l-in- -'4. Plan of iIk' iilkrs. st.il ion-truik. 
 
 and the other a left hand o„e. The pins 33, must also l.e arranged in such 
 a way that they are only to l.e screwed in to a certain length, L that the 
 wheels may not he jammed up tight. 
 
Itl 
 
 Cylindrical rollers ,U, arc arranged on iK.th sides of the wheels 31; 
 these rollers M, i)einK joiiriialicd on i)ins 35. fastened to one of the plates 
 32, and sli(lca!)!c into each other. These rollers haw such a diameter and 
 are so placed that the upper part of their circumference lies a little higher 
 than the bottom of the Rrooves in the idlers 31; and when the wire rojK' 
 passes over the idlers, it will, of course, rest upt>n the rollers 34 and it is 
 guided sidewa\s hy the pullevs 31. The one of the rollers 34 which is 
 located in front of the idlers counted in the direction of movement might 
 be excluded as it is not necess,';* ,iii.I; •• cert.iin conditions. 
 
 The frames of all the i 
 
 e'- ate li.iiM ii, 
 
 ■ ards at their ends, as shown, 
 
 so that the horses may easi , be inoM-.l om . ;he groinid when the conveyer 
 IS to be transported, accon 1114 i-, the puti ng out |)roceeds. 
 
 ^^==^J^^ 
 
 i'ii;. 25. Side view of roller conveyer, I'ersson's system. 
 
 The vertically movable roller conveyer 10 (Figs. 25 and 26), consists 
 of two parallel L irons 36. in which rollers 3« are journalled on axles 37. 
 at suitable distances from each other. These rollers 38. corres[)ond to the 
 rollers 39, in the conveyer 9. The L irons 36, are supported bv the one arm 
 of levers 41 , which are pivoted on an axle 40. The other arms of the levers 
 are counterbalanced by means of weights 42. 
 
 1 
 
 B'-fH-" 
 
 I 37 M 
 
 
 + 
 
 l"ig. 26. Plan of roller conveyer, Persson's system. 
 
 The roller convever is normally held in the ix>sition shown uti the draw- 
 mg and is hereby supported by a bolt 44, pivoted at 43, and provided with a 
 counterweight 45. The hold 44. has an upwardly directed arm, supporting 
 a stopper 47 at the end of the conveyer, which stopper is adjustable by means 
 
112 
 
 of a screw 46. A small wheel 48 (Fi'k. 18) is placed at the end of the con- 
 veyer. The wire ropes 1, are carried over and underneath the conveyer 
 as shown in the drawings (Figs. 25 and 26), and they run over suitably ar- 
 ranged idlers 49 and 50. Circular knives 52. vertically adjustable^ are 
 arranged over the roller conveyer 10, on arms 51 (Fig. 25). 
 
 These cutters 52, are mounted on axles 5.?, and put into rotation by 
 means of a chain gear 54, which is driven by the upper parts of the wire 
 ro[)es. 
 
 .An Midine 55, and a bridge 57, provided with a stopper 56, and suit- 
 ably resting on the ground, are placed between the lower parts of the wire 
 roiKs near the conveyer 9. .A number of loose lK)ards 58 (Fig. 27), belong 
 also to the construction: these boards being provided with a number of 
 half circular grooves 60, in a distance between each other corresponding 
 to the distance between the wire ropes. The corners of the boards are 
 rounded. 
 
 Fig. 27. Hoards for rereiviiig the [x-at. 
 
 \\ hen the construction is to be used for transportation of peat, all the 
 parts are set going by the portable engine. The peat mill is also put into 
 rotation, and it feeds a string of peat through its outlet towards the roller 
 conveyer 9. The above mentioned boards 58, are placed at the outlet 
 according as the peat string is fed out. The boards are placed on top of 
 the rollers of the conveyer 9, and are thrust against a chopper 59 (Fig. 17), 
 at the end of the outlet. The peat string ihen brings the lioards along 
 towards the conveyer 10, and the conveyer 9, is somewhat inclined for the 
 purpose of making the motion easier. The last two groups of rollers nearest 
 the conveyer 10 are also suilaltly driven by means of a wire rope or the 
 like. Thus the boards carrying the lumps of peat arrive to the conveyer 
 10, with asoniewhat increased speed, and slide to the end of the same, where- 
 at the stopper 47 is struck by the edge of the board, so that the bolt 44 
 departs from the arm of the levels 41 that sui)port the roller conveyer. 
 
 On account of the weight of the board and of the peat, the conveyer 
 will be lowered so that the board rests on the upper parts of the wire-ropes 
 and follows these towards the station truck over the horses. The boards 
 are taken off the conveyer on a suitable place and sent back towards the 
 peat mill l)y means of the lower parts of the wire ropes. When the empty 
 boards arrive in the neighbourhood of the roller conveyer 10 they will slide 
 up along the incline 55 and come to a standstill against the stopper 56 
 whereafter they are ready for a new transport. 
 
 The wheel 48 at the end of the conveyer serves the purpose of giving 
 the forward end of the board a push so that it starts in the direction of the 
 
113 
 
 station-truck. This is necessary while this end of the hoard otherwi&e 
 tends to lag so that the hoard will he askew on the wire ropes. 
 
 When the hoards loaded with peat pass the cutters 52 the part of the 
 string resting on the boards is cut otT to a suital)le length. 
 
 .Note. — This inycnti" i is vor>' ingenious, and is suitable in countries where cheap 
 lalxiur can be obtained. The trouble with the apparatus is that the handling of the 
 pallets with the fornieil pi, it takes considerable time, and it is ditlicult to keep the plant 
 clean. In Russia, two i)lants on this system were tried on the Iwgs owned by Mr. 
 Marosoff, and on the Ixig owned by the .Moscow Electrical Company. i.A..\.l 
 
 I 
 
115 
 
 AI'I'KNDIX X. 
 
 (Patent Xo. 14,S,S0(J, June 24, 1013.) 
 
 Improvement Relating to Peat Expresses. 
 By 
 
 Oscar Joseph Siller, Mansfield, Ohio. 
 
 and 
 
 Jerome Jarvis, Toledo, Ohio. 
 
 The aiiparaliis indudi's a fraiiit' formed so as to have l)ase 1 (see Fig. 
 28), and end upright 2, longitudinal I beams ,<, are rigidly connected to 
 the uprights 2, and are located on opposite sides of the frame. A transverse 
 shaft 4, is journailed in hearings that are carried hy the heamr. .?, at the front 
 end of the frame, and a pair of sjiaced tooth wheels .S, are rigidly moi!ntcd 
 on said shaft. 
 
 .\ transverse shaft 6, at the rear end of the frame, is journailed in 
 bearings that are carried by beams 3, and a pair of spaced toothed wheels 
 7, are rigidK- mounted on said shaft 6. Mitre gears 8 (see Fig. 29), are 
 keyed to shaft d, and mesh with similar gears 9, that are rigidly securetl to 
 the lower ends of shafts 10, the latter having sipiared port'^ns 11, which 
 project into sleeves 12, the latter being slideableon the squared portions 11. 
 
 Thi' upper ends of the slee\es 12, are rigidly secured to shafts 1.?, 
 which lia\e the mitre gears 14. rigidly secured thereto, the said gears 14, 
 being in mesh with mitre gears LS, which are carried by a transver.se shaft 
 17. A pair of sprocket wheels 16. are rigitlly affixed to shaft \' , the shaft 
 17 is journailed in bearings that are carried by upper longitudinal beams 
 18; the latter being mounted by means of the bolt and slot connexion 19 
 (see Fig. 28), so that beams 18 have an adjustable pivotal connexion at 
 their front ends. The rear ends of the beams 18 slide in guides provided 
 by the brackets 20. Fach beam 18 has a rigid depending rod 21. affi.xed 
 thereto, which is encircled by coil spring 22, the latter abutting the bracket 
 20 and nut 2.? and rod 21. Due to the presence of the springs the free rear 
 ends of the beams will have a yielding action and will normally be drawn 
 dowiiwartls, the beams haxing the aforementioned pivotted connexion 19, 
 at their front ends. 
 
 .■\ drive shaft 2,?, has a pinion 24, (see Fig. .?0), and a pulley 25, rigid 
 thereon; the pinion meshing with a gear wheel Id. Any suitable belt 
 may connect with pulley 25, to drive the same. 
 
 Toothed wheels 27 (see Fig. 28), are rigidly secured to a shaft 28, that 
 is journailed in bearings carried adjacent to the front end of beams 18. 
 
 ifi I 
 
 M 
 
116 
 
117 
 
 The expressing me(h;,nisr,i pri)|KT ituludes an upper and a lower end- 
 less platform, the upper platform beins <>f liss lenjjth and width than the 
 lower platform. 
 
 Kach platform consists of a series of transxerse strips or Hi^hts 29, 
 made of wcmkI. the flights of the lower platform i)einK perforated as indicated 
 at 30 (see FiR. 31). Rollers 31, revoluhly mounted on I.-shaped brackets 
 32, are rigidly connected to the Hights 29, on the minor faces of the latter 
 
 rq 
 
 ITSl .^^ 
 
 
 ■!i »:'■>!' {^i''} 
 
 Fig. 29 Plan of Siglor a[)|Kiratiis. 
 
 so that the rollers will engage the toothed wheels 5, 7, and 27 and 16. The 
 nights are connecte<l at their ends by means of chains .^3 (sec Fig. 1). 
 A pair of spaced stationary lower beams 34, are pro\ ided, and upper sta- 
 tionary beams 3,S, are likewise provided, these beams 34 and 35 being secured 
 on brackets 35 mounted on the shafts 6 and 17 respectively, and are for 
 engagement with anti-friction rollers 36, that are carried by the inner faces 
 of the two platforms. 
 
IIX 
 
 The lower platform is provided on oppoMte sides with ovcrlappitiR 
 pivotted side |)lates .^7, whirl) an secured to the individual tli^hts thereof, 
 and which receive the uppir plalforni there between, as depicted in Fi^. 
 20, of the (Irawin^s. 
 
 The pairs of beams 34 and .i5 i)n)viclc pressure rails, that is to .sa\ when 
 anti-friction rollers 36, engage said rails, as shown in Fig. 29, they will limit 
 the movement of the confronting portions of the platforms, and will act as 
 abutments which hold the platform to their work, effecting the expressing 
 action on the material, in an obvious manner. 
 
Bciili platlorms have tlu-ir (-on fn tilling portions fovcrt'd with a suitaMe 
 fal)ric, a cloth, and lh<' h(|ui(l is I'orci-d through thi' for.iiiiinniis Iowit pliit- 
 forni l)> thi- iipiR-r platform. The doth desinnati'd .<«, is indites, and p.isses 
 around end rollers M). I(»\ver rollers 40. and intermediate rollers 41. 'I'he 
 endless hands of eloth are drivi'ii l)y friction existing between the same and 
 the ntaterial svhich is luinjj carried along during the expressing thereof by 
 the upper and lowtT platforms. 
 
 From the ahove it will he seen that the li(|ui(l is forced through the 
 cloth of the lower platform hy virtue of the pressure exertwl hy the upper 
 platform, and that the up()er platform is capahle of having a yielding up and 
 down moNement, dui' to the pivotal mounting of the beams IH which su|)- 
 jiort the u|)iHr platform. It will further be seen that the endless bands of 
 cloth by reason of being mounli'd on the rollers shown and described, will 
 not interfere with the free iio\cn5-nt of the platforms. 
 
 The solid matter remaining at the completion of the expressing opera- 
 tion is delivered at the rear end (jf the apparatus, and the li(|uid drops into 
 a pan 42, that is secured on the interior of the lower of the platforms, and is 
 
 37— 
 
 iP 
 
 Ki«. M. IVrforated tlight.s of thu lower platform. 
 
 supported by the frame in any suitable manner. The plates 37 provide 
 side walls which are located on '|)posite sides of the lower platform, prevent- 
 ing the solid matter from escaping in an obvious manner. 
 
 The cloth further serves .he purpose of preventing the solids from 
 adhering to the platforms, and further covers the interstices Ijetween the 
 individual flights. 
 
 In oiH-ration, the material is placed in the front end of the apparatus, 
 between the platforms, and as the confronting faces of the platforms are 
 forced towards one another by reason of the rollers 36, of the platforms 
 travelling on the tracks .U and 35, the material will be subjected to the 
 pressure e.\ertetl by the platforms, and the liquid will be expressed from the 
 solid matter and will drop into the pan. It will be understood that power 
 imparted to the pulley 25 will drive the shaft 23, and therewith gear 24, 
 the latter lotating gear 26, and therewith shaft 6, which will cause rotation 
 of the toothed wheels 7, and thereby effect movement of the lower platform. 
 
 Ill 
 
120 
 
 Thi- rotation of shaft 6 will cause rotation of tht- niitrc Rear H. and the 
 latttT !)>■ virtue of l)cinK in nit-sh with the mitre nears 9, will drive the gears 
 14, .ind therewith the gi-ars 15, on shaft 17. effectinu movement of the upper 
 platform liy reason of the toothed wheels 16 Ihmuk carried by the shaft 17. 
 OwiuK to the sliding connexion iK-tween the yhaft 10, and the sleeve 12 of 
 shaft 1.1, the In-ams 1« are capable of a rising and falling movement 
 without disturbing theo|K-ration of the up|H-r platform in an obviou.s manner. 
 
121 
 
 AI'l'KNUIX XI. 
 
 (Patent Xo. 149531, July 29, 1913.) 
 
 Improvements Relating to Methods and Apparatus for Gathering 
 and Transporting Peat. 
 
 Thomas Rigby, Dumfries, Scotland. 
 
 A method of gathering peat, according to which the peat is excavated 
 from the l>og, and while containing aiK)ut as much water as in its natural 
 state in the liog, is subjected to maceration until reduced to a pulp of 
 watery fluidity, whereupon it is pumped through a pipe line. 
 
 In the accompanying two sheets of drawings are illustrated an arrange- 
 ment of the type indicated ft)r cutting out a channel, say, 500 feet wide, 
 in a peat bog, the peat being removed the full depth of the tiog, which is, 
 say, 20 feet. 
 
 In Fig. 32 is shown, in sectional elevation, a diagram of r'n excavator 
 mounted on a pontoon floating in the water caused by the excavation 
 already eflfected in the bog. 
 
 Figure 32 is a plan of the same showing the excavator combined with 
 a pontoon carrying the disintegrator and pump; the pump in this second 
 pontoon being connected by means of a movable pipe to the fixed pipe line. 
 
 A more detailed description can be obtainetl in the Patent Office, 
 Ottawa, Patent No. 149531. 
 
 ■- »!_' 
 
 If 
 
 I 
 
 
122 
 
1_M 
 AI'I'KNUiX XII. 
 
 (I'litt-nl .\i>. Nu^VT, July JV, IV I J.) 
 
 Improvements Relating to a Method of Desiccating Feat and the 
 
 Mice. 
 
 My 
 
 /•'.mil llirsili, I'.n^inetr, Berlin, iurnitiiiy. 
 
 Till' pri'sint invi'iuion rflan>* to a nu-thcid of (IfsicratiiiK |Kat and the 
 likr. by thi- siimillaniDUs a|>plication of pri-Hsuri- ami a vacuum, or liy the 
 altiTiiatf applirati<»n of pri-ssuri- and a vatuuni, whili- iht- prt>surf and the 
 c'V.icuation or lilhi-r of ihi-f procfSMS ran \rv inti-rnnlti-ntly inltrrupti-cl. 
 
 Ihc infth(.(ls which hitherto, have lut-n employed for the ()ur|¥)!*e, 
 do not Kive >alisfailory risidts. as it was found that the moisture contained 
 in the maurial is not forced out of the material, even if ever so Iiixh a pres- 
 sure is em()loyed, and that it remains |)artly enclosed in the (h.uhkxl ovtc 
 cells of the material. 
 
 This difficulty is obviated accortlinR to the presi-nt invention i>v the 
 simultaneous pressure and the e\acuation of each process liy itself K'o'ng 
 down during the interruption to () or practically to ( ). The result of this is, 
 that any cells containinK moisture which during the first compression may 
 ha\ e been doubled over or not have Inen entirely oiK'ned, w ill on the pressure 
 dropping' to ( ) or practically to O ;.„ain assume their norm.d position, where- 
 U|)on at the following pressure another part of them will be opened and 
 expressetl. 
 
 Obviously, the result of the new methinl will be more jHTfect the ofteiur 
 the pressure is interrupte<l during the same i)erio<l of treatment of the mate- 
 rial. 
 
 \W the action of the vacuum, that of the i)ressure is in so far increased, 
 as the moisture which has hien forced by the pressure out of the cells will 
 be suckinl otf the more <|uickly, and the drojiping off of the vacuum to () 
 or pr.ictiolly to () will f.icilitate the cells returning to their normal |)osition. 
 
 In the accompanyiri); drawin),' an arrangement for carrying out the 
 new method is exem()litied. 
 
 The arninnement consists of two vessels placed the one a inside the 
 other h, (see Fi^'. .U) leaving a hollow s|)ace < , lietween them. The vessel 
 a, is perforated in its bottom and its sides, and is provided with tubes d. 
 which are likewise jx-rforated and extend in the direction in which the pres- 
 sure acts. 
 
 These tula-s d. communicati- with the hollow space r, remaining be- 
 tween the vessels a, and b. No. c shows the perforated piston working in 
 the minor \essels for producing the mechanical pressure. No./, is a con- 
 nectinj; pifx- for producing the vacuum in the vessel b. while a, is a drain 
 piix.' for the water. (See Fig. 34). 
 
 The material to be treated is filled into the vessel u, after the lid It 
 has been unscrewed. 
 
 Ill 
 
124 
 
 :>-r 
 
 Fig. 33. Plan of perforator. 
 
 >>sv^ . .: « . , 
 
 -^^ 
 
 s4 
 
 ~r 
 
 ', 
 
 / 
 
 ^u. 
 
 \}[&. 
 
 yzzzzzzz^Vi 
 
 TX 
 
 D 
 
 
 ^^ZzM-r 
 
 
 Fig. M. Side view of perforator. 
 
125 
 
 APPENDIX XIII. 
 (Patent No. 149532, July 29, 1913.) 
 
 Improvements Relating to the Process for the Utilization of Peat. 
 
 By 
 
 Thomas Righy, Dumfries, Scotland, and Nils Testrup, I^ndon, 
 
 England. 
 
 This invention relates to the utilization of peat by gasification of the 
 same in a gas producer adapted for by-product recovery. 
 
 Before peat can be utilized in such a way, however, it is necessary to 
 remove water from it. and this has usually been attempted by drainage 
 and subsequent air-drying on the bog or in drying sheds. 
 
 This method, however, suffers from serious disadvantages which 
 have prevented its general adoption or its use in other than comparatively 
 small installations. Thus the regularity of supply of fuel is immediately 
 interrupted on change of weather, and consequent decrease in rate of drying, 
 while the fuel under any circumstances is apt to be of widely varying 
 moisture content. 
 
 It has been proposed to effect drying of peat artificially, as by e.xposing 
 the peat after drainage to products cf combustion but such processes have 
 never found practical application owing to the large amount of heat re- 
 quired to effect drying in relation to the calorific value of the dried peat 
 fuel obtained. 
 
 The object of the present invention is, to provide a process and instal- 
 lation capable of application on a large scale for utilizing peat by gasifica- 
 tion in by-product recovery gas producers, and free of the disadvantages 
 referred to. 
 
 The present invention consists in removing such a portion of the water 
 of the peat as renders it suitable for disintegration, then reducing it to a 
 finely divided condition, and exposing it for the desired period in this con- 
 dition in hot products of combustion of gases generated in by-product 
 recovery gas producers to which some or all of the treated material is 
 supplied. 
 
 The drying is preferably carried out by passing the prmlucts of com- 
 bustion through a duct leading to cyclone separators or other like means 
 into which duct the disintegrated peat is introduced, the rate of the flow 
 of the g.ises, the length tif tiie durt and other factors being adjusted so that 
 when the material which is carried by the gases reaches the separating 
 means it has the desired dryness. The treated material is consolidated 
 into cakes or briquets for gasification. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 
 iM 
 
126 
 
 IJy procivdiiiK ammliiiK to tlio present invention, regular working 
 IS readily obtained, as no diHticulty arises in ol,taininn weatlier or other 
 conditions siuh as will enal.le the preliminary dryinjj necessary (sax to 
 70'; water content) to lie uniformly obtained. 
 
 Moreover, the fuel obtained does not require the use in the producer 
 of so hi^h a blast pressure, and produces less dust and consef|uent fouliuR 
 of the tar and loss of by-products, principally ammoni.i, than fuel obtained 
 l)y air-dryinj{. 
 
 In carryiuK the invention into effect in the preferred form, the drying 
 mstallation is adapted to reduce the water content of a p.irl of the materi.il 
 to an intermediate v.ilue only say to water content of 50' ; , and practically 
 to dr\- the remainder completely, the former (|uaiititv being consolidated 
 into cake form and the latter bri<|uette<l in any usual way, the proportions 
 so treated being chosen to gi\e the desired average moisture content in 
 the fuel when they are mixed for charging into the [iroducer. Such a 
 mixed charge gives a mech.micalK- strong fire, and great freedom from dust 
 in the gases. 
 
 "_•■_ 
 
 c 
 
 Wo 
 
 1 
 
 ViK- .'■^- Side vii'w iif I<i)>li\ j;as producer. 
 
 The method may be carried out by dividing the (Irving into two dis- 
 tuict stages, the hottest products of combustion effecting the second stage 
 of drxing, and the waste gases from this stage being utilized to etTect the 
 first stage of the drying. 
 
 Thus in the arrangement illustrated in the accompanving drawings, 
 the gases, wliieh may be wholly or in part exhaust gases' from internal 
 combustion engines consuming producer gas and genen.ting power, or may 
 be obtained by eombustion of the producer gas imder anv other suitable 
 OHid.tu.n, are caused to pa<s by a fan a (see Fig. .?5) through a duct /) into 
 which the finely divided peat already dried to some extent in the first 
 stage IS introduced through a rotar\- pocket xalve from a hopper r. The 
 material is coiueyi.l b>- the gases through the dust h to a series of cyclone 
 separators r. by which it is deposited in a hopper,/', supplying the bri(|uetting 
 press s. .As the waste gases from th<- separators e still contain a certain 
 amount of their heat they are conducted through a duct /; into which the 
 raw material, which by pressing, draining, or air-drving, has had its water 
 content slightly reduced, is introriuced from hopper k bv the rotarv \alxe m 
 
't 
 
 12/ 
 
 This material is now carried forward by the gases throiiRh the duct h, 
 to a further series of separators p by which it is deposited in the hopper c, 
 already mentioned, and is supplied from the latter by the valve ti, into the 
 duct b, or if desired partly withdrawn through the opening z. while the gases 
 pass through a duct r, to washing towers or other devices by which the 
 remaining duct in the gear is recovered. 
 
 Either in consolidating the partly dried material, or in bricpietting the 
 more completely dried peat, any suitable binder such as tar or pitch (cj;., 
 from the by-prcxiuct plant) may be used. 
 
 '■k 
 
 iV-l 
 
m 
 

 129 
 
 APPENDIX XIV. 
 {Patent No. 149668, July 29, 1913.) 
 
 Improvements Relating to Drying or Carbonizing Peat. 
 
 By 
 
 Edward Fox Strangways Zohrale, C.E., Baronet, Scolscalder, Thurso, 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 A detailed description of this patent can be obtained in the Canadian 
 Patent Office, Ottawa. 
 
 APPENDIX XV. 
 (Patent No. 149571, July 29, 1913.) 
 
 Improvements Relating to Process and Apparatus for Treating Peat. 
 
 By 
 
 Josef Berglund, Es, -a, Sweden. 
 
 The object of this invention is, to co .t in an inexpensive manner, 
 the jjeat as c.\cavated from the bog into a strong and rather inhygroscopic 
 product, having a high value as fuel. 
 
 The new process consists, briefly, in treating the raw peat mixed with 
 large quantities of water by means of cutter rollers at any similar disin- 
 tegrating device in such a manner that the small peat particles become 
 suspended in the water, while branches, roots, and other coarse pieces, 
 which can not be disintegrated, are sepiarated by means of a continuously 
 moving strainer, cleansed by means of water which is supplied to the said 
 device, the water containing the suspended peat particles being drawn off 
 into basins provided on the ground, in which the peat mass is left to dry. 
 
 The layer of peat remaining on the bottom ofsaid basins, forms, after dry- 
 ing, a compact mass, which, on account of contraction during the dr>'ing pro- 
 cess cracks into pieces of a size convenient to handle, and which after the 
 drying process has been ended, has a great mechanical strength, a high 
 fuel value, and a very low percentage of ashes, thus possessing all properties 
 required in a goofl fuel. 
 
 The apparatus embodying the present invention comprises a raw 
 peat disintegratory device provided in a water receptacle; a continuously 
 moving strainer through which the small peat particles suspended in the 
 water can pass, but which removes coarser particles; a sprinkling device for 
 
 'ill 
 
 Mi 
 
1.^0 
 
 ck-anins- iho sai.l Mr.tiiuT l.y nu-ans „f watrr; an.l means f,.r k-a,linK sii.l 
 water ,nt<, tl„. sai.l water re.eptade. all as u ill l.e ,„„re particularlv .lescrihed 
 riere helnw. 
 
 The main parts <.f the apparatus .-..nsist of a (lisintejjratinK an.l macer- 
 ating apparatus .Iriven l.y any suitable m..t.,r; a strainer f.,r removing 
 from th.. tlm.l p,,u mass s.,li,l n.ineral .,r ..r^a-tie pie.-..s whieh are n„t 
 |l.smteKrate.l .lurmu the n.a.eratinK pr.Hess. sueh as st.nies. san.l, r...,ts 
 l.ranehes. an.l s.. .,n; an.l .lexi.es f.,r supplying the water re.,uire.l for the 
 nuuerain,« pn..ess. an.l lor lea-lin^ the ma.-.Tat...! mass „ui t„ the l.asin. 
 (riee r ij{. Mt). 
 
 I-IK. Ml. I'lan of IKthIihkI macer.ilor. 
 
 ..r c^ut '''"''" n ' ■• '"''!■"" ' '■""""^ •■""^■'' ''^'^ '"« 'li^^inteKrating knives 
 ul ,. pnn„l... wuh a lu.pp.r 4. thr.,u«h whieh th.. raw peat, excavated 
 n any su.tal,!.. n.eans lr.,m the 1...,. i, i„,n,.|u.e.I int.. the appara 
 
 o'h nTi; .; ■ """""■■ 'f "'"^^ "■"•"■■^■" f'"- "- --rating proces! 
 
 .,.,;'■""' """" t^J'^ "^-^ "• ^^'"^■'•- '-t-l.'f-i<l n.ller 1 
 ." i 1. I •"."' "'"•■ "."'" '" "•'"'"^' ""''-^'"<"'. "- "ther well known 
 ..ru table ,hsnu..Kratm,u .levues. In ..r.ler t.. reach a .-ontinuous operation, 
 the St anter c.,ns,sts ..f an en.lless. c..n,inu.,usly m-.vin^. filterinK < r strain 
 ■HK belt ... ,hr.,u.h which ,h.. tlui.l p..., ntass .an pass while ...ar. Vpk" 
 such as r....ts an.l the like, are retainc.l by the strainer 
 
 bv the'nnr; '""p'" f ''. '"'^ '' '""^"^ '" ''^'' '"'■-^'- '"^'-^ted 
 
 LntuU. u '" ^'^'••!'-"»^-— "H- -i,l .-oarser pieces from the 
 
 rcccptacU .?. whereup,.n the greater part ,.f these pieces .Irops down from 
 
thf belt accoRlinn as ihf l.ittir passes thi' iippir rollir 7. In order to pre- 
 vent the strainer from Wma elo^'iied up l)y straws, hmUs and the like, whirh 
 easily stick in the same, the straining helt 5, is rimninn; in an inclined posi- 
 tion around two rollers 8, and <;. and between these rollers is provided a 
 sprinkling' device which may consist of [x-rforated pipes 10, and 11, (see 
 Fig. .?7) extending across the helt on each side thereof. For cleansing the 
 belt the sami- water is used as ser\es for macerating; the peat, the pump 
 12. used for supplying water to the apparatus delivering the water throURh 
 a pipe 1.?, to the sprinkling piiK-s 10 and 11, whereupon the water through 
 a RUtter 15, is led to the ho|)per 4, and the receptacle ,V The tluid peat 
 mass passing through the strainer is by means of a suitable pump l.S, for 
 mstance, a centrifugal pump, and a pipe or conduit 10, transported to the 
 drying basins. The said pimip l.S may be dis|K)sed with if it is possible 
 to mount the apparatus at such a level that the macerated peat mass can 
 
 FiR. ,?7. Side viuw of HerKliind (lisinteKrati>r. 
 
 flow- automatically through the pipe 16. Through a branch pipe 17, 
 (see Fig. .58) a part of the peat mass may be -eturnjtl into the receptacle 
 if required for maintaining an approximately .onstant level of water in 
 the receptacle ,S, and for reaching the most constant proportion possible 
 between the peat mass and the water. 
 
 The drying basins may suitably be made by surrounding horizontal 
 fields of the bog in proximity to the place where the peat is excavated, with 
 small banks of earth. If necessary or desired, the said basins may, however, 
 be arranged at a distance from the bug, it being not difficult to lead the fluid 
 peat mass hundreds of metres through pipes or conduits. 
 
 If shallow basins be used, the (|uantity of macerated peat mass in each 
 basin may, for instance, be such that the dried peat layer obtains a thick- 
 ness of about 10 cm. With said thickness, it is generally possible to pro- 
 
 1: 
 
 u 
 
132 
 
 Kig. iK. Rear clevution of Uerglund apparatus for treating peat. 
 
 duce three peat layers in the basins during each summer, so that the pro- 
 duction will amount to about 30 tons air-dried peat per acre of the surface 
 of the basins. 
 
 Of course there will be no hindrance to produce peat layers that are 
 thicker or thinner than 10 cm. In certain cases it may be suitable to arrange 
 very deep basins which may be built of wood and banks of earth, so that 
 very thick peat layers are obtained. In order, in such cases, to accelerate 
 the drying process, the basins may be provided with draining devices and 
 with air pipes through which the air can circulate without the use of any 
 air-propelling or heating devices for accelerating the drying process. 
 
 It may also be suitable to provide such basins with roofs in order to 
 protect the peat mass against rain. 
 
133 
 
 APPENDIX XVI. 
 {Patent No. 151670, December 11, 1913.) 
 
 Improvements Relating to "Improved Treatment of Peat for Man- 
 urial and other Purposes". 
 
 By 
 
 William Beecroft Bottomley, Kind's College, County of London, England. 
 
 According to this invention peat can Ix- converted into an excellent 
 manure by treating it with micro-organisms capable of producing ammonia. 
 Such micro-organisms are obtainable by known methods from ordinary 
 soil or from other sources such as putrefying lx>uillon. There are several 
 species of them, such as Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus subtilis, Bacterium 
 aerogcns and Bacterium fluorescens liquefacicns. It is not essential to 
 use a pure culture of any particular species or of the mixed species, since 
 other micro-organisms may l)e present. 
 
 The effect of these micro-organisms on the peat is to convert the humic 
 acid and humus bodies contained in it into compounds soluble in water 
 and at the same time to disintegrate the peat so that it is readily 
 distributed. 
 
 A product richer in nitrogen is obtained if nitrogen fixing organisms such 
 as Azotobacter and Bacillus radicicola are present in the mass. 
 
 In addition to its usefulness as a manure the product forms a ready 
 source of the substances commonly classed as humic acid or humus Ixxlies, 
 which have lately found application in industry. 
 
 There is no difficulty in obtaining a culture of micro-organisms, con- 
 taining no doubt very many species, suitable for my invention. For this 
 purpose 10-20 grams of fertile soil may be added to a culture medium com- 
 prising 1 litre of water, 20 grams of dextrin, 1 gramof dipotassium phosphate, 
 i gram of magnesium sulphate, 2 grams of calcium carlionate and 10 cc. 
 of bouillon. The scum which forms on the surface of the liquid in the course 
 of a few days is suitable for my invention. Pure culture consisting of any 
 of the individual species that are active for the purpose or mixed cultures 
 may, of course, be prepared, but this is not necessary so far as is at present 
 known to me. 
 
 To the peat or peat material is added water containing the organisms 
 and the mass is allowed to undergo the change involved, for some days. 
 When the peat has been dried, as is the case with certain prepared peat, the 
 amount of water added should suffice to moisten the mass thoroughly. It 
 is not, however, necessary to dry the peat, for if this is in its natural wet 
 condition it may be merely sprinkled with the water containing the micro- 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i1 
 
 I 
 
 It: 
 
1.^4 
 
 ornanisms. The |)r«KV>s \s prifiralily hasti-nitl oy addiiiK t*» the mass a 
 nilroncnoiis nrnanic m.iltrial, particul-.Iy a wrak snhitinn of a sohihle nitn>- 
 KfiKiuv organic mali-rial such .is all)tnnin, nilatiru- or mi-at fxtrart; a solu- 
 tion tontaitiinn say ()i5-tlS jht ci-nt of any sland.inl nu-at i-xtratt, for 
 I'xampli- will s»rvi-. Snrh a solution may consiiiutf ihi- li(|ui(l in which 
 till- micro-organisms may Ik- (((ntainrd as aforiviid. I havi- found that a 
 vi-ry suitalili- nilro^;inous ixtrart consists of the waste li<|uor o!)taincd from 
 the l)oiliMK of Ihmu's. 
 
 It is also dfsirahlf to add a small |)ro|Mirtion of a carbohydrate suth as 
 suK'ar or starch: say about ()• t |Mr cent of tht' dry weinht of the original 
 |H'at dissoKcd or suspended in a little water. 
 
 The saturated ()eat may he left at a teminrature of 24-M)° ('. for 
 three weeks or thereabouts and may then be dried. In this condition it 
 may Ik- a()plie<l directly as a manure. Or la-fore it is drieil it may Ih' sterilized, 
 such as by live steam, and then further treated with nitronen-tixinj{ 
 ornanisms for increasing the i.mount of nitronen in the mas , these orKanisms 
 W-'mn capable of urowin^j in the altered jx-at. 
 
 If soluble humus substances be requiri-d, the treated mass may Iw 
 leached with water, and the solution u,.i>(l directb- for any of the purposes 
 to which humus is applie<l: or an acid may be added to precipitate the 
 humic acid from the a(|ueous solution. The a(|ueous extract of the treated 
 peat is also useful as a li(|ui(l manure. 
 
135 
 
 AI'l'KNDIX XVII. 
 (PitlenI Xo. 155425, May IQI4.) 
 
 Invention of Machinery for tlie Treatment of Peat, and the Like. 
 
 By 
 
 E. Arthur Hiukli; Preslwich, Manchcslcr, F.ng. 
 
 This invention ri'lates to thi- tn-atnu-nt of |X'at and tin- liki-, whcrt-liy 
 it is fri'fci from its natural watt-r. 
 
 It is known that whi-n jxat in an admixturt' with water is heatwi to a 
 ti-nirRTature of 180°(' to 2()()°(', under a pres.-iure of 20 to 25 atmospheres, 
 the natural water of the |H'at is rendered expri-ssible without any suhstantial 
 (leronnK)sition of the fxal taking; plaee. It has aJM) In-en pro|)osed, with u 
 like objeet, to subject |K-at to electro-osmosis in one instance under slinht 
 pressure, and in another case at a tem|H-rature abo\e the normal. 
 
 The present invention is based u\n\n in\'i'»liKations carried mil with a 
 view to ascertainiuK the most favourable conditions for the treatment of 
 peat with a view to rendering its natural water expres>ible without any 
 material decom[K)sition of the piat. Such investigations have demonstratiti 
 that at tenifK-ratures below S-S^C jH-at is so bad a conductor that no electro- 
 osmotic process can be advantageously applied. .\t 8.^''C, however, the 
 |K'at is conductive; and if a current is passed for a sufficiently [jrolon^ji-d 
 IH'ri(Kl, the desired change in the jn-at ensues with more or k>s complete- 
 ness. 
 
 According to the present invention an i-lectric current is pasM'd through 
 peat heatetl to a temiK-rature of at least 1(K)°(", under a pressure sutilicient 
 to prevent the formati>)n of steam. The electric current may lie continuous 
 or alternating but a continuous current is preferred as with it in general, 
 a lower temjx'rature sulfices than is recpiired with an alternating current to 
 repnKluce as goinl results. The voltaire may vary within wide limits but a 
 voltage of about 2(H) has been found to be on the whole the most economical. 
 As stated above the temperature use<l is at lea>t 1(M)°(" and the range 
 of 100^ to 12()°(", with a pressure of about 10 atmospheri's is preferred, but 
 much higher temiK'ratures with correspondingly increased pressure may be 
 Used. 
 
 If the temperature exceeds l.SO'C, which is the lowest at which it is 
 believed the hytlrocellulose of peat is tlecom|>ose<l by heating jx-at with 
 water under pressure without the passage of electric current, the electric 
 current so accelerates the decomposition as to make the process economically 
 advantageous as compared with tiie case where other contlitions being the 
 siime, no current is employed. 
 
 This invention may tx- cirrietl out in the following -nanner in apparatus 
 shown diagrammatically in Fig. 39, and in detail in I ig. 40. 
 
 21 
 
 it 
 
I.M> 
 
 I't.!! |>iil|i Iriiin ,1 (li>iMit(;r ii< • ,., i> furnil \>\ a |)iiin|i />,iii i )m>?.urt' 
 i(f iiii .iimo-plitn's into a It<-«1 taiil^ n wliii li arr paiMli* (/, niipi.nlt ■! on a 
 -hall (, lia\iiiv; at il> ciiil a -< riw Iiumi tin- tank /, tlu' |Hal pulp i- 
 
 forciil lliroiiuli liiU- ;;, ;.riliniM\ .t .-lliplital (To-- -.rction wliiili tuU* 
 pa— llirniii;!) a rliiniM«\ /;. ami ihfii " ■. ;li a lii|ni(l luat i nnilm thin nu'tlitiin 
 
 Kin. ,<'). I'Kii 
 
 "■•Akll: 
 
 containid in a l>oiUr /, and lifato o a !' i . < ..> .i of pnlrraliU alMiut 
 12I)°C'. Tlu' |H'at pulp i> (orcid iir iti |)ri->iirc ol tin atinospluri- iIitoukIi 
 llif tulws •;, at >uili .1 laif that lit li iiipir.iiiin ( 1 tlir prat pulp at the 
 
 r" 
 
 l®Ml-#+c-^ 
 
 lii;. H). Dol.iils of Ihr Hiidili .ii)n.ir.Hiis 
 
 outlet of thr hfatiuK chamhiT i> .it lta>t n)()°C.Jf the tul)i> are rircular 
 their diameters would usually he from one to three inches and tlu' boilers 
 /'. may \>v 20 feet loii^. 
 
 The peat pulj) then ])asses to one or the other of the elertrolysin^c 
 I'hamhers /', one of which ir. shown in detail in l-"igure M). 
 
 The chanilier illuslralid in this finure is designed to l)e part of an 
 ajjparatu- in whii li the hoiler /. is turned at a ri^ht angle to the tank i. 
 The end ii communicates with the boiler, and the end o with the tank. 
 In the chaml)er./, is an electHxle </. consisting of a met.illic rod insulated 
 electricalh from the rest of the apparatus and provided with baffle plates 
 
• ■n 
 
 r. w) arr.i'mt-*! thai ilu' |M.it |iui|> is foniil iiiio jIom- (niit.Kt with the 
 fKi trocli'. 
 
 Ar. tlif hialid |H.il |>iil|) tra\«r»i» thr < hamlHr /, a coiitiiuiuii-. clti trie 
 turn 111 (if twii liuiulnd M>lt> i^ |>a>M(i llirmiuli it. llic |Mal pulp luiiin llin.un 
 into a xlati' hI oMiKitic attioii, prfxliicinn a rapid ami idinpltti' ili>intinr.ili(iii 
 of tin- cflliilar -umtun- of thf inat ami lhii> allow iii^; tin- (lir<.in(M.>iti<(n 
 of the luilroitlhioM' lo laki' placf. If tin- pa>-,i.;i- of ilir ptat pulp hi- 
 twi'tn ilu' ilt( tro<K> Ih' .irn-^iiil, tlu' rli« triial ( urrciil auiomaiically < ciMd 
 to (low ,1^ till |Hal (taM> to crduiiK I tUriricily iiiimcdiati-U tin- liyilro- 
 crlltioM ill it is (l('('oni|M)s('(|. 
 
 From llic ihamUr /, the p»at pulp iiittrs lulus k. i-xtitnlinK llirounh 
 llic ft((| lank ( , K'vinv; up its luat lo tlu' pulp in it. Tlu' i«mi! |H;it from the 
 iiiUs k, tluii (lilt Ts into a in.iiii «. kadiiin to liltcr prissi-s p, in which the 
 water is rinio\i<i l.y ihi' attion of vtry slight prt-ssuri-. (St-t- V\^. 40.) 
 
 Miaiis should l)f jirox id(<| to channf thi- diriclion of flow of the ilt< trie 
 lurn lit, i.< to ( haiitir tlu- |)olarity of thi- i-ltrtnKlf and so prt-vint any 
 arcuniiilation of pial nialirial on thi- (Kisitivi- t'lectnxk'. 
 
 I'hi- [K-at iii.iv 111- usi'd in the inaniifartiire of prcKlurt-r or olhtr j-as, 
 sulphate or ammonia Uinn olitained as a iiy-pHKluct 
 
 A profHTtion of linu- (either as earlM>nate or hy<lrate) may Ik- added to 
 the |)eat pii j) liefore it is treated hy this prtKi-ss, lo assist in the deroni|)osi- 
 tion of the hydnxellulose. and to prevent any corrosion of the apiwratus 
 by eomliininn with any arid pnKlureil hy the reaelinit. If it In- desired to 
 retain the nitrogen (oiitained in the |Kat, in the l«>rni of ammonia, it is 
 advisaliK not to make the fK-at mixture alkaline. 
 
 It may he pointed out th.it the passage of the electric current tliKs not 
 heat the [Hat to any ipprec iahle extent, and that the disintenration of the 
 cellular structure of the inat .dlowinn the decomiKisiticm of the hydrocellu- 
 lose in th«' process, the sulijin-t of the present invention, is not due to heat 
 gencratwl hy the electric current acting as an electrical healer. 
 
 if 
 
 :i| 
 
 
 ikl 
 
 Jib 
 
139 
 
 Mt 
 
 ISfi 
 
 API'KNDIX XVIII. 
 
 {Patent No. 155554, May 1914). 
 
 Apparatus for Removing Roots and the Like from Peat. 
 
 By 
 
 James Sidney Whitaker, Dumfries, Scotland. 
 
 Thi- <)l)jert of this invention is to provide an apparatus by which nwits 
 and otlur larjje objects are automatically removed from peat, without being 
 accompanied i)y an unduly large (juantity of the latter. 
 
 The apparatus into which the excavated peat is fed is. according to this 
 invention, provided with an element which feeds the (K-at through the 
 apparatus, and with another element ajjainst which the roots or other larjie 
 objects come into contact in passing through the apparatus. When this 
 occurs, one of the elements, by continuing its moxement, pushes the object 
 until separated from the peat mass and ejected from the apparatus. 
 
 The accompanying drawings show two forms of apparatus according 
 to this invention. 
 
 The root or like separiting apparatus, illustrated in (Figs. 41, 42, and 
 4,?), comprises a hopper a, beneath which are arranged a scries of rotatable 
 bladed elements, which are secured upon irallel shafts />. and c, su|)ported 
 on a suitable framework d, l)elow the hopiR-r outlet. Kach bladed element 
 on the shaft /), comprises a boss e, of fairly large diameter, and four outw rdly 
 extending blades/, of T section ; while interpo.sed between each of the bladed 
 elements on the shaft h, are guides c;, attached to the hopper a. On the 
 other shaft c the bladed elements comprise a serrated boss h, having pro- 
 jections /, and four outwardly extending blades k, which are narrower than 
 the blades/, and can pass between the latter. 
 
 The shafts /;, and c, are rotated in a counter clockwise direction, as 
 indicated by the arrows, the power for this purpose being transmitted to the 
 shaft c, and from the latter to the shaft /), by means of a toothed wheel /, 
 rigidly connected to the shaft c, and engaging with an intermediate pinion 
 m, which gears with a toothed wheel n, connected to the shaft b by a friction 
 clutch/, the slipping pressure of which can be varied by adjusting the ten- 
 sion of a spring o. On the side of the shaft c, remote from the ft>eding blades 
 /, guide bars p, aie arrange*! between the bladed elements, while separate 
 doors q, for each of said elements are pivottetl at r, to the hopper a, and 
 maintained in contact with the guide bars p by weighted levers s. Situated 
 between the guide bars p, on the outside of the doors q, are star wheels 
 t, mounted upon a shaft //, which is driven by a chain t', from the shaft 
 c, for the purpose of carrying separated roots or the like from the neigh- 
 bourhood of the d«x)rs q. Suitable scraping devices, such as a rod w, 
 
 H 
 
1J() 
 
Ill 
 
 
 (>1 
 
 *- 'L 
 
142 
 
 I ii:. ♦.<. NcvlicMl >niii>n of \Vliii,ik.-r nKii-ivinovin:,' .i|)n;iriil 
 
 maintaincl in coiuari willi the l.as.^ r. and tin- hiadcs f. l,v nn-ans „f a 
 wcikI.U.I Itv.r .V, ni.)val)li' ah.mt a shaft v. an- also |)r.'.vi(k-<l to prevent 
 inaltrial adlnTinsi to tlu- l)lados/. Sir Kij;. 44. 
 
 Wli.n the <lovi(v is in o|HTation, the peal is fed into the liot.per a 
 fn.tn whKJ, it passes hetwei-n the feeling l.lades /', and the blades k, tlu- 
 latter nl which, in rotating in a coiniter clorkwisf direction, pass through 
 and shear the peat. On an obstnirlion such as a root being encountered, 
 the latter becomes janimwl between the feeding and the shearing blades 
 /. and k. rtspetiiveK, whereupon, on the pressure at which the friction 
 (hitch J. has been adjusted to slip being exceedeti. the fewiing blades f. 
 cease to rotate, and thereby permit the shearing blades k. in their continued 
 movi'ment to push the obstruction along the surface of the feeding blades 
 
14.< 
 
 Imk'. 44. Sicliiin of Wliitaliur rooi-ri'iiiox iiii; ,i,i|)ar.ilus. 
 
 /, thi- ohstruction Ikmiij; thus aiitoiiKitirally carrird ui)\vards. and thrown 
 against tin- doors </, whii-h open and allo.v tlu- ol)striuti()n to pass down the 
 bars />, and lu" carried away from liie lui.niilwuirliood of tile doors </, l)y tile 
 sta- uiv ! /, after whicii tiie norniai operation of tlie ajiparatus is resumed. 
 
 AcrordinK to tlie modified form of tiie de\ ice illiistratetl in Figure 44, 
 a j)luralit\- of elements having blades ,/. are momited upon the shaft h, 
 below the outlet of the hopper a. (luide bars h attached to the latter 
 extend between the l)lade<l elements, and are continued beyond the weighted 
 doors (/, as guide bars p. having the same function as those in the previously 
 described form. The guide bars j). however, are connected by an inter- 
 mediate part z, which is inclined at such an angle to the co-operating blades 
 /, that the shearing strength of the root or other object is always greater 
 than the normal pressure exerted on the bars :, mu liplied by the co-etifi- 
 cient of friction l)etween the object and the material of the bars. 
 
 When this form of the apparatus is in operation, the peat discharged 
 from the hopper a, is fed downwards by the blades/, of the rotating ele- 
 me.its, but on a root, for example, being encountered, the root is caught 
 between the blades/, and the bars s, and instead of being sheared, is caused 
 to slide along the bars s, until it contacts w ith the doors q, whereupon it is 
 automatically ejectejl from the apparatus, and falls down the bars p, into 
 a receptacle for separated roots. In this form of the device, the use of a 
 friction clutch for driving the shaft h, which carries the feeding elements, 
 is rendered unnecessary, although in some cases it may l)e found to be 
 desirable. 
 
 ! 
 
 11 
 
 i| 
 I 
 
144 
 
 In iithi-r form of tin- apparatus (IfscrilH-d al.ovt- it will he unck-rstootl 
 that instead of providing a nunihtr of d,K)rs thnuiKh which the r.K.ts are 
 ejected, a single door ha\ inR suitable slots to iK-rmit rotation of the ad- 
 jacent l)lade.l elements may l)e emploNed. such door or d<K)rs in all cases 
 heinu arrange.! to open just sufhciently to jHrmit ejection of the r(K)t or 
 the like, hut at the same tinte prevents escape of an\ of the |)eat. 
 
145 
 
 APF'ENDIX XIX. 
 
 (Patent Xo. 15565fi, May, 1914.) 
 
 Peat Working Machine. 
 By 
 
 Conslantin Zelenay, Twer, Russia. 
 
 This iiniMuion has for its oljject to provide an improved i()ml)ination 
 machine for luttinK |xat from a drained [x-at \w^, and treating the cut 
 peat. 
 
 With this ol)ject the machine is mounted on a carriage adapted to 
 travel on a railway along the |x;at trench, whilst the cutting devices can l)e 
 moved sidewa\s to a certain extent. 
 
 The improved machine consists substantially of a tubular cutting 
 ai)paratus pro\ided at its lower end with an apparatus for Iwsening and 
 cutting up the jK-at, which is lifted by a worm conveyor to a mixing ap- 
 paratus. 
 
 The entire machine is mounted on a carriage 1, which is moved on 
 rails 2, along tlie pi-at trench by means of a windlass i, and two chain 
 drives 4 and 5. This ciirriage carries a railway compo.sed of two cross 
 beams 6, along which the movable framing 7, moves which carries the actual 
 peat cutting apparatus and is moved by hand by means of the o|X"rating 
 mechanism 8. (See Fig. 45). For the purpose of maintaining the e(|uili- 
 brium of the machine during the travel of the frame 7, the latter carried a 
 travelling counterweight 50. which is shifted by means of ropes 51, (sec 
 Fig. 46) passing the guide pulleys 52 and 53 (see Fig. ■*!) and att.iched to 
 the framing and counterweight in such a manner that the said framing 
 and counterweight are simultaneously caused to move nearer to or away 
 from the carriage 1. 
 
 The [K-at-cutting apparatus consists of the loosening device 9, and the 
 screw con\eyer 11, arranged inside the tul)c 10. The tube 10 is fixed to 
 the plate 12, which also serves to carry the electric motor 1,?, the foot- 
 steps bearing 14 and 15, of the loosening device and screw, the gear etc. 
 (See Fig. 48).^ The plate 12, is suspendeil by means of a rope 19, and pul- 
 leys 16, and 17, anti is adapted to be drawn up and down together with the 
 tiibe 10, and the devices mounted on it by means of the windlass 18. (See 
 Fig. 47.) The peat is cut from the peat bog in rows in the longitudinal 
 and transverse directions. When a transverse row has li«>n <-tit, the ma- 
 chine is shifted by means of the windlass 3, through a distance equal to 
 the diameter of the tube. 
 
 The length of the tube 10, depends on the depth of the bed of peat 
 being cut. 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 
 i i 
 
146 
 
 4.V ViTtical .(rli.m of Whit.ikiT |)caI-iutlinK ■> 
 
 PIKiratiis. 
 
 fixed'" xt "h !"'" '"• " ",^!' '"• "" "'^'^■'^ *'^^- '^'^'^-■■"« '■-'- 9. - 
 hxed The .haf, ,s sum.un.le,! l.y a st-.„„,| hollow shaft 21 which is pro- 
 
 vuicl w.th a ronveyc-r screw 11. To the lower en.l of the tube 10. is fixed 
 
 a cr..ss piece 22, , which are provided three i)all bearinRs 2.?. 24 and 25 
 
 ^^ ^r:^:: " ""' ']■ "r '''■ ''■' '^'^^ '™-ni"«''-i- •>: -'iS 
 
 ot a truiKaied conical me.nl.er containing two diametrically staKRered 
 P.r , ions 26, with screw or helical si.faces. or their ec.uivalent: two helical 
 apertures or passages 27. (See FIk. .SO.) The lower edges of the apertures 
 27 are proyuled w.th broad flat cutters 28. which cut the peat or cutTpira Iv 
 into hard l.odie. su< h as old tree stump. ^ ^ 
 
I»7 
 
 f 
 
 g 
 
 z 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 -r 
 
 it 
 
 ' 1 
 
 !i 
 
US 
 
I4<> 
 
 TUv ^ll.lfl i(». wilh till- I.M,M..,iny .l.xi,,. i> rut., I., I ..I ,, Inj-h -.p,...,!, „, 
 ihal tin- (III |Kat ix.iiiM-.l l.y ii« iiiMninimin t.. ,ni,r the lonMiiiiiK 'l.vic.- 
 •', .111(1 |).i>> lipu.mU ,ll(.^^ ihr |>.i>-.ik<' 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 I i«. -is. I'.irl^ ..I |HMl uilliiin .i|.|i,,r,i|iis: Iimw iiinn ■i'vicc, m tun .ciurv.r. .mil ni.,.,,r. 
 
 [ii orilcr thai tla- cut inat shall Ih- tlTcciivtly caught, the iiiKUrsi.lc 
 of llu- Iniocniii!^ (Iivici- is made conical, -n ihal any pieces of [xat iU'wn 
 off uiKJiT centrifugal acti.m will lie yet caiinin l.y die passages 27. For 
 
 I' IK- -♦''. Virlii'.il Mitii)ii 1)1 screw coiivivt'r. 
 
 this purpose also the cutting i-djre of the cutter 28, is set at an angle to the 
 radius. In order to prevent wear of the upper edges of the cross partitions 
 26, the upiK-r surfaces of the loosening device 9 are covered with correspond- 
 
 
I Ml 
 
 muly n<.^s.il ,,|.,ii. i<», „i |,.,nUn..| >i,rl .-.i- I in M) «. t(,..r i|,i, ,,latf 
 form. t..>;.th.T with Iho ariiH .,( ilu- ,r..>. pir.v ij. ,, „-,.,n.| , ,mmn .1, vi.c 
 lluuiit,, r.lu,., nl tin .uii.r- >S,,A„n.l Imsum.I the ln«,r di.un. i.r ..I the 
 
 I iy. ^11 \lllFl.ll M-. lillll of l(H)S<|lillK 'ilVid'. 
 
 Ic-sniiiiK 'I'Niiv lui- the piirp-.M. ol pnAvminy ilu- l....,i.|,i„n ,U.vi,v from 
 Ik-iiik l,rakr,l l.y ihr |Hat .iixl ..I I... iliiali.iK llu' HfliiiK int of tlu- .uttiiiK 
 
 apparatus. 
 
 I li;. .■'I. \<ili..il Mdiiiii i.f iipiNT |>,irl of l(Mi-tiiini! itiAiir, 
 
 In ordtr to farilitatf ciiitiiii; iiiio the pt-.it lu'd. the I.K)si-ninK' (k.vico «^ 
 IS im.vidiMl at its l.wir lurl with a Kradii.dly diminishing drill 47. tho 
 KriMti'st diameter (if which i, eiiuai to the <iiameter nl the hiil. 4X. of the 
 
 B 
 
 I- in. 5.'. I'l.in (il llic (iitiir> in lixwiiinn 'Icvid'. 
 
 loosening device, l-urliier trianKular cutters 49, are fixed to the lower 
 edtje of the same in front of the cutters 2S. for the purjiose of preventing 
 the accumulation of peat, stones or splinters at this part. (See Via- 52.) 
 
III tlu' .IrauMius. .. l,M,MniiiK .l.vir.. i. ,|,nwn l.v ilu- wav .» ,v.miilc 
 w.tl. tw., ,...«,.,«.>: I,ut ihr .uiniUr „| muI. ,M....Kf. mav U- in.r.a^tfl f 
 >uil tlu. .oni..n „l ih,. l.,.,„.„i„K .ifvirt- and thr lurtuiiiar nalur,. , f .he 
 klllil uf |H It liciiin I 111. 
 
 The h«w,n.-.| ,H.a, moving ii|> in tlu- ml.,. 111. i, ||„.„ r, .•iv..t| |,v the 
 c.mvi.vrr M,.w II, (iv,! ,.„ tl.. -haft 21. n„l i. ...nv.vi.l to tin- t,.,. wIutc 
 't I..IU il.nm-h tin. > nlartf..,! uiH-ninu M, „( .1,,. ihU- H). int.. an iAt..ns,|,le 
 ^h.K.t Mt. and tlumv un t.. a r.iixvv.r l..lt ,U n„. ,|,alt, .)(). ..nd M 
 rm-ivv tluir m-.ti-.n l.> m.ans ..f i,.,.tlu.| wIk-,-U In.m th, , I., irir nu.tur h" 
 
 Ihf on.U ..( du- >h..ut M) an. pivottt-d. ..n.-vnd Uiny Miuat.^l dirirtlv 
 ..v.T tlu- ,..nv.y,r |,..|, ,n. and tlu. ..ilu-r ,■.,.] l„.i„« ,,is„n..d to th. ,„.,ht 
 
 nid ..f tlu. in,,.. It), fh, „,,,H.r ,., ,■ ,i„. ,,„,„ .„, i^ „,„^ ,,^_,^^,, ,, ,^^,^ 
 
 whcMi tlu. iiiiM mov... .Inwn m, ih.n ih.. >hoot is .horl...u.l iluTfl.y. \\,ih 
 this ..|,jt.,t ,h,. .h.H.i i. ,.,m|H..-,.,| ,.f t„,, ,H.rti..ns i. i, ,,,,,inK om- in the 
 othrr. 
 
 Tlu. |.,.at is .U.liv.n.l l.v thr ,u,u..y.r l...|i M, i„,,, „,ixi„^. ap|.,.ral.is 
 which si-rv.. t.. mix it intini.t. ly, ami uhi< I. .-..mm^i ,.f us., .|i,tin.t app.r- 
 aUis:ih..distrilKitii.K apjMratii- and (h.. a. iii.ij niiMn^- apparatus Tlu- 
 <ltstnl,.itinKapi...Mtuss,.rv,.sl.,ri.|Ti..t,nKa pn,v,-i.„ I . .-ars.- <listril.„.i„n 
 of tlu. |H-at fn.m tht- Uvrs at vari..iis KmIs <.| iI,. ,.,.,, .,„k uIk..' , iL, 
 furtlu.r mixinu ..flVrt ..f tl... a< ...al n.ixinn apparau.^ .-.r.adv laul,.aU-.l 
 I hf apparatus .-..nsists of a cylimlri. al slull .<2. .:u„l,,| In ,, ,r.,.-s ,,,rh. 
 tion .V<, into t\v..<haml..rs <.f whiih ..iur..nain-..npiN v> Ui , ...jut 
 • ontains a cyliiuh-r ,<4. uhi.h i. loiatal.I.. al...ut its h.,.,/,,.,ial a^ ,,,.1 is 
 oiKii at Its .ylin.lriral s.irfa.-... iSct- Ki^. 5,<.) Thi- ,vl,n,l, r i, diM.I.-d 
 i>y radial walls .?.r i.it.. a ninnUr ..f ronipartnuni Th. -lull U is 
 
 pr..v.<l,.d at its h.urr part with a funml Mk whi.h .hliv.rs into .h.mixinK 
 apparatus ..r jnat pr.ss M. (S,... \\, .,4.) This appara-u. -.tx.. ,he 
 f..ll..w,nK pur,..s..s: th.. tul.r II). i„ its .h.^t-nt ,K.n..trat.s sarious lav.rs 
 of P....I, ,.a.,u.ly. lirst. th.. i..p hl.rous lay.r. thin the intir.iu-.liati. I,.v..r 
 aiul l.nally tlu- iH.tf.m ,U..ay...l peat l.iyir. Tl,.- . lit (uat is Ir.insfvrn.l 
 111 thr sanu. ..nl.r of sun.ssio., I.y tlu. >, nw ,„. .„ iht- cnvcytr l-.lt. 
 
 In ..r.lir K. pr.Klua. a conipKiily uniform pro.lu, 1. ., ^ry lari;" mixer 
 w..ul<l Ih. rwiuiri.l of a cap-icity at Kast •■(|ual t... I.ut prH,.rai.lv twi.v th,- 
 rapanty of the IuIh- 10. Phi. mixi.iK of su. h larn.. ,|uanli.i..s of prat woul.i 
 h..wi.M.r, ri..|„in. c-on-id.ral.I,. p,.wcr. Now the ahove .Uscrihod .listri- 
 l.uti.iK apparatus is provided, in order to avoi.l such larRe mixers and the 
 conse(|uent c.nsuniption (.f power. 
 
 Wh.-n the peat falls into the shell .U, and the cylinder .U. the lower 
 slide in the funnel .?6. is at first kept shut in ..r.ler to prevent the ,X'at i..; .' 
 ent..r.nK' uh> s.K.n int.. the mixer >7. Thus the peal fn.m the upper lavers 
 of the Im,k. collects at the l,..tt..m, alx.ve it comes the |)e.at fn.m th,. mi.'ldle 
 avers, and at the top al...xe all comes the .lecavwl ix-at fn.m the deepest 
 layers ..f the Im.^. As s,..n as the two cylin.lers. the united capacities of 
 wh.ch are appn.ximately e(iual to the capacity <.f the tube U), are filled, 
 the sl.de IS opt.netl t.. allow the jx-at to enter the press 37, since, however. 
 
 2i 
 
 I- 
 
 jd. 
 
152 
 
 41 
 
 cd .32 
 
 
 
 ^33 1 -Mi 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 1 J :.^4 1 
 
 ;_ 
 
 35 
 
 Fig-. 53. 
 
 /I I i r\ M 
 
 
 44 
 
 ri^.54. 
 
 40 
 
 3 1^41 ---^^aB 
 
 Fim'. 55. 
 
 I iu>- 5,?, 54, 55. Siciioiis 111' /ilcnay rutting' iipi>;ir,itii« 
 
153 
 
 the cyliniU-r .U, rotates on its axis, its compartments l»ecome filled with 
 peat from various layers, so that peat from various layers enters the funnel. 
 The velocity of rotation of the cNlinder .U, may he so renulated that jK-at 
 cut from the upix-r layers of the |Kat l)o^{ will always come together with 
 IKat cut from the lower layers. For this purixise, the shaft .?8 of the cylin- 
 dei .U, and the shaft M), of the conveyer belt pulley are provided with cone 
 l)ulleys 4, connected by a belt 40. (See Fig. 55.) 
 
 The preliminary distribution of the- peat enables small mixing appar- 
 atus to be used without injuriously effecting the completeness of the mixing. 
 
 The peat passes from the distributing cylinder into the mixer 37, 
 wherein the inclined blades 4.?, mounted on its shaft 42, effect an intimate 
 mixing of the peat. A conveyer screw 44, on the same shaft then forces 
 the mixed peat from the mixer, out through a suitable mouthpiece 45, 
 whereby a string of peat is produced which is cut up into blocks in the 
 usual manner. 
 
 The mixer, the c-on\eyer belt, and the lifting windlass, are driven from 
 an electric motor 48, through ordinary power-transmitting means. 
 
 Mil 
 
 iffi 
 
 III 
 
 
 ii 
 
 li 
 If 
 
 li 
 
 u 
 
 »? 
 
 if r 
 
 I' 
 i 
 
 11 
 
155 
 
 AfPKNDIX XX. 
 
 {Pateiil Xo. 156544, June 1014.) 
 
 Apparatus for Utilization of Peat, 
 
 By 
 
 \ils Teslnip, London, England, 
 
 Thomas Rigby, Dumfries, Scotland. 
 
 Olaf Soderlund, London, S.W., England. 
 
 Althf)UKh tlK- wet tarlKinixinK process first described I,v Kkcnherg 
 for rendering the water of peat more freel% expressible, by heatinR under 
 pressure while wet has been known for some M-ars. its practua! develop- 
 ment his been retarded by the ditTicuIty of effecting the subsajuent water 
 separavion in an economical manner. 
 
 According to the present invention, these ditficulties ..re removed 
 anrl m such an efficient manner that even after satisfying the needs of the 
 process m regard to power and fuel, a substantial excess of fuel in the soli.i 
 or gaseous state remain for disposal. 
 
 When the material has been wet carbonized, it has been customary 
 to attempt removal of its water in certain special ways, based upon the 
 supposition that .lewatering could be effected by a simple operation and 
 tf) an extent sufficient, for example, to render the material suitable for 
 gasification: but we have found that to re<luce it even to the highest water 
 content at which gasification can be conveniently carried out, say to some 
 50',, the (lewatering must be effectwl in two stages, the first of which is 
 the prcKluction as in a filter press or of a more or less solid cake form the 
 maten.i! an.l the second stage the pressing of this cake, as in a han.l or 
 other mechanical (iress, or alternativ ely its drying by suspen.ling it in a finely 
 .livided state in hot pr.Klucts of combustion resulting from heat, or power 
 generation in the process. 
 
 In the installation shown in Figure .S6 the [K-at i^ cut from the bog 1 
 by an exc.ivator 2, mounted upon -i p.,niu.,n .^. an.l is then introduced int.i 
 a disintegrator 4, which reduces it to a pulp capabU' of being lor.,.,! by a 
 pump .>. at a pre,suri. of about 2X kilogrammes ,kt s.|,Mre centimetre 
 through a pipe line 6, to the factory n-MTvoir 7. usually situated some 
 distance from the e.x.axation in the bog. By mean> of a pump H. the peat 
 pulp is withdrawn from the reservoir 7. .ind forced at a pressure of about 
 1/t) kilogrammes per M|iiare centimetre through a wet carboni/er<) of the 
 well-known concentric tubular tyi)e. which is heate.l by steam or b>- the 
 combustion ot producer as within .t suitable furnace K). .After having 
 been heated in the carboni/er i„.i temperature ol about \<H)°V . the material 
 .> delner.-.! into a vessel 11, having a safety valve a<lapte<l to blow <,ff at 
 a pressure ol say, S.J kilogrammes per s(|uare centimetre, this \essel being 
 
15«) 
 
 for till' piirpiiM- of I'UMirin^ a ^tc.uly supply of inatiTial to oiu' or mort' of 
 aliaiikof lilur pri>Ms 1 2, wliiili opiratr at a pri»uroof ahout 7 kilogrammes 
 piT >(|iiarf ci'iitiiiu'tri'. 
 
 ■ T r — — t: '-~zr~TYrg^^'"-.. 
 
 'I'he filter prr->r> 12, .in- >itiiati<l .iImivc a lioi>ptr 1.^, by which the filter 
 pn-ss cakt's arc (kposiltiJ on a tT,ii\t'\(T 14, which carries the cakes to a 
 
157 
 
 l)iin(l pn-.> 15, wluTf a turihor (|uaniiiv of w.itir in ri-movnl from the 
 material, l-n.m ilu- Land |)r.>> 15. the matiTial is carnV.1 upwards by a 
 
 
 
 conveyer 16, to a liop|MT 17, where it is dix idwl into two parts. One of 
 these is carrietl l>y eoineyer 18 directly to the hopper 19. of a >;as pnnhicer 
 
 . 
 
158 
 
 20, the Ki»> friim which |)a>M> thnuinh a conduit 21, to the luiriurs in thi- 
 furnace 10, where it i> consimied in luatinj; the carI»oni/er •). The other 
 part of the niateri.il |)a>>e> into a pulverizer 22, from which it is dehverwi 
 
 .1 
 
 in the form of a [jowder to ,i hupper 2.<, which feed> tile material into a 
 rotary drier 24, of the well-known tubular t\pe, heated 1>>- waste prixlucts 
 
ISO 
 
 of n.mhustion. The nasis mn<nii«<l (lurinn (lr\inK of tlu- nuilirial in the 
 drier 24, pass upward through the t hinmix .'5. from which tht\ are usually 
 
 B 
 
 .s 
 
 J 
 
 taki-n !)%• a conduit 26, to the air inlet of the i;a> producer to suiiplv a larsi; 
 proportion of the steam ne.essarv therefor. 
 
160 
 
 lluj .Iry m.il.ri.il fn.in ilu- ilriir .'4. i. carru.l upwards through a ron- 
 vivir .'7, into ilir li..|)p,r .',S. ,,( a l.ri(|iu(iiiiK |>rt>s 2*>, In.in wliirli tin- l.ri- 
 
 qilit' of [peat fiul are carritil liy .i 
 wagons .M. 
 
 iiur\tr M\ for transference to railway 
 
101 
 
 'nil- Ka> in the |)n«|ii vr 20, ir, trial .I in \v.i^lur> M. for tlic r»c..vir> ..f 
 .immiinia as ammonium Milpliair, and then pasM-d to the main na- diul 
 .U, from which lirantht- ihi < arlM.ni/.r comhiil 21, alr.ady m.niioiud. 
 Thi- wa-hin^N from the wa^htr M, an- convcvol liy a pi|H' M. u, .i >iiani- 
 hcatid cvaiM.ralor .?.S, ihi- \aponr-. from which arc coiuhutcd to the air 
 inlet of llu- pr«Khi(ir 20, ihrounh a pijH' M> (..muctcd to the pi|M' J(., wl>ilc 
 the (•r\>lals of immoniiim Milphali d< posit id in the cvaiM.ralor .<5, arc 
 delivered itito^rccipiacles M, rea<ly for drying in cenirifiinal <!riers JH, 
 Uforc iK'inK transferred to railway \vaKon» ,?<), 
 
 In such ah instali.ilion the ellei i ol wel carlioni/inv; the peal is fo 
 render its water so freely expressihj,. that when the pulpv mas«. of li(|iiid 
 consistency, is siilijecled to filter prt-ssinn, it is tr.insformed into solid 
 press cakes cmitainiiiK "nK 'il)oiil <>H' , of w.iter, which when siilijectcd to 
 l>aiid pressing have their water content nidily ndiued to .iliont 55',. 
 This is sntliciently low to permit of their liein^ uasilied, and con:.e.nicntly. 
 without further treatment |).irt of the m.iterial, can, with .chantage, lie 
 Kasilicd to yield nas siit'ticient to meet the |M.wer ,md he.itiiiK needs of the 
 installation, .nxl in addition the production of sulph.iie of .immoniimi as ,» 
 by-priMltict. 
 
 The rest of the material is pulverized ,ind fiiriher dried, after whi<li 
 it is l)ri(|uetle(l to yield hriipiets as a furllur pnKliict of the proc(». Thus, 
 in the case of a pt-.it cont.iininK ''0', water, 100 p.irts of raw |H-at yield 
 ahoiit S parts of dry material after wet carboni/ation, filter pressing ami 
 band pressing, which, if divided into e<|iial parts, yield <n ilie one hand 
 4 parts of liri(|uets, and cm the other, sulphate of anmioniimi ,ind tar corres- 
 pondinK to Uk' 4 parts !;asilietl, hcsides any exc> ss of producer i^as not 
 re(|uired in carrying out the process. Conseiiuently. sulph.Ue of ammonium, 
 tar, and l)ri(|uets are obtained without any outlay for |M)wcr and fuel. 
 In many cases, the filter (iress effluent, after having been utilized to preheat 
 raw peat entering the carbonizer. is concentrated by ev.i|M)ration and the 
 solids so obtaiiu-d j;asified to yield by-pnMliicts >uch as iiilroK<-iious com- 
 poimds, siinars, and .icetic acid. 
 
 .\s large (|uanlities of hot pnKlucts of combustion .ire pnKluced in 
 carrving out a process (>f the above kind, that stage of water removal per 
 formed in the band press may be eccmomically effei ted b> direi t drving 
 of the m.iterial by such hot gases, .\ccording to .i method b.ised upon the 
 surimsing discovery that the drying can l.-c carried out in hot g.ises con- 
 taining a considerable percentage of free oxygen, without risk of ignition, 
 when the material is in a stage of line subdivisicm. l"or tliis purpose, the 
 installation is modilied as indicated in Figure 57 in which the press cakes 
 Irom the tiller presses 12, are carried upwards by the coiivever 14, dirictly 
 to pulvtrizers 22, from which the iKiwdered material falls into a hopper 40. 
 From the latter it is intrcKluced by ,i rol.iiy valve 41, into a current of hot 
 products of combustion of producer gas in the carbonizer furnace 10, 
 which .ire drawn by a fan 42, through a duct 4,<, and thence pass by way of a 
 br.inch diu t 44. leading to cyclone separators 45, where the m.iterial is 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 6 
 
16 » 
 
 M|..ii.iii.l Iri.iii \Uf hot K,iM» .iikI i|.'|M^ir.-.| ,„ ||„. Ii 
 p.i>>inK iipw.ir.ls ihrniinh \\u- ,.,ii,|„ii, 47, (•> .1 1 liimmv -»,h 
 
 i"(i|Mr \i,. thr n,iM> 
 
 \i ilii^ >i.iKc. tin ni.ttiri.il i> (li\ ii|i i| jin, 
 ll>.' h.i|)|KT »(>; nm pan Uiiiu fc-il .linrll 
 
 > i\M« p.iri- in |.,i>>iiii; ilirounh 
 
 .1 I. I 
 
 >rH|ii('i>. w 
 
 V). i>( ilu' K.I, prudimr Jit. Hi, nil 
 
 I iHiiiu icMi (lirirllv iiilo.i |inr(iM ltlll^ pri»- 4'). mil 
 lli«h .ire r.irricil liy ,, ...in.\,i M). I<> llu- lii.p|),-r 
 
 «•^•^- pri\iiiii-,|\ .1,-. lilicl Imlli.i .Iri.il 
 
 HI pari <»( ilti- mahrial 
 
 1^ III ll 
 
 l>ri()ii( IU(| ill ihc |ir.--s .»<>, ),, pnxhi, ,. il,, | 
 
 priHllni« of llii' pio(r-« 
 
 III a roiarv ilriir Ii, Ixjorc I 
 
 >iii|ii(i \\ 
 
 hidi 
 
 u pro- 
 iiiiiu 
 
 irr a^ .lilali 
 
 .1^ 
 
 ll lli.lillirpr.-Mak.^an .,1 mi. Ii a iialiiiv tli.ii uiilioiii 
 
 i-iiil«i<ralioii 
 
 iM.I fiirili.r .liAiiiK ilH.y ran Ih. ii-ril a, p-,l,i,,r lii.l, ilu- in>iallalion i 
 
 ^lilicil 
 
 lowii III Ii^;iir( 5S, 
 
 wliith til. prc,> (aki> from ih,. |i| 
 
 pr«s>»', li. arc ■ ikcn liv tlic (oiu.v.r H. to a -.itxr 51. 
 iIk l.nmr liiiiip, of ijir ni.iiiri.ii from ihc lintr 
 tilt rcl(\ pcrniiircil to p 
 wliilc lilt' l.irKtr iiiiiip- 
 
 nr 
 
 lu II M'p.ir.iii-^ 
 
 ni.ii.ri.il; ulii(li l.ui 
 
 i>> Miio ihr piiKcri/tr, .'.'. -iiuiicd \, 
 
 ii'f r.irrud 
 
 of liic priKliKir id. Ai ihi- poim tj 
 
 o\ .1 (oiucvcr .-(J 
 
 IM thr 
 
 matcri.il uliicli. .iftcr li< 
 
 u\ .in- iiii\t<| uiih 
 
 II'IT 1, 
 ■Ii» I III' -ll'M-. 
 
 bopiHT iiioiifh 
 
 ■oiiic III ihi' liner 
 
 i.iMiii; ln«n ili-iniiur.iuil in tlif piilvfri/ir* Jj tl 
 
 fiirtlur ilrinl in ilu- ilii.i 4.>. .iiuj i,.i.,,y ilriir .>-». .in.l l,ri.|„.U.'.i in th' 
 
 un 
 
 2'). Iia> Ufii (lilivi r 
 
 (■X((» of lirilMIl l> llnl I, 
 
 t'lr jiriHliinr hi 
 .1 Ik 
 
 •pp.r 
 
 I'', 
 
 <• I 
 
 l>\ a (oii\c\tr .">.' 
 
 40, to ilu' r.iijw.iv 
 
 <<|uirf.l liiiii^;. .i> |«t,,rc. .IcIiMTcil l.v iht- 
 
 .ii;oii> i|. In ihiv 
 
 thf 
 
 rollM'VlT 
 
 wa\ .1 1 li.iryi- of >iiit thU' avir 
 
 nioiMuiv .0111.111. iisn.iljy „ niii 5(1 to 40 per ,nit, ran I,,, rr.i.lilv ol. 
 
 mv 
 
 with the .MJvaiil.im' ll 
 charuf >iippori> 
 proilii. 
 
 i.ii .i- 
 
 th 
 
 ic whole of ihf I h.i 
 
 cakf roiiliiiiK fr 
 
 llu 
 
 iiti'd 
 
 lirupioN III the 
 
 «»r. 111.- II.-. .--il\ .1 <lr\iiiK of the iii.iteri.il I. 
 font. lit, i> .iMii.U-il. 
 
 iiK< .111.1 i)ro\i(|e> an o|Hn tin- in thr 
 
 uich 1 
 
 .twrr w.itiT 
 
 r 
 
 1.- inM.ili.ition. ,il.ove ,h-M iil„.|| luvv hi-en parii^ ularly .liri-. i,-,l t, 
 
 the pro.|ii(ii.,ii ,,( l)ri(|iiei hul. Inn 
 
 i-iurt;\ .lir.-i ll\ ,.iy in llie lomi of ele. iri.ilN . || 
 
 wli.li It i> more, i.h air mi-iuis to produce 
 
 ic iii>i,ili.iiion 
 
 pr.- 
 
 h.mn III I :_me 5'). i,, w|,i, |, ,|,e „|„,ie ,,| ,|,e ,„.,icri.il 
 
 iiiodilic.l 
 
 1: 
 
 V. 11 hv .1 .-I 
 
 Ir.iii) the li.iiid 
 
 pii '(III. 1 r 
 
 JO 
 
 A. 
 
 \c\(-r 5 1, .lirciily to ih,- liopp. r p) i,f th 
 
 a roiili, ihc prodimr i;,i>, lioid 
 
 M.i> 
 
 iiiil 
 
 iHiw.-r r.,|iiin niciiN ol ihc iii«i,il|,ii 
 
 >llp(>l^ iilK the lualiii^; 
 
 « iiiiilni--lioii t-iiiijiu 
 
 -iipplii-d with ill. ^;,i- llir.Miul 
 
 ion, i> now iilili/ed lo.lri\c intern, il 
 
 ."<.■<, wlii.li ,ir.- 
 
 .ouplcil to ill. iric jt,. 
 
 ■iii-r.iior- 
 
 5(), 
 
 lor th 
 1 
 
 uh ,1 coii.liiii ,V<, .ifier ll 
 
 cn-..i\cr\ olimiiiioiii.iin il 
 
 11- ,i;a> li.i^ lu-eii Irc.ilcd 
 
 u-w.i>hcr>.<i.inth. lllanll.-ralrc,lllv 
 
 llllll.a 
 
 l.d. 
 
 IlllMIIIC III 
 
 11 onli-r III oliiaiii iju- lu-iulils of Mipplyj 
 
 111; ihc «,!> prodiucr with 
 
 nil n-M. (- 111 1-imiic 5,S, i!ii> 
 
 l'n<|iii-l>. .!> in the iii>l.ill.iiion dc-criln-d 
 
 ni.-llio.l ol j,ciu-r.iliii^; i 
 
 arr.iiiiiiMi; llu- iii-.|.ill.ilioii in ihc iii.ciiicr -h.iwii in | j. 
 
 Icciri. .ll energy i-nuxliti: 
 
 14. 
 
 ;i. 
 
 p.i» Ir.iiii the liller pr 
 
 lire (lO, in w 
 
 iicl 
 
 111. I .■oii\c\cr .-"J 
 
 l<i tin 
 
 mixed with ihe m, 
 
 12, l'\ w.iv of ih 
 I 
 
 c proiliiiir h.ipp.r 1<», wli.rc tlu-v 
 
 l>ni|iul.- Iiy till- coiiM 
 
 ileri.il whuh ha> p,i,M-d ihi.iii.uh ll 
 
 1.- pri» 
 
 e coiucM-r 
 
 arc 
 
 lUiU.ri/.-il. dri.-il in il,e ilmi 4.», !)ri(|iicitcil in ll 
 
 ■r 5,-i. 
 
 -i.\c 51 .iiiil 
 '. .111.1 .leliM-ti 
 
In MMiif <•.„.•.. it max !«• foiiiKl ...lv..nlil^^..„l^ to lu-at thi- «,! rarUm- 
 i/if^ Uy ^l.■am, whirl, i, ..|.:.,r inir.Kl,,. ..I .lir.r.lv int., ih.- ikmi or ^ui)i.li,-.| 
 to jackctH MirrnuiMlinK tlu- ,arlH.ni/.r tulM., ihi. ^t.am Uinn K.-.u-rati-d 
 l.y Ih.. ...n,l,„st.„„ „| ,,r,Hlu.vr i;a. .in.ltr Miiial.l.- .l.aiii raJMiiK U,il,-r« 
 aixl III m..,t .aMs .xhau^l ^tiam from priiiif .nov.rs Mi|)plvinu fhv tur.-H- 
 miry inrntr lor the in^lallalinii. 
 
 In w. t ( arlM,Mi/i„n ,Kal pulp in tli.- iiil.tilar tvpi- of . arlH,ni/.r. .litfi. ultv 
 «.nutim. ari^cr, throiiKl. <!.|H,>ii,oii of ilu' pulp on thr wall, of tlu- (uIh-s 
 Th ..lay. how.vtr. Im- pr.%..nti-<! in .litT. rent ways. .,n.- of which consiHts 
 n insirtinK a I.k.m' cl.ni.nt Mi.h ,i- an iron hkI in iht- tulns, ..r |,y arrant{ini{ 
 lor thr .hsI.Klntr.ni of thr pul|. l.v |Mri.Nli, allv rau>i,iK a v^.k-nt tm.tion 
 fluroof in llu- tul).-. by ,,.ii,u< tin^ tlu- lall.r tr. a m^mI at a l..wtT pri'sscire. 
 As an alt.matKc i>> tlir alM.vf nuth.Hl, of pnvtntinK <U'|H.sition of the 
 pulp in th.' carlMmi/.r IuIhs, the pulp i^ p.,sM(| throuyh ili,. tuJMs at su< h a 
 rati- that .l.|H.siti(.n is pn-Mnt.H. il„ n, ,v»ary h.ai transmission King 
 i-fTi-ct.d l.> mamtaininK 'h.' pulp at .,r al.oui th,- maximum carhonizinn 
 temiHralun- m a vessel whmin it i, .>ul.i. .tcl to the action of revolvinR 
 pail.ll.s, which prevent channelling of th.- maHrial, whereii|H,n the hot 
 m.ilerial is returned t(i tli. c.irl,oni/.r tuU-s in which it i> cooled l.y regenera- 
 tion, ami the availal.le heat iiiili/ed to warm the incominn pulp. 
 
 The meth. 1 m| dryinn tin tnateri.il after lilt.-r pressing hv sUs|K-nsion 
 ther.-of. when ii, Imely r|ivide.l o.te in h.». Hue was.- ,nav I.,- carried out in 
 such a ui.inner. lh.it the hoi ^as,-> which haveetfecu.l ,|„. r,„,,| Majfc of the 
 clryniK-are utilized to elf.-, i tlu- pre liminiry dryiny .,f the powd, r.-.| material, 
 which i> ,,ll(i«ards to U- more complet.ly dried l,y the hottest (jase-. Iti 
 this way, drvini; and he.itinn of the iiiai.ri.il toa uniiM-ratiire of al.out 1 '() C 
 before l.ri.pu-ttinu is ellecte.1 l.y redu. ini; the u.iter ,om,„t of the material 
 from 7(» to (.5 |k r c. nt, in the preliminary drvin)-. .nid to ..Ik.uI 10 per cent 
 or less ill tlu- lin.ij (|r\iii^'. 
 
 Further, tlu- c-xcess ..i .olid f,,,! ,,>ulliiu; from the pr.Hcss may l.e 
 caked in l.y-pro<luci r.-(,,sn> ..ike ovens, in « ,irh c.i- not o.ilv d<K-s coke 
 result, l.ut .1 liiriher increase in llu- amount of nitroKen recovered from the 
 tot.il p«-at tr,.ite,l i> ol.taiiud. 1 he M.li.l fuel is also suitahl.- for use as a 
 reducing .inent in Muellii-.; n|ur..lion-., fn.n. which it i- intrcMlii. ed int.. the 
 smelliiiK lurnac- ..> c.,k, - of l.ri.pu-ts mixed with llu- usual cli irRe of coal 
 an<l (.ther i" ileri.ik 
 
 il! 
 
MICROCOfY HSOIUTION TEST CHART 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2l 
 
 A -APPLIED IM/IGE Inc 
 
 ^^ '65; Eas' MQ.n '^ir^et 
 
 S'.S «ochest*f, N«* York '45C9 USA 
 
 '■^ t^'61 *8i - 0300 - Phone 
 
 ^S (716) 288 - ^989 -■ Fa» 
 
16.S 
 
 API'KNDIX XXI. 
 (Palent Xo. I5,S165, October 6, 1914.) 
 Improved Apparatus for the Wet Carbonizing of Peat. 
 
 By 
 
 Mis Testnip, London, Ennland. 
 
 This inN-ention ri-latis to the wt-t-carhonization of ,x,-at accordinR to 
 th, process proposed l)y Kkenherg, in which the wet peat is heated to a 
 temperature of from 150° to 250° C. under pressure so that the jelly-like 
 hydrocelluloses-which apparenlly prexent expression of the greater' part 
 of the water in the peat-are decomp.,sed, and thereby |x'rmit such water 
 to be more easily removed. 
 
 Hitherto, such a process has been carried out in an aprira'us com- 
 prismg several long double concentric tubes, through which t!u' peat, w'len 
 in a pulped condition, is forced so as to pass along one tube and back 
 through the other, the tubes being heated over a part of their length in 
 such a manner that after the material has been heated to a temfK-rai >re 
 of about 150° centigrade under pressure to prevent ebullition, it is cooled 
 regeneratively in order, to preheat the incoming peat. Bv this means the 
 temperature of the peat is raised above the point to which it has to be 
 raised to render its natural water expressible without causing any sub- 
 stantial decomposition of the peat or distillation of the hydrocarbons. 
 The water can be then removed by simple pressing. 
 
 It will be esident that the commercial success of such a process will 
 depend upon the quantity of heat that must be supplied to eflfect the desired 
 change. 
 
 The o- ject of the present invention is, to reduce the amount of such 
 heat. 
 
 It has been observed that when in carrying out this process the peat 
 reached a temperature above 180°C-, an exothermic reacti<,n takes place 
 within the peat, resulting in the liberation of a large quantity of heat. 
 1 his observation enables us to effect increased economv in such a process 
 by adapting the apparatus to regenerate this evolved heat, and this in- 
 vention consists, therefore, in motfifying the working procedure for this 
 purpose. 
 
 In the accompanying drawing, which is a sectional view of the anar- 
 atus having two sets of double con -entric tubes suitable for carrying out 
 the above process, is diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 61. 
 
 The mlet header a, of the apparatus is in communication with the outer 
 tube A, which is about 52 feet in length. ..nd is close.! at its other end c 
 The inner tube d, is open at one end e, and at the other communicates 
 with an outlet header /, this tube carrying a screw convever g, which 
 
 il 
 1 
 
 il 
 
166 
 
 when the tiilie </, is rotati'd, causes the peat to he fed from the inlet header a, 
 through the annular spaee between the tiil)es h, and d, and thereafter through 
 the inner tul)e d, to the outlet header/. At the dosed end, the outer tube 
 
 b, is situated within a steam or gas heatefl furnace h, which extends some 
 17 feet along the length of the tube h, slightly less than one-third of the 
 
167 
 
 entiro tuLc lr.,Kth Ummk thus situatcl in the furnacr. thi.s pr<,,M,rtK.n 
 a.m« .„ s„„K. .ases as small as ..nc-twelfth. In s„ passing ,hn,u«h the 
 
 aturu of aliout 180 (. ' 
 
 As u ri.sult (.f the exothermic reaction occurring within the peat at this 
 teiTiix-rature an automatic rise of temperature takes place which is not 
 only sufficient to complete wet carhoni/ation, l.ut also to enal.le the in- 
 of "he*;ri*!l' '" '"' '''"*"' '■'•^'^'"^■'■^"'^^■'V ^^'»h""' h^'"i"k' the entire length 
 
 In this way a nuich smaller ,,ua„tity of heat recpiires to be supplied 
 from an external source in onler to effect wet carl.oni/ation. an.l to heat the 
 mcommg raw material to the desired temperature than would otherwise 
 lie refjuired. 
 
 This re<luction in the f,uantity .,f heat necessary- is therefore equiv- 
 alent to a savmg m the fuel cons.mied. and results in great economy in 
 practice. •' 
 
 II 
 
 < 
 
169 
 
 APPENDIX XXII. 
 ^Patent No. 158166, October 1914.) 
 
 Method and Apparatus for Removing Water from Peat. 
 
 By 
 
 T. Rigby, Dumfries, Scotland. 
 
 As the result of experiment, it has now been ascertained that peat, 
 which has been wet-carlx^nizeti according to the Ekenberg process, or has 
 been by other kindred process of '.eat treatment caused to undergo those 
 changes which make the bulk of its water readily expressible, has still 
 this property of losing water more easily and to a greater extent when 
 pressed hot. than when pressed cold. 
 
 According to the present invention, methods of heat treatment of the 
 kind in question are modified so as to take advantage of this property, 
 u- lu u'^'^^ ^^^ necessity of recovering as far as possible the heat 
 which has been supplied to the material. 
 
 This is effected by regenerating the heat of the hot treated peat in the 
 usua manner but in addition by interrupting the cooling before the tem- 
 perature has fallen sufti -^ntly low to effect appreciably the ease of pressing, 
 whereupon the peat is pressed and the heat regeneration then continued 
 by using the hot effluent instead of the peat, to import heat to the coo! raw 
 material awaiting treatment. 
 
 The best temperature for pressing appears to vary considerably, but 
 usually a temperature below 70° Centigrade is to be avoided, while on the 
 other hand a hmit is placed on the use of higher temperatures by the in- 
 conveniently high temperature then occurring in the neighbourhood of the 
 niter or other presses. 
 
 In applying this method for instance, to the wet carbonization of peat 
 using concentric tubular heating and heat regenerating elements, the peat 
 pulp IS wuhdrawn from the regenerator when its temperature has fallen 
 to say, 70 centigrade, and then passed to the filter presses, whereupon the 
 expressed iqu.d is returned to the regenerator in the vicinitv of the point 
 ot removal, where it continues to yield up its heat. 
 
 lines'" ^'^' ^^ '^ ''''°'^" "* "^^^ carbonizing installation modified on these 
 
 The peat pulp is forced into the apparatus at . and passes through 
 the inner tube 6. bend r mner tube d, bend .. inner t, ' /. bend g, outer tube 
 h and there through the concentric tubes, /, .-,nd j. n the latter of which 
 it IS heated by the steam jacket k, whereupon it pas.es through the pipe /, 
 to the vessel m, which IS provided with stirrers «. and intermediate bafflS.. 
 On leaving the latter vessel by the pipe p, the peat flows through the inner 
 
170 
 
 pipe q, Ijl-iuI r, and outer i)ipf .v, ironi ilu- latter of which it leaves the ap- 
 paratus !)>• the pipe /, connected to a storajje reservoir ti, from which the 
 pt;at is supplied through the pipe i', to the filter press w. 
 
i 
 
 171 
 
 From the latter, the hot expressed liriuid i> returned l)y the pipe x, 
 to the rcKenerator part v, of the wet carlionizinR apparatus. haviiiR lost— 
 if the various parts have been pro|H-r!v l.>KKi"d and all ordinary precautions 
 taken—but little heat. .After impartinK heat to the raw IneominK |K-at 
 passing throuRh the tubes b, and (/. the |)eat now leaves the regenerator 
 part V of the wet carbonizing apparatus at s. 
 
 i--» 
 
17.4 
 
 API'KNDIX XXIII. 
 
 (Patent So. 159S43, Pertmber, ION.) 
 
 Peat Forming and Spreading Machine. 
 By 
 
 E. V. Moo ', Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. 
 
 The object of this spreaiiiiiK and formitiK mathine in, to travel along 
 the ground and depiwit the formed jK-at in thin layers In-hind it, for drying. 
 
 The device consists essentially of a framework, having at the n-ar 
 a transverse trough, in which a distributing screw operates. At the rear 
 of the trough are a numljer of moulds. The machine is propelled by a 
 suitable motor, which also furnishes power to opi-rate the forming ap- 
 paratus. 
 
 The peat is transferred from the distributing trough to the moulds 
 by a numlx'r of revolving screws or worms, which operate alternately in 
 opposite directions and intcrmesh. (See Plate XCTI.) 
 
 The machine consists of a frame work U, having at i-ai ii side thereof, 
 towards the front, caterpillar treads 12. Between the treads a platform 13, 
 is providetl, on which any suitable fofm of motor 14, is mounted and con- 
 nected to ofK-rate the caterpillars 12. A suitable arrangement of gears 
 is provijied enclosed in a case 15, and controlled by a lever 16, by means 
 of which the cat<!rpillars may lie operated independently or one faster than 
 the other so as to guide the machine. (See Fig. 63.) 
 
 This motor may Ik.- of the internal combustion type or of the electric 
 type shown, in which case suitable trolleys 17. are providetl to take power 
 from overhead wires. The motor will be governed by a controller 18, 
 of any suitable ty{)e. 
 
 Toward t^ -ar of the machine, a transverse trough 19, is providt>d, 
 having a remo' ; cover 20, provided at one end with a hopper 21 . Within 
 the trough, a u.ige screw or worm 22, is provided, extending from end to 
 end of the trough and tajK-ring away from the hopper: clearly shown in 
 Fig. 64. On the rear side of the trough at the bottom, an ouil' c passage 23 
 is provided, extending from end to en<l of the trough, and opi-ning info a 
 plurality of rearwardly discharging mouliis 24. Tlicse moulds may be 
 taj)ercd slightly toward the rear as shown in F"ig. 6.S, for the purjM)se of 
 concentrating the peat. In the passage 2.^ a numlnT of screws or worms 
 25, arc provided a- inged at right angles to the distributing worm 22. 
 These feeding worms 25, are located centrally in line with each nioukl, but 
 are of grcatc." diameter than ic moulds as clearly shown in Fig. 6.? so that 
 the worms intermesh. 
 
 Pi 
 
 I 
 
174 
 
 TlitM- siti.ill ftidiMK wiirni!* 25, thiH form a pru lirally rotitinitiiii<i 
 ftT(lii)K ili-vio- fniiii OIK- tiul of thr |).issiKf to tin- otht-r. i>|Hr.ilinK l«' fonv 
 till- (HMt mil llintiiKh ihf iikiuIiI-. Ouiiin In the inUTiiU'!.hinK ri'l.ituin 
 iif till- Ictiliim M-nw^, ii wiiiiM Ik' iH'Cfssary if all nxolviMJ in tht- namv 
 • liriTtiiin, tu piuh lluin all in oiif (lirirtinii. Tlii^ rfvoliilion and piuh in 
 
 I'in. 6.1. I'l.iii of .Mooru spreaik-r. 
 
 uniform direction would, however, have the tendency of forcing |H'at ahmr, 
 in the passage, so that it is neces.sary to run alternate screws in a icerse 
 direction to balance the stresses, maintain a uniform feed and prevent 
 any longitudinal movement of the jK-at in the trouRh other than imparted 
 l)y*the distributinu screw. This rotation is attained by extending the shaft 
 26, of the worms through the lx)ttom of the trough and connecting them 
 by means (<f gears 27, with a drive shaft 28, the gears In-ing arranged to 
 rotate the worm shaft 26 alternately in opposite directions, as clearly shown. 
 
 V 
 
 28 2 2 
 
 Fit;. 64. Sirtidii of Moort spreader. 
 
 The shaft 28, and the distributing worm 22, are operated by suitable 
 merhiiiiism, dcsiirnatod 20, from the motor U, a suitable gear cnc!(;>etl in 
 a casing 30, being provided to enable the distributing screw 22, and feeding 
 
I 
 
 it 
 
 s 
 
 .s 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 j 
 
 
 I 
 
175 
 
 screw 25, to be operated at variable speed and independently of each other. 
 Suitable control levers 31, are provided adjacent to the lever 16, all three 
 levers being convenient to the controller 18, so that one man may operate 
 the entire machine without moving from his station on the platform. 
 
 The operation of the machine is as follows: the power is taken from 
 overhead wires through the trolleys 17, to operate the motor, which drives 
 the caterpillar treads 12, so that the machine is propelled over the ground, 
 the spwed and direction being controlled by the operator. 
 
 X^ 
 
 °M^« 
 
 J]±L 
 
 i 
 
 18 ^3 20 jt 
 
 InlHnHnlWnlnlnhhlnlnNnlddiayBlHNLildHynHHnlnlnlnlnlnHnlnhft ,, 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 Fig. 65. Side view of Mooie spreader. 
 
 it] 
 
 w 
 
 'Hi 
 ^1 
 
 iF,\ 
 
 The peat is dumped into the hopper 21, from a suitable conveyer, 
 and falls onto the large end of the distributing screw. The screw carries 
 that peat along in the trough and distributes equally throughout the entire 
 length by reason of the decreasing size of the screw. The small feed screws 
 25, take the peat from the distributing screw and force it out through the 
 moulds 24. The tapering of these moulds offers a slight resistance so that 
 the peat is compressed into a compact mass and discharged in continuous 
 ribbons from the rear of the machine on the gound. As each mould dis- 
 charges a separate ribbon, the air has free access to three sides of each 
 ribbon and limited access to the fourth side or underside, so that the peat 
 will dry very rapidly. In addition to providing a more easily dried and 
 handled product, the moulds may be made of any suitable shape, so that 
 the ribbons of peat, and the finished peat bricks, would be rounded on the 
 edges, corrugated, or of any other suitable form. 
 
 The distributing screw being larger at the hopper end, has a feeding 
 capa( ity equal to all the moulds, while as it approaches the opposite end, 
 the dimension of the screw decreases, and, therefore, its carrying capacity. 
 This decrease in carrying capacity is proportional to the amount of peat 
 already discharged or still to be carried on. If the screw was the same size 
 from end to end, the feed would be very irregular, as the portions of the 
 screw remote from the hopper would be only partly full, the amount of 
 peat decreasing in proportion to the amount already discharged, so that 
 at the fore end there would be so little peat that the screw would have no 
 certain effect on it, and the discharge through the moulds would be very 
 uneven. 
 
 1^1 
 
170 
 
 When thf end of tlu- run has ln-rn riarhod, the machine is turned 
 around, and starts l)aik alongside ii.^ orij^inal path. The conveyer is 
 suital)ly adjusted, and the cover of the trough 19, turned end for end as 
 the opposite side of tile niacliine now travels adjacent the conveyer. The 
 distril)utinj{ screw is also changed end for end; this change being f.icilitated 
 by slots 32, in the ends of the trough for the passage of the screw spindle, 
 permitting the screw to be lifted over and dro])pe(l back into the trough 
 with great ease. 
 
 The screw may also be provided with a drive gear 33, at each end so 
 that it will co-operate with the mechanism 29, without any adjustment. 
 
 While the consistency of the ribbons or bri(|uets may be varied by 
 regulation of the spread or feeding screws, or the s|K-ed of travel of the 
 machine, and conversely, if the consistency of the i)eat supply is not uni- 
 form, the machine may be adjusted to turn out a prcxluct of uniform 
 consistency, cither by adjusting the relation between the feeding and tra- 
 velling speeds, or by adjusting the relation between the distributing and 
 feed screw speeds. The exact details of operation cannot be predicted 
 exactly, as much depends on the nature of the peat and ground on which 
 it is deposited for drying, and also on the weatlur conditions. 
 
177 
 
 AI'I'ENDIX XXIV. 
 iFatciil Xo. 150904 A. January 1915.) 
 
 Peat Dewatering Process. 
 
 By 
 
 Thomas Riahy, Dumfries, Scotland. 
 
 This iiivi'iitiun rclati's to the treatnicnt of peat li>- prorrsscs of heatiiii; 
 while wet, such as that known as wet rarl)onization, havinji for their object 
 the unljiiuiinj; of the water so liiat thi' same can he i)resse(i out of the peat 
 afti'rwanls with relative ease. 
 
 The practical application of such processes. howi'\er, which necessitate 
 the employment of fairK- hi^h temperatures in order that the best results 
 may be obtained, di'iH'nds upon the most rigid heat econom\- in the process, 
 and.con>e(|uently, in most (proposals for carrying out this process provision 
 has been made for regenerating, from the treated peat mass, heat which 
 has been supplied to it. 
 
 .\ow we have recentlv' observed that in order to obtain the full bene- 
 fits of the imbinding of the peat water effected by the heat treatment, the 
 mass should be subjected to ])ressing or devvatering before it has become 
 ccjoled too far, and while still, at as elevated a teni])erature as is convenient 
 for working at; and, in order to enable this to be effected, we have endea- 
 voured to cool the |H'at mass by regener.ilion only so far as is necessary to 
 rendiT it convi'nient for handling in filter presses, then to dewater it in 
 filter jiri'sses and forthwith to return the hot liejuor regenerators, and in this 
 wav' ajiart from the easiiT dewalering obtained, we have found sustantial 
 binefits in reduced power for pumping through the regenerators since 
 instead of a peat mass which is graduallv' cooling and becoming much more 
 viscous only simple hot water reciuires forcing through the regenerator 
 passages. 
 
 .\ccortling to the !)re>ent invention, however, we elfect a considerable 
 improvement even f)ver this last proposal, in that we admit the hot eftUient 
 to such an amount as is convenient directly with the raw jieat mass passing 
 ihrough the heating zone so that tiie whole of heat units containt' in the 
 heat iftluent added remain in the resultant mixture without the necessity 
 for providing tubular or other heat regenerators for this portion of the heat 
 recoviry. Moreover, the i^ffluent in this way acts to improve the conditions 
 for the eventual reaction, since certain matters which it contains have an 
 accelerative reaction thereon, and simultaneously lend to lessen the pro- 
 portion of the nitrogen content of the peat mass and of the solids of calorific 
 value which pass into solution and are lost in the course of the treatment 
 which secures unbinding of the water. 
 
 H\ 
 
178 
 
 
 bib 
 
 TliL- ammiiit of llii' (.-ffliRnt which it is conxinicnt to add in this way 
 will (lepi'tul largely upon the water content of the peat mass as it reaches 
 the installation and the water content which the peat mass should have 
 during treatment. 
 
179 
 
 Thus if the poat is being excavated from a well drained deposit con- 
 taining say, 87*^7 of water, and the amount of water which it should con- 
 tain is well al)ovc 90*;,' , a large proportion of it, not the whole of the effluent, 
 can l)e added directly to the |)eat mass to give it the desired fluidity. At 
 the same time, even if the peat, as it reaches the factory contains a large 
 amount of water, it may still be economical to add substantial quantities 
 of hot effluent to it. In such circumstances it may be convenient after the 
 admixture has taken place and the heat becomes distributed in the mixture, 
 to subject the peat to drainage or partial dewatering, so that the excess 
 of water is removed before the further heating operation. 
 
 In carrying out the process in the manner diagrammatically illustrated 
 in Fig. 66, the peat is conveyed through a hopper a, into a vessel b, where 
 it is thoroughly admixed by means of rotating paddles c, with hot effluent 
 admitted from a pipe d. By means of a pump e, the peat is then forced 
 through a tubular heater f, surrounded partly by a regenerator g, and 
 partly by a team jacket h, by which the peat is heated to a maximum 
 temperature at, or above, 100°C. On leaving ihe heater f, the peat passes 
 through a pipe k, into a vessel m, in which it is maintained at or about 
 the maximum temperature until the heat treatment has been completed 
 to the desired extent, the peat being meanwhile agit.ned by revolving 
 paddles n, it thereupon leaves the vessel m, by a pipe p, and enters the 
 regenerator g, to be cooled in heating the peat passing through the heater 
 f. Such cooling is continued until the peat has reached a temperature 
 convenient for dealing with the peat in a filter press s, to which it is then 
 passed through a pipe r. The hot effluent from the press s, while still at a 
 temperature of about 70°C. is withdrawn in suitable quantities, and forced 
 by a pump t, throi- 'i the pipe d, leaving to the vessel h — where it is 
 admixed with raw peat in the manner already described — any effluent not 
 required, being withdrawn from the filter press tray through the stop-cock u. 
 
 As an instance of the influence of the re-use of the effluent on the pre- 
 servation of the nitrogen contents of the peat, we may instance two cases 
 in which a peat, wet carbonized with water in the ordinary way, lost 16 ^'Jc 
 of its nitrogen, but only 10' j when wet carbonized with effluent from pre- 
 vious treatment, while another peat which normally lost 2V', of its nitrogen 
 only lost 14' ( when treated according to the improved method. 
 
181 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 I'AGK 
 
 Alfffd |K;at plant: iiiiprovfiiH'iUs at 
 
 ™ .. <>|HTatii)iis (lisfontiniii!(I. 
 
 Amaranth (hmI Imik 
 
 Analystrs, marl, Clairvifw 
 
 n ., St<K-o , , 
 
 „ |H'at: Amaranth Ih)k 
 
 „ Black Marsh „ 
 
 „ „ CarilKHi 
 
 K „ Cherrytii'ld „ 
 
 „ Clyde „ 
 
 n t lllMlh ., 
 
 n „ llolton „ 
 
 n „ l.'Assoniption„ 
 
 n „ I.atDiir 
 
 ., l.uthtT „ 
 
 n „ Makoke „ 
 
 „ Manilla „ 
 
 „ Marsh Hill „ 
 
 n .. Mirmaid „ 
 
 n „ Misroiiclu' „ 
 
 „ ., I'or' Civile „ 
 
 „ „ Kiihmond „ 
 
 „ ., St. Isidore „ 
 
 n .. Samples lollected from In-;; 
 
 N()\a Scot ia 
 
 n •• .. ., Oiiel )ce 
 
 » ., Stofo Ik>j; 
 
 „ „ Sunderland Im)j{ 
 
 n .. Tusket Im)^; 
 
 .. ., Westover „ 
 
 „ iK-at litter: Black Banks Ixjk 
 
 „ „ Carilioii 
 
 <, ' „ ileal h ., 
 
 .1 .> Miscouche „ 
 
 n „ I'ortaKe „ 
 
 Anrep, Aleph: patent for a[)paratiis for treating peat 
 
 1 •< .. automatic roin; arrannement 
 
 ■. I«'at niouldiP-K and spreading machines 
 
 excavator: satisfactory work of at Alfred 
 
 „ pulping mill: in use at Alfred jM' at plant 
 
 Appendices (Patents) 
 
 B 
 
 Back pr;at powder plant; moisture couleiU of jjeai 
 
 Baumann system 
 
 Berslund, josef: patent for process and apparatus for treating [x.'at. 
 
 Black Banks (x;at litter hogs 
 
 » .1 .. » ■ botany of 
 
 24 
 
 61 
 62 
 
 5 
 17 
 17 
 
 6 
 28 
 40 
 42 
 56 
 50 
 24 
 21 
 53 
 
 5 
 45 
 14 
 11 
 35 
 32 
 52 
 
 2 
 2i 
 57 
 25 
 16 
 13 
 43 
 
 34 
 39 
 51 
 31 
 29 
 75 
 ■9 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 al 
 73 
 
 68 
 63 
 129 
 32 
 60 
 
 ( (I 
 
182 
 
 I'AdF. 
 
 Black Marsh pt-iil 1k>k 27 
 
 liolany of Ihr |>eal Ikik* 58 
 
 Hottoiiiky, Will. M. — (Mtcnt iniprovc<l trealnicnt iif in'at for iiianiirial .mil otlu^r 
 
 |)iir|«>M-» . I.V? 
 
 Hrittrin, Mrs. K. A. — |H'at plants naniul W) 
 
 Brtinr, H. iinil llorst, Dr. H. p.ilmt (or profess for ilryiiiK raw |xMt N'' 
 
 Buckle, K. .\. — |i;ilen( for iii.u hiiicrj for trcilineiit of (leat ami the like l.'S 
 
 Buller |Hat Ikik 18 
 
 C 
 
 C'arKill |KMt Ihik 7 
 
 C'arilioii .18 
 
 » „ lx>tany of 60 
 
 Clierryficlil „ ' 41 
 
 Clairview „ 16 
 
 riyde „ 54 
 
 „ „ liolany of 60 
 
 D 
 
 (le l.aval, Ilr. — wet carlHiiii/ifi); process 68 
 
 „ „ „ „ s|Hrial loan for ex|x?riinents 69 
 
 Denmark: ilii.iilcd information ren-inlinx industry 70, 71 
 
 „ lic.it fuel nianufaclured \'M2\.\ 70 
 
 Duthani |)ea< Ikjk 6 
 
 E 
 
 Kastnor ikmI Uig 7 
 
 Estelierg's |H;at fuel machines 62 
 
 G 
 
 Gosling, Knar: grant for ex|x:rinients by 69 
 
 f'lanville, lieruard: patent relating to niethoils of recovering |x;at from |XMt Ixigs . 101 
 
 H 
 
 Heath iK'at lK)g 45 
 
 "High moor," lirst encountered 55 
 
 Hirsch, Kmil: patent for method of dessicating |ieat and the like 123 
 
 Holton pc.it lM)g 2.? 
 
 „ „ U)tany of 59 
 
 HorsI, Dr. II. — See Urune and Ilorst 
 
 J 
 
 Jar\ is, Jerome : See Sigli!r and J.irvis. 
 
 K 
 
 Keeblc, II. and C — patent for separation of water and solid substances by pressure 87 
 
 L 
 
 I,'Assom[>tion |K'at Ixjg 20 
 
 „ „ botany of .59 
 
 l.atour peat l«)g 52 
 
 I.ui her „ » .i 
 
 M 
 
 Macoun, John : [xjat plants named 60 
 
 Makoke peat liog 44 
 
183 
 
 Manilla peat bog. 
 Marl bed* 
 
 Tack 
 
 » 
 
 tS, 16, J7 
 
 Manh Hill peat bog ' 
 
 „ „ liotany of " 
 
 Mermaid „ ^ 
 
 Miscouchc „ •'O 
 
 „ „ liolany of 59 
 
 Moore, K. V.— patent foi fAWt forming and spreading machine 173 
 
 Mount Stewart peat lx)g 32 
 
 Muddy Creek peat litter lx>g ^^ 
 
 N 
 
 Norway: peat fuel manufactured 1914 69 
 
 Nova Scotia : peat Ixigs invest igated in 37 
 
 O 
 
 
 Ontario: peat bogs investigated in 
 
 Patents relating to manufacture of peat 73 
 
 Peat: patents relating to treatment of 73 
 
 production in foreign countries, 
 n report on to Swedish government .... 
 
 Peat bogs descrif)ed: Amaranth 
 
 Black Banks 
 
 Black Marsh 
 
 Buller 
 
 Cargill 
 
 Caribou 
 
 Cherryfield 
 
 Clairview 
 
 Clyde 
 
 Durham 
 
 Eastnor 
 
 Heath 
 
 Ilolton 
 
 l.'Assomption 
 
 I.atour 
 
 I.uthcr 
 
 Makoke 
 
 Manilla 
 
 Marsh Hill 
 
 Mermaid 
 
 Miscouche 
 
 Mt. Stewart 
 
 Muddy Creek 
 
 Port Clyde 
 
 Portage 
 
 Rainy River district. 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Stoco 
 
 Sunderland 
 
 Tusket 
 
 Tweed 
 
 VVestover 
 
 65 
 67 
 
 5 
 32 
 27 
 18 
 
 7 
 38 
 41 
 16 
 54 
 
 ft 
 
 7 
 45 
 23 
 20 
 52 
 
 3 
 44 
 13 
 
 9 
 34 
 30 
 32 
 32 
 51 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 12 
 42 
 18 
 
 7 
 
184 
 
 I'Al.K 
 
 M 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 tjiulicc 19 
 
 IV.ii liii.r: m.i.k Hank, \^>^» .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.''.'.'.'" .W 
 
 '"•« .W 
 
 - 51 
 
 I'l-al Ih>k» invfiiti|{.ili-<l: Nov.i Sofia 
 
 Ontario 
 
 I'rini r llilwaril Id , data rtlatinK to . 
 
 C.irilioii 
 Heath 
 
 MisKlllcllc 
 
 JO 
 
 Miiddv Crrrk „ tj 
 
 I'ortaKi' 
 
 I nilt<| Stairs liii|H)rtalioii of 
 
 28 
 
 67 
 
 IVat |M)HdiT: ri|M>ri of Capi. K. UallKrin on ,,; 
 
 l'ir»son, ICr .| : paiinl for iniprovi'Mii-nl in jx'at lonvi'ycr 107 
 
 I'ort Clyr iKMi Ik,^ ^. 
 
 I'orl ii;i' 
 
 I'rinco l-.dwanl Maml: data r<laiin« lo |m' it Ui^s iiivestiKalt-d i 
 
 niifUc: |)cat Ik)ks invi^tinaird in 
 
 28 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 R 
 
 Kainy UisiT |Hat Im)hs 
 
 Kii'hnionil ixat Ui^ 
 
 f - liolaiiy of 
 
 Ki«liy, Thomas: pattni for apparatus for na!hirin« ami lrans|)ortinK 
 
 |Htat 
 
 K<tliiiK or fxcavatint! iHMt 
 
 " " » niiihixl and ai)paratus for rcmovin^j water 
 
 from |)eat 
 
 " " .. IH'.it ilewaterinn process 
 
 KiKliy anil IVslriip, Nils: impn.MiTient in prcMuss for iilili/alioii of 
 
 |HMt 
 
 Kinl>y: See Testriip. Ki«l.y, .in<l SiHlerlund. 
 
 Rosenheim; rapi<l' of plant .it ,,, 
 
 Russia: progress of |)eal industry in, I'J(W-: I 
 
 S 
 1 
 
 l.'l 
 
 91 
 
 1(.Q 
 177 
 
 125 
 
 71 
 
 S 
 
 St. Isidore peal Ihik 
 
 •■ .. Iiolany of 
 
 Sandlni, I'aiil: st.itistics of |xat fuel, Norway 
 
 SiKlei, ()s<ar J. and Jarvis ).— patent for improvement relating to i)cat expresses. . 
 SiHlerlund, ( ll.if : See Testnip .ind S'Klerlund 
 
 ^■e Test nip, Riyliy, and SiKlerlund. 
 
 Storo marl de|K)sit .. 
 
 „ IHMt lx)K ■ ' j^ 
 
 Sunderl.ind |)eat Ikjk , , 
 
 Sweden: extract from re|H)rt on \xjM, I'M 1 (jj 
 
 Swedish Steam lioiler Sx iel\-: tiring tests by (^y 
 
 ^ government : loans jjr.inled by 6>' 60 
 
 50 
 
 69 
 
 115 
 
 Table I. Investigated ix'at l»Rs in 
 
 ^ II. I'eat lH)gs investigated in 
 
 ce of (Jnelxic . 
 
 9 
 19 
 
185 
 
 Tulili- III. Analvxi!! Ill »ain|il('-< ciillt'cU'il friiMi tHitia in OiK'liei' 
 
 l\'. D.il.i ri'l.itiim tn |«-,it Ih)^^ invt'>liK.it('il in I'.K.I. ilurinti I'Hi 
 
 \ . I't'.il lH>t{t inv«'!.in!.ir<Ml in I'mvimv of Nov.i Sitlia 
 
 n \ I. An.ilvnis of nainplt'ii lollcrtt'il from liiii{» in Nov.i Soiia 
 
 » \'ll. IVai fiii'l nianiif.ii'tiiri'ilat Wolliniii.irkrn, \(irw.iv, l'.t4 
 
 Mil. IV.it f ml nun!ifa<tiiri<l I'MlM.t 
 
 » l\. r>ii,il aiiioiint of iN'at fuel nianiifartiirt'il ami miIcI in IVninark, 
 
 \'>i.i 
 
 » X. IVat fiH'l nianufui-turtil ami miIiI in Diiini.irk, l')N 
 
 'ri?<lrii|>, NiU; palinl for iiu|irovi'(j a|i|i.iratiis for wil r.irlKini/alion of jicae 
 
 „ „ .inij SKlirliiml, Olal: inlinl rilatinn to rrini>\al of walir from wcl 
 
 i-.irlKinii!icl |Hat 
 
 'I'l'striip KIkIiv. .mil S-HliTliimj: iKili-nt lor • 'raliiii for utilizatiun of jwat 
 
 TfMriip: Sr Kinliy .mil 'Itsiriiii. 
 
 Tllnkl't |HMt Ih)K 
 
 « « liolanx of 
 
 TwckI „ , 
 
 I'.Wilt 
 
 IS 
 2t» 
 .17 
 57 
 
 6Q 
 
 7(1 
 
 71 
 72 
 
 U.5 
 
 V5 
 IS5 
 
 ii 
 6» 
 
 l» 
 
 Inili'd States: ini|Hirtation of |ifal tiiosn litter, 1<W)6-I4 
 
 V 
 X'eslfinniarkcn, Norway: |K.-at fuel manufactured at 
 
 W 
 
 WallKii'M, ("apt. K. — reiHirt of to Swedish K"verntncnt 
 
 Westover |>eal Ihik 
 
 Wet earbiiniziiiK | roiess 
 
 inn »|KTial loiin for exiK^ritnents 
 
 Whiti'ker, Jas. S. — patent for ap|>iir.itus for removinK roots ami the like from pc. 
 
 Zelenay, ('. — patent for peat working machine 
 
 Zohr...e, K. K. S. — (wient relalinx to drying or carlionizing peat. 
 
 67 
 
 W 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 U9 
 
 145 
 U9 
 
 III 
 
 iff 
 
CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF MINES 
 
 Hon. i>, E. Blondin, Minktb* ; K. O. McConnkix, Dkputv Minutii. 
 
 MINES BRANCH 
 
 KUfiRNI ilAANEL, Ph.D., Dirrctor. 
 
 RF.POR- -. ANU MAI'S 
 ruauRNBO Rv thb 
 MINKS BKANCH 
 
 UP0RT8. 
 
 tl. Mining condition! in the Klondilce, Yukon. Report on — by Eunn* 
 HaanrI, Ph.D., 1902. 
 
 t2. Great iandilide at Frank, Alia. Report on— by R. G. McConnclt, 
 B.A., and R. VV. Brock, M.A., 1903. 
 
 t3. Investigation of the different electro-thermic processei for the imeltlng 
 of iron ore* and the making of iteel, in operation in Europe. Report 
 of Special Comniiaiion — by Eugene HaancI, Ph.D., 1904. 
 
 5. On the location and examination magnetic ore deposits by mag> 
 netometric measurements — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1904. 
 
 t7. Limestones, and the lime industry of Manitoba. Prelininary report 
 on— by J. VV. Wells, M.A., 1905. 
 
 t8. Clays and shales of Manitoba: their industrial value. Preliminary 
 report on— by J. VV. Wells, M.A.. 190S. 
 
 t9. Hydraulic cements (raw materials) in Manitoba ; manufacture and 
 uses of. Preliminary report on — by J. VV. Wells M.A., 19CS. 
 
 tlO. Mira: its occurrence, exploitation, and uses — by Frit* Clrkel, M.E., 
 1905. (See No. lis.) 
 
 tU. Asbestos: its occurrence, exploitation, an.l l es — by Friti Cirkel, 
 M.E., 1905. (See No. 69.) 
 
 tl2. Zinc resources of British Columbia and the conditions affecting their 
 exploitation. Report of the Commission appointed to investigate 
 —by W. R. Ingalls. M.E., 1905. 
 
 116. Experiments made at S;>ult Ste. Marie, under Governnicnt auspices 
 in the smelting of Canadian iron ores by the eicccro-thermic 
 process. Final report on — by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 1907. 
 
 t Piil>llaitlons marknl thuj t src out at print. 
 
 
tl7. Mines of the silver-cobalt ores of the Cobalt district: their present 
 anti prospective ouipiit. Report on— by Eugene Haanel, Ph.D., 
 I'JO;. 
 
 tl8. Graphite: its properties, occurrences, refining, and uses — by Fritz 
 Cirkel, M.i:.. 1907. 
 
 + 19. Peat and lignite: their manufacture and uses in Europe — by Erik 
 Ny Strom, M.E., 190S. 
 
 t20. Iron ore deposit of Nova Scotia. Report on (Part I) — by J. E. Wood- 
 man, D.Sc. 
 
 +21. Summary report of Minrs Branch, 1907-8 
 
 +22. Iron ore deposits of Thunder Bay and Rainv River districts. Report 
 on— by F. Ilillc, .M.E. 
 
 +23. Iron ore deposits along the Ottawa (Quebec side) and Gatincau rivers. 
 Report on — by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. 
 
 i4. General report on the minins and metaMurcical industries of Canada, 
 1907-8. 
 
 t2S. The tungsten ores of Canada. Report on— by T. L. Walker, Ph.D. 
 (Out of print.) 
 
 26. The mineral production of Canada, 1906. .Annual report on— by 
 John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 +27. The mineral production of Canada, 1907. Preliminary report on — 
 by John McLeish, B A. 
 
 t27a. The mineral production of Canada, 1908. Preliminary report on— 
 by John ^IcLeish, B.A. 
 
 +28. Summary report of Mines Branch, 1908. 
 
 29. Chrome iron ore deposits of the Eastern Townships. Monograph on — 
 by Fritz Cirkel. (Supplementary section: Experiments with 
 chromite at McGill University — by J. B. Porter, E.M., D.Sc.) 
 
 .W. Investigation of the peat bogs and peat fuel industry of Canada, 1908. 
 Bulletin No. 1 — by Erik Nystrom, M.E., and A. Anrep, Peat 
 Expert. 
 
 i2. Investigation of electric shaft furnace, Sweden. Report on— by 
 I-2ugene Haanel, Ph.D. 
 
 47. Iron ore deposits of Vancouver and Texada islands. Report on — by 
 Einar Lindeman, M.E. 
 
 +55 The bituminous, or oil-shales of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; 
 also on the oil-shale industry of Scotland. Report on) — by W. R. 
 Ells, LL.D. 
 
 t Publications marked thus t are out of print. 
 
Ui 
 
 58. 
 
 50. 
 
 t62. 
 
 63. 
 67. 
 
 t68. 
 
 69. 
 t71. 
 
 The mineral production of Canada, 1907 an<l 1908. Annual report 
 on — by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Note. — The foUowing parts were separately printed and issued in 
 advance of the Annual Report for 1907-8. 
 
 tJl. Production of cement in Canada, 1908. 
 
 t42. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar 
 years 1907 and 1908. 
 
 43. Production of chromite in Canada during the calendar years 
 
 1907 and 1908. 
 
 44. Production of asbestos in Canada during the calendar years 
 
 1907 and 1908. 
 
 t45. Production of coal, coke, and peat in Canada during the cal- 
 endar years 1907 and 1908. 
 
 46. Production of natural gas and petroleum in Canada during 
 the calendar years 1907 and 1908. 
 
 Chemical analys s of special economic importance made in the labor- 
 atories at the Department of Mines, 1906-7-8. Report on — by 
 F. G. Wait. M.A., F.C.S. (With Appendix on the commercial 
 methods and apparatus for the analyses of oil-shales — by H. A. 
 Leverin, Ch.E.) 
 
 Schedule of charges for chemical analyses and assays. 
 
 Mineral production of Canada, 1909. Preliminary report on — by 
 John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Summary report of Mines Branch, 1909. 
 
 Iron deposits of the Bristol mine, Pontiac county, Quebec. Bulletin 
 No. 2 — by Einar Lindeman, M.E., and Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc. 
 
 Recent advances in the construction of electric furnaces for the pro- 
 duction of pig iron, steel, and zinc. Bulletin No. 3 — by Eugene 
 Haanel, Ph.D. 
 
 Chrysotile-asbertos: its occurrence, exploitation, milling, and uses. 
 Report on — by Fritz Cirkel, M.E. (Second edition, enlarged.) 
 
 Investigation of the peat bogs and peat industry of Canada, 1909-10; 
 to which is appended Mr. Alf. Larson's paper on Dr. M. Ekenberg's 
 wet-carbonizing process: from Teknisk Tidskrift, No. 12, Decem- 
 ber 26, 1908 — translation by Mr. A. Anrep, Jr. ; also a transla- 
 tion of Lieut. Ekelund's pamphlet entitled 'A solution of the peat 
 problem,' 1909, describing the Ekelund process for the manu- 
 facture of peat powder, by Harold A. Leverin, Ch.E. Bulletin 
 No. 4 — by A. Anrep. (Second edition, enlarged.) 
 
 I Publicatioiu marked thu> t ue out of print. 
 
 t I 
 
 m 
 
 '. > , 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 ill 
 
82. Magnetic concentration experiments. Bulletin No. S — by Geo. C. 
 
 Alackenzie, B.Sc. 
 
 83. An investigation of the coals of Canada with reference to their economic 
 
 qualities: as conducted at McGill University under the authority 
 of the Dominion Government. Report on — by J. B. Porter, 
 E.M., D.Sc., R. J. Durley, Ma.E.,ancl others. 
 Vol. I — Coal washing and cooking tests. 
 Vol. II — Boiler and gas producer tests. 
 tVol. Ill— (Out of print.) 
 Appendix I 
 
 Coal washing tests and diagrams. 
 tVol. IV— 
 Appendix II 
 
 Boiler tests and diagrams. 
 t\'ol. V — (Out of print.) 
 Appendix III 
 Producer tests and diagrams. 
 tVol. VI— 
 Appendix IV 
 
 Coking tests. 
 Appendix V 
 Chemical tests. 
 
 t84. Gypsum deposits of the Maritime provinces of Canada — including the 
 Magdalen islands. Repo.'t on— by VV. F. Jennison, M.E. (See 
 No. 245.) 
 
 88. The mineral production of Canada, 1909. Annual report on — by 
 
 John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Note. — The following parts were separately printed and issued in 
 advance of the Annual Report for 1909. 
 
 t79. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar 
 
 year 1909. 
 fSO. Production of coal and coke in Canada during the calendar 
 
 year 1909. 
 85. Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other 
 
 structural materials during the calendar year 1909. 
 
 89. Proceedings of conference on explosives. (Fourth edition). 
 
 90. Reprint of presidential address delivered before the American Peat 
 
 Society at Of va, July 25, 1910. By Eugene Haanel, Ph.D. 
 
 92. Investigation of the explosives industry in the Dominion of Canada, 
 1910. Report on — by Capt. Arthur Desborough. (Fourth 
 edition.) 
 
 t93. Molybdenum ores of Canada. Report on — by Professor T. L. Walker, 
 Ph.D. 
 
 100. The building and ornamental stones of Canada: Building and orna- 
 mental stones of Ontario. Report on — by Professor W. A. Parks, 
 Ph.D. 
 
 t Publication! marked thus t are out of print. 
 
. f 
 
 102. Mineral production of Canada, 1910. Preliminary report on — by 
 Jolin McLeish, B.A. 
 
 tl03. Summary report of Minei Branch, 1910. 
 
 104. Catalogue of publications of Mines Branch, from 1902 to 1911; con- 
 
 taining tables of contents and lists of maps, etc. 
 
 105. Austin Brook iron-bearing district. Report on — by E. Lindeman, 
 
 M.E 
 
 110. Western portion of Torbrook iron ore deposits, Annapolis county, N.S. 
 
 Bulletin No. 7 — by Howells Frechette, M.Sc. 
 
 111. Diamond drilling at Point Mamainse, Ont. Bulletin No. 6 — by A. C. 
 
 Lane, Ph.D., with introductory by A. VV. G. Wilson, Ph.D. 
 
 118. Mica' its occurrence, exploitation, and uses. Report on — by Hugh 
 S. de Schmid, M.E. 
 
 142, Summary report of Mines Branch, 1911. 
 
 143. The mineral production of Canada, 1910. Annual report on — by 
 
 John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Note. — ThefoUowinf parts were separately printed and issued in 
 advance o} the Annual Report for 1910. 
 
 tll4. Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other 
 
 materials in Canada, 1910. 
 tll5. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar 
 
 year 1910. 
 tll6. Production of coal and coke in Canada during the calendar 
 
 year 1910. 
 tll7. General summary of the mineral production of Canada 
 
 during the calendar year 1910. 
 
 145. Magnetic iron sands of Natashkwi..., Saguenay county. Que. Report 
 on — by Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc. 
 
 flSO. The mineral production of Canad.t, 1911. Preliminary report on — 
 by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 151. Investigation of the peat bogs and peat industry of Canada, 1910-11, 
 Bulletin No. 8 — by A. Anrep 
 
 
 f 
 
 154. The utilization of peat for fuel for the production of puwer, being a record 
 of experiments conducted at the Fuel Testing Station, Ottawa, 
 1910-11. Report on— by B. F Haanel, B.Sc. 
 
 167. Pyrites in Canada: its occurrence, exploitation, dressing and uses. 
 Report on— by A. W. G. Wilson, Ph.D. 
 
 170. The nickel industry: with special reference to the Sudbury region, 
 Ont. Report on — by Professor A. P. Coleman, Ph.D. 
 
 t PubUcationi marked thus t *re out of print. 
 
184. 
 201. 
 
 203. 
 209. 
 216. 
 222. 
 
 224. 
 
 227. 
 
 t229. 
 
 230. 
 245. 
 
 254. 
 259. 
 
 Magnetite occurrences along the Central Ontario railway. Report 
 on— by E. Lindeman, AI.E. 
 
 The mineral production of Canada during the calendar year 1911 
 Annual report on— by John Mcl.eish, U.A. 
 
 SoTE.—Tlie follmving pari: were separately printed and issued in 
 advanre oj the Annual Report jor 1911. 
 
 181. rroduciion of cement, lime, clay pnxlucts, stone, and other 
 structural materials in Canada during the calendar year 
 1911. liullctin on— by John .Mcl.eish, U.A. 
 tl82. Proiluction of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar 
 year 1911. liullilin on— by John .Mcl.eish, U.A. 
 
 183. General summary of the mineral production in Canada 
 durmg the calendar year 1911. Uulletin on— by John 
 Mcl.eish, U..\. 
 
 tl99. Production of copptr, gold. lead, nickel, silver, rinc, and 
 other metals of Canada, during the calendar year 1911. 
 Uullelin on— by C. T. Cartwright, U.Sc. 
 
 t200. The production of coal and coke in Canada during the calen- 
 dar year 1911. Uulletin on— by John .McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Building stones of Canada— Vol. II: Building and ornamental stone* 
 of the Maiitime Provinces. Report on— by W. A. Parks, Ph.D. 
 
 The copper smelting industry of Canada. Report on— by A. VV. G 
 Wilson, Ph.D. 
 
 Mineral production of Canada, 1912. Preliminary report on— by 
 John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Lode mining in Yukon: an investigation of the quartz deposits of the 
 Klondike division. Report or.— by T. A. MacLean, B.Sc. 
 
 Summary report of the .Mines Brar h, 1912. 
 
 Sections of the Sydney coal fields— by J. G. S. Hudson, ME. 
 
 Summary report of the petroleum and natural gas resources of Canada. 
 1912— by I'.G. Clapp, A.M. (See No. 224.) 
 
 Economic minerals and mining industries of Canada. 
 
 Gypsum in Canada: its occurrence, exploitation, and technology. 
 Report on— by L. H. Cole, B.Sc. 
 
 Calabogie iron-bearing district. Report on— by E. Lindeman, M.E. 
 
 Preparation of metallic cobalt by reduction of the oxicle. Report on— 
 by H. T. Kalmus, B.Sc., Ph.D. 
 
 I I 
 
 t Publication! marked thus t are out of print. 
 
 W 
 
262. 
 
 r 
 
 1 * 
 
 It 
 
 
 266. 
 
 The mineral production of Canada during the calendar year 1912. 
 Annual report on— by John .McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Note. — The following parts were sepiralely printed and issued in 
 advance of the Annual Report for 19 IZ. 
 
 238. General summary of the mineral production of Canada, 
 
 eluring the calendar year 1912. Bulletin on— by John 
 
 McLclsh, H.A. 
 t247. Production ot iron and steel in Canad.i during the calendar 
 
 year 1912. Bulletin on— by John McLcish, B.A. 
 t256. Production of copper, Rold. lead, nickel, silver, zinc, and 
 
 other metals of Canada, during the calendar year 1912 — 
 
 by C. T. Cartwright, B.Sc. 
 257. Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other 
 
 structural materials during the calendar year 1912 
 
 Report on — by John .Mcl-eish, B.A. 
 t258. Provluction of coal and coke in Canada, during the calendar 
 
 year 1912. Bulletin on— by John Mcl.eish, B.A. 
 
 Investigation of the peat bogs and peat industry of Canada, 1911 and 
 1912. Bulletin No. 9— by A. Anrep. 
 
 279. Building and ornamental stones of Canada— Vol. Ill: Building and 
 ornamental stones of Quebec. Report on— by W. A. Parks, 
 Ph.D. 
 
 281. The bituminous sands of Northern Alberta. Report on — by S. C. 
 Ells. M.E. 
 
 28;. Mineral production of Canada, 1913. Preliminary report on— by 
 John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 285. Summary report uf the Mines Branch, 1913. 
 
 291. The petroleum and natural gas resources of Canada. Report on— by 
 V. G. Clapp, A.M., and others: — 
 Vol. I — Technology and Exploitation. 
 
 Vol. II— Occurrence of petroleum and natural gas in Canada. 
 Also separates of Vol. II, as follows: — 
 Part 1, Eastern Canada. 
 Part 2, Western Canada. 
 
 299. Peat, lignite, and coal: their value as fuels for the production of gas 
 and power in the by-product recovery producer. Report on — by 
 B. F. Haanel, B.Sc. 
 
 303. Moose Mountain iron-bearing district. Report on— by E. Lindeman, 
 M.F 
 
 305. The non-metallic minerals used in the Canadian manufacturing indus- 
 tries. Report on— by Howells Frechette, M.Sc. 
 
 309. The physical properties of cobalt. Part II. Report on— by H. T. 
 Kalmus, B.Sc., Ph.D. 
 
 t Publications marlied thus t are out of print. 
 
320. 
 
 322 
 323. 
 
 325. 
 331. 
 
 3.<,?. 
 
 The mineral production of Can.ida diiring the calendar vear 1913. 
 Annual report on— by John McLeish, iJ.A. 
 
 Note.— r/i« follm-ing purls were separately printed and issued in 
 advance oj the Annual Report Jor 1013. 
 
 315. The production of iron and steel during the calendar vear 
 
 1913. Ijullctin on— by John McLeish, H.A. 
 
 t316. The production of coal and coke during the calendar year 
 
 1913. Bulletin on— by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 317. The production of copper, eold, lead, nickel, silver, line, 
 
 and other metals, during the calendar year 1913. Bulle- 
 tin on— by C. T. Cartwright, B.Sc. 
 
 318. The production of cement, lime, clay products, and other 
 
 structural materials, during the calendar year 1913. Bul- 
 letin on — by John McLeish, B..^. 
 31'). General summary of the mineral production of Canada 
 during the calendar year 1913. Bulletin on— by John 
 McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Economic minerals and mining industries of Canada. 
 Edition). 
 
 (Revised 
 
 The Pro<luclB ami by-pro<lucts of coal. Report on — by Edgar Stans- 
 field, M Sc , ,ind F. E. Carter, B.Sc., Dr. Ing. 
 
 The salt industry of Canada. Report on— by L. H. Cole, B.Sc, 
 
 The investigation of six samples of Alberta lignites. Report on — by 
 B. F. Haanel, B.Sc., and John Blizard, B.Sc. 
 
 The mineral production of Canada, 1914. 
 by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Preliminary re; ort on — 
 
 334. Electro-plating with cobalt and its alloys. Report on — by H. T. 
 Kalmus, B.Sc., Ph.D. 
 
 336. Notes on clay deposits near McMurray, Alberta. Bulletin No. 10 — 
 by 5. C. Ells, B.A., B.Sc. 
 
 344. Electrotherniic smelting of iron ores in Sweden. Report on— by 
 Alfred Stansficld. D.Sc, A.R.S.M., F.R.S.C. 
 
 346. Summary report of the Mines Branch for 1914. 
 
 351. Investigation of the peat bogs and the peat industry of Canada. 1913- 
 1914. Bulletin No. 11— by A. Anrep. 
 
 384. The mineral production of Canada during the calendar year 1914. 
 Annual Report on— by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Note. — The }oll(ming pa'ts were separately printed and issued in 
 advance of the Annual Report for !9I4. 
 
 348. Production of coal and coke in Canada during the calendar 
 
 year, 1914. Bulletin on— by J. McLeish, B.A. 
 
 349. Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar 
 
 year, 1914. Bulletin on— by J. McLeish, B.A. 
 
 350. Production of cop^«r, gold, lead, nickel, silver, line, and 
 
 other metals, during the calendar year, 1914. Bulletin 
 on — by J. McLeish, B.A. 
 
ix 
 
 383. The production of cement, lime, clay products, stone and 
 other structural materials, during the calendar year 1914. 
 Bulletin on — by John McLebh, B.A. 
 
 385. Investigation of a reported discovery of phosphate at Banff, Alberta. 
 Bulletin No. 12— by H. S. de Sclimid, M.E., 1915. 
 
 406. Description of the laboratories of the Mines Branch of the Depart* 
 ment of Mines, 1>'16. Bulletin No. 13. 
 
 408. Mineral production of Canada, 1915. Preliminary report on — by 
 John McLeiih, B.A. 
 
 The Division of Mineral Resources and Slatislics has prepared 
 the following lists of mine, smeller, ana quarry operators: Melai 
 mines and smelters, General list of mines (except coal and melal 
 mines), Coal mines. Stone quarry operators. Manufacturers of clay 
 products artd of cement, Manufacturers of lime, and Operators of 
 sand and gravel deposits. Copies of the lists may be obtained oh 
 application. 
 
 IN THE PRESS. 
 
 338 Coals of Canada: Vol. Vlil. Weathering of coal. Report on— by 
 J. B. Porter, D.Sc., E.M., Ph.D. 
 
 388. The building and ornamental stones of Canada — Vol. IV: the build- 
 ing and ornamental stones of the western provinces. Report on — 
 by W. A. Parks, Ph.D. 
 
 401. Felds|)ar in Canada. Report on— by H. S. dc Schniid, M.E. 
 
 413. MaKnetic properties of Cobalt and of Fej Co. Report on — by H. T. 
 Kalmus, B.Sc, Ph.D. 
 
 # 
 
FREHCH TRANSLATIONS 
 
 Kapport annuel »ur Ic» intluitries niin 
 I'anntc IWS. 
 
 U ' (lu Canada, pour 
 
 Annual report on— by 
 
 971. (26a) 
 
 t4 Rapport de la Comn.iMion noumK^ pour ituditr Ic. fiver. procM|f 
 iu"lro.tlitriniquc» iwur la reduction dc« minerals de fer " '« 
 fabrication de^'aciir en.ploy.'s en Kurope-by bugcne Haanel. 
 Ph.D. (French Edition). 1905. 
 
 26a. The mineral production of Canada. 1906. 
 John McLcish, B.A. 
 
 t28a. Summary report of Mines Branch, 1908. 
 
 56 Bituninous or oil-shales of Ne.v Brunswick and >-'°va Scot la ; also on 
 the oil-shale industry of Scotlan.l. Report on-by R. VV. tils, 
 LL.D. 
 81 Chrysotile-.isbesto^ its occ.rrem-e exploitation. millinR. and uses. 
 
 Report on— by Fritz CirUel, .M.b. 
 100a. The building and ornament.^ stones of Canada: Building and orna- 
 mental stones of Ontario. Report on— by W. A. I'arks, i n.u. 
 149 Magnetic iron samls of Natasl.kwan, Saguenay county, Que. Repor- 
 on— by Geo. C. Mackenzie, B.Sc. 
 
 •- ^'^^^'^i^;-;;!tr^:i:ji.^i'^r^s:^T^^So[ra«^! 
 
 1910-11. Report on— by B. I-. Haanel. B.Sc. 
 tl56. The tungsten ores of Canada. Report on-by T. L. Walker, Ph.P. 
 169 Pyrites in Canada: its occurrences, exploitation, dressing, and uses 
 
 Report on— by A. \V. G. W lUo.i, Ph.D. 
 ,79 The nickel in.Uistry: with special reference to the Sudbu.y region. Ont. 
 Report on— by Profes.sor A. P. Coleman, I h.U. 
 
 180 Investigation of the peat bogs, and peat industry of Canada. 1910-1 1 
 
 Bulletin No. 8— by A. Anrep. 
 195. Magnetite occurrences alon? the Central Ontario railway. Report on 
 
 — by E. l.indeman. M.K. 
 
 h„ro'« wet-carbon z TIB process: from Tckmsk lidsKr it. i>o. i-. 
 
 letin No. 4-by A Anrep. (Second Edition, enlarged.) 
 197. Molybdenum ores of Canada. Report on-by T. L. Walker. Ph.D 
 tl98 Peat an.l lignite : their manufacture and uses in Europe. Report on- 
 by Krik Nystrom. M.E., 1908. 
 
 t Publicatinns matlted tlius t i-re out ot print. 
 
202. 
 219. 
 223. 
 
 Graphite: itgpropcrtiM, ocrurrencn, refining, and uses. 
 by FriH Cirlcel, M.E., 1907 
 
 Austin Brook iron-bearing district 
 M.E. 
 
 Report on — 
 Report on— by E. I.indeman, 
 
 Lode Mining in the Yukcn: an investigation of quartx deposits in 
 the Klondike division. Report on— by T. A. MacLean, B.Sc. 
 224a. Mines Branch Summary report for 1912. 
 
 t226. Chrome iron ore deposits of the Eastern Townships. Monograph on— 
 .„y.i. u" V''''^'' .^Ja^- (Supplementarv section: Experiments 
 with chromiteat McGill University— by J. B. Porter, EM., D.Sc.) 
 231. Economic minerals and mining industries of Canada. 
 
 233. Gypsum deposits of the Maritime Provinces of Canada— including the 
 Magdalen islands. Report on— by \V. F. Jennison, M.E. 
 
 246. Gypsum in Canada: its occurrence, exploitation, and technology. 
 Report on— by L. H. Cole, B.Sc. 
 
 260. 
 263. 
 
 t264. 
 
 265. 
 
 286. 
 287. 
 
 288. 
 289. 
 
 290. 
 
 The priparation.f metallic cobalt bv re.!uct!on of the oxi.'e. Report 
 on — by H. T. Kalmus, B.Sc, Ph.D. 
 
 Recent advances in the construction of electric furnaces for the pro- 
 duction of pig iron, steel, and zinc. Bulletin No. .^— by Eugene 
 Haanel, Ph.D. 
 
 Mica: its occurrence, exploitation, and uses. Report on— by Hugh 
 a. de Schmid, M.E. 
 
 Report on— by John 
 
 Annual mineral production of Canada, 1911. 
 McLeiith, B.A. 
 
 Summary Report of Mines Branch, 1913. 
 
 Production of iron and steel in Canada during the calendar year 191 2 
 Bulletin on— by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Production of coal and coke in Canada, during the calendar year 1912 
 Bulletin on— by John McLeish, B.A. 
 
 Production of cement, lime, clay products, stone, and other structural 
 materials during the calendar year 1912. Bulletin on— by John 
 McLeish, B.A. 
 
 307 
 
 308 
 
 Production of copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, zinc, and other metals 
 of Canada during the calendar year 1912. Bulletin on— bv C T 
 Cartwright, B.Sc. ' 
 
 Catalogue of French publications of the Mines Branch and of the 
 Oeological Survey, up to July, 1914. 
 
 An investigalion of the coals of Canada with reference to their economic 
 qualities: as conducted at McGill University under the authority 
 of the Dominion Government. Report on— by I B Porter 
 E.M.. D.Sc., R. J. Durley, Ma.E.. and other*- ^ ^ "' *^°""' 
 Vol. 1— Coal washing and coking tests. 
 Vol. II— Boiler and gas producer tests. 
 Vol. Ill — 
 Appendix I 
 
 Coal washing tests and diaTanis. 
 Vol. IV — 
 Appendix II 
 
 Boiler tests and diagrams 
 
 t Publlcationt marked thus I are out of print. 
 
 if 
 
 « , 
 
xli 
 
 JI4. Iron ore <lr|)<»lii«, llri;<liil miiif, I'miti.K idiiiiiy, (Jiu-Iht, KfiHirt on — 
 
 liy f'.. l.iniliMti.iii, M.I'.. 
 Jil, Annii.il ininiTil pnKliiclion <>( C.iii.ul.i, iliiriiis llu' I'.ilrml.ir yr.il 
 
 I'M.V K.|M)ri on— by J. .Mcl.iinli, U..\. 
 
 IN THK PKKSS. 
 
 204 HuildiiiK xtonis of Canail.i— \'ol. 11; lliiil<liii« ^in<l ornaimnl.il Pt.iiii 
 o{ the .\I.itilimc I'rovimen. l<ciM)rt on Ia \V. .\. I'.irks, rii.H 
 
 2''0 The bniUling inci ornanicnlal stone* of Canada, Vol. Ill; rroxincc 
 o( Qiicbic. l<iiK)rt on— by I'rofis^or VV. A. Park*. I'h.D. 
 
 .'06. The non tietallir minerals used in Hie Canadian n aimfarliirini' 
 indiiKtric* Keport on— by Howclls FriVhcite, M.?( 
 
 .11(1 IMu-lv.il pro'iirtiis ol ihi- iml.d nib.dl, I'.irt II. Keport on by II 
 r. K.dn.i'iN ». Si., I'li.D. 
 
xiii 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 t6. MaRiuKmutric Hurvey, viTlical inlfntity: Ciil.ilK)Kie niinr, Bagot 
 iown»lun, Kcntrpw couniy. Ontark^-hy K. Nynlrom, 1004. 
 Scale (lU fnt to t Inch. Summary report W)$. (Pee Map No, 
 
 tJ3. MagnetoniPtric survey of the Uelniont iron niineii, Uclmont townnhip, 
 IVferlwough county, Onti-rio— by ». F. Haanel. IWiS. Scale 
 «) feet to 1 inch. Summary report, 1906. (See Map No. 186.) 
 
 tl4. Magnetomctric survey of the Wilbur nii.ie, I.av-nt townihip, I anark 
 lounty, Ontario— by B. F. H.ianel, 1W.V ' -le 60 feet to 1 inch 
 Summary report, 1906. 
 
 t33. Magnclomclric survey, vertical inlinsity: lot 1, roncewion VI, Mayo 
 township, MaitingR county, Ontario— by Mnwelli Frfthctte, 1909. 
 Scale 60 feet to 1 inch. (See Map* Nos. 191 and 191a.) 
 
 t34. MaBtjetoiretric survey, vertical intensity: lots 2 ami 3, concession 
 VI, Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario— by Howells 
 Fr^hette, 1909. Scale 60 feet to 1 inch. (See Maps Nos 191 
 and 191 \.) 
 
 t35. 
 
 •36. 
 
 •37. 
 
 •38. 
 
 Magnetometric survey, vcrliial intensity: lots 10, 11, and 12 con- 
 cession IX, and lots 11 and 12, concession \III, Mayo township, 
 Hastings county. Ontario— by Howells Fr-chette, 1909. Scale 
 60 feet to 1 inch. (See Maps Nos. 191 and 1<Ma). 
 
 Survey of Mer Bleue peat bog, Gloucester township, Carleton county, 
 atid Cumberland township, Russell county, Ontario— by Erik 
 Nystrom, and A. .\nrep. (Accompanying report No. 30.) 
 
 Survey of Alfred peat bog. Alfred and Caledonia townships, Prescott 
 county, Ontario-;-by Krik Nystrom and A. Anrep. (Accom- 
 
 Survev of VVclUnd peat bog, Wainfleet and Humberstone townsliipi, 
 Welland county, Ontario- by Erik Nystrom and A. Anrep. 
 (Accompanying report No. 30.) 
 
 •39. Survey of Newi.igton peat bog, Osnabruck, Roxborough, and Cornwall 
 townsf -J, Storniont county, Ontario— by Erik Nystrom and A. 
 Anrep. (Accompanying report No. 30.) 
 
 •40. Survey of Perth peat bog, Drummond township, Lanark county, 
 Ontario — by Erik Nystrom and A. Anrep. (Accompanving 
 report No. 30.) i / » 
 
 t41. Survey of Victoria Road peat bog, Bexley and Ca.-den townshipi, 
 Victoria county, Ontario— Erik Nystrom and A. Anrep. (Ac- 
 companying report No. 30.) 
 
 •48. Magnetometric survey of Iron Crown clain' ^t Nimpkish (Klaanch) 
 river, Vancouver island, B.C.— by E. Lindeman. Scale 60 feet 
 to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 47.) 
 
 Noie.- 
 
 Map» marked thui • are to be found only in reports. 
 
 Mapi marked thus t have been nrinted independently of reports, hence can 
 be procured separately by appii -ar'i. 
 
 I 
 
•49. Macnetonielrk lurvey of Wntern Ste»l Iron claim, at S«ch*rt, 
 Vancouver itlan<l, IJ.C— Hy E. I.imleman. Scale 60 feet to I inch. 
 (Accompanying report No. 47.) 
 
 •SJ. Iron ore occurrencei, Ottawa and Ponliac counliei, Quebec, I9(»8— by 
 J. White am) Frita CIrlwI. (Accompanying report No. 23.) 
 
 •S4. Iron ore occurn>ncet, Argenteuil county, Quebec, 1908— by Friti 
 Cirliel. (Accompanying report No. 23.) (Out of print.) 
 
 tS7. The productive chrome iron ore diitrict of Quebec— by Friti Cirkcl. 
 (Accompanying report No. 29.) 
 
 tfiO. Magnelometric lurvey of the Briatol mine, Poniiac county, Quebec— 
 by E. Lindeman. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying 
 report No. 67.) i~ * ■ 
 
 fdl. Topographical map of Briatol mine, Pontiac county, Quebec— by E. 
 Lindeman, Scale 200 feet to I inch. (Accompanying report 
 No. 67.) 
 Index map of Nova Scotia: Cypium— by W. F. Jenniaon. ] (Accom- 
 
 Index map of New Brunawick: Gypaum— by W. F. Jenni4 report 
 .,»<">• No. 84.) 
 
 Map of Magdalen iilanda: Gypaum— by W. F. Jenniaon. j 
 
 164. 
 t6S. 
 t66. 
 t70. 
 
 Magnetometnc aurvey of Northeaat Arm iron range, Lake TimagamI, 
 Nipiaaing diatrict, Ontario— by E. Lindeman. Scale 200 feet to 1 
 inch. (Accompanying report No. 63.) 
 
 172. Brunncr peat bog, Ontario — by A. Anrep. 
 
 t73. Komoko peat bog, Ontario— „ „ 
 
 tV4. Brockville peat bog, Ontario— „ „ 
 
 t75. Rondeau peat bog, Ontario — „ „ 
 
 t76. Alfred peat bog, Ontario — „ „ 
 
 (Accom- 
 panying 
 report 
 No. 71.) 
 
 (Out of 
 print.) 
 
 (liatrictt 
 ) 
 
 t77. Alfred peat bog, Ontario main ditch profile — by A. Anrep. J 
 
 t78. Map of aabestoa region, Province of Quebec, 19iit--b> I ritx Cirkel. 
 Scale 1 mile to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 69.) 
 
 Map ahowing Cobalt, Gowganda, Shiningtree, and Porcupine 
 —by L. H. Cole. (Accompanying Summary report, 1910. 
 
 General map of Canada, ahowing coal fielda. (Accompanying report 
 No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter.) p- J' » f~ 
 
 General map of coal fields of Nova Scotia and New Brunawick. (Ac- 
 companying report No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter.) 
 
 t97. General map showing coal fielda in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and 
 Manitoba. (Accompanying report No. 83— by Dr. J. B. Porter). 
 
 Noti. — I. M»pi marked thui * are to be found only In report!. 
 
 2. Mapt marked thiii t have been printed Independently ot reports, hene* can 
 be procured Mparately by applicants. 
 
 t94. 
 t95. 
 t96. 
 
t9«. General tnap of lual fieldi in liriliih Columbia. (Accompanyini rtPOfl 
 No. S3— by Dr. J. B. rorlrr.) 
 
 V>9. General map.ol coal field in Yukon Territory, (Arcompanyina report 
 No. 83— hy Dr. J. B. Porter.) 
 
 tlO«. Oeolrajirul map of Au*tin l!',olc iron-bearing di»trict, Bathiirit town- 
 •hip, (.louceatcr county, ' B.— by E. I.indeman. Scale 400 (ect 
 to 1 inch. (Accompan; ..^ report No. lOS.) 
 
 tl07. 
 
 tlOS. 
 
 •IIJ. 
 
 MaBnetonietric lurvey, vertical inlentily: Auttin Book iron-bearine 
 diatrict— by L. Llndeman. Scale 400 feet to J inch. (Arcom* 
 panying report No. lOS.) 
 
 Index map ihowing iron-bearing area at Austin Brook— b] E. Linde- 
 man. (Accompanying report No. 105.) 
 
 Sketch plan showing geology of Point Mamainie, Ont.— by Profeuor 
 
 No. 
 
 Lane. Scale 4,000 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 (Accompanying report 
 
 til J. Holland neat bog Ontario— by A. Anrep. (Accompanying report 
 
 •119-137. Mica: township maps, Ontario and Quebec— by Hugh S. de 
 Schmid. (Accompanying report No. 118.) 
 
 tl38. 
 
 tl39. 
 
 Mica: showing location of principal mines and occurrences in 
 " ■ S. H " 
 
 Quebrc mica area— by Hugh S. de Schmid. 
 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 118.) 
 
 I he 
 
 Scale 3 9.S miles to 
 
 Mica: showing location of nrincipnl mines and occurrences in I 
 Ontario mica area— by Hugh S. de Schmid. Scale 3<)5 miles 
 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 118.) 
 
 the 
 to 
 
 tl40. Mica: showing distribution of the principal mica occurrences in the 
 Dominion of Canada— by Hugh S. de Schmid. Scale 3-95 miles 
 to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 118.) 
 
 tl41 Torhrook iron-Ix-aring district Annapolis county, N.S.— by Howclls 
 N^nn?' ^*'* *^ '**' '° * '"'^*'' (Accompanying report 
 
 146 Distribution of iron ore i-nds of tho iron ere deposits on the north 
 shore of the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada— by Geo. C. 
 Mackenzie. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report 
 No. 14.5.) 
 
 tl47. Magnetic iron sand deposits in relation to Natashkwan harbour and 
 Great Nataskwan river. Que. (Index Map)— by Geo. C. Mac- 
 kenzie. Scale 40 chains to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 
 145.) 
 
 tl48. Natashkwan magnetic iron sand deposits, Saguenay county. Que.— 
 by Geo. C. Mackenzie. Scale 1,000 feet to 1 inch. (Accom- 
 panying report No. 145.) 
 
 "oM.— 1. Maps marked thui • are to be found only in reporta. 
 
 2. Maps marked thus t have been printed Independently of report!, hcnc* caa 
 be procured separately by applicanta. 
 
 fi 
 
(Accom- 
 panying 
 report 
 No. 
 151.) 
 
 tl52. Map showinR the l.KalU.n of |«at boss iiivostigatwl in| 
 Ontario— by A. Anrep. (See Map No. 354.) I 
 
 -,3. Map showing the loc.ition of |HMt boy as investigate.! inj 
 .Manitoba— by A. Anrcp. j 
 
 ,157. I.ac clu Bonnet peat bog, Manitoba— by A. Anrep. 
 tl58. Transmission peat bog, Manitoba— 
 tl59. Corduroy peat bog, Manitoba— 
 tl60. Boggy Creek peat bog, Manitoba— 
 tl61. Rice Lake peat bog. .Manitoba— 
 tl62. Mud Lake peat bog, Manitoba- 
 ties. Litter r^at bog, Manitoba— .i 
 tl64. Julius peat litter bog, Manitoba— 
 tl65. Fort Frances peat bog, Ontario— 
 
 •166 Maenetometric map of No. 3 mine, lot 7, concessions V and VI, 
 100. ^^^eneim^^ township, Sudbury district, Ont.-by E. L.ndeman. 
 (Accompanying Summary repot t, 1911.) 
 
 tl68. .Map showing pyrites mines and prospects in E^sle--" Canada, and 
 ^ their relation to the United States n>arket-by A. \\ . f^W'""- 
 
 Scale 125 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 10/.) 
 
 +171. Geological map of Sudbury nickel region, Ont.-by Prof. A. P. Cole- 
 man. Sc.ilc 1 mine to 1 inch. (.Accompanying report No. 170.) 
 
 tl72. Geological map of Victoria mine-by Prof. A. P. Coleman.| JAccom- 
 
 1173. 
 tl74. 
 tl75. 
 
 tl76. 
 tl77. 
 tl78. 
 
 I panying 
 
 Crean Hill mine— by Prof. A. P. Coleman. re|>ort 
 
 I No. 
 Creighton mine— by Prof. A. P. Coleman.J 170.) 
 
 showing contact of norite and Laurentian in vicinity 
 of Creighton mine— by Prof. A. P. Coleman. 
 (Accompanying report No. 170.) 
 
 Copper ClifT ofTset— by Prof. A. P. Coleman. (Ac- 
 companying report No. 170.) 
 
 No. 3 mine— by Prof. A. P. Coleman. (Accom- 
 panying report No. 170.) 
 
 showing vicinity of Stobie and No. 3 mines— by 
 Prof A. P. Coleman. (Accompanying report 
 No. 170.) 
 
 Note.— 1. Maps marked thus • are to be fount) only in reports. „^,,, hence csn 
 
 2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence c»n 
 be procured sepamtely by applicants. 
 
tl85. MaBnutoinclric stirvi-y, vcrtiral intensity: Hlairton iron mine, Bel- 
 mont township, IVterborouRh county, Ontario — by K. Linclcnian, 
 1011. Scale 2(MI (ect to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 flS.Sa. r.eoloRiral map, Hlairton iron mine, Belmont township, Peterborough 
 county, Ontario — by E. l.indcnian, 1911. Scale 2(MJ feet to 1 inch. 
 (Accomp.inyinK report No. 184.) 
 
 tl86. MaKnctomrtric survey, Belmont iron mine, Belmont township, Peter- 
 borouKh county, Ontario — by I". Undcman, 1911. Scale 200 feet 
 to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl86a. Geologica' ■;. .;v iv ip'c.t iron mine, Belmont township, Peterborough 
 count. . ' nt irio — Ur K i ; 'foman, 1911. Scale 200feet to 1 incn. 
 (Acco p.iii' iiig rcpo'-t No 184.) 
 
 tl87. 
 
 Magnctor- ■( i i surviv, 
 towns) \i-. H -stiiii^ 
 Scale 2ti.i itti ;o ' 
 
 \er' al intensity: St. Charles mine, Tudor 
 coii ity, Ontario — by E. I.indeman, 1911. 
 ■ich (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl87a. Geological map, St. Charica mine, Tudcr township, Hastings county, 
 Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Ac- 
 companying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl88. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Baker mine, Tudor town- 
 ship, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 
 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl88a. Geological map. Baker mine, Tudor township, Hastings county 
 Ontario— by E. '.indeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Ac- 
 companying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl89. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Ridge iron ore deposits, 
 Wollaston township, Hastings county Ontario — by E. Lindeman. 
 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl90. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Cochill and Jenkins mines, 
 VVollaston township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. I.indeman, 
 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tlOOa. Geological map, Coehill and Jenkins mines, Wollaston township, 
 Hastings county, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 
 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tI91 Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Bessemer iron ore deposits, 
 Mavo township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 
 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (.Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl9Ia. Geological map, Bessemer iron ore deposits. Mayo township, Hastings 
 county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch 
 (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl92. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Rankin, Childs, and 
 Stevens mines. Mayo township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. 
 Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying 
 report No. 184.) 
 
 Note. — t. Maps marked ttius * are to t>e found only In reports. 
 
 2. Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence 
 be procnred separately by applicants. 
 
tl92a. Geological map, Kankin, Childs, and Stevens mines, Mayo township, 
 Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 
 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl93. Magnetomctrlc survey, vertical infensitjr: Kennedy property, Carlow 
 township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. 
 Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl93a. Geological map, Kennedy property, Carlow township, Hastings 
 county, Ontario — by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. 
 (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 tl94. Magnetometric survey, vertical intensity: Bow Lake iron ore occur- 
 rences, Faraday township, Hastings county, Ontario — by E. Linde- 
 man, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report N"". 
 184.) 
 
 1204. I ndex map, magnetite occurrences along the Central Ontario railway — 
 by E. Lindeman, 1911. (Accompanying report No. 184.) 
 
 t20S. Magnetometric map, Moose Mountain iron-be.iring district, Sudbury 
 district, Ontario: Deposits Nos. 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 — by E. 
 Lindeman, 1911. (.AcconifMinying report No 303.) 
 
 t205a. Geological map. Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sudbury 
 district, Ontario. Deposits Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 — by E. Linde- 
 man. (Accompanying report No. 303.) 
 
 t206. Magnetometric survey of Moose Mountain iron-bearing disiiict, 
 Sudbury district, Ontario: northern part of deposit No. 2 — by E. 
 Lindeman, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying 
 report No. 303.) 
 
 t207. Magnetometric survey of Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud- 
 bury district, Ontario: Deposits Nos. 8, 9, and 9a — by E. Linde- 
 man, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report 
 No. 303.) 
 
 t208. Magnetometric survey of Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, 
 Sudbury district, Ontario: Deposit No. 10 — by E. I-indeman, 
 1912. Scale 200 feet i- 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 303.) 
 
 t208a. Magnetometric survey, Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud- 
 bury district, Ontario: eastern portion of Deposit No. 11 — by E 
 Lindeman, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying 
 report No. 303.) 
 
 t208b. Magnetometric survey. Moose Mountain iron-bearing district, Sud- 
 bury district, Ontario: western portion of deposit No. 11 — by E. 
 Linilenian, 1912. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. (Accompanying report 
 No. 303.) 
 
 t208c. General geological map. Moose Motmtain iron-bearing district, 
 Sudbury district, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1912. Scale 800 
 feet to i inch. (Accompanying report No. 303.) 
 
 Note.— 1. Maps markcrt thus • are to be found only in reporti. 
 
 2. Maps marked thus t have tKtn printed independently of reports, hence can 
 he procured separately by applicants. 
 
t210. Location of copper smelters in Canada— by A. W. G. Wilson. Scale 
 197-3 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 209.) 
 
 1215. Province of Alberta: showing properties from which samples of coal 
 were taken for gas producer tests, Fuel Testing Division, Ottawa. 
 (Accompanying Summary report, 1912.) 
 
 t220. Mining districts, Yukon. Scale 35 miles to 1 inch— by T. A. MacLean 
 (Accompanying report No. 222.) 
 
 t221. Dawson mining district, Yukon. Scale 2 miles to 1 inch— by T. A. 
 MacLean. (Accompanying report No. 222.) 
 
 •228. Index map of the Sydney coal fields. Cape Breton, N.S. (Accom- 
 panying report No. 227.) 
 
 t232. Mineral map of Canada. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanving 
 report No. 230.) ^ J i» 
 
 1239. Index map of Canada showing gypsum occurrences. (Accompanying 
 report No. 245.) 
 
 t240. Map showing Lower Carboniferoi,s formation in which gypsum 
 occurs in the Maritime provinces. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. 
 (Accompanying report No. 345.) 
 
 t241. Map showing relation of gypsum deposits in Northern Ontario to rail- 
 way lines. Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report 
 No. 245.) 
 
 t242. Map, Grand River gypsum deposits, Ontario. Scale 4 miles to 1 inch. 
 (Accompanying report No. 245.) 
 
 t243. Plan of Manitoba Gypsum Co.'s properties. (Accompanying report 
 No. 245.) 
 
 t244. Map showing relation of gypsum deposits in British Columbia to 
 railway lines and market. Scale 35 miles to 1 inch. (Accompany- 
 ing report No. 245.) 
 
 t249. Magnetometric survey, Caldwell and Campbell mines, Calabogie 
 distri'-t, Renfrew county, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 
 7 o 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.) 
 
 t2S0. Magii survey. Black Bay or Williams mine, Calabogie district, 
 
 Rei Jnty, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet 
 
 to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.) 
 
 t251. Magnetometric survey. Bluff Point iron mine, Calabogie district, 
 Renfrew county, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet 
 to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 254.) 
 
 t252. Magnetometric survey, Culhane mine, Calabogie district, Renfrew 
 county, Ontario— by E. Lindeman, 1911. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch 
 (Accompanying report No. 254.) 
 
 Note. — I. Maps marked thus • are to be found only In report!. 
 
 2. Maps mark-* thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence ran 
 be pror -parately by applicants. 
 
t253. MaKiieloinetric survey, Martcl or Wilson iron mine. Calabogie ^"»t'ic«. 
 Renfrew county, Ontario— by K. I.inclcnian, 1911. Scale 200 feet 
 to 1 inch. (AcconipanyinR report No. 254.) 
 
 t261 MaRnctomctric survey. Northeast Arm iron range, lot 339 E.T.W. 
 Lake Timagami, Nipissinp district, Ontario — by h. Nystrom. 
 1903. Scale 200 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 1268. Map of peat bogs invcstigatetl in yucbcc— by .\. Anrep, 1912. 
 
 t269. I.argi Tea Fiel'l [leat bog, Quebec .. » 
 
 t270. Small Tea Kield peat bog, Quebec ., « 
 
 t271. Lanoraie peat bog, Quebec - » 
 
 t272. St. Hyacinthe peat bog, Quebec .. .. 
 
 t273. Riviere du Loup peat bog •. « 
 
 t274. Cacouna peat bog » • 
 
 t275. Le Pare peat bog, Quebec » « 
 
 t276. St. Denis peat bog, Quebec » « 
 
 t277. Riviere Ouelle peat bog, Quebec . » 
 
 t278. Moose Mountain peat bog, Quebec , > 
 
 t284. Map of northern portion of Alberta, showing position of outcrops of 
 bituminous sand. Scale 12J miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying 
 report No. 281.) 
 
 t293. Map of Dominion of Canada, showing the occurrences of oil, gas, and 
 tar sands. Scale 197 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report 
 No. 291.) 
 
 t294. Reconnaii'sa ce map of part of Albert and Westmorland counties 
 Ne\. nswick. Scale 1 mile to 1 inch. (Accompanying report 
 No. 291.) 
 
 t295. Sketch plan of Gasp6 oil Fields, Quebec, showing location of wells. 
 Scale 2 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.) 
 
 t296. Map showing gas and oil fields and pipe-lines in southwestern Ontario. 
 Scale 4 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanying report No. 291.) 
 
 1297. Topological map of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Scale 35 
 miles to 1 inch. (.Accompanying report No. 291.) 
 
 t298 Map, geology of the forty-ninth parallel, 0-9864 miles to 1 inch 
 (.Accompanying report No. 291.) 
 
 Note.— I. Maps marked thus 'are to be founil only in repoits. .,._— ™ 
 
 2. Maps marked thust have been printed independently of reports, hence can 
 be procured separately by applicants. 
 
t302. Map showing liHatiuii >■( main gaa line, Bow Island, Calgary. Srule 
 121 niilt I to 1 inrli. (AcrornpanyinK report No. 291.) 
 
 t311. MaRnclonietric map, Nicl'hcrson mine, Barachoia, Cai* Breton 
 county. Nova Scotia — by A. II. A. Kobinson, I'M.?. Stale 20(» 
 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 t312. Magnetonietric maj>, iron ore deposits at Upper (ilencoe, Inverness 
 county, Nova Scotia — by E. Lindeman, 1913. Scale 2(M) feet to 
 1 inch. 
 
 t313. Magnetonietric map, iron ore deposits at Cjrand Miii;, Cape IJre'on 
 county. Nova Scotia — by A. H. A. Robinson, 1913. Scale 200 
 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 t327. Map, showing location of Saline Springs and Salt Area' in the Dominion 
 of Canada. (Accompanying Report No. 325). 
 
 t328. Map, showing location of Saline Springs It the Maritime Provinces. 
 Scale 100 miles to 1 inch. (Accompanynig Report No. 325). 
 
 t329. Map of Ontario-Michigan Salt Basin, showing prob.ible limit of pro- 
 ductive area. Scale 25 miles to 1 irch. (Accinipanying Rcpor,. 
 No. 325). 
 
 t330. Map showing location of Saline Springs in Northern Manitoba. Scale 
 12J miles to 1 inch. (Accompanymg Report No .525). 
 
 t340. Magnetometric Map of Atikokan Iron-Bearing district, Atikokan 
 Mine and Vicinity. Claims Nos. lOE., HE., 12E., 24E., 2SE. and 
 26E., Rainy River district, Ontario. By A. H. A. Robinson, 1914. 
 Scale 400 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 t340a. Geological map of Atikokan Iron-Bearing district, Atikokan mine and 
 vicinity. Claims Nos. lOE, HE, 12E, 24E, 2SE and 26E Rainy 
 River district, Ontario. By A. H. A. Robinson, 1914. Scale 400 
 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 t341. Magnetonietric Map of Atikokan Iron-Bearing district. Sheet No. 1, 
 Claims Nos. 400R., 401 R., 402R., 112X. and 403R. Rainy River 
 district, Ontario. By E. Lindeman, 1914. Scale 400 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 t341a. ecological map of Atikokan Iron-Bearing district. Sheet No. 1. 
 Claims Nos. 400R, 401R, 402R, 112X and 403R, Rainy River 
 district, Ontario. By E. Lindeman, 1914. Scale 400 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 t342. Magnetometric Map of Atikokan Iron-Bearing district. Sheet No. 
 2. Claims Nos. 403R., 404R., 138X., 139X. and 140 X. Rainy 
 River district, Ontario. By E. Lindeman, 1914. Scale 400 feet 
 to 1 inch. 
 
 t342a. Geological map of Atikokan Iron-Bearing district. Sheet No. 2. 
 Claim.; Nos. 403R, 404R, USX, 139X and 140X. Rainy River 
 district, Ontario. By E. Lindeman, 1914. Scale 400 feet to 1 
 inch. 
 
 t Maps marked thus t liaTc been printed independently of reports, lience can be pro- 
 cured separately by applicants. 
 
 / 
 
t34.1. 
 t343a. 
 
 t354. 
 
 t355. 
 t3S6. 
 
 t357. 
 t358. 
 t359. 
 t360. 
 t361. 
 t362. 
 t363. 
 t3e4. 
 
 t36S. 
 
 t366. 
 
 t367. 
 t368. 
 t369. 
 
 t370. 
 t371. 
 tJ72. 
 t373. 
 t374. 
 
 Magnetometric Map o' Atikoknn Iron-Hearing diatrict. Mile Post 
 No. 140, Canadian Northern railway, Rainy River diitrict, Ontario. 
 By E. Lindeman, fJH. Scale 4()0 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 Geological map. .Atikolcan Iron-Bearing district. Mile Poit No. 140, 
 Canadian Northern railway. Rainy River district, Ontario. By 
 E. Lindeman, 1914. Scale 4(K) feet to 1 inch. 
 
 Index Map, showing location of peat bogs in- 
 vestigated in Ontario by A. Anrep, l'>13-14 
 
 Richmond peat bog, Carleton county, Ontario. ,. „ 
 
 Luther [icat bog. Wellington and Dufferin coun- 
 ties, Ontario — ,i .• 
 
 Amaranth peat bog, Dufferin county, Ontario — „ „ 
 
 Cargill peat bog, Bruce county, Ontario — „ „ 
 
 VVestovcr peat bog, Wentworth county, Ontario — „ „ 
 
 Marsh Mill peat bog, Ontario county, Ontario— „ „ 
 
 Sunderland peat bog, Ontario county, Ontario — „ „ 
 
 Manilla peat bog, Victoria county, Ontario — „ „ 
 
 Stoco peat l)Og, Hastings county. Ontario — „ „ 
 
 Clarcview pt-at Bog, Lennox and Addrngton 
 
 counties, Ontario — •> •• 
 
 Index Map, showing location of peat bogs inves- 
 tigated in Quebec — » .. 
 
 L'Assomption peat bog, L'Assomption county, 
 
 Quebec — M .1 
 
 St. Isidore peat bog. La Prairie county, Quebec — „ „ 
 
 Holtonpcat bog, Chateajguay county, Quebec — „ „ 
 
 Index Map, showing location of i)eat bogs inves- 
 tigated in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward 
 Island — I. M 
 
 Black Marsh peat bog. Prince county, Prince 
 
 Edward Island — ,. .. 
 
 Portage peat bog. Prince county. Prince Edward 
 
 Island — .> I. 
 
 Miscouche pat bog. Prime county. Prince 
 
 Edward Island — >i •• 
 
 Muddv Creek peat bog. Prince county. Prince 
 
 Edward Island — .• . 
 
 The Black Banks peat bog, 
 Prince Edward Island — 
 
 Prince county. 
 
 t Mapi marked thus t have Been printed independently ol leports, hence cau he pro- 
 cured teparjtely by applicants. 
 
tars 
 
 t376. 
 
 t377. 
 
 t378. 
 
 t379. 
 
 1380. 
 t381. 
 
 T382. 
 
 t383. 
 
 t390. 
 
 1391. 
 
 t392. 
 
 t393. 
 
 t394. 
 
 t39S. 
 
 Merniaid peat bog, Queeim county, Prince 
 
 Edward Island .'oy A.Anrep, 1913-1914 
 
 Caribou neat bog, Kings county. Prince Edward 
 
 Island— • " 
 
 Cherryfield peat bog, Lunenburg County, Nova 
 
 Scotia— " » 
 
 Tusket peat bog, Yarmouth county. Nova 
 
 Scotia— " • 
 
 Makoke peat bog, Yarmouth county. Nova 
 
 Scotia— " " 
 
 Heath peat bog, Yarmouth county, Nova Scotia — " " 
 
 Port Clyde peat hog, Shelburne county. Nova 
 
 Scoi.a— • « 
 
 Latour peat 
 Scotia — 
 
 Clyde peat 
 Scotia — 
 
 bog, Shelburne county. Nova 
 bog, Shelburne county. Nova 
 
 t387. Geological map Banff district, Alberta, showing location of phosphate 
 beds. By Hugh S. deSchmid, 1915, accompanying report No. 38S. 
 
 Christina river map showing outcrops of bituminqus_ sand alon: 
 Christina valley; contour " 
 Scale 1,000 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 Christina valley; contour intervals of 20 feet — by S. C. Ells, 191 
 
 I 
 
 Clearwater river map, showing outcrops of bituminous sand along 
 Clearwater valley; contour intervals of 20 feet— by S. C. Ells, 1915. 
 Scale l,000feet to 1 inch. 
 
 Hangingstone-Horse rivers, showing outcrops of bituminous sand 
 along Hangingstone and Horse River vallevs: contour intervals 
 of 20 feet— by S. C. Ells, 1915. Scale 1,000 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 Steepbank river, showing outcrops of bituminous sand_along Steep- 
 bank valley; contour intei 
 Scale 1,000 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 bank valley; contour intervals of 20 feet — by S. C. 
 
 long ! 
 ElFs, 
 
 1915. 
 
 McKay river, -^ sheets, showing outcrops of bituminous sand along 
 McKay valley; contour intervals of 20 feet— by S. C. Ells, 1915. 
 Scale 1,000 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 Moose river, showing outcrops of bituminous sand along 
 valley; contour intervals of 20 feet- by S. C. Ells, 1915 
 1,000 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 Address all communications to — 
 
 Moose 
 Scale 
 
 Director Mines Branch, 
 
 Department of Mines, 
 
 Si'ssE.x Street, Ottawa. 
 
 Note.— I. 
 2. 
 
 Mapi marked thui * are to be found only in reports. 
 * laps marked thus t have been printed ' ' 
 be procured separately by applicants. 
 
 Maps marked thus t have been printed independently of reports, hence can 
 
 )lic;