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TWO LECTURES 
 
 (4N 
 
 
 ■•V .y 
 
 A N A D A ; 
 
 ISy H O i. a- O € ^ -^I P ?r» I.: «. IL , m^^isUi-emL 
 
 ^ 
 
 Wmm W THE SlIEliilT COiiRT IJAU;, mkMX S(OTLA«0, 
 
 On Tficsday Kvfiniag, Jauoary ^0, aud Friday \mm, 
 
 lamiary H3, 1857. 
 
 FIRST CANADA EBITIOi^. 
 
 
 TORONTO: 
 
 RKFRIVTKK FROM THE GIiEK!V«H:ik EOITIOW 
 
 1857. 
 
Till 
 
 A 
 
TO TirE KIOJTT H<xNORAl>C.K 
 
 I THE FAJih OF ^K.i^ m) hmmmm, 
 
 LATE 
 
 GOA' EENOll (iENERAL or CANADA, 
 
 Tll^:-^E LECTURE:-^ 
 
 ON THAT K B L E F 11 V 1 H C E 
 
 AEE RESPECT 1 U LEY DE DIG A TEI^' 
 
 BV lUiT LOliDSim''s OP.EDIEJ^l' SEKV.VNT, 
 
 ROLIiO CAMPBEliL. 
 
x^.I3ltc3•r'"laaE^:H3 :c. 
 
 Prom the Greenock Adocrtiser^ Januanj 9/6, 165T. 
 
 On Tuesday evciiiiifr, u most resp(.ctci))k\ ycry i\unicvou8, 
 and liiirhly Intellijreiit and attontivo audience, assembled in tlie 
 Slicrifl' Court Hull, to hear tho fir.it of two ^octureB upon 
 Cunada, dvlivend l»y Mr. KoHo (-amp^oll, of Montreal Mr. 
 Campbell, as onr rcP'Ivrs uro awart., left this town many yi'U)H 
 ago and settle 1 in Canjidi IK-, lias had the best opportunilicji 
 of sritncs.'jing the extruo. \inary progrc-s of thiit Tinr province in 
 uioral and physical iuiprov<'ment, and ho lias uu).st liindly 
 ts^kcn tlu: troohlo of connnittlug his impressions of the country 
 and its; oapabilitic^ to pa]i'r. The subject is wide antl moat 
 iuterostinfr, but, in order to meet the requirements of liis osvix 
 'iime and from his (U'.siro to gratify the tastes of a lar{/;cr circle^ 
 he has cojidensed his observations into two looturcs. Un- 
 f(^rt1matl•ly other demands upon his attention prevent their 
 ve-delivorv in other Srotch tovvnv«, b\it as it would be a crreiil 
 1os;s to liavc th-^ labour which their ["reparation must have coHt 
 ..expended uj)on a single delivery, we luivo much pleasure in 
 transfeiri lip; them to our columns. 
 
 Tlie Provoi-rt occupied the <'hair upon Tuesday, and there 
 were i)rese.ot on and around llie platform - Hailio Arbuekk\. 
 CounrillorK (Jritve, MacCunn, Hunter, Stewart, Mellwraitb, 
 Messrs. JIcLea, C. tv'ott, Ssvrjrd, Crawford, Allan, Curli:>, 
 Dcnniston, Neill, Ovr^ Blaii, Williamson, Walker, McDonaldj 
 M(vFarlnne, Mori.^on, Aiiken, Leiteh, Black, WeLsh, McMillaii, 
 Hunter, &c. The hall was quite crowded. 
 
 Provoi-;t Hunter rose amid cheers, and said he liad much 
 pleasure in occuji} iik^ the chair on the present occasion and in 
 introducing Mr. Carnpb<.'ll, who after a lon«; absence is i»o\v on 
 ;(. visit to his native land. He was sure ho would meet with ft 
 hvcarty welcome, net only as an old townsman, but as a gentle- 
 man who had ever evincctl a deep interest in the pi'osperity of 
 Vjreoi'ock, and had often given advice and assistance to manjr 
 of our < oimtrymen when on their journey to tlie Far West- ■ 
 (ht-ar, bear;. Mr. Campbell had availed hinuself of his vw^it ^.o 
 1* 
 

 
 pi'( pure und deliver Uvo loiluicr oa Canada -(thccj'S) He 
 coald not render bi.tter HL'r\i(e to Lis a'!('f»t(;d (onutrv, or cfni 
 (br fi f^n"i*(ir ])C|K-f)t on iii''So of our rtiuntrytucn who, t^; better 
 their ' ond;<ion, vvc prtjturii'g X> cnii'.rniic to fuiolli'i lai.d. Tlrj 
 glitter oi' the jiuid-iit^iis, he llared, liad d.t/./.leil many a one lo 
 acek a hvinii; far oU' vhu.li would have Itoen vJinicd Uixrc suroly 
 nearer hoino. Oanada is er.e oi' liic most iinport'.int nn<l j)ros- 
 p« rmiR colonics attarhed f'» the l^.viti^li (.'row'i, and will ,tand 
 coinpari.soo with any otlxr ot the lh';,i,;h poss ■'sion*', nnd 
 inleed witli anyeoiniiiy in *ho world lor it houndless rcsom'ces, 
 its rapidly '"nereasintj; population, -iTid the .^uhstaniial wealth, 
 enerjAj, and ioulligonce- orit.=; poojilc -(cheers). Its praximity 
 io lliis country is of th<' idt-Kcit in-} aruinee lo tlii' emigrant 
 who, vvUeu the Ie1('i/;raph i.-^ laid down, will eoninuuiicate as 
 quickly with his Tncnfls here, i;-; il'he w-jvc writirig froni one of 
 oor metropolitan towns to hi,-; vji!a;j;e tn.nie- 'Vheering). It !ihh 
 lonu; hc( n a peipulur opinion lliat tiio Yowb: hy tlu) Toiled 
 Slaios wa^ the he.^t v,'xy to ^ 'una la. ITc (?rovo«t FTuni-r; 
 ah.vavs eoasidcred ;!n's an e.rrom <,i,s jde;! ,-:*.*>;.; J.u-o^I'-- — ■ l.--4^^'" 
 
 *JMk ^^^i*--— ■ --r '"" ■•■'*• 
 
 hul Mr. CamphoH u''oir}<^ shmr the.ni timi Tl'e (iiie.i v(i\a>;': t.y 
 the Su Lawrence was not only the ouicke-st, t-ut tlie iheape.-^!. 
 
 r 
 
 ,v.nd nins't conirurtahle, parl!<'ul-ir!y f^i'i.e yteaiae^' 
 
 rnenccd plying, do had now the urealest p'..'.<ure in !nlr*?lT; 
 
 mg tJtir li-'Cn 
 
 1 wi 
 
 lOSC 
 
 ad 
 
 (Jr^; 
 
 thev f'ad met to hear 
 
 Mr. I'arnpl'eh \v,aH received w iiii much applause. IK- said— 
 
 Provo.4 Ilunl''), Ladies and 'l')i(!e;n /n, WiiVi a proper 
 
 desire, 1 tiu.si, to conmhule .soniftiunir towards making Canada, 
 ihe country of my adoption, h'Olti r ki.t.svn m ihi-, my native 
 'and, I bhaK ondeaTor to occupy your ntteniion as ith that sub- 
 ject this evening. Vou must not expect nie. iioucver, to say 
 nmch. i.liat any of you inay noi, if you tviidi, tind in book.s mid 
 otlicr puUicatiojis en Canada, for it wf^uld be presumptuous in 
 •ne to •)::-urao to be bett'-r inlbrr-!'.!] than tiie .<cientilic and 
 .earned gentl.imcn who haw devoted niueh time and labour to 
 ihe development oi' this very topic. My ohj'i't is to call your 
 attention lo what.i.:; already known of Canada., rath' r tban U: 
 add to tlial knowledge, and if [ succeed in av.rdvening your 
 intcre^-'t in that country, my end wi'.l have bet u fully ansAi-ted 
 
 Many vague and iu'^orrect ideas jMX'vail in tno.st lauds about 
 li.ireit'n ind distant eountries, just bccau.se there appears no 
 special reason wlty U)')'^^e av;curate inibruiation should be .sought: 
 ■liid I am op.iitc sure tbe remark appbes in Creav IJiitain in 
 respect to t^ana'ia, wiiich eouiiDy i^ not ;-o well kno^ui ns it sh 
 io ' desired it were, or, as in the cxercbse of asoundpoliey ol- 
 the part of its rulers, it will hereafter be. If proper mi.anshad 
 heen adopted by the (-anariian Govcrnn\ent, yearKago, to i>riDg 
 

 the claiiu.s (/{lu'ir vdintry Ik'Ioit iMliii(liii'.!;Miii!.riiiits fViM i tlir 
 (InitiMl Kinjrlojri, In liurcds of tlioti.-.'iil.; wlin h;ive ^.'ii^- luUif 
 IJiuLc'J SUlU'S noii'^l l(,n,vc ;;iv(.li \))v |ir<.(i.Ii*ri( (• In r.iii;i!l;i 
 \vh('!'f, I havij not, ,1 inontrnt' ; li' .-i(.;ti.MVt)i s.i.iiii:. tlicy wouM 
 liMVi Ij 'Oil lHlt«r I'Uu'.'d tli-in ihcy •vnn vcr i'c in 'Jr. Aiinri<Mi 
 li< piihlu'. A< Ihc .real l.omlon T*'\!iil.!tio!i oi" ihr»1, .'md Ititcr 
 at Uiat o'" IVij'is, .>(Hii('^l.tMij \vu.s (\.mt to prt ,"-•»:! tli«) rl.-iiuis «.-♦' 
 C.irKiila hi ih" ',\(;iiii; .•intl it is sat.sl'.K toiy iq is lOW tli;it, (iirsi. 
 I'liuiU, liiivc rM«t hi'Cu \Nilliv.»uL beiiclM.'iai i j.^uU.*. Diit ust'liil as 
 those 'j:rt;ai. fuiis wcie iri ,>efi)riMf»; t.lu.' .'itniilioi of 'In; urall'iy 
 and inlf^lU' c'hi;-.^'.'« to tli-/ |ivoiluc«ioiis and ix -curci'S ol' (he 
 '^oimtr\, lh( y \\\n iiotujell' ctiialiu rcrcliii.fi' iht> ciji:--!'- u'hii-ii 
 oniijiivJ.ij most; uii>l I thcictii'i' con' ii!'I(.> that, soino fuctinxl 
 )>cV.i:v ad;ipl«'(l to c(»nipass liiat o)»Jcfi mu,-.t Itt o?ii|t!oyi;il. 1 
 trust sii' h nuans nil) he ndi^pt. il, sumI iiiat ihc- .^iipiriiM-iiKiI" hi 
 j)<»})ii],'itio') of IIm.' Hriti-Ii i.-les will li:i.ri» to ;.'rk a Iiomc I'tuhr 
 too ii;.'j;i.s < (' ill.' lh;lisi\ ('on.'tllulion. aiwl iha', I''*) in thr ii:i< 
 proviiif I' n|'(';iiia'ia. I ou'jhliiot lo ojiiit ^a^'il ■:, tluttliiL' honwi 
 i^'.hic; till.; Canaviian MiiiisivT cf A;^iicullarf,Mi. \'!i[ik(.ii,L'}nu ... 
 is nov ttiniin,t' anxioos j'tL nli' u t.. tiu.s sn'ij.if, :vu\ that !'!■. 
 hijiii {.alcnL .ml n.vII kiioM h |-.u'] :;(.VL'r..nc.', alll-nl >Mllii'^j,t 
 ^niar'.ntiC fcr the stl.isfart u'v [m i r...roi;nuv ol' ll'.r lask li !.:i> 
 und.rtakcii. 
 
 In ciit« rinjj, nn'>ii .". snhject ol Mi-'h impcivi.'i.ncj 'itkI <xlrnt . •; 
 Iho QUO h.'l'on. nil-, and liuv'ri. to (.•oiKion x- it iiit > ih" .-aa.-iil 
 roinpa:-:. r.t' a coujilo ol" hx-turcs. il will ])<• alnio't liupdssiM'.' !•.. 
 avoid hiakinu," Ihi' taislaiU' < I" kuNin,^' on! ol* view :( uw thiji^' -; 
 vrliich .should ho notifod ; Iv.v (,vi;v, ii will he my c.u-o 1-) <'r"'vd 
 as rurndi sviikl:) (ho nan'o\\' hn.ii. as |.'v.>.il,U?, and l,» i-.akc: siu'i". 
 s*jlcctioii ;is will hcst un,-;\vcr tho '•nd^. pnpn- .i':. 
 
 Ft wan in L4i.)2 that' Cciiin.hns illscu'.'.rc'i ihr n^ \.- v.i.ild.- 
 
 "'his niarv.'IIous a.-'hlovouujit crcaicd tho {TC'.' ■. i •, •.■ siusalion 
 tHrou2;liout J'rro])*', and a.vvakv'nod an inl'-ns'.,' /ta' aniC'Otr its 
 jTincipal nations tor i'mtlicr discuvtiit.-. In 1 d",'7 S.h.istian 
 V.'lKih(-.t, under ;\ cointui;^.' ion froio kh/nry VI k t'!' Fn,i;k!Tui, 
 sailed I'lr the wcsl in iiuarch oC unknown fount ri',.-', ai'^l v.\.-. 
 ^ho tirsf. nav!,L;-ator who readied thi- I'.ain-kand of AiD^rica. — 
 This was the; pre.-ont jnov'nco. '/f N-na .*^eel!ii. Ih i.- - iij>j>^,'Scd 
 also (o have entered t,lu: (ndf ol' Sk knsvrcne-,., .lod '.;> liavr 
 proef'eded s-iiie. «h.-'iance up ilu river; hut nothinjr very 
 tuithentic in relation to tliis .dl(',L;,'e(i liirl is on recrd. (t, •,".•.•! ■; 
 not till the } eai lovl- iha-: ('a.nad-\ wj.s diseovt.-r'.d ; .iiid tu 
 Jaript- s { ir<i' r, a Ono.'i;;,-: nuo'nrr in tlie service "f t')<' Kin^:- 
 '>r l''ran<'e. is die lioiw^r r f thes discuvery due. Ih; k''j-.dcd in 
 Uiat y%f,r at (,h.i(d)oe, t'l', ti ea'led hO;idae('na hy thf* nati\e.s, and 
 wttlujut ])roi tjcdinj!; uiihtrr rrtujned to Kj'r.n.et. to lejiort his 
 adver.iur.s. Thv; crisuin'r year he caiiK; h;iek and ', idled Jdon- 
 irual a.'d rihe?- p'ares Montn al ^^ as thi n a very -onsi'k r.-ihle 
 riativo scttleriKot, .ind was nanud I!oc)ie)a,oa. From l;'i8v lo 
 l(>2'i (.'aniula continued as an ajipenda^'f' nf O.iv Frciuh <.i'Ov.'n, 
 svlion Qu'.dx'' ;\;is lai'vn by Admiral Kirk, then li;.ihtin!/ i'or 
 Fngla7;d agidnst Fiun-;!.!; i'Ut the <•^.n(p.•e^■t svasde;;i:!ed. Oi'.-tifdi 
 
ni'jp^Ut :mj)M'lHnce, tfmt the rotjntry wr.-rc.>roriu to KraniM upfiw 
 /err . a3y terrn.s, thrco yonrs af'ti'.wards. In 175'.», the t-vo 
 uationK iJcing ugum at vvai, the iniiiortal Wolle lai 1 sci^o to 
 Q.ii4.!M'r, an(l having';, 1»y c,-!)«i of the inotsii t«ji.iar!:alik' lVat:'> 
 known iti hi>^lory, Ljumd tic IMiuis of Al rahsuii, h-.' met the 
 Fit'iKh troops; CMitnistfil with jht tlelnnco of (tic city, ."^avo 
 them hattlc ami drfoal-il thcin In this 'SvtlMb:i'^hf ficl<l" 
 bf.tli ho iiiid th(! .^allriiit Montcai!.-!, the Krciu h (icncial, lost 
 thvir livt.s. It iv.i\y not ht fimi^- to state ln-ro, liii:.t tijo riM/ooK 
 01" Q'K •'('<'. orcclcfl a ht.'.'iuiirul (1 'liniment lo the incmon <»r iho 
 two miors some twority I'lvo v«'r rs a'j;o, and that ii i« so.'^itmited 
 as («) hi> ono of tic lit"-* oh,i'cl.< -vhich arrc-t tho oyo of a 
 srrnn^tr arrivuirj by Ma Mt (.ut-l^rc With tho WA of Qiuihcr 
 ficncii lorninidn iii (..'ar.ada ( < um d, uml ia ITOI th : i ou:»try 
 v\ ;is ev'fUd 1)> trenty to (hi'iit lini.ii/', atu' has conliniicd to hr 
 one <■?■!" its dciHrndtfific-'i ever uim e. 
 
 Porm(j>4 tlu; easic:-^! wny .•('■/ invfytni; a corr-'j impression of 
 ^h.' (.'•.tciil of (\'Ui;id;i will in-, oy i'lyio';-. that h is throe timosr 
 as l,(r,'f as Kn^Hand, .s«'';iland, Wijl-r, ao'l Irolind. Ithrgins 
 on the rM-,1 at, Ihe ro.-t <)(' Lih.udor, lunl is bounded at tlio 
 '■w.-sl by !hc rivoi Kunini-tiij n;i, ii Urvam mnr tlu- Inad ol 
 ]'.:\\:v Stipcrior. Novtli<)!y, it.- hmit i^ t! t Hudson's Day ten! 
 r(;iy; ^tnd suutjiirly, it hay iho {iroat LukfT', the river St. 
 I.nv»-i«M.e, and t'li':* Unirnl .Statc;^ rs Ivju'uiai'ic^. It is not 
 neofs^'iu'v fur our purpose, t > po iino a v inute longitutlijial ;<n<l 
 '..ntlludinal af'-otint of thcsi' limils, and it ,n:;.y h<. sulficiont tu- 
 say that it is abooi KX": i-iile:* loiij^v n.nd Co^i hroa,d. 
 
 b-m'.l 17' 1 v'.inada wn. kfiow d as the Province of Quehee, 
 • lit a:-! !nu>'h ddliciilty \v:ts oxt:>.'riunctid in tnanaii'in'.; so vxten- 
 >;ve and then ^!>'i:'sely :,<.liK' 1 ".tiritr^^, it was dividetl into iwo- 
 .^.'Lli 'li^, ih'j e:islora houig ealled ]',cwet, and 'lie western Upper 
 (^'anida, it- i8il, however, under ;.hc admhiii-tration of liOrd 
 :>vdciil'aM'. the p"Ovi!!('e.s wcre.rc-anil >d,, ard while, for certain 
 purposes, the Unit hctw-'eu the two secticns is still acknow- 
 lidged,thr eon '.: tr >' i;i under '>!vj ir,i\\cr\ ment, ami hasacomm.in 
 tie!iL,r.r7. Ncveitbelssi-;, as th* re 'S a -•ood d<'al rd" dkssunilarity 
 hetvvMMi ihe ea-b.'rn and western soe lions of Canada in their 
 physi'^'d f' :itures, climate, produetion'^, and inhabitants, in their 
 rcliuion and laws, aud as tiu \ hole sul irct would be too 'ixten- 
 sive !br one cvenin;:, I •^h. 11, on tl)i-' o 'casion, givo more par- 
 ticular attention to f.ower r;Hn da. and re^^eryc my remarks- 
 'jpon t'ir upp<'r division for anotlK-r lecture. 
 
 LO'Vrev Canada takfs in the oumcnse .stret(di of rouivtry froiu 
 L-Vorador ot) the /lorfJiern side of the Gulf nnd lliver St Lavv- 
 jf?nee up (\> Mnotreal, vrhere it trive.-Ji up t\v. n^ain river a.s a 
 -,''Oo.n(*ary .-ind takes the northern shore of the Ottawa, which 
 ri.'.:r oi.semhoij^ne.^ into the St. Lasvreneeat i he lower or ea.storr.v 
 end of the Island of Montreal. On the sontheni sid*. of the St 
 Lawrem'e H take,?, in the district of lJiasp(\. which comprises Dk 
 
I^'jiy o| (.Ja'.p*' and tli(* north sUr-ofilw ('h.'.!« uih, IVorn tli'- l.ca! 
 »,^r wliifh I'Jiy a M*riunij> \m •. riii litK' ilivi.li'S it I'kuu tlu; I'ritish 
 proviiK <• of Nt:\v l!iiin»^w!( k ;'iul tlu- ( mII.m^ Sf«'<s. Tliis liiu- 
 iMiis u)) lo tlu' ^•^)ulll l/uik of tliP St. Lawn. n (•«.<, nl»<.iit "-.*) milrs 
 !\bovc A'»>iitrr:il, wImt.cc, uji all iho wav ,v.st, Ih-U iImv Iu- 
 ''•>iijo8 llic l)on<i"luiv bt'tvvi.'cti Cniuitlit ainl tin- lnitMl Stfi>i>. 
 V'rurn lliat ^ Lou th(f v^^t. l/iwn M'".-, ulii<li Aw-i tli- I iiitfd 
 v-'tiiii'?< .icccss I- thi.' livor, tlinl, inagiiili' I'lit sliv.-cn passes 
 ihro'j^h (''niiada to tlic Oruun, n ili '.-ncf, rcrkonirii; lo '.J.-tsp'' 
 Ht'fid, orul"»nt ■')50 mill's. At sonu. hnndrod imlcs below (^uo- 
 Ik c the St. l.Jiwn lu r })C':in.>^ to <»|i"ii out, iho two hanl;s i* ro<ltii;j 
 until l))t.'y arc some JHii miK's npurt. Jlt-ri it is ijillc"! llu' (Juil', 
 jitkJ ill the (iulftluTc an. -I'Vc val i^lfiii'ls uirU-r iho jiirisdii'ii.)n o\' 
 (.'Mnii'h, tlio i»!iijt'i[)!il olwhi'h arc \n*i«:(\ui iiud .a ^^roiip r.iih'il 
 t!i(! M.'ij^tl ilrns. 
 
 Ai'tifMsti i,-^ iin ishu'id J 2'; inil'.s loo.u', luid in ;r,-> wMv.vt jtiirt 
 ■''» l>r()! 1 Ii h.is all .'ilon'i. r.atil r.'i'i'ut!}, hc<Mi r.'!j;nnli'<] as an 
 iiilios 'itnh!i' . runti} , hnnlly \\'>\{\\ attcuLion ; an(l as il is al- 
 most doflidito of harlioiirs. it lifiS n-nifunud m'-^iilt ch'd ; hut 
 riif'enl ••ultivulion lias ^lul^v^, that in sonic jilaros at least it 
 po.ss('S,si;si a goneruus .s'.il, wlTka richly n [oiys ihc lahour ho- 
 stowL'd u[»on it It is kno>vii to h(.« ;i.n cxculli-nt fisl,in;;-station, 
 arid to abouiM! with animals vahud dr tluir lin'. i hrlicvc it 
 has hco.n gr- atly nn ItTNalijed, and I entertain the conviction 
 that hct'oro maiiy years, havi> j)as'<efl, it will h' iidiahited hy 
 tlion-;ands of ii.dustrious f'unilio;, who will lindtlioii account in 
 dcvilopin;^ il- rc.soiir(;cs. Ai present (here are only a I'e.v 
 families' resid-nir o!i it, h^-ides the keepors of the !i';'ht-hoi;<\s 
 eicotod there by the Canadian (Government. 
 
 The Ma^rdn'icns ta-a noted lor theabniidanee of the fi.-h whieli 
 swiiu on their coasts; and as they alloi'd good chelter lo (ishin;.^ 
 traft, (hoy are resorted to by great nainbeis ol the.^e vessels in 
 summer. They cont'iin semo bundred.s of inliabitanls, and f\re 
 beeo;nin;i' l.'nowii as Very thriving; little .-pots. The northern 
 ooast o'" Canada, lor hnnoreils ol' niiles, is uninhabited ; except 
 bore and there, where the Hudson's Bay <?<)nipany has (reeled 
 iradin^'-posts, to which the few wandering Indians resort v ith 
 tlicir peltries to extdiaiige them for clothing, lire-arms, powder, 
 shv't, &(: Tiiis coast isindenied by nnmerous small bays, and 
 br(,'ken by a, g'vat many rivers, several of whicli, in Europe, 
 woidd be deemed very large sti earns ; but as it is compai-alivdy 
 unoccupied, and i.- likely to comnnieso lor many years to come, 
 it is not necessary to dwell ujku its {)ccui;arities. T. cannot, 
 however, nas^' h\ the Satniena'/, witliont saving a few word.^ 
 aioont it. The J^aguenay is uiKpu^tionabl}' oiie of tlie most 
 extraordinary I'ivers in the v/orhl. Bouchette, in his wo!k on 
 Canada, described it, as follows, in tho yeai- 18.1 o; — 
 
 "It is the largest of all the streams that pay ttibute to the 
 great river; it draws its source from Lake St. John, a collection 
 of waters of con.-idorable expanse, receiving many large rivers 
 that Jlow fnvm the north and north-west. At its eastern extre 
 mity two large stieams issue I'rom J:., which, afler Howing about 
 
f 
 
 1» 
 
 ^■^^ , 
 
 =?a 
 
 
 57 milfi-!, unite their waters, ami heronie the IrreslL^tiMe Sa- 
 i^iionuv- ; ifoin this point it oentinurs its course in an oasterlj 
 ;iirv>ct'ion ;'oi about !0'* inilos dowii fo tlie St. j-awronc^v Tbc 
 biinks ot't)iis river are very roeky, Jini! 'rijirnniseh' liiglu varyirj^'; 
 tVoni 500 to ai)out 2000 fv<.-x. Itr, eurniit is I>ioad, deep, ami 
 uMConiwijTily rnpid ; in some j^laecs wliere jirecipioes intervtine, 
 Iheru iire ihlis Oom DO to i''i> feet in lieip;ht, down which the 
 '.vhole volutno of the streiun rashes with ind' seribahlo i'liry 
 a!id tren■leIltl(:.'l^ ?io;so. TIu ;rf'Mcral Inadth is 'rom two t!> 
 thircc n)ilcs, hiif. it eonrracf^: (o one it its mouth; and its di'pth 
 i.s also rxlj-;.ior(liu.iry, n lin;; of oOO futhrims luivino- faikAi to 
 rca.;li the botiou'v. ' 
 
 'ITii.Tc> "s ar- excellent. harhouL- wiihin theniontl) ofthi.-; ri\er, 
 where 'u-.t;-.' Vv'ssels ta'se shelter, OJ- may he seen loadinti; timber 
 lor Gre.d |-5vitniii. Various hnriboriuir "^mblisliinents havf been 
 v'pened on this strennv, yr.d S'Mm.' oi' ii;;; flues; wood shipped 
 from (.'.'uv.id.'i is taken heiv e. The iSa'j;ui'nay is not more faraous 
 ibr its :sju\'i and .-.olemn pi.'tures(p)eness than for its excellent 
 fl'de.'ries; an(i it is ni.'l iiu\isiui! for ]^arties of eager s])0J'tsnicn 
 to res')il thither in summer, from <,;uebcc ibr a, woeli or two la 
 -jupst of that king of Hshes, ihe maL';ni'!Cent salmon. It is 
 worthy •.rrcniavk, that althou[;;h Lak;; S<- ^John is mucii furthot' 
 to the norrh liiau t^uebcc. yet th.vre and at Chi-.'Oiuimi, a set- 
 Uerncnt ^n t!u.> Sajiiienay, it h.^s Ixfen observeij that the elimatc 
 is i.iut'h ui'ldei', and that agrieidrural '-p'T'itions are far more 
 iL'Uceessrul. There <'?!!inot be a doubt t,.at, 'n a few years, this 
 re;non of coiiniry vvill afFoid lio;ues iv a large and prosp-^rous 
 population. 
 
 Fr'»m trie Sagucnay, wh;^"l, is distant from Quebec about 120 
 rnlles,. the northern bard: of the St. Lawrenee becomes populous, 
 and many verv iieautihu farms nviv I'.j seeri which I'-ive evidence 
 that good husb.indry, even tiier*', 'Ui ets iu\ adiMjuate rev\'ard. 
 Fiom this point up, also, the river is broken by numerous 
 islands, ]\»ost of theru occupied and cultivated, t!ie largest of 
 wh' -h is that tf Orleans, within a few miles of t^iicbec, a vuh 
 and beautihil sj ot now almost entirely cieared an-l cultivated.-— 
 Ttie Journey up the St. Lawrence, through these islands ir suin- 
 Kiel', is one of the most delightful Ihut can bo imagincvij and 
 numerous steamers tind it remunerative i(» carry pa.-seugers up 
 and (k;wn, who escape froni the busy cares of comme; -e to catch 
 J-lie Sea breeze, to bathe, and to ti^ii. Indeed,, within the la,-:?£ 
 five or six ycar«. liiviere du Loup, Afurray liay, Kficouna, the 
 Saguenay, and other places on tlu- rower"'-:!.. Lavvrence, find it 
 dilHcuIt to at commodaie all the health and pleasure-seekers, — 
 Sevenil large hot. is iuive been erected at the>e and otlioi? 
 'ocalities, and thousands of persons from the western part o** 
 ('anada aiul the (.Tnited States, as v.oU jv, from the nearer cities 
 of (»)ucbec and .Nh)ntrcal, crowd these life-rciiovatii^g coasts. 
 
 Before reathmg Quebec by the no)t}» bank of the Si. Law- 
 Tcnee, we have to ji.a^s over 'the river Mo'iimurenrv, \^ hose full« 
 •Are among th.e most cekdjrab'd anl grand sights "in a countrv 
 
 
 iibounding ^vith natural wonders. The river 
 
 is noitbev vcyy 
 
'Ml 
 
 d 
 ers up 
 
 t atoll 
 
 in, tbe 
 
 find ii 
 
 vcr.-. — 
 
 1 olheir 
 
 '• ''ities 
 Law- 
 
 ■'• VCV'/ 
 
 
 li 
 
 vvicic lior very dvf\>, hut siifFicicTitly so to prcliKX* a groat oata- 
 TTfiCt. Il varioM Irriiii 50 to (tU foot in hriadth, a''< ording as it 
 -siray be swollen hy rains or rcduocd liy droii<;ht. It passes over 
 a ■ ccky hod, and a(XjMirc3 {!;roat velocity as it roaduvs tiio. preci- 
 picv over whioii it tumbles iulo a obasui Iwo hundred and forty 
 loot bclovv'. T)\e Mntcr being broken t)y shnrj) rookfj, acquifWi 
 a flci'cy -.viiitenLsa like fcavi; and ihe sj)ray, as it eatohos the 
 sun's rays, :efiect,s all t).\e prismatic colours, producinji- an in- 
 conccivahlv 'ioautifni elt'.ci. ]So stranger ever^onies (o (iuebe<' 
 'S>n pk-asurablc tlioLi^hts int'.'nt," ssithout visiting tliis remark 
 atjle and bvMUtitiil tail; but It is in winter, e.-pooially, tliat it 
 ,ittrj;ets attt'utio'j. Then tlie ni^st, as it is w.ifted by the v\!nd, 
 is eongealvHi and iVtrnis a <-onc, so'n.'times 100 f- et high, !Vom 
 the sides •>>(" wb'ch sui-t!l sleds, g'n(icd by city bi ur,:\ ,nnd 
 freiglaedwitli city belies, may bo seen every afteviioon carcerinp: 
 •■,viLb imrncTise speed and immense fun. .Scores rmd liundn''ls o^ 
 elegant vehicles, luxmiously cutJiioned •mu\ furr«.d, and drawn 
 by finehorvses, rejoicing in tlic iiuisic oriTmunierable small bells, 
 may be pcen going to and {'rom (he Falls of Montmorency during 
 the three decidci] winter months, wiun the merchants of Qno'.KK- 
 ar-e reposing from tlie ardu<»us toils of their simnner business. 
 None but persons who tiave spetd, a winter in Quebec can have 
 any idea of the pleasures enjoyed by ils more eleviUcd classw^ 
 durinii; that season. 
 
 Qf'EIiKO. 
 
 Quelx'C itself, as Tuany of 3^)u know, i- ;i quaint, oil. but ver, 
 respectable city. It vas laid out by its «;riginal founriers, who 
 'bllowed all the surface irregularities of tlu; bold r^ eky ijluifor^. 
 whicii it stands, and its crookedness and other defcds are now 
 past cure. The nld French notions wliicli pr(;sided at its creo 
 .tiuu seem to have become ]'eculi;jr institutions.", i'ud evvn tlve 
 modern bouses display ;dl '''.at solidity and gaunt solenuiity 
 which distinguish the earlier editjces. T!u city is diviii<:!d into 
 ■the upper and lo\rer town The forme'.' stands perched upon n 
 rock from two to three hundred '.v.id liftv f.ct af-ove the level of 
 tlic liver, and is surruurided by ma.-sive walls, surmounted by 
 equally massive pieces of ordnance, llcie and there are em- 
 brasures, from winch e>innlly ugly "icokir.g customers i)rotru<ic 
 ihei'* gaping mouths, which speak as plainly as gun.s' mouths 
 can do, that ihey would deliver \cry r owerful arguments against 
 ..m uncivil app.^oach. The i4)per town is entered by live gates, 
 and numbers about 10,000 inhabitants. I^pon the l.ighest 
 cnnnonce the citadel is situated, and commands tl;o country in 
 every ^lirecti'.n so fiir a;' tlie bristling caniton will bear their 
 /.netal. Jt also overlc'oks the river, and would probably sink 
 any ilt-et tint vrould pre.^u-.ne, ^o approach vviihin ihe range o.t 
 its 82'poundLTs. T"ho lower town is an aggregation ol stores 
 and warchou.ses, wharves, doc1\S, shoi)S, au't other adjuncts of 
 irade, v-ith some hanched.s of dwellings for me. hamcs ano 
 iubour^.! >.;, (t is situat' d directly at the foo.. of the Cape ihmj:. 
 
u'lrcU the upper towji .-its (-iithroned in pride; bui. it Is hero, 
 thiit the ipjiiu'Tiso fureij:f\ husinr;-.^. of Quebec: is transaotc', and 
 l\n' small sln[) .^o ocrii[)ic(], ^\•l'i■:h is tj(u over an eij^lith of a 
 ilc \vi<lc hv one Uiile in l(n''t(), is valiahlc almost hevoad 
 
 in 
 
 pi'K 
 
 Tb" straidiess of the j-lace h.s caused l.uisiiies.s to bv3 
 [Mis! led cut aloii;^ the font of the Tape westvsnrd, and one street 
 
 runs ii[) some three n 
 
 n. IV \v!iarvcs and stores, booms 
 
 :neU»ir..!:r uiit'/id (|U;'nt)ties of timber, piles of deals and board-; 
 rdmost ti ;fviivj;' ineasuniuenf, bewilder the eye, and sug.a'cst the 
 'ivusdoii of where all this wood \\\\\ go, or when ic will si-o. — 
 ilosvever. the si dit of hve or six hr.udred ships at thi: same 
 moment, stowin.i; away in the^'r -'apa'-i ;iisinsides whole rafts of 
 inmicnM. logs, return Ui\ nnswf.T ; and when it is borne in mind 
 liiat from "lOi'O to IDOu Si;ch e;irp;oes uro despatched every 
 summer, the uondcr as io what beeon\es of the wood (;e;\seB» 
 Yet It !:■ one of the greatest sights in America, to behold from 
 some (.m.neii-e in th" iiei;;huonr]iood^ the acres iipoii acres of 
 square- 1 }*'iie, oaic antl elm logs, which ihe Coves present, and 
 the S]iectac^e inrnediatcly inijiresses tl,ic obscrw^r with the vast 
 extent oi'the timber (ra'le of Canada. 
 
 R.-ick of Quebec at.) situated the two suburbs, inhabited 
 (■niclly by mcehaijies and traders. Eaeli of these is much larger 
 th;ni ilie walled-a) (i'.y, and ihcy assist in swelli?ig the poimla- 
 ii'. \i t'.; a!.)oiit uO,')UO sutds. j>;!ck again of ^hes(; suburbs are tiic 
 redd(nces Oi'the nun- haols and allluent gentlemen who {in^fer 
 a comdrv I'esii'uicc to the narrow streets and circunisoribed 
 ;^.^ I'iii-s in llu uj)per low n ■ and no ( ity in Canada has liner 
 '>r jiio)',i (astvful ■ottagcs and viilns in its vicinity than Quebec. 
 
 tbu- of ihe ebicf brnn<'iies oi' industry heie is shipbuilding, 
 wiii;'!. is carried on very t};\tonsivi.ly ; as m.-usy as forty or iU'ty 
 :umi"n.':' vissv'ls being often, on the stocks at the same time, 
 
 Quebvc I- fa.iiied ihv the Courteens inravneis of its citizens, 
 md not less lo]- their g"nerous hospit;i!ity. On the whole, it i.s 
 a Tiiost comfortabb- and <x/y o]d atliiir; and as it is the only 
 city v.'hich boasts of w; Hs and ranij^arts all round, and of ohi 
 relifjiu^ry buildings whicii remind you of the old world, one 
 could l\a:clly v^ ish to mcdernize-it itnich, for then all its poetry 
 would be liono. vSecn tro-n tie viver on a sunny day, it is a 
 mo^t gui'vnous spectacle, and ahvays elicits the enthusiastic 
 
 ad 
 
 nil a I ion '4" Vi.'-.itors. 
 
 In coneluding this noti^-e of tlic ancient capital and present 
 stiYiiuhobl of (.'anada, T must not omit saying, t.h t the scenery 
 in its n.jighbourhood, cndirreing as it does three other remark- 
 able wat.er falls ];esidcs the MontmorcTicy, is beyond conception 
 the most sublime and grand in North America, and has afforded 
 mox- line i»jospects to the artist and (lie lover of nature in her 
 most august forms, tlian all the oth«r cities of Canad;' nut 
 
 tog< ther. 
 
 Pi'oceedins.' '<;ve.vtw':i'd bv the north bank of the St. ''.;a«-renc(,, 
 seveial large stteams are encountend, the principjd ojk'S of 
 which are the -.bicfpies Curlier, riamed ofter the disco\ erer of 
 
 C^ 
 
13 
 
 tizciin, 
 
 jc, it is 
 
 ^ only 
 
 01 old 
 
 li, one 
 
 poetry 
 
 11 is a 
 
 blastio 
 
 Canada, the St. Anne, and the Batiscan, Upon all these ri^orn 
 lumbering operations arc extensively carried on, and saw-mills 
 may be seen busily at work. Villages, generally in the vicinity 
 of the parish churches, arc scattered all along this bank ; and 
 indeed, beginning fifty miles below Quebec and up to Montreal, 
 a distance of some 230 miles, there is an almost continuous line 
 of houses visible from the river. The same thing may be said 
 of the southern shore of the St. Lawrence, which from Riviere 
 du Loup, 120 miles below Quebec, and westward to Montreal, 
 exhibits the same uninterrupted line of human habitations, 
 with here and there a group forming a village. It lias often 
 been remarked, that the exceeding whiteness of the dwellings, 
 relieved by roofs and doors generally painted red, with a fine 
 back-ground of green fields or trees, has a very beautiful and 
 lively effect when seen by the traveller coming up the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Returning to the northern bank, the next river of magnitude, 
 after passing the Batiscan, is the St. Maurice. This great 
 stream takes its rise hundreds of miles in the interior, and some 
 of its branches almost meet the head-waters of the Saguenay. 
 It drains an immense extent of country, and affords the means 
 of bringing to market a very large proportion of the timber 
 shipped from Canada to Great Britain and the United States. 
 Lnmbering is carried on all along its banks upon a very exten- 
 sive scale, and upon all its tributaries ; and within a few years 
 past largo American houses have actively prosecuted the 
 business there. 
 
 The town of Three Rivers is situated at the mouth of the St. 
 Maurice ; and although for a long time a slow place, the recent 
 large lumber ng operations have given it an impulse which 
 promises greatly to add to its prosperity. Extensive iron forges 
 and foundries are actively at work in this neighborhood, where 
 iron ores abound. The population of Three Rivers may be 
 about 6,000, chiefly French. 
 
 Between Three Rivers and Montreal — a distance of 90 miles, 
 Three Rivers being exactly midway between Quebec and Mon- 
 treal — there is no river or town of note ; but, as already stated, 
 there are several thriving villages, and an almost continuous 
 succession of houses. 
 
 •i-enl 
 nery 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 
 Within fifteen miles of the city of Montreal, which stands 
 upon an island of the same name, the waters of the Ottawa or 
 Grand River, merge into those of the St. Lawrence ; but as I 
 shall have more to say upon the subject of ihat stream, and the 
 region of country through which it passes, I shall leave it aside 
 for the present, and proceed to give a brief account of the island 
 and city of Montreal. 
 
 The island, at its western extremity, divides the waters of 
 the Ottawa into two channels, one of which meets the St. Law- 
 rence there, and the other, as before stated, at the eastern end. 
 
 2 
 
14 
 
 I ^ 
 
 I 
 
 The united streams form Lake St. Louis, a basin 20 miles long 
 and from 8 to 10 wide. The island is S2 miles long, and in its 
 broadest part about 15. There is probably no spot of similar 
 extent in Canada of so great fertility ; the soil is remarkably 
 rich, and throughout is under the highest cultivation, All 
 kinds of vegetables grow here in the greatest perfection ; and I 
 consider it no exaggeration to say, that the whole of North 
 America does not offer a market better stocked in respect of 
 such products than that of Montreal. The island is also cele- 
 brated for its fruits, especially for its app'^s, which have a 
 delicious flavour peculiar to themselves. This is attested by the 
 fact, that they are in great demand for exportation to countries 
 which grow very fine apples. Grapes, pears, plums, cherries, 
 strawberries, and the other small fruits, with very superior 
 melons, are also raised, and may be had at exceedingly moderate 
 prices. In respect to the products of the garden and dairy, the 
 island of Montreal is unquestionably one of the choicest localities 
 in Canada. Of the city it is hardly necessary to say more, than 
 that it is the best built, and the handsomest, as well as the 
 largest, in the province. The architecture of Montreal is upon 
 a scale of magnificence which is rivalled by few of the finest 
 European cities, and perhaps equalled by none with an equal 
 population. The churches, banks, colleges, market, and court 
 houses, are the admiration of all strangers, who invariably admit 
 that nothing approaching to such excellence had been antici- 
 pated. The city does not stand high above the water like the 
 upper town of Quebec, but it has a gradual ascent from the 
 front to its suburban limits in the rear, amounting to about 150 
 feet in a mile ; and back of this, the eminence called the Mountain 
 raises its stately head some 400 feet more. Montreal is the 
 commercial emporium of Canada, and although its trade suffered 
 a good deal in consequence of the change in the commercial 
 policy of Great Britain some years ago, it has considerably 
 revived, and it is expected that the recent communication with 
 Upper Canada, established by the completion of the Grand 
 Trunk Railway to Toronto, will bring back all it has lost, and 
 a good deal more. This road will doubtless draw down the 
 products of the Western Stites, in winter, to be conveyed to 
 Portland, and thence shipped to Great Britain. 
 
 In proportion to their abilities, the Montreal merchants are 
 very energetic. The present Canadian Ocean Steam Line is 
 owned in part by a House there ; and at this very moment a 
 project is being pushed for the establishment of a line of large 
 propellers to Chicago, which cannot fail to divert a considerable 
 portion of the trade of the Great West from the American 
 artificial water-ways to the St. Lawrence, the natural outlet for 
 the products of the vast grain countries bordering the immense 
 lakes. It is albO expected that an arrangement will be made 
 for making the Ocean Line weekly, insiead of fortnightly, as at 
 present ; and if it is effected, the western passenger traffic will 
 assuredly take this route, which is shorter, more pleasant, and 
 a good deal cheaper than the New York and Boston routes. 
 
15 
 
 ^lontrcal is already the centre of an extensive railway system, 
 five lines converging to it and others are projected. When the 
 Victoria Bridge, now far advanced, is completed, Montreal will 
 be able to boast the greatest viaduct in the world. It would be 
 easy to expend the whole time alloted to this address in a de- 
 scription of Montreal, its numerous factories being alone 
 deserving of lengthened notice ; but as other matters claim a 
 rightful attention, I shall have to pass on. 
 
 Before proceeding west, however, I shall give you a short 
 account of the south shore of the St. Lawrence, which comprises 
 a large part of Lower Canada. The waters of the River Resti- 
 gouche, in the Bay of Chaleurs, divide the province of New 
 Brunswick from Canada, and the line runs up in a northwesterly 
 direction as far as the Grand Falls on the noble River St. John, 
 where the boundary of the United States intersects. This tract, 
 from Gaspe Head to Montreal, is over 600 mil(js in length, and 
 may have an average breadth of 80. Bay Chaleurs, Perce, and 
 Gaspe are well known fishing- grounds, and give employment 
 to thousands of men and boys in summer; many of whom are 
 brought thither from the British Channel Islands in the spring, 
 to return with the loaded vessels in autumn. The resident 
 population is considerable. 
 
 Undivided attention to fishing kept these people poor for a 
 great many years, but of late more attention has been paid to 
 agriculture, and tlieir circumstances have greatly improved. — 
 From Gaspe upwards for 150 miles or more, there are but few 
 human habitations ; and it thus appears that even in this por- 
 tion of the province there are over 10,000 square miles unoc- 
 cupied ; nor is it very probable that this wilderness will soon 
 be opened up. Proceeding westward, we then begin to find 
 lumbering and fishing establishments, as at Cape Chat, Rimouski, 
 Matane, Metis, and Riviere du Loup, where a good deal of timber 
 is made, and thence shipped to Great Britain. 
 
 I have already stated that from Riviere du Loup upwards, the 
 bank looks like a long file of houses ; indeed, they are so near 
 together, that without much impropriety the road might be 
 called a long street. It has been observed of this portion of 
 Lower Canada, that is up to Quebec, the houses are better 
 built and kept, and the farms are better cultivated, than in any 
 other locality in this section of the province. The people, too, 
 seem more active and enterprizing, and altogether it may be 
 said to be in a very prosperous condition. There arc several 
 large villages on that line of road, the most considerable of 
 which are Riviere du Loup and St. Thomas, both of which might 
 with propriety be designated as towns. Opposite to Quebec is 
 the village of Point Levy, where there is a large community 
 spread out at the part of the high lands which come down 
 almost to the river. The shores for five or six miles are used 
 as lumber-coves and shipyards, and the population cannot be 
 less than 7000 or 8000. 
 
 The coves on the Quebec or north side having been described, 
 
IC 
 
 I need only say that these resemble them in every important 
 particular. The country on both sideft of the St. Lawrence is 
 occupied for from thirty to sixty miles in depth, but immense 
 tracts continue as they wore from "the beginning" — dense 
 forests. 
 
 Several considerable rivers • rur through the country, the 
 principal of which are the Chaudiere, the Nicolet, the St. 
 Francis, and the Richelieu. On all of these the invariable 
 lumbering business is conducted, and there are also various 
 manufactories where paper, cloth and coarse linen are made. — 
 Sorel, at the mouth of the Richelieu; Chambly, further up ; Mel- 
 bourne, Stanstcad, and Sherbrooke, in the interior townships, 
 are all thriving places, and in process of time will become large 
 towns. 
 
 Before proceeding to the vicinity of Montreal, I would fain 
 dwell at some length upon the very fine district of country lying 
 southeast, and kno\\Ti as the Eastern Townships, but the multi- 
 tude of things which have yet to be considered warn me that I 
 shall not be able to do this — a very brief allusion to them must 
 therefore suflSce. These Townships comprehend an area of 
 something hke 25,000 square miles, beginning at the back of 
 ihe Fi'ench country, on the margin of the south bank of the St. 
 Lawrence, midway between Quebec and Montreal, and termin- 
 ating with the boundary line between Canada and the United 
 States. The population of these Townships is chiefly English, 
 and may .amount to about 80,000 souls. Since the projection 
 of the railroad between Montreal and Portland, in 1847, this 
 district has ii'>adt extraordinary progress not only in population 
 but in wealth, and it is now^ held to compare favourably with 
 the best portions of Upper Canada in respect to agricultural 
 thrift and general forwardness. And wdiy should it not ? The 
 soil is of the best, and the climate, though somewhat more 
 rigorous than Western Canada, is not on that account un- 
 favorable to farming operations. Wheat is not grown there in 
 equal profusion, but oxen and swine are raised in much greater 
 abundance. Cheese and butter of the best descriptions are 
 made in great quantities, and bring handsome returns. The 
 capacious and substantial farm-houses, many of them made of 
 brick, the great barns and other outbuildings, the good fencing 
 and improved implements of husbandry in use, the powerful 
 teams with their capital appointments, and the dress and 
 equipages of the sturdy farmers, show that our Tovrnships are 
 inhabited by a class of indomitable workers, who cannot be left 
 behind i.i the race for material improvement. A considerable 
 proportion of the people are somewhat Yankeefied, having formed 
 alliances by marriage with American families on the border, but 
 in respect to loyalty to the British throne they yield to no other 
 class. 'Tis true they have been accused of annexationist ten- 
 dencies, and at one time they were perhaps open to the charge ; 
 but that time has passed away with them, as it has with all 
 other Canadians, a few young and inexperienced politicians at 
 Montreal and Quebec excepted. 
 
11 
 
 About 2i miles south of Montreal there is a village of con- 
 siderable extent called St. Johns. It is situated at the north 
 end of Lake Champlain, and was for many years the custom- 
 house-gate into Canada for American merchandize, but it has 
 lost that privilege in consequence of the extension of the 
 Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad to Rouse's Point, on the 
 division line between Canada and the United States. This has 
 somewhat affected the prosperity of St. Johns, but it still con- 
 tinues to be a thriving place, exporting large quantities of 
 lumber to Troy and New York, as well as peas, oats, potatoes, 
 and other farm products, to the latter market. 
 
 The rest of Lower Canada, on the south side of the St. Law- 
 rence, is of small extent; but possesses a claim to notice, in that 
 the Beauharnois Canal, one of the splendid public works of the 
 province, is situated there. 
 
 Passing across the river, we come to the tongue of land 
 formed by the junction of the rivers St. Lawrence and Ottawa. 
 The old division line between the two sections of Canada runs 
 across from one stream to the other, at a distance of about 
 thirty miles from the point. 
 
 IS are 
 The 
 ide of 
 jncing 
 kverful 
 and 
 Ips are 
 Ibe left 
 lerable 
 formed 
 ir, but 
 other 
 3t ten- 
 large ; 
 nth. all 
 ians at 
 
 THE OTTAWA. 
 
 Putting Upper Canada aside for the present, we come to the 
 Ottawa or Grand River, which, as already stated, flows both in 
 front and rear of the island of Montreal, being re-divided in 
 rear of that island by the large Isle Jesus, and two smaller ones. 
 The Ottawa, after the St. Lawrence, is the largest river in 
 Canada, being probably over 600 miles in extent. On both 
 sides it is fed by other streams, mo;:e than twenty of which are 
 from 200 to 800 miles in length. In addition to these, which 
 themselves branch off into innumerable channels, there are 
 scores of inferior rivers which fall directly into the Ottawa, so 
 that it may truly be said that the great valley of the Ottawa, 
 as this region is called, is magnificently well watered. 
 
 It is not possible, within the limit necessarily to be observeU 
 here, to give anything like a satisfactory account of this river, 
 and the country through which it passes, and I will therefore 
 have to dismiss the subject with a few general observations. 
 The river Ottawa, itself, is a succession of long reaches, wide 
 enough in many places to be called lakes, upon which steamers 
 and other crafts may ply, and to which they are confined. 
 Thus when you have travelled thirty, forty, or fifty miles, as 
 the case may be, upon one of these levels, you are met by an 
 impetuous rapid or an abrupt cataract, and you leave that vessel 
 and proceed by land one, two or three miles to the next level. 
 There are six or seven such reaches, and the ascent is some 
 700 feet. A canal to connect Montreal with Lake Huron, or 
 rather a succession of canals by way of the Ottawa, has been 
 long projected, and at this moment has some very warm and 
 influential advocates, but it has likewise some determined op- 
 ponents. The work would cost an immense sum of money, 
 2* 
 
ii 
 
 1 i. 
 
 ■t 
 
 18 
 
 probably not less than a million and a half of pounds, for the 
 obstructions in the river itself where it might be rendered navi- 
 gable are numerous, and tho places where locks would have to 
 be constructed are generally granite rocks, which of course would 
 occasion a large cost to excavate. An accurate survey of the 
 whole route is, I believe, in course of being made, and a com- 
 plete report will probably settle the question. Unscientific 
 men, like myself, who look simply at the directness of commu- 
 nication, will be apt to favour this gigantic project, for it would 
 save several hundred miles of lake navigation to the products 
 of the great west in their way to market, whether at Montreal 
 or New York. 
 
 The provincial government has already expended considera- 
 ble sums in improving the navigation of the Ottawa, or more 
 properly speaking in affording facilities for the floating down of 
 the vast quantities of square timber made upon its banks and 
 those of its numerous tributaries. In several places the rapids 
 or falls have been furnished with large inclined planes, with 
 upright sides, generally know^n as slides, by which the wood to 
 be carried down from the upper to the lower level is safely shot 
 through, instead of being dashed as in former times among the 
 rocks, with the risk of leaving ten per cent, of it fast wedged 
 there, and the rest considerably injured. These slides, besides 
 ctFecting a great saving to the owners of timber by preventing 
 loss and keeping it from injury, save also a great deal of time 
 and personal risk to the men employed. Much, however, re- 
 mains to be done, especially upon the upper portions of the 
 Ottawa, before its immense resources have a fair chance of 
 being developed. 
 
 Besides the money spent by the government, very large sums 
 havo been laid out by the parties extensively engaged in lum- 
 bering, but chiefly on the tributaries of the Ottaw'a where their 
 personal interests were centred. A good deal of bridging has 
 been done, rocks have been removed, slides and shoots have 
 been introduced, roads have been opened, and many other 
 things accomplished which have contributed to the extension 
 of the business. Over a quarter of a million of pounds has 
 probably been devoted to these improvements. This is of 
 course irrespective of the saw-mills, booms, stores, boats, scows, 
 and all the apparatus of the camps, in which an untold amount 
 of capital is invested. The number of men employed in lum- 
 bering upon the Ottawa «and its feeders is supposed to exceed 
 10,000, a figure which will assist you in forming an idea of the 
 vastness of this branch of trade. 
 
 It would be interesting to describe the lumbering operations 
 in detail, but time forbids, and if any one has the curiosity to 
 inquire into the subject, he can easily i)rocurc the desired in- 
 formation. 
 
 One of the greatest diflScultics attendant upon the lumbering 
 business, is the transportation of supplies for the men, horses, 
 and oxen, employed ; and from the want of roads and convey- 
 
19 
 
 the 
 lavi- 
 rc to 
 oul(\ 
 r the 
 com- 
 ntiftc 
 (imu- 
 
 ducts 
 itreal 
 
 idera- 
 morc 
 iwn of 
 :s and 
 rapids 
 !, with 
 ood to 
 iy shot 
 )ng the 
 s'cdged 
 ocsides 
 (tenting 
 of time 
 ver, re- 
 t of the 
 [incc of 
 
 ;e sums 
 in lum- 
 re their 
 ng has 
 )ts have 
 other 
 tension 
 nds has 
 is of 
 , scows, 
 amount 
 in lum- 
 exceed 
 a of the 
 
 aerations 
 •iosity to 
 sired in- 
 
 inbering 
 
 , horses, 
 
 convey- 
 
 is 
 
 .•mces, these supplies are oftt'U criliancL-d 100 per cent. \u cost 
 before they are received. 
 
 It is to be noted, that comparatively little attention lias been 
 paid to agriculture in this region, and yet the fertility of the 
 soil, and the certainty of being able to dispose of all that could 
 be raised in excess of the farmer's own wants, at large prices, 
 seem to imheate this as a mistake. Those who have turned 
 their attention to farming liave succeeded amazingly well, and 
 t believe some of the large lumbering firms have recently 
 turned their attention to the soil, for the purpose of growing 
 their own supplies. It seems, however, that when a jjopula- 
 tion has for any length of time pursued a particular branch of 
 industry, it is diflicult to divert them from it; and this is ex- 
 emplified by the axe-men of the Ottawa, who arc (juite 
 averse to farm labour. 
 
 Taking Canada as a whole, I do not know that any portion 
 of it offers greater inducements to emigrants than the V^alley 
 of the Ottawa. Land may be bought here from the (Jovern- 
 ment at a mere nominal p .ice ; indeed on the south side two 
 roads have recently been opened, upon which 100 acres of 
 land are offered to any person, upon the simple condition of re- 
 sidence, and the clearing of the soil. For an indefinite period 
 of time, that is for a hundred years to come probabl}"^, lumber- 
 ing will be the chief business of the Ottawa co^mtr3^ Agri- 
 culture must go hand in hand with it; and when it is taken 
 into account that the felling of trees in Canada is the prelimi- 
 nary operation of the farmer, it seems natural that it should 
 follow as an adjunct to hnnbering. It is asserted that the 
 Valley of the Ottawa can afford a comfortable subsistence to a 
 population of two millions of inhabitants; and moreover, that 
 it presents better prospects of competence and wealth than any 
 other locality. 
 
 In the more southern and western portions of the province, 
 land has greatly risen in price, and it requires some capital to 
 take up the business of farming ; but on the Ottawa there are 
 no such hindrances, and, as I have already stated, the ftirmer 
 need not carry anything to market, for he will l)e able to dis- 
 pose of all his surplus to the lumberers who are found in every 
 creek and rivulet, with men and animals requiring to be fed. 
 
 Bytown, or, as it is now called, the City of Ottawa, is the 
 largest town on the river, and may contain at present about 
 12,000 inhabitants. Speaking of this place, Hogan, in his 
 essay says, that "in 1830 it had but 140 houses," some of 
 them "mere sheds and shanties," now, however, it must have 
 over 2000. Not many years before the date named, the 
 property upon which it is built was bought for £80! now the 
 real estate it embraces is perhaps- not much short of a million! ! 
 The city of Ottawa is at present the head of navigation from 
 Montreal, but above it there are two lakes, or reaches, each of 
 them navigated by a steamer, and doubtless before long some 
 of the upper portions of the river will also have similar vessels 
 plying upon them. 
 
fl 
 
 I 
 
 Frotn OUiiwa cit}' there is a canal railed the Uideaii, which 
 was hiiilt I»y the Inipciial (loveninn'nt to (;onnoct that place 
 with Kiii;;sl<)ii, and an enormous amount of money was sunk 
 in it to litdi' purixtse, for it has never i)ai(l ahovc 3 per cent, 
 upon tlK'ouday. A portion of the sawed timber manufactured 
 on tlu; Ottawa, with a }i<)(jd deal made in the country through 
 which it passes, linds it way to the St. Lawrence by this canal, 
 and thence to tlie United States; and it may be that hereafter 
 this }i;reat woik will prove remunerative, but it must bo con- 
 fesse<l that ils prospects are not very bright. 
 
 I have now run rapidly over the principal portions of Lower 
 Canada, without fatiguing you with statistical details, which 
 could hardly be acceptable in a lecture, and have also presented 
 an imperfect view of the staple business of that section of the 
 province, vi/.., hunbering. There are a few other items, how- 
 ever, which cannot be passed over, and to these I shall now 
 briefly address myself. 
 
 OldMATlO AND SOIL. 
 
 The lirst is, the climate of Lower Canada, concerning which 
 nionstrousl}' exaggerated stories have been propagated abroad. 
 I might deal very summarily with the topic, by assuring you 
 that the climate is the most salubrious in the world, and not by 
 at»y means unpleasant to persons accustomed to it. That it is 
 healthful, is abundantly proved by the returns of mortality, 
 which show fewer deaths per cent, than any country I am ac- 
 ijuainted with. There is some dilferencc between the Eastern 
 and Western portions of Lower Canada, in the duration of 
 winter, but not nnich in tlie extremes of cold and beat. The 
 most intense cold is stated by Bouchette at oV below zero, and 
 the greatest heat at 102^. Some v 'vy rare exceptions to these 
 figures have occurred, but it may safely be affirmed that there 
 are not half a dozen days in winter when the thermometer 
 fidls to oO'\ nor half a dozen in sunnner when it rises to 100°. 
 The summer heat hardly averages 80"^ at mid-day, and the 
 winter cold is not niuch beyond freezing point. Within the 
 memory of many not very old inhabitants, the climate has 
 greatly ameliorated, a circumstance which is no doubt due to 
 the opening and settlement of the country. Hogan, whom I 
 have already quoted, following many other writers on Canada, 
 and following the truth, thus speaks of the climate: — 
 
 " A Canadian winter, the mention of which some years ago 
 in Europe conveyed almost a sensation of inisery, is hailed 
 rather as a season of increased enjoyment than of privation and 
 discomlbrt by the people. Instead of alternate rain, snow, 
 sleet, and fog, with broken up and impassable roads, the Cana- 
 •lian has clear skies, a line bracing atmosphere, with rivers and 
 many of the smaller lakes frozen, and the inequalities in the 
 rude tracks -through the woods made smooth by snow, the 
 whole face of the country being literally macadamized by na- 
 ture, for a people as yet unable to macadamize for themselves." 
 
 .:« 
 
21 
 
 Again, ""Comparing the two ])rovin(oa, it is adnuttecl tliat 
 the clinmtc ol' Upper Canada is the most favorable for agricul- 
 tural purposes, the winter being shorter and the teinperaturc 
 less severe; but the brilliant sky, the pure elastic air, and un- 
 interrupted frost of Lower Canada, though i)erhaps lingering 
 too long, are far moreexhilirating and render out-door exercise 
 far more agreeable. Few who have enjoyed the merry winters 
 of Quebec and Montreal, with the noble hospitality and charm- 
 ing society of these cities, their sleigh-drives and their pic-nics, 
 can ever foi'get the many attractions of a winter in Lower 
 Canada." 
 
 This will probably be enough about the climate, yet I may 
 add, that less time is lost in Lower Canada, V)y shii)-carpentcrs 
 and other persons who \\ ork out of door, in consequence of in- 
 clement weather, than perhaps in any other part of the world. 
 There may be half a dozen of snow-storms of sufficient violence 
 to drive them home, Just as a rain-shower may do elsewhere, 
 but they arc seldom if ever stopped by the cold. The same 
 may be said of the warmest sunmicr weather, which is very 
 rarely, indeed, certainly not one day in each season, such as to 
 prevent men from labouring under the noon-day sun. In a 
 word. Lower Canada has an excellent working climate, and if 
 during winter, men are well clothed and fed, Ihey are more than 
 a match for the keenest breath of winter. 
 
 The soil of Lower Canada varies a good deal. In many 
 places it consists of a light sandy earth over a substratum of 
 gravel ; in others it is composed of clay, loam, and a good vege- 
 table mould upon a reddish argillaceous bottom. This latter 
 species exceeds the inferior classes in quantity, and with proper 
 attention to husbandry cannot fail of yielding satisfactory re- 
 turns. On the whole, however, the soil of Lower Canada is 
 inferior to that of L^pper Canada, which also has the advantage 
 of climate for agricultural purposes. Yet, at one time. Lower 
 Canada, which at present produces but little wheat, raised with 
 half its present population full one million bushels in excess of 
 its own w^ants ; and the fact of its hardly feeding itself now, is 
 rather due to the kind of agriculture which has prevailed, than 
 to any inherent' defect in the soil. The habltans of Lower 
 Canada, as the French Canadian farmers arc designated, are 
 averse to move from the lands bequeathed them by their fathers, 
 and the consequence of this attachment to the soil has led to 
 the division, sub-division, and re-sul)-division of the farms 
 among the increasing families, to such an extent that upon 
 many of the principal roads these lands are reduced to narrow 
 strips like streets. The soil, obliged to yield sustenance to an 
 unreasonable number of mouths, and unrenewed with rich and 
 restoring manures, has become quite impoverished, and refuses 
 to grow such exhausting crops as wheat. Of late, however, 
 necessity has compelled the liahitans to provide for their 
 children by opening up new lands, and it is found that wheat 
 grows there just as well as it did thirty years ago upon the 
 front farms. Tt may not be amiss to slate here, that by the 
 
"22 
 
 cxortloMH of pjitrioti(! p;t'nt!onu'n in the estrthlisluiu'nt of ap;ri- 
 cultural Kociclirs, amuial cxluhitions, Sec, a fjjrcat interest has 
 been ('X(;itc<l in the minds of the IVench Canadian farmers, 
 and that an improved system of tilla;;e and eroppiiip; is now in 
 course of being introdu(;ed, whit . cannot fail to be incalculably 
 benciieial. 
 
 I'()1>IILATI0N. 
 
 The po[)ulation of Lower Canada cannot at present be much 
 under on;) million two hundred thousainl. Of this number, 
 nearly one million are French Canadians, and of course Roman 
 ("atholics ; the other iwo hundred thousand odd are English, 
 Irish, Scotch, (Jcrmans, Americans, and French, with a few 
 fro» other (Continental nations, and mostly Protestants, the 
 exceptions being the Irish, who are generally adhercjits of the 
 llomish Church. It is computed that the Roman Catholics arc 
 as eight to one of the whole population, and while stating this 
 fact, it is very gratifying to be enabled to do so, with the assu- 
 rance that religious animosities are almost totally unknown in 
 Lower Canada. As a general thing, the French Canadians arc 
 a simple unsophisticated people. They are strongly attached to 
 their religious instructors, and accept their teachings with an 
 unquestioning faith. The general morality of their lives will 
 favourably compare with that of any other people on earth, and 
 would seem to indicate that the duties they owe to their fellow 
 creatures arc successfully taught them. I do not know that 
 any country presents so little vice or crime as Lower Canada, 
 serious offences against nerson and property being almost un- 
 known in the rural disti xts. 
 
 u 
 
 THE FRENCH CANADIANS. 
 
 Not very remotely in the past the almost total ignorance of 
 book-learning or education was cast as a reproach upon the 
 French Canadians, and it is still cast upon them by their ene- 
 mies, but with much less reason than formerl}'', for during the 
 last twenty years they have made very great progress in educa- 
 tion. It is claimed for Lower Canada, and not without some 
 show of evidence, that classical education is more common there 
 than at the West; in other words, that they have more men 
 thoroughly educated than in Upper Canada, and the great num- 
 ber of doctors, lawyers, notaries, surveyors, and ecclesiastics, 
 seem to enforce the claim. Be this as it may, one thing is clear, 
 and it is, that education in Lower Canada has not been practical 
 enough, for in agriculture the French Canadians are confessedly 
 behind their western brethren. This disparity is willingly ad- 
 mitted by them, and the present Superintendent of Education 
 for Lower Canada, is zealously engaged in carrying out measures 
 to remedy past defects in the system. If the Franco-Canadians 
 are not so far advanced in commerce, agriculture, and mechani- 
 cal science as the Anglo-Canadians, they cannot be denied the 
 
2'6 
 
 ncc of 
 Dn the 
 ene- 
 ^ the 
 duca- 
 some 
 there 
 c men 
 num- 
 astics, 
 clear, 
 actical 
 ssedly 
 ly ad- 
 cation 
 asures 
 adians 
 ichani- 
 cd the 
 
 honour of heinji; in Home other reppcets their superiors. In 
 matters of taste and refinement they j^reatly excel, 'I'liey h.ive 
 better painters, nuisicians, and orators. 'I'iiey love pleasure 
 and display, and they cultivate the ninenities of life more sedu- 
 lously than thi! Tpjur Canadians. fmleed, the politeness, 
 courtesy, and hospitality of the French Canadians are worthy 
 of the highest admiration. These social virtues are not confined 
 to the upi)er classes of society, but pervade all its orders; and 
 it is not hyperbolical at all to say of even the Canadian /uihitdut^ 
 that in respect of manners, he is a gentleman. The courteou.s 
 demeanour of this race has greatly modified the natural rough- 
 ness of some old country folk who have grown up in daily in- 
 tercourse with them, and to this influence is attributed the 
 charms of Lower Canadian society .so handsomely described by 
 Ilogan, ipiotcd a few minutes ago. I think it only right to add 
 th it the French Canadians have great aptitude for learning al- 
 most anything, and this natural cleverness Justifies the expecta- 
 tion that the next generation will take a liigher position than 
 the one now on the stage of active life. 'J'hey are undoubtedly 
 the best axe-men we have. The shijjs built at (^lebec are built 
 chiefly by them ; not less perhaps than 5000 of the men em- 
 ployed being of this race. They make capital sailors, first-rate 
 joiners, cabinet-makers, masons, d'c, and the printing oflices at 
 Quebec and Montreal have three of thern as compositors to one 
 English, A more improvable race cannot be found; and its 
 amalgamation by marriage with the 8axon — a fact of fre(iuent 
 occurrence — promises to make the Canadian people, as a whole, 
 one of the finest nations in the world. 
 
 Here I must stop for this evening. Tn my next lecture I 
 shall treat of the Upper Province, concluding by some general 
 remarks upon trade, commerce, navigation, and other subjects 
 equally aflecting both sections of Canada. I have to thank you 
 for the marked attention you have paid to what T had to sa}', 
 and accept it as an evidence of the interest you feel in the 
 welfare of the noble country of which I have spoken — a country 
 which has been aptly and poetically designated as tlie brightest 
 jewel in the British Crown! 
 
 The lecture was throughout and at its close much applauded. 
 
 Mr. Grieve said he had very great pleasure in moving a vote 
 of thanks, which would be heartily accorded, to Mr. Campbell 
 for his excellent and useful lecture. It had been his own for- 
 tune to visit many of the districts which had been so vividly 
 brought before them, and he was greatly pleased with the ac- 
 curacy of Mr. Campbell's descriptions. lie might add as an 
 inducement, which he admitted, however, was scarce required, 
 for their attendance upon Friday, that the portion of the sub- 
 ject yet to be laid before them would be found the more inter- 
 esting. He could not sufficiently e: press his feelings of respect 
 and admiration of Mr. Campbell's services to Canada and to his 
 
24 
 
 native land — especially to the j'outhful mechanics whom he was 
 glad to see present in such large numbers — in pointing out so 
 clearly the advantages of Canada as a place for emigrants to 
 settle in. He would therefore move a vote of thanks to him. 
 
 The motion was carried by acclamation, and Mr. Campbell in 
 very feeling terms acknowledged the compliment, and the kind- 
 ness he had met with from all classes of the people of Greenock 
 since his return. Although only twenty-eight years had elapsed 
 since he left Greenock, he was sorry he oould find but few known 
 faces ; but he was all the more grateful on that account to them 
 for the heartiness of his reception. 
 
 On the motion of Mr. Donald McDonald, a vote of thanks 
 was given if> the Provost for his kindness in presiding. 
 
 !>• 
 
 I 
 
 
 il 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 ■ * 
 '1 
 
 
CANADA WEST. 
 
 (From the Oreenock Advertiser ^ January 27, 1857.>/ 
 On Friday night the Sheriff Court Hall was ajain crowded 
 by a most intelligent audience, to listen to Mr. Campbell's lecture 
 upon Canada West. He was accompanied by Provost Hunter, 
 Bailies Arbuckle and Grey, Councillor Shaw, Mv^ssrs. Neill, 
 Sword, Denniston, McFarlane, Welsh, «&c. 
 
 The Provost, in a few words, introduced Mr. Campbell, who 
 was received with applause, and spoke as follows : — 
 
 Mr. Provost Hunter, and Ladies and Gentlemen, — In my 
 former lecture I ran very rapidly over a variety of topics in 
 connection with Lower Canada, but I can assure you that a re- 
 view of what was then delivered was very far from satisfactory 
 to myself I had not the requisite time to expend upon dis- 
 courses of this importance, and I am quite sensible that what I 
 i^r'^ncsft to say this evening will exhibit the defects which 
 marked my first effort — defects inseparable from haste, and the 
 necessity of dealing in brief with large and comprehensive sub- 
 jects. I am not, however, without the hope, that even from 
 these comparatively crude efforts you will learn something re- 
 lating to Canada, which will enlarge your views of that splen- 
 did country, and lead you in future to give the matter more 
 attention than it has perhaps received in the past. 
 
 I left off the geographical account of Canada at the point on 
 the St. Lawrence and that on the south bank of the Ottawa, 
 which mark the limits of that section of the Province still 
 known as Canada East; but as before reaching the former point 
 the St. Lawrence presents some peculiarities which have al- 
 ways been deemed of sufficient interest to arrest the attention 
 of visitors, I shall retrace my steps a little, and, as «?ailors say, 
 take a fresh departure, viz., from Montreal. 
 
 The Island of Montreal, as I have already said, is situated at 
 the confluence of the Rivers St. Lawrence and Ottawa, which 
 together form an expanse of water known as Lake St Louis. 
 Between the western extremity of the Island, and the site of the 
 City of Montreal, the vast body of water which runs down 
 dashes along in a series of rapids known as the Lachine Rapids; 
 and although the steamers from the west run through, or as it 
 is technically called, *' shoot" these rapids, they cannot possibly 
 re-ascend them; hence it is necessary that some way of pro- 
 
•■5' 11 
 
 '» ^'' 
 
 •i ;, 
 
 26 
 
 viding for their return should exist. In the early days of 
 Canada, the Indians only ventured down these formidable rapids 
 in bark canoes, and the village of Lachine was the downward 
 termination of the little navigation then prosecuted. This vil- 
 lage is situated at the western extremity of the Island of Mon- 
 treal, about eight miles from the city. To enable vessels to 
 regain this point, a canal was built, and afterwards enlarged, 
 which in the business season may now be seen covered with 
 scores of steamers and barges of all sizes, discharging their 
 burdens of western produce, or re-loading cargoes of mer- 
 chandize. 
 
 After these boats have reached Lachine, on their way back, 
 they proceed up a few miles, where, in order to overcome a- 
 nother succession of rapids, they pass to the south bank, and 
 enter the Beauharnois Canal, which is 11^ miles long. 
 
 Proceeding thence upon another navigable reach, they come 
 to Cornwall on the north bank, where they are stopped by 
 other rapids which are also overcome by a canal of length simi- 
 lar to the last, and known as the Cornwall Canal. 
 
 Not to prolong the account, after passing through another 
 such can?i at Williamsburgh, 9f miles long, they are free to 
 keep on their way without further interruption. Up to this 
 point there are no towns of importance, yet there are several 
 villages which will soon be ambitious of bearing that desig- 
 nation. 
 
 Keeping on our way, we soon reach Prescott, the terminus 
 of the railway from the City of Ottawa, due north from Pres- 
 cott 50 miles. Prescott is an old village or town containing 
 some thousands of inhabitants, and carries on a considerable 
 business. 
 
 About twelve miles further up is Brockville, another very re- 
 spectable and thrifty place, somewhat larger than Prescott, and 
 exhibiting signs of great activity. The Grand Trunk Railway, 
 which passes through these two places, has already contributed 
 very greatly to their prosperity ; and cannot fail hereafter to do 
 so to a much greater extent. Brockville is called a very pretty 
 town by its inhabitants, and would probably merit a much more 
 extended notice if it were possible to spare the time. 
 
 !i 
 
 KINGSTON, 
 
 From Brockville to Kingston is about 50 miles, and this brings 
 «8 to the first city on our way up. Kingston is in fact a con- 
 siderable place, with, I believe, over 20,000 inhabitants, and 
 has many claims to be regarded as of much importance. It is 
 generally well and substantially built, and boasts of some public 
 and private edifices, one of which, its market, is a magnificent 
 cut-stone pile, erected at great cost, and vicing with all other 
 markcit houses in Canada, save the Bonsecours market of Mon- 
 treal, which is hardly equalled on the continent. Kingston is 
 to Bome extent a fortified city, its approaches being defended by 
 
27 
 
 lys of 
 rapids 
 award 
 lis vil- 
 
 Mon- 
 sels to 
 arged, 
 i with 
 
 their 
 
 mer- 
 
 back, 
 )me a- 
 k, and 
 
 f come 
 Dcd by 
 h simi- 
 
 mother 
 free to 
 to this 
 several 
 , desig- 
 
 trminus 
 
 I Pres- 
 
 •aining 
 
 lerable 
 
 rery re- 
 )tt, and 
 ailway, 
 ributed 
 ;r to do 
 r pretty 
 ih more 
 
 brings 
 aeon- 
 is, and 
 Itia 
 5 public 
 nificent 
 I other 
 f Mon- 
 ;ston is 
 ided by 
 
 several towers and other fortifications. When the Union of the 
 two Canadas was effected in 1841, Kingston was named the 
 seat of Government, and preserved the distinction for a couple 
 of years, when it was deemed so inconvenient for Lower Ca- 
 nada as to induce a removal to Montreal. The loss of metro- 
 politan honours and attendant advantages was a very severe 
 blow to the city, anc' Hs inhabitants, to this day, speak of the 
 change as having been a breach of faith, but they cherish the 
 hope of yet regaining what they have lost; and it is certainly 
 regarded now as one of the three cities having almost equsJ 
 chances, Ottawa and Montreal being the two others. The en- 
 virons of Kingston are not specially remarkable for richness of 
 soil, and therefore its agriculture is not specially remunerative ; 
 yet it must be admitted that it has a well-supplied market, and* 
 that, a^ this moment, it is one of the cheapest places to live in,, 
 in Upper Canada. 
 
 THE RAPIDS OP THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 Before proceeding westward, it will perhaps be as well to sajr 
 a few words upon the magnificent views on the St. Lawrence 
 between Kingston and Montreal. 
 
 I have alluded to the rapids, but it is not in coming up the 
 river that they can be noted with interest, but *n going down, 
 when the steamers, disdaining the hum-drum business of canal- 
 ling, run all the way down the river to Montreal. I cannot do 
 better than quote Mr. Hogan's lively description of this very 
 exciting navigation ; and I can assure my readers that the fame 
 of "shooting" the St. Lawrence rapids attracts thousands of 
 tourists annually from Western Canada and the United States, 
 who invariably acknowledged themselves abundantly repaid by 
 the gratification they experience. Hogan writes as follows : — 
 
 " Let me conduct the reader then to where the steamer des- 
 tined to 'shoot the rapids' first winds in among the 'Thousand 
 Islands.' It is between Kingston and Brockville, and usually 
 just after sunrise. The scene here of a bright morning — and 
 mornings are seldom otherwise in Canada — is magnificent be- 
 yond description. You pass close by, near enough often to cast 
 a pebble from the deck of the steamer upon them — cluster 
 after cluster of beautiful little circular islands, whose trees, 
 perpetually moistened by the river, have a most luxuriant and 
 exquisitely tinted foliage, their branches overhanging the water. 
 Again, you pass little winding passages, and bays between the 
 islands, the trees on their margins interlacing above them, and 
 forming here and there natural bowers ; yet arc the waters of 
 these bays so deep that steamers of considerable size might pass 
 under the interlacing trees. Then opens up before you a mag- 
 nificent sheet of water, many miles wide, with a large island 
 apparently in the distance dividing it into two great rivers. 
 But as you approach this, you discover that it is but a group of 
 small islands, the river being divided mto many parts, and 
 
28 
 
 looking like silver threads thrown carelessly over a large green 
 cloth. Your steamer enters one of these bright passages, and 
 you begin at length to feel that in the multitude of ways, there 
 must be great danger; for your half embowered and winding 
 river comes to an abrupt termination, four or five hundred yards 
 in advance of you. But as you are approaching at headlong 
 speed, the threatening rocks in front, a channel suddenly opens 
 on your right; you are whirled into it like the wind ; and the 
 next second a magnificent amphitheatre of lake opens out be- 
 fore you. This again is bounded, to all appearance, by a dark 
 green bank, but at your approach the mass is moved as if in a 
 kaleidoscope, and a hundred beautiful little islands make their 
 appearance! And such, for 70 miles, and till you reach the 
 rapids, is the scenery which you glide through." * * * 
 
 "The smaller rapids, and the first you arrive at, are the 
 Galops^ Point Cardinal^ and some others. The great rapids 
 are the Longue Sault, the Coteau, the Cedars, the Cascades, and 
 the Lachine. The first of these is the most magnificent, the 
 highest waves rising in the north or lost channel. The last is 
 the most dangerous, extensive, and difficult of navigation. 
 The thrilling and sublime excitement of * shooting* them is 
 greatly heightened by contrast. Before you reach them there 
 is usually hardly a breath of air stirring ; everything is calm 
 and quiet, and your steamer glides as noiselessly and gently 
 down the river as she would down an ordinary canal. But 
 suddenly a scene of wild grandeur breaks in upon you ; waves 
 are lashed into spray and into breakers of a thousand forms by 
 the dark rocks they are dashed against in the headlong impetu- 
 osity of the river. Whirlpools — narrow passages beset with 
 rocks — a storm lashed sea — all mingle their sublime terrors in 
 a single rapid — in an instant you are in the midst of them ! 
 Now passirjg with lightning speed within a few yards of rocks, 
 which, did your vessel but touch them, would reduce her to an 
 utter wreck before the sound of the crash could die upon the 
 air. Again, shooting forward like an arrow towards a rocky 
 island, which your barque avoids by a turn almost as rapid as 
 the movement of a bird. Then from che crests of great waves 
 rushing down precipices, she is flung upon the crests of others 
 receding, and she trembles to her very keel from the shock, 
 and the spray is thrown far in upon her decks. Now she enters 
 a narrow channel, hemmed in by threatening rocks, with white 
 breakers leaping over them ; yet she dashes through them in her 
 lightning way, and spurns the countless whirlpools beneath 
 her. Forward is an absolute precipice of waters ; on every side 
 of it breakers, like pyramids, are thrown high into the air. 
 Where shall she go ? Ere the thought has come and gone, she 
 mounts the wall of wave and foam like a bird, and glorious 
 sublime science lands you a second afterwards upon the calm 
 unruffled bosom of a gentle river! Such is ' shooting the rapids.' 
 But no words can convey the thrilling excitement that is felt 
 during the few moments you take in passing them. It is one 
 of the sublime experiences that can never be forgotten, though 
 never adc quately described. " 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 ^ 
 
29 
 
 calm 
 
 apids/ 
 
 is felt 
 
 is one 
 
 ;hougb 
 
 Go we back now to Kingston on our way west. Leaving 
 Kingston we enter upon the broad expanse of Lake Ontarib, a 
 sheet of water 180 miles long by over 50 wide; a very respect- 
 able pond doubtless, since all the national and merchant navies 
 in the world could ride upon it without incommoding each 
 other in the slightest degree. 
 
 Kingston is at the entrance of the Bay of Quinic, a highly 
 picturesque water of the most zigzag and indescribable shape, 
 running fifteen miles one way and twenty another, and ten 
 miles another, and in ever so many other directions, but on all 
 sides having smiling shores covered with beautiful farms in the 
 highest state of cultivation, and showing fine villages, the abodes 
 of industry and peace. 
 
 At the head of this bay is the town of Belleville, which will 
 soon be a city. Belleville, as its name imports, is a handsome 
 place, and carries on a large lumbering and wheat business. 
 It now numbers about 8000 inhabitants, and is lighted with 
 gas like the cities we have already described. 
 
 After leaving Belleville there is not any town of much im- 
 portance for 50 miles, but you may count quite a number of 
 ambitious villages, all apparently pressing on towards a higher 
 rank. 
 
 Cobourg is then reached, and for its size, which is near about 
 that of Belleville, there is hardly a better built town in Canada 
 East or West. The people there seem to have large ideas of 
 things, for their churches and warehouses are on an extensive 
 scale, just as if they anticipated their place to become, erelong, 
 a first-class city. The Grand Trunk Railway passes through 
 Cobourg, as it also does through Belleville, and near all the vil- 
 lages on the margin of the lake 
 
 From Cobourg there is a branch railway running north to 
 Peterborough, 28 miles. Peterborough itself is a town com- 
 prising several thousand inhabitants, and is fast increasing its 
 population. The railway, but recently opened, has already 
 yielded the most satisfactory returns, and will unquestionably 
 be one of the most useful in the province. 
 
 Seven miles west of Cobourg, and on the margin of the lake, 
 the important town of Port Hope is progressing with very 
 rapid strides. It is running a race with Cobourg, and the con- 
 test will probably long continue doubtful, for its inhabitants are 
 an energetic and enterprising race. 
 
 From Port Hope another junction runs north towards Lind- 
 say. This road will be 3G miles long. 
 
 Between Port Hope and Toronto there are several very con- 
 siderable and well-built villages, such as Bowmanville, Whitby, 
 Oshawa, Scarborough, and Markhara, but we cannot do more 
 than mention their names. 
 
 3* 
 
30 
 
 :^ ij 
 
 TORONTO. 
 
 This brings us to Toronto, tlie present metropolis of Canada 
 — the seat of Government, in pursuance of the awkward alter- 
 nating system — having been removed thither from Quebec in 
 the fall of 1855, at an expense probably of £100,000. Toronto, 
 besides being the metropolis, is the chii'f commercial city of 
 Canada West, and the third in size in the province, Quebec and 
 Montreal both exceeding it in population; the former by a few 
 thousands, the latter by 25,000. The population of Toronto, ac- 
 cording to the census assessment a few months ago, was 42,500, 
 This city has made extraordinary progress during the last 
 twenty years, for from being of comparatively slow growth, it 
 took a start, and more than doubled itself in each decade. The 
 site of Toronto was selected because of its excellent harbour, a 
 tongue of land starting at the east end, and curving out west- 
 ward, forming a well sheltered bay five or six miles long, and 
 from one to two in breadth. There is a gradual assent from 
 the front to the rear of 40 or 50 feet in the mile, but from 
 east to west it is as near as possible a perfect level. Toronto 
 presents a somewhat straggling aspect, only a few of the princi- 
 pal streets being as yet fully built. The earlier erections were 
 of wood, and present a striking contrast to the tall and stately 
 rows of houses, or the beautiful villas of more recent date. 
 During last year not many short of 1000 new houses, stores, 
 hotels, and churches, have been erected, a large proportion of 
 which are of white brick, and present a very elegant appear- 
 ance. The public buildings are very fine, and upon a scale 
 which shows that their projectors anticipated for the city a 
 greater expansion than it has j^et obtained. It boasts the 
 largest Church of England cathedral in the province, a hand- 
 some Romish cathedral, and some forty other churches, chiefly 
 Protestant. It has also the finest pile of school buildings in 
 Canada, two magnificent and richly' endowed colleges, a uni- 
 versity, a lunati ; asylum, two splendid court-houses, and various 
 other institutions and charities, betokening a population appre- 
 ciating the benefits of moral and intellectual culture. 
 
 The streets of Toronto are wide, and cross each other at vight 
 angles, and if the city continues to grow as it is now doing, it 
 will be one of the largest and finest on the continent. 
 
 This very progressive place is the great wheat market of 
 Upper Canada ; it received from the surrounding country, last 
 year, and sent to the United States and Lower Canada, nearly 
 2,000,000 bushels, and 200,000 barrels of flour, besides a small 
 quantity of other grains. This is of course exclusive of its own 
 consumption, which would add at least another half million 
 bushels of wheat to the above quantity, and make a grand total, 
 aRer allowing five bushels for every barrel of flour, of three 
 millions bushels of wheat poured into the city in the last twelve 
 months. Toronto may be said to be dependent upon the wheat 
 business for its very existence; and it is well that no cause is 
 ever likely to operate to divert it to any other market. The 
 very high prices at which wheat has ruled for many years, com- 
 
31 
 
 igs 
 
 vight 
 
 it 
 
 use IS 
 
 The 
 
 ccin- 
 
 mcncing with the famine in Ireland, have enriched Upper 
 Canada, and the agents employed in the businevSS have, of 
 course, shared in the benefits. It is, of course, impossible to 
 estimate the wealth thus acquired, but it is no exaggeration to 
 say, that for every year during the last ten. Upper Canada has 
 added two millions of pounds to its capital. The impulse given 
 by this flowing u. of means has been felt in every branch of 
 trade, and has had tne etlcct of raising the price of labour and 
 the value of real estate, the former at least 75, and the latter 
 from 100 to 500 per cent. As these results have been developed 
 throughout the whole of Upper Canada, where wheat is grown 
 and a market is accessible, the observations they suggest arc 
 perhaps as much in place here as at a subsequent stage. 
 
 As stated of Toronto, the other cities, towns, and villages, 
 have doubled, trebled, and quadrupled their populations. 
 Lands and houses, especially in favourable locations, have 
 attained an almost fabulous value, and a spirit of enterprize and 
 reliance upon the future has been engendered, which has issued 
 in undertakings for railwaj'S and other public improvements, 
 involving immense responsibilities. 
 
 UPPER CANADIAN AGPvlCULTURE. 
 
 It is fearful to contemplate the disastrous consequences 
 which would follow, if the staple products of Upper Canada 
 were hereafter to be liable to the fluctuations in value which 
 have marked the prices of the chief article of export upon 
 which Lower Canada is obliged to rely — timber — but it is not 
 in the nature of probabilities that such vicissitudes should over- 
 take the wheat business. The minimum price of wheat is about 
 5s. currency per bushel, and at this price it can be grown by 
 increasing millions of bushels with a profit of 100 per cent.; so 
 under the least favourable circumstances, Upper Canada will 
 be able not only to do honour to her engagements, but must 
 continue to progress and prosper. The price of wheat, for seve- 
 ral years past, has ranged in the neighbouihood of 10s. per 
 bushel, and although this brought large sums into the hands of 
 farmers, enabling them to acquire new lands, to build new 
 houses and barns, to provide handsome furniture, to add to 
 their cattle, and tc provide improved implements, and better 
 wagons and equipages, yet it has led to the comparative ne- 
 glect of other branches of their vocation, the effects of which 
 are now being most sensibly felt; and the opinion is fast grow- 
 ing into a conviction, that it will be an advantage, on the whole, 
 if the re-establishment of fair average prices lor wheat should 
 take place, and keep steady for years to come. In the eagerness 
 to benefit by famine and war prices, wheat and wheat only 
 seems to have been considered, and lands which should have 
 been allowed rest have been sown year by year with this ex- 
 hausting grain, and are now exhibiting unmistakeable symptoms 
 of impoverishment 
 
32 
 
 I have alluded, in my remarks upon Lower Canada, to the 
 evil effects of ovcr-croppinfj; with wheat, and precisely similar 
 are hegiiming to develope themselves in Upper Canada. The 
 weevil and other destructive insects, the plagues of the French 
 Canadian hdbltmd, have hcgun to ravish the crops in the west, 
 and as they have visited the large grain districts in the United 
 State? where constant cropping with wheat has been pursued 
 for many years, it is now perfectly evident that they always fol- 
 low in the wake of such defective husbandry, in America at 
 least. Trusting to a virgin soil, and making but little use of 
 artificial manures, our farmers are learning that they may tax 
 the soil too severely ; and it is to be hoped the lesson will in- 
 duce hereafter a more intelligent system of farming. 
 
 But the inipoverishment of the soil is not the only evil conse- 
 quence of wheat cropping, or exclusive attention to the growth 
 of that cereal ; the improvement of stock has been compara- 
 tively neglected, indeed the raising of cattle has almost been 
 overlooked, and at this moment the chief cities in Upper 
 Canada are largely dependent upon the Western Stutes for 
 their supply of beef and mutton. The immediate resr.lts in 
 cash of heavy wheat harvests, will hardly compensate for want 
 of adequate progress in the improvement and multiplication of 
 stock; and it looks discreditable, that a magnificent country 
 like Upper Canada should have to depend upon and pay out 
 money to its neighbors for what it is perfectly competent to 
 produce. 
 
 Not only has the needed attention to cattle been forgotten, 
 but dairy operations have been much neglected. At the pre- 
 sent time Up})er Canada, which formerly exported large quan- 
 tities of buttei", has hardly enough for itself, and the price of 
 that article has risen one hundred and fifty per cent. The 
 common selling price is now from Is, 2d. to Is. 6d. per R),, and 
 although the consumption must be greatly diminished by such 
 exorbitant rates, yet the supply lalls short of the demand ; and 
 Lower Canada, which formerly imported large quantities of 
 butter from the west, is daily sending some there. 
 
 Similar remarks may be made about oats, potatoes, and 
 other things which should be grown in fair proportion. In 
 by-gone years, oats brought Is. 3d. per bushel, potatoes about 
 the same, now the former arc worth 2s. 9d. to 3s. 3d., and will 
 probably be worth 4s. before spring ; the latter are worth 4s. 6d. 
 to 5s., and will be dearer. As in the case of butter, Lower 
 Canada is sending up oats and potatoes, and realizing a good 
 profit thereon. 
 
 Again, the gardens have been neglected, and the greens and 
 small fruits which enter so largely into the consumption of 
 cities, and which in reality are so necessary to the public well- 
 being, are sold in Toronto, Hamilton, and elsewhere, at prices 
 which act as a positive prohibition to persons of limited incomes; 
 so, unless they can raise these things for themselves — which is 
 not practicable in one out of ten cases — they must give up 
 their use. 
 
38 
 
 In various other ways, the cfTorts made lo increase the yield 
 of wheat to the utmost jiossible quantity, have had a damaging 
 effect upon other interests ; and if a correct balance could be 
 struck, it may be doubted whether the real substantial profits 
 would be on the side of wheat. 
 
 , and 
 I. In 
 about 
 nd will 
 4s. 6d. 
 Lower 
 good 
 
 prices 
 :omes ; 
 hich is 
 ive up 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 HAMILTON, LONDON, &c. 
 
 From Toronto, by the Great Western Railway, the next 
 largest city in Upper Canada is reached in an hour and a-half 
 This is Hamilton, which is thirty-nine miles distant from the 
 metropolis, and lies at the head of Burlington Bay. Hamilton, 
 like Toronto, is a fine city and a commercial centre. It has a 
 population of about 22,000 inhabitants, and in all the essentials 
 of a modern and progressive community is behind no place in 
 Canada. Its churches and other public buildings, its stores 
 and shops, are on an extensive scale, and it is fast extending in 
 all directions. Formerly, or indeed until quite recently, it was 
 the emporium of imported merchandize for the whole peninsula 
 formed by the lakes Ontailo and Erie, and it also supplied the 
 towns, villages, and country for some distance northward. In- 
 deed, it still retains a large portion of this commerce, and for 
 its size is perhaps as active as Toronto ; but the opening of the 
 Great Western Railway brought it a rival in the very ambitious 
 and very fast little city of London, which is situated on the 
 Thames, and in the very centre of the peninsula spoken of 
 
 London is a beautiful, and beautifully placed city, and though 
 containing 10,000 inhabitants in 1854, increases so rapidly that 
 it is not impossible that by this time it may have added nearly 
 5000 more. 
 
 Brantford, a town between Hamilton and London, is also 
 going ahead apace, having doubled its population in less than 
 five years. It has now between six and seven thousand inhabi- 
 tants, and every year adds about twenty-five per cent, to them. 
 
 It would be impossible, in the course of a lecture like this, 
 to travel through the various towns situate north and west of 
 Toronto, and minutely to describe the progress that each has 
 been making within the last ten or fifteen years; nor is it 
 necessary, for they are all more or less similarly favored in 
 respect of their advantages. The peninsula is the granary of 
 Canada. The soil is rich and generous, the climate is most 
 propitious for agricultural operations, and so tempered as to 
 enable the toilers to work in their fields, barns, or woods, with 
 hardly a day's interruption. The finest farms of the province 
 are of course found here, and within an area of 300 miles by 
 100, which is hardly a tenth part of Upper Canada, the full 
 half of its population is found. 
 
 In this section of the country, land is not easy to get at pre- 
 sent, except at a considerable price when compared with other 
 districts, and the proprietors are generally so well to do, that 
 what there is/for sale is not pressed upon the market. 
 
u 
 
 H' 
 
 I ^1? 
 
 r1 
 
 ii^'i 
 
 Passing over the Great Western Railway, wliich divides the 
 peninsula almost in the centre ; after leavinfj; London, we come 
 by a journey of about a hundred miles to Windsor, the UUima 
 Thule of Canada westward. This rising; villaf^e is situated on 
 the river Detroit, and opposite to the city of that name in the 
 State of Michigan. 
 
 Passing on by the river, we come immediately upon Lake 
 St. Clair, a spacious basin, some twenty-five nu'les long by 
 eigliteen or twenty broad ; and, leaving Walpolc Island to the 
 right, wo proceed by the St. Clair River to Lake Huron, at the 
 bouthern extremity of wliich the village of Sarnia is placed. 
 
 This village, or town, seems destined to be one of the most 
 progressive places in Canada V»^est, and so soon as the Grand 
 Trunk Railway, now in progress, and more than half com- 
 pleted between it and Toronto, is finished, it will assuredly 
 compete with any other community. Lots of land, which only 
 a few months ago sold there at £25, are now bringing from 100 
 to 300 per cent, advance, and considering the extremely favor- 
 able position of the place, I believe the anticipations formed of 
 its future are not by any means chimerical. 
 
 Skirting the eastern coast of Huron for fifty miles, wc arrive 
 at Goderich, another fine village, to which another Grand 
 Trunk branch from Stratford and on to Toronto is projected. 
 
 A voyage of 100 miles due north will bring us into Georgian 
 Bay, a part of Lake Huron, or rather a large lake by itself, 100 
 miles long and 50 broad; and by a journey south-easterly of 
 75 miles wc shall reach Collingwood, the terminus of the On- 
 tario and Lake Huron railway, which will bring us to Lake 
 Simcoe, a delightful and picturesque sheet of water, about as 
 large as Lal-'c St. Clair, and upon the borders of which several 
 beautiful villages smile in all the luxuriance of ease and com- 
 petence. 
 
 Thence, in a couple of hours, wc return to the metropolis, 
 after having run through the centre of the peninsula, River 
 Detroit, Lake St. Clair, River St. Clair, Lake Huron, and Geor- 
 gian Bay. 
 
 We might now take another journey, and embarking in a 
 steamer at Toronto, proceed to Niagara, look at the Falls, then 
 up through Niagara River into Lake Erie, surveying our own 
 Canadian coast for 250 miles up again to Windsor. A little 
 way up the lake we would see the mouth of the Wclland Canal, 
 which connects that great water with Ontario. If in summer, we 
 would see hundreds of boats, laden with the rich harvests of the 
 west, awaiting their turn to pass through its capacious locks, 
 and further on we would como upon the branch or feeder of 
 the canal; then we might go on counting villages by the score, 
 and noting everywhere evidences of uniform prosperity; but 
 we cannot any longer dwell upon this part of our theme, for 
 two or three other important topics claim attention before we 
 can bring our remarks to a close. If, however, what has been 
 said of the general progress and present advanced state of the 
 
 '? 
 
afi 
 
 I 
 
 country rIjouM provoko a laudable curiosity, it may easily be 
 Riktisfied by referring to any good map of Canada, and to vari- 
 ous valuable works recently publisbed upon that country, which 
 I doubt not will be <()Und at the booksellers and in the libraries. 
 It is to be observed, that in the remarks hitherto offered 
 upon Upper Canada, \ have chiefly confined myself to its in- 
 habited portions; and as my object is not so much to deal in 
 what is little known as to evoke attention to well-developed and 
 authenticated facts, interesting to the merchant and the emi- 
 grant, I must be excused from attempting to penetrate into the 
 remote wilderness, for the purpose of describing localities which 
 will continue in a state of nature for many long years. 
 
 I might have taken you along the shores of Lake Superior, 
 the largest of the great inland seas of North America. This 
 immense sheet of water is G27 feet above the level of the sea, 
 extends to 430 miles in length, and about IGO in breadth. Its 
 circumference is 1750 miles, and its depth 1200 feet. It is said 
 that more than 200 rivers and creeks flow into it. On the 
 Canadian side of this immense lake, copper has been found in 
 great abundance, and mines have been opened, which arc now 
 in course of being successfully worked ; but aside from the 
 settlements in connexion with these mines, the population of 
 this part of Canada is comparatively snuill, and nuist continue 
 so until a readier means of intercommunication facilitates the 
 occupancy of the land. 
 
 score, 
 
 , but 
 
 le, for 
 
 )re we 
 
 been 
 
 lof the 
 
 MINERAL WEALTH OF CANADA. 
 
 Of the minerals and metals of Canada, it will be proper to 
 say a few words. I have just now referred to the abundance 
 of copper on the shores of Lake Superior, and until recently it 
 was supposed that the ore of this valuable metal was only 
 found in that locality, but recent explorations have disclosed 
 the fact, that very valuable mines exist in the county of Me- 
 gantic, south of Quebec, which will yield large returns. 
 Already two companies have been formed, for the purpose of 
 opening out these treasures, and one of them has commenced 
 operations, with very excellent prospects. In the eastern town- 
 ships, south-east of Montreal, gold has been found in sufficient 
 abundance to justify a private company to search for it, and 
 discoveries have been made which, report says, have already 
 enriched those who have engaged in the pursuit. At one time 
 after the disclosure of the fact that gold existed in this region, 
 an incipient fever to rush to the "diggings" was apparent, but 
 the opportune declaration of Mr. Logan, now Sir William Lo- 
 gan, the Canadian geologist, "that the deposit will not, in gen- 
 eral, remunerate unskilled labor, and that agriculturists, arti- 
 sans, and others engaged in the ordinary occupations of the 
 country, would only lose their labor by becoming gold-hunters," 
 had the effect of arresting the movement, and saving the coun- 
 try from an unprofitable excitement. Good limestone is found 
 in almost every locality, and lime can therefore be purchased 
 
3(1 
 
 I I. .1 
 
 ■;';b 
 
 
 at rcaHonable prires, in every village, town and city in Canada. 
 Good brick-clay also abounds in various placow, and the fact 
 that every aggregation of hinnan dwellings throughout the 
 length and breadth of the province, is inad(> up in part of good 
 brick houses, shows thut it is so well distributed as to be al- 
 most equally accessible everywhere. Iron ores are also found 
 in several places. 
 
 In my first lecture I referred to the extensive foundries in the 
 neighborhood of Three Rivers, from which immense quantities 
 of castings, in the shape of stoyes, grates, &c., are sent to 
 Montreal and Quebec for sale, but other iron factories have 
 been founded at other points, and especially at Marmora, in the 
 county of Hastings, where very extensive works have l)een 
 erected, and are now in full blast. Good millstones, grind- 
 stones, and large flagging stones, are found in the same locality, 
 as well as extensive strata of marble and lithographic stone — the 
 latter being reported as equal to the best French. Millstones, 
 marble, slate, grindstones, an<i capital building stone also exist 
 in various places, the latter being abundant in the vicinity of 
 Montreal, Quebec, Kingston, and Hamilton. The principal 
 buildings in these several cities, in which blocks of immense 
 size, cut and dressed in the shape of columns, capitals, and or- 
 namental cornices, may be found, bear testimony to the value 
 of these materials. When it is understood that many of the 
 public buildings in Canada have cost from twenty to seventy- 
 live thousand pounds, some idea of their beauty and finish 
 may be formed. 
 
 Various other minerals and ores exist in Canada, as any one 
 may ascertain who will consult the catalogue of them exhibited 
 by the Provincial Geologist, Mr. Logan, at the London World's 
 Fair in 1851, and that of Paris in 1855. Hitherto it has been 
 held that Canada has no coal, though some geologists have dis- 
 sented from that conclusion ; however, as it is found in immense 
 deposits in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and also in several 
 of the United States, there is no danger of "^''nada being ever 
 in want of fuel. 
 
 Having cursorily noticed the chief natural features of the 
 province, I shall now devote a few moments to its government, 
 laws, systems of education, religion, commerce, means of com- 
 munication, &c. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1st. The Constitution of Canada is part written and part 
 unwritten, and assimilates as nearly as possible to the British 
 Constitution. The written part is composed of the capitula- 
 tions of Quebec and Montreal at the conquest; of the treaty 
 between England and France upon the cession of the province 
 by the latter to the former ; of the proclamation of the King of 
 England immediately afterwards ; of the "Quebec Act," passed 
 by the Imperial Parliament in 1774; of the Constitutional Act 
 
 I 
 
 i. 
 
37 
 
 ina<la. 
 10 fact 
 it the 
 f good 
 
 he al- 
 
 found 
 
 in the 
 mtitiCB 
 jent to 
 8 have 
 , in the 
 hccn 
 
 grind- 
 ocality, 
 le— the 
 Istones, 
 30 exist 
 inity of 
 rincipal 
 nmense 
 and or- 
 ic value 
 \f of the 
 ievcnty- 
 d finish 
 
 any one 
 shibitcd 
 World's 
 as been 
 ave dis- 
 imense 
 several 
 g ever 
 
 of the 
 [•nment, 
 )f com- 
 
 id part 
 1 British 
 ipitula- 
 
 treaty 
 rovince 
 
 ang of 
 I passed 
 
 lal Act 
 
 of 1791 ; of the Union Act of 1841, and of sundry resolutions 
 passed by the Legislature of Canada in the same year, after- 
 wards sanctioned by the Imperial Government. The unwritten 
 part of the constitution is mado up of rules and customs do- 
 <lucible from history, and are applicable to such exigencies as 
 luive not been provided for by tno before recited documents. 
 By tills constitution Canadians enjoy the following privileges: — 
 
 1. Entire civil and religious freedom. 
 
 2. Liberty of speaking any language, French and English 
 however bemg the only two recognized in the legislature and 
 courts of justice. 
 
 3. Perfect equality and eligibility to all offices of state. 
 
 4. Taxation only by authority of their own Parliament. 
 
 6. Liberty of action in all things not forbidden by law, or 
 trenching upon the rights of others, 
 
 6. Liberty to meet in public assemblies. 
 
 7. The right of petition. 
 
 8. Liberty of the press. 
 
 9. Trial by Jury. 
 
 10. Writ of Habeas Corpus. 
 
 11. Freedom from arrest, except according to certain pro- 
 scribed forms. 
 
 Parliament is composed of three branches. The governor 
 (as representing the sovereign) — a legislative council (answer- 
 ing somewhat to the House of Lords) — and a legislative assem- 
 bly, similar to the Commons. 
 
 Parliament must meet within one year after the end of the 
 preceding session. 
 
 Electors for members of parliament must be possessed in the 
 towns of property worth £7 10s. per annum, and in the coun- 
 try of £5; moreover they must be British subjects, or natu- 
 ralized foreigners. 
 
 The members of the legislative council were formerly ap- 
 pointed by the Crown ; but hereafter, like the members of the 
 assembly, will be elective. 
 
 The debates in parliament are open to the public. 
 
 Money votes must be initiated by the members of the go- 
 vernment, in the assembly or commons. 
 
 The governor exercises legislative power by sanctioning the 
 bills passed by the two houses; or, if declining the responsi- 
 bility, reserves them for submission to the Sovereign. 
 
 The government, or executive of the province, is confided to 
 the governor, aided by a council of ten ministers, who must 
 hold seats in one or other of the chambers. These ministers 
 continue in oflBce so long as they retain the confidence of par- 
 liament; in other words, while they can command majorities 
 
r 
 
 38 
 
 i -4 
 
 for their measures, and no longer. These ministers are heads 
 of the several departments, to wit: — 
 
 1. The President of the Council and Minister of Agi icultuTe. 
 
 2. Attorney General for Upper Canada. 
 8. Attorney General for Lower Canada. 
 
 4. Inspector General (or Finance Minister). 
 
 6. The Postmaster General. 
 
 6. The Commissioner of the Board of Public Works. 
 
 7. The Commissioner of Crown Lands. 
 
 8. The Receiver General. 
 
 9. The Provincial Secretary. 
 
 10. The Speaker of the Legislative Council. — He is the only 
 minister who has no portfolio, or other special charge than the 
 said Speakership. 
 
 
 M- 1,. 
 
 'i \ 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 \U 
 
 LAW. 
 
 The Courts of Justice are presided over by Judges who hold 
 their commissions during good behaviour; and these courts 
 answer very much to those in Great Britain. Appeal to the 
 Privy Council from the decision of the highest Canadian tribu- 
 nals is allowed, but this privilege is seldom exercised and is 
 very costly. 
 
 The civil code of Lower Canada is that known as the 
 "Coutumede Paris," somewhat modified by local legislation. 
 In commercial affairs the laws of England prevail, and the same 
 may be said of the criminal side — the laws of England having, 
 however, undergone some humane alterations in the Canadian 
 Parliament. In Upper Canada, both civil and criminal law are 
 English, but also considerably modified by Provincial Legisla- 
 tion. 
 
 In both Upper and Lower Canada the municipal system has 
 been in operation since the union of the provinces in 1841; but 
 Upper Canada has worked it far more successfully than Lower 
 Canada. It is hardly necessary to describe this system at any 
 length. Each county is a municipality, and in some cases con- 
 tains two municipalities. The townships send each two mem- 
 bers to the council, and the council enacts rules and by-laws 
 within the meaning of the General Municipal Law, by which 
 they are empowered to levy taxes on the real estate of the 
 county for the purposes of education, making roads and keep- 
 ing them in repair, building bridges, wharves, harbors, school 
 houses, and other public buildings, and generally managing 
 their own local affairs. . , 
 
 Each section of the Province is authorized, through its muni- 
 cipalities, to borrow money to the extent of £1,500,000, for the 
 purpose of taking stock in railroads ; and the interest upon the 
 debcjitures issued on this account is guaranteed by the Provin- 
 
 I 
 
39 
 
 e headA 
 iculture. 
 
 9. 
 
 the only 
 than the 
 
 who hold 
 sse courts 
 jal to the 
 ian tribii- 
 ed and is 
 
 n as the 
 Bgislation. 
 I the same 
 id having, 
 Canadian 
 al law are 
 il Legisla- 
 
 jrstem has 
 1841; but 
 an Lower 
 im at any 
 cases con- 
 two mem- 
 by-laws 
 I by which 
 ite of the 
 md keep- 
 school 
 [managing 
 
 its muni- 
 )0, for the 
 
 upon the 
 ^e Provin- 
 
 cial Government, which has its recourse upon the municipalities 
 when,^ in consequence of their failure to meet such interest, the 
 holders of the debentures have to call upon it The Upper 
 Canada municipalities have availed themselves of this privilege 
 to its full eytcnt; but Lower Canada has nearly the whole of 
 this sum to the good, and its expenditure hereafter will gTeatly 
 contribute to the construction of roads, which will promote its 
 settlement and prosperity. Lower Canada was somewhat slow 
 in adopting municipal institutions, but as they are becoming 
 better understood, and as education is more diflfuscd, the system 
 grows in favour, and will doubtless soon produce its appropriate 
 and beneficial results. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Few countries have provided more liberally for general edu- 
 cation than Canada ; and the immigrant, in coming hither, has the 
 satisfaction of knowing that his children will have privileges in 
 this respect, at the very least, equal to those he leaves behind. 
 The Provincial Parliament votes a large sum annually for the 
 support of schools ; and, in addition to this, the nmnicipalities 
 tax themselves liberally for the same purpose. Li 1855 there 
 were in Upper Canada 65 grammar schools, wilh 3,726 pupils; 
 and 3,325 common schools, with 227,864 pupils. Besides these, 
 there were numerous colleges and superior private schools, rais- 
 ing the total number of educational institutions in Upper 
 Canada to 3,710, attended by 240,817 pupils, at a cost of nearly 
 £300,000. The figures in Lower Canada compared with these 
 are in the relation of three to five, but the present superinten- 
 dent of education has given a great impulse to the cause, and 
 it is thought the operations of 1856 will show that the figures 
 have come to the relation of two to three, with the prospect of 
 further rapid improvement. 
 
 It would be interesting, if time permitted, to devote much 
 more space to this subject, and especially to present in their 
 imposing aspects, the various noble universities and colleges in 
 the two Canadas, but that subject would of itself demand a 
 whole evening. Ilogan, whom I have alroady quoted several 
 times, concludes his article on education in these words: — 
 
 " The census of Great Britain gives the number of scholars 
 attending public and private schools at 2,144,377, or a propor- 
 tion to the population of about one in eight and a-hal£ The 
 census of Canada gives one in six and four-fifths." 
 
 Since the census things have improved in this respect a great 
 deal in Canada ; and supposing them to have continued without 
 much change in Great Britain, the figures may be stated in 
 another form, thus: — Children in Canada attending school, 
 fifteen per cent, of the population ; Great Britain, twelve per 
 cent. I am persuaded the average is larger in Canada, but 
 even supposing it to be as stated, the conclusion is greatly 
 honorable to the colony, and gives a magnificent promise of the 
 future intelligence of its population. 
 
40 
 
 !* ii 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 I have incidentally alluded to the religion of the people; it 
 mav, however, be as well to devote a moment to its more for- 
 mal consideration. It may be said of both the Upper and 
 Lower Canadians, that they give more than average attention 
 to the subject of religion, and make greater sacrifices to secure 
 its ordinances than, peihaps, any other nation in the world. 
 One of the first wants cheerfully provided for in every new 
 settlement is a place wherein to worship God ; and it often hap- 
 pens that tlie sanctuary is built with the understanding that it 
 will be used by two different denominations at different hours on 
 the Sabbath, but a village must be very small indeed which has 
 not several churches. In thinly populated districts the school- 
 house serves as a place of worship, and there the indefatigable 
 and travel-worn preacher may be heard announcing the sublime 
 truths of Christianity with a simple earnestness which does not 
 always characterize the more imposing services of city pulpits. 
 
 Canada was early blessed with self-denying ministers of the 
 Gospel. The Lower Canadians had their ecclesiastics who left 
 their homes in France to labour in the vast forests of this new 
 country, and the history of their toils and sufferings is not the 
 most uninteresting portion of the early history of the New 
 World. In Upper Canada the Protestant missionary performed 
 similar labours and endured similar trials, and as the country 
 is opened out and settlements pushed far into the backwoods, 
 the arduous work has yet to be prosecuted in the same spirit — 
 that it is nobly done need hardly be told. British Christians, who 
 have contributed to the support of the missionary cause in Cana- 
 da, have great reason to rejoice in the results, for through their 
 means, instrumentally, "the wilderness and the solitary places 
 have been made glad, and the desert has blossomed as the rose." 
 
 The census of 1851 gives for all Canada, in round numbers, 
 1,850,000 souls. Of these, 915,000 are Roman Cathohc, 
 270,000 belong to the Church of England, 250,000 to the 
 Church of ScoSand and other Presbyterian churches, 230,000 
 to the several sections of the Methodist family, 50,000 Bap- 
 tists, 12,000 Congregation&lists (Independents), 12,000 Luther- 
 ans, 8,000 Quakers, leaving 75,000 whose creed was not ascer- 
 tained, and 25,000 to be divided between ten other classes, 
 namely — Christians, Adventists, Disciples, Protestants, Jews, 
 Menonists, Universalists, Unitarians, and Mormons, the latter 
 happily being the smallest of all of them numerically, as they 
 returned only 259 members. 
 
 From this analysis it will be seen that the population is 
 pretty equally divided between Roman Catholics and Protest- 
 ants. In Lower Canada the former are in the majority, being 
 as eight to one ; and in Upper Canada the numbers are just 
 about reversed. 
 
 The total of places of worship in the province in 1851 was 
 2407, of which 1747 were in Upper, and 660 in Lower Canada. 
 The disparity is accounted for by the fact, that in Upper 
 
 
 I 
 
ople; it 
 ore for- 
 per and 
 ,tteniioQ 
 3 secure 
 e world, 
 iry new 
 ten hap- 
 y that it 
 ^ours on 
 hich has 
 3 school- 
 fatigable 
 I sublime 
 does not 
 • pulpits. 
 
 rs of the 
 who left 
 this new 
 s not the 
 the New 
 erformed 
 
 country 
 ckwoods, 
 } spirit — 
 ians, who 
 
 in Cana- 
 iigh their 
 ry places 
 he rose." 
 
 lumbers, 
 Catholic, 
 to the 
 230,000 
 
 00 Bap- 
 Luther- 
 
 ot ascer- 
 
 classes, 
 
 s, Jews, 
 
 le latter 
 
 as they 
 
 ilation is 
 Protest- 
 
 ty, being 
 are just 
 
 |851 was 
 
 1 Canada. 
 Upper 
 
 I 
 
 41 
 
 Canada half a dozen Protestant denominations in a village will 
 each have a church, whereas in Lower Canada the people being 
 neaily all Catholics in the country parts, require only one place 
 of worship, which is generally a large and handsome building. 
 
 LITERATURE, &c. 
 
 The literary institutions of Canada might well claim atten- 
 tion, but must be dispatched in a few words. The principal 
 cities have natural history societies, astronomical clubs, lyceums, 
 public libraries, mercantile library associations, and mechanics' 
 institutes. There are reading-rooms attached to all of these 
 institutions, where papers from every part of the country and 
 the chief cities of the United States, from Great Britain and 
 France, are received. Montreal alone has about ten such insti- 
 tutions. In connexion with these also, there are generally 
 lecture rooms, where, in winter, literary, historical, and scien- 
 tific discourses are delivered to the members by eminent 
 scholars and professional men, who render these services gra- 
 tuitously. Maiiy villages emulate the cities and towns in these 
 respects, and it may truly be said, that in Canada "the school- 
 master is abroad." 
 
 Of amusements and sports, Canada has also its Mr share. 
 Every city has its theatre, and often several spacious assembly 
 rooms, where balls, parties, and public dinners take place. 
 Cricketing is a favorite sport in summer, and is eagerly pursued. 
 In winter the Scotch game of curling is much practised, and 
 many a supper of beef and greens, not to speak of the etceteras, 
 is lost and won. Shooting clubs arc also in fashion; and, 
 whether for good or evil, I fear however more for evil than 
 good, we have ball-alleys, billiard- rooms, and not a few gam- 
 bling-houses. 
 
 Our newspapers we count by scores, if not by hundreds. 
 The chief cities have several large dailies, tri- weeklies, bi-week- 
 lies, and weeklies. Montreal publishes about twenty newspa- 
 pers, and every town and village in Upper Canada has its own 
 press ; generally, indeed, two papers are issued in each place, 
 for, as Canadians are all politicians, every ministerial paper 
 must needs have an opponent. In periodical literature we 
 have not yet made much progress, not more than haif a dozen 
 magazines being published in the country. 
 
 In connection with this subject it may not be cut of place to 
 notice the postal advantages of Canada, which, under the able 
 management of the Hon. Robert Spence, the present Post- 
 master General, have [greatly improved. In 1851 the Imperial 
 Government transferred the management of the Canadian post- 
 office to the local government. Then there were 601 post- 
 offices in the country, and the single letter postage was 9d, 
 The rate was immediately reduced to 3d., at which it stands, 
 and the number of letters carried next year rose from 2,000,000 
 to 3,500,000. At present there are over 1300 post-offices, and 
 
42 
 
 ?. 
 
 the number of letters mailed had reached about 6,000,000. 
 Newspapers arc carried free, and this boon, which was granted 
 to the pubhc at a loss, last year, of over £10,000, has greatly 
 increased ho number of readers, and by consequence added to 
 the circulation of the papers, especially of the principal city 
 journals, which are relied upon as leading exponents of public 
 opinion. Three of the Toronto papers boast together of a cir- 
 culation equal to 50,000 copies, and other cities are not much 
 behind the metropolis in this respect. 
 
 The remarkable order which characterises the post-oflBce 
 operations of Canada is a proud boast, and the very moderate 
 rate at which the service is rendered to the public in a country 
 of such vast extent, without involving a deficit of any magni- 
 tude, is matter of astonishment. 
 
 In connection with this department of State there is also a 
 money-order system, similar to that of Great Britain. It has 
 been in operation for about eighteen months, and has more 
 than realized the most sanguine expectations of its promoters. 
 
 From these few brief remarks it will be evident that in the 
 interchange of written communications the people of Canada 
 are not behind the most favoured countries, and this fact might 
 not be without its influence in estimating the progress of the 
 province in all the constituents of rational greatness. 
 
 R ALWAYS, &c. 
 
 As to the means of intercommunication or travel, and those 
 for the transportation of freight, Canada is unrivalled on the 
 American continent; or if not so just at present, the great 
 works in course of construction will insure it that supremacy 
 within a very short period. I have alluded as I went along to 
 most of the railways completed or in progress, but in setting 
 forth the means of intercourse and transport it is proper that 
 our whole railway system, our canals and natural water-courses, 
 should receive special attention. 
 
 Commencing in the east, we find the Grand Trunk Railway 
 starting from St. Thomas, thirty miles below Quebec. It is 
 proper, however, to mention, that the road is provided for as 
 far east as Trios Pistoles, one hundred and twenty miles further 
 down, which will bring our eastern terminus within one hundred 
 and twenty miles of the New Brunswick frontier, whither the 
 Trunk Railway of that province will soon arrive; and when it is 
 considered that when a junction is effected wo shall have a com- 
 munication opened through British territory to St. John and 
 St Andrews, two of the best ports on the Atlantic, it may with 
 certainty be anticipated that the gap will soon be filled. At 
 present, as just stated, wo have thirty miles of railway com- 
 pleted below Quebec, then one htmdred miles from Quebec to 
 Richmond, a point about forty miles inland on the south shore 
 of the St. Lawrence, between Quebec and Montreal. Here the 
 Portland and Montreal section of the Grand Trunk meets the 
 
1,000. 
 anted 
 rcatly 
 led to 
 I city 
 public 
 a cir- 
 much 
 
 -office 
 derate 
 )untry 
 nagrxi- 
 
 also a 
 
 It has 
 
 1 more 
 
 noters. 
 
 in the 
 Canada 
 ; might 
 , of the 
 
 i those 
 on the 
 great 
 •emacy 
 ong to 
 setting 
 er that 
 ourses, 
 
 acom- 
 Un and 
 y with 
 d. At 
 com- 
 lebec to 
 shore 
 lerc the 
 its the 
 
 4d 
 
 track from Quebec, and from thence to Montreal there is a lino 
 of some sixty-scv^n miles in length. It miiKt bo understood 
 that the road from Portland to Montreal is the property of the 
 Grand Trunk company, the portion of it which runs from 
 the American frontier to Portland having been bought or leased 
 for ninety-nine years. Tlie enumerated links are equal to 422 
 miles. 
 
 From Montreal to Toronto, a distance of 335 miles, the road 
 was completed and opened for traffic last October, and the cele- 
 bration of that event by the citizens of Montreal was the occa- 
 sion of the most magnificent display ever before attempted in 
 Canada, or perhaps on the continent. Between four and five 
 thousand guests, mostly from a distance, sat down to a sump- 
 tuous feast in one room, and were attended by an army of two 
 hundred and fifty waiters, when every conceivable delicacy ia 
 the edible line, and the proper adjuncts of generous liquids, 
 were profusely supplied. Processions of the trades in daylight, 
 and of the fire department with torches at night; fireworks and 
 water excursions, with a grand public ball, filled up the two 
 days devoted to the rejoicings, which cost an immense sum of 
 money. 
 
 Between Montreal and Toronto there are several junction 
 lines which are likely to be affiliated to the Grand Trunk; these 
 are the Prescott and Ottawa road, fifty miles long; the Brock 
 ville and Pembroke, one hundred and sixty miles; the Cobourg 
 and Peterborough, twenty-eight miles; and the Port Hope and 
 Lindsay, thirty-six miles. The Brockville and Pembroke is the 
 only one not finished, but it is fast progressing, and when it is 
 done, this will make 696 miles east and north of Toronto under 
 one management. From Toronto the Grand Trunk is com- 
 pleted to Stratford, two-thirds of the way to Port Sarnia, to 
 which it is fast being pushed; this will add 160 miles to the 696, 
 making a total of 856. Besides these, several junction lines 
 are projected, which will give a whole length to the Grand 
 Trunk of 1112 miles. 
 
 The next great railway interest is the Great Western, which 
 runs from Toronto through Hamilton and London to Windsor, 
 and also from Hamilton to Suspension Bridge, over the river 
 Niagara, one mile below the Falls, so celebrated throughout 
 the world. These lines extend about two hundred and fifty 
 miles, but they have several branches, which increase the dis- 
 tance considerably. 
 
 From Toronto northward, the Ontario and Huron road, now 
 finished and in operation, runs to Collingwood, a distance of 
 ninety-six miles. 
 
 Another road, the Buffalo, Brantford, and Goderich, connect- 
 ing the latter with the former place, will soon be completed. 
 It crosses the tracks of the Grand Trunk and Great Western, 
 striking London on its way. Its whole length is one hundred 
 and sixty miles. 
 
 From Niagara to Chippawa there is a line in operation seven- 
 
44 
 
 teen miles long; and from London to Port Stanley, on Lake 
 Eric, there is one just completed about twenty -five miles more. 
 
 Before proceeding west of Montreal, I should have mentioned 
 the Industry and Rawdon road, several years in operation, 
 twenty-three miles long; a road from Quebec northward, in 
 course of construction, nineteen miles; the Montreal and Platts- 
 burgh road, thirty-two miles; the Montreal and Lachine, nine 
 miles; the Champlain and St. Lawrence, 43 miles; and a por- 
 tion of the Montreal and Bytown or Ottawa road, thirteen 
 miles. This latter forms part of a line which will be eighty 
 miles long. 
 
 From what has been said, it appears that there are in Canada 
 of railways built and in progress, about 1850 miles, which 
 have cost, or will have cost, between seventeen and eighteen 
 millions of pounds sterling. 
 
 T submit it to my hearers, if a young country like Canada 
 can in the course of a few years accomplish such things, can 
 maintain the highest possible financial credit, and exhibit 
 throughout its whole length and breadth a population rejoicing 
 in plent}^ is it not worthy of being regarded with admiration ? 
 
 But the railways actually built and in progress are only a 
 part of the system, for another gigantic enterprise has been 
 chartered, and will no doubt be shortly undertaken. I allude 
 to the Quebec and Lake Huron Railway, which will run from 
 the former city to Georgian Bay on the great Lake Huron. 
 The accomplishment of tliis undertaking cannot fail of being 
 most beneficial in drawing down the trado of the west, and 
 opening for settlement a vast extent of country capable of sup- 
 porting millions of inhabitants. The Legislature, at its last 
 session, voted 4,000,000 of acres in the valley of the Ottawa in 
 aid of this project, and steps are now^ being taken by surveys 
 and explorations to put the matter in shape before the capital- 
 ists of Great Britain. 
 
 I have spoken of the great public works of the province, 
 owned and managed by the government, I mean the canals, 
 and had intended to dwell at greater length upon their magni- 
 tude, the very substantial way in which they are built, and the 
 facilities they offer for the transport of the products of the 
 west to the ocean, and vice versa ; the carriage of imported 
 manufactures, the fish and oil of the lower provinces, and the 
 transmission of emigrants ; but time warns me that I must be 
 brief. 
 
 To show their superioiity over the routes by canal from the 
 west to the American seaboard, I need only say that their total 
 length, in order to overcome the difficulties of the St. Lawrence, 
 aic oi;ly sixty-eight and a-half miles against three hundred and 
 > "xty-thrce by the Erie Canal to New York ; forty-eight locks 
 against eighty-one ; locks of fifty and one hundred feet in 
 breadth and one hundred and eighty-five feet long against forty- 
 five-feet breadth and one hundred and ten feet long, and a depth 
 of water nine and a-half feet against one of six and a-half feet 
 
 I 
 
 
Lake 
 more. 
 
 itioncd 
 ration, 
 ard, in 
 Platts- 
 e, nine 
 
 a por- 
 liirteeii 
 
 eighty 
 
 Danada 
 
 which 
 
 ighteen 
 
 Canada 
 gs, can 
 exhibit 
 ejoicing 
 [ration ? 
 
 only a 
 IS been 
 ; allude 
 jn from 
 Huron. 
 if being 
 ;st, and 
 of sup- 
 its last 
 tawa in 
 [surveyB 
 capitaJ- 
 
 'ovince, 
 canals, 
 magni- 
 land the 
 of the 
 (ported 
 md the 
 lust be 
 
 )m the 
 
 jir total 
 
 Iwrence, 
 
 Ired and 
 
 it locks 
 
 feet in 
 
 jt forty- 
 
 I a depth 
 
 ilf feet 
 
 45 
 
 By the superiority of our canals, wc can give passage to 
 vessels three times the burden of the boats floated by the 
 American canals, and by the shortness and directness of the 
 route, which, besides being shorter^ admits of being run through 
 at a high rate of speed, we can effect a saving of several days 
 on the voyage. One difficulty has been that we could not pro- 
 vide freight for Europe in our ports, or the St. Lawrence route 
 would long ago have diverted the great western trade into our 
 channels. This want is in part remedied, and will soon be so 
 entirely, by the extension of our ocean lines of steamers, when 
 the vast sums expended upon our canals, and the enterprize of 
 our people, will be amply justified. 
 
 The last great work I shall notice is the Victoria Bridge at 
 Montreal, intended to connect the island with the south bank 
 of the St. Lawrence. This viaduct will be nearly two miles long, 
 and considering the engineering difficulties which have to be 
 surmounted, is held to be the greatest undertaking of modern 
 times. It will swallow up all of £2,000,000, but the money 
 will be well expended. 
 
 Statistics of the commerce of Canada should by right have 
 entered into this lecture, but I cannot venture to try your 
 patience with them, some idea of our transactions may be 
 formed, however, from the following figures ; — The capital of 
 our banks in 1854 was £3,675,000, to which have been since 
 added £1,675,000, total £5,350,000. The bank note circula- 
 tion is probably as much, and the paper discounted is in round 
 numbers about £10,000,000. There is, however, a great want 
 of capital felt, and if money could be easily procured at six or 
 even eight per cent, many useful and highly remunerative 
 enterprises would be set on foot 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The last remark I propose to make is this, Canada has been 
 blessed with the services of public men equal to the august- 
 task of developing her latent resources, and to their skill, 
 energy, and perseverance she is in a great measure indebted for 
 her present high credit and irresistible progress. As usual, 
 they had to meet wi+h much opposition, reproach, and con- 
 tumely, but they would have been unworthy of their high 
 trusts if they had fainted and become weary. Their noble 
 patriotism has an abundant reward in the happy and flourishing 
 condition of one of the finest countries under the sun. These 
 men have not been few, but to two especially is Canada indebted, 
 and she never will forget them. These men are, 
 
 James, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, the late Governor Ge- 
 neral ; and, 
 
 The Hon, Francis Hincks, his Prime Minister, now Governor 
 General of Barbadoes and adjacent islands. 
 
46 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 Mr. John Neill said, he had pleasure fn proposing a vote of 
 thanks to Mr. Campbell for hia very entertaining and highly 
 instructive lecture; to him, (Mr. N.) it had been specially inte- 
 resting, owing to the fact of his having been for a considerable 
 period a resident in Canada ; it is now a long time since he left 
 the Colony, and although he had been marking its progress, 
 yet, after listening to the accurate and admirable description 
 just given of it by Mr. Campbell, he must confess astonishment 
 at the vast increase of the wealth, population, means of educa- 
 tion, and general development by railways and otherwise of the 
 resources of that truly magnificent country — (cheers). To the 
 intending emigrant that is the country he would recommend in 
 preference to those fine but distant colonies of Australia and 
 New Zealand. In Canada he will find a healthy climate, cheap 
 land, a rich soil, a good market, and an agreeable people, and 
 with ordinary perseverance every man may speedily rise to a 
 competency if not indeed to affluence ; its proximity to this 
 country is commercially of incalculable advantage. Besides, 
 when the emigrant has a desire to re-visit the old country, why, 
 he has comparatively but a step to go, with opportunities of 
 conveyance almost daily — (cheers). He had great pleasure in 
 moving thanks to Mr. Campbell, which were accorded with 
 hearty applause. 
 
 Mr. Campbell briefly returned thanks. He had prepared the 
 lectures solely with a view to benefit his native country and 
 that of his adoption. — (Cheers.) He did not need, he thought, 
 to assure them that every word he had uttered was as true as 
 truth itself — (Cheering.) He had been greatly honored, he 
 assured his friends, by their kind and indulgent attention, and 
 felt the obligation with regard to these meetings was all on his 
 side. 
 
 Mr. Archibald Denniston pro'^-'^ed a vote of thanks to the 
 Provost for his conduct in the Oliair, which was heartily 
 responded to. 
 
 Provost Hunter expressed his great pleasure at being pre- 
 sent, and at being called upon to preside ^i occasions so inte- 
 resting as both the meetings had been. 
 
 The proceedings then terminated. 
 
 j' 
 
47 
 
 Rates of passage from Quebec, per Royal Mail Line of Steam- 
 ers, and from New York to sundry parts in Canada and the 
 United States, contrasted: — 
 
 To From Quebec. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 Kingston £0 12 6 
 
 Belleville 17 6 
 
 Cobourg and Port IIopj. 17 
 
 Darlington 
 
 Toronto and Hamilton . 
 
 London 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Detroit, U. S 1 
 
 Chicago 2 
 
 Cleveland 1 
 
 Cincinnati 2 
 
 Milwaukie, and all ports 
 on Lake Michigan .... 1 
 
 1 
 1 2 
 1 11 
 1 7 
 1 15 
 
 2 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 U 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 17 6 
 
 From New York. 
 
 Currency, 
 
 SA 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 17 6 
 
 2 
 15 
 
 2 2 6 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 2 15 
 
 3 5 
 
 The above rates from Quebec include, free of charge, all per- 
 sonal baggage, i.e., all personal luggage carried free on ship- 
 board is also carried free by this line. Alexander Milloy, Fsq., 
 is the agent at Montreal. 
 
 The rates from New York only include lOOtbs. luggage free. 
 Extra, charged at very high rates. 
 
 It is but fair to the public to state, that another line of 
 steamers from Montreal, known as the "American Line," of 
 which W. T. Barron, Esq., is agent, carries passengers to most 
 of the above ports at rates somewhat similar to the Royal Mail 
 line. 
 
 It is well for emigrants also to bear in mind that an Engli|>h 
 shilling in the United States is taken for only twenty cents, in 
 Canada it is worth twenty-five cents. Tn other words four 
 English shillings make one dollar in Canada, while it takes five 
 to make the same amount in the States. 
 
 •V/N/N/WV-V/WX/X/^