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I.as diagrammas suivants illuatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 \ CI. f 5^ it- I ■-}* p^.- ('"; /? !i4, T:-^ \ f.*^ — / '. ■■.-.-H i 1 j LETTERS iK9 /•». / FROM CANADA, .•"»■■ •\WITI3: NUMEHOUS ILLUSTRATIONS. _^-«. ^ti» •♦ ♦- ...«>.., {Republished by Reqvtst.) r TEN^TH KOITIONT. 0-3 I COM»S*JtiaifT. :■» ! ('I k Chiustmas Day in tub Btsn. r'^ QUK15EC: pmNTKD AT TJ'E MORNING ClIKONICLE OFFICE V \. i^'^f'J^ )yJ?7f)^ U,^ •■^^--o" >aO'^'J*"^"' fJi-^53 •"7)CKt;"^:^.U%J. » , 't II t .1 CONTENTS. iS f Alietij, Naturalization of 48 Assesamcnts, bow made r> Banking syaUm 4 ? Bonds. «^ovcrnnicnt, County and Municipal 4 Book Post, &c 100 Blocks of Land 20 Canada and Illinois compared. l(.4r> " Upper & Lower do. ... 13 Cattle-breeding, neglect of. ... 13 Classes, what kind ■wanted 47 Country Gcutlcincn, lack of in Canada 10.13 Crown Lands Agents, names and residences of 138 Climate of Canndii 4-5 Dairy Products, neglect of 13 Deeds, Registration of 4 Draining, neglect of 11 Dollars & Cents cfjuivalont value of 13.^ Lnnd-joblcre, iraprovcracatti re^ tarded by 51 Lands, Uov'nmcnt, reduced price of 139 Land Regulations 138 Landsi, names of A- wberc situate. 139 Map, new and valuable IT Manure from Gih offal 33 Mining Regulations 33 ♦* Locations 147.49 Monies lent, how secured 4.5 Money Orders !49 N'ccessurlc" of life, cost of 48 Ottawa 36 Population, in 1801... 5:2 Postal arrangements of Great Bri- tain witii Canadn 148 Qiiarautino Regulations 48 Registration of Deeds 4 Remitting money 48 Kmigratc, when to 47 Emigration, diminution of and how accounted for 10 Kraigralion, Report C 9^'(/ 3-7 QUEBEC: PRINTED AT THE MORNING CHRONICLE OPFIOB. 1-296'^ THAT CASK PBOVIMD. LETTERS FROM CANADA. *J^-V>.^,X'v%«»/%^-V No. I. « Toronto, C. W. August 1864. «My Dkar Wtndham, ** I am very glad to hear that my answers to your various questions for the guidance of the partips about to leave your noble rela- tive's estates have been useful. Be assured that upon their arrival here they shall have the best advice and assistance I can render them, in lo- eating them near those who have preceded them, and almost all ot whom, I am happy to say, are progressmg favourably, and many of them have had great success, and have already, from small land- renters and cottagers, become land owners to the extent of many thousands of acres— say nothmg of having arrived at the dignity of squires, town- councillors, reeves, and in more than one case, the privilege of writin;; J. p. after their names. ** Among the names of those which will be most familiar to you are those of •••••• All of them desire to be kindly, and some of them * gratefully ' remem- bered to you and to him ; an expression which nine years ago would not have fallen from their lips. The very step which, at that ti.ne, seemed harsh to those who cling to the * auld roof-tree,' however hum- ble that home may have been, has turned out a blessing, and raised them to a position which, in the old country, they never could have reached. " * The old country,' and < home ! ' It is truly cheering to see and hear how fondly and frequently these words are uttered here. It has made my old heart stir within me, to hear them in the Viceroy's speech, the Provincial Parliament, the d-awing room of the colonial aristocrat, and the shanty of the settler, far far away m the backwoods, where tid- I 2 LETTERS FROM CANADA. ings of " home ' seldom come. There are in these words endearing as- sociations, which lime and distance cannot dimmish or obliterate. Here they have a magic and a lorco which I cunnot describe. It is a wora that C0»jur«8 up memoiies of the past on which the heart loves to linger —the memory of prayers uttered on bended knees at the feet of departed parents, who blesseil our early, and guided our advancing yeirs, when the passions of youth were unsubdued, and the principles of manhood unconfirmed. It tecals the abode of distant, most loved, and loving friends, and brings baci; scenes on which fhe eye has not rested for many a year of anxious struiryle and fini-l success. I musi tell you a Utile anecdote on this point which moved me exceedingly. I called one day while in thw bnsli at 'he house of a venerable old man of eighty —a soldier and gentleman — who had been here forty years, and seldom got any tidings from ho;iie. I happened lo have in my pocket-book « primrose which dearest sent me in » leiler, and 1 placed it on the old man's knee, and said < Did you ever see a flower like that ?" The old man took it up, and when he recognized it, he kissed the pale fiower over and over again, and, bending his aged head, he wept like a ciiild, 80 long and so violently that 1 was alarmed. Who can tell what thoughts this little flower awakened in the old man's mind ? The thoughts of some shady lane, perchance, near the miforgotlen home of his childhood— ' ■ ' Tho first lovc-bcat of his jouthfal hc;ii-t.,' — a mother's gentl .—a father's word of a|>probatioa or sign of reproof a sister's gentle love— a brother's fond regard — hanJsful of flowers plucked in green and quiet meadows— bird's^nests admired, but not touched— the Sabbiith call to prayer and praise. It was too sacred a sight for a stranger's eye. I dou't think he could have spoken ; I am sure I could not. So I wrote in pencil a few words promismg to see him again, and, if we should both be spared, that he should next sprins: have a pale memorial of spring and home from the same green lane as tho one which had, much to his honour, elicited < a soldier's tear.' * * " All the favourable impressions of Canada which I named to you before have been fully confirmed upon a more accurate inquiry into her wondi-.ful resources and capabilities ; if there be any country which deserves to be known at home, that country is Canada. We seem never to have realized what Canada really is, and have always thought of her as a desolate and chilly place, the abode of anthropophagi and mosqui- toes, from whence we got ice aud pine timber ; instead of which, it is a country about four tiroes the size of the Briticfh Possessions in Europe, producing almost everything which can minister to the comforts and luxuries of life, and where, within the space of less than fifty years, millions of acreii of land have been converted from forest and swamps into fruitful and weil-oultivateJ farms, sapplying not only the wants of its o-jvn rapidly-increasing population, but enabling as to export prodnce to the States and England to the value of many millions sterling ererjr year. LBTTBRS PROK CANADA. " I do not wonder that the despatch for Lord Elgin has been read with sarprise and interest, and it must have been a proud day for him when the temporal condition and prospects of the country enabled him to dictate and sign that document. It is ;vell for Canada ttiat she has as ruler a man of enlightened mind pnd onward views ; and his name will be remer.bered with gratitude when passion, and prejudice, and politics enable another generation to estimate his talents mor j calmly than can be done just now. '< The progress of Upper Canada has been really wonderful, especially when it is borne in mind, that during the brief period of our national history, not yet sixty years, she has had to contend against the disad- ▼antagcN of a war in 1812 and a rebellion in 1837- At present, the information I convey to you is confined to Upper Canada. I do not know much yet of the Lower Province, but quite enough to make me desirous of knowing more of the country and ot the people. They are not one whit behind Upper Canada in loyal devotion to our good Qaeen ; and if within the last sixty years thev have not progressed quite as much as the Upper Province, some of this shortcoming must be attributed to a climate less favorable to the production of wheat — our great staple — and also to the operation ol the Seignorial Tenure Bill, which, within five years, I hope to see aboliahed. " Canada has a fruitful soil and a fine climate— she has beloru her a glorious prospect, and her sons and daughters a lofty mission — she is a land of kindling energies, and of untold and undeveloped resources, which will gi/c her soon a place and a name among the nations of the earth — she entertains a warm and affectionate regard iorthe ' old house al Lome,* and a deep leeling of loyalty towards her Suvei-eign, and it would have delighted that distinguished personage could she have seen the way in which her last birthday was celebrated on this side of the Atlantic. " f speak advisedly when I say that Canada can offer to the capitalists of England as good security for any monies they may invest here, and for which 8 per cent, is cheerfully given., as can be o^ered in that f;reat old-world institution— that ing January, 1852: — Hops 113,000 Hay 080,000 Wool 2,700,000 Maple Sugar ;j,500,000 Butter 15,900,000 Cheese 2,200,000 '• Beef 111,000 barrels. Pork aOO,000 Tobacco 700,000 Wheat 12,600,000 Barley 6,000,000 Rys 479,000 Pease 2,870,000 Oats 11,000,000 Maize 1,600,000 Potatoes 5,000,000 Turnips 3,000,000 Carrots 174,000 lbs. ton.s. lbs. <( (I "The amount of slock returned was as follows :— Bulls, Oxen, &c 139,000 Calves and Heifers 254,000 Milch Cows 296,000 Horses 200,000 Sheep 9G9,00a Pigs 570,000 ^^l LETTERS FKOM CANADA. 7 ■ • ,■:..'. 'a,':. "THB PROGRESSlVi: VALUB OF STOCK. > may be gathered from the following table, and you must bear in mind that when I name the price of any Canadian produce the sum named is in ' currency,' unless I distinctly call it sterling value ; the simple way 10 bring which into sterling money is to deduct one-fifth. 1^33. £. s. d. to £. s. d. Horses 10 « 15 Working Oxon, per pair 15 « 17 10 Sh'^.ep 5 " 7 G Cows 3 15 « 4 Pigs, of 300 lbs. each, per cwt 12 c " 17 d Lambs 3 9" 5 Oxen for slaughter, per cwt 15 " 10 1850. £. s. d. £. s. d. norse*?., 15 to 20 Working Oxen, per pair 17 10 " 20 Sheep 7 6" 12 g Cows 5 " G 5 Pigs, of 300 lbs. each, per cwt 15 " loo Lambs 5 " 7 o Oxen for slaughter, per cwt ] " 1 5 1853. £. H. d. £. s. d. Ilorses 25 to 35 Working Oxen, per pair 20 " 22 10 Sheep 17 G " 'i 10 Cows G 5 " 7 10 Pigs, of 300 lbs. each, per cwt 15 0" 1 10 Lambs 10 " 12 G Oxen for slaughter, per cwt 15 0" 1 10 Of " It is impossible to estimate the mischief and injury to themselves and the country arising from the retention of large blocks of land in this most favoured part of the Province, to the extent of many thousands of acres each, by land-jobbers and speculators. Everything is retarded hereby— settlement, roads, schools, progress of all kinds. The Govern- ment, however, is about to meet this case, by surveying and offering for sale, on easy terms of payment and low prices, millions of acres of land fn both provinces, quite (as capable of successful cultivation as those held by these selfish people, who never again will realize the amounts at which they have refused to sell. They deserve no pity and will get none. <* You cannot conceive the singularly cold and dreary appearance of (be whole country from the want of hedgerow?, and clumps of trees for shade, shelter, and ornament around the homesteads. You may travel hundreds oi miles and nothing meets the eye but the interminable snake- fences. " With the early settlers every tree was a weed of gigantic growth. * Down with it ' was the universal motto. Many persons have wasted and burnt timber to the value of the fee-simple of their estate. * Leicesters. t The present price of stock, &c., will be found in another portion of th« work.— Editob. 8 LETTERS PROM CANADA. ** I submit the following sketch very respectfully to the path-masterSf and fence- viewers of Canada, and I leave them to consider which aid* of tha road looks best. A CANADIAN SIDE LINE. AS IT IS. AS IT MIGHT BE. C " 1^^ ^Y " The answer I invariably got during my early acquaintance with Upper Canada, * Oh, sir, the hedges won't g:row, our wmters are so severe.' But there is also another reason — they are too lazy to try ! There are plenty of plants growing at their very doors ; the English thorn thrives with moderate care ; the beech would form an impervious hedge in three years ; the buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus) grows with great rapidity, and has the advantage of forming a very thick hedge, and one which, from its medicinal properties, the cattle will not nibble at. " Upper Canadian iarmers are constantly abusing the climate of Lower Canada, but in the neighbourhood of Quebec there are luxuriant hedgerows for miles round and beautiful clumps of trees of every variety.'' — ^X"-.V">»W fc*~>, N."*, ■v.-v.^ - No. in. " London, Canada West, Sept. 1856. " My dear Wyndiiam, " I have been spending a few weeks in this fine portion of Canada, and am much delighted with all I have seen, and see from day to day. I have not confined myself to the beaten track, but have wandered about beyond the regions of stage-coaches and crowded streets. While I continue to grumble at the absence of all taste for floriculture, at the abundant evidences of the most inconceivably-primitive state of farmmg,lhe utter ignorance, practically, of draining, or irrigation, still there is progress ! " You cannot imagine the painful silence which pervades the * bush.' 1 have walked hundreds of miles at different times alone, and for hours .M LETTERS PROM CANADA. 9 together I never saw a living creature in the shape of an animal^ a bird, or a bntterfly. Yet there are many, and beautiful, and rare speoimeni of all to be found in Canada. Once now and then a Vanessa Antiopa would cross my path — then, perchance, the scarlet tanager, Tanagra rabra, and the beautiful meadow lark, Alauda magna, would delight the stranger for a moment with a sight of their beautiful plumage. We have, among other rare birds, the white-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera. ' ' ' " I suppose, however, the taste and the search for these beautiful objects will arise among us one of these days. I know throughout Upper Canada only one English gentleman, Mr. Cottle, of Woodstock, who takes any interest in ornithological pursuits and investigations. '< It will be hardly possible for •You gentlemen of England Who live at homo at case,' to realize what has to be done and is doing here. That nearly Forty Million Acres should have been brought into gradual and productive cultivation— that the immemorial forest should have given place to the waving cornfield, the laden orchard, the pretty village, the thriving town, the stately city — that the placid lake should boar on its broad bosom splendid steamers, instead of the birch-bark canoe of the poor Indians, and all within sixty years, is matter at once for deep congratulation to the people of Canada, and anxious attention in those who now, or may here- after, direct her worldly destinies. That much was due, under Provi- dence, to the steady good sense and discretion of Lord Elgin, 1 am quite convinced, being able to look upon the events of the last five years with no party prejudice. I should really consider it as a serious evil if his lordship should not return to complete those plans of internal improve- ment, both social and intellectual, which he has indicated, and which the Government is pledged to. *' !f the present moment be not wisely improved Canada must retro- gade. It is indeed a period of anxious interest, and upon the judgment which those who * bear rule' display in this crisis of her history much of the future wellfare of millions depends. Canadian legislators should bear in mind that they are called upon to make laws for a future ^ " NATION, « England, Ireland, Scotlakd, Canada ! a nation which I believe to be destined to fill a bright page in the history of the world,— a nation which, remembering her origin and her home, will take an honest pride in. endeavoring to imitate, and emulate, and perpetuate the arts and sciences, the literature and the religion of Great Britain. m LETTERS FROM CANADA. « Yott aik me about the Indians ! Poor Indians ! They are now a * feeble folk* and dying out last. It has been found that the annual gatheiins of these poor things to receive their < presents' has led to a good deal of abuse and immorality. The plan suggested of selling the remaining Indian reserves, funding the proceeds, and giving them annuities, may perhaps be more useful to these poor creatures. In any and ever> case I hope they will be treated with kindness and considera- tion. England and Canada should never for{$et the time when the Red- man was their ally, did them good service in their time of need, shed their best blood in the fore-front of many a stricken field, and contributed in no small decree to save Canada to Great Britain. " I happened to spend a St. George's day in New York, and was grati- fied at the way in which it was celebrated there. At a dinner I heard the following anecdote about the Indians which interested mo much. " In replying to a toast. Major Sprague, of the United Statei army, caid :— ' Some years ago I was engaged in removing some Indians beyond the Mississippi, and one day wnen encamped I saw a party ap- proaching me. I took my glass and found they were Indians I sent out an Indian with the 'Stars and Stripes' en a flag, and the leader of the party immediately displayed the Red Cross of St. George ! I wanted him to exchange flags, but the savage would not, for said he— << I dwjil near the Hudson Bay Company, and they gave me this fiag, and they told me that it came from my great mother across the great [waters, and would protect me and my wife and children wherever we might go. I have found it as the white man said, and I will never part with it" 'I could not,' added the gallant officer emphatically, * but admire the feeling of confidence and the sentiment.' " Canada deserves to be better known tlian 6he is, and I anticipate at no distant day, that Canada will become the fashion lor tourists and fiportsmeii. The country which Lords Derby, Carlisle, Ellesmere, Mr. Godlpy and Sir Charles Lyell visited with so much pleasure and protit; has attractions for o'hers besides these distinguished gentlemen. " While I am on this subject I must mention as one of our most press- ing wants in Upper Canada>-a race of country gentlemen, the sons of our native Canadians. " Among the scores of young whom I know, the sons of persons cf position and property, there is only one who promises to belong to this class with wt:om I am acquainted. What on earth these young men do with themselves I can hardly conceive. Instead of bringing into cul- tivation some of the waste lands which they or their fatt(atewn, their highest ambition seems to be lounging about streets or drawing- rooms, becoming lawyers, clerks, doctors, or 'associate coroners,' of which latter class, Upper Canada can boast more than Great Brifain with her thirty millions of inhabitants ! The young gentleman to whom I allude is Mr. H. J. Boulton, who lives upon and farms his ample estate, near Toronto, and there, by precept and example, he shows what can be done upon a Canadian farm, and done with profit. He has spent large LETTBUS FROM OANAOi« m aomi of money in draining and Tartous other impror-mente, for which he is entitled to the highest praise for the example he thus sets his neighbours, many of whom are becoming gradually oonyinoed of the importance and advantage of the measures recommended by Mr. Boul- ton. The members of the Legislature, during the last session paid less attention to this neglect of draining than its vast importance deserves. " Since the above remarks were printed, I have met with an Address delivered by the Honourable Mr. Moore, M. L. C, and President of the Agricultural Society of Missisdquoi in the Eastern Townships, which expresses admirably my viev/s upon this subject, and to which I invite the attention of certain young gentlemen leading a life of little utility to themselves or to others. " When agriculture, as a science (for it is now admitted to . ank . mong the sciences) and as a profession, shall assume that station to which it is entitled, then hundreds, I may say thousands, of young men, who are now crowding the different professions, and seeking their way in all Ihe avenues of trade in mercantile pursuits, will find employment in the more ufieful, and equally honorable occupation of agriculture. The more fully and clearly to illustrate the above sentence, I quote (he lantfuage of Mr. Ilutton, who says, 'that the very nature of the farmer's occupa- tion, which leads him daily and hourly lo contemplate the surpassing beauties of the animal and vegetable kingdom, and their striking adap- tation to the wants and requirements of man, lead him more than the townsman, more than the mechanic, more than men of any other occu- pation, to look through nature up to nature's God: to admire his works and to look with grateful dependence lo Him, for the continual supply of his bounty.' The beautiful vicissitudes of the ever-going and return- ing seasons, and the constant variations of climate, remind him, above all otheis, that though Paul may plant and Apollos water, it is God that giveth the increase. And is not this the great advantage of a far- mer's life ? Do not our gaols and our law-courts attect the fact that above all others, the tarmer's life is the moral, and therefore the happy life ? If he is a benefactor of his country who causes two blades of grass to grow where only one grew before, how useful and materially important must be the life of the intelligent farmer ! Agriculture, I may say, IS ot divine origin ; in the beginning of the world the first man, Adam, was sent from the garden of £den tu till the ground. And a divine decree was made, that he and his descendants should thenceforth liv^l&^lling the ground."* v. v • Let those who desire lo see what can be done by skill and well-directed labour, go to that part of the Province which Upper Canadians look down upon as an inhospitable country and climate, and see what has been done on their respective estates by Major Campbell, M. P., Mr. D. Price, M. P., Mr. Baby, M. P., the Hon. Mr. DeBeaujcau, M. L. C, and Mr. Logan of Mon- treal. 12 LETTERS FROM CANADA. No. IV. « Toronto, Canada West, Dec. 19, 1869. " My dear Wvndham, **ltLm not surprised that Mr. Caird's pamphlet ihould have caused you and your noble neighbors * much anxiety about the welfare' of your old friends and parishioners, < consigned' by you and them to me for settlement m Canada, and of whom several reside on the Free Grants which, without seeing them, Mr. Caird pronounces < to be too poor, even when cleared, to be profitable.' " A reference to Mr. Hutton's able and conclusive answer to Mr. Caird's book will show you official details, proving that, on the very road named by Caird, 800 acres of land returned to the settlers on them, during their first year, products representing a market value of £5000. " And the return for 1859 shows that less than 9000 acres, cropped on this Caird-abused locality, produced crops of a market value of more than 140,000 dollars, or nearly jC30,000 sterling. '< I answered Mr. Caird's book at the time ot its pubiication, through the Hamilton ' Spectator ;' he complained that my answer was writtea in a tone of < acerbity.' I entertained no such feeling against^ Mr. Caird, but I felt that some decisi'. 3 mode of expression was called for to counteract the possible effects of a work published by a person of his agricultural reputation, and written in a tone of such confidence. " I might, however, have saved myself the trouble, for when it was known that Mr. Caird was a mere land-agent for the Illinois Central Railroad, and well paid by them to pull the prairies, his influence ceased, and the few who went from England or Canada to see this wretched district— this treeless, waterless, unhealthy place— returned in disgust. " The publication of Mr. Caird has evoked many statements from anonymous writers, the insertion of which I avoid. Too many of them are written from a selfish, personal, and purely Upper Canadian point of view, and in their zeal to advocate their own interests, and ' The M'heat crop here, when brought to the test of the threshing machine, has sadly disappointed the farmers, and cannot be set doum at more than half a crop. Oats and grass light. The late rains have revived late potatoes, and pro>' mises an fair crop : curly oqch, owing to the hot dry 'vvcather in June und July, arc poor. Torn, especially in the Wabash Bottoms, is excellent. Yours respectfully, 'SvDNiY Spring.' 'Sterling, Whiteside County, Illinois, Sept. C, 1859. Editors Press and Tribune : ' As no one has reported the condition of tbo crops from this vicinity, we would call your attention to the fact that the prospect for anything but bard times is gloomy inderd. The frost last week has damaged the corn so that not half the average yield will be reulizid. Sweet potatoes and sugar cane have *' gone by the board." Farmers in this section did not estimate their wheat and oats as high as many did in other places, and yet, when they came to thresh, they were sadly disappointed at the result ; the yield will not bring one half their estimate < Mr. Jacob Powell, near here, farms about four hundred acres, and had one hundred and thirty acres of wheat, and thought it a low estimate at twenty bushels to the acre ; but when be came to thresh, the yield was only eleven bushels to the acre. * It is so all through this section, and the farmers are in very low spirit?, and look for another hard yenr. ' Yours truly, Terrell & Habper.' i i «' Carlisle Illinois, Sept., f», 1859, ' Mv Dear Brother, — ' I have not written to you now for a long time — sorrow and sickness, and misery and disappointment must plead my excuse ; and as they must have formed the only subject of my letters, you may the less regret my silence. Indeed, I could not find in my heart to mar, with a detail of my own suflTer- ings, so much comfort and happiness as seem to have fallen to your envied lot; my continued silence should still have saved you from the painful com- miseration I know you will feel for me, had not the thought struck me that you might possibly be able to find some one in your neighbourhood who would exchange farms, &c., with me here, if the rage for coming to thisyine country has reached you, of which I make little doubt, as it seems to have reached everywhere. ' If I cannot dispose of my property in some such way, (selling it is out of the question), I am doomed, I was going to say, to live in this country, but rather to die ; I have had more than a hint of this during the summer: I have suffered dreadfully— you would bivrdly know me— I am literally and really an old man ; but this is not all, my tarm has been totally neglected, as I could do nothing, and hiring being impracticable . « C. W.' LETTERS FROM CANADA. u " I coald multiply theao painful lecords an hundredfold, but I do not (itfsirelodo more than to prove my cnse, whicU I can easily do from the nouroea nameil, and from Caird'n owti tmok. "The donsof the country (fLMitlomun ol Hn^ilaiid, of their tenant far- mer*, and ttio BRricnltural labourers, should remember this, that Canada, the nearest and most important of nriiish colonies, offers to them all prospeotiof mdependenoe (if not lor tlioms.ilvos in nil oasen, most cer- tainly for their families), whijjh Imve been roaliznd by tens of thousands of perions already here, and in uiore f(ir otli-rn, it soBEn, patient, indus- trious, without which quHliiioationsthoy niufltnoitlioroxpeot, nordothey deserve to succRoi I. «• You (iKNTLEMKM OV KnOI.AND, must bear in mind that, in Upper Canada alone, we havre more than 200,000 landowners ; that a tenant-farmer ifla very * rare bird ;' that the taxes to which these landowners are linble, rarely exceed five cents (3d.) in the pound upon the asse.s.smeiii.'^ mad» by themselvef), and that even this small sum is applied to local purposes and improvements— road repairs, schools, &o., &(;. Tht>y iiiv;) no rent, no tithes, poor-rates, church-rates, stamp-duties ; tea ami 8u<:;ar uro cheaper than at home ; and nothing is dearer except wearing apparel and bedding, and beer and porter. " The last two years have boon to Canadians a period of anxious solicitude. The usual results of a wild spirit of speculation in town and village lots and wild lands prevaded almost every class among us. Two successive crops of our trreat staple— wheat— deficient in quantity as well as quality, reduced us to a state of de|)re8Mion unknown before in our brief and prosperouH .aiDU'tl hi^slory ; und the merchant at his ledger, the farmer in his c) ••i>- 'ud the back-woodsman in the deep, est recesses of our forest 6('w.;"^. vuiiod and watched for, with trem- bling anxiety and intense inier^-st, the result of this year's cereal ro- d'^ctions. But Goi, in his poodiieps, h.i» blessed the work of our hands, and given us more than we could reasonably huve asked, and far more than we deserve. In grateful and solemn acknowledgment of which * blessings ot peace and plenty,' His Excellency in Council appointed a day last month as a genera! holiday and Day of Thanksgiving through. out the Province, which day was observed with grateful and coramen- dable solemnity." ,»• LETTERS FEOM CANADA. No. V. <» QuebbC, March, 26, 1860. 7(Iy ckab Wysdham, " A Quebec paper, Le Canadien, &c., &c. in a sensible and tem- perate article on the very interesting and important subject o( emigra- tion, much approves of the wise and liberal policy cf tbe Commissioner of Crown Lands in giving Free Grants (conce»siODs gratuites) in the neighbourhood of the Colonization Koads now made or to be hereaiter made ; and further states that tbe suw cess of this enlightened proposal will mainly ilepend upon the zeal and honesty with which it is carried into effect by those Ageiits to whom the duty of direc.- ' Dens ipse colendi Hand fa^ilem esse viam voluit.' " The trials of these years have forced upon ns attention to enter- prises which will eventuuily emannipate us irotn £nropean markets, and from which we ouaht lonjj since to have bpcome free. In manii- factoring matters we hea: of woollen and cotton iactorie8~in agricnl- tural affairs drainins: is talkeil of, add even the word * irrigation' has been whispered into wondering ears — the accumulations of manure which had remained for a generation unheeded, are gradually finding their way into arable lands improverished by repeated crops of the same grain — there is moreovc r, a merry sound of returning prosperity in our crowded citietix on our noble lakes, in the deep solitudes of our forest homes, — que nous en profitons. " Onr Revenue returns are n)ost satisfactory, the ta::es necessary for the due administration of the public service are raised in such a way that the leasl possible pressure falls upon the masses, the municipal nr^il iocal taxes are very small, the necessaries of life are cheap, and wages fair— our great staple, wheat, has reached a remunerative price — cleared farms with suitable buildings can be bought, or rented with the option of purchase, on very favourable terms — millions of acres of wild lunds, most of which are covered with valuable timber, can be pur- chased from the Government in various i^.rt-.of Upper and Lower Ca- nada, at sums varying from two vj t'>ui t^iitLngs an acre, payable by instalments extending over four years. " The yeoman ot Great Britain gives [^t. sterling per acre per an- num for land of less value than he can rent here for Ids. currencyi including all taxes ! It is from this class we shiuld like to see a large immigration, lor their sakes and our own. Cleared farms can now be rented, all over both provinces, on the terms I have named. There are hundreds of farms in both, provinces provided with all requisite build- ings, well watered and fenced, to be purchased at from 51. to 102 ster- ling per acre, upon whioti .30 bushels of wheat per acre, and other pro- duce in proportion (with firewood lor the chopping), can be grown. There never was a better time for the British yeoman.., with a capital of from 1002. (0 5000/., to cast his lot among us. " Canada offers to large and small capitalists a great variety ot securities in which money may be invested with the utmost confidence, and for which interest at the rate of 8 per cent, per annum, payable half- yearly in London, can be obtained. These securities consist of mort- gages upon cleared farms and other productive property of ample value and undoubted title, our system of registration of deeds and the sworn assessment of value rendering fraud almost impossible. There are, also, municipal debentures, some of which are guaranteed by the Go- vernment, which will pay 8 per cent.— shares in some of our banks pay LETTERS FROM CANADA. 19 even more. There is a class of persons at home who, with a view of increasing their incomes, purchase annuities. By investing money in Canada, an equal income can be obtained, and the principal savxd ! " Canada possesses unrivalled railway facilities whereby access is obtained to the principal markets of our own country, and also to those of the United States. Our own St. Lawrence promises to be the great highway of travel from east to west— stately steamers and the white- winged messengers of commerce are borne on her broad bosom full- freighted with the necessaries and luxuries of life. The recent commer- cial treaty with France affords a new field for enterprise. With proper management, Quebec may recover her lost trade with the West Indies. The Reciprocity Act, between ourselves and our cousins un the other side the frontier, is attended with beneficial results in a commercial ag well as a social point of view. *< We Canadians entertain no feelings but those of amity towards our American bret'aren. There is no desire on either side lor territorial aggrandi lement at the expense of the other, or for any closer political connection than that which now exists. Each nation has before it a noble mission over an ample field ; and for tbe due cultivation of this vast space, socially, morally, and religiously, we shall assuredly have to give account. A talent of inestimaDle value is committed to our joint keeping, which we cannot, without guilt, allow to remain unim- proved,— a jewel lent to us which we are bound to keep untarnished, remembering that we all had a common origin, have a common lan- guage, and a common faith, and are treading a path which we pray may lead to a common home, and a glorious heritage above." ^ -^ ^* t \. ■',>.-S. >«*fc'\/^, No. VL a Quebec, June, 1860. a Mv Dear Wyndham ;— « In a former letter is recorded the result of the first year's experi- ment upon the Free Grant Roads, which, under the many disadvantages of a new mode of life, must be considered a great success. «*The result of the second year is still more encouraging. The num- ber of adults on these lines now amounts to nearly 1000 persons of all nations, of whom about one-half are Irish. They are the owners ot 100,000 acres of freehold land, every acre of which I verily believe will, in a few years, be worth twenty dollars an acre. The agents upon this road are highly respectable and trustworthy gentlemen, and they announce tothe Minister of Agriculture that the valuation put by them 20 LETTERS FROM CANADA. ii|)oa the produce of this land is a very low one ; that many of the settlers spent too much time m hunting and shooting; the results oi which are mentioned in the following Table, under the heads of « Fur, Deer/ &c Fish, too, are omitted, although the district affords them in such quan- titles as to form no inconsiderable portion of the maintenance of a family, summer aivl winter. And yet these lands rendered to their owners produces the money value of which is not less than forty dollars, JEIO an acre, upon the 4000 arces under crop Inst year. <♦ Now these Free Grants are situated m the same district where several " Blocks ok Lands of 50,000 Acres are offered to the country gentlemen and farmers of England^ at 2s. an acre casti ! "These Free Grant Koads lead to many of them, and very much enhance their value. I allude now more particularly to those announ- ced for sale, and marked on the new Map, in the counties of Victoria) Peterborough and Addmgton. " You will observe that these returns do not include the many useful things which the forest and Lakes produce in abundance — hops, wild fruits, flsh, &c. I 11 !| i U ii ?ii " RESULT OP THE FREE GRANT SYSTEM IN UPPER CANADA. "THE SECOND YEAR. im.'T "T—- :: r ptawa and Opkoxco Road. < bobcatoion Road. Hastings Road. Wheat,.... Oats Dolls, cents. SSlSBushelsatl 00 .. 8420 " no .. 395 " GO .. 202 " 1 00 .. 245 " 1 00 .. 22450 " M .. 1580 " 15 .. 149 Tons at 1« 00 .. 308 « 5 00 .. 5650 lbs. at 12 ., 325 Galls, at 1 00 . . 164 Bbls.at 16 00 .. 85 «' 22 00 .. 4660 lbs. at 10 . . 9100 Bushels at 05 .. Dollars. 8,515 4,210 237 202 245 1122fi 207 2384 1540 678 325 2624 1870 466 455 Dollars. 1620 Dollars. 4350 1990 Bar'ey .... Corn Poase 167 500 18$ 175 Potatoes . . Turnips.... Hay Straw .... 10350 3080 320 9486 4219 2020 Sugar Molasses . . 800 • 240 961 Pork Potash.... Soap 150 2949 Ashes .... Sawed lum- ber ..... 300 150 700 1500 1000 162 Shinsrles .. • •«••• •••••• •••<•• ■••••• ..,.,«- Deer .••.•• Furs «■•••• LITTERS PROM CANADA. * ADDiNaxoN Road. 21 Wheat . . . . Oats Barley . . . . Pease . . . . Potatoes . . Turnips . . . Hay Sugar 472 Bush. Winter Wheat. I 2432 " 4455 " 348 " 333 '« 11655 " 11075 '• 319 Tons 16158 lbs. Spring Oats . . . Molasses Pork , Potash Sawed Lumber, *Shingle3 Deer Furs Vinegar 748 Galls 13295 lbs. 73 Barr. 164000 Feet. 291000 M. 103 410 Dolis. 893 Galls. " I will conclude this let'er with a warning upon a point, the want of attention to which is rendering many a fine farm almost worihless, viz : the impoh'cy of repeated wheat-crops without manure, and the experi- ence of a Canadian farmer as to the periods for planting, sowing, and reaping. " The inevitable result of continually planting the same kind of ciop upon the same ground for twenty ye^rs in succession, with liltle or no pains to recruit the exhausted soil, has thus been alluded to in the valuable Prize Essay of Professor Hind on the ' Climate of Canada.' " Withm five and twenty or thirty miles of Toronto, the better class of farmers consider thirty bushels of wheat to the acre an average crop ; and this return is obtamed in spite of all the imperfections of a comparatively primitive system of husbandry. If half the care were bestowed upon the preparation of land for wheat which is devoted to that operation in Great Britain, fifty, instead of thirty bushels to the acre, would be the average yield on first-class farms. It must be borne m mind that subsoil draining is unknown among our farmers ; that top- dressing m the fall with long dung is never practised ; a proper rotation of crops scarcely ever adopted ; frequent repetitions of the same crop general: farm-yard manure applied without any previous preparation ; and yet, under all these disadvantages of Art, Nature, with her fertile soil, and admirable agricultural climate, produces most abundant crops when she is not too grossly abused.' " And again — " * One fact, however, appears to be certain, that in a very few years the farmers in the front townships of Western Canada will be compelled to pay more attention than hitherto to the cultivation of a rariety of crops. Independently of that deterioration of the soil, which, as a general rule, must result from a frequent repetition of the same kmd of crop, and the absence of cheap special fertilizers, the aspect of coming years induces the belief that the price of Canada's staple agri- cultural production— wheat — will not maintain even its present dimi- nished range. It is, in fact, at the present time, a matter not only of individual, but also of national importance, that farmers should turn a * Ezjluaiveof cooper*work, valued at 52,000 dollars, &c., Jcc. 22 LETTERS FROM CANADA. careful attention to the agricultural productions of other countries, and endeavour to see how far they, by their introduction into this province, may be made to assist and develop its husbandry. It is equally a matter of individual and national importance that every earnest well- wisher of Western Canada should contribute his mite to elevate the industry of the country, and extend the knowledge of her capabilities to the lens of thousands across the seas, who would willingly, and even joyfully, make this fertile British Province, their home, had they con- fidence in its climate and soil.' « Sowing, Planting}, and Reaping Seasons. i.ji If !V li - t I 11 Spring Wheat do. Swedish Turnips do. Aberdeen do. do. Oats do. Potatoes do. ** Generally speaking, the snow is off, and the ground is tit for ploughing letween the 25lh April and Ist May. " Pease may be sown up to the 20th of May. Indian Corn do. do. do. do. do. 25tli do. do. I5th do. do. 10th of July, do. 1st of June, do. 24th do. << Cabbage Seed is planted in a box about llv^ 15th of April, and transplanted to the open ground by 1st June. " Haymg (mowing) generally commences about the 12th of July. An acre and a quarter is the average quantity of meadow that a man will cut per diem. The expense of saving the hay is considerably less than in England. It may be judged of by the fact that light meadow has been known to have been cut and put into the barn on the same day. The ;nore usual system, however, is to shake it out soon alter being cut, then to rake it into * wind-rows,' make small stacks of it by the evening, and next evening put it into large stacks or the barn. " The reaping of the wheat that has been sown iii the fall (autumn) beain=? about 1st of August. If it be not lodged it can be ' cradled,' — whicli :^.eans being rut with an implement called a cradle, resembling a scythe, and by means of which a man will cut at least four times as much as with the reaping-hook. " Spring Wheat comes in about 10th August, and may also be * cradled' if not lodged. '• Oa I usually fit for cutting by tiie 14lli August, and is most frequent i; iradled.' " Pea ; ipen by tha 5th August, and are cut with the scythe and reaping-hook. " Indian Corn is gathered in about the 8th September, and it takes about four men to the acre. Women and childion are almost aa useful at this work. LETTERS PROM CANADA. 23 «' Potatoes ripen according to the time at which they have been planted. They are taken out with the hoe, and at this work, too, the woman and children are found useful. The taking out of potatoes costs nearly as much lat)our as the planting of them. « By the 10th of October the harvest is generally housed, and then underbruahmg — which cannot be done in winter in consequence of the deep snow — is commenced. Potash is now bemg made, and sleighs, &c., put in order for the winter's work. « Potash IS very remunerative to the farmer, and requires but little skill in the manufacture. The kettle and coolers necessary cost about 14/. ; but they are always supplied on credit by the storekeepers in the neighbourhood, who are paid in potash or other farm produce. The ashes of 2^ acres of ordinary hard-wood land should be eufiicient to make a barrel of potash, say of the second quality, and for this the owner should receive thirty dollars (7/. 10«.), after deducting all ex- penses of carnage, storage, &c." ^.^■N.•^,•^.■^.'\.'^ ■* No. VII. " Diary of Farm Operations in Canada. Toronto, May, 1860. " My dear Wyndhj.m, *' 1 HAVZ often been asked for a detailed account oi the operations upon a block of wild land, or a partially-cleared farm. I have lately met with a little w days possesses advantages incalculably greater than could have been expected in so short a period as that intervening between 1843 and 1860> " April 10th.*— Returned, with my hired man Richard, and a load, with a horse and ox-cart, from Montreal, forty miles, two days on the road, which is very bad, the frost not quite out of the ground — my load- ing all safe, consisting of the following items ; a plough 17 dollars, two axes 88. each — harrow teeth- 8$. for a bush harrow, in shape of the letter A — Two logging chains 10s. each— two scythes and stones 9s. 8d. one spade 3s. — one shovel 4s. — one dung-fork 2s, 6d. — two steel pitch- forks 3», 6d. each— three augers, 1, 1^ and 2 inches, 15s.— one barrel of pork 20 dollars— one barrel of N. shore herrings 5 dollars— two barrels * The first of this month may be considered generally aa the oommenoement of the ftgricultttraJi year. i 24 LETTERS PROM CANADA. of flour 27<. 6(/. each— twenty apple-trees, and six plum-trees, at Zt. each — sixteen gooteberry-bushes and grape-vines, at In. 3d, each, amounting to 21/. 2«. '2d. *< Put my apple-trees, &c., into a hole in the garden — got a good cup ot tea, saw my horse and oxen well taken care of, and wont to bed — thus ended the first day of my new mode of lifo. " April 11th. — My man Richard fed and watered the cattle— pot breakfast with some difficulty, owiiic to tho want of many things wi: ought to have cot in Montreal ; we had no fryingpan, for instance — herrings superb— bein;;f Sunday, went to church, morning and afternoon. *' April l"2th.— Up at daylight— reprimanded Richard for bein{^ out too late the night before, planted my apple, plum trees, &c., in what had been an apo'ogy for a gardon— mended tho fence round it — broke open our pork barrel, found it good — had (some for dinner — knocked the spout off the new tea-kettle, of course cracked before — worse off than ever tor cooking-utensils— borrowed a frymg-pan, and boiled potatoes for dinner in a forty-gallon pot — two cows calved, and a ewe yeaned two lambs. " AprillSth. — (iot a supply ol cookiim;-appara'ma ;it a shop in the neighbouring vdlage— commenced plouglnng lor vv'aeat, making garden, &c. Hired another man for the tiuintner at ten dollars par month, same R.«, mending fences — drawing rails with the horse and cart — Richard ntill floughmg with the oxen — myself at the garden—bought four cows at 18 dollars each — two of them calved a month before — made a harrow, " April 15th.— Sowed wheat after washing it wiilh brine and drying It with lime — Charles harrowed it in wiih the horse— four bushels (our measure, which is nearly the same as imperial,) upo. n three and a hall acres, according to the custom of the country -planted early peas and sowed garden seeds — Richard still ploughing — two ew es yeaned. " April 16th. — Charles and myself making fence- -one of tho new cows calved— ploughing for potatoes and corn, first tim:e. " April 17th.---Same as yesterday, and same to the end of tho month, except that we sovyed about four acres of o^aty am I pciis mixed. " May Ist. — All at work on the roadK— -finished our .highway duty. «< May 2nd.— Sunday.— All to church " May 3rd.— One of the men churned befo.ro breakfi>st, with u swing-churn, lately invented— cut up a little f!.re-wood— toi^ warm to plough with oxen in the middle of the day— all making fence. « May 4th and 5th.— Wet days— made four rakes and hanaJed and ground the new axes, one having been partially ^jround and a teniv"'°'*'y LETTERS FROM CANADA. 15 iiandle in it before—oloarod out and repaired tlia barn. *' May 6th.— Fine again— land too wot to plough— making fences— Riohard went to the mill with a low buahuls of oats to be made mio meal— got the horse shod. " May 7th.— Very warm and sultry— ploughinp; lor Indian corn by daylight, lelt off at 10, and commenced agum at 4 ^. m., continued till dark — carting stones olf the corn land — liuishing my garden— got homo the grist sent away yesterday. " May 8th.— One ot tho principal farmers of the settlement killed by u tree falling upon him. Work same as yenterday until noon, when we all went to assist in raising a wooden building {for a barn 40 feet by 30 fcr one of our neighbour8. " May 9th.— Sunday.~All went to cliurch— I need not again men- tion this, us we never allowed anything to interfere with this duty. A tremendous thunderstorm. " May 10th and 11th. — Dravvin,'; manure for Indian corn, ploughmg It in, &c. " May 12th and 13th. — Same worK as two proceeding days — and planting Indian corn and pumpkins — attended funeral of the neighbour killed on the 8th. " May 14th and 15ih. — Sowed more oats and finished planting Indian corn— killed a iat calf— sold one quarter ior 5s. and the skin for the same. " May 16th.— Sunday. " May 17th.— To end of month clearin;? up an old* Slash,' which term has previously been delined ; drawing the logs together whh the oxen } then piling and ljurniii;i them. One wet day, sheared the sheep, which were got in before the rain came on. Commenced planting corn on the new clearingf. " June 1st and 'ind.— Sowing one and a half acres of oats on the clearing ; Richard ploughing the potato land second time ; Charles draw- ing out manure and spreading it before him ; myself planting polatoed with a hoe after him : it may be here remarked, that before the stumps are all out, or nenrly so, it is not possible to drill up land for this crop. " June 3rd.— Finished the potatoes and reckoned up my crop- stands as follows : wheat three and half, peas three, oats five, Indian corn six, potatoes five and a half— in all, twenty throe acres— meadow twenty, pasture thirteen, partially cleared twenty, added to the twenty- three, makes seventy-six acres. It may be remembered here, that I said my farm contained about titty acres of cleared land, whereas I make out seventy-six acres, but I did not then take into the account neither tlie twenty acres partially cleared, nor the six or seven I cleared myself. « June 4th.— A holiday, which I have always kept in commemo- ration of the birth of good King George III., of blessed memory. " June 5th.— Went to a training, as it is here called. All ithe men J uj: I I' JBJL IL 26 LETTERS FROM CANADA. in the country, with some trifling exception!, between the ages of six- teen and aixty, capable of bearing arras, are obliged by law to muster occe a year ; and this constitutes the militia of the province. « June 6th.— Sunday.'-I witnessed on this evening a splendid and gorgreous sunset, far surpassmg anything of the kind I had ever seen at home. Even a sunset in Italy, as a oommiseariat officer, settled on a farm near me, who had served in that country, declared could not be compared to it. « June 7th to 15th.— Finished mending and making lences. Made a road through a little swamp near the rear of my farm, where I had commenced a clearing— caning out upon it an accumulated heap of chips from the front of my wood-shed— put up a small butldintr behind my garden, which, though not always to be found on a farm-stead here^ 18 not the less necessary. << June 16 ih to ond.— Hoeing corn and potatoes— excessively hot> thermometer, cne day, 86 in the shade ; sowed an acre of turnips on my new clearing. « July 1st, 2rid, and 3rd.— Finished hoeing Indian corn the second time, and raakmg fences. " July 6th.— Wet day — ground scythes and hung them. " July 6tb. — Commenced moving. *' July 15ih. — Finished haying without a drop of rain— very hot. " July 16ih. — A fearful thunderstorm- burned a log-barn in the neighbourhood, or, as some suppose, the accident happened from a man going into it with alighted pipe, to prevent which has been a great source of trouble to me whenever I have employed Canadian labourers — killed another fat calf. " July 17ih. — Finished off my hay-stacks. July 18ih. — Sunday. — To church — clergyman absent at a distant set- tlement—prayers, and a sermon read by the school-master— weather quite cool, as is usual after a violent thunderstorm. " July 19th.— Commenced hoeing com the third time, or rather cut- ting up, wiih the hoe whatever weeds had grown since the last hoeing— sold 200 pounds of butter, at Sd. per pound— cut first cucumber. " July 20th to end of month. — Finishing hoeing corn and potatoes- commenced clearing new land, by cutting down the under brush, and piling it in heaps ready for burning- -this 1 did upon thirty acres of woodland, during the rest of the summer, when I found I could spare a day for that purpose, and in the winter cut down the large trees, and then into lengths for piling in heaps to burn. The summer is the best season for commencing to clear land, because the brush is in full leaf, which, when dry, helps to burn it, all which a person soon learns when he comes to the country, but would doubtless like to know something about it belore. " August 2nd.— Attending a meeting of the principal inhabitants about repairing the roof of the church-steeple ; gave a dollar towards the expense-^-boaght a pew, 6/.— the two men underbmshing— first T/ETTERS FROM CANADA. S7 new potatoefl—boDght a sickle and u cradla soylbo— mado the cradle* having had the fingors blocked out before— a very difficult thing to make.- ♦< August 4lh to 7lh.--Clcariiig part of the under-brushed land, for winter wheat— same until 10th, when I began reaping and cradling— continued till 2l8t— finished harveAtin^, except one and a quarter acres of late oats and the Indian corn — cut first melon, but I am very lato. " August 3l8t, — Resumed clearing land- killed a lamb. " September 1st to 10th.— 'Same work, and sowed three acres of winter wheat— commenced iimking potash from the ashes I have saved when clearing the land. *• September llih to 2-2nd. — At the under-brushing— continued at the potash till 1 made /o barrels, which I sold for something over 15/.--- my neighbour's cattle broke into my Indian cum, but did little damage. " September 23rd.— Wet day— threshing and drosHing up one and a half bushel of wheat and eight of oats— sent them to mill at night— oats weighed forly-eight pounds. " September 24th.— (lot iiome grist—- oats produced 2 cwt, qr. 14 lbs.— Got a certificate from the miUiir and a farmer of the weight of iho oats— forty pounds being the general aveiagtJ weight of good o.its. — Made a wooden box as a steamer lor my boiler— box containing m . Ue bushels. " September 25th — Commenced ploughing— had a cow dried up ai.d bled, and turned into the best ieed to make beef. «< An ox, belonging to my neighbour, being one of the cattle which broke in?; 5 LETTERS FROM CANADA. SI « November 1st.— Same work, anJ getting in tarnips and cabbages, and ail other garden etuffs— took'in the covvs at night. 360 buatiels of turnips. " November 2n(t.— First hard frost— could not plough till noon- clearing, &(>. "November 3rd to 20th.— Underbrushing— cutting firewood— cattle out all day, and only the cows in at night. Hard frost : No more plough- ing, I suppose. " November 2l8t.— First snow ; took in all the cattle. " November 22nd. — A thaw and wet day— thrt'shin;r more grain for the hogs. Sent it to the mill. "November 23rd to 30th.— Ploughing again oim day— clearing- killed a sheep— hard frost ajjain, but tiue weather, called the Indian summer, vrl.h a slight smoky haziness in the almoKphere, through which the suu is seen with a deadened lustre, something like a full moon. « December 1st to 4th.— Indian summer continues— clearing and chopping. « December 5th.— Killed my hogs. December 6th. — Fall of snow — threshing — cutting up and salting pork. December?. — Drawing wood home for fuel, in the log, with the horses and oxen, not being siioiv enough to draw it on the sled. '" December 8th and 9th.— Made an ox-sled. Culling firewood. " December lOih and 11th.— Drawing fire-wood as on the 7th. *' December 13th. — Snow-storm. Threehins. " December 14ih.— Drawing in stack of corn-r.talks to give to the cattle instead of hay, which I cannot yet get at in my barns, it being covered with grain, and not wishing to cut into my hay-!>tack till I should have room enough to take it all in at once. " December 15th. — Commenced cutting down the trees un the land I had underbrushed, and chopping them into lengti^s for piling. Cutting fire-wood and drawing it. Cutting, splitting, and drawing out rails fur fences, and drawing out timber for a new barn, threshing and tending the cattle ; gettmg out hemlock logs for the saw-mill, for boards for the new barn, drawing them home and making shingles, occupied our time all winter, with the exception of my journey lo Montreal with butter and a few bushels of gram, which I sold, and, with the proceeds, bought some groceries and other necessaries, preparatory to my anticipated change of circumstances. •' In the following spring it was iha 20th April before the snow was all off the ground, when veijetation commenced, and progressed with a rapidity unknown to the British Isles ; it is indeed a disadvafitage for the snow to go away earlier." II ^■'C 32 LETTERS FROM CANADA No. VII r. Toronto, August, 17, 1860. *' My uear VVyndham, " I know of no reason why the two families you name, with the ca- pital they have, should not come out at once. Let them go to 'Or , or some one of the small towns on the Jake or river between Brockville and Cobourjr, near which they have determined to settle, and they will have many opportunities .luring the winter, the * horrors' of which are very much exasrgerated at home, of finding some suitable farms. They can live cheaper m Canada than in England Our har- vest this year is the most abundant ever known, and is all safely housed. I have completed a conditional arrangement for the rental of the three farms for M— , T— , and L — , at 12s. per acre per annum for the cleared part, with the option of purchase within four years : the local taxes may amount to three more. I send a copy of the agreen;ent, but I do no lik,. .he responsibility of concluding the arrangement until they have seen the property. There are good houses and buildings upon all the farms ; and before the end of September, there will be on an average hirty acres of fall wiieat sown upon each, which they can have at a valuation, as well as any part of the hay, straw, and stock they like. " I shall be truly happy to see these sons of my old school and col- lege friend, and I hope their example may be followed by hundreds ot the sons of country gentlemen and tenant-farmers. Canada afiords more examples of success in commercial and agricultural pursuits than any other colony in the history of the world ; and the longer I live here the more strongly I am persuaded of its value and importance as a field for emigration, and the more I am surprised that a colony presen- ting so many advantages from its fertility and wealth of various klndB, and unrivalled facilities of rapid communication with the United States and European markets, should not have attracted a larger number of Agriculturists, at all events, to occupy and improve the millions of acres of productive soil of which as yet * the mower filleth not his hand, nei- ther he that bindeth up the sheaves his bosom.' His hand who fsa the multitude in the wilderness and the prophet in the desert is not short- ened, and if duly sought H£ will be as present a help in the backwoods of Canada as in the thronged mart or the crowded city ! " Hitherto the vast wealth of Canada has scarcely been made known. The establishment of free ports at liaspe and Sault St. Marie, the former famous lor its inexhaustible fisheries, second only to Newfoundland, and the latter for its mineral wealth, the abolition of the tolls on the St. Lawrence, &c., &c., show a degree of bold reliance upon our resources LETTERS FROM CANADA. 33 )vhioh does honour to the forethought and ability of , our 'Chancellor of the Exchequer,' Mr. Gait. ** As to the minerals of Canada, we have one of sreat value which deserves especial notice. Lower Canada is, as far us is yet known, the only country which possesses a rich tituniterous ore capable of making: alloys of great excellence, the influence of whicli upon iron and steel has lately been mentioned by your eminent raetallurgiiit, Mr. Mushet, in the 'Engineer.' The ore found in New Zealand only possesses 8 per cent, of the oxide of titanium, while that of Canaila exceetis 50 per cent., and can be had in any quantity. " We have, too, another al.nost unknown uud entirely neglected source of wealth in the fish offal on the St. f^awreiiut;, the annual value of which thrown away in the fisheries of the St. Lawrence is enormous. This offal properly prepared would supply the tiirtners of Great Britain with manure lor a hundred years to come, and is within ten days' reach by steamers and three weeks by sailing vessels. ** As to manufactures in Canada I have little to say ; we ought to have them ; but as long a~~ oar leading merchants derive such enormous pro- fits from imports they avo not likely to promote the schemj» your frienc's contemplate. Tnere can be no doubt of its entire success. Flax and hemp thrive amazingly here, and the cotton from the Southern States passes our doors to be made up in the States or England and be returned here! " I know of no place in Canada better suited to the objects sought than Cornwall, where there is an unrivalled water-power : it is very central, and, as you will see from the map and plan I have sent you, it has ready access to all parts of Canada and the States t)y rail or steam* boat, and to and from England by the St. Lawrence in the summer and Portland in the winter. " In the Township of Delaware, a few miles from London, C. W., there is also a fine site .'or a manufactory ; the owner ot which, as well as the one at Cornwall, wi!, -ariUibute largely towards its erection. Our Canadian Thames, which ' . ':'-. ~ pronounced as it is spelt, flows through this property in an ample st Li^n " The Prince will be welconittJ vith great enthusiasm, especially in Lower Canada, where a more Conservative tone of feeling exists than here. His visit will do us and you all a great deal of good in many ways, and among other things you will find out where Canada is! When the Prince landed at Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, and Nova Scotia, the Times and other papers an- nounced * The Prince tn Canada !' When he did touch Canadian soil at GaspS you at home v med sorely puzzled ! " A lady of position h'. shire has commissioned me to buy some property for her younger sons. She first, however, desires to know how far the property is from the Black-foot Indians ; and upon my announcing ' ■,_^: 34 LETTERS FROM CANADA. ii'f I lliat 1 could not promise one within '2000 miles, she desired me to com- plete the arrangement. Si'OUTiNO IN Canada. « Let no man come to settle in Canada for the sake of sporting. He who has time for a few weeks' amusement will find a variety of game in certain remote districts, and for certain short periods of the year. In answer to the questions of on this point, 1 answer that the follow- ing are some of the kmds of game we have --I don't include deer, bears, wolves, foxes, moose, cariboo— all these are to be had, if diligently sousht for, hut are seldom found in the settled parts — viz., rabbits- pheasants, giouse, partridges, woodcocks, snipe, heath-hens, ptarmi- gan, &c., &c. '< Deer are found in almost every part of the province, moose and cariboo generally in the Lower Province and even a few miles Ircra Quebec. " The rabbit is the Lepus Americatius. It do«s not bu. like our rabbit, but lives under the stumps of trees. It becomes quiiu white in winter, and hundreds may be had daily in the markets of Quebec. The prairie rabbit, found in the Western States, has very much the look and colour of a leveret three parts grown. " Our phe'^sant js the Tetrao umbellus ; our partridge is the quail, Ortyx virginianus ; our heath-hen, the Tetrao cupido ; our grouse, the Tetrao Canadensis ; our woodcock, the Philoheda minor, and is not half the size of the English bird. Snipes and ducks are plentiful in curtain districts and for short periods. " Immense quantities of quails are brought to our Canadian cities from the Western States in the winter, packed in ice. All the game in Canada, except the wild turkey, is dry and with little flavour. I have seen ptarmigan in Quebec as white as snow, and about the size of a pigeon. " Sportsmen everywhere should leel much indebted to the Honour- able John Prince, M. L. C, a thorough sportsman and English gen- tleman, for having introduced and carried through Parliament a bill for the better protection of game in Upper Canada, by which it is enacted that :— . « No deer or fawn, elk, moose, or cariboo, shall be hunted, taken, or killed, between the first day of January and the first day of September m any year. ** No wild turkey, grouse, partridge, or pheasant, shall be hunted, taken, or killed, between the first day of February and the flrst day of September in any year. " No quail shall be taken or killed between the first day of February and the first day of October in any year. " No woodcock shall be taken or killed between the first day of March i>nd the fifteenth day of July in any year. LITTERS FROM CANADA. $5 ** No wild swan, gooie, cluck, widgeon^ or teal, shall be hunted, taken, or killed, between the first day of April and the flrst day of August in any year. " No deer, wild tnrkey, grouse, partridge or pheasant, quail or wood- cock, shall be trapped or taken by means o( traps, nets, snares, springes, or other means of taking such birds, other than by shooting, at any time whatever. ** Fish abound in almost every part of both provinces. There is scarely a township which has not in it lakes abounding with various kinds of fish, of large size and delicious flavour. Thn brooks in Upper Canada are said to have abounded with < speckled truui,' but I never heard of any one ueins; any stepn to Atock these streams with more.* *Here again, aa a sportsman, I must mcnliou with pleasure and gratitude the efforts made by Mr. Nettle, of Quebec, the Superintendent of Fisheries, for the artificial propagation of salmon -wherewith to stock the rivers near Qnebec. Too much praise, too, cannot be given to Mr. Whitcher, of the Fisheries Department of the Crown Laiul Office, for his exertions, which have resulted in stringent regulations for the protcctiou of the valuable fisheries of the Sagucnay. Perhaps there is no place in tiie world where more abundant sport can be had than in thi^ district of the lower Saguenay and its tributary streams, and which is witliln about seven days steam of Great Britain. The Rev. Dr. Adamson, I am told, caught here, this sum- mer, (1860), in five days, 47 salmon, varying in si/.e from 8 to 18 lbs. each. Salmon-trout are also wonderfully i)lcnty and afford capital fly-fishing. I heard of a party consisting of Lord Keane, Dr. Adamson, Mr. Holyoake, and two other gentlemen who killed one morning, 210 brace of fine salmon- trout a year or two ago in the same neighborhood. L 36 LETTEBS FROM CANADA. OTTAWA. NO. IX. THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.— THE QUEEN'S DECISION VINDICATED. Quebec, October, 1860. My Dear Wyxdiiam, Never was a greater injustico done to a loyal and law-abiding people than in a recent editorial m the < Times' about French ( anadianS) and never was a more singular unacquaintance with facts exhibited than in those letters of its ** Own Correspondent," which appeared on the 30lh of August and 3rd and 6th of September. They who undertake to instruct otheip, and desire to cuide and influence public opinion, should at least have truth and accuracy on their side. I do not charge the distinguished English journalist, or his <e.n.^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"■-trrerL^:--^^^^^^^^ ,„a eallr. npon he -P „f Upper Canada !' „„,,„,, -e Tim: '":■". '0-' •"■^ rrr :!r t: Li :" .n the p,o.,nce ■, „ ■ . that " the choice ol Olta«a h..s .^,_^„ „hich "'' '"retbitration they themselves «°°Sh , »^^„, .„ „, ,he .ttaitest . :r; eSed themseivestoaccept ;^ -^^^,^; ,^^^^^^^ Monttea, is com- only adapted forvesseU^^^M^ only adapted forvesse^^;-^^ ^^^ Ottawa and north 01 uw i:;;!! LETTERS PROM CANADA. 39 rapids; that Oltawa is the Ultima Thule of Canada, that nobody lives beyond i% and that everybody must go out of the way to reach it ;• that Her Majesty's advisers having been mis'ed, should retrace their step?, OR, if the Colonial Secretary, having seen I ho spot, approves the choice, that no more should be said about it." The « Times' correspondent says that Ottawa is the "head-quarters of the lumbermen, because It is the wildest spot i.i Canada; that they are French Canadians, and constitute three-fourths of the population of the < village,' which only contains 12,000 inhabiian's." The lumber- men don't live in Ottawa— only 25 percent, of thu whole population is of French origin. The Irish in Oltawa exceed any other nation in num- bers, and it is just possible Ihoy may bo tho "rough and disorderly" set. It is quite certain that it i^ not the French Canadians, whoso quiol habits are proverbial. It is only a month since the • Times' denounced all Lower Canadians with a bitter vehemence ; now it insists upon the removal of the capital of Canada to tho very «ity where the Riitisli and Irish and their Queen were so grossly insulto;! in tho council chrnnber, and where there are 30,000 French C;uiii liati'< xnd 15,000 Irish Roman Catholics. The government buildings, which aro admittoJ to be " grand, regal, and ancient looking," will one dny do " for a lunatic asylum ;" " (hey are of the straitest sect of architectural fanaticism,'" .idds tho Time. but the Fauma and Flora ot Canada have been observed and recorded, as well as the fossils found in the various strata between Lake Superior and Gasp6. A geological map of Canada is now being prepared by Sir William Logan, the minute and accurate details of which will be 1 42 LITTERS FROM OANADA, deeply Inteiesting to all whose attention has been given to thia aoitooa. Thero are already detailed maps and *-uporti of all this district, publiiihed annually, and obtainable from Sir U lliam, or the otiioers of the House of Assembly at Quebec. Sir tV'illi.>m Logan receives with willing courtesy, and wolcomen nil visitors tr his valuable collodion of Canadian minerals at Montreal. The London 'Tunes' [\s.s luo reidily adopted the opinions of its oorres* pendent, however able and experienced ho may be, who seems some- how to look upon Moiiiraul through a RosR-coloured medium. The in- habitants of Canada, living at Quebec and Toronto, and other citieN which competed tor the distinction of the seat of government may not perhaps, in thuir heart of hearts, bo (luito satisfied at the selection of Oitavca; but at iill events thoy aro silent— i( they don't approve, they all ncquiusce ! For nearly two yearn past, during which I have associated very much with Members of the Lesriislature and the press, I have scarcely hoard the subject ailudcl to wiih any feeling of asperity or ilisapproval. Some fow stur^iy bucolics in the Lower House, acting under the in- fluence ot hot editorials from their favourite journal about " Lower Ca- nada domination," vowed by more than Yea and Nay, that they would rattier resign their seats than go among the inoutons of Quebec. But they did not resign, and they did go ; and during the whole session of 1860 1 never suw a sat of country gentleman who seemed to enjoy them- Reive more among the wnrm-heurled peopio at the ancient capital, who talkec' English as well, and look as kindly to the inevitable pipe as ttieni.ielves. And jast as quietly and an gracefully will they fall in with their Queen's award about Ottawa, which is nearer to the homes of a mnjority of the members of both Houses of the Legislature, and of the entire population of the two CanaJas, than Montreal ! The drab-coloured lepudiator? of Pennsylvania would be miracles of honour, and honesty, and good faith, m comparison with Canadians, if , after having invited their futurt. King to lay the foundation stone ot their Houses ot Parliament on the site selected by that peerless wife and woman, their beloved Queen, ihey should seek to break the award they themselves agreed to accept, and thus cancel the " arbitration bond " liy which they pledged themselves, -as gentlemen, to abide. Canada wants repose from mere parly conflicts, in which no great piiiiciple of public policy is involved. We Canadians should begin to show more public spirit, and less self seekinL' ; more reliance upon our- selves, more personal attention to, and interest in, those measures by which our vast resources can be most judiciously and efTectually deve- loped. Humanly speaking, the great question of the day with us is, how this desirable end may be best accomplished ; how our waste places can be filled by an industrious. God-fearing, law-abiding popu- lation. Immigration and trade go hand in hand ; a fact to which the states- LETTEnS Pivuai CANADA. 48 men and people of l^agland give too liltle heed, as regards (heir nearest colony and beet oustomersi but which eiigsges the continual and unre- mitting attention of American statesmen, politicians, and speculators. Let us, before it be too late, turn to good account the Koyal progress, which will draw an unusual amount of attention to this country, aud endeavour to make this auspicious uveiitauxilliury to the pormanent improrement and colonization of this vast and valuable appendage of the British Crown.* ! ,.% .•» v'\.*V*wVS V v'^.'VN'S -^-v-.N X- THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. Tmcrc are many persons ut home who apprehend that the ulimalt) of Cannda is too rigorous for tliu prnduction of hucIi cereals ati'l fruits as aru grown in European latitudi'5. Tlje followincr oxtriicts from the Toronto ' Globe' newspaper of Ihc! 2Ui of Suptomber, 1860, in rclorenco to the Agricultural Exhibition at Hainiltoi), vill afi'ord somu an.swur to these fears, and conlirtn thustntHiiunilB made eisowhure in this hookas lu vine, flax, and lobaoco culture, nuA dairy prodiiela, in Canada. •« The display ol fruit, in quantity and quaHty, surpassed what has been shown at ait'' previous I^xhibition. 'i'!i» ro.«iuIts in this depart- ment were ver; sfactory, provmjj tliat tlio (dimate of Canada admi- rably adapts it I rnising of niatiy of Iho tnost valuable kinds of fruit. One of the principal «xtiil)ilort« was Mr. Haadl;! of St. Catharines nurseries. On one sidu of tlio cuntra! stand in t!i> Second year, board and wages of three men and iive in Larvest, ox keep, ic ISO .€6S0 r, Cr. Potash 20 barrels, otC/ £120 Pino tiaber, say 100 trees at Gs 30 (Where the timber is good for making potash there is not much pine ; for this reason I have set down a small sum) First crop of wheat, 2,000 bushels at 5.? 500 Second crop, barley, rye, oats, peas and potatoes, at 3/. per acre, average 300 O.IO Surplus after the second crop, besides land, &c Xi 9 l^) This compaiison, which is fairly and justly given, shows that the Canadian capitalist has the advantage over the prairie capialist oi £2b9 15s. sixjriir.g, in two years. NoT« —la de Bows' CompeDdiaiB of tbe 17tb ceiiauii of tl>e IJuiiud titaws, it ii tUted t^ftt tbe Tidattof bnnaan life U 70 percent, leia ia Illinoie than ia Caokda. 4 ^-^^-_li; /ifi S TAMJAIID WEIGHT OF (JUAIN, SEEDS,&e. The followinii slandanl weijilit ol grain, aeedH, &c., has been f^anc- tioned by the Provincial Parliament, and shall In all cases be held t* bo eqnai to the Winchester bushel oliiil ijraiii, pulsn, or seeds, opposite to which they are sot. No. ofllis. ij the liu-ln Wheat Indian Corn Rye . Peas . Barley Oats ". Beans ' . Clover Seed Timothy Seed Buckwheat Dried Apples Dried Peaches Cost of 5 (J t;o 48 00 4H 48 iN'o. oC Ib.-^. to the bui^bol., Mull. . ,'lft Carrots . . i:o Parsiiiii-J . . GO lieet. . GO (►niuns . GO l-'lax He.'U . r.o llonip Hwd . 44 Blue (irass Seed . 14 Castor Beans . . 40 Salt. . 56 Potaloi'S . . GO Turnips ;. . CO Necessakiks ok Lifb— Stock, i:rc The subjoined list of prices is reckoned. i:i dollars and cents, the rnoile in which all accounts are now kept in Canatlu. (Sch t.ibles at pp. 131, 213.) ilol 11 11 II (I Flour, ] 96 lbs. . AVheat, per bushel Spring Wheat Pease Oats Barley Potatoes Apples Butter, iVesli, per lb. « tub " Bacon " Chickens, per pair Ducks " Turkeys, each Beef, per 100 \hs. Other meats, per lb. J.\ Cent.^. J)o! .'■•. Cents .'-. 40 Wool, jier lb. 27 1 25 Hay, per ton , . 1 5 1 10 Straw, " . , i; n • Hi :!0 Cart Horses . G0tol20dallarf. (;7 Riding " . 80 « TOO (( V 'i:> Yoke of Oxen . GO " 100 (1 50 Milch Cows . 20 " 30 11 n^ Pi!?s . . . •> (( 10 (( 12^ Sheep . :: " .0 It 15 :iO Sugar, per lb. . .0" 10 cents. :j7j White " . 10 " 15 it 75 Soap " . 5 » G <( G Caudle.-: " . 1 5 " 25 u u G to Tea " . 40 " 50 i; 12J WAGES IN CANADA. It is difficult to give an exact statement as wages differ considerably in various localities. Generally, they exceed those given at home, except ia the case of skilled mechanics for whom at present, there is not much de- mand. The cost of living in Canada in the articles of Tea, Sugar, Bread Meat, &c., is much less than at home. ^ 47 ' - APPENDIX. C A-TSTADA 1882 INl'OKMATION FOll K^ilGllANTS. DEMAND rui; LAT-OUi;. The MuuiciiPiil Aiitlioritics, Iiiive in n'ply td ii <"n(iil;ir iVoiii the IJiireau of Agriculture issiio'l lust Di-couibm-, rMal.dl tl required iu tlicir smonil districts. ^1' Ihi' I pllowir.j' classes were Farm Laborori. . -['>:'•'> Female Servant?. 'IWH iJoys over l."). . ., '.;o78 Girls .hnviii (Quebec, February, l«tJJ. ^ (rKNKRAl. DUlKCTfONS. TIME TO KMIGIIATE AND BEST MODE oj' [{EAGIIIXG CANADA. It is of the greatest importance to the emigrant that he should arrive in the country at as early a period of the. year as possible. Those who sail in the months of A jiril and May may expect !o arrive in lime for the spring and Summer work, and to dbiaiuilK! higherrate of wages, whieli are usually given by the farmers during harvest time. They will tlms be enabled to secure a home against the coming winter. If, on the other hand they laud at a season when nearly all out-door work lias ceased. Iliey may bo cxposcil to much hardship. If the means ot the Emigrant will permit it, STEAMEiiS should be pre- ferred to sailing vessels. First class steamers leave Liverpool, Londonderry and Glasgow weekly, from April to November, direct for Quebec. LUGGAGE — Should be iu compact handy packages, distinctly marked with the owners name and destination. The enormous (juantities of uselesii luggage brought out by Emigrants, entail heavy expenses .iml trouble, and in many cases the cost of cartage, porterage and eytra freight, exceeds its value. CLOTHING. — Woollen clothing, and all description of wearing apparel, flannels, blankets, &c., arc much cheaper in England than in Canada, and wherever it is practicable the Lmigrant should lay in a good atock of clothing b«forc leaving homu. m i\i TOOLS.— Agrlonltanl labonreri nved not briog out taplMBMttl of knth bimdry, at these eaa be eaiily proenred in the eonntiY. ArtliMS u« reconmended to take siiob tools ai tbej may poeaesf. Bnt both olaaacs must bear In mind that there is no diflenltj in proonrinf any ordinary tools in the principal towns an advantageous terms, and tliatit is moft desirable to hare tlie means of pnrcliaseing what tbey want after reaebing tbeir des- tination, than to be encumbered wltb a large quantity of Inggage during the journey into the interior. MONEY. — The best mode of taking money is in soTereigns, or by a letter of credit on some esiabiished Bank. A sovereign is wortb 24s. 4d, cur- rency or 14 85 cen's. The English shilling Is. 2)d. or 24 cents. CAPITAL.— Emigrants possessing capital, say from ^£200 to £600 are advised to purchase or rent a farm with some little improvement upon it instead of going into the bush at once, or if inclined tbey might work for wages the tirat year, by which means they will iMOome acquainted with the country and have time to look about them before making tbeir final ehoice. Parties desirous of investing may obtain from 8 to 10 per cent for their money on mortgage. ON ARRIVING IN CANADA. The Emigrant should at once apply to the Qovernment Emigration Officers, whose duty it is to afford him every information and advice. He should avoid listening to the opinions of interested and designing charaetera who thrust their advice upon him unsolicited. Many, especially single females and unprotect«d persons, have suffered from want of proper oantion in this respect. Emigrants who have settled destinations should remain abont the city as short a time as possible after arrival . Farm labourers should proceed at (met into the Agricultural Districts, where they will be certain of meeting with employment suitable to their habits : and those with families will sw spwet th the eomfort and affisra ample proteetlwu MmiNQ LOCATIONS.— DEPARTMENT OF CROWif LANDS. TIm followiag Order in Ooaneil hu jott been iMued :— " Hia Bz««llencj the OoTemor Oeneml luu been pleased to direct-* " let. T|at for mining purpoaes, tnteti comprleing not more than foot irandred neree enob, be granted to parties applying for the same at the rate of one dollar per acre, to be paid in fall on sale, the applicant furnishing a plan and deaerlption of the localitj to this Department, and on oonditton that such Mineral Locations be worked in one year from the date of said grant. " 2ad. That no Patent therefor issue until two years from the date of the parehase. and then only upon proof that the purchaser or his assignees has continned to work said locations 6ona fide for at least one year preriously. " 8fd. That the fbe of one hundred dollars for permission to explore now ehargedi be abolished. " 4tb. That loeatlona be sold to the first applicant agreeing to the terms specified abore. " That these regulations shall not apply to mines of gold and silver." The following changes in the mode of disposing of Mining Locations har l)een antboriaedby Bis Bzoelleney the Governor Oeneral in Council : That in all futnre sales of Mineral Lands, a Royalty of 2i per cent, on all ores eztraeted be charged, payable in cash on the value of the ore pre- f tared for market at the mine, and that Letters Patent be issued for such ands on the payoent of the purchase money without any additional condi- tions ; also, that Lots in surveyed townships, presenting indications of Minerals, be sold at the same price per acre as the Lands adjacent, subject to the above mentioned Royalty. (Signed), GEO. SHERWOOD, Commiuumer, Quebec, April 21, 1861. Report or the Select Committee to whom a REfERitBD the AMMOAt Report or the Chief £mioration Agent, QtrBBEO. Thia Report oontatna a Taat amoant of ueeiol information and many Taiuibla soggesiions. Some of these, however, had been anticipated by thd Miniatet of Aarieoltore and the Crown Land Comraiaaioner— -aoch as the psblieation of the new Government Map, ahowing the freegrania, and the exaet poeition of the landa offered on aale en block ; the appomt- ment of £niigration Agents at Liverpool, in Germanv and Norway ; the new nvsieni of field notea (a specimen of which will be found in thia worli)'; the intention of the Cfown Land ComroiMioner to eatibliah a lithonraphio eatabliahment lo connection with bis office ; the translation of lb« oew Government pamphlet on Emigration into German and Nor- wegian, for diatribntion in those ooantriea. The ««.ilowing table (page 198) ahowa in tabular form the atalisiiea of popalatfaNitiuidErea lo aqnare milec, of conntriea to which finropean •mtirat^Ni it 4^tiiefl]r directed. «• the OKIiiFal attraotiona or lawa under which anch a (liatribution baa been 8»««dHy jjoiog forward of late yeara, maybe elaaaed under theae -'-^t heaHei vis t ef a kiodrwl fM«--of fold-of eheap, oi free land-jof Jm m^f^i << oliwiH et choap and canTeniMt aceeea— of * »- imr Itt^pMg* tad flMO inatttutiOM/' flO ::■' ^•' m i I ill HI m COUNTRY. Canada, West . <' East . New Brunswick Nora Scotia Prince Bdward Newfoundland North-VVest . Vancouver's Island British Oolumbia . Cape Colony . Australia : — N. S. Wales S. Australia . W. Australia Victoria • • Tasmania N. Zeeland . S. American States > including Brazil ^ United States . Date ofStatistics. Estimate 1800 «' 64 " The clasa of people to •vrhom, cspccinlly, Canada oflTcri a desfrable botne, eompriies tlioso who on their arrival here arc prepared to enter on the Pub- lic Landa at lettlers. '* The ProTinclal Qovcrnmcnt, ns you are aware, has recently opened new roads in Upper Canndn and in Lower Canada, and has laid out for set- tlement and authorised free grants (not exceeding 100 acres in each case) of the lands through which tlicsc roads pass. These free grants are, however, more adrantageous to those acquainted with the climate and country than to the poorest class of cmigrnnts, and those Just arrived in the country. " You will ascertain at the Crown Lands Office the exact position of these free grants now available, and explain fully to persons seeking infor- mation the advantages and disadvantoges attendant upon their settlement." The exertions of Emigrant Agents must not, however, be confined to the Tftst fields of Europe, but it is advisable that they sli uld also be directed to different localities in the United States where foimer inhabitants of Canada may bo found in shall communities. Preliminary action has already been taken In this matter by circulating amongst them, in their own language, accurate information as to the advantages which Canada offers to the in- dustry, labour, and perseverance, of the Colonists. The task of collecting and disseminating information likely to be of use to intending emigrants, has been vigorously pursued by the Department. The circular to the Reeves of the toyrnships of Upper Canada and to the Municipal authorities in the Lower Province, making enquiries relative to the number and classes of emigrants sought for in each different locality and seeking information as to the prices at which " cleared" farms can be> purchased or rented, kc, has been rc-issued, and the result, compiled an d published in a tabular form circulated largely for the information of emi- grants. In addition to the* abbve, another circular, enclosing a series of questions relative to the quantity and quality of land for sale, statistics and prospeits of the settlers, how many arc immigrants, &c., nationality, whether any ^ improved farms ai-o for sale Or to bo let, demand for labour, and general ■uggcstions, ha? been issued by this Department to the various Crown Land Agents throughout tlic Province. Tlio information contained in the answer received to these questions has been condensed and embodied in a pamphlet issued from the Emigration OQico by Mr. Buchanau, and extensively circu- lated, in the English, French and German languages. In conclusion the undersigned alludes with the deepest regret to the loss which this Department has sustained in the decease, during the past year, of Mr. W. Hutton, for many years the active Secretary of the Bureau. The whole humbly submitted. N. F. Belleac, Minister of Agriculture. BvBBAU or Agriccltl-re, Emigration and Statistics. Quebec, April, 1860. I I / I .1. m '■ * If ■ HASTINGS ROAD. Haitinqs Road AotxcY, Mftdoo, and Hnnavj, 1863. 8ia,>-Her«wlth I beg to lond my Annual Report, ihowing the poiitlon of lots on the Road under my citargo at the clojo of the year 1801. The number of now settlers located during 1881, is 88, of whom 13 wero natires of England, 34 of Ireland, 3 of Scotland, 30 of Oanada, 5 of Ger- many, and 4 of the United States. The locations of 1861 exceed those of 1800 by'33. The total number of settlers in possession of lots is 377, and their national 4>rigin is as follows : — England 64 Ireland 167 Scotland Al Oanada 74 Oermany 3S France 3 Nora Scotia 1 New Brunswick I Orkney 8 United States 9 377 The number of acres cleared, and in process of clearing at the close of 1861, was 3041, showing an increase, of 9U0 acres during the year. The number of acres under crop and pasture In 18G1 was 3,681. The following table shows the crops and other Industrial products of the free grant settlers during 1861 :— BATK. TALCE. 00 35 40 00 60 35 ^'., iM Spring Wheat 10,200 Bushels. $0 80 Fall Wheat 338 Oats 10,345 Peas 1,388 Barley 300 Rye 303 Potatoes 39,250 Hay, (Timothy) 459 do (Marsh) 88 Turnips 29,120 Maple Sugar 1,427 do Molasses 400 Potash 119 Shingles 320 Sawn Lumber 300 Potash Barrels 1 203 Straw 1,000 Tons. Deer killed, say 230 Furs, estimated at , Fish, taken in Lakes and Rivers, say, ... Garden Produce, say , Tons, it Bushels. Lbs. Gallons. Barrels. M. M. feet. 10 00 6 00 30 10 75 30 00 1 00 8 00 1 00 4 00 4 00 $8,160 00 238 00 3,586 25 555 20 no 08 101 50 7,312 50 4,500 00 528 00 6,924 00 143 <0 300 00 3,570 00 320 00 3,400 00 300 00 4,000 00 880 00 . 1,500 00 400 00 . 500 00 Total value of year's products $44,218 15 Cattle owned by Free Grant SetlUrs. 1859. 1860. 1801. Increase in two years. Horned Cattle 236 338 675 Hogs 130 194 448 Sheep 6 35 36 Horses 84 49 63 349 328 30 19 Total , 830 616 1112 726 66 Theit tables exhibit a iteady and contlnuoui tnoteaio In the aequlittlon of property b/ the lottleri, and alTord the boit poulble erldcnce of proaportty. The balldingi, on the road. Include 1 Flour Mill, 3 Saw Mills, 4 Btoret, 5 TaTeroa, 1 School Ilouio. Those erected In 1801 are obletly large substan- tial bams, and dwellings of a good class. The season of 1801 was not so fayourable for agricultural operations as that of 1800. The Spring was compnratlToIy late, and from a scarcity of rain la the early months of summer, the crops suffered, particularly hay and pasture. WuAT was generally thick on the ground ; a good plump grain, and en- tirely flree ftrom fly. Oats garo a largo yield, and wore generally heavier and better than those grown on the front Townships. PoTATOis are the great staple of the new Townships, and thoy certainly •ra nuch finer and more abundant than in the older settlements. I regret to say that the rot appeared to some extent on the lower part of the road. It did not extend above the centre of the second range of Townships, and the eases are not numerous where it spread to a large extent. TmiNiPS were very extensively cultivated, and gave large yields. They •re becoming a very important article of produce for winter fodder. Hat was not a very good crop, owing to the want of sufficient rain in the •arly part of the season which prevented a heavy growth of grass. It Is now nearly six years since the Hastings Road was first opened for settlement. The soil and climate have therefore been fully and fairly tested. The main outline of facts may be thus briefly stated. Some three hundred poor men with seldom any means beyond their abllitv to labour, have set* ^tlcd upon these lands, previously a wil'lerness, and in five years have ac- cumulated round them the real wealth and property represented in the above tables, besides supporting themselves and their families during that period, A very low estimate of the value of permanent improvements, nud form implements owned on the rond, gives $400 as the average value of each settler's property. This rcauU must be considered highly liatistactory, when it is borne in miad that many of the most successful settlors entered upon their lands only so few years ago with little or no capital. Fanning mil's and threshing machines have been Introduced very generally, and most of the older settlers have a good supply of farming tools and Implements. We are indebted to the Post Office Department for a very liberal exten- sion of postal accommodation, there being now four offices along the rond. Ono at Mill Bridge, 17 miles, one at Glanmlre 24 miles, one at York River 48 miles, and one at the Intersection of the Branch Roads Tara, 72 miles from Madoc. The Mill Site at Papiacau Greek in Wicklow and McLnro was sold In February last. The purchasers Messrs. McDuvltt and Card, have erected a very substantial and excellent Saw Mill which commenced work on the 10th November last. The same gentlemen bavo also coinmsnccd the build- ing of a good Grist Mill. This site Is more than 100 miles north of Bclle- tHIc, and will, probably, at uo distant day bo the centre of a large and thriving settlement. It is close to the intersection of the roads leading from the Ottawa to Lake Huron with the Hastings Road. The same-freedom from disease and crime which marked the earlier years of the settlement, has, I am happy to say, continued during 18C1. • (Signed), M. P. HAYES, Agent, Hastings Road, lionoiable P. M. Vankoughnot^ Commissioner of Grown Lauds. i CANADIAN EMIGRANT HOUSEKEEPER'S GUIDE. BT Mns. C. p. TBAlLt.. pi m 150 PAGES.— PRICE FIFTY CENTS. # WITH NVMEROrP lLLrSTKATIOSi». Uiiy b« had of all Uooksellcra, or, \irlll be sent, post>pa!i], to any part of i!>'iti3h Nor^'u America or Great Britain, upon the receipt of a paid letter, enclosing GO cents in postage Htamps, addressed " Publisher of Canadian Hougekcepcrs' Guide, Toronto, C. W." A demand for another edition of this very useful publication— on^i among soTeral for which the Province is indebted to Mrs. Traill— affords the best ertdeecc of the value attached to it. It is indeed "a guide," and a most useful one, not only to the class for whoNo information it was specially intended, but to orory Canadian housekeeper in bcr city, town, or country home. To the newly arrived immigraot it is invaluable ; the addresses to hoabands, wives, daughters, sorvaats, as to their relative duties, do honour to a Christian lady, and cannot fail, if duly heeded, to encourage, guide, and instruct. There is scarcely a domestic subject which Mrs. Traill bn.4 considered unworthy of attention and explanation. The orchard, the gar- den, the dairy, the poultry yard, the cooking of game and fish and meat, the substitutes for tea aud coffee which the forest affords, soap, candle, and beer making, besides the minor luxuries which the " bush" affords in the shape of sugar, wild fruits, Jbc, &c., all receive their share of attention, with ample instruction how to make the most of the many and often unheeded blessings which Providence has kindly and liberally pln^.^ ^ in the daily path and within easy reach of the settler in the " iTackwoods of Canada," whose labours will be easy indeed in comparison wnth those which former gen* eraiious had to encounter, but in spite of which Canada can offer thousands of examples of complete success. The early settler in Canada, say within thirty years, struggled through difliculties of which the modern settler will only bear through some whitchaired patriarch, living upon an estate of his own here, equal in value to that of a tenant farmer at home, whose ancestor:) hare paiu rent aud tithe to some neighbouring squire for three centuries and where the labouring man who has lived and toiled and just kept n nu- merous family from want for thirty years upon ten shillings a Wv-^ok, h^s found the reward and eloquent recognition of bis services in tie tni'ly gift of a " Societies' coat and buttons," and to his " son and boir" j.Tchance, a new •* smock frock." There are now few districts hero which do not afford easy access to market by rail or gravelled roads, ; the grist mill and tlic saw mill, and the store, and the Church, are near at hand, and every man wuo is industrious and sober, U, humuuly speaking, sure of inroval ofa hirgc portion of tho Crtnadinu «nd British pnrss. hs vfaW as ihc following prmifylng iMtimonials, which the Author \\!\i befii HiithnrisL-d to jmblish : — From Fiel' -Miirsluill Lord Seuton, fonncrly Goverftor-Oeneral of Canada, who wriie-i, thai " he i.s persuaded ihut it contiiins the fullest inforuialion interesting lo a sottlor in Canada, and ihat a more useful book for his gui- dance could not have been published."— jpc'lolu-r, t?3. J8(jO. From Sir Francis Bond Iloau, Bltrt.,^i^s6 foruairly Govi'rnor-General of Canada. — " Tlin inf irm^tiun coh'aiued in your Caniuiian Settler's Guide, will, I think, not. only be useful to cuiigranl-!, fjnt will d'luonstrate to thoni the advantages which, as rcgard.s climait", soil, institutio.is, aufl society, Ihey W'll gain by settling iu Canada in.stead of the United States."' No- reniber 23, 18»i0. , From the Right Hon. Sir Edmund W. Head, Hart., Govemor-gtMtoral of Can da, '* This work evidently contains a Vtt.-<1 HUionnt o* information for the guiilance of those who arc about lo emigrate, and I think it is calculated to do much good, by making knon-n the ailvautages an i rPK^virces of the colony." - Nov. 22,"l8Gi) ' His Excello/icy Lord Viscount Monok writes, " I have read with mnchin- " terest Mr.s. 7r.idl - Oanaflian Satilers Guide,"' which you were irood enough to leave with mo a fcv days since. .My short experience of the country does not enable me to form an opini.>u as to the irru- 'cy of the inforni:ilion con- tained in the work, Itut nssuming that |ioint, I kii(»wu enough of emigration to be able to say thai it supplieis exactly the kind of knowledge which an emigrant arrlvinf^ "m this. Provinec . wmdd be nrnsl likely lo requhe, and as the opinions delivered in the book arc Ihe resul of praciic;(I e.\perieiice, tliey must of course carry the nw^re weight and be more usefid to those for whose benefit tlu'v are intended. —IJelieve me to be, your's vtiry faithfully, Mo.NCK."- Quebec, Xov. 21 i8Gl ' ' * ON SALE, At F. Algar's Canadian \ow» OiHco, Clemcnt'i Lane, Lombard .Street London ; at Sinclair's, and Middleton k Daw.son's, Quebec ; Dr.v.'sou i- Son. Montreal ; Chewet k C;>., Toronto ; and nil th • IJool seller,-^ in Canada. The prices of both tl:es.j works include cost of transmission by 15ook Post to any part of Grcjt Britain or UritLsh .N'orlh Ameriea. Thi-i Mork may be had from the publisher of ihe " Sel Icr's Guide t > (?aiiad!i, " up'.>M i:|iplication' by iL'ttcr, post paid, addressed to Toronto. •• The Lelter.s I'roni Can.idn,' price 25 cent-, and the '' Canadians Emigrant Housekee) crs Oiiidi-, i rice 50 cents, may be had as above. Km*.!!* -VMN