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Las diagrammas suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 tanjmi '"' '-espeefs of -. THE NATIVE TRIBES OF ALASKA. AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. AT ANN ARBOR, AUGUST. 1885. BY il^yr WILLIAM H. DALL. ^fqc (<^ ^-. v.r.v. PRKSinKNT. t ViCE PRESIDENT i ! [rrora the Procebdinos of the American association f«h the Advancbmknt OF Science, Vol. XXXIV, Ann Arbor Meeting, August, 18S5.1 PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS. SALEM, MASS. 1885. ADDRESS BT WILLIAM H. DALL. VICE PRESIUE'TT, SECTION H, ANTHROPOLOGY. THE NATIVE TRIBES OF ALASKA. Ladies and gentlemen : — It is now sixteen years since I read my first ethnological paper before this association, at the Salem meeting in 1869. That paper sketched the distribution of the na- tive tribes of Alaska and adjacent territory, together with some of their most salient characteristics, and formed a summary of what advances had been made in the knowledge of such matters in that region since 1855, when Holmberg published his ethnographic sketch of the people of Russian America. On this occasion I propose to return to the same subject, to in- dicate the principal investigations which have added to our knowl- edge since 1869 and to briefly sum up its present state, adding a few remarks on the directions in wliich future study may be most profitably employed. That the present is a particularly suitable time to call attention to the subject I am led to believe for several reasons. At the time when my paper of 1869 was read, anthropological study in Alaska had passed through several phases and was enter- ing upon another. The first period in which material for such study had been collected began with the expedition of Bering and Chirikoff and lasted during the remainder of the eighteenth cen- tury. It was characterized by maritime discovery and the prelim- inary mapping of the coast by the early navigators, often men of keen observation, whose accounts of the inhabitants of the coasts they explored are still of great value, and for the most part quite reliable within obvious limits. To this period belong the names of Cook, Vancouver, Bodega, Maurelle, Gray, Meares, Dixon, Portlock, Vasilieflf, Krenitzin and Levasheff, and a host of lesser (3) 230314 SECTION H. Riiasijin navigators whose loconls liave been preserved for us by tlie laudable efforts of Coxe. The second period may be said to have begun with the establish- ment, as a legalized monopoly, of the Russian American Company and the consequent circumnavigations of the globe by Russian na- val vessels, which brougiit mails and accessories of civilization to tlu^ rude and hardy fur-imnters of the northwest coast. These be- gan with the voyage of Krusenstern in the Nadezhda an(\ the work begun by him was admirably carried on by his successors ; Lisian- ski, Kotzebue, Golofnin, Vasilieff, Wrangell, Liitke, Tebienkoff and others. Many of these expeditions were accompanied by men of science, cither as surgeons or as special investigators, whose names to the biologist and anthropologist are as household words. Such were Langsdorff, Chamisso, Merck, Eschscholtz, Choris, Kitt- litz, Postells and Mertens. Other nations though naturally behind the Russians were not absent from the field. The voyage of Beechey and later of Sir Ed- ward Belcher; Dease and Simpson,andolher officers and servants of the Hudson Bay company, combining exploration and commerce or barter the United Slates exploring expedition under Wilkes, and the North Pacific exploring expedition under Ringgold and Rodgers ; all added materially to our knowledge. A single group of expeditions sent by Great Britain, in addition to the above mentioned, were also not fruitless, though, considering the o,.portunities offered, the results were extremely meagre. I refer to the Franklin relief expeditions on the ships Jferald and Plover, Enterprine and Investiijalor. The names of Collinson, McClurc, Kellett, Moore and Maguire, are familiar to all interested in arctic geography and Hooper, J. Simpson and Seemann who accompanied one or the other of these parties, have left their imprint on the history' of anthropological re- search. During this period also the noble and devoted Veniami- noff began his missionary labors in Maska simultaneously with which he accunnilated data for memoirs on the natural history of man which will always remain standards of reference. With the return to Europe of ofHcers who had served their time in the colonies and whose scientific tastes had led them into stud- ies of the people over whom they had ruled, material accumulated, until in 1855, the work of the anthropologist in Alaska and adja- cent regions was summed up by Holmberg in the paper I have al- ^^^ Er"" T^ I ADDRESS BY W. II. PAI-L. « ready aUiuled to. Much that is to bo found in it is fundamental and must form a part of any systematic arrangement of the peo- ple of Northwest America. It was p'-:.ctically copied by Wehrman in TikhmeniefTs History of the Russian American Company. But a Russian officer by the name of Zagosliin had been ordered to the Yulion region in 1843. According tj the reports of those who were with him, this man was extremely lazy and inefficient. He relied in great part on the ill-interpreted information, often partly fabulous, obtained from the natives. From these he cooked up accounts of journeys never made and maps of rivers never visit- ed, with lists of tribes who never existed as such but. were per- haps the inhabitants of some hamlet of three hut-? in the distant interior. He did not intentionally misrepresent ihe people Oi the country and thciC is much that is true and useful in his report. However he desired to magnify his own labors and researches and in the way indicated succeeded in incorporating much that was er- roneous which affected the work of Holraberg and others who took the report, as it stood, as a foundation for their studies. In 1839 Elia Wossnessenski reached the northwest coast, as an agent of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, to make collections in Alaska. Aided by the Russian American Company, a magnificent ethnological collection was made in du- plicate, of which one series went to Russia ; the other was re- tained in the Colonial Museum at Sitka ; the remnants of thisuave fortunately found a resting place in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, after some curious vicissitudes. This was the first sys- tematic attempt to represent the arts and industries of the Alaskan peoples in any collection. It was, of course, defective in regard to the interior tribes and those of the Arctic coast, but, for the tribes accessible to the Russians, it was originally very complete and, except for destructible objects made of skin and other animal products, still remains so. The progress of investigation in the direction of anthropology received a check by the breaking out of the Anglo-Russian war of 1854-57, and came to a standstill with the failure of the Russian American Company to secure a renewal of their charter in 1862. After that expenses were curtailed, scientific explorations by the Russians ceased, and the civilized population of Alaska carried on their fur-trading and other busi- ness in a mood of expectancy. In 1861, Robert Kennicott, of Chicago, had been carried by the SECTION II. fervor of his inborn love of science fnr into tlic inliospitnblc north. Aided by tlie Hudson Bay Company, under the auspices of tiie Smithsonian Institution, he penetrated the territory, then linown as that of the Hudson Bay Company, to its extreniest trading post, and in tliat year descended tlie Yukon from Fort Yukon nearly to the limits of Russian exploration, coming from the op- posite direction. After his return the projectors of tlie international telegraph, believing from repeated failures that no long ocean cable would be of permanent use, called upon him for information in regard td*^ the possibility of a line, with a very short cable across Bering Strait, via Arctic America an. active. The agents of the general government visited many par's of the territory. The emissaries of the Smithsonian Insi. ution, inspired by Baird and Henry, spared no endeavors to gather and record facts b. u i.^i on all branches of science. The signal service established meteorological stations. The Army bent oIHcers to determine the northeastern boundary on ihe Yukon. The Navy visited numerous ports and brought back pre- cious documents and collections. The Revenue Marine contrib- uted, through the researches of its olHcers, an immense mass of material and observation. The Coast Survey utilized to the ut- most its opportunities and with satisfactory success. Other agents of the United States, either as revenue or census ofBcers, contributed their quota. Something was gained through the Arctic expedition of the unfortunate De Long and the others sent to rescue or discover the fate of his party. The International Polar Station at Point Barrow, though planted upon the most inhospitable soil, has borne excellent fruit, some of which is yet to be made publicly accessible. Even foreign lauds have contributed to the work. The wonder- ful voyage of the Vega, with her wintering on the adjacent coast of Siberia, and subsequent visit to American shores, is known to every one. Pinart's philological tours, the admirable work done by the brothers Krause, and the indefatigable journeys of Capt. Jacobsen, cannot be overlooked. In all this activity there was of course much inferior work done by persona unqualified either by training or hi. its of accurate ob- servation. Numerous petty agents of the Treasury have reported from time to time, in documents of fortunately limited oircula- tion, some of which reveal to the student official Bunsbyism of the purest breed. The same observation has been repeatedly made, each time announced, in good faith, as new. Explorations over routes c? KM^HH ■MiiiililPi 8 SKCTION II. trodden by hundreds of predecessors have formed the sub- ject of long disquisitions, and rivers to be found on every respecta- ble map of the last thirty years have been reported as new discoveries and furnished with a whole set of new names. These, however, are the faults of youthful inexperience and enthusiasm, and few, even of these publications, but have contained some new and welcome facts. They would hardly be worth the notice of the speaker were it not for the fact that they form pitfalls for the in- experienced student who should not, because it is new to him, suppose that the anthropology of Alaska is still a virgin field. Its literature in fact is enormous and rapidly increasing. The era which, with the just organized government of the region, is now fairly begun, differs in several particulars from the one just described. Tourists have found that the magnificent scenery, and cool even summer weather of the southeast Alaskan region, may be reached and enjoyed with little trouble and ex- pense. The lavish purchases of foreign collectors have exhausted, in many localities, the whole supply of genuine old carvings and stone implements. It was announced, not long since, that a dealer at Juneau was intending to import a good stone-cutter for the winter, to supply his shop with stone implements for the summer trade of 1885. Wooden carvings and similar "curios" are now regularly made for sale to tourists, and often show singular modi- fications from the aboriginal types. The first "inscribed tablet" was forged at Sitka in 1868. It was a PhcEuician one. We may look for a large crop of them in the future should the market prove satisfactory. Nearly every traveller, in little known parts of the world, brings home some one story with wliich, half in jest, he gratifies tiie natural demand for the marvellous, on the part of his acquaint- ances. These stories may be found in the usual proportion iu most accounts of Alaskan travel, and have occasionally been trans- planted to scientific works of great respectability. To the young anthropologist we would say therefore, that wlien a particularly astonishing "fact" is presented for his considera- tion, it is an excellent occasion to fall back on the reserve of scepticism which every scientific man is supposed to carry in a small bag somewhere near his heart. The missionary who has begun his benevolent, and we hope, ul- ^•^ ADDRESS BY W. H. DALL. » timately fruitful work among the wild tribes of Alaska, frequently has not the remotest notion of tlie wonderfully complicated and exact system of ethical philosophy which has been elaborated by his brown brother, and the rendering thereof in his letters to the missionary paper is apt to be more graphic tlian accurate. I have seen a story in a work of the highest reputation to the effect that a favorite dish of the inhabitants of Ktidiak is composed of a mixture of bears' dung. When we consider that the nearest ap- proach to an oath in the native dialect is to tell an adversary to "eat dung," the value of such a statement is evident. It has probably arisen from the habit of the Eskimo of making a sort of salad of the willow bud croppings which, at certain seasons, are found in the anterior pouch or crop of the reindeer, where they are as clean and nearly as dry, as if in a basket. They are eaten for medicinal reasons by the Innuit. In the story a deer has become a bear, and the willow buds dung, but how, it is difficult to imagine. But enough on this topic ; the Indian is a man like our- selves with much the same tendencies, and, except where his pe- culiar ethics bind him, a parallel to his love, hate, appetites and aspirations may be seen not fundamentally modified, in those of | our own children. My classification of 1869\ somewhat enlarged, was republished in "Alaska and its resources"^ and in !877, an expanded and im- proved revision, witli a good deal of added information and syn- onymy, appeared in the first volume of Contributions to North American Ethnology.-' It is to tlie latter that I refer as a stand- ard of comparisons in the ensuing summary of progress. t Innuit. Western Eskt'-no. It was well understood by me in 1870, and has since been fully confirmed, that most of the Arctic Innuit are not separated into tribes in the same sense that the Indians of the United States, east of the Mississippi, were at the time of their discovery, nor even to the same extent as those Innuit, south •On Uie ilistributloii of Uie native tribes of Alaska and the adjacent territory, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. 8oi., eighteenth (Salem) meetin<;, pp. 'Xi-'iTi, 8°. Cambridge. J. Lev- ering, 1870. » Al' ■«lia and Its rcsoiircus, by W. H. DaU, xil, (128 pp. 8°. Boston, Lee & Shepard, 1870. » On tlin diatribntion and nomenclature of the native tribcR of Alaska and the adja- cent territory. Conlr. to Am. Et^■l.V^l. I, pp. 7-40, 4'. WanliinKton, (lovornment print- ing otUco, 1877. The manuscript was actually prepared for the printer in 1875. i ^ 10 SECTION H. i \ from Kotzebue Sound on the northwest coast. Terms were used to indicate the groups of Innuit geographically separated from each other by a stretch of unoccupied coast and, for convenience, tliese terms were referred to as tribes. This is practically their own fashion. The people are all known as Innuit, those from a certain quarter have a special name, and those from each village in that district or each river, have a still more special name. But there ai'e no chiefs, no tribal relations in the strict sense, and the only distinction used among the people referred to is based on their locality of origin ; they freely migrate from village to village or district and are not regarded as foreigners, though the obliga- tion of free hospitality is not felt to be binding in regard to strangers from a distance, long domiciled in another tlian their na- tive village. We have no new information from the Kopagmut (Z. c.,p.lO) nor from the people of the Colville river, except a few notes derived from the Point Barrow people by Prof. John Murdoch during his sojourn at Cape Smythe, as a member of Lieut. Ray's partj', on duty at the International Polar Station known as Ugla- ami. In the course of his admirable ethnological investigations he found that the Point Barrow people have the habit of using the plural rather than the collective form of the designation for a particular people, and call those of the Mackenzie river district by the term Kiipfing'-mi-un (Kopagmut) and those of the Colville Kung-mud'-ling (Kung-maligmut). The Point Barrow people call themselves and are called by the other Innuit, Nu-wung-mi-un (Nu-wuk-miit, people of the point). They call the people of the Nunatok river Nun-a-tan'-mi-un (Nunatagmut) and call the In- dians of the interior (Kiit-chin) It-kud'-ling, which is probably (like In-ka-lit of the more southern Innuit) a term of reproach or contempt. For the people of Point Barrow, Mr. Murdoch and the other members of Lieut. Ray's party obtained rich ethnological data which are in process of publication. Some interesting facts have also been gathered by Capt. Hooper of the U. S. Revenue cutter Corwiii during several visits to Point Barrow. As a whole, we shall soon be in possession of very full information in regard to this isolated band. Of the Nuualiikniut we have nothing since 1877, and of the Kfi-agmut (Kowagmut, op. cit. p. 12) only a few facts collected by Lieut. J. C. Cantwell of the U. S. Revenue Marine, during his T -w^ ->)■■.■ •"i^^f'^i^ '^t^'^mwm^gam ADDRESS BY W. H. DALL. 11 exploration of the river in 1884. He reports that the local name of the river is Ku-ak not Kowak, as generally adopted on the charts. From Lieutenant Stoney who followed him, and who has since returned to the region to carry on a more extensive explora- tion, a large addition to our knowledge of these Innuit may be expected in the near future. Of the Innuit from Kotzebue Sound around to Norton Sound little bearing on their classification or language has been gathered since 1877. The observations of Nordenskiold and the Vega party at P.)rt Clarence in 1879, and of the speaker in charge of the U. S. Coast Survey party in 1880, at Port Clarence and the Diomedes, as well as Kotzebue Sound and the Asiatic coast near by ; of Hooper in the Corwin, 1878-80 ; of the Jeannette expedi- tion in 1879, have added numerous facts, but little bearing on their distribution or classification, which was not already known. Yuit; Asiatic Eskimo. The most interesting people of the re- gion adjacent to Bering strait are the Asiatic dwellers on the coast, part of whom belong to the Korak race and part to the Orarian group of people. In no other ethnic group of the region has research been better rewarded since 1877. "We have the admirable observa- tions of the Vega party, the arduous explorations of Arthur and Aurel Krause, and some observations of ray own, all of which taken together have done much to clear up one of the most knotty ethnological puzzles of the northern regions. I give the results in brief as my time is not sufficient to go into details. The Asiatic coast presents us with the Tsaii-yu (plural Tsau-yuat) or Tsau-chu, a people of Korak extraction, commonly known as sedentary Ciuikchi, who have lost their reindeer and settled upon the coast, adopting from their Innuit neighbors much of their peculiar culture, but not their language. These people bear about the same rela- tion to tlie wandering or reindeer Chukchi that the fishing or farm- ing Lapps do to the Mountain Lapps of Lapland. Among them, with their little villages sometimes side by side, are to be found the Asiatic Innuit, who call themselves Yuit (by local corruption of the race name) and who present essentially the features of the Western Innuit of America, with some local ditferences. They migrate with tiie seasons from Cape Oliutorsk to East Cape ; their most northern permanent village as far as known is at the latter point.'* The ^Thc Census Map is en-oncous in rcgai'd to theli' distribution southwostward. ^.^^. 'z .^ii^^i i ^v-. '^i iS^ T f^fm ^t^ j^ ^ w'-- -' V *— . m 12 SECTION H. \ Tsau-chu extend along the northern coast of Siberia much farther north and west. The two races are friendly, there is some inter- mingling of blood by marriage and a jargon containing words of both dialects is used in communications between, them. In my opinion, however, it is very necessary to keep in view, that the culture of the Tsau-chu, so far as it differs from that of the wan- dering Chukchi, is distinctly a derivative from that older culture of the Innuit race, though the arctic people of both hemispheres and all races have much in common, due to their environment. The word Chukchi has been so misused that it is almost meaningless, but, in the strict and accurate meaning of the word, there are no Chukchi on the American coast, as has been asserted. That er- ror arose from the confusion between the Innuit and Yuit on the one hand and the Tsau-chu on the other. Southwestern Innuit. Of tli. Innuit people on the American coast at Norton Sound and southward to the Peninsula of Aliaska, not much additional information has been made public since 1877 bearing on their classification. That in the Report on Aliaska comprised in the publications of the U. S. Census of 1880 is retro- grade in man}' particulars rather than an advance, being the work of a person unqualified for the task. Magnificent collections bear- ing on the culture of these people have been made by Turner, E. W. Nelson, W. J. Fisher, C. H. Mackay and others, and have been received by the U. S. National Museum. But the unfortu- nate ill health of Mr. Nelson and other circumstances have delayed the publication of his rich and valuable observations. A good deal has also been done in the w:iy of collections on the island of St. Lawrence by Hooper and Nelson and in the Aleutian Islands by Turner, Dall and otliers. With regard to the tribal limits of the Western Innuit, geograph- ically considered, they are very mutable and especially in recent years are constantly changing in small details. This arises from the fact that the geographical group which we have called a tribe among the Innuit, and for which in some cases they have a special designation, is not a political organization headed by a chief or chiefs, but simply a geographical aggregation of people who have by possession obtained certain de facto rights of hunting, fishin*' etc., over a certain area. The jealousy of adja(!ent groups keeps the imaginary boundary line pretty well defined through fear of reprisals Mhould it i)e viohUeii. When the whites come in with ADDRESS BT W. H. DALL. 18 trade and established posts all over the I'egion, they also use their power to put down any conflicts, which are always injurious to trade. Tlie boundaries now violable with impunity fall into ob- livion and the more energetic hunters and trappers go where they choose. In this manner the geographical group names I have de- scribed are ceasing to have any serious significance and every new ethnographical visitor will find himself unable to make the ancient boundaries correspond to the distribution of the moment. Never- theless, in a general way the old maps such as that of 1877 still indicate the focus of the former group or tribe and doubtless will long continue to do so. The Innuit tribes on the Kuskokwim have been found by Nelson to extend farther up tlie river than was sup- posed in 1877, reaching nearly or quite to Kolmakoff trading post. The advance up the Yukon shown on the census map is recent, if authentic. The St. Lawrence Island people are more nearly relat- ed to the Innuit of the American coast than to those of Asia, though their commerce is with the latter and with their Korak neiglibors. As regards the Innuit of the region between the Ko- yukuk River and the Selawik River, the miscegenation indicated by the census map has no foundation in fact. The error doubtless arose from the permission accorded by the Innuit to special -par- ties of Tinneh to come into and through the territory of the former, for purposes of trade.^ The north shore of the peninsula east of Port Moller is represented by the census map as occupied by the Aleuts or Uniingiin. The region is really not inhabited, except for a few temporary bunting stations, except by typical Innuit. Notwithstanding these and mOi'.y other errors in this compilation, it is prco^.,Iy correct in extending the area of Tinneh about Sela- wik Lake, which is a useful addition to our knowledge. In 1880 while visiting Cook's Inlet I was enabled to determine the essential identity of the native Innuit of Kenai with thoseof Prince William Sound though among them were many Koniag'mut brought there for purposes of trade in huntiug the sea-otter. With regard to the Aleuts, the degree of civilization to which they have attained is very promising. The people are not scat- tered over the archipelago except in their hunting parties. In the western Aleutian Islands the only permanent villages are at At- tn and Atka Islands. The division into groups is rather a matter » Tho first wliito men to visit this ration were J. S. Dyer nnd Richard Cotter In 18BB. /iigosklu'H iillogecl journey wiiH fabulous and concocted by lilm in the Nulato trading \)ost. flacobsen and WuuU'c luive mIucc inaite the trip and |)crhii|i8 others. T 14 SECTION H. it 1 of tradition than of actuality ; practically they are as much one people as those of two adjacent English counties. The easternmost of the Innuit people are the Chug&chigmut of Prince William Sound. At their eastern limit there has long been a confusion, which I supposed I bad cleared up in 1874 but which has only been finally regulated by information received from the brothers Krause and obtained by myself in 1880. The census agent who visited them in 1881 was frightened by some boisterous demonstrations and departed in the night in a small canoe ; aban- doning his equipage, after a stay of some forty-eight 'iours. Con- sequently very little information was obtained by him and that of an uncertain character. Three stocks approximate to each other at this point, the Chu- giichigmut Innuit, the Tinneh of Copper River, and the Chilkaht tribe of Tlinkit. The latter have a precarious tratlic, coastwise ; a few canoes annually reaching tlie Chilkaht village (sometimes called Chilkhaak) at Controller Bay by the dangerous voyage from Yakutat. But another path lies open to them, at least at times. One of Dr. Krause's Indian guides informed him that he had de- scended the Altsekh river (a branch of the Atna or Copper river) which heads near the Chilkat River at the head of Lynn Canal, to a village of his own tribe at its mouth on the seacoast. Of the visits of the Ah-tena tribe of the Tinneh I have had personal observation and that the Chiigachigmut pass by tliem to the Kayak Island in summer all authorities are agreed. This Inform- ation explains the confusion of previous evidence and shows why the vocabularies have sometimes afforded testimony in favor of one view and sometimes of another. A jargon is probably in use in communications between tlie Tlinkit and the Innuit. That any ethnic intermingling of blood has taken place I regard as too im- probable to be worth consideration, having had personal evidence of the fear and hate existing between the two peoples. There is some distrust between the Tinneh and the Innuit, as elsewhere, but the bold and aggressive Tlinkit have committed so many out- rages upon the timid and peaceable Cliugucliigmut, that the feel- ing there is of a much more bitter character. 1 have elsewhere stated my reasons for believing that the Innuit formerly extended much farther to the south and east. Nothing h:is since been discovered which materially affects the grounds of this belief of mine, and the subject is an interesting one for future investiguliun. ADDRESS BY W. U. DALL. 15 Tlinkit OB Kaloshians, and Haida. The investigations for tlie census in 1880, in southeastern Alaska, were committed to Mr. Miletich of Sitka, who deputized the Rev. S. Hall Young and some of the other missionaries to ob- tain the number and distribution of the native inhabitants.^ This work done by men of education and intelligence, whose interests would all be in the direction of accuracy, has given us a valuable and the first reliable indication of the geographical dis- tribution of the smaller groups of the Tlinkit within our territory. Whether these groups are entitled to rank as tribes, or whether they do not rather correspond to clans or to purely geographical divisions, subordinate to those indicated in 1877 I am as yet un- able to determine. Doubtless the work which Dr. Krause is un- derstood to have in hand will give us praiseworthy and final data upon the subject. The most interesting result of the census work was tlie extension of the range of the Haida to the northern end of Prince of Wales Island. In this we have a new fact properly authenticated, and for which we are grateful. Several books ha\e been publis! 1 by the missionaries on their life in Alaska, most of which do uot contain much of value to the ethnologist ; with greater knowledge and experience we may hope for something more satisfying. The most important contributions to our knowledge of the peo- ple and culture of this part of Alaska since 1875, is due to the labors of Drs. Arthur and Aurel Krause -vhich are too well known for me to need to specify them in detail. Mr. J. G. Swan, of Washington Territory, has made extensive and valuable collections for the National Museum both from southeastern Alaska and the region south and east of it in British Columbia. Dr. Friedrich Mijller has devoted much study to the Tlinkit language and has published observations on their verb. Dr. A. Pfizmaier has pursued investigations in the same direction ; both of these rest their work chiefly on the classical study of the Kaloshians by Veniaminofr. But it is impracticable in an address of this sort to attempt too close an investigation or record of de- tails. ' This lins not been stnted by ilie compiler of the fliinJ ccnsns report, who, nover- thuleHB, If I iini correctly informed, was entirely dependent upon these sources for all tliiit IS new uud valuable iu regard to southeasteru Alaska, em<